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$I"?PperYeai^ \©) r^EDIMAOHlO

Vol. XXII.

JAN. I, 1894.

No. I.

Thk bee-keepek needn't fear losing his job,
however hard the times.

The Review is asking its readers how it can
be improved. W. Z. is great on hard questions.

Cough medipixe from GiM-many.— Plantain
juioe and honey, equal parts, gently boiled for
half an hour.

Many confectioners use strained honey for
the body of most of their candies.— Carrie M.
Ashton, in The Household.

Isn't an error involved in that "candied
comb honey " item on page 920? Does greater
evaporation ever predispose to candying?

If HALF the good things that are said about
the dead had been said while they were living,
some of the dead might now be living.

Emma won't tell, friend Flansburgh (p. i»21 ).
how many sections her cases hold; but I'll
whisper in your ear, that, when she scrapes ]~M)
cases a day, each case holds just one section.

I HAD a tool like that figured on page 930.
After scraping with it for half a day, Emma
went back to the case-knife — too slow work
holding that notch in just the right place.

Salt, a teaspoonful to a gallon of sugar syr-
up, is recommended by C. H. Murray, in Revleii\
as a catalytic agent, when feeding for winter.
As bees seem to like salt, it may be a good thing.

Sealed covers, poor things, seem to be de-
serted by their best friends nowadays; but in
Revieir, Arthur C. Miller says he succeeds with
them every time. ]{ut he insists that conditions
must be right.

The latest plan for polishing sections is
submitting them to friction by passing through
the mails. Some mailed from Medina, when
they got to Marengo were the smoothest sec-
tions I ever saw.

That bicycle straw made A. I. stiffen his
spine, but it made E. R. "'get his back up"
more than ever. When I run I lean forward.

and when I ride a bicycle I expect sometimes to
be in the shape of a C, sometimes of ;u) I, and
sometimes of an vS.

The observation of Gerstung, that queens
cease to lay for a few days each month, is not
confirmed by other observers. Dadant thinks
it can occur only in small hives where queens
are crowded for room.

Nebraska has its State convention at York,
the home of the Nebraskd Bcc-keejier. whe^ve
there isn't a saloon in the county. The other
York has plenty of saloons in easy reach, but he
doesn't patronize them.

Foul brooi> can not be originated from
dead brood, says Mrs. Atchley. in A. B. J., her
own experience proving it as well hs the fact
that, before the introduction of f)ul brood,
there was plenty of dead brood.

Linden seeds, according to an item in the
Rural New-Yorker, are used Germany for
the manufacture of table-oils. If any one wants
to start a manufactory of that kind at Marengo
I'll furnish bees to fertilize the blossoms.

Rambler has discovered why the foliage of
maple-trees turns red in autumn. He says, in
Reviejo. that they're blushing over the decep-
tion practiced by dislionest men in selling the
stuff they do under the name " maple."

Thirty-one out of eighty-three at the Chi-
cago convention voted for prevention of swarm-
ing. That's a gain, isn't it? Twenty years
ago prevention of increase was discussed, but I
stood almost alone in favor of preventing
swarming.

In Russia, according to Olga Leva.schof. in
Revue, bees winter well in open air in spite of
the severe cold, when the harvest is good; but
after a bad season losses are disastrous. The
great requisite fer successful wintering there
seems to be good food.

Spreading combs for winter has its advo-
cates, but their number is decreasing, I think
In reply to a question in A. B. J., 1 out of 22
would keep the frames the same, summer and
winter, and only one of the other three actually
practiced taking out a comb and spreading the
others.

(JLEANINCiS IN BEE CULTURE.

.Ian. 1.

Hasty doesn't agree with Alley, that in
second swarming there's no queen in the hive
out of the cell "till the rnonieiit the swarm
issues." In old times, piping was always heard
the evening before a second swarm, and the
piping queen was always out of the cell.

Scu(ENFEi>D, the eminent (German, declares
the poison-gland a vital organ, secreting formic
acid from the blood, and that formic acid finds
its way from the blood through the walls of the
honey-sac into the honey. He says the sting
has nothing to do with putting acid into honey.

The " woknoutnkss" of the wintering prob-
lem may make it desirable lo bury decently that
venerable problem; but the wornoutness of
some colonies, and the gone-upness of others
every spring make an annual resurrection of
the hoary problem not altogether undesirable.

CoRNEii. AND 81.MMINS. of Canada and Eng-
land, are having a set-to in the A. B. J., as to
the spontaneous origin of foul brood, Simmins
affirming. Cornell denying. Two good men. It
will haidly turn out that a crop of any kind
can be raised without sei'd from some source.

How CAN I please every one? I've written
" Saint Joseph " to pacify Bro. Abbott, and now
comes an Iowa man filling out the description
of the "Saint"-ed city by calling it "a city
where they licensed gambling on their fair-
grounds and ran ':>i\ gambiing- tables," and had
a saloon that ran (i5 bar-keepers coatless and
sweating, with people gathering 100 deep at
the saloon between horse-races, which ran 7 in
an afternoon, with pools sold on all the races,
and he wants me to call it Holy vSaint Joseph!

USING BEE-ESCAPES.

HOW TO ri'T on; how PHKY save I.AB(>K.\N1)

KOHUKIIS; AN KXCKLLKNT KKTOKr

KOK UKK-ESCAl'ES.

In my work I have been testing escapes more
and less, sometimes to the number of thirty or
forty; and to say th(>,y are advantageous always
would not be my bi^lief, but yet I think them a
decidedly useful implement. It is not the
trouble of putting them on that is an obj(>ction,
nor taking them off: in fact, if we work as fast
as we can, thn time amounts to nearly ^iqthing.
8ixty to one hundred per hour could be i)Ut on
by a little practice. They can be put on at any
time, but probably the best time is in the even-
ing, and wheel the upper stories into the
extracting-room the next morning, utilizing the
cool of the (evening and morning when it is
pleasant and invigorating to work— while Mr.
France is riding to and from the apiary— too
late and too early to brush bees from combs.
The only fault I could ever find with garden-
ing was that the mornings and evenings were
too short.

It Is impossible to go to the apiary, put on

the escapes, and extract the honey on the same
day. because the bees will not be out until in
the afternoon. Our present forms of escapes (I
use the Porter) do not seem to work fast enough,
but we may never get any that will do better
than the present forms.

To put the escape-board inider. the upper
upper story does not need to be lifted off. Sim-
ply pry up the rear end of it about six inches
with the left hand. A chisel may be necessary
to start it. As soon as it starts, begin ;o blow
in, across the brood -frames, smoke from the
smoker held in the right hand, on the right side
of the hive as you stand in the rear. Sharp
blasts in the narrow crevice will pass clear
across. Do not look to see if the bees run; if
you have smoked bees a thousand times or more
you may know that every bee will get out of
the way as soon as possible. When the edge of
the hive is up six inches, put your left knee
against the edge, to hold it there while the
hand goes over to catch the front hand-holi'.
and raise that end of the story about a foot,
and swing it around to the left, using the knee
for a pivot. By this time the right hand has
set the smoker down and brought the escape-
board up. and lays it on the top of the brood-
chamber. Escape-boards are light. One hand
can handle them by the rim and lay one down
carefully to avoid killing bees. Then both
hands are free to ease the upper story down on
to it. This is only the fraction of a minute, but
it takes as large a fraction to get lo the next
hive, and another to straighten the back after
the bending position. Rheumatics straighten
up very slowly sometimes. No pans of water
are needed, nor honey-daubed brushes t,o stick
to every bee they strike — no hand kerchief •< to
arrest the drops of perspiration that chase each
other ofT the end of the nose into the hives, nor
aching lingers from grasping slippery projecting
arms while plying the brush.

Brushing bees hurriedly from the combs, with
old Sol looking straight down at you in the
confined air of a veil, is like feeding a thrash-
ing-machine or liring an engine. The feeder
steps out from his machine, the fireman from
his cab. and apiarists seek the shade of a tree
or building while they mop away the sweat
and secure a ree breath of cool air.

The principal fault I have found in escapes
is, where only one upper story is used it
keeps all the bees from work about six hours
while they are getting through the escape, or
else we need a six-hour supply of empty combs
and stories to begin work with; but where two
extracting-stories are used, one could always
be left on. I used two stories, but expect, an-
other season, to use three.

Brace-combs may trouble where narrower
frame material thfin IjV is used in either top or
bottom bars. Still again, there is about one
colony in twenty that persists in their construc-
tion, and needs a change of queens.

ism

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

When our harvest ended last June I did not
think there would be any honey in the fall,
and I left on about 75 upper stories full of cup-
ped sage honey, there not being a pound of
winter stores in the lower liives. However,
they gathered enough from tarweed and other
bitter flowers to about half fill the lower combs.
The escapes are put on in the afternoon, and
the upper stories taken into the tent th(^ next
morning, and extracted during the day. The
empty combs are returned to the hives the fol-
lowing evening, to be cleaned during the night;
and now after live days there is only occasion-
ally a stray robber smelling around. This could
not be done without escapes, and I am so well
pleased with the plan that I shall try to leave
half the crop (if we have any — prospects look
poor now) on another season, and extract it
after the hot weather is over, and there are no
ants to bother.

The honey is thick enougli to be eaten with a
fork, without any trouble, but the extractor
must be turned like a thrashing-machine cylin-
der, which is easily done by putting a small
cog-wheel on the crank end of the crank-shaft
of a two-frame Novice machine. Then another
larger cog- wheel, to which the crank is attach-
ed, is arranged on the side of the can just be-
low the smaller wheel. It takes a little more
turning, but the work is as easy as in hot
weather. C. W: Dayton.

Pasadena, Cal., Dec. 1.").

[This is one of the best reports, if not the best,
we have received showing the value of the bee-
escape as a labor-saver. We commend its care-
ful reading to all of our subscribers. — Ed.]

MATING OF QUEENS.

DOES EARLY SPRING MATING OR LATE FALI/
MATING HAVE ANY EFFECT UPON THE
LONGEVITY AND FUTURE USEFUL-
NESS OF QUEENS?

[In Stray Straws for Nov. 1.'). page 843, Dr.
Miller referred to Guenther, a (Terman,authori-
ty, and editor of the Centrctlblatt, as saying
that queens fertilized in the middle of May
were not as prolific or long-lived as those fer-
tili/ed so late that they did not lay until the
next spring. Regarding this point, Dr. Miller
has received a letter that goes to confirm Mr.
Guenther's position. As the facts are too valu-
able to be confined to a private reader, the doc-
tor sends the letter on, which we are very glad
to reproduce.]

Dr. Miller: — Your item concerning Mr. Guen-
ther's observations (p. 842) reminds me of a case
[ had some years ago. I had a valuable queen
from which I wished to requeen as many of my
solonies as possible; and, in my eagerness and

ignorance combined, I ran the business rather
UiU'. in ihe fall. I had on(i fine virgin that I had
about despaired of having fertilized before the
weather should become too cool. Rut I had
managed to provide the colony with plenty of
choice drones; but for a full week after she;
should have been out, the weather was too cool.
On the 18th of October it became warm, with
butlittle wind. I closed them in early in the
morning, and shaded them until the afternoon,
when I loaded them on a spring wagon and touk
ihem over a mile from home to a hillside f.icing
south. I then poured half a pint of warm hon-
ey over the frames. That set up a great com-
motion among the bees, and drones and queen
were soon on the wing. In less than ten minutes
I had the satisfaction of seeing my queen return
with the mark of fertilization. She did not lay
any eggs that fall. The following season she
gave evidence of being a valuable queen. When
she was two years old I traded her, with her
colony, to a neighbor for some shoats. Two
years later the purchaser sold out to go west,
and I bought the hive and bees back. He stat-
ed that they had been bountiful honey-gather-
ers, but had never swarmed, which I doubted;
but when I had taken her home I opened the
hive and found the same old queen stiil there.
There could be no mistake in the matter, as I
had clipped both her wings rather close in the
spring following her rearing, and the late own-
er had never handled the combs.

The first season after I bought her back was a
poor one; but her colony was one of the best
in the yard. The following spring, then in her
sixth year, she was still there with a good colo-
ny of her progeny. Knowing her age I suppos-
ed she would not live until the season would
fairly open; and being anxious to see how long
she would live, I removed her in April to a hive
having only about a pint of bees. A good sea-
son followed, and she built up a strong colony,
and gave me 30 lbs. of surplus comb honey.
She was superseded in September of that year,
being a little over a month less than six years
old.

Is it possible that her long idleness before the
next laying season might account for superior
quality and longevity? I am disposed to be-
lieve that Mr. Guenther has opened a question
worthy of investigation. G. B. Replogle.

Centerville, la., Dec. 4.

[We should be glad to hear from others who
have made observations along these lines. The
theory put forth by Guenther, and confirmed by
G. B. Replogle, looks reasonable. The average
honey-producer usually finds it more practica-
ble to raise queens after the honey-season; i. e.,
in late summer and early fall, when the change
of queens will effect the least disturbance.
That being the case, the advisability of late
mating will dovetail very nicely with common
practices.— Ed.]

l,s'.>4

GLEANINGS IN HKE CULTURK.

II

MANUM IN THE APIARY.

HOW HK KAI8KS t^UEKNS.

'•(Joo(l-nu)riiin<?, Mr Daggett. I liojw you rest-
ed well i<i<l niglil.""

"Yes, .Mr. iMiuimii, I rested vei'y well indeed.
I assiwi' you iluit the pure air one finds among
these green mountains is very invigorating as
well as soothing to the nerves. Why, I have
been here only two days, and I already feel
much iiupi'oved in vigor."

(Mr. E. R. Daggett, herein mentioned, is a
retired hee-lteoper from New York Stale.)

" Well, Mr. Daggett, I have come in to invite
you to accompany me to one of my out-apiaries.
This is the lirst day since your arrival that the
weather has been suitable for one of your age
to venture fur from the house; but this is a
beautiful warm June morning, and I think a
si.x-mile drive may sharpen your appetite."

" Yes, Mr. Daggett, you will Hud it a beauti-
ful drive, for Mr. Mat.um tells me he is going to
the Meach yard to-day; and for fear you may
feel the want of something to eat before you
return, I have put up a lunch for both of you.
When Mr. M. goes to his out-apiaries I never
know at what hour to e.Kpect him back; hence
I have learned to prepare a lunch for him, for
lie never would think of it. Why, Mr. Daggett,
I have known that man to leave home imme-
diately after breakfast, and not return until
dark— these long days— and work all day on a
light breakfast. I think it very imprudent in
him; hence my watchfulness in providing a
lunch," says Mrs. Manum.

ON THE WAV TO MKACH's.

" Mauum, what body of water is it I see at
the foot of that mountain at our right?"

'•That is Uristol Pond, and a very peculiar
pond too. It is one mile long by half a mile
wide: and. as the saying is, it has no bottom.
It is really a mud pond, with only a few inches
of water over the mud, yet there are a good
many fish in it. This pond is fed wholly by
springs issuing from the base of the mountain.
There, you see that large white house on the
hill yonder? That is where the Hon. H. B.
Williams lives, and where I have an apiary."

"What in the world is going on here, Manum
—lime works?"

"No, this is the kaolinworks, where a large
business is done. This kaolin Is nothing more
than white clay washed in water, and conduct-
ed in those long spouts you see laid in all direc-
tions. These spouts conduct the clay-water
into large; vats where; it remains several days,
the clay settling to the bottom, and then the
water is run out of the vats, and the clay wheel-
ed to these long dry-sheds and deposited on
shelves to dry. When thoi'oughly dry it is put
into barr(>ls and shii)ped to market."

" For what purpose is it used?"

" Well, I can hardly tell you. It is said that
much of it is used for sizing paper (wall-paper

especially), also for stulling or filling prints,
cotton cloth, elc. It is also beliiived by many
that a large anu)unt of it finds its way into
cotifcclioners' shops, also paints; in fact. It is
doubtless used for adulterating many things."

" Do they gel this clay near by? '

"Yes; that range of hills Justin front of us
is supposed to be nearly all composed of this
clay. The best clay, however, is found from ')(>
to 100 feet below the surface.

" Well, here we are at Meach's. My ! the be(;s
are lively to-day."

"Well, I should think as much, Manum.
What are they working on now?"

"Clover principally, thougli the raspberry
bloom is not quite over yet; and I noticed, as
we were coming, that quite a few bees were on
the raspberries by the roadside."

" Have your bees done much on clover yet?"

"No. This is tlu; first promising day of the
season, and I feel very much encouraged. Here
is a veil for you. You'd belter wear it, as a per-
son standing around looking on is much more
apt to be stung than is the operator., There,
now, I will first look for and remove queen-cells
from those colonies from which I removed the
queen the 17th inst., which was 8 days ago. Let
me see. This is one of my choice breeding col-
onies, and I must handle the combs very care-
fully, so as not to jar and injure the queen-cells.
My! just look at those nice cells on this comb —
1(3 on this one comb, 8 of which will answer to
save. Let me see — why, the record says this
colony had cells ready to cap when the queen
was removed. Whew! here is a young queen
gnawing out, and I will let her run into one of
my pocket-cages and introduce her into a colo-
ny in the home yard. There, you see, Mr. Dag-
gett, I have 18 fine queen cells fi'om this colony,
which Twill now put into my nursery-cage*
which I keep in an upper story placed over No.
12."

"Oh, my I Manum, is that the way you hatch
queens? Why, when I kept bees we did not
have all these new-fangled conveniences."

"There, Mr. D., just see these nice queens
that have just hatched— 12 In that nursery-
frame, and here are 8 in this one; that makes
20 1 have to introduce here to-day; and now
that I have finished looking over those 20 colo-
nies from which the queens were removed the
17th, I will remove and cage the last 16 yearling
queens there are in this yard, f will get my
box of mailing-cages and ask you to carry it for
me. Where in the world is this queen? I must
have overlooked her. Oh! here she is on the
side of the hive. There, I guess 7 bees caged
with her as companions are enough this warm
weather. I will now make an entry of this in
my queen-book, and also on this record-board
kept in the hive, so that, if I should lo-^e my
book. I shall have something to refer to."

" I see, Manum, that you have cages here ad-
dressed to parties in New York. Iowa, Texas,

12

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan. 1.

Florida, and here are two large ones to go to
Australia. Is this an extra day with you, or do
you have this to do every day?"

" Well, this is about an average day's work.
I have but 18 queens to mail to-morrow. I have
to cage them the day before, as a rule. I have
mailed over 2.5 a number of days, and have
mailed 45 two days, and one day 61. These
were young queens, taken from my nuclei.
That day was spent wholly working at the nu-
clei. It is now nearly 1 o'clock, and I think
we'd better have our lunch. I will first go and
feed the horse, and get some water."

" Your wife said she put in some coffee with
the lunch."

" Oh what a thoughtful woman she is! That,
however, is more especially for your use, as she
knows I am not fond of cold coffee.

"Luntli over, I will now examine the sections
to see if all is right. Here are two in this clamp
from which the foundation has dropped down.
I will stick it back in place by pressing the edge
of the foundation on to the section with my
knife, by heating the blade on the smoker.
Here is a hive that must be out of level, because
the bees are fastening the lower edge of the
foundation in the sections to the separators. I
will get the level and put this hive to rights at
once. There, it was as I expected — quite a lit-
tle out of level. Here is a colony, the bees of
which have their sections nearly ready to cap,
and I think I will tier them up. I would not do
so for a day or two if I could be here at that
time; but as I shall not be here for a week, I
fear they may need more room before that time,
if this pleasant weather continues. You can
see, Mr. Daggett, I have to manage differently
with out-apiaries that I visit only once a wtck
than I would had I only one apiiiry. There,
this part of the work is done, and I will now
run in the 20 virgin queens we found haichid
this morning. I will get the nursory-cages
right out here, and we will commence at tliis
corner of the yard. If you will hold this cage-
frame for me I will make quick work of it.
Lefs see— it is 20 minutes of 5 o'clock. Now I
will show you a tine trick. There, I take a
nursery-cage containing a virgin queen, laist^
one Cdrner of the enameled cloth so as to ex-
pose \14 inches of the ;?4 space between sections.
Now 1 place the cage over this opening, wire
slidt! down, and draw the slide, and at once tht^
queen goes down among the bees, where she is
welcomed. Now I make a record of this intro-
duction, and now we will go to the next queen-
less colony, and soon through. We have in-
troduced the 20 queens in H) minutes."

"Well, Manum, I am surprised at these new
plans. You seem to have all the conveniences
for doing the work among the bees that one
could ask for; and now I do not wonder so much
as 1 did that you can care for so many bees
wiilioul help."

'"Now, Mr. Diiggett. my work in this yard is

done for to-day, and we will return home. To-
morrow we will go to the Williams yard, where
I am conducting some experiments in which
you may be interested." A. E. Manum.

Bristol, Vt.

-^mk — • — M^

RAMBLE 99.
THE CIIINO VALLEY BEET-SUGAK FACTORY.

It was quite early for the Rambler to get up;
and, besides, there was a heavy fog that morn-
ing that added to the disagreeable features of
early rising; but long before the break of day
Mr. Clark gave the summons, "Hurrah for
Chino!" and the summons had to be obeyed. I

J-/urrah! for China!

had hardly become reconciled to the i<iea of
having my peaceful morning dreams suddenly
dispelled, when a few of the neighbors and
their wives began to put in an appearance;
and the burden of each man's remarks was,
that his wife had not slept, nor had she allowed
any one else in the house to sleep, since mid-
night. It seemed certain, thut. if the wives
could have had their way. they would have
been in Chino by break of day, rousing people
up at that place. " How far is it to Chino, any
way?" remarked one of the party. The definite
reply was given, that it was a right smart dis-
tance; another said that it was six looks and a
half. That seemed a satisfactory answer, and
we were soon taking our looks around the
mountain; but inasmuch as the fog still inter-
fered it took a great many looks to get even a
short distance. I?y persistent inquiry, however,
I found that it was about 20 miles, and our
three load(^d wagons made quite a procession as
we proceeded on our way.

The first portion of our journey passed us to
the rear of West Riverside, a thriving new col-
ony, and where, during the past year, a thou-
sand acres of while sage and other honey-
producing plants have been plowed under,
spoiling a large area of bee-pasturage. Work-

ISi)4

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

i:{

men with learns and scrapers were grading
roads and boulevards for a new town site.
Riverside is so justly famous for its oranges and
its beauty generally, that, on three sides, it has
a family of young Riversides— East, South, and
West. The greater portion of our journey,
however, lay through an unimproved and un-
inhabited country, now given over to the wan-
dering sheep-rancher, but in time to be occu-
pied by the water-ditch and the fruit-orchard.
Several large areas here are plowed and sown
to barley and wheat; and from the amount of
volunteer grain that was making its appear-
ance, there is an immense amount wasted dur-
ing the harvest.

Mr. Clark, having the largest wagon and
strongest team, carried all of the eatables for
our expedition, which consisted mostly of pie.
The country being monotonous and uninterest-
ing, Mr. C. wished to stop and sample the vari-
ous mixtures that were directly under his seat;
but the wives of the whole party sat down, as it
were, upon this proposition, and we had to pro-
ceed. Mr. C. looked wistfully down toward the
bottom of the wagon, and evidently thought,
" Oh! so near and yet so far."

The factory was in sight now, and we were

CIIIXO BEET- SUGAR WORKS.

approaching it from the back door, as it were,
and through acres and acres of beets, some in
the giound, some topped, some piled, and some
in large wagons drawn by four horses on the
way to the factory. When this factory was
first started, the beets were all topped by hand;
but Yankee genius developed a machine for
topping them before they were out of the
ground, and as fast as a horse can walk; then
a light plow lifts them out. They are then
thrown by hand into those large wagons. The
wagon-boxes were provided with a strong rope

net which we noticed was spread with care in
the bottom of the box, and the use of which we
shall find out when we get to the factory.

The first thing that struck us decidedly, and
made us all exclaim something, as we drew
near the factory, was a gorgeous odor emanat-
ing from an immense pile of refuse — souring
beet-pulp. This was being fed to over 7()0 head
of cattle, and also to several hundred sheep;
and, notwithstanding tlie odor, they ate it with
a relish. The great amount of pulp thrown
out is not wholly consumed until several months
after the factory has ceased running.

The object of our visit to the factory at this
time was owing to the fact that Mr. Gird, the
proprietor of the ranch, had decided to sell off
a large number of lots at auction. Heretofore
the land had, to a great extent, been let out on
shares; but thinking that an ownership on the
part of the tiller would result in the production
of more and better beets, the sale was decided
upon. When we arrived we found teams con-
verging on Chino from all sections of the coun-
try; and, in addition to the teams, 11 carloads
of people were on the ground; and, though
hard times seems to be the general cry, there
were 1.500 people assembled, ostensibly to pur-
chase land; and it seemed to
be the well-grounded boast of
Chino that there was no hard
times in the sugar-beet district.
Ordinarily the factory is not
open to visitors; but this being
a gala day, the hundreds were
allowed free access where could
be witnessed the grinding up
of beets at the rate of 100 tons
a day. The run of the season
had been S.'ijOOO tons, making
15,000,000 lbs. of sugar. Every
year the factory increases its
tonnage, and it is proposed to
use up 80,a)0 tons next' year.
At this time, load after load was
being dumped in rapid succes-
sion into the long pits at the
end of the factory; and here we
saw the utility of those strong
rope nets. The net was secured
to the wagon on one side, and to
a movable plank on the other.
The wagon was driven to the proper position,
the plank was attached to a hook and sliding
pulley, and a donkey engine sputtered away
for a minute, lifting one side of the net, and the
load went tumbling into the pit.

To follow the process of the manufacture of
the beet into sugar, and describe the costly ma-
chinery, would take many pages; but suffice it
to say, that in and around the factory there are
1000 people employed, and there is not a China-
man in the crowd; and, furthermore, they know
what to do with the boys in Chino. They put

14

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan. 1.

them into the factory to work, for there are but
few idle hands around Chino.

The great land sale was conducted under a
large canvas pavilion, and every tning was
provided for the comfort of the visitors, even to
a bountiful free lunch, which some of our party
cleaved unto until the last morsel was gone.
At one side of the pavilion was a large map of
Chino, with the lots marked off and numbered.
A very fluent gentleman made the statement
that the profits upon an acre grown to beets

was all the way from *(i8 toflH). The benefits
were, also, that the water was near the surface;
that the town was healthful — very; that M
babies had been born during the past month;
but some one corrected him. It was M in a
year. The idea that 34 were born in one month,
in that small town, was putting the health at
too high a rate, and would deter people from
buying, evidently; 34 babies, however, meant
that about three-fourths of a babe was born
every week. Just think of it!

The venerable auctioneer commencd his
work, and ten-acre lots were rapidly struck off,
all the way from $134 to SO.t per acre. A couple
of men interested in the sale walked up and
down through the audience, shouiing. at the
same time that the auctioneer got in his •"will
you give me a five, five, five?" "This is the
bargain of your lifetime. This land is worth
$3()0. every dollar of it."

"Will you raise it a five, five, five?" said ihe
auclioneer. "Profits." said the voice at the
same time, "over $100 an acre. A chance of
your life, gentlemen." And the auctioneer
went on with his "five, five, five." On the
whole, the scene was quite lively, with a result
of s.'lling*7(),0()0 worth of land. And think ye,
farmers of the East, who think your 100 acres
a small farm, here in this land ten acres is
<'nough in either fruits or beets.

This large industry has been built up largi-ly
tlirough the fostcM'ing care that has been tlu'own
around it by the two-cent bounty upon sugar.
Slioiild this bounty and the tariff both be taken
off. this factory will be seriously crippled, and
others that wc^re going to be built soon here in
Southern Calif'orhia will probaljly 'I'^o ?''t a
.setback.

And uiiile consiilcring the fl()nri>liiiig state

of the sugar business, under the bounty. I was
forcibly reminded of the languishing condition
of the honey industry. When this bounty was
first proposed, the question was fully discussed
as to the advisability of getting honey included.
From my view, it would have been a good thing
to secure a bounty on comb honey, and secure
the production of that exclusively; and I begin
to think that Mr. Harbison was right in hold-
ing the view that the production of so much
extracted honey would prove a detriment to the
honey industry; but now it is not so much the
large production as it is the wholesale adultera-
tion of it with glucose. It is evident, that, if
the present conditions that menace extracted
honey continue, it will be necessary to sell it at
about two cents per pound, or near the price of
glucose. While we have been busy getting our
crop to market, we have heard but little about
adulteration; but there are now mutterings in
the air that may soon be heard, and that, too, I
hope, with a salutary effect.

After the land sale, the visit to the factory,
and the free lunch, etc., the wives hunted up
their husbands, and, after a persistent effort,
we succeeded in starting upon our homeward
journey. That load of pie under the seat had
not been touched, and Mr. C. had barely left
the outskirts of the town before he wanted to
stop and consume it; but the wives gave orders
to proceed, which we did with evident reluc-
tance. When we arrived in the outskirts of
Ontario, however, five miles on our journey.
Mr. C. pulled up peremptorily under some Mon-
terey pines that lend a charm to Euclid Avenue;
and seeing that there was no further use to
expostulate, the wives also graciously descend-
ed from the wagons, aiid the pie-boxes were
investigated. Suffice it to say, there were some
terrible pie-dreams in the Clark mansion that
night in consequence; otiierwise the journey
was pleasant and enjoyable, and the sugar
industry gave us much to reflect upon for many
days. That our industry of bee-keeping can
not be conducted upon as large a scale is among
the regrets of the Rami!I,kk.

SHALLOW FRAMES.

now MK. NASII CAMK TO USK THKM, AM) WHV

iiK im;kkki;s tiikm; moick akout tiiosk

I'Klil'KNDlCUKAK CONK ESCAPES AND

TllOSK YOUNG HKKS THAT AUK

I.KFT UKIII.NK.

In a footnote on p i-r ' ^"^3, the editor wishes to
know how the writer m magt's as regards the
iy(*i<»if/ b('es that would be left in the cases of
honey tiered up with cone escapes on top, stat-
ing that, in his expi-ricnce. it was for the most
p.irt young bees that remained in the cascis aft-
er the smoking and shaking of th(^ same, and
these would be lost on emerging from the cones
into the air.

1804

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

15

Well, friend Root. I had this same objection
that yon raise myself; but after carefnl obser-
vation, wiiicli included the trapping of a lot of
the Utile fellows as they left the piles of cases,
and dusting them with flour, and then noting
the reception they received at the (>ntrances of
the various hives. I came to the conclusion that
the percentage of loss was small, as most of the
bei'ji that could fly seemed to enter hives, and I
believe that f he loss is more than balanced by
the economy of labor: and in this day of low
prices and sharp competition we must ctit all
the corners we can.

As regards your other question. " Why do you
prefer a shallow brood-chamber'.'" I will say
that my brood-frame proper is a swinging
frame. 13 X 12 inches^American: that several
years ago I began using a surplus frame 6 x 12,
with closed ends: and the more I use them the
better I like them. They have been of special
value in the poor seasons we have had late
years, as bees will often fill a half-depth case
when, had they been given a full set of brood-
combs, they would store but little or perhaps ?wj
surplus. I will say, however, that I have used
these cases as brood-chambers on a small scale,
and I believe that a colony will winter better
in two shallow cases than one deep one, as the
horizontal division of the combs in the center
gives them free access to all parts of the hive.

I am also strongly in favor of '" handling hives
more ar.d frames le.ss;" and. in the light of pres-
♦*nt experience, were I to dispose of my apiary
and its fixtures, I should certainly adopt a shal-
low self -spacing frame of some kind. I could
then have a large hive for extracted honey, a
smaller one for comh honey, thus settling the
contraction business — a deep hive for wintering
and brood-rearing, and a small hive for the
•weak colonies in spring: and for migratory bee-
keeping we need a fixed frame: and it is some
satisfaction, when you put up a colony for ship-
ment, to know that the correct spacing of the
■combs will be preserved, even if you did not se-
cuie every frame separately before yon closed
the hive.

Another thing, who has not noticed combs (in
The center of the brood - nest perliaps). with
brood on one side and part of the other, and the
rest gnawed down nearly or quite to 'he septum?
cause — incorrect spacing. Tip up a few hives
Willi loose frames, and see how the spacing is
at the bottom. But, as a small volume could
be written on this subject. I will close.

Monroe, la. ,1 A. Nash.

[Friend Nash lias given us just thi^ informa-
tion we called for. Now. while we make and
fiell principally thestandard L. frame, and while
it might be to our interest to keep down any
•discussion that would bring to light the advan-
tages of a shallow-depth frame, we desire to
have our brethren speak out. Tell us. just as
friend Nash has done, why yon like siiullow-

depth frames, or why you do not like them, if
you have tried them before.

Friend N. makes a strong point in favor of
exact spacing— the facility of moving hives
containing the frames with fixed distances.
More and more the bee-keeping world is begin-
ning to recogni/.e this. — Ed.]

APICULTURE IN CHILI.

now TiiKv managp: soittii of the kquatoh.

Nearly six pages of that excellent French bee-
journal, the Revue I)itern<ttio)inlc, are taken
up with a letter from Alfred Dufey, giving an
account of bee-keeping in Chili. He reports
that only pure Italians are found in Chili, no
bees having been in the country before their
introduction in 18.'54. (Why isn't that a good
place for a queen-breeder?) F^orty years later,
in 1874, 84,000 colonies were oiKcially reported.
Of course, that number has greatly increased
in the last 19 years. Many wild colonies are in
the forests, and some haciendas (plantations)
have as many as 1.500 colonies each. The hives
in use are of various forms — a brood-chamber
containing from 15 to 30 qtiarts, with one or two
similar stories placed over for surplus. Honey-
plants abound, especially in latitude 30 to 38.
The climate is colder than the corresponding
north latitude, but not so variable. In Novem-
ber and Di'ceinber, corresponding to May and
.June in north latitude, swarms a,re plentiful,
and can be bought for half a dollar each or less.

Honey taken by the natives is not very appe-
tizing. Cotubs, brood, and bees are all mashed
in one mess that neither looks nor tastes well.
Others more civilized drive out the bees, but
mash or melt the combs.

Some years ago a bee-keeper from France un-
dertook the business of raising honey, but-was
discouraged by the difficulties. Hives were
very expensive, and could not be had well made,
and two extractors made in Chili cost the fabu-
lous price of *.")0 each, and then he could get
only about 23.2 cents a pound for his honey.
Prices are betier now.

The harvest runs from the middle of Decem-
ber to the first of March, very rarely to the first
of April. February being the best. An impor-
tant item is. that foul brood and the bee-moth
are unknown. The only trouble comes from
moldiness of combs in the very damp winters,
which is really the rainy season, for snow never
falls in the plains, and the thermometer rarely
descends as low as 4 or 5 degrees below the
freezing-point.

The best source of honey in ISlr. Dufey's re-
eion (southern) is the ti/;/)-o. one of the largest
trees of the forest, covered with white fiowers
from the last of January itito March. Laures-
tine. a shrub, is aho a fine yielder. blooming
during winter. Iieiiig (luite hardy. Other parts

16

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan. 1.

of Chili have other honey-plants, the flora be-
ing quite diversified.

Mr. Dufey commenced, a green hand, in 1888,
with one colony, from which he obtained one
swarm and 44 lbs. of honey. Since then he has
allowed only a very moderate increase, his api-
ary now numbering only 30 colonies. Since the
first year, his average yield per colony each
year has been, respectively, 275, 103, 95, and 110
pounds, extracted. He gets 9 to 10 cents a
pound, which is about double the average price
of the average Chilian honey.

WEDDING-FLIGHTS.

In lUustrierte BienenzeltuiKj is given a very
interesting table recording the excursions of a
number of queens. In the opinion of the ob-
server, Iv. Befort, there is always a preliminary
flight merely to mark the location, and, in gen-
eral, a plurality of after-flights— in one case at
least ten excursions being made, fertilization
occurring in no case till the third excursion or
later. Time occupied in each excursion, from
10 to 35 minutes. Cowan reports a flight of 45
minutes.

One queen was fertilized on two dift'erent oc-
casions. One queen flew when only two days
old, one whriu 'i'l. One queen was killed by the
bees on her return, and Mr. Befort is of the
opinion that such cases occur because of too
small fly-holes. If there is a very small fly-
hole it may be so filled with bees as to change
its appearance so that the queen does not recog-
nize it readily, and. in her doubt and vacillating
movements, she arouses the suspicions of the
guards, who seize her as an intruder. He rec-
ommends that the fly-hole be at least large
enough for 8 or 10 bees to pass in and out com-
fortably at the same time.

HONEY VINE<4AK.

An interesting communication from A. I'ro-
chaska appears in Deutsche Imker (iu,s Boeli-
men. The writer manufactures honey vinegar
and honey-vinegar essence in quantity, of such
quality that it sells readily at a higher price
than any other vinegar. The essence, as he
calls it, is of such strength that the addition of
nine parts of filtered soft water makes it vine-
gar of the best quality. This is convenient to
ship long distances. He seems to have'buiJt up
an important trade by keeping up his product
to a high standard; and honey used to manu-
facture his product must come up to the follow-
ing reciuiri^ments:

1. The honey must be pure and transparent
when in the liquid state.

2. The taste and smell must be good and pure,
no matter whether the color be light or dark.

3. The consistence must be such that the hon-
ey shall be granulated solid throughout, or else
in a thick fluid state. Thin honey, or that
which yet contains a thin i)ortion after granu-
lation, is rejected.

Honey coming up to the recpiired standard he
receives from bee-keepers, paying .•.'13(|ts. vin-

egar essence for a pound of honey. As each
quart of the essence makes 10 quarts of vine-
gar, it makes a little less than ;.' pounds of hon-
ey for a gallon of vinegar.

It may be worth while to inquire whether if,,
in Germany, a market is thus opened for honey,
the same thing may not be done here. (Jiven
the right man to establish a honey-vinegar fac-
tory, miglit he not make a good thing? The
point is to make vinegar of such quality that it
can have a sure market at a paying price. Each
bee-keeper might do something on a sraalP
scale. C. C. Mii.lek.

Marengo, 111.

DOOLITTLE CELL-CUPS.

SOME OF THE ADVANTAGES OF USING.

There seems to be a good deal of interest
manifested as to what is the best way to rear
queen-cells. I have reared thousands of queens;
have tried nearly all the plans known, but have
found none as satisfactory and certain, and that
gives as uniformly^fine, large, and good queens,
as using the Doolittle cups and having the cells
built in the second story of strong colonies over
queen-excluding metal. I find that cells built
on Doolittle cups excel in strength. The thick
base enables them to be taken off the sticks;
are put into hives to hatch, and caged or han-
dled in various ways more rapidlv, and with less
risk of injury to the inmates, than cells built in
any other way. The uniform size and extra
strength is a great advantage in caging cells
when more than are needed are ready to hatch.
These and other advantages more than offset
the time required to make the cells. I have
spoiled so many fine-looking cells built on
combs, that were so frail I could not trim them
to cage them, or that were ruined in cutting
them out, and T have so little trouble with those
built on " cups," that I use them nearly alto-
gether. By watching the cells and culling out
all that are not properly cared for. uniformly
large fine queens may be secured. I "happen-
around" the day after giving cups and larvie;
and if any have not received proper attention
they are destroyed; and I look after them again-
before the cells are sealed; and any inferior-
looking cells are taken out, and the food used'
to start other cu|)S.

I use eel Is from my best colonies when they
swarm, but I do not see that they are a bit bet-
ter than cells started from cups with larvn^ from
my best queens.

I suppose most bee-keepers have noticed that
the first Iarva> in a new swarm, during a good
flow of honey, have a great abundance of food.
Sometimes the larv;e in a colony are fed very
scantily, and they seem to rest on the bottom of
the cell instead of swimming in the food, as in
the case of the new swarm. LarviB from cells
w(dl supplied with food are not only more easi-

is; 14

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

17

Oy transferred, but I believe much better queens
will be produced from them than from larvie
that barely have enough to eat, or may be half
starved, for aught we know. Larva? intended
for queens should always be well fed; and. from
the lime th(! egg hatches, should have the most
favorable surroundings possible, if the best
queens are desired, and no haphazard way
should be allowed.

This has been the poorest season for some
years. .Mangrove was a total failure, and the
early crop was not an average one. We have
had two gales this fall that stopped honey-gath-
ering, and drowned out and desti'oyed a good
many stands that were on the low lands. 1 be-
lieve one man, at least, lost all his colonies. I
had :{0 colonies near the river, and the water
reached the combs of 9 nearly to th(! top of the
lower story of part of them, but did not destroy
any colonies. I had a few colonies blown over
at my home yard: and as I was away and could
not get back until the day after, they got to rob-
bing; and as the honey- How was entirely cut
jff, I let them alone. ,]. B. Case.

Port Orange, Fla., Dec. 11.

TREATMENT OF FOUL BROOD.

ROOTS PLAN indorsed; A SCHEME FOR I'HK-

SERVING DISEASE - AFEKCTED COMBS

WITHOUT DESTHOVING THKM.

In (ii-EANiNGS for July 1, page r)39. we have a
most excellent article on foul brood, from Bro.
Root, which, if fully carried out, will surely
eradicate the disease: but we think it a little
too expensive, and by permission we will try to
supplement said article. We know we are lia-
ble to draw fire from all sides, as Bro. Alley
and others say cremation is the only remedy;
but. in the language of Bnrns, " My leained
•<irs, ye's may be wrang."

The first thing 1 will notice is in the symp-
toms. While Bro. Root gives the symptoms
perfectly, I will say. don't trust the nose on foul
bro(Jd. That is where I made my mistake years
ago. While the ecZur-afef? nose will readily de-
tect the disease, any one not acquainted with
foul brood would pass it by and wait for a ter-
ribly bad smell that never comes, and so lose
his apiary before he finds out what the matter
is.

Now, while we have tried the remedies rec-
eommended in the books and journals, such as
salicylic acid, barite of soda, fumigation with
various things, etc.; and while we don't con-
demn tiiem we must say that we failed in every
instance. We have long since decided that
•'doctoring " larval bees is out of our line of
business. Mr. Root says the phenol treatment
is perhaps as good as any; but when it is strong
enough to kill the germs of the Jxu-lUus alvei
it will kill the bees too. We suppose he means
the larval bees. Certainly it will; but it will

save the comb, which is of more importance.
Bro. Root speaks of phenol diluted .WO times.
ItuunVt do. We use It diluted only .50 times,
and we don't trust the druggist to do the dilut-
ing either.

OVll PI-AN.

After shaking your diseased colony off, and
hiving the bees on comb foundation, as Mr.
Root says, leave enough bees to care for the
brood in the old hive, if it is worth caring for,
until all the brood has hatched out — say 4 days;
then make the second drive. The combs will
then be mostly clear of brood; but keep the
bees by themselves. DorVt put them with any
others unless it is with another just driven out,
as they will caiTy the disease with them. Now
for the combs.

Make a tank just large enough to take a comb
and frame lying in the bottom, eight inches
deep. Get a pound of pure phenol, or carbolic
acid; have the druggist put it in solution with
3 oz. of glycerine. Make a bath of one part
carbolic acid to fifty of water, or half a pound
of carbolic acid to three gallons of water. Now
take the combs, and. after extracting the honey,
dip them in the bath, turning them so that you
get both sides full. Put them in the extractor,
and throw out the fluid, letting it run back into
the tank. This fluid may then be put in jugs
and sealed up for future use, as it holds its
strength pretty well. Having made sure that
every part of the frame is touched with the
fluid, your combs are ready for use. If any of
the combs have dead, rotten, or sealed brood,
after dipping take a common bulb syringe and
inject the flui (into the cells. It will surprise
you to see how fast you can wash them out.
I5urn or boil all cloths; scald or burn out hives
as directed by Mr. Root.

If your colony is not worth saving, don't tiy
to burn it. Brimstone at night, when all are at
home, if possible. Don't let a single bee get to
you or away from you while working with foul
brood, as that is the only way the disease is
propagated.

If. after all. your bees take it again, they are
either carrying it in from some other hive in
your vicinity, or the queen is diseased, which,
by the way. is a mooted question. But I have
stopped it by simply killing the queen. Of
course. I treated the partly drawn foinidation
as above. I. have between 700 and 10(X) combs
in my home apiary, that have been so treated,
that have never shown the disease since, and
never will unless carried in by the bees. Use
your combs for hiving new swarms, or for any
other purpose. If the bees refuse to stay in, put
an entrance-guard, such as is furnished by the
Roots, on your hive. It will settle the question.
Kntrance-giiards or queen-traps area necessity.
I give the preference to the entrance-guard, as
it is more easily manipulated. But I use both.

Now for a few short rules.

1. Carbolic acid, or phenol, whicii means the

18

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

.lAX. 1.

same, will kill all microbes if used in sutHicient
strength.

2. Allow no bees to get to or from you while
working with foul brood.

3. If you destroy a colony, do it at night witii
brimstone. Kill them all.

If you follow the above you will beat the dis-
ease. Southern Illinois is full of it. and has
been for ten years. We have treated it for that
time with varying success, until we adopted the
above treatment, which lias proved successful.

Enfield, 111., Dec. 15. A. C. Mitoheli,.

[Our correspondent evidently writes from ex-
perience, because his article shows that he has
been "' through the mill." We are not surprised
that he should condemn all the various acid
treatments, of the strength recommended. These
" medicine cures" are proving everywhere to be
no cure at all. While we know that phenol, or
carbolic acid, reduced 5no times, as recommend-
ed by Cheshire, will not effect a cure — at least,
failed to do so in our case and recorded reports
we have read, we see no reason, however, why,
when reduced only .50 times, it should not dis-
infect the combs. If combs were good, and well
wired in good frames, it migiit be advi-^able to
wash them in carbolic acid, as described, in-
stead of burning. However, if we iiad onlv
one or twocoloni(>s that were affected we should
hesitate to tiy any thing else than burning.—
Ed.J

THE OLDEST BEES IN THE WORLD.

HOW HEKS IIAVK JiKKN' PI! KSKK VKI) SIXCK THK
TIMK ilF M().Sl';s.

It is well known, that, in 1881. many royal
mummies were found in Esiypt— that is, the
embalmed bodies of kings. P'or a good while
after that, scholars observed that cartouches
and rolls of papyrus were sold on the Egyptian
market, bearing the names of kings. As to
where the mummy-diggers obtained these, our
learned men at Cairo were at a loss to tell. The
venders of these curiosities were sought for. It
was soon evident that most of them came from
three brothers who lived in Dcir (>1-I{ahari.
These men were accordingly taken into, custo-
dy. During a long examination none of them
would reveal the secret. Neither threats nor
promises were of any avail in making them set a
price on it. The men had to be set free. Soon
after that, one of the brothers came to an ol'ti-
cer of th(i Egyptian mu.seum of Houlaq, in Cai-
ro, and said, " I am iioiv ready to mak(^ a full
exposition."'

"And why iioir for the tirst time?" said the
official.

" Because my brothers have robbed me of the
profits of my share."

The betrayer then conducted I?rugsch H(>y
(brother of the celebrated Esiyptologisu to a
pit GO feet deep, and showed him a cavity wheie

there were several mummies of kings well pre-
served. For three days and three nights :50()'
men, under guard of soldiers, were employed in
biinsing the valuable find to the light of day.
These mummies, photographs of which were
taken, art! in the new museum of Gizeh. It is
related that the mummy of Pharaoh (he who-
oppressed the children of Israel), that it might
not be destroyed on board the steamboat, was
put on a little skiff' in tow of the steamer. At
the next railroad station the mummy was put
on board of a first-class car, and thus the re-
mains of Pharaoh were removed to his capital'
city some 3450 years after he had ceased to rule.
In removing the fokis of linen from about the
body, several flowers were found that had been
buried with him: and in a cup were found sev-
eral tuummied bees — the oldest in the world..
The sizeof these bees is exactly that of Italians^
with brighter yellow abdominal bands.
Medina, O. i\.\Ki, R. Mathkv.

JAKE SMITH'S LETTERS.

How TO KKKI' MONKV FHOM CANDVINO; SOMK
(iOOD INSTKUCTIONS.

Mr. A. T. (Tlcetilngs:—<ieer -SJr;— Ime glad I
made your acquaintenls. Ivelurnt a heep from
your paper and your book. The fixtyours I got
from you was Isi class, and 1 feel now like I was
commenst bcekecpin on the risjht track. My
boy Zed, too. he's taken to beeki'epin wonder-
full. I wish I cood a node as mutch when I was-
his ag(\ lie's rite smart.

.\bout a mile and a 'j from ih is a nayber
who keeps bees, which his name is Short — Jim
Short. Only he aint like his name, he's rite
tall. He doant beleive in the improoved ways,,
and makes fun of what he calls my noo-fangled'
ways. But weer good friends, and hc^'s so good
harted I like to talk with him.

Last sumnKM' I found out tliey was a man
only S miles from me which keeps bees clear up-
to the times. He farms it. but good years he
claims he makes more on his bees than enny-
thiug on the farm. He is brother to the onner-
able .lared Dinant which was in the state legis-
later. His 1st name is Henry. I met him at a.
((uarterly meetin over to Stallstown, and when
he found out I kep bees he ast me to cum and.
see him. I cum, and I had a reel good visit.
He knows lots about bees, but he sez there's a
heep more he doant know.

Weave had severl visits back and 4th, and he
encurridgc^s me that Ime doin rite well in the-
noo plans. He's took dinner evry time with us,,
and one day he sez while he was a eatin some
hunny, sez he, "That's fine."

"Yes," sez I: " hev some more."

"Do," sez my wife. "Make yourself wel- 1
come," sez she. And she cut off a rite good
hunk and put it onto his plate. If they's enny
1 thing more than anuthi-r that pleezes my

1894

(J LEANINGS IN HEE CUI/ITIUH.

19

wife, it's to see ciirnpi^iiiiy like her vittles and
eat harty.

"It seems to me, ' sez lie. after he had eat
some more of it. and looked like he was tastin
it careful and studyin over it, " it seems to me,"
sez lie, "that it's uncommon ripe for so erly in
the season. When did you take it off?" s<'z he.

" Let me see," sez I; "aint that some of the
1st was took last yeer, mother?" sez L

"Yes," sez she, "that's some of the very 1st
drawer was took," sez she. " It was so white
and nice Ive kep it kind a choice."

Then Mr. Dinant lookt snpprised, and he sez,
sez he, layin down his nife, sez he, " Do you
mean to tell me that youve kep that hunny for
mourn a yeer?"

" Why, sirten," sez I; "we always hevenuff
to last from 1 yeer to anuther."

" Well, I declare!" sez he.

" Why, I thot evry buddy that kep bees hed
hunny the yeer round," sez 1.

"That aint what 1 meen. ' sez tie. ••it's the
condishen. Cobm hunny doaiit offen keep like
that over winter," sez he. " Now I wish yude
tel me before we go enny farth(3r whair you
keep your hunny."

" Up in the garret, doant you, mother?" sez I.

" Yes," sez she, " up in the garret."

" What was the tcmpertoor up there?" sez he.

" Hot as blazes in summer," sez I, " and cold
as Greenland in winter."

"And does it never candy in the winter, nor
the cobm crack?" sez he.

"Not as I ever noticed," sez 1.

" Yes."' sez Zed, •' when it's put there late in
the season, without bein capped over, then it
candies and cracks too."

Then Mr. Dinant began askin Zed questions,
and it turned out that Zed had been studyin on

tlie things a good eel, and In; giv(! us his notion
about it.

" It's this way." sez he. "You know if you
cook sugar surrnp.it miikes ditferent kinds of
candy, accordin to how much you cook it, and
it's a very different thing if you cook it a big
lot. Well, it's a good bit the same way with
hunny. When it first comes from the field it's
thin stuff, and ittle sour and candy without half
trying. Hut after it's kep in the hive it gits
cooked down and sealed up, and then it keeps.
Hunny and neckter is two different things. Up
in the garret it gits cooked still more, so it
woont candy nor crack, no matter how cold it
gits. The hive-cooked hunny is different from
neckter, and the garret-cooked hunny is differ-
ent still from the hive-cooked hunny."

"I declarel" sez Mr. Dinant. "I beleive
you've about struck it, Zed. It is true, a sirten
grade of heat makes a change in the caracter
of sugar in solution, and why not in hunny?
When sulphur is heated to a perticular de-
gree, it changes and becomes like rubber, re-
maining so for months. My thought has al-
ways been that the only thing that heat did to
hunny was toevapperate the moisture out of it,
but accordin to Zi^d's philosophy it not only be-
comes thicker in the garret, but undergoes a
real change. I see no reason why it may not be
so changed that it can resist the effect of cold.
I wonder," sez he, "if another result may not
follow. I wonder, after it's garret-cooked, as
Zed calls it. if it may not resist the action of
moisture. You know if sugar is dissolved and
then heated to a sirten point, it makes a candy
that gits damp and melts in the open air, while
granulated sugar from which it was made, lyin
right beside it, stays dry. Perhaps cookin hun-
I y to the right point makes it so it woont at-
track dampness from the air."

Now, Mr. Gleenings, if you tell the people to
cook their hunny in the garret, it mite ,be a
good thing. You mite make sumthing like
wax-extractor, only leave it a little open, sose
the steam cood git out. and sose it woodent git
too hot and spoil the hunny.

Zed's been a tryin to git inc tolnrn to spell,
but it's up-hill bnisness. So menny words is
spellt all wrong. I doant see much sents to it.

•Jake Smith.

CALIFORNIA ECHOES.

HY RAMBLE K.

Hasty, in the i^efieic, thinks that chestnuts
are the main ingredients in the articles that
treat upon wintering. Of course, we Californi-
aiis will agree with him there, for we skip all of
those articles. But say, Bro. Hasty, are there
not chestnuts in a great many other articles?
Is there not danger of their becoming all chest-
nuts? Then imagine what a wry face you will
make in testing and condensing. Preserve your
good looks, Bro. H., and quit in time.

20

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan. 1.

Another bee-keeper shot! M. H. Mendleson,
the great bee-man of Ventura, recently fell be-
fore the arrows of that little winged wretch
named Cupid. Mrs. Ella Frear. of Denver, is
the happy woman. Sorry to lose you from our
bachelor i-anks, friend M.: but what can not be
helped must be endured.

What a sad thing it is to hear
Of great bee-jiien getting out of gear!—
Tangling themselves in apron-strings.
Bonnets, hairpins, fumery, and all such
things!
That is a very good idea advanced by Mr.
Alley about experiment stations. One station
and one experimenter will hardly fill the bill.
The great desire of us Americans is for contro-
versy; and with several stations the doctors
will be sure to disagree, then what lively times
we shall have! Let's have more stations. We
want one right off in California.

California bachelor bee-koepers owe a debt
of thanks to Dr. Miller for that washing reci-
pe on page 842 of Gleanings. The Rambler
has pasted it in his hat, so to speak. Why!
what's the use of having any women around
when we can bake our own flapjacks and wash
our own clothes? Take courage. Messieurs
Bachelors. Dr. M. is on our side.

The Stinger seems to think that the Rambler
is writing in a sensational vein. Well, I de-
scribed that death of the bee-keeper Bohn just
exactly as it happened, and did not throw in
any of the wild incidentals that surrounded the
inquest. If it was written in a sensational
style it was done so unwittingly on my part,
while, on the other hand, the Stinger tries hard
to write something sensational and can't.

Button, the murderer of the said bee-keeper
Bohn, has just had his trial, and the verdict of
the jury was "manslaughter." The culprit
gets seven years' imprisonment. Public opin-
ion would have hanged him until he was dead.

Well, there! I was just going to mop my floor;
but I won't do it now. It has not been mopped
in two months, and then it was only scrubbed
with an old broom. But see what Hasty calls a
mop — a Christian Dagon — and fourth cousin to
the devil (or saloon, which means the same). It
makes my hair stand on end to think of what a
narrow escape I have had. I will throw that
old nasty Dagon away out into the bushes early
in the morning. I think that other bee-men in
California have caught on to this before, for I
never see any Dagons around their shanties.
Then just think of it — what a floor Hasty must
tolerate!

Though we have not much wintering troubles
here in California, I think much care should be
exercised in putting the bees into proper shape
for what little winter we do have. We have
quite cool nights, if nothing more; and the
practice of many bee-keepers in leaving the ex-
tracting supers on the hives, even when piled

three supers in height, is not a plan to be com-
mended. A colony of bees will be stronger in
the spring, as a general rule, and build up fast-
er, if they have been confined to the brood-
chamber and tucked up warm with a quilt.
There's no harm in leaving the supers on, but
see to it that the quilt confines the bees to the
brood chamber.

[Short paragraphs, giving little nuggets of
information, are becoming more and more ap-
preciated by the reading public. The reason
of this is, that the pith is more easily assimilat-
ed by the mind, because it does not have to
hold in logical array every point suggested in a
regular article. You will see by the above that
Rambler proposes to carry out this idea for the
California bee-keeping interests. — Ed.]

r-— 'ANSWERS TO 'L^-—^

BY G.M.DOOLITTLE.BOROOINO.N.Y.

""""""""" Uimilllll..iiy.Mnillliiiii..ii.ii.

HOW TO KNOW WHEN BEES ARE WINTERING
AVELI, IN THE CELLAR.

Question. — I am a beginner in the matter of
wintering bees in the cellar, and I wish you
would tell me just how I may know when my
bees are wintering well. By knowing the con-
ditions of wintering well I can tell whether I
am right or wrong as I have them.

Answer. — It will be very hard to tell all
about this matter of the well wintering of bees,
in the short space we feel at liberty to use here.
Perhaps the best I can do is to tell just how I
find my bees in the cellar this 14th day of De-
cember, as I have just come from the cellar,
having just gone in with a view to answering
this question, and having found the bees win-
tering toeU, according to my views in the mat-
ter. The bee-cellar is perfectly dark — so dark
that it is impossible to discern even the faintest
outline of a large piece of white paper carried
in with me. The four doors have all been shut
behind me, which lead into the cellar, one after
th(! other as I went in, so that no disturbing
ray of light or breath of cold air should arouse
the bees in the least. Being in total darkness I
stand still and listen, for in this listening we
can tell more about how the bees are wintering
than by any otlier one thing after we have
struck a light. The sound 1 heard when listen-
ing is best described by the low murmur of j
a gentle breeze in the distant tree-tops, or, as
I once wrote, a hum of content, with now and
then, say once in 20 to 30 seconds, a faint " zeep,
zeep," of a single bee, as we often hear in the
summer time, only much more suppressed,
while on an average of about once in every two
minutes a single bee will fly out from some hive
to the cellar-bottom, which is readily told by
the sound of its wings. There are 60 colonies |

]8<U

(iLKANINCiS IN BEE CULTURE.

in tho ct'lliir. and the abov«' dcsL-ribns as best I
can all that could be heard during ten minutes
of standing perfectly still before striking a
light. Where mice are present in a cellar,
their presence is more quickly detected in this
way than with a light, for they often make a
clattering about the hives, easily heard in the
deep darkness and stillness that reign. If you
have only a few colonies of bees in your cellar
you may be obliged to place the ear near the
hives to hear their low hum. and stay an hour
to hear a bee tiy out; while if there are 200 col-
onies the hum will be louder, and bees fly out
oftener. If the bees are in the house-cellar you
must get up before the family in the morning,
when all is still, in order to test this part of the
matter. I next strike a match and light a sper-
maceti candle. With such a candle you can
get a much more satisfactory result, without
annoyance to the bees, than with a lantern or
lamp ; and as they can be obtained at any
country store. I would advise their use in the
bee-cellar. Having the licht, I proceed care-
fully along the rows of hives, looking closely
for any traces of mice; for. do the best I can, I
have more or less trouble with these pests. The
presence of mice is detected by finding heads
and abdomens of bees, with the thorax gone or
eaten up. and by fragments of comb under the
hives. If these are found, set a trap for the
mice — a common choker trap being as good as
any: and for bait! find a squa'^h or pumpkin
seed ahead of any thing else.

Having the mouse question settled, I next
190k at the bees at the bottom of the combs.
Where wintering well, only rows of abdomens
will be seen, the points all standing outward,
and nearly or quite motionless. Be careful not
to breathe on the bees or hold the light too
near, as they are easily aroused in this way.
Few sights which I have ever seen give me so
much real pleasure as to look on these hundreds
of motionless abdomens of bees, especially where
they come down evenly between the ranges of
combs so as to make them appear like soldiers
drawn up in column for battle. I sometimes
raise the cover of a few of the hives and look
in at the top of the frames; but as this can
rarely be done without disturbing the bees, it is
better not to do it.

Lastly, I look at the temperature, and I tind
it to-day to be 4.5°, which I consider just right,
although, should it fall to 40°, the bees would
show little if any difference, except that the
murmur heard in the cellar would be louder.
If warmer, the rows of abdomens would not be
as compact, and they would be easily disturbed
by the light. As it approaches spring, the hum
of the bees will become louder, and the waste of
bees flying out and dying on the cellar-bottom
will be greater, even when wintering perfectly.

BEES ROARING.

Question. — Upon going into my bee-cellar to-

day I found one of the colonies roaring, or mak-
ing more noise than all of the other forty-odd
colonies put together. Indec^d, this colony was
roaring as bees do evenings during a heavy
honey How. What can.sed this roaring? is it a
sign that this colony lias the diarrhea?

Ansicer. — It may be well to keep watch of
this colony a little; yet I suspect that, the next
time you go into the cellar, you will find this
colony as quiet as any; for. without more light
on the subject, I should say that this colony
was in the act of taking honey into the cluster.
Where bees are wintered out of doors they gen-
erally " break cluster" with every warm spell
which comes, and go over to the outside combs
of sealed honey, uncap the same, and carry
what they think they will need during the next
cold spell over into the center of the combs they
cluster upon. This, in a measure, insures their
safety from starvation should the cold hold out
longer than the seaUid stores immediately
above last, as they have this much in addition.
In thus carrying honey, the whole colony is
aroused, and a merry hum given off, the same
as with colonies when being fed in the fall; for,
so far as I have observed, bees never move
honey from flowers, feeders, or the combs but
that this hum of happiness is heard. Now and
then a colony will carry honey into the cluster
while in the cellar, doing this as often as the
unsealed honey is consumed, which will cause
the " roaring" spoken of; but the majority cf
colonies seem to think this unnecessary. If I
am right in the above, and I think I am, the
roaring would be no sign of diarrhea.

BEE-MOTH I>ARV.« KILLED BY FROST.

Question. — I have a lot of combs which I have
taken from the bees this fall, and I should like
to insure their preservation from tiie bee-moth
for a year or more. Will frost destroy the eggs
and larvte? If so, what temperature will it
take to do it?

Ansuwr. — Opinions differ about this, some
asserting that a temperature of 2")° above zero
will destroy the eggs and larv;e of the bee-moth,
while others think that a zero temperature will
not Kill the larvte, but may di-stroy the vitality
in the eggs. I once saw what I supposed to b(^
a bee- moth larva crawling on the floor of my
shop where I was warming some combs that
had bei-n exposed to a zero temperature, in or-
der that I might straighten them, as I have
given in an article on how to straighten combs.
I would have taken my oath, after a careful
examination, that said larva was my old ac-
quaintance, seen in the hives in summer; but
wishing to be sure, I sent it to Prof. Cook. He
replied that it was the larva of the codling
moth. From this I am inclined to think that,
those claiming that a zero temperature will not
kill the bee-moth larv;v are mistaken, as I have
never known my combs to be troubled after-
ward when exposed to a zero temperature.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan. 1.

W. E. D , of To., wants to know whether the
cover should be put on the hive again after put-
ting the chalT cushion in. ^?is.— Why. friend
D., what reason should there be for leaving it
off? Of course, you want to put it on, other-
wise the cushion would become soalted from
rains, and thus defeat the very object of the
cushion— namely, making a non-conductor to
the cold.

B., of Can., asks how long foundation may
be kept. ^n.s.— The experiments conducted by
R. L. Taylor, as recorded in our issue for Dec.
1.5, together with the noted observations of G.
M. Doolittle in the previous number, go to show
that old foundation is nearly if not quite as
good as new. Foundation does become a little
harder with age, but it may be softened by im-
mersing it in water that feels hot to the hand.

R. A. McP., of III., wishes to move his bees a
distance of 5 miles, and would like to do it dur-
ing the winter months, ^ns.— It is usually de-
sirable to move bees in the spring, about the
time they will begin to fly. But it can be done
during mid-winter; but we would select a day
when the sun is shining, when the temperature
is above freezing, else the combs will be more
liable lo break, and disturbance to the bees be
more serious.

W. E. F., of Va., would like to know how to
prevent bees from mixing. A.7is. — We do not
understand exactly what is meant by this ques-
tion. If W. E. F. means that he wants to know
how to prevent queens from mating with in-
ferior or other drones, we would say, put on
drone-traps or entrance-guards to all entrance's
of hives containing undesirable drones. As to
the mixing that takes place from entrance to
entrance of hives that are situated close togeth-
er— /(t'cs going from one hive to another — that
will make no serious trouble.

H. C. M., of III., would like to know whether
it makes any difference whether a honey-house
be made of brick or not. Ans. — Brick would be
considerably more expensive, and we doubt
whether it would be as good. While brick
dwellbujH do very nicely because artificial heat
is used inside, they would be poor places for the
storage of honey without that artilicial heat.
He asks further as to the advisability of put-
ting honey into empty molasses barrels or kegs.
Ans. — There would be no objection, providing
such receptacles wen- washi^d out with hot wa-
ter.

J. R. v., of Val., wants to know how to get
bees out of rocks. Ans.—\'i you want to have
a little fun, blast the rocks: but perhaps you
may then get neither bees nor honey in shape

to be of any service. We do not know how the
bees can be gotten out except by trapping the
bees out with a bee-escape.' Keep the escape
on for three weeks til! every last bee has gone
out. In the meantime put the first catch of
bees in a hive on the outside, near the entrance
of the rocks. After the bees have all hatched
out, and gone from the cavity in the rock, we
are of the opinion that, if the escape were re-
moved, the bees now in the hive would rob the
honey out of the rock, and put it into their new
quarters. J. R. C. asks further whether turpen-
tine or any other liquid of strong scent, if pour-
ed into the entrances, would probably drive the
bees out. Ans. — We do not know. Possibly a
weak solution of carbolic acid poured in might
drive them out. Try it and report.

E. R., of W. Fa., asks: " Can I use perforat-
ed zinc as a screen on the entrance of the hive
during theswarming season, to prohibit swarm-
ing? If not. why not?" Ans. — Yes, you can,
and lo a certain extent it will check, or, rather,
prevent, runaway swarms; hv.t it is, to a grf»at-
er or less extent, unsatisfactory. The bees
must either be gratified in their natural desire
for swarming or they will fritter away their
time in making unsuccessful attempts in
swarming out, trying to get the queen to go out
with them; and theii' failure to thus accom-
plish their purpose will end up in their killing
their queen: and in all probability the honey
season will have gone by, and no honey will
have been gathered. If you have an oUt-
apiary, entrance-guards may very often be used
to advantage; but we should prefer to use the
Pratt automatic hiver. as illustrated on page
12.5, last year.

D. G.. of Neh.. has quite a number of colo-
nies that had foul brood last fall, and asksd)
whether the honey in the foul -broody hive
would be fit to eat, without extracting and
heating; and (v) whether, after boiling, it
would do to feed to bees with safety; and (3) is
there any way of disinfecting the hives so that
they may be used with perfect safety? Ans. —
(1) Such honey would taste all right; but we
would not advise you to make any use of it, for
bees will very often itiake their way into the
house; and if one of them should happen to
get a sip of this infected honey it would carry
the disease to its colony, and thus spread it all
over the apiary again. C-) Yes. (3) Hives may
be cleansed by immersing in boiling water, as di-
rected in the A B C yon have. It is also pos.si})le
that they may be disinfected by the use of car-
bolic acid reduced 50 times, the same painted
on the inside and outside of the hive, as direct-
ed by a correspondent in this issue. That is the
way we painted our house-apiary before putting
any more bees in it.

P. W., of Pa., asks, " What is the best cover-
ing on top of the brood-frames for wintering
colonies outdoors in double-walled hives?"'

18!t4

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE

33

4.?i.s. — We always make it a practice to remove
he enamel cloth (if in a chaff hive) and put
m top in its place a sheet of burlap. Any old
tarpet or old cloth that has not been waxed or
meared up with propolis would do just as well.
)n this put the chaff cushion, but be sure there
s a passageway over the combs, under the bur-
ap. We use Hill devices; but many others use,
/ith equally good effect, sticks or corncobs
cross the frames. P. VV. asks again, how it
.'ould work to place on top of a strong colony,

I the spring, to get increase, another hive tilled
'ith foundation; after the queen was laying
bove. to lift the top hive oft', and set it on the
Id stand, and taki-, the old one and put it on a
ew stand a few feet away, ^hs.— This would
ork all right providing your colony was extra
irong. But usually, in the spring, such a plan
ould only be working mischief. You would
ave a lot of weak spindling colonies that
ould be practically good for nothing at the
me of the honey- flow. It is better to secure

II the increase possible inside of the original
areni colony.

^cd^^mli^

KOPOKTION OF ACID TO WATRK IN WAXKEN-
DKRING.

Please tell me how much acid I need to use in
eaning ]()U lb-, of cappings; also what kind
acid I need to call for.

Douglas D. Ha.mmoni>.
Malone, la.. Nov. 13.

[For rendering cappings, no acid will be
jeded. Sulpliuric (and that is the acid we use)

or should be u>ed on dark or dirty wax. We
) not use it stronger than about a quart of

id to a barrel of water. More often the solu-
on is mucli weaker than this. Much depends
joii the kind of wax to be worked.— Ed.)

) SECOND SWAKMS BY THK HEDDON PLAN.

We have 10 colonies of bees in the Langstroth

ivc. and we are never troubled with second

vaiins in this hive. I bought four colonies in

X hives in the last tiiree years. We let them

vutin the second time, and then drummed

•m out. Three seconds out of the four came

t thi- ].")th day after the first swarm; one on

' l-'th day. I don't see why any person

lould iiave second swarms in the L. hive. We

ver cut queen cells except for nuclei. We

ork the Heddon plan at svvarming time.

here is no danger of second swarms. We had

0 swarm make 30() lbs of extracted honey.

id another make 12.5 lbs. of ci.mb. The aver-

:e of the others was 12.') lb-*, extracted.

^, ^ John V. I{KTTi:iD(iK.

St. Marys. Out.. Dec. 4.

ALSIKK CI,OVEK PKOFPrAKLK FOH IIAV AND
CLOVKK.

lean not think of doing without (jlkanings.
Through its instruction I was induced to sow
alsike clover, which I have been doing for the
last ten years, and find it a profitable farm crop
for hay, pasturage, and especially for honey.
We had l.")00 lbs. of honey this year, and I am
quite sure 10(Ki lbs. of that came from alsike. I
was induced to have my "haystack"' hulled
this fall; and even if it was half timothy we got
eleven bushels of very tine alsike clover seed.
My neighbors have seen its utility, and the
seed is nearly all sold at *10.0() per bushel.

Joy, 111., Nov. 28. W. M. Miller.

PUBIJC OPINION AND THI<; NON SWAHMERS.

How public opinion does change in regard to
the swarming or non-swarming of bees for the
best results in honey-gathering! If those who
advocated swarming in a late issue of Glean-
ings had no better fall flow than I am expecting
here every year, they would do their best to get
what white honey they could, and then leave
the dark for the winter stores. Ask those who
cage their queens, and see what they say about
more or less honey to the hive.

H. P. Langdon.

East Constable, N. Y., Dec. 8.

[Yes, we should like to hear from the queen-
cagers. — Ed.]

HOW (^TKEN CAGE C.\NDY IS AFFECTED BY
CLIMATE IN AUSTRALIA.

I received two queens from ]\Ir. Doolittle a
few weeks ago, both dead, and had been for
some weeks, I should say. by the appearance.
The candy was so hard I could hardly slick a
knife in it; but in a few days after, I was talk-
ing to a bee-keeper and I said the candy was
too hard. I reached him the package down to
look at, and the candy had become quite moist,
and in grand condition for bees. Of course,_it
is the climate. R. 11. Jervis.

Moss Vale, N. S. W., Australia, Oct. 30.

[This verities the opinion we have expressed
before; viz.. that our present queen-cage can-
dy is quite liable to be affected by the excess-
ively hot (to our way of thinking) climate; and
it is not possible, with the present method of
making, to have the candy always just right
when it reaches the hot climate. So far as we
have tried, the-Good (or Scholtz) candy is alto-
gether the best.— Ed]

OI>D FOUNDATION AS GOOD AS NEW; THAT
'"LONG LEAN YANKEE."

Bro. Root: — Do you remember the second day
of the convention, how that long lean Y'ankee
(I do not rememl)er his name) from Missouri, I
believe, that argued against Bro. Taylor's fine-
spun theories? He was a comical genius; but
I think that, if he were to look at the bee-busi-
ness in the right light, he would see that even
farmers, if they do not learn the nature and

34

GLEANINGS IN HEE CULTURE.

Jan. 1.

ways of their bees, and how to handle them
successfully, ought not to expect any profit from
them.

I agree with Bro. Doolittle, in Dec. IstGLKAN-
INGS, that foundation is good for several years.
I have some three years old, and do not see but
it is as good as new. I do not allow it to freeze,
for that cracks it; and then it is of no use.

I have read all the articles in Gleanings
about sealed covers in wintering, and will say
that, to my knowledge, there are no bees win-
tered in any other way, in this vicinity. I put
my bees in the cellar and cover the sealed cov-
ers with old carpets, and they winter well gen-
erally. Super Lifter.

Columbus, Wis., Dec. 8.

yp^LI.OW JASMINE, THE POISONOUS HONEY-
PLANT.

The writer spent last winter in Florida, where
the yellow jasmine blooms in great profusion
in February. Notwithstanding this plant is
said to be poisonous, the fragrance of its flower
is not only delightful to mankind, but also very
attractive to the bees, which work on it in great
numbers. During last spring you had an arti-
cle in Gleanings on the poisonous character of
yellow-jasmine honey, which reminded me of
the statement of an old gentleman living in
Florida, one familiar with the plant since child-
hood, who said, "The honey made from the
yellow jasmine is poisonous, and people who
ate of it became temporarily blind; but they
were soon relieved by drinking freely of sweet
milk. Further, there need be no mistake made
in the honey, as the bees do not cap poisonous
honey." M. Artek.

Hoopeston, 111., Nov. 30.

[We have never seen it stated before, that
the bees would not cap poisonous honey. We
have a good many subscribers in the locality of
the yellow jasmine who can give us facts bear-
ing on this point. How is it, friends?— Ed.]

ESTIMATING THE PRODUCT OF COMR HONEY.

If there are many bee-keepers like myself, I
am afraid the scheme of estimating the amount
of comb honey produced, from the -number of
sections sold, will not give very accurate results
unless a term of years is taken and an average
found. I always believed in having plenty of
sections on hand. Costly experience had shown
me the wisdom of this. But we have had such
poor honey seasons that I have not used as
many sections as I expected, while the farmer
beoi-keepers, who used to buy a great many sec-
tions of me, have no bees now, and no use for
.sections. Accordingly I have a large stock of
sections bought two and three years ago. Last
year I bought more, and I do not expect to buy
any next season. That's one comfort of these
poor seasons. I'm not spending mucli money
for bee-supplies nowadays.

NARROW HOTTOM-BARS.

In 1893 I made a number of frames for m
shallow double-brood chamber hives, with th
bottom-bars a little less than ^ square, to see i
this would cause the bees to fill the frame
more perfectly with comb, instead of leaving
space next to the bottom-bar, as they generall
do. They were a success for this; and if I use
a brood -chamber of only one story I should cor
sider the narrow bottom-bar a valuable improv(
ment. When these frames are tiered up, thougl
the bees build comb around them, and betwee
them and the frame below, so that they becom
a nuisance. J. A. Green.

Dayton, LaSalle Co., 111., Dec. 19.

[Your point is well taken, and we have therf
fore asked Dr. Miller to secure figures froi
manufacturers of sections, giving their averag
annual product made for the United State
covering a series of three or four years. W
know ourselves, and think the other manufac
turers will know pretty well what their annus
product amounts to. o>i the average.— 'Ed.]

[i

TABLE SYRUP DIRKf'TLY FROM LOUISIANA
«UGAR-CANE.

Mr. Root: — I ship you a half-gallon jug
Louisiana pure cane syrup. This syrup is mac
by boiling the juice of sugar-cane down to
density of 3.T degrees, and it will keep in ar
climate for a year without turning sour or
sugar. It is unlike molasses, as there h:
.been no sugar taken from it. It is an excellei
bee-feed, and a fine table syrup, and general
used in the South in the place of New Orleai
molasses, which has about all the sugar tak(
from it. Please test the sample on your tab
and as a bee-feed, and report upon it in Glea

INGS.

Should you wish to purchase any I should 1
pleased to fill any order you may give, from u
syrup-house here, in half-barrels of about ;
gallons, or barrels of about .52 gallons, F. O. ]
cars Illinois Central R. R., at 40 cts. per gallc
— barrel included.

1 am keeping a small stock of bees here, mo:
for diversion than profit— having been one
the extensive bee-keepers at Munnsville, Mad
son Co., N. Y., with a stock of usually 300 coli
nies, running exclusively to extracted hone
previous to coming south five years ago.

The great drawback to successful bee-kee|
ing in New York— the wintering problem— dO'
not trouble us here. There is scarcely a d£
but bees fly. F. D. Woolver.

Kentwood, La., Nov. 37.

[We can recommend the above syrup as beici
much superior, in our opinion, to the syru]
ustially found in our stores north. When I fir|
tasted it, it occurred to me that we used to gi|
molasses from the South, years ago, very muc
like it. Since the modern inventions, in tij »
way of draining the molasses from the su

(1

189-t

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

md the more modern one still of making the
greater part of it glucose, I have gradually
;ome to liave a dislike to any syrup except ma-
de. This, however, is a good deal cheaper;
.nd I should say, from the test we have made,
t is just as wholesome. If this notice should
;ive friend \V. a trade in the syrup. I shall be
lad of it.l

.■:36 Pages 7x10
>11B P£R YEABj

So the sun stood stni in the midst of lieaven, and histed not
i go <lown about a whole day.— Josh. 10: 13.

Jakk Smith will have something rich in our
?xt issue. By the way, Jake has been posting
imself up, and is about to assume the roZe of
istructor.

Our bees are wintering nicely so far— indeed,
lite a little better than tht;y were last winter
. this time under sealed covers. They are
)w all under ab-iorbents.

In our last journal, page 940, we said Prof.
)ok had been writing more articles on the
ibject of sugar honey for tipicultaral papers,
hen we meant to say agricultural.

We are compelled to omit our last Book Re-
ewin thi^ issue, as lack of time renders it
ipossible to get any proper idea of the eight
ten books remaining, in the short space al-
tted between the issues of our journal. It is
e intention to give simply a general idea of
,ch one.

We saw an item lately, in one of the mechan-
il papers, to the effect that, for small powers.
s and gasoline engines were much more eco-
imical in cost of running than the steam-
gine. For large powers, the case is reversed,
ere it not for the fact that gas and gasoline
gines cost two or three times as much as

run -engines of the same power, the' bee-
epnr who wants to run only one or two buzz-
ws had better use the gas-engines. The time

coming when gas-engines will be made as
eaply as steam-engines, and then— good-by
the small sKuim powers.

Is anoilier page we present to our readers
3iid"s-('ye view of the Home of the Honey-
HS. It is generally pronounced, by every one
re, to be an accurate picture. We especially
sired our artist not to exaggerate any of our
iidings; and while perspective may, perhaps,
iduce a slightly diff.M-ent impression, yet the
w as a wliole is wonderfully accurate. This
;ture is takpn from a water-color painting
It was on exhibition at the World's Fair, over
exhibit, and is now hung up in our ofHce.

We are sorry we can not present to you the
realistic, lifelike look of the original. It is,
perhaps, unnecessaiy for us to go into details in
regard to the diflferent buildings; but should
the H'ader desire some facts with reference to
the growth of our business, he will find them
on page 849, J 891.

It seems that the bees, away back so many
thousand years ago, spoken of by Mr. Mathey
in another column, must have been very nearly
itientical in appearance to the present Egyp-
tian bees; if this is true, bees do not change
their general appearance. Mr. Mathey saw
the bees himself, while in Egypt. We might
mention, further, that he is now and has been
for a long time a contributor to some of the
best bee-journals in Austria, in both the Ger-
man and Hungarian languages. As yet he
writes no English, so the translation of his
manuscript has devolved upon W. P. R. so far.

A SHOKT time ago one of the food inspectors,
after giving a long list of certain foods, includ-
ing honey, that were adulterated with various
compounds, ended up by saying that wheat
flour was adulterated with potatoes. The pro-
prietor of one of our milling establishments
quickly took him to task by saying that, as long
as wheat could be bought for .')5 c. a bushel, it
was altogether improbable that they would put
in potatoes at 75 cts., or IK times its cost, even if
such adulteration were possible. Our food com-
missioners have been doing some good service,
and, as a general thing, are not far from right;
but they want to be careful and not make such
stupid blunders as in the case of the wheat and
potatoes. As long as it does not pay to adulter-
ate, there will be no such thiug as adulteration.

Among our old bee-books we find an edition
of Huber included in the "Naturalist's Li-
brary." published by Henry G. Bohn. York St..
Covent Garden. London (the publisher of
Huish). The book contains 300 pages, and is
beautifully illustrated with copperplate en-
gravings in colors. We purchased this copy,
with the other old bee-books which we have
been reviewing, of W. P. Henderson, Murfrees-
boro, Tenn. The different bird and insect
enemies of bees are shown in this volume true
to life, both in outline and color, making it
altogether the prettiest book we have yet re-
viewed. If any of the readers of Gleanings
can find another copy like it, we should be glad
to correspond with them. Sometimes books of
this character can be found in second-hand
bookstores, where the proprietor has no idea
of their real value. This book was printed in
18.5:3, and was edited by Sir Wm. Jardine,
Baronet.

In the last issue, Dr. Miller voted strongly for
the footnotes. We suppose, if they have any
thing of value in them it is because of the fact

26

GLEANINGS IN HEE CULTURE.

Jan. 1.

that the editors have been in the homes of the
most of the prominent bee-keepers of the land,
and carefully inspected their methods, liesides
their (the editors") experience in the apiary,
they are supposed to read, and have read, al-
most every thing that comes to the office, on the
subject of bees, besides reading once or tsvice
the matter that goes into the journal. This
gives them a pretty fair idea of what is practi-
cal, and what methods and plans have been sug-
gested in the past, and whether these plans and
methods have proven to be a succe.ss or failure.
But we presume the principal feature of the
footnotes that is most appreciated is the con-
versational feature, and that, if the ideas of h
certain article are indorsed, it gives it strength
and value. If not indorsed, it places a caution
on it. However, we do not hold ourselves to be
infallible, and are glad to be corrected, even if
the correction does not come clothed in the
smoothest language.

We doubt whether any living man is better
Informed in regard to every kind of hive now
in use the world over, together with the many
methods of handling bees in all lands, than is
Mr. Karl R. Mathey, lately of Kesmark, Upper
Hungary, but now of the Home of the Honey-
bees. With an amount of trouble and pains
that seems absolutely astounding, Mr. Mathey
has drawn off, in large blank books, a descrip-
tion of nearly all hives known, together with
the minutest parts of all of them; and this de-
scription is accompanied with pen-drawings of
the same, executed in the most beautiful and
artistic manner. The books are written in the
German language, and constitute a complete
summing-up of practically every thing known
in reference to hives of all kinds. The human
figures represented in Mr. Mathey's drawings
are quite laughable, and are of the same nature
as the " Brownies " with which our readers are
doubtless all familiar. It is Mr. Mathey's pres-
ent intention to favor us with short articles
from his pen during the year. To learn our
language and our ways of doing business in
this country, he has taken a position here in
the same spirit that Peter the; Great, of Russia,
disguised himself and went to Holland to learn
how to make ships for his own navy. * His first
contribution is in reference to finding some bees
in the mummy of I'haraoh, the Egyptian king
whose daughter found and adopted Moses. It
will b(! found on page 18.

duct a depnrtment of " Answers to Seasonable-
Questions," and, of course, these questions will
come mainly from beginners. He is so well up-
in his profession that the advanced bee-keeperj
may read his answers with nearly as much prof-l
it as the beginner. Indeed, experts learn from
each other, else a convention of experts would
be without avail. The questions to be answer-
ed by Mr. Doolittle may be sent direct to him;
but the sender must not expect a private answer,
neither must he expect to see it answered im-
mediately in Gleanings. Mr. D. will select
the most important, and answer them when th(^
proper reason comes for such answer, even
though it be six months or a year after. But
there are beginners who want an answer to any
and every question, no matter whether it be iiv
season or not. Such questions as they often call
for light on matters in our A B C of Hee Ciil
ture, should he sent to us, and will be answered
either by private letter or under the heading of
" Beginners' Qucsiion-box." This department,
though newly named, will be the same in char-
acter as one that has appeared occasionally in
our columns. What it will be for the future
will be seen elsewhere in this issue.

GLEANINGS, ANT) WHAT IT PHOr'OSKS TO DO
KOK HEGINNEKS.

In this issue we, hegin, as will be noted, anew
department by (J. M. Doolittle. The more we
have to do with bee-journalism, the more we
are convinced that the needs of the beginner
should be met more perfectly. Mr. Doolittle,
from his long expiMMence, close observation, and
methodical habits, is eminently fitted to con-

QUIET KOBBI.VG TO STOr' KOKBING.

We notice that the idea of gentle robbing tc
stop objectionable robbing is credited to us;
and we are told that it is now receiving a coun-
terblast by friend Hasty, in the Review. Wi
did not originate the idea, because, if the readei
will refer to our back volumes of a number o
years ago he will see that no less an authoritj
than Dr. Miller probably first suggested it. Ai
any rate, we found the plan to work so well ii
our apiary that of late we have been giving i
considerable prominence. Quite a number
also, have indorsed the plan, while perhaps ai
equal number have said that it was a failure
Well, so far as we are concerned, so long as w(
secure more brood and more queens, and mon
queens fertilized, and at the same time securt
almost entin; immunity from objectkmnhle rob
bing, we shall keep riglit on using the plan. I
is our opinion, that those who have failed witl
it have not observed all the conditions neces
sary to make it work right. We do not blam»
some of our friends for thinking the plan wil
not wurk, for at first, apparently, it is a failure
because the bees make a perfect uproar to star
with; but as soon as tliey learn that honey cai
be obtained only a little at a time, they quie
down. We remember we first said the Board
man solar wax-extractor would not work— tha
we had tried it, and could not understand wh:
it should secMU to work so successfully with Mr
B. when it should fail with us. We remember
also, that Doolittle cell-cups were also a fail
ure; but lately, by observing a little more thi
conditions laid down, we not only made th
cell-cups work successfully, but found th
Boardman solar waK extractor was one of thi

1W»4

(JLEANINCiS IN HKE CULTURE.

best moiKiy-nuiUois in tlic apiary. lie(vl<eepers
who say Uiat the special mclliods or plans of
anoliicr earcfiil and inteliigenl boe-koeper will
not work should be careful themselves to ob-
serve the conditions; because, if Mr. A has
found something that will save him a good
many dollars in a season, Mr. H can not afford
to declare it a failure just from a txvrtUtl trial.
Tlie old saying, that " what man has done, man
can do." is a proverb that sometimes means
many dollars to the one who thoroughly be-
lieves it.

THE GIVEN PKESS.

In the December Bee-keepers' Revieu\ Bro.
Hutchinson has this to say of this excellent
machine:

It is very pleasant to know tlia( brig-lit, i)ractical
men seem to have a way of g-etting at the truth of
tilings pretty closely witiiout recourse to such elab-
orate processes as appear in tills iiioiith's report
from the Michigan Experiment Apiaiy. Messis.
Heddon, Taylor, E. J. Oatman, Dr. Mason, and some
others, have declared in favor not only of Given
fouiuiatlon, hut of using quite heavy foundation
of this make in sections. Their argument was, that
the iiress put the wa.v in the walls of the foundation,
leaving it soft, because it was not subjected to
pressure, while the base was left very thin. In the.se
experiments it will be seen that the lightest foun-
dation, 13.75 to the foot, gives a sei)tura T3.3ten-thou-
santltlis of an inch, while Given foundation of 9 37
pounds to the foot shows a septum of only 63 ten-
thousandths of an inch, the thinnest septum of any
in the test. Not onlj^ this, but foundation from the
press gave the best results in the weight of honey
produced. Years ago, when foundation was discuss-
ed at conventions, the Given always came out ahead,
and it has always been a puzzle to me wliy the man-
ufaetuie of the press was dropped, and why maiui-
facturt'rs did not offer Given foundation for sale.
Tile only reason that ever came to my mind was,
that it seemed to me that it would be more work to
make foundation on the press. I think now that, if
the I'ight man should take up the making- of the
press, or the making of foundation on tlie press,
success would follow. There is one or two points
that 1 do not understand clearly; and that is, why
the press can make foundaiinii with a thinner base,
or, at least, make such a base that the bees leave it
thinner, than can be done with rollers, and why tlie
side walls are left softer than with a mill. The col-
umns of the Review UTe t)pen for discussion of this
foundation question, and c()ntril)ulions on either or
any side will lie more than welcome.

For the past two or three months we have se-
riously contemplated the manufacture of these
presses; and even before Bro. Hutchinson's edi-
torial came out wo had fully decided to do so;
and since then we are "decideder" than ever.
Of course, we shall keep right on making the
roller foundation-mills. In two or three months
we hope to have Given presses ready for market.

The special merit of the tJiven press, how-
ever, for the average bee-keeper, lies in the fact
that any one can make foundation with these
machines; while with the roller-mills, founda-

tion-making is almost a trade in itself. For the
large manufacturer, the rolls will be much more
rapid, and give a ratlier liner grade of founda-
tion. We do not think the bees will wor/c rolled
foundation any better, but it looks nicer.

OUK NEW " MAKE-UI'."

\Vei,l. how do you \'\kv, our new make-up?
This is one of the changes that we had contem-
plated last fall, but thought we would say noth-
ing about it until the time came. VVe think
neai'ly every one of our subscribers will wel-
come the change. It is true, we lose about a
tifth of the room that we had before when the
type was not leaded. How are we going to
make up for the difference? VVe are going to
give you plainer print to read, more nearly after
the style of the Century, Scrlbiier's, Cosmo-
/>o/it(in, and other standard magazines. In the
matter of journalism, the reading public care
not so much for ([Udntity as for quality. In
other words, a subscriber will go to that jour-
nal whose editor will do the most editorial sift-
ing, for him — that is, in a sense do much of the
reading for him. Ideas on paper should be as
"getatable" as possible. Fine type or close
printing, no matter how excellent the subject-
matter, nor how well worded, involves a certain
amount of effort in extracting the idea. This
effort produces a sort of friction, in a short
time, that amounts to weariness. It is the edi-
tor's and publisher's business to save the reader
as much work as possible. We believe that Bro.
Hasty, a year or so ago, credited us with print-
ing the greatest number of words of any of the
bee-journals. That being the case, our readers
can afford to have a slightly less amount of
reading-matter, provuled the difference is made
up in quality. Our purpose is, and will be, to
give both quality and quantity; that we have
met the issue is evidenced by our big subscrip-
tion list.

Last year, with our closely printed pages we
rejected about half of the manuscripts that
came to us; and not only that, we solicited
many articles that we had to pay a considera-
ble sum of money for— articjes that we should
not have received except by sending personal
requests for them. This year the same plan is
to be carried out as before, but " more so,"' as
the boy said.

N. B.— All of A. I. R.'s matter will be set
close— in type "unleaded," as before, because,
he says, his matter was sifted down before as
close as he could get it.

IMPOKTANCE OF FULL. ADDKKS.SES.

Some two or three weeks ago we received, al-
most in the same mail,some two or three letters,
in each of which the writer said he had written
from two to three times to have his journal stop-
ped, and still he could not prevent its coming.
Of course, they each expressed themselves as
very indignant, and we on our part were sur-

28

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan. 1.

prised and chagrined, for we thinl< there is noth-
ing more aggravating than to have a paper
Tieep coming when we have written two or three
times to have it stopped. We know there are a
number of "second-rate publications that are
guilty of this sort of thing; and, to add insult
to injury, they will threaten to collect back pay
by law. It is true, we run Gleanings a little
while after the time paid for; but we never re-
sort to law to collect, in such cases. We look at
it in this way: If we send our journal after the
time paid for, without distinct orders, we have
no right to compel payment. The habit of peo-
ple is such, however, that they will defer writ-
ing, even when they want the journal; and
when a subscriber does not say that he wants
the journal discontinued, we assume he wants
it, and will pay for it soon. So far we have lost
but very little in this way.

But how about those cases mentioned at the
outset, wherein the writers had tried to have
their journals discontinued? In one instance
the man who ordered his journal stopped, re-
turned a copy without another word; and as
the wrapper was probably torn off before it
reached the mailing-clerk, she could not tell
whom it was from, nor what it meant. Again,
he ordered the postmaster to write us; but our
files show that his letter can not be found, and
probably it was never received. He finally
wrote himself, but in this case signed only his
name, and, as most of our readers know, our
list of subscribers is indexed by postoffices and
States, and not by names of persons. Then all
we could do was to wait for a complaint, and
the last one contained the full address and
name. In one other case the trouble lay in de-
fective addresses. But, one other instance
showed that the man had written the third
time, each time with a plain and distinct ad-
dress. This was clearly our fault, and we at
once corrected the mistake, and credited our
subscriber a year's subscription in advance, free
of charge, and humbly begged his pardon. We
mention all this to show that, while we do
sometimes make mistakes, we are not always
to blame even when appearances seem to indi-
cate that we are downright dishonest in trying
to push our goods where they are not wanted.

Moral.— Please be careful, and give your full
address. Your mere name is not sufficient. We
must have your postoffice and State.

THE NINTH ANNUM- REPOKT OF THE NATION-
AI, UEE-KEEPEHS' UNION

is at hand. The amiuidments to the constitu-
tion, proposed in the last report, were voted
upon, and carried almost unanimously, says
General-Manager Newman; and then he goes
on to tell of the victory of the first battle of the
year. In the Missouri senate a bill was intro-
duced to the effect that no person should own
or keep bees within the confines of any city,
town, or village, nearer than 50 feet from the

line of any adjacent real-estate owner; and
that a penalty of from ten to twenty dollars for
each week should be attached after the notice
to remove the bees had been served. "Mr. W.
S. Dornblaser, ex-Secretary of the Missouri
State Bee-keepers' Association, sent a copy of
the bill to the manager of the Union, and in-
stantly the Decision of the Supreme Court of
Arkansas was brought into play like a Gatling
gun, and copies of it were sent to the legislature
and to the governor." Hon. R. L. Taylor, Pres-
ident of the Union, backed up the General Man-
ager, and gave it as his opinion that the bill
was unconstitutional. The result was, that
the bill was promptly killed.

Jn regard to sugar honey, the General Man-
ager gives notice that he will " prosecute to the
full extent of the law any who may dare to offer
for sale as honey any of that sugar-syrup swiu
die."

Mr. J. A. Pierce, of Grand Rapids, was threat-
ened by 25 peach-growers, who stated that his
bees were eating their peaches. Again thft
peach-growers were supplied with the Arkan-
sas decision, that bees are not a nuisance per ser
and upon finding the legal status of the thing
they let the matter drop. Mr. G. B. Woodbury,
of California, was also threatened by fruit-
growers, and again the Arkansas gun was turn-
ed upon them, with the usual results.

There are several other cases on hand in Wis-
consin, Iowa, Canada, Nebraska, and Colorado;
but the Manager thinks it not wise to make any
statement regarding them at present. The bal-
ance on hand in the treasury is $731.71. If the
Union assumes the aggressive in prosecuting
honey-adulterators it will need every cent of
this, and more. It has already, as we happen
to know, taken several cases under advisement.
The fact that the Union is watching them has-
made the law-breakers a little cautious. The
dues for 1894 are $1.00, and should besent tO'
Thos. G. Newman, 147 Southwestern Ave., Chi-
cago. Any applicant may become a member by
paying the same sum— fl.OO. We do not hesi-
tate to say that the Union ought to be supported
because of the valuable precedents it has been
establishing, and the systematic way in which
it turns them to good effect whenever the inter-
ests of bee-keepers are at stake.

The following is the law of Ohio concerning-
standard time. See Our Homes, this issue.

(House Bill No. ;.'16.)

AN ACT
To establish a uniform system of keeping time throughout the
State of '^hio.
Skc. 1. Re It enacted by the General Assembly of the State of
Ohio, that the stamlaKl of time throughout this State .shall be
that of I he ninetieth meridian of lontritude west of Oreenwich,
1)V whieli nil courts, IpmmUs, anri pulilie iilMce^. and 1(11 leff;*! or
oilicial i.,-.>ccr<lint,'s. s1k«11 be herc.'iltcr rctrulaled. Whenever
by the laws of tlii^ Sl.-ile. or iiy any l.iw. rule, onler, or proees?
I'f any aulluirity. crea'ed by or )iur>iiimt to tlie laws of this
State any act is reoiiired to lie pcr-forined at or within any
pres('ribod time. su(di net shaH be peilornied ai-eordintf to the
standard of time of the ninetieth meridian of loiig-itude west
from (ireenwich, known as central standard time.
SR(j.2. This act shall take effect nt 12 o'clock, noon April i
°"'> Lewis C. Laylin,

Speaker of the House of Rep's.

1893.

Passed Mar. 23, 1893.

ANPREwL. Harris,

President of the Senate.

1S<4

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

39

The ox kiiowi'tli his owner, atid the ass his iiias-
r's crib; but Israel cloth not know, my people doth
:)teuiisick'r.— ISA. !:;{.

Very likely I shall be accused again of qiiot-
ig texts that were intended to be used in a
)iritaal sense, and of applying them to prac-
cal every-day business matters, using tliem in
business sense, or, I should like to say, in a
nniiioa-setise way. Perhaps some of you may
;k how it comes that I, A. I. Root, possess
ore common sense than the rest of tlie world.
(^cll, it may look that way to some of you. but
am going to appeal to your reason. If what I
ly is not true, will you be good enough to tell me
herein both truth and common sense are not on
y side ? May the great Father above give me
•ace and wisdom to present kindly and fairly
yes, even lovingly — what I have in mind.
The thing that disturbs me is simply this
atter of keeping the time— of setting our
ocks and watches. I presume there are few
aces where Gleanings goes, wherein this
atter of local (or sun) time and standard time
is not been discussed and compared. On the
•St of April last, the State of Ohio declared in
vor of having one standard lime — at least, to
e extent of requiring all the public buildings
set their clocks by standard time and not by
cal time. I do not know how far this law
IS b(!en complied with. I do know, however,
lat almost everybody seems to be fighting
jainst it. A great and needed reform was
ggested by our State; and 1 for one not only
joiced, but really enjoyed having all the
ocks in our factory and in our respective
jmes set to standard time. In our own home,
even objected to having any timepieces put
ick on the old fashioned time.
Away back in the dark ages, people used to
ckon time by the setting of the sun. I do not
low but there are remnants of this old-time
shion existing even now, but we shall not
;ed to stop to discuss it here. When people
und out that the sun sets in the winter time
ast night, Wednesday, Dec. ;30, it set at 4:10
andard time) at 4 o'clock, say, and in the
immer at 7 — a difference of 3 hours, as civili-
,tion and business progressed they decided It
ould not do. Starting at sunrise would be
ist as bad, and accordingly somebody must
ive suggested midday and midnight. They
ould eall the one noon. Then came the ques-
on. '■ What is noon ■?" They soon found that
lis was not a very easy matter to settle. Of
(urse, sun-dials were better than nothing at
1; but any old almanac — even a patent-medi-
ne almanac — tells us the sun is half way over
; noon only four times a year. There area
)od many people who seem to be ignorant of
lis, although any watchmaker or jeweler, or
ly one who has to do with accurate time, can
U you at once. The day before Christmas,
le sun is half way over exactly at noon; while
ov. 1 it is 11! minutes out of the way. If you
id your clock set exactly right with the sun
1 the above day, it would be more than a
larter of an hour away from noon. Well, by
jpt. 1 the sun is exactly right — no minutes
St and no minutes slow. By going back to
ug. 1st, however, we Hnditsix minutes over
1 the other side fi'om what it was on Christ-
as. By the middle of June it is right again,
olng back to April 1 we find the sun 14 min-
es slow. Now, add this 14 minutes slow to
e 16 minutes fast which we had just before

Christmas, and we have just half an hour's
variation. What do you think of fiitn time, any
way V

All this is owing to the fact that the earth
moves much faster in its orbit around the sun
from July 1 to .Ian. 1; but just while you are
reading this the earth will be leaving the sun.
and will go slower and slower till July], and
then it will •'slide down hill" again, as tii(!
boys might say, Th(^ orbit of the earth is not
round, but like a hoop slightly (lattened; and
this, of course, causes the earth to move two
miles a second faster at Christmas than it does
on tlie 4th of July. Now. all those who talk
about sun time, and the " time that God gave,"
as some have fondly expressed it, fail to take
this matter into consideration.* The sun is
really no guide atall for (K^aurate time-keeping.
It would hardly do, in fact, to tell by it a man
of regular habits when it is dinnertime. If he
lived out on an island, as did Robinson Crusoe,
he might have his dinner when the shadow
pointed to noon; but if anybody else lived on
his island, and they two were working togeth-
er, they would be liable to lose from 1.5 minutes
to half an hour— that is. if one had a tolerable
clock and the other went by sun time. This
state of affairs did not make very much trouble
while people were mostly fanners. When,
however, " in the course of human events," it
became necessary to run factories, and have
gangs of men congregate together, some abso-
lute method of keeping time was really a ne-
cessity, and each factory had its clock. To keep
this clock right, some sort of sun-dial, with the
aforesaid medicine almanac to tell when the
sun was fast or slow, did very well. When
people traveled by stage-coach, the difference
in time in different towns and cities did not
create very much disturbance; but with the
advent of railroads— especially those running
east and west, as the main lines do — and the
greater speed that came in with these new
methods of travel, something " had to be did."
Unless the railroads had some sort of agreed
standard time, they would be liable to prosecu-
tion for endangering human life.

Previous to 1883 they had a system of keeping
time that came up under the forces of circum-
stances. At the time, nobody seemed to have
the matter much under consideration, and it
was a sort of make-shift. If I remember cor-
rectly, we had New York time, Chicago time,
and San Francisco time. Then it became nec-
essary to have the time change from one kind
of time to another kind of time at some special
point. Travelers, in passing this point, were
notified to change their watches so many hours
and so many minutes. This was rickety and
loose; but it was belter than no system at all.
In 1883, by general consent there was an agree-
ment to have all changes of exactly one hour.

*As an evidence of the futility of attemptiriff to
fix the hour of ncx.n by the sun, please notice that,
during these short wintry days, the sun sets eai'liest
at some point during the tlrst week in December.
Now, if the sun were atall regular (>r accurate in
Ills habits, he ought, in fairness, to rixc latest at
abf)tit the same Time. Instead of this, however, he
keeps rising later and latei' through the month of
Decemlier. thus throwing the noon-mark to the
east, or making the sun slow ; and it is not until
atiout the first week in Januafythat he gets to his
limit as a lard.v risi'r, and commences getting u)>
earlier. You can verify this by your clock or
almanac, or both. With such a state of affairs, pray
tell me where noon otialif to b(>; in other woi'ds, the
old-fashioned noon, oi' 13 o'clock, according to sun
time, is constantly changing; and if noon time is
constantly changing, so, of course, ai-e all the other
hours in tlie day, and the old-fashioned sun time
really amounts to nothing at all. We might almost
as well regulate our time by the moon, as did the
Indians when America was discovered by Columbus.

:io

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan. 1.

Travelers wore to set their watches forward or
backward exactly an hour after passing cer-
tain points. As one thinks of it. lie wonders
how the world got along withont having some
regular system like this years before they did.
I believe it was expected that the great world
of people — especially intelligent, educated
American people — would fall in with this rea-
sonable scheme of having something fixed and
definite in regard to the matter of time. Like
other improvements, however — in fact, accord-
ing to the language -of our text — Uncle Sam
was obliged to acknowledge, '" My people doth
not consider." A great many did not under-
stand; and those who did, in a heedless,
thoughtless way, "" kicked." if I may use the
American expression, against the innovation.
Of course, there were certain points where rail-
road time agreed with the time already in
vogue, or within a very few minutes: and in
such places there was no trouble. Here in
Medina we happened to be at a point where
there would be about 28 minutes' difference
between standard time and the time we had
been accustomed to; but the truth of the matter
is, the most of us had not b^en accustomed to
<t7uj particular time. The clocks in our homes
varied from a few minutes to half an hour —
sometimes a whole liour. When somebody out
in the country, iiowever, had reason to think
that his clock was a whole hour out of the way,
he shoved it back to about where some neigh-
bor guessed it oHfy/it to be. Watchmakers and
jewelers did a little in trying to straighten
things np: but many of them, in smaller towns,
were as stupid as the people in the country. I
was in that business for a good manv years,
and I know something about it. Rival jewel-
ers would have their clocks as much as 10 min-
utes apart; and I thought sometimes they
stuck to it just to spite each otlier.

Who can tell the time that has been wasted —
yes, valuable time wasted— by the resulting
want of harmony in meeting appointments'?
Let me give you a few items from experience
that meet me right along. Two of our men
agreed to get up in the nighttime to make some
important changes that could not be made
while the machinery was running. One had
his clock set by sun time, and the other had
standard time: so a valuable man stood out in
the cold, waiting for the door to open. I do not
know whether he charged me for that half-
hour or not; but I presume it was all right if
he did do so. The man who drives our big
team was going out into the basswood orchard
to get some timber. Three men were to go
with him. He told them to be on hand at a
certain corner, at such an hour in the morning.
A part of them had sun time, and the others
had standard. The team and expensive men
(worth a dollar an hour at least) had to wait
for the men who had the other kind of time. A
father and mother, with a family of liitle chil-
dren, came down to the depot one Saturday
morning, just 1.") minutes after the train had
left. Thoy could have reached home by night,
had not tln^ clock been sun time where they
stopped over night. I heard them discussing
about going to a hotel to stay all day Saturday
and all day Sutiday. They were poor people,
and, besides being needed at home, they could
very ill afford the expense of two days at a
hotel with their children. They started for the
train so as to be 15 minutes ahead; and I do
think it would have taught the m.an or woman
who kept sun time a useful lesson to make
them pay for all this expense and trouble, be-
cause they stubbornly refused to set their clock
correctly, according to the best light of reason
and common sense at the present time.

There is no need of multiplying these in-

stances. You have all seen it. When I wa
having my teeth fixed, the dentist told me tt
come at half- past one. Well, even as bright:
man as he is had his clock set by sun time. Hi
time, in the middle of these short winter days
is worth a dollar an hour or more; but he migh
have lost half a dollar by having his time se
according to his own notion rather than ac
coi'ding to the dictates of business and sense
If it had been the other way, I should have los
my tira(^.

You know how I have tak'm the part of rail
roads— that is. I have in many cases: and sonn
of the friends have stoi)ped taking our journa
because, they said, I sided in with the " monop
ollsts.'" I think it was only yesterday, or th(
day before, that I overheard a grown-up mat
say something like this:

"Let the railroads have such time as the;
choose; but what business have they to inter
fere with the time (ce keep? All in the work
they do it for is just to be arbitrary, and shov
their authority. They are getting the uppe
hand of us every day, and bossing in this, that
and the other. Now they are undertaking b
tell us how we shall set our clocks in our owi
homes."

Such speeches as the above bring to my min(
vividly our text. Why, the ox in his stabh
should have more sense, for he knows his owner
and knows where his interests lie. The proph
et, however, adds, in a kindly way, '• Hut Is
rael doth not know, my people doth not con
sider."

Again, we hear the expression over and ovei
" (Jod's time is good enough for anybody;" * and
"Give us the good old-fashioned time of on
fathers." Well, there may be some sense i
wanting the good old-fashioned time; butissui
time any more God's time than standard time
If God is supposed to use sense and reasor
the latter would certainly be the time he wouli
recommend. It is about 35,000 miles around th
earth. The sun goes around it in 24 hours— oi
at least, it seems to. Just 20 miles east of n
we find the large city of Akron. The differ
ence in sun time— that is, if there were such i
thing as accurate sun time— wonid be about
minute and 20 seconds. Now, would anybod
be so stupid as to declare that Akron should
have one time and Medina another, and tha
the railroads should change their time to agre
with every station? A minute and 20 second]
would not n)ake very much diff-rence; but it
some kinds of business, where the proprietor:
have learned the value of even minutes, i
might make a great deal of troul)le. The cit'i
of Oberlin. about 25 miles west of us, had
fearful railroad collision that resulted just froni
the lack of one minute to get out of the wayi
Their regulations were figured down so exac i
that a diffenMice of one minute in the watclieii
of the railroai officials brought disaster. Oi
course, even railroad comi)anies do not, as i\
general thing, work on such close margins; bu
in this case a combination of circumstances
made a minute of exceeding iTnportance. Thd
railroad companies have decided to mak(
the time one hour earlier after running west-
ward a little over lOOO miles. I tliink no onfi

* Wlien I he;ir people sayinfr that tliis. tliat, an(|
tlie other is fiood enough tlie wiiy Giul jjavi" it to us.
I feel lil<o sayins' to sucli people, " Loolc lier(>, mj
fiiend, why do you wear srectuclesV Avp not 1hf|
eyes llijit God g-ave you g:ood eiioujili ? Wliy do yoi
fuss or l)other witli tliese tliinfis that are only inven
tioiis of man V" Tlie truth is, God {jave us a little
expecting- us, by oin* God-g-iven Intellect, reason
and common sense, to lii/nt up and find out tliingSi
ever so much better; and the time has gone by wlier
any reasonable being <"in oliject to iJrogres.s ttm
shoi't cuts because God did not furnish it withou'
any etfoi't on our part.

18<.i4

GLEANINGS IN HKE CULTURK.

:il

luestions the faitni'ss or th(> prood jiidsriKMit
isrd III Hxing it thus. But yet the <,nvuter part
)i the world seems to be determiue.l to go back

0 old methods, resulting in loss, disippoint-
nent. destruction of iJi'opcrty, waste of money
tc. If we had the luoncy that might be saved
ly adopting standai'd time all over the United
Itates. there would be ample means to chjthe
nd feed all who are just now sulfering in this
Duntry. There is not a question about it.

In tiie town of Intei'loclien. Grand Traverse
o.. Mich., they keep four kinds of time— at
■ast they did two years ago this fall when I
topped there. I had to wait about two hours
)r a tram, and told them I should like dinner
bout noon. The landlady at the hotel asked
'hat kind of time. I then asked what time
ley usually had their dinner. She replied that
ie_y had to get one dinner for the railroad men
nd another for the townspeople, and the two
■lids of time were just one hour apart. She
jd they had quarreled over it. but neither
de would give up; and then some other people
ho moved into their new settlement from'
imewhere else, insisted on having iheir time
ichas they had where they used to live; there-
re there were four kinds of time in that town

I were in a new town where no better har-
ony could be brought about than the above
think I would move away and let them suffer
ec9nsequences of their folly until they learn-

wisdom.
Our schools and churches here in Medina are
i run by standard time. In fact, as yet thev
.ve not dared to do otherwise. Now just im-
ine having a different kind of time in your
■mes, and teaching the children, as they ^^row
1, to hgure and calculate, and blunder^and
imble continually by having school lime and
me tune half an hour apart. Why the Hu-
Jjie Society ought to take the matter in hand
der the plea that it is cruelty to animals
ies, there rrre some arguments on the other
le. Perhaps you would be ashamed to men-
iti them after what I have said, and therefore
vUl mention them for you. It is a bother to
ve dinnertime before noon. Well here at
r place we have dinner at 11:30, soour dinner-
ur IS just what it always was. But the wo-
m-tolks complain that it is no end of trouble
■teaHf jS*"*^^™*^*^ ^° having dinner at 11:30

i^es, it is some trouble to have a new set of
■th until one becomes accustomed to them-
t tor that reason shall I have mine pulled off
a throvyn away after they cost a big lot of
■ney. simply because I can not be patient

1 wait a week or a month until I get used
the^m ? (I wish to say, however, that, even
)ugh 1 have not had mine two weeks, I would
.take ever so much more than they cost to
back to my old ones.) Then there is another
ection-one still more serious in its conse-
nces 1 he mothers declare that the chil-
n will insist on having the extra half-hour
e t.r'"^ i° ^^^- ^^'*h the old-fashioned
le they usexl to go to bed at half- past S or U
th standard time they keep insisting that it

\?h\l ?.'' """^ y'^^- ^:*''-= ^"'^ 't 's a good deal of
iible to keep quoting all the while the old or-

MVP «l"^f • ^''^' }^ '"''^'^'•^^ m*' ^''ome trouble.
Ifirpn H -^v,^lT *^ ^''"y ^*™<'^''' " Look here,
'^n^^V.W^ ha -past 9, and you know that
IDS, b> the old-fashioned time, 10, o'clock,
e you are all of you, still up. Now lust
Ik what a time we shall have in the morn-

■h^?ffi .^.H ^"l'''' *''?"*^'' *''«'"^' s'lould not be very
mr \^,e^,^;'^"'"* '-•''=^'"^ "*f the hour a little for
nAt il ' '^'"""^ ii certain class, the dinner-hour
J 1 oM -qn ^"^ ^'''"' "^ I"ir"cuiar. It may be 12
», i, Oi 1:30, and so on until after dark.

ing in getting you up so as to be ready at Bil)le-
readiuff and prayers '' The latter always come.s
aiier bn.aklast. When the childr.m are late
they are obliged to get their breakfast after-
ward; and It mollierdoes not carry it back and
put It m the oven, it is likely to be cold

But. dear me! what are su,h trifling thin'-s
//"L , '^ compared with h ,ving one kind 7,r
time, and o'ic only the wr,, ,d over? Sonuibody
maysay, -VVhy. if you think a little you can
figure out the difference." Well, I have h'ui
my ti^amster stand still with his team while he
and I lioth figured out when he must boon hand
tomeetan appointment, with his clock set on
the old-tashioned plan. It puzzles me, and u^es
up my brain force, and even then I cet it
wrong The dentist and I both tried to figure
when I should beat his office according to/((,s-
clock. I did not mak(! it out. even then but
perhaps he did. When I remonstrated With
him he said the great city of Cleveland, after
tryiiig standard time, had voted to go back to
sun time What shall I do with such an ar-i
ment right before me? Why. I would say to the
gjeat city of Cleveland, "For shame!" I do
think xhQYOViiht to be ashamed of themselves
— Pvery man, woman, and child. r^z:;'

This sort of spirit, or this stubbornness
against taking up with new and improved
methods, meets us in otherthings as well as in
having accurate time. Every little while I come
across people out in the country who are burn-
ing to JJou; candles. May be I put it too strong-
ly, biit^ there are at least a few such right het-e
in Medina Co They prefer the old-fashioned
methods. In farming, there is such a thing I
suppose, as going too heavily into new-fangled
methods; but, oh dear me! to think of the other
extreme that becomes apparent when we see
irom statistics what the average farm croo is'
You may say, "Why, Mr. Root, why not let
everybody do as he pleases in a matter of this
kind .' In regard to farm crops, folks can do
as they please, and I suppose they will do as
they please; but in this matter you are wrong-
ing your neighbors-wronging people at large,
ihe poor family that was put to the expense of
staying at the hotel over Sunday is an illustra-
tion: and no one can have a timepiece— it mat-
ters not who he is— without setting more or less
people wrong who happen to glance at his clock
and that, perhaps, without saying a word I
have been vexed almost beyond endurance by
just this very thing. Being in a hurry I have
glanced at a clock, not thinking there \vere two
kinds of time. Then I missed the train 6v
some other important appointment, because of
the half-hour s difference.

Now, then, if I have not been fair in this— if
1 have held up one side and kept out the other
please tell me so. and set me right. If, on the
other hand, all I say is true, and yet you stub-
bornly refuse to go to your cloct^ this minute
and set it where it ought to be. as soon as you
can, then I shall have to think of you as I do of
some other people who know perfectly well
what IS right and fair, and yet who stubbornly
and deliberately persist in doing ihat which is
wicked and wrong. Even if yo i have a sun-
dial and an almanac, it iv u rather difTicnlt mat-
ter to keep your timepieces coireci. 1 do not
know how you can keep sun time with any de-
gree of accuracy, even if you set out to do Jt I
do not know how it is in other places, but in
our town the jewelers all keep standard time

n ? *"*^™ ^*^'^ "^^ ^ ^^^ <^ays ago he had
pulled off the extra hand he used to have on
his regulator, and that in the future he would
absolutely refuse to give anybody "sun time "
or aid him in any way in his stubbornness.
Good for the jeweler !
Even if you decide on sun time, it will trou-

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan. 1.

ble you very much to get it exactly. But how
is it with standard time? Why, our scientific
men can tell you when it is noon to the trac-
tional part of a second.* You will find some-
thing on this subject in Gleanings for 1891,
Nov 15, page 89U. Well, by the aid of our won-
derful system of telegraph lines we have clocks
in all our cities and towns so perfectly regu-
lated by electricity that the actual pulmtwHs
are in perfect harmony. The people of Medina
are well aware of the fact that there is a beau-
tiful and expensive timepiece on one of our
business streets that is never a traction ot a
second out of the way, and yet the greater part
of them refuse to avail themselves of this won-
derful achievement in science and— common
sense. Why. I often say, from the bottom of
my heart, " May God be praised that our bnit^
ed States of America has at length inaugurated
such a perfect, accurate system of unilorm
time, that may easily be adopted wh.-rever rail-
roads and telegraphs have pushed their way.

GARDENING FOR DECEMRER.

In our issue for Nov. 1, 1892, page 8i:i, I spoke
of having four rows of carrots 400 teet long.
Well during the past season we had live rows
on the same ground; but the wetness drowned
out the lower end so much that there were
hardly four good rows. The carrots were sown
ouite thickly, as before, and the ground is some
of our heaviest manured market - garden
o-round. It is a gravelly loam, and quite a good
nart of it is right through where Champion
Brook used to run before I made a deep straight
channel, so as to take the water oft from this
rich bottom ground. Well, you notice that,
last year, I was quite elated because I got .iO
bushels of carrots from these four rows. Now
take a good big breath to get ready tor the an-
nouncement I am going to make. Last Satur-
day Dec. Ki. we dug 110 bushels ot carrots on
this same ground. At 40 cents a bushel this

* Somebody said last evening, tliat, as tlie railroad
people wereobliged to get their standard time from
the sun. after all, what does it amount to, even it
the sun iS very erratic in its (apparput) movements .
But hold on! my good friends, who are inehned
iust now to worship tlie sun. Astronomers, and
icientiti<- and railroad men, do not get their time
from the sun. They use what is caled sideria , or
star time. A star comes to any given meridian
every day owing to tlie uncliangmg rewlution of
the eartlf, at ,J,ctlu the same Instant. That cou-
sUtutes H siderial day,oraday having 33 hours 55
minutes and v'.;:,",, ot a second. This gives an invari-
able standard of time measure, just as we have a
permanent standard yardstick, or standard pound
5r gallon See our issue referred to above. Our
stenographer, who, by the way. has assisted me
Quite a little on the astronomical points of Iin
discussion, here suggests that a very eonsiderahle
portion of the people of the world live north oil he
67th parallel of latitude, where the sun at, tins time
of the year does not appear for over 24 hours at a
stretch.'and where, in June, it does not set for at
least 36 hours-" God's time "too; and wu bin the
limits of civilization the sun does not appear tor
weeks. Here the stars are an absolute necessity.

I have been infoimed that, the reason wliy the
laws of the State of Ohio took h.ild of the matter
WHS that the question came up in regard to insur-
ance Sometimes ., l.uil.ling takes tire just 15 min-
utes after the company claims the policy has expir-
ed Now, then, were you insured by sun time or
standard ? and what has the law to say in regard to
the matter ?

would make about $1440 per acre, even at the
low price of 40 cents a bushel. 1 have noticed
for years that carrots on this ground, if sown
quite thickly, would still make a good size,
even when they were so close that they crowd-
ed each other almost out of the ground, and
squeezed each other almost outof shape. But for
feeding horses and cattle this does not matter
so very much. We have sold 2.5 bushels at 40
cents- but our horses, and, in fact, all kinds of
stock] eat them with such avidity that we do
not care very much whether we sell all the
others or not. This ground seems to be partic-
ularly adapted to carrots. They get down
through the loose gravel easily; and the rich
bottom land, a good deal of which is mud left
from the overflows, seems to furnish fertility.
I'erhaps you may wonder why we waited till
the middle of December before we liarvested
them Well, they were growing so beautifully
that i hadn't the heart to pull them up; and,
in fact, they did not do much if any thing un-
til the late rains came; and the first thing I
knew December came down upon us with its
frosts and snows. We tried to get at them
Thanksgiving day; but nobody wantea to
work- and the next time when the weathei
was really fit was the day 1 have mentioned
We pulled a lot of turnips the same day. Thej
were not hurt at all. or very few of them were
and the rest of them seemed to be really bettei
for the frosting they got. We pulled them
tops and all, and piled them in potato-boxes
Then a stout team with a low sled went righ
past the boxes, setting from 16 to 20 on the sled
Of course, this is not very much of a load; bu
the team needed exercise, and it saved the inei
a great deal of heavy lifting.

When they commenced on the carrots I aske(
them if they were sure there were 25 bushels ti
fill the Older. The man who drove the tear
told me there would be over 50. Then he sail
there would be 75. But the more they pulled
the more there seemed to be in the grounc
Pretty soon he announced there were over 100
and you may be sure I had one of my happ
surprises when they announced that they hai
covered lip in the tbolhouse over 140 busheh
tops and all. After the tops were taken off, w
had just about 110 bushels of carrots.

Well, there was some other work we did o
that warm Saturday. There were two lots c
celery outdoors. These were deeply banked up
it is true; in fact, the earth had been gradual!
thrown up around them until only a little bite
the tops was above the ground. The Weathe
Bureau notified us that a cold wave would se
in Saturday night, and the last of the celer
was dug during a pretty severe snowstorn
As the tops were all frozen and black, I took
sickle and thrust it under the earth so as t
slice off the black dead frozen tops. 1 did nc
want these carried into the cellar, because the
would cause the rest of it to rot. The celer
was then dug, and packed in potato-boxes, as
have before m(>ntioned. The quality is t rett
fair; but cutting off all the frozen portion
leaves it in rather untidy shape, and it hast
be sold at 5 cents per lb., while we get 10 cent
for the best. The reason why the celery wa
leftout so long was the same as with the cai
rots. It was growing so beautifully, and th
weather was so fine, that I could not heart
disturb it. (ienerally it will do very well t
leave carrots until an open spell in Decembe
as they do not seem to be hurt a particle; bi
with turnips it is rather risky, as I have somt
times had them injured, even as early as tbj
first of December; and in our locality I thin
celery sliould be fixed up for winter befoi
Thanksgiving. , ^ .,. , r ,

I am greatly pleased with our plan of pach

ism

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

3;{

K'^^JSSli,i^?SSu^^;.SLrS Sr"'^"^ «"^ "^"- field otherwise i.npos-
on tho earth bottom of a damp dark c. liar, and - ■ ■ -

It will bleach out about as nicely as in any wav
you cantixit. The slatted potato-boxe/ give
ventilation enough to prevent heating and rot-
ting, and yet not so much as to injure it bv
wilting-that IS, if your cellar is damp and

EGYPTIAN (OR WINTEK) ONIONS UNDER GLASS.

_ Friend Rnot:-l have received valuable in-
ormation from articles under " High-nres«nrp
gardening," and believe there are times when
)erhaps even my experience would be of some
)enetit to others. Asyousaidin last(}r,EANiNGs
Vov 1.5. the bottom onions of the Egyptian (or
viut«^r) onion variety, are excellent for putting
nto hot-beds. Of this work 1 now wi.h fe
peak, and have just been in the field with our
lelpers taking those bottoms up. to set in onr
lot-beds later on. To do this we use a subsoil-
low, which IS held by experienced hands close

0 the row vvhich loosens every onion. We
ake hold of the onions and lay them side by
ide. the entire length of the row. The next
Dw IS laid in the same way. but the tops in one
3w face east, in the other they face we^t The
Dots in each row are just touching. When we
ave thus pulled up four or five rows on either
de of our row of onions, then we commence
ulling, and lay the onions on a board 12 inches
ide, with a strip 1x4 nailed on one edge 12 ft
mg. The roots are placed next to this strin '
1 will .iiist say here, these are the same boards
.VflpH trfn"^ in conveying our onions from

J Ur°"^ ^°""^ house, where they are
eaned. We put two of these boards on a wag-

1 (which has had the bed laid off); then a
•osspiece is put on top of the 4-inch strips and
1 these are placed two more boards full of
lions, and these make a waeonload When
ley are brought to the onion-house the boards
e lifted, onions and all, over the low wheels
i^agon) and thus carried and titniedoversi\\
, once, thus leaving them straight and even,
Id without handling or mutilating the tooV
hich IS quite necessary to preserve their good
)pearance on market. We will turn them on
e floor (the hrst two boards full), then place a
lall box, about 10 x 12 inches, at each end of

M?o""ll'l"\^"'rP^,d'«"don these boxes is
Id a ,. X l|-inch plank, about 2 ft. longer than
e onion-boards, and on this plank are laid
'0 more trays of onions, and so on. maki^S
e tier as high as four feet or more; and we
ually have four or five tiers, so that in case
bad weather, we shall have enough onions
hand on the morrow to keep the onronstrip-
rsbusy; and unless we have them separated

lv'tl7«t^l'p ^'^ ^'1' ^^'^"'"^ hPated; and not
ly that, the onion-tops next to the floor will

dl^Sised!'" '''^''''' '' ^"^•^ P'--^''--^- ^"d
[have taken some time to tell of the use we
Ike of these boards; but those who are -row-
/aluSe."" ^" extensive scale will find "them
To go back to the field, now. as T have said
:use these same boards; fill a board full •

0 men work with each board, then carry t
?r to the row of onions and turn them ovej
that, lust as we did in the onion-house. We
IS put 32 rows in one full length of field
Jen completed you will see only on ion -tons
''rKt^l'^?' ^"^'•^^"'' along''as°X"biTd:

ler hnt .^t ." ""T e'^vf^red over with coarse
■er, but not so as to heat them. The object

J/t '=f; ?t """'"l"' ^« have your onions so you

1 get at them when wanted for hot-bed use
ranuary or before, at which time the ^rond'
sually frozen so as to render the getting of

Now that we have the onions ready for the
hot-beds our next thought will be the c'^mJf

When\he'soilt^'-^- "'""^'? rnu.' nol\Tlot.
vvnen the soil is too warm, it cause« the onions
to grow too fast and slirn. N'.t having time a
gather nourishment from , he soi ft simol v
^^ens out, and that is nut altogether dSsir^

Our lettuce is now ready to be transnlnntoH
iTJ'r hot-bed^; and by the timeiris'^ taken
from them I believe the beds will be in better

Ser'ien-od' '^^^-.^^^ "nj.ons than at any
ottPi Pe'iod. The onion which is put into a
hot-bed should be of good size, and grown from

he^field'' P "'"•^ ',°"' ^'a^ '""^t ha^ve room i^
i^ff oo • P^'^jn^mber, the onion does not get
.fnt,aswe ca 1 it, in the hot-bed. You put a

small.''""'" '" ^^' ^'^''^"^ '^^^'11 always be
,J^u ^'g a ditch about four inches deep across
the bed, and set onions in it, side and side Is
c ose as convenient, full length, then cover and

of'r^v''Thf,^^"?'"^^'\^h the sam7 length
ot 1 ,w. ihen make another ditch as before
and soon until completed. I have experiment-'
ed by cutting the tops or leaves all off wh ch

t™''?t^''''" 'i'"^' 'i^/^'^'^ "*««^ about a week or
two afterward, and have also trimmed the roots
all off but about one inch; but when we mar-
keted the onions we could see but little if any

min""'T;ii"\\"'''^^^"''T ^'^^^" d« ""t''ini^
ming at all I have marketed onions 27 days
after being first put into hot-beds. This year
being so dry, our onions did not start to grow
until very late; and the result is very small
onions to put into hot-bed... We i^hallonlybe
mT-ket ^"* ™^'"^ ^'^ ^ ^""^h ^h®" ^^^^ t»

Now, Mr. Root, this may be too long for your
use; but you have it any way, and I think it is
now your turn to take the stand and give rae
some information about onions

Last spring I set out nearly one acre of White
Victoria and Prizetaker, according to the
Greiner" system; but I set some of them out
late and we did not have a rain to do anv good
until very late this fall. I think nearly half of
the onions lived anyhow, regardless of the
drouth The mostof them made small bottoms;
and after the fall rains my onions commenced
to grow, and to-day it's a field of qreen onions-

^!!f^""'''J"^'!uh''''l ^ nianage to get the most
good out^of them ? or can I do anv thing wit^
them ? I have thought of letting lihem remain
where thpy are until spring, and see if they
would not come on and make green bunch
onions; or would they winter-kill though cover-
ed with coarse manure? I have also thought
of taking them up at once and putting them
into hot beds, and sell green bunches in that
way. It you know that would be a success
please drop a card to that effect at once, so they
can be taken up before the ground freezes
Ihese same varieties which I set out in time to
getthe^benefitof early rains made a large and
profitable crop, and I shall continue to grow
them that way.
I also want to get hold of some of those
chives ' when you find more than you want
as well as potato onions.

I hope your call. " What do you know about
onions? will awaken some of the on ion -grow-
ers to relate their experience, especially in forc-
ing the onion, as it is now time that we should
know whether you keep your onions, intended
to force, from freezing, or in the frozen state
Do you keep them in the cellar or in pits'' Do
you put them into the hot-beds while frozen or
how do you manage them ?
Kankakee, 111. C. W. Pottengek.

34

la.EANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan. 1.

fFriPiKl P . vvp are greatly obliged to you in-
deed It eertaiiilv does make a vast difference
ill your hunch onions ill regard to the appear-
•anceof the tops, and your boards are just the
thing to l<eep every thing orderly and system-
atic If a lot of onions are dumped into a bas-
ket and then pulled out one at a time, the tops
would be draggled and untidy; and. besides,
one can worli ever so much faster where things
are arrang.-d in a methodical way. as you trie i-
tion We iiave had experience with tlie White
Victoria and Prizetal<er. in just the way you
mention I have tried transplanting them to

the greenhouse: but some seasons we get lust
as nice onions, or perhaps nicer, by leaving them
outdoors Of course, we can not have them so
early as where they are put into a greenhouse
or cold hot- bed. such as you describe. And,
a'^ain, wliere they are left outside, too much
freezing and thawing sometimes injures them
greatly. Our onions for forcing, we usually
take up before they have been frozen and thaw-
ed very mucli. and put them into the cellar. I
have never tried pits, but very likely they would
do better. We sometimes put them into hot-
beds while frozen, but they seldom do as well.

Sun-Ir Von have heard that

You should also know that thcv arc the BEST SJ^J^DS that grow. You
can learn all about the choicest Vegetables and most beautiful Flowers in

Burpee's Farm Annua! for 1894.

The Leading American Seed Catalogue. —

A handsome book of 172 pages, with hundreds of illustrations from photographs,
and beautiful colored plates painted from nature. Many new features for 1S94.
Noteworthy Novelties not to be had elsewhere. Ongmal, interesting and instruct-
ive it should be read bv everyone who has a garden. Maded free to all who plant
seeds • to others, on receipt of ten cents, which is less than actual cost per copy.

- SELECTION IN SEED GROWING,"

A Unique New Book for 1894.
Specially devoted to the essavs read at the World's Horticultural Congress,
Chicago It gives much original and valuable information hy such well-known
Horticulturists as M. Be Vilmorin, Bjergaard, Allen, Morse, Burpee
Prof. Bailey and Prof. Trelease. It also tells how seeds are grow-ii and tested
at Fordhook Farm, with illustrations from photographs. A hook ot ij2 pages
for Ten Cents, which amount can be deducted from the first one dollar sent
usfor«eeds this season. Enclose a dime (or five 2-cent stamps) and state also
whether you want Burpee's Farm Annual, Free. Please mention tins paper.

W. Atlee Burpee & Co., Seed Growers,

PHILADFI^PHIA, PFNNA.

Sections!

We liave just fonipleted several new iiiid exiH'iisive
iuUoiniitic machines tliat will tuiii out seetiniis that
in point of qunlity can not be r.rnJl,;!. Tliey ;nv sanded and polislied on l)oth sides.
imK'lre at an absolutely uinf..ri.i lluekness fr.nn end to end. Samples iuid prices
ill quantities on api)licatioii. Siieak iinu-lt it you wniit
to lay in astocltof tlieseflnesectiuns, as our stoclv ot
luinl)el' is low.

A. I. Root, Medina, Ohio.

Sections

Dovetailed Hives, Simplicity Hives,

SECTIONS, EXTRACTORS. ETC.

FULL LINE OF

BEE-KEEPERS' SUPPLIES.

6O-PAGE CATALOGUE. Itfd

J. M. Jenkins, Wetumpka, Alabama.

(W\n re.spondlnt; to this ntlvertiseiiu-iit mention Qlkanikijs.

\

18<»4

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

as)

Stalil's

Double A cti
Excelsior Spraj-
I ing Outhts prevent
I Leaf Blight i!lc Wormy
I Fruit. Insures ii heavy^
yield of all Fnnt anfll
Vegetable crops. Thous-
ands in use. Send 6 cts. for
, catalogue and full treatise
j on spraying. Circularsfree.

' WM.STAHL.QuincyM

Do Not Order

Fiitil
the •

you liave written us for prices on
/Jo.ss " 07i<?-J*ieec Section.

Also D. T. Hives, Sliippiug-orates, and oth-
er supplies.

We have just (Completed a large addition
to our factory, which doubles our tioor-
foom. and therefore we are in better shape
than ever to fill orders on short notice.
Write for price list.

I. FORNCROOK & CO.,

R^tertown, Wis., Jan. i, 1S94.

rfect Smokers.

Best on Earth.
. 1882 and 189''

for Bingham's
)rice list.

T. F. Bingham,

Abronla,

flich.

7OR SALE — .iO.) Ferrets, a well-
; trained bird dojr, Scotcli Col-
ie, and Coon dog puppies.
Price li.st Iree. 4tfdb

/V, A. KNAPR.

ROCHESTER, L.ORAIN CO., O.

After Tennyson.

" Break ! Break ! Break !
And murder my stock," said he
"Oh! 'twould bankrupt a saint, to utter
The thoughts that aj-ise in me."

'•Right here, if I live till next spring
Page Woven-wii-e Pence you will see;"
tor the money I've lost on barb wire
Will never come back to me."

PAGE WOVEN-WIRE FENCE CO., Adrian, Mich.

t^-Iii resiioiuiint,' to tlii.s advenisenu-iit nieiition Gleanings.

BEE SUPPLIES .s.,

^J L L /ii'c'-.v Ihiiiix used in the jA.jii-

^^ ^^ ^" it'y- Greatest variety and 7firo-est

iii„vf...,t .1 '^^'■^'i^ *" *'i^ ^^♦'st. New catalog, 70

illustiated pages, free.

E. KRETCHMER, Red Oak, la.

C^ln respond inir tn Ih

It IMcn(ioll Gl.KANlNc,

World's Fair fledal

Awarded my riuin,hitian. Send for free
uiM^rs'nPwV ,'^'''r''^','^4"ite for wholesale prices.
Kn s new F'alishe<I Sec-f /ons and other goods
Hthis prices. I<ree' Illustrated Price List of every
thine- needed in lhr.a|>i:irv. li/l t-M ^J,^ *'^ ^_y«ry
Bell Branch, Mich. iVl. n.HUnt.

HATCH CHICKENS BY STEAM

.-w« J'lf' I" "TME IMPROVED

EXCELSIOR INCUBATOR.

ThouNnti<l8 in 8uC'
c«'Nsfui <>|>eration.

SIMI'l.li. PEitrECT. and
SELF-RE<;rLATIXO.

fJiiaraiitef«l to hatch a
larffcr percentage of

fertile egg<, at lesscoKt,
than any other Incubator
Send 6c. for Illus. Catalog,
Circulars Free,

GEO. II. STAHl^Pat. & Sole Sr^Quino^f. Ill

ILloU ULJIAMNI;

EFORE placing your orders for SUPPLIES, write
'for prices on One-Piece Basswood Sections, Bee-
lives, Shipping-Crates, Frames. Foundation, Smo-
ers, etc. PAGE & KEITH,

*'^f<'b New London, Wis,

TAKE NOTICE! To Get Acquainted,

Vn Apiary in California.

I wish to get one. but prefer to take it on
sharesor rent, the first year. If suitable,
I may buy it.
-^C. ./lit/son. Ha fit Sidn&y, IJel. Co., IV. V.

Southern Bee=keepers,

•pyou know that, freight considered, we can fur-
isli you with supplies at a less cost than any house
1 tins country? Freight rates from New York to
acksonviUe, Fla.. only 35 cts. per 1(jO lbs. Our cir-
niar free upon application.

-Ct-^^lido Aew \'orU CUv.

We will send the Bee=keepers' Enterprise from now
untilJan.. 9.o (16 mouths), for 50 c; or 3 months for
15 cts You will lie pleased with your investment,
in either ca.se. 1817tfdb

Burton L. Sage,
New Haven, = = Conn.

YOU CAN'T^ ^^"*^ ^*^' ""'^ ^^^* circular of

nn AMV > BEE-KEEPERS' SUPPLfES,

RETT CO \ BEES, QUEENS, ETC.

BLUER. } j^g_ jjjjgjj^ ^ gQ^^ jjigh Hill, Mo.

tS'ln responding to this atlveni.senient mention Glkanings-

Jennie Atchley's

is the place to arrange for your queens
for 1894. She will have them ready.

Bee vi lie, Texas.

40

(il.yANliS'GS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan. 15.

Contents of this Number.

Beeti Fertilizing Blossoms-

Bees, Raisins;

Bee-candy— Caution

Book Review

Buchanan, J. A

Bumble-bees and Clover.

Candying vs. Purity

Cress. Sturtion

Echoes from California...
Feeding, Stimulative —
Fertilization and Bees —

Frame, HoSman

Frames, Reversible

Glucose, To Detect

Heeling Plants

High pressure Gardening.
Hive. Uov<'tailed, Indorsed..

Honey, Adultci atiu«-

Hunt's Adulteration

Jake Smith on Spelling

Son-swarmer, Langdon

Rambler at Sealer's

Robbing, Stop or Prevent? .

Russi;iii Apiculture

Sera pi ng kii i ves

Sep:u ;it,)r^ Discussed

Smoker, Crane

Spacing, Exact

Statistics. Unreliable

Transplantingtuljes

CONVENTION NOTICES.

The third annual meeting of the California State Bee-keep-
ers' Association will be held at the Chamber of Commerce, in
Los Angeles, Jan. 2:i. U. 189 1. J. H. Martin, Sec

The next annual meeting of the Wisconsin State Bee-keepers'
Association will take place Feb. 7, 8, 18W. J. W. \ aNC;e,

Madison, Wis. Cor. See.

The lyth annual meeting of the Vermont Bee-keepers^'As^so-

^^'^on" '''""* ^"^'"■""^'"iv. w.-i;^T'v^.;Ba,-,4:^(:"

BUSIHESSni^slf"

CARLOAD ORDERS.

Our trade for the coming' season is oi)eniiifr up
nicel.r. As we g-o to press we are loading- a ctr for
Inyo'Co.. Cal., and liave another ordf-r for a carload
for Las Graces, N. M., and one from Jennie Aicliley,
Beeville, Bee Co., Texas. In addition lo the hirg'e
trade in bees and queens done by the Atchleys,
they are going into the bee-supply trade with a car-
load of assorted groods most needed in Texas, from
the Home of the Honey-l)ees.

EXTRA POLISHED SECTIONS.

We are having- lots of calls for samples and prices
on our new make of sections. Some of these in-
quiries seem to imply that the prices may be higher
than those quoted in uur catalogue. On the con-
trary, we are selling: all old stock, made in the old
way, at lower prices, tuid all the sections we are
now making and have been making for some little
time are made by the new process, and sold at cat
alogue prices. Special prices to dealers and in large
lots.

MAPLE SYRUP.

It is two months yet before we shall have new
maple sugrar and syrup to otter. We wish t( > rt>miMd
you however, that we have some choice syrup,
made last spring, which has kept fresh and good,
and which we otter at $1.00 per gal., in lots of 5 gals,
or more, put up in 1-gallon cans. We have also a
little second g-rade that we will sell f or 80 cts. If
any of our readers need sugar-makers' siipplies for
this year's operations we ciill your attention in this
connection to our advertisement in another column.

CALIFORNIA WHITE-SAGE HONEYS

Soon after this number of Gleanings reaches our
readers we expect a carload of Mercer's white-sage
extracted honey. Like most of the ('alifornia sag-e
honey the past season, it is of exceedingly fine qual-
ity, being white and thick. Sage honey is very slow
to candy or g-ranulate, and for this reason it is es-
pecially suitable for retailers who put up honey in
small g-lass packages to retail. We sold a whole
carload in August to two such dealers. The tiavor is
very fine. If any, not familiar with sage honey,
would like to sa,mi)le it, we shall be pleased to send
you one of our sam|)le mailing-blocks, filled, for 8c
postiKiid, wliich siniijly pays for the package and
postage. We offer this honey in 6U-lb. cans, two in
a case, for 8c; lots of four cases or more, 7'/4c per
lb., free on botird here when car arrives.

We offer fancy white comb honey, 1-lb. sections,
100-lb. lots or over, tit 1.5c piT lb.; No. •^. 13c. Choice
extracted clover and l)asswood, (iO lb. cans, two In it
case, 8i4; two cases or more, 8c.

clover seed.

We are getting a good niBfUy inquiries for price.s.
on ditt'erent kinds of clover seed. For the present
the prices quoted on page 3;3 of our catalogue are as
near right as we could make them if fixed to-day.
These prices are as follows:

Name.

Pilce^ 1-lb.

Alsike clover seed

Whiti' clover seed

Alftdfa clo^■er seetl

Sweet clovei- or Bokhara
Scarlet " or German
Peavlne " orMam'th.
Japanese buckwheat .

Pk.

>2'Bu.

1 Bu.

no 00

$3 tiO

$5 10

;i .5(1

6 7.5

1.3 00

3 00

:$ 90

7 5(1

3 (M)

;5 80

7 3'

3 00

:i 80

7 30

3 tiO

5 10

10 (.0

40

70

130

$19 8(1
3.-> (iO
U 50
U 00
14 00
19 SO
3 30

\^ e can not tell how long we can hold these prices,
as the wholesale market has been tending upward
for the past month or two; and if they continue to
go up we shall be compelled, within a few weeks, to
advance our retail prices, especially on mammoth
(or peavine) and on alsike. Sweet (or BokharaV
clover is growing in favor more and more. We had
a short article recently from H. R. Boardman, who
has had manj' acres within range of Itis bees for
several years, and who considers it a dec-ided succt ss
for hay and pasture, as well as for the bees. We
shall have a longer article from his pen in our ne.xt,
giving fuither particulars.

our AMERICAN WONDER PEAS OF 1893.

Some of the friends may recollect one or more
reports expressing surprise tliat our American
Wonders last summer grew so much larger than
usutil; but as the quality was excellent, and they
were very productive, but few complained. From
a report made by Burpee in his little book, "Selec-
tion in Seed-growing, " we are inclined to think
that our peas were n'>i American Wonders at all.
Burpee pronounces tin m Premium Gems. As the
crop of American Wonders was very short, the
prices were away up. \'ou may remember we pur-
chased ten bushels of t)ne of our l)ee-keeping
friends in the northern part of Michigan, where
bugs have not yet been invented— that is. the bugs
that infest peas. I believe this friend supposed he
had the genuine American Wonders, but we soon
found they grew a great deal larger than we had
known them to before. As we sokl them for about
half what American Wonders weie worth, most of
our customers were satisfied. Well, just now Amer-
ican Wonders are worth from $6.00 to $7.00 a bushel
at wholesale. We can furnish the same peas we
sold last year, however, at the same price. But if
>-ou want "genuine American Wonders, we can not
do any better at present than 8 cts. per half-pint»
or $3.00 per peck. One reason why there is such a
demand for it is, that it is the most dwarfed pea
known. In fact, it can be readily grown under
glass. Another thing, it is a wrinkled sugar pea,
equal to almost any in quality, and exceedingly
etirly. being but a few days later than the Alaska.
The Premium Gem is a little biter, grows consider-
ably larger, but is latlier more productive, and
nea"rly if not quite equal in quality. I am sorry for
the blunder that was made last year. Burpee tells
us, however, that a great number of seedsmen made
the same or a similar blunder, by paying for Amer-
ican Wonders and getting Premium Gems.

BBB'S!

If you keep HBliS.
subsci-ibe for the Pro=
gressive Bee=keeper, a
jourinil devoted to Bees,
Honej-, and kindred in-
dustries. ;>(> c't .s. />t'/-
yclir. Stimitle Cop>-,
also a beautifully illustnited catalogue of Bee-
keepers'supplies, FUKB. Address
LEAHY MFG. CO., HiGGINSVfLLE, MO.
0rin responding to this advertisement mention Glk.vnings.

For Sale, 125 Bushels Freeman Potatoes.

Grown from Wni. Ileniy Mauie's seed, at the fol-
lowing prices: two-bnshel sack, $4.25; one bu., $3.35;
V4 l)u.,$l.-35; 1 peck, 75t-; >i peck, 40c. Would t .\-
chaiige Freemans for a New Model garden seid-
driil. H. O. McELHANY.

Cedar Rapids, Linn Co., Iowa.

tyin responding to this advertisement mention Glkajjimj^

]S!H

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Honey Column.

CITY MARKETS.

Chicago. -;/o*(e.(/.— We are not iuiviiifr as mucli
truau 111 uuiioy as lias been customary duriiiji- this
moiitli. Dealers are not. putting in a stocli for dis-
play, as lias been their habit, lor the Christmas
traile. They buy about what they can sell in the
course of a week or two. Hence the volume of bus-
ness IS restricted, or at least seems to be. We sjet
1:)C for faiiry white comli. and Lj to 12c for the dark
grades. Kxiracled raiig-.'s at 5, (i, and 7, accordiii"-
to the flavor, quality, and color. IJeeswax .•'(Ife-'ai' •
demand not active. K. A. Huknett & Co

•I:i"- *^- 101 So. Water St., Chicago, 111.

Jan. 8.

BuFFAiiO.— Honey.— The honey market Is very
quiet. Stock on hand is very liberal, and demand
very light. Fancy white, 1;}@U; choice, imi^y^-
buckwheat, lu#ll; common, according to condition'
etc. Beeswa.v, :i5@3l). I^xtracted honey very slow'
sale in our market, except in tumblers, which are
selling mostly at $1.25(§i$1.60 per dozen.

Battersun & Co.,

J""- •"*■ . Buffalo, N. Y.

Kansas City.— Hojiey.— Demand only fair; good
supply. One-lb. amber, 13; 1-lb. white, 15; dark 11
Extracted, white, T; amber, 6; dark, .5 Beeswax
"■m-Zb. Hamblin & Beakss,

J'l'i- o- ^Kansas City, Mo.

CiNCiNNATi.-Ho/iey.-W Mile the small trade Is
fair for exi^racted and comb uoney, trade in general
is dull. We quote extracted honey at .5@8; comb
13@1.5 for best white. There is a slow demand for
beeswax at 20(g>23 for good to choice yellow.

Jan- 8. Chas. F. Muth & Son,

Cincinnati, Ohio.

K.\NSAS City.— Honey.— Wn have not experienced
as slow a trade in honey for several years as we
have up to present time this year. We quote No 1
white comb atl4@1.5; No. 2 white, 12@ia: No 1 am-
ber, 12@1H; No. 2, KXgHl. Extracted, 5@7. Beeswax
^'-^- Clemons, Mason & Co.,

J^"- **• Kansas City, Mo.

BosTON.-Honey.-Honey is selling fairlv well.
bailey Mb, comb selling at U(iiir> E.vtracied, .")(®7.
Jai'- **• Blake A: KiPLEy,

_^ Boston, Mass.

DETROiT.-J?oHej/.-Sales are a trifle slower at
present, but stoclis are light. Prices continue the
same; viz., 13@1.5 for best white comb. Extracted
'©8. Beeswax, 23@24. M. H. Hunt.

J^°- 8- Bell Branch, Mich.

Cleveland. -Honey.-Owing to large receipts of
honey in this market, prices are declining No 1
white IS selling at He. Williams Bros '

Jan. 8. 80 & 83 Broadway, Cleveland, O.

t^^"^' Loyis.--Honej/.-Tlie market lias undergone
rery htt e change since the holidays. Hand-to-
i?.^^ I selling- is the ruling one, yet we quote comb
lU@l-i; extracted, i}imi. Prime beeswax, 23'/2@2l.
, „ D. G. TuTT Grocer Co.,
•'^"•''- St. Louis, Mo.

San Francisco.— Honey.- Honey is quiet, and
.locks are large enough for all requirements. We
?«J^.f ri'^f extracted honey at ;V/s ; light amber. 5;
x»mb, 1-lb frame^ 10@1I, according to quality. Bees-
wax not plentiful, and selling quicklv at 24c.

T»„ „„ SCHACHT, LE.MCKE & StEINER,

"^'^- 26. San Francisco, Cal.

It;^w1^*k^;"~^^"^'',~,^'^'^^ ''0"ey is selling very
■lowly, but we look for a better demand in a week
L T"-r1 ^^^ °),y''*^^ '^ usually dull for a time after
t.^frp^ti^'^-K^-. ^''^1'' '*^ '"'■^ increasing demand for
i.xtracted, but no change In prices. White clover

41

Evt'r«ct'!^H%^'®^^= ""'^r.'^' ^*'^": '>UCkwheat. 10@11.
uec. I.). ,^9^, 3ito, 39. Broadway. Albany. N. Y.

sectluf/'o^m^""° lbs. of fine comb honey. In Mb
sections, 24-lb. cases, and 2(100 lbs. of clover and

SleoText.^.'^-^e^'."' '"";• ■'^•i"^^!'^ Jacket c^/ns^'sS
pie of extracted lioney by mail on application

Ezra Baer. Dixon. Illinois.
We are sending out linn and white-clover extract-

J. B. Murray, Ada, Ohio.

i.Jto'tr®*™^" '^^- ^"«^ extracted honey (white clover)
3n" K- 1^"" *-''"^' ^t «^' delivered on cars here- ot 7i
111 t,0-lb. tin cans (2 in a .-rate). W.m. 15 vrth

Petersburg, Mahoning Co., Ohio.

BUFFALO, N. Y. Unsurpassed Honey Market.
BATTERSON & CO. Responsible, Reliable,
Conimissioji^ IVIe^pchants^ i,,,,^ and Prompt.
CHAS. ISRAEL & BROS., 110 Hudson StTNT

WHOLESALE DEALEES & U or*

COMMISSION MEECHANTs. noney P'^ oeeswox.

Established 1875.

Wants or Exchange Department.

al raJ^f ill '^.V^^'ted under this head at one-half our usu-
al lates. All advertisements intended for this denartnient
must not exceed live lines, and you must say you want vour
adv't in this department, or we will not be respons We for er
rors. Youcan have the notice as many lines as vounleLsfi
but all over live lines will cost you according t(? our re^,1f»;
rates. This department is intended on y?oV bo "a fld?ix
changes. Exchanges for cash or for price lists or notices oV
iw^Sfh'"'^'''^ ^°'\ «ale,can not be inserted underihis hiad
!■ or such our regular rates of 20 cts. a line will be charged and
they will be put with the regularadvertisements We c^ not
be responsible for dissatisfaction arising from these -s^t^ps"

W A NTED.-To exchange r,-room frame house in
prohibition town, fine climate, forsmall fruit and
vegetable farm. a. P. Ames, Harriman, Tenn

ANTKD.-Toe.xcliai,ge Gregg raspberryM^^;;!^
Miyder blackberry sets for S. C. W. and B Leg-
horn pullets. H. H. Aultfather, Minerva. O.

mo exchange.-Bieycles, 56 inch Champion, .52-in.
1 iiagle. Will exchange either for 120 lbs of
good extrficted honey. Send sample. Also several
good safeties to exchange. J. A. Green, Ottawa, 111.

WANTED -To exchange a $3(1 g(jld watch for bees
comb foundation, wax, white exlracled liouev
or section boxes. J. B. Mason, Mei-hanic Falls Me

WANlEp.— To exchange for good property, one
Lovell Diamond safety bicycle, cost $10.5.00:
nearly new. Has not been run 100 miles.
Ezra G. S.mith, Manchester, N. Y.

WANTED.— A situation to work in apiary the com-
ing season, by a young man of 20: have had
some experience. '.Vrite at once. Befereiice given.
Address K. T. Stinnett, Bell's, Bedford Co., Va.

WANTED.-To exchange a large and fine assortr-
ment of Indian or Mound-builders' relics, val-
ued at $60.00; also Gleanings in Bee Culture for i:{
.years, for honey, maple sugar or syrup, or otters.
^ ''te. A. T. Cook, Seedsman,

Hyde Park. Dutchess Co., N. Y.

WAN'TED.— To exchange Given foundation or
books, for extracted honey or strawberry or
raspberry plants. H. W. Funk, Normal, 111.

WANTED.— To exchange one 6-inch Vandervort
toundation mill for making thin foundation, in
fair order, tor strawlierry or raspberry plants, or
pear-trees.
J. I. Parent. Birchton. Saratoga Co., N. Y.

WANTED.-To exchange 10(KI 60-lb. screw-cap cans,
mostly good as new, for choice extracted honey.
Be quick, and write to-day.

J. A. Buchanan & Sons, Holliday's Cove. W. Va.

42

(n.KANlN(iS IN BEE CULTURE.

.lAX. 15.

THE REVIEW FOR 1894.

bee-keepers, making- exteniled trips 'iTOUg h ♦<'^"?"i'|-J^^. "i^^^ visited, their homes, fani

KeWe.v will contain J77usf ra« i«ns '" f/'esc [^^O"^,^/^;^ are successful, practi.-a

ideas, to be i.iteresting, enterprising, ^^'f^^' ^^/^'^'^i.^P ^^;\^' 0 a vear T^^^^ and "^t/v^Hc-e.

^Te**g,^t^f;^r^Ta^n^-c':n^^^^^ ^-— "^ «^^« ^-^ ^-^

Three late but different issues of the WevicMv tor 10 ee^s.^^ HUTCHINSON, Flint, flich

Doolifs Queen-Rearing Free

We have some of (i. M. Doolittle's "Scientilic Q.-'^e-'-Kearing; |x,oks (170 ^''/^Sj/^yi^l'^PrA^^t^ili

c 1 ■„! „T„ ,..)! I .n..ii eocc to tlip new subscriber who sencis US 5)1. uu lor nit-^ »»««;».■ j' «iim«-im»«

Ir"!'^ R^p ioiiRN Al. ""^c!? ofe^^^^^^^^^ This same book in cloth binding sells for $1.00, but we give to

Address CEO. W. YORK & CO., 56 Fifth Ave., CHICACO, ILL.

m-To New Srct>scrihers-<! mouth, ivith Dnnlittle's hook, for rr,c: or the Bee Journal alone for :i month, tor %

AT THE \A/^ORLD'S FAIR celved the ONLY award -iveu an

ffre ^fons'gS c'ts. ! per'doz., ^ona your money bacK if nU ««^»^^^^,^>^d-,S,^-/-OJN'tLL:
or if more convenient from the manufacturers, R. & E. C. PORTER, LEWISTOWN. ILU-

13 Carloads of Supplies

Tills is the amount we have distributed in a single sea.soii,
Foundation. Dov. Hives, Sections, Extractors, etc. 1 herefore.
vou have little monei/ and want that little to go as far as possib
-^— — ^— ^-■— ?^^^— — ^^ remember that we are headquarters In the we8t for all goods

"""" ,,ur line; by doing so great a volume of business we sell pjoo
chean If vou have the moueu, also remember you Ciin make it earn a big interest by availing yourselt
oSfd'JscouKorlarlv orders.' ]n eli her case you should write us and tell what you will hkely need,
willpayyou. We sell Roofs goods at Roofs prices, andean save you freight. ^nr iiirni

The L^w-polished sections and all other late i-proved^goods kept^ in ^stoc-k. pQj^ J||£ y^^^ J-]

Joseph Nysewander, Des Moines, la. ed catalogue, free for eveo

body,every where, especially

PATEI\/T WIRED COMB FOUNDATION

Ila^ No S«ir iit Ft r<)n<l- frames.

Thin Flat -Bottom Foundation

Has no Fishlsone in the Surplus Honey.
Being the cleanest. It Is usually woiked
the quickest of any foundation made.
J. VAN DEUSEN & SONS,

IStfdt) Sole rianufacturers,
Sprout Brook, Montgomery Co., N. Y.

gyin respoiminn to this advertisement mention OLKANnjaa.

queens"

Smokers, Sections ,

Comb Foundation,
Inil all Aiiiairan Supplies
^ ,^hpa|i. SpiiiI for
E. T. KLANA(i,iN, Belleville, 111.

FOOT-POWER MACHINERY

COMPLETE OUTFITS.

Wood or metal workers without steam
liower can successfully compete with
the hirtrc shops bv usiPKourNBW LABOR-
SAV1N(; MACHINKKY, latest and most
apiirovcd lor pracli -ill slioi> use; also tor
Industrial S( hools, Home Training, etc.

r^ATALOCJCE HHKE.

SENECA FALLS MFG. CO.,
44 Water St., Seneca Falls, N. Y.

tsrin responding to this advertlsemeni mention Gleanings

Sections, Bee= Hives

and other Bee=

Keepers' Appliance

at Bed=rock Prices.

Best of Goods at Lowest Prices.
Write for free, illustrated catalogu
and Price List. ^

G. B. Lewis C^pJIfatertown, Jl/[s

WaltersT Pouder,

175 E- Walnut St.,
Indianapolis, Indiana.

dirknli^c Standard goods; popular pri<c
C>Up|JIICi», Catalog-ue free.
i( Vlnc-^T R£»£»c " a book telling- how to ma
DUSy DCCS, age them. 10c In stamps ;o
free to those sending names of five bee-keepers.

•To -Be:

•andHoNI
•aud home:

-INTERESTS-

$l?°PERrEAI^ \©) ^\edinaOhiO

Vol. XXII.

JAN. 15, 1894.

No. 2.

Immense crops but poor sale is the cry among
bee-keepers in France.

Annual insurance for bees andbee-lixtures
in Germany costs 3 mills on the dollar.

That man makes the best success in the long
run in his vocation who has an avocation as
well.

" Quiet robbing to stop robbing " is a head-
ing on page 2(). That's hardly the thing. Bet-
ter put" prevent " in place of "stop."

York took a pretty big contract when he
agreed to have a bee-keeper's picture every
week of 1893, but he got there all right.

Gleanings looks quite gay with its new fix-
ups. Funny that lead, which usually makes
things heavier, makes a printed page lighter.

Gravenhorst, editor I llustrierte Bienenzeit-
ung, thinks we might learn something from
German bee-keepers, and viceversa. Oanzrecht.

Lathyrus Silvestris Wagneri is a new
honey-plant that's getting a boom across the
water. I think it's some kind of a pea used for
forage.

Sugar for feeding, free from ultramarine,
sulphur, and sulphuric acid, is advertised in
foreign bee -journals. May be it would be a
good thing here.

A SALVE much esteemed for ulcers and ex-
ternal sores is made by mixing equal parts of
honey and Hour with a very little water so as to
make a stiff paste.

That's a mean advantage Rambler takes of
me on p. 20, in claiming that washing-recipe
for the benefit of bachelors. Bet you he gets
kerosene in his flapjacks.

He liked the comb. Papa (to little boy who
has been at a party): Well, my little man,
what did you have that was nice?

Little Boy. Oh! we had honey, and it had
ehewing-gum in \t.~Harper'^ Young People.

Austria has 1,550,000 colonies of bees; Ger-
many, 1,450.000; France, 950.000; The Nether-
lands, 240,000; Belgium. 200,000; Russia, 110,000;
Denmark, 90,000; Greece, 30,000.

The old reliable A. B. J. has so much foul
brood in its columns nowadays that I have to
wash my hands after reading it, for fear of get-
ting the disease among my bees.

Friend Root, tell your "sun time" friends
that you can get telegraph time every day, rain
or shine, but they're in a bad fix if the clock
stops and the sun doesn't shine for two weeks.

Brace and burr combs, after several years'
trial, have not appeared in a hive with top-
bars 1}^ X %, spaced 1^, with }4 space over top-
bars, according to a report of O. G. Rislow, in
A. B. J.

Those mummies were quite a find, as told by
Karl R. Mathey, p. 18; but isn't friend Mathey
himself more of a find ? I tell you, if we find
out all those Germans know about bees we'll
know a heap.

Pile remedy. One cupful honey, two table-
spoonfuls sulphur and two of black pepper,
mixed, and taken a tablespoonful at a.dose,
three times daily in bad cases. — Rural New-
Yorker.

That last straw on page 7, that says, " 1
out of 23 would keep the frames the same, sum-
mer and winter," should read "19 out of 22."
Get some new harvest hands that can set up
.straw right.

My first cellaring was with box hives.
I turned them upside down, according to Quin-
by's advice. That made upward ventilation
with a vengeance, and all closed below. My
present practice is just the opposite. Either
way is good if other things are right.

An old sign that a colony is not queenless
in spring is, to find the remains of wax-worms
thrown on the floor of the hive. There may be
a good deal in it, for a queenless colony will not
clean out such things with much vigor.

Mr. Editor, haven't you got things a little
mixed on page 9? Herr Lehzen, and notGuen-
ther, is the able editor of the Centralhlatt, and

44

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan. 1.5.

the Guenther referred to is, I think, the same
Guenther who. more than a third of a century
ago, was assistant to the Baron of Berlepsch,
the champion of the Dzierzon theory.*

Skunk-killing. "I tal<e a smal piece of
comb containing drone brood, in which I insert
a grain of strychnine. Place it in front of the
hive, and you have got his skunlvship sure. If
you have no drone brood you can use worker
brood." — Oallup, in A. B. J.

DooLiTTLE will surely be on time with his
" Seasonable Questions,'' according to the pic-
ture at the top of them, with the sun on one
side and a clock on the other, then an hour-
glass on top, with a rooster back of it flapping
its wings to wake him up in the morning.

Dextrine is not found in floral honey, but is
found in honey gathered from the leaves of cer-
tain trees and from pines, and generally called
honey-dew. According to an article in Revue,
this honey-dew, on account of the dextrine,
may possibly be more healthful than floral hon-
ey.

A STEAM WAX-EATKACTOK in Germany (the
Winkler) claims to get 18 per cent of pure wax
out of slumgum left by solar extractors, and .56
per cent out of old combs. The steam is form-
ed in the extractor, which contains a screw
press. When the material is heated, the press
does its work without the chance of cooling.

DziEKZON says that, in an experience of more
than 50 years, he has found no liifl'erence in the
value of queens whether raised in pre-con-
structed or post-constructed cells, providing a
larva not more than three days old is used.
But the quality of the harvest affects the value
of the queen, a queen raised during a yield of
honey-dew being small and weakly.

DO BEES FERTILIZE FRUIT-BLOSSOMS 1

A BHIEF SYMPOSIUM ON BOTH SIDES OF THE
QUESTION.

[A short time ago there appeared in the Rural
New-Yorker an excellent article from Dr. C. C.
Miller, on bees and fruit, which was followed
in a later issue by another article taking strong
ground against wlial the doctor had said. We
wrote to friend M., asking him if lie were going
to let the matter drop there. In reply we re-
ceived the folk)wing note, asking infornuition
through Gleanings. — Kn.J

The Rural New-Yorker, reM&ble paper that
it is on all other subjects, had an item sneering
at the idea that fruit-trees should not be spray-
ed when in bloom, suggesting tliat the bee-

* Perbaps so. At all events, we stand corrected. —
Ed.

keeper should keep his bees at home. A reply
was made, saying that, if the bee-keeper should
keep his bees away, the fruit-grower wouldn't
be troubled with spraying, for there wouldn't
be enough fruit set to make it worth while to
spray. Then L. E. R., of L., Nebraska, made a
reply in which he says, "I lived several years
in Wyoming; was engaged in the growing of
vegetables, fruits, and flowers, for commercial
purposes, and was in the seed business. We
had no bees in that country until two years
before I left there. We grew apples, crabs,
raspberries, and strawberries, the latter in
great quantities, of immense size and most ex-
cellent quality. Then our wild fruits— plums,
cherries, and service-berries, bore year after
year, the trees being literally loaded down with
fruit. I left that favored clime, and came to
what is termed the fruit-belt of Nebraska; but
I want to tell you that we had more and better
fruit in a day in Wyoming, where we had no
bees to fertilize the blossoms, than I have seen
here in two years, with an apiary at every sec-
ond house."

I want to ask, through Gleaninc^s, whether
the experience and observation of others cor-
roborate the foregoing statement. Were there
no bees in Wyoming till four years ago? Did
others have such crops of fruit as are mention-
el, with no bees visiting the blossoms? We
ought to seek the truth, whatever it may be,
even if it upsets what has previously been sup-
posed to be the truth. From my own observa-
tion, I have always supposed that bees aided
the fertilization of pretty much all kinds of
fruit; but I do not know that I ever saw them
work to any extent on strawberries. Are they
needed for strawberries ? If any of our friends
of Wyoming, or of the fruit-belt of Nebraska,
can give us any light, I sha 1 be much obliged
to have them write to me or to Gleanings.

Marengo, 111. C. C. Miller.

[The article in the Rural, together with a
recent one by G. M. Doolittle, on page 915,
Gleanings for Dec. 1.5, seems to have stirred
up some little discussion among the brethren.
Among others just received is the following,
which we publish, not so much because it sup-
ports the side of the bee-keeper impartially, but
because of the painstaking care the writer has
used in obtaining the facts.]

bumble-bees and clover.

It is an idea often stated, that clover will not
yield seed without the aid of bumble-bees, and
that clover did not yield seed in Australia until
bumble-bees were imported. I did not believe
this, as plants were created flrst, and for the
higher order of animal life, but so as to continue
existence witkout animal aid. Therefore honey
was primarily for the bee, and incidentally tl^e
bee helps the plant in gathering the honey. To
find the facts, I made some observations and
experiments.

J 894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

45

In 1891 there were lU' acres of medium red
clover that came within 30 feet of my door, and,
being confined to the house by sickness, I
watched this field. There was the usual
amount of rain until April 20; then there was
no rain until June 1, so the clover- florets were
shorter than usual, and the honey-bees worked
on them as much as white clover. Still there
were only few seeds. This clover was not a
small growth, as it made two tons of dry hay
per acre, first crop. When the second crop
bloomed, there were the most bumble-bees I
ever saw, as the best estimate I could make
was that there was one to each ten feet square,
making 435(i working at the same time on one
acre. When the seed ripened, there was a large
crop. This year, being still unable to walk, I
rolled out into the yard in my wheel-chair, and
made this experiment. July 21 I covered some
clover-blossoms with netting. Part of the
florets being open, I tied a small thread around
the open ones. At the same time I gathered
five heads of clover that were ripe, and 447 cap-
sules gave 131 seeds. The bumble-bees had
worked on these blossoms, there being few
flowers when they bloomed. Aug. 14 I gather-
ed the covered blossoms, also some on some
plants not covered. Where the numbers are
the same, they are part of the same head of
clover.

?}o. 1 *8 florets open when covered gave 30 seeds, or 62.5 %

■Jo. 1 67 " not open *• '■ " 35 " " 52.238%

^0.2113 " not covered " 68 " " 60.177 4

"fo. 3 132 " covered " lOO " " 75.757 J'

^o. i 145 " not covered " 123 " " 8i 827 %

io. 5 63 " open when covered " 43 " " 68.254 %

■fo. 5 84 •' not open when covered " 50 " •• 71.428 p;,

fo. 6 117 " not covered " 100 " " 85.47 %

^o. 7 41 " open when covered " 31 " " 75.609 %

■lo. 7 85 '• not open when covered " 36 " " 42 352 '•-],

io. 8 140 " covered ■' 33 " " 23,571 »;

Jo. 9 76 " not covered " 24 " " 31.578 n;,

Nos. 8 and 9 were on a plant about 50 feet
Tom other clover-plants. Three heads, where
52 florets were open when covered, gave 104
seeds, or 68.421 %\ 3 heads, where 236 florets
vere not open when covered, gave 111 seeds, or
7.033 %. Loss by covering, 21.388 %.

The total florets not covered, 527, gave 385
eeds, or 73.055 %. The total florets covered,
68, gave 211 seeds, or 57.337 ■:o. Loss by cover-
ng, 15.718;'.

Alsike and peavine red clover yield seed from
he first blossoms: therefore, it is the nature of
he plant, and not lack of bees, that causes
ewer seed in first blossoms of red clover. The
iter blossoms of red clover will yield seed
nthout the aid of bumble-bees; but their work
dds about 15 :■' to the yield. So the farmer
^ho destroys all bumble-bees' nests is destroy-
ig a large part of his profit if he raises clover.

Bloomfield, Ind., Dec. 28. J. C. Gili.iland.

[This most valuable communication was fol-
>wed again by a private letter from Mr. Doo-
ttle, inclosing an article from. ^\r. W. S. Fultz,
'hich the latter says we at one time refused to

publish. We have no recollection of this; at
any rate, as it seems to be a good one we are
glad to give place to it at this time.]

ARE 15EKS NKCKSSAUY TO TMK I'KOPKR KKR-
TTUZATION OF FKUIT-BLOOM ?

The assertion has often been made by horti-
cultural journals and bee-papers, that the
honey-bee is an essential to the perfect fertili-
zation of fruit-bloom, and that, without the aid
of be(;s, the fruit-grower could not carry on his
business with any certainty of a crop, so that
the public have got to believe that such is
really the case. Bee-journals have been very
persistent in asserting that, if there were no
bees, there would be no fruit. This is especially
the case whenever they hear of any fruit-
grower charging that the bees have been de-
stroying fruit.

In studying this question we naturally go
back to the early history of the country, and
we find that the first settlers of this country
found in many places wild fruit growing in
abundance. We also find that, in many parts
of the country, there were nut-trees of various
kinds that showered down their nuts each au-
tumn, and that, within the almost boundless
forests, there were trees of all sizes, from the
tiny yearling to the giant monarch of the
forest, showing conclusively that the nuts and
seeds of the forest had been properly fertilized
for centuries before the advent of the white
man. History also informs us that the first
white settlers of America found no honey-bees,
and that the first bees introduced into this
country came from Europe, and that they were
the German or brown bee. What, then, was it
that fertilized the wild-fruit bloom, the nut and
other trees of the extensive forests of America,
to say nothing of the corn, tobacco, and other
crops that were raised by the Indians?

In discussing this question with bee-keepers
they always refer me to the fact that there
were bumble-bees, wasps, hornets, and other
honey-gathering insects in the country; but
when asked how many of these insects there
were in each nest at the time when trees are
usually in bloom, they were obliged to admit
that the queen was the only one, and that it
was utterly impossible that the extensive fer-
tilization necessary could have been performed
by them.

When the first settlers from the United States
went to California they found various kinds of
fruitgrowing there. Many of the old Spanish
missions were noted for the fine fruits that were
raised there. The same is also true of Oregon
and Washington, and yet there were no honey-
bees there. We have a true account of the first
attempts that were made to introduce the
honey-bee into the Pacific Slope. That account,
if given, would make this paper too long, and
is not germane to the subject. It is suflficient to
say, that fruits of different kinds, both wild

46

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan. 15.

and cultivated, were raised without the aid of
the honey-bee. I might here add that the
Mormons found the same state of affairs to
exist in Utah that the early American settlers
found on the Pacific Slope. So much fpr history,
now for personal observation.

The winter of 1871 will long be remembered
by the bee-keepers of that time as one of great
disaster. Fully 75 per cent of all the apiaries of
Eastern Iowa and Western Illinois were wiped
outof existence, and the others were so decimat-
ed that, in nearly every case, not more than three
or four hives of bees were left, and those were
very weak during the early part of the follow-
ing summer. Several apiaries with which I
was acquainted, that had contained 100 hives
of bees and over, were entirely wiped out of
existence, and bee-keepers in Muscatine Co.,
Iowa, and in the adjoining county of Mercer,
in Illinois, sent to Western Kentucky for a sup-
ply of bees to get a new start. These bees were
not brought until after fruit-bloom. The cause
of the great mortality to bees was said to be
poisoned honey that had been gathered by them
during the previous summer. In the summer
of 1872 we had a good crop of fruit, although
there were no bees to fertilize the bloom. I
have also a record that shows that it was a
good year for nuts, and that walnuts and hick-
orynuts were plentiful.

I now wish to draw your attention as a fruit-
grower to the methods in vogue in securing the
proper fertilization of strawberries. No fruit-
grower would think of planting a variety of
strawberry that was pistillate more than 1(J
feet from a staminate variety. If he did, he
would not expect to secure much of a crop from
them for want of proper fertilization. If, as
has been so often asserted, the proper fertiliza-
tion is secured by the honey-bees, then there
would be no necessity of this close planting, as
the bee usually, in its flight from flower to
flower, covers much more than the distance
mentioned. I must, however, say that, after
close observation in my 20 years' experience as
a fruit-grower, I never knew bees to work on
strawberry bloom to any extent, and some
years they scarcely visit the strawberries at all
when in bloom; yet they were properly -fertiliz-
ed, and produced a good crop, showing conclu-
sively that the fertilization of the strawberry
takes place without the aid of honey-bees.

As boy and man I have kept bees for over 40
years, and during the first 30 years of my ex-
perience I frequently sowed buckwheat, so that
my bees would have fall pasture; but I have to
record the fact that more than half the time
that I raised buckwheat my bees never gather-
ed a pound of buckwheat honey, and yet it
never made any difference whether the bees
worked on the buckwheat bloom or not. 1 got
a crop of buckwheat ail the same. Nature did
its own fertilizing. Four years ago one of my
neighbors had five acres of buckwheat within

half a mile of my apiary of 3.5 hives of bees, and
I watched that buckwheat closely, in hopes of
getting a good supply of fall honey; but ray
bees never visited it, and I got no buckwheat
honey; but my neighbor did get a good crop of
buckwheat.

Basswood is one of our best sources of honey,
and basswood raises seed just the same as
fruit-trees raise fruit, and it is just as neces-
sary that the bloom of basswood and other
forest-trees be fertilized to make them bear as
it is that fruit-trees should be fertilized for the
same purpose. Some seasons I have known
basswood-trees to be laden with bloom, and the
bees worked on it in swarms from daylight
until dark, and the same years the trees would
be full of seed, and other years the trees would
be loaded with bloom, and not a bee would
visit them, and yet the trees would be loaded
with seed. The past summer was just such a
season with us. Every day during basswood
bloom I passed ten or twelve basswood-trees
from four to six times in making my trips to
market with berries; and although the trees
were fairly covered with the large clusters of
bloom, a careful watch never showed a single
bee on any of the trees, and yet those trees
were properly fertilized, as shown by the large
crop of seed.

I have been living where I now live, for 22
years, and in my dooryard are several good-
sized oak-trees. I have watched those trees
when in bloom, and find that some years the
bees work on the bloom, and other years they
take no notice of it whatever, and it makes no
difference whether the bees work on it or not.
The trees raise acorns every year when they
bloom. Wheat, oats, and other small grain,
produce pollen just the same as fruit and forest
trees, and fertilization is just as necessary to
them as to fruits; yet the claim is never made
that bees are necessary to the fertilization of
these crops. The fact is. bees do so little work
on them that they are lost sight of in a discus-
sion of this question. It must be admitted,
however, that, if nature can properly fertilize
these crops without the aid of bees, it can fer-
tilize fruit or any other crop without their aid.
Sometimes the statement is made, that cer-
tain kinds of fruit in certain specified localities
have failed to produce fruit, and that the intro-
duction of bees into that locality has caused an
entire change, the bees being credited with fer-
tilizing the bloom, and thus causing the trees
to become fruitful. This claim, in the absence
of more pronounced experiments, is not to be
replied on. Many orchards have failed to bear
fruit for a number of years, and then become
fruitful, although bees were plentiful every
year. In the sirring of 1892 ray orchard blooraed
profusely, as did all other orchards in Musca-
tine Co. The spring was rather wet, but yet
there were days when the bees worked briskly,
and gathered both honey and pollen, and yet

m<>i

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

47

we had no fruit. The cause of the failure to
bear fruit was not for want of proper fertiliza-
tion. The present year we had no apples, and
other tree-fruits were scarce, and the cause of
the failure was not for the want of proper fer-
tilization, but from other causes. We are in
hopes of a good crop of fruit next year; and if
we get it we sliall not give tlie bees the credit,
as they failed to give us a crop the past two
years; and should the same or a similar calami-
ty that overtook the bees in 1871 overtake and
wipe tnem out of existence, and should we get
a good crop of fruit next summer, we will not
blame the bees for our failure the past two
years, for we know the causes have been en-
tirely outside of any influence they have had.

There is much more that might be written on
this subject; but enough has been given to
show that there are two sides to this question,
and that the only way to bring out all the facts
and arguments bearing on the subject is to
have an unbiased and unprejudiced discussion
of the same.

I might add, that, after 30 years' study of the
matter. I now believe that nature never intend-
ed that vegetable productions, in their love-
embrace, should ever require the aid of a third
party, any more than the human family or
animals, and that nature has furnished every
living species or kind the power to reproduce
itself within itself. W. S. Fui-tz.

Muscatine, la.

[This is pretty well answered an article which
we published in 1891, Sept. 1.5, from the pen of
Prof. Cook. Our comment appears further on.
It is not our custom to reprint old articles; but
in this discussion many of our present readers
may not be able to refer to the back number
mentioned.]

The producers of flower-seeds iti our cities keep
bees in their greenhouses, as they And this the easi-
est and elieiipt'st method to secure tliat more per-
fect fertilization upon which their profits depend.
Secretary Fariisworth, of the Ohio Horticultural
Society, could account for- a very meager crop of
fruit a few years since, in his vicinity, after a pro-
fusion of bh.om. only through lack of pollenizaf ion.
The bees had nearly all died off the previous winter.
I have often noted tlie fact, that, if we have rain
and cold all during the fruit-bloom, as we did in the
spring of 1890, even trees that bloom fully are al-
most sure to bear as sparingly.

Darwin's researches considered Insects as a whole,
and it is true that all insects that visit flowers, ei-
ther for nectar or i)ollen, do valuable service in this
work of poUenization. Thus many of the hymen-
optera, diptera, and coleoptera, and not a few lepi-
doptera, are our ever ready helpers as poUenizers.
Yet early in the season, in our northern latitudes,
most insects are scarce. The severe winters so thin
their numljers that we find barely one, whereas we
can find hundreds in late siunnier and early au-
tumn. In late summer the bumble-bees and paper-
making wasps number scores to each colony, while
in spring only one fertile female will be found.
This is less conspicuously true of solitary insects.

like most of our native bees, and wasps; yet eveu
these swarm in late summer, where they were soli-
tary or scattering in the early spring. The honey-
bees are a notable exception to this rule. They live
over winter, so that even in early spring w^ may
find ten or fifteen thousand in a single colcmy, in
lieu of one solitary female, as .seen in the nest of
bombus or vespa. By actual count in time of fruit-
bloom in May. 1 have fou.id the bees twenty to one
of all other insects upon the flowers; and on cool
days, which are very common at this early season, I
have known hundreds of bees on the fruit-blossoms,
while I could not' find a single other insect. Thus we
see that the honey-bees are exceedingly important
in the economy of vegetable growth and fruitage,
especially of all such plants as blossom early in the
season. We have all noticed how much more com-
mon our flowers are in autumn than in spring time.
In spring we hunt for claytonia, the trillium, and
the erythronium. In autumn we gather the asters
and goldenrods by the armful, and they look up
at us from every marsh, fence-corner, and com-
mon. In May our flowers demand a searcli. while in
California the fields of January and February are
one sea of blossoms. The mild California winters
do not kill the insects. There a profusion of bloom
will receive service from these so-called " marriage-
priests," and a profusion of seed will greet the com-
ing spring time. Thus our climate acts upon the
insects, and the insects upon the flowers, and we
understand why our peculiar flora was developed.
Yet notwithstanding the admiral)le demonstrations
of the great master Darwin, and the observations
and practice of a few of our intelligent practical
men, yet the great mass of our farmers are either
ignorant or indifferent as to this matter, and so to
the important practical con.siderations which wait
upon it. This is very evident, as appears from the
fact that many legislators the past winter, when
called upon to protect the bees, jirged that fruit-
growers had interests as well as the bee-men, not
seeming to know that one of the greatest of these
interests rested with the very bees for which pro-
tection was asked.

Now that we understand the significance of the
law of adaptation in reference to the progressive
development of species, we easily understand why
our introduced fruits that blossom early would find
a lack of the "marriage-priests," and why it would
be a matter of necess'ty to introduce the honey-bee,
which, like the fruits, are not indigenous to our
country, just as the bumble-bee must go with the
red clover, if the latter is to succeed at once in far-
oft' New Zealand.

It is true, that we have native apples, cherries,
plums, etc. But these, like the early insects, were
scattering, not massed in large orchards, and very
liKely the fruitage of these, before the introduction
of the honey-bee, may have been scant and meager.

Now that spraying our fruit-trees with the arsen-
ites, early in the spiing, is known to be so profitable,
and is coming and will continue to come more gen-
erally into use, and as such spraying is fatal to the
bees if performed dining the time of bloom, and
not only fatal to the imago, but to the brood to
which it is fed in the hive, it becomes a questu)n of
momentous importance that all should know that
bees are valuable to the fruit-grower and the api-
arist alike, and that the pomologist *ho poisons the
bees is surely killing the goose that laid the golden
egg. That bees are easily poisoned by applying

48

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan. 15.

spray to trees that bear nectar-secreting- blossoms,
at the time of bloom, can be easily demonstrated by
any one in a very short period of time. It has been
demonstrated in a frightfully expensive manner in
several apiaries in various parts of the country.
Several bee keepers, whose all was invested in bees,
have lost all this property, all because some fruit-
growing- neighbor either thoughtlessly or ig-norantly
sprayed his fruit-trees while in bloom; and this in
the face of the fact that, for the best results, even
in the direction sought, the spraying should be de-
ferred until the blossoms fall. I have demonstrated
this fact, where the results were entirely in sight.
I have shut bees in a cage, and given them sweeten-
ed water, containing London purple in the propor-
tion of one pound to 200 gallons of water, and in 24
hours the bees were all dead; while other bees, in
precisely similar cages, and fed precisely the same
food, with the poison omitted, lived for many days.

We thus see that it becomes very important that
pomologist and bee-keeper alike know the danger,
and also know the loss to both parties in case cau-
tion is not observed to avoid the danger and prob-
able loss. It is also important that, by definite ex-
perimentation, we may learn just how important
the bees are in the pollenization of plants. To de-
termine this point, I tried many experiments last
spring. I counted the blossoms on each of two
branches, or plants, of apple, cherry, pear, straw-
berry, raspberry, and clover. One of these, in case
of each fruit or each experiment, was surrounded
by cheese-cloth just before the blossoms opened,
and kept covered till the blossoms felj off. The
apple, pear, and cherry, were covered May 4th, and
uncovered May 2.5th and May 19th. The number of
blossoms considered varied from 32, the smallest
number, to 300, the largest. The trees wore exam-
ined June 11th, to see what number of the fruit had
set. The per cent of blossoms which developed on
the covered trees was a little over 2, while almost 20
per cent of the uncovered blossoms had developed.
Of the pears, not one of the covered developed,
while 5 per cent of the uncovered developed fruit.
Of the cherries, 3 per cent only of the covered de-
veloped, while 40 per cent of the uncovered blos-
soms set their fruit. The strawberries were covered
May 18th, and uncovered June 16th. The number
of blossoms in each experiment varied from GO in
the least to 212 in the greatest. In these cases, a
box covered with cheese-cloth surrounded the
plants. The plants were examined June 22d. Eleven
per cent of the covered blossoms, and 17 per cent of
the uncovered had developed. To show the details,
in one case 60 blossoms were considered, 9 Of which
in the covered lot, and 27 in the uncovered, had
developed. That is, three times as many Howers
had set in the uncovered as in the covered. In an-
other case of 213 blossoms, the fruit numbered 80
and 104. In a case of 123 blossoms, the number of
fruit was 20 and 36.

These experiments agree with similar ones of for-
mer years, in seeming to show that strawberries
are less affected than other fruit by the exclusion
of insect visits. The raspberry canes were covered
with cheese-cloth May 30, and uncovered July 6. In
every case but one the canes seem to have been
injured by the covers, and so the results were not
considered. In the exceptional case, 184 blossoms
were considered; 93 blossoms developed on the
covered canes, and 160 on the uncovered. In every
case the fruit on the covered twigs was inferior. It

might be thought that the simple presence of the
covers was prejudicial; though this could not be a
very important matter, as blossoms covered after
the bees had freely visited them set well, and show-
ed no injury. Thus we see that, in all our fruits-
strawberries the least— the free visits of insects
during the period of blooming is absolutely essential
to a full or even a fair crop. In many cases the
covered blossoms all fail to develop. We also see
that, where fruitage does occur, there seems a lack,
as the fruit lacks vigor. Tlie free and ample cross-
fertilization seems to be requisite, not only for a
crop, but for a perfect development and maximum
vigor.

Our experiments with clovers were tried with both
the white and alsike. While the uncovered heads
were full of seeds, the covered ones were entirely
seedless. This fully explains the common experi-
ence of farmers with these plants.

Having the law of the necessity of insects to ac-
complish this function so well demonstrated. It
might be asked. " Why do we have any fruit in case
the blossoms are covered?" This seeming excep-
tion may be no exception. Indeed, this may come
from the fact that all insects are not excluded.
Very many insects, like the thrips, and various of
the jassida?, wliich we know are often attracted to
flowers, either by the pollen or nectar, would be con-
cealed about the plants, and, from their small size,
might gain access, even after tlie covers were ad-
justed. These would be sufficient to secure partial
fertilization, and very likely are the cause of the
meager crop which, in a few cases, we secure, even
on the covered twigs.

In case of strawberries, our experiments this
year, like some previously tried, seemed to show
that the presence of insects, though important to a
maximum production, are not so necessary as in
case of nearly all other fruit. But we must remem-
ber *hat the strawberry-plants are not wholly in-
closed. A cloth-covered box rests on the ground
about the plant. This gives a fine chance for in-
sects that burrow in the earth, and for insects that
have pupated in like position to come up during
the three or four weeks of the experiment, and pol-
lenize the blossoms. This, though a iiossible, and
(shall I say?) a probable explanation, may not be the
real one. But we can still affirm, in case of the
strawberry, that the free visits of insects serve sure-
ly to much enlarge the production of fruit.

Thus we see that our liorticulturists and farmers
alike, with tlie apiarist, are dependent for the best
prosperity on the presence and well-being of the
bees. They should realize this fact, and should de-
mand thatour legislators notonlybecomeinformed,
but act accoi-dingly.

[In the American Bee Journal for Dec. 14
appears a letter from G. W. Brodbeck, of Los
Angeles, Cal.. one of the leading bee-keepers of
the State. We have room for only two para-
graphs of his valuable article, and here they
are:]

The California State Fruit-growers' Association
has been in session here this week; and, being in-
terested to some extent in fruit culture, as well as
bee culture, together with Mr. Mclntyre (who was a
delegate), we heard much of interest to fruit-grow-
ers, and, at its close, something that caused us bee-
keepers to prick up our ears and listen with close
attention.

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

49

The subject was "Fertilization." A jfentleman
stated that he liacl a friend in this State wlio started
into fruit-g-rowing- several years ago, locating 35
miles from any fruit-g-rowing- section, or where any
bees were located. Tlie first year tliat his trees
blossomed, and in expectancy of at least some re-
turns from his orcliard, what should be the result
but complete failure! He was advised to procure
some bees to aid in the fertilization of the blossoms,
and since then his orchard has been productive.

[Again, in the American Bee Journal for
Jan. 4 appear also two paragraphs from the
pen of C. J. Berry. He is Horticultural Com-
missioner for Tulare Co.. an inland county that
has of late made great progress in the fruit-
industry. Mr. Berry, whose orchard contains
440 acres, writes:

Bees and fruit go togethei-. I can't raise fruit
without bees. Some of tlie other cranks say I'm a
crank; but I notice there is a pretty good following
after me, hereauouts, and they keep a-comin'.

Yes, sir, 'e. I have bees all about my big orchard.
Two years in succession I hctvc. put netting over some
limbs of trees; and, while they blossomed all riyht,
naryfnnt; while on the same tree, wherclimbs were ex-
posed to the a id of bees, plenty of f)-uit.

Italics are ours. Such statements, coming
from the fruit-men, are certainly strong evi-
dence in favor of the bee. We may think that
the statements from the bee-keepers would be
biased; but when the fruit-men turn around
and defend the bee, as they surely have done,
will do, and are doing, the old-time opposition
will gradually break down.

This j<ymposium would be incomplete did we
fail to make mention of the fact that, some
three or four years ago, in the State of Michi-
gan a convention of fruit and bee men assem-
bled together for the purpose of discussing their
common interests. The fruit-men acknowledg-
ed generally that the keeping of bees in the
vicinity of their orchards was an important
factor in the production of fruit. At various
conventions of the Michigan State Bee-keepers'
Association there has been furnished abun-
dance of evidence, from bee-keepers and fruit-
growers, that points in the same direction.

to assert that, because fruit has been grown
remote from bees, the -iportation of bees into
that vicinity would hav • no effect. Again, the
point is made by trieud Fultz, that nuts and
some other kinds of fruits, etc., were known
to grow without the fertilization of any bees.
Bee-keepers do not claim— indeed, it would be
foolish to do so— that all products whatsoever
depend for their fertilization upoa the agency
of the bees. All we claim is, that a large num-
ber of fruits are assisted, both in the quality
and quantity of fruit.

Although we have given considerable space
to this question in this issue, we still hold our
columns open for further discussion eithtsr way;
and when the whole has been secured we pro-
pose to put it in pamphlet form, and place it in
the hands of bee-keepers for general distribu-
tion, at the mere cost of printing. This sort of
" knock-down evidence," placed in the hands
of fruit-growers that are at all intelligent and
disposed to be fair, will remove opposition at
once, and show clearly that their old-time op-
position, if it existed, was simply trying to
" kill the goose that laid the golden egg."— Ed,]

RAMBLE 100.

IN THE BRUSH.

How mistaken our good people of the East
are when they picture in their mind's eye the
appearance of the uncultivated country in
Southern California! "Why," said an Eastern
friend in a letter to me, "I should think that
you would be afraid to live all alone away off in
the woods.'"

" Yes," said I to myself; "woodsl" Then I
went out of my cabin, and could see not a woods
at any point of the compass — nothing but
brush, and but little appearance of green at
that. In the distance, and around some rarnch,
or in some embryo town, a few tall gum-trees
might greet the vision, while a climb up the
rocky side of the mountain would perhaps re-
veal the deep green and woodsy appearance of

Indeed, fruit-growers often become bee-keepers the distant orange-groves. So it is, that the

—not from the honey the bees may fiu-nish

them, but because they have found it necessary

to keep bees in order to secure the perfection of

fruit.
You will see that we are disposed to be fair

in the matter, because we have given "both

sides." But wo are not at all afraid but that,

when all the evidence is weighed, the balance
! of testimony on the bee side will completely
'( overbalance the testimony on the other side.

The statement in the Rural (see Dr. :\liller's
1 article), that fruit has grown where no bees

were known, proves nothing. Potatoes, wheat,

and all other crops, will grow on poor land; but

it would be foolish to say that there would not

be lan/er crops on good land, or under other

conditions more favorable. It is equally foolish

tii'st settlers here use the nuichete {mah-chay-
tay} for cutting and grubbing brush, instead of
using the ax, which was made for the sturdy
trees. The Mexicans are expert in the use of
the former, and their loads of wood, or, rather,
loads of the roots of chemise-bushes, are found
for sale upon the streets of all of our towns.

Although there is but brush, it seems that
nature has been at work here for several years
preparing the surface of the country for habi-
tation, and nature comes in for an immense
amount of credit for so admirably fixing the
surface for irrigation. The mountains, acting
as great reservoirs for the water-supply, and the
broad valleys between, level in appearance as a
floor, but with incline enough to allow the wa-
ter to flow in the irrigating-pipes to the appoint-

50

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan. 1.5.

ed place. The valley in front of the Rambler's
cabin is more than ten miles wide, and stretches
away to the west until its level floor is lost in
the haze of the distance. A great share of this
area is still in the brush, the home of the owl,
the coyote, and the jack-rabbit. Generally the
air is so clear that the distant mountains stand
out plainly, and seem very near; but a drive to
them is long drawn out and tedious.

In the brush we find the settler taking up
land here and there, and in many cases the
house at first is of the most primitive character,
made of brush by which he is suri'ounded, or it
is a tent; or if a board house, its dimensions
are of the most contracted and economical plan.
I have noted one splendid feature about these
one and two room houses; and that is, the
amount of house-cleaning that is avoided by
the good housewife, if perchance there is a wife
— only an 8 x 13 floor to sweep and mop; only
two (or at most three) windows to wash; one
bed to make. Why! these pioneer women have
an easy time of it when it comes to the care of
a house. No surprise- parties. You may know
that it is an indication of an advance toward a
higher civilization when you hear of such par-
ties in this country, for it means the building of
more commodious houses.

In the brush we find many queer characters
and methods of living. Here is a little house
with barely two rooms. The dog barks as we
approach; the cat whisks around the corner;
there are also a few blooded hens sitting atease
around the door. In the course of conversa-
tion with the man of the house, the poultry
business came up for consideration.

"Yes," says he, "Mariar" (his wife) "was
bound to have some poultry, though they are
as much bother as we get out'n 'em. You see,"
said he, " we have no poultry-house, and the
coyotes have a special liking to good fat poul-
try; and just now Mariar roosts her poultry in
the parlor."

"Why!" said I, "your chicks will get too
high-toned with such treatment. Besides, I
should think that the floor would show the
wear and tear of the poultry business."

"Ha! ha! there's where you are mistaken.
Mariar just knows this poultry-business to a
dot. She sets an empty barrel in the parlor,
the upper head is taken out and she roosts the
poultry on th(^ barrel with their heads pintin'
ftut — see, stranger ? If the rooster gets oneasy
during the night thinking about his family,
and indulges in an unseasonable crow, Mariar
is sure to give me an unseasonable dig in the
ribs, and say, ' Isaac, will i/ow get up and see if
that rooster is turned th(! wrong way on the bar-
rel?' A good many times, especially just before
a norther, which seems to make every thing on-
easy, I have to turn the poultry hcuids pintin'
out on the barrel; it's a tarnal bother; but Ma-
riar has got this poultry-business down fine,
and Mariar is a good woman, and a tidy house-

keeper; but I'm bound to have a coyote-proof
poultry-house in a few days."

At another place in the brtish I found another
tucked-up little cabin, occupied by a lone and
grave-looking bachelor. I had lost my way;
in fact, that day I was sort o' exploring the
country, and had driven right across lots to this
man's apology for a house. I was looking for
the residence and person of Mr. J. Sealer, and
made the proper inquiries. The sedate bache-
lor pointed out the location of the residence,
across acres of brush, and a schoolhouse loom-
ed up in that direction.

.Pintin Out ,. See Siran^^rq

\ O' r\ARiAR knovsfs,'

" What town is that?" said I, " where we see
that schoolhouse ?"

" W-a 1-1." said he with a drawl, " that-is-
called-by-some-Sucker-t-e-o-w-n; yes," said he,
" Mr. Sealer lives right around there somewhere.
He-is-one-on-'em."

I left my lonely rancher with his dog and his
newspaper, and proceeded until I felt as though
I was getting ofl" the trail again, and I pulled
up to a more pretentious residence, and again
inciuired for .John Sealer. This time I found
that I had struck a full-fledged Dutchman.

" You vants to know vare lilTs Chon Zealer?
Dos you zee ze leedle end of dot housen mit the
drees? Veil, dot Chon Zealer lifl'es tliere in dot
nex housen."

" Let's see," said I; "I suppose this is Sucker-
town."

" Vat you calls it. Zuckertown? No. mine Gra-
cious; whoever says dhis is Zuckertown is one
kosh-tired liar — Fe.sf RUilto all ze time — ze
pest colony in California."

Without fui ■ luM- trouble I found Mr. Sealer's
residence, and found him also to be a Dutchman,
but of the Pennsylvania order, and he is a way-
back bee-keeper— back east as well as in Cali-
fornia. I had met Mr. S. just once before, and
that was at the famous rabbit-hunt where we
shot the jumping pests, and drank lemonade
together from the same tin cup. Mr. Sealer
and his brother have started in here under very
favorable circumstances— have each a fruit

1804

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

51

ranch of ten acres, all in growing fruits, and
have a tine apiary of some less than 100 colo-
nies, all in liie brush near by.

Mr. S. and his whole family scouted tiie idea
that this town was called Sncl<ertown, and im-
puted evil motives to. the man in the cabin.
Mr. iSealer's bees are of the dark order of Ital-
ians; and as he had very good success in the
East with a strain of Italians bred by a Mr.
Metcalf, he had ordered queens from him since
he came to California. This same strain of
l)ees in the East was quite gentle, and it was a

pleasure to work with them: but out here they
were very cross, and that is the general expe-
rience with bee-keepers who have managed
bees both in the East and in this far West. In
the East yon can handle bees with impunity
while they are gathering honey: and the more
bountiful the honey-flow, the more wondrous
kind they get: but here, the greater the bonan-
za they are working, the more anery they are,
and they will go half a mile to find something
to sting. During the extracting season, that
length of old rusty stovepipe that sticks out
from the Rambler's cabin roof is a persecuted
object. They rattle against it about as you
"would rattle a typewriter. T have thought
sometimes that it was their telegrams for some
of my excellent pancakes — but I digress.

Mr. Sealer wanted me to see some more of the
country to the north of his location, and we ac-
cordingly iourneyed onward toward the Cajon
(Cahoan) Pass. Mr. Ronart, another full-blood-
ed German bee-keeper, we found about five
miles along on our journey. His apiary was
also in the brush, and evidently had no care ex-
■cppt to take the honey from the hives at the
proper time. There were either 3.50 or 400 colo-
nies in the apiary: the owner did not know to
within .50 or 75 colonies of how many he did
liave. Mr. Sealer assured me that Mr. B. was
a warm-blooded Dutchman, and very cheerful:
bnt to-day he was in a sad state of mind over
the fact that his wife was dangerously ill with
the pneumonia. His main idea seemed to be
that, if she should die. every thing would be so
lonesome whenever he would go into the ^ouse

where he always found her. I sympathized
with him for a short time in English, and then
Mr. Sealer sympathized with him in Pennsyl-
vania Dutch, and I was afterward greatly
pleased to learn that his true and tried wife
was on the road to recovery. The main thing
to be noticed around Mr. B.'s ranch is the fact
that bees and grapes seem to harmonize. Aside
from the bees, the ranch is devoted to fruit,
and there are many acres of wine grapes. Mr.
B., having emigrated from the land of beer and
wine, his principles are strongly bentwineward,
and his grapes are carted by
the ton to the nearest winery.
Mr. B. says that the bees work at
the gra pes, but the greatest dam-
age is done if the grapes are left
on the vines too long: otherwise
there is little damage done. He
linds many other enemies to
grapes: but the bees, going with
a vim, for the remnants, get all
the blame. Mr. B.'s neighbors,
who are more or less in the fruit
and grape business, were going
to., drive his bees out; but Mr.
F>., hearing of the Bee-keepers'
l^nion, became a member, and
vociferously declared his inten-
tion to hold fast to his bees, and he does unto
the present day. lieing about the first man
to reclaim that portion of the wilderness of
brush, he claims to have a prior right to stay
therewith all of his apicultural possessions as
long as he pleases.

His honey-pasturage is acres of sage and
many other honey-producing plants. The pe-
culiarity of the growth of honey-plants here
seems to be certain plants in certain localities.
Here we would drive through hundreds of acres
of wild alfalfa; a few miles further along, wild
buckwheat would have full possession; then
there would be acres, or, more like, square miles,
of sage- bushes. Mr. B.'s workers, in order to
get to these various fields, had merely to change
their course of flight, or to fly a little further
in certain directions. Mr. B.'s ranch showed
much hard work, and also bore the evidence of
genuine tJerman thrift. The only thing that
seemed uncared for was the apiary. I suppose
the reason might be. that, while a grapevine or
a tree will not iiear fruit unless it receives ir-
rigation and thorough tillage, the bee-hive will
produce honey, even if surrounded with brush,
and be left from yt^ar to year in an unkempt
condition.

It would probably be useless to argue with
such men, that bett(!r results could be secured
if the apiary were kept clean. A clean apiary,
however, whether giving better results or not
in pounds of honey, is a better place in which
to work; and a hand.some apiary is always a
pleasure to the eyes of the

1\AMBLKH.

52

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan. 1.>.

CALIFORNIA ECHOES.

BY KAMBI,ER.

We seldom see a bee-tent in a California api-
ary. The reason in many cases is, that what
work can not be done during the busy season is
not done at all. therefore there is no use for a
tent. Mr. Arthur Hansen, of National City,
however, has a tent of great utility. When not
in use as a bee-tent, an extra covering of heavy
cloth is pulled over it, and it makes a tent to
live in. Other California bee-keepers can take
the hint, and have just as convenient a tent as
Mr. Hansen.

What is the matter with those New York bee-
keepers ? One who raises his honey by the doz-
en tons writes to us about coming to California.
Well, we suppose there is room enough for him
here; but we advise him to stay where he is.
If his lungs or his heart is out of kilter, the ad-
vice would be different. This climate heals the
sick. It also heals the lacerating wounds of
those who have met with heavy winter losses.
Perhaps that is why the New-Yorkers wish to
come here.

Speaking of heart trouble reminds me of a
letter I received from a young man who said
that his best girl had gone back on him, and he
wants to know if there is any solace for a bro-
ken heart in the wilds of California. Why, my
dear young friend, of course. When you have
lived a year in a bee-rancher's cabin, and listen-
ed nightly to the musical notes of the festive
coyote, you will forget that you have a heart at
all at all. By all means, come to California.

And now we see that the ^1. B. J. suggests
Bro. Larrabee's name for that Vermont experi-
ment station. It is our opinion, that, if Bro.
Larrabee, after swinging himself around in the
great State of Michigan, goes back to Vermont,
we shall expect to liear that he has stepped off
into Lake Champlain. or stumbled over into
New HampshiR^. Whyl we don't believe Ver-
mont is big enough to hold him. Say, Bro.
Larrabee. make a break and come to California;
there's room enough for you and three of the
New England States right here in this one San
Bernardino Co. If your brother Walter is
bound to stay by the old hopvine and apple-tree,
put the experiment station with him. But,
.Johnnie dear, we want you in the glorious sun-
set country.

"You press the button and we will do the
rest," is about the way the Rambler and the
artists have it in those cartoons in Gr.KANiNGs:
but sometimes the artists do too much. Now,
on page 937 they have cut the fields up with
rail fences. Why, bless yon, Mr. Artist, we
have not seen a rail fence since we came to
California. We are not grieved over it, how-
ever; but every Californian will stare at those
rails, and miss seeing that nice doxology hat of
the Rambmok.

JAKE SMITH'S LETTERS.

HINTS ON SPELLING.

A. I. Oleeningsr
deer sir— Did you
hef to learn to-
spell when you
was little, or
when you was
a man? Ormeb-
bee you have so
many to work for you that you hire a hand to-
spell for you. Well. I don't think much of the
fashionable way of spellin, and I think my way
is a good deal better. When I want to spell a
word I believe in spellin it what it is, and not
puttin in a whole lot of letters that make it
spell something altogether different. If I write
the word reseat, I believe in spellin it that way
so any body can tell what it is, and not write it
any such fool way as receipt. And if I write
about Kernel Smith, I believe in spellin it Ker-
nel or Kurnel or Curnel, or some such way so
as to have it make the word Kernel. But the
fashion makes it spell Colonel. What an n-
foloiiel way of spellin that is, anyway!

But my famaly — leastways the young folks —
got it into their heads that my spellin was not
up to the latest style, so Zed he's been teachin
me to spell. He made a blackboard, and then
he put on it words spelt the right way. and then
under each word he put the fashionable way of
spellin it, like this:

tung throo wir fokes tizick
tongue through were folks phthisic
Then he told me to sit down and practice
writin them till it was easier that way than the
old way. I tell you it was harder work than I
ever dreamed of. Why. I'd a heap rather go
out and thrash with an old-fashioned flail all
day than to try to learn sich outlandish things.
But I kep at it, and I thought I was gettin on
pirty well. Then I thought I might as well be
learnin some more words to spell in the fashion,
and it would please Zed to think how I was git-
tin along. So I wrote, " In the yard were a cere
and a cat with white fere which did pere till
she got a bere in here fere." But afterward
Zed said it ought to be, "In the yard were a cur
and a cat with white fur which did purr till she
got a burr in her fur."

Another verse I wrote was, "Through all the
night, tough lovers trough did silently wough."
But Zed said that ought to be, " Through alt
the night, two lovers true did silently woo."

But the verse I laid myself out on most, try-
ing to git it up in real high style, was this:
"The man with the phthisic phthook phthwo-
phtheaspoonfuls of phthansy phthea." And,
if you'll believe it. Zed said that must be,
"The man with the phthisic took two teaspoon-
fuls of tansy tea." Do you wonder I felt a little
discurridgiMi ?

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

53

Now, ]\Ir. Gleenings, I've been thinkin this
matter over, and it seems to me something
ought to be done about it. Zed was readin that
it took from :.* to 4 years more of the life of a
child to git his schoolin now than it would if
tills nonsensiekle way of spellin was abolished,
and every letter had just one sound and every
sound one letter. Why, the way it is now, when
a boy writes a word he knows he's writin it
what it don't spell, and how much different is
that from tellin a lie? Is it any wonder that
people that spell that way git to lie and steal?

Now jist you tell me, if it was grown-up folks
that had to learn to spell, and they knew that
spellin the fool way it is now would take 3 or 4
years longer to learn, or even if it was only!
year, jist tell me how long that thing would be
stould. Why. there would be rebellion about it
In no time, and partitions would be sent to con-
gress, and the president's message would be full
of it, and laws would be passed to change it
right off. But because it's little children that
can't help theirselves, the thing goes on from
year to year. I tell you, it's an outrage, and
the society for the prevention of cruelty to
children better quit foolin about children bein
took out of school to ern a livin, and save them
the years they waste on this wrong way of doin
things.

If all the money thafs spent every year for
teachers to teach the extra years was put along
with the money that could be saved on paper
and printin and ink for sighlent letters that on-
ly make trubble in spellin, if all that money
! could be saved it would send bibles to all the
I heathen.

I Now will you please think it over, and print
I what you think about the shamefool oppression
I of innocent little children? Jake Smith.

APICULTURE IN RUSSIA.

BEARS AND HEES ; HEES IN TREES.

The wild bees of Russia are somewhat more
'. Tuzzy, blacker, and thicker, than the domesti-
; cated ones. They build their combs in hollow
i trees, where they are sought for by the bear and
( the honey-cuckoo— the latter serving at least as

a guide to man. Without being in the least
cared for, the bees yield their tribute of honey
and wa.x, although not willingly. As the bear,
after satisfying its appetite, takes no further
thought for the continued work of the bees, just
so careless are men, very often, in working with
wild bees.

Bee culture in its primitive state is prosecuted
with great vigor in Russia, and especially by
the Bashkirs. The greater part of the bee-
gums there are in the woods, where these in-
sects gladly avail themselves of the accommo-
dations provided for them. With this object in
view, the Bashkirs choose the strongest and
straightest trees, of the hardest kind of build-
ing timber, in which, at a height of from 18 to
rM ft. above the ground, they construct the bee-
houses by hollowing out the trunks of these
trees smooth and even, with a tool resembling a
chisel; and then the men close the entrance
with a board, in which are bored small holes for
the bees to crawl in and out. The dexterity
with which the Bashkirs do this work, and
climb the tallest and smoothest trees, is very
surprising. Below the bee-houses the limbs are
all carefully cut oft', so as to render it more dif-
ficult for the bears to climb up the trees to get
honey. But in spite of all this, these animals,
which are still plentiful enough in the Ural
Mountains and forests, pi-ove to be the most
dangerous foe to the bee-keeping industry.

But double-walled hives are now known in
Russia, made of thick plank. The whole hive-
body is so solid as to be practically bear- proof.
At all events, bees in such hives enjoy the
greatest immunity from cold. The frames of
these hives have a height of about :.'G inches,
with a breadth of about 10 inches. The inside
width of the hive-body measures about UK
inches. This space of 13-i inches (between the
ends of the frames and the sides of the hive), or
•'4 inch on each side, is just about filled by the
thickness of the wood composing the end-bars
of the frames. The space above the frames is
divided by three movable partitions into four
divisions. The hives have a double bottom,
with a space between of about I'.j inches, which
is stuffed in winter. Karl R. Mathey.

Medina, O., Jan. 1, 1894.

■RAISING" BEES.

A CHEAP DEVICE TO MAKK BEES LET PA.SSERS"
BV ON THE HIGHWAY ALONE.

BY WILDER GRAHAME.

More than once my neighbors had been an-
noyed by my bees attacking them as they were
passing along the road a short distance off, and
more than twice I had been appealed to to
abate the nuisance. The matter was becoming
serious, especially as I could see no better loca-
tion for my hives. Whichever way I turned
them, a road or neighbor's yard was right in

54

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan. 15.

range; and, besides, after the bee.** left the hive
they would go in whichever direction they pre-
ferred, any way. I found, however, that where
they issued from the opposite side of the hive
from their pasture - field, they usually rose
somewhat higher before they reached the road.
Still, this was only a partial remedy, and I de-
termined to observe further. I was not long in
discovering that few if any of my bees went to
their highway attacks " with malice afore-
thought." Instead, they were making the tra-
ditional (though not the traditionally straight)
bee-line for their forage-ground, when, just as
they would attempt to cross the road, along
would come some useless thing bigger than
themselves, and block the passage. I have no-
ticed that it doesn't matter particularly wheth-
er a person runs against a club or the club falls
against the person, if the velocity is the same.
That is probably the way a bee looks at it, and
bees don't like to be insulted. They sit down
hard on that at once, and sting. I don't blame
them. I have wanted to do the same when I
have miscounted the stairs to the first landing
in the dark. I have even sat down hard on
such occasions, though I went no further than
that, till a light came or I had recounted the
stairs. But really it isn't a funny matter to the
bees, and the neighbors won't admit the joke.
So far I had solved the why of the problem. It
now remained to seek the wherefore.

There are two safe ways for railroads to meet
road-crossings — to wait or be waited for at the
crossing, or to switch off on some other line
and not cross at all. I saw no way to make the
bees wait, so 1 decided to switch them off. As
a first step I built a trellis just inside the garden
fence, and covered it as soon as possible with
some rapid-growing vines. The trellis was per-
haps eight feet high, and consisted of a few
posts to which common fence-boards were nail-
ed. This part of the work was done as early in
the spring as possible, and the seeds sown as
soon as the condition of the soil and climate
warranted. Just back of this I commenced
work on a more permanent sort of trellis, and
set out a row of grapevines. It was late for
them, but most of them are thriving, though I
don't expect them to take a very active part in
my plan for some years. But the vines along
the outer trellis grew rapidly, and soon coveri'd
the framework with a mass of foliage and
bloom.

This contrivance, I have no doubt, interfered
with the bees to some extent at first, and jjossi-
bly submitted to a few sevens stings; but it
made no complaint, as the neighbors had, and
gradually these animated bullets learned to
rise somewhat before they shot, and clear liie
trellis. It was about tlie most, peculiar method
I ever heard of for raising bees, but the results
were most gratifying. After they are once up
in the air they seldom drop much till they ap-
proach their stopping-place— certainly not in

the short interval between the trellis and th**
road .

" It is a pleasure to drive past your bee-hives-
now," said one old fellow last summer. "It is
interesting to look up and see that steady
stream of bees going zip, zip. and no danger
from them. I used to think they went out of
their way to sting, but they don't now."

Perhaps they did then; but as they have beei>
turned from that course I feel that I have solv-
ed a problem that formerly gave me no little-
vexation. That is what those vines do. Now
about the grapevines starting inside. The
quick-growing vines I mentioned are a sort of
makeshift that have to be renewed each year.
The grapevines, after they obtain their growth,
will make a permanent bee-break, and protect
my plague-stricken neighbors from further in-
.1'iry.

fWe formerly used a high board fence to raise-
the flight of bees, but we now use instead, with
much more satisfaction, a row (or, rather, a hol-
low square) of evergreens, 18 to 20 feet high,
and branches closely intertwining. The board
fence was good, but the trees are far better.
What is perhaps cheaper and better for most
bee-keepers is the rapid -growing vine referred
to by our correspondent. The most rapid-grow-
ing vines that we know of — those whose foliage
is very close — is wild cucumber and woodbine.
These two are good, as we happen to know from
actual tests. Probably they can be obtained of
your nearest nurseryman. The first one is Ihft
most rapid growing.— Ed.]

BOOK REVIEW.

THE LAST.

Of the remaining bee-books now in our pos-
session, the following may be mentioned as hav-
ing done much to instruct men in regard to-
apicultural matters:

A book written by "The Times Bee-master"
is the first one that has received attention. It
consists of a series of letters written, presutna-
bly, to the London Times, and here put in book
form. The writer (unknown) was "up to the
7'//;(('x " in at least one sense, and perhaps in ail
senses. The letters are of a very miscellaneous
character, and are a beautiful combination of
practical good sense and a true literary spirit.
This book was printed in 18(i4. in London.

"The li.'e keeper's Manual " was written by
T. B. Miner, and printed in New York in 1S.")().
It forms a sort of connecting link between the
old and new era in bee-keeping. The author
says we know nothing about the sex of worker-
bees. His work abounds in many dogmatic
statements and consequent errots, which some
careful hand has corrected on the margin. The
author is very severe on Hubei', and condeninft
him for asserting things which we now know to-
be true— notably, ihe visible marks of fecunda-

ism

GLEANINGS IN BEE CUT/rURE.

55

tion of the queen. Mr. Miner wrote about for-
ty years too soon, and yet there are many inter-
esting pages in his book. Do any of the readers
of this remember the Miner hive ?

Bromwich"s "Treatise on Kees " was printed
In London in 178.3. It is a little book of only (Hi
pages, but as meaty as an egg. The author was
remarkably correct in regard to the different
kinds of bees in a colony, and his method of
management was certainly as good as his time
furnished. Much of the book is taken up with
recipes for making mead and wine of honey.
The author gives some figures showing that
bees can be kept more cheaply in colonies— that
fs, several stocks in large boxes near together—
rather than in separate hives some distance
apart. His line of reasoning here would end in
the use of what is now called a house-apiary.

"Bagster's Management of Bees" is a book
that enjoys the unique reputation of having
the most beautiful and correct pictures of the
drone, queen, and worker, both natural size and
greatly enlarged, of any bee-book we have yet
seen. Of course, reference is here made simply
to the external appearance of the bee. The
coloring was evidently done by hand, in water-
colors, and it is truly superb. Just here I no-
tice that some one has written at the foot of the
page, "The best illustrations to be found."
Correct. This book has no date, but it was
printed not long after 1844, in London. It has
but little originality about it, being modeled
largely after Huish and Huber. It is far better
illustrated than most English bee-books of that
day, both in quality and quantity. The front-
ispiece represents three Tadies standing in front
of a hive that reminds one for all the world of
Jake Smith's "pallus"hive. It has a double
(or A) roof, and a door in the gable end, the
whole resting on a pedestal about two feet high.
One of the ladies must be "Misses Barber,"
while the other one is " Misses Porter," and the
one opening the hive so blandly is "Misses J.
Smith." The sequel to this hive-opening will
be found on page 318 of last year's volume,
where Mr. Smith tells us all about it. " Truly,
they wuz a sight." This little book of Mr. Bag-
ster's is well calculated to give a casual reader
a little touch of the bee-fever, as it presents
apiculture in glowing colors— especially the pic-
tures of the bees.

It would be very interesting to know the
origin of the remaining bee-books and apicul-
tural tracts not yet noticed. It seems strange
that, in a pursuit like that of bee-keeping,
when new discoveries crowd so fast upon each
other, thus rendering the bee-books of to-day
almost useless to-morrow, so much time and
money should have been spent in times past in
bringing such books to the light. The con-
stant changes made on the A B C of Bee Cul-
ture here, impress strongly on my mind the
fact that a work on bees has to be changed as
frequently as an almanac, in many respects:

and why these worthy old English bee keepers
should have imagined that any of their works
would be read for any length of time, except as
curiosities, is past comprehension. Cook, Cowan,
or Cheshire contains more of value and truth
than all of tliese old bee-books put together;
yet the man who has read even a part of them
is a better man in more ways than one for hav-
ing done so. The apiculture of to-day is the
evolution of all who have labored before us in
that direction; and let none of us laugh at the
ladder by means of which we have scaled the
wall of present knowledge. Much remains to
be known; but yet we believe the great funda-
mental truths of the anatomy and habits of
bees, as now stated, will be accepted by future
generations, just as they will surely accept our
belief that the earth is round, and that it, in
common with other planets, moves around the
sun, and not the sun around us.

Exeunt Butler, Purchas, Rusden, et nl.

Medina, O., Jan. 10. W. P. Root.

EXACT SPACING NOT NECESSARY.

COREY, OF SMOKER FAME, GIVES HIS VIEWS.

Bro. Root:— Our esteemed brother Dr. C. C.
Miller proposes starting from bedrock, and hav-
ing things shipshape in his proposed " New-de-
parture apiary." His head is level on one prop-
osition at least— that is, the size of the frame
n°4 X O;"^, as it has been so generally adopted.

Upon the question of the exact spacing of
hanging frames he is away off'. The tinner who
can not make a set of rabbets for a hive, as
straight as an engineer's rule, and a carpenter
or mill man who can not saw a set of frames
(especially with IJs top-bars) that, when nailed,
will hang almost perfectly at the bottom with-
out even >s inch variation, can not hold down a
job out here in the wild and woolly West. Then
with the top of the hive stenciled so as to have
a black mark the width of his space, any frame
can be set into the hive without afterward
changing its place until the whole set is placed
in position.

With the correct views Dr. M. has on most
points in bee-keeping, how he has managed to
get along with frames, some touching each oth-
er at the bottom while others are an inch apart,
is beyond my comprehension; but it must be he
did. as he made the plain confession on page
88.3. Gleanings for Dec. 1.

With the clamps we us(^ to hold our frame
material while being nailed, and with 8 nails in
each frame, they pile up as true as dressed lum-
ber, and are a correct mechanical job in every
sense. I have kept bees 33 years, since mova-
ble frames came into use. and have' seen all the
frames, both hanging and closed end, half clos-
ed-end, closed and partially closed tops, and
have no use for any thing but a hanging frame.
If I wish to have them tight for moving, I use

56

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

.Ian. 1.').

spacing-sticks that slide down between the end-
bars of frames, which hold them as firmly as
tight-fitting or fixed-distance frames. I prefer
to have my frames always loose, and resting on
hemmed tin rabbets, for about 363 days in the
year. In case I want them all tight for moving
the other one or two days, I put them in that
condition in a short time. Finally, Dr. M., you
had better make your frames to suit yourself:
but above all things, have them made better
than yonr frames have been made heretofore.
When he gets every thing in shape, and has
used this new-departure hive, I hope he will
tell us all what it is like and how it works.
Santa Paula, Cal., Dec. 7. Jno. G. Cokey.

[There is one point that you seem to have
overlooked on the rabbet question No matter
how accurately they are cut, if of wood, or how
accurately made if of metal, little lumps of pro-
polis will collect on the under side of the bear-
ing surface of the top-bars, so that the frames
will hang more or less out of true; and, again,
there is not one man in a hundred who will
nail the ordinary swinging frame (no matter
how accurately cut) so that, when the same is
laid on a smooth and true surface, like a mar-
ble slab, it (the frame) will touch the slab at all
points. But suppose he does put them up as
true as a die; subsequent wiring, or moisture of
the colony, will be apt to throw them out a lit-
tle. We have looked into the hives of many
apiarists, and find that the bottom - bars of
swinging frames vary in spacing, as Dr. Mil-
ler says. We will venture to say, that we can
find the bottom-bars of your frames in like con-
dition. If we can't, it will be the first apiary of
loose swinging frames of the kind we ever came
across. The only way to get correct spacing is
by having shoulders of some kind.— Ed.]

•ANSWERS TO c-—^

Seasonable QiiESTiwI

BY G.M.DOOLITTLE.BORODINO.N.Y.

S^^^^

Question. — As I am about preparing for the
coming season, I should like to ask if it is prac-
ticable to produce comb honey in marketable
shape without the use of separators. If such
is the case, it will cost me less in getting up my
surplus arrangements.

yl?j.sircr.— This matter of separators or no
separators was a " bone of contention " from six
to ten years ago; but of late we hear little
about it. At that time many of our prominent
bee-keepers, such as Heddon, Hutchinson,
Demaree, Tinker, and others, thought that,
with proper width of sections, and with black
or hybrid bees, where a good honey-flow was
the rule, separators might be dispensed with,
and the crop of honey ilt edged " for mar-

ket. Others, who were more reserved in their
opinions, like Dr. Miller, thought it best to go
slow, as they were not making a success in try-
ing to get along without separators. Still oth-
ers, like myself, yvho generally glassed their
honey (as the eastern markets called for a cer-
tain amount of glassed honey), claimed that it
was impossible to do away with separators and
yet have the faces of the comb even enough so
they could be glassed, without damaging them
to a greater or less extent. I have several times
tried to do away with separators, but each trial
has resulted in loss, so with me I can say it is
not practical to try to produce honey without
separators, even did the cost of separators be-
come double and treble what they now are. If
any person is now raising comb honey largely
for market, and not using separators, I am not
aware of the fact, and would advise no one, es-
pecially a beginner, to try to raise comb honey
without their use.

Question. — How about reversible frames ? Do
you use them, and is there enough gained by
their use to pay for their extra cost and the ex-
tra manipulation required?

Ansiver. — Here again we have one of the dis-
puted questions of the past. Reversible frames
had a more extended " airing " than did the no-
separator matter, multitudes of plans for good
reversible frames and their manipulation being
placed before the readers of the bee - papers
some eight or ten years ago; but, if my memo- j
ry serves me rightly. I saw the names of many
of our most prominent apiarists, in the query
department of one of our bee- papers, on the
negative side of this matter not long ago; and
if any are now making a business of using and
manipulating reversible frames I am not aware
of the fact. The main object for which they
were brought into existence was that of com-
pelling the bees to store all their honey in the
sections by reversing the frames as often as thej
bees lengthened out the cells along the top-bars
of the frames and filled them with honey, thus
placing this honey in an unnatural position
and causing the bees to remove it; and as then
was now brood in the upper part of the frames
this removed honey could not be stored there,
hence must be stored in the sections. This the
ory looks fine; but when I came to put it ir
practice I found the bees did not think it jus!
the thing, and colonies so worked accumulatecj
no more in the sections than did others lei
alone, while at the end of the season the coloi
nies left alone showed a decided advantage, in-
asmuch as they had honey enough to winter on;
with little or no honey in those whose frames!
had been reversed several times. The c ain'
was also made, that the reversing of frame!]
would do away with swarming, as the queen:
occupying the reversed queen -cells would al'
die. Many queens in the embryo form wouh'
thus die; but as swarms were sure to issue fron

18U4

GLEANINGS IN BKECULTURK

queens not killed by reversing, or by the swarms
coming out without any capped queen-cells or
any preparation along the line of queen-cells,
the reversing of frames for this purpose proved
as fallacious here as for section honey. The
only advantage I could ever find in reversing
frames was that, by thus doing, the combs
would be built as perfectly to the bottom-bar
of the frames as to the top-bar, so that the
trouble of ridding the frames of bees, on ac-
count of their hiding in the space between the
bottom-bar and the comb, was obviated. While
this was a real gain, yet in my opinion the gain
here is not of sufficient amount to pay for the
trouble and cost of reversible frames. This can
also be accomplished in other ways, such as
placing the frames in an upper story and run-
ning for extracted honey, or having them filled
with early honey for the bees to winter on.

Question.— \Yh'a,t is the best way to purify
beeswax so as to free it from dirt and give it
that nice yellow look we see in some of the
foundation sent out? I have a lot of old dirty
beeswax and old combs which I wish to reduce
to nice yellow wax this wintisr.

Ansiver.~lf I mistake not, some of our foun-
dation-makers bleach or cleanse their wax by
the use of chemicals. Regarding the use of
these I know nothing, and I doubt whether the
ardinary practical bee-keeper could make it
pay to use chemicals for purifying beeswax,
iven were he familiar with their use. Any
3lan by which the wax is kept in a liquid state
'or a long time, the same being perfectly station-
iry during this time and while cooling, and
asing quite a body of water with the wax for
■.he dirt to settle into, has a tendency to sepa-
rate the impurities from the wax. and give it a
M-ight yellow color. If, in addition to the
ibove, a pint of good strong vinegar is used for
ivery ten pounds of wax and one quart of wa-
«r, the result will be far more satisfactory. My
)laii is as follows: Put 10 lbs. of wax, one
[uart of water, and one pint of strong vinegar,
nto a flaring tin dish, and set it on the stove
ill the wax is melted and the whole become as
lot as it will bear without boiling over. If the
mpurities are of any size it should now be
trained through common cotton cloth, or these
mpurities are likely to be partially Imbedded
n the wax at the bottom of the cake when cold,
oas to make the job unsatisfactory. Having
his accomplished, spread down two or three
hicknesses of old carpet or two or three horse-
lankets, where the wax is expected to stay till
old; then set the vessel of wax in the middle,
nd wrap ov.-r the top and sides till well pro-
3cted from the outside air. so that the whole
lay be two or three hours in cooling. If you
'ill watch the liquid you have in the vessel
efore covering up, you will note that the whole
lass seems to be in agitation, rolling and turn-
»g about as though it were alive. This is the

57

work of the vinegar, and that which makes the-
dirt separate more perfectly from the wax than
it otherwise would. If strained asgiven above,
there will be only a fine dross at the bottom of
thecakewhen cold, which is easily .separated
from the wax by scraping with a dull knife.
Bro. A. 1. Root said in Gleanings. som<! fifteen
years ago, after receiving wax of me treated in
the above way, that the same was the nicest
wax he had ever received up to that time. The
above way of cleansing wax did not originate
with me, but was given by Quinby in his " Bee-
keeping," about 30 years ago.

THOSE STRAWS.

Dr. Miller must have raised a good crop of
straw this year— long and short straws, little
and big straws, and pointed straws. I am very
busy getting ready for Crystal Spring Farm
Apiary, where I will welcome all bee-keeping
friends at any time after the first of March.

Carpenter, Madison Co., 111. Edw. Smith.

BEE-CANDY— A CAUTION.

On page 881 of Gleanings for Dec. 1 I no-
tice a valuable article on candy for queen -cages
and feeding bees, by Mrs. Jennie Atchley: and
as I read it over I was wondering how many of
the bee-keeping friends have had trouble in
making a candy that was just right; and did it
ever occur to them that the sugar might be at
fault? I do not remember of ever seeing men-
tion made of it in the journals or text-books,
but there is to be found on the market what is
known to the trade as powdered XXXX su-
gar, which is much used for frostings, etc., for
cake, and is used without eggs or cooking; and
it will set or harden in a very short lime, some-
thing like plaster of Paris. It is wholly unfit
for use in making bee-candy, and I thought per-
haps it might not be out of place to mention it
at this time, as it is usually sold in place of the
common pulverized sugar, which it strongly re-
sembles in looks, but it is not so sweet: and un-
less the purchaser is posted, and states that it
will not answer, usually no mention is made of
it by the party selling it. I should probably
have been ignorant of its existence myself had
I not been engaged in the grocery trade for a
number of years, during which time I came
across it, and have tried it in my family, etc.,
but I can not recommend Its use as a food or for
general purposes. T. J. Dugdale.

West Galway, N. Y., Dec. 5.

[The candy that we have been using with
such success is the very one which you seem to
think is not suitable. What we have ordered
is XXXX powdered sugar. It has a very dif-

58

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

.IA.N. 15.

ferent character from the ordinary powdered
sugar, and seems to be somewhat lumpish In
the barrel, and suggestive of starch. We should
like to hear from Mrs. Atchley v/ilh regard to
the kind she has been using.— Ei>.

THE RESUI-T OF STIMULATIVE FEEDING.

We fed our bees most of the summer with su-
gar and water (half parts), with a little pepsin
in each teacupful, and it seemed to have a won-
derful effect on them. From six colonies we
got .570 lbs. pure clover and sage honey, as fol-
lows: 120 lbs., 110, 90. GO, 8.5, 105, with enough
left for winter use. Our friend Mr. Flower, at
Ashbourne, who has had bees for years, thought
he had a good year, and got only .500 lbs. from
10 colonies. He was amazed at our report, as
we live only about 4 miles apart. Can you ac-
count for such a big difference in the amount of
honey obtained? We think it is due to giving
them pepsin in the sugar and water. Do you
think that would make them do any better?

Ogontz, Penn., Dec. 5. W. O. Jknks.

[We don't know about the pepsin, but should
incline to the opinion that it has no effect.-ED.]

DOVETAILED HIVE INDORSED; SUGGESTIONS
AND CRITICISMS; SHALLOW BROOD-
CHAMBER, ETC.

As to the " best hive," I suppose there will be
differences of opinions just so long as men, con-
ditions, circumstances, and localities differ.
But as for myself, let me say, that, for the pro-
duction of either extracted or comb honey, for
adaptability to varylngconditions, convenience,
simplicity, and cheapness, Dr. Miller or any
other man will have a ditticult task in finding a
better hive than the Dovetailed in some one of
its improved forms; (^specially should one start-
ing a new apiarian outfit weigh well the great
advantage found in the fact that this hive is
being manufactured along the line of scientific
developments; and wh(>n we study the- history
of the past it is wonderful to note how the
changes and improvements have been so adjust-
ed that those who used them could keep right
along with the advance without pecuniary loss.

In view of what I have said it is certainly
with much hesitancy that I make a few sugges-
tions. First, I hope you will hold on to the im-
proved Hoffman frames. That they are supe-
rior to those enlarged at the ends, I am sure
such a genius as Dr. Miller would soon discover
after practical trial. As to the V edge, I care
but little. Some colonies till up the space with
propolis, others do not; and as for killing the
bees — why. it simply cuts them in two, while
the flat edges mash them. The fact Is. how-

ever, by gently pushing one frame against the
other, and withdrawing it once or twice, we
may avoid killing any bees with either. I be-
lieve there is less propolis generally with the
Hat edges, especially when the wedge is used
behind the division-board, and all keyed up,
which I always do.

Now as to the "bee-space" of the Dovetailed
hive as manufactured at ^Medina, I wish it
were increased to %, or at least i^ of an inch.
My experience has been, more propolis, burr
and brace comb, with the less than with the
greater space, especially between the top and
bottom super when both are in; and between
the super and top do we find more propolis than
when the space is decidedly fV or %. The
structure of the super as now made is for J^-in.
space; and let me say, Ero. Root, you allow
nothing for the smoothing-plane, which I will
use, though the boards as they come from the
factory are as smooth as any of that class of
work ever turned out from any factory in the
land, I believe. Well, this very little shaving
is taken off the super edges, and now sometimes
the sections, when placed in the holders, will
not go down, all of them at least, so as to leave
a full i4'-inch bee-space; and whenever it is
less, as, for instance, when a section springs
up, there you will lind propolis. I tacked a strip
,V inch all around a number of supers last sea-
son, and, without one exception, I found less
propolis. I am forced to the conclusion that
bees will put propolis in a space the least frac-
tion under I4 inch, certain. Better, then, con-
struct for -{'a, and when, unavoidably, we have
less or more by ^V- all will be well.

Pardon me now if I seem to grow bolder with
my suggestions; but I am growing in love with
shallow frames; and, unless I have had a pecul-
iar experience, what is now the dovetailed su-
per, with certain changes, is the coming hive.

Friend Root, let me ask you and Dr. Miller to
pay attention to this: Let the factory at Me-
dina make for the coming season some dove-
tailed supers, increased to full 5 inchesin depth;
then rabbet out sufficiently to receive the usual
tin rabbet. Make, for these, frames of the im-
proved Hoff'. style, with top-bar ^j inch thick,
and bottom-bar I4 inch thick, and saine iridih
of top-bar, or else you will surely have burr-
combs. Key up all with the usual follower
and wedge. Let the bee-space throughout be
/;;. Send out a number of these to your custom-
ers (free, if you like — I'll take quite a good
many at that), and then see what you shall see,
and hear what you shall hear. P^'or making
nuclei; for queen-rearing; for doubling weak
swarms; for adaptability to capacity of queen;
for production of either comb or extracted hon-
ey, or both; for wintering; for favorable ma-
nipulation in brood-rearing in spring, and for
economy of time in handling, such a hive offers
advantages which those only will ever know
who give them a faithful trial. Two or three

18i>4

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

59

if them might, be used for brood -chamber, ac-
ording to capacity of queen. They could be
iered up indelinilely for extracted honey, or the
upers and frames sent undisturi)ed to marl<et.
,nd sold as comb honey, by lifting on a thin
ottom and top. This is for our local market,
^here super and frames could be returned.
''he usual super for holders and sections could
e used for surplus when desired. Should these
ve-inch supers prove unsatisfactory as brood-
hambers, the purchaser could utilize them for
xtracting-supers, for which they are far supe-
ior to the deeper frames, or simply strike off
ith a plane from the upper edge the extra 14
ich, and he would have the super as it now is
) be used for section comb honey.
How nearly this might infringe upon the pat-
it rights of others, I am not able to say. In
oint of arrangement, dimensions, and adjust-
bilitv to hives of your own construction, you
ould occupy a great vantage ground, especiai-
• toward your own customers, and could afford
> pay proper and reasonable royalty.

LANGDON NON-SWAKMEI? NOT A FAILUKE.

Now one word for the Langdon non -swarm -
•. It was not altogether a failure with me.
he third day after pushing the slide on a colo-
y I would withdraw it, and push in a slide
ith a notch cut near one end, 1}4 inches long
Y % deep, thus affording ingress and egress to
le young bees on the side farthest from the now
jen companion hive. The bees coming out by
le cone from the hive on which the slide was
,st pushed. Uikc the course by the third day,
lighting near the tunnel of the non-swarmer,
id turning immediately into the other hive,
he notch in the slide being farthest from the
tnnel, they never notice it. Thus, after the
lird day the young bees nearly ready for flight
id work when the slide was pushed, are re-
"ased, and work goes on in both hives until
le ftLrth day, when the slide is changed. I lost
) queens, bees, nor larvae, and made some hon-
■. I hough the last was decidedly an "off" sea-
ti in this section.

Mr. Editor, stand by your " footnotes."
Glasgow, Ivy., Dec. t.'3. F. G. Railky.

space would never get less than i\. However,
we are open to conviction; iind while we can
not remedy those hives already out, we can
make right those hives for the future, provid-
ing we have enough testimony that will show
us. without a doubt, that our present spaces
need changing. By following this policy we
shall get a trifle nearer, perhaps, to the right
thing than we have even yet attained to.

Regarding the shallow-depth brood-chambers
or extracting supers, you have, perhaps, noticed
on page Vino what we have already advertised.
It is 4}^ inches deep, because the regular Dove-
tailed-hive super is that depth, and because it
was just exactly half the depth of a regular
body. You see, we chose that depth so that the
beekeeper, who has regular Dovetailed-hive
bodies, and desires to change to shallow bodies,
can do so by simply sawing them transversely
through the middle; they should be taken to
the nearest planing-mill, where they can be
sawed on a buzz-saw more accurately and
cheaply. After cutting out a rabbet in each
end of one of the halves thus made from the
body, the regular half-depth frames will fit.

As you said at the outset of your article, we
desire to make all changes or innovations in
such a way as to make the least trouble to the
bee-keeper, and the least confusion when used
in connection with appliances already in use;
but the 5-inch depth would be at variance with
this policy. After all, how much advantage
would there be in adding the ^o inch to the
41^ inches, as you suggest, when so many good
points will be lost?

Regarding the brood -frames, we make half-
depth Hoffman frames as you suggest; but we
think, for extracting purposes, the frames shown
at C C, page '.KX), Dec. 1. would be preferable.
These have top-bars •'n-inch thick and li^g
inches wide; end-bars ^4 x V^; bottom-bars are
^\x^-k. This gives a clear comb space of_ 4
inches. The particular advantage of this bot-
tom-bar is that, when the super is turned upside
down, the combs can be more readily examined
without removing them from their position. —
Ed.J

[Regarding bee-spaces, the majority of testi-
ony we have received seems to point toward
p '4-inch or scant Ji^-inch space as being the
■^t. See what Mr. Ivretchmer has to say on
i- • ime point in the next column. Two or
ii • years ago, when the question came up.
'■ 'k space was roundly condemned, and ,5;
i> considered about right; but latterly we
iVf been asked to i-educe it to j^, because, it
IS said, it was the least liable of any of the
iaces to have propolis or burr-combs. We ad-
it that, if the space gets down to \, or that
oni through which a bee can not pass, propo-
wili be deposited. But we have intended to
i^v all our super arrangements so that the

THE HOFFMA.V FKAMK AND ITS CONSTKUCTION.

Friend Root:— After seeing your request for
further reports concerning bottom - bars to
brood-frames, I looked over considerable cor-
respondence, filed away with other letters con-
taining references on various subj(>cts, and my
own use of various forms of frames enables me
to make the following report:

The top-bar. when liV inches wide, and from
X to K inch thick, and correctly spaced 1%
inches from center to center, does prevent brace-
combs between the frame-tops; and when thus
spaced, and the bee-space between frame-tops
and the bottom of tin- super does not exceed V4
inch, almost no burr combs an- to be found.

m

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan. 1."

As far back as 18(i4 used frame-tops, which,
in their earlier form, were touching each other
nearly the entire length: later, only at their
ends: but 1 have entirely discarded that form
for frame-tops of equal width throughout their
entire length. Frame-tops, wide at the ends,
are objectionable because they are more secure-
ly propolized at the ends to the back wall of the
rabbet which supports them. With the narrow
top, even after being in use for several years,
and cold weather renders propolis a little hard-
er to break, we can readily loosen a narrow-top
frame by placing our screwdriver, or sim r
tool used in opening hives, on the rabbet, and
quickly pry them loose.

The correct spacing is certainly most effectu-
ally done by having the upper end of the frame-
ends widened to the proper width, while >« or %
of the lower portion of said frame- end hould
not be more than 7<s inch wide. Now, some ob-
jections that have been made to this widened
part of the frame-end are, that the shoulder
thus formed catches on the next frame already
in the hive; but a correspondence on that sub-
ject usually led to the fact that said offset or
shoulder was almost square, whereas it should
be with a beveled slope, which actually assists
in guiding the frame into proper position. As
to whether one edge should be beveled or both
square, my correspondents differ; but the great-
er number seem to favor the beveled or V'd
edge.

Years ago we made " all- wood " brood-frames,
as a matter of simplicity in their manufacture,
with bottom-bars Sjs inch square; and of these
we used several hundreds for years; and while
the bees would build their comb a little nearer
to the bottom, they sometimes would build past
the bar, especially after being in use five or
more years, and when one side of the comb be-
came more distended than the other side, or
when, from some cause, a hive should be tipped
a little to one side; but when such frames were
used in an upper story for extracted honey they
will ruinously build past the bottom-bar and
down unto the brood-frame tops; and, even
when using them over Hoffman frames, with
proper spacing, the combs would be built past.
But now we have entirely discarded that width,
preferring a frame-bottom not less than ;'.( inch
wide, and not more than J4 inch thick. Before
making the change, and before we decided
whatsizeof bottom-bar would behest, I counsel-
ed with numerous extensive bee-keepers, atcon-
ventions and by correspondence, and their pref-
erence seemed to be for a bottom-bar of the
above-named size and shape. E. Kkktciimku.

Red Oak, Iowa, Dec. 23.

[Mr. Kretchmer's article, together with the
others that have been received, argue strongly
for a wider bottom-bar. A few more such let-
ters will lead us to believe that the change
would be desirable. — Ed.]

CKANE SMOKEK.

After testing the Crane smoker for some
months, we found it would be improved by put-
ting in a little spring to assist the special
check-valve. We found the spring was neces-

1

sary to make it respond more quickly. Creo-
sote would sometimes make the hinge work a
little hard.

SCRAPING KNIVES FOR SCRAPING SECTIONS.

The engraving below represents a little too
that was handed us at the Big Convention ir
Chicago, by a bee-keeper whose name we seen
to have mislaid. At all events, the engraving
will explain the idea. When we saw the im
plement we were at once convinced it was i
good thing; but it seems, from one of Dr. Mil
ler's Stray Straws, that he has tried a simila
tool, and has not found it to be as good as ai
ordinary case-knife because the latter wil
scrape clear across the surface of the section
But, doctor, why couldn't your long case-kuif
be notched on the end as shown in the engrav
ing, so that you could, when desired, scrap
around in the corners? You know the squar
corners or shoulders are supposed to prevcii
the point of the knife from gashing up into tli
comb. They are designed, also, to scrape l\v
surfaces at once — the perpendicular edge, am
the inside edge of the section at right angles i
it, both at one sweep of the knife. We hav
not tried this implement, but saw it used i

scraping a couple of sections. Any case-knif
can be ground or filed off so as to make thes
notches; and. even if the notches prove to b
of no particular value, as Dr. Miller and Mi^^
Wilson seem to think, there is very little ex
pense incurred in notching out the knife; ano
even if you don't want it. put it on the grind
stone and restore the end of its blade "to it
former condition."'

1804

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

fil

-c5ek

'-36'Pages7.<10
d?o VERYEAAj

AVhosoeviT shall exalt himself shall ho abased: and he that
shall humble himself shall he exalted.— Matt. 23: 12.

For some reason or other we are just now
having the largest number of orders for renew-
als to Gleanings we ever had— and this in
spite of the hard times. As we have not been
making any great spread in the way of pre-
miums and other devices to swell our list, we
can not conceive why the renewing should be
so general unless — well, our extreme modesty
forbids our filling out the sentence.

On page 375, 1893, appeared a clipping from a
paper, to the effect that jNIr. J. A. Buchanan
not only adulterated honey with glucose, but
pleaded guilty. In the next issue we published
a letter from Mr. Buchanan which showed that
he had been made the victim of spite, and at
the time we were entirely satisfied that he was
innocent. Lately we have been informed that
one of his accusers has had to flee from the
hands of justice because of some rascality.
The record of this person is altogether crooked,
while that of INIr. Buchanan has been, so far as
we can ascertain, straight and honorable.

Dr. Miller says, in Straws, we should say
'quiet robbing to preve^it robbing," rather
than "quiet robbing iostop robbing." We bor-
rowed the expression from no less a scholar
hail friend Hasty, on page 359 of the Bec-keep-
rx' Reinew. Either form may be correct,
■vhichever view you take of it. One time last
■unimer our honey-house door somehow got
)pen. Closing the door without giving the bees
omething else to pounce on to would have
lieu disastrous to small nuclei throughout the
tpiary. Our stacked-np hives containing a
vee entrance at the time were not operating,
imply for the reason that bees had used up all
tie ^stores in them. We put combs into them,
lo^ 'd up the honey-house door, and the rob-
"I- turned their noses immediately toward
li" stacked-up hives. Here, doctor, was not a
;tM- of preDOifing. but one of stopping some-
limg that was already existing. You know,
like cures like;" and, if we admit your view,
I like prevents like."

EGATIVE AND POSITIVE TESTIMONY ON THE
DISCUSSION IN THIS IS.SUE.

I Thk discussion in this issue, as to whether
'he bees perform any valuable pan in the fer-
ilization of blossoms, leans strongly to the side
f the bee. Mr. Fultz' article, one of the best
fe have ever read on the "other side," combats
pme claims that we do not think are made by

bee-keepers or by their representative bee-pa-
pers; see p. 49; and in the second place, his ar-
guments are based largely on neudllve testi-
mony—that is, proof of something he has not
s(ien— while Prof. Cook and the rest rely upon
positive facts and positive figures. For in-
stance, if A steals a sheep of B, and C, when
placed on the witness-stand, says A did not
steal the sheep, because he, C, did not see him
do so, the evidence is weak. But if D, when
placed on the stand, says he actually saw A car-
ry ofl" one of B's sheep and put it among his
own. his testimony would be positive; and the
testimony of two such men would convict A of
theft in spite of "bushels" of negative testi-
mony. Mr. Fultz says, in effect, that he does
not believe that bees fertilize blossoms, because
he sees no evidence of it; but otJier good wit-
nesses do.

CANDYING OF HONEY NO PROOF OF PURITY.

We want to iterate and reiterate again, that
the candying of extracted honey is no proof of
its purity. Nearly a year ago we adulterated,
as stated in another column, for the purpose of
experiment, several samples of honey with
glucose. Into one we put 35 per cent; into an-
other, 33X; another ,^.;, and another -:(. These
samples were all put into a close cupboard,
together with another sample of pure honey.
At this date every one of them is candied; but
the candying is less solid, in proportion to
the amount of glucose in the honey; and while
we think we might be able to recognize the
presence of glucose by the peculiar way the
honey candies, it is doubtful whether the aver-
age bee-keeper or consumer could do so without
having made previous experiments with several
samples, such as we have. You see, the mat-
ter stands this way: If the general public be-
lieves that candying is the best proof of purity,
the glucose-mixer can show that his samples
of elucosed honey (which he will, of course, call
strictly pure) will candy; and there was a time,
a year or so ago, when bee-keepers would be
perfectly satisfied with any sample that showed
a tendency to granulate. We desire, therefore,
to correct this impression as speedily as possible.

Unfortunately we have several thousand
labels (for you know we have quite a business
in that line) printed ahead, in which the word-
ing occurs, that " candying is the best proof of
purity." Just as soon as these labels can be
changed it will be done.

A DISTINGUISHED VISITOR.

We have just been favored with a visit from
Dr. A. Vergel de Dios. of Manilla, Philippine
Islands. Mr. D. is a physician and dentist,
and has followed that profession in Paris,
France, for the last six years, and has also
studied at the University of Pennsylvania,
for about a year and a half. While at the
World's Fair he learned of the existence of the

62

GLEANINGS IN HEE CULTURE.

Jan. 1.%.

Home of the Honey-bees, and resolved to pay
us a visit. He speaks Spanish as his native
tongue, althouffh he belongs to that great di-
vision of the human family known as the
Malay. He also speaks French perfectly, and
a little English. After making a tour through
all the different rooms of this establishment he
could not express his surprise at the wonderful
development of apiculture in this country. Mr.
D. is a highly intelligent Christian gentleman,
and a living proof of the elevating influence of
Christianity and Western civilization. We
hope ho will always remember his visit here
with as much pleasure as we shall always re-
member him. He says there are no regular
hives used in his country, but still he is very
desirous of introducing our strains of bees there
as well as our hives. He has promised to give
us several articles in regard to his country as
soon as he returns— its flora, climate, and gen-
eral features. They will, of course, appear as
translations, as he writes in Spanish.

HONEY STATISTICS UNKELTABI.K.

We are often asked for statistics regarding
the amount of honey and beeswax annually pro-
duced in the United States, and, in some cases,
for some particular States. So far as we know,
there are none that have ever been made that
are at all reliable. Some fair guesses were
made; but later developments would seem to
indicate that these were very far from being
correct. There were a few statistics published
a few years ago by the government, but they
gave South Carolina the credit of producing
the largest amount of honey; but California,
by all odds the leader in honey-production, was
put at the bottom of the list. Of course, every
reader of our journal knows that this is mani-
festly incorrect.

From the best information we have as honey-
buyers, and from correspondence we have had
with some of the largest honey-buyers and
honey producers, we would, unhesitatingly,
place California far in the lead as a producer of
honey. Just what State should rank next is a
little hard to say; but those in the front ranks
will be New York, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin,
Texas, Illinois, Arizona, Colorado, Missouri.
Kansas— well, we can not go further, because
we should have to guess at the others. Mich-
igan used to rank among the best, but lately
its crops have been very meager. Our own
State of Ohio has never made any very great
show, principally because it is too agricultural.

APUKTKKATING HONKY.

Fou a month or so back we have received
several letters to the effect that ^Ir. F. H.
Hunt, of Redlands, Cal., has been adulterating
honey with glucose. Crener;. ^^anager New-
man, of the Bee-keepers' Union, to whom the
matter has been referred, has also received
some correspondence to the same effect, and

says, in the Ameriam Bee Jnurnal, that, it
this Mr. Hunt is the same one who lived at
Center Point, la., he is at his old tricks again;
and then he refers to pages 424, 47.5, 492. r^Q'S, and
724 of the Ameriam Bee Journal for 1884. Not
wishing to do Mr. Hunt any injustice, we have
been careful to weigh all the evidence. We
have written him twice for his side, and, al-
though he has had plenty of time, he makes no

reply.

It is alleged that Mr. Hunt brought a carload
of honey from California, and mixed with it a
carload of "stuff," which he obtained from the
East, in St. Paul, Minn. Here is a little of the
evidence:

J.Gehring, being duly sworn, says that, in
the middle or latter part of September. ISai, he
took his little steam-boiler, and helped Mr
Hunt mix together, and put into tin cans and
Mason pint jars, what he, Mr. Hunt, called
honey and glucose. This affidavit is dated St
Paul, Jan. 4, 18U4. and bears the seal of th<
Supreme Court of the State of Minnesota.

J. C. Acklin. being duly sworn, says that, ii
the middle or latter part of September, 1893. h
was in where Mr. F. H. Hunt, of Red'.andf
Cal., was mixing honey with some stuff tha
came to St. Paul in barrels unmarked, an^
which Mr. Hunt said was glucose; that hi
Acklin. saw the honey and stuff mixed togethe
and put into tin cans. He got a sample of tb
"stuff" from one of the barrels while it ws
being emptied, and now has it in his possessio
This affidavit also bears the seal of Minnesot
an J is dated at St. Paul, Jan. 4. 1894.

The following is a report from the Sta
Dairy and Food Commissioner of that Stat
relative to that matter:

[Copy.]
INSPECTOR'S MISCELLANEOUS CAR

STATE DAIKV AND FOOD COMMISSION.

No. of S<t»\}ilc, IS.

Date of Purrhnxr. Dec. 17, 189:?.

Chnrachr of Samph, straiiu'd l\oney.

Stored with Smith & Austrian.
Citu or Toini, St. Paul, Minn.
Manufacturer, F. H. Hunt, Redlands, Cal.
InsiJ€c1or><, .1. M. Boluvr and E. B. Williams.

HONEY ANALYSIS.

Dec. 29, tS»
Pobiri/.ation direct. +85.5: normal at SO" C.
Correction, 4.4

89.9
Polarization indirect at "iO . , 399
Correction, ^-^

44.:?
Suci'oso. \.00 ''. .
Kcdiuing su^ar, 57.10
Asli. .7t). De-xtrinc present
Remajto.— At least 75 per cent glucose.

C/»<'"ii.sf.— E. N. Eaton.

Comment on the above by us is unnecesS«

18i>4

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

63

It is sufficient to say, that wf- have n our pos-
session the affidavits and the report, also bear-
ing the seal of .Minnesota, together with a lot of
other correspondence to the same effect, from
various parties. The General Manager of the
Union, and al.so the P^ood Commissioners of
Minnesota, have the matter in hand, and no
doubt they will make things a little interesting
— for somebody.

SIMI'LK MKTIIUDS OF KKTEfTIXG GLUCOSE IX
HONEV.

Ox page 810 of the American Bee Journal
for Dec. 28 is an inquiry from a subscriber ask-
ing whether there is any simple way of testing
:^.\tracted honey to lind out whether it is mixed
with any thing besides honey. The writer
:hen goe^ on to say that he saw an item in a
ocal paper, to the effect that glucose could be
ecognized in honey by the use of alcohol. In
•eply, the editor says he does not know of any
lasy way that such tests can be made, and,
noreover, doubts whether there are any relia-
jle simple t«sts. However, he sent the recipe

0 one of the veteran bee-keepers, who, after
ntroducing four limes the bulk of alcohol into

1 certain quantity of honey of known purity.
ind shaking it thoroughly, as directed, says:

"The only result that I can see is, that the
ilcohol looks a little milky. The honey all
itays at the bottom. According to that test, I
lave never produced a pound of pure honey in
ny life."

The italics in the quotation above are ours.
ind we shall refer to it further on.

On page 103 of Gleaxixgs for Feb. 1, 1SH3, it
vill be remembered that we spoiceof a test that
vas made at a Michigan State bee-keepers'
'.onvention, by Prof. Cook, who himself intro-
luced varying quantities of glucose into some
samples of pure e.xtracled honey. No one but
limself knew the proportions. A testing com-
nittee was appointed, to see how nearly they
;ould determine the relative amount of glucose
n each by the Uiste. The report shows that
he committee, while unable to give the exact
)roportions of honey and glucose, detected the
'doctored " samples unerringly, and were close
■nough to say that one sample contained more
ban another. The report of this appeared on
jage .%. Vol. XXXI., of the American Bee
Journal.

Wishing at the time to disprove or corrob-
trate. as the case might be, this experiment, we
|Old our apiarist to adulterate several samples
>f pure honey, each sample to have a different
troportion of glucose. The samples were num-
j)ered. and he only was to know the proportions.
Irhe writer and Mr. W. P. Root, our stenog-
lapher. were the testing committee; and, as
ye reported at the time on page 103, we were
.ble to detect each glucosed sample, without a
ingle mistake; and not only that, we gave
■ery correctly the comparative amounts of

glucose In each sample. The point we wished
to make was. that gluco.se could be readily de-
tected by the taste; that no experienced honey-
buyer should be deceived in the goods he was
buying.

On page •>'>'> of our issue for April 1 appeared
an extract from the Bienen- I'ater, which told
how to detect various adulterations in honey.
Among them was a simple recipe for detecting
glucose by alcohol in extracted honey. It is as
follows:

Take a tablespounful of honey to be tested; puur
it into a small bottle, and llien add three spoonfuls
of pure spirit, and shake the whole together thor-
oughly. In about a quarter of an hour there wiil
form in the bottle a cloudy, whitish sediment; and
from this one may be sure the honey is adulterated.

On page 2"> of the same issue, April 1, we re-
lated having tested samples of glucosed honey;
and the result was, we detected every doctored
sample.

■'Now," we quote, "to make sure the test
was reliable, we also procured a sample of bass-
wood honey that we knew to be pure

On putting the honey to the test, the alcohol
had no perceptible influence on it, and the
honey remained as clear and limpid as before."

Ob.serve the italics we put in this time. You
will notice at the outset, that " Veteran Bee-
keeper," who made the test for the American
Bee Journal, says that the only result that he
could see was that the alcohol looked a little
milky. When the test is correctly made, as
given in the quotation from the Bienen- Vater,
glucosed samples will show that the honey,
when glucosed, is perceptibly cloudy according
to the amount of adulterant. On samples of
pure honey, the alcohol has no effect, but rises
to the top, and looks a little milky, just as
"Veteran Bee-keeper" says; but this is no
evidence that the honey is impure. He did
not go far enough in his experiments, because
he tried only jnire honey. Had he also Ir-ied
several samples of (jlucosed honey he would
have soou noted a marked difference.

We do not call attention to these matters by
way of correction, to find fault with that ex-
cellent bee-periodical, the American Bee Jour-
nal. We simply desire to show that their
"Veteran Bee-keeper " did not make the test
Hufflclently thxyrowjli, and that he did not read
the result correctly. In the second place, if
there are simple and reliable tests for detecting
glucose in honey, we must not let the impres-
sion get abroad among the would-be adulter-
ators that there are no such tests, because
they will use it as a screen. In fact, we have
known them to say that they could adulterate
if they wanted to, for there were no means of
detecting the adulteration. They are mistaken.
If they knew that there are simple tests by
which we can follow them up and make it lu)t
for them, they will be a little cautious before
they attempt such a business.

64

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan. 15.

Blessed are the meek, for they shall inherit the
earth.— Matt. 5: 5.

PLEASANT SURPRISES.

Perhaps some of the friends may think my
subject inopportune at this crisis of financial
affairs, when so many are out of employment,
a good many in want, and a general disposition
to say that farming does not pay; when those
who ought to be able to advise. I'ecommend that
the unemployed turn to agriculture and our
broad acns, rather than do nothing and see
their families suffer. In fact, I have feared
that some might suggest that we have plenty of
surprises, without question, but that they are
mostly of anoth(M- kind rather than pleasant
surprises. But notwithstanding all these draw-
backs, I do believe we may so live that this
world of ours shall have in store for us pleasant
surprises every now and then. In one sense we
may look for them. In anothersense. we should
attend to business, attend to duty, and not look
for them. If we were looking for them all the
time they wouldn't be " surprises." you know.
Ida believe that the meek shall inherit the
earth; but the tendency of Young America
nowadays is too much like this: Somebody has
worked a while, and done pretty well. Then
he turns around and says, "Now, look here.
I have been meek a long while, but I have not
inherited the earth, nor hardly even the small-
est part of it." The trouble is, we are looking
too much toward the reward, and we are work-
ing for the reward; and, if I understand it, this
is not meekness at all; and the same way with
these pleasant surprises that I am sure a Chris-
tian will find if he does not get weary in well-
doing. In the first place, we must not expect
too much. We want to look out for the idea
embodied in the expression, " The world oives
me a living." It is a bad doctrine. We want
to start out with the idea that the world does
not owe us any thing; and we want to encour-
age more, I am sure, the thought that the
world generally pays what it owes. Sometimes
this great busy world is a little slow and a little
dull in recognizing what it owes; but I have
sometimes had a pleasant surprise in finding
the great busy world a little too ready to pay
what it owes— or more than it owes. 1 have
seen intemperate men reform, and start out to
do well; and I have sometimes felt sad to think
that this great busy world, or at lea?-t a small
part of it. had made a blunder in making too
much oi the reformed man. I'erhaps the world
discovered the blunder; and can we blame the
people if they said to themsc^lves, " Now. look
here; when another man starts out, or nays he
has started out to lead a new life, I guess we
had bett(M- wait a while, and see how well he
liolds out before we begin throwing favors in
ills way. and putting grave responsibilities
upon his shoulders"? So if we decide in the
outset that the world, generally speaking, will
recognize us for all we are worth, in due time,
I think we have mad(^ a good start. Blessed
are the meek, for they shall inherit the eai'th.

One must not expect too much of the world if
he is going to start out for pleasant surprises.
lie must not demand too much of his good wife;
he must not d(Mriand too much of his children;
he must not demand too much of his neighbors;
of the hired man; or of his employer; of the
teacher; of thc^ minister. You see, if he starts
out demanding or expecting every one to come
fully up to Ills standard of things, he will be

continually disappointed. His surprises will be
u/ipleasant ones instead of pleasant. He must
be meek and quiet, and cool and gentle. I do
not by any means mean he should not be a push-
er—God forbid! He can be a veritable " hust-
ler," and still be meek. Please do not get the
idea, dear friends, that i think I am this myself,
for I know I am nr-thing near it; yet I have
glimpses occasionally of the wonderful things
that may be done in that direction. I have told
you how I generally get such glimpses. 1 plead
vehemently for something I think ought to be
done. Perhaps it is in my power to have it done
instantly, if I use my authority, and demand
that it be done. I do not like to do this. It is
not well. A meek man should be very careful
indeed about saying this shall or sJiall not be
so. Well, after I have pleaded pleasantly but
vehemently, and have met only opposition, a
good many times I settle down sadly, and per-
haps sorrowfully, feeling that I am right, and
that it is hard to meet objections when I am
laboring only for the good of those in question.
A good many times I decide that about the only
thing that can be done is to pray for the stub-
born one. and ask God's help; then afterward,
when I find the person or persons, as it may be,
have changed entirely, and go to work with
cheerfulness and alacrity for the very thing f
urged, then I have my pleasant surprises. You
may say that, if I believe in prayer, there
should be no surprises at all. But look here,
my friend. When I pray that certain things
may be brought about. I do not always feel sure
that it is tlie best thing. God knows, but i do
not; therefore, when I discover that the great
(Jod above has recognized my convictions as
good and true ones, I have a double surprise —
first, because the thing I wanted te see done has
already been done; secondly, because it seems
as if God indorsed, my course. And by the way,
dear friends, I wonder whether you have yet
discovered that the quickest way of succeed-
ing, oftentimes, with stubborn people, is to sto])
arguing or pleading entirely, and plead with
the great God above.

One who would keep himself in favorable
condition for pleasant surprises should be care-
ful about being in debt. Let me digress a little.
Last summer the Weather Bureau was severe-
ly censured because it predicted rain, and rain
did not come. I imagine, after this these gov-
ernment officials got to be a little more careful,
for toward the close of our drouth they worded
their telegrams a little differently. Instead of
saying so positively that it ironld rain on such
a day, the telegram would read, " The conditions
will be favorahle for rain on Thursday after-
noon." I sometimes wish the //fu/ that they
furnish, to run up on the top of our water-tower,
had something printed on it to the effect thati
the conditions are favorable, instead of saying
squarely, rain is coming. Well, now, it is so
with tliese pleasant surpi'ises. Nothing in this
world will bring them aliout positively, that I
know of; or, perhaps I should say. at any spe-
cific time. We can so live. howev(>r. that the
conditions arc exceed i ntjly fa v<n-n])h' for happy
surprises. Well, what are these conditions'?
First, meekness, according to our text. Some-
times, however, we meet a kind of meekness
that is exceedingly provoking. We have a man
up in our jail just ru)w who came along as a
tramp. lie went into a house, and, finding no-
body at home except a girl of fifteen, demanded
that she instantly set to work to get him a good
square meal. Then he asked a blessing over it,
and. I tliink, repeated some Bil)le texts. Before
he left he managed to steal a watch. When
I remonstrated with him about his inconsisten-
cy he repeated the text, " Judge not, that ye be
not judged."' I told him, however, that there

185H

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

are times when it is our duty to judge, and I
made him assent to it. He tlieii, with great
meekness, quoted another Bibk^ text—" Let him
that stole, steal no more;" and he said it very
sweetly and pleasantly. Lesi some of our un-
believing friends, however, sliould want to
^land upright liere and tell me that this fellow
\\:is a fair sample of our good Christians, I
lliiiik I had better make iiaste to tell you that
ihi' fellow had escaped from an asylum, and is
uoiiigtobe sent back as soon as we can find
wliiTt'he l)eloags. We do not want any such
MhcUiicss as this; and I am really afraid that
mil- cra/.y friend in jail is not the only one who
h:i< made sad blunders along that line. Such
lir.iple are not in condition for pleasant surpris-
rs. I do not think his was a pleasant one when
lib- sheriff laid his hand on the fellow's shoul-
• i( • ; neither will yours be, my friend, if you de-
(lair from reason and common sense. Let us
now go back to the matter of being in debt. If
you are owing that which you ought to pay.
and are unable to pay, you are in great danger
of meeting surprises; and 1 am pretty sure they
will not be plcascmt ones. A good many will
say, "But I could not help being in debt. If I
tell you the circumstances, I am sure you will
■>av there was no other way to do.'"

There rnay be circumstances, 1 am well aware,
when one can not avoid running in debt— in
fact, where he would be doing very wrong in-
deed if he did not get help from his friends;
but there are ever so many more cases where
people think they must go "in debt where they
:ieed not do so. Oh how hard it is for the world
:o learn that it is not so very hard to make your
expenses come inside of your income! Our par-
?n^ away back did it— not so very far back,
Jither, for some of us can well remember the
:ime when mother made starch from potato-par-
ngs. and twisted up strips of paper to save buy-
ng matches: blew out the candles when no-
:)ody was reading; put in just wood enough to
iva,rm the one stove in the house until all went
:o bed, and practiced economy in a line with
he above, clear through the whole household.
vVhy, I can remember when people did not have
iny money at all from one month till the next.
L hey generally scraped up enough to pay taxes,
ind that was about all. fCverybody else had to
ake something they had to sell, or they went
ind vyorked it out. I am sure it would not hurt
he United States of America a bit just now to
•xplore a little in that direction. It is like a
;ood many other things. When you first un-
ertake it, you think you can not stand it; but
ly and by, after you have tried it a while, you
mile to think of what a fuss you made of it at
rst. 1 think 1 could let half a dozen bees
light on my hand, and sting their very worst
ne after another, and I do not think l' should
lake a very wry face. Now. do not say I am
oastiiig. for I have no more grit to endure pain
hail other people— hardly as much. I used to
lake an awtul fuss about a bee-sting; but it
'as only after I had " learned the trade " that
discovered I could let them sting, if necessary
nd go right on with my work. Now, when we
;arn to make expenses come inside of the in-
3me, even though it hurts like letting the bees
oon stinging, then we are getting down to a
I 1 t»t^(i'"ock where pleasant surprises are
Keiy to await us everyday; and it does not
art us very bad either, if we get a little ad-
isted to the new order of things.
Now a word about depriving ourselves in or-
■r to keep out of debt. When I was 16 years
a my clothes were quite shabby, and I had no
oney to buy better ones. Somebody suggested
lat 1 might go and get better ones, and pay for
lem when 1 got the money. The man at the
othing-store knew my father, and he was

kind enough to let me have the clothes charg-
ing them up to me without even asking mv
lather to back me. Vou see, my father had a
rei)utation lor promptness that madt^ his Ki-
year-old hny good, (^ven though tlui father was
not consulted. 1 wore the clothes until then
were rather shabby, without paying a copper
on th(>m. 1 hen some other kind friend siigg(>st-
ed to me that it was a bad way for a boy to get
into, wearing his clothes out before tliey were
paid tor. At that age I w as quite ready to lis-
ten to anybody. So I went before night and
made arrangements in the way of a sort of
trade to have my account crossed off. Now in
all these years since that time no one has ever
asked me for the money I owed him, without
having his pay, or some satisfactory arrange-
ment made, inside of 24 hours.

There have been times when I have "scrimped
myself." as the expression goes, worse than to go
hungry m order to keep my reputation good; but
1 tell you it was a good investment to do so I
learned self-control, and to put up with priva-
tions, especially in the way .of food, by a sort of
accident — at least. I call it that. For four
years, while in my teens, I was a vegetarian I
learned by force of will to sit down even at a
thanksgiving dinner and eat nothing but vege-
table food. The memory and experience of those
four years have made it comparatively easy all
through life to go without different things when
my better judgment told me I could not afford
It; and this very thing has helped to give me
happy surprises. Many times, after I have
cheerfully consented to forego or give up some-
thing I greatly desired, I have had pleasant sur-
prises in finding the very thing 1 coveted placed
right where I could get it easily, or, perhaps I
had better say. honestly. People are tempted
to be dishonest because they want a thing ter-
ribly bad, that they cdn not have honestly.
Well, when one decides that he is going to have
something, no matter whether he gets it hon-
estly or dishonestly— he is going to have it any
way— then good-by to happy surprises. He
hardly need expect them any more. I have
told you many times how I have longed for a
glass of beer. If I could sit down at a table
with friends, and drink all the lager beer I
wanted, just as the crowds were doing at the
World's Fair, I am afraid I should be foolish
enough to give quite a sum of money— that is if
I could do it Jionestly. If I could not do it
honestly, then I don't want it. A young friend
of mine united with one of the churches in our
town, not many years ago. I knew what his
life had been; and when I took him by the hand
and told him how glad I felt to hear the good
news, it was really one of my pleasant sur-
prises. I felt afraid, however, he did not real-
ize what he had been doing, and feared h(> had
united with the church on the impulse of the
moment. I do not think he had any idea of the
Bible, and perhaps but little of Christianity in
general. He knew this, however, that, if he
were going to be a Christian, he would have to
stop drinking b(>er. He united with the church
some time in the spring. Somebody told me he
said, a few days before the Fourth of .Julv, he
was going to have all the beer he could drin'k on
the Fourth of July, religion or no religion. As
soon as I heard it. however, it occurred to me
that, but for the grace of (Jod. there was a pic-
ture of A. I. Root exactly. How naturally self
would prompt me to make just such a speech,
and, worse still, put it into execution ! ,My
friends, if you know nothing of the appetite for
beer, you do know, doubtless, of the terrible
longing that comes at times after other things
that are sinful. Some one may ask, " WtiTl,
could not the boy be a Christian and have his
beer on the Fourth of .July ?"

66

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan. 15.

Let mo ask you a question: Could a boy bea
Christian and get drunk on the Fourth of July —
or any other dityf I do not think I have ever
found anybody, unless he was intoxicated, who
had the hardihood to say a man can be a Chris-
tian,and at the same time deliberately get intox-
icated. ]iy the way, why is it that all intem-
perate men, and especially all drunken men,
are so vehemently bitter in their curses and de-
nunciations of every thing pertaining to the
Bible, or even God as the ruler of the universe ?
It is because God and the Bible suggest self-
control, and lighting against sin.

Now, then, if you are going to have the " con-
ditions favorable" for pleasant surprises, you
must have a clear conscience. Perhaps there is
no happy surprise in one's whole life of experi-
ence, like the thrill that comes over us when we
see our children doing well. I met a man the
other day whose face was so beaming with hap-
piness and good nature that it surprised me.
When I ask him what it meant he said, " John
has finally come out a Christian, and is going
to unite with the church at the next com-
munion."

I replied, " Well, that is good news. So you
finally succeeded in getting him past his stum-
bling-blocks, did you?"

" No, I didn't have any thing to do with it-
er, at least, it seems as if I didn't. After 1 gave
up talking with him about it. he announced of
his own accord that he had come out for once
and for all on the side of Christianity."

This was indeed a pleasant surprise. But the
father did have something to do with it, even if
he did net know it. Heis a good square Chris-
tian man; and by the way. my friend, if you
wish to have the conditions favorable for pleas-
ant surprises in regard to your children, be care-
ful. Not only must you be careful before them,
but be careful when they are not anywhere in
your sight. Be careful in the darkness of the
night, when no soul is near. You may say, '" I
would not have my boy know this for all the
world; but there is no possibility of his ever
finding it out." You are wrong. You are mak-
ing a/errr/ui blunder. Every dishonest or im-
pure act stamps itself all over the man. It
stamps itself on your looks, on your acts, and on
yourmind; and your looks and your actions and
your mind are molding and fashioning the lives
of your children— especially your boys. I have
been told that some temperance lecturers give
excellent temperance addresses, and do a great
amount of good, while tlu^y are. right along,
drinking on the sly. It is not true; it is a foul
slander on humanity and on (Jod. It is true, a
bad man may read the Bible to an audience;
and the words that he reads or the texts he
quotes may do some good; but when the man's
real life comes out it is a question whether the
damage he has done does not far overbalance
all the good ever accomplished. There can be
no real pleasant surprises in the life of a hypo-
crite. It is the hoii(^>^t man — the conscienlious
man— who is going to get the most happiness
here in this world of ours; and he will, after the
end of tilings earthly, inherit all things. One
more point: It is the people who have learned
to putui) with liltUf; who have learniid to live
within their incomes; who have hnirned to be
happy and contenled wIkm-c the great masses
would growl and complain, who meet with
pleasant surprises. If you ar(uu)nient(^d to-day,
and satislied with what God has se<>n lit to give
yon, you are in tlie very best possible condition,
or, in other words, the conditions are favorable
(as the VV(iather Bureau puts it) for many
pleasant surprises — yes, for showers of happy
surprises, providing said "showers" do lujt
mawe you proud and arrogant and overbearing,
and touehy and snappish, toward vour neigh-
bors.

And. finally, after the surprises of this life
are all ended, the great King of all the earth
shall say unto the meek and humble and faith-
ful, "Come, ye blessed of my Father, inherit
the kingdom prepared for you from the founda-
tion of the world." We are told in that beauti-
ful figure in the 2r)th of Matthew, that, when
this invitation was made, they to whom it was
made wei'e surprised; and when the Lord told
them of the good acts they had been performing
all through life, they could not remember it.
Then he goes into detail, and tells them this
wonderful truth— that, when they fed the hun-
gry, gavedrink to the thirsty, clothed the naked,
etc., they were really doing it unto liirn, and
that it was all put down in a book of remem-
brance; and he closes with these wonderful
words:

Verily I say unto you. Inasmuch as ye have done
it unto one of the least of these my brethren, ye
have done it unto me.

WATER FOR IRRIGATION, FROM UNDERDRAINS,
ETC.

If you are so fortunate as to own land located
on a higher level than ground you are using for
market-garden crops, fruit, etc., you may count
yourself as very lucky; and, in fact, almost
every land-owner has some land that is higher
that others. I will now tell you what you can
do. I have frequently spoken to you of our
swamp garden; but it never was my own by
clear title until last spring. Then, by the death
of the owner, I found I would have to vacate it
or else pay $500 for a single acre in a piece of
land that would hardly sell for $'>0 an acre.
Besides that, the acre I wanted was mostly a
sort of frog- pond that the average farmer
would hardly take as a gift. Rather than give
it up, however, I paid the $500. It was during
the hard times too. and mother and the boys
felt as if I were almost throwing the money
away when I did it. I had a plan in view, how-
ever. Just as soon as the ground was all my
own I cut underdrains every 20 feet apart, and
led them all into a sort of cistern constructed at
the lowest point in the center By the way.
Prof. Wright, the celebrated Oberlin geologist,
told me, some years ago, that this swamp of
mine, almost on the summit of quite an eleva-
tion, was. in all probability, made by being the
resting-place of a huge glacier, ages ago. This
glacier was so heavy that it sank into the
groimd as the waters subsided; and through
ages and ages, leaves, sticks, etc.. have collected
in the cavity, blown in by the wind, until peat
was formed, and then rank vegetation assisted
in filling the cavity with vegetable matter. In
digging outour cistern we found great trunks of
trees, several feet below the surface of the
swamp.

Well, after my underdraining was completed
we started a line of 3-inch tile straight in the
direction of our steam-boilers, about a thousand
feet distant. As the cistern always contains
water, I directed the boys, during our drouth
last summer, to lay this last line of tile just
under the surface of the water that flowed from
the cistern and followed along in the ditch as
fast as they dug it. This water following them
lubricated their ditching-spades, and rendered
the hard clay comparatively soft when other-
wise it would have been tremendously hard
digging. You see, this line of tile, therefore,

18!»4

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURP:.

was carrit'd on almost a dead lovcl. It, dropped
just a little, because the waltu- in the cisiern
was constantly falling v(M'y slowly as they let
it ofT into th(^ ditch. In order to go through
the highest land, they had to cut in some places
four or live feet deep. This line of tih^ was car-
ried through a neighbor's land until I reached
my own ground again not far from the big
windmill. When on the corner of my lot I
made another small cistern by setting in the
ground (on end) two lengths of 18-inch sewer-
pip(\ The tile from the swamp emptied into
this sewer-pipe about a foot above the bottom.
On the opposite side of the sew(>r-pipe. and ti
inches lower, a 3-inch iron pipe with a strainer
over the end was put in. This was the outlet.
With old discarded boiler-llues that had been
accumulating for years. I piped this water clear
down to our steam-boilers, and obtained head
enough so it would deliver the water into an
iron tank located just above the boilers. Well,
for two months past, the water from the swamj)
garden has furnished our boilers, using from 100
to 200 barrels per day. When I explain to you
that heretofore we have been pumping water
from Champion Krook, 700 feet away, and about
18 feet hchnr the boilers, you can understand
somethingwhat a saving my swampspeculation
is making. Another thing, the water from our
wells is so hard that it destroys our boiler-tlues
in a comparatively short period of tiTiie. The
water from Champion Brook is quite a little
better: but still a scale, more or less, is always
forming on the flues. The water from the
swamp proves to be almost pure soft water; and
the saving in flues will pay a big interest on the
whole investment. Besides this there is a great
saving of coal that was formerly used in pump-
ing water from Champion Brook. The boys
and all the rest of the family are, of course,
thoroughly converted now to the wisdom of my
speculation in the swamp. Another thing, I
have got thorough control of the water, so I
can make it stand at any depth I wish for my
celery, onions, or other crops.

Do you want to know what there is to help
you in this? Why.it shows you that, with a
reservoir to catch the water from your under-
drains located higher up. you may have a nice
little home-made waterworks, and often get
fall enough to cary the water into your barn,
stables, and perhaps all through your house,
without very much expense either. Where you
want to carry the water on a dead level through
impervious clay soil, common tiles will do al-
most as well as any thing. When, however,
the fall commences, in order to get a pressure
or head on your waterworks you will be com-
pelled to use iron pipe. Old discarded flues or
second-hand pipes will often answer an excel-
lent purpose for many years. My flues were all
dipped in liquid asphaltum after they were all
fitted ready to put together. The consequence
is, the water looks and tastes like pure spring
water. The underdraining will probably be a
good investment any way; and having nice
water all over your premises, without any
pumping, is a tremendouHhi good investment
for any home.

A NKW SOKT OF CKP;.SS FOK WINTEK USK.

Among some of the seed we sowed in the
greenhouse last winter, three or four stalks of
nasturtiums sprang up. As it seemed a rank
grower, and was rather pretty, I let them run;
and when the greenhouse was closed up at the
approach of winter (almost a year later), there
were the plants still growing. When the sash
were put on, it seemed to take on new life; and
I told the boys to tie up some of the tender
green shoots and let them run. To my surprise
the plant acted as if it might occupy the whole

greenhouse by sending out long slender vines
and tendrils; and it s(>enu'd as if some of them
grew two or three inches in a night. 'I'hi' short
days, and the rich comijost together, pioduced
a rank growth of light color, soniei.hing like a
potato-shoot growing in ilie dark. As these
t(Midrils got in my way, I got a fa-^hion of snap-
l)ing them otf and putting tln-m into my mouth.
Finally, when tliey were encroaciiing on tln^
lettuce I directed one of the boys to trim otf a
lot of that exuberant foliage. .lust as I started
away a thought struck me, and I said: "Look
here. Frank, take those shoots into the lunch-
room and tell them to cut them up and serve
them for dinner, with peppt.r, salt, and vine-
gar." Everybody who got a taste of it, I guess,
wanted more: and one of the boardi^rs asked
me afterward where I got water cress in the
month of .lanuary. Now. then, if sturtion
shoots and leaves would sell for the price of
lettuce, or even a little less, what a picnic we
shall have in growing it for the markets! After
the idea was suggested to me I thought it had
a taste remarkably like water-cress. Acting
on the suggestion. I had all the little sturtion-
plants picked up from among the lettuce, and
set in rows by themselves: and who knows but
I shall develop a new industry in the way of
winter salads? By the way. did any of you
ever before hear of serving" up sturtions as a
table dish?

HEELING IN STHA ABRHKIES. RASPBEKHIES,

ETC., IN EAKl.Y WINTKK. TO HE PI.ANTKI)

OUT IN THE SPKING.

Mr. Root: — Will you please give me your
opinion and experience on taking up strawber-
ry and raspberry plants now and heeling them
in to be set out in spring? I want to move in
spring, and take plants with me. I have pulled
some and put them in a pit, but I should like to
hear from you before 1 pull more.

.1. E. Henderson.

Valley Grove, W. Va., Dec. lit.

[Friend H., I have had no very great experi-
ence in this line; but what I have had is
againsi it. While I have at times succeeded
in giving the plants as good a place to win-
ter as where they grew originally, most of the
time I have failed. They would either be too
warm or toolcold; or if put into a pit, very likely
too damp. In your case I would get the priv-
ilege of removing the stuff in the spring. I
know that nurserymen recommend this way of
doing, and practice it to a great extent; but I
shall never buy any more stulf of a nursej-yman.
if I can help it, that he has wintered over in the
cellar so that he can get at it early in the
spring. Last spring a firm sent out tremendous
advertisements, and gave photographs of great
crowds of men putting up trees and plants to
ship. These people talked so much about their
extra facilities for keeping plants during winter
in their nice cellars that I gave them a trial
order. We got gooseberries, blackberries, cur-
rants, and other hardy pla)its that are usually
almost sure to grow. The shippers were liber-
al enough to throw in quite a lot of extras; but
not half of the plants ever made any start to
grow; and they were so feeble, those that did
start. I am afraid that scarcely a thing got
growth enough during the whole season so as
to be ready to take hold and grow next spring.]

TKANSPLANTING - TUHKS — A CHEAP WAY OK
GETTING THEM.

In towns of only a few thousand inhabitants
they often have to hire a team to draw off emi>-
ty fruit-cans, and dump them, perhaps, down
some bank or in some unfrequented place. Not
long ago I saw a place where these tin cans

■fiS

GLKANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan. 15.

iiad be(Mi dumped by the cartload, so that the
owner of the land, when he saw what had been
done, placed a notice which said, •'.*.').0U tine for
tlirowing cans or any other rubbish on these
premises." Now, in order to get all we want
while they are clean, and before they get rusty,
just go to these places (restaurants, etc.), and
ask them to save them for you. Leave an empty
barrel to put them in as they may accumulate,
also ask them to keep them where they will
keep dry, so they won't rust. To fix them I'oi'
use, take a can-opener and cut out one end of
the can, leaving a little around the upper edge
in order that it may be strong enough so that
you can place your foot on it to force it into the
ground. Tlie other end you will have to deal
with differently. If you have a cook-stove in
your back shed or shop you are ready to take
ofT the other end. Heat up the stove and set
on a number of the cans, and the solder will
melt at once. As you take the cans off the
stove, hit them a little rap with the back of a
bread-knife, or other suitable article, and off
goes the other end. One end of tlie can is sharp,
and the other strong enough so you can place
your foot on it.

I spoke of the stove being in a back shed or
shop, for the reason that there will be a little
of the fruit left in the cans; and if you were to
take them into the kitchen, of course an un-
pleasant odor would arise. You can, if more
convenient, take a large griddle, or any iron
with a flat surface, and place it on three bricks,
outdoors; and with a tire under it you can ac-
complish the work where it will not trouble
any one. W. 8. Wkight.

Kattle Creek, Mich., Dec. 31.

[Very good, friend W. Your suggestion of
leaving a ring of metal around the top, to pre-
vent crushing, will, perhaps, make the fruit-
cans sufficiently substantial. I have used them;
and my objection was, that all the fruit-cans I
ever got hold of were made of tin too thin and
light. Your improvement would fix the top all
right; but if your ground has stones or sticks
in it, I fear the lower edge will get badly mash-
ed up in a short time. We make ours of the
heaviest tin the tinners can work; but even
then we have a good deal of trouble by having
it bent and bruised where they strike stones, or
where the ground is very hard.] A. 1. R.

EXPERIENCE AVITH THE NEW CELERY CULTURE.

We have had quite a little experience with
the new method of growing celery, and found
that it was a good plan to make a small begin-
ning; for no one seems to be abh^ to comprehend
the amount of water that it r(!quires. As our
patch was right about a good well at the barn,
we ])\it in a rotary pump and watered frequent-
ly with an engine; but at on(^ end of the patch
tiie water ran into it from a leaky watering-
trough, keeping i\ut ground soaked up all the
time. If it had not been for this we shoujd not
have known the possibilities of the plan, as the
celery was wond(!rful in this spot, and I should
say the most profitable thing on the place.
Wfiil(! with good watering the crop was fair, it
was not nearly what it should liave been, and
did not blanch up as nicely as that banked.
The re(|uirements seem to be to keep it growing
right along, having the ground immensely rich,
and not stopping the; watering because it may
have raint;d, but put on ever so much more;,
until the ground is all soaked up, and then in a
few days put it on just as heavy again, and
keep it right up till the celery is ready to mar-
ket. It will grow in a wonderfully short time;
and if one has i)lenty of water there need be no
failure about it at all, and it will surely be a
big success if that and the manure are attended

to. Even where the celery was only fairly
good, we sold at 10 cts. a bunch, putting three
in a bunch, sometimes four. This is at the rate
of over $3000 for the crop of an acre. We wished
we had all celery for a while; but then, it would
have needed to be better than this was, or we
could not have sold so much of it.

Christian Weckesser.
Sanborn, N. Y.. Dec. 6.

on the wheel.
On the evening of Thursday, Jan. 11, it was
my pleasure to deliver to the Endeavor Society
of Sharon Center, this county, substantially
the address in Our Homes for this iosue. After
my talk I passed the night with a friend who
lives on one of the highest hills in Medina Co.
As business is pressing now at the Home of the
Honey-bees, I begged the privilege of getting
up at the first glimpse of dawn, for a six-mile
tramp to my home before breakfast. The roads
were rather rough to use the vvheel, but I had a
curiosity to see how I could stand such a tramp
since my lungs and muscles have been so well
developed by my wheel-riding. I made it easi-
ly, and could have tramped back again, I think,
without breakfast or without very much fa-
tigue; and I did and do thank (rod from the
bottom of my heart for health, good stout
lungs, and, and hardened muscles. iSut what
has this to do with the wheel V Just this: I left
my wheel the night before at the depot, half a
mile from home. During my walk I had made
tests of walking as an exercise compared with
wheeling. I walked as rapidly as I could, and
then I ran quite a little distance to test my
wind; but I did not find the exhilaration that
is produced by the vvheel. In that last half-
mile with the wheel, however, and especially in
going up hill, I was surprised to notice how
quickly the exercise on the wheel brought the
long breaths that distend my lungs to their ut-
most, and with this large lung extension came
the strength and exhilaration. I confess 1 do
not understand it. Hut this seems to be clear:
When you are lifted from your feet, and are not
obliged to sustain the weight of your body, a
set of muscles are brought into play, or a differ-
ent condition of things takes place, that per-
mits great lung expansion without the fatigue
that would result were one obliged to support
the weight of the body.

standard time.

At present writing, only two criticisms have
been received in regard to my article in our last
issue, and both of these reter to a blunder of
mine. I mentioned a family that were obliged
to stay over all day Saturday and all day Sun-
day because of th(! confusion resulting fj'om
having two kinds of time. I saw iheni at our
depot, and listened while they talked with the
agent, and explained to him their loss and dis-
api)ointnient. Hut 1 did not at the time notice
that, had they taken sun time instead of rail-
road time, they would have been (tlicdd of the
train instead of licliind it. I asked the agent
to explain; but all he could tell was that they
missed their train because of the confusion re-
sulting from having two kinds of time. Very
likely it occurred in this way: Somebody told
them that the train left at U o'clock, which was
true by fiim time, but they came to the depot to

J8'.t4

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

<i»

take their train at 9 o'clock rttilnKtd time. The
agent told me the two kinds of time made con-
fusion continually every day. week in and week
out. Tluil is tiiie in our business. The two
kinds of time can not but result in confusion.
Tlie railroads can not adopt sun time, so called
—everybody assents to this; therefore the only
way in which one kind of time can be biought
about is by adopting standard time. or. in other
words, confoi'ming to the spiiit of the law that
has been made.

KIND WORDS FROM OUR CUSTOMERS.

Of course I want Gleanings continued right
along-, "t'ootuotcs" and all. 1 indorse all that Dr.
Miller said about foDlnoies, and tlihik with liim
that Gleanings is "just i)eiieei.

Hedlord, N. V., Jan. 1. Miss P. E. Mills.

We received the sewing-machhie all solid and
sound. It works all right. It is a nice one too. I
can not see why anj- (,Me could object, after receiv-
ing one, unless he expected to get a little- steam-
engine with humanity in it to run it and do the sew-
ing. W.M. H. Weiseh.

York, Pa.

SOME KIND WOKDS FROM FHANCE, FOR THE ABC
BOOK.

"It never rains but it pours " is no less true of
kind words than of misfortunes ; at least, such
seems to have been our good fortune during tiie
last month. In Stray Straws tor Oct. 1 Dr. Miller
made reference to an opinion e.xpressed by our es-
teemed French cotemporary, Le Rmlicr (Tne Apia-
ry» concerning our ABC book. A day or so after-
ward he sent us the whole extract. In English it
reads as follows:

" We are happy to he able to avail ourselves of
the space remaining in this department to acknowl-
edge the receipt oi an important book which was
gratuitously sent us by the author, and concerning
which we have for a long time promised to say
something. It is noihing more nor less tlian the A rJ
C of Bee Culture, universally known by bee-keepers,
written by Mr. A. 1. Root, the very friendly and
oblifiing editor of Gleanings in Bee Culture,
wliich has furnished us more than once the neces-
sary foundation for an article. We have never
seen a book so beautiful and so complete on api-
culture. The pictures are numerous— so numerous
that we have not wished to count them, and tlu'y
are, for the most part, reproductions in photo-en-
graving. The plan adopted by the author is veiy
happy. It is the alphabetical arrangement of all
the articles ; 4011 pages of faultless pressworh.
treating, so as to 8|)eak, on every case which can
occur in apicultural exi)erience; a description of
the implements which have been most nearly per-
fected, and the latest inventions ; the manner of
making hives, sections, etc. Such is this book,
which, in its entirety, has no equal. It winds up
with a biography, with hall-tone pictures of the
mo.st eminent bee-men, and of photographic views
of several important apiaries. Our heartiest thanks
aie due to our confrere Mr. Kcjot."

A BARGAIN-

25 extra fine S. C.

Brown Leghorn cocks

— ^^— — ■— — ^^"—^^ for sale at stl.OtJ each.

These liirds have l)een raised tlie past seaseon from

choice stock. Saiisf;iction guaranteed.

Keference, A. 1. Root.

Leinincer Bros., Ft. Jennings, O.

FOR GREGG RASPBERRY TIPS. ^">der bia.k

— ' berry sets, and

Minerva, O.

Berry baskets and crates, addi'e.-s
-tfdb H. H. ALLTFATIIER,

ZINC AND LEAD ORE

Specimen. Fifty cents by mai..

M. GARDNER. Smithileld, Jasper Co., Mo.

THE CHO/CEST

or-

TESTED QUEENS.

T

Ready to mail In the eaily spring at
Stl.tjOeach. Exclusive attention giv-
en to queen-breeding. Have fur-
nished Northern queen-dealers for
years. Send in your orders early,
an i have your choice of the Golden
Italians, or the Imported stock.
Safe arrival and satisfaction guar-
anteed.

J. W. K. SHAW & CO., Loreauville, La.

Money orders, New Iberia.

MONEY<

SMALL
FRUIT,

Send Postal Card to me and get my
prices for plants of all the leading va-
r rieties of Strawberries, Kaspberries, B'laok-
\ berries. Currants, and Grapes, with direc-
/ tions for planting, etc. 1 pack plants
N carefully, and guarantee them to
y reach you in good shape. My plants
\ are grown on rich soil, and dug fresh
^ from the ground when shipped.
^ Address

<

EZRA a. SMITH,

MANCHESTEE, ONTaEIO CO., N. Y.

un LiI^KAjMNCiS.

Seeds for Business.

While we believe we have in stock a full line of
Vegetable Seeds wliicli are «s uooti and ii<s
c'lieaj) as can be procured anywhere, we have two
items in particular to which we wish to call special
attention, knowing that they will prove World-
/><?afers ns JHUK^^'-AIAKHRS: namely,
Tilliit^liiist't> 1\ S. Early ./ejrse^- Wake-
field iJalthaiie, and Tilliny,-liafit'fi P. S.
l^rizetaUer Onio/j. Both are tliorous^h-
hrecls, correct in every feature, and the latter un-
equaled for use by the new method of transplant-
ing. These seeds are worth a dollar an ounce;
but to induce every gardener to test them we will
deliver both of them anywhere at "x- per pkt., :i5 c
per oz., or $:i.5u i)er pound.

A New C. O. D. Plan. .

Believing that the general lack of currency, to-
gether with tlie trouble, risk, and expense of mail-
ing remittances, deters many would-Le customers
from sending early orders, we have perfected a plan
by which we will deli\ er whatever seeds 3'ou want
to your postmaster, who will deliver them to you
and return the money at our expense. Make out
.> our order for any standard varieties at piices of-
fered by an3' reliable dealer, and we will mail them
C. O. D., as above. Catalogue free on application.
Address

Ti722Jig-h«st's C. O. />. Seedstore,
J^aPlunxe, L,acJc'a Co., J-*«.
i^S^ia responding tu l..1:3 advei i.i.-.eiiiciii iiieuiiun Mijbuitila>uA,

Dovetailed Hives, Simplicity Hives,

SECTIONS. EXTRACTORS. ETC.

FULL LINE OF

BEE-KEEPERS' SUPPLIES.

60-PAGE CATALOGUE. Itfdb

J. M. Jenkins, Wetumpka, Alabama.

Ce^ln ri'spoiuUnpr to tins advei tl>i

IJI IllL'Ildoll ui

70

GLKANINGS IN BEE CULTUKE.

Jan. 15.

Send for our
new price list
of Bee supplies
!i tid Fruii pai'k-
af?es A liber-
al diSL-oiiiit al-
lowed on win-
ter orders. Ad-
dress

BERLIN
FRQir BOX

CO..

Berlin Heifflils

Erie Co.,

Oliio.

1-lOd

riade by

W. C. Pelham,

Haysville, = Ky.

Here's the Place

To get eftrly Golden Queens. Send for circular
and prices. ./. /S. CASE,

JPort Omn^t?, Pin.

Automatic

Comb Foundation

Mills.

MMxu c HONEY
^-^^^^ EXTRACTOR.

Square Glass Honey-Jars,
Tin Buckets, Bee-hives,
Honey Sections, Etc., Etc.
Perfection Cold-blast Smokers.
APPLY TO

CHAS. F. MUTH & SON, Cincinnati, 0.

p. S.— Send 10-ct. stamp tor " Practical Hints to Bee-keepers.
DO YOU RAISE

Fruits ?
Flowers ?
Vegetables ?
Do you own Land ?

IF so, rr WILL

To take a paper that .t;ives its
entire attention to ,y;ardeninK,
home grounds, llie lawn, tree
and shrub jilanting, fruit, flow-
er and vegetable raising, and
thus secure the invaluable
help, and the best information

given in the clearest manner, so that the veriest

novice can thorouglilv understand.

PAY

YOU

WELL

OUR INQUIRY DEPARTMENT (a I'^ne Bureau

of Inforniatiun) open to ail .subscribers.

AlRICllii GiRDEIlING

{FULLV ILLUSTRATED)

Tpi I Q And mot". It has a staff of special-

i tLLO ists in all the branches of horticul-

Al I ture, devoted to its service, and it

MLL is impossible for any one interested

T|J|Q to consult its pages "without gather-

I mo ing knowledge teii-l'old worth its

cost. $1.00 a year for 24 numbers. Sample

copy free. Address

AMERICAN GARDENING, 170 Fulton St., N.Y.

Maple-Sugar Supplies.

The time is at hand when tliose wlio produce the
delicious swee's fnmi the sugar maple must be get-
ting- ready. Fur the best results you must have
pood clean apparatus of the most approved type,
and you really can not afford not to read Prof.
Cook's book. "Maple Sug'ar and tlie Su^ar-bush,"
which we fui'nish at 3.5c, or we will give a copy free
to all those who bu.\- sugar-makers' supplies of us to
the amount of $10 u(i or more. We do not sell evap-
orators, but we think we can do you some good on
spouts, pails, covers, and cans. We liave received a
carload of these from the factory, and they are
made of American tin-plate. The plates are tinned
and made up into cans by the same firm; and Ijy
talting a carload we get tliem at bottom prices. See
table below. The pails and cans are machine-made,
far superior to hand-made, and guaranteed not to
leak.

BUCKET WITH HINGED TIN (V)VER

Tliis cut shows tiie manner of liangingthe bucket
on tiie spout, and also the manner of emptying witli
tlie hinged tin cover. Most progressive sugar-
makers nowadays use covers of some kind. 1

HECOUD SAP SPOUT.

This sp<»ut is clieaiicr tlian any ottier made, and
we believe it is as trood as any. if not better. It is
used almost exclusively in this section.

PRICE LIST OF PAILS, COVERS, SPILES, ETC.

ICtin. TX tin.
lO-qnarl bright fin buckets, per 10ll...J;i:". 00 *I7 00
13 " " •• •' "... hi 00 H 00

1,5 "... 18 00 21 (Ml

Patent hinged tin covers, per 100 .. iffi on
Wood Reversible covers, pei'lOO... 4 oO

Record say-spout.s, i)er luO *1 00; lOM for *8 00

1-giil. sq. cans •' 11 00

1 6 in a bo.\. per bo.\.$ 90; 10 bo.vesS H 50

1 ' 10 in a box, vier bo.\. 1 40; " " i:^ 00

5' not bo.v 'd, each... :?;100 26 00

.5 " " •■ 'i in a box, per liox. 7.5; 10 for. 7 00
.5 1 in a l)ox, per Ixi.v. 45; 10 for.. 4 'iO

A. I. ROOT, MEDINA, OHIO.

A ^ p f\ Frtr Q "'■ $10.00 for 6, Finest
^IT ^^ ftlJ '*''*'» Brown Leghorns, or

^D ^^ • Plymouth Kocks. Otiier varieties.

"^ Circular free. Address Geek Bros., St.

Marys, Mo., or H. B. Gber, Nashville, Tenn. Stfdb

1S94

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

77

Honey Column.

CITY MARKETS.

St. Louis.— HoHcj/.—Tho market has underjfone

very little cliange sincu the holichiys. Hand-to-

moiitli selling is tlie ruliiifr one, yet we quote comb

lU@l-t; extracted, •tl4@45. Prime beeswax, ~'3H@a4.

D. G. TUTT Gkocer Co.,

Jan. 1!). St. Louis, Mo.

Kansas City.— Ho/tej/.— Demand only fair; good
supply. One-lb. amber. 13; 1-lb. \\ hite, 1.5; darli, IL
Kxiraeted, wliite, 7; am!)er, b; darl\, .5 Beeswax,
2'Z(Si~»- Hambli.n & Uearss,

Jau. 19. Kansas City, Mo.

Albany.— HoHcj/.— Comb honey continues to sell
very slowly at 10@13e. There is an improvement in
the deniand for extracted, but the market is well
supplie<l and prices are low. We quote: Ligbt,
'6^2®?; dark, 5y2@6. Chas. McCui-loch & Co.,

Jan. ~'0. 393, 395, 397 Broadway, Albany, N. Y.

Chicago.— HoHeiy.— The demand for honey is very
small; in faci, the trade is almost at a standstill.
The Hue weather xhat we are having' may in part
account for this, but we are of the opinion that peo-
ple ate I'elusing to buy very raucii along- what is
considered the luxury line. We still g-et; 15e for
fancy while comb when sales are made, and lU@13c
for the darker grades. Extracted ranges at from
6 to t) and 7, according tt) the tlavor, quality, and
color. Beeswax quiet at 3ac.

K. A. Burnett & Co.,

Jan. 18. 161 So. Water St., Chicago, 111.

Chicago.- Wonei/.— The ruling- price for fancy
white comb honey seems to be 13c. Other grades of
•comb sell for l(J@12c. Extracted is selling at 6c.
Hard times cause restricted demand.

S. T. Fish & Co.,

Jan. 8. 189 South Water St., Chicago, 111.

Buffalo.— 7fo)iei/.— Tln' market is very quiet.
Liberal stock on hand. mo\i g very slowly. Fancy
white, 13@U; choice, 11@12; No. :i, y@10. Dull times
having great effect ou honey; very little moving.
B.^tterson & Co.,

Jan. 18. Buffalo, N. Y.

Cincinnati.- J/o/icy.— Demand is slow; supply
plentiful. We quote extracted honey at 5@8; comb
honey, 12@15 for best white. Demand is fair for
beeswax. Supply good. We quote :iU@23(: for good
to choice yellow. Chas. F. Muth & Son,

Jan. .8. Cincinnati, Ohio.

Boston.— Honey.— Honey is selling fairlv well.
Fancy Mb. comb selling at l-t@15. Extracted, ,')®7.
Jail. 19. Blake & Kiplev,

Boston, Mass.

Kansas City.— Hojiej/.- T'he demand for comb
and extracted honey continues light, but shows
signs of improvement. We quote No. 1 white Mb.
comb at 14@1.5; No. 3, 12@13; No I amber, 13@H; No.
2, 10@12. Extracted, 5@7. Beeswax, 2u(a22.
2t)@22. Clemons, Mason & Co.,

Jau. 19. Kansas City, Mo.

DETKOiT.—Honey.— Sales are equal to receipts,
and prii-es are unchanged. Best white comb, 15c;
other grades as low as 12'/^. Exti acted. 7@8. Bees-
wax, 23®24. M. H. Hunt,

Jan. 16. Bell Branch, Mich.

San Francisco.- /Y(»»ei/.— Honey is in better de-
mand, and we quote light amber at .5c and white at
.5V4c. One-lb. irame comb lioney, 9^10c, according
to quality. Beeswax, 24(«'2fic.

Schacht, Lemcke & Steiner,

Jan. 13. San Francisco, Cal.

Milwaukee.— H(»/if I/.— The trade in honey here is
small, and sales drag heavily. Indications are that
■ouly a favoi-ed few are consuming honey. Unless
an improved demand comes the supply is quite lib-
eral. Will presume to quote white 1-lb. sections, in
good order, 14@15; broken, or common quality, nom-
inal, 10@12; white extracted, in bbls. or kegs, 7@8;
■dark or amber, nominal, 5@6. Beeswax, 20@23.

A. V. Bishop,

Jan. 18. Milwaukee, Wis.

New York. -H'oici/.— We have nothing new to
report. Trade remains dull with plenty of stock of
both comb and fxirjictvd on the market. Beeswax
sells on arrival at 2<i('$27c.

HiLi>RKTn Bros. & Seoelken,

Jan. 24. 28 & 3(1 West Broadway, New York.

Albany.— HoMcj/.— Honey market is in a very dull
condition, with a large stock of both comb and ex-
tracted. Quotations would be only nominal, for we
do not miss a sale for any respectable (jlVer now.

H. K. Wright,

Jan. 12. 3,26, 338, 330 Broadway, Albany, N. Y.

Cleveland.— Ho7iej/.— No material change in the
honey market since our last report. No. 1 is selling
at 14c. Receipts light. Beeswax, 30c.

Williams Bros.,

Jan. 23. 80 & 82 Broadway, Cleveland, O.

For Sale.— Two cans of extracted honey, about
70 lbs. each, very fine clover. C. A. Van Hoesen,
Westville, Montcalm Co., Mich.

For Sale.~30(10 lbs. of fine comb honey, in 1-lb.
sections, 24-lb. cases, and 200U lbs. of clover and
basswood honey, in 601b. square jacket cans. Sam-
ple of extracted honey by mail on application.

Ezra Baer, Di.xon, Illinois.

gxtracted HOHey

In 60-lb. cans, at 6c per lb. ;
the product of either Utah
or California.

S. T. FISH & CO.,

189 S. Water St.,

Chicago, 111.

For 3 -'" *l'J-0^^-fof 6, Finest

50

V|^ ^'k QIJ ' ^' *^> Brown Leghorns, or

^0^^9 Plymouth Kucks. Other varieties.

^^ Circular free. Address Geer Bros,, St,

Marys, Mo., or H. B. Geer, Nashville, Tenn. Stfdb

BUFFALO, N. Y. Unsurpassed Honey Market.
BATTERSON & CO. Responsible, Reliable,
Commission Merchants, xstfdb and Prompt.

Q ^ Yes, either 3 or 5 banded

IJccrifS 1 bees; Queens and supplies.
•^^^■**^ • pure-bred Poultry cheap.
Catalogue free. CHAS. //. THIBS,

StecicM'f7/e, 111.

Ever=Bearin^

Qault Raspberry.

Owing to the unexpected demand, niy original
stock of these plants was nearly all sold. In
order to supply the demand I paid down §100.00
in cash and one dozen plants to be released
from the contract to supply one of my first cus-
tomers, who had ordered 2000 ])lants. These I
will now offer at $1.00 per plant, or §10.(X) per
dozen, until sold. Descriptive circulars will be
sent upon application to

W. C. QAULT,

Ruggles, = = = _ Ohio.
Ashland County.

tyin resjKjiiding to Uiis aUvei-titeiueiit mention Gleanings

78

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

FEB. 1.

Like Every Editor,

I wish to increase the circulation of my
journal. If every bee-keeper in tliis coun-
tjy were thoroug-lily acquainted with the
Review, my subscription list would at
once be g-reatly increased. I have in mind a scheme for bring-ing- about thi.s acquaintance. Of some
issues of the Review I liave as many as 3u0 copies; of others, 200; of others, 100; and so on down to less
than a dozen. Now, if you will allow me to pick them out, 1 will sell these baok numbers at two cents a
copy. Send me any amount up to $1.00, and I will send you half as many copies as you send me cents, and
no two copies alike. Remember tliut back numbers of the Review are somewhat different from the back
numbers of some journals— tnat each number is, to a certain extent, a little book or pamphlet containing-
the views of leading bee-keepers upon some special topic. Stamps taken, either U. S. or Canadian.

W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint, Mich.

Doolittle'8 Queen-Rearing Free.

We have some of G. M. Doolittle's "Scientific Queen-Rearing" l^ooks (170 pages) in paper covers, a
copy of which we will mail FREE to tiie new subscriber who sends us $1.00 for tlie Weekly '» AMERI-
CAN BEE JOUKM Ali " for one year. Tliis game book in cloth binding sells for $1.00, but we give to a
New Subscriber one of the paper-bound edition for iiothtiig. Oi'der quick, if you want one. They wili
all soon be gone. A sample copy of the "Bee .Tout nal " is sent free on application to the publishers.

Address, CEO. W. YORK & CO., 56 Fifth Ave., CHICACO, ILL.

%W"To New Siibscrihers—6 months with DoDlittlc's honk, for 73c; or the Bee Journal alone for 3 months for 20c^

A 1 THll \A/L)HLL) O r AiH celved the only award -iven an
escape. Practical bee-keepers everywhere use and recommend it as a great labor-saving im-
plement, and as the best. Circular and testimonials free. Prices:— Each, postpaid, with
directions, 20 cts. ; per doz., $2.25, and your money bacTi, if not satisfied. Order from your dealer,
or if more convenient from the manufacturers, R. & E. C. PORTER, LEWISTOWN, ILL.

13 Carloads of Supplies.

This is the amount we have distributed in a single season, of
Foundation, Dov. Hives, Sections, Extractors, etc. Therefore, if

^^ you have little money and want that little to go as far as possible,

— ^ ---^^^~~ remember that we are headquarters in the west for all goods in

^^^^■•■^-^——■^— ——■■—■— our line; by doing- so great a volume of business we sell goods-
cheap. If yuu liavt,' the moiicii, also remember you can make it earn a big interest by availing yourself of
our discounts for early orders. In either case you should write us and tell what you will likely need. It
will pay you. We sell Root's goods at Root's prices, and can save you freight.

The new polished sections and all other late improved goods kept in stock.
, , ., !»»»«• ■ Send for our large illustrat-

Joseph Nysewander, Des Moines, la, fe'«^°f™h'e'rtSSfS:

FOR THE WEST.

Root's

Goods at
Root's Prices.

We have the best shipping-facilities in the North-
west. We can save time and freight by shipping
direct on some 40 or more railroads, without change
of cai's, which saves handling-, and goods are much
le.ss liable to be broken or smashed.

Root's 189.3 No. 1 white sections, 4jirx4>4x7 to foot.
17i, and l\l at $3.,50 per 1000. No. 1 cream, 4^x>/xl%
and m, $2.00 per 1000.

Write for price list and what you want.

H. G. Acklin, 1024 Mississippi St.,
St. Paul, Minn.

Northwestern Agent for A. I. Root's Bee=keepers'
Supplies.

Grossman

Will be located near Dallas, wheie he will
be !-e;idy witli those

Beautiful Golden Queens

in due time for the sea.son of l«il4. Send
for Price List. Ri-ady February 1st.

W. p. Grossman, Dallas, Texas.

Queens, ^ Send for Price List
Nuclei S ^"""^^^^

Colonies > Columbia, Ten

List. /
tin. \

00

Sections, Bee= Hives,

and other Bee=

Keepers' Appliances

at Bed=rock Prices.

Best of Goods at Lowest Prices.

Write for free, illustrated catalogue

and Price List.

G. B. Lewis Co., Watertown, Wis.

Walter S. Pouder,

162 Massachusetts Ave.,
Indianapolis, Indiana.

Qiir«ttli/=kc Standard goods; popular price*-;
*::7UppilCi>, catalogue free.
(( Riic-*/ Rfp^c " a book telling how to man-
'-'^-'^J^ L>CCi», age them, 10c in stamps; or,
free to those sending names of five bee-keepers.

Orin responding to this advertisement mention tJLKANlNoa.

QUEENS

Smokers, Sections,
Comb Foundation,
all Api»ir:iii Supplies
ip. SpikI for

FLAN AHA M, llrllpville. III.

^ • delvoteld;

•andHoNE.Y- ,
•MD home:- ■^

'PuBll6HEDBY(^-l-npOr*

Vol. XXII.

FEB. I, 1894.

No. 3.

At the Iowa convention, IM inches seem-
ed the favorite width for sections.

York's "Stinger" says Jake Smith can
spell better than 1 can. The spiteful thing I

Butter and honev shall he eat, that he
may know to refuse the evil, and choose the
good.— Is A. 7:15.

This avinter, so far, is one of extremes. The
coldest I ever knew at the first end, and ex-
tremely warm for the past few weeks.

Quince jelly made with honey, of exquisite
flavor, is one of the delicacies mentioned as on
exhibition at a French bee-keepers' convention.

Brother Abbott, of Saint Joseph, says it's
all a mistake about sweet-clover honey being
dark. No finer honey in the United States. —
A. B. J.

" Do BEES ever swarm without having built
queen-cells previously?" is a question asked in
A. B. J. The 25 witnesses don't agree in their
testimony.

Last Gleanings might be called a special
number on Bees vs. Fruit Culture. Might send
a small boy with a copy to the esteemed editor
of RuniJ New-Yorker.

Gallup occupies I3<i pages of A. B. J. with
a glowing description of Orange Co., Cal., and
the wicked printer heads it, " By Dr. E. Gullup."
But Gallup would't gull any one.

If formic acid, as now seems settled, comes
through the blood of the bee into the honey,
shall not some of us have to change our notions
about feeding for winter, and feed more slowly?

Gleanings is getting to be so prompt about
appearing on time that it reminds one of the
old times when it was after all the other jour-
nals with a sharp stick when they were a day
late.

Members of bee-keepers' societies enjoy spe-
cial advantages in Europe. They get bee-jour-

nals at reduced rates, or free, and in one of the
journals I saw an invitation for manufacturers
to send in notice of the rebate they would al-
low members on purchases.

"The bf.vl source of formic acid in honey,"
at which I have already hinted, is given in an
able article by Dr. Planta, and nicely translated
for A. B. J. by Frank Benton. Exit Rev.
Clarke's "drop by drop from the point of the
sting" theory.

The special flavor, very agreeable but
hard to define, found in butter on the breakfast
tables of English hotels, as well as of some
Swiss hotels patronized by the English, is, ac-
cording to the Bourgogne Agricole, due to the
presence of honey in the butter.

I always hate to see any one try to have
the last word. Now, I wouldn't do a thing of
that kind; but I merely rise to inquire, anent
that third paragraph on p. (51, whether it was
the stacked-up hives or closing the door that
stopped the robbing in the honey-house.*

Now that Rev. Clarke's "drop by drop"
theory is exploded, will some one demonstrate
that a sting can't be used for a trowel ? Or why
can't Bro. Clarke be candid enough to arise and
explain that there never was any basis except a
vivid imagination for the "sting-trowel the-
ory"?

While breaking off from the habit of
chewing tobacco. Dr. Trask advises that the
patient take a chew of coarsely powdered gen-
tian root, about equal to the ordinary quid of
tobacco, after each meal. Within a few weeks
the cure will be complete if the patient has
strictly abstained from tobacco during that
time. — Medical World.

Bees' eyes, according to Tony Kelien, in
Lux. Bienen - Zettung, do not accommodate
themselves to a weak light nor to a dazzling
one. Bees thrown in the air at dusk, a short
distance from their hives, circle around in the
air, and finally fall to the ground without find-
ing their homes, while the dazzling light on the
snow has much the same effect.

* Both, doctor,
up.— Ed.

The stacked hives eased things

80

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb. 1.

W. A. Pryal (A. B. J.) thinks that the great
fatality attending the mailing of queens to Cal-
ifornia results from the candy becoming too dry
as it enters that sunny clime, and that there
should be a return to the old plan of little wa-
ter-bottles. Confectioners make a candy dry
outside and soft in the middle. How would
that do for California shipments ?

Robbers. Boil for a few minutes a handful
of tobacco or cigar-stumps in a gill of water,
and you have a not costly chemical product
that will put to route, like enchantment, an
army of robbers. Apply a few daubs of it at
the points where robbers try to enter, and they
are totally driven away for a long time, when
the application must be renewed.— i'^picul-
teur.

Foui. BROOD. Dr. Wra. R. Howard (A. B. J.)
claims to have proved that " the queen does de-
posit eggs in cells containing the dark, coifee-
colored dried mass " of foul brood; that honey
is also stored in such cells, and sometimes cap-
ped, and that stores and bacilli live in such hon-
ey indetinitely. That's not accoi'ding to Che-
shire, perhaps, but it's according to the belief
of most practical bee-keepers.

Honey in butter, as mentioned in another
Straw, an ounce to the pound, has a twofold
purpose: To improve the flavor, and to prevent
the butter from beooniing rancid. If an ounce
of honey were sold in this country for every
pound of first-class butter, there would be quite
a boom in the honey -mai'ket. Is there a dairy-
man in our ranks to try the thing, and report
his judgment as to the effect of honey in bat-
ter ?

That notched scraping-knife, on p. 60. It
seems, Ernest, that I didn't make clear what
my chief objection was. It was. that it took
too long time to set that notch at the right
place to work— somewhat in the same way it
takes loo much time to set loose hanging frames
at the right distance. But a half-hour's trial
will convince you better than an hour's argu-
ment. And just you try that notch at the end
of a long springy blade!

MANUM IN THE APIARY.

INTERESTING EXPERIMENTS IN QUKEN- REAR-
ING; manum's nucleus-chamber.

By A. E. Manum.

"Here we are, Mr. Daggett, at the Williams
yard, and here I have a horse-shed connected
with the honey-house, as you see, with double
door to the honey-house, so that I can back my
wagon into the honey-house when necessary;

and, by closing the doors, I can load my honey
without fear of robber-bees."

" What work have you got to do here to-day,
Manum '?"

"Just about the same that I had yesterday at
the Meach yard, with the addition of looking
over a few of my experiment hives, which I
will leave for the last thing before we return
home; and since you are acquainted with Judge
Williams — I suppose I should give him the title
of ' President,' since he is President of the State
Humane Society — you might make him a call of
an hour or more."

"Manum, I guess you are going to have a
call."

" Yes. I think so. That is Mr. Cox, who has
an apiary four miles north from here. How do
you do, Mr. Cox? You seem to be in a hurry."

"Y^es, Manum, I am somewliat, though I have
left my 12-year-old boy to hive the bees should
any swarm while I am away. I have come
over to borrow a foundation-fastener, if you
have an extra one you can spare."

"Oh, yes! I have one right here that you can
have as well as not. Are your bees doing pretty
well?"

" Yes; the past two days have been favorable,
and all are at work in sections; and as bass-
wood promises a full bloom I wish to get more
sections ready," says Mr. Cox.

" Are you sure basswood will give a full bloom
this year, Mr. Cox ? I am not so sure of it. I
have seen but a few trees, it is true; but those
I have examined promise only a partial bloom.
I find no buds except at the top of the trees and
at the very tips of the branches; and I have
come to the conclusion that we shall get only
about a third of a full bloom. It may be, how-
ever, that, in some localities, they will bloom
more fully. It is well enough to be ready, how-
ever; but at the same time 1 would advise you
not to get too many sections ready wlien the
basswoods promise so sparingly. I liave been
caught so many times that I have learned to be
very careful unless there is a prospect that we
shall get a full bloom."

" What is the matter with that colony ? and
why do you shake the bees off the combs in
front of their hive?"

"Well, I will tell you. Twelve days ago I
gave them a virgin queen, and I opened them to
see if she was laying, and I find they are queen-
less."

"Well, but you did not look for any eggs.
How can you tell that they are queenless?"

" By their actions, and the mournful hum I
hear. Do you see they are not clustered in any
particular place in the hive? They are in all
parts of it, and appear very much in trouble.
Doubtless their queen was lost in mating, and I
will now give them another if I can find one in
my queen-nursery that has just hatched, as
they will be more apt to accept a queen just
emerged from the cell than one three or four

I

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE

81

duys old. Yes, here is oiu^ just cutting her way
out. I will assist her.''

" Manum, why don't you introduce tiie cell
and let her hatch in the hive? That is the way
I have done several times. I first melt a little
wax on my hot smoker-tube, and seal over the
end of the cell and cause her to gnaw her way
out again."

" Mr. Cox, I dare not do that way. I used to
do so. but I now prefer to allow the young
queen to hatch, that I may see her full form
before introducing her; because I often find
young queens without wings or with imperfect
wings, while some of them are small, inferior
queens, even from large cells; and, furthermore,
I am particular as to the form of my queens
more than I am about the color. I want strong
robust-looking queens. I don't like long, slim,
peaked queens, as I have an idea that the work-
ers from such long slim queens are not as large,
as a rule, as those from broader, thicker, stout-
er queens. I look to my queens for a honey
crop more than to any thing else about the api-
ary."

" INIanum, I want to know why you shook
those bees in front of the hive. You did not
tell me."'

"Oh! excuse me, I switched off on to an-
other track, and lost sight of your question en-
tirely. I will now show you. Here is the vir-
gin queen, which I will drop among the bees
that are now running into their hive at a lively
rate. You see she is as lively as you please,
and they pay no attention to her. I shook the
bees out for this purpose, to draw their atten-
tion, as It were, to one purpose — that of getting
back into their hive as soon as possible; and up-
on returning they find they have a queen with
them which they accept as readily at this stage
as they did the first queen given them, and
which is now lost. I find this much the safest
plan after a colony has lost one queen. Had I
dropped a queen three or four days old into
their hive without disturbing them, as I did by
shaking them on the ground, they might have
balled her — in fact, two out of five would be
balled; hence this precaution in my out-api-
aries, where I visit them only once a week."

"Well, there, Manum, it is 11 o'clock, and I
must hurry home."

" Now, Mr. Daggett, you have returned just
in time, as I am now ready to open up my new-
siyle nuclei. You will observe this hive is
"tiered up," or, rather, the cap to the outside
case is raised four inches, resting upon four
blocks, one at each corner. This is to allow the
bees and young queens to fly out of the upper
story, and still have a covering over them to
protect the inner hive from the sun and storms.
There, this upper story is simply a sliallow
brood-chamber, half tlie depth of my ordinary
chambers, and the same size otherwise. I have
a perforated zinc bottom to it, to prevent the
old and young queens from passing either up or

down. This upper story is placed over a full
colony which has an extracting-super over it;
hence this super is between the main brood-
chamber and the nucleus-chamber. There is,
therefore, no hindrance to the storing of honey
on account of having this nucleus-chamber on
the hive. This nucleus, orqueen-rearing cham-
ber, has three partitions making four apart-
ments. Each apartment holds three frames,
and is a nucleus of itself, with itsown entrance,
or outlet, where the bees can fly out under the
cap of the hive as above stated; and by having
the entrances each on a different side, there is
no confusion of the bees, as you see each end
apartment has an entrance, one on the north
side, the other on the south, and one of the cen-
ter apartments has its entrance on the west, and
the other on the east sides.

"But, Manum. if you take bees from some
other colony for these apartments, will they not
quarrel wii'i the main colony below, since they
can mingli' together by passing through this
zinc bottom".' I can readily see that the warmth
from the main colony below is very serviceable
in assisting the few bees in these small apart-
ments in keeping up a proper temperature cold
nights."

" There is no quarreling, Mr. Daggett, for the
very reason that I do not bring bees here from
other colonies. I simply make use of the bees
belonging to this main colony; and here is
where is the gain. I do not have to rob any
colony of bees to start my nuclei, by this plan,
as the bees from below readily come up and oc-
cupy the combs; and to make sure of this I aim
to have a little brood in each apartment; and
as nearly all the bees that take possession of
these small apartments are young, I have no
difficulty in making them accept a virgin queen,
or, at least, I have succeeded in nearly every
trial. While I expect some failures, the gain
in the saving of bees for queen-rearing, as well
as the even and proper temperature given from
below, will more than offset the few failures I
may have in introducing virgin queens into
these small upper apartments for the purpose of
having them fertilized."

"Are you sure that this perforated zinc will
prevent the virgin queens from passing down
below?"

" No, I am not sure; in fact, some, I feel sure,
have done that trick; but as there is another
zinc under the extracting-super, they are less
liable to get down into the brood-chamber
where the old queen is."

"There is another point, Manum, which I
wish to bring up in regard to swarming. Will
not these virgin queens which are directly over
the main colony where the workers have access
to either apartment cause undue swarming ?"

"I think not, as there is quite a space be-
tween these small apartments and the main
brood-chamber, which space is occupied by am-
ple surplus room, and there are four entrances

82

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb. 1.

above for any of the bees that wish to fly out.
Right here I will add that I am not sure but
that, if we should have entrances to all of our
hives near or at the top, as well as large en-
trances at the bottom, we should be the better
able to control or prevent swarming. We will
now go to another hive where 1 am trying to
prevent the swarming fever."
Bristol, Vt.

SWEET CLOVER AS A FORAGE AND HONEY
PLANT.

A VALUABI.R ARTICLE.

By H. R. Boardman.

I am surprised that any bee-keeper of experi-
ence, who has had a reasonable opportunity of
observing, should report sweet clover any thing
less than a first-class honey-plant; and yet I
am aware that there are a few adverse reports
coming from very reliable sources.

I am quite sure— yes, I think I know from my
own experience and observations with this
plant, extending through a period of a dozen
years or more — that it is unsurpassed, and
equaled only by the noted alfalfa; and these
convictions are supported by the opinions of
some of the most practical and reliable bee-
men of my acquaintance.

The last season was the first for several years
when white clover alone yielded me any sur-
plus, and this, too, with the fields white with
its bloom in every direction as far as bees could
fly; and yet I should not be warranted in claim-
ing that white clover was not a good honey-
plant. It has a world-wide reputation that is
unimpeachable. If it were no more abundant
than its cousin it would hardly have gained
this enviable reputation — certainly not in the
last few years.

I think it has been generally conceded by
practical bee-keepers that it will not pay to
plant for honey alone. This conclusion is un-
doubtedly a safe one. We must, then, look for
some other value besides that of honey, in order
to recommend sweet clover as a field crop.

AS A FORAGE PLANT.

I once supposed, as most people do now, that
sweet clover was entirely worthless as a forage-
plant for stock — that nothing would eat it; but
I have demonstrated to my own entire satisfac-
tion that horses, cattle, and sheep, will not only
learn to eat it, but will thrive upon it, both as
pasture and dried as hay, and that hogs are
fond of it in the green state. I say, they learn
to eat it, because most stock have to ac([uire a
taste for it, not taking n^adily to it at first. I
gave it a fair trial for pasture last summer.
My horses and family cow fed upon it almost
entirely during the dry part of the season.
They became fat and sleek, without the help
of grain or other feed. The milk and butter
from the cow showed no objectionable flavor.

The amount of feed furnished was something
surprising. It has a habit of continually
throwing out or renewing its foliage and its
bloom; also, when cut or fed back, it keeps it
constantly fresh. After gaining a growth of
four or five feet in height in dense masses in
my pasture it was fed down entirely, even the
coarse stalks, so that, at the close of the season,
nothing was left. The seeding was, of course,
destroyed; but in my desire to put to a severe
test the feed value of the crop, this was lost
sight of.

Sweet clover, like the alfalfa, sends its great
roots deep down into the hardest, dryest soils,
thus enabling it to withstand severe drouths as
no other plant can. This gives it great value
as a fertilizer; and growing as it does upon the
liardest. poorest soils, it recommends itself for
reclaiming soils too poor for raising other crops.
It has a habit of taking possession of vacantlots
and roadsides, which has caused some alarm
with those unacquainted with its habits, fear-
ing it would spread over the fields and prove a
pest. I can assure you it will do no such thing.
In all my acquaintance with it I have never
seen it spread into cultivated or occupied fields
to any extent. I have been very reckless with
the seed about my own premises; and if there
had been any danger in this direction I should
have found it out long ago.

Some time during the latter part of last sum-
mer I made a trip through a part of the State
where a severe drouth was prevailing. The
cattle and sheep looked gaunt and hungry, and
were roaming over pastures that were dry,
scorched, and dead. Fire had run over the
farms here and there, adding still farther to
the look of desolation. In places the cows had
been turned into the growing corn, the only
green forage in sight. I wondered again and
again how it was possible for the stock to es-
cape entire starvation. A field of sweet clover,
with its dark-green foliage, would have made
a refreshing picture amidst this desolation. It
would have been more than a picture. It
would have supplied a place where it would
have been most heartily welcome and appre-
ciated in this trying emergency. I think it
will recommend itself and come to be appre-
ciated soon in such times of severe drouth. It
makes a slender growth the first year. It is
this crop that is the most valuable for hay, and
cutting it will not interfere with the second
year's growth. The second year it grows
coarser; blossoms, seeds, and dies root and
branch. If cut for hay in the second year it
should be cut just as it is beginning to bloom.
A second crop may be cut late in the season.
It should be well dried, and it requires good
weather to do it in. If cut for seed it maybe
thrashed and hulled with a machine like red
clover, or the seed may be sown without hull-
ing.

Now, don't be induced, by the bright picture

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

83

I have drawn, to seed your whole farm to sweet
clover, for it would result in an unprofitable
failure, I am sure. But if you desire to
test its value, do it on a small scale, with
an acre or two, and do it thoroughly. I have
found it no easy thing to succeed in making
it grow as a field crop, and I would advise
sparing no pains in getting it started. When
once it gets possession of the ground it will stay
if allowed to ripen a late crop of seed. Sow
with winter wheat or rye in the spring, the
same as other clover. Please don't write me
for seed. I have none to spare.
East Townsend, O., Jan. 7.

DOES ALSIKE CLOVER PAY T

WILL GROW ON SOD LAND; A SUBSTITUTE FOH
BASSWOOD, NOW BEIN(i RAPIDLY CUT OFF.

By M. M. Baldridge.

Under date of Dec. 24, 1893, a correspondent
in Hamilton Co., Neb., writes me in substance,
in regard to alsike clover, as follows:

Mr. BnJdridge :—I have now grown alsike clover
about six years. At present I have about 80 acres of
it, but I expect to plow it up the coming spring.
Tiie dry weather of the past year lias about used it
up. I cut the past season some 70 acres of alsike for
seed, but the drouth was so severe upon It that I
got only 5.5 l)ushels. fine year I cut63acresof alsike
for seed, and got an a\erage of 4 bushels per acre.
I shipped the seed to Ciiu-ago, and It netted me $8.15
per bushel. List fall I plowed up 80 acres of alsike
and seeded the land to wheat. The land, owing to
drouth and too close pasturing, had become weedy.
1 have now 110 acres of alsike mixed with timothy.
Some of this I intend to cut for hay, and use the
rest of the land for pasture. Alsike does well on
land too wet for red clover. With me it seems to
seed best in moderately dry seasons.

I have sown alsike on timothy sod, also on wild-
grass sod, and with grand success. With plenty of
moisture the seed will catch and grow on almust any
kind of land already seeded down to grass. I have
never seeded land with alsike in the fall; but if sown
with rye or wheat, and early, I see no reason why it
should not winter all right. When sown early in
spring, on rye or wheat, it makes a good catch, and
Is a success.

I keep a few bees. Alsike makes a good bee-pas-
turage, and the honey therefrom can hardly be sur-
passed in quality.

Now, dear reader, please send me your report
on alsike, in case you have one, no matter
whether favorable or otherwise. The bee-keep-
ing fraternity wants all the facts about alsike
it can get. Owing to the rapid destruction of
basswood we desire to sui)ply its loss with some-
thing that will be at least its equivalent. It is
my belief that alsike clover is the very thing
we want, and is a profitable substitute for bass-
wood. I have kept bees for many years where
basswood abounds, and have had more or less
experience with alsike, and I have concluded
that I should much prefer to depend on alsike for

honey. One thing is certain— the honey from
alsike is superior to that from basswood, and
gives far better satisfaction, as a table sauce,
to consumers geiu'rally. At least, that has
been my experience.

The reader will please notice, in the letter
from Nebraska, that sod land, of any descrip-
tion, will do to sow alsike seed upon. This is a
fact very important to know. It is by no means
a new fact to the writer, nor to several others
in this vicinity; but it may be new to the mul-
titude. The present winter is just the time to
scatter alsike seed upon sod land. The melting
of the winter snows and the early spring rains
will be certain to cause nearly every seed to
germinate and grow. Try a few acres at least,
and note the results. Utilize the roadsides and
the waste places everywhere, and especially
the unused land of the railroads. If you own
no land, try to induce .^ome of the farmers,
whose land is within short range of your bees,
to give this plan of getting a start with alsike
a trial. You can afford to make your farming
friends a present of enough seed to keep every
bee you own at work while the alsike is in
bloom. But it is not, necessary to do this, nor
is it policy to do just that way. The better
way is to supply thi:'m with seed at your own
expense, and then have them repay you as soon
as they'ascertainThlTFact that they can afford
to do so. This plan does not excite suspicion
that you alone have an " ax to grind," and that
yon are on the hunt for some one to furnish the
grindstone.

On sod ground, or when mixed with timothy
seed, two pounds of alsike seed is plenty for one
acre. Four pounds of alsike is plenty for one
acre when sown alone. I have no alsike seed
for sale, so t lease don't write me for any. I
presume Mr. Root can supply the readers of
Gleanings with all the seed they may want.

St. Charles, Illinois.

POISONOUS HONEY FROM YELLOW JASMINE.

BEES AVOID IT WHEN THEY CAN GET HONEY
FROM OTHER SOURCES.

By J. P. H. Broivn.

In reply to the question yon ask in your foot-
note appended to the article on yellow jasmine,
by Mr. M. Arter, page 24. 1 beg leave to say
that my apiary is surrounded for miles by yel-
low jasmine; and from a close observation for
nearly a fourth of a century I am prepared to
give facts. It belongs to the composite family
of plants, and is known in materia medusa as
Gclsemium sempervirens. The roots, leaves,
and flowers of the vine are all highly poisonous,
and very rapidly reduce the nerve- power and
the force of the circulation. A few years ago a
neighbor of mine lost a child that chewed and
ate the flowers. The honey that is gathered
from the bloom is also very poisonous, as I know

84

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb. 1.

of several persons who came near losing their
lives by eating it. The "old gentleman'" re-
ferred to by your correspondent is correct in his
observations.

In ray latitude the jasmine commences to
bloom in February, and often continues till the
last of March; but if there is much rain and
wind the blooms drop very soon. The honey-
bee does not work on it from choice; for when
other bloom is yielding honey at the same time,
the jasmine-flowers are seldom visited. Ital-
ians work on it more than the blacks; in fact,
it is not often you see a black bee on it. Its
flowers yield more pollen than honey, and I
have found that what honey is secreted by the
nectaries is used up in breeding. None is ever
stored, except it may be in queenless colonies.
Hence the " old gentleman " is correct in observ-
ing that jasmine honey is never capped.

The pol^onous effects of the jasmine are ob-
served upon the newly hatched bees after they
take their first meal. They act at first as
though intoxicated; then their abdomen swells
up; they crawl out of the hive, and die. If ttie
colony is very strong, and hatching brood rap-
idly, a pint of dead young bees can often be
found in front of the entrance inside of 34
hours. The mortality ceases as soon as the jas-
mine bloom is over. It is also a fact, that, if
sugar syrup is fed at this time to draw the bees'
attention from the bloom, there is no mortality.
The same occurs if there is a stress of bad
weather to keep the bees at home. The young
of black colonies are rarely ever affected in this
way by the poison, because the blacks work but
little on it. I have observed the workers also
to be at times affected, but not to the great ex-
tent that the young bees are.

Augusta, Ga.

[Dr. Brown has given just the information
we called for, and it is the more valuable be-
cause it confirms the article on page 24. Dr. B.
says the newly hatched bees, after eating of the
yellow- jasmine honey, appear at first intoxicat-
ed; then their abdomen swells up, and they
crawl out at the entrance, and die. These are
some of th(! symptoms of bee-paralysis (name-
less bee-disease); and while that disease is
prevalent in the South, it is ponsibLe, in a. num-
ber of cases where bees die thus, that they are
supposed to be affected with paralysis, when it
is simply caused by jasmine poisoning. Those
who are acquainted with the disease, or are sit-
uated in localities where no jasmine grows,
will not make the mistake. Here is something
further on the subject: — Ed.]

Mr. Editor: — There are millions of jasmine-
blooms every spring within a half-mile of my
bees; and, as Bro. Arter says, the fragrance of
its flower is very delightful; but the bees posi-
tively do not work on it in this vicinity, nor is
there any poisonous honey in this section.

We are having hot weather here at this time

— 60 to 80° in the shade, and my bees are bring-
ing in pollen from sunrise till dark. Every col-
ony is storing pollen to-day. Is this a sure sign
that they all have laying queens ?
Cai Greek, Ga., Jan. 10. J. B. Griffin.

[No, not necessarily.]

^ I ^

RAMBLE 101.

BEE - PASTURAGE AND GOLD-MINES; LYTLE
CREEK CANYON.

The location of an apiary in the brush, how-
ever, as recounted in our last, has its uncer-
tainties, and especially so if located within the
irrigation district. That good location, with
its square miles of sage and other honey-pro-
ducing plants, is liable to be sold to the home-
seeker, and he is liable any day to find the
brush falling before the ax of the recent pur-
chaser, and he is ordered to move his apiary.
In a majority of cases a bee-keeper would not
think of moving the bees to the home place,
but seeks some place beyond still in the brush
or in the canyon. Perhaps the home place con-
tains ten acres of land. It is about all set out
to fruits of some kind. His land has cost him
at least .?100 per acre, and the addition of his
fruit-trees, and the water-taxes, etc., have in-
creased the value; then fruit-trees have to
receive thorough cultivation and irrigation.
The movement of one or two hundred colonies
of bees to the home ranch then means the
occupation of valuable ground. It further-
more means that my ten acres is surrounded by
other people owning their ten acres; therefore
the bees, when so cross as they are in this cli-
mate, especially in the height of the honey-
season, are liable to attack any or all of these
surrounding neighbors. Then after consider-
ing the neighbors and the valuable land, the
wider grows the settlement and the further the
bees have to fly to find the nectar, until the
journey, at length, is too far to be performed
profitably.

Mr. Sealer's apiary was thus located upon
what is now wild land belonging to the Land
and Water Co.; and, being a little anxious
about the future of his honey-pasturage, he
desired to explore Lytle Creek Canyon for fields
that were new and unoccupied. We therefore
set our faces that way. The country seemed
quite level, but our pony seemed to think it a
little too much up grade for her to make fast
time. We cuncluded that she ought to know,
so she was allowed to take it at an easy gait.

As we approached the foot-hills we found the
surface of the country to change from the
stoneless and rich loam to lands that were al-
most covered with boulders, not large but nu-
merous. But even here we found government
land claimed, and the squatter was industrious-
ly piling up the stones and improving the land.

" Why," said I to Mr. Sealer, "just as though

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

85

there were not land enough in this conntry
without talking up land upon which they have
to put so much hard work, to clear it and fit it
for the production of crops."

"Yes." said Mr. S., '"it looks that way; but
this being government land it is obtained very
cheap: and after the stones are removed the
land is excellent for the production of crops,
and especially for fruits."

Lytle Creek Canyon runs back far into the
San Bernardino range of mountains, and the
lively stream of water that flows from its mouth
plays a very important part in making thou-
sands of acres of land produce most bounteous
crops. Two rival water companies run their
ditches in here side by side, and the proximity
and the clashing interests have been in the
courts. The Grape Land Co. is putting a long
and expensive tunnel through a spur of the
mountain, and proposes to strike about twenty
feet under the bed of the creek above, claiming

CcKpli9rmgtheTuiriinel.Bi|To®LBiUr^~^^ ^

to take the underflow, while the other com-
pany will have the surface flow. Thus do in-
terests conflict here over the little streams of
water.

A bee-keeper of some local note has an api-
ary a short distance within the canyon. He is
not noted, however, for the size of his apiary,
which is less than 100 colonies, nor for the size
of his honey-yield, which was not large; but
he is noted for the size of his pedal extremities,
and this apiarist is known far and near as Big-
foot Bill. When Mi". Sealer repeated this name
to me I was anxious to see the owner of it. My
imagination pictured a man with an enormous
foot. It was soon our good fortune to find the
gentleman. He was employed in helping to
drive that water-tunnel to its completion; and
instead of meeting a deformed specimen of
humanity, limping around with one enormous
big foot, I found a splendid specimen of young
man. a six-footer, straight as an arrow, with a
courteous bearing, and known by the civilized

name of William Ingalls. I could hardly see
that his understandings were much out of pro-
portion to his body: but owing to his feet being
athletic, as well as his body, he had earned his
soubriquet. Our friend William soon invited
us to view the beauties of the tunn<'l. The
mountain had been punctured to a distance of
over 7(X) feet, and the hole was just about large
enough for a man to walk through comfortably.
We were each provided with a tallow candle,
and our candlestick had a sharp prong on one
side. In fact, we might say that it was nearly
all prong, to enable us to drive it into a soft
place in the rock, or in a seam, and then work.
Our errand was, however, to see how other
men had worked, and we followed our leader.
Seven hundred feet does not seem a great way
when we pace it off on the surface anywhere
outdoors; but when we crawl, as it were, into a
hole in the rocks that distance, it seems quite a
journey; and that hole we came in at, as we
look back at it. grows smaller and
smaller as we advance, and we
find ourselves wondering if the
eternal rocks will fall on us. But
Wniliam sets a good example,
and walks ahead unconcernedly,
punching the sharp end of that
strong pronged candlestick into
the rocks overhead to see if any
of them are loose, and explains
many thinss of interest in relation
to tunneling for water.

William managed his feet well
in the tunnel. They did not whirl
around and the heel get ahead of
the toes, as ducks' feet sometimes
do; neither did they get crosswise
and block up the tunnel. In fact,
William and the rest of us. in
the words of one of Watts' hymns,
kept "right in de middle ob de
road." We did not get to the full depth of the
tunnel, however, for. as we neared the heading,
we met the smoke from a recent blast, and were
advised to avoid it by retreating toward that
light at the entrance, which was now about
the size of a full moon. I noticed that William
was very careful to turn around on his heels.
His toes might otherwise hit the side of the
tunnel, but would hardly hit the top.

When we entered daylight again we found
some Spaniards whirling a rude sort of blower
which conveyed fresh air to the heading and
drove the smoke out. Of course, the men at
work in this tunnel were in a bachelors' camp,
and I noticed that the cook, who was quite an
aldermanic man in his proportions, actually
possessed larger feet than our friend William.
In fact, the big cook seemed to be tired carry-
ing so much foot around, and was observing a
reclining position on a bench. From the
healthy looks of the men, however, he was on
hand and on duty at meal times. Had I been

86

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb. 1.

well acquainted with all hands I would have and that hill is left in a dilapidated and forlorn

moved an amendment to that name, "Big-foot condition.

Bill," and substituted Big-foot Cook and Big- A little further along we came across two

foot Camp. It occurred to us that tunneling is young men who were "in it," but on a small

a very good business in connection with the scale. They conducted water in a pipe down

bee-business. When you tire of working in the the hill, allowing it to flow through a long

hot sun with the bees, then go into the tunnel wooden trough, in the bottom of which were

and work in its cooling shades. Mr. Woodbury,
treasurer of our State Association, it will be
remembered, also has a tunnel into which he
can retire for work and reflection. When we

.»vie'

PLACER GOLD-MINING.

had seen all that William had to show us, we
hoped him success in his tunneling operations,
and also success as a manager of the busy bee,
and continued our journey up the canyon.

Lytle Creek Canyon has been noted from the
early settlement of this country as a gold-bear-
ing locality; and about the first object that
attracts attention upon entering the canyon is
a large hill, half of which has been washed
away by hydraulic mining. The person, how-
ever, who hydrauticked at such a rapid rate
died (people in the full pursuit of gold die).
There was some hitch in the after-proceedings,

slats called riffles. The dirt is shoveled into
the upper end of the trough, and what gold
there may be in it is caught in the riffles as the
dirt is washed along. The little fine gold dust
that was thus secured was kept
very choice in empty cartridge-
shells. The camera caught a
very good view of the mining
operations, which will give the
reader some idea of how the
work is done. These young
men were working hard with
the pick and shovel, and were
making about enough to pay
for their victuals, or their
"grub," as they termed it.
They were thinking very loud-
ly, that, if their luck did not
soon change, they would seek
some other business.

In another retired notch in
the canyon a darkey owned a
mine in which he claimed that
he was getting $20 a day. The
other fellows were, however,
somewhat skeptical about his
fortune. Seeing that our pros-
pects were not flattering for
gaining sudden wealth, and
also finding that the honey-
pasturage was not of a very
favorable nature, we turned our
pony's head homeward.

The search for gold seems to
be very fascinating, and many
men have spent the best part of
their lives in this golden coun-
try prospecting and digging for
the precions metal, and still
have never made their fortune,
and sometimes barely a living.
Every piece of loose dirt all
through this canyon has been
worked over several times, and
the marks of the pick and the little pile of dirt
are seen away up on what would seem to be an
inaccessible cliff on the side of the mountain.

If the yoiuig men we met, who were toiling
for such low wages (some days they said it was
ten cents) had turned their attention to the
production of honey, even in this canyon, the
profits from the golden drops gathered by the
golden Italian bees would have been much
greater than can ever be expected in an old
worn-out mining region. As we journeyed
homeward these wore the reflections of the

Rambler.

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

87

CALIFORNIA ECHOES.

BY KAMBLER.

Mr. G. K. Hubbard is now smiling on bee-
keepers in Riverside and vicinity, and introduc-
ing his patent hive.

What has become of Muth's honey candy, or
caramels'? We are sure they would tickle the
palatrs of the lovers of sweets here in Califor-
nia. We don't like to see such things go up
like a rocket and come down like a stick. We
like to see them stay up.

The report of the Bee-keepers' Union, recent-
ly issued, is interesting reading. It might be
termed "the Bee - keepers' Bunting - ram."
When a fruit-grower is inclined to molest the
honied dreams of his bee-keeping neighbor,
turn that Arkansas-decision ram loose, and the
troubler soon becomes very quiet. California
bee-keepers should give the Union a cordial
support.

There, now, Bro. York, please don't tack
Jennie Atchley at the end of every short arti-
cle in the Texas department. In the journal
for Jan. 11th her name appeared six times on
two pages. I had to pronounce the name so
many times that, at the end, my jaws got to
working as though I were chewing a hot pota-
to. Jennie's name is a good thing, but you
know the old proverb.

Wilder Canyon Apiary looks deserted. The
proprietor is in the far East among the Green
Mountains. "Recently," he writes, "the quail
in my canyon shouted to me all last summer,
' Chicago, Chicago.' Now in my dreams, with a
temperature at 20 degrees below zero, I hear
them shouting, 'Come back here, come back
here.' " The Rambler also has a faint idea that
they shout, " Leave your gun, leave your gun."

There will be a chance soon for California
bee-keepers to take advantage of the vast acre-
age of mesquite that grows on the Colorado
Desert. Irrigation schemes are opening up
that arid region for settlement. We hope to
see the bee-keeper in the lead, as he always is.
There will be rich pasturage out of range of
the irrigation-ditches, which should be occu-
pied. Of mesquite honey, those that are posted
•say it is beautiful.

That advice about getting bees out of rocks
(see page 22) mav work if the operator sits
•down by the hive for the whole three weeks. I
tried that very plan, put the trap on at night,
and climbed the rocks again the next night, and
found every bee had worried itself to death;
but even if I had caught the bees, the climbing
of the rocks and the lugging of a dozen and one
traps back and forth made the colony an expen-
sive piece of property. I prefer to get bees
some other honest way.

Mr. Pryal writes very interestingly in the
A.. D. J. about the safe way to ship queens

across the continent. Will he now tell us how
to ship queens safely from one part of this
great State to another part of it? Last April
Mr. Trickey, of Inyo Co., tried to get queens
from South Riverside; buterethey arrived they
were chilled past recovery. Mr. T can not rear
early queens in his county, and would buy from
the warmer coast counties. Anybody who can
supply Mr. T. with queens when he wants them
will find a good customer. We hope Bro. Pryal
will extend his experiments in that direction.
It is a great deal better to work up one's own
State than it is to try to manage a big conti-
nent.

I clip the following from the Marj/.s-iutie Dem-
ocrat:

A couple of (luys ago, at the farm of G. W. Hutch-
iug^s, seven miles north of this city, a bee-tree was
found near tlie east bank of Feather River, wliich
■was cut to obtain tlie honey. After tlie tree was
down on tlie grouiKi, an investigation was institut-
ed, and tlie honey located in a hollow about lialf
way between where it was cut and the top. On cut-
ting the body of the tree open they secured about
eighty pounds of honey, eleven duck eggs, and a
dead duck. It appears tliat a wood-duck had form-
ed a nest in the tree, having entered to tlie cavity
through a hole that originally was large enough to
admit her Ijody. After hiying eleven eggs slie had
commenced sitting to hatch them, and, wliile so do-
ing, the bees filled the hole with comb so she could
not get out, and s.ce died on the nest.

A NEW ENEMY TO THE BEES.

MR. MATHEY DESCRIBES IT.

The worst enemy of the bee is, according to
a new naturalist, the thick " humpbacked fly,"
Phora incrassnta—a. black little fly with a
well-detin(>d hump. It has lately been ob-
served in Germany, and also in Russia and
Sweden, as a terrible enemy of bee- brood.
This insect sneaks into the hive at the first op-
portunity, seeks out a still unsealed cell in
which the queen has laid an egg, and from
which the larva has lately emerged, and then,
by means of a long ovipositor, inserts an egg of
its own under the skin of the immature bee.
This egg possesses a terrible tenacity of life;
for after three hours this larva creeps out and
bores itself deep into the fat of the bee-pupa,
and the cell meanwhile is capped with wax.
After 48 hours the larva of the phora sloughs
its skin for the first tiine; but at the end of
another day and a half it goes through the
same operation again. A pupal existence of 24
hours suftices to give it a bodily length of a
tenth of an inch. Now the creature sheds
its skin the third time, makes its way toward
the larva of the bee, devours the rest of it,
bites through the wax capping of the cell, and
creeps out of the hive at the entrance, to seek
the ground outside in order to pupate, and from
the pupa to become a perfect fly. If this does

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb. 1.

not succeed, the transition from stage to stage
takes place In the hive itself — the worst thing
possible for the bees, for the newly hatched
pliora does irreparable mischief, so that the
colony perishes.

^ — I ^

PACKING VERSUS SINGLE-WALL HIVE.

DISADVANTAGES OF SECTIONAL BHOOD-CHAM-
BERS.

By F. Oreiner.

On page 344, 1893, Mr. Dilworth tells of his
somewhat singular experience with packed and
single-wall hives, which does not corroborate
what has generally been conceded as a fact.
My experience is in line witli the great majori-
ty of bee-keepers, and I would not say one word
about it were it not for the fact that I made
just the experiment Mr. D. proposes. I will
first briefly state how my double-walled hives
are made. Outside siding of half-inch match-
ed pine; inside siding of 3^ basswood, sliced in
the manner of cut shingles. For packing, va-
rious materials were used, either chaff or saw-
dust, coarse or fine, or dried moss from the
swamps, etc., the thickness of packing varying
between two and three inches. Directly under
the brood-chamber no packing was used, but a
lij-inch dead-air space was maintained by two
sheets of tarred paper. For winter, old carpet-
ing is placed on top of the frames, also a six-
inch chaff cushion.

Now for the experiment Mr. D. proposes.
Forty out of my fifty hives of this description
were stocked up in the fall after the honey sea-
son. The first year, twenty; the next year, ten
more; the next year, another ten followed.
The last ten were stocked up the following
spring. Some of the first-named forty hives
were stocked up as late as Nov. 1, and had no
chance to propolize and glue up the many
cracks and crevices I had left on purpose.
When I started into the winter with the first
twenty I anticipated some trouble; but, to my
surprise and great joy, the twenty colonies
came out as bright and strong the next spring
as any colonies I ever wintered in the twenty
years of my bee-keeping. The little moisture
which had gathered on the outside of the cush-
ions did no liarm, and disappeared soon. As
average loss in these fifty hives, which I "have
had now for seven years. I can record less than
five per cent; the single-walled hives average
not less than thirty per cent loss, excepting
those placed in the cellar; but even these have
not done nearly as well as the packed hives,
the difference not being so much in the loss of
whole colonies as in the loss of individual bees
in the different colonies.

The half-story as a brood-chamber has some
advantages over the whole story, particularly
when used singly and in the production of comb
honey, liut when we use two or more sections
as one brood-nest, then the small size of the

frames, and the lower sets not being readily ac-
cessible, are objections. It is fully twice as
much work to look over 16 small frames as it
is to look over 8 large ones, especially when we
take into account that, in case of the small
frames, the upper section must be lifted off to
gain access to the lower one. When colonies
are very populous this operation of lifting off
and replacing the upoer section does not go off
as smoothly as it might appear on paper: the
bees boil over in spite of smoke, and the read-
justment is generally connected with more or
less cru'^hing of bees.

In moving to and from out-apiaries, the sec-
tional brood-chamber does not help to facilitate
the work, as two or more sections must be clamp-
ed together, which requires extra labor and fix-
tures.

I am not yet ready to discard the whole-story
brood-chamber, even should I begin anew, but
shall continue to use both, the whole and the
half-story.

TO FASTEN FOUNDATION STARTEKS IN BROOD-
FRAMES.

I wonder if any method can be simpler and
quicker than running them on with melted
beeswax, or beeswax with a little resin added.
Starch paste and glue are recommended by a
few. The method of mashing in I have never
tried, except in cases of emergency, and I am of
the opinion that all these are slow methods.
The melted-wax plan has always given me sat-
isfaction, whether top-bars were grooved or not.
The wax sets quickly, and frames may be used
immediately after the operation.

When molding beeswax, the dish into which
it is poured should be covered up to hinder it
from cooling on the surface and thus causing
the cake to crack. Should the cake, when cold,
refuse to come out, turn the dish bottom side
up, and turn boiling water from the tea-kettle
over it. It will not stick long.

DZIERZON'S BAR-HIVE.

Up to the present day Rev. Dr. Dzierzon, the
most noted bee-keeper in Germany, clings to-
his bar hive, and with it he accomplishes what
many do not with the frame hive; but perhaps
few have acquired the skill of a Dzierzon, and
we are glad to accept the more convenient
frame, although such may not be for the best
of our bees.

PARTHENOGENESIS.

It has long been regarde"! as a law of nature^
that thei-e is no life without fertilization; but it
really seems that some insects are an exception
to tills rule, and produce young without copula-
tion and fertilization. This state of things has
been called " parthenogenesis," and was first
discovered by Dzierzon as a peculiarity of the
queen-bee. Over a year ago, Metzger, of Hun-
gary, asserted, and has since been trying to
prove, that the queen, although she does pro-
duce life without copulation (in case of the
drone) does not do so without fertilizing the egg

18<)4

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

89

with the sperm produced by herself. I have
always been loath to accept parthf^nogenesis in
so far as the non-fertilizing of the drone egg
was concerned, and I hailed Metzger's efforts
with great enthusiasm, hoping he might unveil
the mystery; but as yet no positive proof has
been brought out. If we take a ripe egg from
the ovaries, or from the oviduct before it has
passed the spermatheca, then subject it to the
same conditions as other eggs are in the brood-
nest of a swarm of bees — if such an egg would
produce a drone, then Metzger is disproved. It
wotild seem like tlie solution of a great mystery
if ]M. could prove his theory. In the vegetable
kingdom we find the male and female generally
united in single individuals; but not so in the
animal. Hermaphrodism here is as yet a myth.
Still, it is not impossible but that we may some
time regard the queen- bee and her reproducto-
ry organs in the light of a blossom of a perfect-
flowering strawberry-plant.

According to Gleanings, page 174, 1893, in
Abyssina and Morocco smoking is prohibited
bylaw. That is the place I want to move to,
but ray better half objects, on account of the
distance. In this, our free and civilized coun-
try, the tobacco-slaves have driven me from
court, caucus, election-hall, postoffice, etc.
That's no credit to the country.

Naples, N. Y., Jan. 15.

[Your experiments, regarding packing versus
no packing, are just as we should expect, and
as our and others' experience proves. There is
really no necessity for pacliing under the
brood-nest. Our winter cases that do so well
for us, protect the top, sides, and ends of the
single-walled hives — bottom same as in summer.

The presser methods of fastening foundation
are greatly inferior to the melted-wax plan. A
still better plan is a heated plate, so arranged
as to slide under the edge of the foundation
melting its edge, instead of dipping the sheet in
melted wax. We formerly advocated the press-
or method, but find the hot plate does the work
more rapidly and at the same time economizes
the foundation.

We are glad to get your experience on the
sectional brood-chamber. We have not, so far,
been successful in handling those chambers
without having bees boil all over; and it is
true, that it is twice as much work to handle
over l(j half-depth brood-frames as the same
surfaceof comb in full depth frames. It may
be argued that it is not necessary to handle the
frames; but it is sometimes, and perhaps more
times than is in accordance with theory.

Yet, it is quite prassible that there is a future
for the shallow hives, because, it is true on the
other hand, that much can be done without
handling frames. To a lesser extent, this is
true of full-depth hives. We should like to
know more fully what your experience is along
these lines.

FOUNDATION.

DO BEES ADD ANY WAX IN DRAWING IT OUT
INTO COMB.

By M. W. Shepherd.

The article in the December 15th issue of
Gleanings, from R. L. Taylor, leads us to ask
whether bees ever thin the septum of comb
foundation at all; if so, under what conditions?
Do they ever pull the side walls of the founda-
tion to make the cells ? If so, under what con-
ditions? We hear much about the different
grades of foundation, such as light brood, heavy
brood, etc. Now, is it any dUTerence to the
bees which they have? If so, what is it?

We have had a little experience in the matter,
and it does not coincide with the generally ac-
cepted theories. Has any one ever weighed a
sheet of foundation before giving it to the bees,
and then after it had been drawn out into a
perfect comb? We venture the assertion that,
nine times out of ten, it will be found that the
bees have furnished every particle of wax to
make the cells of the comb, regardless of the
amount of wax in the foundation. Sometimes
bees make the base of natural comb much
heavier than much of the artificial foundation.
Why is it, if not because of an overabundance
of wax secreted ?

During the past season we found swarms of
bees whose abdomens were literally covered
with wax scales. Now, when put on full sheets
of foundation what did they do with that wax
— throw it away, or use it to build cells on top
of the foundation? We don't believe it was
thrown away by the bees ; in fact, we can
prove it was not.

We have often heard how much it cost to let
the bees build their own comb. With due re-
spect for experimentalists, we ask how you
know that, under normal conditions, wax is not
a spontaneous production, and costs the bees
nothing to produce? It seems that an all -wise
Providence would make no blunder in fhe mat-
ter.

BEES STINGING EVERY THING, AGAIN.

M. F. Tatman. on page '.)18, 1893. tells us about
how his bees stung every thing on the farm,
and, friend Root, you say it must have been
caused by robbing. We shall have to dilTer
with you right there. We handled bees in Cal-
ifornia that would sting in season and out of
season. They drove people from their work,
over half a mile from the apiary, and it was as
much as one's life was worth to step out of
doors without a veil over the face; yet all this
was during tht; heaviest honey-flow I ever saw,
and there was no robbing going on at all; but
it was just the nature of the " Cyps," and it is
possible that friend Tatman has a dash of that
blood In his apiary.

Rochester, O., Dec. 2.5.

[Years ago, as some of our older readers will

90

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb. 1.

remember, we weighed pieces of surplus foun-
dation before and after it was drawn out by the
bees We can not just now place our fingers on
the page and volume where these experiments
are recorded; but if memory servis us correct-
ly, the scales showed that the drawn-out comb
weighed but a small trifle more than the foun-
dation from which it was originally drawn,
proving, in this case, that very little wax was
added to the foundation. Combs two-thirds
drawn out weighed just as much as the founda-
tion. Other experiments showed that, bees put
more extra wax on sometimes, than others.
Particularly was this true when we used bleach-
ed foundation, as was done years ago. This is
easily explained on the ground that, the bleach-
ed wax was much harder than the yellow, and
the bees rather than draw it out. added to it.
With ordinary soft yellow wax, such as is now
sold, the results were as we first stated.

These experiments can be easily repeated.
Weigh a strip of foundation before putting it
into the section; weigh it after it has been
drawn out into comb. Likewise weigh a sheet
of brood foundation before and after it has been
drawn out. In fact, we wish many of our read-
ers would try this experiment, and report. Dif-
ferent localities, and the character of the
honey-flow, whether light or heavy, will have
an important bearing on the question.

Regarding those cross bees of Mr. Tatman's
we would l^ay that we do not understand that
the bees were habitually cross, but only on the
occasion he speaks of. We can account for
a sudden disposition on the part of all the bees
to sting everybody and every thing, only by
robbing. We know there are many apiaries
into which it is not comfortable to go without
a veil; in fact, we have been in a good many
such in our travels among bee-keepers; but
they never, unless robbing has been going on,
sting chickens, horses, posts, and other inani-
mate objects. If any one wants to see how bees
can sting all at once, let him set out a few
combs toward the close of or after the honey-
flow.— Ed.]

^ — • — ^

WILD-CUCUMBER VINES

SAID TO BE A PEST IN THE SOUTH.

By C. P. Coffin.

In a footnote to the article entitled " Raising
Bees," on page 53, you advise the use of the
wild cucumber as one of the most rapid-grow-
ing vines, and for that reason preferable for
training on a trellis, to raise the flight of bees.
If the vine you mention is th(! same that grows
wild in this section, and known as " wild cu-
cumber." it must either be bereft of its bad
qualities in your climate or else you are una-
ware of the, fact that it is one of the worst pests
that farmers have to contend with, and that,
at least In some localities, they would almost
as soon have the Canada thistle on their farms.

The vine I speak of is. as you say. a very-
rapid grower, and would make, in a short time,^
a dense screen of luxuriant foliage; and this
characteristic is the chief reason why it can
not be kept down and out of the way by culti-
vation of whatever crop it is fighting with for
"right of way." as I will explain further on.
It gets its name I imagine, from its great re-
semblance to the true cucumber, both in foliage
and fruit, for it has a fuzzy or prickly fruit,,
which looks a good deal like that of the domes-
tic variety. But it also has in great profusion
an outside covering of fine "stickers," or
" prickles," that come away at a touch, pene-
trating not only the bare flesh but also all or-
dinary clothing, causing an insupportable
stinging and itching that will last for days.

This vine finds a congenial home in the fer-
tile low grounds of the Mississippi Delta. A
few years ago, when I was living there, a small
part of the plantation where I lived— some 1.50
acres of rich low ground, planted to corn— was
infested with wild cucumber; and although
the cultivation had been 'borough, and the
ground kept perfectly clean as long as the corn
could be plowed, the vine came up and took
possion in the fall, covering the ground and
festooning the cornstalks completely, and mak-
ing it a problem as to how that crop of 60 to SO'
bushels of corn per acre could be gathered.
This was the way it was solved:

Before hands would attempt gathering the
crop, each man had to be furnished with a
jacket and a pair of over alls of thick duck, to-
protect the body and legs, while long gauntlets
and high top boots guarded the hands and
and ankles. Even thus armored, few escaped
scot free. So, you see, down this way if we used
our wild cucumber as a bee-break we should be
keeping off bee-stings with stings a hundred-
fold worse.

On a trellis I used in the way mentioned, w^
yearly grow the different varieties or morning-
glory, cypress-vine, cinamon-vine. maderia-vine,
with success, making something very pleasing
to the eye, as well as useful, while a permanent,
obstruction in the shape of rapid-growing trees
is coming O'..

Our only severe cold so far was early in the
winter— 40 to (5.5°. Weather for the past month
is swelling buds, and many early plants are in
bloom, ^'lowering quince is in full bloom, and
bees are on every flower. We are digging new
potatoes, and using for the table beautiful let-
tuce grown in the open ground. But the bliz-
zards that come in the spring will, no doubt,,
change tiling-^ btfore long.
Pontotoc. Miss., Jan. 22.

[Wild cucumber does not s(>em to be a pest
here in the North, though it doubtless is with
you. The original vine we had at our old
home is still doing well, but does not seem
to show any of the bad traits you refer to.— Ed]:

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

01

TAXATION OF BEES IN PALESTINE.

now THE PEOPLE AHK I'lAINDEUED irNDEK THE

CRESCENT OF MOHAMMED; A HINT TO

THE ENEMIES OF THE CKOS.'^.

By Ph. J. Baldensperger.

Palestine is a small province belonging to the
Turkish empire, as everybody knows. A pasha,
or gov(>rnor, is in command of Southern Pales-
tine, reigning in -Jerusalem. This, again, is
directly dependent on the icali.or chief govern-
or, of Syria, reigning in Damascus; but of late
this has been erected into an independent gov-
ernorship, or pashalik, depending directly on
Constantinople. The pashalik of Jerusalem is
about as it was in ancient times— Judea—
though Philistia and Sharon should come un-
der this jurisdiction. Sharon depends on the
pasha of Nablous (a corruption of the Neapolis
of the Greeks, and the ancient Sichem), while
Philistia is under (or, rather, without) control
of the reyem-makam — a sub-governor of Gaza,
the city whose gates Samson carried oflf. Those
governors and sub-governors command only as
long as they have direct influence — in fact, in
some places it is only robbing the peasants in
harvest time and hurrying home loaded with
treasure. Some villages are more daring than
others. Philistia is open to highway robbery.
In fact, the most dangerous is the direct road
from Jaffa to Gaza; and only a few miles from
each of the above-named cities it is still more
so. Jaffa is also commanded by a sub-governor,
or rayem-makam, a very daring Bedouin rob-
ber, who, carrying his exploits up to'the gates
of Jaffa, was taken hold of by four gensdarmes,
near one of our apiaries, and bound to be taken
to Jaffa ; but four Bedouins followed them,
killed two of their horses, gave them a sound
flogging, and told them to go and tell their
master what they had seen and heard, and not
to put their foot there again, and it was so.
They never came again, and the robbery goes
on. Two years ago the robber assassinated a
very rich and influential man. A hundred
cavalrymen were sent out to arrest him. He
used to come around and chat with my apiarist,
laughing at the squadron looking for him in
places where he was not. A few days after, the
captain and cavalry and the sub-governor of
Gaza retired, not finding him; and Abu-Henna,
undisturbed, went on to rob. Our apiaries were
thus in the three divisions of land. Being on
the borders, we had our apiaries very often in
Philistia, while our machines and tents were
put up in Sharon. This helped us subsequently
a great deal.

The population of Palestine is mostly
Mohammedan. There are very few villages in
which are Christian natives belonging to differ-
ent sects— Greek, Roman, and others. Bethle-
hem, and the village of Bethjala, have almost
wljoUy Christian populations.

Our increasing apiaries, and the quantity of

honey taken, awakened the jt^aloiisy of the
authorities and also that of some villagers
through whose ground we used to pass with
our bees. Taxes are gathered in different ways
in the different districts. In principle, the
tenth part of all income is to be given to the
government direct, but the olTicials sent to us
were bribed by the villag(!rs, and, of course, very
little reached the treasury. Every system was
tried, till at length taxes were put up at pub-
lic auction, and those that paid most had a vil-
lage to gather. Naturally enough, under such
circumstances the purchaser would buy the
mayor of every village, and some councils, and
levy taxes at leisure. Thus one day, to avail
themselves of the taxes in the village of Urtas,
near Bethlehem, they resolved to make us pay
a good deal more than was due. Bees are gen-
erally taxed at sixty paras (about Tj^' cents) a
hive. As this would not raise a big sum, they
stated before the council of finances in Jerusa-
lem that our big hives ought to be taxed differ-
ently, as yielding more honey. The council
deliberated, and agreed to make us pay four
times the price laid on the native hives. Ac-
cordingly the tax was put up to six piasters,
government money, equal to about 30 cents;
but even this would not raise the sum high
enough, for they came and found only 180 hives.
So, again, another trick must be contrived to
extort more money. In a council of the village
they concluded to say we had 1800 hives. This
was a simple thing to do— a zero was put after
the 180; but we refused to pay such a sum.
After considerable arguing, I went to the gov-
ernor of Jerusalem to declare that we had only
180 hives, and were ready to pay what was law-
ful, but not more. The governor was ready to
help us, but he insisted that we really had 1800
hives, and made me stay quite alone with him.
I could not then see why. When we were alone
he addressed me in I'rench. I was standing
some distance off talking to his "excellency;"
but when alone he put a chair beside him and
asked me to sit near him. which I did, but still
insisting on being ready to pay for 180 hives.
He now tried to make me understand that he
could arrange affairs; but as I did not under-
stand the point, he bade me adieu and I left
his presence. I heard ultimately he was full of
wrath against me for not having offered him a
sum of money. I went thence to the Court of
Justice. The supreme court is held in the
Turkish language and translated into the Ara-
bic. Here again I met the same " Lord Judge."
He walked up to me, and, hand in hand, we
went through corriders and rooms to his "excel-
lency," the governor. As I had had very little to
do in these palaces I was not" up to the times."
This judge asked, as I afterward heard at an-
other trial, whether I would not bribe them.
These" Lords of the Justice" are not satisfied
with small sums, but we still hoped to get over
the difficulty by referring toour consul-general,

93

GLEANINGS IN HEE CULTURE.

Fek. 1.

and finally to our ambassador In Constantino-
ple. Now, it may here be said we were four
brothers, bee-keepers; and, having our apiaries
in different parts of the country, naturally
enough we could not all be in one place; and
when the tax-gatherers came, an act of polite-
ness was omitted by some of us. It is custom-
ary among Arabs to invite these officials tosit
down, drink a cup of coffee, and converse about
different topics (not the weather), and last, but
not least, about the tax laid on; and, in a gen-
tle way, to mak(> one understand that his taxes
are very high, etc., no matter what he has laid
on. This had been omitted. I said, and the
official's wrath at such i-eception got the village
mayor and his municipal council on their side,
by promising them a share in the spoil, while
on our part my brothers warned them to be
careful and mind our consul. Eat the officials
knew better; and our consul, like all other con-
suls, as was proved afterward, was our repre-
sentative to defend our per.so?i.s. but has noth-
ing to do with our prnperUi, and does not inter-
fere in tax-gathering. A last act, or trial,
toward mending affairs was begun after six
months' arguing. In an assembly of Jerusalem
nobility — the Effcn(Us—a.re descendants of the
great Mohammedan warriors and generals.
Chalid and Houssein. I thought of appealing
to their noble qualities, as representatives of
holy men and guardians of the most holy tem-
ple at Jerusalem, to touch a chord of sensi-
bility; but they took it as satire, and closed the
question by condemning us to pay $150. O. S.,
equal to something over ^lioo.
Nice, France.

(Continued in our next.)

HEREDITY.

By C. V. Miller.

The fight is still on, across the ocean, with re-
gard to heredity. Mr. Metelli, in the Italian
bee-journal, yipicoffore, asks the question, "Is
it true that the exchange of the queen of a lazy
colony for a queen of proved excellence often
fails to change the natural qualities of the col-
ony, and after the exchange it remains just as
lazy as before?" To this he replies, that; ac-
cording to his experience, with not many ex-
ceptions, a cliange of queen* does not suffice,
and thereby time, trouble, honey, and a good
(|ueen are uselessly sacrificed. This, he argues,
is inexplicable on the ground that, from the
queen, come all the characteristics and instincts
of a colony. But th(; matter is no mystery on
the ground of inheritance from the workers, if
we concede that, in every fertilized egg, lie in-
closed all slumbering instincts and character-
istics of the race, both good and bad, in their
various degrees, and that it depends on the
special itfiuence of operating circumstances,
such as food, climate, etc., whether these char-

acteristics shall develop more or less, in this or
that direction, or one at the expense of the
others.

That keen observer, Herr Reepen, quotes Dr.
Metelli in the German C en.tr alhlatt, and replies
that practice has sufficiently proved that the
character of a colony changes on the introduc-
tion of a queen of another variety. A colony
not given to swarming becomes a swarmer after
the introduction of a Carniolan queen, and a
cross colony in most cases becomes gentle after
receiving a Carniolan or Italian queen. He gets
in a sharp rejoiner by saying that, if it is true
that a good queen of proved excellence is use-
lessly sacrificed when given to a bad colony,
how does Mr. Metelli know that the queen re-
moved was of bad character? and how does he
know that the new queen is one of proved ex-
cellence, if the queen exercises no influence in
changing character ? In other words, how can
you prove that a queen is excellent by the ex-
cellence of her workers, if those workers do not
inherit their excellence from her?

Whatever may be the reply to this, it seems
to me that we should not so much spend a great
deal of energy in finding the reason for suppos-
ed facts, as to find pn-itively what the facts are.
And that should not be so very difficult. Say
colony No. 1 is very cross, and No. 3 very gentle.
June 1, exchange queens. Aug. I. if the colo-
nies have remained without change, we may
conclude that the workers then present have
inherited their dispositions mainly from the
workers. If the colonies have exchanged dis-
positions, we may conclude that the disposition
is mainly inherited from the parents. I say
m,oi7i7j/, for it is possible that it may turn out
that, while it is true that traits do come through
the parents, and mostly in that way. still the in-
fluence of the food taken in the larval state
may have no little influence on the young queen
in deciding what characterisiies she shall be-
queath to her offspring.

Another test, perhaps more satisfactory, al-
though taking a longer time, would be this:
From the same batch of queen-cells let one be
given to the bees of a very cross colony and the
other to the bees of a very gentle colony, and
then note the difference in the bees of the two
queens thus raised.

The question of interest to practical bee-keep-
ers— and it is an important one — is this: What
attention, if any, am I to pay to the nurse-bees
that raise the young queen? If the influence
of the nurse-bees is even a very small one, we
want to take advantage of that small part, es-
pecially as it will not be such a great deal of
trouble to use our best workers to raise queens.
No single observation, of course, can decide
much; but if all bee-keepers have their eyes
open during next season, and then report, the
sum of the evidence ought to leave the matter
practically settled.

Indeed, no little could be done if there were

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

93

gathered together all the experiences of the
past, bearing on the (luestion. While I have
given in a previous number boinc reasons for
believing in inheritance from nurse-bees, I must
confess that all my observations of the past
from actual experience, that I now have in
mind, point in the other direction. In several
instances I have kilh^d the queen of a colony
because the bees were very cross. In each case
there was a decided improvement in the temper
of the bees. Not only was the difference ap-
parent as soon as the workers of the old queen
had died off, but in at least two cases the differ-
ence for the better was decidedly recognizable
before the time when these had had time to die
otf. Does that mean that the cross bees are con-
fined to those tliat are less than a month old. or
does it mean that the presence of the qmen
herself has some direct influence on the dispo-
sition of the workers? I think it is quite gen-
erally agreed that bees are crosser when queen -
less. Putting it in another shape, they are not
so cross when they have a queen. Now, if the
presence of a queen makes a difference in their
tempers, is it not possible that the presence of
one qneen may produce an effect different from
that of another? However, it is possible that,
in the two cases of which I speak, some other
cause, independently of the queen, may have
been at work, thus making a difference in the
temper of the bees.
Marengo, III.

HEREDITY IN BEES.

<HARACTEKISTICS COME ONLY FROM PARENTS.

By Rev. L. J. Templin.

By heredity is meant that influence that pa-
rents or other ancestors exert in determining
the qualities or traits of their offspring. That
such a power exists was well known to the an-
cients; but the extent and importance of the
law of heredity are but now coming to be un-
derstood and appreciated. Any one who at-
tempts any reformation or improvement in man-
kind or tlie lower animals, or even in the veget-
able kingdom, without taking into account the
law of lieredity, will soon find himself hopeless-
ly groping in the dark. In considering the
forces or influences that determine the charac-
teristics of off'spring. several different laws,
partly modifying and partly complementary,
must be considered. The first to claim our no-
tice is —

THE LAW Op- SIMILARITY.

"Like begets like"' is the universal rule
among all organic beings. The child, in all es-
sential qualities, resembles the parents; the off'-
spring is a duplicate of the immediate progeni-
tors. We know of no exception to this law, ex-
cept in the case of monstrosities. If it were
not so. no reliance could be put in the course of
nature. A mare might bring forth a calf, or a

ewe might give birth to a litter of puppies.
The offspring partakes of the traits of both
parents, and. as a necessary consequence, must
differ more or less from both. There seems to
be no rule by which to determine the degree to
which each parent contributes to the character-
istics of the progeny. In some cases the young
has a closer resemblance of the father, and in
other instances the likeness of the mother is
more striking; while in still other examples
there is such a blending of the traits of both
parents that neither one predominates. And it
is possible that, in an occasional instance, there
may be no apparent likeness of either. Much
has been written on the question as to the de-
gree and Tnanner in which each parent contrib-
utes to the make-up of the progeny. But it is
doubtful whether there is any law governing
the case, except that the one of the purest
blood and greatest vigor at the time of copula-
tion will generally impress its peculiar traits
most strongly on the offspring. The above law
is modified, within certain limits, by

THE I,AW OF VARIATION.

All organic beings have a tendency to vary
from the exact likeness of the parent in a great
many small and unimportant particulars, but
always within specific limits. It is under the
operation of this law that we expect the im-
provement of our stock by selection and careful
breeding. Another method is by crossing dif-
fei'ent breeds or strains, or by hybridizing dif-
ferent species. These variations, doubtless,
arise from well-established though often occult
and unknown laws. Some of these causes are
known, at least in part. Probably the most po-
tent of these in determining the character of a
new being is

THE L.\W OF ATAVISM,

or, as it is often termed, of reversion. It is a
fact of frequent occurrence, that, in raising im-
proved races in either the animal or vegetable
kingdom, undesirable qualities, that were sup-
posed to have been long since "bred out,"' are
found cropping out, to the disappointment and
loss of the breeder. Thus a black or brown)
sheep occasionally appears, to remind us that
the white race of sheep originally sprang from
a black race. Many of the so-called freaks of
nature are only reversions to the original type.
This fact requires the utmost care and diligence
in '• weeding out " every specimen that does not
come up to the desired standard, by the breeder
who wishes to improve his stock. It is not
enough that an animal be full - blooded, and
possess the characteristics of the breed of which
it is a represcuitative, but it should possess them
in an eminent degree to make it a desirable
breeder.

Another thing not to be overlooked is the
well-known fact that surrounding objects and
influences, especially if of a startling charac-
ter, often operate through the mental and nerv-
ous system of the mother, to impress on the em-

94

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb. 1.

bryo physical, mental, and moral qualities that
will be as lasting as life. Food, temperature,
moisture, altitude, and possibly other conditions
and influences, have a shai'e in modifying ihe
traits of a race of animals or plants, and should
be taken into account. If the climate is rigor-
ous, the race will become " acclimated," either
by the less hardy dying off and leaving only
the more enduring to propagate, or by some
change in the constitution. A permanent sup-
ply of abundance of food tends to increased
size, earlier maturity, and an increased dispo-
sition to take on fat: while a scant siipply of
food tends to I'educed size, retarded maturity,
and greater activity. But. of course, these
changes are very slowly produced, and they are
produced by a gradual change in the constitu-
tional chnracteristics of the race. On page 921,
1893, Dr. Miller teaches that it is the food fur-
nished the f<etus that gives it its distinguishing
characteristics. A white cow bred to a black
bull produces a white calf because the food
that developed the embryo was furnished by a
white mother. In other words, if I understand
Dr. M., the color of the mother determines the
color of the offspring. But, suppose the calf is
black, roan, or pied, as it is just as likely to be
as it is to be white. Where does it get its color
then? Are all young animals the color of their
dams? What has the food furnished the ani-
mal through the placenta, before birth, to do in
forming the inherent traits of a young animal,
more than the food furnished through the udder
afterbirth? No man can say that it has any.
Can the natural traits of an animal be changed
by the food on which it is raised? Can a short-
horn calf be changed to a Jersey cow by feed-
ing it on Jersey milk ? Can a white child im-
bibe negro traits at the breast of a negro mam-
my? If so, an Italian queen can be given the
trails of black bees by being raised in a hive of
such bees. According to Dr. M.'s theory, she
should be changed to a black queen. The food
only nourishes and develops the latent powers
inherent in the germ before the feeding began.
The egg that produces the queen contains po-
tentially all the natural traits of the race or
races to which the parents belong. All that
feeding can do in all ordinary cases is to enlarge
and develop those potential forces. I am of the
opinion that those persons of whom Dr. M.
speaks, who have believed they had evidence
that the character of queens is changed by the
nurse-bees, are laboring under a mistake. The
changes that they liavc^ observed in their (pieens,
and that they have attributed to the influence
of th(! nurses, most likely have been the result
of some of the obscure influences mentioned
above; or they have resulted from improper
mating. The mating of qiieeiis is such an ab-
solutely unknown quantity in a problem of this
nature, that it is far mon; rational to And in it
the key to any anomalous traits appearing in
our queens, than to attribute them to a cause

that does not operate, so far as we know, in any
other part of the animal kingdom. I conclude
that it is a perfectly safe method to do as Dr.
Miller has done, and, as I suppose, most other
queen-raisers have done, entirely ignore the
character of the nurses to which eggs are com-
mitted for the raising of queens, provided they
are populous in young bees, have abundance of
food, and not a large stock of unsealed brood.
Canon City, Colorado, Dec. 28.

[If we are correct. Dr. Miller did not say
that, in the case of mammals, the nurse might
transmit through the food her characteristics
of markings or disposition to an offspring of
other parents, but that, from numerous obser-
vatiDns, it seems possible that there may be an
exception in the case of the bee. The bee, on
hatching from the egg, is not a perfect individ-
ual. It hatches a larva, and it is then that it is
supplied with a new food which helps to make
it a perfect bee. In the case of mammals, the
young is a perfect individual as soon as it comes
forth into the outer world. The larva of the
bee is not. Our correspondent has given us
some interesting facts on this subject of hered-
ity, and his article will be read with interest. —
Ed.]

^ I ^

HOW TO ADVERTISE HONEY.

IMI'OKTANCE OF BUILDING UP A REPUTATION
ON HONEY.

By Wilder Orahame.

Shortly before the honey is ready for market,
but not until you are reasonably sure of its pro-
duction and quality, place an advertisement in
the paper selected, in which your trade-mark is
given good prominence. A small advertise-
ment will cost less, and, if well displayed, at-
tract more attention than a larger one of poor
makeup. I have seen half-inch advertisements
that I should prefer as trade-bringers toother
half-column advertisements in the same paper.
Still, half an inch is rather small in a daily.
Two or three inches ought to do the work if
continued long enough. But don't go into the
" want " column. It is worked to death, and
not appropriate for a trade advertisement; at
least, it should be supplemented by display;
and the latter, if properly done, can do the work
alone. Remember, too, that a little toad seen
often gets acquainted sooner than an elephant
appearing rar(>ly. You want your advertise-
ment to get acquainted and familiarize the peo-
ple you are trying to reach with your trade-
mark. Then when you are ready to place a
small consignment of goods with the grocer
who deals with this same class of readers, your
trade-mark on the goods will attract their no-
tice and remind them of what they have read
about it. Even if they have not read it they
will be familiar with the trade-mark, and the

ISM

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

St5

sight of a familiar objpct in an unfamiliar
place is sure to create interest.

Having in this way secured your audience
and an occasional sale, it remains with yon to
have the goods as nearly uniform and as uni-
formly perfect as it is possible by human inge-
nuity to make them. If the apiary is large, and
the sales reasonably so, it would be most prof-
itable to raise regular patches of white clover,
etc.. convenient to the hives, for the double pur-
pose of economizing the time of the bees, and
to prevent their introducing honey from oilier
sources and producing a mixture.

It is not the work of a single season only, to
build up a reputation, but one of years. Never-
theless it is time well employed. The reputa-
tion of A. I. Root, built up by advertising, and
sustained by fair dealing, is an example of suc-
cess in this line that has cost time, hard work,
and money. Ikit, without consulting him, I am
not afraid to leave it to him to say whether he
would not, even from a purely commercial
standpoint, rather lose his present worKing-
plant than his present reputation and eminence
in his line of business. The former could be re-
placed much more readily than the latter.

It is evident, then, that, with a reputation
once secured or growing in the locality desired,
the greatest care is necessary that no inferior
goods are ever allowed to creep in as first class.
That trade-mark is a personal guarantee of the
producer, the failure to sustain which would be
as much of an impeachment of his reputation
as a failure to meet commercial obligations.

There are, however, different tastes in people,
and consequently may be several classes of
what may properly be called first-grade honey.
Some people prefer clover, somebasswood, some
buckwheat. I plead guilty to the last myself.
"But few like a mixture. If it is buckwheat
honey, label it as such, and guarantee its purity
with your trade-mark. If it is clover, ditto.
Clover honey is as objectionable in buckwheat
as buckwheat is in clover. Keep them as well
separated as possible, and put no mixture on the
market as first grade. Then as to prices, it is
worth more than the common store grades;
charge more. People will pay it after they
have been convinced that it is of superior qual-
ity, and worth the extra cost.

It always happens that some honey, other-
wise entitled to first rank, is in ragged or irreg-
ular combs. This, if absolutely pure and un-
mixed, may be extracted, and handled in the
jiame wiiy the first-grade comb honey is; for as
extracted honey it really is first grade. I usu-
ally select the supplies for personal use from
this grade, though never if the comb is broken
enough to allow the honey to escape. Then it
is only fit for the extractor.

The lower grades are those composed of mix-
ed honey, uncapped combs (although the latter
may be fit to put into the extractor if allowed
to ripen), combs in which brood had been start-

ed, etc. Their disposal depends on individual
conditions and the demands of the surrounding
country. I'oorer people are sometimes glad to
purchase this grade. Some will do for a second
quality of extracted, and some I prefer to feed
back to the bees.

JAKE SMITH'S LETTER.

Mr. A. I. Gleeninrjs:
deer .sir;— I like them
dovetail hives first
rate. They go to-
gether so slick. You
doant have to hold
p- one piece careful on
s?-«a^ mother, and then
when the nail isdruv
find you didn't hold
it just right; but
when you drive them
dovetails logelher they're bound to be right.
And it's a great thing to have movable combs
soze you can git at the innards of a hive.

First time I used that Crane smoker. Zed he
said he'd blow for me. So he got up steam in
good shape, so the smoke was thick enough to
cut with a knife. I took off the lid of the hive,
and Zed he let em have it good and strong. It
was so black you could scarce see through it.
Piny soon I noticed the bees was just a pourin
out the mouth of the hive.

" Hold up. Zed," says I; " you're a makin em
swarm."

" You're right," says Zed. " Well, now, isn't
that a new idee? Just see em come! Now
we'll know how to make bees swarm after this.
But isn't a smoker the thing!"

But they didn't swarm. They justspred all
over the^front and'side of the hive, and bimeby
they went back in. The way we do now, we
just puff the least bit of smoke in at the iliouth
of the hive, then raise the lid a little bit and
puff a little smoke in, then take off the lid and
blow the least bit all over the top, but not down
into the bees. Anytime they git obstreporous
they git anothi'r little touch, but we never
make it look like a pillow of smoke. When I
git my eyes full of smoke I feel sorry for the
little bees, for Zed was a readin that a bee has
5000 eyes, so it must hurt the bee 2vt(X) times as
much as me with only 'I eyes.

With these new hives so you can lift out a
sash of comb any time, it's ever so much han-
dier than with the old scaps where you had to
brimstone the bees and split up the scap before
you could see what was inside. But it was a
little to handy for Zed, for he kep a pullin out
the combs so many times a day ihat the bees
had no chance to work. We finally settled
down to the idee that, if you want the bees to
do their level best, you mussent pull out the in-
sides of a hive only just when you hefto.

%

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb. 1,

Zed he's been a tryiii all sorts of things to
burn in the smoker. Some he's read about, and
some he hasn't. Among other things he tried
weather-beaten corncobs pounded up with the
butt end of an ax; pine cones, rags, paper, bark,
rotton wood broke up, sound wood cut up, and
reelly it seems most any thing will do. Rags
or paper has to be tied up in rolls, and an old
calico apron will make enuff to load a smoker
a good many times. They was a dead apple-
tree near by, and it was right handy to reach

git hardwood turnin-latheshavins, that's better
than planer shavins.

Another way raaybee you'll like better. Soak
a >^ pound of saltpeter in a quart of water; soak
spunk wood or any rotten wood in it and then
dry it. You can light that and put it in a smok-
er, and then cram any kind of fewel in and it
won't go out. Jake Smith.

. /htcn I tjib my eyes full
orsmoK? Ifecl i.orryfor
'" '■liltle hez^ !"

up and break off a little limb and then break it
all up in little pieces short enuff to go in the
smoker. They aint any thing better than sound
wood split up in little pieces a Ji inch through,
only it's a good deal of work. Go to the cook
stove and till your smoker an inch deep with
hot coals, and then put in your wood.

Spunk wood from rotten ellum is handy to
light with, and that that's soft and white from
rotten apple is good too. One of the easiest
things to git is planer shavins. First git some
common shavins a carpenter makes at his
bench. You'll light some of them and then till
up with planer shavins, and put the whole thing
out. Now emty out your smoker and try it
over again. Light one of the bench shavins
and drop it in. liiow the smoker just a little.
Drop in another bench shavin— loose — then an-
other; and as fast as the blaze comes up through,
drop in another; but be sure not to pack them
down the least bit. When your smoker is full
of loose biiuch shavins, it will begin to git emty
by the shavins burnin, and you a blowin all the
while, and then begin throwin in the planer
.shavins loose, and a blowin as you till in; and
by the time you git it full, pack it down a little
and you're all right. If you pack too tight
you'll put it out, but you'll learn. If you can

^d^^

BY G.M.DOOLITTLE.BORODINO.N.Y

niiii'iiiiiiiiiii;i!iiiiii'ii'i'inifiti'i»ii'i;','[r;i'ii''iii..~-

ESTIiA COMBS FOK EXTRACTED HONEY.

Question. — Heretofore I have worked my api-
ary for comb honey, but think of working for
extracted honey the coming season; therefore I
should like to know which is the cheapest and
best way, all things considered, to obtain extra
combs for the purpose, not having any extra
combs on hand.

Answer. — Under such circumstances I think I
should buy comb foundation, putting it into
wired frames. I could never make a success of
having combs built in upper stories, although I
think that, where working for comb honey, there
is greater success in allowing the bees to build
their own combs, where the apiary is worked on
the swarming plan. The trouble in trying to
have combs built in upper stories lies in the fact
that too large a proportion of the comb will be
built of the drone size, hence it can not be trans-
ferred to the lower story of the hive without
producing a host of useless drones as consumers
of the honey gathered by the workers. Look-
ing toward the best results, I would suggest
that a few of the strongest colonies be supplied j
with frames of foundation, two or three weeks'
before the honey-harvest arrives, and fed sugar
syrup, if you have no inferior honey, feeding
them very liberally so they will work with a
will in drawing out the foundation into combs,
and thus you will have some combs to use in the
upper stories, together with the frames of foun-
dation necessary to till out the hive. In this
way the bees will not have any excuse for idle-
ness in waiting for the foundation to be drawn
out when the honey-flow is upon them. Foi-
the purpose of feeding, to have foundation
drawn out, a cheap grade of sugar can be used:
and if you have any inferior honey it can he
profitably disposed of in this way. Now allow
a word by way of suggestion: If you havencx -
er worked for extracted honey, would it not be
wel to devote only half of your apiary to th;ii
purpose, working the rest for comb honey i he
same as formerly ? Because you have made a
success in raising comb honey, it does not c( i -
tainly prove that you will be equally successful
with extracted honey, although the prospects
may point that way. And should you be sue-

mn

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

'.>7

cpssful, thero is a possibility that you may not
like this part of bee-keeping as well as the oth-
er, therefore it might be the part of discretion
to go a little slow until we are sure tliat the new
enterprise will be just the thing we desire.

WINTER PASSAGES IN COMBS.

Question. — I have noticed that, when I trans-
fer bees and combs from box hives, some of the
combs have nice round holes in them about
half an inch in diameter. Do bees make their
winter-passages in the combs thus?

Answer. — I do not think that bees ever leave
holes through their combs with a view to using
them for winter-passages. I have transferred
many colonies of bees from box hives, but have
never seen any uniformity of comb-building.
I have seen the little round holes mentioned,
but I have noticed that they are as likely to be
found in one part of the hive as in another.
This shows that these holes are caused, as a rule,
by one of two things, the first of which is the
larva of the wax-moth. These are often found
at the base of the cells, where they often so web
the young bees together that they can not
emerge from the cells, in which case the mature
bees are obliged to cut the comb away in order
to remove these bees fastened together, webs
and all, from the hive. In doing this these
holes are made, after which they are left as
they are till a yield of honey comes of sufficient
amount to cause the bees to secrete wax, when,
as a rule, these holes are built full of comb
again. The next reason I should attribute to
the "cross-sticks" which are nearly always
used in box hives. Passageways are nearly al-
ways left around these sticks, to a greater or
less extent, and these were thought, in days
gone by, to be of great advantage along the
line of the safe wintering of the colony, as the
cluster of bees could contract during extremely
cold weather through these without the bees
being necessitated to go around the combs or
becoming chilled where but a few hundred were
in the spaces of comb at the outside. This led
to the cutting of holes through the combs in
frame hives every fall, to be filled up again the
next season, or filling these holes with painted
shavings so the bees would allow them to re-
main open. As these holesin the combs proved
to be a nuisance in more ways than one. the
Hill device was brought out, which is a series
of curved sticks held together with a piece of
hoop iron in such shape that the becis can pass
under these sticks and over the top- bars of the
frame, this answering every purpose of holes
through the combs, in allowing the bees to pass
from one space between the combs to another
without becoming chilled and dying on the fro-
zen honey.

MIXED RACES OF BEES BRINGS BEEDIAKRHEA.

Question. — Don't you think that the mixing
of the different races of bees has brought what
is known as " bee-diarrhea " into the country ?

Years ago, when we had only (Jerman bees,
bee-diarrhea was unknown.

Avsivcr.—l think the questioner is mistaken
in his assertion that bee-diarrhea was unknown
when there were only (^ermn n bees in this coun-
try, for Qninby tells us all !il)out the prevalence
of this disease several years before the Italian
bee was introduced, and the Italians came many
years before the Cyprians. Syrians, Carniolans,
etc. No. this trouble did not come to us through
the importation of the different varieties of
bees; and if it was not as prevalent years ago
as now. which I think was the case, it was be-
cause the country was more protected from the
tierce winds we now have, by the abundant for-
ests then in existence, but now cut down to give
place to the "onward movement of man."
When father kept bees, some thirty to forty
years ago. the woods came close around our
dwelling, and the bees could fly every time the
sun broke through the clouds, when the mer-
cury reached 45° or above. But now every
thing is different: for, four times out of five,
when the temperature reaches the degree given
above, during the three winter months, the
wind blows so hard that no flight is accomplish-
ed, unless it is done at a great loss of numbers;
hence the bees have to suffer on, or die, as the
case may be. From careful watching for the
past twenty years I am confident that the trou-
ble known as diarrhea in bees is caused by con-
finement beyond endurance of the bees. The
trouble is wholly incident to a continuation of
weather unsuited for the flight of the bees, and
is more of a mechanical nature than of a dis-
ease. Many things may conspire to shorten or
lengthen the struggle for existence, such as bad
food, great dampness, weak constitution, etc.
Any of these may make the struggle short, and
the reverse of these may vary all the way from
successful wintering to a long tedious hanging-
on to life that ends in spring-dwindling with
barely a building-up, to try the same thing over
again the next winter. With no return of
balmy weather, no flash of the wing in the sun-
shine, and no chance of voiding the fyeces out-
side of the hive, the end must come sooner or
later, and for these reasons I can not see how
the word "disease '' fully covers our wintering
troubles.

'■hcKlAd'^rgJ^

CIRCUMVENTING ANTS.

I see that some of your subscribers are trou-
bled with ants. I was traveling a good many
years ago, and late one evening sought the hos-
pitality of an old farmer living in the country,
fifty miles from the railroad. His family were
very primitive people, and, though in good cir-

96

GLEASI>'<-^S IN BEE CULTURE.

Fkb-1.

euBBStantV!?. liwd very stmply. A? wv \n?ni lo
supper I notkvd a >ai&".I wrad of lint cotton tied
around each of the leg^ of their safe. I wa^s in-
quisitive enough to a^sk what was the purpose
of that, and wa> told that it wa;? done to keep
the ants out of the safe. 1 thus learned that
ant$ can not or will not tr»v«l OT«r loosa^ lint
cotton.

KEKPI:^f6 OFF CHICKKS-UCK.

Prom an old .\frican stave, who used to be-
long to a very intelli^^na planter. I learned that
poultry can be kept free from vermin by the
very s:aiple device of prvwiding sassafras poles
for ^lervhes. I have tried this scheme for two
years: and. while my neighbors* chickens and
premises have been overrun with chicken-miteis.
mine have been entirely free fro^m this pest. I
suppose that the strong aromatic odor of the
sassafras is disagreeable to the iasecis.

Columbia. Miss.. Dev". 13. XovicK.

THK FLAXSErRSH SCK.VPrX6-TABIJK. AGAIX.

The specific use of the box G. on page ys^l.
l>?c. l.'ith number, on legs^ is to hold the scrap-
ings, and also to hold the shelf .\. on which to
set the screen bridge B. to scrape sections on.
The bridge is a separate fixture, and the shelf
is a solid board with no hole, as your artist
slio'iv& I have a hole cut thn>ugh mine, how-
ever, at my right, near the end. to set a gUie-pot
OTW. and a lamp underneath, to keep the glue
wmrm when glassing sections of honey for the
Kew York market.

You inquire in jrour footnote to my article
whether the fine particles do not leak through
the screen on the lap^. No. not on the lap.
The fine particles, aud the coarse ones too. for
that matter, go through the screens on the
shelf: and when the scrapings accumulate too
much I lift it up and brush them off into the
box C. The shelf should have no 'nqnarr cut
throogh it and the screen laid over it, as the art-
ist has made it appear in the engraving, else.
of course, the particles w\->uld gv^ thn>ugh on
the lap, G. J. Fi-vxsBrR^H.

So. Bethlehem. N. Y.. Jan. 10.

CARP — PKOSPKCTS TTP TO I»ATK.

We have had a great haul of carp this week —
or. rather, on Christmas day and night— when,
on two ash vng-grv>u Lids, there was taken five
tonsof nsh — n - It is only a few years

since Don Ho" "r";sh Commissioner for

the State, stookev. : . M.^umee with carp, and
this is the result. The irr^vd of the irreat fish-

houses hii-
geon. wh
the river
on their >
now. aftor :-.i
they have no
The carp, wh
not want anv
take the pi act

ed our pickerel, stur-

^tng up the mouth of

^ :he fish frv>m getting

s. The result is that

yed up-river fishing.

e bay for themselves.

.i tisb that Howellsdid

~ :s all there is left to

pickerel: aud the reason

they survive is because they ar^ essentially a
graring fish, and love to burrow ia the mud.
grass of the river, and so are olirttj^' at home,
and do not have to run the gauntlet of the
pound fisherman's nets. The fish caught on
Christmas were fat. and ready to breed. One
large one. of which I had a taste, had aKT.t
three pounds of roe in her. The fish at this
season of the year are very good eating, and it
seems to be the only fish that is Ukeiy to esoa;v
the destructive i^>ound fisherman, and give us
up the river a taste occasionally of fr*sh fish.
Perrysburg. O.. Dec 3i>. G. A. -\i>ams.

ST. JOSEPH. AO.Jk.nr.

Just as I expected. Dr. Miller. Did you ever
know any thing or anybody who was so perfect
that some chronic pessimist would not be air-
ing the bad if you ventiirevl to sjvak of any
gv>od qualities? You pn>bably rememN»r that
they called Jesus a "glutton and a winebibber:"
but notwithstanding this, some saw in that
same Jesus the highest exemplification of per-
fect manhood the world has ever known.

It is reported of Carlyle. that, while listening^
to the praise which an American was bestow-
ing on the river Rhine, he remarked. " Yes; bat
it is full of dead di^s!" The .\merican. who
was a jovial and happy genius, replied. "Yes:
and you can see nothing but the dead dogs."

That is the way with some people, and I pre-
sume they are more deserving of pity than
blame However, if you have read the -.-l»M«"ri-
f*tM Rtf Joumai carefully you know that I
long since condemned gambling on the fair-
grounds, and I further stated that my name
would not again appear in connection with the
fair while this gambling was permitted.

To be frank with you. it was a matter of cu-
riosity to me to know wrheie this institution of
gambling secured all its patronage. I felt sure
that the yo».itl people of this city would not
countenance any thing of the kind. It is all
clear to me now. The patrons came down from
Iowa, where they run race-tracks the year
rv>und. and build up towns arvnind them. Per-
haps our Iowa friend was a little ashamed of
this, and this accounts for his name being kept
in the background. Where did that dramatic
pessimist get all of his information, any way ?

Now, Dr. M.. do you think it just the thing
to rush into print with such a sweeping char-
against the morals of this fair city without ev
making an effort to learn whether or not :
statements were overdrawn "? How^ever. we c-
stand it. as our shoulders are bn>ad: but I atu
greatly cv»ncerued lest the fellow up in Iowa,
with no name, who can see only the "dead
dogs" should feel so bad about it. But you and
the readers of Gleaxix^s should not lose sight
of the fact that the great World's Fair had 'ts
"Midway " with its reputed half-nude w^on:
and other vices aud immoralities, but it w ..
none the less an illustration of the zrandes*.

i

IS'. 14

(3I.i<:anin(;s in mkk (Uii/i'iirk.

{>!)

acliit'vcinciits ot' himiiinily. No oii(>, liowcvcr,
will) visited Mio I'nir was fori-cd to [uitmiiizc* the
ful<('s of tlic Midway unless iui luv<i a tast(< lor
tliat l<ind of aiiiiisiMiuMit (?) and tlHM'cforc I'oiild
not stay away. Tlie present i'air-board an^ nol,
all of St. .Joseph; and onr sood Iowa fricMid
witli liis oversliocked morals ean come to tills
city and not see any of the races or KUtuhliiifj;,
unless he has a morbid desini to witness that
kind of thiiiK- Howcwer. " I/ct him tluit is
without sin cast t,he lirst ston(\"

IOmkuson T. Ai'.iiorr.
St. ,]osei)li, Mo., Jan. 11,

iiivma nKKs ON sunday.

Is it right to hivo hoes on Sunday? Or is it
ncrcssdvily a work of mercy or charity to hiv(i
bees on Sunday? Couldn't bee-ontrance f^uards
be used? Wouldn't it be more in keeping with
the fourth commandment to divide a swarju of
bees on Saturday than to ask onr man-servant
or our maid-servant, our son or our daughter,
to renuiin at homi^ from church to watcii tiie
bees lest they swarm in our absence?

Tunnelton, VV. Va., Jan. 11. W. E. Dkan.

1 My good friend, of course you will recogni/.e
that there arc probably extremes on both sides
in regard to tins matter. I have heard of peo-
ple who let a large swarm of bees, that came
out early in the season, go to the woods and be
lost, because the bees happened to come out on
Sunday. I have known a good many more,
however, who did not really like to go to meet-
ing any way, and who thought the excuse that
the bees might swarm in their absence a very
good reason for staying at home from church
during the greater part of the swarming season.
If we are honest and conscientious in striving
to do that which is right in (Jod's sight, and
call in a little plain common sense to direct us,
I do not think we sluill go very far out of the
way. Dividing in order to prevent swarming
is a partial n^medy; but when bees get a swarm-
ing mania it seems to be of but little avail.
Ernest telN me that lie considers bee-entratico
guards of very great benefit— that is, they will
prevent swarms from going off to the woods,
temporarily at least. Where there is a consid-
erable number of bees, and they have been
swarming pretty freely, say on Friday or Sat-
urday. I should think it [)rudent or right for
some member of the family to remain to look
after the bees; and I would advise changing
around so that no member of the iamily may
be entirely absent from religious services. Or
if one can not go in the day time, let him go in
the evening; or let one go to the Sunday-school
and another to church.] A. 1. 11.

HEPOHT WITH A MOKAI,.

1 commenced the season of IS'.i:} with ISO
hiv(>s, mostly in fair condition, and my returns
were 3:.'.600 lbs. of extracted honey, and 300 lbs.

nice yellow wax. 1 lost- .M) colonies by I'dbbiiig;
1 had an inexperiencid nuui, who did not know
when th(>y w(^re robbing. .1. L. (Jukoo.

'['empr, Aii/.oiia, Jan. IH.

I-Arn: MATINd OF tJlIKKNS.

Our ovvn experience iy very similar to that of
Mr. lleplogle, as given on |)age '.), and we are
very sure that the thing s(>t forth by (inenther
is correct. W(! Iiave iuindled bees over .'>() years.

Syracu.se, Kan., .Ian. 5. .Iamks II. WiNo.

TWO Nllf'IJOl IN TIIK 8AMK DOVKTA I I,l<:i) IIIVK,
AND WITH rillC SAMIC lONTUANCK.

I have been using, last season, the eight-
frante Dovetailed hive for two nuclei in rearing
queens, as mentioned on pag(iS()7of (Ji.icaninoh,
but with the entrance to each in the same* (snd
of the hive; and out of ten or twelv(* so ar-
ranged I lostonly one queiMi. F. M. Tkout.

Crete, Neb.

IReports

£ngouragin6j

Ucports Kiici)iiriiM:inn' mid DiMiuuraKl'iK, H' aU wore published
thai coiiir iii, wdiil.l liikc I.h> iiiiicli rdorii. As we like to know
wlial odiii-s hnvcduTic. »(' liiiv(MliTi(lc(l lo |iiil. ill all the vv.-
i>iii-ts ill this style, tliHl r<Miic. S. in llic MrHt coliiiim iii tlie ta-
ble, stands lur ■■.SpiiiiK Ccmiit;" K lor "Kail Coiiiil;" E I'or
'• E.xtraeted Honey," and C lor" Comb Honey." The rest wiU
be plain.

Jo.'I Hiser

Deweese, Neb

K Slahl

Ki niuT La

W. li Snodfrrass

llonlrose. Mo

H(iir\ I,. Wiii-I

Mivvillf, Wis

Kr:mcis Oill

l)aI•llIl^; Koad, O N. T,
I>. N Ciiiiiiner

Kloieni-e, Out

Knh.Tl jioiiy-las

(iiceiilaw England....
.1 K Scdirrckentfost

Kittiiiiinii, I'n

J. W. WilsOn

Koslin, Ontario

Cora

S. 20
F. 40

s. i;o

F. XiO
S. 60
F. 53 I

Honey I Pi-ice. | Season
E. I

s.

_

F.

7

S.

.SI

H'.

hi!

S.

a?

V.

M

s.

V

K.

—

S,

4

F.

l(i

S

.%

F.

50

- E. i:)ai -

E. 2.''i0i I
c. S(l« I
E. 26.'!0 I

C. 600 I
C. 4500 I

16-18

ao-24

Poor.
Oood.
Very bad.

Good.
Oood.

W. W. C.,ot D. C, asks wht^ther, in warm
spells of winter weather, bees will rear brood.
^HS.— Yes, almost invariably —especially to-
ward spring.

C. B.. of Tex., would like to know how many
pounds of starter foundation it requires to make
1000 lbs. of section honey. ^?i.s.— We ligure, on
the full sheets, 4K sections, about TO pounds;
for small(!r sheets, proportionally less.

J. P., of la., asks, "If Jii' as a bee-space be-
tween super and frame is right, why not be-
tween top-bars and frames above?" Ans.—
There ought to be the same bee-space in both
cases; but practically there is a slight differ-
ence in the Dovetailed hives as we now make

100

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb. 1.

them. We are not able at present to equalize
the spaces exactly, without running into a snag
still more objectionable.

S. S., of Wis., asks, "If the weather is warm
enough for the bees to fly during winter, would
you take the packing from the topof the frames
and give them all a chance for a cleansing flight,
or let them alone?" Ans.—Let them alone, by
all means. If you are sure the bees have stores
the previous fall, do not tinker with them till
next spring.

C. cfcC, of N. C, writes that they left their
supplies on the hives during winter because
they feared that, if they took off the supers,
the bees would not have enough to winter on.
They ask If they should be removed next spring.
Jins. — Yes; otherwise the bees will soil the
sections; and, besides, the brood-nest should be
reduced to the smallest capacity during the
brooding season, so as to conserve the warmth.

J. P. B. wants to know, 1, whether a hive 31 x
13 X 11 is too large to secure good results; 2, To
obtain a big supply of bees early, should they
be stimulated by feeding? 3, Do bees gather
any stores from corn-blossoms? Ansi. — 1. No;
but it is usually best to have the dimensions
standfard, so as to correspond with regular
goods. 2. Yt s, it is desirable to feed the bees a
little every day, if they require it in the spring,
or when the weather is settled enough so that
they can fly almostevery day. Feeding too early
to stimulate is bad. 3. This is a disputed ques-
tion. They do gather pollen from corn-blossoms,
but it is doubtful whether they get any honey
generally from them.

R. F. R., of Va., asks, 1, Is it a good time to
introduce to or change the queen of a colony
when the bees swarm? 2. When both honey
and increase are wanted, is it a good plan, after
swarming, to divide the old colony into nuclei?
3. He would like to have us give a good plan to
manage seven hives in spring for comb honey.
uins. — 1. Yes. 2. Yes, if you are willing to
spend a little money in feeding up your nuclei,
you may divide to advantage; but if honey is
your object, and you wish to proceed as eco-
nomically as possible, we would advise you to
let nature take its own course. 3. It would take
too much space to give even an outline in this
department, and we shall have to refer. you to
the text-books.

W. T. H. wants to know. 1, whether our foun-
dation-machines will make both bi-ood and sur-
plus foundation; 2, If bees are put in the cellar,
a few yards from their old stands, and then al-
lowed a flight occasionally during warm days,
will they go back to their old stands? Ans.—\.
Our standard lO-inch mill is made so as to make
both brood and surplus foundation, a change
from light to heavy being made by adjusting
the screws, about as you squeeze wringer-rolls
down to dry the clothes out more. 2. When
bees are put in the cellar they should be kept

there, and not allowed a flight until they are
set out permanently next spring. Experience
has shown that it is bad policy to move bees in
and out of the cellar every warm day.

F. L. S., of Minn., wants to know what is the
net profit per hive of bees in California. Ans.
— We can make only a very poor guess. In a
fair season a fair colony under good manage-
ment, in a fair locality, ought to yield 7.5 or JOO
lbs. of extracted honey, and .50 or 75 of comb,
although these are conservative figures. Ex-
tracted in large lots will net the bee-keeper
from 4 to 5 cts.. or .?3.50 per colony. The comli
would net him about 10 or 12 cts., or .fS.OO jxr
colony. From this must be subtracted the cost
of managing the bees, ccst of foundation, cosi
of cartage to the nearest railroad station or ,j
market, cost of square cans for the extracted
honey, or shipping-cases for the comb honey —
cost of sections, interest on the money, losses
from absconding swarms, etc. This answer, at
best, is unsatisfactory, and we therefore call
upon Rambler to help us out.

F. M. McC, of Ark., desires to move 80 colo-
nies in Dovetailed hives to Southern Ohio.
Ans. — We would fasten the bottom -boards and
close up the entrances. We would then, in
place of the covers, tack on rims, made out of
X stuff, of the same width and length as the
hive, outside measure, and 2 inches deep.
These rims should be covered with wire cloth
or cheese-capping. If you are going to move
your household effects also to Ohio, you had
better put the hives in one end of the car, and
your goods in the other end; it will be safer for
you to accompany the car, as the jostling and
bumping will disarrange the hives. To partial-
ly remove the jar, it is a good plan to strew the
bottom of the car, where the hives are to be
placed, with four or five inches of straw. We
omitted to say any thing about fastening the
frames, for we assume that your bees are on the
Hoffman frames, which require no fastening.
If not. we would use the spacing-sticks illus-
trated in our catalogue.

E.J.C.,QfO., asks how many bees it will
take to gather a pound of honey per day.
Ans. — It all depends upon the source from
which honey is coming — that is, the amount of
flow. From basswood. yielding at its best, a
single colony will gather from 3 to 30 lbs. of nec-
tar per day— probably 3 to 7 would be a fair
average. A good fair working colony— that is,
the bees themselves— weighs from 5 to 8 lbs.;
and as we know from careful experiment that
there are about 4.500 bees in a pound, there will
be anywhere from 20,000 to 40,000 bees. This
number should be reduced anywhere from a
third to a half, so as to include only the work-
ing force, or that force that brings in the honey.
We may assume, then, that it takes, on this ba-
sis, any where from 15,000 to 25,000 field-bees to
gather 3 to 5 lbs. of nectar from basswood; or.

I

IS'. 14

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

101

to gi't right down to your question, 5()0() bees all
day will gather a pound of nectar, and that
" all day " may mean 13 or 14 hours. From clo-
ver the bees will be able to gather less than
half as much per day. Mr. E. E. Hasty figures
that from 3500 to 7000 bees can carry a single
pound of nectar. Averaging the number at
5000 it would seem that either there is a less
number of working bees or else they make only
a few trips to the fields. During basswood, bees
are generally loaded down.

Now, who will tell us how many loads an
average bee. under an average flow of bass-
wood, will carry In a single day of 12 or 14 hours,
and who will straighten out our figures?

THE CORRECT DISTANCE TO SPACE FRAMES.

A RATHER STARTLING STATEMENT.

By Major Shallard.

There is a great diversity of opinion among
all sections of bee-keepers about this most im-
portant point. Each party seems to follow
some " rule of thumb," or else blindly follows
the lead of some other person. In America —
that home of progressive bee-keeping — we find
the bee-keepers spacing all the way from l^a
inches to 13-2 inches from center to center. The
frames used to be cut }i of an inch wide, but
now they range from that to 1}{, and from % to
a full inch thick. With the old X frames
SfTacedlJo inches from center to center, the
distance actually between the frames was -X
of an inch. The trouble then was, that the bees
would build these together with brace-combs.
To get over the brace-comb trouble, the Amer-
icans tried inch-thick top-bars; and some,
wishing to " go one better," made them also a
full inch wide. They claim that the deep wide
top-bar does away with burr-combs. I dispute
this point. I have had these frames in use for
the last seven years, and have thoroughly test-
ed them, with the result that, in my opinion,
the amount of space between the bars, and not
the thickness of them, controls burr-combs.

Perhaps I can explain my position better
from another point of view. The depth of a
brood -cell is f^j of an inch. Two of these, back
to back, make a comb X of an inch thick. If
the cells are any thing over this depth, the
queen can not deposit eggs in them. The
width of the frame, and the distance they are
spaced apart, govern the depth of the cells;
therefore if you use a wide frame in the brood-
nest, either the queen can not use the cells, or
—what really does happen— the bees keep the
level of the cells below the level of the frames.

To leave the subject of wide frames, and
come to the matter of spacing theK: If these
are spaced 1,'>(' from center to c(>nter, the comb
will be kept just level with the frames. If the
distance between the frames exceeds this, the
cells near the top-bar will be drawn out by just
that distance, and filled with honey, and the
space left between the surfaces of the comb —
not the frame — will be found to be just a little
more than ^^ inch. Does not this prove that,
according to the bees' ideas, that space is suffi-
cient? The space which contains brood below
these elongated cells will, of course, be greater;
but as the season goes on, and the queen goes
off laying, the honey-cells will be extended.
Here comes in the objection to wide spacing.
The brood-nest of the hive should be kept for
the brood only. The honey should go into the
top story. By wide spacing, a large percentage
of the honey is deposited in the brood-nest, and
it is always a growing amount. The bees get
the habit of depositing there, and by degrees
crowd the queen, so that she has not sufficient
room for egg-laying, and they get disinclined
to enter the top story at all. I have thorough-
ly tested this matter. I do not speak from
theory, as I have all my frames spaced 1}4 from
center to center. The combs are built on full
sheets of foundation, on wired frames. They
are exactly the thickness of the frames, and I
do not think any one can show a finer lot.

I find here that I have missed a point which
I wished to ventilate. The bees always build
brace-combs if the space is more than a full
quarter of an inch: and by careful experi-
menting I have proved that, at that width,
they build least; in fact, they build scarcely
any at all. My section-crates have a slatted
bottom, and I do not use a queen-excluder for
sections of any sort. If I keep the bottom of
the crate a full quarter of an inch from the top
of the frames, I get scarcely any burr-combs,
and can lift the crate off clean. If the space
exceeds that mentioned, the burr-combs are
built freely, and I have a sticky mess when the
crate is taken off. If, on the contrary, the space
is less, the crate is stuck down with propolis.

I have experimented largely in this matter,
and am fully satisfied that a full ^4 inch is the
proper bee-space, and that spacing and not
thick or wide top-bars is the secret of burr-
combs.

Glenbrook, N. vS. W., Dec. 1.

[With us. the wide and thick bars do pre-
vent, almost entirely, burr-combs but not in all
cases bn(cc-coml)s— those spurs of wax between
the bars— and this is confirmed by scores of bee-
keepers. Possibly your long seasons, warmer
climate, and locality, cause the difference in
results. About that spacing: If there are any
bee-keepers who make a practice of spacing all
their combs tolVi"ch from center to center,
we were not aware of it. The majority space

102

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb. 1.

l^g', a few 13^, and the rest IK inch. You have
suggested a rather new idea to us on thel3^-in.
spacing. If that distance will make the old
ix^g" top - bars proof against brace and burr
combs, it will effect quite a saving in the cost of
frames. We must confess, however, that we
are skeptical; but as the idea comes from a
large and practical bee-keeper— one who, we
believe, has nearly a thousand colonies — we
should give it a careful and unprejudiced trial.
In the mean time, our American bee-keepers
have said that 13^-inch spacing was too close.
What will they say of 13^ spacing? Who is
there among our readers who can affirm or dis-
prove Major Shallard's point? — Ed.]

7 stfatei

^6Pages7xI0
90 PER YEARj

O Lord, what shall I say when Israel tuineth their backs be-
fore their enemies?— Josii. 7:8.

Eight extra pages this time, and, for aught
we know, for several Issues to come.

Our colonies under telescope covers keep
much drier and nicer than those under other
sorts of covers.

We have had so much printing to do lately
that we have been running night and day, and
are now nearly caught up.

Our symposium on the subject of bees and
fruit will be continued in our next issue. It is
hardly time to hear from our correspondents so
as to get their articles here in time for this
present number.

We learn with pleasure that Bro. York is
also having a flood of renewals for the Ameri-
can Bee Journal. This indicates that bee-
keepers are not yet discouraged, and that they
have hope for the future.

Those new sections, sanded and polished on
both sides, are taking like hot cakes. This
year's business is starting out unusually brisk.
In fact, we have been obliged to add more help,
new machines, new blower, more line shafting,
etc.

We call special attention to Major Shallard's
statement, in Trade Notes, viz., that top-bars
% thick and % wide, spaced 1>8 from center to
center, will prevent burr-combs more satisfac-
torily than any other arrangemcnit. We ask.
Is this true? and is I'l^ spacing practicable and
possible in this country, for all conditions and
times in the apiary ?

We have sent and got Dr. Mason's Given
foundation-press, and are experimenting with
it with the view of putting them on the market

at some future date. By the way, can any of
our readers tell us whether the widow of D. S.
Given is still living? We do not wish to take
advantage of a good thing without making
some satisfactory arrangement with the parties
who first brought it to light.

Our list of subscribers is not for sale at any
price. Nearly every spring we are asked what
we charge per 1000 names. We do not wish
those who favor us with their subscriptions to
be loaded down with circulars and other stuff,
ad nauseam, without their consent. We do,
however, sell lists of our catalogue names of
live bee-keepers at $3..50 per 1000, printed from
type. ^

We hope our readers will not get the impres-
sion that, when an article does not have a foot-
note, it does not receive our editorial indorse-
ment. On the contrary, such an article is fre-
quently so complete in itself that there is noth-
ing we can add to it by attaching a footnote.
W^e have several very valuable communications
in this issue that have no footnotes whatever,
and yet we consider them just exactly as good
as those that have our comment attached to
the end.

A correspondent has sent us some pressed
specimens of yellow- jasmine flowers and leaves,
a poisonous honey-plant. The flowers are bell-
shaped, light orange-yellow in color, one inch
long, and about Jo inch wide at the widest part
of the bell. The leaves are lanceolate, or
lance-shaped, and are from % to l^X in. long.
If we could get some fresh specimens we should
be glad to make an engraving, so that all of our
readers in the South may be able to recognize
the plant at once.

Bro. York, of the American Bee Journal,
calling attention to the fact that we said that
Prof. Cook had been writing more sugar-honey
articles for the agricultural papers, says Prof.
Cook has not written for such papers for
months. That we did see articles on the sub-
ject of sugar honey, signed by Prof. Cook, we
are certain; but we now think they must have
been reprints of old articles not credited that
friend Cook wrote a year or so ago for the api-
cultural journals. We have mislaid the papers
so that we can not now refer again to them.
You see, when a thing once gets started it is
hard to stop it. We accept the correction with
thanks, and hereby tender our apology to Prof.
Cook.

We are getting quite a number of inquiries
asking whether we will not take queens in pay-
ment for advertising, or articles for Gleanings
in payment for supplies. We have arranged
for all the queens that we can possibly use for
another season; and in justice to our customers
we furnish queens only from breeders who we
hnoiv can produce just as good queens as we do,

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

103

or even better. Other breeders maydojnstas
well; but we must have the positive knowledge
before we undertake to receive queens on such
a proposition. As for contributed articles, we
never make any promises. Manuscripts may
be sent, and if meritorious they will be received
at whatever they are worth to us.

A SHORT time ago a correspondent in the
South hinted that we were putting in the big
reports regarding the honey-yields of Florida,
but not the other kind. We were not aware
that we had made any such discrimination. If
any locality is not accurately represented,
kindly correct it. sending a short pithy article;
but do not accuse us of dishonesty, nor call the
other fellow a liar. You want to be sure to
bear in mind that there is very often a marked
difference in localities only 10 or 15 miles apart,
and particularly so between different counties
and between different States. Don't imagine
that your county invariably represents the same
conditions that will be found in neighboring or
similar counties of your State.

We are often asked what typewriter we would
recommend. The only cheap one-handed ma-
chines that we consider worth any thing are the
World, which we used to sell, and the Merritt.
The last one does the nicest work of any. Rut
there is none of these one-handed machines
that will do work much if any faster than the
pen. If one wants to do any considerable
amount of correspondence, and yet can not af-
ford to pay much over $;35.00 or $30.00, we would
advise such to write to any of the typewriter
exchangps for a second-hand Remington, cali-
graph, Hammond, or any of the second-hand
machines. You can not expect any o?ic-handed
machine to do work, as a general thing, faster
than the pen. If one can write a good plain
hand, he had better let the cheap one-handed
machines alone.

HONEY FROM SWEET CLOVER.

During my visit at Salt Lake City I wrote up
at length in regard to the beautiful honey gath-
ered from sweet clover that thrives so luxuri-
antly out on the sandy alkali plains, where no
other plant could flourish on account of alkali.
This honey is not only equal to any other pro-
duced in the world, but it is about the whitest
and finest-looking honey in the world. The
only respect in which it is inferior to the white-
sage honey of California is, that the sweet-clo-
ver honey candies readily on the approach of
■cold weather, but the sage honey does not; and
when candied it is, perhaps, the whitest can-
died honey gathered from any known source.
Well, just now I am greatly pained to find that
some of the food commissioners think, without
analyzing, this honey of Salt Lake City is sugar-
ed,probably because of its extra fine appearance.
In fact, some specimens of candied honey are
almost as white as snow, or as white as white

sugar. One who is at all conversant with the
plant— sweet clover— will have no difficulty at
all in recognizing sweet-clover honey. It has a
faint or very delicate flavor, reminding one of
the smell of sweet clover while in bloom. If
you bruise the foliage of the sweet clover when
the plant is growing rank in the spring, you
will also get a strong perfume, quite like the
delicate flavor of the honey. Sweet-clover hon-
ey ought to be as readily identified as basswood
and clover; and it is a burning shame that the
friends who are producing and marketing this
beautiful product should be persecuted by hav-
ing some stupid official pronounce it or even
suggest, that it is not pure honey. A. I. R.

THAT STATISTICAL SCHEME FALLS THROUGH.

You will remember we proposed a scheme for
ascertaining the amount of comb honey pro-
duced in the United States, from the average
number of sections sold during any average
year. Well, the scheme went along swimming-
ly until one of the manufacturers declined to
give his output, for reasons which he considered
good and sufficient. In addition to this we
have been receiving lately letters that read
something like the following, which we produce
as a sample:

I see you are goiiig to set Dr. Miller at g-uessing
how much comb honey there is produced in this
country. Here is something for him to try his hand
at; and if; he can guess it he must he a genuine
Yankee. r. Two years ago I bought of you, through
A. F. Cate, of Fallbrook. 40,000 sections.GThe season
following I got about 50"^ lbs. of corairhoney~Last
season I got some more. I now have over 30,000 of
those sections on hand, and empty. How much
.section honey did I get last year ? And I am anx-
ious to know how much I shall get in 1894.

Wlldomar, Cat. I. S. Crowfoot.

In the first place, we can not get at the an-
nual output of sections unless all of the
manufacturers give their annual output; in the
second place, even if we could obtain the full
number of sections made, circumstances some-
thing like those pointed out above might'make
the result but little better than a good guess.

EFFECT OF DRY CLIMATES ON QUEEN-CAGE

candy; SHALL WE RETURN TO THE

WATER-BOTTLE?

In the American Bee Journal for Jan. 18 is a
valuable article from W. A. Pryal, on mailing
queens long distances. He writes of the diffi-
culties in making a candy .iust right so that it
will remain just right, or uniformly soft, in the
various climates to which the queen-cage is
subjected while in the mails. He refers to the
very dry atmosphere of California and its bad
effects on the candy, and suggests that, as the
food can not always be made to meet the vary-
ing conditions, we return to the water-bottle.
He says:

I have never yet received a queen dead, that was
shipped in a cage that had a reservoir for water.
No matter how liard the candy maj' have become

104

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb. 1.

through heat or otherwise, tlie bees would manage
to eat all they required of it, if they luid water
handy. Queens that wei'e confined in a cage tliat
contained a supply of waier .seemed to be he:iltliier
than those queens that are provisioned with a hard
candy.

We suspect there is considerable truth in this;
and as queen breeders and shippers we have
concluded to give the matter another trial dur-
ing the coining summer. Years ago, when we
used exclusively the hard candy, we considered
the water-bottle a necessity; but when the
Good candy was introduced, the bottle was
dropped, principally because it was not always
possible to adjust the small piece of candle-
wicking in the cork of the bottle in such a
way that it would not feed the water too fast,
and thus either wet the candy up too much or
run out entirely, and leave the bees with dry
candy and no water. We made a few experi-
ments last summer, but somehow the water
leaked out in some of the cages, even before
they left our own hands. The queens had to
be transferred to other cages, and were then
sent on the usual soft candy, without any
water; but they died all the same, for they
went clear to Australia. We suggest that the
Atchleys commence experiments, not only for
their own personal advantage, but for the bene-
fit of the brotherhood of queen -breeders and
their customers. Perhaps there is nothing
more annoying than to have a hive just ready
to receive a queen, and then, when her majesty
arrives, the queen is found to have " gone
dead." Some seasons our percentage of losses
in sending queens long distances is practically
nothing; and then, again, the peculiar condi-
tions of climate, as Mr. Pryal points out, make
a lot of trouble.

THOSE FOOTNOTES— THOSE EVERLASTING FOOT-
NOTES.

In the great flood of renewals that have been
coming in during the last few days, it seems as
if almost every one says, " Keep those footnotes
going;" or, " Do not stop those footnotes if you
want us to renew;" or, " I skip the articles and
read the footnotes;" and, again, a writer whose
letter is in our hands, says, " Do not, under any
consideration, think of stopping them. Some-
times the footnote has more pith and life to it
than the article." In relation to the last.quota-
tion we wish to say right here that it is not our
purpose to absorb in the footnote all the meat
or juice from the article. We simply intend to
give it flavor.

Some of our older read(^rs will remember
we asked, years ago, as to the desirability of
the comments, and the result was the same as
above; but since the footnote mantle had fall-
en upon younger shoulders we had a curiosity
to know whether they were still desirable, and
if not we expected to drop them. We are satis-
fled, and shall keep them a going.

Now, dear reader, it is not fulsome praise

that we seek— no, no, no— but the best good of
you all. If any one department should be
lopped off and another added to the journal,
please let us have your commands. " Not to be
ministered unto, but to minister;" and, again,
"The greatest good to the greatest number,"
are mottoes that we try to keep before us.

Perhaps it will be well to add, that tln"
changes made commencing with the issue for
Jan. 1 have been most heartily indorsed by
prominent bee-keepers and other lesser lights.
If we are sure of any thing, we know our read-
ers are particular about having only the very
best communications submitted to their peru-
sal; on the principle of the survival of the At-
test we may say that we have room for only
about half the manuscripts that come to us.

Perhaps we can illustrate how we sift.
A. I. R. does not pretend nowadays to look over
the bee-journal exchanges, and quite a number
of other exchanges that he used to read with
pleasure. We run through them just as he
formerly did. When we come to an extra good
article we take out our blue pencil and mark
around it; and the pith itself we underscore by
putting a blue line under each line of type..
These exchanges are put on his desk, and at his
leisure he simply looks for the blue marks.

Now, then, we go over the manuscripts in
much the same way. A large part of those we
use, we cut off at both ends; and if an article is
not trimmed down at all, except a few from our
regular contributors, it is an exception. After
sifting over a great pile of manuscript, we give
you, as nearly as we can, in the language of
anoi.her. the " cream," and the cream is put all
together in as compact a space and as readable
type as possible. In other words, we try to giv&
you the benefit of our " blue marks."

MK. HEDDON, AND HIS TEACHINGS ON ADUL-
TERATION.

Mr. Heddon is reported, in the last Bee-
keepers'Review, assaying, in a paper which
was read at the Michican State Convention,
that the hue and cry now being made against
adulteration was doing far more damage than
the actual adulteration itself, because the adul-
terators are not so foolish as to put on the mar-
ket an unpalatablecompound.* Hedenounced,
also, the change in the constitution of the Bee-
keepers' Union, whereby the Union is enabled
to prosecute adulterators, and further declared
that, in the present state of the art of chemis-
try, analyzation was not sulificient to prove
adulteration, and therefore argues that, if we
can not prevent adulteration, the best thing ta
do is to keep still and let the evil go on.

This is about the same line of argument he
prcisented a year ago at the same convention;
and after the opposition that was raised at the
time, the reiteration of such teaching makes us

* Yes; but tliey are foolish enough, as facts prove.
Bad men always do foolish things.— En.

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

105

wonder what he expects to accomplish. Does
he not know that this, coming from a represent-
ative beekeeper, w\\\ g\vi' comiovi to glucose-
mixers? This idea in one way seems plausible,
and we are sorry to see that one or two good
men agree with him.

Saloon-keepers do not like temperance agita-
tion, because they fear it will damage their bu-
siness— if not immediately, at some future lime.
Honey-adulterators would like nothing better
than to feel that their fabrications could not be
detected from the genuine; and when we talk
about ways and means by which they can be
found out, they don't like it. Ap<ithy, and a
sc7i.se of (nir helplessness, is just what these
evil-doers most desire.

There is a way to fight this evil of adultera-
tion, and we can stem the tide of it, even if we
can't put it down all at once. If we can not
prosecute, we can give the names of the adul-
terators such wide publicity that the sale of
their mixed goods will stop. See page 63. We
affirm that the art of chemistry has now reach-
ed that state whereby satisfactory analysis for
glucose can be made. We have only to point
to the tests which Prof. Cook made upon three
of the best chemists of the United States, with
the result that they successfully detected every
glucosed sample; and we pointed out on p. 63 of
our last issue the simple alcoholic test; and the
test by tasting is pretty reliable.

We happen to know that there is a considera-
ble amount of adulteration, and it is being fos-
tered by just such sentiments as Mr. Heddon
gives expression to. This glucose-mixing is be-
coming more and more common under the apa-
thy and sense of helplessness on the part of the
bee-keepers, and the pure product of their hon-
est toil has to compete with stuff so cheap that
good honey has but little show, and so vile in
quality that consumers say if that is honey they
will never buy another drop.

Now we leave the question with our readers.
If they want us to stop this "hue and cry"
against glucose, drop us a line to that effect.
We are quite willing to refer this question to
the mass of our intelligent readers.

THE PKOFESSOB S ECONOMICAI. SECRETS.

The above is the title of a little book of 104
pages — small pages at that. It purports to be
*' valuable secrets in regard to new methods of
farming." We quote from the circular:

By request of hundreds of farmers, from all over
this count ry and Canada, the Professor's Secrets are
now pul)li8lied, and ready for distribution.

The price lias been reduced from $5.00 to $3.00 per
copy.

As a book it is very small, not flUing- a large pock-
et.

As secrets— entirely "New Methods" in the educa-
tion it g-ives— it is tlie bigsrest instructor ever print-
ed—"a little wonder," tilling the largest barns, gran-
aries, and cellais, and that tills the purse, and the
purse fills the pocket.

It raises mucli bigger crops than the old way, and
does it with much less lalior; kills the vermin and
weeds in advance las the housekeeper kills the bed-

bugs, tlie lice, and iUv.is in advance): guards against
di'outlis and wet seasons in advance; instructs how
to destroy Canadii thistles (at littn- or no cost); liow
to clear land of lirusli and thurns, witliout any cost
at all; how to raise 4(Hi to 60(1 buslielsof potatoes per
acre without hotting or weeding; how to r:iise 1000
Inishels of onions per acre; how to raise 200 to 400
bushels of strawberries per acre; how to sow winter
wtieat so that it will not winter-kill, nor turn into
chess, and produce a full crop.

Since I have given all the above free adver-
tising, our friend should not complain. I may
say, briefly, the plan of banishing the weeds is
to plow shallow, and cultivate repeatedly, as
soon as the crop is off, mi til all the seeds germi-
nate; then plow quite deeply and turn them
under just before frost. The same process is to
get rid of insects and vermin. Canada thistles,
brambles, etc., are disposed of by scattering
corn, etc., and getting hogs to root tliem up.
The method of draining your land without us-
ing tile is by surface drainage. Go on your
ground after a rain, and draw the water off
wherever you lind it standing. Now, most of
these things are good; but ihey are all more or
less in general use, and none of them come any-
where near accomplishing the things claimed
for them.

The new method of sowing and planting is to
have every thing in straight rows, and do your
cultivating by horse power. Effect of drouth
is obviated by constant stirring of the surface
of the soil. But what agricultural journals
are there in the world that have not been ad-
vocating these methods year in and year out?
The new method of making hay is to cut it to-
ward night. If it rains during the night or
next morning, the rain will be on grass and not
on hay. I hardly need say that this is neither
new, nor is it exactly true. The Professor says
rain does not hurt grass when standing or cut.
Some farmers may agree with him, but I think
not very many. The new method of sowing win-
ter wheat so it will not turn to chess (?) is simply
by having so many furrows to carry off the wa-
ter that the wheat can not be injured by so much
wet, in connection with the cold weather in the
spring, as to cause it to turn to chess.

The whole book is but little better than a
humbug and swindle— that is, if one buys it
with the expectation of getting any thing like
what is claimed out of it. Furthermore, at
least half of it is occupied by a very illiterate
tirade against the political abuses of the day.

Besides the above '"secrets," another smaller
pamphlet of 20 pag s, very large coarse print, is
offered for 81.00. This is entitled "The Pro-
fessor's Economical Secrets, or New Method of
Saving the Potato Crop from Blight, Scab, and
Rot." I suppo.sed it would probably have some
hint of new methods by using Bordeaux mix-
ture or corrosive sublimate— not a word, how-
ever. Probably theauthorneverheard of them.
He commences by declaring that blight, scab,
and rot, are caused by the hot sun. Potatoes
grown in the shade, or in partial shade, are af-
fected by neither; therefore the great secret for
which we are to pay a dollar consists in planting
potatoes in rows running east and west; but
every other row is to be cor/i. The corn shades
the potatoes, keeps off the hot sun, thereby pre-
venting blight, and the rootsof the corn take up
the surplus moisture, thereby preventing rot. As
scab is also the effect of the aforesaid heat, the
row of corn is also to prevent scab.

I do not know how many of the friends have
been misled or humbugged by these flaming
circulars. I only know that the Professor has
received Cc'.OO of my money. There is nothing
in either of them worth copying. The older
readers of Gleanings already know the posi-
tion I have stoutly maintained for years past,
that valuable information is never to be found

106

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb. 1.

with those who profess to have great secrets to
sell for a cenain stim of money.

John Flatten, Universal Farmer, Fort How-
ard, Wis.. Is the man who professes to be so
abundantly able to teach agriculture to the
present age. If the Agricultural Experiment
Station of Wisconsin has not already tried to
teach our friend that wheat never turns tochers,
even during a wet season, perhaps they had
better take him in hand. Although this little
book costs so much money for a few small pages
of matter, yet the Professor finds space in it for
"swear words," and that, too, when he is un-
dertaking to teach a class of children.

SOME NEW TRANSPLANTING MACHINERY.

Till recently we have used iron frames cover
ed with poultry-netting, tnostly, for putting out
celery, cabbage, and other small plants. A
year ago we substituted notched boards for
plants further apart. The notched boards do
the business all right, but they are rather too
slow, and they do not make a hole in the ground
right where the plant is to be put. The poul-
try-netting frame is open to the last objection;
and where two or more are at work with one
frame, there is confusion and delay in moving
the bars the boys use to sit on while doing their
work.

The arrangements figured bilow enable us to
work faster than any thing else we have yet
used. Sticks with wooden pegs on at fixed dis-
tances are largely in use in the South for trans-
planting tomato-plants, and we have Illustrated
these in the tomato bnok. The objection is,
they make but one row of holes at a time, and

FIG. 1.

SPACING -BOARDS.

they also bother about dirt sticking to the
wood. Forsome time I have been thinking of
something made of glass or porcelain. The
stopper of a vinegar-bottle (beg pardon for the
illustration) answered very well, but they were
expensive, and not easy to fasfn in a board.
Finally I found on our counters a little white
glass drawer-pull. These can be put on with a

screw; and by turning them upside down they
make a nice imprint in the soil, and the dirt
sticKS to them very little. In the cuts below,
at A you see one of these knobs screwed fast to
a stick.

In Fig. 1 we have a board 6 inches wide and
5>^ feet long. This is just right to mark out a
bed covered by ordinary 6-foot sash. There arc
3 rows of the knobs. They are spaced so that
each one is the center of 6 others at equal dis-
tances from those around it, and they stand just
3 inches from each knob, froiu center to center.

Fig. 2 is a similar board for knobs just? inches
apart from center to center; while Fig. 3 marks
out the places 13 inch(>s apart. We use Fig. 1
for transplanting radishes, cabbage, cauliflow-
er, celery, onions, onion-sets, peppers, and to-
matoes. We also use them for lettuce where
it is twice transplanted.

Fig. 2 is used for transplanting all the above
where they are tivice transplanted. It is just
right for (irand Rapids lettuce where it is ma-
ture— 7 inches apart from center to center. It is
exactly right for extra large cabbage, beets^
celery, peppers, and tomatoes; also for spinach
when grown under glass.

No. 3 is right for wax beans under glass; ex-
tra large cabbage- plants; celery to be banked
up by putting boards between the plants while
putting in the dirt; corn grown under glass;
cucumbers; extra large Grand Rapids lettuce;
melons; peppers under glass; potatoes ditto;
spinach, for extra large; squashes: and toma-
toes where you raise plants that bring a nickel
apiece. It is exactly the thing for strawberries,
while bearing in the plant-beds, or where you
force them under glass in order to get runners
extra early. In fact, you can get a crop of al-
most any thing by putting them a foot apart
from center to center, except vines that run. Of
course, to do this the ground has to be very
heavily fertilized. We have had considerable
crops of extra early corn when put in our plant-
beds exactly a foot apart from C(mter to center.
I should have said that No. 2 was designed es-
pecially for the new celery culture, where the
bleaching has to be done without banking. If
you do not find the knobs at your hardware
store we can furnish them in quarter-gross
packages at 40 cts. per package.

In using the spacing-boards there should be a
boy at each side of the bed. The ground is
nicely prepared by spading or forking; then the
soil is sifted through a sieve such as I have de-
scribed, putting the coarse portions and the-
coarse manure at the bottom. The fine clean,
soil is then leveled with a rake, then patted
down evenly with the back of either boards 1 or
2. When the surface is as smooth and level as
a planed board, you are ready to mark out the
place for the plants. The two boys, one on each
side of the bed, take hold of the board and
press it into the soil the full length of the
knobs; then lift it out carefully, and move it
over until one of the knobs goes into the last
row of holes, and then move right along, and'
the whole bed is very quickly spaced, and the-
holes made for the plants. With a bundle of
plants in one hand they can b(! di'opped and
pressed in with the pojnt of the finger faster
than yoti would believe unless you had seen it-
tried. All the covering needed for most plants
is to give the bed a thorough drenching with
the sprinkler, or a hose with a sprinkler on its
end. Settle the dirt thoroughly around the new
plants. If your plants are taken up right,,
quite a lump of rich soil will adhere to the roots.^
This lump of soil will drop right into the hole
made by the knobs. Not one in a thousand
should fail to grow if every thing is right; and
the appearance of a plant bed with the ground
thoroughly covered, and no vacancies, the

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

107

plants boing as thick as thoy can stand without
•crowdini;, is a satisfaction of itsalf.

If you niiii<e much use of board No. 1, look
out they ai> moved into a now bed spaced with
No. ;J. jusi as soon as they begin to sutt'er from
crowding: and if No. 3 is to be used at all, pro-
•ceed in the same way. With these three boards
you can do ail your planting. We have beets
now coming up over the way in the greenhouse
in just beautiful shape, planted with board No.
1. We set strawberries with board No. 2. but
they are too close together. In a few days we
shall move them again and put them in a bed
spaced with No. 3.

Now, don't you agree with me that I have
worked out a very nice little arrangement for
putting the plants in with mathematical pre-
cision? In fact, it is the same kind of mathe-
matics we find in tlie cell of the honey-comb.
Each plant is the center of a little he.xagon,
with plants all around it.

Perhaps I should add. that board No. 3 is
a 14 in. lioard jjlaned down to ?i in. in thick-
n'^ss; and to prevent warping there are several
% battens across the back of it at intervals.
No. 1 is simply a % board. No. 3 is made of
slats l^jX^g. We prefer slats because they are
lighter than the board, and a board so wide
would be liable to warp. ' _:i

Another thing, in setting plants a foot apart
we often have to dig quite a cavity — this is the
case with strawbeiries where we take them up
with transplanting-tubes. Well, after having
made this cavity it is not easy to get the plant
just where the knob made the mark: but by
pressing No. 3 into the bed so the slats of which
it is made also make their imprint, you have a
guide for placing the plant exactly where it
ought to stand.

And as Moses lifted up the serpent in the wilder-
ness, even so must the Son of man be lifted up; that
whosoever Ijelievetli in him should nut perish, but
have eternal life.— John 3:14, 15.

In the 21st chapter of Numbers there is a
brief little story told us. It is told in a very
few words, and with little or no comment, and
yet it teaches a wonderful lesson. Let us take
it up verse by verse.

And they journeyed from mount Hor by the way
of the Red sea, to compass )he land of Edom: and
the soul of the people was much discouraged be-
cause of the way.

Let us consider that God was leading this
people. In fact, they had abundant evidence
of it, not only by a succession of miracles, but,
if I am correct, by an ever-present miraculous
manifestation— a pillar of cloud by day, and a
pillar of fire by night. The people all knew
that they were under God's immediate and di-
rect guidance, and yet they became restless and
impatient. There is something peculiarly
touching and pathetic in that expression, "The
soul of the people was much discouraged be-
cause of the way." In the margin we see the
word might be translated " grieved " or " short-
ened." Neither did they keep their discourage-
ment to themselves. Let us read the next
verse.

And the people spake against God, and against
Moses, Wherefore have ye brought us up out of
Egypt to die in the wilderness ? for there is no bread,
neither is there any water; and our soul loathetli
this light bread.

The people murmured and complained. They
even "spake against God." Let us go back a
little. They had formerly been slaves under
Pharaoh. They were a wonderfully strong,
vigorous, and athletic people, those Israelites.
Pharaoh had discovered it, and he had discov-
ered, too, that they were men of coiu-age. and
might prove troublesome if he let them get the
upper hand: therefore he gave them the very
hardest tasks— perhaps kept them on public im-
provements: and for fear they might rise up
and rebel they were ground down and kept
down. Very likely it would not have been pos-
sible to keep them in such subjection otherwise,
for they were a rebellious and stiff-necked peo-
ple, as we are told. Hut even while in this ab-
ject slavery they were under God's immediate
care and notice. Without question, deliverance
would have come before, had they not been re-
bellious and contrary toward him. They were
descendants, we are to remember, of the breth-
ren who used their younger brother Joseph in
such a cowardly way. God doubtless saw fit to
let them writhe and groan under the bondage
of Pharaoh: hut in his own good time, how-
ever, he sent them deliverance through Moses
by a series of wonderful miracles; and with
scarcely an effort on their own part they were
delivered from the hand of Pharaoh. Surely
they must have known what liberty meant, aft-
er their great trials. They were free, out un-
der God's blue skies, and rejoicing in his sun-
shine. Nay, more than this. They were told
of a promised land, even the land of Canaan.
By the way. what has become of that good old
hymn of our childhood —

O Canaan, bright Canaan!

I'm bound for the land of Canaan ?

These people were on the way to the land of
Canaan. The way was not easy, however, and
they were called upon to push their way through
many difficulties. Why could they not have
recognized that God knew best? Why could
they not, in a manly way, have pushed into and
through difficulties, without murmur or com-
plaint? Oh dear me! Why can't (ce. with this
bright and beautiful world before us, push
ahead with more manliness and courage, in-
stead of grtimbling and complaining against
the great God who is trying to lead us? Do
some of you look up and question ? Why, to be
.sure he is trying to lead us. just exactly as he
tried to lead the Israelites. But part of us
think we know more than God does; and anoth-
er part are contrary and stubborn, and would
not be led any way if they thought God- had
any thing to do with it. Poor MosesI They
were not permitted to see and talk with God, so
they vented their spleen by continual grum-
blings against Moses, the God-appointed leader
and law-giver. I wonder if they had learned
by past experience that nothing vexed Moses
more than to have them get on that old strain,
and declare they would rather b-^ back in Egypt
than to put up with the hardships he called
upon them to endure. They said, •* Wherefore
have ye brought us up out of Egypt to die in
the wilderness ?"' This was a most flagrant and
glaring untruth. Moses brought them out of
Egypt, from a terrible bondage, into the most
wonderful freedom, to live. Why. their freedom
was like unto that of the I'nited States of
America. No king like Pharaoh held them at
all. In fact, nothing and not)ody stood between
tliem and Ood. They were to obey God's will,
and they were accountable to him and to no one
else. They had not, however, very much of the
spirit of Peter when he said, " We ought to obey
God rather than men." But they did not see
it. They had got into a chronic fashion of
grumbling, and so they did not know when they
were well off. They said there was not any

108

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb. 1.

bread nor water. Both statements were prac-
tically untrue. They ha'd bread and water
both, more than they deserved. In fact, they
admitted it, in the next sentence, " Our soul
loatheth this light bread." No doubt God knew
it was best to put them on a restricted diet. He
had tried giving them meat, even quails, until
the supply was almost without limit. But it
did not seem to stop their chronic grumbling
very much. Finally their dissatisfaction came
to such a point that it was next to anarchy. In
fact, I do not know but it was anarchy outright;
and it was not only anarchy against Moses and
against the law, but it was anarchy against
God. By the way. is not all anarchy against
God as well as against the laws of our land?
The anarchist commences by defying God —
usually by rejecting the very idea of an over-
ruling Providence.

The way of the transgressor is hard, and
away back in oldi-n times it was hard. Pun-
ishment came. The next verse reads:

And the Lord sent fiery serpents among- the people,
and they bit the people; and much people of Israel
died

The fiery serpents were the reward for their
ingratitude and unreasonable complaining.
The serpents bit the people, and we are told
that much people died. A great many times,
when this thing gets a going, this rebellion
against God's providences, nothing but severe
measures will stamp it out; and even nowadays
you see people boldly defiant. They will even
challenge God to punishment; but sometimes
the punishment comes, even as the fiery ser-
pents did. I have seen men. when they got into
i"ail, defy God and the laws of our land. I have
eard them say they would as soon be in jail as
anywhere else — that thi-y could stand it as long
as the authorities could afford to board and
lodge them. But steady confinement, week in
and week out. finally begins to tell. The over-
bearing stubbornness gives way. Sometimes
these friends say they do not care if they are
shut up away from society — that society is a
lot of hypocrites any way. But nature— the
laws that are implanted in us — in due time
makes them hunger for companionship, and
they accordingly welcome me, even if I do talk
plain, and point out the cause of their misfoi'-
tunes. This peopl.^ too, became humble and
obedient. Let us read the next verse:

Therefore tlie people came to Moses and said, We
have sinned, for we have spoken ag-alnst the Lord,
and against thee; pra> unto tlie Lord, that he take
away tlie serpents from us. And Moses prayed for
tlie people.

We do not know just how penitent they were;
but their words sound frank and honest.' They
admitted their sin. acknowledging that they
had sinned in speaking against the Lord and
against Moses. Then they begged, in a proper
spirit, that Moses would beseech the Lord that
the serpents might be taken away. Moses was
always ready to forgive and to forget. He prays
accordingly. But the offense was an old one.
They had again and again fallen into the same
sinful fashion; and the probability is, that
their penitent spirit will last only a little
while. The Lord deemed it proper that they
should be tested. Instead of taking the fiery
serpents away at onc(>, In; directed Closes to
give them an object-lesson that would teach
them, or test both their faith and fidelity at one
and the same time. Moses was directed to
make a seri)ent of brass, and hold it upon high.
Let us read the eighth verse:

And tlie Lord said unto Moses, Make thee a fiery
serpent, and set it upon a pole; and it sliall come to
pass, that every one that is bitten, wlien lie looketh
upon it, sliall live.

The serpents were allowed to harass the peo-

ple just as they did before. But a remedy was
jDrovided that acted so quickly there was no
need of any suft'ering of any account. The ser-
pent was evidently held up so high that every
person in the camp could get a glimpse of it in
time, if he took even a little pains; and in some
miraculous way it was so ordained that one had
only to look and live. In fact, it turned out ex-
actly as Moses announced. The l{ible does not
tell us in plain words that there were those too
contrary or with too little faith to even look and
live; but we may readily conjecture that such
there were; and this plan of testing had the
effect of sifting out or sorting out the rebellious
element. They were soon dead, and out of tin-
way of tempting others. And in the present
age the nations of the earth have again and
again come to the conclusion that there is no
other way to protect human life properly, and
human comfoi't. but absolutely to jjut to death
those who will probably never be any better.
Public good and public safety seem to demand
it; and we find it necessary, for the safety of
our people, that they may not be murdered, to
decide that it is dangerous to let these extreme
criminals go about and set an example before
others. Example is contagious; aiiorc^!/ is con-
tagious. If a mad dog appears on our streets,
the people at large with one consent decide it
must be put to death. It may have been a good
dog heretofore. And suppose there is a possi-
bility it might be cured. We can not afford to
take the risk, nor trifle with any thing so terri-
ble and dangerous.

During the latter pai't of this nineteenth cen-
tury a new danger is beginning to threaten so-
ciety. There are men so terribly ugly and vin-
dictive that, for the sake of spiting those they
hate, they will throw away their own lives in
order tliat they may destroy somebody who
seems to be universally respected and beloved
by the great majority at large. The assassina-
tion of our ju'esidents comes right in this line.
Very likely the only safeguard against the more
frequent recurrence of such things is, that the
offenders be promptly put to death. Even if
they are crazy, or partly crazv, I do not know
but the public good derruinds their removal
that their fate may be a lesson and warning to
others who are similarly crazy.

There are very few references in the Bible to
this little incident. We are told, however, that
this brazen serpent, after it had served its office,
was preserved by the children of Israel for sev-
eral centuries, till the time of Hezekiah.
Strange enough, however, even a thing so sa-
cred became in time a snare to them. These
silly Israelites got into a fashion of worshiping
the serpent instead of the God who directed
that it should be made. The faithful and in-
corruptible king, Hezekiah, however, destroyed
it totally.

bloody used to give us a most stirring exhor-
tation in regard to this story I have told you.
When he was in Cleveland, doing a great work,
som<> of the unbelievers wanted to argue with
him. They asked him to give up his meetings,
and discuss theology. He told them he had no
time for any "discussion " that did not bring
souls from darkness to light. .Said he, " Friends,
my time is all occupied, as you will see if you
simply look on, in bringing hope, iiappiness.
and peace to those who are suffering and dying
as a consequence of sin. You ask me to stop
and discuss." He then told the story of the
brazen serpent. "Now," said he, "suppose
somebody in the olden time refused to look at
the fiery serpent because he could not under-
stand how a look could save one's life. His
friiuids and neighbors might say, ' Why, look
and see. See those around you who have been
cured and are being cured.' " Well, I have just

1S94

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

109

this sanio nrsjiimont with tlinsp who have said
to me, " All. lioDi I h.iM' io>)i<('(l. :uid am iool<-
iiig, but 1 ' 1' imL M (■ ihai 111.' e 1)1 i.stiaii religion
is doing ;i..> ^^ooa lu the world." 1 liave nu>-t
only a Vi-ry tew ptMSons, in all my tiavels, or
through my correspondence, who had ilu- liiwd-
ihood to mal<e such a speech as this. There
are some, however, who do it, or wiio would do
it, if anybody would listen to them. What
shall we do when we meet such people? I have
thouglit of saying this: " ]\[y friend, if you
•can not see in your own neighborhood, or where
you happen to be, that a faith in Christ Jesus
helps people to be better, then I can not lielp
you. I do not see that there is a/ii/ help.'' I
can, however, pray that the Holy Spirit may
open the eyes of such, and that it may quicken
tlieir understanding, and may help them to be
honest. But tliis is all that I know of that one
can do when he meets tliis sortof unbelief.

When it was my good fortune to be permitted
to look upon that wonderful cyclorama of the
Crucilixion I was much struck by the words of
the minister of the gospel, whose olhce it was
toe.xplain the wonderful exhibition. Said he,
"Some of you may ask what means this scene
— this persecution and putting ta death of an
innocent man ■? The plainest and simplest ex-
planation that I can think of is given in the
3d chapter of John, 14ih verse." And then he
read ,'• As Moses lifted up the serpent in the
wilderness, even so must the Son of man be
lifted up: that whosoever believeth in him
should not perish, but have everlasting life."
You see, away back in the early ages tliis little
incident I have given you was a beautiful sym-
bol of Christ's mission to the world; and Jesus,'
when he came on earth, and when he began to
have glimpses of the final closing climax of his
earthly work, recognized the figure. Exactly
in the same way that Moses raised aloft the
brazen image, so must the Son of man be held
aloft where all the world can view, both past,
present, and future, that whosoever may looli
on tliat figure, and comprehend the sufferings
and death, may, by accepting him, have eternal
life. And yet there are those who refuse to ac-
cept him. Why do they refuse ? I do not know.
I confess I can not understand it. I know wiiy
Some do not, and Jesus himself tells us — be-
cause '• men love darkness rather than light,
because their deeds are evil."

And, again, '• But he that doeth truth cometh
to the light." Let me give you just one little
figure. Our intrepid and vailiant friend How-
ai'd H. Russell, who is making such havoc
among the saloon-keepers of this State, a few
niglits ago pushed into a saloon. He has been
doing this so much of late that saloon-keepers
have been warned, and they are on the lookout
for him. .Sometimes he is put out of doors be-
fore he has a chance to collect any evidence
against them. At one place he found between
fifteen and twenty boys — boys under 18 — in a
saloon. This is contrary to law. There may
be some, however, who think the law a foolisli
one. Well, it might have been in the same sa-
loon; perhaps it was in anotlier one, however; I
can not tell exactly; but during one of his raids
he succeeded in getting only a card from the
counter before he was put out. This card, how-
ever, was (juite a " find." On one side of it was
one of the most tilthy rhymes that Satan ever
conjured up, by the aid of men so lost that they
scruple at nothing provided they can make mon-
ey by it. He carried this card into a crowded
audience, held it up where all could see, and
said. " My friends, the reading on this card
which I hold here in my hand is such an awful
outrage on every thing good and pure and holy
that I could not read it in any audience; in
fact, it is not tit to read to any living being. I

picked it up from the counter in one of the sa-
loons in your town. Some of you may say, per-
haps, that the propritUor had nothing to do
with putting it there, and that he would burn
it up as quickly as you or I. Hold on a little.
On ilie, oppusitc side is his name, address, occu-
pation, etc. That side I can n-ad right out
loud, and I hope he will protiiby it."

And tlien he read it out loud; and before the
meeting was closed a law-and-ordcr committee
was appointed to have the; man arrested for
violating the laws of our State in distributing
obscene literatures Howard H. Russell is a
Christian — one of the most fearless and devoted
followers of Christ I ever met in my life. Er-
nest said to lue a few days ago that Mr. Russell
would certainly Ix^ put out of the way if he per-
sisted in pushing ahead as he is doing. The
liquor-men will put him to death exactly as
other wicked num put Christ Jesus out of the
way— or, at least, tried to do so. If friend Rus-
sell should happen to come into your neighbor-
hood, or if you hear of his work, will you stand
by him '?

Now for the lesson, or, rather, the applica-
tion. The men who printed these cards, as
well as the men who helped to distribute them,
are bitter — terribly bitter— in their hatred of
Christianity and the Christian religion. They
love darkness and hate the light. I: is Chris-
tianity that is holding obscene literature, the
saloon-trafiic. and every thing of that ilk, in
abeyance. You know what I say is true
Christ Jesus is the essence of purity. He has
said, " Blessed are the pure in heart, for they
shall see God." Now, my friend, are you help-
ing '? The salvation of the world depends upon
holding high up the cross of Christ. Are you
helping to do it? Are there any who read these
words who have been helping to pull him
down ? Wait a minute. Suppose one of those
cards I have mentioned were passed around
among a lot of school children. Suppose your
boy, ten or fifteen years old, should get a
glimpse of it. Sui)pose lie should read the foul
words, and they should stamp them.selves like
fire in his memory, so the memory of that foul
thing could never be eradicated. A single
glimpse of such an unclean thing will some-
times haunt one through a lifetime. The laws
of the United States are getting to be more and
more severe, and good people are working hard
to biu'n up every tiling of that sort before it can
be circulated. What sort of spirit is it that
tries to evade the law, and escape the watc^iful
eye of Christian men and women ? What evil
spirit possesses them ? Why are obscene litera-
ture and the saloon business always linked
hand in hand ? Do I need to tell you that they
hate the very sight of a Bible or the bare men-
tion of a Sunday-school? Where would the
world come to if these men had their own way?
Is it not a glorious thing that we lidve a remedy
— even Christ Jesus, the Lamb of tJod that tak-
eth away the sin of the world ?

CONVENTION NOTICES.

The next annual mci;tin>c of tin- VVi.sciint.in State Bee-keepers'
Association will take place Feb. 7, 8, 1894. J. W. VaNCK,

Madison, Wis. Coi-. Sec.

There will be a ineetinj? of the Southeastern Kansas Bee-
keepers' Association. March 10. at the ajiiaries of Thomas Wil-
iett, 5 miles northeast of Bionson, Bourbon Co.. Kan. All are
invitea. J. C. Balch, Sec.

Those who become members of the Illinois State Bee-keep-
ers'.\ssociation by sending- their fee of one dollar to the sec-
retary will receive a clotli-lxmnil copy of the next report. eooa
to he "published, and will also be a participant in the statistic-
al report of bees which w ill be gathered and published in the
month- of Mav. July, September, and October.

Bradfordton, III. J. A. Sto.ve, Sec'y.

110

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb. 1.

SHOKT ODD-LENGTH ROLLS OF WIRE NETTING, AT
FULL ElOLL PRICES OR LESS.

We have the following lot of wire netting- of vari-
ous sizes and widtlis in shoi't or odd-lengtli rolls.
Very often a person wants a piece and ran not buy
it cut from a full roll without paying double price.
You may be able to find in this list just what you
need, or very near it. Even if you want more than
a full roll you will find the prices at which we offer
these pieces to be in most cases less than full-roll
price.

If any can use light 3-inch-mesh netting, 5 and 6
feet wide, we have a few rolls that we will close out
as follows:
2 rolls 3 in., No. 20, 60 in. wide, 150 ft. long, at $2 50

2 72 " 150 " " 3 00

8 " " " 19, 72 " 150 " " 3 25

Of 2-inch mosh No. 19 wire, we have the following
remnants and short rolls at g c per square foot.
The figures at tlie left give the width in inches, and
the other figures give the length of each piece in
feet. Multiply this by the width in feet, then take
three-fifths of the result to nnd the price of each
piece.

30 I 45, 60, 64, 70. 90. 91, 95, 107, 123, 140, 144. 146.

36 I 9 18, 19. 26, 38, 40. 40, 40, 49, .50, 50, 50. .53. 54, .55, 58, 60, 64, 73. 73,

74, 82, 83. 84, 86,87, 90. 90, 9;, 94, 96, 96, 96, 99, 115, 100 100. 100, 100,

100, 102, 102, lOi, 105 105,1( 9. 110, 111, 114, 60, 116, 118, 120. 120, 122,

124, 124, 125, 125, 128, 129, 129, 138, 141, 142, 142, 143, 141, 147.
42 85, 131.

48 I 32. 35, 38, 40, .55. 61. 67. 68, 75, 75, 82. 83. 83, 84, 86. 87, 90, 94, 96, 119,
I 122, 123, 123, 124, 138, 138, 140, 143, 144, 144, 144, 144, 145, 145, 145,146.
54 I 72, 88, 83, 143.

60 1 69 75, 78, 96, 101, 101, 103, 105. 107. 110. 120, 123. 124, 138, 14<1. 144.
72 1 16. 20. 42, 47, 48, 73, 82, 85, 85, 88, 100, 100, 112, 119, 120, 123, 124, 142,
I 147, 148,

Of 2-inch No. 20 we have the following pieces at one-half
of a cent per square foot. Arrive at the pi ice in precisely the
same way as above, taking one hall ol the number of feet
instead of three-titths, to get the price in cents.

140, 140. 140.

35,36, 38, 39. .56, 57, 79, 81,88,100, 100,100,110,119,120, 122,126,

128, 128, 134, 136, 138, 140, 144, 145.

145,

20, 139.
72 38, 44, 45, 70, 75, 76, 79, 100, 100, 128, 137, 139.

In the following iist we give first the size of mesh;
next, the number of wire; ne.xt, the width in inches;
then the length in feet, and, flnallj,tlie price of
the whole piece, so you will have no figuring to do.

IK in.. No. 19, 34 in x 126 ft , at S4.25.

IJi in.,No. 19 36in. X 48 ft., at 1.60,

lii in.. No 19 48 in. x 78 ft., at 3 50.

1)4^ in.. No. 18, 48 in. X 80 ft., at 4 20.

IM in., No. 16, 30 in. X 70 ft., at 3.15.

1>^ in.. No. 16. 42 in. X 34 it., at 2.10.

IK in., No. 16, 48 in. X 92 ft., at 6.50.

2 ' in.. No. 15, 18 in. x 73 (t., at 1.65; x 87 ft., at S2 00.

2 in.. No. 15, 18 .n. X 30 ft., at .70; x 55 ft., at $1.35.

2 in.. No. 15. 12 in. x 1(10 ft., at 1.50.

2 in. . No. 15, 48 in. x 8 ft,, at .50.

2 in. No. 15. 54 in. X 122 ft., at 8,00.

2 in.. No. 15, 60 in. X 20 ft., at 7..''0.

2 in.. No. 15, 60 in. X 21 ft., at 160.

2 in.. No. 15. 72 in. X 33 ft., at 3.00.

2 in.. No. 15, 72 in. X 36 ft., at 6.20.

2 in.. No. 16. 12 in. X 78 ft., at .85.

2 in.. No. 16, 18 in. X 13 ft., at .20.

2 in.. No. 16, 30 in. X 24 ft., at .65.

2 in.,No. 16, 72in. X ,58 ft., at 3.80.
S in.. No. 16 24 in. x 19 ft., at .35.

3 in.. No. 15, 36 in. X 14 ft., at .45.
3 in., No. 14. 24 in. X 1.50 ft., at 4.40.
3 in.. No. 14. 48 in. X 15 ft., at .90.
3 in.. No. 14, 72 in. x 70 ft., at 6 20.
3 in., No. 14, 72 in. X 100 It., at 8.80.

We have, bedsides, a lot of pieces of web fencing, 4
and 8 inch mt^sh, that we will close out below cost.
Those interested please write for particulars.

In lots of 5 pieces, any one or assorted kinds, de-
duct 5% ; 10 pieces, 10% ; 25 pieces or more, 15%. On
the 72inch netting you may also deduct ]0% on
single-piiM-e orders; or, in addition to above, on
quantity orders. First come, first 8erv(!d. General-
ly these pieces go off vcr.y rapidly, and it maj' be
well to name a second or third choice in case your
first may be gone.

SPECIAL SECTIONS AT SPECIAL PRICES.

On going over our stock we find the following
list of No. 1 white sections, such as we have sold for
best until this season, and which are as good as or
better than the best made by all but possibly two or

three leading manufacturers. We ofl'er these, while
they last, at $2.50 per 1000; 2000 for S4.i50; 3000 for
$6.50, or 6000 for $10.00. At the rate they have been
going they are not likely to last long. When these
are gone we shall have none but our extra polished
sections to offer, and the No. 2 grade selected from
them in manufacturing. The sizes on band heie
are as f (jUows :

23,000 i^ix^xlU, closed top.
67,0U0 " " l!i, open top.
l.OtlO " " lii, closed top.
40,100 " " IM, open top.
6,000 " " " closed toi).
3r),i0J " " 7 to foot, open top.
16.0J0 " " 7 to foot, closed top.
7,000 " " 7 to foot, open four sides.
8,000 " " IVi, open top.
12,OoO " " " open four sides.
Besides the above we have at Bankers, Hillsdale
Co., Mich., the following, which are offered at the
same prices:

33,000 4J^x4>4'xi;i, open top.
25,0li0 " '■ 1%, open top.
40,000 " "1^ and 7 to foot, open top.
All No. 1 white, made two years ago, and choice
sections. Send orders for these to us here at Medina.
In our stock at St. Paul, Minn., with H. G. Acklin,
1024 Miss. St., we have about the following quanti-
ties of No. 1 white sections, which we offer at the
same prices. Send orders to above address for these
or any other items needed in the line of bee-keepers'
supplies. There is a full stock ready for prompt
shipment, but none of our new sections are in stock
there yet.

18,000 4i4x4iix7 to foot, open top.
30,000 '■ '• l.'ii, open top.
8,0o0 " " l\l, open top.

Also of No. 1 cream, at same price as on stock
here named below, the following:
9,000 4.Jix4Jixl7^, open top.
10,000 •' " lig, open top.
Of No. 1 cream and seconds, from our new extra
polished sections, which are about equal in value,
we have in stock here the following, which we offer
at $2.U0 per lOoO; 30 0 for $5.70; 6000 for H9.00.
9,000 414x4 Jix2 open top.
8,000 '■ ■' 2 open four sides.
35,0110 " " liO, open top.
25,000 '■ " 1%, open top.
12,000 " " 7 to foot, open top.
Of other sizes of No. 1 white sections we have the
following at the price annexed:

1500 5.1^x514x1?^, closed top, at $3 00 per 1000.
2.500 •■ ■■ IM, open " •• 3 00
2500 5 x6 xl'^, " " " 3 00

70051/2x51/2x1%, 2 00 for lot.

9000 6^x5^4x2 " " " 3 00 per 1000.

ILOO '• •• 1%, " " " 3 00

4500 " " IM, " " " 3 00 "

6;)00 5i4x6J^xllg, " '• " 3 00

2000 closed top, " 3 00 "

The above are all choice fresh sections, and a bar-
gain at the price. We have, besides, a lot of odds
and ends too numerous to list here, of which we
shall be pleased to mail a list of sizes, quantities,
and prices at which we will close out, to any one
who is interested, and sends us a request for it.
You may find in it something you can use at trifling
cost.

IMPROVEMENT IN MAKING SASHES FOR HOT-BEDS
AND COLD FRAMES.

We have just commenced making something that
I am sure will be hear- ily welcomed by all who use
sashes for plant-beds. One serious ditticultj- in
shipping is the high rate necessarily charged for
sash made up; therefore I have devised a sash that
can bo shipped in the flat, and that can be put to-
gether in a very few minutes by any one of ordinary
ability. For my own use 1 would put them togetli-
er with screws; but as screws usually cost about 5
cents for each sash, our friends who wish to work
with very «;lose economy can use wire nails in place.
If the wire nails are clinched on a block of iron, I
do not know but they will be about as secure as the
screws; and I think they can be nailed a little more
rapidly. Another thing, the glass slides in grooves;
and, if you choose, you can use them without paint
or putty. In fact, the glass is a good deal more se-
cure than where paints und putty are used. They.

189-i

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Ill

wereorijvinally desijjiied for slatted sasli, or sasli fit-
ted with strips of j;lass:i inclics wide. 1 lia\(' st'vei-
al tinios spiikeii of these vent ilatetl ssislies. They are
specially adapted to oiuoii-i>lai[ts. In fact, we have
now be:uiiiful beds of onions that have had no cov-
er'ing- e.\ce|it these ventilated sashes, and the plants
are a gieat deal stronger and thriftier than where
tliey were protected by ordinary sasiiee. A large
class of plants that re(iuire a great amount of venti-
lation winter nicely under these, and we can put
them on in the fall and let them remain till spring.
They not only ventil.iie the plants, but allow them
to get the benefit of the rain when there is any.
But, to return to the new kind of sash. If you use
them without paint or putty, of coui'se the rain will
get through, as it does with the ventilated sash; and
if you are in a hurry to use tliem you can put tlie
sash together very rapidly, and the 8x10 glass will
slide into grooves almost of itself. Then put a nail
or screw at the bottom, and the job is done. 1 do
not now know how many years sash would last used
in this way without paint or putty; but anytime
w hsn you have decided to have them painted or
puttied it can be done. The liquid putty run into
these grot)ves all around (and between the butted
ends) the glass makes perhaps the most substantial
sasli ever handled. When it comes, however, to
replacing broken glass, it is not quite as easy as
where you have only to pull out the tins and scrape
the putty out. Well, now, let us get down to busi-
ness. We can send you one of these new sashes in
flat, as sample, for 65 cents; .5 in the Hat, 60 cents
each; 10 in the flat, 5.5 cents each. If you want
screws to put them together with, add 5 cents for
each sash. The holes are all bored so you know just
where the screws are to go. If desired we can put
on a priming coat before the stuff is put together;
and this is a very good way, be>jause the joints wiU
then all be painted, as well as the outside. Glass,
8x10, just right for the above, S:i.. 50 per box of 90
lights. As it requires '~i sheets of glass for a sash,
you can easily figure out the expense. Of course,
we can furnish sash put up, painted and glazed;
hut it is so much safer and cheaper to ship all in the
flat, 1 earnestly recommend this way. We can,
liowever, where" parties desii'e, ship them all put up,
painted, gla/.etl, and puttied, in lots of 5, for $1.75
each. I would not advise undertaking to ship a less
number than 5 finished sashes. Wliere they are
shipped put up, of course it is an extra expense to
box tliem so as to prevent damage in transit. When
they are shipped in the fiat, the expense of i)utting
up is very much less, and the railroad companies
give us a fourtli-class freight; whereas, all com-
plete they would have to go at first-class, and some-
times double first-class.

BUSH LIMA BEANS.

You will see, by the prices in our new catalogue,
that these have finally got down very neai' the price
of the pole limas— viz., 50 cents per quart for Bur-
pee's bush limas, and T5 cents for the Ku merle.
You may remember the latter is one for which 1
paid f T5 00 for a small handful two or three years
ago. The Kumerle is, in my opinion, the richest and
most luscious lima bean grown. I was right in my
convictions when I paid this large price before I had
learned how to manage it. It must not be put on
very rich gnjund, and it must be on sandy or grav-
elly soil, or else the ground must be ridged up,
something as you do with sweet potatoes. 1 would,
however, have the ridges broader than we have
them for sweet potatoes. Plant on top of the ridges,
and do not have the ground too rich, and you will
have no trouble in getting ripe beans; otherwise
you will have a great quantity of green ones, and a
large amount of foliage with beans getting moldy
if the weather should be wet. Witli the above pre-
cautions I think you may raise a good crop of Ku-
meiles in any oidinary corn-ground. 1 think 1
would put them in drills, having the plants stand
about a foot apart. They will then branch out
enough so as to cover both sides of the ridges. You
need not be so i)articular about Burpee's bush lima,
although I think the same treatment would bean
advantage. Burpee's is considerably the largest
bean, therefore the price is lower. At present
prices I am very suie it would be a good investment
to plant an acre. Sell all you can green, and take
some i)ains to have your crop dry properly, and you
will be sure to sell the dry beans easily for $8 00 or
flO.iKJ a bushel. The Kumerle is a magnificent bean
to be c ioked dry. You may remember that, when I
first made my decision in "regard to its Havor, I had

a little dish of them for dinner; and afterward,
when no more could be had, 1 paiti about $;i5.(l0 for
about the same number I ate at that one meal.
Rather expensive eating. But! thought then, and
I think now, they are the most delicious food ibat
g-i'ows in the gaiden. Dieer's pole lima is viitually
the same thing-, liyou have never had a taste of
them, try them and see if 1 am not rigiit. We send
a small package of either for 5 cents; but 1 think
that at present prices, you can affoi'd to plant half
a pint any way. We starteu in tin; stjason with a
two-bushel bag of evch. I liardly need say that the
Henderson bush lima is not only hmall in size, but
inferior in quality to eitherof ilu- above. It has,
however, the meiit of being earlier than any thing
else in the line of lima lieans. See our new cata-
logue for further partii;ulars.

ONION SEED Foil 1894.

If you have been lookingover your seed-catalogues
you will notice there is quite a variation in prices.
The fact is, an effort was made in the fall to keep
onion Seed up; l3ut it has transjured that there was
a bigger stock in the country than they knew of ;
consequently there was quite a tumble in some
varieties. Wm. Heni-y Maule caps the climax by
offering to deliver 10 lbs. at any postoffice in the
United States, of ccrtdin varieiien, for $10. Ou; and
Buckbee, of Kockford, 111., follows close in his wake,
and offers to do the same thing-. Well, we will also
deliver 10 lbs., postpaid, to any postofBce in the
United States for sBlU.oO. The kinds are. Kxtra Early
Red, Red Wethersfield, and Yellow Globe Uanvers.
If ordered in less quantities than ;i pound, the price
will be $1.)H) per lb., postpaid. The two first are
varieties we have not sold for some years, for the
reason that a red onion does not bring as good a
price, generally, as a white or yellow one. Some
claim, however, that red onions are hardier, like the
red celery. This may be true. In fact, I rather
think there is something in it. Well, how about
the Globe Danvers, which we list at $1.75 per lb., in
our regular seed-catalogue'? Wtll, I can not tell
you. Tiie latter cost us a good deal more than a
dollar a pound. As to whether the cheap seed at
$1.00 per lb. postpaid is as good as the other, I can
not tell. The three varieties I have mentioned
above come from one of the largest if not tlie larg-
est wholesale seedsmen in the United States. And,
by the way, I have made some experiments with
high-priced seed and low-priced seed that trouble
me. 'The cheap seed somcli/dfs does just as well as
the high-priced. In fact, I have once or twice paid
great prices and got the poorest seed. In these
tests, mind you, however, the cheap seed always
came from a "large dealer and reliable seedsman. I
wish our experiment stations would tell us whether
we are likely to get better results by buying from
seedsmen whose prices are away up. Ihe above
exceedingly low offer on onion seed is for immediate
orders ouTy. We cm not tell how long- the stock
will liold out; but we will continue to fill orders
just as long as we possibly can, at the above prices.
If j'ou have the seed sent by freight or express with
other goods, you may deduct 8 cts. per lb. from the
above pricts.

FREEMAN POTATOES.

If you look over the seed catalogues that are com-
ing now into almost every home, you will find that
nobody offers the Freeman potatoes at anything
like the prices we do. Every seedsman who has had
them for sale has sold out, and has had to return
money each season since the potato was started.
Maule tells us, in his catalogue, of a man who
bought 4 lbs. of Freemans in IWtl, for which he paid
$8.00. He planted e\ ery potato, and did the best he
could with them. He did the same thing in 1893
and '93, and last fall he sold the resulting crop for
over $0000. If we knew just what new potato or
new any thing else was going tt) continue to hold
public favor, we might make money " right smart."
Please notice, no more Freemans are offered for
sale at the prices ottered last fall. For the present
rates, see prices in our new seed-catalogue; and our
supply will probably not hold out, even at these
figures.

CAKI.OAD OHDERS.

Since our last report we have received an order
for a carload of Dovetailed hives to go to Charles-
ton, Mo., for Alex. French. We have specifications
for three carloads for our Eastern depot at Syracuse,
N. Y., where F. A. Salisbury is in charge to take

112

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb. 1.

•care of the wauts of our friends in tlie East. We
liave also an order for a carload for Los Angeles, to
G. G. Wiclcson & Co. We expect, about bix weeks
hence, to start two more cars to this firm, one to
San Francisco and the other to Los Angeles. Any
of our California friends in want of any thing-
special will do well to send in their orders to this
firm without delay, so that they may not be disap-
pointed in getting- tlit-ir goods on time.

FREE SAMPLE PACKAGE OF Ci iMB FDN. AND SECTIONS.

We have gotten up a very neat sample packag-e
■which ilUisiiates our new extra polished sections,
and encloses samples of our comb fdii. We shall be
pleased to mail this free to all who request it.

DEALERS IN BEE-KEEPEKS' SUPPLIES.

We have iirinted a special edition of 10,000 cata-
log's with 33 white pages and a cover, for the use of
small dealers who handle our goods, and don't care
to go to the expense of a special catalog of their
own. Changes are made on the cover. We will
furnish them at cost, which is merely nominal.
Samples witli terms will be sent shortly to dealers
on our list. Shall be pleased to hear from others
interested.

CALIFORNIA SAGE HONEY.

We learned, after the last issue was printed, that
Mercer & Son had made other disposition of the
sage honey we expected to get. so that we shall not
have the carload as planned. We have arranged to
fill all orders from stock already in Chicago, of
equally good honey. We shall have samples here
to mail to any who are interested. We can supply
choice extracted honey in kegs of 170 or 310 lbs. at 7
cts. per lb. In cans of (JO lbs.. 3 in a case, at 8i4 cts.;
3 cases or more at 8 cts. Comb honey, 1-lb. sections,
choice white, 15 cts. per lb. ; No. 3 at 13 cts. in lots of
100 lbs. or more.

KIND WORDS FROM OUR CUSTOMERS.

You may send us4i1 copies of Mr. Terry's A B C of
Potato Culture. Mr. T.'s remarks on how to prevent
scab in potatoes is worth four times the price of the
work. Hoover & Prout.

Averjs O., Jan. 15^

the new potato book.

At the present writing- we are having a very en-
couraging sale of Terry's new book; and among the
other kind words received, here is one from our
Ohio Experiment Station that may be of interest to
many:

Mr. Roof :— I have just received a copy of the A B
C of Potato Culture, revised edition, by Terry, and
have been much pleased while looking it over. It is
so instructive and entertaining that I could hardly
resist taking the time at once to read it through;
but it must l3e laid aside until I have more leisure.

I wish, Mr. Root, that some other publishers would
follow your example and give us revised editions of
agricultuial and liorti- nn ura 1 lool-s as olten as
they are need' d. 'Ihe nuijorit.N of liooks on these
subjects are sd old that they have but little value,
except in a hi-^torimil wa^ . It does not do a practi-
cal man niut-li got)d, however, to study up agricul-
tural history. He wants to know the best methods
of f 0-day, and this little book gives the latest and
best on potato culture, besides a g-ood many hints
that may be utilized in growing other crops.
Wooster, Ohio, Dec. 38. W. J. Green.

GOLDEN QUEENS

Cf/^rri T/^vdC Mybeescan uotbesul•-
^^(Jm I CXdS. passed for business,

wmirmmrmrt^ .,..immiMifiniTTi,WTiim;^iT'i -HiM. btauty, and getltlerH'SS.

Safe arrival and satifaction guaranteed. Unlistid
queens— March, Ai>ril, and May— $1 each. l.>0 tiiu-
Tested Queens for early orders, $1.50 each. Order
early. Send for lU'ice list.

.T. IJ. ai\^BNS, Box 3, X^isbon, Tex.

Sections

Sandpapered and
Polished on both
sides while you
wait; but don't
wait too long, or
you will look like
the man aliove.
Dealers are alieady

laying in a stock,

and if you want
any, order before the rush. We invite compari-
son of these goods with other makes, and will
gladly send you samples for two 2-ceiit stamps
Lo pay postage. Our 53- page catalogue for '94,
telling all about this and other goods, free for

the asking. A. I. ROOT, Medina, 0.

FOOT-POWER MACHINERY

COMPLETE OUTFITS.

Wood or metal workers without steam
power can suc■ees^fully compete with
the large shops hv using our NKW LABOR-
SAVING MAOHftERY, late^t and most
a4)proved I'orpraetiTal shop use; also foi
Industrial Schools. Home Training, etc
Catalogue free.

SENECA FALLS MFG. CO.,
44 Water St., Seneca Falls, N. Y. '

4:*fiM resiionding to this advertisemeiil meiii,;

liLKA-MlNGB

Costel low's Egg=Box.

This is an invention of ffreat value to poultrymen in gen-
eral, and to those who ship eggs for hatching m particular.
The box is complete in itself, nothing in llu> way of pack-
ing being required. It is only necessary lo place the eggs
in tlie box, and fasten the cover down; they are securely
held in place by light springs, which allow iio play in any
(Hi ection, hut which hold them suspended in the center of
the box, where they are secure from all jar, thumping, or
bieakage.

At !i recent poultry show in Cleveland, O., one of the
boxes was tilled with eggs and tossed around the room and
thrown tothelioor; and, on opening, not an egg was broken.
The springs are so constructed that they will hold with
equal security and ease any size of hen's egg. The sing-le
^"=^ box will successfully carry any nuiabei- of eggs from one

to fifteen, and the double box any number from one to tliirty. The cover is secured by metal fastening's
on each end, not shown in the engraving. It is well adapted to Iteeping eggs for higher prices, as, by-
turning the box over every few days, eggs in it will keep .sound and good for six months or more.

I'RICES.

Sample. Per doz. Per 100.

l.')-eggbox $ 35 $180 $13 .')0

3(l-eggbox 35 3 00 30 00

It is lighter than any other package that you can use with equal safety, as well as being cheaper. The
15 box weighs only IJi lbs., and the 30 box 214, lbs.

A. /. ROOT, MEDINA, OHIO.

lS<t4

GLEANINGS IN KEEGULTURK.

119

Drfcrk^'e Goods at

RUUl 5^ Rnnf'Q Pri

Root's Prices.

Vi'v liiive the best shippiriH-facilitiivs in tlio Nortli-
west. We ciiii save time and friMj^lii by shi|)i)iiiji'
■direct on some 4(1 or inoie i-ailrdads, williout ehaii{r(»
of car.-, wbicii saves liandb'iis'. and got)ds are much
less liable to be brokeii or smashed.

Roofs 189;S No. 1 wliites. ctioMs. 4'<x-l-'4'x'i' 1o foot,
J %, and 1!?,. at *-' nO per 1000. No. 1 cream, mxUxl%
and 1 i-g. $2.00 per lOUO.

Write for pi'lce list and what you want.

H. Q. Acklin, 1024 Mississippi St.,
St. Paul, Mfnn.

Northwestern Agent for A. I. Root's Bee=keepers'
Supplies.

The Highest Award
in the World

Is the unqualirted approval of every customer. Our
fence has won iit e\ery F-div or Exposition where
entered; but wliat does a piactical larmer care for
tliat V The tiKJitin.u- (jualities of a soldier are proven
on tlic field of Ixilll,, not on dress imnide.

PAGE WOVEN-WIRE FENCE CO., Adrian, Mich.

I^"In responaiiiti to IJiis aUverti^

■lit inention Olkaninos.

ETIE3 OF POULTEY. EGGS FOR HATCHING.

Orders booked now. Send for descriptive card.

J. S. Mason, Medina, Ohio.

QUEENS

Smokers, Sections ,
Comb Foundation,

Anil all Apiainlii Slippliea
cheap. S<Mi(l for
E. T. KLAN.ttiAN, BelleTille, III.

l^lii respouUuit' i" llus ativertiseiiieiil iiieiiUuii Ui^jiama

TRIAL
SETS.

Set B-lt; pkts. Vegetable Seeds, - 50c
•' li -21) pkts. Flower Seeds, • - 6Uc
'• F- 10 JAively Carnaiioii Finks, 50c
" ti— 10 s'rize Chrysanllieiiiunis, .Wc
" H- 4 Superb French Cannas, 50c
" .J— 10 Klegant Roses, - - - - 50c
" M-2-1 Fine GladioH Bulbs, - - .505
" P— t) Hardy Ornamental Shrubs. .)0c
" K—t) Choice Grane Vines, - - ;MJc
'/ieachot Piiy twn sets, - - 50c
No two plants alike in these sets.

Any 3 Sets, $1,25; 5 for $2.

Bv UKiil, postpaid. Safe arrival and
satistaction fiuarauteed. Order by the
letters tiiiiii thisaovt. NOW as these are
intriKHK uiry sets not in calalofiiie, i>n
eleitaiil in'iiniiul of US padres, free.
Kv«*i-j Ihinurof thebest torOrehsird,
Vinej :«i-<l. J>:i\% n ai.d tiiirtleii. 40th
year. l.lHjii :i.ti'S. 2s fJTceiihuuses.

STORRS & HARRISON CO.,

PAINESVILLE, OHIO, Box 74.

^yin respomUnij to tins ailveftiseineiit nieiilinn Gi.kakinos.

Read what .J. 1. Pauent, of
Chahlton. N. Y., says— "We
cut with one of your Combined
Machines last winter 50 chad
hives with 7-inch cap, 100 honey-
racks, 500 broad frames, 2,000
honey-boxes, and a great deal of
otiier work. This winter w e
have doubled the amount of bee-
hives, etc., to make, and we ex-
pect to do it all with this saw.
It will do all vou say it will."

Catalogoie and Price List free. 'Address W. F. &

JOHN BARNES, .54r. liuby St., Rockford, 111.
When more convenient, orders for Barnes' Foot'

Power Machiiioiy may be sent to me. A. I. Root.

*eoitf Please mention this paper.

FF SUPPLIES .."£,.

^^ B ISx'cry thiitii- used in the Jk.pi-
^^ ^" ary. Greatest variety and larij-e.st
stock in the West. New catalog-, 70
illustrated pag-es, free.

Z>iscon/its to Dealers.

E. KRETCHMER, Red Oak, la.

J^In respond in;.' In tl

ni<ntion Ri.KANi.MiS.

World's Fair Hedal

Awarded my l^Htindntian. Send for free
sample.'*. Dealers, write for wliolesale prices.
Root's new falit^hed Sectians, and other goods
at his prices. I^ree Illustrated Price last of every
thing- needed in the apiary. Jl/I H |-|<in-#-
Bell Branch, Mich. iTl. ri.nUllt.

HATCH CHICKENS BY STEAM

WITH THE IMPROVED

EXCELSIOR INCUBATOR.

Thousands in 811c-
ressl-ul Operation

SlMri.F. I'LltFECT. a

.^i:i.i--Ri:i;rr..iTi.\G.
CSiiarantPcd to hatch a
laruer perconlage of
fertile egg^;. at leNsciir^t,
than any other Incubator.
Send 60. for rias. Catalog.

Circulars Free.

CEO. II.STAHf., Pat. A SoleMfr..«luincy,IH.

Ileulli.ll (jLKANlNGS.

aigdb

Gasi) for Beeswax !

Will pay C3c per lb. cash, or ~(ic in trade for any
quantity ol {^ood, fair, average beeswax, delivered
at our R. R. station. Tlic s-ime will be sold to those
who wish to j)urchase. at 28c per lb., or 30c for bent
selected wax.

Unless you jjut your name on the box, and notify
us by mail of anioui.t sent, 1 can not hold myself
responsible for mistakes. It will not pay as a gen
eral thing to send wax by exprexx.

A. I. ROOT, Medina, Ohio.

120

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb. 1.5.

Contents of this Number.

Adulterations, To Detect I'lS

Bees anil Fruit. Symposium. I'ifi
lii-..n.icli:uuber, Taylor's.... u:

Chiv,■^, M.ire About HV'

C"nvention, Los Anseles — U.")

Dipping Three Sheets l'>3

Distances. Fixed 14S

Entrance, Sfiwdast at .. . I'O

February, ({.irrleninir in 16'-'

Fertilization. Bees. Plants.. lae

P^ranu'^ S([U'ire l-il

Gardeniiitr in Kebruarv Ifi^i

Ulucose To Detect isri

Hives, Old or New ir>i

Hone V ( 'and vin? 1 'lO

HoneV, riali \H

Honev . ^laiketing i:5!1

Honey. Comb v. Extracted.. 1.38

Inventions. Priori Iv in 146

Maiiiun and D.ijigett 137

();;ion. K.^-ivs .\hont ^^9

I'ar.itlin" m Foundation 1^:!

I'ecan nuts I.')'

<,)neen , Two in a Hive 14"

Rambler Surprised 141

Sin Bernardino Mountains.lsfi

Sdthivers D scussed 14.S

Shallots. Sprinji' IB'J

Snij c iuers. Terms to New. .l.'it

Swarms. Controlliny 14«

Symposium, Bees and Fruit. 12ii

Taxation in Palestine 13n

Top-bars. Wid'-r 149

Zinc and Foolnotes. Kipht . . l.'.O

Wants or Exchange Dep?.rtment.

Notices will be inserted under this head at one-half our usu-
al rates. All advertisements intended for this departmeni
must not exceed five lines, and you must say you want youi
adv't in this department, or we will not be responsible for er
rors. You can have the notice as many lines as you please,
but all over five lines will cost you according to our regulai
rates. This department is intended only for bona tide ex
changes. Exchanges for cash or for price lists, or notices of-
fering articles for sale, can not he inserted under this head
For such our regular rates of 20 cts. a line will be charged, and
they will be put with the regular advertisements. We can not
be responsible for dissatisfaction arising from these "sw.aps."

WANTED.— To cxc-liiiiit;e 3.') Sin p'icily and '2b L.
hives complete, viilued at .50 els. eacli, for ex-
tracted honey. A. C. W.\ldron. Ciiffalo. Minn.

WANTED.— To exchanuea $oii Ro'd wjilch l<v tjees,
comb foundation, wax. wliitc xtr;ictert lioney,
or section bo.xes. J. B. Mason. Moclianii- Falls, Me.

WANTED.— To exchanfre Given foundation or
hooks, for extracted honrv or strawberry or
raspberry plants. H. W. Fu.vk. Normal, 111.

W

ANTED.— To exchanere supplies for L. frames of
comb. 1. J. Stringham. 105 Park Place, N. Y.

WANTED.— To exchange a g-ood g-uitar and cloth
case, all in good shape, for 250 lbs. white-clover
or basswood hone.v (extracted)

P. R. Davenport, Box 383, Kalamazoo, Mich.

WANTED.— To exchange peach trees and Abun-
dance plum-trees, for a horse. Address

Cedar Grove Farm, North Madison, Ind.
See ad. in another column.

WANTED.— To exchange Italian bees in 8-frame L.
hives, mostly Hoffman frames, for Wyandottes,
Brown Leghorns, Butt' Cochins, M. B. or W. H. tur-
ke.ys, Toulouse geese, Pekin or Roiien ducks, or of-
fers. Address Z. Wei^ls, Fort Smith, Ark.

WANTED.— To exchange house andlotof 2'/4 acres,
in Astor Park, for bees, to be delivered at De-
land, Fla.; also 7(4 acres garden, for cash and bees.
John Craycraft, Astor Park, Lake Co., Fia.

W
W

ANTED.— To exchange 12-inch corab-fdn. mill,
in good order, for otters.

F. W. Stevens, Moore's Hill, Ind.

ANTED.— To exchange several good safety bi-
cycles. Honey wanted. Send sample.

J. A. Green, Ottawa, III.

WANTED.— To exchatigi! Matthews' garden seed-
drill and Wilson's $5.0;) bone-mill, for comb
honey and black and tan terrier dog.

Eaton T. Sams, Tiffin, Ohio.

w

ANTED.— Young lady to assist with liouse and
apiary work. Address Emas Fox,

Hillsboro, Wis.

WANTED. —To exchange Columbia tricycle, in
perfect working-order, for hives, foundiition-
mill, or supplies. L. J.^ques, Chatham Ctr., N. Y.

W

ANTED.— To exchange chaff hives, 1-lb. sections,
foundation, eti;.. for wax or offei-s.

F. N. Johnson, Box 137, Kno.wille, 111.

WANTED.— To exchange two Gilpin sulky plows
for a '93 bicycle or offers

J. M. OvENSHiRE, Dundee, N. Y.

WANTED.— Situation in apiary for the comina-
season, in anv part of the United States. Ad-
dress S. W. White, 401 West Main St., Pedalia, Mo.

W

ANTED —To exchange Barnes saw and extract-
or; want honey, wa.v, or foundation.
The Model St.\mp Works, Slienandoah, la.

WANTED.— A few dozen pairs of live quail for
breeding the coming season. If you don't
know how to trap them, write for directions to

J. S. Case, Colchester, Conn.

WANTED.— To exchange 2 Wilson's fS.OO hnnd
bone-mills, new, for foundation or boe supplies.
J. S. Case, Colchester. Conn.

WANTED —To exchange tirst-class one-piece
while-poplar or basswood sections fora. cnt«er-
head for cutting the entrances to one piece sections,
with or without table. Must be a. No. 1 machine.
O. H. TowNSEND, Alamo, Mich.

WANTED.— To exchange large young L Brahmas,
fine as silk, for Indian games or extracted honey.
Nt) culls wanted. C. T. Reed, Greensburg, Pa.

WANTED.— To exchange hi ickberry-sets, red and
black raspberry-plants. !FS per 1000, for beeswax.
A. P. Lawhenoe, Hickory Corner.s, Barry Co.. Mich.

\I/ANTEn.— To buy bees; Texas or Colorado pre-
VV ferrcd. E. Sandford, Nokomis, 111.

Burpee

S' Soeff ^'\nri iial for 1^'94 is well worth
li.avins-. Tp]I to all who plant seeds.

W. Atlee Burpee & Co., Philadelphia, Pa.

Apiary for Sale

In Hardin Co., Iowa. Plenty of basswood and wliite
clover. Every thing needed in the business must be
sold. If you want a bargain, write quick.

J. B. MAAjD, Selma, Cal,

Golden Wyandottes.

JE. D.

No better birds in America. Cockerel,
$5 00. Trio. $7,011. Eggs. $2.00 per setting.

> Seeds

Free!

ALSO

Freeman

YOU CAN HAVE

SUCCESS

in Bee Culture a Whole Year; 10
sti-ong eyes of Freeman Potatoes
(pure*, and 10 packets of flower
and voa-e table seeds, for 40
CENTS, silver. This offer is
made to l)ooni our circulation.

SAGE, Highwood, Conn.

0*ln responding to this advertisement mention GLEANInas

Small one by mail, postpaid,

25 cts. Lai'ge one by express.

inv climate. Fine oi'na"ient.

Potatoes.

m. JL .& A. .& A j& .&. .^

BURTON L

Texas Cactus.

25 cts. Grows in ;
Stamps taken.
Hi!eville, Bee Co., Tex

Miss Leah Atchley.

500 Barrels Sweet=Potato Seed.

Yt'llow .hTSCt' (best varictyl, c.vira select, l)bl.. $3,00.
siciiud si/c, ■' $2..5II.
Extra Early Carolina-, similar to above, " $3.00.

Southern Queen, Red Hermuda (Yam), early, good
for heavy soils, *1..50 per l)ushel. Order now, and
secure good seed at reasonal)le prices. Discount on
5 and 10 bai rel lots Address

/,. jM. Alulimi, litix 14:i, Tarre Hante, Ind.
,1.^1.1 resiKMiriint' to tlita advertisement mentJon Glkaninob

For Sale Cheap for Cash.
ASPINWALL PLANTER, complete.

AddK'i

GEO. A. HUKD. S. Acton, Mc.

]8<)4

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

1:;l

Honey Column.

CITY MARKETS.
CmCACJO.— Hodfj/.— Till' I'liling- price for fiiiiry
white I'onib honey seems to l)e 13c. Other j^rades of
comb sell for lt'@l:.'c. Kxtracted is selling at 6c.
Hard times cause restricted demand.

S. T. Fish & Co.,
Feb. V. 189 South Water St., Chicago, 111.

Buffalo.- Hoicj/.— Tlie honey market is very
quiet; stock on hand liberal. Fancy is moving
slowly at l~'@i:5; choice, l(i@ll. Dark is in light
supply. Extr.u'tod, f)(g)tj. Beeswax, 2.i@;)l).
Batterson & Co.,

Feb. 7. Buffalo, N. Y.

St. Louis.— Hohcj/.— The market being heavily
stocked is very toppy, holders seeking buyers,
which are scarce. We quote: Comb, U)®U; extracl-
ed, in barrels, 4@4'/2; in cans, 5@5 1/2. Prime bees-
wax. :i4H. D. G. TuTT Gkocer Co.,

Feb. S. St. Louis, Mo.

Chicago.— Hojiejy.—T'here is no change in values
since our last quotations, but the volume of busi-
ness is very small. R. A. Burnett & Co.,

Feb. 7. 161 So., Water St., Chicago, 111.

Albany.— Hone?/.— Since the Lenten season set in
the demand for both comb and extracted honey has
increased very much, but there is no improvement
in prices. We quote clover at 10@13; buckwheat,
S@10; extracted, a@7. Chas. McCulloch & Co.,

Feb. lU. 393, 39.5, 397 Broadway, Albany, N. Y.

Kansas City.— H«((f'j/.— Demand for honey only
fair; good supply. One-lb. amber, 11; white, 13:
dark, 10. Extracted, while, 7; amber, 6; dark, 6.
Bee-swax, 33@25. Hamblin & Bearss,

Feb. 8. I^ausas City, Mo.

Cincinnati.— Ho/iejy.— Trade is dull in all its
branches, honey included. We quote extracted
honey at 4@8c on arrival. Comb, i2(a}16 for best
white in the jobbing way. Supply is good. There
is a fair denjand for beeswax at 20(^23 on arrival for
good to choice vellow.

Chas. F. Muth & Son,

Feb. 8. Cincinnati, Ohio.

Boston.— Honey.— Demand for honey is very good.
Selling fancy 1-1 b. comb at 13@15; extracted selling
slowly at 6@7. No beeswax on hand.

Feb. 8. Blake & Kipley,

Boston, Mass.

Kansas City.— Honey.— The demand for comb
honey is improving some, but prices are about the
same. We quote: No. 1 white 1-lb., 14@15; No. 3, 12
@13; No. 1 amber, 13@14; No. 2, 1U@11. Extracted,
white, 6ii@7; dark, 5@,6. Beeswax, 2t)@22.

Clemons, Mason & Co.,

Feb. 8. Kansas City, Mo.

Detroit.— Ho?iey. — Best white comb honey, 1.5c;
other grades, 12@14. Market not overstocked with
eitlierof the grades. Extracted, 7(<i>8. Beeswax, 23
@24. M. H. Hunt,

Feb. 8. Bell Branch, Mich.

Cleveland.— J/ojiej/. —No. 1 white comb remains
firm at 14c. Keceipts are light and demand good.
Beeswax, No. 1, i\)c. Williams Bros.,

Feb. 7. 80 & 82 Broadway, Cleveland. O.

Minneapolis.— Ho/iri/.— Fancy white, .6>^@17i4c;
No. 1 while, 1.5'/^; fancy amber, 14@14>^ ; No. 1 am-
ber. 12'/2; fancy dark, 12.!^; No. 1 dark, lO'/j. Ex-
tracted, while, 6@7; amber, ti^; dark, 7.

J. A. Shea & Co.,
116 First Avenue North, Minneapolis, Minn.

I still have about t)ne ton of white-clover honey,
and sami' amount of basswood, in new barrels con-
taining about 325 bbls. each. Price on cars, 7 cents.
Frank McNay, Mansion, Wis.

BUFFALO, N. Y. Unsurpassed Honey Market.
BATTERSON & CO. Responsible, Reliable,
Commission Merchants, mfdb and Prompt.

Maple-Sugar Supplies.

The time is at hand when those who produce the
delicious sweets from the sugar maple must be get-
ting ready. For the best results you must have
good clean app;iratus of the nu)st apiiroved type,
and you really can not afford not to read Pn»f.
Cook's book. ".Maple Sugar and the Sugar-bush,"
which we furnish at 35c, or wc^ will give a copy free
to all those who buy sugar-makers' supplies of us to
the amount of $1(1. Ui) or more. We do not sell evap-
orators, but we tliink we can do you some good on
spouts, pails, covers, and cans. We have ri'ceived a
carloiid of these from the factory, and they are
made of American tin-plate. The plates are tinned
and made tap into cans by the same Arm; and by
taking a cat-load we get tliem at bottom ])rices. See
table below. Tin' pails and cans are machine-made,
far superior to hand-made, and guaranteed not to
leak.

^ ii

BUCKET WITH HINGED TIN COVER.

This cut shows the manner of hanging the bucket
on the spout, and also the manner of emptying with
the hitiged tin cover. Most progressive sugar-
makers nowadays use covers of some kind.

RKCORD SAP SPOUT.

Tliis spout is cheaper than any other made, and
we believe It is ;is good as any. if not better. It is
used almost exclusively in tliis section.

PRICE LIST OF PAILS, COVERS, SPILES, ETC.

ICtin. IX tin.
10-quart bright tin buckets, per 100. . .115 ()U $17 00
13^ .. •• •' " "... 16 00 18 00

15 "... 18 00 21 00

Patent hinged tin covers, per 100... t6 00
Wood Kevi'isible covers, per 100... i 50

Record sav-spouts, per 100 U 00; 10 lO for *8 00

1-gal. sq. cans " 1100

1 " " " 6 in a box. per box.S 90; 10 boxes* 8 .50
1 " " " 10 in ;i box, per box. 1 40; " " 13 00

5 not box id, each.... 3j; 100 26 00

5 " •• " 2 in a box, per tiox. 75; HI for. 7 00
5 1 ill a box, per box. 45; 10 for.. 4 20

A. I. ROOT, MEDINA. Ohio.

12:.'

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb. 15.

IN

THE

FIELD

GOLDEN OUEENS,ree?rr'

NUCLEI. I Darke Co.,

CIRCULfiR FREE. \ OhiO.

THREE BAND. FIVE BAND.

Five Bajid.— Wluitis the matter, sister ? Why don't
\o\^ fome out?

Tliree Band.— Oh ! I see so much talk about you
yellow beauties I am afraid I am going- to be stamp-
ed out. .

Five BfWKL— No, no! Jennie Atchley says we are
sisters, and that she has tested us both for honey,
and finds no difference: and she tells tis to pet down
side by side, and let the people choose for them-
selves.

rPPO rnD rjulf Leglionis, $1..50 for 1.5; Buff
LUbO run Wvandottes, *:.'.00 foi- i:5; White
|lA-)-plJIMP Plymouth Rocks, %l.M for 15:
nH I bnlllb wiiite Pekin Ducks. ?1.0(l for it.
All A No. 1 stock. J. S. WARNER, Medina. 0.

Send foT' our
new iirice list
of Bee >upplies
and Fruit pack-
ajfes A libei-
al disconnt al-
owcd on win-
ter oiders. Ad-
dress

BERLIN
FRUIT BOX

CO..

Berlin Heights

Erie Co.,

Old.).

l-lOd

THREE BAND. FIVE BAND.

Three and five bands, raised in separate yards, un-
tested, Sl.tjO each; $.5.00 for 6, or $9.00 per dozen.
Match, Apiil, and May: June and after, 7.5c each;
$t.:i.5 for 6, or $8.00 per dozen. Safe arrival and sat-
isfaction guaranteed. Fine breeder, S,5.00. Catalogue
fi'ee. Let me book your orders.

Jennie Atchley, Beevil/e, Bee Co., Tex.

G^In responding to this advertisement mention (Jlkanings

MUTH

HOINEY
EXTRACTOR.

Square Glass Honey-Jars,

Tin Buckets, Bee-hives.

Honey Sections, Etc., Etc.

Perfection Cold-blast Smokers.
APPLY TO

CHAS. F. IVIUTH & SON, Cincinnati, 0.

ip for ■• Hr.urtical Hints to Hee-ktJepers.'

1*. S.— Send Hl-rt. st;i

MONEY'

IN '

SMALL

FRUIT.

Send Postal Card to me and get my
prices for phmisof nil the leaflingv;i-
I'iclies of Strawberries. Easpberries, Black-
berries, Currants, and Grapes with direc-
tions for planting, etc' 1 pack plants
carefully, and guarantee them to
reach j'ou in good shape. My plants
are grown on riili soil, and diig fresh
from thegrotind when shipped.

Address EZRA G. SMITH.
MANCHESTEE, ONT.IEIO CO., N. T.

C^'rii r.-spiiiKllm.' t" th

It ni(

(il.KANlNCi

paidV'orfUK',:"^-14 Beautlful Carnation Plants.
^Vii !^nd ' 15 Carnation and 18 Rose Plants,

—30 in all— no i wo alike. N. J^HJSTiUS,

J'iiu City, l'o7iffi/-fi Co., Ciil.

Automatic

Comb Foundation

Mills.

Hade by

W. C. Pelham,

riaysville, = Ky.

If you keep BEES,
suhscribe for the Pro=
gressive Bee=keeper, a

journal devoted to Bees,
Honey, and kindi'ed in-
dustries. 50 cts. per
>'ear. Sample cojiy,
• Illustrated catalogue of Bee-
FKKi:. Addn ss
LEAHY MFG CO., HIGGINSVILLE, MO.
^*In responding to tills adv.'tisement mention n\,K wiv-o

Here's the Place

To get early Golden Queens. Send for circular
and prices. ,J. B. CAS 13.

fort Orani^e, Fla,

also a Lieauiilul
keepeis' su|ipli(

A

PPLES, Ben Da\is, Ark. Black, Mammoth Black
Twigs, all vai-ieties. Whole r(K)t only. Premium
Woild's Fair. Trees. lOe eiich. On ordei'.s of 100
I pay the freight. W. H. Laws, Lavaca, Ark.

Please mention this paper. 4 7b

GEO. W. HUFSTEDLER,

Breeder of 5-Banded Italian Bees and ftueens.

Untested. 75 cts. Tested, $1.( 0 eiich.

CLARKSVILLE, RED RIVER CO., TEXAS.

PATENT WIRED COMB FOUNDATION

Was iVo Sau: in liroocl-t'ratnes.

Thin Flat - Bottom Foundation

Has no Fichbone in the Surplus Honey.
Being the cleanest, it is usually woiked
the (luickest of any foundation made.

J. VAN DEUSEN & SONS,

12trdli Sole rianufacturers,

Sprout Brook, Montgomery Co., N. Y.

(^"In respond I iii; to tins adveiti.-^einint mention GlraNINOS^

Yes, either 3 or 5 bandtd
hei's; (^)u(^en'; ;ind i-upplies.
Pure-bred Poultrv cheap.

CHAS. II. TtllES,

Stc-ale^\illc-, 111.

Queens?

("at.ilogiie fr'ce.

TAKE NOTICE!

BEFORE placing your orders for SUPPLIES, write
for prices on One-Piece Basswood Sections. Bee-
Hives, Shipping-Crates, Frames, Foundation, Smo-
kers, etc. PAGE & KEITH.
iStl'db New Loudon, Wis.

Qll r Ur O) Blown Leghorns, or

^^ Plymouth Kocks Other varieties.

Ciifiilar tree. Address Gkek Bros., St.

Mo., or H. B. Geek, Nashville, Tenu. 5tfdb

$5

Mary;-

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

12:{

£3wW • • • •

Supplies

On the

Pacific Coast.

We are headquarters on the Pacific coast for A. I. ROOT'S SUPPLIES,
and can furnish them at prices to suit you. Have secured special low
freight to all points for this season. Write for catalogue and special prices,
stating quantity wanted. = = = = = =

Posson's Seed Store.

Address, Portlatid, Ore.

208=210 Second St.

Boors Home (epirioutiit.

ENLARGED, REMODELED, AND GREATLY
IMPROVED.

PeacMrees,

Consist'uKj of2s First-cldss Tools (ind Mdterials

sliown iti cut. viz.:
1 Iron Last, in inches .45 i 1 Stabbing Awl, com-

1 Iron Last, H inches. . ..40 | pletc 08

1 Iron Last. B inches... 35 | 1 Slioe-Knife 10

1 Iron Standard witli

Base 15

1 Pkjr. As.s()rted Nails. . .05
1 Pkjf. J Wire Clincli

Nails 05

1 Fkg. I Wire Clinch

Nails 05

1 PkK. S Wire Clinch

Nails 05

J Doz. pairs Star Heel

Phites 10

i lb. Copper Rivets 15

i Steel Punch 10

1 Sewing Awi, Complete 08

1 Pegging Awl 08

1 Wrench for Above. . . .01

Directions for Using.

1 Shoe-Hammer 15

1 Bottle Rubber Ce-
ment 12

1 Bottle Leather Ce-
ment 13

IBall Wa.x 03

1 Ball Shoe Thread... .10

1 Bnneh Bristles ,05

1 Harness and Saw

Clam|) 50

4 Harness Needles ....04

1 Soldi Ting-Iron 35

1 Bottle Soldering

Fluid 10

1 Bo.x Rosin 10

1 Bar Solder 10

Total $4 00

These tools when purchased separately at a liard-
ware store would cost over $6.00. We furnish these
Outfits in tliiee numbeis: —

No. 1 contains all the tt)ols mentioned above, com-
plete, weight 18 lbs. Price $:3.00.

No. 2. same as No. 1, e.xcept Soldering Tools, Har-
ness Clamp, Rivets, and Punch. Weight 14 lbs.
Price $2 0 .

No. 3 consists of 3 Iron Lasts and Standard, for
half-soling only. Price $1.00.

Special terms to agents. Full descriptive circular
and terms on application to

A. I. ROOT. MEDINA, OHIO.

Southern Bee=keepers,

Do you know that, freight considered, we c;in fur-
nish you with supplies at a less cost than any house
in this country V Fi'eight rates from New York to
Jacksonville, Fla., only .35 cts. per 100 lbs. Our cir-
cular free upon application.
I. a. STRINGHAM, lOr, ParU Place,
23-32 tfdb t: • JSew York City.

FOR SALE. Elberta, Elli=
son, Won Jerful, Stump
the World, and all oth=
er leading varieties of

Guaranteed true to name, il.lKI per 100. Also,
Abundance Plums, wonderful bearer, curculio-
proof: fruit large, beautiful, and delicious, $10,00
per 100. I have 15 Abundance plum-trees, planted
in the spring of 1^91, of which one sitting on hoise-
back can't reach the top. If you have room for just
one tree, plant an Abundance plum. I will send
one Abundance tree by mail for 15 cts. If you have
room for three trees, phmt an Abundance plum and
an Elberta and Stump the World peach-tree. I will
send the 3 for 35 cts.

5 Abundance plum-trees, by mail 60

100 " $11 00

10 peach, one or several varieties, by ni.iil 60

100 " " " " ••".... 5 00

These trees are June-budded, and are 15 in. and
upward. They will come into bearing in the same
time that larger trees do. They have very large
roots, and are surer to grow. The second year their
growth exceeds that o*" the larger trees, 'fhe cost
of transportation on June buds is very small. Aside
from this fact, if you plant June buds once you will
never plant larger trees.

Send stamps or coin for small orders. By per-
mission I refer to the First National Bank, Madi-
son, Indiana, and to A. I. Root, Medina, Ohio.

CEDAR GROVE FARM,

NORTH MADISON, INDIANA.
JOHN CADWAULADER,
PROPRIETOR.

\>\o Vovi V^UOMJ

That I have the

LARGEST

STOCK , ,

of lJ in new ENGLAND?

Con.sisting of Do\ct;nled, Simplicity, and other styles
of Hives. M.\ lii"ind of X.\' while thin Foinida-
tion, and Piilislied one-piece Sections, are the
incest on the market.

A full line of every thing needed in the ai)iai'y at
prices to suit the times.

Bees, Queens, and Nuclku.s Coi.onies of my old re-
liable strain, at prices way down.

Send for 34th Annual Catalogue before you buy
your stock, remembering the best is always the
cheapest.

Address W. W. GARY.

4tf CoLRAiN, Franklin Co., Mass.

FOR GREGG RASPBERRY TIPS. f:^^L^-^

Berry lia>kets ;iinl c rates. addre.-S

aifdl) H. H. AULTFATHER, Minerva. O.

B

EE-KEEPERS' SUPPLIES

\2i

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUUE.

Feb 15.

Like Every Editor,

I wish to increase the circulation of my
journal. If every bee-keeper in tliis coun-
try Mere tlioroughly acquninted with the
Review, my subscription-list would at
once be greatly increased. I have in mind a scheme for bringing- about this acquaintance. Of some
issues of the Keview I liave us many as 3U0 copies; of others, 200; of otliers, 100; and soon down to less
than a dozen. Now, if you will allow mc to pick them out, I will sell these back numbers at two cents a
copy. Send me any amount up to $1.00, and I will send you lialf as many copies as you send me cents, and
no two copies alike. Remember tliat back numbers of tlie Review are somewhat different from the back
numbers of some journals— tliat each number is, to a certain extent, a little book or i);imphlet containing
the views of leading bee-keepers upon some special topic. Stamps taken, either U. S. or t'anadiau.

W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint. Mich.

WORLD'S FAIR VIEWS,

AND

Semi=nionthly " Farm and Fireside " noI

JW.»«K«J.VT..»»»nnCT:

Toevery New Subscribek who sends $1.00 for the WEEKLY AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL for

one year. The 50 Photograpic Views are sure to please you immensely. The Farm iiiid Fireside is the
Great Agricultural and Family Journal of America. It is entertaining to every member of the liousehold,
and has a circulation of oOO.OOO copies each iss-ue. The Bee Journal— Vv ell, just send for a FREE SAMPLE
COPY giving full i)articulais and description of the .50 Photographic Views. Address

GEORGE W. YORK &. CO., 56 Fifth Avenue, Chicago, Illinois.
JtS~To New Subscribers—Tiie 50 Views, and "Farm and Firehide " one year, with " Bee Journal" six
months— ALL tor only 75 ets.

A 1 1 H t. NA/DHLU O rr\lr\ celved the ONLY award given an
escape. Practical bee-keepers everywhere use and recommend it as a great labor-savins im-
plement, and as the best. Circular and testimonials free. Prices:— Each, postpaid, with
directions, 30 cts. ; per doz., $2.25. and your money bacU, if not satittfied- Order from your dealer,
or if more convenient from the manufacturers, R. & E. C. PORTER, LEWISTOWN, ILL.

jQ OnrlnQrlo nf Oiinniinn This is the amount we have distributed in a single season, of

I J udllUdUo Ul oUULISlnSi Foundation, Dov. Hives, Sections, E.xtractors, etc. Tlierefore.if
■ w w w I ■ V M M w w ■ w- " rr '•*'*' ' you have lUtle money and want that little to go as far as possible,

"''™™'™™'"' '""-"^ — remember that we are headquarters in the west for all goods in

— ^^^-^—■i»»iiiii 1.1 II III ■■■■■III I ..I our line; by doing so great a volume of business we sell goods

cheap. If you have tin' iiioiiiii, also i-emember you can make it earn a big interest by availing yourself of
our discounts for early oideis. In either case you should write us and tell what you will likely need. It
will pay yon. We sell Root s goods at Root's prices, and can save you fieight.

The new polished sections and all other late improved goods kept in stock. rnD TUC U/COT
, ... J n 11 ■ I Send for our large ilUistrat- rlln IHt W LO I ■

Joseph Nysewander, Pes Moines, la. ^^^:;^^ZS!:S; =

Good ! Good !

Sections, Bee= Hives,

and other Bee=

Keepers' Appliances

at Bed=rock Prices.

Best of Goods at Lowest Prices.

Write for free, illustrated catalogue

and Price List.

G. B. Lewis Co., Watertown, Wis.

Walter S. Pouder,

162 Massachusetts Ave.,
Indianapolis, Indiana.

^imrtlai^'c Standard goods; pt)pular prices;
^UppilCi>, catjilogue free.
(( FtiiG-v Rpf»c *' a book telling how to man-
*-'^^y I->CCi>, age them, lOc in stamps; or,
free to those sending names of five bee-keepers.

tSrin responding to this adveitlsenient mention ulkanings.

Those wishing the tliiest and best business bees,
both for pleasure and profit, should know that
Jennie Atchley is headquarters for such queens.
I breed both the :{ and 5 banded strains, at the fol-
lowing prices: Untested (March, April, and Mayi,
$1.00 each; $.5.00 for 6. or $9.00 i>er dozi'n. June till
October. 75 cts. each; J4 25 for 6, or $8.00 per dozen.
T breed my queens in separate yards, and I have as
fine Italian bees as there are anywliere. Nuclei
and full colonies. 1 have one straiglit mercljaiidise
rate on bees by express^lowesl in U. S. Fine liit'cd-
ers always on hand; 3-baruled. if5.00; for st r:iiglit 5-
banded breeders, apiily by letter. Also bees by ihc
pound. I guaiaiilee -•»// ray queens to be gond :infl
serviceable, and my tine f;i,u It less breeders unexcel-
led in the world. Safe arriv;il ;ind satisfaction.

1 also have a carload of A. I. Root's Dovetailed
hives and Bee-supplies to accommodate my South-
( i II customers. Dadanfs foundation and Bingham
smokers Send for catalogue.

JENNIE ATCHLEY, Beeville, Bee Co., Texas.

LAWS'

Italians surely take the leatl. They
are now in every State in the
/.'/i/o/i. and in several /'oreit>-«
<>oi//i* /-/CVS. Nearly 8000 (lueens .sold, and not a
dissati.slled customer; if there is, let him speak,
i^ueens 3'o7/<>\v ,-»// oi'<^/-. Fine breeders always
on liand; 4 and 5 band, $2.00; straight 5 band, $3.00!
Untested, each, $1.00; 6 for. $4..')0. Satisfaction. Ref-
erence, A. I Root. W. II. T^A^WS,

I^iix-iic'ii, Seb. Co., ^4 rZc.

PPFP f My price list of pure
I I\U,U, . Italian bees and
queens, and white and l)rowii
ferrets. Address

iV. ^l. lilSlAI*!*,
J^oc'/iester, I^oritln Co., O.

iYOUCAN'Tl

; DO ANY <
\ BETTER, i

Send for our 1894 circular of

BBE-KEEPERS' SUPPLIES,
BESS, QUEENS, ETC.

Jko. Nebel Sc Soit, High Hill, Mo.

^ • DElVoTED]
•MD HOME,- vT ---.

UBI16HCD BY(^-l-[^00 !•
^PERYEAf^ \^ MCDINAOHIO

Vol. XXII.

FEB. 15, 1894.

No. 4.

m>^^ Fi^oM'0ar€.GJMiitLER:

Only two weeks more of winter.

That plan on p. 99, of giving a page of re-
ports in 2 inches of space, is capital.

Editor York lias one requisite toward get-
ting up a good paper— a happy home. I sam-
pled it lately, so I know.

Sorghum was fed by N. E. Cleveland, Miss.,
to 5 colonies in October. Dec. 23 four were dead
and the fifth nearly gone.

W. B. Webster, a prominent writer in the B.
B. J., claims that cross bees, as a rule, are not
as good workers as gentle ones.

Illinois didn't do a big thing in honey last
year. The average of reports made at State
convention was 8 lbs. per colony.

Are wild cucumbers of several kinds? On
p. 90 you speak of "the original vine." They
are plentiful in this region, but annuals.

Bees prepared for winter Sept. 1 show up
better and stronger in spring than those pre-
pared Oct. 1, says W. Woodley in British B. J.

German bee-keepers are protesting against
a law that prohibits the temporary placing of
hives within two miles of permanent apiaries.

Special-topic numbers seem on the increase
among bee-journals. The Canadian starts it
under the name of " Bee-keepers' Parliament."

The British " standard " frame is 14 x 83^.
Seven such about equal five Simplicities. The
square Gallup is a little larger than the British.

St. Joe is the name of a hive two of my
friends have sent me circulars about. Won't
the chap that named that hive catch it if Bro.
Abbott, of Saint Joseph, gets after him V

Herr Reepen crows— and well he may— that
the oldest bee-book in the world is n (Jerman.
Itis"Der Bienbock," Thomas Cantibratensis,
1448, and is owned by F. H. Wytopil, Vienna,
and cost $.')5. I think no bee-book was publish-
ed in this country till after 1492.

Keep still, by all means, about adultera-
tion; at least, don't let anything about it get
into print, if you want to please— the adultera-
tors.

Foreign competition is just now a topic of
interest in E'lgland, and the suggestion is offer-
ed that "steps must be taken in a body" against
foreign honey now sold at cts. a pound.

The British B. J. characterizes syrup- feed-
ing to increase the yield of surplus as "a nefari-
ous and dishonest practice, calculated to do se-
rious harm to an otherwise legitimate and de-
lightful pursuit."

Brace-combs are caused, according to E. J.
Cronkleton, in^. B.J., by loose swinging combs.
The bees feel their shaking, and fall to work to
brace up. But it doesn't seem that a bee's step
ought to jar much.

Hill device improved. Place two wood
separators of proper length, about an inch
apart; bow them up in the middle, and stick
the ends down on the inside of the hive at both
sides. — Marion Miller, in Progressive.

Eight-frame hives are preferred by comb-
honey men, almost without exception. How
many have prov(>d, by a fair and square trial of
8 frames, side by side with 10 frames, whiTjh was
better? I commend this to experimenter Tay-
lor.

A stubborn colony can be made to swarm,
according to an item in Centralblatt. by hang-
ing a caged virgin queen between the combs.
The old queen gets out. Now tell us what to
hang between the combs so the other colonies
ivonH swarm.

The Dzierzon theory occasioned a bitter
war of words about .'50 years ago. After hold-
ing undisputed sway for years, it has again be-
come a boneof contention — Reepen, SchaMifeld,
and others, defending it against no less an op-
ponent than Dzierzon himself!

Some say honey extracted from the brood-
chamber can't be as good as from a super.
There may be more floating pollen in the brood-
chamber, and an occasional larva thrown out
brings with it ihf larval food, thus spoiling the
flavor as well as bringing on fermentation.

i:6

(JLEANINCS IN BEE CULTURE.

Fkb. 15.

Wilder Grahame's advic<\ to raise regular
patches of white clover convenient to a largo
apiary to l<eep bees busy and keep out other
honey, is Wild(^,r advice than often gets into
Gleanings, How large a patch, and how con-
venient to a large apiary, to accomplish the
object?

An octogenarian in Germany ascribes much
of his good health to drinking ^o?iei/ tea— a ta-
ble-sponnful of best honey in a teacup of boil-
ing water. I've tried it a good many titnes,
and find it a refreshing drink. You may or
may not like it. For convenience, keep some
honey thinned in advance.

The British Bke Jourxat. says that, Jan.
.'>, in the suburbs of London, the thermometer
marked 10° above zero, ■* a lower point than it
has done for many a year." When I read that,
I went in my sliirt-sleeves to look at my ther-
mometer, and found it 2.") degrees lower, in the
middle of a bi'ight sunshiny day.

Wasps are troublesome across the water, but
not on this side, as I nuMitioned in a former
Straw. 11' rr Reepi'u replies that our trouble-
.some skunks are unknown there. ]5uthesha'n"t
have the last word, and I rise to tell him we're
not so cruel to children as they are in (xermany.
Just think of making little children use a lan-
guage that floors an old chap like me!

A FEW years ago there were hundreds of
small cabinet-shops scattered over the country,
making furniture hy hand or with light power,
but they have all disappeared, so far as manu-
facturing is concerned. The large factories are
doing it all, and we now get better and cheaper
furniture. I predict thf same future for the
bee-supply trade.— 3f. U. Hunt, at Mich. Con-
vention.

C#^-.Z^«^^

'mmmm

Our Symposium on Bees and Fruit.

Valuable Testimony Supporting the Bee.

A Lively Discussion, Pro and Con.

We will first let those on the negative side
give their arguments. These will then be
followed by those on the ariirmative.— Ed.]

bees not neckssarv to the proper fer-

TlLIZ.VriON OF FRUIT-IJI.OOM.

By W. S. Fultz.
In studying this question I have tried to do
so in an unprejudiced manner, being both a
bee-keeper and fruit grower. I have looked at
it from both stand poinis. Why all bee-keepers,
in trying to discuss this question, always merge
it into that of spraying and the destruction of

fruit by bees, is more than I can understand.
There seems to be such a strong undercurrent
of feeling among them all in that direction,
it naturally leads the public to believe that
they have an ax to grind, and that they seek
every opportunity to get it on the grindstone.

Asa fruit-grower I have my own ideas of
those other questions; and my experience of 20
years in the business, with an apiary on the
same farm, has enabled me to decide those
questions to my own satisfaction: but I do not
think they have any bearing on the subject
und> r discussion, and shall ignor(^ them entire-
ly. With me, in discussing this question, there
is no " negro in the woodpile."

I now wish to draw attention to your editori-
al on page 61, in vvhich you say that my argu-
ments are based largely on negative testiomony,
and that Prof. Cook and the rest rely upon
positive facts and figures. In my article I gave
several instances where I had observed good
crops raised without the aid of bees. If that is
not positive evidence that crops can be so
raised, then I must plead being ignorant as to
what positive evidence is.

[Your evidence on tin's point is iie<rati\-p, l^ecause
you produce no profif tliat tlie crop in quO'^tion
would not have been t^etter by liavinji: Ix'es. ]f for
ten years witlnmt ilie l^ees youi- crojis w(^re yood,
and for ten years ivith tlie lieestbe crops wen small-
er and poorer, you would have evidence of positive
character against the bee.— Ed.]

With regard to the experiments of Prof. Cook,
Mr. Gilliland, and the others to whom you
refer, I must say that, in my opinion, all such
evidence is negative, or, rather, it is no evidence
at all. When Prof. Cook and the others placed
cheese-cloth or netting over the bloom with
which they were experimenting they interfered
with nature's methods of fertilization. I would
almost as soon shut up a female hog in a lat-
ticed pen. where she would be kept entirely
from all contact with her kind, and expect her
to be fruitful and multiply, as to expect a fruit-
bloom to become fertilized under the same con-
ditions. Nature intended thata contact should
take place to make that bloom fruitful; and
Prof. Cook, and the others to whom you refer,
covered those flowers and shut oft' nature's
methods, and then ass(,M'ted that, because the
bees could not get to the flowers to fertilize
then, they proved barren or nearly so. Had
those flowers that were experimented with not
been covered, so that nature could have per-
formed her functions, it is safe to say that they
would hav»! been properly fertilized, even if no
honey-bee had ever been near them.

[Yciur illustration of the liog- in the p(Mi is not a
paiallel case. Most 1 ruil - blossoms will lertilize
tliiMiisclves to a large oxti'iit, l)ut there is no self-
f.rtili/.ation in the animal kingdom.— Ed]

Some Other means must be resorted to. when

making those experiments, than covering the

bloom, otherwise all results will be negative.

Any well -posted horticulturist could have told

Prof. Cook what the probable results would be,

at the commencement of his experiments, for

1S94

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

127

tliey were just what might have been expected.
The bloom operated upon was probably stanii-
nate, and produced pollen, and, as a natural
consequence, became self-fertilized, and the re-
sult was an inferior product. I do not care to
follow or analyze the article of Prof. Cook; his
arguments and conclusions are all based on the
same kind of experiments, and, as a conse-
quence, are all of a negative nature, and of no
force whatever.

Now, Mr. Editor, let us get at the gist of this
question. In the article sent you by Mr. Doo-
little, I simply made the assertion that the aid
of honey-bees was not needed in the proper fer-
tilization of fruit-bloom. Now I am going to
make the broader assertion, that fertilization is
not aided to any extent by them. This asser-
tion is based on the fact that no horticulturist,
however expert he may be in the art of artifi-
cial fertilization, can take the pollen from a
honey-bee, and, without changing its condition,
successfully' fertilize a fruit-blossom. If an ex-
pert horticulturist can not do this, then how
can a bee do it? The horticulturist's object is
to fertilize; the bee's object is to gather the pol-
len and honey, and carry it to the hive. The
instinct of the bee does not teach it how to pre-
pare pollen for fertilization purposes. Man's
knowledge and ingenuity do, and man can take
the pollen from a bee, and. after properly pre-
paring it, make it successful in fertilizing.

It would \)i'. nn (m- v matter to test this thing.
Let three or more pcisons in widely separated
localities cover at least 100 fruit-blossoms (ap-
ple being the most plentiful would be preferred),
in the same manner as was done by Prof. Cook
and others. This should be done before the
flowers were fully opened; then when they are
open take a small pair of scissors and remove
the stamens, so that self-fertilization can not
take place, replacing the covers immediately,
and let them remain until the pistil of the flow-
ers are in a receptive condition, and then take
pollen from honey-bees that are gathering it
from the same kind of trees, and try to fertilize
the covered bloom with it, just as it is taken
from the bees. If such experiments are suc-
cessful, then bees can assist in fertilizing fruit-
bloom; but if they are a failure, as I am well
satisfied they will be. then the claim that they
do assist is not well founded, and should be
dropped by the bee-keeping fraternity.

Wet or even damp pollen, as has been demon-
strated by experiment, is not potent, and will
not perform its intended function. This ac-
counts for the fact that, when we have wet
weather during fruit-bloom, we get no crop.
The pistil of the flowers pass beyond their re-
ceptive state during the time that the pollen
r'3mains impotent; consequently no fertiliza-
tion can take place that season.

Muscatine, la., Jan. '22.

[In view of the bulk of the testimony to the

contrary appearing in this number, it is rather
a strong statement to say that "fertilization is
not to any extent aided " by the bees. As to
the other points in your article, honest inves-ti-
gation courts fair criticism.— Ed.]

BEES ANT) FKUIT ON THE ISLANDS OF LAKE
ERIE.

By Thaddeus Smitlr.

We ought to be able to get a satisfactory an-
swer to this question by bringing together the
facts about it, and looking at these facts with
an unprejudicid mind, not committed to any
particular theory, and not biased by self-inter-
est. I have been a bee-keeper for over forty
years, and I am also a fruit-grower, and I think
lean look at both sides of the question in an
impartial manner. I will say here, that I have
changed my views about this matter, as I have
done with some other cherished views of bee
culture that I was taught and have taught
others.

I live upon an island; and when 1 came here
25 years ago thf re were but two colonies of bees
here. These I bought and immediately Italian-
ized, and engaged in raisins queens, as there
were no black bees here to mix with them. The
fruit here 2.5 years ago was more certain, and
less affected by disease, than it has been for
several years just past. The bees have increas-
ed to 100 or more colonies, and have been dis-
tributed to various parts of the island. Shall I
say the increase of bees is the cause of the
decrease of quantity and quality of fruit ? No,
far from it. But such is the kind of argument
used by some on the affirmative of this question.

Not very long ago I read a communication to
one of our bee-papers, stating that the writer
had put some stands of bees in one comer of
his garden, or yard, and that the fruit-trees in
that part of the garden had given a good crop
of fruit, while the trees in the other corner of
the garden had failed in fruit. This statement
was given to show what a great advantage bees
were in fertilizing bloom. Will any intelligent
bee-keeper accept this experiment as a knock-
down argument?

I have never met Prof. Cook; but from his
writings and character I have learned to esteem
him very highly. In fact, I have been almost
ready, as the saying is, to swear by any thing
that Prof. Cook would say. But in the article
republished in Cleanings he has certainly de-
duced some unwarrantable conclusions from
some facts stated. For instance, he says: "I
have often noticed the fact, that, if we have
rain and cold all during the fruit-bloom, even
trees that bloom fully are almost sure to hear
sparingly.'' This is accounted for by Prof.
Cook, solely because it was too cold for the bees
to fly. But is there not a much better reason
to account for this failure to fruit? Every
fruit-grower knows that these cold rains till

138

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb. 15.

the bloom with water, and soraetiraes ice, and
is as destructive to the embryo fruit as a heavy
frost. This damp cold weather would also pre-
vent pollen from being carried about by the
wind. Again, Prof. C. covered some fruit-blooms
with cheese-cloth, and the result was they were
not fertilized as well as those left uncovered.
Any one would have naturally expected this.
as this cheese-cloth would certainly keep off
the pollen floated about by the wind. Did he
or any one else see the bees visit those uncover-
ed blossoms? If not, why make such a positive
statement that the bees were the sole cause of
their fertilization?

But it is not my intention to criticise the ar-
ticles in Gleanings, but to give some facts
bearing upon the subject. Within ten miles of
me there is a tight little island in Lake Erie
where no bees are kept; and it is so far from
main land, and other places where bees are
kept, that bees never visit it. This island is
almost entirely used for fruit-growing, and a
success is made of it. But the editor of Glean-
ings says, "That fruit has grown where no bees
were known, proves nothing." Let's see. I
have a friend on this same island devoted to
growing fine fruit; and his fruit, whether of
apples, pears, plums, or cherries, or his especial
pride, strawberries and raspberries, can not be
grown to any greater perfection upon any land
of the same quality in the State of Ohio, though
there were 100 stands of bees in the "corner of
the garden." But this may "prove nothing,"
except the old adage,

Convince a man jiguliist his will,
He's of the same opinion still.

It may be said that, in the absence of bees,
other insects may have fertilized the fruit-
bloom. Well, if other insects fertilize the bloom
so perfectly, why say that bees are necessary to
do it? But Prof. Cook shows the improbability
of the other insect theory. lie says, in the
same article quoted before, "Early in the sea-
son in our northern latitude most insects are
scarce. The severe winters so thin their num-
bers that we find barely one; whereas we can
find hundreds in late summer," etc., showing
conclusively that the fine fruit of this place was
not owing to insect fertilization.

And now for the " bumble-bee." Evei'y one
will admit that it is a /n/m-bug; and I think
this red-clover-seed theory connected with it
is the biggest kind of a humbug. There are
but few bumble-bees on this island, some sea-
sons scarcely any. For every single bumble-
bee here, I believe there are ten thousand, and,
I might safely say, ten million clover-heads. In
a favorable season, red clover makes a fine
yield of seed here. It would simply be impos-
sible for the bumble-bees to visit all the heads
containing seed.

Pelee Island, Ont.

[Perhaps some unwarranted conclusions have

been drawn by both sides; if so, let's have the
fallacies shown up. While you are peculiarly
well situated for getting facts, some of \iour
conclusions will not stand the closest scrutiny.
For instance, you say you have a friend, a
fruit-grower, on an island where no bees exist,
whose fruit "can not be grown to any greater
perfection upon any land of the same quality,"
where there are 100 stands of bees. We ask,
how do you knoui this ? and what do you mean
by perfection? The fruit may be "perfection"
in your estimation, but how do you know that
it would not be better if bees were present at
blossom time? We insist, again, that it does
not prove much to assert that a friend of yours
gi-ows the "perfection of fruit" on an island
remote from bees. If he had grown fruit for
ten years ivithout bees and then ten years ivith
the bees, there would then be an opportunity
for a fairer comparison. Again, in your last
paragraph you say nothing about the possibili-
ties of the Italians fertilizing the< red clover.
The probabilities are, that the ordinary hive-
bees do ten times more pollen-scattering on
these big clovers, because of their numbers,
than the bumble-bees. Here, again, if all bees
were removed, both bumble-bees and hive-bees,
for a tew seasons, from access to red clover,
and then again for a few seasons allowed to
visit the blossoms, the test would be fairer; and
then, how do you know that the bumble-bees
do not do their share? As we see it, friend
Smith, you have unconsciously fallen into the
same error in drawing conclusions that you find
in the writings of those who affirm that bees do
assist in scattering pollen.— Ed. J

THE ELEMENTS OF UNCEKTAINTl' IN THE
KECENT DISCUSSION.

By John C. Oilliland.
There are some well-known facts to be taken
into consideration in the discussion of animal
life aiding in the fertilization of blossoms and
plants. We know, both by revelation and
geology, that plants were created before ani-
mal life, and had power within themselves to
perfect seed, and in their natural forms do so
yet. While all forms of plants and animal life
are more or less dependent on each other, the
lower forms are more independent than the
higher. Commencing with the lowest, each
new creation was for and looking to a higher
order, and all orders of animal life are depen-
dent on phints for continued existence. All
orders, wheihor of plants or animal life, were
good, and for a good purpose at first; and the
evil and conflict we ste is only perverted good.
There is nothing evil of itself, as all evil is only
perverted good. By the power of his intelli-
gence and selection, man has changed the form
and use of many kinds of both plants and ani-
mals; and who shall say that the lower forms
of animal life have not done the same? e

real question is. How much increase is there in

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

129

seed production of plants by insect aid? Are
not plants entirely dependent on insect aid for
seed production? All progress made is only
filling the duty to " go forth and multiply and
replenish the earth, and subdue it." By obser-
vation and experiment we find what orders of
plants and animals are useful, or can be so
changed as to be useful, and what order will
aid us in making the change, and then aid the
development of the useful. Also, find the or-
ders injurious, and destroy them. If we could
get all the people in the world to see and think,
the progress in subduing the earth would be as
great in five or ten years as in all the ages past
by the few great minds who have thought and
seen things as they are and might be.

There are several elements of uncertainty in
the facts stated on both sides in Jan. ISth
Gleanings. Where fruit and seed do not de-
velop when cold and rain prevent insect visits
when blossoms are open, the same causes pre-
vent the normal development of pollen, and,
by washing off what is developed, prevent it
from fertilizing the blossoms. When a single
blossom is covered to keep off insects, it also, to
a certain extent, prevents the wind from carry-
ing the pollen of other blossoms to it to aid in
its fertilization. A single blossom covered may
not fertilize itself; but if a whole tree were cov-
ered, enough blossoms might be fertilized to
yield a crop of fruit. I saw this chance for
error last year in my experiments, and for this
reason intend to cover all the plants on three or
four feet square by driving stakes and covering
with netting, then gather the ripe seed each
ten days, also ripe seed on a like space by the
side of the covered, and find the seed in each
lot at each gathering. This will take out near-
ly all the elements Of uncertainty, and tell
whether the time of blooming or temperature
has an effect on seed production.

I suggest the bee-keeperS make experiments
on this question this year on different fruit-
trees and other plants, not covering a single
blossom by itself, but have a large number un-
der the cover, carefully taking notes of weath-
er, rain, cold, and whether bees worked freely
on uncovered blossoms; then how much fruit or
seeds produced from same number of blossoms
under each condition, leaving nothing to guess
at or state from memory. I should especially
like to have E. R. Root, G. M. Doolittle, C. C.
Miller, and Prof. Cook make the experiment;
then if A. I. Root will hold off publication of
that leafiet until fall we may have some very
interesting reading for the public. Cheese-cloth
is very cheap, and it will not cost much to cover
a whole tree.

Bloomfield, Ind., Jan. 20.

[Covering certain blossoms and not others
may bring in some elements of uncertainty, as
you say; but the fact that all the experiments
made by Prof. Cook and others point pretty

strongly toward the agency of the bees, is pretty
good proof. However, we are sure all candid
bee-keepers want to go to the bottom of things;
and we hope that, ere another year, the experi-
ment will bo tried by several in the way you
indicate. We will publish the pamphlet now,
and by fall may get out another. The informa-
tion already secured is too good to hold. If the
covering of individual blossoms to some seems
objectionable, perhaps the following will an-
swer.— Ed.:]

THE TWO SIDES OF A TREE.

Our apple-orchard is situated in such a way
that it is exposed to both the north and south
winds. About four years ago, as the trees on
the south row (Transcendenteral, that throws
out a heavy growth of foliage at the same time
it blooms) began to open its bloom, a heavy
south wind prevailed for about five days. I
noticed, during this period, that the bees could
not touch the bloom on the south side of these
trees, but worked merrily on the more sheltered
limbs of the north side. What was the result?
Those limbs on the north side were well loaded
with fruit, while on the south side there was
almost none to be seen. Does this prove that
these trees dep-^nd on the aid of insects to fer-
tilize the bloom? I leave it to the judgment of
the reader. F. M. Merkitt.

Andrew, la., Jan. 19.

testimony from a fruit-grower.

Mr. Root:— Find inclosed an article on "Bees
for Fruit-growers," written by the editor, Chas.
A. Green, and clipped from Green's Fruit-grow-
er, published at Rochester, N. Y. Mr. Green is
quite a distinguished and well-known fruit-
grower of Western New York, and is eminently
qualified to judge on the fertilization of fruit-
blossoms by the bees. F. H. Fargo.

Batavia, N. Y., Jan. 2'->.

Is tlie honey-bee beneflciulof detrimental (o fruit-
growers ? Tliis hiis been an open Question for many
years. It has been contended by some, errmu'Dusly,
that bees puncture grapes, peaches, and other fruit
when ripe, greatly to the injury of the fruit. At
the same time, it has been noticed that bees fre-
quent the berry-flelds and the orchards in great
numbers during the blossoming season. It was
granted tliat, in a few cases, bees might be benefi-
cial in fertilizing the blossoms, more particularly
of the strawberry, which was known to be often
pistillate.

It has now become demonstrated that many kinds
of fruits, if not all kinds, are greatly benefited by
the bees, and tliat a large portion of our fruit, such
as the apple, pear, and particularly the plum, would
be barren were it not for the helpful work of the
honey-bee. This discovery is largely owing to Prof.
Waite, of the Agricultural Department at Washing-
ton. Prof. Waite covered the blossoms of pears,
apples, and plums, with netting, excluding the bees,
and found that such protected blossoms of many
varieties of apple and pear yielded no fruit. In
some varieties there was no exception to the rule,
and he was convinced that large orchards of Bart-

130

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb. 15.

lett pears, planted distant from other varieties,
would he utterly barren were it not for the work of
the bees, and even then tliey could not be profitably
g-rowti unless every third or fourth row in the or-
chard was planted to Clapp's Favorite, or some oth-
er variety that was capable of fertilizing tlie blos-
soms of the Bartlett.

n other words, he found tliut the Bartlett pear
could no more fertilize its own blossoms than the
Crescent strawberry. We have already learned
that certain kinds of plums will not fertilize their
own blossoms, such as the Wild Goose, etc.

The fruit-growei's of the country are g-reatly in-
debted to Prof. Waite for the discovery he has made.
The lesson is, that fruit-growers must become in-
terested in bees, and I do not dtmbt that within a few
years it will he a rare thiny to find a fruit-grower who
does not keep honey-bees, the prime object being to
employ the bees in carrying pollen from one blos-
som to another from the fields of small fruits as
well as for the large fruits.

Think of the changes that have occurred in the
last twenty years. In olden times there were :is
many bees as there are now, and there were not -i
thousandth part as many orchards or berry-fieids
as now. Therefore, if tlie lioney-bee has to visit tlie
blossoms as in olden times it will have to visit one
thousand, where in olden times they had to visit
only one blossom. 1 verily believe tliat the barren-
ness of many orchards may be owing to the scarcity
of bees.

During some seasons, the scarcity of bees may be
less noticed than other seasons. If the seast)n is a
dry one during the blossoming time, many blossoms
are fertilized liy the winds and otlier insects than
the honey-bee; but it tlie season is wet, and pro-
longed rains occur, the honey-bee has no power to
fulfill i(s lielpful mission.

This is a question that should receive tlie atten-
tion of every fruit-grower. The honey-bee is useful
and profitable by itself alone. C. A. Green.

BEES AND FI.OWEKS.

By O. M. Doolittle.
It was with more than usual interest that I
read the different views relative to the aid bees
render in the matter of fertilizing flowers of
various kinds, in the last number of Gleanings;
but wliat interested me sliii more was the fact
thiit friends Root proposed to put the pros and
coii-i of the whole matter in pamphlet form
for general distribution. This is something we
have needed for a long time, and, if I am not
greatly mistaken, the doing of this will have a
greater influence toward dispelling the mist
which has gathered before the eyes of the farm-
er and horticulturist — gathered more largely
through jealousy than otherwise, than any
thing heretofore done. I said jeaUmsy had
been largely the cause of this mist gathering
before the eyes of the horticulturist and farmer.
I think I hear some one ask why these should
be jealous. Only from that innate weakness,
common to all, that causes a restlessness to
come over us at seeing others more prosperous
than we are. No sooner did it go out that Doo-
little was makiiig money out of bees than a few

about me began looking around; and when they
saw bees at work on the bloom in their orchards,
meadows, and buckwheat-fields, they began to
reason that Doolittle was getting rich from that
which belonged to them, and from this sprang
the thought that the saccharine matter found
in the flowers was placed there for the develop-
ment of the fruit; and as the bees took away
this sweet as fast as it was secreted by the
flowers, an injury must result to the product
coming from these flowers and their fields,
which injury did much to enhance Doolittle's
gains.

Since going into the queen business I have
heard less of this than formerly; but from my
own experience I doubt not that every prosper-
ous bee-keeper has either heard something sim-
ilar to this. or. if he has not heard it, his neigh-
bors have talked it when not heard by him. I
have even been asked for ten pounds of nice
comb honey as pay for wliat honey the bees
gathered from a ten-acre lot of Canada thistles
which the owner of the land had allowed to
grow up through his shiftlessness.

vSuch a pamphlet as the one proposed will do
away with all this way of thinking, if placed
in the hands of those about us before they be-
gin to be jealous; and instead of their think-
ing that we are getting rich off their broad
acres they will welcome the bee-keepers of the
land as a blessing in helping them to secure
good crops of fruit and grain.

It will be remembered that I have taken a
little different view of the matter than most of
the writers on this subject; and as I believe
this view is the right one, I wish to say a few
words further by way of emphasis in the mat-
ter. The view I hold to, and, as I believe, the
only right view, is, that the first object of hon-
ey n the flowers was not as a food or luxury for
man, nor even to sustain the ife of the bees,
but as a means to an end, and that end was,
that the fruit, or female blossoms of plants»
which could not be possibly fertilized in any
other way, might be fertilized through the agen-
cy of insects which would be attracted to these
flowers by the tempting and attractive morsels
of sweet they spread out before them as a
sumptuous feast, while honey as food for the bee
and for the use of man came In as a secondary
item. As Gregory puts it in his treatise on
squashes, " The primary reason why a squash
grows, is, to protect and afford nutriment to the
seed — the use of it as food being a secondary
matter." and the same reason holds good when
we look into this honey matter. Why is honey
placed in the flowers V To attract insects that
the blossoms may be pronerly fertilized, prima-
rily; and, secondly, for food for these insects,
which food for insects, in case of the bee, is util-
ized by man.

Wliy I coiue to quote Gregory, as above, was
because I knew he said something that was fa-
vorable toward the bee side of this fertilizing

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

131

matter; and in looking it np 1 ran across tlui
sentonce qnotod abovo. As Gregory is not a
beeket'por, wliat lie says can be taken a-? an
unbiased decision. Here is what ho says for the
bee along this line: "The female blossoms of
the i^quash are so covered and hidden by tlus
tall leaves, that it is evident that the fertilizing
pollen mnst be conveyed to ihem by the b(^(>s, to
whom the sqnash-tield appears to be a rich har-
vest Held. All of the crossing or mixing of
s(ina>hes is caused by tlie pollen fiom the male
flowers of one variety being carried by the bees
to the female flowers of another variety." He
further states, that, if the bees are kept from
these female blossoms by means of netting or
otherwise, the embryo squash, at their bas<>.
will always turn yellow and die, nnless pollen
is carried by man from the male to the female
blossoms, as is done in the hybridizing of
squashes to produce different varieties. Here
is something for Mr. Fultz and the doubting
ones to disprove before they can establish the
merits of their side of the matter, for I aver
that, if honey is placed in any one flower to at-
tract insects so that seed can be perfected, and
if no seed can be perfected without these in-
sects, in that variety of flower, then honey was
placed in all flowers which secrete nectar, for
the sole purpose of attracting insects as aids in
their fertilization, and that fruitage to its high-
est perfection can not be obtained except by the
aid of these insects which are attracted by this
nectar. I also aver, that, if the above is true,
and I can see no logical reason why it is not,
then all plants and trees whose blossoms do not
secrete honey are capable of self-fertilization
through the agency of the breeze or otherwise;
hence the taking of all classes of plants and
nut-bearing trees to sustain an opposite theory
is fallacious, and not worthy of the best efforts
of any person. As a matter of history that
should go into the pamphlet to make it com-
plete, I would cite the case of bees being ban-
ished, years ago, by statute, from the town of
Wenham, Mass., on account of their supposed
injury to the iipple crop of that town. While
so banished, the interior orchards of the town
gave scarcely any fruit, the little given being
very imperfect; while all around the borders,
where bees were kept, the fruit set and perfect-
ed in the usual style. After a few years of such
conclusive proof as this, that the bees were the
■orchardists' best friend, the law was stricken
from the statute, and the bees invited back,
to the perfect satisfaction of all concerned.

Again, I wish to note, as a matter of history,
that, during the past season of 1893, very little
buckwheat honey was secured from the buck-
wheat regions of the State of New York — so lit-
tle that we have had, for the first time in my
remembrance, buckwheat honey selling in our
markets for nearly if not quite the same price
as No. 1 clover honey, while it usually sells for
about two-thirds the price of clover honey.

And what has l)eeti the result? Why, the un-
heard-of thing of buckwheat grain bringing 7.5
cts. a bushel, on account of its scarcity, while
th(! best of whit(i wheat is selling at only (W cts.
per bu-hel. As a general thing, buckwheat
brings from one half to twothiids the price of
wheat. That it now brings nearly oncvfourth
more than the best of wheat tells very largely,
under tlie circumstances, on the side of the bee.
Borodino. N. Y., Jan. 23.

[The following is an extract from a recent
government bulhitin entitled Tnsect Life, page
2.54.— Ed.J

bees ok giteat value to kiuiit and seed

GKOWEKS.

By Frank lieiiton.

At last fruit-jfrowers and bee-keepers are g'etting'
into right relations with each other. The numerous
discussions wliicli liave taken place regardinf? the
value of bees as fertilizers of fruil-ljlossoms, and of
those blossoms of plants grown for tiiiiir seeds, and
regarding- the alleged damnge to fruit by liees, liave
led to close ol)sei'vation and careful experimenta-
tion, the results of which show that the interests of
these two -jlassesof producers couttictin but tiiflliig
respects— that, in fact, bee-keepers and fruit-g-row-
ers are of great help to each other, and indispens-
able if each is to obtain the best results in his work.

Bee-keepers have never complained but that the
growing of fruit in the vicinity of their apiaries
was a great bineflt to their interests, lience their
position has been merely a defensive one, the battle
waxing warm only when poisonous substances were
set out to kill off the bees, or when fruit-growers
sprayed their orchards with poisonous insecticides
during tlie time the trees were in blossom; or,
again, when efforts were made to secure by legisla-
tion the removal of bees from a certain locality as
nuisances. Fruit-growers first relented when close
observation and experiment showed that wMsps bite
open tender fruits; that birds peck them; that tliey
crack under the action of sun and rains, and hail
sometimes cuts them, the bees coming in only to
save the wasting juices of the injured fruit. The
wide publicity given to the results of the experi-
ments made under the direction of the United
States entomologist, and published in the report of
the Commis.-.ioner of Agriculture for 1885. have no
doubt contributed much to secure tliis change
among fruit-growers.

But now it would appear that the bees have not
only been vindicated, but that, in the future, fruit-
growers are likely to be geneially regarded as more
indebted to bee-keepers than the latter are to the
fruit-growers, for the amount of honey the bees
secure from f ruit-l)lo8Soms comes far slioi't of
equaling in valiH", that part of tlie fruit crop which
many accurate observations and experiments indi-
cate is due to the complete cross-fertilization of the
blossoms by bees The observations and researches
of Hildebrand, Miiller, Delpino, Darwin, and oth-
ers, as well as the excellent explanation of the sub-
ject in Cheshire's recent work,* have gone far to
prove how greatly blossoms depend upon the agency
of bees for tlieir fertilization and hence for the pro-
duction of seeds and fruits.

♦ " Bees and Bee-lceeoinfr. Scientific and Practical," by Kninl{
R. Cheshire, F. L. S., F. R. M S , Vol. X., pp. 279-328.

132

GLEA^'1NGS IN KEE CULTURE.

Feb. 15.

The facts they have brouglit forward are gradual-
ly becoming- more widely known among fruit-
growers and bee-lseepers, and additional evidence
accumulates. A case Illustrating very clearly tlie
value of bees in an orchard has recently come to
the notice of the writer, and its autlienticity is cori-
flrmed by correspondence witli the parties named,
who are gentlemen of long and extensive experience
in fruit-growing, recognized in their loeality as
being authorities, particularly in regard to cherry
culture. The facts are these: For several years the
cherry cro|) of Vaca Valley, in Solano Co., Cal., has
not been good, although it was formerly quite sure.
The partial or complete failures have been attribut-
ed to north winds, cliilling rains, and similar cli-
matic conditions; but in the minds of Messrs. Bass-
ford, of Cherry Glen, these causes did not sufficient-
ly account for all the cases of failure.

These gentlemen recollected that formerly, when
the cherry crops were good, wild bees were very
plentiful in the valley, and hence thought perhaps
the lack of fruit since most of the bees had disap-
peared might be due to imperfect distribution of
the pollen of the blo.ssoms. To test the matter they
placed, therefore, several hives of bees in their
orchard in 1890. The result was striking, for the
Bassford orchard bore a good crop of cherries, while
other growers in the valley who had no bees found
their crops entire or partial failures. This year
(1891) Messrs. Bassford had some sixty-five hives of
bees in their orchard, and Mr. H. A. Bassford writes
to the Entomologist: "Our crop was g»od this sea-
son, and we attribute it to the bees." And he adds
further:

Since we have been keeping bees our cherry crop has been
much larger th.an foiineily, while those orchards nearest us,
five miles from here, where no bees are kept, have produced

but liglit crops.

The VacaviJlc Entetp>i!<c said last spring, when
referring to the result of the experiment for 1890:

other orchardists are watching this enterprise with great
interest, and may conclude that, to succeed in cherry culture,
a beehive and a cheiry-oichard must be planted side by side.

And now that the result for 1891 is known,
"others," .so Mr. Bassford writes, "who have
cherrj"-orchards in the valley are procuring bees to
effect the fertilization of the blossoms."

HOW BLOS.SOMS ARE FERTILIZED: WHY SOME
FLOWERS ARE MORE GAUDY THAN OTH-
ERS; EXPERIMENTS OF CHARLES
DARWIN.

By J. E. Crane.
Many volumes have been published in sever-
al different languages upon the fertilization of
flowers— the Hrst by Christian Conrad Sprfngel,
in 1793; but tlie subject attracted but little at-
tention until thirty or forty years later, since
which many botanists have given the subject
much attention. Our most eminent botanists
now classify flowering plants in their relation
to fertilization into two classes: Ancrnopliilous
and -K/itomo;>/(i/Yj us— literally, wind-lovers and
insect-lovers. Tlie flowers fertilized by the
wind are dull in color, and nearly destitute of
odor or lioney. The sexes are frequently sepa-
rated, either on the same or on separate ])lants.
They produce a superabundance of pollen, light
and dry, easily transported by the air or wind.

Pines, firs, and other conifera, are familiar
examples, which sometimes fill a forest with
"showers of sulphur" when shedding their
pollen. Our nut-bearing trees are examples
among decidious trees. The grasses and grains
are familiar to all. A kernel of corn will grow
as well alone as with other plants; but •* the
ear will not fill " unless it can receive the wind-
wafted pollen from neighboring plants. On
the other hand, those plants which seem to
have need of bees or other insects to carry their
pollen from one flower to another have more
showy blossoms, with bright colors, or white,
which are showy at dusk, or they give out a
strong perfume or nectar, or both. The pollen
grains are moistor glutinous, or hairy, or other-
wise so constructed as to adhere to the insects
that visit them, and thus be carried from
flower to flower. In this class of plants or
flowers many ingenious arrangements are pro-
vided to secure cross-fertilization. One sex is
found in one blossom, and the other in another,
on the same plant, as in the squash and melon
families. In other species the sexes are found
upon separate plants, as the willow-trees. In
some plants the pistils appear first, and become
fertile before the stamens ripen their pollen. In
others the stamens shed their vitalizing dust
before the stigma of the pistil is ready to
receive it.

The common red raspberry matures its pistils
first, so that, unless the bees or other insects
carry the pollen to it from other earlier blos-
soms, the fruit is imperfect.

The partridge-berry is very interesting. The
blossoms upon about half of the plants produce
their stamens first; the other half, the pistil.
In a week or ten days the order is reversed in
the same flowers.

Many flowers that invite insects appear to be
capable of self-fertilization, and often are; but
the pollen from som.e neighboring plant of the
same species seems more potent. Some flowers
are so constructed that the stamens are placed
so that their pollen can not fall upon the stig-
ma of the same flower, but with special adapta-
tion for the transport of pollen by insects from
one flower to another. One curious plant pro-
duces small inconspicuous flowers early in the
season, capable of self-fertilization; later in the
season it produces more showy flowers that can
become fertile only through the agency of in-
sects.

Many plants remain constantly barren unless
they receive the visits of insects. Many of
your readers have doubtless observed how the
fucshia or begonia never produces seed in a
closed room; yet, when set out of doors in sum-
mer, they seed abundantly. Still other plants
never produce seed because the insects that
feed upon their blossoms have not been import-
ed with the plants.

But this is a large subject, and to me one of
great interest, as I study the many ways the

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

133

Author of nature has provided for tlio best
sood of all his works. A largo number of ex-
amples have been given of the value of bees as
agents in the production of fruit and seed, but I
will give one or two more.

Mr. H. A. March, of Puget Sound, while here
last summer, informed me that he produced
large quantities of California seed, and found
bees very valuable, as the seed was much more
abundant when bees were provided to work on
liie flowers.

The stone fruits seem almost incapable of
self-fertilization, as is often proved by trying to
grow peaches under glass, success seeming to
come only when bees are provided when the
trees are in bloom.

A curious problem has presented itself to the
horticulturists of this country for a number of
years past, in the refusal of some varieties of
the chicka plum to produce fruit in the North-
ern States unless set near some other variety or
species of plum, thai insects might cany the
pollen from one to the other. Such a tree I can
see from my window as 1 write, that is a bank
of bloom every spring, but has never, to my
knowledge, produced a crop of fruit.

Now, suppose it were true that all trees or
plants that produce fruit or seed of value for
the use of man would become fertile without
the aid of bees or other insects, would it prove
them of no value? Not at all. Enough has
been written to show that the Creator has de-
sired cross-fertilization among plants, and has
wisely provided for it in a multitude of ways;
and the chances of such fertilization appear to
be as great among plants as among our bees,
for which such special arrangement has been
made. We might assume it to be valuable or
necessary, even if we could see no good reason
for it. We all know that birds or domestic
animals will prove fruitful for one or perhaps
several generations in spite of the intermar-
i-iage of near relation*: but it is, I believe, the
universal experience Lhat such unions are most
unwise, and. as a rule, prove injurious.

Some twenty-tive or thirty years ago Charles
Darwin, in studying this subject, and noting
the provisions of nature for the cross-fertiliza-
tion of flowers, became so much interested in it
that he began a large number of experiments to
test the value of insects in cross-fertilization,
and the effects of cross and self fertilization
upon plants. His experiments were conducted
with great care and continued through several
years; and his book on the effects of " Cross
and Self Fertilization," describing these experi-
ments, containing several hundred pages, is very
interesting reading to say the least.

Of some i:.'") plants experimented with, more
than half were, when insects were excluded,
either quite sterile or produced less than half
as much seed as when insects were allowed to
visit them. Among his catalogue of these
plants I notice the white and red clover. His

experiments with these are very similar to
those of I'rof. Cook, late of Michigan Agricul-
tural College. He says, page 3()1, of red clover,
" One hundred flower-'heads on a plant protect-
ed by a net did not produce a single seed, while
JOO heads on plants growing outsidt^ which
were visited by bees, yielded 68 grains of weight
of seeds; and as 80 seeds weighed two grains,
the hundred heads must have yielded ri7;iO
seeds. His experience with white clover was
nearly the same.

Another most interesting result of his exper-
iments was that plants grown from seed from
s(»lf-fertiliz('d flowers were, as a rule, when
grown side by side with seed from cross-fertil-
ized flowers, much less vigorous, although in
other respects the conditions were as nearly
alike as it was possible to make them. On page
371 he says, '" The simple fact of the necessity
in many cases of extraneous aid for the trans-
port of the pollen, and the many contrivances
for this purpose, render it highly probable that
some great benefit is thus gained; and this con-
clusion has now been firmly established by the
superior growth, vigor, and fertility of plants of
crossed parentage over those of self-fertilized
parentage."

Middlebury, Vt., Feb. 8.

STRONG EVIDENCE FROM CANADA, ON BEES AS
FEKTII.IZERS.

By Allen Prlngle.
It would seem that there are two sides (and
sometimes more) to every question outside of
mathematics. Until I read the pros and cons
on the above subject in the last issue of Glean-
ings I had supposed that this matter was set-
tled, and fairly within the category of what is
called '• exact science." While my own opinion
on the subject remains unchanged, I realize the
fact that others have contrary opinions; and,
hence, line upon line, fact upon fact, and argu-
ment upon argument, may be necessar\>- to es-
tablish what is already established. The sub-
ject is one of practical importance to bee-keep-
ers, and this is sufficient justification for the
space given and the invitation to discuss. As
is often the case in such controversies, both sides
are right and Ijoth wrong— that is, partially so.
It is more than probable that the bee-keepers
have been claiming too much for the bees in
the fertilization of fruit-bloom; and now •' the
party of the othei' part" is going too far the
other way, and denying them any creditor func-
tion in the matter at all. When the bees were
attacked by the fruit- men as the enemies of
ripe fiuit, and all sorts of charges made against
them, the bee-keepers felt called upon to defend
their pets, and in so doing discovered that there
could be no fruit raised without bees, and told
the fruit-men so, and the whole world also.
This was a mistake. Fruit may be raised with-
out the aid of the honey-bee. There are other

134

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb. 15.

means of fertilization and cross-fertilization —
other winged insects — the wings of the wind,
etc. But for certain fruits and clovers, the bee
is, 2inr excellence, the ministering angel in their
fruition. Let no one deny this. The man of
experience, as well as the man of science, will
contradict him if he does.

I have kept bees for 30 years, and have grown
fruit and clover alongside for 30 years. I have
also studied a little and experimented a little in
this line as well as many other lines. As to
some kinds of fruit — notably apples — I have ob-
served that if, during the bloom, the weather
was such that neither the winged insects nor
the wind (being wet and cold) could perform
their function with the flowers, the fruit was
710/1 est. When the weather at other times was
favorable, and the bloom abundant, I have ex-
cluded the bees from certain portions of the
tree, only to find the fruit also excluded— but
only from those certain portions.

In the spring of 1893 I was summoned to ap-
pear before a legislative committee of the
House of Assembly of Ontario, at Toronto, to
give evidence as to the etfects on the apiarian
industry of sprayingfruit-trees, while in bloom,
with Paris green and other poisons. Our On-
tario Bee-keepers' Association had moved for
an act to prohibit the spraying while the trees
were in bloom, as the bees were being poisoned
in various places, and the spraying at such a
time was unnecessary, and, indeed, injurious
to the fruit as well as poisonous to the bees.
The Minister of Agriculture, for the enlighten-
ment and guidance of the legislative committee
in a matter so important where the interests of
the apiarists and hoi'ticulturists were alike in-
volved, had summoned the leading men in both
industries in the province to appear before the
committee, to present the facts, the experiences,
the pros and cons of both sides. The scientists
were also summoned from Ottawa and Guelph —
Dominion and Provincial entomologists — to
speak for science. The questions of spraying,
fertilization, etc., were discussed. The horti-
culturists, with one single exception, admitted
the valuable and indispensable offices performed
by the honey-bee in the fertilization of the
fruit-bloom: and this was corroborated and con-
tirmed by the entomologists. The fruit-grow-
ers agreed that " the bees play a very important
part in cross-fertilization, and, therefore, should
not be destroyed;" that " we are very generally
dependent upon insects for the fertilization of
our orchards. To destroy them to any extent
would be very injurious to fruit growers."

Prof. James Fletcher, Dominion Entomologist,
said, "Bees do not visit fruit-bloom in dull
weather, and then we get little fruit in conse-
quence." It may be well to quote Prof Fletch-
er here on a cognate point also, as being a high
authority. He said: " As to bees injuring fruit,
there is no direct evidence. Wasps may start
the work, and then bees continue it. We have

never been able to find a case of primary injury
by bees." (See official report of meeting.)

The consensus of the meeting was, that " bee-
keepers and fruit-growers are of great help to
each oiher, and even indispensable, if each
class is to obtain the best results in their
work."

The act we sought of the legislature became
law in this Province, as follows: "No person,
in spraying or sprinkling fruit-trees, during the
period within which such trees are in full
bloom, shall use or cause to be used any mix-
ture containing Paris green or any other poison-
ous substance m/(mou.s to bees." The penalty
clause follows, which I need not quote.

The two following facts are well established;
viz., that bees perform an important and well-
nigh indispensable function in the fertilizaiion
of fruit-bloom; and that, in order to properly
protect the fruit from the ravages of destruc-
tive insects, it is not necessary to apply the
poisonous remedies at a time when the bees,
will be injured thereby — that is. during full
bloom, when the bees visit the trees for nectar.
Darwin, Hilderbrand, ^Nliiller, and other nat-
uralists, have, by their observations and experi-
ments, placed these matters (of such prime im-
portance to the bee-keeper) beyond question.

Selby, Ontario.

[Although we have taken up eight pages in
this issue, to say nothing of Ave or six taken up
in a former issue, on the same subject, we are
obliged to omit two or three good articles oa
the affirmative. We have put in all those on
the negative side thus far received, and have
endeavored to give it a perfectly fair hearing;
but we think that, when our readers see the
whol<>, they will acknowledge that the argu-
ments on the bees' side, in number and variety,
considerably overbalance those on the other
side.

We have room only to say that Dr. Miller has
followed up very closely the writer in the Rural
Neiv -Yorker, who he\d that hees have nothing
whatever to do with the fertilizing of fruit-blos-
soms. Indeed, he has cornered him with an ar-
ray of evidence that would be enough to con-
vince almost any man except one who will not
be convinced against his will. In a foot-note
the editor of the Ruo'al says he is not ready to
give his say yet; but elsewhere, editorially, he
puts in this pithy paragraph in favor of the
bees :

A woi'd for the bees. Tn tlio.se gi'eat greenhouses,
near lioston. wiiere early cucumluM's are grown, it
is alwjiys necessary to have one or two liives of bees
inside to fertilize the flowers. No l)ees, no cucum-
bers, uiiluss men go around with a brush and dust
the iiollun from one flower to another.

Whatever the negative has to say. this will
be a hard nut for them to crack. If the bees
are generally acknowledged to be an aid in
greenhouse work, why not out doors ? A few
positive cases of this kind, are worth "bush-
els'" of negative testimony from the other side..
-En.l

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

135

UNJUST TAXATION OF BEES.

UNHOIA' rUACTlCES IN THK HOLY LAND; AN

INTERESTING ARTICLE; CONCLUDED

FROM OTJK LAST ISSUE.

By Ph. J. Bdldensperger.

In my previous article I spol<e of theontrage-
ous tax laid upon our hives, amounting to some
*G00 on 180 hives, or$3.3;V;i per hive. Our only
resort now was to refuse to pay. and await
events. As stated, we had apiaries in Judea
and Philistia. Two of my brothers, Emile and
Jean, were living near Bethlehem with their
apiaries; my oldest brother, Henry, had taken
his apiary toward Hebron, myself in Philistia.
The apiary near Bethlehem was sequestered.
Four negro guards were sent out to keep the
bees, and prevent them from being moved. My
brothers were allowed to work, take the honey,
etc. Our bees — that is to say, a lot of them,
were sold at auction in the town of Jerusalem;
but as the people in general know very little
about bees, they brought a very low price. It
was ridiculous — I think something less than a
dollar a hive. The silver money of the size of a
dollar in Turkey is called a majkli— from the
Sultan, Abd-el-Majeed, who first made them.
As it is a rule in Turkey that the proprietor
have the last word when a thing is sold at pub-
lic auction, he has the ciioice of buying it him-
self; but when I came to the court 1 declared
we were not inclined to buy our own bees at
such a low price, so it was announced that they
would come out to take the bees on a certain
day. A young man who had gained some ideas
of apiculture of us was hired to haul the bees
on camelback, and take them to his home,
where he would work them. My brothers put
the bees all into supers — no bottom-boards — and
the quilts were placed in a loose way. The en-
trances were not regulated, and we retreated to
await the moment of departure. Triumphant-
ly a gang of officials, guards, cameliers with 13
camels, and said youthful bee-keeper, came
there and awaited the evening, with satirical
remarks. The villagers, who had received
bribes, were rolling for joy to see us deprived
of bees.

When the sun was down they moved to the
apiary, enjoying the deed they were about to
perform. When the first hive was lifted, the
bees rushed out, stinging. A second hive was
tried with the same result, and with great con-
sternation. They withdrew, and in Jerusalem
accused us of having put out hives without bot-
toms, and that it was not lawful. Of course,
there exists no law saying how bees are to be
kept, and we said we chose to keep them as they
were.

They then made up their mind to take hold of
my brother Henry's apiary, near Hebron, and
said they would do so. Accordingly, Henry and
myself immediately began hauling; but a Mo-
hammedan feast of atonement coming in, three

days' leisure was left us, so we took Christian
cameliers, and, while the roads on which they
expected us to pass were guarded near Jerusa-
lem, we passed a rough mountain way across
the mountains of Judea. It seemed to us some-
thing like Hannibal crossing the Alps with his
elephants, and a terrible time we had of it. Ii
took us three nights to reach the plains of Phi-
listia, out of reach of the Jerusalem Pashalik.
Camels stumbled over rocks, and threw down
their loads; ropes got loose, and hives fell off;
the road was strewn with debris, like the way
of an army in retreat; so my brother Henry re-
mained behind to gather up, and had iak(!n the
food with him. A village of Mohammedans
would not sell us even any bread. They said
they had no bakers. A boy went around beg-
ging a few loaves, and I had to live on the beg-
gar's share. We had carried our bees out of
immediate danger of being seized. I waited
again for new orders. We knew it would take
considerable time for orders to be transmitted
from Jerusalem to Gaza, for the district in
which we settled was dependent on Gaza.
The Jerusalem officials, as soon as the feast-
days were over, set out to seize the bees in the
Hebron district; but

Wlien they came there the field was bare,

And so the poor Turks had none.
They found the Arab guardian, an old culprit
and highway robber, who had turned from his
wicked ways and tried to be honest, if God
would be merciful to him and give him a good
living, as he put it; a few empty hives remain-
ed as odd numbers. The camels take just eight
hives each. On questioning him about the bees'
whereabouts, he said he thought they must
have swarmed, as he heard the bee-keeper
say they do swarm sometimes. They explained
the way of swarming as nearly as they could,
hut he insisted on the possibility of swarming
hives and all.

Low-spirited they again returned to Jerusa-
lem, and finally asked us if we would not pre-
fer to treat with them, for in some way or other
they expected us to prepare new tricks. They
were not wrong, either, and we agreed to pay
half the sum, payable in the course of the fol-
lowing year. This was one of the causes that
led two of my brothers to turn their backs on
such lawless countries, carrying a considerable
number of hives with them. In the following
year nobody would have any thing to do with
bees, as the costs of this nearly two-years' pro-
cess was about as much as the sum we paid,
and we have, since then, been invited to settle
affairs as best we thought, without any further
annoyance. This has been done; and the vil-
lagers too, who had always benefited by our
presence in their village, lost our patronage,
and, what was worse, lost almost all their bees.
It is well here to say that some of the false wit-
nesses owned bees, and generally they believe
that bees die off if a false witness is given con-

136

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb. 15.

cerning them, or a strife arises between bee-
iceepers. They had sworn falsely by king Da-
vid, and those saints will punish such delin-
quents. They had assembled on Mt. Zion, near
Jerusalem, and put their hands to the window
of King David's mausoleum, and had sworn by
the life of God and the prophet David that all
they said concerning our sixfold hives was true,
and some others had to swear that the men that
swore were truthful.

Two years after, a beautiful apiary of some
300 hives was reduced to 30 hives, with almost
no surplus honey, and the taxes to pay. They
herein saw the just punishment for swearing at
all; for, though false swearing is a deadly sin
which the saint may kill on the spot, as they
believe, still they believe, too, that swearing is
no good, whether right or wrong, though they
do swear for mere nothings, but not in such a
solemn way as they did there. Years passed by,
and the villagers use all their efforts to call us
back. They very much regretted the annoy-
ance, but their selfish regrets have led to noth-
ing up to date, and meanwhile we have found
better bee-pastures, and have kept out of their
way. I mean my brothers have, for it is long
since I closed accounts with the despicable fel-
lahin of Palestine and Turkish misrule, and
hope they may continue to leave in peace the
bee-keepers settling in Palestine.

Though the honey resources of Palestine are
excellent, the distance of the market, and, con-
sequently, the cost of transportation to the
nearest ports, Marseilles and Algiers or Trieste,
together with the duty laid on honey, are so
great that it would be preferable, if honey-rais-
ing were the only aim, to settle in some well-
organized place, with a view of selling honey
at a remunerative price, and avoiding the risk
of shipment, besides the cost.

Nice, France.

[It seems that the publicans and sinners have
not all passed away yet in Palestine. Strange
how history repeats itself. These things would
not be if Christianity still had a hold upon that
land instead of Mohammedanism. — Ed.]

HONEY IN THE SAN BERNARDINO MOUN-
TAINS.

HOW THEY CROWD OUT THE BEE KEEPEK.

By C. [V. Dayton.

The following observations and conclusions
were made in or close by the San Bernardino
range of mountains, which begins at the coast
on th(! west, and extend eastward for a dis-
tance of about 1.50 miles, entirely across the
inhabited part of the southern portion of the
State.

As all old bee-keep(>TS know, and all n(^w
ones soon learn, there is little or no good honey
obtained but by keeping the bees in the moun-

tains; so we may journey for many miles
across beeless ti'actsof farming or fruit country,
until, reaching the mountains, we find located,
one or two miles apart, along their base or in the
numerous canyons, apiaries as regularly located
as the stations indicated on the map of amain line
of railroad. To place another apiary anywhere
in the line is lilce adding another link to an
already perfect chain. These apiaries contain
from 50 to .500 colonies, as the location in the
range of mountains is more or less favored in
honey flora, and locations do thus exceed each
other almost to the extent of ten to one.

The apiaries are placed at the point where
the valley ends and the mountains assert them-
selves. First, because these mountains exceed
nearly all others in abruptness, and can not be
climbed except by prepared trails; and, again,
the land close by them is formed of granite rock
and gravel mixed, that has been washed down
from the mountain sides for ages — land which
becomes too sterile for peaches, prunes, grapes,
or apricots under a few years' tillage.

When chaparel (greasewood) and sage are
first cleared off, the land and the rubbish plow-
ed under, it supports trees for a time, but is too
high and dry for clover or alfalfa to grow; ar-
tificial fertilizers quickly disappear in the
gravelly subearth; and, fruit failing to pay for
expensive cultivation, the orchards are allowed
to " play out," and the possessor of high-priced,
nearly worthless land, goes into bee-keeping as
a last sustaining straw, with the idea that bees
" worlv for nothing and board themselves." Well
"heeled in" they seldom take a journal, or
produce comb honey, and construct their hives
with the main intention of keeping "millers "
out.

Farther from the mountains there is an un-
derlying bed of hardpan which has, for years,
caught and accumulated the richness from the
higher lands, and nearly any crop may be
grown, and all fruits are of better quality.
While these mountain orchards are making as-
tonishing growths, and producing fine speci-
mens of fruit for a time, more " tender feet"
are enticed from the frozen North and East to
clear up new fields of greasewood and sage, and
capitalists obtain their fancy prices.

Los Angeles is about midway along these
mountains, and near there more chaparel grows
than elsewhere, and the amount decreases
either east or west toward San Jacinto or Ven-
tura. The soil changes gradually from dark
granite to limestone and whitish clay, and the
different sages take the place of chaparel. In
winter the sages are dead and light brown in
color, and, with the light-colored rock and soil,
the whole mountains receive the distinctive
shade when viewed from a distance of twenty
miU^s. The granite and chaparel covered
mountains are known by their evergreen cast.
The yields of honey the past season in the dif-
ferently located apiaries has varied from 120 to

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

137

IMX) pounds to the hivo, in almost exact con-
formity to the consistency of the mountains,
and the apparently consequent greater or less
amount of sage. As the sages increased in
either direction gradually, and the soil changed,
so the honey-yield gradually increased. The
variation of the honey-flow is usually ascribed
to the atmosphere; but in this case th(n'e ap-
pear to be indications that the soil made the
difference. Near Mount Wilson, in the midst of
the chaparel district it is told of apiaries yield-
ing 30() to 400 lbs. to the hive. Even if this is
true, it was years ago, when there were fewer
apiaries, and the present extensive fruit-
orchards were covered with sage. What sage
remains along the mountains is a comparative-
ly narrow strip, and is of a less thrifty and
varying growth than were the valley sages.
While the fruit-man is led into the business by
the land-speculator pointing to the growth of
greasewood, which will thrive upon the desert
itself, the would-be bee-man often thinks, the
more mountain the more honey.
Downey, Cal., Jan. 20.

[Just as extensive agriculture, such as the
substitution of wheat-fields f^r pasture-lands
with its acres of white clover, has made what
was once profitable bee-keeping now unprofita-
ble, so the starting of fruit-ranches in Califor-
nia is taking away the sources of honey, and
the bee-keeper is obliged to hie away to the
mountains. It must be a little comforting to
the bee-keeper to know that there are places
where the bees may remain undisturbed. — Ed.]

MANUM IN THE APIARY.

A PROPOSED NOSr-SWARMING SCHEME.

By A. E. Manum.

" You will observe, Mr. Daggett, that this
colony is very strong; in fact, I choose strong
thrifty colonies for these experiments, in order
to test these different methods thoroughly. I
am running this colony on what /call the 'sand-
wich' plan. After the queen had filled the combs
in the main brood-chamber I placed a half-
depth brood-chamber on top, with a perforated
zinc between the two; and after shaking a few
bees into this upper chamber I placed the
queen (that I had previously removed from
below; with them; and as soon as the honey-
flow came I raised this upper half-story and
placed a tier of sections between the two cham-
bers, being particular to raise the zinc also, and
placing that over the sections to prevent the
queen from going down into the sections to de-
posit eggs; therefore you will see that the
queen is confined to the upper brood-chamber."

" But, Manum, what about the lower brood -
chamber? Don't the bees build queen-cells
there after the queen is removed ?"

" Well, Mr. Daggett, that is what I am test-
ing. I have looked this colony over but once
since putting the queen in the garret, and that
was when I put on the sections, and I found
two queen-cells; but I thought at the time,
that probably those cells were started, and had
eggs in them when the queen was removed, be-
cause they did not look Vike forced cells; and,
again, had thi> bees becni determined to raise a
queen below to replace the old one, it seems to
me that they would have started more than
two cells; and after looking them over this
time, if no cells are found I shall think this
plan worthy of further trial. We shall see."

"Manum, how many days is it since you re-
moved the queen from below ?"

"The record here says 13 days; and on the
sixth day after her removal I found the two
cells I have mentioned, and now it is 6 days
since that time. I will now remove this upper
brood-chamber, and now the sections. My !
they are quite heavy. I will look at them.
Yes, they are doing well in them. This section
is partially capped; but as I took it out from
the center of the clamp it is not to be wondered
at. I will take out one from the corner of the
clamp (section -case). Well, there! just look at
this, Mr. Daggett. If any thing, this section is
nearer completion than the one taken from the
center. What does this mean? Let us consid-
er this a moment. Ordinarily the bees com-
plete the center sections first, so that I am
obliged to 'jump' them by exchanging center
ones for those on the outside; but in this case
all are being filled together. It must be owing
to there being brood above and below. I must
give this colony another tier of sections before
I leave them, and I believe I will put them on
the top of this set, inasmuch as the queen is
confined above. There is one thing, however,
that I don't quite like; and that is, where they
have capped the sections the cappings do not
look as white as they should. I fear that this
will be one trouble with this plan of 'sand-
wiching.' The bees, in their attempt to get
pollen up to the queen-apartment, will soil the
sections more or less. We will now examine
the combs in the lower chamber. Well, there,
Mr. Daggett; the brood is all sealed, and not a
queen-cell started. That is encouraging."

"How long, Manum, are you going to keep
the queen above before you return her to her
old apartment below ?"

" It is time now to return her, as it is 13 days
since she was removed; consequently there is
nothing below from which the bees can start
queen-cells; but as I want to test this experi-
ment more thoroughly I will give them a frame
of uncapped brood from some other hive. I
have to take it from another hive because the
frames in this upper story are too shallow,
they being only half the depth of the lower
ones. There ! now with this comb of brood
containing eggs, if they do not start queen-cells

138

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb. 15.

I shall think this plan worthy of further and
more extensive trial; and if, when I come here
next week, I find no queen-cells I shall put the
queen below and give them another tier of
sections— providing I think it necessary— and I
shall feel quite sure there will be no swarming
fever in this colony. Well, there, Mr. Daggett,
it is nearly one o'clock, and you remember I
promised my wife we would lie back home by
half-past 12 to help pick strawberries, as she
said some of her pickers had disappointed her
to-day."

On our way home Mr. Daggett asked:

" Manum, do you know any thing about a
young man who lives in our county, by the
name of Langdon, who has invented a new ar-
rangement to prevent swarming?"

" Yes, I have seen him: in fact, I visited him
last winter, where I had a very enjoyable time.
I found him to be a live young bee-keeper who
is very enthusiastic, as also is his father.
When I went there I found them both busily
at work in their little factory, where they have
all needed machinery for making their own
supplies. This machinery is run by steam-
power; and when the young man, Mr. H. P.
Langdon, showed me his new device for pre-
venting swarming I was not so much surprised,
inasmuch as nearly all the machinery in his
shop was of his own make, showing thai he is
a genius and a natural mechanic."

" Then you saw his new device ?"

" Oh, yes ! he explained it all out to me, as
well as his house-apiary. But here we are at
home again, and I will tell you all about it
some other time, with my experience with
something similar to his device."

Bristol, Vt.

^ I ^

EXTRACTED VERSUS COMB HONEY.

KP:PLY to E. FRANCE; WIIvL, A COTTONY YIELD
MOKE COMB THAN EXTRACTED?

By R. C. A ikiri.

For upward of l.^> years I have produced both
comb and extracted honey in the same apiary.
I used to think my yield of extracted, one third
more than of comb. I did get more extracted
than of comb ; but closer observation finally
led me to believe that it was at a sacrifice of
winter stores, at least in part.

In Oct. 1.5th Glkanin(js, page 776. Mr. E.
France says: '"■Well, it just happened that we
used up one set of combs more than we counted
on in making new colonies, and one hive was
left empty of combs. Th(i bees were there.
Now, when we came again all the hives were
filled with honey— that is, the combs were.
The yard averaged 2.') lbs. of extracted honey
to the colony. That empty hive had to build
comb for their honey. They did not have .'> lbs.
of combs, all told— honey, bees, and all— making
a difference of 5 to 1. It was as good a colony

as the average — I think better. How is that,
R. C. Aikin?"

Now, friend F., why did you stop there?
Your argument is very lame. You fell into the
same trap that many others have fallen into.
I must ask you some questions. How much
more honey had they in their brood-chamber
than the other colonies? How long was it after
you robbed them of their combs before you
went back again? Also, how much time was
lost by them before they could get ready to
build comb after being so unceremoniously rob-
bed? You must see that these are pertinent
questions. With an abundance of combs on
hand in which to store, surely that colony
would not be secreting wax so as to go to build-
ing comb at once.

This involves to some extent the question of
wax secretion— whether voluntary or involun-
tary. I believe it is voluntary, but that they
require time both to start or stop it. We know
they will not build comb ahead of their needs.

Four years ago we had a sudden and very
rapid flow of honey. We were feeding to keep
up brooding, and they would have starved but
for the feed given. In four days they had all
available comb full, and were at work on foun-
dation. Many colonies used enough old wax in
huUding new comb to have held 5 lbs. of honey.
They did not get under full headway secreting,
for about five or six days at least. I admit that,
under such circumstances, we may at times lose
some honey; but on the other hand we may
lose wax when a sudden stop comes in the flow.

During the season of 1890 I managed Km colo-
nies in three apiaries — one apiary located at
home, two seven miles out and two miles apart.
As a whole, the home apiary was run for ex-
tracted, and the out for comb honey. The total
crop was twelve tons. About the same per col-
ony \vas yielded in each yard, but theextracted-
honey colonies had less in the brood-chamber
than the others. A few colonies in the home
yard were run for comb— the strongest— and in
the out yards a few of the weakest for extract-
ed. The average yield per colony was 150 lbs.
The greatest yield from any one colony was 350
lbs., the least 25 lbs., both comb. Colonies of
apparently equal strength showed little differ-
ence in yield, whether comb or extracted.

In 1891 all were run for comb, save a few of
the weakest colonies. The latter did not give
as much surplus per colony as those run for
comb, yet, according to the theory of " double,"
yes, "and more than double," these weak colo-
nies should have at least equaled the average
yield of those run for comb, but they did not.

The seasons of 18'.)3 and 1893 showed about
the same n^sults as to proportion, but the crop
was very light.

Now, friend F., if you have produced both
comb and extracted at the same time and place,
you must have observed this: That the comb-
honey colonies, by all odds, store more honey in

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

139

thoir brood-chambers than do the extracted-
honoy colonies. You get more extracted honey,
but leave loss in the hives; yet your colonies
did not gather so much more. This may not
account for all the ditTerence; but well nigh all
that is unaccounted for lies in the management.
It takes about as much more skill to make a
real successful comb- honey producer as the ap-
parent excess of extracted over comb.

It is easier to produce the extracted, and care
for it so as to make a merchantable article, but it
costs more for storage room for fixtures and their
care, while the product brings about half what
comb does per pound. In the matter of putting
honey in barrels, let me also give you a bit of
experience. I had two white-oak barrels, hand
made, that I had used for two or three years.
They remained empty, and in a dry place,
throughout the summer, until the fall flow,
when the hoops were driven as tight as they
would bear without bursting (seven and eight
hoops to the barrel, and heavy), and were then
filled with honey. Soon after filling I shipped
them to this State from Iowa. In a few weeks
after arriving here the hoops were dropping off
and the honey leakii.g. Theso were 25-gallon
barrels, and one of them I have here to-day, a
good barrel after about ten or more years of
service. You may be able to keep your honey
in barrels; but how about it when you ship?

Now, friend F., T vvunt you to take a number
of colonie^. run oni naif for comb and the other
for extracted, tneu w..igh the total results, both
hi and out of the brood-chambers, and report
the number of pounds gathered by each divi-
sion. I am perfectly willing to trust to you for
the details.

It matters not so much to you and me as to
the real right or wrong of this question; but if
twice as much extracted can be produced as
comb, at the same cost, and the extracted will
bring eight cents while the comb brings sixteen,
we surely shall make the greater profit out of
the extracted, because less skill is required in
its production. Because it is su much easier to
raije the extracted and still have a merchanta-
ble article, I am constantly thinking on the
problem of how to arrange my stock so I can
handle as much stock in the producing of comb
as one man is supposed to be able to care for;
then, in addition, have an equal or greater num-
ber to run for extracted. The constant care
necessary to get a first-class article of comb
necessarily makes one limit the amount of
stock he runs; but I have not the least doubt
that the time is close at hand when we shall be
able to manage as successfully two or three
hundred colonies for extracted, as .50 to KX) for
comb. The control of swarming will enable us
to So increase our output of the liquid honey
that we can compete with sugars, and be also a
great step toward making of it a staple.

Mr. Editor, if any of your readers have been
producing both comb and extracted at the same

time and place, may we not hear from them — at
least in brief statements, giving their opinion
as to the actual difference in amount of honey
to V)e obtained?
Loveland, Colo., Jan. 3.5.

[This is indeed a very practical question as
well as quite a mooted one. We are constantly
being asked by beginners how much more ex-
tracted than of comb can be produced, or which
is the more profitable. When the question was
discussed several years ago the opinions of
some of our best bee-keepers conflicted some-
what; but now larger experience and wider
observation on the part of all of us will, we
hope, enable us to do the subject more Justice.
We desire that not only friend France but the
other prominent bee-keepers will give their ex-
perience.—Ed.]

^ I ^

MARKETING EXTRACTED HONEY.

HOW TO GET A TRAUK STAKTED WITH THE
GKOCEKS; SOME VALUABLE SUGGESTIONS.

By Chalon Fowls.

As I have succeeded in establishing a good
home market for my extracted honey, in my
own and adjoining towns, selling 3000 to 3000
lbs. every season, I will give a few hints show-
ing what my methods are.

First, to show that it pays better than to ship
to a distant market in the city, I will say that
last season's crop brought me 13K cts. on the
average, running from 11 to 14 cts. Now, bear
in mind this result was not obtained in a single
year; but in the course of a few years a good
reputation has been gained for a choice article
of honey. Of course, nothing is sold under my
labels but choice well-ripened clover and bass-
wood honey, ripened on the hives. If I happen
to get any dark or inferior honey it is sold at a
less price directly to consumers, explaining the
reason of the difference in price. I would not
let the grocers have it at any price. I put up
my honey for families in 1-quart Mason jars,
crocks, or any thing they wish; but for

THE GKOCKUY TRADE,

it is put up in pint Mason jars or jelly-tum-
blers. A simple 1x3 inch white label is used,
giving my name and the word honey the most
prominence, as it is my belief that the best " dis-
play" can be made with theh.o?ie!y itself, which
I aim to have "clear as crystal." and put up
in flint glass. I make a trip once in five or
six weeks with a fresh supply, and call on all
the grocers; and any cans unsold, that show
signs of candying, are replaced with freshly
put-up goods.

I have often had quite a little difliculty in
getting grocers to try my honey the first time.
I once talked quite a long time with a grocer
whom I will call Mr. A. I can remember a part
of the '"palaver," which ran something like
this:

140

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb. 15.

'■ Your honey looks nice and clear, but it won't
stay so."

" But if it candies I'l] change with you next
time I come around."

" Don't want the nasty sticky stuff around
anyhow; leaking and sizzling down the side,
and daubing up my shelves."

" But I tell you my honey xooii't sizzle down
the side, and I'll prove it if you'll take only a
little to try the goods."

" It will be little if any, and that won't pay to
bother with."

" But I expect to convince you that my goods
are clean to handle, of superior quality, neat,
and attractive, and a good seller; and you will
soon have a good trade in my honey, which will
be profitable."

" Well. I would try half a dozen, but you ask
too much."

"None too much when you consider the qual-
ity, and that I warrant you against all loss."

After more " palaver" he took half a dozen,
and since that has been a regular customer— in
fact, he won't buy of any one else, and often
handles thirty or forty dollars' worth in a sea-
son.

Once, after leaving him a stock of honey, I
called on his competitor next door, only to find
I could not sell him any, as he had a few cans
on hand he had bought of some other party,
that were candied.

A month later, when I called on Mr. A. I
found the honey had been selling well, and he
took some more. Calling next door on Mr. B. I
suggested that he would now be ready to take
some honey; but he said:

"No. Mr. Fowls, you see I've got this candied
stuff yet, and I want to get rid of this first. "

" Well, it doesn't seem to sell. Yott seem to
have just about what you had a month ago."

"Well, no; it doesn't sell; it doesn't look
nice, and people don't want honey unless it
does look nice."

" Perhaps the people don't know what it is.
I see it's not labeled."

"Fact! the most of them think it's horserad-
ish."

'• Well, I guess you'll have to melt it up, to
sell it."

" Haven't got the time. I should be stiVe to
make a muss, get it burned, or sotnething. Let
me trade it for some of yours."

"No, I couldn't do that, Mr. B. It's not as
good as mine; and if I should sell it again it
would hurt ray trade."

"Oh! but you could dispose of it somewhere;
and I will try your honey, and you will be mak-
ing money out of me."

" No, sir, Mr. B. When you handle my goods
you will make a much larger profit than I do.
8ee here; I think I can give you a pointer.
Last month when I came around I sold a stock
to your neighbor, Mr. A. You would not take
any, but said, ' Wait till I dispose of this can-

died honey first.' Well, since then Mr. A. has
made $2.00 clear profit on my honey. If you
take my honey, you are the one that will be
making money. Why haven't you made any
thing on honey the last month? You didn't
have honey that would sell."

"Ha, ha! I'll give up; bring in a couple of
dozen and we'll try it."

I often do quite a little talking to get people
to try my honey; but after I get a customer I
can usually keep him.

If a man does not buy the first time, I keep
coming till he does. If he happens to have a
stock of honey bought of some one else, I do
not pick a flaw in it; on the contrary, I praise
the good points; and if there are any bad ones,
the grocer will usually mention them himself
on seeing my sample in comparison. I never
run down a competitor's goods, even if they
are inferior, and " farmers' honey " nearly al-
ways is.

I sell quite a little to boarding-houses and
families in my own town. I sell small packages
of honey the same size the grocers sell, at the
same price; but larger quantities I sell cheaper.
I called on a mechanic in his shop one day, and,
producing my sample, proceeded to strike him
for a trade. He at once refused, saying some-
thing to this effect:

"No, I never use it; have not bought any
for years."

" But your family— wouldn't they like it?"

"Oh! they might, likely enough; but we can't
afford it; and as long as they are satisfied with
the cheap sugar syrup, I can't afford honey."

" Well, Mr. H., I'll admit honey can't com-
pete with sugar, simply for sweetening pur-
poses; but it's the //(('I'or I want to sell you; and
I think I could convince you that honey is as
cheap as sugar when you take that into consid-
eration."

" Well, you'll have a hard time convincing
me."

" I think I heard you speak of buckwheat
flour being high. I suppose you have buck-
wheat cakes at your house these mornings?"

" Yes, sir; there's nothing equal to buckwheat
cakes, made the old-fashioned way with yeast."

"And you like the flavor of those cakes so
well that you pay nearly three times the price
of wheat flour to get them !"

" Well, I'll acknowledge the corn, Mr. Fowls;
but if I'm extravagant with my cakes I ought
to be careful what I put on them."

"So I suppose you put on granulated-sugar
syrup."

"Yes; and the children want them just
swimming in it too; but it's cheap.''

" Mr. H., let me suggest that it would cost no
more to put just a little of this fine-flavored
honey around on top of them than it would to
have it just swimming in sugar syrup."

" Well, you call at my house when yon come
around with the honey, and we'll try it."

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

141

Of course, I sold him some, and he ordered
some more in two or three \veel<s, making :.'4 lbs.
so far. When I asked him if he had tried it yet
himself he said, " Why, I have eaten more of
that honey than I have eaten before in all my
life. It is thicker, liner flavored, and agrees
with me bett(>r than the old strained honey I
tried years ago."

Some of my customers who keep boarders say
it is the cheapest thing they can get for sauce.
It needs no preparation, will go farther, and is
relished as well as any thing.

As compared with maple syrup, a person can
usually take only a little honey on a spoon, but
will take a whole spoonful of maple, it is so
much thinner.

Oberlin, O., Jan. :.'4.

^ 1

RAMBLE 102.

.SURPRISE party; pui.lrd p.kes: how the

RAMBLER AND MR. MOFFAT CAUGHT THE
BEE-THIKVES, ETC.

The cabin in which the Rambler now resides
in happy single blessedness is large enough for
me to spread myself in, and have one spare
room besides. It takes three good rooms in
which to do the spreading. I find fully as much
company here as in the little cabin where I had
rattlesnakes and sknnks under my bed. The
basement of my house is occupied by two cats.
The husband cat is, however, absent much of
the time. Having, I suppose, set
him an example for rambling, he is
trying to outdo my best efforts.
The wife cat, however, is very con-
tented, and placidly eats my pan-
cakes if I spread them well with
35-cent butter. The attic of my
house is also occupied by a family
of woodpeckers. They are so much
in the habit of pecking around
for a living, that, even in the dead
of night, their pecking machinery
gets to going, and at first it was
exceedingly annoying to hear a
loud rap, rap, rap, and, upon going
to the door, to look out into blank
darkness. Knock, knock, knock,
again, suggestive of spirits. Won-
der whose spirit it is. Then Poe's
Raven comes to mind: " Who's that Knocking,
knocking at my chamber door?" Then the
knock, knock, knock, is repeated, and I locale
it in the attic, and among my harmless feather-
ed tenants.

A few evenings after locating in this four-
roomed house I was having a fine outlook upon
the world through one of our San P'rancisco
papers, when another knock, knock, knock,
came. This time it sounded so natural that I
laid off my specs and went to the door, and
there stood the smiling visage of my nearest
neighbor. He sort o' unceremoniously brushed

right by me and entered the house, and then
another neighbor did the same, and then anoth-
er; then the women began to swarm in, and
I retreated to the further corner of my study;
but the neighbors kept coming, and then babies
inarms. I almost faint(!d, and gasped, "Gra-
cious! what next is coming?" Well, it was
chairs, tables, and oysters, and then I began to
realize that I had been struck by a surprise par-
ty. I never liad the least objection to being
surprised; but in this case, instead of being
gi'adually surpi-ised, the good people all came
at once. It was rather overwhelming: didn't
know where to put my hands and foc.t. I grad-
ually came tu. as the Yankee said, and told the
women 1o dump the babies on the bed and I'd
go out under a pepper-tree and change my wear-
ing apparel. They followed my advice, and the
bed was a sight to behold. I got out into the
glorious California air, and made for the pep-
per-tree with my Sunday go-to-meeting clothes
under my arm. The cold stars looked down
upon me wiih unpitying rays.

All of my festive young friends, and especial-
ly Mr. and Mrs. Clark, took right hold with
both hands, so to speak, for enjoyment; and as
these good friends were responsible for the sur-
prise, I expected something would soon happen
to them, and, sure enough, it was only a few
days after that when both were down with la
grippe.

The surprise was brought to a close at a time-

ly hour, and all the friends happily went to
their various homes. The babies, sleeping
peacifully on my humble bed. were rolled in
blankets and tenderly conveyed away also.
When the last one had disappeared I entered
my cabin again, and, after a few reflections upon
past times in the far East, I was soon enjoying
myself in the land of dreams.

Soon after the occurrences above noted I vis-
ited our apiary again to give it a thorough
looking-over, for it had been a long time that I
had been absent from it. and at such times there
are apt to be some colonies that become queen-

142

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feu. 15,

less; others will have fertile workers, and others
may have been tampered with by skunks, and
bipeds that are worse than skunks. So, upon
my approach to the apiary, I heard a note that
made me hasten my steps; and, sure enough,
there was robbing in progress, and several hives
were being assaulted. It is the practice here to
close the entrances, after the extracting season
is past, down to about an inch; and knowing
that these were strong colonies only a few weeks
before, I was a little surpiised to see the vortex
of bees whirling around them. Without wait-
ing for veil or smoker I grasped the sharp-edged
steel tool that we use to pry open the supers;
and the first one that I tipped back I found had
been cleaned of its brood -combs, bees and all;
and though there was no one within a mile of
me I shouted right out, " Pulled bees!" and an
examination revealed that 13 colonies had been
stolen. The frames from the brood-chambers,
with adhering bees, had been removed (pulled),
and placed in hives owned by the puller; and a
person entering the apiary would miss no hives
from their accustomed place.

" Well," said I to myself, " this puller beats
the puller of honey;" but I soon changed my
mind in that respect; for, when I unlocked and
entered the cabin, I found eleven 60-lb. cans of
honey missing, and about 30 lbs. of beeswax.
All manner of schemes for the entrapment of
the thieves were entertained, and finally I re-
solved to watch nights, or to let the thieves go
on in ihe evil way they had been doing; and
by thus giving them rope enough they would
hang themselves; and, sure enough, a few
evenings after, there came a knock, knock,
knock, at my lonely cabin door. It was not the
woodpecker in the attic this time, but at the
door I found Mr. Mofl'at, of the neighboring
town of Rialto, and a tall lank man. The
Rambler, it has been said, is a lank fellow;
but this man was extremely lank — much lanker
than the Rambler, and he was introduced lo me
as the chief detective of Rialto.

INIr. Moffat and I compared notes on the pull-
ing business, and we found ourselves in the same
boat, Mr. ^lolfat having lost over twelve col-
onies also. But Mr. INIofTat had the good for-
tune to visit his apiary the next morning after
the pulling, when tracks were fresh, and track-
ed the wagon to an apiary away out in* that
brush in which I rambled a few weeks ago.
The result was the arrest of several parties,
and the Rambler was called upon to go over the
ground with Mr. M. and the chief detective,
and note points of inten^st that would be of
value in court. The next morning I was in
Eialto, bright and early, and with my compan-
ion we visited the despoiled apiary. Pony Vix,
who is so used to the artistic arrangement of
my apiary, pointed her eais with some surprise
at the medley of old rattle-trap hives before
her. Mr. M. said that he used to take much
pride in his bee-hives and grounds; "but,"

said he, "since I came to California, and where
I have so much ranch work to do, I neglect the
bees; and all I care for them is to extract the
honey when it is time to do it. Oh. yes!" said
he. in reply to my question; "it pays to have
things fixed nice; but I have much else to do."
As a consequence, here were some 140 colonies
in old unpainted hives, and scarcely a super
that fitted close enough to keep the bees in at
those points of contact. The hives, being un-
painted. were warped so that bees could come
out at the corners. Still, Mr. M. had taken
eight tons of honey from this apiary. I reflect-
ed that, if his fruit-orchard liad been neglected
as he had neglected the bees, he would have
received no revenue from it whatever; but the
bees will stand much neglect, and still produce
a crop for the owner. I found myself wishing
that some one would invent a bee, or change
all of our bees to non-neglectahle bees, and
then see how many would remain in the busi-
ness.

Jf{i-JKoffatWorl(ed'f\ii(5feM^on6n\ol(er, u)/\He/
'XA/'or/iecC fde A ii/ej-. "

Mr. Moffat doesn't believe in any of the new-
fangled smokers, but prefers to use a sort of
stew-pan arrangement — a tin box about. 5x8, and
6 inches deep, with a loose cover and a long
handle. A fire is built in this stew-pan. and
any kind of fuel crammed in. It makes a beau-
tiful snujke. If the fire g(>ts too hot, the cover
is put on. If the smoke is to be directed over
the hive, take the cover in on^ hand, the stew-
pan in the other, and fan the smoke toward the
hive with the old flippity-flop cover. I became
so interested over this (to me) new smoker that
I forgot all about pulled bees or the pullers
thereof.

Our examination revealed that the same tac-
tics had been practiced here as in my apiary—
the brood-chamber rifled, and the hive left on
the stand. Here, however, five colonies had
been removed bodily, and we all came to the
conclusion that the men in the brush began to
think they owned all of the lone apiaries, and
were going to remove them to their respective
homes. While we were examining hives, the
detective was measuring tracks, both of man,
beast, and wagon, and picking up pieces of sliv-
ers here and there; and one of these that came
from, or that was broken from the top of a

181)4

(JLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

143

brood-frame was carefully; wrapped in a rag,
and put into the pocket. Mr. M. also called my
attention to the way he had put in foundation.
A strip of redwood was split, from a shake,
and the foundation secured bv nailing the strip
on with shingle nails, the nail-heads standing
down a full half-inch. Another point, the
frames were old, and many of them had been
boiled to remove the foul-brood germs. After a
thorough examination in the pulled apiary we
drove three or four miles to the pullers' apiary.
The puller was gone to hunt up a lawyer, but
the women-folks were at home, and came out a
little way into the brush to see that we three
did not take their bees all away. The owner of
this apiary said, only a few weeks before, that
he had 30 colonies. We now counted 78; and,
considering that our winter has been a little
colder than usual, it was a remarkable winter
increase. We looked into every hive, and — yes,
Mr. Moffat's big shingle nails were there; those
boiled frames were there, and those frames with
slivers broken out of the top, were there. Mr.
Moft'at worked the stew-pan smoker, and I ma-
nipulated the hives, and the detective held on to
his precious slivers, and soon we found a frame
whereon the larger sliver or shaving fitted ex-
actly. That frame was removed forthwith for
testimony. Besides looking the apiary over for
the benefit of Mr. Muftat, I had another object;
and that was, to find something that had been
pulled from the apiary that I had been manag-
ing. After many hives had been looked into I
found a frame that I could identify. A little
further along I found another. While all the
apiaries around tiiis vicinity have about the
saiue size and style of frame, and they are in-
terchangeable from one hive and from one api-
ary to another, it is impossible to distinguish
one frame from another, ten miles away. It
was for that reason that the pullers pulled only
the frames and brood. But in pulling from the
Rambler's apiary thire was one style of frame
that had an improvement attached to it in the
shape of a little inset on the end. and the nail-
ing-together of the frame was such that it
could be identified atuong thousands. Here
was, then, the rope that the pullers hung them-
selves with — the saving of the frames. In
handling frames for extracting, there are many
little faults on frames that one becomes accus-
tomed to, and so it was here; aside from the
two peculiar frames, there were others that I
knew came from my apiary. Whim we depart-
ed, the sad-eyed women-folks n^turncd to the
little cabin, and we were sure their hands
would not have been put forth to steal other
p(H)ple"s possessions. The guilty parties, at this
writing, are in the hands of the law, and the
result will be reported later.

I wish to say to the readers of Glkanings
who may have rea ' my answer to Mr. Pryal, in
relation to matters concerning Southern Cali-
fornia, in last Gleamxo.s. that I wi>hed to con-

vey no idea that Mr. Pryal had any malice to-
ward this portion of the Stal<i.or that he in any
way perverted the facts. We have a great
State, and even a native Californian, though he
may be well posted, and travel much, will find
there are things that he may be a little mistak-
en about, and commit an error in writing about
it. That is all that I wished to corivey in my
answer to the gentleman. Ramblek.

THE SELF-HIVER, AGAIN.

SOME OF THE DIFFICULTIES; HOW THEY HAVE
BEEN OVERCOME.

By C. H. Dihbem.

I have been carefully watching the bee-papers
during the last few months for something fur-
ther on this subject, but so far a strange quiet-
ude seems to have settled over the entire mat-
ter. It is hardly possible that the matter has
been dropped as impracticable, or that nothing
new has been learned in the past season. I
know that some of our best bee-keepers are
somewhat skeptical when a self-hiver is men-
tioned, and I am not certain that the perfect
hiver has yei been invented. I do know, how-
ever, that enough progress has been made dur-
ing the last few years to make its perfection, in
the near future, an absolute certainty. When
a self-hiver was first suggested I was greatly in-
terested, as I was then thinking of starting an
out-apiary; and how to manage swarming
without costing all the bees were worth was
the great problem with me.

During my first season at the out-apiary my
swarmers were constructed somewhat on the
principle of the drone-trap, and proved partial-
ly successful. There was no trouble in catch-
ing the queens in the new hives, with a lot of
drones and some workers. I could usually, too,
determine at a glance just which hives had
swarmed, and by then dividing the bees and
combs, and changing position of hives", could
make fairly good swarms. While this was not
very satisfactory, it was bett-r than to allow
the new swarms to escape to t he woods, or hire
help that cost more than the bees were worth.
I have changed and remodeh d the hiver many
times since, and have been constantly watch-
ing for any suggestion that the action of the
bees might give me. I have also tested about
all the different hivers that have appeared in
the bee-journals fiom time to time, that gave
any promise of success.

Last year the Pratt was very generally con-
sidered as solving the hiving problem; and so
favorably impressed was I, that I tried quite a
number; but I must say it was with very poor
results. As I consider Mr. Pratt one of ray
good friends who is svorking on the same lines
that I am, for i\w benefit of bee-keeping, I do
not wish to say any thing further against his
hiver; but judging from my numerous experi-

144

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb. 15.

ments during four years, I do not see how he
can ever make his plan a success.

I will now mention some of the difficulties
that I have encountered, and that must be over-
come in the perfect hiver of the future. In the
first place, the drones are very much in the way;
and the only way to dispose of them is to trap
them in some way. Where drones are confined
in the empty hive with a considerable number
of workers, they are fed by the bees at swarm-
ing time, and do not die as in a trap. Then
every afternoon they make a great fuss to get
out, and keep the bees in a constant uproar, and
it is needless to say but little work will go on in
the old hive. Some bee-keepers seem to have
lots of trouble on account of the queens passing
through the excluding zinc; but I have had al-
most none at all, and use only the common sort,
as sent out from the Root factory. There is a
great difference, however, how the excluders
are placed on the hive. If placed on the Pratt
principle, with only I4 in. between the top of
frames and the zinc, the queens seem to stand
on the frames with their hind legs, and push
themselves through. In this way I lost several
good swarms last year, before I could under-
stand how queens could pass the zinc in that
position, when they could not pass it in the or-
dinary drone-trap. Perhaps this may explain
why so many have trouble with the excluder
zinc. I have a very few small virgin queens
pass the zinc, but that is about all. One point
on which bee-keepers have expressed a great
deal of fear, and which at first troubled me
greatly, was the idea that two or more swarms,
coming out about the same time, would double
up, and all return to one hive; or, perchance,
should some puny virgin queen get out, the
whole business would go to the woods. Happi-
ly this fear has proved entirely groundless, and
during four years' experience I have had almost
no trouble at all. I well remember the trouble
I used to have "in the good old times" when I
allowed the bees to swarm at will, when per-
haps the first swarm would go to the highest
limb in the vicinity, and, before it could be se-
cured, perhaps two or three more would swarm,
and, of course, form one bunch, often as big as
a barrel. Now, it may be just fun for some to
hive and separate such swarms, but I want no
more of it in mine.

The most practical form of the self hiver that
I know of is that described by me in Gleanings
for Oct. 15, 1893. It consists in placing the emp-
ty hive in front of the one expected to swarm.
My hives are loose bottoms, and strips are nail-
ed on the sides and rear of bottom to make a
bee-space under the frames. I remove the rear
strip on the bottom for the empty hive, and con-
nect the entrance of the swarming hive with
this bottom by means of a bridge made of tin
or wood, so the bees must pass out over this
bottom. Place a wood-zinc honey-board on it,
and the empty hive on that, leaving a bee-space

between the bottom and honey-board, for the
bees to work through. The hiver is hooked on
in front of this entrance, and the bees pass
through the two lower rows of zinc. Above the
two lower rows in the zinc is a wooden division,
with wire-tube escapes for queens and drones to
pass up to the front of the empty hive. The
back of the device above the division also con-
tains excluder zinc, with a part with perfora-
tions large enough to allow the queen to pass
into the new hive, but retaining the drones in
the trap. I think it best to get rid of all sur-
plus drones as soon as possible.

Now, when the bees swarm out, the queen
and drones will be surely trapped in the upper
part of the device; and, if I am present, I sim-
ply put a square strip securely against the hiv-
er, shutting off the direct entrance to the old
hive, and compel all the returning bees to go
into the new hive with the queen. Thus I get
a good working swarm in the new hive. Should
I be absent, the bees will cluster on the device,
where the queen is, and more or less take pos-
session of the new hive. I can usually deter-
mine what hives have swarmed by the large
number of drones in the trap, and I have then
only to cut oflf the direct entrance to the old
hive, with that square stick, which will throw
all the workers into the new hive. If it is de-
sired to boom the new swarm, they can be left
any time as they are, up to nearly two weeks,
when the old hive must be removed to a new
place. Of course, the surplus cases should be
changed to the new hive at swarming time, or
when discovered.

The advantages of my system are many, and
must be apparent to all intelligent bee-keepers.
In the first place, the bees in their ordinary
work pass through but one perforation, in plain
sight, and are not liable to become clogged with
drones. Swarming can be easily determined by
lifting covers, not hives, supers, and all. Drones
are trapped where they will die, and can be
readily shaken out through a hole at end of
the device. The empty hive should be filled
with worker foundation; for if many combs
are used, the bees seem a little " previous" in
taking possession, and store honey there. If
only guides are given, the bees often commence
to build drone comb in warm weather. All
communication is not cut off fi'om the old hive,
as the bees have simply to pass up through the
honey -board and out. In fact, a good many

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

145

bees continue to work in the old hive; and
when it is finally removed, all are thrown into
the new hive, without any of the Heddon both-
er. Bees on this plan swarm but little, and it
comes nearer being a non-swarraer than the
Langdon plan, in my experience.

I have no patent on this device, and, so far as
I am concerned, all are free to use it. So confi-
dent am 1 that it is the best plan yet suggested,
that I shall adopt it quite generally. Some
have objected that an empty hive is required
for every hive expected to swarm. Now, the
prudent bee-keeper, it seems to me, would al-
ways have such hives provided, anyhow; be-
sides, most of us. of late years, have more emp-
ty hives than we know what to do with.

Many have ridiculed the self-hiver, but it is
a ghost that will not down at the bidding. The
advantages of such a device, to the person
keeping but few bees, and wHb is away from
home ai work all day, must be apparent. Then,
too. if children or the ladies are left to look out
for swarms, how easy it will be just to put that
stick in front of the entrance, and the thing is
done! But if no one sees the swarm at all, it
will be hived just as certainly, and in almost as
good condition.

Milan, 111., Feb., 1894.

[We reproduce the engraving which appeared
on page 7(').5 of Gleanings for 1892, in order to
give a clearer understanding of the hiver. We
may add, that the honey-board separates the
two entrances — the one to the old colony, and
the other to the empty hive in front, to be oc-
cupied by the swarm. The two entrances are
likewise separated by a slat, or low ceiling, just
opposite the honey-board. The queen, on com-
ing out with the swarm, and failing to go
through the perforated zinc, will pass through
holes in the slat covered by wire-cloth cones,
a la Alley. The slat and the cover are not
shown in the engraving, but should be repre-
sented between the two entrances back of the
perforated zinc in front.

Regarding the merits of the Pratt and Dib-
bern, we would say, that, where there are a
large number of drones, the Dibbern will doubt-
less give better satisfaction. But whe/e all
worker-brood foundation is used, as it is in
most well-regulated apiaries, there will be so
few drones that there will be no appreciable
trouble from them. The Pratt worked nicely
for us; and as it seems to us to be much simpler
in construction and manipulation, we should
prefer it. especially in its modified form. Pratt
originally had his hiver constructed, one hive
in front of the other; but as this necessitated
the use of two bottom -boards, the mutilation of
one of them, a "bridge" to connect the two
hives, and a perfectly level plot of ground (a
condition that does not always exist), he adopt-
ed the form of one hive over the other. Dib-
beru's hiver could be constructed on the tiered-

nj) plan as easily as Pratt's, and we would
suggest that friend Dibbern try a few that way.

We want to say amen" to his last paragraph.
-Ed.I

CALIFORNIA STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIA-
TION.

By J. H. Mdrthi.

Quite a number of bee-keepers were seen con-
centrating toward the Chamber of Commerce,
in Los Angeles. Jan. 23d, and King-bee J. F.
Mclntyre rapped the meeting to order at 10

A. M.

The usual routine of business was attended
to, and the regular program was taken up.
Mr. Francis W. Blackford, of Saugus, present-
ed a paper entitled, *" Is the Honey-bee in Cali-
fornia the Fruit-producer's Enemy ?" Mr. Cory
then presented a paper bearing upon the kin-
dred subject of bees and fruit-drying. During
the discussion which followed it was suggested
that the fruit-trays be covered with cloth; but
inasmuch as, in the drying of fruit in large
quantities, the spread is several acres, it was
figured that an acre would tax the fruit-dryer
to the amount of $121 per acre for cloth. It
was considered as an expensive measure, and
the subject was dropped without a suitable
remedy being found.

AFTERNOON SESSION.

The various restaurants around the Chamber
were well patronized; and. from the happy re-
marks that fell from the various representa-
tives, they were well taken care of by the cater-
ers to the needs of the inner man.

President Mclntyre read his annual address,
and touched upon various points of vital inter-
est to the bee-keepers of the State. These
points were afterward acted upon by the va-
rious committees.

Mr. Cory, in a brief paper, considered tare on
honey cases and cans. It was the sense of the
committee that tare should be allowed only on
the case. More tare was exacted than the
weight of can and case allowed. Mr. Mendle-
son claimed that he lost 1438 lbs. on his honey
crop by this unjust tare.

Mr. Brodbeck very happily called his paper a
"Medley," and touched upon several subjects.

The Ventura hive came in for a share of dis-
cussion. This hive has been the standard hive
for Ventura Co. for several years, and the bee-
keepers of that county would like to make it
the standard for California. Seventeen, mostly
Ventura Co. men, voted that way; and as there
was no opposing vote, although there were over
f)Q persons present, we have no doubt Ventura
has set the pattern, and made it a standard for
the State; size of frame, top-bar, 19>2; bottoms,
17K; end -bar, 8K-

After the standard hive was adopted, Mr.
Mercer, a Ventura man, kicked over the traces,
so to speak, and advocated a shallow divisible

146

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb. 15.

brood-chamber. Mr. Woodbury came up smil-
ing, as the pugilists say, and supported him;
and Mr. Rowley spoke right out in meeting in
favor of the Heddon hive. The secretary dit-
toed the gentlemen, and was followed by Mr.
Compton. who had been a foreman in Mr. Hed-
don's apiaries. He strongly advocated the di-
visible brood -chamber. Mr. Corey, however,
preferred the good old way of handling frames
and dummies, and the discussion branched off
into a question-box, which brought out many
valuable hints.

EVENING SESSION.

The evening session was opened by Mrs. Mof-
fat singing "Simple Little Ostrich, I Know it
All." The theme did not apply to bee-keepers
present, for, of course, the "know-it-alls" do
not attend conventions. Mrs. Moffat rendered
other songs during the evening, which were
heartily applauded. Prof. Cook made every-
body happy by his appearance, and, after a few
happy remarks, read an address upon the bee-
keeping industry of California. Prof. Cook is
thoroughly established in the college at Clare-
mont, and will take a lively interest in the pro-
motion of the bee-keeping industry of the
State. He will probably establish an experi-
ment station at Claremont, and the association
passed resolutions to further that end.

The adulteration phase was taken up and
handled without gloves, and a resolution was
passed directing the expelling of any member
of the associaiion found adulterating honey.

There was some fon casting in relation to the
honey-yield for the coming year. The yield
depends upon the rainfall; and the more rain
up to May, the better will be the yield. Sever-
al averages were given for a series of years,
wherein it was found that about every other
year is a failure in some portions of the State.
Giving 100 lbs. per colony was considered a poor
season, while 400 lbs. was called best.

SKCOND DAY.

The morning was taken up with reports of
the various committees. The most vital point
in these reports was in relation to marketing of
our product. A committee was appointed to
correspond with the California Fruit Exchange,
with a view to having representation in the
organization. It was further recommended
that the producers put their honey ih small
cans that it may reach the consumer in the
original package. Put up in 5 and 10 lb. cans,
the honey would not b(! adulterated so much.

Mr. G. K. Woodbury presented a valuable
paper, '"The Fruit Nemesis; or, What shall we
Do to be Saved?" A special vote of thanks
was given to Mr. W , and he was appointed a
committee of one to select points from his pa-
per in relation to the value of the honey-bee
in its office of pollenizing fruit-trees, and to
have the same published for general distribu-
tion.

How can bee-keepers best advance their in-

terests? was then treated by W. P. Richardson.
Prof. Woodworth, of the State University,^
explained a hive of his own devising. The
main principle was the use of 4}4 x iH sections,
not only for obtaining surplus honey, but the-
same sections were used for brood-frames.
The idea may be a good one; but the practical
men present did not enthuse much over the new
idea.

Prof. W. stated that the State Chemist, Prof.
Rising, was ready to aid bee-keepers in the-
way of chemical analysis.

The election of officers resulted as follows:

Prof. A. J. Cook, President; J. H. Martin^
Sec; J. F. Mclntyre, Treasurer. Several vice-
presidents, etc., followed.

The final paper, by Mr. Touchton, " Twenty-
three years Among the Bees," was read, and
the association soon after adjourned, making
provision for a special meeting at the mid-
winter fair In San Francisco, at such time as
the Executive Committee shall designate.

J. H. Martin, Sec. J. F. McIntyre, Pres.

oor. &

INVENTIONS.

WHO SHOULD HAVE PKIOKITY. AND THE BIGHT

TO USE? KEEPING TWO QUEENS IN A

HIVE TO PREVENT SWARMING.

By B. Taylor.

Friend Root:— In Gleanings for Nov. 15, and
in the same for Dec. 15, are several articles on
"Two Queens in One Hive." One of your cor-
respondents seems to be greatly disturbed by
the thought of my getting a patent on two
queens in a hive. I wish to say here that I do
not believe in the present patent system as a
just and wise method of rewarding inventors
for useful improvements in needed inventions.
I do not believe that any one person ever made
an entirely iieiv invention in any thing. A lit-
tle thought on the subject will convince any
rational inind that the perfection of machinery
enjoyed in the present age is a thing of slow
growth rather than sudden creation. Each in-
ventor receiv«!S his inspiration and starting-
point from something that others have done be-
fore him; and lam quite sure tliat every in-
ventor, if he will examine himself and his in-
ventions, will find that something already done
started him in the search for improvement.
We talk of McCormick inventing the reaper,
Howe the sewing-machine, Morse the tele-
graph; but informed persons know that all
these machines had been brought nearly to
practical perfection before any of these truly
great inventors were born Yes, sir; every in-
strument that was ever invented to harvest a

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

147

sheaf of grain, was a part of the work in mak-
ing the self binding rca])!'!-. Useful inventions,
then, are a part of the growth and experience
of the race, and no one man should be permitted
to seize any thing that was made possible only
by the work of past generations, and tax the
coming generations for their use. In the coop-
erative commonwealth that I am more inter-
ested in than in any other one earthly question,
inventors will be paid for their work from the
public treasury, and all inventions will be free
to the people; but until the better time comes,
we must use such laws as we have or nothing;
and those who use them so as to get some re-
ward for their time in experimenting should
not be blamed for so doing. Now to the ques-
tion of

T\VO QUEENS IN A HIVE.

Early in the 'SO's I commenced experiments
to control increase. The first move was to
make a large number of stands, large enough to
hold two hives. In the spring I placed one
hive on each of those stands. When the bees
swarmed they were hived in one of my small
hives placed where the old colony stood. The
old colony was moved to the other end of the
stand, with its entrance turned in the opposite
direction. This gave all the flying bees to the
swarm, and made them strong for gathering
surplus. The old hive was given a young
■queen, and would in nearly every case be strong
and heavy by the end of the white-honey sea-
son. At the end of this the queen was removed
from the swarm, and the two hives were set to-
gether again as one colony. This plan worked
well, and I extended my experiments until it
culminated in the revolving stand, eight years
after. The revolving stand revealed the fact
{new at least to me) that two queens could be
kept in one colony, and I at once saw, as I
thought, the possibility of using it as a means
to prevent swarming, and at once began work
in that direction. And now, friend Root, I will
say here before going further, that, until I had
demonstrated that this could be done (that is,
two queens be worked in a single colony). I nev-
er heard, either by print or speech, a single sug-
gestion of the possibility of doing this thing.
I know that there had been accounts of two
queens being found temporarily in the same
colony under accidental circumstances; but
that two queens could be worked there perma-
nently, and at the will of the apiarist, was a
thing that I had never even heard mentioned,
and I think I may be excused for claiming pri-
ority.

The Wells plan, as mentioned by Mr. Cor-
neil, seems to b^^ nearer my method than any
thing else I have seen yet. It is quite different,
and was never intended to regulate swarming.
I know from my own experience that a division-
board of perforated zinc, as used by Mr. Cor-
nell, would not do. His account of his experi-
ments is a plain straight story; but it in no-

wise covers my plan. His advice, not to spend
much money in this direction at present, is en-
tirely in harmony with my own, for you will re-
member that I said, long ago, that I should not
offer any thing for sale or experiment iiutil I
was sure I had something useful to oiler.

[Mr. Taylor is quite correct. We are mutu-
ally indebted to each other, and it is a sad com-
ment on our U. S. patent system that some In-
ventors, having made a slight improvement on
an old idea or a set of ideas have been able to
get a patent, covering not only the improve-
ment but the old ideas in connection with it.
We do not wish to say that it is generally done,
but it has been done under important patents
recently expired. Neither do we wish to be
construed assaying that we denounce our pat-
ent laws; but we do agree most heartily with
Mr. Taylor in thinking that no one man should
be allowed to gobble up in a patent the fruits of
others' brains.

Along with the above article came a private
letter calling attention to a hive Mr. Taylor
had sent. That you may all see what the hive
is like, we take pleasure in showing you cuts of
it.— Ed.]

TAYLOR'S SECTIONAL BROOD -CHAMBER.

I shipped you yesterday, from Spring Valley,
one of my shallow-brood-chamber hives. The
hive sent was one of a lot made for my own use,
about 1882, and is the precise kind I have and
still use. If you will set each section on a sepa-
rate bottom you will see the reason for the bev-

eled rabbeted sides; viz., to always maintain a
bee-space, whether of a single piece or two or
more of them together, both on top and bottom,
as well as between each section.

I still think this hive has as few loose parts,
and is equal or superior to any other hive yet
brought to notice. B. Taylor.

Forestville, Minn., Jan. 4.

[For a fuller description of this hive, see

148

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb. 1.5.

Gleanings, May 1, 1890, page 334. This is
practically the same hive he made as far back
as 1863. These were shallow, and had original-
ly, if we are correct, closed-end frames. In 18(36
he had the sides beveled as at F, not to keep
out wind and rain, but to give the proper bee-
space, whether tiered up or sitting between the
bottom-board and cover. The dimensions are
l^a inches deep, 16 inches square. The frames
are Hoffman in style, 6I4 inches deep and 13}^
inches long, and have a bee-space back of the
end-bars. These supers, with the exception of
the bevels, the thumb-screws, and the square
shape, are quite like our dovetailed supers with
Hoffman frames for extracting. — Ed.]

FIXED DISTANCES.

SOME TELLING ARGUMENTS IN FAVOR OF THEM.

Bij Dr. C. C. Miller.

On page 5.5, Mr. Editor, you have allowed
Jno. G. Corey to make a personal attack on me,
and I hereby challenge the said Jno. G. Corey
to mortal combat. Distance, three paces; wea-
pons, smokers. Tobacco as fuel barred out. I
to stand back to the wind. Now, Bro. Corey,
I'd do a good deal to accommodate you, but I
must draw the line at continuing to use loose
hanging frames indefinitely. You seem to
think that, if I had frames made by a good car-
penter or mill man, and put together like yours,
I'd be all right.

Well, I'll tell you about my frames. The first
lot of those now in use were made by Vander-
vort, the foundation-mill man, and the rest by
the G. B. Lewis Co.; and if you think either of
them can't "hold down a job," I'd like to see
you trot out the " wild and woolly West" man
that can beat them. As to putting them to-
gether, I may quote your own words, and say,
" With the clamps we use to hold our frame
material while being nailed, and with 8 nails in
each frame, they pile up as true as dressed lum-
ber, and are a correct mechanical job in every
sense." Yes, sir, the stuff was cut out by the
most expert workmen, then nailed while held
with an unyielding grip in a clamp, every frame
a model. But the trouble is, they don't stay so.
Do yours? Or have you tight bottoms, and
never had a chance to look at a lot of bottom-
bars after being in the hive ten or twenty years ?
. As to the why of frames hanging out of true.
I must confess that, according to any reasoning
in advance, I should not expect as much varia-
tion as the facts show. The editor suggests
little lumps of propolis under the bearing sur-
face of the top-bars. There may be something
in that; but it can be replied that, through the
summer, at the time the frames are handled,
propolis is soft enough for any little lumps to be
squeezed out from under the bearing surface of
top-bars. I am inclined to credit most of the

being out of true to the warping and twisting
of top-bars or end-bars. There is very little
wood that will remain permanently true when
left without constraint, especially when, as the
editor hints, it is subjected to the moisture of
the hive, that moisture not acting uniformly
upon all parts. The twisting of stuff shows
very plainly in flat hive-covers. Made of clear
pine 14 inches wide, it is a rare thing to find one
attain any degree of age without being twisted
to some extent. If a top-bar 1 inch wide in a
Langstroth frame twists ^^V of an inch out of
true, unless I mistake in figuring, the bottom-
bar will be thrown more than a quarter of an
inch out of true, and ^ variation in top-bar
will make X inch in bottom-bar. If an end-bar
be cut so that the wood of one side be nearer
the heart than the other, the two sides will not
act alike in aging, thus thi-owing the bottom-
bar to one side. Occasionally it may happen
that top-bar and end-bar will combine to oper-
ate in the same direction, and then the difficul-
ty is aggravated. If one bottom-bar is thrown
to one side, and its next neighbor to the other,
then the trouble will be multiplied, resulting in
a distance between the bottom-bars all the way
from an inch down to their touching together,
and being glued by the bees through a fourth
of their length.

But now let us admit that frames are all
made true, and that in your delightful climate
they remain true for a lifetime. Have the top
of the hive stenciled, as you say, showing a
black mark for each space. That black mark
will help at least this much, that, when you
have put in all your frames, you will not find
the last one a quarter of an inch out of the
way. Indeed, by being careful there need be
no great variation anywhere. But right there's
the rub. That being careful takes too much
time. Admit that you can put a top-bar right
at your stenciled mark in as short a time as I
can push a shouldered frame to its place, and it
will then take you twice as long, for you must
look at the stencil to use it, and you can't look
at both ends of your hive at the same time, un-
less you have a terrific squint in your eyes.
But having two hands, I can push at both ends
at the same time.

But it can not be truthfully admitted that you
can put one end in the right place as rapidly as
I can. I mean you with the loose frame and I
with the other. It takes time to place the frame
within a thirty-second of an inch of the right
place, and still more time to put it just exactly
with the stencil-mark. And remember that a
very little variation counts when we are trying
to space against brace-combs. If }4 inch is the
right space between top-bars, push the first
frame ^V of an inch toward the second, and the
second ^ toward the first, and you may rely on
the bees to fill the space with bee-glue.

Let us, however, look at what will actually
occur sometimes. All the frames have been

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

149

moved, and all are to be put back exactly In
their right places. If there are eight frames,
you have just 16 operations to perform. You
must look at each end of each top-bar, and set
it to its place, and you can't do it with a jerk
either. I can push the whole business up at
one operation, and I've no need to be careful
either, for I can't push a frame beyond its right
place.

As you say, when you want to have your
frames at fixed distances, ready for moving, you
can put in spacing-sticks in a short time. But
however short that time, in just that much less
time can one be got ready that has the shoul-
dered end-bars, for they're always ready.

So, as it now looks to me, no matter how the
frames are made, I still need the fixed distances,
and I don't see how I can follow the advice in
your " finally" to have my frames made better
than heretofore, for I don't believe the thing
can be "did."

But that last sentence of yours hurts my feel-
ings, where you talk about my " new-departure
hive." Why, bless you, I'm not trying to make
any new departure— just trying to get the best
of the old. About the only change I have ask-
ed in the Dovetail is to go back to the old form
of the frame, both as to top-bar and end-bar.

I'll make friends with you, however, and join
v\ith you in pitching into the editor for putting
that heading to your article, "Exact Spacing
not Necessary." He ought to know very well
that you didn't hint at any thing of the kind,
but only ^claimed that you could have exact
spacing with the old loose hanging frame. I
give up that I can't.

Marengo, 111.

[We meant that Mr. Corey considered "exact
spacing unnecessary" by mechanical devices
forming part and parcel of the frames them-
selves.—Ed.]

A GOOD POINT IN FAVOR OF WIDER TOP-BARS.

Seeing a call in Gleanings for reports on this
subject, I will give you my experience. Two
years ago I left an order at one of our hive-
making establishments for 3000 frames of the
modified Hoffman type, with l^^^-in. top-bars;
but through some mistake the top-bars were
cut Ijn wide. We cut 20(3(J down to l^V, the re-
mainder we nailed up and used as they were
cut by the manufacturer — namely, iji wide by
K in. thick. I find on those that are l^V in.
wide, plenty of burr and brace combs, while on
those that are 13^ in. wide I find but very few
burr or brace combs. Now, give me a top-bar
1}4 in. wide by % in. thick, spaced l,9y from cen-
ter to center, with J^ in. between tops of frames
and sections, and I will show you hives with-
out burr or brace combs. T. R. Canady.

Fallbrook, Cal., Dec. ;.'5.

[The result of this experiment is quite inter-
esting, inasmuch as it is quite accidental, and

quite contrary to what friend Canady expected.
Now we should like to ask, Would it be desira-
ble to have wider tops, but thinner than we now
make them? — Ed.]

fe^^gwS

t:^^-%s>

CONTROLLING SWARMS.

A young friend of mine, a recent bee-convert,
recently complained to me that, out of five
swarms the past season, three had gone off di-
rectly, and the other two had gone some dis-
tance and alighted in most inaccessible places.
This i-ecord appeared so remarkable to me that,
on the young man's assurance that the people
who had lived on the place before him had ex-
perienced the same bad luck, I went to look at
his hives and explain the cause.

As soon as I caught sight of the place I was
more puzzled than ever, but at my friend's lack
of foresight. Not a tree, bush, or vine— not
even a fence within many rods of the hive.

" My dear sir," I asked, "where did you ex-
pect them to alight?"

" Why, I don't know," said he, looking around
for a po'JSible roost.

" Which is precisely what has ailed your bees,"
I added. "They had to start away to find an
alighting-place, and, when once started, found
it inconvenient to stop at all."

I don't suppose there are many who are guilty
of such ignorance as that, but there are com-
paratively few outside of the pi'ofessionals who
give the matter the attention that should be
given. Times without number, almost, I have
seen people climbing trees and out on limbs
after a swarm that had lodged some place
where they would not have allowed their small
boys to go for a captive kite. " He might have
kept his kite out of there." You might, nine
cases out of ten, have kept your bees out, too,
even though you did not see them start.

There is quite a general idea that, in the ab-
sence of some special appliance for their cap-
ture, a swarm of bees will alight pretty nearly
where they please, about all the effort made to
regulate their course being the antiquated tin
pan and dipper process still more or less in
vogue. It is necessary to become neither a
squirrel nor a lunatic to keep bees. Watch two
successive swarms that come from the same or
adjacent hives. At first their course is almost
identical, and an arrangement set for the con-
venience of the one would very likely be as
agreeable to the other. But bees are not al-
ways willing to alight on the sharp end of a
stick, nor even on the patent appliances for that
purpose. Give them a good old grapevine trellis
just before their door, and they are pretty sure
to take the invitation to rest. Where but few

150

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb. 15.

hives are kept, these can be placed in one or
two rows, all facing in one direction, and a sin-
gle trellis before the row will do for all. Where
too distant there is danger of their rising above
it and taking some other course. If too close
it interferes with their Hight when at work. A
little attention to their usual distance from the
hive bt'fore showing an inclination to alight
will locate the most favorable position surpris-
ingly accurately. An apiary with which I am
familiar in this neighborhood consists of three
rows of hives facing the south, and a long
grape-trellis about fifteen feet in front of the
first row. In several years the hives have been
there, only one attempt to fly off has been
made, and only that one swarm failed to alight
in that vine, from which they could easily be
reached and taken from the ground.

WlLDEK GKAHAME.

UNCAPPED HONEY CANDYING; QUEENS IN UP-
PER STOKIES; THAT SCKAPING-KNIFE.

Dr. Miller thinks me in error on candied hon-
ey from evaporation. The honey-flow here is
very irregular, and, in consequence, I have
throughout and at the close of the season a
large number of uncapped partially filled cells.
The honey in these always candles with me.
This may be owing to the source of supply, as
sage honey is said to not candy; but for twelve
years pasL it has candied each year for me.

Dr. M. once thought there was " something
peculiar" in my statement that the queen went
up into the supers and laid eggs in every sec-
tion of honey; but I have met other bee-keep-
ers who have had the same experience.

The good doctor also objects to my section-
scraper, as the widths of the sections are not
alike; but the pi-esent uniform thickness of all
sections will remedy that. Scratch away, Dr.
M.. but give us your wheat, when uncovered,
for our chart:'.

FOUNDATION, OLD — HOW TO MAKE IT GOOD.

Each season I have left over a lot of founda-
tion. This gets hard, brittle, and dead-looking
by the next season. It loosens from the sections,
and drops down, or the bees gnaw it out, and it
is next to impossible to make it stick to a sec-
tion. I now cut this in pieces the size wanted,
lay these on a board singly, put the board out
in the sun, and watch it. In a minute's, time
the foundation changes its color to that of fresh
foundation; and while warm it fastens very
nicely to the smoothest sections. In the ab-
sence of sun heat I lay my board on the stove
and remove the foundation as soon as its color
changes, as the board gets hotter all the time
and melts the comb. E. H. Schaeffle.

Murphys, Cal., Jan. IS.

bees are wintered in the cellar; but for the
benefit of those who winter in the ctllar and
set their bees out in the spring, cold frosty
nights have got to be contended with, and it is
quite a bother to shut up the entrance at night
and open it again in the morning. Now, I will
just tell you how you can shut up 100 hives in
ten minutes, and the bees will open the en-
trance when it is warm enough to fly. Take a
half-bushel basket or a pail of dry sawdust,
and throw a handful at the entrance of the
hive so it will close it entirely— no danger of
smothering. There will enough air go through
the dust to keep them alive. Now, when it
warms up next morning see how quickly the
bees will clear the dust away and go to work.
I have frequently hitched up a horse and gone
five miles to shut up an out-apiary of 100 colo-
nies, frosty nights, the last of April and the
fore part of May. You will readily see, if I had
closed the entrance with a block it would have
necessitated a trip there the next morning to
open them. We all know the trouble that
might arise from chilled brood. A cold wind
will blow into a hive, and chill the brood, and
do as much damage as it would toagaidener
or a farmer to have his corn frozen off.

W. L. COGGSHALL.

West Groton, New York, Jan. 16.

the zinc and the FOOTNOTES .JUST RIGHT.

I wish to give my vote on the zinc question;
also on the "everlasting footnotes." The zinc
A1)% is just right lor me, and the footnotes-
well, I indorse Dr. Millers views, even to the
word " perfection," which the editor left out.
The footnotes are the right thing in the right
place; and while the editor never fully agrees
with me, I would not have them left out for
any thing. A. C. MircHEi>L.

Enfield, 111., Jan. 26.

[We have received hundreds of kind letters
like the above. We can not, of course, give
place to them all, but we hereby acknowledge
our sincere " thank you all."— Ed.]

CLOSING UP THE ENTRANCES TO RETAIN
WARMTH IN SPRIN(i; A GOOD IDEA.

Mr. Root: — Most bee-keepers have but little
trouble in wintering their bees; but spring is
where the trouble comes in, especially when

PAPER-SHELL PECAN-NUTS.

By this mail I send you a pound of these nuts.
They have the distinction of being served at
the royal table, Windsor Castle; and although
as yet I have not been able to get a testimonial
from the queen I have some nice letters from
other persons of distinction. Don't plant these,
but let Mrs. Root and the children finish them.
Should it happen that you want some for plant-
ing I shall have to charge you the same as every
one else— $1.00 per lb. These are cheap at this
price, for planting; but I fear you are living a
little too far north. I have a letter before me,
saying that my pecans took the premium at the
World's Fair. I am writing to find out more
about it. E. E. Risien.

San Saba, Texas, Jan. 17.

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

151

SC^UAIIE FRAMES, ETC.

Q nest itn I. —Con\d wo not adopt Layeiis' plan
of bee culture by n'placing in his liive a style or
size of frame, say 14x123.2, or by using Daclant's
size of frame, l()>^xl{)>-2. mid still make a success
of it? What do yon think of the square frame?
I am assured by men of experience that the
Langstroth frame is not deep enough for the
cold climate of Canada.

Answer. — If I have ever read of Mr. Layens'
plan of managing bees and about his hive, I do
not now call it to mind. Who of the readers
of Gleanings can tell us something about it?
But be his plan whatever it may, I wish to say
this — that there are few if any frames now in
use but that a man or woman of energy, and
love for bee-keeping, can take and make a suc-
cess with them. I believe in always having the
best appliances, so far as may be; but I wish to
put emphasis on the fact that it is the man or
woinan which puts the success into a thing, pri-
marily, and the best appliances come in as a
secondary matter. Although I have been an
advocate of the Gail up, or square form of frame,
all my life, still, as 1 have said before in print,
if I had .50 colonies on any style of frame now
advocated by as many as ;20 practical apiarists,
I would not consider it a p. lying job to transfer
them to another style of frame, provided the
hive containing these frames would accommo-
date the style of surplus airangement which it
was necessary to u>e. to place my liom-y on the
market in the mo-t marketable shape. No, no!
It is not all in frames, as some assert, but it is
ill the man or woman with energy, push, and
I'cal worth enough to surmount every obstacle
that stands in the way, and make a su.'ces-^ of a
thing in spite of a few minor hindrances. Look
at'Mr. Terry. Had he gone on to a rich fertile
farm, instead of a poor one. he probably would
have arrived at the sa,me wraith sooner; but
his success would not have been greater than
now — perhaps not as gi-eat— and. in all proba-
bility, the world would not have b^en benefited
nearly as much as it has been; for the overcom-
ing of that obstacle in tin; >hLipe of a poor farm
gave a certain " vim " to the success that led
him to tell others how it was dons and in this
tilling has come the greatest light to lh(! wo-ld.
Reader, if you find a difticiilty in your way, ami
succeed in overcoming said difficulty, doiit ke. p
the matter hid, but tell us about it. an I ilius
help the world. Don't be fooli-<h enough to say,
" no one will pay me for the telling," for that is
a selfish spirit, and selfishness never pays; for
in doing some kind act, or in trying to lift the
burden from some tired shoulders, comes a
wealth that inoney can not buy.

Now a word about a s(juare frame for the
cold climate of Canada. In most of the locali-
ties in Canada where bees are kept, the mer-
cury does not go lower than it does here in Cen-
tral New York. As the older readers of Glean-
ings know. I have gone over this ground of a
shallow frame like the Langstroth not being
suitable for our cold climate, many times. Rro.
Root and myself had several tilts over the mat-
ter away back in the early seventies; and I
still think there are some few things in favor of
the square frame where bees are to be wintered
on the summer stands; yet, as I said above, if I
had .50 colonies on the Langstroth frame I should
consider it a losing job to transfer thein to a
square frame, hoping for better wintering after
they were on the latter. Since I purchased my
out-apiary, the same containing Langstroth
hives, I have modified my views to a great ex-
tent, and here wish to ask Bro. Root's pardon
for not smoothing off the corners of some of my
assertions more in our controversies of the past.
Where bees can be wintered in the cellar, the
Langstroth frame is not required to take off its
cap or make a bow to any of the others, even
in cold climates; and in a climate where bees
have a chance of flying every two or three
weeks during winter, no one has any occasion
for looking for a better frame.

OLD OR NEW BEE-HIVES.

Q((e.sfio7(.— Will bees stand the winter as well,
and be as healthy in old hives, or those having
been used several years, as in new ones?

ulwswer.— When I first read this question it
seemed to me that the proper answer to give
would be this: Old hives in a good state of
preservation, with nodecayed spots and no open
cracks, should be as good as new ones for win-
tering bees, and the new ones as good as the
old; but after thinking a little I am not so sure
about that answer. Years ago I found out that
a single-walled hive painted on the outside
would not winter nor spring bees nearly a'S well
as an unpainted hive, on account of the moist-
ure evaporated from the food of the bees not
being able to pass through the pores of the
wood, as was the case with the unpainted hive,
this causing a dampness aboni the bees and on
the combs which was not in accord with the
best welfare of the inmates of the hive. All
old hives, after long use, b(^come so varnished
with propolis on the inside that this places them
in a condition similar to hives painted on the
outside; and in cases where the slow passing of
moisture out of the hives was not provided for
by way of chaff or sawdust cushions, etc., I
should exp<!ct that the bees would winter best
in the new hives, lint there is an item gener-
ally favorable toward the old hives, which is,
that they are more likely to contain old combs;
and it is generally conceded by all practical bee-
keepers, anJ was given to the public away back
in the fifties, by Qiiinby and others, that, other

152

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb. ]5.

conditions being equal, bees will winter better
on old combs than on new. This I have found
to be universally true.

BEES AFFECTED BY MOISTURE.

Question.— Does moisture affect bees winter-
ed on sugar-syrup stores in the same way it
does those wintering on honey?

Ansiver. — That depends altogether upon
where the moisture is— whether a damp outside
air, damp cellar, or moisture in the hives. From
the past few winters' experience, I think that
bees winter best in a moist — yes, almost wet —
atmosphere, and I do not think that a foggy
misty winter has any deleterious effect on colo-
nies wintered on their summer stands. The mois-
ture which has accumulated up to the present
time in my bee-cellar stands in drops and runs
down the stone flagging overhead, to an extent
sufficient to form little pools in the depressions
on top of the side walls of the bee- cellar, and
yet the bees appear to be wintering perfectly.
It is so damp inside, that, should this winter
prove as usual, mold will soon begin to form in
different places; and by the time the bees are
set out in the spring, some of these patches of
mold will be as large as, and stand out like, the
crown of a hat; still the bees have wintered
well in this cellar, with the exception of the
year I kept the oil-stove in there.

Inside the hives, the combs, bees, and all,
seem to be as dry as when set in the cellar; but
were dampness to collect on the combs and walls
of the hives, about the bees, or run down on
them, I should then have fears of injury. As
to the stores, I believe that sugar syrup does not
attract moisture as does honey. Honey seems
very susceptible of moisture — in fact, more so
than any other liquid with which I am ac-
quainted.

Our host said that he had the large yellow
bee of the South. I was all attention and curi-
osity at once. I went to the hives and watched
the bees carrying in pale-yellow pollen. I
caught a bee and examined it through a mag-
nifying-glass, and could see no difference in
any way from the common brown or German
bee. I told my host so, and he said they were
called the large yellow bee of the South. They
had a small black shiny bee that was very
spiteful.

Peen-to peach-trees have been blooming since
October. A friend gave me to-day a peach
larger than a pea, and the bees were working
upon bloom at the same time. It is surprising
how long bloom lasts in this climate. A cluster
of .bloom on a scarlet geranium has not appar-
ently changed one particle. It is blooming out
of doors. Mrs. L. Harrison.

St. Andrew's Bay, Fla.y'Feb. 1.

SOME interesting FACTS FROM MRS. HAR-
RISON.

While en route for my winter home at St.
Andrew's Bay, Florida, the sailing vessel in
which I was a passenger was becalmed in San-
ta Rosa Sound. My traveling companion and
myself went on shore, and were hospitably en-
tertained by a bee-keeper residing there. It
was the lllh and 12th of January, and bees
were busy working upon mulberry and peach
bloom. There were about 40 colonies of bees.
In tall box hives, from 10 to 12 inches in diam-
ameter. Our host pi'eferred them from 12 to 1.5
inches, but he was not always able to get boards
of that widt.h. About ?>() swarms the past sum-
mer were allowed to go to the woods. As there
was no market for honey, his neighbors brought
their pails, and honey was cut out of the tops
of the hives and given to them.

V36 "PagesT'xIO
'1°° PERYEARj

Thou hast been faltht'ul over a few things, I will make thee
ruler over many thinys.- Matt. 25:21.

The election of officers of the Bee-keepers'
Union shows that they were all re-elected. It is
well. This makes again R. L. Taylor, Presi-
dent; G. M. Doolittle, First Vice-president;
Thos. G. Newman, General Manager.

"Every thing is chuck full " — so says Barney,
the boss printer. We have been obliged, in con-
sequence, to leave out two or three of our regu-
lar departments; and this in spite of the fact
that this journal numbers ,53 pages. We even
had to squeeze to get this in.

Mr. Newman, editor of the Illustrated Home
Journal, has this to say regarding the recent
improvements made in this journal for the cur-
rent year:

Bro. Root has made a s"reat improvement in
Gleanings for 1894 by "leading " tlie matter, mak-
ing it much more pleasurable to read.

In the Review for February is an excellent
article by R. L. Taylor, on "Foul Brood: its
Cause, Detection, and Cure." After having
read it over carefully we do not hesitate to in-
dorse every line of it. It is surprising how
closely it agrees with the statements we made
on page 539 last year, respecting this disease,
and yet Mr. Taylor's conclusions were reached
over a different route. We feel now more than'
ever, as touching this disease, that what we
know we TcnoM'.

The report of the proceedings of the N. A. B.
K. A., 24ih annual convention, held at Chicago,
is at hand. It is gotten up in fine style, and is
profusely illustrated with portraits of the au-

18114

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

153

thors and some of the leading bee-keepers of
the country. It also contains engravings of a
large number of honey-exhibits at the World's
Fair. Bro. York is to be congratulated upon
its fine appearance. Price 25cts..and can be
obtained of Geo. W. York .t Co., .W Fifth Ave.,
Chicago, III.

The symposium in this issue will bear care-
ful reading— the whole of it. We would call
attention particularly to the articles by J. E.
Crane and Allen Pringle. As some of Prof.
Cook's evidence i3 questioned a little bit by the
negative, we shall be glad to have him reply.
With this exception we believe it would be bet-
ter to bring the discussion to a close until fall.

The evidence we have collected in the two
journals will be put in pamphlet form, and will
make Ki pages like this. We shall be glad to
furnish them to bee-keepers at the cost of pa-
per and printing; namely, one cent each. The
distribution of these pamphlets, where ignorant
prejudice has been making trouble, will do a
world of good. Next fall we will revise it.

BASSWOOD HOXEY AND BASSWOOD TISFBER FOR
THE RISING GENERATION.

We Hre just now getting in some of the nicest
and whitest basswood plank that we ever had;
and by way of explanation the farmers who are
bringing it in say that it is from young timber
that started up from the stumps where they cut
down basswoods for us 12 or 1.5 years ago; and
we think it is true, that basswoods are of that
peculiar nature that, when an old trunk is cut
off. and the sprouts are given half a chance, a
basswood forest will be perpetual. The whole
strength of the mighty stock of roots is given
to the young shoots. Who has not seen them
start up, and in a few months attain the size of
a hoe-handle or larger? One of the conditions
is. that stock be kept out of the woodland, and
the growth of underbrush be encouraged so
that it will be damp and shady where the
young shoots start oi]t. A low wet piece of
ground is. as a rule, also more favorable. A
little observation will show you what is needed
to grow in this way basswoods for honey and
for timber.

PARAFFINE AND FOUNDATION.

Our attention has just been called to the fact
that a representative of the Standard Oil Co.
(a Mr. Schumacher) called upon the Goold,
Shapley ct Muir Co., of Brantford, Ont., and
endeavored to sell them refined parafifine wax
for the purpose of making foundation, and rep-
resented that the leading manufacturers of
comb foundation in the United States were us-
ing the article. When further questioned about
it he promised to send a letter giving the names.
He did so; and the Goold, Shapley & Muir Co.
kindly sent us the letter from the Standard Oil
Co., under date of Feb. 7, 18'.i4, from Cleveland,
0., in which it is intimated that we use paraffine
wax for that purpose, and that we bought of

them. They did not state it as a positive fact,
but say they think we do, thougli they have not
looked up the records. The facts are, we do
purchase of that company, about once in three
or four years, a small case of parafTine wax —
about 300 lbs. We advertise and sell it to melt
in small (luantities for paraffining barrels for
shipping honey; and we also use small quanti-
ties ourselves for paraffining the candy-holes in
queen-cages. The melting-point of paraffine
being much lower than that of beeswax, it is
much better for that purpose, but we never sell
it for foundation purposes.

Now, replying to that charge we would say
we have not used any paraHine in foundation
for nearly twenty years, and even then in a very
small way. We soon found, as did others at the
time, that it was entirely unsuited for the hive.
As to the otlier manufacturers of comb founda-
tion in this country, we can speak quite as posi-
tively for them as for ourselves that we know
they do not use any paraffine in foundation.

The representations of the Standard Oil Co.,
through Mr. Schumacher, amount to little less
than libel, and we have written to them for an
explanation. Messrs. Dadant & Son, ]\Ir. Hunt,
and the W. T. Falconer Manufacturing Co., we
feel quite sure, when they know it, will not feel
disposed to treat the matter lightly.

DIPPING three sheets OF WAX AT A TIME.

When Mr. S. J. Baldwin, of Bromley, Eng-
land, a supply-dealer, was here at the Home of
the Honey-bees on a visit, we naturally talked
over many of the kinks of the trade. When
going through our wax-room he suggested to us
using a counterbalance for dipping-boards in
making the wax sheets for foundation. Up to
the time of his visit we had been using dipping-
boards some 30 inches long, dipping the same
endwise into a deep vat of wax. only one board
at a time. Mr. Baldwin told us that he used
two and three at a time. With the counter-
balance, the plan is this:

A common small pulley is attached to the
ceiling, just over the dipping-tank. Through
this is passed a rope fastened to a sort of grip-
per that holds three boards at a time, and spac-
ed about an inch apart. The other end of the
rope is passed through another pulley, some
four or five feet away, attached to a counter-
balance, or weight, that is just equal to the
weight of the thr(>e boards and gripper. The
reader will readily catch the idea. Gravity is
completely overcome, and all the operator has
to do is to plunge three boards, without weight,
as it were, simultaneously into a deep tank of
wax. We immediately put the sciieme into
practice, and find that we can now dip six
sheets of wax in nearly the same time that we
could formerly dip two, and with considerably
less labor. We have been using two of these
arrangements for a couple of months, and the
women-folks do considerable scolding if they

154

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb. 15.

have to dip a few sheets of odd size without the
counterbalance.

This idea will be found to be exceedingly val-
uable to makers of foundation; and while it
may not be practical for the mass of our read-
ers, ii may be intcrrsling to know of the latest
mode of dipping.

UTAH HONEY SAIT> TO HE ADULTERATED WITH
SUGAR 8YRUP.

The following is a clipping that appeared in
the Cleveland papers, and we give place to it,
slangy heading and all.
don't monkey with the little busy bee's gkub.

Whosoever supplies the busy little bees with
sug'ar or syrup, and sells the honey marie therefrom
by the bees, violates tlie law, accnidinp- to a de-
cision made by Prof . Smith, of the Case School of
Applied Science. On Saturday last. Justice E. H.
Bohm fined Frank Jankovski. a wholesale dealer in
the product made exclusively by the bees, $25 and
costs.

Jankovski's place of business is located on Fra nces
St. Prof. Smith, who analyzed the honey, testified
that it contained 15 per cent of siip-ar and pyrup.
The honey oriffinallv came from Utah, and was sold
to Jankovski by a ChicaRO firm.

Attorney W. *A. Babcock, for the defendant, will
appeal to the common-pleas court, claiming- that
Jankovski was iffnora.nt of the fact that the honey
was impure. Prof. Smith's statement has caused
considerable comment, and a flue point for the
lesral talent to decide is now on the tapis. Mr.
Smith says that, when sug-ar is fed to bees, their
owner expects that honey will be made therefi-om,
and tlierefore is as pruilty of violating: the law as
thoug-h the sugar were mixed in with a suoon.

Mr. Jankovski has sent us a sample of this
honey, stating that it came from 8. T. Fish &
Co. The latter acknowledged sending Mr. Jan-
kovski this honey, but they insist that it is ab-
solutely pure honey from Utah. Samples have
been submitted to us, and we unhesitatingly
pronounce it pure, and just like the Utah hon-
ey that we have seen and tasted in Utah. See
our editorial on page 103. Sweet-clover honey
from Utah, when candied, is as white as lard.
When not candied, the honey looks almost
white, not unlike sugar syrup; and, indeed, in
flavor it gives one a suggestion of it. We do
not wonder, therefore, that consumers think
that this honey is sugared.

We know nothing against Mr. Jankovski;
but, on the contrary, judging only from the
general candor of his letters, we believe him to
be thoroughly honest and reliable. We feel
very sure, from our dealings with S. T. Fish &
Co., that they are entirely straight. They have
been making an active light against adultera-
tion of all sorts, and are building up a good rep-
utation on strictly pure goods.

Now, it looks to us as if Prof. Smith had
jumped a little at conclusions. Observing that
the honey candied as white as lard, and when
uncandied looked white, and tasted a little like
sugar syrup, he possibly wanted his chemical
analysis to show sugar. Again, it is well to ob-
serve that he found only 15 per cent of sugar
syrup. If any one is mean enough to adulter-
ate at all, he would not stop at 15 per cent, but
put in enough to make the operation pay. The

result of the analysis is an absurdity on the
face of it.

We can not now place our fingers upon the au-
thority; but, if we are correct, ptire bees' honey
may show anywhere from 3 to 12 per cent of the
same chemical qualities found in cane syrup;
that is, it is there from the flowers. In the sec-
ond place, we know the best chemists, while
they are perfectly sure they can detect any
quantity of glucose in honey, are not so sure
regarding small per cents of sugar syrup. Es-
pecially is this true when it is fed to bees or
passed through the process of "inversion," as
it is technically called.

Finally, it looks as if Prof. Smith has been
reading some of the sugar-honey articles that
appeared a year or so ago in the bee-journals.
He is probably aware of the fact that some bee-
keepers consider the practice of feeding bees
sugar, to produce sugar honey, perfectly legiti-
mate and proper. The knowledge of this leads
him to suspect that the producer of the honey
above mentioned has been feeding his bees su-
gar syrup. We do not believe, from the general
characteristics of the Utah (or sweet-clover)
honey that any sugar syrup found Its way into
the honey, either through the bees or other-
wise.

S. T. Fish & Co. feel that their good name is
at stake, and, we understand, expect to push
the thing a little further. We should at all
events like to see analysis of this honey from
Prof. H. W. Wiley, the Chief Chemist at Wash-
ington.

charging old subscribers more for their
journals than we do new ones.

Almost every season, especially after we
make some special effort to get Gleanings in-
troduced into new localities or new homes, we
are accused of making our old friends pay more
for their journal than we do entire strangers.
In fact, one friend writes as follows:

It is unjust to charge a ten-year subscriber more
for j'our paper than one just commencing.

Bates, 111.. Jan. :;0. J. R. Morrison.

Now, from one point of view there is some
justice in the above charge; but I do think,
taking all things into consideration, that it is
not quite so bad, after all. It is true, we have
many old and tried friends who take our jour-
nal right straight along, year after year. We
recognize them as the main props in keeping
up our circulation— we always feel under ob-
ligation to them: and the very lirst announce-
ment on the inside of the first cover grants
special privileges to these main props in this
way: We send Gleanings two years for $1.80;
three years for $3.40; five for $3.75. You see
this makes the price only 75 cents to the veter-
ans. Now, aftei' having done this we frequent-
ly say to these same veterans, "If you will
show the journal to your neighbors we will pay
you liberally." Just one illustration: The

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

]:)5

Gault perpetual raspbcM-ry, that promises to
make such a sensation in small fruits next sea-
son, worth fl.OO each, or .•?10 00 per dozen, is
offered to anybody \v}>o will give two new
names at a dollar each. If old subscriptions
are sent in. however, instead of new ones, we
require /ou7' nam-^s instead of two. The differ-
ence is this: You probably know which of
your neighbors take Gleanings. Suppose you
go to them in December, and say, " Neighbor
H., you are probably going to take Glkamngs
next year?" He assents, and then yon say,
*' Let me send and get it for you, for I am mak-
ing up a club to get a raspberry-plant." In
doing this yon do not extend our circulation a
particle, for he was going to take the journal
any way: but the man who solicits and obtains
a new subscription frequently gets it into a
new neighborhood, and the new man in turn
gets it into other new neighborhoods. Almost
every periodical published makes a special
effort to extend its circulation in this way —
that is, if the publisher is a live man. Another
thing, the special low rates offered for new
names are for the first year only. The man
who has taken it once, if he wants it continued
is thereafter a renewal and not a new name.
Once more: If the observation made by friend
M. is just and fair, we must have one price on
our journal for everybody. The man who sends
in a list of ten names, and the man who sends
for Gleanings for ten years ahead, must pay
just the same as he who takes only a single
copy for a single year. If the editorial heads
are not level on the above question, we should
be glad to be righted. We can not, however,
afford to give space to a discussion in regard to
the matter without any new points being
brought out. A. I. R.

SIMPLE JIETHOPS OF DETECTING GLUCOSE
ADULTEKATIONS.

Bro. York, replying to our editorial on page
63, wherein we criticised Veteran for not mak-
ing his glucose test thorough, calls our atten-
tion to the fact that the directions that Veteran
went by differed from those that we had; that
Veteran's test was thorough, according to ?w.s
directions. And now I?ro. York asks how we
may be able to detect glucose by the taste, and
asks for a simple formula for detecting adulter-
ations in honey. Why. bless you, Bro. York,
we thought we did: but as we did not. perhaps,
make ourselves clearly understood, we will ex-
plain more fully

THE TASTE TEST FOI{ GLUCOSE.

Such glucose as is used in commerce has a
disagreeable, rank, metallic taste, very pro-
nounced; and one wlio has tasted such pure
glucose can easily recognize the stuff when
mixed in honey; that is, providing the propor-
tions are not less than 2.") per cent. This can be
done as easily as the good housewife can tell
whether salt has been put into an oyster-stew.

In fact, we believe wc could tell quicker, our-
selves, glucose in honey than salt in tlie stew.
It is impossible for us, of course, to set forth in
language just how the glucose tastes in honey,
so we have sent to Bro. York a sample of the
finest glucose we could buy on the market— that
is. such glucose as is used commercially for
adulterating. It is called " Crystal A." the very
best. Now, if Bro. York will take a liberal
dose of this glurose. and, later on, get his better
half, or somebody else, to introduce, "behind his
back." proportions of }4, X, and K into various-
ly numbeied samples of honey, we think that,
when they are placed before him, togethei' with
samples of pure honey, he will be able to sepa-
rate " the sheep from the goats."

We ought lo say. in this connection, that
there is glucose from which the rank, disagree-
able, metallic taste has been almost entirely
eliminated, and the use of which in honey
might not be detected. We have had small
samples here; but we can not get it for less than
.5 cts., and this would be more expensive than
sugar syrup. If this is true we have, there-
fore, practically nothing to fear from glucose of
this quality. It is only the rank disagreeable
stuff costing about 2^ cts., which we have sent
to Bro. Y'ork. that is used commercially. As to
Veteran's experiment with the use of alcohol,
we have to acknowledge that his formula was
not the same to which we referred. In looking
over the test which he followed, we find it to
be a sort of coriuption, evidently taken from
the alcohol test which we took from the Bienen-
Vater. That test reads as follows:

Take a tablespoonful of honey to be tested; pour
it into a small bottle, and then add three spoonfuls
of pure spirit, and shake the Avhole tog-ether tlior-
oughly. In ubout a quarter of an hour there will
form in the bottle a cloudy, wliitish sediment : and
from this one may be sure the honey is adulterated.

This, if carefully followed, will, we believe,
give quite satisfactory results. We did not
mean to say, on page 63, that all forms of adul-
teration can be detected; but we desired to con-
vey the idea that it was our belief that onUnn-
ry glucose mixtures of honey could be recogniz-
ed by the ordinary bee-keeper. The principal
and only adulterant of honey is probably glu-
cose. Sugar syrup is u-ed rarely if ever.

In conclusion we would say that the only way
to detect glucose (that is. the commercial arti-
cle) in honey by the tdste is to get a small sam-
ple of the stuff' and learn how it tastes. If any
of our readers want to make the " taste test,"
as above given, we will send a sample of the
"pure stuff" for 10 cts., to pay postage and
packing.

P. S.— Since writing the above we have learn-
ed that a number of glucosed samples of honey,
together with otlu'r samples of pure honey,
were placed before Prof. Cook at the Los An-
geles convention, n-cently held in California.
The Professor recognized each one by the taste.

156

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb. 15.

Give, and it shall be given unto you; g-ood mea-
sure, pressed down, and sliaken togetlier, and run-
ning over, sliall men give into your bosom.— Luke
6:3«.

A PRIVATE LETTER TO A. I. ROOT.

FHend Root:—! notice in your Home talli for Jan.
15, as a remedy for the liard times, you exhort the
people (at least the poorer class) to economize more
— tliat is, to worli harder ;ind live closer. Now, our
politicians and most of our leading papers say that
the low prices now prevailing are due to overpro-
duction. Now, if that is the case, to work harder
.vould he to produce, more; and to live closer would
oe to consume less. Do you not see that tliat policy
would only augment tlie trouble ? Would it not be
more reasonable, if overproduction were the cause
of hard times, for the people to work less and con-
sume more? But, again, is there such a thing as
overproduction ? Wlien hundreds and thousands
of people all over our land are famishing for the
very necessaries of life, is it not a ease of under-
consumption ? S. Farrington.

Corunna, Ind., Jan. 33.

I may add, there is more to the above kind
letter, but we have hardly space to go into it
here. I think I know pretty much all that our
friend mentions, and I took the matter into
consideration when I gave the advice that we
should make our expenses come within our
income. I would do this^'rst. and then I would
undertake to right some of the ereat wrongs
that are afflicting our country. The man who
is in debt is in poor shape to remedy great evils.
Besides, if he should undertake to I'epudiate
his debts he would, in most cases, wrong his
neighbor who maybe suffering in exactly the
same way he himself is. The remedy I have
been preaching and practicing for having so
many unemployed people in our land, is to set
them at work raising or producing the things
they consume. In this way there are no mid-
dlemen: there are no railroads to defraud the
poor man of his earnings: there are no banks
to rob him. Yes, I would not only produce
from the soil the food we need, but T think I
would go back to producing the clothes we
are to wear. Our forefathers got along very
comfortably, raised large families of good men
and women, and it can be done again. I de-
spise the man. as much as any of you, who pays
five or ten dollars for his dinner, or, if you
choose, even one dollar for his dinner right
along, when people are almost starving for the
very cheapest and coai'sest food. When this
same man puts on airs, and thinks he is too
good to touch people who labor for a living, it
awakens feelings of disgust in my heart. Yet
I would not advocate violence or anarchy. I
would fi\mp]y starve hhn. ortt. T would be both
producer and consumer of the things I -needed,
to avoid paying him interest or rent, or the
tremendous profits such men sometimes receive,
taken from the poor man's earnings. While I
say this I recognize that God seems to have so
ordained it that .some men should furnish cap-
ital while others should furnish brains and
muscle. I am not afraid that consuming less
and working more will aggravate our troubles,
providing more people can learn to set them-
selves at work without asking anybody, unless it
be the great (!od above, to furnish that employ-
ment. I want to see more people working for God
instead of for some human boss. I want to see
more people working iritJi, God. I want to see
them making use of (Jod's sunshine, air, and
rain, without paying any human being for the
privilege of so doing. Our land is broad enough,

and the world is wide enough, so there need not
be any suffering for want of food or clothing.

The present age needs educating in regard to
this matter of finding employment. Humanity
must not get into a fashion of thinking that
somebody else Is to find them a job. They
must not drift into a way of sitting down help-
less because nobody wants to hire them. Get
at it, and be busy at something un'il some-
body wants you. You know this is a subject
on which 1 have talked and exhorted, over and
over again. In fact, I have published two
books with this special end in view. I do not
know how I can better illustrate what I want
to say than by quoting from my own life; but
please do not think, dear friends, that I want
to boast.

When I was a very small boy my mother
says I always found something to interest me,
and something to enjoy. I never came to her
saying. " Mother, please tell me what I shall
do." I can remember vividly when I began tO'
notice the multitude of wonderful things there
are in this world. When quite a child I became
interested in seeing the ants work building
their hills; and whenever I had leisure I enjoy-
ed myself hugely in studying their movements.
The sight of the growing grass, the budding-
branches, and all these things, were an un-
ceasing delight; and when I discovered it was
my privilege to have a /*r(7tf7 in the great ma-
chinery of life, it was a new delight. My first
business in the way of earning moupy was in-
keeping poultry: and after I had got two " bid-
dies "of my own to care for and study — from
that time forward. I think I may say, I have
never been out of employment. I began study-
ing the wants of my two hens, much as the
experiment stations carry on their work nowa-
days. I quickly began to note the effect that
certain kinds of food had in regard to the mat-
ter of the production of eggs. I walked eight
miles to the bookstore to get a book on poultry
I saw advertised; and I sat down so often on
the way to study that wonderful book that I
came near not getting home that same day.
About this time Moore's Ritral Netv- Yorker
was started. It was taken by my grandfather,
who lived two miles and a half from our home.
They did not want to lend the papei-, so I man-
aged to be on hand as soon as it came from the
postoffice. Other papers were scanned for their
articles on poultry. I learned to pound up
bones with a hammer, and drew butternuts in a
little wagon, said butternuts being pounded up
much as we did the bones for the biddies. Then
the Rural New-Yorker told me how to make
use of the poultry manure, and that opened up
agriculture. Busy! Why, not only was I busy,
and having fun too, every minute of my boyish
life, but I presume I could have set other people
at work' too, providing I could have found peo-
ple to think while they worked. Let me illus-
trate:

I do not like to find fault with these good
friends near me here; hut I want to tell you
what an uiu^xplored region there is before the
people of the United States.

Plumbing and gas-fitting are at present quite
a department in our establishment. There are
water-pipes, steam-pipes, air-pipes, and pipes
for almost every .sort of purpose, running in al-
most every direction. These pipes save us
steps, and. of course, there must be attendant
valves, elbows, T's, unions, reducers, and all
the attendant fixtures. The piping and the
sewerage have, in some way, fallen under my
supervision. I have begun to think I might be
called " hydraulic engineer" of the establish-
ment. Well, you do not know how I have
wanted trusty helpers, or a trusty helper in
this work. In putting in my storage battery

IS*. 14

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

or lieat that warms our liome, I becanio; ac-
<iuaint(>d with a boy wlio liad served a sort of
apprcMitiooship in piuiiihiiig:. He. helped ine
and 1 h(^lped iiirn. anil wr siot along nicely to-
gether. In skill and iniiscl(> he is ail I could
ask; but in the way of brains and tliis matter
of thinking continually what he is doing, he
does not quite come up to my standard of per-
fection. By the way, mo anc ev(>r did. and I do
not know tliat any one ever will, while I live at.
least. We see illustrations of what thinking
men may do in this way, but we realize there is
an une.xplored region in that line. Nobody
knows what humanity may bring forth yet in
the way of a f?/(/i/it;/'. Edison started out and
shot across the horizon like a bright meteor.
Wlio can contemplate the strides he has made,
and the blessings he has brought to the world,
without wonder and suri)rise? Let us now go
back to that boy friend of mine.

One day it became necessary to shut the valve
that comes from the windmill — in fact, to cut
off the whole water-supply of our establish-
ment—for about five or ten minutes. I objected,
and asked if there were not some other way.
They said there was another way but it would
take a good deal longer. If I would consent
to having the water cutoff for just. /7/j)c minutes
they would have it all fixed. Well, I planned to
stand right there during the five minutes and
see that the big valve was promptly opened just
the minute the connection was made, for we
had liad some sad experience in having work
stopped, such as the horses led off to the creek
for water, somebody tinkering with hydrants,
spoiling them by twisting them too far, or the
wrong way, simply because the : accustomed
water did not come. I made all the arrange-
ments, and saw the big valve closed; but some-
thing else of importance called me away. Be-
fore I left I said to the boy, " Now, Harold, you
be very sure you open that valve just as soon
as that connection is made." He declared he
would; and the man who was helping him said
too that It would be opened inside of three
minutes. I went away, and supposed every
thing went smoothly, until, some time in the
afternoon of the same day, the foreinan of the
wax-room wanted to know how long the hands
had got to hunt up some other work because
\\n^ water lOds cut (ijf. I think likely I scolded
some. I went for the boy, and asked him if it
were possible he forgot to open that valve after
all the fuss I had made about it. He hung his
head, and admitted that it was not opened at
all after they got done. When I asked for an
explanation he did not say any thing. As he
was but a hoy, and such things are boylike, I
let it go. Now, if it were only hoys who make
mistakes of this kind I would not mind. This
kind of work is all through the laboring classes.
Of course, the circumstances are not always so
aggravating.

When carrying the exhaust steam over to the
house, after I got the apparattis all rigged, the
arrangement did not work as I expected it to.
The pipes W' ere warmed somewhat, it is true;
but for nearly a week I fussed and botheriid to
see why the exhaust steam did not come
through the tiles as it ought to. Tlie engineer
grumblfd some because the steam was making
a back pressure on his engine; and the tjoys
rather thought — at least I rather fear they did
— that some of father's exp(^riments for warm-
ing the house without cost might result in a
pretty hUj cost. After a deal of study I located
the trouble. The big iron pipe at the end of
the line of tile, was stopped up in some way.
We dug it out and held it up to thef light, but —
there was no hole throiitjli it! The;, men, in
raising it up to its place, liad let it stand for a
second in the soft muddy ground. The lower

end was plugged up with a couple of inches of
yellow clay, and in this condiiion the appara-
tus was expected to work.;

Again, the drii)-pii)e near the engine!, that
was to carry olV the accumulation of water
from the condensation of exhaust sk am, did
not work — at least, the water dropperl only very
slowly. The men thought it was all righ't, bu"t
I declared it should run a (puirtcr-inch sticam
continually. The drip-pipi- was pulled up; and
the last piece, not more than six inches long,
was found to be plugged up near wlu're it en-
tered the elbow. I spoke to the boy— the same
one I have mentioned: " Harold, when you are
putting up piping do you not always look
through each piece, or blow through it, to see
that ii is clear?" He said he did sometimes,
and sometimes he didn't. I added: "liutwhen
you have a little, pipe, only six inches long, you
surely hold it up to your eye to see whether
there is a hole through it, do you not?" He
admitted he did not. Now, 1 wonder how-
many plumbers or gas-fitters there are in our
country who are in the habit of making it their
business to see that there is really a /lo/e clear
through the pipes they are putting up. Cut-
ting off the drip-water had necessitated the ex-
haust steam moving all this accumulation of
water several hundred feet up hill.

Once more: One of the hearing-tubes of our
phonograph refused to talk. I do not know
how much expense it made us, nor how long the
boys worked at it to find the trouble; but after
some of the boys — I think it was John— got suf-
ficiently in earnest about^it he held it up to the
window and looked through it. What do you
think? A little spider ^had spun a web clear
across the tube, from one side to another. I
suppose that, as he progressed with his delicate
silky fibers, the voice from the machine began
to be more and more indistinct. When he had
got his web completed w'e could not hear at all.
All these expensive troubles are the result of
lacking thought, or need of brains, if you
choose. They are all simply a blunder; and if
the workmen who had them in charge had
been constantly thinking and studyii,g his bus-
iness, and having his whole mind concentrated
on his work, in his anxiety to have every part
perform its office, these things would not have
happened. Yes, it ivould be more than human
to demand that one should never make mis-
takes.

Our radiators at the house were all working
beautifully, when all at once one of them began
to leak a little. I told Mrs. Root that the heat
and oxidation would soon close up 'so small a
leak. But it didn't. Finally one corner of the
carpet was being so constantly soaked by this
slow dripping it would ruin it if not stopped.
The leak was close to an elbow, and there seem-
ed to be no remedy except to draw off the water,
take down the, pipe, and screw it up tighter.
Mrs. Root had thought several times before,
that slie had had all the fussing with tongs and
wrenches, and men with greasy lingers, that
sh(! could stand for one winter. 1 greatly dis-
liked the idea myself of tearing up our work
when the pipes were finished and bronzed, and
every thing, except that one leak, so clean and
perfect. Just before going to bed one night I
soliloquized thus: " I turned up lluit joint my-
self, and 1 am sure it is tight enough so it ought
not to leak. Is it not possible that a little
brains will obviate the necessity of pulling
things to pieces?"" I told Mrs. Root what I
was thinking of. and asked her to bring a cer-
tain light hanuner slie always keeps in a par-
ticular spot in tlie pantry. Then I got the
best lamp with a hirge clear blaze, with a good
shade, so as to concentrate the light. I found
that, by lying fiat on my back, and pushing my

158

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb. 15.

face close to the radiator, I could get a glimpse
of the spot vvlu-re the water came from. With
a clean cloth I wiped the water all off and
watched its reappearance. In a minute I whs
ready to shout -'Eureka 1" The leak did not
come from the juint ai all. It came from a
minute sandhole in the malleable iron in tlie
elbow. There was very little room to use the
hammer in such a place; but after twisting
myself in some more (lueer shapes I managed
to get a prettv fair blow with the peen of the
hammer. T.vo or three strokes did the busi-
ness, and I just felt happy when I saw the last
drop of water curl up in a little wreath of
steam, and the pipe was left dry, clean, and
hot. Over and over again I have seen me-
chanics go to work and spend hours of time and
considerable money when almost a single tap
with a light hammer in just the right spot
would have been a p(M-f»-ct cure for the thing
they were trying to renu^dy. All that was need-
ed was skill and brains to wield a little ham-
mer. On one occasion, expensive men were
employed, one after the other, to remedy a
peculiar trouble with the pump. They finished
the job. so they said, and they got their pay.
We are sure of that. But they went away
leaving the pump no better than when they
came there. Finally a mere boy studied otit
where the difficulty was, and fixed it himself.

Now, people are out of work because it costs
so much to have any thing fixed. People can
not stand it. They have been humbugged by
paying to have things done only to find them
no better, but sometimes worse. You may think
I am complaining of humanity. I do not mean
to. I make stupid blunders myself, and a great
many of them. But 1 am learning every day
of my life. If I were out of work I^ would com-
mence educating myself to repair domestic
machinery. Wlien I first startf>d in business as
a mechanic I did this very thing. My business
was watch-repairing; but if anybody wanted
me to mend a coffee-mill I took it thankfully
and cheerfully; and I made sure the coffee-mill
did good work by actual test; and then I made
sure again that my price for repairing was not
more than the mill was worth. To do this I
sometimes worked for one-fourth of regular
wages. But I was determined to build up a
bnsiness.no matter what it cost, and most of
you know how I have succeeded.

The market-wagon came around a few min-
utes ago. with the back springs broken down.
Three pieces of steel were snapped. As the
roads were a little rough, it is not very sur-
prising: but I have learned by experience, how-
ever, that there is almost always a very plain
reason; and. nine times out of ten. if we inves-
tigate we shall find the breakdown resulted
from carelessness or forgetful ness. After giving
directions to the blacksmith about an imme-
diate repair I took hold of the hind wheel near
the break, gave it a shake, and saw that it slip-
ped on the steel spindle nearly an inch. *

" Why," said the blacksmith, " you have lost
out the washers I put in there about six months
ago. Don't you linovv I told you that whoever
greased the wagon must be very careful that
the washers should not drop out and be left out
when the wagon was greased?" We always
grease the wagon while it stands in tfie middle
of the floor of the room where it is kept over
night and loaded up. If tiie washer fell out it
dropped on the floor. The shake of the load, in
consequence of these washers being left out,
was probably what caused the break of the
springs. The driver said he knew it had been
out a long time. The world is clamoring for
men who think — who are alive to the interests
and rights of other men. People come to me
day after day, with pitiful faces, saying they

have nothing in the world to do. and do not
know wheie they can find employment. Now,,
may be you think 1 am rough and severe: but I
can hardly believe there is a man, woman, or
child in our land who has absolutely nothing to
do if such persons were dead in earnest in want-
ing something to do. Even if we are out of
work, it costs us something to live. Food,
clothing, and fuel cost money. There are few
people, especially poor people, who take care of
their clothing as they might do, and who take
sufficient pains in keeping it in repair; and the
same with shoes. My boots are promptly and
properly cared for. and they will last two years
and do me good service; but a great many do
not care for their boots or shoes at all. If they
clean them they rarely or never oil them. The
simple matter of neglecting to oil your boots-
and shoes will make them wear out in six
months or less, where they might otherwise
last two or three times as long — if also repaired
promptly and judiciously.

During the winter time we must pay out
more or less for fuel. The way fuel is common-
ly used, half or threefonrtlis goes up the chim-
ney. Using the intelligence that God has given,
you will cut down the bill for fuel a half or
possibly more. See to it that the wind does not
blow under your house and up through the
cracks of the floor nor in around the windows.
I believe in ventilation, but von can have the
best ventilation in tlie world and save your fuel
besides.

When I was quite a small boy I became in-
terested in this matter of protection from the
weather. I wanted to work with tools; but
there was a family of seven children, so my
tools and my work would be rather in the way
in the house. I made a little shop of my own^
outdoors; and when the weather was severe I
warmed it with a brick oven of my own man-
ufacture. After I had had experience in hav-
ing my eyes filled with smoke, I learned my
first lessons in conducting smoke. The cellar
to your dwelling can be made very comfortable,
and a neat work-room during the winter time.

For ten or twelve years a great part of the
cellar under our home has been >o untidy — I
don't like the word " untidy "' after all. for Mrs.
Root has persisted in sweeping and scrubbing it
up in spite of all difficulties: but since we put
in the new heating-apparatus we have had the
walls whitewashed and the floors cemented,
and now it is such a pretty, light, warm room
that Huber prefers it for a playroom, and the
girls are going down there to study their les-
sons. The place has been made so pleasant
that I feel happy every time I go down there
to take TTiy accustomed nap just before dinner.
With some hard work and a little expense, al-
most every home may have a cellar that will
do quite well for a workshop in winter.

When Orange Judd was a boy in college he
ran short of funds. He too had learned to " fix
things" in his childhood. Well, he wanted
money, and he wanted the most he could make
in a short space of time. He went off across
the country fixing clocks. Would people em-
ploy an unknown adventurer? He told them
he was coming back a month later, and he did
not wa'^t any pay until they had tested the
clock thoroughly. Of course, there was no
trouble in getting work in that way; and there
will be no trouble in getting work now. If your
determination is to give full value for the mon-
ey you will receive, and if you are prepared to
be responsible for your work, everybody will
want you.

A good deal has been said about cutting off
the profits of the middlemen. lam not quar-
reling with the middlemen. I do not believe
they are cheats. But there is a certain kind of

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CUI/rURE.

159

iniddlomea that we can cut off as well as not.
We. can withhold our patronage from the
saloon-keeper, for one thing, and in the same
way we can withhold our patronage from all
who are speculating out of tlie earnings of poor
people. Our agricultural papers liave liad
much to say in regard to farmers selling prod-
uce directly to consumers. Find somebody
who needs the stuff you raise, and then make a
short cut by delivering your product directly to
him. Yon understand, of course, my remarks
are directed principally to those who are suffer-
ing because they have nothing to do, or because
the work they are doing does not pay sufti-
ciently. It may be that muscle is plentiful in
our land; but of brains there never was an
oversupply. There is not and never was an
oversupply of earnest, honest thinking men and
women— the kind of people who think for
others; who love their neighbors; people who
always make it a business to take a stone out of
the highway— a stone that may injure a wagon,
and gall the shoulders of the poor hard-work-
ing horses. We want men and women who, no
matter what they are working at, would never
think of doing such a thing as to put in a piece
of piping without lirst looking through it to see
If there were a hole through it. We are not all
going to be plumbeis. but we are. all of us. la-
boring for somebody. The consequence of our
blundering often costs dollars. A poor woman
once came to me begging for employment. I
set her at work. She was trusted one day to
mail some garden seeds. A man wanted some
Wakefield cabbage seed to plant right away.
It is true, he wanted only a five-cent paper; but
this new clerk sent him an empty printed
wrapper, without any seeds in it at ail. She
had not love enough in her heart for her fellow-
men to simply pinch the empty envelope while
it was in her fingers, to see whether there were
any .seeds In it or not. She said it was only a
mistake. Some of the others took her part, and
thought I need not make so much fuss because
of a simple thing like that— picking up an emp-
ty seed-bag instead of one that contained seeds.
Now, I am trying hard to make myself under-
stood. The idea is this: He who commences
any sort of business, or who commences to earn
a living, should have, first and foremost, at the
bottom of his heart a deep and sincere anxiety
to (io yood in the world — to be helpful; and he
should be so anxious for the welfare of his fel-
low-men that, whenever he undertakes to serve
them in any capacity whatever, he should look
out for their interests. I do not know exactly
the circumstances of your own life, so I can not
map out in detail just what would fit your case;
but a love for humanity— a love for Christ Jesus,
and a sincere desire to do right by your fellow-
men, recognizing that the eye of the great God
above is constantly over you, will. I am sure,
bring you plenty to do, and at reasonably good
pay. ■' (Jive, and it shall be given unto you,"
the Bible tells us. I do not understand by this
that you are to give money or bread and butter
to tramps; in fact, I do not think it means that
at all; but it does mean that, in your daily
work, you should give good and liberal measure
to your neighbors, to your men. to your employ-
er, to your hired man, to everybody with whom
you have to do. Be liberal with them; look
oul for their interests, study their comforts and
their needs; plan so as to avoid accidents,
hitches in business, delays and disappointment,
and they will in like manner plan for you; and
the great (rod above will, in his loving kind-
ness, plan for, look after, and protect you both.

I get more inquiries from my ad't in your paper
than from any other source. W. H. Putnam.

River Falls, Wis., Jan. 12.

O.NIONS.

I do not know but some of the friends will
think this is an onion number, even though in
one respect the onion business is not very en-
couraging. I hear that, in some localities, very
fair onions are offered at from 75 cts. to 61.50 a
barrel. Nevermind. There is money in onions
vet. The seed-catalogues are quoting potato
onions at from K.OO to $2.5() a peck. What do
you think of that— from $8.00 to flO.OO a bushel,
to say nothing about a barrel? and onion-sets
are about the same price as potato onions. By
the way, what is the reason nice onion-sets are
quoted year after year at from $4.00 to $6.00 a
bushel or more? I believe they can be grown
almost anywhere, and children very often grow
the very finest. And, by the way, what has be-
come of the old - fashioned top onion - sets?
When I was a boy 1 made quite a little money
growing onion - sets. My mother showed me
how. We just planted big onions, and the sets
grew on top of the stalks, like the Egyptian
onions, and all these sets made nice large solid
onions, and onions that were good keepers.
Furthermore, after all the sets had been gath-
ered, the onions could be taken up and put into
the cellar, and the next year they would bear
another crop of sets, and so on.

We never had a bit of trouble in selling our
product. The nearest grocery would take the
whole lot at a price that paid big. A good many
times the grocers would be bidding against
each other in order to sret tlu-m. esppcially if
they were nice and clean. Who will tell me
what these onions are called ? I see something
mentioned in one of the catalogues, but they do
not give any name for the onion. They call
them top-sets, or buttons, and say they will
produce large onions quirker than any other
kind of onion seed. It stikes me I should rath-
er raise them than to raise the sets that grow
in the ground. Another thing, these top-sets
were much more .solid, and never sprouted in
keeping over winter, as the sets that grow in
the ground do. They were always marketable,
and were not constantly deteriorating.

Oh. yes! I did find one Chicago house that
offered onion sets for $3..50 a bushel. 1 sent for
samples, but they had not even been putthro'ugh
a fanning-mill to blow out the chaff. The on-
ions were soft and wilted also. We have grow-
ing in our greenhouses, chives, multipliers, po-
tato onions, and shallots. By the way, I am
greatly interested in this shallot business.
They are the firmest, handsomest little onion
you ever saw. and they keep splendidly, so I am
told. Eead the following:

SPRING SHALT-OTS.

^. I. Root;— At your request I will describe
what I have always known as spring shallots.
There are two varieties, red and white. The
white are the best in every respect. They grow
larger, and are sweeter. They do multiply.
We put them out in the spring as early as the
ground will do to work; put a single one in a
place eight or ten inches apart, and there will
be a dozen or more come from the one. When
they get five or six inches high, thin out for
bunch onions. You can pull out all but two or
three, and they will send up seed-stalks and
make seed which may be sown as other onions,
and they will makT; beautiful little sets, which,
in turn, will multiply. Their principal value is
for bunch onions, on account of earliness. I
never raised any except for family use, but

160

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb. 1.5.

think they are almost invaluable in a large fam-
ily. The red are the same in every respect, but
do not grow as large as the white.

Shallots are very hardy. Pile them up in an
out-building on the ground, and throw any
coarse litter over them, and they will keep till
spring perfectly. I suppose they would do well
in the gi'eenhouse through the winter.

Rail, Mo., Jan. 8. N. A. E. Ellis.

From the above it would seem that these
shallots bear top-sets like our old-fashioned on-
ions. But this statemiMit contradicts what we
said in Gleanings— see page 863, last year.
The Cleveland Nursery Co., Rio Vista. O.. told
us they do not run to top-sets. Well, here is
something more in regard to chives, shallots,
multipliers, etc. The letter looks as though it
ought to be authority in regard to the matter:

Friend Root: — The shallot, or eschalot (Alli-
um Ascalonicum) , is a native of Palestine. It
was first introduced into England in 1.548. It Is
quite extensively cultivated, and used in the
same manner as the onion. It can be increased
only by division. In this latitude the bulbs
should be planted during the month of October,
in rows about 18 inches apart, and 6 to 8 inches
apart in the rows. They require rich soil and
thorough cultivation to secure the best develop-
ment of the bulbs. With Southern gardeners,
shallots are one of the earliest and most profita-
ble crops, their shipping season being from the
first of December until March.

Chives (Allium Scluenoprasuni) is a native
of Siberia. It is the smallest of the onion fam-
ily, and one of the finest-flavored, of very easy
culture, propagated by division.

Garlic (Allium saUvmn) belongs to the same
genus as the onion and leek. It is a perennial,
and grows wild in the southern parts of Euroi)e.
It is more esteemed as a medicine than as an
article of food. The plant, especially the root,
has a pungent taste, and the odor, which is very
otfensive, is far more penetrating and diffusive
than that of the onion. It is said that, when
garlic is applied externally, the smell can be ob-
served in the breath and perspiration.

There are also the common field garlic (Alli-
um vineale), supposed to have been brought to
this country from Wales, and Allium^ Cana-
den.se, or wild garlic, which is indigenotis, and
commonly found in moist meadows. Th(> two
last kinds are quite a nuisance in some local-
ities. S. W. Pike.

St. Charles. 111., Nov. 34, 1893.

Now, then, it is bad enough to have onion-
sets, both to]) and bottom, quoted in all our
seed-catalogues, year after year, at from '*5.0()
to $10.00 a bushel, let alone having shallots,
multipliers, and potato onions, quoted at the
same i)rice. Why, I wonder what these cata-
logue men are thinking about. Have they got
the idea that the world in general— I mean the
gardening world — are so lazy that, instead of
raising their own onion-sets, or, rather, instead
of saving some over for seed, the great garden-
ing world is going to buy of them, and pay
them $3.00 a peck? It is positively ridiculous.
If the readers of Gleanings alone can not fill
this " long-felt want," and bring down the price
of these garden commodities, then I am asham-
ed of them — that is all.

In order to give you something of an idea of
how it is to be done, I am going to copy quite
considerably from an article that appeared in
that excellent home paper. The Country Gen-
tleman. al)out a year ago. It gives us a glim r)se
of a plac(Mn York State whei'e they raise po-
tato onions by the carload; and out there they
are glad to get even .$3.00 a (fK/rrcI instead of
$3.00 a peek. I do not know wh(!ther they have
got any this year or not. I5y the way, if any of

the readers of Gleanings know where we can
get potato onions, multipliers, and shallots, say
for $3.00 or $3.00 a barrel, I wish they would
write and tell Gleanings, and I will give them
a free advertisemcait for a little time, and see
if we can not find where we can buy these
things at reasonable prices. Now, then, for the
" how to do it."

ONION-GROWING IN NIAGABA COUNTY, NEW YORK.
[An address on Onion Culture delivered before the Ne%v Yorlf
State Ag-'l Society Farmers' Institute, Middleport. N. Y., Jan. ■>,
1S98, by Win. Batnrielv.]

About tliiity years ago Mr. Zadoc Stewart, living
on ttie Ridge road three miles nortli of Middleport,
bought and planted a half-bushel of English Multi-
plier onions, the first ever grown in our locality.
He saved all Ids crop from year to year, and planted
them all until lie had what seed he desired, believ-
ing that onion-growing on a large scale would be
a profitable business. Although he did not live to
see the full development of his plans, the events of
years liave proved how well liis predictions were
founded. Twenty years ago Mr. H. H. Bickford,
who bought the farm after the death of Mr. SteM'art,
barreled and shipped the first onions ever sent from
Middlei)i)rt in carloads. He sliipped .567 barrels at
$4.13>^ l)er V)arrel, which amounted to the handsome
sum of $3339.87. From that time forward others
have engaged in tlie business, and their numbers
and the quantity raised have steadily increased,
until at piesent tliere are about thirty men who
grow from .50 to tiOO to 800 barrels each, besides
many more who grow them in smaller quantities.
There were shipped frinn Middleport and Gasport
last season about 8()(KI biiriels at an average price of
$1.87 per barrel, aiiKiunling to $14,960; and Niagara
County onions are (luntcd in the New York markets,
and are siiipped to Philadelphia, Boston, Chicago,
Milwaukee, and many otlier of our large cities. It
is estimated that there are at present stored in
cellars for next year's planting. 5.350 bu.shels of
seed, and, so far as can be learned, every bushel of
this seed, and all the onions of this locality ever
sold— which is not less than 80.000 barrels, and
amounting to not le.ss than $175,000— is the direct in-
crease from the half-bu.shel of .seed planted by Mr.
Stewart thirty years ago. The territory devoted to
this business at present is confined almost exclu-
sivel.v to land along the Ridge road, in tlie town of
Hartland and western edge of Ridgeway— about 75
acres in all.

The questions which probably interest you most
are— " How is it done?" and, "Does it pay?" I
know of no better way to answer the first than to
give my own experience, which covers a period of
13 years, and being, perliaps, about an average as.
toquantity grown, and also as to success, it would be
a fail' basis from whicli to draw conclusions. I have
stored in my cellar at jiresi'iii i:.'5 bushels of seed.
which I shall commence triniming by cutting off
the t()](s and roots, breaking apart the clusters and
sorting into three sizes. As soon as the frost is out
and the ground in condition to wmk, it will be fitted
by hairowing and rolling until the soil is well pack-
ed and pulverized, and made fine to a depth of
about 3 inches. Having been plowed in the fall it
will not be necessary to plow again in the spring,
unless I should want to plow under manure, and
that had best be done in the fall. I mark out the
ground with a marker drawn t)y hand in straiglit
rows 18 inches apart, and about 1 inch deep. I am
now ready to plant, which is done by pressing the
seed firmly in the row, roots downward, about 2i4 or
3 inches apart. The seed is covered by throwing a
light furrow on the rows with the plow attachment
to the Planet Jr. handcidtivator. The rows are
then rolled down with a hand-roller. The different
sizes of seed are planted by tiiemselves. The large
seed, which grow the clusters, ripen earlier than the
smaller sizes, and, by being planted each size by
itself, I can begin harv» sting ten days earlier than
though they were mixed. Besides, the universal
rule that "the strong prey upon the weak" asserts
itself with special force in the growth of the onion
—in other words, plant a small, weak onion between
two large ones, and the large ones will at once
reach out and api>ropriate to their own private use
all the availalile plaiU-l'oMd within reach, and grow
and thrive. utterl,\- I'egardless of the needs of their
hungry little neiglil)or. who, for want of its share
of plant-food, matures at best otdy into a little
dwarf. I do ni>t know whether the onion learned
this trait of the human species or i' ire rersa; they

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

101

l)oth possess it, however, in about the samt' dcg-ree.
As soon ;is tlie onions are up— whicli in favorable
■weather will bo in abt)ut two wef ks — the liaiid-
-cultivalor i> starti'd. runniuR twice in oai-h row as
close to tlu' niiions as possible. (A careful man sdun
becomes e.xpert with the cultivator; lastsea-on a 1m it-
was not used in my beds.) The onions should he
■cultivated as often as every ten days uiUil the tops
g-et so larg'e there is no open space hetween the
rows. If tiie cultivating is thoroughly done, I find
It necessary to weed tlieni only once, wliieli is done
just before the tojis get too large to work among.
I hire liel)) enough to plant and weed them in as
slu)rt a time as possible. It is essential to get them
planted very early, so they will ripen in time for
the early market. My onions (two acres) were all
planted in a daj' and a'half, and weeded in one day.

Harvesting is begun by pulling the onions, throw-
ing 12 rows of onions into one winrow. Those large
enough to barrel are now topped and left on the
ground to di-y or cure, which, if they are well rip-
eried, will not t;ike more than a day or two. They
are then secured by rubbing together on the ground
until they are clean and bright. Now they are
re;idy to barrel, care being taken not to lUit them in
barrel while tliey are damp. The seed or small
onions aic left lying on the ground until they are
thoroughly cuied and the sap or juice entirely dried
out- of the stem. They are then picked up, with the
tops left on, in crates with slat bottoms, holding
about three pecks each, and put in o))en sheds or
some cool, airy place until hard freezing weather,
when they are put in tlie cellars, and we are ready
to figure our gain or loss on tlie crop.

Tliis brings us to the question, "Does it pay ?" in
answer to which I have Itemized statements from
three growers engaged in this business, and who
may be considered about an average in success,
which I will here present, and whicli will enable you
to judge for yourselves whether it pays. In these
■statements no account is taken of interest on land
or value of barn manure used, but I will say it is
about the same as though the land were prepared
for a first-class yield of potatoes; neitiier is interest
on capital invested in seed considered, as the seed
grows along with crop, and generallj' increases each
year more than 6 per cent, which would offset the 6-
per-cent interest on the investment.

NO. 1— ONE AND A HALF ACRES.

rlramlng- 100 bush, seed $12 60

reparinf; ground 3 00

lanting 10 00

ult'vafinp: and weeding 27 ."lO

Harvesting 26 00

Paid tur 201 barrels at 22c « 22

Marketing 12 .")0

Gathering seed 3 7.5

l-aid for ^ ton phosphate 12 50

Total expense SWl 97

Sold 201 barrels onions at $2.00 402 00

Balanee after expense $2.iO 03

Profit per acre 166 68

NO. 2— SEVEN ACRES.

Trimming seed $63 12

Preparing ground 2.t 00

Planting 62 53

Cultivating 32 00

Weeding 38 91

Harvesting 127 .W

Phosphate 2.i 00

725 ban els at 22c l.^JO 50

Total expense $ 63t 64

Sold 725 barrels at $2.00 14.50 (M)

Balance after expense 916 36

Profit per acre 130 90

NO. 3— TWO ACRES.

Trimming seed $12 00

Preparing ground 10 00

Planti ng 19 43

Cultivating 12 .50

Weeding 8 89

Harvesting 28 52

Bought 3111 barrels 66 22

Drawing to market 9.50

<4atheiiner seed 6 25

Bought 1500 lbs. phosphate 18 00

Total expense $ 191 31

Sold 301 baiTels onions at 12.00 602 0.)

Balance after expense 8 410 69

I'roHt per acre 205 Si^i

SC^MAKT.

Total acres in cultivation, 10}4-

Total expenses $ 876 92

Total sales 24.54 00

Total balance after expense H577 08

Profit per acre 150 19

Tile yield and piiccs given above being no higlu'i-
than tlie average for t he past ten years, lliese state-
ments ni;iy safely lie cdnsidered a fair answer to the
(luestion, " Does it pay ?"

The soil liisl a(la|il"ed to the gi'owing of onions, in
ni.v judgment, is a sandy loani that holds moistur-e
in contiiuied Iml. dry weather: if the soil gets too
hot and diy, the onions are lialile to burn It niusl.
be free from surface watei', or tloodinn- in rainy
weather. IIS a few hours' hot sini on niiiuiis coveied
with water will surely scald them and ruin the cro|).
I believ(> tlu> ground' should lie i)lowed in the fall,
and what manure is intended to he used should be
then turned luider, ;md, in the sining, work the
ground on tt)p. tliilling what ferlilizt'i' is used with a
grain-drill, and the soil i-olled and harrowed until it
is thoroughly jiulver'zed and made vi'r.\ line three
inches deep. It is not a good jilan to manure on top
with coarse maniu-e. as it hinders verj' much in
planting and cultivating.

Onions may be raist d on the same ground year
after year, if the fertility of the soil is kejit u|) by a '
liberal supply of barnyard manure and phosiihate.
I know a field upon which onions have been grown
every year for more than 35 years, and last season's
yield was a good average. But recently I have
adopted a system which I think far better. Every
two years 1 change m.v onion ground, plowing un-
der a heavy growth of clover. Every tiller of the
soil understands the benefits of a rotation of crops}
also of plowing under clover, good results of which
manifest themselves especially in onion culture.
It not only fertilizes the soil, but it will hold mois-
ture better, and rank clover is a great agent in free-
ing the land from weeds. I don't have half the
trouble in keeping the crop clean from weeds the
first season after plowing under the clover. After
harvesting the crop ne.xt season, I intend sowing
the field to wheat, or to barley in the spring follow-
ing, and seeding to clover. I mow the first crop of
clover, and plow under the second growth, which on
land in a high state of fertility will be heavy.

If 1 were to give advice to any one thinking of
starting in the business, I should say, buy but a few
bushels of seed, begin in a small way, and let your
experience and business grow along together. I
have known failures by starting in on too large a
scale. There are several things to learn before suc-
cess is assured. When I see a man start out without
any knowledge of the business, and buy a large
amount of seed, I keep an eye on him. for tlie
chances are that in about two years he -will be dis-
gusted with the business, and it is a first-rate place
to go to buy seed cheap. I began with 2>^ bushels,
and kept planting all I raised until I had enough, so
that my first sale was 23.5 barrels. Had I started in
by buying 100 or 300 bushels of seed, the chances are
that I would have been tint of the business long ago.
and no one would have thought of asking me to read
an article on "onion-growing" here to-day.

A person, to succeed, must have soil ad ipted to
the growth of the onion, and a cool, dry place to
winter his seed. The seed ought not to freeze,
but slight freezing is better than too much Jieat.
He must not expect to raise a pi-ofltable crop of
onions and a heavy crop of weeds on the same ground
at the same time. Weeds are the eternal inemy of
the onion-grower, and he should be constantly on the
war-path with every implement of destruction and
death he can invent. Weeds grow in wet and dry
weather. Thev woik nights and Sundays and
Fourth of July; they are especially active and put
in their " best licks " while we are gone a-flshing or
to the circus or horse-race, and what advantage they
gain from you in one day it will take three to get
back. Every weed should be plowed under imme-
diately after the crop is harvested, and the ground
cultivated as often as thej make their appeaiance.

If vou are growing onions to any considerable
extent, do not be afiaid to hire help to plant and
weed them as (|uickly as jiossilile. It will he cheaper
and more satisfactory in the end. I of ten .seeasmany
as twenty men and boys in the field at a time during
lilanting' and weeding. When onions are ready to
weed, be ready to do it with all the good help you
can get. Weeds giow very fast at this time of year,
and you will have lots of other work to do; but the
onions ma.sf be weeded; and if you try to do it with
your ordinary force of liel]) you will probably be
running a mowing-machine of some kind over the
field before vou can find what you did with ■$4(K) or
$.500 worth of seed in planting time. Hoys can plant
and weed onions; but in my opinion good reliable
men. paid good wages, are the cheapest and most
satisfactory help a farmer can get.

162

GLEANINGS [N BEE CULTURE.

Feu. 15.

The question may ^e asked: "How much seed
does it lalie lo plant an acre?" To this I would
reply, it depends entirely on the size of the seed. [
have seen seed so small that it could be done with 15
bushels; and 1 liave planted iv so large that it would
require over 300. 1 should thinli the medium would
be, perhaps, about 7.5 bushels per acre.

While 1 have known many failures in men trying
to raise onions, I know of no branch of farming that
will pay 'letter if the soil and all the conditions are
favoi'able, and a fair degree of industry, economy,
and intelligence is applied.

MONEY IN ONIONS.

Editor GIc<nii)Kjs: — I have noticed with much
inlerest youi- ellutts lo collect information in re-
gard to prolitable onion culture. This is a sub-
ject in which 1 have long been interested, hav-
ing been experimenting continuously for twen-
ty years. 1 am still learning; but being more
familiar with the road which leads to success
and profit than some of your readers, I will put
up a few finger-boards which, if followed, will
keep even a novice from going astray:

First and most important is the strain of seed
used: for if the seed is not right it matters not
what kind of treatment follows; failure is cer-
tain. A good crop can not be grown from in-
ferior seed.

Second, get them to growing just as early in
season as the weather will permit. No frosts
are liable to occur which will injure them after
the weather is warm enough to start them.
Every plant has its season, and it is hard to
make them grow successfully out of season un-
less placed under glass where the climate can
readily be changed and controlled. This is no-
ticeable in the case of our various garden- weeds.
They come along in crops in regular succession,
as the soil and climate become adapted to their
requirements; and it will be found about as dif-
ficult to make an onion-plant thrive in July,
August, and September, as it will to make purse-
ley grow in April. Onions will not develop late
in season after the weather becomes hot and
soil dry. With exactly the same seed, soil, and
care, I have known a delay of two weeks in
planting to cause almost a total failure in the
crop, while the first planted was a grand suc-
cess. I consider this fact one of the chief causes
of success by the " New Onion Culture " method
of sowing the seed under glass and transplant-
ing the plants, although special attention was
not called to the great Importance of getting
them started early, by the author of that sys-
tem, that I remember. If the plants are set in
the open ground as early as the soil can be
worked they are given a start which enables
them to form the bulbs in season, while the cli-
mate and soil are congenial to their fullest de-
velopment. In my opinion, nothing is gained
by this system if you wait until late in season
before sowing your seed and transplanting your
plants.

Third. If you have been fortunate in secur-
ing a correct strain of seed, and have started
them in season, see that you keep the surface
of the soil continually broken or stirred, never
allowing it to remain crusted over, because the
plants will not make any headway while the
ground is in this condition, and in consequence
you are losing valuable time which can not be
made up, for, as above shown, one day now is
worth a week of time later on.

Fourth. Keep the plot clean of weeds. Weeds
are natural enemies to your onion-plants. They
are thieves and robbei'S. They send their long-
er roots down and steal away the moisture
which is necessary to the development of the
onion. If very weedy, although they have an
early start they are but little the better for it,
as the weeds make th(^ bed as hard and dry and
uncongenial as it would be a month later, on
account of the change in season.

Fifth. In cultivating and hoeing, never throw
the soil against the bulbs, but always away
from them. The large handsome bulbs always
grow on the ground, and not in it.

Sixtlb. Never use stable manure or hen ma-
nure on the onion-plot just before putting out
the crop. If you do, the weed seeds you sow
with it will cause you more trouble and expense
than the manuring will benefit you. Better
take ground which was heavily manured the
previous season for some other crop, and then
depend upon commercial manures for starting
the onions. Sow these special fertilizers broad-
cast, and harrow them in. You can then make
a heavy application without danger of injuring
onion seeds or young sprouts.

If you think the soil lacks fertility after the
crop is well started and past the stage of finger-
weeding, a compost of hen manure may be
sown broadcast over the surface, with excellent
results. The rains will then wash it in, and the
wheel-hoes will destroy the resulting weeds as
fast as they germinate.

Now a vvord about varieties. For transplant-
ing by the Greiner method, nothing suits us
better than the true Prizeiaker; but we can not
depend upon the open market for the seed, and
steer clear of disappointment. We now have
it grown by private growers so we /enow what
we are using. J^or sowing in open ground by
the ordinary method, we think the true Yellow
Globe Dan vers is as good as any. In transplant-
ing we make the rows 12 inches apart, and set
the plants four inches apart in the row. One
acre will thus take 130.000 plants, and it is pos-
sible to make them average half a pound each,
which is over 1000 bushels, and at the time of
year at which they mature they should net the
grower a dollar a bushel.

If we sow the seed where the crop is to grow,
by the usual method, we much prefer to keep
them in hills one foot apart each way. leaving
from six to ten plants in a hill. The hand work
in weeding is very much less than where the
plants are scattered in a continuous row. In
this manner small plots may readily be planted
by hand, marking the ground both ways with
lines 12 inches apart, and placing a pinch of
seed with the thumb and finger at each inter-
section. The Planet Jr. people have recently
placed a hill-dropping drill on the market, for
this purpose. It is really surprising to see what
a hill of onions will grow by this method, wedg-
ing and crowding themselves in until some are
actually raised several inches from the ground.

This season we sowed about an acre thickly
in drills for the purpose of producing sets to
keep over for spring planting, but did not use
quite enough seed, consequently many of them
grew too large for gets, yet small for market
onions. These did not net us in market, late in
season, over 40 cts. per btishel, while large
bulbs, marketed a month earlier, readily
brought $1.10. This illustrates the difference
between good and poor management, and em-
phasizes the importance of our rule number
two, above stated. Isaac F. Tii-linghast.

La PluTue, Pa., Jan. 1.5.

[Thanks, friend T. I believe I can fully in-
dorse every point you make— that is, so far as
my experience goes with onions, unless it is
that I have not as yet had very much success
with commercial fertilizers.]

CHIVES.

Mr. Root: — I send you some chives by mail
to day. The Germans use them for borders
around beds in the garden, to hold the dirt.
They are very ornamental when in bloom, and
very mtich resemble a bed of pinks. They are
used with lettuce and in soups, about the same
as garlic, but are much milder in flavor. The

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

lf)3

bees swarm over the blossoms when In bloom,
bill 1 fear the honey would not be ot very high
qiialily. Yon ask in a late number of (Jlkan-
iNusif it is an onion. 1 do not know. How-
ever, ii must be ndated to liie onion.
Linlen, Ind., Jan. 10. Josiah (iii,i,ii-ANn.

[Tlianks for your suggestion, friend (J. Since
I called for information about chives, I notice
that a number of our seed catalogues advertise
them. J

GAKDENINO IN THE MIDDLE OF FEBRUAHY.

If you have glass, you can do a great lot in
the way of gardening tins month. Eai'ly beets
and early cabbage sliould be sown at once; also
cauliflower, celeiy, corn salad, cress, lettuce, on-
ions for transplanting, and onion-sets; Amei'ican
Wonder peas, peppers; radishi'S, Scarlet (Jlobe
and Early Ki'ame; spinach and tomatoes. Jf
you have no glass you can make a hot- bed and
cover it witli cotton cloth, on the plan given in
th(M,ouiato book. The great trouule with the
cloLh is from the heavy snows; but if your
rafters supi)ort the clotli, say every ?, feet, and
you sew curtain-rings to the ends, to be hooked
uver nails, the cloth will stand a considerable
fall of snow. Fastening tlie ends is an excel-
lent thing to prevent cold winds from flopping
the cloth. Better not ti'y any other way of us-
ing cloth than the plan given in the tomato
book. It must be made to roll up on a heavy
pole, or else the wind will make havoc. Cloth
fastened to frames is only a bother and disap-
pointment. The wind will blow your woi'k all
to pieces until you will wish you had never
thought of gardening.

GARDENING IN THE OPEN ATR IN FEBRUARY.

If you feel like it, and wish to get aheau, you
can often do considerable without any cloth or
frames. Select a warm locality, south of build-
ings or high board fences; if there are al^o
buildings or high board fences so as to cut off
the west wind, without cutting off too much of
the sun. it will do better still. Sheltered places
between the hills, or close to heavy timbei-— the
latter, I believe, is best of all — will often give a
splendid spot for early gardens. The ground
needs to be tremendously I'ich. Ridge it up so as
to dry otl quickly, and .-o the snow will melt oft'
quickly; then as soon as the top of the ridge is
fine enough to pulverize and rake, woi'k it down
smooth. First put in your American Wonder
or Alaska peas; next, lettuce and radishes;* a
little later, early-cabbage seed; then beets and
spinach; onion -sets; potato onions, multiplier
onions, etc., can be put in safely o.i top of these
ridges; and, Hnally. black onion seed. Some-
times these things will come ujj and afterward
be injured by frost, without jjrotection. Hut
this rarely hap|)ens. Such stuff' will stand ever
so much more in the early spring than it will in
the fall. Somehow it seems to know that warm
days are ahead.

Since apples are so scarce, there is going to
be an unu<ual inducement for starting i)ie-
plant; and this will grow as well, or even bet-
tei'. in a dark cellar than in a light place. It
will grow slowly in almost any ordinary cellar;
but if there is a chimney that is just slightly
warm, down near the ground, or even if there
is a cooking stove right on the floor above, it
will give you an excellent chance to start rhu-
barb if the bed be made on the cellar bottom
right under the cooking-stove. Take u\) great
big roots, dirt and all, any time when the ground
is not frozen. Pack them close together in a
bed on the cellar- bottom. Fill in around them
with damp manure or rich dirt, and have a few

I have had lettuce and radishes c ime up right in
the open ground, in the month of February, with-
out any protection wiiatever.

inches of dirt right over the crowns. Rhubarb-
roots will make a start, towai'd spring, with the
least bit of (mcourag(!ment. You can get eai'ly
asparagus in tlu! same way, and we get 40 cts.
per lb. lor all we can produce in this way. Pie-
plant ought to bring half as much this season.

PLANET .lit. CULTIVATORS.

We have a bupply of 1894 catahjgues of Planet Jr.
implements, which wo shall be pleased to mail, on
request, to those iiiterosced, together with our net
price shee, giving prices at whicii we can supply
tliese goods, and ship direct from factory in Pliila-
deipliia, Pa.

SWEET (OR BOKHAKA) CLOVER SEED.

We call the attention of oar readers to the article
in last number, on sweet clo\er, by H. H. liuard-
maii, one of Ohio s leaning bee-keeners and honey-
producers. We have secured from Mr. Boardraan
a choice lot of seed of this clover he finds su valu-
able not only us a pasture for bees, but for stock
also. Tlie seed is Indled, and of e.\tra line quality.
We otter it at :i.5c per lb., postpaid; by freiglitor
express with other goods, l«c per lb. ; 10 lbs., $1.5U;
25 lbs. or more, 12c.

SPECIAL SECTIONS At SPECIAL PRICES.

In addilion to the several lots of special sections
listed in this department last issue, we would say
that Joseph Nysewander, of Des Moines, la., has in
stuck, of our I&93 nianufactiire, lUt,()uO No. 1 white
sections, mostly I's, that he will sell at $2.5U per
lUO ; til-o about 30.UuO No. 1 cream, 7 to foot and Ij-g,
that lie offers at iii:i.UO per lObO. This is a small stock
for that point, and those who wish to avail them-
selves of tliese prices must apply early. Polished
sections and other goods at our usual prices.

CALIFORNIA WHITE-SAGE HONEY.

If we did not get the car of Mercer's honey for
whicli we were planning, we have samples of a lot
equally good, now in Chicago, of which we shall
liave some in stock here also, very soon. We can
furnish it f. o b., either place, in '60-lb. cans, 3 in a
c.ise, at 7i4c per lb.; in lots of 4 cases or more, at
7l'. Samples mailed for 8 cents, to pay for mailing-
package and postage. Clioice while comb honey,
in 1-lb. sections, l(M-lb. lots, 15c per lb ; fair, 13c.
E.vtracte I clover and basswood Ijouey. in kegs, at
7>^c; in 60-lb. cans, 2 in a case, 8c.

WAX ADVANCED 2 CENTS A POUND.

The wax-market has shown a decided improve-
ment in prices, so that we quote an advance of 2c
per lb. over the prices which lia\'e ruled for several
months. Until further notice we will pay 23c (;ash
or 26.; in trade for average wax delivered here.
Selling price will be 3l)c for refined wax. We make
no advance in price of comb foundation, but, on
the contrarj% we reduce the price of extra thin sur-
plus foundation 5c per lb., making it only 5c per lb.
more than thin surplus, instead of 10c, as formerly.
Tills reduction is made at the suggestion of Chas.
Uadant & Son, who make a like reduction.

SPRAY PUMPS AND SPRINKLERS.

Although it is eaily yi't in most places to use
spray-pumps, it is not too earlj- lor tlio.se in need of
th(!Se implements to l)e looking about for the best
and most elflcient i3umps at the best prices. We
ask your attention to the line we otter, which you
will And on the two inside cover pages of tliis num-
l)er. The M^ers pumps, wliich we have sold for the
past two .seasons, are tlie best pumps on the market
at any price, so far as we know; yet the price is
rau(-h lower than sucli goods are generally sold at.
They have a new canpump this year, which Is very
convenient. See pages referred to for further par-
ticulars; and if you desire still f iiither particulars,
send to us for Myers' ei^ht-page spray-pump cir-
cular.

164

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb. 15.

SECONDS IN RUBBER GLOVES.

We have secured 6 doz. uf men's sizes (10, 11, and 12)
rubber gloves in seconds that we otter, while they
last, at hiilf I'etiular pi'ice— T5c a pair. iH)sti)aid. Foi'
liandlinji- l)ees, and most pui-poses wheie such gioves
are used, they will answer as well as firsts, being soft
iind flexible new goods, tan coloi', with slight deiecls,
«ucli as blisters, eic^

TEN PER CENT DISCOUNT ON PERFORATEu ZINC.

After our list of prices was made up for tiiis year
we received notice of a reduction in tlie price of
sheet zinc. Instead of maliing any change in list
prices we will, until further not ice, give to all cus-
tomers 10 per cent discount from our list prices on
ourmalseof perforated zinc, in sheets and strips;
also on all honey-boards, as listed on page 13 of our
catalogue.

PRICES TO DEALERS AND SPECIAL, CATALOGUES.

We have been delayed in mailing our terms to
dealers till just before this number is mailed. If
any of our readers are dealers in bee-keepers' sup-
plies, and do not receive terms from us by the time
they get this, or soon after, we shall be pleased to
hear irom them. If interested we shall Ue pleased
to send you samples of our polislied sections and
comb foundation; also our special dealers' catalogue
complete, ready for your use by printing- your name
on the cover.

NEW MACHINERY FOR MAKING LARGE EXTRACT-
ORS.

In order to facilitate the manufacture of large 4
and 6 frame hont-y-extractors, so many of winch
seem to be require(i, we have purchased about ^'M)
worth of large tinners' machines, and are now
equipped for making large cans in the neatest and
most approved manner. Bear in nund. in this con-
nection, that we secured on tlie Cowan e.xtiiictor tlie
award honorable at the World's Coluinbuin Exposi-
tion, and, I believe, the only award given to a honey-
extractor.

HONEY MARKET.

The hard times are having their dei)ressing eft'ect
on the honey m:nket, as well as in oihei' lines. We
are daily in receipt of otters from parties wishing us
to take their honey. Some are becoming dissatisfied
with the slow returns on lioney sent on consignment
to commission men, and desire to place it elsewhere.
Prom all reports recei^-ed, almost all the markets
.seems to be dull and demand light. This seems to be
due to the fact tliat honey is more or less a luxury,
and. during the hard times we have lieen having, is
bought more sparingly than it is in better times. We
hope, in the inteiest of all parties, for an improve-
ment in general business.

EXTRA POLISHED SECTIONS.

Orders lor these sections come at such a pace that
we are unable as yet to get much stock ahead for the
time not far distant when the demand is more lively
and ordei's more numerous. We are .stocking quite
n number of dealers, seme of whom have heretofore
handled other makes. We consider this the best
evidence of the superioilty of our goods, notwith-
standing the claims winch some make regarding
their own. One otiier thing regarcUng the way our
sections are put up is worth considering. We use ii
slatted crate, similar to our busliel box, hut holding
about 13^ bushels level full, which is worth -';"> cents
about jilmost any home, foi- liandling- and storing-
roots and vegetables. A package of Iwi.O i-ogular l-lb.
sections, i^xlJi. ready for sliiijment. weiglis justtiO
bs., which is 211 lbs. less thiin they used to De N^'Veral
years ago. This reduction in weight elfects (luite a
saving in freiglit, especially on long-uistaneo ship-
ments.

root's home HEI'AIUINO OUTFIT.

We call the attention of our readers to the adver-
tisement of tills outfit in anotlier colLunn. It has
been entli-ely remodeled, and is now ottered in tiiree
combinations (see acK'crtisenient). In (•(tuntry dis-
tricts, removed from repair slio|is, there ought to be
one of these outttts in every neigliboiiiood, if not in
every home; and even in towns ;ind vilhiges you will
effect quite a .saving m repair-bills, as well as fur-
iiishing the boys with useful employment. Wt' de-
sire to say, in this connection, that the ttrm of Root
Bros, who make these outtits have no connection,
excei)t in a business way, with A. 1. Root, and are
not even relatives. We say this l)ecause a good many
seem to confuse the two, thinking it is all in the
same business, l)ut under separate names. We will

say further, that Root Bros, are the originators of
the Household Repairing- Outfit, and ii now 1
numer<jUs imitations. Tiiej' did not get their out tit
liatented or eopyiighted, and hence liave no legal
grounds for aciion against their imitators. Bein^
the oiiginators they have moral grounds to support
and patronage, for the other fellows liave stolen
their i(ka just as truly as though they had had it
in-olected by a patent or copyright. As we furnisli
Root Bros. "with a good deal of material, we like to
take pay in trade; we can, therefore, make the same
prices, both at retail and to the agents, that the
manufacturers do. We shall be pleased to send cir
cuiar, with full description; also terms to agents.

HARD-TIME PRICES.

We receive quite a number of letters from cus
tomers asking for lower prices on our goods, in view
of the hard times and lower prices tliat are ruling
ill many lines of goods at tlie present time. We re-
gret that we can not accede to these requests, for
various Teasons. In the first place, the niargin on
our aoods is always small [f it were as large as it
has been in Some other liuis we could better afford
a reducLioii. The m .terial ei.i, i ing into the manu
facture of our goods has not u^clined any; and
whenever it has we have made a corresponding re-
duction in price, as in the case of zinc in this issue.
Lumber, wliicli is the chief thing used in hives, etc.,
has advanced in price rather than declined; yet we
have made no advance in our price, but work on a
little smaller margin. The quality of our goods has
been so mucli improved during the past year or two
thai, at the same price, they are worth much more
in many cases than they were several years ago
Taking all things into consideration we are already
matiliig liaidtime prices.

We could prove, by plenty of testimonials from
reliable sources, tliat no bee-keepers' supplies sur-
pass ours in quality and workmanship; and, not-
withstanding the claims of some other manufactur
ers, we invite a comparison of goods and an impar
tial judgment.

PREMIUM GEM PEAS.

The peas we sold last season for American Won
ders aie no doubt Premium Gems, although we di(
not discover it till the present year; but the jiea gavt
such good satisfaction noiiody has as > et asketl foi
damages. If aii.\' of our readers would still like sonu
of the same kind llievhad last year, flu v can havt
them for half-pint, r)c; peck, $1.00; bushel, 5r:>.50
This, you will notice, is just half the jnice of Ameri
can Wonders at the present time. It wanted bj
mail, add at the rate of ir)c jier quart f(.r postage.

ONION SEED $1.00 PER LB. DELIVERED FHEE AT YOUI
POSTOFFICE.

We have the new onion seed, mentioned on pagt
111, in stock, and it looks very fair, bui we have noi
had time to give it a test yet, I have no doubt it wil
give good satisfaction. The kinds ottered at thi^
very low price are Extra Early Red, L,arg-e Rec
Wethersfleld. and Yellow Globe Danvers. Price 1.'
cts. peroz. ; 40 cts. per >4 lb ; *1. 10 per lb., or hi lbs
for SlU.OO. And the above low prices also inchidi
delivery at your nearest postottice. The 10 lbs. maj
be m;ide up of one kind or all kinds, as you choose.

COLD-FRAME CABBAGE AND LETTUCE PLANTS.

We have splendid' cold-frame Wakefield cabbage
plants— the best we ever had in the month of Febru-
ary. Price luc for 10; 75c per ItiO. Add 5c for 10 oi
~.ic per loo if wanted by mail. Nice lettuce-pl.-mts.
5c for 111; 40c per luO. If wanted by mail, the postagt
will be the same as for cabbage-plants. We can
send out strawberry-plants the greater part of tla
time in February, if anybody wants tliem. For full
particulars in regard to all these things, see oiii
new seed-catalogue, which we are watching ioi
chances to mail to anybody wlio wants one. Please
notice our very low prices on Egyptian onion-sets
and white multiplier onions.

LIVINGSTON'S BUCKEYE STATE TOMATO.

We did not intend to introduce this tomato into
our list when our catalogue was put out; but tlu
boys who gathert d the loniatoes last year insisted st
strongly that the Buckeye State is away ahead of any
thing ei.se ever offered in the way of a large tomato,
we have planted a large lot of seeds already; imd if
we teach.what we practice we ought in justice tc
otter it for sale. The plant is a wonderfully strong

1S94

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

lt)5

And hojilthy grower. Tlie tomatoes are as large as
the Ttiuotuiii or Mikado, ami as liandsomo as the
Beauty. In fact, I do not belii've I ever saw a l)ad-
^haped one; and even though they are so large,
Iheie seem to be about as iiiiiny to a vine as of any
)thtT kind. Tlie only fault we have ever heard in
regard to it is, thai it is rather soft for shipping
.ong- distances. As oui-s are carried direct to our
•ustomers as soon as they are picked, this does not
natier much for our trade. J would, however, rec-
)mniend that tomatoes t)e sold in baskets holding'
Kit more that a peck; and for our fancy grade we
ase only new clean holf-pcck baskets. I think every
me of our readers should have at least a 5-ceii"t
Jacket of JUickeye State tomiiio seed. As it is quite
lew the prices are necessarily ratiier hi^h. Per X
)/>., oUcts.; ounce, 50 cts.; ij lb., $1.60; 1 lb., $5.35.
\11 postpaid.

EAKLY HUBY TO.MATO.

Oh dear me! I don't see but we shall have to put
itill another tomato in our list. Last season we had
iorae choice stock seed of Early Kuby, saved Ijy
Christian Weckesser, of Niagara Falls, N. Y., and it
vas so much superior to tlie Early Ruby that we
lad of Peter Henderson that 1 gave a favorable
■eport on it, and now orders are coming- in for the
seeds. We did quite a large business in selling extra
sarly plants last season. We put them out in plant-
)eds with the g-lass pretty high up from the soil,
^lacing them about 7 indies apart, and the nice lit-
le plants actually blossomed right in the .seed-bed.
ifes, some of tliem even had small green tomatoes
in before they were tfansplanted. VVe set them out
n the field with tlie tomatoes on, many of them in
uU bloom, and they went right along and produced
lot only the earliest tomatoes, but they were of
^ery much better shape than any Early Kub:es we
!ver had before. We have succeeded in g-etti ng from
riend Wecke.sser just 3 lbs. of the same kind of
■eed; and you can have it, while it lasts, at .5c a
cicket, or ~'0c an ounce. We are going- to plant a
KKul-sized bed our.selves, this 13th day of February,
n that little g-reenhouse a-ross the way.

GREENHOUSE CONSTKUCTION.

This is a new book just from the press, by Prof,
raft, and published by the O. Judd Co. There are
;i)8 pages and ever so many pictures— yes, there are
iver 100, and I think tlie book will save many times
ts cost to any one who has very much to "do with
greenhouses, hot-beds, and cold-frames. Prof. Taft
vas appointed liy the .Michigan Agrii-ultural College
-osuiHTintcnd huiidiug sunn- gi-ccnhnuscs for expor-
mentai work, and he lias also had years of experi-
mce in this line elsewhere. As nearly as we can
iee, the book covers every thing up to the present
;ime. For instance, the use of the putty-bulb has
)een a big step over the old-fashioned way of setting
?lass. Well, this book tells us that, by tying a little
;amel-hair pencil to the nozzle of the putty-bulb,
:his pencil or brush will make the licjuid putty go
iown into the joint and smoi^th it down, making a
2iuch better job. The ditterent ways of setting the
?lass are fully con.sidered, and illustrated with nu-
merous excellent cuts. The matter of heating by
lot water and steam is thoroughly gone over. The
uigle at which the glass should be placed to the .sun,
tor the different purimscs for which greenhouses are
ased, is also made verj- plain. There is not much
iaid about the matter of warming houses and hot-
beds by condensed .steam; but I do find just the fol-
lowing sentence bearing on the subject. After de-
scribing the plan of having a fi^-inch steam-pi()e
•allied inside oC a 4-inah drain tile, he adds: •' When
3\haust steam is at hand, it can be used without the
jteampipe by merely discharging- it into the tile."
It seems to me the aliove is giving but very little
sp.-ice to a matter which promises to be of much im-
|)oit,-ince. You may remember I have considered
Che subject of .supporting a family on a quarter of
ill acre by having this quarter-acre covered with
g-lass— that is, cold-frames and sash. A diagram of
the same arrangement is g-iven in the new book
sf)me of the friends may think we are having- a good
muiy books devoted to this matter of g-ardening
under glass. Greiner's book, however, was written

).\- a practical gardener, and deals largely with the
-rops thatareto be rais.d under glass. This book
hoivever, treats the matter mo.stiv from a scientific
point of view— tells how the most effective houses
jan be built for the different purposes for which
they are desired; and it gives <-lear and plain rea-
sons for its suggestions. I consider the book a

valuable contribution to our present literature
The price is U.M. We can mail it from liei-e if de-
sired.

OUR CHEAP SPECTACLES AND EYE-GLASSES.

For a long time J have been thinking I must make
mention of these little comforts to old age-esjie-
cially the eyeglasses. I am g 'iting- now to where
an eye-g-lass is almost as m i ii a necessity as the
airl breathe. Maybe that is a little extraviig-ant,
-after all; but, never mind. When I am around the
factory, g-oing through the office, or even tiie green-
houses, unless I can have a pencil and glasses at my
lingers' ends I am like a fish out of water. In fact,
1 can not do anything; and nothing wears on my
nerves more than to feel in every one of my iiockets
for either pencil or glasses, and not find any; and,
therefore, 1 get a nice pencil and cut it into four
piece.s, and put a piece in each pocket. Then I have
cheap ten-cent eye-glasses— enough so I can have a
pair in almost eveiy pocket. Sometimes they all
gee into one pocket in aheap; and then if I throw
off' my overcoat I sometimes ttnd myself down in the
greenhouse, without any glasses, and my overcoat
containing them all upstairs, hanging- on its peg.
By the way, the handiest place U) me, lor both pen-
cil and glasses, is my right-hand vest pocket— that
is, in the summer time, when my coat is off'. When
my coat is on and buttoned up, the next best place is
the small right-hand pocket in my coat; with the
overcoat on, 1 use the same pocket in the overcoat,
theoiie often called the "ticket-pocket." Thus equip-
ped I get along pretty well. I can not afford to be
liampered with a case for an eye-glass, because It
takes too much of my time. As ;i consequence, the
glasses get scratched after a while, espi^cially when
i am out in the garden and get gravel in my pocket
with the glasses. But as the nose-glasses l' ush cost
only 10 cts., it is much cheaper to get a new pair
often than to fuss with oases.

Now in regard to the quality of these ten- cent
glasses. I have some gold-bowed ones for Sunday,
that cost between five and ten dollars; but really I
do not find them to be mucli if iiny better than the
ten-cent ones i am using while I dictate this. It
seems to me it is a shame to keep the prices upon
a thing- that needs to be so constantly used, by rich
and poor alike, as nose-glasses and spectacles. We
buj' them in large lots, so they cost us only from 6
to H cts. a pair; and 1 am sure ihat dealers might do
nicely in selling them at 10 cts , as we do. If they
can not do that, let them charjje 15. When I am
away from home, and want a cheap nose-glass be-
cause mine got left, I always have to pay 35 cts.,
and sometimes 40 or 5'J. Why do not more people
go into business, with such a desire to do g-ood, and
accommodate, that they can afford to work for low
prices ? My opinion is, the.y would make more
in the end. Here is what a good friend away off in
California has to say in regard to our cheap spec-
tacles:

Friend Root:— I should like to eontirni your stateiuent,
made some time agro, as to tlie value of those lo cent jjlasse.-*.
1 broke mine, and it would cost 25 oi- 3) cts. to get them iiirnd-
ed. A new pair could not be had here lor less than twi> dol-
lars, .so our jeweler told me. 1 concluded to write to you for
a pair each ot 10 an! 2.5 cent glasses of different numbers.
They soon came, and the lOcent ones were e.-cact.y right— No.
16, the others had no number, and the paper has to come
nearer, but they will do. Now, I have, durinsr the past ten
years, had glasses of all kinds and pc-ices, up to ten dollars
a set, and I can not see but thoe are as good as the best. This
is the second ni.rht in u-e on tine print.

Los Gatos, Cal.. Oct. 2i. Isaac B. RcMKORb.

Ernest here suggests that, if you would save your
eyes, you must have a good clear light. Every little
while I feel like shaking people because they will
sit down b.y a dirty lamp, with a greasy, dusty
chimney, and without any cheap Shade at all to
throw the light and concentrate it on the print, and
thus undertake to read. You may reinemlier what
I said about getting a nice bright clean lantern
when I was oft' in the night, on the way to a tem-
perance meeting. Well, it does seem to me as if I
could pick out a Christian liome by simply getting
a glimpse of the lamp and lamp-chimney that light
up saitl home.

By some error oui- nose-glasses (which /use alto-
gether) never get into our catalogues, alt hough we
have had quite a sale on them by iioti(-ing them
editorially. They are 10 cts. each. If wanted by
mail, add 3 cts. additional for packing and postage.
If you want a case to put them in. which is by far
the better way when they are to bi sent by mail,
add 5 cts. more for the case. For prices on specs,
both wholesale and retail, seeour regular catalogue,
10 and 35 cent counters.

ir,6

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb 13.

GOLDEN QUEENS

C»./^«-»-i T/iArnc M.vl>eescaii notbesur-
rrOm 1 eXaS. passed for business,

Safe arrival Htid s:iti(;iclion auaifmleed. Uiitrsted
queens— March, April, and M ly— $1 each. liiO line
Tested Queens for early orders, iiVM each. Order
early, bend for price list.

.7. 1). ai^^liXS, Bax 3, T^ifiTyon, Tex.
^g°ln responding to this advertisement mention Gleanings.

A BARGAIN.

25 extra line S. C.

Brown Lef^born cocl?s

for sale at $1.00 each.

These birds have been raised the past seaseon from

choice stock. Satisfaction guaranteed.

Reference, A. I. Root.

Leinincer Bros., Ft. Jennings, O.

ih

TROT 'EM OUT!

>>

T challenge anyone to show up a stiain of bees
that are suin-rior 1o my Cioltleii Ilnliaiis, They
have excelled all competitors by practical test.
Gentle, itidustiious, good comb-builders, enter the
sections I'eadily, are not inclined to swarm, and are
perfect beauties. Descriptive circular free. Sec-
tions, ^'2. per M. Dovetailed hives way down.
CHAS. D. DUVALL. Spencerville, Md.

Please mention this paper.

For Sale, 125 Bushels Freeman Potatoes.

Gi'own from Win. Henry Maule's seed, at the fol-
lowing prices: two-bushel sack, $4.2.5; one bu., $2.25;
i4bu.,$1.25; 1 peek, 7.5c; K peek, 40c. Would ex-
change Freemans for a New Model garden seed-
drill. H O. McELHANY,

Cedar Rapids, Linn Co., Iowa.

> TREES AND PLANTS. (

UPON our 2t;o acres of nurseiv we h ^vv. every class ot ImrdyTrees and Plants ; Fruit, Orna-
mental. Nut and Floweriiiir. Ma»-y and Henry Ward Beecher Strawberries and ,
IjOvett's "est Blackberry are among the most valuable noveiti^'S. In our catalogiics named(
below I which are tlie most complete, comprehensive and elaborate published by any nursery
establishment in the worldi all are accurately described and offered at one-half the
price of tree agents.

JLOVETT'S GUIDE TO FRUIT CULTURE t' Us all about fi-uits. their merits and

def ec s ; how to plant prune.cultivate etc. Riclilvillustrated Several colon-d plates. Priceioc.

LOVETTS MANUAL OF OltNAMtNTAL. TREES AND PLANTS is au hori-

tative as wf-lla^ instructive; a model ot excel, ence in p inting and illustration. Gives

points and i>l. ins tor ornamental planting. PricN with colored plates, 15 cents.

Established 40 years. We successfully ship to all parts of" the World.
All who order either of the above and name this paper will receive an ounce of Flower Seeds free.

In writing advertisers please mention this paper.

Dovetailed Hives, Simplicity Hives,

SECriO/S/S, EXTRACTORS, ETC.

FULL LINE OF

BEE-KEEPERS' SUPPLIES.

eO-PAGE CATALOGUE.

J. M. Jenkins, Wetumpka, Alabama.

Itfdb

iS'ln respoiMlinu' ti> llil.s adverti.--eii

Costellow's Egg=Box.

to fifteen, t
on each em
turning tin

This is an invention of ereat value to poultrymen in gen-
eral, and to those who ship eggs foi- hatching in particular
The box is complete in itself, nothing in the way of pack
iiig being requii'ed. It is only necessary to place the eggt
ill tlie box, and fasten the cover down; tliey are securely
held in place by light springs, which allow no play in any
(liiection, but which hold them suspended in the center of
the box, where they are secure from all jar, thumping, 01
breakage.

At a recent poultry show in Cleveland, O., one of the
boxes was filled with eggs and tossed aiound tiie room and
thrown to the floor; and, on opening, not an egg w;is broken

The springs are so constructed that they will hold with

equal security and ease any size of hen's egg. The single

box will successfully carry any number of eggs from one

nd the doulDle box any number from one to thirty. The cover is secured by metal fastenings

1, not shown in the engraving. It is well adapted to keeping eggs for higher prices, as, hy

box over every few daj's, eggs in it will keep sound and good for six months or more.

PRICES.

Sample. Per doz. Per 100.

].5-eggl)ox $ 25 $180 $12 50

30-eggbox 35 3 00 20 00

It is lighter than any other package that you can use with equal safety, as well as being cheaper.
15 box weighs only V/i lbs., and the 30 box 3J4 lbs.

A. I. ROOT, MEDINA, OHIO.

The

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CUrvrUKE.

171

l?rkrfc^'e Goods at

JVUUl & Rftnf'< Pri

Root's Prices.

We h;ive tlu> bt'st sliipi)iiig-fiicilities in llio North-
west.. We can save time iind freiglir, l).v sliipiJiiiH-
direct on some 40 or more railroads, witliout fhan};(!
af car.-, wliicli saves liandlitif!-. and j3:oi)ds are miicli
less liable 1o lie lirokeit or smashed.

Root's 1S93 No.] while sections, 4;^.\4>/.\7 lo foot,
I Js. and 1 'K, at f -' r,() per 1000. No. 1 cream, 4.¥x.^xl %
and ]}§, .f 2.0(1 per 1000.

Write for i>riee list and what you want.

H. Q. Acklin, 1024 Mississippi St.,
St. Paul, Minn.

Northwestern Agent for A. I. Root's Bee=keepers'
Supplies.

VANDERVORT
COMB -FOUNDATION MILLS.

Send for samples and reduced price list.
itfd JNO. VANDERVORT. Lacevville, Pa.

A BARGAIN

Flower Seeds

CollectioD of ■ iv^BB^a ^^^%m^i

ll> Choice Annuils ( evcrybofly's favorites I, all new!
Ifresh seeds, sure to grow and bloom t liin season. '

Pausy, 4(J colors and markings; Flilox, : 0 colors; Ver-i
^bena, 18 colors; Pink-*, 10 colors; Pedinia, 10 col rs; A>ilersl
; )lors; Bal-aiii, 8 colors; "''■iiniiiftte Sweet mixed,!
et Peas, li; ciors and Sweet .Vlyssum. I

iPflR 10 PFNT^ and the name and address of two^
/run it. uLn I 0 of your friends who trow flowers, J
1 1 will send, post-paid, the complete collection, onel
Ipkt. each of th"! ten varieties < enough for any ordin 1
[nry garden.' This is a BON.\FIBE nifer. made to intro i
iduce mv h >rae grown fl iwer seeds to npw customers!
inl which I euaraiilee to pl9;ise you ortheamount^
kpaid refunded, rnd the seeils given as a present.
'vdJress, Miss C. H. 1.IPPINCOXT,

"land ?.2^ Sixth Street, Siiiilli, .IIIN.NKAPOLIS, MTJiN.!

Read what J. 1. Parent, of

Charlton, N. Y., says— "We
cut with one of your Combined
Machines last winter ,50 chatf
hives with 7-inch cap, 100 honey-
raclis, 500 broad frames, 3,000
honey-bo.xes, and a great deal of
^ other work. This winter we
t;, V have doubled the amount of bee-
'i hives, etc., to make, and we ex-
' pect to do it all with this saw.
^ . , It will do all you say it will."

Catalogiie and Price List free. Address W. F. &
JOHN BARNES, ,545 Ruby St., Rockford, 111.

When more convenient, orders for Rarnes' Footr
Power Machinery may be sent to me. A. I. Root.

'^'•'t'^ Please mention this paper

I tSjiknant'' ^^' »T"T?;T?g.i,"L' ,««<-. '.^"a «^'*'^«^fS^^fy^g^qgJ|

World's Fair comes to
''THE PAGE"!

At least the President does when ho wants
fence. Last mouth his Manager called on our
agent and bought 500 rods. It's now delivered
and paid for, at the .same price you can buy.
Plenty of fences "just as good" were offered
at cut rates, but f<iur years' trial, beats a
Medal with Hon. Thomas W. Palmer.

PAGE WOVEN WIRE FENCE CO., Adrian, Mich.

ETiEs or p ULTEY. uBGS Fun HATCHING.

Orders bookril now. Send for descriptive card.

J. S. Mason, Medina, Ohio.

QUEENS

Smokers, Sections ,

Comb Foundation,
And all A|iiairaii Supplies
cheap. Send for

FLANAUAN, llelleville, III.

RFF SUPPLIES .ZL.

^J ^^ B l£,\'ery thiiiij; used in the ^\i)i-

■^ ■■ ■■ ary. Greatest variety and iajre"est
stock in the West. New catalog, 70
illustrated pag-es, free.

J^isc-oiiiitH to TJ&alers.

E. KRETCHMER, Red Oak, la.

t^ln responding to th

If mention (tLeanings.

World's Fair Hedal

Awarded my rauiiclntion. Send for free
.««aHi/)7e.<«. Dealers, write for wholesale prices.
Root's new /-*o/is7ief7 Sections and other goods
at his prices, l^ree Illustrated Price List of every
thintr needed in the apiary. 7|/J H |-|«<«^-#-
Bell Branch, Mich. ^''l* n« nUllL.

HATCH CHICKENS BY STEAM

WITH THE IMPROVED

EXCELSIOR INCUBATOR.

Thousands in Suc-
cessful Operation.

SJMI'Li:. I'EUI-ECT. and
SKLF-REGVLA TISG.

Ouaranteed to hatch a
larger percentage of

fertile eggs, at l<>NMrt>se,
than any other Incubator.
Send 6c. for Illus. Catalog.

Circulars Free.

CEO. n.STAHi.,Pat.ASoleMfr.,Quiiicy,III.

Itiun (iLKANINGS.

Casli (or Beeswax!

Will pay 'J3c per lb. cash, or 26c in trade for any
quantity ol g:ood, fair, averag-e Vjeeswax, delivered
at our R. K. station. Tlie same will be sold t« those
who wish to purchase, at, 28c per lb., or 30c for best
selected wax.

Unless you put your name on the box. and notify
us by mail of amout.t sent. I can not hold myself
responsible for mistakes. It will not pay as a gen
eral thing to send wax by express.

A. I. ROOT, Medina, Ohio.

173

GLEANINGS IN BEK CULTURE.

Mar. 1.

Contents of this Number.

Bain in Prison. . .... 198

Basswood, Bees on 19 1

Bees and Pollen 193

Bee-esiM||i"*-l'-<' "f 1"

Bee-journ.i N. Dismsslng 197

BisulplilUr ui Ciiijun 19i)

Bulletiu-buards un Fences.. .19S

Butte, German ".'>■•■'

Cliarital>lene.-s 1911

Climate ot California ISn

Comb Honpy. .\rtitioial 19-;

Dzierzon. John 1T9

Echoes. Cilifornia 189

Harrow. Home-made 203

Hive, Miner 19i

Honey.Ucah 193

King-bii-ds. Cfilifornia 184

Lathyri« Silv.ttstris 203, 2ii4

Money. C>.unterteit, Selling 19S

Mushrooms 211.5

Ni>n->\varnie; , Langdon.. .. 198

yuci'iis in fSuper 19."i

(,iir ens to C.ilifornia 182

l^.im , ei- on Climate 185

Ka, Miller, Morse's Letter to. LSI

Robbing- To Prevent 191

Self hivev. Use for 188

Standard Oil Co 191

.!>ugar. Fee ling in Utah 196

Supers. Miller on 19U

Sweet Clover in Vermont... 180
Swarm vs. Colony 195

Wants or Exchange Department.

Notices will be inserted under this head at one half our usu-
al rates. All advertisements intended for this department
must not exceed five lines, and you must say you want your
adv't in this department, or we will not be responsible tor er
roi-s. You can have the notice as many lines as you please,
but all over live lines will cost you according to our regular
rates. This department is Intended only for bona tide ex
changes. Exchanges for cash or for price lists, or notices of-
fering artiihs for sale, can not be inserted under this bead
For such our regular rates of 20 cts. a line will be charged. and
they will In- put with the rcguai advertisements We can not
be responsible for dissatisfaction arising from these "swaps."

WANTED.— To exchaiie-e a $;!0 g-old watch for bees,
conil) [oundution, wax, wliltei xtracted iioiiey,
or section boxes. J. B. Mason, Meciianic Falls, Me.

WANTED.— To exchana-e bees for an inoubator.
D. F. Lashieu, Hooper, Broome Co., N. Y.

WANTED.— To excliange peacli trees and Abun-
dance plum-trees, for a horse. Address

Cedar Grove Farm, North Madison, Ind.
See ad. in another column.

WANTED.— To exchange several good safety bi-
cycles. Honey wanted. Send sample.

J. ii. Green, Ottawa, 111.

W

ANTED.— To exchange chaff hives, 1-lb. sections,
foundation, etc., for wax or offers.

F. N. Johnson, Box 137, Knoxville, 111.

WANTED.— A few dozen pairs of live quail for
breeding the coming season. If you don't
know how to trap them, write for directions to

J. S. Case, Colchester, Conn.

WANTED.— To exchange 2 Wilson's $5.00 liand
bone-mills, new, for foundation or bee supplies.
J. S. Case, Colchester, Conn.

WANTED.— To exchange large young- L. Brahmas,
tine as silk, for Indian games or extracted honey.
No culls wanted. C. T. Reed, Greensliurg, Pa.

WANTED.— To exchange blackberry-sets, red and
black raspberry-plants, $8 per 1000, for beeswax.
A. P. Lawrence, Hickory Corners, Barry Co., Mich.

WANTED.— To exchange 300 colonies of bees for
any tiling useful on plantation.

Anthony Opp, Helena, Ark.

WANTED.— To exchange nursery stock for thor-
oughbred poultry eggs; also bee-keepers' sup-
plies. R. A. Lewis, Cherokee, la.

WANTED.— Bee-keeper to take charge of 50 swarms
of bees; the balance of his time must be put
in working in garden and .jobbing ai-otind the place
Must bn handy with ca,rp(Miters' tools, and come well
recommended State whether single or married,
how mncli wages wanted, with and without board.
Send full particulars. Jas. Horracks,

Hyde Park, Dutchess Co., N. Y.

w

ANTED.— White Leghorn chicken eggs.

H. BoKEbMANN, Vernon, W. Va.

WANTED.— To exchange a $125 pneumatic safety
bicycle, used only a blinrt time, as good as new,
for 1000 lbs. of wlii'e-clovci' or basswood honey. Ad-
dress Wm. H. McKiNLEY, Black Rock Sta., N. Y.

WANTED.— To excliange L. hives, brood-frames,
section-cases (finest in the market), sections,
comb-found;ition niac^hine, groceries, for bees in
April and May. Address E. Petebman,

Sheboygan, Wis.

WANTED.— To excliange CuLhbert raspberry-
plants, at 75 cts. per lOO, or $5 per 1000. for ex-
tracted honey, sections, 3-frame nuclei, or otters.
P. D. Miller, Graysville, Pa.

WANTED.— A brisk, temperate young man that
would like to learn about bees and fruit. Bee-
keeping and fruil-growinggo well together.

S. 1. Freeborn, Riclilanu Center, Wis.

W

WANTED.— Situation in apiary; 15 years' experi-
ence; capalile ot taking charge of apiary. Ad-
dress R. T. Smith, 4804 St. Lawrence Ave., Cliicago.

ANTED.— Small second-hand planer, cheap for
cash. D. G. Wi!,BSTER, Blaine, 111.

WANTED.— To exchange for offers, bees, hives,
extractors, etc. Albert Galloway,

Kirkwood, 111.

IIL' ANTED —To excliange Yaggy's Geographical
Vt Cabinet No. (ij/j, in heavy canvas case. Ptiblisli-
ers' price, 4^45. Will lake *~5 in sections, fdn., honey,
or otter.s. E. E. Slinqerland, Alba, Brad. Co., Pa.

\A7 ANTED.— To exchange bees, queens, S. C. B.
VV Leghorn and B. P. Rock eggs and poultry, for
foundation, sections, or (jfters.

Chas. H. Thibs, Steeleville, III.

WANTED.— A boy of 15 to 18, having some experi-
ence in gardening, or wanting to learn, with a
disposition to make his services indispensable at
home, in the office, greenhouse, field, or berry-patch.
Must have good habits and come well recommended.
Christian Weckesser, Seedsman,

Niagara Falls, N. Y.

ANTED.— To buy bees; Texas or Colorado pre-
ferred. E. Sandeord, Nokomis, 111.

W

THE BEST

is what I mean to give my pat-
rons. Drones from selected
queens. Breeders are carefully
selected from the best. Personal
attention and assiduous care giv-
en to rearing (jueens that they
may be of the highest type.

Untested, $1.00; after May, 75c:
March and April, B for $4 7.j; doz-
en for $8.50. May and June, 6 for
$4.0U; dozen, $7.50. Later, 6 for
f3..50; dozen, fti..50. Tested, 3-baiided, $1.25; 3 to 5
banded, $1.50 to 9f4. 00. Send for circular for partic-
ulars. Make mouej' orders payable here.

J. B. CASE. Port Orange. Vol. Co., Fla.

.^^In resiJOiuliiiK- to

fjition Gi.iwusiis.

Do Not Order

Until
the •

j-ou have written us for prices on
'Koss" 0/ie-l*ieee Seetio/i.

Also D. T. Hives, Shi i)ping-crate8, and oth-
er supplies.

We have just completed a large addition
to our factory, which doubles our tloor-
room, and therefore we are in better shape
than ever to till orders on short notice.
Write for price list.

J. FORNCROOK & CO.,

Watertown, Wis., Jan. i, 1894. 1-3 6tfd

I^ln responding to this advertisement mention Gleanings.

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

173

Honey Column.

CITY MARKETS.

BuffaTjO.— Honey. —Uouoy miirkpt is tint; very
little nioviiifi-. iMoUerute suks oi f;uK'y white at 13
@14. Clioice, 10@11; buokwheiit, ti@10. Beeswax,
2y@30. Battekson & Co.,

Feb. 19. Buffalo, N. Y.

St. Louis.— Ho/iej/.— We find conditions uncliang-
ed. There is a dcartli of buyers. VVe quote comb,
10(«).15; e.xtracted, 4@4i/2; cans. hhi@,^^. Prime bees-
wax. 24J4@25. D. G. TuTX Gkocek Co..

Feb. 19. St. Louis, Mo.

Chicago.— Ho)ie.(y.—Tlie market on comb honey
lias improved some and we are si'Uiiig' the very best
g-iades at 15c. Lower grades of daik ho'ieys and
mixed sell slowly at unccitain piices. Extracted
brings 5 H, jind 7 cts., according' to the qualit.v and
flavor. Beeswax, :i5c. K. A. Burnett & Co.,

Feb. 19. 161 So. Water St., Chicaj^o, 111.

ATjBANY.— //ojifw. — The increased demand for
comb honey noted in our last report still continues,
and we liope to close out all of our stock liy Ap.il
1st. Extracted is still in lait-e supply, and the di-
maud not like what we should like to see it at this
season of the year. We.quote comb honey at 1(J@13.
Extracted, 6@". Chas. McCuij.och & Co.,

Feb. 20. 393, 395, 397 Broadway, Albany, N. V.

Kansas City. — fTmifii —We quote you No. 1
white Mb., 14; No. 3. 13; No. 1 amber, 13; No. 2, 10
Extracted, white, «34@7; dark, .')@6. Boeswax, 20@
22. Demand for honey only fair; supjily good.
Hambi.in & Bearss,

Feb. 19. Kansas City, Mo.

Cincinnati.- Hoof;/.— Demand from manufactur-
ers is exceedingly slow for extracted honey. We
quote 4@8c on arrival. Dem;nid i'^ fair for choice
comb lu)ney at 13@lti in the jobbing' way. Beeswax
is in j?ood demand at 33@2 fo7- Kood to choice yel-
low. Chas. F. Muth & Son,

Feb. 19. Cincinnati, Ohio.

Boston. — Hone?/.— Dermnd for honey is grortd.
Comb honey is in light supi'lv. selling at l;i(§)1.5 cts.
Extracted is selling at 5^7 cts No bei'swMX on hand.

Feb. 19. Blake & Klpi.ev.

Boston, Mass.

Milwaukee —Ho/icfy.— Trade in honey is not very
larsre. Values aie eisv and supply very fair. It
seems the consumption of honey has been dispens-
ed with by many who. in time past, have been buy-
ers nnd consumers, which very mi.ierially affects
the demand. We quote white 1-lb. sections, choice,
14@1.5; fair, 13)^@I3; broken or dark, nominal. 1 ®
13; extracted, white, in barrels or kegs, 7@7'/4;
dark, .5@6. Beeswax, 3ti@33.

A. V. Bishop & Co.,

Feb. 14. Milwaukee. Wis.

Kansas City.— //m/ci/. — The demand for both
<-omb and extracted honey has been light ;ill seiison,
but the demand i- improving; noch:iiigein orices.
We quote Nn. i white 1-lb. comb ;itM(hil:t: No. 2, 13
mi3; No. 1 .■imber, 1(1@14; No. 2, ]0@11. Exu-acted,
.5@7. Beeswax, 20@22.

Clemons. M^son & Co.,

Feb. 19. Kansas City, Mo.

Detroit.— 77())if)/.—Choife white comb honey is
scarce and continues to sell at 14@15c. other grades
11@13. Extracted, 7@8. Beeswax firm at 24frfi3.5.

M. 11. Hunt.

Feb. 19. Bell Branch, Mich

Cleveland. -7/o)ie.i/. — .Market on honey is about
the same as usual. Dcni;md is fair at 14; l.'ic for
No. 1 goods. We think there are pi'ospects later on
of an advance. Williams Bros.,

Feb. 19. 80 & 83 Broadway, Cleveland. O.

No. 1 linn extracted honey, #.5..5n per 100 lbs ; $'M.lO
per 1000 lbs., f. o. b. cars at .Ada, Ohio

J. B. MuKiiAY, Ada, O.

Dead-hipe Honey 1— Ripened by the bees all fall.
Mostly clover and linn. I will sell 2 cans. 12i) lbs.,
for $8.00. Olivek Foster, Mt. Vernon, Linn Co., la.

BUFFALO, N. Y. Unsurpassed Honey Market.
BATTERSON & CO. Responsible, Reliable,
Commission Merchants. ,Rtfm> and Prompt.

Orange=BIossoni
Honey.

StijK^riorto C/oi^eror /ia.s.sH-oof/.

New crop will be harvested about March
2iith. My cio)) will probably amount to
•J(>,<)<}(} />oj//i</s or more -half oo/iil>
/jo/ic'.i-. Correspondence from dealers
and others who wish to buy outiight, or
who will make liberal advancements on
arrival, solicited.

A. F. Brown,

Glenwood, Volusia Co., Fla.

WHY SEND

WAY
Down South
For Queens'?

My bee-keeping friends. Northern

Italian queens wintered outdoors are

more hardy, energetic, and prolific in

their se;ison of bee-re:iring. Read and

think before ordering. Send for price

list, and order early. Strawberry-

plaiits of the latest variety cheap.

Mrs. Olivek Cor.E. Sherburne, Chenango Co., N.Y.

Chenango Valley Apiary. eitf

.)

Bingham Perfect Smokers.

Cheapest and Best on Earth
Patented 1878, 1882 and 1899
Send card for Bingham's
new price list.

T. F. Bingham,

Abronia,

= nich.

Good ! Good !

Those wishing the finest and best business bees,
both for pleasure and profit, should know that
Jennie .Atchley is headquarters for such queens.
1 bi'ced both the 3 and .5 banded strains, at the fol-
lowing prices: Untested (March, April, and May),
?l.(iU -ach; $.5.00 for 6. or J9.00 per dozen. June till
October. 7.'> cts. each; $4.25 for 6, or $8.00 per dozen.
1 breed my queens in separate yards, and I have as
fine ItMllan bees as there are. anywliere. JNuclei
and full colonies. I have one straight merchalidise
rate on bees Ijy express— lowest in U. S. Fine breed-
ers always on hand; 3banded, $5.00; for straight 5-
band(»d breeders, apply by letter. Al-so bees b.v the
pound. 1 guaiantee n7/ my queens to be good and
serviceable, and my fine faultless breeders unexcel-
led in t'ie wnrld. Snfe arrlv.il and satisfaction.

1 also have a carload of A. 1. Root's Dovetailed
hives and Bee-supplies to accommodate my South-
ern customers Dadanfs foundation and Bingham
smokers Send fm- catalogue.

JENNIE ATCHLEY, Beeville, Bee Co., Texas.

Black and Hybrid Queens For Sale.

Fill- tlie I fiiftit of friends who have blai'l; or livlirid queens
wliicti tliev wi-h to dispo-c of, we will iiis.-rt not i,|.s .ts below,
ti-st insei tion f i ee <.f eliarfie. Vfter the first. 10 cents per line.
We do this I eeause there is har<Il.v vahie eiionjrh in these
queens to pay for liiiyiner them up and kee)>inpr them in stock,
and vet it i- oftentimes quite an accoinmodatlon to those who
can iiot afford hiKher-prieed on«s.

A few young misma'ed queens, .")0 cts. each. Also
some hybiids that I traded for; as they run, 25 cts.;
selected, 40 cts ; the poor ones will be culled out,
ready to send from March 1st to 15th.

J. B. Case, Port Orange, Fla.

174

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

MarI.

Like Every Editor,

I wish to increase the circulation of my
journal. If e\ ery l)ee-lieeper in tliis coun-
try were 1 huroujihly acquainted witli the
Review, my subscription-list would at
once be greatly increased. I have in mind a scheme for bring-iiig about this acquaintance. Of some
issues of tiie Review I liave as many as 3U0 copies; of others, 200; of others, 100; and so on down to less
than a dozen. Now, if you will allow me to pick them out, I will sell these liack numbers at two cents a
copy. Send me any amount up to $1.00, atid I will send you 'lalf as many copies as you send me cents, and
no two copies alike. Remember that back numbers of the Review are somi.'what different from the back
numbers of some journals^-tliat each number is, to a certain extent, a little book or pamphlet containing
the views of leading bee-keepers upon some special topic. Stami)s taken, either U. S. or Canadian.

W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint. Mich.

WORLD'S FAIR VIEWS,

AND

Senii=monthly " Farm and Fireside " noI

Toevory New SuHscuiiuonwlio sends $1.00 for the WEEKLY AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL for

one year. The 50 Pliotograpic Views are sure to please you immet)sely. The Farm and Hiicsldf is the
Great Agricultuial and Family Journal of America. It is entertaining to every member of 1 he liouseliold,
and has a circulation of IHOO.OOU copies each issue. The Bee Journal— Well, just send for a FREE SAMPLE
CORY giving full particiilats and description of the ni) Photographic Views. Address

CEORCE W. YORK & CO., 56 Fifth Avenue, Chicago, lllinoie.
li^~To New Subscribers— Tiie 50 Views, and "Farm and Fireside" one year, with " Bee Jourtuil " si.v
months— A LL for only 75 cts.

AT THE WORLD'S FAIR ''^.^^F^Z^^^m^^rZ

escape. Practical bee-keepers everywhere iisc' atid recommend itas a j;reat labor-saving im-
plement, and as the best. Circular and testinionials free. Prices:— Each, postpaid, with
directions, 20 cts. ; per doz., $2.25, arid your m())ify liack, if not satisfied. Order from your dealer,
or if more convenient from the manufacturers, R. & E. C. PORTER, LEWISTOWN, ILL.

we have distributed in a single season, of
ives. Sections, l<"i\tract(irs, t'tc. Therefore, if

■ - ind want thai little to go as far as possible,

.11—11 — r.Tni7J^i^^^i^^^i~ui reinemljer that we are headquarters in the wi'St for all goods in

^■"="«™^"-"-^^"^— iii«— i"— " our line; by doing so great a volume of business we sell goods
cheap. If you have tin' //ku/* i/, also remember you can make it earn a big interest by avsiiling yourself of
our discounts for early orders. In eii her case you should write us and tell what .you will likely need. It
will pay you. We sell Root's goods at Root's prices, and can save you f iciglit.

The new polished sections and all other late improved goods kept in stock, rnn TUC llfCOT
1 I II in... . Send for our large illustrat- rlln I l! L Wtol.

Joseph Nysewander, Des Moines, la. ^^s^;^^^^^s!y

13 Carloads of Supplies. ^!.s;!;;^^^,7i

rr yiiii li.-ivc litHc monty ai

Worth $3.
Our Price, S2.

Genuine Kid, Elegant .'^tyle.
Soft Soles; Easy, Perfect Fit-
ting; Any Style, Lace or But-
ton; Plain Toe or Pat. Tips,
Narrow or BroiidToe. Sizes 1 to
Widths, C, D, E, and E. E.
Send your size. Sure Fit. Sent
postpaid on re-
ceipt of $2.

C. L. Griesinger,
Medina, 0.

p. S. — Your ulioes
vear s-plt'iidid.

M. T. Williams.
Trumansl urgr, N.Y.

GOLDEN

ITALIAN

QUEENS

1 will have Untested Golden or
"i-banded Italian queens, at 75 cts.
each; the best of queens. Also
I'ntested Queens from Imported
hluck, at. 75 cts. each. Also Tested
Italian Que(!ns raised last season
from Imported mother, at 90 cts
each ill A|)ril. Will have untested
(lUeens ready to mail May 1st.
W. A. COMPTON,

Lynnville. - - Tennessee.

LAWS'

Itiilians surely take the leml. They
are now in every State in the
I'liioii, and in several i'ordiiii
f«>n/jf /-io.s. Nearly liOOO (lueens sold, and not a
dissatistied customer; if there is, let hiiu spejk.
Queens "vel/ow nil oi-of. Fine breeders itlways
on hand; 4 and 5 band, $2. UO; straight 5 Dand, $3.00!
Untested, each, $1.00; 6 f or $4..50. Satisfaction. Ref-
erence, A. I Root. VI'. H. /.-AVI'.S,

l^nviic'ii, Seli. Co., ArU.

Sections, Bee= Hives,

and other Bee=

Keepers' Appliances

at Bed=r6ck Prices.

Best of Goods at Lowest Prices.

Write for free, illustrated catalogue

and Price List.

G. B. Lewis Co., Watertown, Wis.

Walter S. Pouder,

162 Massachusetts Ave.,
Indianapolis, Indiana.

Q<ir«ml!<=kc Standard goods; popular prices;
»::7UJjpilCi>, (':itj|logue free.
(( Riic^;- Rp>p>c " a book telling how to man-
L>USy L>CCi», ;ig(> them, 10c in stamps; or,
free to those sending names of five bee-keepers.

BEE HIVES.

SECTIONS. FOTODATION.
Price List Free.

Geo. Ball, Frenchville, Tremp. Co., Wis

A SUPPLIES

of Bee keeper.

JOURHAlrr
_ • DELVoTED]

•■fo-B

1>UBll6HEDBY(^l-h(00r'

1°-°PErYeai^ \©) ^\EDINAOHlO

Vol. XXII.

MAR. I, 1894.

No. 5.

Jennie Atchley reports in A. B. J. finding
laying worliers at work in a liive with a super-
annuated queen.

New means for killing skunks are diligently
brought forward. Are the poor things to be
utterly exterminated V

To peel an orange. After cutting the
rind in six sections, don't commence at the
blossom end. Try the stem end.

Phin's Dictionary of Apiculture has my in-
creased respect. He had largely virgin soil to
work on, and he made a good job.

The Layens plan, that Doolittle asks about
on p. 1.51, gives the bees in the spring a hive so
big they can't fill it, then lets them alone till
fall.

SwAKMiNG seems to interest Wisconsin bee-
keepers, as the program for State convention
shows .T topics out of 12 relating to it. I'd like
to be there.

Rambler, can't you get the Californians to
make that standard frame just >§ inch longer
so we can all have the same standard? [Yes,
yes. -Ed.]

Wilder Graiiame hits the nail very square-
ly on the head in that talk aboutgiving swarms
a chance to alight conveniently for the bee-
keeper (p. 149).

Longevity as a reason for such great differ-
ence in the working of two colonies has another
advocate in A. B. J., in Chas. H Thies. He
gives a strong illustration.

Salt won't cure the bee-paralysis they
have in Texas, says L. B. Smith, in A. B. J.,
and he thinks that disease in the last three
years has killed two-thirds of the bees.

"All of Gleanings, except the part belong-
ing exclusively to A. I. Root, comes with en-
larged pii.it. Quite an improvement," says

Mrs. Hallenbeck, in Progressive, and even the
editor of Progressive speaks of the new type.

Gallup says, A. B. ,7., queens mailed when
just beginning to lay are not injured; and when
laying heavily a journey in the mails impairs
their prolilicness but not their longevity.

How much honey is used to raise a pound of
bees? is a query in A. B. J. One man guesses a
pound, another 20, and the rest "don't know."
Some one ought to find out. [Doctor, suppose
you try the experiment next summer, and re-
port.—Ed.]

Foundation, if sheeted as carefully as for
the rolls, can be made just as thin and even on
the press as by the rolls, says E. T. Flanagan,
in Progressive. But he adds that it takes care
and skill to do it. and in ail that I used I never
saw any such.

Ernest suggests, p. 165, that a clear light
saves the eyes. Right. Not that the quality
of the light's better, but there's more of it.
And don't forgot that you can get more light
by being neaier the lamp. At 2 feet the light
is four times as strong as at 4 feet.

E. a. Dodge thinks there are enough other
insects to fertilize fruit-blossoms without bees.
He says, "Take a lantern and visit a plum-or-
chard about 9 at night, and you will see moths
enough to fertilize all the trees in Nebraska in
a single night." Do night-moths do that sort
of thing?

" We transfehred the bees from a wagon-
load of box hives a few days ago, and by care-
ful test we found the combs to average, as near-
ly as we could get at it, li?ti inches from center
to center."— Mcs. Atchley, in A. B. J. Do bees
voluntarily build combs as close in cold as in
hot climates?

Ei)I'"or York is stirring up his readers with
the report of a man who regularly retails ex-
tracted honey at 24 cts., and H. D. Cutting is
selling an extra article of extracted at 16,
while plenty common can be had at 7. There's
lots in knowing how to sell, and if all extracted

176

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mar. 1.

was like Cutting's extra, the price would hard-
ly be so low.

R. Wii-KiNS writes, " Bees' eyes not accom-
modating themselves to strong and weak light
seems to account for many of my bees in bright
days falling wounded to the ground from bump-
ing their heads against the south side of my
white bee-house, as great numbers of them
have to fly close by it."

Dr. Jesse Oren, A. B. J., recommends burn-
ing sulphur in the cellar a week or so before
taking in bees for winter. It helps to keep
combs dry. and free from mold, and the family
from fever, diphtheria, etc. A heavy dose after
taking bees out is a good thing. I've practiced
it, and like it much.

A CORRESPONDENT is deterred from making a
fire in his cellar because I said occasional fires
didn't work in practice as well as in theory.
Please emphasize "occasional." A constant
fire works better for me. Some will need fire
less constantly, some still less, and so on to
those who never need any.

Clipping queens has a majority in its favor
among those replying in A. B. J. Rather
strangely, most who favor it see no disadvan-
tages, and the others are equally blind to any
advantages. Disadvantages named: Trouble
and barbarity of clipping, danger of supersed-
ure or loss of queen. Advantages: Easier to
keep age of queen; saves watching, time, care,
and labor, at swarming; less danger of losing
both swarm and queen.

What preparation of pollen does W. S.
Fultz mean on p. 127, that bees can not make
and man can? Certainly man doesn't prepare
the pollen out in the orchard. And I supposed
that the ripe grains of pollen floating through
the air, and adhering to various parts of the
bee's body, needed no preparation. Surely he
can't suppose that the contents of the pollen-
basket are meant. [You are quite right, Dr. M.
Hadn't thought of that before.— Ed.]

If the practice of rendering combs with
acid becomes universal, the quality of the wax
will be greatly lowered, and bees will not ac-
cept comb foundation made from such wax as
readily as when it retains the bee and_ honey
snjeil.— C. P. Dadant, in A. B. J. [We can see
no difference, as w;e do it. We use less than a
pint of acid for .500 lbs. of wax, and by our plan
we recover every particle of the acid. Its spe-
cific gravity is so much greater than wax that
it settles to the bottom of the water before the
wax cools. Chemical tests too show that there
is no sulphuric acid left in the wax. Our friend
C. P. doubtless alludes to those who use too
much acid, or use it improperly. If so, we agree
with him. — Ed.j

[You see we have started the footnote feature
to Straws. What will the doctor do when he
sees we have the " last say '"? — Ed.]

wmm?^

THE CALIFORNIA STATE MEETING.

THE greatest BKE country IN THE WORLD;

THE DETECTION OF GLUCOSE BY THE

TASTE.

By Prof. A. J. Cook.

[On pag'e 14.5 we liave ah-eady given a report of
the California State Bee-keepers' Association; but
tills one by Prof. Cook presents new phases of the
meeting, that will be no repetition.— Ed.]

Dear Mr. Editor:— I need not tell you that
the California State Bee-keepers' Association
was a very interesting one. The members are
very intelligent, wide-awake men. and there
were even more of these present than there
were two years ago when you and I met with
the Association. The hall in the Chamber of
Commerce was crowded from first to last with
eager, successful bee-keepers. I think I never
attended any convention where the discussions
were more interesting. Some of the papers,
like the President's Address, and especially the
paper by Mr. Woodbu'-v, were of unusual inter-
est. Three topics elicited more consideration
than any others, and the points developed will
interest the readers of Gleanings: " The Bee-
keeping Interest of California; the Relation of
Apiculture and Pomology, and the Matter of
Marketing." I will endeavor to give you in
three brief papers the substance of the discus-
sions in each of these directions.

I stated in substance the following in a
paper which I read on the first evening: That
I was told by one of the best-informed bee-
keepers of Southern California that more than
half of the seasons in California are excellent:
that he had never had to feed his bees; though
one season, before he commenced keeping bees,
feeding was necessary to save the bees, and that
from 300 to 500 lbs. of honey were often secured
from each colony in the apiary; and that in
good seasons, when the rain exceeded 15 inches,
it was practically impossible to overstock a lo-
cality. I asked for exact facts, that we might
publish the truth to the world; and if any
thing like the above was true, establish the fact
that Southern California is the most wonderful
bee-locality in the world. The inquiry brought
out the records from several of the oldest relia-
ble bee-keepers, when it was found that less
than one-third of the seasons for twenty years
had been poor; that other years the bees in
large apiaries had averaged from 2,50 to 300 lbs.
per colony, and that in most of the poor years
the bees had given some surplus, while they had,
with the exception of one season, gathered
enough to be self-supporting. It also appeared,
from ample authority, that, in good seasons, it
was almost impossible to overstock a locality.
At least, hundreds of colonies had been kept

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

in one apiary, and had gathered 300 lbs. of hon-
ey per colony, spring count. This certainly es-
tablishes the fact that California is the banner
apiarian State of our country, if not the best
locality for bees in the world.

The experiment of mixing glucose Ki Xi and
34' with honey, and allowing the bee-keepers'
present to taste of each and of pure honey, re-
sulted just as it did in Michigan a year ago
when I prepared similar samples. Every one
could detect the adulteration. Such adultera-
tion is openly practiced by the dealers in the
large cities, and is a rascally fraud. It crowds
the market with the spurious article, which is
so inferior that it would surely lesson the de-
mand for honey. Such spurious stuff leaves a
disagreeable taste in the mouth, that would
surely take from me all desire for honey if I
were to eat it, even though I did suspect its
real nature. California bee-keepers are in
earnest, and are bound to secure state and na-
tional laws looking to the suppression of this
nefarious practice, and they are of one mind
regarding the advisability and necessity of see-
ing that such laws are enforced. Resolutions
were passed, and committees appointed, in
hopes that speedy legislation, both state and
national, may be secured, which will make it
very dangerous to prosecute any such calling as
thatof adulterating honey and selling the prod-
uct as the genuine article. It was resolved,
also, to exclude any person from the society who
should engage in such adulteration. Without
doubt this is right and wise. Bee-keepers every-
where should unite to strike down this terrible
enemy.

Claremont, Cal., Feb. 13.

[Prof. Cook has been very busy for the past
year or so preparing to leave his old college at
Lansing. Michigan, moving, and finally getting
settled in his new home in that land of flowers.
He writes us that the climate and people are
delightful. He is much pleased with his new
work and the opportunities before him. Now
that he has got out of his rush, we shall hear
from him as before, we hope. The article above
is among the first at hand, and we are sure it
will be read with pleasure. Observe that he
verifies again the position we have taken, that
glucose — the commercial article — can be success-
fully detected by the taste.— Ed.]

THE USE OF BEE-ESCAPES.

F TIIEIU ADVANTAGES AND DISADVAN-
TAGES IN CALIFORNIA.

By Rambler.

To use or not to use the bee - escape is a
■question that seems to be causing a little ripple
on the otherwise placid surface of the bee-keep-
ing interests. There are not a few that look
upon the little tin instrument as an innovation,
and openly declare they will have nothing to do

with it. This view smacks something of set
notions, and, if adopted by all, would shelve
many worthy inventions.

My experi(!nce with the escape is confined al-
most wholly to their use in this State, using
them hero for two seasons; and I would say
that my use of them so far hardly fits me to
write of their advantages or disadvantages, for
I have much to learn yet in their use. There
are those who can use two or three escapes two
or three times on two or three hives, and then
write learnedly of their advantages, leaving
out a great many of the hitches and obstacles
to entire success. I propose, therefore, in giv-
ing my experience, to relate all sides of it so far
as it goes, and tell the rest after further expe-
rience.

I have used the escape exclusively for obtain-
ing extracted honey. If I were to remove comb
honey I think another method would be prefer-
able in this country; still, I would give the es-
cape a thorough trial in that case.

To get rid of the disagreeable labor of brush-
ing off bees, and exposing combs that have just
been through the extractor, is a desideratum
sought for by all bee-keepers who extract hon-
ey; and if the escape will enable ns to accom-
plish it, or even to make the work more pleas-
ant, then we want the little tin instrument.

My experience teaches me that the escape is
a useless article unless used in connection with
the queen-excluding honey-board. If we do
not use the queen-excluder, there will be more
or less brood in the extracting-super; and where
there is even a small amount of brood, the bees
will not leave it; while, if there is much brood
and a queen, scarcely a bee will go through the
escape.

There is another hitch in the smooth working
of the escape: If there are many young bees,
even above the queen-excluder, they are not
world-wise enough to use the escape, and are
found clustered upon two or three combs; just
where we do not want them.

My method of manipulation has been to give
the queen unlimited room up to the firstor even
to the middle of May; using two extracting-su-
pers, with frames the same size as the brood-
combs. If the queen is prolific, not only the
brood-chamber but the super above will be well
filled with brood; after the first of May the
queen-excluder is put to service and placed up-
on the brood-chamber with the two extracting-
supers above. In order to get the queen in the
proper place — the brood-chamber — the combs
are manipulated: if the outside combs in the
brood-chamber have honey an.i pollen, they are
removed; and larval brood from the super is put
in their place. If the honey has been coming
in freely, it is possible that the second super is
well filled with honey, and ready to extract.
If the escape is put under this super it works to
a charm, except now and then a cluster of the
aforesaid young bees; but if the escape is put

178

GLEANINGS IN HP:E CULTURE.

Mak. I.

under the super above the brood-chamber: or if
only this super is used, I find that about one
queen in six will get above the excluder, and
the escape fails to operate. The remedy here
is to exercise greater care in rearing large
queens.

My plan of manipulation is to take the es-
capes on the wheelbarrow, about 4 or ,5 o'clock
in the afternoon, and go to the hives that need
extracting, and tilt the super forwai-d; slip the
escape-board under as far as it will go, then pull
the super back upon the escape-board, shoving
all forward on the hive. It can be quickly done-,
and but few bees crushed if a little smoke is
used when tilting the super.

When extracting from a hive with only one
super it is necessary to have an extra super of
empty combs to put under the one we take
away; for it would cause a loss of honey to
crowd the bees into the brood-chamber and
leave them there while the super is being ex-
tracted. With two supers, however, there is
room for the bees and a place to store honey if
one of the supers is removed. Having placed
the escapes in the evening, the first work before
sunrise the next morning is to take the wheel-
barrow and commence wheeling in the supers.
I have 34 escapes; and were it not for the afore-
said small queens getting into the supers I could
wheel in 30 of them without using veil orsmoke;
but with those troublesome queens, I have tak-
en in 3.5; the rest were left until after breakfast,
and were brought in by using smoker, veil, and
brush. The 34 supers are piled up in the ex-
tracting-room, and are easily cleaned up before
one o'clock. This season, to give the escapes a
more extensive trial, they will beincreased to.'iO.

I find one very decided advantage in the use
of the escape is, that the outdoor work is all
done in the morning and evening, and the in-
door work in the shade during the heat of the
day, which is no small item in this climate,
where the mercury has a way of rushing up to
100° and over. I set opposite this a disadvan-
tage. If the bees run off the combs in the early
evening, the cool nights here have an effect upon
the honey, and it requires more whirling of the
extractor to clean the combs. 1 also find that,
if we try to remedy this by putting the escape
on during the day time, the bees will nol leave
the combs so readily as they do in the night.

There are several points in the use of the es-
cape that I need to test before I shall unequivo-
cally adopt them; but upon one point I am fully
decided; i. e., their highest success will be with
the shallow divisible brood -chamber. It is also
manifest that the escape is more of a help to
the person who works his apiary alone than to
those who work from apiary to apiary with a
crew of men; in the latter case it might be a
nuisance.

When some of our leading producers, like
Mr. France in the East, and Mr. Corey in the
far West, refuse to use them, it will not do to

attribute it to old-fogyism, but to the fact that
these veterans are used to judging the value of
new appliances by their apparent usefulness.
If this point is not stdrtlliKjIy apparent, they
want nothing to do with it.

The case then remains about like this: There
is certainly more or less manipulation with the
escape. Shall we perform this manipulation,
or shall we continue to brush bees? I shall con-
tinue another season, at least, with the escape.
I have tried to give an impartial view of the
situation, hoping the result will be an improve-
ment in the escape that will be startlingly ap-
parent.

^ I — ^

DR. JOHN DZIERZON.

AN IXTERESTING SKETCH OF A GREAT MAN.

By Kiirl Rudolph Mathey.

Dr. John Dzierzon was born on the 16th of
January, ISll, in Lowkowitz, near Kreuzburg,
Upper Silesia, where his parents were free-
holders. He was an ardent lover of Nature's
works from his youth up, and as a boy he busied
himself in the cultivation of flowers and trees.
But nothing had so great attractions for him
as the observation anJ care of bees, an apiary
of which his father kept, using log skeps.

As Dr. Dzierzon early manifested a deeply
religions turn of thought, his father took great
pains for the further development of his son in
that direction, and at first sent him to the pub-
lic school at Pitschen. Here "our John " dis-
tinguished himself by his diligence and prog-
ress, and was the favorite of his teacher. In
1832, at the age of 11, Dr. Dzierzon was capable
of being promoted to the Mathias Gymnasium,
in Breslau. From 1830 to 1834 our great teacher
was a student at the University of Breslau.
Although he was always diligent in the regular
curriculum of studies, yet his hours of study
did not interrupt his investigations in apicul-
ture.

During the holidays. Dr. Dzierzon always
spent his time under the parental roof, and
applied himself to his father's bee-hives which
henceforth became his open book of observa-
tion and independent manipulation. In Breslau
he spent his hours of recreation preferably at
well-known apiaries, and read, during his
leisure houi's, with the greatest interest, what-
ever he could find printed oi' written in relation
to bees. The old adage. "The bees stung him
HDiart in his youth," had its most striking ful-
fillment in Dr. Dzierzon. His greatest delight
was to admire the untiring diligence and skill-
ful architecture of the little workers.

Becoming more and more enamored with
Nature, and finding in her and in her study the
marks of almighty wisdom, this struggle for
light was destined to become the cause of his
celebrity. So. like his great models, Schirach
and Christ, in regard to solving the problem of

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

179

apiculture, and procuring for himself happiness
and contentment by very insigniticant methods,
he chose the clerical profession, in the hope
that a field would be opened to him where his
heart would find a means of satisfying its
thirst for philanthropic work — where his pro-
gressive and penetrating mind might find op-
portunity to climb the heights of Nature in
order to further the interests of our age. And
the man to whom the whole apicnltural world
to-day does homage chose his lifework wisely.
How many men of genius are shipwrecked on
this rock! Their struggle is in vain because

stances demanded, piled up one on the other.
With sucli hives Dr. Dzierzon began his inde-
pendent method of apiculture about the year
1835, just as he entered upon the ofh'ce of pastor
in the little village of Karlsmarkt. The defects
of such hives did not escape the notice of the
acute pastor, and the first thing he saw was the
necessity of a removable straw cover which, in
winter, would not permit so much moisture to be
precipitated as was the case with hives covered
with boards alone. In order that this straw
cap might be lifted off without injury to the
combs, he put on as many inch-wide bars.

DR. .lOHN DZIERZOX— COPIED FROM GRAVENHORST'S " PRACTICAL BEE-KEEPER."

they are not in condition to tread that path for spaced a fingerbreadth apart, as were required

to cover the hive. This being done, and the
bees having built regularly to these bars, he
fastened to each bar a piece of comb saved from
old hives. This was the first step toward the
invention of movable combs, for thereby was
the master enabled to remove from the hive
each individual comb. After this acquisition,
the other results followed as a natural conse-
quence. Of course, this was not all accom-

which their surroundings and natural capaci-
ties best adapt them, and to follow their lead-
ing desire to achieve things.

In his capacity as pastor of a rural congre-
gation. Dr. Dzierzon was able to care for the
bees, which he had loved from his youth up;
and time enough remained to him, after caring
for his spiritual flock, to busy himself experi-
menting in the solution of apicultural problems.

According to the methods in vogue at that plished by a mere turn of the hand; but every

time among bee-keepers, the best hives were step in advance cost an untold amount of trial

simply four-sided wooden boxes, after the and mental effort.

Christ system, and which were, as circum- Still, extraordinary love for the subject itself,

180

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mar. 1.

and a heart full of sympathy for the poor bees,
whose exemplary diligence was rewarded by
sulphuring, left him no room for standing still
in the beaten path, and thus was originated the
idea of mobility in frames-an idea over which
the whole world rejoices to-day, and which is
universally accepted in practice. But as soon
as Dr Dzierzon had begun apiculture on the
plan of having movable frames, his active spirit
gave him no rest on account of his desire to un-
lock the mysteries surrounding the inner life of
a colony of bees. With this idea in view he
was assisted to a great extent, while regulating
his hives, by casting a glance at the bees when-
ever he could, while they were at work. By
means of this research many other mysteries
were cleared up-pre-eminent among which
was one that revolutionized the teachings in
natural history in certain classes in zoology-
namely. Parthenogenesis.

As a means in support of his theory, and one
that Dr. Dzierzon made the most use of in his
discovery, the. Italian bee must be considered
chief. With their variously colored coat they
rendered the various experiments possible; and
even their color itself formed a proof of the
theory. As all new ideas at first meet the most
determined opposition. Dr. Dzierzon's met the
same fate. Long live Dr. Dzierzon! hail to the
master of the world! The greatest teachers ot
that time would not state as orthodox, that
drones hatch from unfertilized eggs; that the
queen, as mother of all in the hive, has it m
her power to determine the sex of the eggs she
lays The strife that sprang up from the prop-
agation of this theory attracted the attention
of scientific circles, and the greatest physiolo-
gists resorted to their ultimate proofs — the
dissecting- knife and the microscope. By means
of these, and more especially by the palpable
evidence afforded by the bee itself, people were
at last convinced; and just in proportion as
men were at first ready to cry out, "Stone
him'" they were ready to make a triumphal
march in honor of the expounder of the new
gospel, and " went over into his camp, sack and
pack," as Baron Berlepsch expressed it. for the
people had grounded their arms.

The reward one receives for a great '^ork
consists not in outward show, but more in an
inward self-satisfaction; and so it is with Dr.
Dzierzon for the many services which he has
rendered, not to apiculture alone, but for those
which have benefited science in general. These
services created a spirit of emulation among
corporations and guilds as to who should be
first in paying him a tribute of thanks and
recognition. The potentates of nearly every
land decorated his breast with well-earned
badges of honor, as marks of their esteem; and
the Lord himself blessed with special favor in
giving him a vigorous and happy old age in
order that he might enjoy the laurels which he
had won by his genius.

Now the honored friend of bee-keepers the
world over, we see here a man sought after by
conventions-a man of petite figure, with a
countenance beaming with the ruddy glow of
youth, and lighted up with a friendly look; a
snow-white head indicating great force, but,
withal, clothed with a very modest demeanor
that always, where possible, prompts its pos-
sessor to seek the "lowest seat," and to which
attention is always turned; a man who is care-
ful to cover himself with his overcoat, and not
allow the least puff of wind to lift a lappel of
it lest it discover the many honorable medals
lying underneath. When, finally, you speak to
a man who calmly, and with wonderful pa-
tience, listens for the hundredth time-yes,
hundred thousandth-to the discussion of the
same theme, and still gives you a friendly an-
swer, and points out to you the road you are to
pursue as a bee-keeper, that man is Dr. John
Dzierzon; and it is your most sacred duty to
bow the head in reverence to this the greatest
teacher in our branch of industry.
Medina, O., Jan. 17.

SWEET CLOVEK ON THE SHORES OF LAKE
CHAMPLAIN.

A GOOD HONEY PLA^^UT AI.SIKE BETTER;
FARMERS LEARNING ITS VALUE.

By W. O. Larrabee.
On page 82, Feb. 1, I^ice that H. R. Board-
man says that, with him, sweet clover is a val-
uable honey-plant, and I have heard others say
the same. I am located near the shore of Lake
Champlain, which has steep clay banks, per-
haps one hundred feet or more from the top o
the bank to the edge of the water. This is al
waste land, and it is a perfect swamp of sweet
clover, and extends in either direction as far as
the bees would fly; besid. s this, the roadsides
are lined with it as they are in many other
nlaces. This makes a good many acres of
sweet clover within range of my bees, and it is
generally in lull bloom at about the close of the
basswood flow, and I never think of depending
upon it for any surplus honey, except, perhaps,
to finish up a few of the sections that are on
the hives at the close of the basswood flow.
The bees generally fill up the brood-nest for win-
ter a little from it, and it is some benefit to me
in that way; but I have yet to see honey put
into the sections to any great extent from
sweet clover when no other honey is coming in
I do not pretend to say that sweet clover is of
no benefit to me as a honey-plant, for the bees
can at least make a living on it while in bloom,
and perhaps a little more. I think it very prob-
able the locality has all to do with it, for I cer-
tainly have enough sweet clover within range
ot my bees to furnish surplus honey if it yield-
ed honey as plentifully as white clover, alsike
clover, or basswood.

18<M

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

181

I have had no experience with sweet clover
as a forage after it is cured, but I do i<now that
stock will eat it very readily when green, and
it is never seen to get very large along the road-
sides where dairies are driven to and from the
pastures.

Aisike clover is sown to a considerable extent
ill this locality, and I consider it of much more
value as a lioney-producing plant than sweet
clover, and it is certainly very valuable as a
forage-plant, making better hay than red clo-
ver. The farmers in this locality do not have
to be urged to sow aisike clover for their stock,
for they have learned to like it better because
it does not grow so large and rank, and makes
better hay than red clover.

In localities where it is necessary to cultivate
something in order to secure a honey crop (and
as it is not profitable to plant for honey alone),
I think aisike clover should be recommended
first, and perhaps buckwheat next; but in this
locality I do not think it advisable to recom-
mend planting sweet clover, expecting to secure
a crop of surplus honey from it; but I do. ad-
vise encouraging its growth in all waste places,
for farmers need have no fear of its growing
where it is not wanted, and it will never become
as noxious a weed as the daisy, thistle, or wild
parsnip.

Larrabee's Pt., Vt., Feb. 10.

AN OPEN LETTER TO RAMBLER.

roundaboutwise, and you will not have more
than time to brush up a little before I shall be
there, bag and baggage, to stay for good and
all. I intend to keep house for you, for I am
tired to death reading about those pancak

By Miss Eugenia Morse.

Dear Rambler: — Everesteemed Friend: — I
thought I would write you a letter through
GLEANING.S, as I do not know the number of
your postoffice box; and at our postoffice the
box is more important than the State. How-
ever, it is hardly worth while, for I shall be in
California about as soon as this can reach you

I

EUGENIA morse's LETTER TO RAJFKLER

"I shall be with you about as soon as my letter. You will
just have time to brush up a little. Eugenia."

,1 L I i|r i,iL i^^

5I<>B ye lit-Hp \3Tr.b\i<nb.b<'n^ye birds in ^lef'
rambler's EXULTATION.

There must be a change or you won't live long.
Now, if you would take a little salt and short-
ening in the flour, and wet with cold water, and
roll thin, and bake on griddle, you would find
them a heap better. However, it is not worth
while writing recipes when I shall be there soon
to do the cooking. Father used to say, " Feed
your beans pie, Eugenia," so I shall give you
pie if there are any apples in that orange coun-
try. Oranges seem too picnicky for
common use. How I long to be out
in the brush picking sticks for the
oven, and away from slavery to the
ax and wood-choppers! Such a free,
easy, romantic life is just what I've
sighed for all my days (since I grew
up). I feel young— so vcrij young
I'm sure we shall make a pair; and
if you look as old as you did the
morning you went to Chino we shall
be a match in looks without dispar-
agement. What I like in you is the
way you keep an umbrella. Such
careful ways go to my heart, and I
know you are not an inferior man-
ager, and will get rich— too rich,
may be. We must not set our hearts
on riches. My failing is to be a trifle
jealous, and I am so pleased to see
you so indifferent to all females as
you journey over hill and dale, car-

182

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mar. 1.

ing for no tricks or wiles in tlie fair, only to
cook; and, though not a blonde, I can do that.
When I think of the fair, and what may hap-
pen before we make a pair, and since you wrote
last, my heart beats fast. But. don't you hear
me coming right along with my dog?

I must close. News is scarce.

Home, Jan. 23.

SENDING QUEENS TO CALIFORNIA.

EXPEKIMENTS IX SUITABLE CANDIES; CON-
SrKUCTION OF CAGES.

By W. A. Pryal.

Editor Gleanings: — I feel that I was more
than unusually honored in the issue of your
publication of the 1st inst., for I fini that, be-
sides the editorial, Dr. Miller and the Rambler
have each something to say about the article I
contributed to the ^mo'ican Bee Journal last
month on shipping queens to this State from
eastern points.

When I wrote the said article I did not think
it would attract any particular attention. I
wrote it in the interest of our queen-breeders,
hoping that they might be able to find a way
around the difficulty I dwelt upon. While the
queen-breeders would be the greatest gainers
by the discovery of a sure method of sending
queens safely every time to this coast, it is true,
too, that the individuals ordering queens from
the breeders would also be materially benefited.
for it would insure to them the certainty of get-
ting a live queen every time they ordered one.
There is nothing so exasperating to a bee-keep-
er away out here as to wait two weeks, perhaps
with a queenless colony, in anxious expectancy
of getting a fine tested Italian queen, and,
when the wished-for cage came to hand, lo and
behold! the fine queen was as dead as a door-
nail. Again, another two weeks would pass,
and a cage would be handed the expectant con-
signee by the postmaster, which, on being open-
ed, would be found to contain another queen
that had "given up the ghost" somewhere out
on the plains, or on the desert.

This is no fanciful sketch; it is unvarnished
reality— it has happened me more than once.
A man getting queens in such condition 'must
have a large stock of patience, if he can keep
from indulging in some pretty hard language.
I do not throw this out to intimate that I have
felt so bad myself under the circumstances. I
put on a bold front, and determine to try again.
I have the consolation that, if the queen-breed-
er can stand it, I too surely ought to. But,
nevertheless, I do not relish the situation, nei-
ther do I like to see a breeder put to the neces-
sity of having to send another queen to replace
the one lost in the mail. It requires time, pa-
tience, and money to rear queens; why should
not the fraternity do its utmost to devise a cage
that will be such that there will practically be

no losses in mailing a queen to any reasonably
distant point?

I continued ray experiments last summer and
fall to a considerable extent, at some expense to
myself. Though I have learned a good deal
that did not seem to be known before to our
breeders, I am not yet fully satisfied. I intend
to carry my experiments still further.

I do not think it is so much the dry climate of
this State, as you say in your editorial on page
103, that causes the candy to dry up. as it is the
scorching heat of the deserts in Utah, Nevada,
or Arizona, through which the queens have to
pass. Those going by the central route do not
go through the lattei- territory, while those that
take the other course have to bear the heat in
that hot climate, and, in addition, have to stand
some of the high temperature of the wastes the
railroad traverses in coming into Southern Cal-
ifornia. But I do not think that the heat of
this region is as bad as that of the deserts of
Arizona, or along a large portion of the central
route before the California State-line isreached.
Whether a queen would be apt to fare better by
taking the more circuitous route, via Oregon or
Canada, I have my doubts. The climate may
be a trifie more favorable; but the additional
time to make the trip, to say nothing of the
additional rough handling she would be subject-
ed to by the railroad postal clerks, would be too
trying for her. I believe that we can not get a
queen too quickly to her destination. There
seems to me to be no need of a queen being
longer than seven days making the journey
from one end of the United States to the other.
This time is not too long for the most delicate
queen to stand the hardships of the mail,
provided she is suitably provisioned for the
trip.

In my experiments last year I sent a queen
that had been caged over night before she was
put into the postoffice, to Chicago (to the office
of the American Bee Journal), where she w us
examined and immediately returned to me. As
she reached me in good condition after making
this severe trip at the very hottest time of the
year, I at once dispatched her in care of Uncle
Sam to a distant postoffice in Texas, where she
arrived alive. That was a trip that few human
beings would like to make in the same space of
time at the hottest season of the year, as I have
said. The candy used on this occasion was as
soft as I could conveniently have it without its
running in the cage.

But in other experiments, tried under similar
conditions, the queen did not fare as well. Sev-
eral times the queens died in transit. Some-
times a bee that died would get stuck in the
candy at the entrance of the candy-compart-
ment, and thus shut out the other bees from
having access to the food. I thereafter reme-
died this by having the food-compartment so
arranged that, if a couple of bees were to try
to clog up the entrance, still there would be

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

183

room enough for the other bees to get to the
candy.

In one case I tried the sponge method of ship-
ping. Tiiis was the way used some years ago.
It was usually successful in the days of yore;
why should it not be so now? Theoldwaywas
to put a piece of sponge In one of the holes of
the cage, and saturate it well with honey.
Most breeders used a thick quality of honey.
I thought it better to try honey that was con-
siderably thinned by diluting it with water. It
worked well, but I preferred candy in a cage
that was provisioned with a reservoir for wa-
ter. I think, though, if I could get a cage that
was suitably constructed I should prefer the
diluted honey and sponge method. There is no
doubt in my mind that honey is the proper food
for bees at all times, especially when being ship-
ped in the malls.

I am firmly of the belief that no queen should
be placed immediately in the mailing-cage and
sent right off to the person ordering her. It
would be well to keep her over night in some
suitable cage, or, if more convenient, the ship-
ping-cage will do. This will give her a chance
to lay a large portion of the eggs that she is
charged with. She will then be in better con-
dition to make the trip.

In your editorial you " suggest that the
Atchleys commence experiments, not only for
their own personal advantage, but for the bene-
fit of the brotherhood of queen -breeders and
their customers." In this I had more than an-
ticipated you, Mr. Editor. It was after getting
a couple of dead queens from Mrs. Atchley that
I suggested that we conduct a series of experi-
ments to find out if we could not hit upon some
better way of sending queens safely to this
coast. We used all the cheap though healthy
queens we could spare for this purpose. Queens
were sent back and forth between us for some
months. Sometimes they would reach their
destination all right; at other times they and
all the bees accompanying the queen would be
dead. When a queen would come to hand safe-
ly she would be reshipped, so as to cover as
many miles as she could before the supply of
provisions gave out. Mrs. Atchley's best suc-
cess in sending queens to me was when she had
them mailed in double cages, or what she terms
"import" cages. These are the ordinary two-
ounce cages— two of them being nailed togeth-
er face to face. I am of the opinion that it
would be impossible to ever lose a queen in one
of these cages when the candy is just light and
the ventilation ample during the hot spell.

I believe that many shippers do not pay
enough attention to the importance of ventilat-
ing their cages that are sent out in midsummer.
Sometimes a large lot of workers are sent with
the queen; these bees have a tendency to raise
the temperature of the cage, even above what
it is without the car, which may at the time be
going through the hottest portion of the coun-

try. I have received cages overloaded with
bees, at the height of the hot spell, and no more
ventilation was provided than that made by
the manufacturer of the cage. The makers of
shipping-cages do not put in any more veiitilat-
ing-holes in the cage than are required for the
coolest part of the year; they could not very
well do otherwise, for the reason that, if there
were more holes, it would be harder to stop them
up when they were not wanted than it would
be to make additional holes when they were re-
quired. Perhaps the proper way to overcome
this feature would be for the user of shipping-
cages to call for two kinds of cages— one kind
to have no more ventilating apertures than
necessary, while the other should have ample
for the warmest portion of the year.

I consider this matter a very important one,
and hope that our queen-breeders will give it
as much attention in the way of experiments
the coming season as they possibly can. Al-
ready, from what I learned the past year, I feel
that I can ship queens to any part of the Union
and seldom lose a queen. So confident have I
become in this matter that I have about con-
cluded to make queen-rearing (as a business) a
part of the work in my apiary the coming sea-
son, and I expect to send some queens to the
farthermost parts of the cntintry. My location
being one of the finest in the United States for
shipping, especially to the islands of the Pacif-
ic and to the Orient, I hope to do enough in the
queen-rearing line to pay me for the trouble at-
tendant in conducting such a branch of the
apiary. I am located directly opposite the
Golden Gate, and snugly ensconced in the Con-
tra Costa foot-hills. The ride to San Francisco
by rail and ferry is 45 minutes, which places me
in quick communication with the Pacific me-
tropolis. Then Oakland, which is only four
miles away, and which place is the terminus of
all the railroads coming into California, will
give me a chance to get my queens into the
mails and off to the various points to which
they may have to go, without any loss of time.

Since I wrote article for the American Dee
Journal, several breeders In the East have sent
me the style of cage they use. Of the several
that I received, that of VV. C. Frazier, of Iowa,
seems to be the most practical. He claims that
he has had excellent success in sending queens
in his cages to distant points. I shall give it a
trial with different kinds of candy. It seems
to me that his cage is the best to use where the
shipper uses a very soft candy. There will be
none of that clogging that I have referred to in
the fore part of this letter, as there are so many
places for the bees to get at the food.

On page 80 of Gleanings, Dr. Miller suggests
the making of a candy that is hard on the out-
side and soft in the middle, after the fashion
followed by confectioners in making a certain
kind of toothsome candy. This may not be a
bad idea. I do not know how it would work. I

184

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mak. 1.

think the following might be a better way, and
it is not altogether unlike the plan suggested by
Dr. M.: Have two holes for the candy, they to
be connected by a small opening between the
two. Into the one next to the part of the cage
Inhabited by the bees as a living-compartment,
place a candy of the consistency of that used
for ordinary shipments. In the next one, place
a rather soft candy. There should not be more
candy in the first hole than will be required to
take the bees to the place where they will en-
ter the hot region. They will then be ready to
commence operations on the soft candy, which
will be their food until ihey reach their destina-
tion.

Rambler, on page 87 of the same issue, men-
tions a case where a breeder in San Bernardino
Co., this State, shipped queens to a bee-keeper
in Inyo Co. in April, the latter being anxious to
get early queens, as he could not raise them in
his location. To get to Inyo Co. from any part
of California near the coast is about as bad ;i-
making a trip from San Francisco to Chicago;
in fact, I would sooner go to the latter place
than I would to the county " over the hills and
far away," though Inyo Co. is no mean place,
by any means. The range of hills, or, rather.
high mountains, makes it necessary, in order to
get to some of the sections thereabouts, to go to
San Francisco and other coast points to Reno,
Nev., via Sacramento, and thence through Ne-
vada to the lower, middle, and eastern part of
the State of California, where Mono and Inyo
Counties are situated, unless one travels other
than by rail. It is a long roundabout way, and
is not only a costly but a very disagreeable one.
I believe most if not all the land there is very
much elevated, consequently it is much colder
for a longer portion of the year than most other
parts of California, save on some of the eternal-
ly snow-capped peaks of this State.

Yet I think I would undertake to get queens
to the gentleman the Rambler refers to during
April. In sending qm ens to such a place one
must provide a warm cage in the fore part of
the year. The trip over the mountains via Sac-
ramento and the summit is a cold one, even in
early May, as I have found out. The highest
point is on the line in the Sierra Nevadas, in
California, being 7017 feet, which is up pretty
high. By a careful study of the country
through which one's queens are to pass, there
is little danger of losing a single bee by follow-
ing all the little details as to food, ventilation,
or. when necessary, the wrapping of the cage
and the number of attendants accompanying
the queen.

Mrs. Atchley has pressed me to devise a cage
that shall answer all the requirements necessa-
ry in a cage foi' long-distance shipping. I do
not think I shall be likely to hit upon the cage
that will (ill the bill. I am inclined to thiuK
that some one of the several cages now in use
will come up to all the requirements when we

learn ivhat is the right food to place in them to
keep the bees alive during the journey. As I
h;ive said before, there is room for experiments
in ali these directions; and let us hope that, be-
fore this year is ended, the queen-breeders of
this land can exclaim, as they behold the long-
wished-for cage and shipping-food, "Eureka!"
North Temescal, Cal., Feb. 9.

THE CALIFORNIA KING -BIRD.

By Prof. A. J. Cook.

As is well known, the eastern king-bird, or
bee-martin — Tyrnnrius tyrannus, Linn., — is
not only an insectivorous bird, but has the ex-
ceptional and injurious habit of snapping up
and devouring our bees, both workers and
drones, as I have surely demonstrated by open-
ing the stomach of the bird in question. The
bird rests on some perch near the apiary, and,
as the bee flies by, swoops down upon it and
bears it in its bill back to the perch, then seems
to swallow it at its leisure. How about the
stings? Has the bird learned some bright way
to avoid them ? It would seem hardly possible.
Or has the throat of the bird become insensible
to the stings of outrageous — not fortune, but
bees — and so the bii'd's throat becomes a sort of
pin-cushion for bee-stings'? I have found by
actual examination that this is true of bee-eat-
ing frogs. After seeing a frog lick up three or
five bees I killed the batrachian and found
that his toadshlp had just that number of stings
holding to the walls of its pharynx.

California has also its king-bird, or the Cali-
fornia bee-martin. Tyronnus vociferans. Swains
— which, I learn, also preys on bees. This is
about the size and form of the eastern species,
but is dark gray in color. I have just prepared
the skin of one of these for our college cabinet,
and found two olives in its stomach. We often
notice that another biped often presumes on the
capacity of its stomach when eating the deli-
cious olives, and it would seem that this king-
bird did the same: for it is hard to see how so
small a bird could swallow two large olives
without damage to its stomach. It is said that
people have to learn to like olives. Is it not
presumable that the California bee-martin's
taste for olives is also acquired, as the olive is
intensely bitter? We see, then, that this Cali-
fornia king-bird is an enemy in two important
senses: It kills bees, or is said to do so, and it
certainly eats olives. As I am now right in the
very center of this marvelous bee-country I
shall soon know whether this bird does eat bees;
and if so. how the sting matter is managed.
This is only one of the many important prob-
lems that await solution in the land of the
sunset.

Claremont, Cal., Feb. 14.

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

185

RAMBLE 103.

CMMATK OF f'ALlFOKNIA.

CLIMATIC MAP

CALIFORNIA ^

44T052 52"60 60'"6a 6S"'7i 30To44

^^^

The Rambler this time holds be-
fore the reader something that looks
much like an anatomical (ignre of a
man's body. The back seems to have
received a hard knock, and there's
the stone that did the knocking, se-
curely lodged in the back. A closer
observation, however, enables us to
read upon it the words Lake Tahoe.
That dispels the anatomical idea as
applied to man, and we have before
us a climatic map of California.

The climate of this State is so di-
verse that it is the boast of its in-
habitants that it can supply any
kind of climate desired, and at few
hours' notice. That this claim is
not without foundation, we can
prove from the study of the very in-
teresting map before us. The State
of California measures 800 miles in
length by about 300 in width; and
could its area be correctly measured
it would be the first State in size in
the Union. To illustrate. Texas is
called the largest State. Let us lay
down a large piece of cloth to repre-
sent that State. Our cloth would
represent a nearly dead-level plain,
with a few wrinkles in the north-
east, representing hills. Let us now
lay down a large cloth representing
California. Our second operation
upon the cloth would be to com-
mence puckering it up. Here we
make an immense pucker to repre-
sent Mt. Whitney, 15,000 feet above
sea-level; then another pucker for
Mt. Shasta, 14,000 feet; then we
keep on puckering 14 other moun-
tains that average 10,000 feet each;
then the immense Sierras; the Coast
Range; San Bernardino, and a host
of lesser mountains and ranges, and
every one of them cut into by im-
mense canyons, of which the Yo-
semite is only one of the noted.
When wo complete the puclcering of
our cloth, and have before us a re-
lief map of the State we find the
earth-sculpture here fashioned upon
a mighty scale; and the contrasts
of heat and cold are no less strik-
ing; for, from Mt. Whitney's sum-
mit, capped with snow, we; look
down upon the most desolate and
torrid region on the continent —
Death Valley — the area of which
is much below the sea-level. Could
we, therefore, iron out all of these
immense folds as we can ron out

186

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mar. 1.

square of cloth, and measure it, it would result
in an immense land area, the greatest in the
Union, according to the government measure-
ments. However, from the tops of our moun-
tains we shall have to give the palm, as to size,
to Texas, and content ourselves with other
great features that can be found only in this
State.

The climate of California, and its varieties,
have been the subject upon which many writers
have expatiated; and although we have many
varieties of this commodity, the seasons are re-
duced to two — the vvet and the dry, or the sum-
mer and winter; and these are so near akin
that our winter would pass for a very fair sum-
mer in some of our Eastern States, while spring
and fall are unknown.

The causes that are constantly at work to pro-
duce an agreeable state of the atmosphere are,
our mountains on one hand and the warm cur-
rents of the Pacific Ocean on the other.

If we look at the map we find that the vari-
ous shadings represent the various mean tem-
peratures that are found in the State. P'irst,
the dark shadings in the lower portion repre-
sent that part of the State that has the least
rainfall and the greatest heat, and embraces
the Mojave (Mohave) and Colorado Deserts;
and when we speak of deserts, do not think of
them as a dead-level plain, for it is not. Sand
dunes, hills, and even respectable mountains,
are in this hot country. The figures 68 to 72
convey but a small idea of this country; for in
the hot season it is full of terrors, and not a sea-
son passes but' parties led on by the alluring
idea of finding gold-mines in this forbidding
region suffer terrible hardships, and many leave
their bones to bleach on the arid sands. The
terrors of this region culminate in Death Val-
ley. Still, there is a redeeming ray of hope
for much of this region. If water can be intro-
duced to it, the desert will be made to blossom
in beauty.

Within the speckled portion of the map we
find the great fruit and grain producing region.
In the southern portion is the citrus belt, sup-
plemented by similar belts in the extreme north-
ern portion. The long speckled portion repre-
sents the interior basin of the State, including
the San Joaquin and Sacramento Valleys. It
is in these valleys that the immense amount of
grain is produced; and the rancher, instead of
watching the skies, as does his eastern brother,
in fear that an untimely shower may ruin his
grain, piles it up in sacks like so much cord-
wood, where it remains for months uninjured.

While citrus fruits are predominant in the
southern speckled portion, deciduous fruits and
grapes are the main products in the fruit line
in the interior basin. It is in this portion, also,
thai we find the greater portion of bee-ranches;
for it is here, and in the portion marked with
horizontal lines, that the sages grow the most
luxuriantly, and the thousands of other fiovvers

for which California is noted. In this interior
basin the temperature sometimes rises to 115°
in the shade; but, owing to the dryness of the
atmosphere, this temperatureisnotfelt so acute-
ly as 90° in the East. In proof of ii, sunstroke
is almost unknown on this coast. In this speck-
led portion the temperature also registers at
times a few degrees below the freezing-point.
It is then the orange-grower gets anxious about
his tender product and investigates his dam-
ages.

The portion of map marked with straight
lines is that portion having the least variation
in its climate, and includes nearly the whole
sea-coast, and it is termed the frostless belt, as
well as escaping the extreme heat of summer.
It will also be observed that a narrow line of
this shading surrounds the central basin. This
line might be indefinitely extended around
every mountain and foot-hill in California. It
is in many portions of this line that tomatoes
are grown the year round, and those portions
that boast of raising strawberries and kindred
fruits all the year round is in this belt. In this
portion are found the hot and mineral springs,
and it is here the health-seeker finds a home
and a prolonged life. In this portion, as well
as in the speckled portion, the nights are near-
ly always cool; and, however fatigued a person
may become with the toils of the day, he can
retire to refreshing sleep; and the more refresh-
ing it is if taken under the blue dome of heaven.

There is not the least doubt that, if persons
having pulmonary troubles will come to this
State at an early stage of the disease they will
find health and a long span added to their lives;
while it is equally without a doubt that, if such
persons delay until one foot is already in the
grave, the other foot will soon follow upon their
arrival here. A person coming to this State for
health, and not finding it, should study this cli-
matic map, and change his location from time
to time to a higher or lower altitude, and soon
the suitable point will be found, and improve-
ment will be first manifested in an elevation of
the previously depressed spirits, and, finally,
more endurance, and a desire to be out in the
pure air; and here there is ample opportunity
to indulge in this desire, or, during three-quar-
ters of the year, the skies are cloudless.

The next belt marked with diagonal lines in-
cludes the higher foot-hills and the most of the
Coast Range, and quite a large area in the
northeastern portion of the State. Some snow
falls in this poition, and the temperature gets
down to a biting degree. Still, it has many lo-
calities in which it is desirable to live. It is
said, by those who have investigated the north-
east portion, that it has an abundant honey
flora, and it will be only a question of time
when this portion will also be dotted with min-
iature cities of bee-hives. It would be well,
perhaps, for those who are seeking new honey-
fields to deflect their course into this region.

188

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mar. 1.

near to or remote from Honey Lake, and the re-
sults in that unoccupied field might be as good
as or even better than in the overcrowded south-
ern fields.

There is one peculiarity in this climatic belt,
and also in the belt below it. There are many
locations where the influence of climate is such
that, even in Northern California, fruits are
grown and put upon the market earlier than
they can be produced in the warmer south.

The last belt, in white, marks all of the high-
er altitudes, and the average temperature, 30 to
44, reveals a very low temperature during the
winter months; and if a person who has for-
merly lived in the cold eastern climate, and now
resides in the sunny valleys of California, de-
sires to taste again the rigors of an old-fashion-
ed winter, a few hours' ride will land him where
ice freezes a foot thick, and is harvested for
commercial purposes — where sleighbells jingle,
and where snow in great quantities is found —
in such quantities that the So. Pac. R. R. is
covered with immense snow sheds for 40 miles,
and still we are in California. These higher
altitudes are noted mostly for producing our
finest pine lumber, and the lumber business is
the chief industry. It is quite probable that
bee-keeping is at a discount in this region. A
bee-tree may now and then be found, but those
wonderful finds of honey in trees and caves are
notfound In this region. The higher altitudes
in all this region as we approach those moun-
tains over 8000 feet in height are practically un-
explored and desolate regions; and it is here
that we might change the term from "climat-
ic" to "climb-matic '■ California; but in this
phase the Rambler has shown quite conclusive-
ly that the climb-matic portion also exists in all
portions of the State. In this belt the gold-
seeker is probably the most persistent explorer,
and the marks of his pick are left upon the
most inaccessible mountain-side; and since sil-
ver has received a setback, the gold-seeker is
out more numerous than ever, not only in this
climb matic belt, but all over the State, and, as
before stated, the bones of some of this class
are bleaching in the vicinity of Death Valley.
The hunter now enjoys the climb-matic belt,
for it is into these remote regions that the griz-
zly bear has now retreated. The advance of
civilization, and cultivated lands in the lower
belts, drive all wild animals into these regions,
and even here they are remarkably shy, and not
an easy prey to the hnnter. The bee-keeper
hardly ever ventures into this belt unless it is
for the pui'e love of cliTubing, and to experi-
ence the thrilling views fiom mountain-peaks.

The portion of the climate of California that
is disagreeable to many is the periodical north-
ers. The norther is presaged by a few days of
remarkably clear days. The distant mountains
can be seen with such distinctness that they
seem but half the distance they really are.
The eagle soars at a great altitude, and, with

head to the north, suspends himself in one spot
for a long time. The next morning the wind
begins to blow; little clouds of dust rise here
and there in the valley, and ere noon the air is
full of fine dust, hurled along by the wind,
which has now attained much velocity; but it
is scarcely ever destructive. The effect of the
norther is to produce languor and headache upon
a great majority of people. The wind is said
to be highly charged with electricity. Though
disagreeable to endure, these northers have a
beneficial effect in clearing disease-germs from
the atmosphere.

If, in the height of the honey season, the
norther comes down upon the blossoming flora,
the bee-keeper hangs up his hopes for much
honey for several davs, for the sources of nectar
are thoroughly dried, and do not quickly recov-
er.

By referring to the map it will he observed
there are but few lakes in the State. Water, in
a great measure, is hidden beneath the surface,
and the so-called dry rivers in the southern por-
tion are found to be running (or percolating)
streams when we dig beneath the surface. The
northern portion of the State, having more
rain, possesses the most live streams.

Taking it all in all, this sunset land has fewer
disagreeable features than our Eastern States.
We can sleep outdoors nine months in the year;
and, while we are living with the roses, and im-
bibing their fragrance, we can look across them
to the snow-capped mountain; the added plea-
sures of good health; a measure of prosperity,
where ten-acre farms and less care are the rule.
These all make California a desirable home to
many besides the Rambler.

USE FOR THE SELF HIVER.

HOW IT MAY SAVE UNNECESSARY LABOR ON
SUND.VV.

By C. H. Dibbern.

"Is it right to hive bees on Sunday?" is a
question asked by W. E. Dean, on page 99. I
do not propose to go into the religious aspect of
the question, but wish to show that such work
is entirely unnecessary. It would certainly not
be right to allow swarms to go to the woods be-
cause they happen to issue on Sunday. Such
swarms usually represent all the profit we can
reasonably expect from a colony during a sea-
son; and to allow such t(j depart in peace be-
fore our very eyes, or during our absence,
would not be doing our best for our families.
If it is worth our while to keep bees at all it is
worth doing right; and if we do not need the
profits from the bees, for the necessaries of life,
we find such income very convenient to buy
luxuries, such as magazines and books, musical
instruments, furniture, pictures, and a thou-
sand other things that go to make up a home.

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

189

No; don't let the swarms go to the woods, nei-
ther oblige some of the family to remain at
home to '■ watch for swarms."

Drone-guards will prevent swarming tempo-
rarily; Imt I object to them on account of the
drones fussing to get out, and keeping the
whole hive in a hubbub. Why not use the
drone-trap pure and simple? That will do
away with the drone nuisance; and, should a
swarm issue, catch the queen and save your
swarm, even while the v/holtj family is away
listening to the sermon.

Now. instead of dividing on Saturday, as pro-
posed by Mr. Dean, when perhaps the bees are
not ready for such division, or so far advanced
that they would swarm again in a few days
anyhow, you can make such division as de-
sired, on Monday. The drone-trap is good; and
if there were nothing better I should use it on
every hive in my apiary during the swarming-
period. But. why not go a step further and use
the self-hlver? But it will be objected to as
not yet being perfect, or. at any rate, as not be-
ing generally understood. It is true, there have
been jnany failures, and some have given up in
despair.

After a great deal of experimenting during
the past four years, on a large scale. I have
finally adopted a plan that works fairly well.
It has all the advantages of the drone-trap, and
goes much farther, as it hives the swarm in the
hive, where they are to remain. The plan con-
sists of an empty hive placed on a wood-zinc
honey-board. on a bottom-board placed in front
of the swarming hive, as heretofore described
in Glp:anixgs. The bees pass fi'om the old
hive through the bee-space formed between the
bottom-board and honey-board, and through
the swarmer at the entrance. A few will work-
up through the honey-board, and out of the
entrance of the new hive. As swarming ap-
proaches, some bees will take possession of the
new hive, and will commence drawing out the
foundation, and commence filling in honey.
How far this maybe desirable before swarming,
I have not yet determined; but it can be regu-
lated by covering a part of the honey-board,
under the new hive, with oilcloth or tin.

One obJT'Ction to putting the old hive on top
of the empty one is, that the bees too readily
accept it as a part of their hive, and use it for
storing honey in, instead of carrying it into the
sections.

I have no " ax to grind " in this matter, as I
have no idea of patents, etc. My only desire is
to make bee-keeping less irksome. If one has
but half a dozen or so of colonies it will certain-
ly not pay to watch for swarms or keep the
family doing such useless work. If one has
colonies by the hundred, then there is all the
more reason for using the hiver, as there is no
such trouble from doubling up as where natural
swarming is permitted; neither is any climbing
of tall trees, endangering one's life, at all nec-

essary. There is no sulking of bees In my plan,
and the little run through the space under the
new hive seems only to give them additional
energy. The swarming propensity is also
greatly abridged.
Milan, 111., Feb. 9.

[You are quite right. The self-hiver will
save unnecessary work in hiving swarms on
Sunday. One quiet Sunday morning three or
four swarms came out, and A. I. R. came rush-
ing over to "our house." telling us that the bees
needed looking after, as they were swarming.
In later years he has left all such work for us.
We very quietly replied that they were all
right, and that we need not trouble ourselves,
asself-hivers were on those colonies that were
likely to cast swarms. A. I. R. was a little
skeptical, but in a few minutes he was satisfied
that the self-hivers were doing their work.
Monday morning showed that the bees of each
swarm had gone into the new hives, gone to
work, and every thing was as nicely done as if
we had done it ourselves, with all the usual
paraphernalia, such as bee-veil, smokers, hiv-
ing-boxes, and squirt-gun, to say nothing of hur-
rying and scurrying about, shinning up trees,
taking stings, etc.— Ed.]

CALIFORNIA ECHOES.

BY KAMBLER.

Dr. Miller looks very Y's

While he sits at his E's

Poking straws into other mens I's,

Shouting, "It's all in behalf of the B's."

Now, Dr. M., just mind your P's

Or we'll send you o'er the C's

Where the Chinamen pick T's;

Then what'll you do for straws and B's?

No, Dr. M., I did not get the kerosene in my
flap- jacks; but I must '/ess I did get some on
my toast one evening.

Soine of our California bee-keepers are get-
ting blue on account of the light rainfall up to
date. Keep up courage, gentlemen; late rains
sometimes do a world of good.

The latest wrinkle of the enemies of the bees
is to mix yeast and honey, and expose it where
b^es will get it. The mixture, when stored in
the hive, sours and ferments, and is disastrous
to the colony and the bee-keeper.

Just see what sort of men we had at our
State convention: W. P. Richardson, 65 tons of
honey; Mr. J. Moffatt, 54 tons; J. F. INIcIntyre,
24 tons; M. H. Mendleson, over 30 tons, and
others well up to those amounts, too numerous
to mention.

Railroad statistics for 1893 give a sura total of
honey shipped from Southern California at
3,303.(XK) lbs. Add to this the shipments by wa-
ter and from Northern California, also quite an

190

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mak. 1.

amount that is yet unsold, and the figures
would run up to over 5,000,000 lbs., and not a
bountiful season at that.

Prof. Cook carries a chemical laboratory in his
mouth. He detected samples of honey that
were mixed with glucose — some 35, 50, and 85
per cent mixtures that were prepared by Mr.
Brodbeck. Prof. C. says that people using this
mixture for a while get a dislike for honey — an-
other argument in favor of laws against adul-
teration.

Bee-keeping seems to be getting some hard
knocks from Uncle Sam down in Orange Co.,
Cal. A government reservation has recently
been parceled off, and everybody is ordered off
the land, including several bee-keepers. Of
course, the busy bee will not harm the trees and
the flowers, but the busy bee-keeper can wield
an ax, and that's the reason why they have got
to get out.

We think bee-keepers in this State should be-
gin to turn their attention to planting honey-
producing plants and trees. Our irrigated dis-
trict, where the sages have been cut off, would
grow many Eastern plants; but here lies an
obstacle. Irrigated lands are subject to close
and clean cultivation, and there is no room for
weeds. But for all that, we have a mind to see
if the noted willow-herb plant will grow here.

LET US BE CHARITABLE.

T SUI'KRS VS. SECTION-HOLDEIiS.

By Dr. C. C. MiUer.

I have a letter from a Canadian correspon-
dent who desires a reply in Glkanings. He
prefaces his questions by saying that there are
few whose advice it is safe to follow, because
policy rather than conscience seems to be the
governing motive. Don't you think you're just
a bit hard on your kind, my friend? I know
we're a pretty selfish lot all through, and yet I
find evidences of no little unselfishness and con-
science left. I was in Chicago a few days ago,
and in several instances asked information and
advice of entire strangers. In every instance
it was given with apparent pleasure, and, I
think, with real interest. One man took the
trouble, of his own accord, to write down an
address I asked for. A boy walked some little
distance out of his way to a point where a
building could be shown to me. In the hun-
dreds, perhaps thousands of instances of the
kind, I have very rarely found any other spirit.

I believe that bee-keepers are just as good a
lot as the average — indeed, I think a little bet-
ter; and although it isn't a safe thing to follow

indiscriminately the advice of all, it is more-
because they don't know, even where they feel
positive they do know. If I were to follow all
the advice given me, I should have a hopeless-
tangle of all sorts of things in use, much to
my detriment; and yet I believe the advice is
usually given in the best spirit, and with a real
desire to serve me. A man finds something that
he is much pleased with, and he is hardly to be-
blamed for thinking it would be a good thing
for me. So, let's be as charitable as we can.

THE SUPER I PREFER.

You ask me to give my choice of comb-honey
super, with reasons therefor. The printing of
my answer will be a proof of unselfishness on
the part of Gleanings, and yet I'm sure the
answer will be printed, for my choice of super
will not agree witii his. He will tell you the
section-holder, and I'll tell you the T super.
He'll think, even if he doesn't say so; for,
between you and me, he's a good bit of a gen-
tleman—he'll thinlf I'm a bit pig-headed and
old-fogyish, and I'll think I know better than
to be taken with a new thing just because it's-
new.

MY REASONS.

Well, I've tried largely wide frames, Heddon
or Moore supers, and, to some extent, section-
holders, and I think I can get better results,,
with less labor, with the T super than with any
of these. But that may not satisfy you, for
those who are just as fit to judge may prefer
one of the others. It is hardly worth while to
discuss wide frames, since they are so generally
discarded, and yet I had good results with
them. The Heddon crate will not allow the
use of separators, and that is a necessity when
honey is to be packed for shipping.

Section-holders, as I have said, I tried to a
limited extent, and should have given them a
fuller trial, but it cost too much time and tem-
per. Perhaps others have found it easier to
empty them, and the fault may be mine. That
aside, I may say that, for my use, tlie T super
has decid'^d advantages, and I don't know of
any advantage but one that the section-holder
has. With the T super, separators can go no
lower than the T tin, while the section-holder
allows them to go to the bottom of the section.
That, yovi see, leaves a space the thickness of
the separator, for a distance equal to the
height of the upright part of the T tin, to be
filled in with propolis in the T super, which is
avoided in the section -holder by having the
separator go clear to the bottom.

Now. please remember that I said that, /or
mc, the section -holder has m other advantages
that I know of. I'm not quarreling with what
others prefer. The claim is made, that open-
side sections can be used in section-holders and
not in T supers. Well, I don't want open-side
sections, so that doesn't count.

Root's A B C says, " As the upright of the T
takes about -^ of an inch, it leaves a space be-

18t>4

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Kil

tween two rows of sections, whicli the bees are
inclined to (ill with propolis." If that means at
the top, it is obviated, as mentioned in a foot-
note, by pieces of separator stuff '4 inch wide.
If it means along the full length of the sides of
the sections, it is simply an impossibility for
the bees to get at that part, and, as a matter of
fact, that part of the section comes out just as
clean as it went in. Indeed, with these little
separators at the top (and I wouldn't think of
doing without them) it is the T super and not
the section-holder that has the advantage; for,
no matter how little the play, there must be
some play in the length of the section-holder to
allow the sections to be got in, and it will be
just play for the bees to fill up that play-space
with bee-glue. In the T super, all the play is
taken up by wedging in the top separators.

The ABO says the one-piece sections in T
supers are likely to be a little diamond-shaped.
I think that must have been written before
knowing about putting in the little top separa-
tors, for with them the sections are perfectly
square. On the other hand, there is more
chance for sections to be out of square in the
section-holders, for the bottom-bars of the
section-holders will sag. That may not throw
the sections out of square enough to be serious,
but it may be a serious matter in another
direction. Nowadays we want to maintain an
exact space between the brood-frames and
what is over them. These bottom-bars need to
sag only an eighth of an inch or less to insure
the space being filled with propolis, fastening
the bottom-bars of the section-holders to the
top bars of the brood-frames. The T tins are
entirely free from any sagging.

The ABC says, '• Bees will always fill the
sections directly over the brood — that is, the
central ones — before they will the outside rows.
In order to make them fill out alike, it is not an
easy matter to change places with the central
and outside rows," In the T super, but with the
section-holders " the outside rows can easily be
shifted from outside to center." With me this
does not count for an advantage, for, if the
shifting could be done twice as easily with the
T super as with the section-holder, I would not
shift them. From long experience I have found
that the bees will not always make as nice
work finishing up a section that lias been mov-
ed; and in any case I want the work done in a
wholesale manner, taking off a super when all
but the four corner sections are finished, if. in-
deed, any are unlinished. Then the untinished
one can be massed in a new super to be finished.

At present I'm doubtful whether any on(!
knows for certain what is the best width for a
section. I have changed once, and may change
again. The section-holders will take just one
width of section, while my T supers will be all
right for any possible width.

My preference for the T super is emphatic,
but I'm ready to change for something better.

I may find it within a year, but I am not trying
to invent it.

Marengo, 111.

[As you say. Doctor, we don't agree with you.
As you have been fair enough to state our ar-
guments it will not be necessary for us to re-
state them We give our customers the option
between the two kinds of supers so they can
take their choice. — Ed.]

FOR WIDER AND TIIICKKR BARS.

I am with Dr. Miller on brood-frames. I
should like them wider than you now make
them, and deeper — i. e., % deep at the out edges,
or 1 in. would be better yet. Bees are not so
liable to build brace-combs when the frames
are % or 1 in. deep at the out edges; and when
they don't build brace-combs they won't build
burr-combs. With proper bee-space above the
rrames, the end-bars and bottom-bars are good
enough I think. You might narrow the ends
of the Hoffman top-bar a little, and then the
end-bars would not be so liable to split, and be
better to catch hold of, as one suggested some
time back— J. A. Scudder, I believe — but he
wants a thin top-bar, and I don't. I'll stoutly
stand up for 1 in. or Ji at least, clear to the out
edges of the frames. A. T. McKibbex.

Morrill, Minn., Dec. 1.5, 1893.

PREVENTION OF ROBBING.

Qi/est'io?i.— Nearly every year I have trouble
with the bees robbing in early spring. Either
my own bees rob each other, or the bees of my
neighbors rob mine, or both. What is the best
method to prevent bees from robbing? I have
tried smoking them every two or three hours,
but it does no good.

Ansivcr,—m\w first thing to be done byway
of preventing robbing is to take every precau-
tion against the possibilUu of robbing occur-
ring. Here is where the beginner is the most
liable to err. Entrances to weak colonies are
often left open full width, hives opened in the
middle of warm days, or honey left scattered
about in such a manner as to entice the bees to
rob, rather than to use methods to restrict the
natural propensities of bees to rob each other.
A man once came to me with the complaint that
his neighbors' bees were robbing his, and wish-
ed I would go and see that neighbor and see if
he would not shut up his bees before they
"cleaned his entirely out." I told him I guess-
ed I would go home with him and see how
things were there before I went to the neighbor.
On arriving there I found his one hive set up on
half-inch blocks all around from the bottom-
board, while in a dish a few feet from the hive

193

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mar. 1.

was a lot of comb that had the appearance of
having contained honey an hour or two before.
I asked what that dish of comb meant. The
reply was, that he thought perhaps the bees did
not have honey enough, so he set out a little to
feed them. In a few brief words I told him
that, should he leave all the doors of his house
open nights, scatter a few twenty-dollar gold-
pieces around by the gateway, and let it hv.
known that he had thousands of dollars in the
house, he would not expect it would be long be-
fore there would neither be gold by the gateway
nor in the house; and yet he had placed his
bees in the same position regarding other bees
that he would be placing himself and his gold
in regarding any thieves that might be prowl-
ing about, should he do as above. Without
carrying this story further, I wish to say that
the first means looking toward the prevention
of robbing is, to know the condition of the col-
ony as regards its numbers before any really
warm days come in the spring; for if a colony
is weak in numbers, that colony is almost sure
to be robbed out unless extra precaution is tak-
en. Again, if a colony is queenless and brood-
less in early spring, that colony is almost sure
to be robbed out; and if robbing is once started
on such colonies, a general row may be expected
throughout the apiary. I make it a point to
look at each colony some cool day in early
spring to see how many spaces between the
combs they occupy, the number of which is set
down where I can see it at a glance, and the
same thing is done with every colony before it
is taken from the cellar. Now, suppose I find
that the colony occupies from five spaces be-
tween the combs, upward, I call that colony a
good one; and to each good colony I allow an
entrance, during the spring months, say 3 inches
long by ^^ high, that being amply sufficient for
any colony after they have had their first or
cleansing flight. If the colony occupies only
four spaces, then the entrance given is ijJ inches
in length by the above depth. If it occupies
only three spaces, then the entrance given is
only % inch in length, and I rarely ever con-
tract an entrance to a much less space than
this. It is very easy to say, "Contract the en-
trance so that one bee at a time can just get
through," but whoever so contracts will soon
find that a trouble comes in here by way of
dead bees being removed from the hive, when,
as such can not be drawn through this space,
the entrance is clogged or stopped up entirely.
If the cluster in any hive does not occupy three
spaces to a suflicient amount to call it a colony
sufficiently strong to care for itself, or occupies
less spaces, then all the combs are taken away
from it except one of honey and one for brood,
and a division-board inserted, placing the comb
of honey next the side of the hive, the comb
for brood next this, and the division-board next
the comb for brood, while the entrance, of about
the size of the smallest given above, is placed

at the opposite side of the hive, so that the
bees, in going out and in, must travel over the
vacant space between the division-board and
the entrance. Fixed in this way a colony must
be so weak that it is good for nothing if it does
not protect itself from robbers, for robber bees
do not like to travel over a loug vacant space
inside of a hive where they are liable to be
seized by a sentinel at any time.

As proof of the effectiveness of this plan I
will say that I have not had a colony robbed
since I adopted the above, and it is rare that
any attempt is made to rob even weak nuclei.
If a colony is found queenless, supplv it with
brood from some other colouy till you can pro-
cure a queen for it, providing it has plenty of
bees. If it does not have plenty of bees, unite
it with a colony having a queen. Now, if,
through careless handling, or from any cause,
robbing is started. I think the best thing to do
first is to throw a sheet over the hive that is be-
ing robbed, fixing it all around on the ground
about the hive so that no bees can crawl under
it. Leave it thus for half an hour, when you
will suddenly lift it from over the hive so as to
let the robbers which have collected on the un-
der side out, and the bees from the colony (shut
out by the sheet) go in. Replace the sheet for
another half-hour, when it can be removed, a
handful of dry grass or hay put over the en-
trance, and another handful of wet hay put on
top of this, which will allow them to dwell in
peace the rest of that day, as robbers do not
like to crawl down through wet hay, unless
there are some coming out loaded with honey
all the time, and you have sto|)ped the loads of
honey fi'om coming out with the sheet before
the hay was put on.

Now, as I said, this will stop the robbing of
any colony good for any thing, where the en-
trance has been fixed as above; and, with one
exception, if a colony will not take care of it-
self the next day after being treated as I have
given, I would take the combs away from them,
allowing the few bees to go with some other
colony, rather than to run the risk of having
the whole apiary demoralized by the bees, tak-
ing the honey from the hive at some time when
we were not present to stop it. The exception
above alluded to is where a colony may be very
weak, but have a choice queen that we wish to
save, but have no place to put her just at this
time. Should this be the case, treat the colony
to the sheet and wet hay as given above; and
when night comes, carry such colony to the cel-
lar and keep it there till you can use the queen.
If you are very anxious to build the colony up,
and it is strong enough to live in the cellar till
the bees can gather pollen, it may then be set
out and given some hatching brood to strength-
en it; for after the bees secure natural pollen
freely, the disposition to rob seems to leave
them to a great extent.
I have been thus explicit in this matter, for

182:

(;Lh:ANiN(;.s in bee culture.

193

there is no one thine «o vexatious in the spring
as the robbing of bees.

UTAH honey: PECfMARITIRS OF TH?: HOXEY;

FKOM A BEE-KEKPKR WHO I.IVES WHERE

IT IS J'RODLT ED.

Mr. Root:— I thank yon for standing up in
defense of Utah honpy. I have had the same
thing to contend with, especially in the mining
towns, where many of the people have never
seen candied honey, and imagine all honey must
appear like the stuff sold in the stores, in a liq-
uid form, dark and strong. I have often been
accused of mixing sugar and lard in my honey:
but the absurdity of that ought to appear, be-
cause both of these articles command a better
market price here than honey, and I believe
but few if any of our bee-keepers feed sugar to
their bees; and to mix it with honey is out of
the question.

In regard to sweet clovpr and alfalfa honey.
there is no difference that I know of. only in the
taste. Sweet clover has a taste peculiar to it-
self, and has a verv fine flavor after it is fully
ripe. All of our Utah honeys candy extremely
quick, for some cause that I can't explain. My
whole crop, 10,000 lbs., candied in Spptember
la«t>ear. Geo. Freestone.

Vernal. Utah. Feb. 12.

QL'EEXS LAYING IN THE SUPERS.

Friend S.-haeffle. from his letter on page 150.
I am afraid, has got the impression that I am
somewhat skeptical about his statements. Not
by any means: and I didn't know, till he array-
ed them together, that I had so many times re-
plied to him. I'm sure I have none but the
kindest feelings toward him.

I don't for a minute dispute, friend Schaeffle,
that honey in uncapped cells granulates sooner
than that which is sealed. It always does with
me. But I do think you are wrong in the opin-
ion that " they are evaporated to such an ex-
tent that they candy." I feel pretty sure that
evaporation helps to prevent candying. And I
think the honey in uncapped cells candies soon-
er, largely because it is thinner than the rest.
And if I have the right case in mind, there was
something decidedly peculiar about the queens
laying so much in his supers, and I'd like much
to have the puzzle solved: but I never thought
of doubling his statement. C. C. Miller.

Marengo. III.

WHY BEES ARE NECESS.VBY FOR SCATTERING
POLLEN.

On page 44, in reply to Dr. Miller, I will say
that I think there is no place where fruit grows
but that there is some kind of bee that gathers
pollen. I have seen what I call sweat-bees at

work on sirawberry-blo'soms when there was
not a honey-bee in the field that I could see. I
should like to ask, If pollen is not needed, why
a pistillate variety does not set fruit without a
staminate variety beside it; and if it needs pol-
len 'which science and reason teach it does),
then then- must be something to carry the pol-
len from the staminate to the pistillate variety;
and I do not think the wind will do the work
properly. I have been in the small-fruit busi-
ness (on a small scale; for the past 20 years, and
have made some observations in this line, and I
believe that God. in his infinite goodness, has
given us the bees to perform this work.
Columbus, Wis., Feb. 14. Super Lifter.

BEES ON basswood; a reply to friend

FULTZ, on page 46.

Friend Root:— In regard to Mr. W. S. Fultz's
letter, I must say that, in all my experience, I
never knew basswoods to bhjom, and the bees
not work on them. We have basswood-irees a1)
around us, large and small, and sometimes in
the golden-basswood honey-harvest time I sit
in their shade and listen to the merry hum of
the bees. But some years basswoods do not
yield much honey, and then the hum will be
louder, for the whole force will be at work, and
very few returning to the hives with honey,
working all day for very little pay, as some of
the rest of us mortals sometimes do. I know
for a certainty that some basswood-trees never
produce seed. How is that? Well, very likely
some trees produce pistillate and others stami-
nate blossoms, and the bees are needed to pol-
lenize them. Our bees always work on our
strawberry-blossoms, and often very strong.
Some years our bees do not work much on the
buckwheat, because the second crop of red clo-
ver blooms at the same time, and often produces
more honey, and the bees prefer to work on that,
and I admire their good sense: but I have in-
variably noticed that, when the bees fail to
work on buckwheat, it produces very, little
grain, and the same is sometimes true of alsike
clover — the bees preferring to work on wild-
raspberry bloom (which abounds here) and the
whit« clover, and then we get ver>- little alsike
seed. Ila Michenkr.

Low Banks, Ontario, Can.

THE HUE and CRY.

Mr. Root:— Yon said on page 10.5 that you
would leave it with your readers whether you
would stop your hue and cry about the adulter-
ation of honey. I would say, make all the hue
and cry you can. If you did not say any thing
against adulteration you would be for it. I be-
lieve you must be for or against in this matter:
and if you were in favor of adulteration in any
form, I should not like your journal as well a
I do now. John C. Freeman.

Cuttingsville, Vt., Feb. 0.

[We have received a good many other letters
of similar import.— Ed.]

194

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mar. 1.

EMI

^C36"Pages7xI0
l?o PER YEARj

But his deliffht is in the law of the Lord, and in his law doth
he meditate day and night.— Psalm 1: 2.

This is a good deal of a California number.

The Canadian Bee Jonrnal is proving to be
an excellent journal, and it can not be other-
wise, because Bro. Holtermann, its editor, is
putting some good hard work on it.

Bro. York, in the Bee Journal for Feb. 15,
joins heartily with Gi-EANiNGS in condemning
Hoddon's unreasonable glucose policy. The Old
Reliable is not and never was afraid to speak
the truth, cut where it may.

GooLD, Shapley & MuiR Co., the leading
supply-dealers in Canada, give the improved
self-hiver. modeled after the Pratt, considera-
ble prominence in theircatalog. Of it they say:
"Careful tests last year go to show that the
self-hiver will be of great benefit." Whatever
we may say of the non-swarmer, the automatic
hiver in some form, we believe, has come
to stay. ^

The reports show, from the heavy mails we
are receiving almost daily, that the bees are
wintering so far remarkably well. Of course,
it is not so difficult to winter bees as to spring
them. But when the bees come out of the win-
ter in good strong healthy condition they are
able to stand a hard spring very much better.
A year ago, it will be remembered, there were
very heavy losses, even up to this time.

It seems as if we never had so great an
amount of acceptable matter awaiting its turn
to go into Gleanings as now. Some of it we
would gladly use, but we are afraid it will be
out of date, and lack interest, when its turn
comes; we hope, also, that none of our friends
will feel badly to see their communications lop-
ped off at both ends. A suggestion:— Don't
start out with any apology for writing, nor give
any thing, in fact, except what will contain
some information. Plunge into the subject
with the fewest and choicest words you can
command.

It is with much surprise and regret that we
learn of the death of W. J. Ellison, of Catchall,
S. C. He was one of the leading queen-breed-
ers of the country, and in years gone by he fur-
nished us hundreds of queens. He became a
subscriber to (ii.KANTNos when it first started,
and remained with us up to the time of his
death. He was a bee-keeper of considerable
note, and. while not a prolific writer, he wrote
occasionally for the journals. We learn from a

local i)aper that he was a man of intelligence
and education, and a highly respected member
of the Episcopal Church. He had been sick for
some time, but bore his sufferings with forti-
tude and resignation.

Advices from all quarters show that hard
times are having a depressing effect on the hon-
ey market. Some of the finest honey in the
world is now bogging for a customer. The
thousands of working-men now idle every-
where have no money to buy this most whole-
some of all sweets, and it is this class of people
who are the largest consumers. When the fac-
tories start up, as some of them are beginning
to do, and their employes have paid their hon-
est debts, the demand will pick up. While we
do not propose to enter into a political discus-
sion, it is patent to all that something or some-
body is responsible for this state of affairs.
Now, don't go and write us a long political
dissertation on your theory, or that of any par-
ty, as to the causes; such things should be dis-
cussed in political papers.

We now have in neat book form (16 large
pages), as we promised, our Symposium on
Bees and Fruit. We shall be glad to distribute
these at the nominal price of one cent a copy;
50 copies for40cts. ; 100 copies, 75 cts. Postage
will be respectively 1, 13, and 50 cts. As a good
many individual bee-keepers are ordering goods
by freight and express, there will be an oppor-
tunity to get some valuable matter, free of
transportation charges, at an insignificant cost.
Believing also that these pamphlets will do
great good in breaking down ignorant preju-
dice, we will send, free of charge, 100 copies to
every bee-keepers', horticulturists', or fruit-
growers' association in the country, provided
the secretaries will ask for them and pay post-
age. We hope our readers, and especially bee-
keepers'associations, will help on in the good
work.

Regarding the representations from the
Standard Oil Co. (see p. 153). to the effect that
we were using paraffine to make foundation,
we have this day received a letter, under date
of Feb. 17, very handsomely withdrawing the
charge, and they promise to correct their Cana-
dian agent, Mr. Schumacher. In conclusion
they say: "We are more than glad to beset
right in the whole matter, and to know what
the facts are."

Later. — Since writing the above we have re-
ceived a letter from Dadant i<: Son, denying
most emphatically the indirect imputation that
they were using paraffine in making foundation.
It seems almost unnecessary, as they say, for
them to make any such statement— or, in fact,
any foundation-maker in good standing in this
country.

We have again heard from E. L. Goold tt Co.
in reply to ours sending them a letter from the

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

1".!.-)

Standard Oil Co., as above mentioned. They
•;ent us a paraffine circular from the company;
md among other uses of this substance they
mention honey-comb. We have again written
the company, sending them our $1000 reward
ard; and as we believe they are laboring under
a misapprehension we have every reason to be-
ieve they will strike out the objectionable line
!0 damaging to all apiarian interests.

In "(Queries and Replies," in the last Arncri-
■an Bee Journal, the (inestion is asked first.
What is the correct space between top-bars'?
ind, second, correct space oiier top-bars that
will give the least brace and burr combs'? Of

he'iGwho replied, nearly half say, in answer
to the first question. I4 ; and to the second ques-
tion, over three-fourths of the respondents say
I4 inch, and one votes for -/^j. The second ques-
tion, if we are correct, was asked some three
^'ears ago, in the same department, and then
the majority of writers answered, from J^ to f^.
We were among the first to advocate thissmall-

1- bee-space; and it is pleasant to see how the
eminent bee-keepers are agreeing so uniformly
3n this same point. Only three vote for %, and
three others for tV- AH the rest are for I4' inch
between the top-bars and cover or super above.
We shall expect, in three or four years more,
that the answers to the first question as above
will be generally for ^i^ inch.

hive and humble-bees tjoloi't'd on tlie front \y.\isv,
Willi ii i)ortr:ii1c)f Hiiber faciMji- it? The title-i)ii)fe
following- is llius: "'I'lie Natuial HisIoi-y of Hees.
Compi-eliendinj;- the uses and I'coiioniical inaiiaKe-
nient of the Hiitisli and Foreign Honey-bee; tog-eth-
er with tiie known wild species," etc;., illustrated
with ;i() plates, and a memoir of Huber. This l)ook
was written by Ki-v. W. Dunbar foi- Sir Win. .laidine,
and forms Vol. VI. of tlie Natui-alist's Library. Sir
W. Jardine knew notliiiif? about bees, but Dunbar
did; and as he was a friend of liis, and was liviiiKin
one of Sir W. .Tardine's manses, lie wrote llie memoir
and collected all about tlie wild bees. ]f you want
to know !Uiy more about the book I shall be plea.si-d
to tell you what I know. I have nearly all the edi-
tions of the work and two copies of one or two of the
editions. Tiios. Wm. ("(iwa.v.

London, Eng-., Jan. 20.

We find, upon investigation, that the book re-
ferred to by Mr. Cowan is similar to the one we
had in review, but the two volumes must be
different ones. Ours is No. 7 of the Naturalist's
Library, and contains no reference to the per-
sons named by Mr. Cowan.

FiuEXD Hasty, the "reviewer" for the Re-
vieiv, has this to say of a recent charge that
was laid at his door:

I see an editorial note in the American Bee-keeper,
with the signature of "C," thinks out loud that
Gleanings is g-iven too much space in these papers.
Perliaps I should watch out a little more to see that
T don't neglect the juniors. But I'll say this much
*• to wunst:" Nothing like an equal division of space
among tlie journals can be tolerated. Readers want
the most important new thoughts, without regard to
where they come from. I suspect, moreover, that, if
I were fairly tried by a jury of my peers. I should be
found guilty— not of the crime charged. Ijut of the
opposite one— passing over tilings in Gleanings and
A. B. J. tliat would have been promptly noticed liad
tliey come up in tlie younger journals.

Mr Hasty is about right; and, while the
jur.iors are pretty apt to have their cream re-
dished up, it would look as if there was too
much of the same yellow stufT in the two
seniors for him to dish up all of it. Gleanings
does not complain, but, on the contrary, feels
honored for the prominence it has received by
the "reviewer."'

SiNCK our editorial on page 2.5 was printed,
regarding the old bee-books, we have received
the following from Thomas Wm. Cowan:

T see in Gleanings, page 25, you allude to an edi-
tion of Huber Included in the Naturalist's Lilu-ary.
Have you not made a mistake about tliis, as tlie
-work you allude to is, I think, liy Rev. Wm. Dunbai-.
Is not the title, "The Naturalist's Librai-y." with

THE MINER HIVE.

On page .").5 we asked whether any of our
readers knew any thing about the Miner hive.
In answer to that question, Mr. H. L. Jeffrey,
of Woodbury. Ct., sends us a copy of an old bee-
book entitled "The Bee-keeper's Chart," pub-
lished in 18.5.5, in New York. It was written by
E. W. Phelps. Friend Jeffrey sends us the
book because one of our most prominent bee-
keepers denied the existence of any such work
some years ago. It gives a description of the
Miner equilateral cross-bar hive.' Mr. Jeffrey
says he has used such a hive within the past 15
years, and with very good results. It might in
some respects be considered the forerunner of
the Langstroth hive. On page 33 of this book
the author sreaks of " storifying and subtended
hives." If the description of this idea was not
the forerunner of the tiering-up idea it is be-
cause it is the thing itself. In some respects it
foreshadows the sectional brood-chamber.

CONFUSION IN THE USE OF TERMS.

Some of our best correspondents are confus-
ing, in their writings, the words "swarm" and
"colony." and oftentimes it is difficult, because
of this confusion, to determine in our correc-
tions just what term should be used. " Swarm "
means a collection of bees that either are now
on the wing in the air, or clustered on some
limb of a tree, or have recently been hived in
their new quarters. "Colony" means the same
collection of bees before or some time after the
swarm-act takes place; that is, it is a stock of
bees that has finally assumed its normal func-
tions. If our correspondents would be careful
in their writings to make these distinctions it
would sometimes save us a little trouble, be-
cause we always feel obliged to make these
changes whether the writers do or not, before
the articles finally appear in print. It is true,

1%

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mar. 1.

that Webster's Unabridged and the Revised In-
ternational make the same confusion ; but years
ago, Mr. Newman, then publisher of the Amer-
lean Bee Journal, recognized the need of more
accuracy in the u?e of terms, or limiting the
use of said terms to more specific uses. He set
the ball rolling, and we believe the publishers
of the better class of bee-journals have follow-
ed suit ever since. The new Standard Diction-
ary, that promises to eclipse the International,
will have these terms correctly defined.

FEEDING BEES SUGAR TO HAVE THEM MAKE
IT INTO HONEY.

The absurdity of this idea is shown on page
193, for sugar in Utah costs a good deal more
than honey; and, in fact, I do not believe there
is a locality anywhere, where a bee-keeper can
afford to feed his bees sugar. Fair crops of
honey are to be had in almost every locality,
and during almost every season, without feed-
ing the bees any thing. Now, think of the
expense, to say nothing about the trouble of
going to work systematically to feed the bees
sugar. The statements that have been in print,
advising or condoning the feeding of sugar to
make honey, is responsible in a large measure
for this. There are plenty of real wrongs to
fight, without hunting up imaginary ones.

A. I. R.

T>ANGDON NON-SWARMER A SUCCESS IN NEW
ZEALAND.

In the New Zealand Farmer, published at
Auckland, for December, three writers in the
apicultural department speak very highly of
the Langdon non-swarmer. Indeed, it seems to
be a success with them in every sense of the
word. One of the writers, Mr. C. A. Green,
summarizes the advantages thus:

1. With the use of the Langdon nonswarmer,
swarming can be reduced to a minimum, if not al-
together al)olished.

2. The full force of workers being thrown into
one hive, surplus honey can be obtained earlier in
the season.

3. The first sections will be better filled than those
from off single colonies, on account of the great
force of workers.

4. With it bees may more easily be united, T flunk,
without so great a danger of fighting.

5. Hives on which are iion-swarniers speedily re-
duce the number of drones in the hive.

We have had some good reports in this coun-
try. Is it not quite possible that it was con-
demned just, because of a few unfavorable re-
ports? Let's not kill a good invention, one that
promises so much as this, without giving the
implement a fair trial. Let Bro. Taylor test
the Langdon again, constructed as Mr. Lang-
don now recommcmds.

OUR NEW CONTRIRUTOR, MR. MATIIEY.

We would call special attention to the article
on Dr. John Dzierzon, by Karl R. Mathey.
It is well jVritten, and is a just tribute to one

of the great bee-masters of the age. and our
Mr. W. P. Root has made an admirable transla-
tion of it.

A good many times we Americans settle back
on the idea that every good thing in apiculture
originated with us; that the movable frame
was fathered by Langstroth. Not wishing to
detract any thing from the glory belonging to
the father of American apiculture, it is but just
to say that Langstroth did not bring to light,
strictly speaking, the movable frame. He did
invent, however, a frame that had bee-spaces
between the end-bars and the ends of the hives,
between the bottom- bar and the bottom of the
hive, and between the top-bars and cover, or
super, above. His, perhaps, was the first prac-
tlcal movable frame, but it was not the first
Making frames or racks containing comb so
that the brood-frame or comb could be examin-
ed, is an invention that properly belongs to
Huber. Then followed Langstroth, later on,
with another great and important step; name
ly, putting a bee-space clear around the frame.
Strangely enough, some bee-keepers now are
giving up part of the bee-spaces, and using the
frames more as first used by Berlepsch and
Huber.

The old adage, -'The bees stung him smart in
his youth." while possibly old to the Germans,
will, we imagine, strike the ears of an English
speaker with more or less of newness. Perhaps
a few bee-keepers in this country have beer
stung smart in two senses of the word, and w(
might refer to father Langstroth and fathei
Quinby. By the way, the Quinby idea of a
frame seems in these latter days to be gaining
advocates.

BISULPHIDE OF CARBON FOR KILLING ANTS,
RATS, AND SKUNKS.

Our readers will remember, some years ago
Prof. Cook recommended the use of bisulphide
of carbon to get rid of ants' nests near hives or
elsewhere. The plan he recommended, if we
remember correctly, was to take a crowbar, or
other similar implement, and make a hole a
few inches deep in the center of the nest, and
then pour in an ounce of crude bisulphide of
carbon, after which tamp the hole tight with, a
plug of earth. A gas is at once generated that
will work its way through the winding passages
and asphyxiate evei-y ant.

In the last number of the American Bee
Journal, A. C. Tyrrell tells us that the same
chemical may be used to get rid of prairie-dogs,
skunks, and other burrowing animals. As rats
often prov(! to bo a great nuisance in the vicini-
ty of honey-houses, it may be well to describe
the plan. A few tablespoonfuls of bisulphide
of carbon arc poured on to a bunch of rags or
waste. It should be jilaced immediately in the
mouth of the burrow, and the burrow at once
closed. As the vapor is heavier than air it will
descend to the lowest part of the burrow, and

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

197

*^ery speedily asphyxiate the animal. Now,
ihe beauty of the whole thing is, that the rats,
jr whatever the varmints are, are not only
juickly killed, but are buried in a grave of their
nvn making; and, unlike the use of poisons
listribut>''d around promiscuously, there is no
^mell arising from dead rats in inaccessible
jlaces under buildings and elsewhere. Mr.
Tyrrell tells us that whole villages of prairie-
logs have been depopulated with thebisulpliide.
Not only can rats and prairie-dogs be sent to
;he happy burrowing-grounds by the B. Carbon
Route, butsknnks, ground-squirrels, and musk-
-ats. Bisulphide of carbon costs at the drug-
stores about 40 cts. a pint, and a little of it goes
1 good ways.

DISCUSSING BEE-PAPERS.

The following appears in the last A. B. J.:

Discussing bee-papers at conventions is an idea
iientioned in one of the Jaiuiary Re ri'eir's editorials.
Here is what Bro. Hutchinson thinks about it:

Bee-.ionrnals are seldom discussed at bep-conven-
tions. there being- a feeling that it is not good taste
—that the commendation of one journal is a reflec-
tion upon tlie editors of tlie others. Hives, smokers,
:ioney -knives, comb foundation of the different
makes, non-swarmers, self-hivei's, in short, every
thing pertaining to bee culture, are freely discussed,
(vitli no consideration wliatever for the feelings of
the inventor or manufacturer. Wliere is the con-
^istenf-y ?

Tlien. aa-ain. one .iournal may excel in one par-
ticular, another in some otlier direction, and bring-
ing out these points might not be any disparage-
ment to any journal, yet would aid bee-keepers in
their choice of journals. Tlie idea that a bee-jour-
nal, or some feature of it, must never be commend-
ed, criticised, or discussed in a convention, is more
a fashion than one of good sense.

Now, here's a chance for an honest difference of
opinion, and we dare say that Bro. H. stands almost
alone in his view of the matter. Of course, tliat's
all right; i"e stand nearly alone sometimes, but this
time we think the majority are witli us.

Judging from that Review editorial, bee-papers
would be fit subjects for experiment stations to test,
the same as any other bee-keeping utensil or neces-
sity. Now, we'll suppose all of them were sent to
the Michigan station to be tested. Bro. Taylor
would l^egin the work, and he'd find that the Review
is the only one that publishes liis reports of experi-
ments, or those that do copy them won't give what
he considers propfr credit; therefore the Review is
the best bee-paper— for Bros. Taylor and Hutchin-
son. Certainly, no one would question that.

Brethren, we are ready at anytime to have the
Bee Jinirnn} discussed with the rest, but what good
would come of it ? You might as well discuss the
character of John Jones, or Mrs. Grundy; but what
would be gained in so doing ?

When the item first appeared in the Re^)icw.
we called to mind how unfavorably the discus-
sion of bee-journals was received at conven-
tions we have attended; particularly at the
Keokuk meeting of the North American. The
avenuje run of bee-keepers feel that they are
not competent to make suggestions regarding
the editorial conduct of a bee-journal ; at least,
so say our readers. While they can run a bee-
hive—are able to judge of its merits or de-
merits, and how it should be constructed, they
do not feel the same " at-homeness " on the bee-

journal question. But why is the subject of-
fensive? l»erhaps because they think the de-
sire to have journals discussed is accompanied
by the desire to have some particular periodi-
cal boomed. While the same might be partial-
ly true of hives, the fact is, any one hive of
merit can be made by a score of supply-dealers
(if not patented); in fact, can be made by any
bee-keeper possessed with mechanical talent;
but there is not on(^ bee-keeper in a thousand
who can make a good bee-journal. In saying
this we do not wish to be construed as believing
that Bro. Hutchinson wants to boom his paper
at conventions.

MR. HEDDON AGAIN, ON GLUCOSE ADULTEU-
ATION.

On page 104 we criticised Mr. Ileddon for cer-
tain utterances of his at the Michigan State
Bee-keepers' Convention. Now that the full
text of his paper, as it appears in the Americnn
Bee Journal, is before us, it would be no more
than right to publish just exactly what he does
say. It will be unnecessary to give the whole
paper, but only that portion of it which we es-
pecially criticised. Here it is:

The Bee-keepers' Union was organized for de-
fense of Ijee-keepers, and it did its worK nobly; but
last year a few believed it to be best that the Union
should attack its own members witli the cry of
" adulteration." It would seem to me that any bee-
keeper with any foresight could readily perceive
that in no case could the Union, nor any other or-
ganization, nor any peisf)n, do aught but make
trouble and expense, at the same time damaging
the interest of honey-producers to the exact extent
of their work. I believe the aljove would be true
even if it were a fact that honey-pnjducers were
adulterating honey. If it were a fact, it would be
one which we couldn't' afford to have heralded to
the public, as would result from public prosecu-
tion. If my neighbor bee-keeper is adulterating
honey, he will very likely injure himself far more
than me, for nothing does so much good, nor aids
him so much in his business, as always to place
upon the market a /f/xN'^r-NN article. The converse
of this proposition is true. Now, if my neighbor's
adulterated article dotsn't injure 7(is trade, it will
not injure mine, only to the extent tiiat his work
increases the supply, and I haven't heard any bee-
keeper, whether he belonged to the Union or not,
endeavoiing to prevent increase of s\ipply by ob-
jecting to the encouragement of persons to go into
ithe "l^ee-business."

I am not afraid of my pursuit being injured by
the practice of any individual member, said prac-
tice damaging the individtiai first and most. But
waiving this partof the argument, all the damnge
that has lieen clainiefl, or that can be conceived, is
nothing as comiuired to that produced by inflating
the mind of consuimis wiih the idea that our prod-
uct is gentM-ally adulterated.

[He next pays his respects to Prof. Wiley, and
then adds:— Ei).]

It has been left to the envy, jealousy, and hatred
of supply-dealers and their followers, to announce
to the honey-consuming world that the laloel ()f
"the producer is no guarantee of purity."* This
they have done 1 y inciting arrests in isolated
places; by writing letters to private individuals who
would spread false reports; by writ ing articles in
bee-papers which are being eagerly copied in news-
pa|)ers, and. last, by publicly changing the consti-
tution of the Bee-keeper.s' Union so tliat it may
l)ave the right to attempt what in no case could it
have the jiower to accomplish, and which can and
does end in nothing b\it casting suspicion upon our
l)roduct. All the bee-keepers' unions this side of

f » If there is a denier wlin '•has announced to the honey-
oonsiiraintr world that the label of the producer is no guaran-
tee of purity," we did not know it.— Ed.1

198

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mar. 1.

fairy-land couldn't stop one little honey-producer
from adulterating- all tlie honey he might be fool
enough to attempt to adulterate in 300 years.

After reading the above we can not see that
we have misinterpreted, on page 104, Mr. Hed-
don's views. Our comment on the same will be
found on that page. We are sorry to take any
more space; but perhaps we ought to say, in ad-
dition, that bee-keepers are not so stupid as not
to be able to "read between the lines." We
may say, further, that, if the change in the
constitution of the Bee-keepers' Union, for the
purpose of enabling that body to prosecute
adulterators of honey, is both unwise, and
amounts to nothing, because it is unable to cope
with theevii, as Mr. Heddon tries to make us
believe, why does he raise such a furore about
it? Is he afraid "it is loaded " and might go
off? If he isn't, then why does he prejudice our
pursuit by referring to it? Again, he says,
" All the Bee-keepers' Unions this side of fairy-
land can not stop one little honey-producer from
adulterating.'' We presume Mr. Heddon would
be very glad to have every one believe that.
That being the case, glucose-mixers could go
right on unmolested, because, forsooth, nobody
would touch them. To defend — that is to make
it easy fo'' glucose-mixers to pursue their busi-
ness unmolested — is almost as bad as to adul-
terate itself.

We regret exceedingly the necessity and duty
that compel us to criticise such utterances from
a bee-keeper — heretofore one of the foremost in
our ranks; but we do not see how we can con-
scientiously let such a thing go unchallenged.

SOME MORE SENSATIONAL FALSEHOODS.

The following is a clipping that appeared in
the St. Louis R''.piihlic, of Feb. .5th. Along
with it is a cheap picture of a man dressed like
a baker, handling some suspicious-looking tools
with which he is making some artificial comb
by hand, filling it with glucose, and capping
the whole over. Here is the clipping:

To those wlio liave a taste for honey on their
breakfast flapjacks, it has been a constant source of
wonder as to where and how the immense quantity
of honey sold In grocery stores and confectioners'
shops is produced. That the busy bee is not respon-
sible for the production of the major part of it is a
fact that was demonstrated before the eyes of a
Republic reporter last week. Ordinary wax is prt>ss-
ed into a long- flat sheet, and indented with cells,
and these cells are filled with a cleverly constructed
mixture of sugar, water, syrup, and glucose, with
just the least touch of i^urc honey to give tlie body
a flavor. In the hands of the uninitiated it would
readily pass for "comb" honey, and in its appear-
ance and flavor it so closely i-esembles the real arti-
cle as to confuse the best of apiarists at times.

We challenge the St. Louis Republic to fur-
nish the proof of its alleged bogus honey. We
venture the assertion that the Republic report-
er never saw the operation he pictures out,
except in his own fertile imagination. If he

will produce the proof that artificial combe
honey is made so that "in its appearance and i
flavor it so closely resembles the real article as i
to confuse the best of apiarists at times," we i
have IKXJO waiting for him. In fact, we have j
for years back, as our readers know, broadly <
advertised, and are not only able but willing to j
pay that sum to any one who will furnish us j
samples of bogus comb honey that can not be |
told from the genuine. Many and many a time
we have written personal letters asking these
sensational reporters to produce the proof and ,
get their money; but we never succeeded in
getting another word about it, and the reporter
for the Republic is probably one of the same
ilk. Now, unless the Republic can furnish the
proof, before our next issue, or apologizes, it
will stand before bee-keepers as one that is try-
ing to give currency to a falsehood.

It may be well to suggest that the reporter
possibly saw sheets of foundation made in a
foundation-mill, and, jumping at the conclusion
that these sheets would be elaborated by
machinery without the help of the bee, into
perfect comb, filled with glucose, and capped
over, he immediately tries to flame it before
the world.

One thing more. Our stenographer, who is
also a printer, calls our attention to the fact
that the clipping in question, with its cheap
picture, is what is known as " boiler-plate mat-
ter"— that is, it emanated from a place where
sensational news items are set in type, and
stereotyped, and sold by the column to hun-
dreds of papers at a cost that is insignificant
That being the case, this slander will probably
go the rounds through all the American papers.
This is what has given such a hold on life to
this same stupid story for the last dozen years.

We do not believe in concealing cases where
we hnow there is actual adulteration of extract-
ed honey with glucose; but we do not propose
to go to the other extreme, and keep still, where
our industry is maligned in this fashion.

15AIN COME TO GRIEF.

The notorious Bain, of Zanesville, O., and
surrounding postoffices — he who pushed the
black-pepsin fraud and ever so many other
frauds under various aliases (see page 890, 1893)
— has finally been fined $M)^) and sent to prison
for three years for using the U. S. mails for
fraudulent purposes. I wonder if the other
black-pepsin people will take warning. If
they do not, they had better be sent along with
Bain on the double-quick. When Bain was
shut out from the mails of Zanesville he open-
ed up again at New Concord, and at postoffices
at different places as near Zanesville as he
could make it without patronizing the Zanes-
ville postoffice. A. I. R.

VENDERS OF COUNTERFEIT MONEY.

Every little while these circulars come to us
from some of our subscribers. Each one is ac-

18f»4

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

I'.tSt

iompaniod by the usual clipping from some
aewspapcr— that is, it is an apparent clipping.
Hut the clipping is a swindle as well as the
rest of it. It is to the effect that countorfeilers
;xre getting to be so skillful that even the gov-
ernment experts can not tell the true from the
genuine. Of course, it is all a humbug. Here
s a letter that came with one of the circulars
from one of the Michigan friends:

Frif)i(l B(»o^:— Inclosed you will find a letter from
New York concerning counterfeit money. A friend
3f mine here handed it to me. He did not know
kvhat to make out of it, and he did not know how
that man got his name in New York until I told liira
how they got it. I hope none of your readers will
?et caught ta it, because I know of a man only 2i4
miles from here who got a small box of sawdust for
his money. Henky Willing.

Cliesaning, Mich., Feb. IT.

Friend W., then you really have a man with-
in only two miles and a half of you who tried to
engage in the sale of counterfeit money. Well,
he and his family may be devoutly thankful
that he got only S(n<'(7u.st when he expected to
get counterfeit money. Of course, the govern-
ment can not get hold of them, for the men who
send out these circulars do not have any coun-
terfeit money at all. They make their living
off from men who have so little of the fear of
God in their hearts that they loould engage in
counterfeiting if they could; and the men who
get swindled never complain, for how dare they
let it be known that they were actually coun-
terfeiters at heart ? The remedy for this whole
business is to teach all mankind that the way
of the transgressor is hard. I believe, however,
that the government detectives are doing all
they can to ferret out and punish these men,
■ewexi if they are only "make-believe"' coun-
terfeiters.

MAKING A PATENT- MEDICINP: BULI.ETIN-BOAKD

OF THE farmers' fencp:s, bakns, etc.

I SUPPOSE that, if a farmer agrees to the
above, or sells the right to the patent-medicine
man to "decorate" his i)lace, it is all right; but
it does seem to me as if the farmer might al-
most as well sell his good name as the right to
decorate his property in this way. Here is what
a recent Rural Neiv- Yorker has to say in re-
gard to the matter:

We do hate to see a farmer's barn or fence turned
into a sign-board to display the merits of somebody's
"bitters," liniment, or tobacco. It does seem as
though a farmer should have more pride about him
than that! This nuisance is so bad in England that
there is a bill before Parliament to prohibit the erec-
tion of these signs in pretty rural places.

THE BOT WHO HELPS ME IN PUTTING UP
THE PIPES, ETC.

Mrs. Root scolded so much because I made
public mention of Harold's forgetfulness, in our
last issue, that I thought best to mention some
things that I neglected just then and there. In
the first place she says I did not sufficiently ex-

plain that Harold is only a boy, and we can not
expect boys to have a man's forethought and
wisdom. Secondly, he is a very bright, intelli-
gent, and skillful boy for one of his age— so
much so that I really raised his wages the very
week he forgot to open the big valve; that is,
there are enough good things about his work to
overbalance the other to such an extent that I
felt he s/io(t?(7 have a " raise." Another thing,
when that large pipe was set down in the clay
so as to plug up the end of it, / was right on the
spot at the time; and as I did not say any thing
about lifting the pipe up or reaching down into
the end to see that it was not plugged up with
mud, I could hardly expect the men who were
lifting the pipe to do so; therefore the stupidity
of setting up a pipe to carry exhaust steam,
while it was plugged with mud, rested mainly
on the shoulders of A. I. Root. Still further,
there is lots of stupidity about my work, as per-
haps some of our helpers can bear witness.
Yes, dear friends, I know it, and I did not mean
to exalt myself while I was finding fault with
others. What I mean is this: We are learning
— all of us; and even though I am 54 years old
I expect to be a "heap smarter" when I am 5.5
than I am to-day. It is not such a terrible
crime to be stupid, if it is true that we are
every day making progress owt of it.

GOOD INVESTMENTS.

There are two things I feel specially happy
over this morning. That automatic greenhouse
across the way, with every thing inside just
pushing ahead to my perfect satisfaction, is one
of them. The other thing is the good substan-
tial sound clean teeth that I am enjoying in
place of the ragged, rickety, sharp-cornered
things that I tried to use three months ago.
Every little while I strike my teeth together
with a feeling of satisfaction; and when I eat
my meals I take pleasure in doing good work
with a perfect set of efficient tools. I am spe-
cially pleased to see how nicely they have
gradiially adapted themselves to each other
until they now strike all at once; and there is a
feeling of strength and power and safety in
regard to them. They can not break, because
the working surfaces are of gold coin. They
can not ache, because chere are no holes nor
hollows for food to get entangled in, and it is a
pleasure for me to keep my mouth clean and
sweet. I am really ashamed to think I put up
with the old state of affairs as long as I did.

A. I. R.

A SUBSTANTI.AL KIND WORD.

You may put me down as a life reader for Glean-
ings. Seven years ago I started with one colony of
hees, and now I have 69 stands in good shape, and
have produced ^(K) worth of honey. When I com-
menced reading Gr.E AN iNGS I had poor health; and
the more I read your paper the better health I am
getting. Thomas Obeklitner.

Deshler, Ohio.

200

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mar. 1,

Wherefore do ye spend money for that which is
not bread, and your labor for that which satisfletli
not?— ISA. 55:3.

The train was behind time. Just ahead of
me we were to change ears, and there was only
five minutes' time to make the connection. I
asked the conductor if he could not telegraph
ahead to have them hold the train a little, and
he said he had done so. Just as we were slow-
ing up at the depot, however, the train on the
other road was just getting under motion. Had
I jumped off from our own train before it was
stopped, and climbed on while the other was
under way, I think I could have made it; but
I do not like that way of doing business; and I
could hardly think that, after the train had
waited so long, they would start out just as we
came up. So it was, however. Somebody said
the two roads were at odds and ends, and that
they did things like this just to spite each
other. Dear me! is it true that great railroad
companies do such things purposely, without
any regard to the trouble, expense, and disap-
pointment they make the traveling public? I
hope not; and I tried to think they had some
other reason that I did not know of for refusing
to wait just one minute more. There was
quite a number of passengers besides myself
who expected to take that train; and sonie of
them did not hesitate to use bad language in
expressing their disappointment. I thought I
would try to set a better example; but when
the landlord told us there would not be another
train for four hours, and the four hours must
come out of the middle of a bright sunshiny
day, I confess I forgot myself so far as to say.
"Do yon mean to say we have nothing to do
but to wait here four hours more? " Somebody
suggested a livery rig. as we wished to go only
17 miles; but tlie landlord said that, in the
condition the roads then were, the livery would
get there bul little if any before the train we
were waiting for.

" I will tell you." said one of the strangers.
"Have the landlord bring us a table, and you
sit down here and play pedro with us, and the
four hours will pass away so quickly you will
hardly know when it is ti-ain time.''

Now, may be some of you may think me dull
if I tell you I did not know exactly what sort of
game "pedro" was. I felt pretty sure, how-
ever, that it was a game of cards, and so, of
course, refused. In fact, I should have refused
any sort of game under the circumstances,
unless it had been riding a wheel, skating, or
some similar exercise in the open air, that
would bring some substantial equivalent for
the time and strength expended. The landlord
promised a table, and told them he would play
with them when he could spare the time; and
as I looked into the men's faces, and listened
to their talk, I began wondering how it was
possible that smart, able, intelligent men could
sit down inside of a close hot room, when the
sunshine and hills, and the river and canal, and
all such attractions, were to be seen outdoors.
Another thing, my thousrhts ran something in
the line of our text. How is it possible that
men should deliberately labor for that which
satisfieth not? Some of you may say that,
even if it did not satisfy me, it might have sat-
isfied them. I do not believe it. I do not be-
lieve the satisfaction they get from pedro can
be compared with— well, I will say with the
satisfaction I felt pretty sure I should find

during the following four hours. In regard tc
spending money, I do not know whether they
spend any on pedro or not. I fear they dc
sometimes, however. They spend strength and
a part of their lives, the best part, right in the
middle of the day. and right after dinner.

We had an excellent dinner, and I took pleas- n
ure in telling the despondent-looking waiter 1
that I thought so. It lightened up her face «
with a smile that reminded me of the sunshine :t
outdoors; and when I told the landlord that I )i
felt grateful to him for giving me such a nicefi
dinner, and so promptly that I did not waste an
hour, nor was obliged to lose even five minutes,
he smiled also, and said it did him lots of good|«
to know that his patrons appreciated his
efforts. Why should I be in a hurry to get to
work, stranger as I was. in a strange place?
How did I know, in fact, that I should Und \
work or play either? Well, I knew from past
experience. By the way. my friends, when you
are obliged to wait for a train under similar^
circumstances, do not, I beg of you. vield to
the temptation to say there is nothing to do,
and sit down idly. If you can not do any bet-
ter, you can read something. Yes, in this land
of ours you can find something to read, and you
can find something good in what you read, no
matter where circumstances let you drop.

I did not expect to stop at Uhrichsville at all,
so I did not look, before starting, for old friends
among the bee-keepers at this postoffice; but I
think I have never been dropped in a place
where I did not find somebody who felt glad to
have me call. I asked of several people about
bee-keepers, but they said they did not know of
any around there. Finally I began to inquire
where honey was sold. After stopping at the
third grocery the keeper told me there was a
man who kept a great many bees, and had kept
them for years, live or six miles off over the
hills. His name was Wardwell. The roads
were rather bad, and there was not any other
way to get there and back without going on
foot— that is. no easier way; if it should happen
to be six miles or a little more it would take a
great part of the four hours to get there and
back. But I remembered my friend Wardwell
as one of our old veterans in bee culture. As I
read only a limited part of the mails of late, I
had somehow lost track of him. As I got off
in the direction of his home, people knew more
about him, and I was agreeably surprised to
find it only three miles instead of twice as
many. And, oh such glorious hills! It was
California back again on a small scale: and
between these hills were springs and babbling
brooks. My heart felt light, and I was happy,
long before I made the three miles. A little
this side of friend Wardwell's home some men
were mining coal. These hills about Uhrichs-
ville are full of coal. Now. how do von suppose
they got the coal out of the mine? To save
expense, the opening was not high enough to
enable a man to stand upright. He had to
walk stooped over; but to facilitate getting out
the coal, a track was laid, and a little car ran
on it that carried the load. A man might push
it, but they did better than that. They had a
good stout calf educated to pull the car. I
watched him curiously as he came out of the
ground right below the road where I was stand-
ing. He took it as a matter of course, marched
up to the dumping-oflp place, and of his own
accord turned off into a sort of side stall out of
the way while the man dumped the coal. I
afterward learned that the calf was getting to
be so tall that his back scraped on the ceiling,
so they were either oblised to educate another
calf or raise the roof. The former would prob-
ably be the cheaper wav. And just beyond I
found the home of F. J. Wardwell, one of the

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

201

Id veterans in bee culture, an old contributor
3 (JM<:ANi.\(is. and he is the man who has in
ears past furnished us suidi nice queens, wiih
tie wal^-r- iioLlle to give ihem drink on tlieir
Durney. When we have orders for queens long
istanees, we pick out the cages containing the
'ater-bottle.

Friend W., and his wife and boy, are living
n the old homestead. 1 for one have an espe-
ial liking for old houses. I like to see the
uildings that gather around them as the years
o hy; I like to see the old trees, and the other
liings that indicate that the place has been a
ante for a generation or two. Sure enough, a
eautiful spring poured out of the hillside right
lose by the dwelling, and a hydraulic ram
^nds the water not only into the kitchen, but
ut to the barns and stables, and away up into
pasture-lot on the hillside. Mrs. \V. told me
hat. if I had not suggested the machine in my
'ritings. they probably would not have had it.
although it does the work beautifully, it cost
Illy $Vi.OO for the machine itself. The piping
nd reservoirs cost a good deal more. At the
ther side of the house were the strawberry-
eds, just such as Gi^eanixgs had talked about,
nd up on the hillside were raspberries; and
tell you it was refreshing indeed to know that
11 the things I have talki-d about and thought
bout had been worked out and made a success
a that home amid the hills. The strawberry-
atch gave them 125 bushels last season, and
hey were sold to a grocer for $2.00 a bushel,
ight straight through. This was not a very
ig price, but they were all sold without any
rouble or peddling, and the money for the
trawberries paid the last of the mortgage that
lad been for years resting on the old homestead,
soon told friend W. that I was on my way to
ee another friend, and without much urging
le consented to go with me. I knew before I
eached that home, that, although bees and
trawberries, and springs and other things,
\ere interesting to friend W., there was some-
hing of more importance than all these, on
vhich he and I could entirely agree. I knew
hat he and I could agree pretty nearly about
pending money for that which is not bread,
aid laborimj for that which satistieth not.

We had some long pleasant talks on the way
0 Newcomerstown. Oh, yes I do you want to
enow what I was going there for? Wefll, if
:ou will look back in Gleanings for last year,
Dage 530, you will read about the man who sold
>300 worth of strawberries in three weeks; and
lis daughter. 14 years old, and his son, 13 years
)ld, ran the wagon and did the selling. You
;ee, friend W. was interested as well as myself.
We found our friend Nicodemus busy steaming
ip and tucking up his hot-beds and new green-
louse, for a cold wave was coming. He had
just moved on to a new place: and as his green-
lonse had been put up almost in the depth of
.vinter, he especially wanted to see me, because
(lis steam-heated hot-beds were too hot where
he steam went in, and too cold where it came
ut. Now, we have had little or no trouble on
this account. With exhaust steam it takes
juite a little while for the steam to get through
the tiles; but when the ground gets well
warmed up, the temperature seems to be pretty
aearly equal, even in beds 200 or 300 feet long.
He says he has been told that live steam can
not well be made to do its work as well as
xhaust steam. The exhaust goes in regular
puffs — just so much and no more; and if let
into pretty good-sized tiles, it slowly parts with
its heat in a somewhat diflferent way from what
live steam does, even if it is let on very slowly.
The tomato book, however, suggests a remedy;
that is, to have your tiles further under ground,
where the steam is just going in, and then let

them rise quite near to the surface, where the
spent steam escapes near the end.

The son and daughter mentioned were both
wide-awake, and fully alive to all that the
father and mother were interested in. Oh how
I do love to get a glimpse of such a honu;! and
when this brother and sister sang some Sunday-
school hymns lor us, accompanied by a pretty
little organ, it seemed to me that such a home
and such a household came about as near to
heaven here on earth as any thing I have ever
found in this world of ours. Why, I really
believe I would give more to hear those child-
ish voices sing those hymns — those very same
hymns— over again than to listen to the finest
concert I ever attended. Of course, the circum-
stances and surroundings had something to do
with it. 1 had talked with the children about
their berry-growing, their market-wagon, and
about selling stuff to their neighbors. We dis-
cussed bees, strawberries, greenhouses, steam-
pipes, lettuce-plants, and all these things. I
was a little afraid that these young friends of
mine might become so much interested in busi-
ness that there would be a tendency to neglect
their education. The mother gave me a grate-
ful look just at this time, while she said she
had the same thing in mind; and then I was a
little afraid, too, that this bright, pretty young
girl (I hope she will excuse me when she reads
this, for she knows Uncle Amos means " hand-
some is as handsome does") — well, to go back,
I was a little afraid that, if she were to keep on
selling berries at the rate of $100 worth in a
week, she would be getting into business so
much for her tender years that the coarse out-
side world might, some of them, be a little pre-
suming. Her brother always goes with her, it
is true; but if she is going to continue in this
business, if she were my child (and in one sense
she is, for she is one of the Gleanings family)
I believe I would rather have her father not
very far away at least — that is, if she continues
to grow in grace and wisdom.

You should have seen the look upon all
around when I told them I must be off on the
evening train in order to get home a little after
sunrise next morning. But February is a busy
month with us, and I felt that I could not be
away longer.

A little of friend Nicodemus' experience may
interest you. He used to be a mason by trade;
but it took all he could earn to furnish food and
clothing for the little family, let alone laying
up any thing for the rainy day — an outlook
that liow probably troubles a min/o?!- or more
of the wage-earners of our country. He got
hold of Gleanings, and commenced keeping
bees. I wonder if he will excuse me if I say
right here that he used to be a swearing man.
Gleanings suggested something different and
something better. Now not only himself but
the whole household are Christians. With the
bees they took up gardening, and he looked
forward to the time when he could make enough
with his berries and plants and vegetables to
stay at home and work with his wife and chil-
dren all day, and not be obliged to hunt up
jobs. He bought an acre or two. (Tod heard
his prayers, and prospered him; and the chil-
dren took hold of the work, as you have been
told. His daughter had been teasing to plant
five acres of strawberries. 1 said, no— at least
not just yet; and I think his better judgment
also'said no. He knows— in fact, they all know
—that worldly prosperity does not satisfy.

Some one may say right here, " Well, Bro.
Root, what does satisfy? How shall we pay
out money to get this satisfaction you talk
about?" I am glad to hear that question. In
the first place, you want to have a home. You
want a wife and some children. And next.

203

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mar. 1.

you want to be ivitli them. If possible, get
into some employment where all of you can
be partners. Have the children members of
the firm. Spend your money in bringing them
u]j in the fear of the Lord. Spend your time in
laboring for that home and that little house-
hold. Have a pleasant sitting-room, nicely
warmed and nicely lighted. Have some sort of
musical instrument — in accordance with your
means, of course, and then have home concerts.
If you do not agree with me that the sound of
these childish voices, united in singing praises
to Him who rules over all — if you do not agree
with me that these things satisfy, and are the
real substantuil bread of life, then I shall be
mistaken. ''Blessed is the man that walketh
not in the counsel of the ungodly, nor standeth
in the way of sinners." ''Blessed is the man
whose delight is in the law of the Lord," and
who makes it his foremost business in life to
teach that law to the children of his household.
What would be the effect on this nation of ours
if every man were so doing, instead of spending
his hours in playing " pedro," and his money
for choice brandies that he may drink all by
himself, and pass them around to his fellow-
travelers'? "Thou hast loved righteousness
and hated iniquity " is what the great God
above said of Christ Jesus the Son of God. O
my brother, will you not strive harder, so that,
when God looks down into your little home, he
may say of you, when he sees you with your
family, "Thou hast loved righteousness and
hated iniquity "?

In order to get an early train next morning I
was obliged to be up and have breakfast some
time before daylight. One of ray companions
of the day before was also obliged to take this
early train. I do not know whether he was the
very man who asked me to play pedro or not;
but he was certainly one of that class. He was
very pleasant and courteous. He even presum-
ed to extend a dainty little glass while he
held a long black bottle over it and urged me
to take a drink. Said he, " I always take one
before breakfast. Don't be afraid of it, stranger
^it will do you good. It is terribly cold out-
doors. The landlord says it is the coldest night
of the winter. You had better have it to guard
against the effects of the cold." I shook my
head as I looked at him, and then my conscience
began to chide me because I seemed a bit back-
ward about showing my colors. I ventured a
gentle remonstrance, and then told him my
name and place of residence. He put his bottle
away rather hastily, I thought. I do not know
whether he felt as though he ought to apologize
or not; but I heard him say, a few minutes
later, " Landlord, do you know whom you have
got here in your house? "

The landlord replied in some complimentary
way that I need not mention here; and then
my friend made some further remarks that
ought to have satisfied almost any on<^. But I
did not feel satisfied. I kept thinking of the
words of our text. Why do men spend money
for that which is not bread? and labor for that
which satislieth not?

We had a very nice breakfast again, notwith-
standing the earliness of the hour. And now I
too felt thankful. My fellow-traveler, however,
complained that he could not take any comfort
so long as that baby kept crying; and even
though ho saw a look of pain on the mother's
face as she waited on us — it was the same face
that gave me such a glimpse of sunshine at
dinner tiie day before— even when he saw this
look of pain he did not hesitate to grumble, and
kept inquiring if something could not be done
to make the baby stop crying. If the kind of
drink he had just before breakfast had any
thing to do with the fact that he could not be

comfortable because there was a baby near, i
will be an additional reason to me why I nevei
want any thing of the sort. Is it really tru(
that a world of people are living and dyinc
without having had even a glimpse of th(
bread of life or a glimpse of that which satisfiei
beyond any thing in the way of food and drint
this world can furnish?

A WHEELBARROW WITHOUT WHEELS; A GAR

DENER'S IMPLEMENT FROM OUR

GERMAN FRIENDS.

Among our German helpers is one who used
to be a cooper in the old country. Dui'ing a
dull time last fall he made up some queer
shaped tubs, or barrels, like those used in Ger
many; and putting one on his back he came
around to exhibit it to our German gardener.
It made the faces of our German people light
up with fond remembrances as soon as they got
their eyes on it; for, in fact, it was a familiar
object away back in Fatherland. My good
helper, Ben, informed me that, in the old
country, every family has such a tub, or biitte.
as it is called in German. See the picture be-
low. Our engraver has not shown the tub

A GP;RMAN BUTTE.

sufficiently flattened, especially the one that
is on the back of a sturdy gardener. Sometimes
a cushion is added to make it easier where it
strikes the body; and the tub is really broad
enough so it strikes the shoulders, thus pre-
venting it from swinging about while being
carried with a load.

A good deal of their gardening, where land
is scarce and high-priced, is done on the steep
hillsides, and even up into the mountains. I
have told you about some German friends of
my boyhood, who used to make garden in every
fence-corner, and, in fact, on every square yard
around their home. Beds of flowers and veg-
etables were everywhere. In fact, they occu-
pied every /oof, leaving only narrow pathways
to get through. Well, in Germany, where they
garden in this way on the hillsides, they use
these tubs to bring in the crops, to carry manure
where teams can not go. and, in short, for all
sorts of work of this kind. We have one
which we use in bringing parsnips from the

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

f*03

Hold vvlien it is too muddy to run a who(>l barrow,
and we expect to use it to carry sand, manure,
etc., into ihe greenhouses. Hy putting on a
cover it strikes me it will be just the thing for
carrying Bordeaux mixture, Paris-green solu-
tions, etc., for spraying the crops. Attacli a
rubl)er liose to the bottom, and then put a liook
on the other end, close by the sprinkler. When
you want to stop sprinkling, hook the nozzle
over tlie side of the tub. and not a bit of liquid
will run out. Unhook it and hold it over the
potato- vines, and there you have a knapsack
sprinkler with larger capacity, perhaps, than
any in the market. Should the liquid be going
too fast, squeeze the rubber tube iti your hand.
A rather soft, pliable tube will be needed for
this purpose. The only thing we lack is an
agitator to keep the liquid stirred up so the
chemicals will not sink to the bottom and make
it too strong. Perhaps the "sloshing about"
as it is carried around on the back will agitate
it enough. I wish our friends Green, at the
Expeiiment Station, would tell me about this.
We have got a machine mounted on a cart, for
carrying spraying-liquids, but it is tremendous-
ly hard work running tlie cart through our
soft fine market-garden ground, and the wheels
do too much mischief when the potatoes are
large. I think I, like Terry, would decide on
some sort of knapsack spraying - apparatus;
and I am sure these German tubs, made of the
proper size, will be the cheapest, nicest, and
best thing we can get hold of. One of my Ger-
man boys told me. some time ago, when I was
applying liquid manure to my strawberries,
that they used that kind of stuff on all their
gardens in Germany. He says further, they
make the women carry the liquid manure
around in these tubs. It seems to me that is
rather a joke on the German girls, especially if
they have the kind of liquid manure we use.
You see, I had a manure-cistern made, and I
pumped the liquid on to a manure-heap, and
let it run back again. It was excellent stuff
for the plants, but it was not very pleasant
when the rank-smelling liquid happened to
slop and fly into your face, or run down the
back of your neck. Now. if these German
women have any such like experience, they cer-
tainly ousht to be rewarded with magniticent
crops; and I sincerely hope the German hoys
are able to appreciate them— I mean tlie girls,
not the crops.

A HOME-MADE HARROVS\

The Ohio State University describes as fol-
lows the harrow which they use in experiments
in cultivating corn:

It is made of Iig-ht2x4iii the shape of an A har-
row, each side of wlilcli is 7 feet 4 inches long-.
Eijrlity (jO-peuny wire nails were driven in two rows
around this frame, and the nails afterward bent
slanting- SI) that the harrow is drawn from one side
instead of from one corner. One horse pulls tliis,
and poes over two rows at once. This implement
being- ligiit, and having- long- teeth, can be used with
but little injury to the corn, after the ordinary
could not be used. It is iiu ended to prevent the
weeds from starting, rather tlian to kill tliem after
tliey liave started.

My impression is, that the above harrow will
do just as well as, or perhaps better than, many
of the harrows in the market that cost a good
deal more — that is, I think it will answer for
mellowing the surface for shallow cultivation.
They add as follows in regard to cultivating
shallow:

The experiment here given, and so many others
which liave been made, indicate that corn should be
cultivated as often as it is necessary to kill the
weeds, and need not be any ofteniu-, and sliould not
be any deeiier than is necessary to kill weeds. The
best depth will usually be from one to two inches.

I confess this last troubles me; but I am very
well aware that, for a series of years, tlui ex-
periment station has decided then! is no advan-
tage ill cultivating as often as market-gardeners
usually do. 1 must conclude that the vcu'y
light soil in the vicinity of Coliimbus has .some-
thing to do with it. 1 should l)(i very glad in-
deed if the experiment stalicu at Woontcv would
tell us if they arrived at me same results on
their poor clay soil on top of those great liiils.
I would not go so far as to say that it pays to
cultivate after every light shcnver, but 1 feel
sure that it is a benelit to stir the ground enough
to break the crust after any considerable rain;
and where we have these tremendous soaking
rains I believe it pays to cultivate down deep,
pi'oviding the plants are snuill and we do not
go too near them. Yes, 1 believe that, under
such circumstances, a subsoil plow would help
the plants to stand a drouth that might conn^
during the latter part of the season.

A NE\V FORAGE -PLANT.

Like many of the rest of you, I have, for a
month or two back, been reading with great
interest the seed-catalogs. Whatever may be
said in the way of extravagance and misrepre-
sentation in the way of bringing out new
plants, there is no question but that the seed-
catalogs of our land are a wonderful means of
education, and a great help in the way of com-
paring notes and experiences. How pleasant
It is to hear or to see. rather, how others have
succeeded with the new things we have been
watching anxiously! Now, 1 have alighted
upon something that fills me with such en-
thusiasm that there is a strong tendency to fill
a page or more in regard to it. I will try, how-
ever, to hold off a little. And, by the way, I
have for years decided not to recommend any
thing until 1 have first tried it. The.Gault rasp-
berry might be said to be an exception. It is
true, I have never grown it yet myself; but I
saw it growing and bearing fruit on such poor
soil that it seemed almost as if there could be
no mistake about it. I notice some of the pa-
pers are criticising the plant, and the editor of
Gleanings likewise, for booming something
out of his line. Very well. Suppose we let the
matter drop then until I /wft'e myself grown it
on my own grounds. If, however, some of you
wish to try a plant or two, and test it for your-
selves, there certainly can be no objection.
Friend Gault is so near by, I propose to look
over his plantation quite often during the.com-
iug season. Jiut it is nut tne raspberry 1 wish
to talk about now. Let me explain.

I told you some time ago about one of my
visits through Northern JNlichigan. I told you
of the miles of unoccupied sandy land because
nothing could be made to grow on it profitably.
I told you, too, that the Michigan Experiment
Station at Lansing had been at work on the
problem of finding some use for this vast un-
occupied territory. Well, they are beginning
to see daylight through the result of their
researches— at least, I think ihey are. Let me
diverge again a little.

While in Arizona two years ago this present
winter 1 was full of enthu.^iasm over uw alfalfa-
fields that vver(! spreading out into the sandy
desert. Where people and animals would oth-
erwise starve, these alialfa-tracls with their
beatiful luxuriant green were furnishing food
and wealth for quite a population. I never
saw any thing in my life in gardening or crops
that pleased me as did the alfalfa- fields; and I
have had a longing for something of the sort
here at my own home. Friend Terry's clover-
fields came pretty iK^ar it. lint clover do(is not
go down deep enough, and it is not permanent
enough to suit me. I want something like al-

304

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mar. 1.

falfa. Alfalfa has been tested too long and too
faithfully to leave any hope that it may ever
prove to be a success with us, such as it is on
irrigated deserts. Now for the new find:
InjjMaule's last catalog we find the following:

THE SENSATIONAL NEW FORAGE-PLANT.

LATHYBUS SYLVESTRIS, OH FLAT PEA.

Sold last treason in London at as high as $2.00 per
ounce packet. A.s tis inittitirr vahie is nearly
Uotiblc clover and (dfaffa, its value
for permannd pasture can-
readily be estimated.

This new forage-plant has created quite a sensa-
tion at liome and abroad for tbe last year or two,
and has attracted the attention of distinguished
agriculturists the world over. If the claims made
for it are only lialf true, it is the most valuable
acquisition to forage-plants ever discovered. Some
of its points of excellence may be mentioned as fol-
lows: Its roots penetrate the soil 3U feet, which
enables it to withstand great extremes of cold and
drouth. It has double tlie feeding value of alfalfa,
a crop richer than red clover. Its feeding ratio is
1 to 4.5, wliich is richer than oats, with a ratio of
1 to 6.5. It is richer than the balanced ratios for
fattening cattle, and is rich enough for fattening
either hogs or sheep without any grain. It will last
5U years without manure and without re-seeding.
It will draw double the nitrogen from the air that
alfalfa or clover does, hence it is the most valuable
plant known for renovating worn-out soils. It will
cut S tons of hai' per acre in a season. When estab-
lished, a field of it will fatten hogs, without any
corn. Its jirowth is slow tlie first two years. The
plants grow very little above the ground the first
year, but the roots make rapid growth. The second
year the top thickens up, and the third year the
plant is matured. The seed requires several weeks
to germinate.

CULTUKE.— Prepare a piece of clean ground by
deep plowing aud thoroughly working. Plant the
seed any time during the hrst summer months.
Either drill or scatter by the hand in drills 12 to 15
inches apart. One plant to tbe square foot is suffi-
cient when established, hence the seeding is light.
Keep the weeds down the first year.

Well, what of it? Although Maule has given
us many good things, and although he is a
pretty straight man for a seedsman (I wonder
if I ought not to beg pardon of the good friends
who issue seed- catalogs, for that speech) — well,
making due allowance for an enterprising
seedsman who thinks he has got something
that will do to boom, let us look at it a little.
And, by the way, right after the above state-
ment he published a letter from the Michigan
Agricultural College. We all know these men
have no interest in selling seeds. I hope there
is not money enough in the United States to
bribe any one of the professors of our agricul-
tural colleges to help a seedsman or anybody
else to boom a thing unless it deserves it. I
read that letter from the Michigan station, and
I could not help believing that Maule hcul got
hold of something really valuable. Perhaps
saying the roots go down 30 feet is a little
strong. May be we had better knock olf, a half
or a third. I should have lots of enthusiasm,
even then. I at once wrote to the Agricultural
College at Lansing, asking a lot of questions.
Below is their reply:

In reply to your favor of Jan. 26, regarding
Lathyrus sylvestrls, I would say that I have
no doubt that it will succeed in Ohio or almost
anywhere, as it seems to endure cold and severe
freezing, as also dry weather. It is quite slow
to start, and makes very light growth the first
year. Here on the college farm the seed was
sown in drills 30 inches apart, and was culti-
vated, and even hand-hoed the first year; but
the second year it grew enormously. It was
not tested for forag(> except to try a few forkfuls
in a green state, which cattle seemed to like—
at least, they ate it readily. We saved all the

crop for seed, but it got too dry, and it is very
difficult to secu.'e under any circumstances.
We saved about 2.5 lbs. only, from the acre plat.
This, of course, would be a very good crop at
the rate per pound you quote. 'We have none
to sell. Ours cost .f.'i.OO per lb. when purchased.
We sowed the seed in early spring; sowed some
last fall to see how it would come.

I do not know of any other trials, although I
think there have been a few on small plats. It
will be tested for forage this season by feeding
to stock. In Bulletin 101, which I send you. it
will be seen that it shows high feeding quality
by chemical analysis. It may not do as well
when the cattle analyze it. It came from Ger-
many or Austria, and is said to be a wild plant,
improved by cultivation. Why it has not been
" brought out " before, I do not know. It grows
well enough outside after it gets started, and
the transplanting is rather slow work. The
seed comes tip better if soaked in warm water
several hours. I. H. Buttekfield, Sec'y.

Agricultural College, Mich., Jan. 31.

The bulletins referred to in the above contain
a large amount of valuable matter in regard to
the plant. I read it very much as I first read
the story of Robinson Crusoe — yes, just about
as I read " Langstroth on the Hive and Honey-
bee " 2.5 years ago. Oh bow I do enjoy hunting
up and Hnding out all about these wonderful
new gifts— new to us at least— that God has in
mercy, kindness, and love, provided for us! I
presume you can get the above bulletin by
sending to Lansing. Please put in some stamps,
however, for I understand they are getting
many questions in regard to the new plant. I
confess I can hardly resist the temptation to
use space for quotations from the bulletin. A
kind letter from W. J. Green, of the Ohio Ex-
periment Station, bids me hold on a little and
wait until I am sure I am right; and I do not
know of a wiser man to advise in such matters,
in the whole wide world, than my good friend
Green. Here is his letter:

Mr. Root: — We have had no experience with
Lathyrus sylvestrls. It has been tested lo a
limited extent by the Massachusetts, Colorado,
Florida, and Michigan stations, but none of
them have gone so far as to recommend it un-
qualifiedly in their reports. Analysis shows
that it has a high feeding value, and after it
gets once established it produces heavy crops;
but it has the very serious drawback of being
slow in starting, nor can it be harvested for
hay with any machinery that we now have.
I doubt very much whether it can find a place
in our system of agriculture; but this is only
an opinion. Farmers are averse to sowing beets,
carrots, or any thing else, that requires much
attention to get the young plants started, and
I think that one trial of Lathyrus will be
enough for most farmers. The first trial at
Michigan was a failure because the weeds
came up first and overran the young plants;
but they obviated this difficulty the next sea-
son by sowing turnip seed in the rows. I think
it ought to be recommended only in an experi-
mental way. It will need several years of trial
to determine its value. We shall probably give
it a trial next season. W. J. Gkken.

Wooster, O., Jan. 30.

All who feel interested as I do can start some
seeds right away— a five-cent package, if noth-
ing more. Thorburn offers the seed at 30 cts. an
ounce, or .?3.00 per lb. If you want only a five-
cent packet you had better order it of us, as no
other seedsman puts up so small a quantity,
that I know of. We can also furnish an ounce
at 30 cts. if you wish, or 1 lb. for $3.00, postpaid.

1894

GLEANINGS IN KEE CULTURE.

205

He suggests that it takes a good wliile to get
a good pel fi'ft stand. Never mind if it does, if
it is true tliat it will stand 50 years, or even
half that, after it is once started. I think I
could afford to grow plants, exactly as we do
caljbage-plants, enough to cover a good many
acres, if 1 were sure it would stand so many
years, and go down so deep tliat it would not
re(iuire manur*^ or cultivation or any thing
else. He also sugg(>sts that tliere is at pre.sent
no agricultural machinery known, capable of
harvesting th(! crop, especially in the tangled-
tip way in which it grows. Well, even if this
is true, will not the plant be of sufficient im-
portance to warrant making machinery that
will cut it? We do not know wlu^ther it yields
honey or not: but if I am correct it furnishes
a great amount of bloom and quite a quantity
of seed.

MUSHROOMS— THE NEW KIND— AGAKICUS
SUBKUFKSCENS.

So many complained that the mushroom
spawn did not grow last year. I took it out of
our catalog; but as orders kept coming, we have
thought best to put it back again. Another
reason why we decided to put it back is this:
Mushrooms have been coming up all through
our greenhouses, especially in ground that is
heated by steam; and the perplexing thing is,
it comes up in places where I did not know any
earth had ever been taken to, from the mush-
room-beds. As fast as they appear we have
sold them readily at 40 cts. per lb.; and some-
times a very small patcli of ground gives us
quite a little money, most unexpectedly. An-
other thing, a beautiful white mushroom —
white on top and white underneath — came up
among the others. I should have called it a
toadstool, but the stem was so thick and fleshy
it made me think it must be good to eat. I di-
rected Mrs. Root to cook a dish of them for me
alone. Of course, there were loud remon-
strances from all the family: but remembering
some experiences given on previous pages I took
just half a spoonful; at the next meal a whole
spoonful; then three or four, and finally I ate

the whole of them. And now you see I have
got a iiew edible musliroom. I am inclined to
think it comes up (piickiM' tiian the mushroom
of coirimerce; Ijut, unless cookfd wlien very
young I imagines thf^y arn a lit tie toughcir. But
they are: so clean and whiti- they look almost
like new-laid eggs.

Xafer.— Since the above was written I find,
by an American Florist ol recent date, tliat I
have actually got the new luushroom that so
much has been said about in the East— the
{A(i(iriciis suhrufexcens. Peck). In fact, the
spawn has becMi sold, and is sf^lling. for aught I
know, at $:> 00 (ler lb. 1 am not sufficiently well
posted to undertake to sell spawn, even if I
wanted to; but others may lind this new mush-
room in their beds. I believe it requires rather
more heat than the old-fashioned kind, and
they grow in clumps, three or more being at-
tached together at the stems. Tliey come up so
quickly that you are surprised in seeing goml-
sized mushrooms where nothing was noticed
just the day before.

How did I come to have this new mushroom,
do you ask ? Well, my opinion is that tlui new
mushroom is probably scattered all over our
land; and when the conditions are right, very
rich soil and suf'tieient bottom heat. I think it
will make its appearance. Very likely it has
already made its appearance thousands of
titues, and been called toadstool. In fact, in
trying to put it on the market everybody calls
it a toadstool now. But you can, any of you,
test it as I did; in fact, all the edible mushrooms
throughout our land can be easily sorted out by
using a little care in the way I have described.
Tfiere is not a bit of need of anybody being
poisoned if he eats very sparingly of any new
variety that shows itself, until he has settled
the fact that it is wholesome. My digestion is
very easily disturl:)ed; but mushrooms never
give me the least bit of trouble— at least, none
that I have tried so far. Perhaps I might ex-
plain that the botanical name of the old mush-
room sold in the market is Agaricus campes-
tris.

CHOICE 50c. ll\V:

Set B— 16 pkts. Vegetable Seeds, - 50c
" E- -20 pkts. Flower 8eeds, • - 50c
" F— 10 Lovely Carnatidii I'inks, 50g
" G— 10 l^rize Cliry.-aiillicnmiiis, 50c
" H— 4 Superb Frencli c:iiniias, 50c
" a— 10 Elesant Uoses, - - - - 50c
" M— 24 Fine Gladioli Bulbs, - - 50j
" P— t; Hardy Ornamental Shrubs, 50c
" K—ti Choice Grace Vines, - - 50c
J4 each of any two sets, - - 50c
No two plants alike in these sets.

Any 3 Sets, $1,25; 5 for $2.

By mail, postpaid. Sate arrival and
satisfaction guaranteed. Order by the
letters Iroin tliis advi. NOW us these are
iiitnidui-iiii'v sets ]icit in (■atMl(]gue, an
flftcaiil iiiiniial of liN pa^-'es, free.
j:vt-i-.\ thintjof tlie Im'mI l(ir«>i-chai-<l,
VineyjiiMl, I.,a\vn and 0;ir<len. 40th
year, 1,000 acres, 28 greenhouses.

STORRS & HARRISON CO.,

PAINESVILLE, OHIO, Box 74.

tyiii . t-s ujint; to il»>« aflivertiseiraent menfc'/jr. Qlkjnijjgs

500 Barrels Sweet=Potato Seed.

Yellow Jersey (best variety i, extra select, bbl., $3.00.
" " ' second size, " $3.50.

E.xtra Early Carolina, similar to above, " $3.00.
Southern Queen, Red Bermuda (Yam), early, good
for heavy soils, II.. 50 per bushel. Order now, and
secure good seed at reasonable prices. Discount on
6 and 10 l^arrel lots. Address

7^. H. ]\laliaii. Box 14.3, Terre Haute, Inch
I^In responding to this advertisement mention Gleanings.

Have You seen our Catalog

" Everything for Gardeners " ?

It is unlike other Catalogs. Straiglitfor-
ward and truthful descriptions by a practi-
cal market-gardener, of the best in SEEDS.
Tells about growing $2000 worth of Prize=
taker Onions on an acre, and liow to grow
$3000 worth of Celery on an acre. We sell
Vegetable Plants, Timbrell and other lead-
ing Strawberries and Small Fruits. Trees
and Supplies for gardeneis. Danvers Yellow
Globe Onion Seed at $1 per lb. True Prize=
taker, $2.25. We send a pkt. of this and of
a new Early Tomato, smootii, good shape
and size, and the earliest, also a pkt. of new
Sensation Lettuce, with Catalog and sev-
eral useful leatii'is. foionlv loc. Send now.

CHRISTIAN WE:KESSEE, Niagara Falls, N. Y.

ISirin responding to this advertisement mention GLKANIKOii

Southern Bee=keepers,

Do you know tliat, freight considered, we can fur-
nish you witli supplies at a less cost than any house
in this country V Freiglit rates from New York to
Jacksonville, Fla., only 3.5 cts. per 100 lbs. Our cir-
cular free upon application. , „,
I. .r. ST/?rX<:;//AAf, 105 ParU Place,
23-32 tfdb A"ew 'YorU C^ity.

Dimnflo'c Seed Anniinl for 1894 is well worth
DUipCo 0 having. Tell to all who plant seeds.
W. Atlee Burpee & Co., Philadelphia, Pa.

206

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mak. 1.

IN

THE

FIELD.

GOLDEN QUEENS,

NUCLEI.

CIRCULAR FREE.

J.F. Michael,

German,

Darke Co.,

Ohio.

THREE BAND. FIVE BAND.

Five Band.— What is tlie matter, sister ? Wlij- don't
you come out?

Tliree Band.— Oh ! I see so much talk ahout you
yellow beauties I am afraid I am going- to be stamp-
ed out.

Vive Band.— No. no! Jennie Atchley says we are
sisters, and that she has tested us both for honey,
and finds no difference; and she tells us to get down
side by side, and let tlie people choose for them-
selves.

THREE BAND. FIVE BAND.

Three and five bands, raised in separate yards, un-
tested, $1.00 each; $.5.00 for 6, or $9.00 per dozen,
March, April, and May; June and after, 7.5c each;
$4.25 for 6, or $8.00 per dozen. Safe arrival and sat-
isfaction guaranteed. Fine breeder, $5.00. Catalogue
free. Let me book your orders.

Jennie Atchley, Beeville, Bee Co., Tex.

t^ In responding to this advertisement mention Gleanings.

MHTH C HONEY

^^^^^^ EXTRACTOF.

Square Glass Honey-Jars,

Tin Buckets, Bee-hives,

Honey Sections, Etc., Etc.

Perfection Cold-blast Smokers.
APPLY TO

CHAS. F. IVIUTH & SON, Cincinnati, 0.

I'. S.— Send 10-ot. stamp for " I'ractioal Hints to Bee-'keepors."

Seeds

Free!

ALSO

Freeman
Potatoes.

YOU CAN HAVE

SUCCESS

in Bee Culture a Whole Year; 10
strong eyes of Freeman Potatoes
(pure), and 10 packets of flower
and vegetable seeds, for 40
CENTS, silver. This offer is
made to boom our circulation.

BURTON L. SAGE, Highwood, Conn.

I3l'*ln responding: to this advertisement mention GLKANlNoa.

Apiary for Sale

In Hardin Co., Iowa. Plenty of basswood and white
clover. Every thing needed in tlie business must be
sold. If you want a bargain, write quick.

J. IS. IIANU, S&lma, Cal,

EGGS FOR

nuff Leghorns, $1.50 for 15; Buff
Wvnnclottes, $»'.00 for 13; White
UATPUIMP Plymouth Rocks, $1.50 for 15:
nn I bnlllU Wiute Pekin Ducks, $1.00 for 9.
All A No. 1 stock. J. S. WARNER, Medina, 0.

Send for our
new price list
of Bee supplies
and Fruit pack-
ages. A liber-
al discount al-
lowed on win-
ter orders. Ad-
dress

BERLIN

FRUIT BOX

CO..

Berlin Heights

Erie Co.,

Ohio.

1-lOd

Automatic

Comb Foundation

Mills.

riade by

W. C. Pelham,

riaysville, = Ky.

BBB'S!

If you keep HEES,
subscribe for the Pro=
gressive Bee=keeper, a

journal devoted to Bees,
Ht)ney, and kindred in-
dustries. 50 cts. per
year. Sample copy,
also a beautifully illustrated catalogue of Bee-
keepers' supiilies, FKEE. Address
LEAHY MFG. CO.. HIGGINSVILLE, MO.
t3'"In responding to this advertisement mention Ri.K \NrNG9.

pJidV'irfLor'' 14 Beautiful Carnation Plants.
Sm sfnd ^ 18 Carnation and 15 Rose Plants,

—30 in all— no two alike. S. TRENTON,

fijt-u CitA". Tentiii-a Co., Cal.

A

PPLES, Ben Davis, Ark. Black, Mammoth Black
Twigs, all varieties. Whole root only. Premium
AVorld's Fair. Trees, 10c each. On orders of 100
I pay the freight. W. H. Laws, Lavaca, Ark.

Please mention this paper. 4 7b

GEO. W. HUFSTEDLER,

Breeder of 5 -Banded Italian Bees and Queens.

Untested. 75 cts. Tested, $1.00 each.
CLARKSVILLE, RED RIVER CO., TEXAS.

PATEI\IT WIRED COMB FOUNDATION

//fis JVo Sail- in Brood-frames.

Thin Flat -Bottom Foundation

Has no Fishbone in the Surplus Honey.
Being the cleanest, it is usually worked
the quickest of any foundation made.

J. VAN DEUSEN & SONS,

IStfdb Sole nanufacturers,

Sprout Brook, Montgomery Co., N. Y.

i^ln responoiiis; to tins advertisement mention Glkanings.

Queens?

Catalogue free.

Yes, either 3 or 5 banded
bees; Queens and supplies.
Pui'e-bred Poultrv cheap.

CHAS. H. THIES,
Stec1c'\-ille, 111.

TAKE NOTICE!

BEFORE placing your orders for SUPPLIES, write
for prices on One-Piece Basswood Sections, Bee-
Hives, Shipping-Crates, Frames, Foundation, Smo-
kers, etc. PAGE & KEITH,
8tfdb New London, Wis.

gt^ ^ C »*N Fnr Q f"" *10-00 for 6, Finest
Vr f^ oU * ^' ^f Brown Leghorns, or
%O^J ^ Plymouth Rocks. Other varieties.

^^ Circular tree. Address Geer Bros., St.

Marys, Mo., or H. B. Geer, Nashville, Tenn. 5tfdb

1804

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

:307

BUSINESSfeag

STRAWHERRIES IN FEBUUAIiY.

We liave liad one ripi' one, anyhow, and another
is turning red, and tliere are quite a number of
green ones. Tliey are in the plant-beds o\er the
exhaust-steam-pipe that runs from the factory to
the house. ^ ^^

LATHYRIS SYLVESTRIS, OR FLAT PEA— PRICES
ADVANCED.

Since what T wrote on pape 204 in regard to this
plant the price of the seed has advanced to $4.(1(1 per
lb., instead of $3.00. Ounce prices will remain 30
■cts. until further notice.

LOW-PRICED ONION SEED.

That mentioned last month, on page 164, at ifl. (Id
per lb., delivered at your postoflice, germinates
beautifully. It is now up nite and green, with a
good full stand. Prizetaker onion set d, until fur-
tlier orders, only f3.~'5 per lb., instead of J3 OU, as in
our price list.

MUSHROOM SPAWN, THE OLD KIND— AGARICUS
CAMPESTBIS.

I have bought 100 lbs. of Peter Henderson. You
remember our E.xperiment Station said his gave the
best lesults, under the same treatment. We can
furnisli it, single pound, 15 cts.; 5 or more lbs., 13
cts.; 10 lbs. or more, 10 cts. per lb. If wanted by
mail, add lu cts. per lb. for ptistage and packing.

OUR NEW HOT-BED SASH.

We are having a tremendous trade on hotbed
sash. And, by the way, we are now pi-epared to fur-
nish glass to match ti.xIO. for only $2X\0 per box.
Somebody asks if 8x16 will answer just as well.
Yes, even better, l)ecau.se there are fewer joints.
The glass we offer is single .'strength, and we think
this heavy enough for small-sized lights. Large-
sized lights would be preferable but both sash and
glass are In more danger of breakage. We are
using both kinds.

POTATOES FOR SEED THAT ARE NOT QUITE RIPE.

Doubtless some of our readers have seen the arti-
cles going the rounds in regaixl to saving potatoes
for seed from a second crop that ripens just before
frost, or, better still, that does not quite ripen.
Please notice that our friend Wilbur Fenn, spoken
of in the potato-book, has already been working on
this line; and the carload of Monroe Seeillings that
we ott'ei' for sale at $3.00 per barrel are of this very
" persuasion." In fact, some of the hills were killed
by tlu' frost before they were endrely ripe; an 1 the
whole carload was placed in the cellar, as you may
n'mcmbci-, when the thermometer registered only
17 "above zero. I'hey are as sound and ])erfect this
tiist (lay of March as they were the day they were
dug; and the cellar has been kept shut up as tight
and dark as an ink-bottle.

FREEMAN POTATOES.

While at friend Nicodemus' 1 happened to lookout
of the window and saw a nice shaped mound of
earth out in the garden, covered with snow. "That
mound," said he, "covers my Freeman iiotatoes."
By the way, some of the agricultui'al papers arf
saying that the Freeman is not a good yielder I
wish those who grew them last year would tell me
briefly what they think about it. One thing I know
— everybody seems to be after them, and our stock
is just now dwindling away i-apidly. Hy the way,
there is a mistake in our ))rice list in the price of
Ffeemans by the peck. Itsavs, " f'eck, ^I.OJ; bush..
$-Mi.i." That was another of A. I. Hoofs blunders.
It should be, one peck, tlist quality, 7") cts. The
reason whj' we have to charge more in proportion
for small quantities is. that sf)me sort of box or
package must be i^rovided for every sliipment of
piitatcies. and it C(jsts almost as mucli to put up a
l)eik U) send ott' as it does a bushel.

WIRE NETTING AND FEN'CING.

We call the attention of our reailers to our wire-
netting announcement, inside of last cover; alsc)of

short rolls in atiother column. These goods have
nevei' been as cheap as tln^y are lliis season, and
you notice we allow the freight on 20(l-lb. shipments
from Connecticut, to the amount of 40c per 100 lbs.,
if it comes to tliat or more. See conditions in the
ad't elsewhere.

CLUltBINQ RATES WITH POULTRY-.JOUHN ALS.

We have calls f lom many of our readers for club-
bing lates Avitli poultry-journals. We have only
one in our regular clubbing list; but when that Is
made up again it will include others. Until then
we dffei' Gleani>gs one year with
The Poultry World, monthly, reg. priceSL^o, for $1.!«)
Amer. " Journal, " " 1.00, " 1.90

honev, (omb and e.vtracted.
We are prepared to furnish a very choice article
of comb honey, lols of 100 lbs. or more, at J4 cts. per
lb.; fair, at 13 cts. Choice e.xtracted clover and
basswood, in 300-lb. kegs, at 7ic; in tJO-lb. cans, 2 in a
case, at He Ciinice white sage, in (iO-lb. cans, 2 in a
case, at 7.!^ c. We can have the sage shipped from
Chicago, when preferred, at sam(> price, and we can
ship oilier exi raci e I honey from Several points east
or west when ineferred, at same price. Unless oth-
erwise ordered, shipments will be made from here.

STICKEMFAST MUCILAGE.

We ha\e at lai-t got a preparation that will stick
hibels to tin, and keep them stuck indefinitely.
Most preparations heretofore would seem to stick
thein all right, but after a little they would pop off'.
Thei-e is one great drawback to this. It comes in
dry or granular form, and must lie prepared for
every two or three days' use, as it will not keep
longer than three or four days and do its work. If
prei ared and a|)plied fresh, according to directions,
it will stick labels securely to tin or wood, and hold
them. When used to stick two pai)ei's together
they do not become haid, and crack, as with other
mucilage, but remain pliable.

An ounce of the dry powder makes a pint of
mucilage, which will stick a good many labels.
Price of Stickemfast, including lull directions for
preparation, 1 oz., l.i cts.; 2 oz., 25 cts.; 1 lb., $1.25.
Sent postpaid at thi.se prices.

SECOND-HAND MACHINERY.

We still have on hand quite a line of second-hand
machinery. If any of our readers or their friends
contemplate putting in niachineiy we are prepared
to tit you out from cellar to garret with every thing
you need in engines, boilers, machinery, shafting,
pulleys, hangers, belting, saws, etc. The following
Is a partial list of the second-hand machinery we
have to sell. If you desire further particulars we
shall be pleased to hear from you.

One 20-H. P. Fishkill horizontal engine, rebuilt,
and as good as new; would cost now $400; will sell
for i|175, or with new boiler for $375.

Two four-piece section-machines, as good as new;
they cost new, S^S each; we will sell them for $35
each. ^ ,

A lot of ripping-tables with heavy mandrel, and
screw and chain attachment, such as we usiid for
s-iwing sections in the old way; worth $25; will sell
at $17.50 each, including 1 rip-saw.

SECOND-HAND FOUNDATION-MILLS.

We offer at special low prices the following list of
.second-hand foundation-mills which have accumu-
latetl on our hand-! during the pa.st few months. II
any desire a sample of foundation made on these
mills before ordering, we shall be pleased to mail it
cm request stating the kind or number of mill that
you want. . ,,, .

OMet5-inchhex.,No. K; price $10.00. This null is
ingoodcondition, and just right for surplus foun-
dation 9 to 10 feet to the tiound. .

One 6-inch hex.. No. Y; price IKUO. This is a
good mill, suitable for .surplus foundation 10 teet to
the i)ound. . „„,,..

One ti-incb hex.. No. A A; price $10 00. This is in
good condition, and suitable for surplus founda-
tion 111 feet to the pound. »„„, rr,, ■••..- ■

One (i inch hex.. No. Mtil; price $9.00. This is in fair
eondition, and will make foundation 10 feet to the

All tiie above have the latest style of frames; the
following are old style:

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mar. 1.

One 10-incli round cell, heavy. No. W; price $10 00.
This is suited for only lieaA^y foundution, and will
answer nicelv for that purpose.

One 9-incli Dunham, round cell, heavy ; price $8.00.
This mill is in fair condition, and is suited for heavy
foundation only.

One lu-inch Pelhani, almost new, and of the latest
pattern, for heavy brood foundation only. Will sell
for $9.00.

EXTRA POLISHED SECTIONS.

These are Hdmired on all sides, and we have re-
ceived many kind expressions from those who have
examined samples. Here are a few of tliem: Geo.
E. Hilton, Fiemont, Mich., writes, "Your .sample of
sections, and price, at hand, and I inclose an order
for 50,000, and hope to du plicate later. The samples
are mperh."

Chas. L. Hill, of Dennison. O.. writes: " Your sam-
ples of sections, and price lists, received. We are
favorably impressed with the workmanship of
those extra polished sections, and can say you will
surely have an immense sale if all g-o out according-
to samples, in quality." An old customer in St.
Louis, Mo., writes, "The sample inclosed is certain-
ly a fine piece of work, and, should we need any in
future, will bear that in mind."

We might multiply these kind words, but these
samples will show the drift of opinion regarding
these goods. We are now sunplying a number of
dealers who have heietofore handled other makes.
Though the orders are taking our output nearly as
fast as made, we iire preiiared to liandle more. We
have also insured against runninsr short of lumber.
We have gone to an expense of about $3il0 in 7'emod-
eling our drying-apparatus. The weather lieina-
most favorable, we have laid in the largest stock
of the choicest wliite basswood it has ever be^n our
g-ood fortune to have at one time. We are, there-
fore, prepared for all demands. We meet competi-
tion in price, and surpa.ss it in quality; if in need,
therefore, let us hear from you.

CIRCULARS RECEIVED.

We have Vfceiitly received iirioe lists from dealeis in apiari
an suppli'-s ()iic>>ns etc.. as folio w.s: , ,

J. J. BtihHk r Marion. Tnd.

E. T. .\l)liott. St. Joseph. Mo
Whilford Bios.. Arlington. Neb.
J. W. B ttenbender. Knoxville, Ta
J. D Goodrich. East Hardwick, Vt

L. L. Price, odell. Mo. Ferguson hive.

J. B Case. Pert Or mere Fin. Queens onlv.

E T. Flanatr.iii Rpllcville. St.. Clair Co., Ill

W. T Falconer .Maiivif.irturinu' Co, .J.imestown. N. Y.

The followinpr were printed in our job rooms:

H. M. Orr. Seima Cal.

F. H. Dnnn, Yo' kville. 111.
Cole tt Lowers. Latona. Wash.
M. H Hunt. Rell B -anch, M'ch.
N. n. West .MiddlehnrRh. N. Y.
.T B. Ma-on. Mi-,-liaiiie Fall-. Me.
.John Nehel c^: Son. H'fc'h Hill. Mo.
Walter Pouder. Indianapolis, Ind.

.1. M. Jenkins Wetumpka, Ala. Second edition.

CONVENTION NOTICES.

The Southwestern Wisconsin Bee keepers' convention will be
heldatBoscot el Grmt Co.. Wis , at the City Hall on Thursday
and Friday . March 15 and 16. 1894 All topics relative to ajii 'Ul-
ture will lie discusstd, and iiapers aie solicited. There will be
a que.<tion-b<)X. A. A. Arms, Sec, Hurlliut, Wis.

TROT EM OUT!

>»

I challenge anyone to show up a st rain of bees
that are superior' to my t."<>/</o/i 11 nlifim^. They
have e.xcelled all comiu'titors by piactical test.
Gentle, industrious, good comb-builders, enter the
sections readily, arc not inclined to swarm, and are
perfect beauties. Descriptive 'Circular free. Sec-
tia'ns, !^'J. j)er M. Dovetailed hi\i's w:iy down.
CHAS. D. DUVALL, Spencerville, Md.

Plea.-e mention this paper.

Queens, 3 -^^nd for Price List.

«T I • C Address

Nuclei, 7
Colonies )

S. D. McLEAN,
Columbia, Tenn.

OTTUMWa BEE-HIVE FACTORY.

Bee-keepcis, look to your interests. Everything
in the line of bee-supplies constantly on hand.
Price list free. GREGORY BROS. & SON,
l-23a Ottumwa, la. South side.

WIRE NETTINgV

SHOIiT ODD-LENGTH ROLLS OF WIRE NETTING, AT
FULL HOLL PRICES 0[{ LESS.

We have the following lot of wire netting of vari-
ous sizi's and widths in short or odd-length rolls.
Very often a per son wants a piece and can not buy
it cut from a full roll ^^ithout paying double price.
You may bi^ able to find in this list just what you
need, or very near it. Even if jou want more than
a full roll you will And the prices at which we offer
these pieces lo be irr most cases less than full-roll
price.

If any can use light .3-inch-mesh netting, .5 and 6
feet wide, we have a few rolls that we will close out
as follows:

8 rolls 3 in.. No. 19, 73 in. wide, 150 ft. long, at $3 25

Of 2-inch mesh No. 19 wire, we have the following
remnants and short rolls at I c per square foot.
The figures at the left give the width in itrches, and
the other figures give the length of each piece in
feet. Multiply this bj- the width in feet, then take
three-fifths of the result to nnd the price of each
piece.

30 I 45, 60. fi4, 7(>, 91, 9.i. 107. 123. 140. 144. 146

36 I 9. 18, 19 26, 3«, 40 40, 40. 49, .50. .50. 50 .53. 54. .55. 58. 60, 64. 73.

I 74, 82, 83. 84 87 90 90,92.91.96,96 96.99.11.5. 100 100,100.100,

I 100, 102, 102, 103, 105 105, K 9. 110, 111, 114, 60, 116, 118, 120, 120, 122,

I 124.124,125,125,128,129.138, 141.141,147.
42 85. 131.
48 I 32, 35, 38. 40. .55. 67 68 75, 75. 82 83 83. 84. 86 87. 90, 94, 96, 119,

I 122. 123. 123.124, 138. 138. 140, 143. 144, 144, 144, 145, 146, 145, 146.
54 72, 88 88, 143,

60 144.101,101 103.105.107.110 120,124.144,

72 I 20. 42 47, 48, 73. 82. 85, 85, 88. 100. 100. 112, 119 120, 123, 124, 142,148.
Of 2-inch No. 20 we have the following pieces at one half
of a cent per s(iuare foot Arrive at the pi ice in precisely the
same way as above, taking- one-half of the number of feet
instead of tliree-fifths, to get the price in cents.
30 I 140 140 140,

35, 36. 38. 39. 79. 81, 88, 100. 100, 119, 120, 122, 126. 128, 128, 134, 1.S6,
13X 140, 144, 145.

145.

The Triumph Incubator,

Manufactured by Ed. W Cole. Kenton, O., is the
^•heapest and best, Rggs for hatching, fr'om stock
which won nearly 30u premiums the past year.
Serif/ for L>esiCTij>t inn and fjrices.

20, 139.

38. 44, 45, 70. 75, 76, 79. 100, 100, 128, 137. 1.39.

In the following list we give first the size of mesh;
ne.xt, the number of " ire; next, the width in inches;
therr the length in feet, and, flnalh,the price of
the whole piece, so you will have no figuring to do,

IM in.. No. 19. 34 in x 126 ft , at 84.2.5.

I'cf in .No 19 48iii. X 78 ft., at 3.50.

1J4 in..No.]8, 48in. X 80 ft., at 4 20,

1'-:. in.. No. 16 30 in x 70 ft., at 3,15.

IK in.. No. 16, 42 in. X .34 It., at 2.10.

IVi in.. No. 16. 48in. X 92 ft., at 6 511.

2 ' in.. No. 15. 18 in. x 73 t., at 1 65; x 87 ft., at S2 00.

2 in., N). 15,18 in. X 30 ft., at .70; x 55 ft., at 81.35.

2 in., No. 15, 12 in. X 100 ft., at 1..50.

2 in., N". 15, 48 in. X 8 ft., at .,50.

2 in. No 15. .54 in. X 122 ft., at 8.00.

2 in.. No. 15, 60 in. X 20 ft., at 7.fn.

2 in.. No. 15. 60 in. X 21 ft., at 160.

2 in.. No. 15 72 in. X 33 ft., at 3.00.

2 in.. No. 15, 72 in. X 36 ft., at 6 20.

2 in.. No. 16 12 in. X 78 ft., at .85.

2 in. No, 16, 18 in. X 13 ft., at .20,

2 in.. No. 16.30 in. X 24 ft., at .65.

2 in., No. 16, 72 in. X 58 ft., at 3.80.

3 in.. No. 16, 24 in. x 19 ft., at .35.
3 in.,N .. 15,36in. X 14 ft., at .4.5.
3 in.,No. !4. 48in. X 15 ft., at .90.
3 in.. No. 14, 72 in. X 70fr.,at 6 20.
3 in.. No. 14. 72 in. X 100 It., at 8 80.

We liave, besides, a lot of pieces of web fencing, +
and 8 inch mesh, that we will close out below cost.
Thosi' interested please write for p.iriiculais.

In lots of 5 i)iece8. any one or asst>rted kinds, de-
duct 5%; 10 pieces, 10%"; 25 pieces or moi'e. 15%, On
the 72 inch netting you may also deduct 10% on
single-piece orders; or. in addition to above, on
(]uantity orders. First come, first served. Gener'al-
ly these' pieces go off very rapidl.v, and it may be
well to name a second or third choice in case your
first may be gone.

A. I. ROOT, Medina, Ohio.

189-1

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

20!)

COMB FOUNDATION.

Made by an

(if luy own ini-e/i< lo/i,
\\-liif}h eiif»l>/t»s Hie to
/>/-of/«foe tilt'

BEST AND CHEAPEST.

Prices on 5 lbs. or more will range from ;!5 to 5(k'
per lb. Get samples and you will order.

W.J. FINCH, JR.,

931 E. Monroe St., Springfield, Illinois.

I^In respoiKlinir to this

ril«-ntloil (iLEANINGSL

Control Your Swarms, Requeen, &c.

Send :i.") cents for samples of West's Pat.
Spirid wire Qm^en-Cell Protectors, and
and Pat. Spiral Queen Hatching- and In-
troducing: Cage, also best Bee-Escape,
with circvilar explaining-. 13 Cell-Pro-
tectors, BO cts,. or 100 for $:i. ; 12 Cages. 60
cts., or 100 for $5, by mail. Address

N. 0. West, Middleburgh, Scho. Co., N. Y.

Sold also by all the leading supply dealers.

1>\D VOU KNO^

B

EE-KEEPERS' SUPPLIES

That I have the

LARGEST

STOCK

of LJ IN NEW ENGLAND

Consi.sting- of Dovetailed, Sim|)lieity, and other .styles
of Hives. My Ijrand of XX white tliiii Founda-
tion, and Polished one-piece Sections, are the
nicest on the market.

A full line of every thing- needed in the apiary at
prices to suit the times.

Bees, Queens, and Nucleus Colonies of my old re-
liable strain, at prices way down.

Send for 34th Annual Catalog-ue before you buy
your stock, remembering- the best is always the
cheapest.

Address W. W. GARY.

4tf COLRAIN, FrANKUN CO., MaSS.

Cheap Sections.

All our apiarian supplies arc down with hard times.
Send for sample. J. B. Al array, Adit, Ohio,

NOW IS YOUR CHANCE.

To buy c'7io«/j. Bee-ke('i)ers' Supplio*;. hives, sec-
tions, fdn.. etc. Write for price list. EOOT'S G:ODS.
,JOH2C :\EBET. * SOX, Hi^li Hill, Mo.

ri(\f ^alp '^f* acres Ml under cultivation); ]8.t
t Ul oaiC colonies of bees: 3 acres of s^trawber-
ries. 2 a<-res of bliickberries. 14 acre of raspberries,
3 acres of orcliard, with good buildings.

Jiox ^10, T^ima, Ohio.

PPPP f Mv price listof pure
ri\LU . Italian bees
queen-;, and white and
ferrets. Addre.ss

Rochester, Loriiin Co., O.

Colorado Cactus, c^:^:^!^^^'^^ #.^xy

blossoms. One by mail, postpaid, 2.5c, or a g-roup of
5 to 7 for $1.00, by express. Grows in any climate.
Beautiful oi-nament. Stamps t;iken. Addi-ess

2. Z. & J. C. FEI3BEE. 172 W. Maple St., Denver, Col.

ARJrr Rarrraln '" ^- *'- B. Leg-horn cockerels
Ul^ Uai^aill HtfFlOOeach, from high-scoring-
birds. Egrgs ftjr hatching-, f 1.00 per 1-3; also egrg-s
for liatching- from nine othei' varieties.

AUGUST OOETSE & SON, 3822 Wood St., Wheeling, W. Va.

Fay's Prolific Red Currants

Large Bushes for Sale Cheap,
FRED H. BURDETT, Clifton, N. Y.

Strawberry =Plants ...'vel^boS a'cn>j!X

mail i)repai(l. pi-rdoz . 30 els. ; oer 100, Warlleld ancl
Beder Wood, 7-") cts.; IJnbacli, Enhani-e, Gandy, and
Saunders, $1.00; bv expres*. |)er 100., not prepaid,
Warfleld and IJeder Wood, H 00; 01 hers. *."..O0. Saun-
ders and Gandv b\- flu/.i-n and iiuiid'cfl only.

r. s. McClelland, new BmHTON, pa.

For Sale Cheap for Cash.
ASPINWALL PLANTER, complete.

Address CKO. A. Hl'UD, S. Acton, Me.

Golden Wyandottes.

No better birds in America. Cockerel,
S5 00. Trio, $7.00. Eggs. *3.00 per settingr.
/i. D. lieeney, Arcucle, A". V.

Tpyjic CaciiK Small one by mail, postpaid,
1 CAas va^iua. 05 (,^5;. Larg-e one l)y express,
3.5 cts. Grows inany cliTnate. Fine ornanient.

'J^lf ^e co.Tex. Miss Leah Atchley.

FOR SALE.— Elberta, Elli= n,»«»<»|L TxMMjk

son, Wonderful, Stump UpyPn I iDPQ

the World, and all oth= rnQljII ~ I I nQu

er leading varieties of * w*»w*^ a a www ^

Guaranteed true to name, $4.00 per 100. Also,
Abundance Plums, wonderful be;irer, curculio-
proof; fruit lai-ge, beautiful, and delicious, l^lO.tH)
per 100. I have 15 Abundance plum-trees, i>lanted
in the spring- of 1891, of which one sitting on horse-
back can't reach the top. If you have room for just
one tree, plant an Abundance plum. I will send
one Abundance tree by mail for 15 cts. If you have
room for three trees, plant an Abundance plum and
an Elberta and Stump the World peach-tree. I will
send the '6 for 35 cts.

5 Abundance plum-trees, by mail 60

1110 " $11 00

10 peach, one or several varieties, by mail 60

100 " " " " '*".... 5 00

These trees are June-budded, and are 15 in. and
upward. They will come into bearing- in the same
time that larger trees do. They have very large
roots, and are siirer to grow. The second year their
growth exceeds that of the lai-ger trees. The co.st
of transportation on June buds is very small. Aside
from this f;ict, if you plant June buds once you will
never plant larger trees.

Send stamps or coin for small orders. By iJer-
mission I refer to the First National Bank, Madi-
son, Indiana, and to A. I. Root. Medina. Ohio."

CEDAR GROVE FARM.

NORTH MADISON, INDIANA.
JOHN CAOWALLADER,
PROPRIETOR.

tyin resiMiiding to this advertisement mention Glkaxings.

EGGS FOR HATCHING.

B. JllNOUCAS. P Kn( KS. W. Wyaniiottes,
1^am;siians W. Li:i;iicirns. B. Cochi.vs,

$1 |HT i:i; ISiitr Lftrliorns, Jl-IO.
Praclical Farm I'oHUrn says: Get
the B. Minorcas for layers: they will
lay you .300 large white eggs in a year.
Fowls have good range and are guar-
anteed pure. Send forillus. catalog.
W. W. SHAMPANOEE, LITTLE SILVEE.N.J.

FOOT-POWER MACHINERY.

COMPLETE OUTFITS.

Wood or metal workers without stoani
power c-au successfully coinnete with
the l.i>-ge shops bv ti-ine: our NKVV L.\BOK-
SAVINO MACHtNKKV. I>ite-<t and ni'.st
•■ippioved for pnu-lic-al shop use; also fiir
Industiial Si-liciiils, H<inie Training, eti-.

cwTALOc; i-t;i-:K.

SENECA FALLS MFG. CO.,
44 Water St., Seneca Falls, N. Y.

tarin responding to thia advertisement mention OLEAXlKGa.

210

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mak. 1.

GOLDEN QUEENS

T^t-r^t-r^ TTiik-vac? My bees ("iui not besur-
r rCJ 111 1 CAdo. passed for business,

^ -Tn ■■iiiiii»ii»iiiiM«ii m m btiiuty, aiid gentleness.

Safe arriviil and satisfaction guaranteed. Untested
queens— Marcli, Ain-il, and May— $1 eacli. 150 Hue
Tested Queens for early orders, $1.50 each. Order
early. Send for price list.

.J. IJ. (i!I\'BJWS, Box 3, tishon, Tex.
S°ln responding to this advertisement mention Gleandjos.

Beautiful Queens.

The very best Five-banded Italians, tested and un-
tested. Home-bred or imported mothers at exceed-
ing-ly moderate prices, considering. Years' experi-
ence in queen-rearing. J^otliing- liiit the J3ur-
e.st Itiilinn sfoo/v in the apiarv. Tested
queens, $1.0(1 each. Untested, 75 cts.; *8.00 per doz.

J. W. K. Shaw & Co.,

Loreauville, = = Iberia Parish, = = La.

DR. J. W. CRENSHAW, VERSAILLES, KY.,

OtTers for sale UNTESTED QUEENS at $1.00 each; after July 1st, 75c each.
All of yellow ("5-banded") variety, and as fine queens as anyliody can rear. Bred from only the best
mothers possible to obtain. Imported stock mated to yellow drones, same price. Any of Root's Goods at
his prices. Send for circular and catalog. Book your orders now and get your Qtieens and Supplies when
needed. Queens ready in May. Mention this paper.

IjCw • • • •

Supplies

On the

Pacific Coast.

We are headquarters on the Pacific coast for A. L ROOT'S SUPPLIES,
and can furnish them at prices to suit you. Have secured special low
freight to all points for this season. Write for catalogue and special prices,
stating quantity wanted. = = = = = = = = =

Posson's Seed Store.

Address, Portland, Ore.

208=210 Second St.

\SC\

TREES AND PLANTS.

tyPON our 250 acres of nursery we h wk every class ot hardy Trees and Plants ; Fruit, Orna-
) mental. Nut and Flowerina:, Mary and Henry Ward lieecher Strawberries and ,
Liovett's I'est Blackberry are among- the most valuable noveitifs. In our catalogues named;
below ( which are tlie most complete, compreliensive and elaborate published by any nursery
est iblishment in the worldi all are accurately described and offered at one-half the
price of tree agents.

LOVKTT'S GUIDE TO FRUIT CULTURE t^Us all about fruits, their merits and

detecs ; how to plant, prune, cultivate, etc. Richly illustrated. Several colored plates. Priceloc.

LOVETT'S MANUAL OF ORNAMENTAL TREES ANI> PLANTS is au'hori-

tative as wi-11 a^ instructive; a model of excellence in p'-inting and illustration. Gives

points and plans tor ornamental planlino. Price, with colored plates, 11; cents.

Established 40 years. We successfully ship to all parts of the World.
. All who order either of the above and name this paper will receive an ounce of Flower Seeds J'ree.

■^S^S^ft^^l

JIIIMJl^^^^^:^^'^^- ■'-; ■

In writing advertisers please mention this paper.

Dovetailed Hives, Simplicity Hives,

SECTIONS. EXTRACTORS, ETC.

FULL LINE OF

BEE-KEEPERS' SUPPLIES.

GO-PAGE CATALOGUE. Itfdb

J. M. Jenkins, Wetumpka, Alabama.

twin respoiKiiiit; to tlii.s uclverlisenuiii mention GLKANlNiis.

hs<u

(;lea\in(js in bee culture.

•Ji:.

GROSSMAN IS READY

With those BEAUTIFUL GOLDEN QUEENS.

Kearod from llii' best iVljiiiulcd slocU, iitid Huai-in-
teed to give satis taction. A nicf lot of yourisi- tt'sti'd
(liieens foi- early orders. $1.50 eacli. Safe delivery
insured. Send for price list.
\y. ]». Ci-ossiiiiin, Hox l^t, t>a//.-j.s, To.v.

WHY SEND

WAY
Down South
For Queens!

My bee-keepiiif? friends, Northern

Italian qiieiMis wintered outdoois ,ne

nidie liiii'dy, eneiji'cl ie. .-md prolific in

t heir season of bee-rearinn'. Head atid

think before oi'derin<>'. Send for price

list, and order early. Strawberry-

platits of the latest variety cheap.

Mus. ()[.! VEH Cole. Sherljuriie, Chenango Co., N.Y.

Chenanfro Valley Apiary. eitf

l?rfcn^'e Goods at
IVUUl & Roofs Prices.

We have the best shipping'-facilities in the North-
west. We can save time and freig-ht by shipping
direct on some 40 or more railroads, without change
of car.s, which saves handling, and goods are much
less liable to be broken or smashed.

Root's 1893 No. 1 white sections, 4;^x4 -^xT to foot.
1 %, and 1 ! R, at f 3..50 per 1000. No. 1 cream, 43^x>4'xl %
and Hi. $2.00 perlOOO.

Write for price list and what you want.

H. G. Acklin, 1024 Mississippi St.,

St. Paul, Minn.

Northwestern Agent for A. I. Root's Bee=keepers'

Supplies.

For Cash.

Pure light-colored Italian (lueens in April. May,
and June. One untested, f 1.00; V^ dozen, $.5.00; per
dozen, f9.C0. Tested queens, ?1,.")0 each. Select test
ed, S2.00. Guarantee safe arrival Address

D. E. ALDERMAN. Clinton. Sampson Co., N. C.

Read what J. 1. Parent, of
Chahlton. N. Y., says — "We
cut with one of your Combined
I Machines last winter 50 chatT
hives with 7-inch cap, 100 honey-
racks, .5110 broad frames, 2.01)0
honey-bo.xes, and a great deal of
other work. This winter w e
V have doutiled the amount of bee-
. hives, etc., to make, and we ex-
pect to do it all with this saw.
It will do all you say it will."
Catalogue and Price List free. Address W. V. &
JOHN BARNES, 54.5 Ruby St., Rockford, 111.

When more convenient, orders for Harnes' Foot-
Power Machinery may be sent to me. A. 1. Root.
eoitf Please mention this paper

The Page Sits Up
With Itself Nights.

No necessity for rushing out clad in scant
attireto regulatethc ratchets, on account of
a sudden chango in leniix'i'ature. Every
panel and every foot of t Ik: *''lr»at;«" is" wound
up' every hour and every in innfe ready foi- in-
stant action, antl "give and fake" is its motto.

PAGE WOVEN WIRE FENCE CO., Adrian, Mich,

ETIES OF POULTRY. LUOd rUi'l HATuHING.

Orders booked now. Send for d. script ive card.
J. S. Mason, Medina, Ohio.

KKEK iilillui;ui-.

QUEENS

Smokers, Sections ,

Comb Foundation,
And all Apiair:in Supplies
cheap. Send for
E. T. FLANAUAN, Belleville, Ul.

n r r uUrrLItu wholesale

^B B^ B Ji\'(.^ry thiiiir used in the A^j)i-

■^ ■■ ^" .-iry. Greatest vaiiety and iariJ-e.st
stock in the West. New catalog. 70
illustrated pages, free.

J^ifi. counts^ ta Wea/ers.

E. KRETCHMER, Red Oak, la.

£3?"In respondintr to tli

ll Tllclltion Rl.EANINGS.

World's Fair Hedal

Awarded my l^oundntion. Send for free
st«/2i/>7e.s. Dealeis. write for wholesale prices.
Root's new I^oli^hcd Sections and otlier goods
at his prices. I^icc Illustrated Price List of every
thing needed in the apiary. JV| H Hiin-f P
Bell Branch, Mich. i^^- *!. nUriL.'j

HATCH CHICKENS BY STEAM

WITH THE IMPROVED

EXCELSIOR INCUBATOR.

Thousands in 8uc-
ocNsriil Operntlon.

SlMI'l.i:. /•/.UFUcr. and

s/:i.F-r;f:<;rL.iT/\a.
C^iiiiriiiilpptl to batch a
liirtcr perceiilnKf of
fertile egg-, at 1*->,n (Mtr't,
than any other Inoiihator.
Send tic. for Illus ( 'atalog.

Circulars Free.

GEO. H. STA f 1 1., Pat. A Sole Mfr..<tuiiiry,Ill«

Glka.m.ngs.

Gash for Beeswax!

Will pay '-;Jc per lb. cash, or ;.'tio in trade for any
quantity of good, fair, average heeswa.x, delivered
at our R. R. station. The same will be sold t-n those
who wish to purchase, at 28e per lb., or 30c for bait
selected wax.

Unless you put your name on the hor. and notify
us by mail of amount sent. I can not hold myself
responsible for mistakes. It will not pay as a gen
eral thing to send wax by exprenx.

A. I. ROOT, Medina, Ohio.

216

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mar. 1.")

Contents of this Number.

Adulteration in California. 230

Alsike Clover 22S

Bees as Messengers 232

Bees. Moving 23'i

Bees Cross 22')

Bee-eseape. Porter 2.32

Brood-cappings. Bees Using.228

Echoes from California 222

Entrances to Apiary 221

Foundation. To Fasten 232

Frame. Hoffman, Deeper.. 2.36. '7

G.irdeniner. Does it Pay? 246

Glucose Question 231

Hedd. >n's Honey 240

Honey. C'niiib. v. Extracted .2 0

Hnuey from Beet Sugar 2:'8

Hnnev begirds 228

Italv.I.^-lterfrom 233

.Take Siiiilh

Langdon Non-s warmer 227

Lecture by Roh Roy 234

Mail bags for Queens only. 23.'>

Manum in Apiary 227

Onions -'■».•)

Plants. Pollenfzation of 233

I'.dlenization 233

Kambler oil Yields 224

Ru<si,i II Ai .ii.-ulture 223

Sections, Narrow 238

Sections. Sandwiching 2 8

Seeds, Good 243

Shade for Bees 231

Spicing, Correct 2?.''

Spacinc, Shallnrd's 236

Spring Dwindling 234

Sunda.v Swarms 2-38

Syrup in Spring 226

Turnips 24K

Utah Honey 239

Water v. Smoke 237

W

■^ANTED.— To e.vcliangrp » foot-power buzz saw,
for bees, lioiiey, or offeis.

H. L. Hutchinson, Mayville, Midi.

\l/ ANTED —To excliaiige pure-blood poultry (Coii-
VV {j-er .strniii B. F. R >, or g-oofl dray wagon, made
to run double or sinule, lor a flrst-claps orcbesira
violin outfit. H. F. Swan, White Cloud, Mirh.

117 ANTED.— To exehanfre .5 or 10 af-re lot in Florida
VV (Putnam Co.), for liees and supplies to be deliv-
ered at Keuka, Fhi E.xcliange to be made in fall of
1894. Write to Dr. Ball, 136 Main St., Norwich, Ct.

w

Wants or Exchange Department.

Notices will be Inserted under this head atone half our usu-
al rates. All advertisements intended for this departmeni
must not exceed five lines, and you must say you want youi
adv't in this department, or we will not be responsible for er
rors. Toucan have the notice as many lines as you please,
but all over five lines will cost you according to our regular
rates. This department is intended only for bona fide ex
changes. Exchanges for cash or for price lists, or notices of
feringartieles for sale, can not be inserted under this head
For such ourregular ratesof 20cts. aline will be charged and
they will be put wltli the legular advertisements We can not
be responsible for dissatisfaction arising from these "swaps."

WANTED.— To e.xcbanRea$30 gold watch for bees,
comb foundation, wax, white extracted honey,
or section boxes. J. B. Mason, Mechanic Falls, Me.

W

ANTED.— To exchange several g-ood safety bi-
cycles. Honey wanted. Send sample.

J. A. Green, Ottawa. 111.

WANTED.— To excliange bl ickberry-se^s. red and
black raspberry-i>lants.$8 per inOO. for beeswax.
A. P. L.-vwRENCE, Hickory Coi'ners, Barry Co., Mich.

WANTED.— To exchange Cuthbert raspberry-
plants, at 75 ets. per 100, or 8-5 per 1000. for ex-
tracted honey, sections. .3-frame nuclei, or offers.
P. D. Miller, Grapeville, Pa.

WANTED.— A brisk, temperate young man that
would like to learn about bees and fruit. Bee-
keeping and fruit-growing go well together.

S. I. Freeborn, Richland Center, Wis.

WANTED.— Situation in apiary; 1.5 years' experi-
ence; capable of taking charge of apiary. Ad-
dress R. T. Smith, 4804 St. Lawrence Ave., Chicago.

WANTED,
cash.

-Small second-hand planer, cheap for
D. G. Webster, Blaine, 111.

WANTED.— To excbange bees, queens, S. C. B.
Leghorn and B. P. Rock eggs and poultry, for
foundation, sections, or offers.

Chas. H. Thies, Steeleville, 111.

ANTED.— To buy bees; Texas or Colorado pre-
ferred. E. Sandford. Nokomis, 111.

W

WANTED.— To exchange Cuthbert red-raspberry
plants at 75 cts. per 100. or $4.75 per 1000, for
foundation-mill or Italian queens.

A. L. Martin, Leonardsburg, Delaware Co., O.

WANTED.— To exchange nursery stock for thor-
oughbred poultry eggs; also bee-keepers' sup-
plies. R. A. Lewis, Cherokee, la.

WANTED.— By a bee-keeper df experience, em-
ployment "in Texas or California. Handy at
almost any thing. Best of references. Write at
once to Fred C. Fuller,

Montague, Franklin Co., Mass.

ANTED.- To exchange 6in. Root foundation-
mill, for wax or honev. I. .1. Strinoham,
105 Park Place, New Yoi'k.

ANTED.— To exchange queens for Light Brahma
eggs for setting. A. W. Tufts, Musson, La

W

ANTED.— Position in apiary. Experience and
reference given. Pleasant Home. O., Box 65.

WANTED. — To exchange incubators, broodeis,
atid eggs for hatching, of 14 varieties thorough-
bred fowls, for first-class tboroughbrtd poultry.
Address Ed. W. Cole, Kenton. O.

WANTED.— 1.50 colonies of bees(L. frame) in ex-
chatige for Eureka mowers, Spr'iig-tooth
harrows. Steel-lever liarrows. Mnckeye binders, etc.
This machinery is all new and in a-ood shape.

Ezra Baer, Dixon, Lee Co,, 111,

W

WANTED.— To exchange a No. 2 Noxal brooder
for S. C. B. Leghorn eggs. Italian queens, or
offers. E. M. Pinto, St. James, Mo.

Black and Hybrid Queens For Sale.

For the benefit of friends who have b'aek or hvhrid queens
whii'h thev wish to disno-ie of. we will insert notices as belnw,
first insertion free of charge vfter the first. 1» cents per line.
We do this liecause theie i- bardl.v value enough in the-e
queens to pay for buying t' "in up arid keeping them in stoi k,
and yet it i« oftentimes quite an accounuodation to those who
can not afford higher-priced ones.

I have 20 or 25 black arri hybrid queens: blacks,
25 cts.; hybrids, 30 cts. All young and prolific.

W. J. Forfhand. Fort Deposit, Ala.

Five mismated queens. 50c eacb; 10 hybrids that 1
took in trade at 25 cts. ; 10 hybrids. Cyprian Italians,
at 60 cts Ready March 15. .1. C. Wallenmryer.
606 Campbell St., Evansville, Ind.

I have purchased six colonies of black bees thai
have tine laying queens. These queens, if taken at
once, may gf) for .3.5c each, or 3 for $1.00. Safe arriv-
al ffuaranteed. Must go soon to make room foi
Italians. Abbott L. Swinson, Goldsboro, N. C.

Three mismated and 3 hybrid queens reared in
1803. fOc each, or $2.50 for the 6 Must be sold bj
April 20. M. D. Andes, Bristol, Tenn.

Fay's Prolific Red Currants

Large Bushes for Sale Cheap.
FRED H. BURDETT, Clifton, N. Y.

TEXAS CACTUS.
YUCCAS.

7 varieties, $1.00, by ex-
press. 1 for 20c, postpaid
5 varieties, $1.50, by express. Om

for 4(1 (Tills.
C. SCHUDDEMAGEN, SABIITAL, TEXAS.

for Hatching, S.ath;S

■-^^^^ times piicfs. S. C. Mhirk Minorcas
S C While f,o''h"rMp. :iii(l 1? 1'. Rocks.

ETJQENE MANNING. Jacksonville, Tompkins Co , N. 7.

REE=KEEPERS' ^:^rS""^' ^""''" "'""

'^ NOVELTY CO., ROCK FALLS, ILL.

Bees for Sale.

20 colonies in fi^eod condition; $5 00 per colony
in Siniplicitv bodies, f . o. b. cars at Avilla. Nobk
Co., Ind. Address A, E. SCHUTT

870 Clinton St , Defiance, O.

^yin responding to this advertisement mention Ulkami-gs,

181)4

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

217

Honey Column.

CITY MARKETS.

)iosT(tti.~ Honey. — Demiiiul fiir lioney is g-ood.
Toiiil) hdiiey is in li,!iht supply, sclliiiff at 13@,ir) els.
Extraftod is selling at r)@7fts No liei-svvax on hand.

March S. Bi.akk \- Kipley,

HDston, Mass.

Ci,KVRi,AM). -7/')»ic.iy.— Pi'ices on lioiiey remain
\incliaiifr^'d from last report, hut tlie demand is not
<|iiite as firni as has been. Beeswax. No. 1. .■.':.'@"-').
VVn,r.i-\MS Buos.,

Mareh 7. 80 & 83 Broadway. Cleveland. O.

Drtuoit.— T^fooei/.— Tliere will proliably 1ie no
ftiaiitres in ])rice of honey until (he new erop is of-
fered. Besi iioney <;oiitiiuies tosell at i:i@l."). Dark
and inferior fj-i'adi's ;iro very slow. ;md any teason-
able offer is taken. Extracted, 7@S. Beeeswax, -'5
©.•-•«. M. fl. Htnt.

Mareh 8. Bell Brand). Mich.

Kansas City— Woiie;/.— We quote: No 1 wln"lel-
Ih. comh. U@\r^: No. 3. ]3(?r),U: No. 1 amber. 13@13;
No. 3. .0@13; extracted. .'i@7. Beeswax. '20@33.
Clemons. Mason & Co..

Mareh 8. Kansas City. Mo.

Cincinnati.- H()/ie,(/.—Demnnd for honey is slow,
in sympathy with the srenernl dull business all over
the ci)Untry. We quote (Extracted at 4f®8c. Comb.
13@1.") for best white. Demand is fair for beeswax
at 33@25c for g-ood to choice yellow.

Chas. F. Muth & Son.

March 7. Cincinnati^ Ohio.

Kansas City.— Woney.— We quote you No. 1 white
1 lb.. U; No. 3, 12: No. 1 ambor. i:5; No. 3 10 Ex-
tracted, white. 6)^f^7; dark. '>@6. Beeswax. 3U@33.
Demand for honey only fair; supply pood.

HAMBFjIN & Bearss.

March 8. Kansas City. Mo.

At,B.\ny — Hnveu. — Both comb and extracted are
sellins quite freely, and our stock is beef ming' quite
reduced. Unfortunat ly we have on hand a num-
ber of larpe CHSks of extracted honey holding- 600
lbs. each, and when honey is so plentiful not many
customers are looking for such a large package,
and it seems diffli'ult to find customers for these.
No cliange in prices.

r'HAS. McCui.T-ocH & Co.,

March 8. 393, 39.5. .397 F?roadway. Albany. N. Y.

Chicago. — ffo«e.i/.— Conib honey is selling in small
lots, when clioice. at 1+@1.'S: off grades are dillicult
to dispose of. Extracted is slow of s;ile at 5@6.
Beeswax is in good demand at 3.5c for pure goods.

R. A. BlTRNETT & Co..

March 7. 161 So. Water St., Chicago. 111.

St. Louis.— Ho/ie;/.— Market very quiet. Sides
are being made as low as 314 for extracted in bar-
rels. Comb. 10@13. BeeswMx. 24)^@,25.

D. G. TUTT G'tOCKR Co..

March 8. St. Louis, Mo.

Buffalo.— Hoxey.— Liberal stock on hand. Bees-
wax. 3.5@3(l. The honey m.-irket remains unchanged.
Moderatp sales. Fanc.v, 12fa,13; choice. KVfftll; buck-
•wheat, 8(319. Batterson & Co.,

March 7. Buffalo, N. Y.

New York. — Wo/tci/.- Th(>re is no improvement in
our market. Demand is very light for both comb
and extracted, with plentv of supplv of all kinds.
We quote fMMcy white Mb.. 11@13; fair. 10; bnck-
wheaf. 9. Extracted, basswood and white clover,
-5V4@H; California. •5@5'/i: St)ulliern..5.5@60 per gallon.
Beeswax firm at 3,8.

Hit.DUETH Bros. & SEGiRI^KEN,

March 8. iS & m West Broadway, New York.

Minneapolis.— Hroiff/.- We herewith hand you
<>nr to-day's ipiotations on honey : Fancy white. 1.5;
No. 1 white. 13!4; fancy aml)er, 13; No. 1 amber. II;
fancy dai-k, 10. Extracted, white. 6!4; amber, 5'4 ;
dark. .5.

March 10. .1. A. Shea & Co..

116 First Avenue North. Minneapolis, Minn.

. Dead-ripe Honey!— Riiiened by the bees all fall.
Mostly clover and linn. I will sell 3cnris. 13ii His.,
for $8.00. Oliver Foster, Mt. Vernon, Linn Co.. la.

BUFFALO, N. Y. Unsurpassed Honey Market.
BATTERSON & CO. Responsible, Reliable,
Commission Merchants, mm, and Prompt.

Given Brood Foundation,

About five lO'/sxS'i she(>ts to the pound, in Kt-lb.
lots, at 40 els. ixi' pound.

//. W. /•/ AK, A'o/iiifi/. /;/.
Orin responainu to tlii.s mivertlsement mention ulbaninoh.

/^hoice ^"'''■^d Plymouth Rocks and eggrs,
• ^iivriv^w Before buying, get circular and pric«'

list of

C. B. \V^\Y, S/ire^'o, O/i/o.

1 Will Exchange

For your name and address, my
niusu-itedCiitalog of Chaff Hives,
D ivetiiiled hives, T Supers, Sec-
tions, Foundation, and every thing
needed in the apiary. First-class
fioods. and prices reasonable.

Geo. E. Hilton,

Fremont, Mich.

t^^ln resDondinc to this advertisement mention Glkaninos

Ready April i, 1894.

Untested Italian queens, reared from
the best stock for business, $1.00 each, or 6 for $5.00.
'\V. J. l^orehmid, fort £>epo.sit, .Xln.

Boot's iomo (epairi Ootlit.

ENLARGED, REMODELED, AND GREATLY
IMPROVED.

Consisting of'JS Flrst-rhtss Tools and Materials
shown in cut. viz.:

1 Iron Last, 10 inches .45
1 Iron Last, 8 iM<-hes. . . .40
1 Iron Last, ti inches. . . 35
1 Iron Standard with

Base 15

1 Pkg. Assorted Nails.. .05
1 Pkg. I Wire Clinch

Nails 05

1 Pkg. g Wire Clinch

Nails 05

1 Pkg. 'i Wire Clinch

Nails 05

A Doz. pairs Star Heel

" Phites 10

i lb. Coj)per Rivets 15

1 Steel Punch 10

1 Sewing Awl. (!omi)lete 08
1 Pegging Awl 08

1 Stabbing Awl, com-
plete 08

1 Shoe-Knife 10

1 Shoe-Hammer . . .r. . . 15
1 Brittle Kul)ber Ce-
ment 13

1 Bottle Leather Ce-
ment 13

1 Ball Wax 03

1 Ball Shoe Thread... .10

1 Buneh Bristles 05

1 Ihirness and Saw

Clatiip •'>"

4 H.iriiess Needles 04

1 Soldeiing-lron 35

1 Bottle Soldering

Kluld 10

1 Box Uosin 10

1 Wren(;h for Above. .. .01 | 1 Bar Solder 10

Directions for Using. Total H 00

These tools when purchased separately at a hard-
wari' store would cost over $6.00. We furnish these
Outfits in thiee numbers:—

Nt). 1 contains all the tools mentioned alH)Ve. com-
plete, weigltt 18 lbs. Price $3.1HI.

No. 3. same as No. 1, 1'xcept Soldering TiMils, Har-
ness Chimp. Rivets, and Punch. Weight 14 lbs.
Price $2.01.

No. 3 consists of 3 Iron La.sts and Standam. for
half-soling only. Price .n.OO.

Special terms to agents. Full descriptive circul.ir
and terms on application to

A. I. ROOT. MEDINA, OHIO.

ns

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mar. 15.

FOUNDATION

Costs money, and every bee keeper is interested in get-
ting ilie kind that gives the best results for the least
nioiic,\- Tiie Bfc-keepers' Review for March discusses
this \'ei\' important question, giving tlie views of such
men as" M H. Hunt, J. Van Deu'^eu, C. P Dadant, Dr.
A. B. Mason, E. T. Flanagan, and John Myers, of Stratford, Out. Send lU cts for this issue, and with it
will be Sent two other late hut different issues. yy ^ HUTCHINSON Flint Mich

T^i^'iiK'/ii y^'/i^ vi^yi^T^ i^yfi. v

'. Tinker's Dee-Book Free

'I T o a NKW Sutiseribei who pend>! ijil (M for a year s
^ suiis( ription to th.- "tVeekly AMERICAN BEE
•^JOIKNAIL. Dr. Tinker's SO-page book is called,

y< BEE-KEEPING FOR PROFIT,

1^ and has somethiTig vninMlile on Ber - Pasturage.

" ^J A Sample Copy of ihe •• Uee .Journal " is Fent Free.

GEORGE W. YORK & CO

.^6 Fifth Avenue,

To New Subscribers-

>tX >!< xtX Xt^ >iK >fa: >t<t >V. ^^J^itiiJ lliiee luontlis lor 20 cents.

CHICAGO. ILLS,
the Journal alone for

AT THE WORLD'S FAIR ^^.^^^Z'^^^^m^^r:.

esciipe. Practical bee-l<eepers everywhere use and recommend it as a great labor-savin<i im-
plement, and as the best. Circular and testimonials free. Prices: — Each, postpaid, with
directions, 20 cts. ; per doz., $3.2.5. and your waney back, if not satisfied. Order from your dealer,
or if more convenient from the manufacturers, R. &, E. C. PORTER, LEWISTOWN, ILL.

13 Carloads of Supplies

Joseph Nysewander, Des Moines, la,

Tills is the amount wfc liave distributed in a single season, of
Foundation, Dov. Hives, Sections, Extractors, etc. Tlierefore, if
you have little money and want that little to go as far as possible,
remember tliat we are headquarters in tlie west for all goods in
our line; by doing so great a volume of business we sell goods
cheap. If you liave (lie miDieii, also remember you ran make it earn a big interest by availing yourself of
oui- diM-oinits for early orders. In either case you should write us and tell what you will likely need. It
will iiay Nou. \^ c -^ell Root's goods at Roofs pi-ices, and can save you fi eight.
The new polic' eU sections and all other late improved goods kept in stock.

Send for our large illustrat-
ed catalogue, free for every-
body,every where, especially

FOR THE WEST.

Worth $3.
Our Price, $2.

Genuine Kid, Eleaant Style,
Soft Soles; Easy, Perlect Kit-
tiTig; Any Siyle, Lace or But-
ton; Plain Toe or Pat. 'J'ips,
Narrow or Broad Toe. Sizes I to
8; Widths, C. D. E, and E E.
Send your size. Sure Fit. Sent
postpaid on re-
ceipt of $3.

C. L. Griesinger,
Medina, 0.

J^. S.— Your shoes
ir si)]eiidid.

M. T. W LLIAIMS.

Trumaiisi.uif, N.Y.

Quigley's Golden Italians

Are big jellowbtes that are hardy, gentle, and
good honey-gatherers. Warranted queens. April
and May, $1.00 each. Safe arrival and satisfaction
guaranteed. Every thing needed in the apiary,
best quality, bottom prices, low freight. Price list
free. 73. F. Qiiiiilc^X' ITnlonville, Ala.

TESTED ITALIAN QUEENS, S;J^.^?e'!t-

(d, $l.,5n; uule.-,ti'd. ti.') cts. Two-frame nucleus, with
tested queen, $3 (i(t; with untested queen, $150.
<^>ueens ready i\pril 1.

Stew'urt tV- Coo/>c»r, Queheuli:, Tenii.

Gray Carniolan Queens and Bees,

Bred tlie coiniiit;- srasoii hy the undcrsigiifd. ,As
t hese l)ei'S arc a liard.N rare, so ;is to wiiiti^r with but
small loss, 1 lie\ are wril adaplcd i o our cold climate:
.-iiid as t liey liri'ed up heller th:in any ol her race of
bees known, they l)ec(nne ot murli impor aiu'e to
both .Nnrt hern and Sonthci n bee-U'cper-. Seiul for
<Mrcidarl.i .JOIIS A.1S l>li li\\!ri,

/^»f fo/js MillH. Wnt^lt. Co., A. Y.

Sections, Bee= Hives,

and other Bee=

Keepers' Appliances

at Bed=rock Prices.

Best of Goods at Lowest Prices.

Write for free, illustrated catalogue

and Price List.

6. B. Lewis Co,, Watertown, Wis.

WALTER S, POUDER,

162 Mass. Ave. Indianapolis, Ind.

Stand.Trd Grinds — Popular

Cts — C.Ttalogue Frt-e.

BU**V BKK»'»

A book telling how to man-

aee them-iocis in stamps; or free to

tliose sending names of 5 bee-keepers

UES!!

A SUPPLIES
of Bee keeper.

BEE HIVES.

SECTIONS. rOTCDATION
Price List Free. ^'

Geo Eall. Frenchville. Tremp. Co., Wis.

Miss E Bianconcini. Bolcgna. Italy.

Piu-e lialian C)iieeii> loi- Anu'r'c.-i, ■f.'.' On.
•' Aii.str.-dia, .«.0().

)oukHai3

^ ' DElVoTE.b]

•To'Be.ei_ ^
•andHoNEY-
•MD HOME,

^PuBlliHEDBY^^-M^OOl'

Vol. XXII.

MAR. 15, 1894.

No. 6.

Please rise and tell what " an average
crop " means.

Dishes prepared with honey at one of
Nero's suppers are said tu have cost $160,000.

Bee-keepits"g is to be taught at the Univer-
sity of California. Prof. Cook lives in Cali-
fornia.

The Langdon nonswarmer is a great suc-
cess in at least one direction — it keeps down
drones.

The iiush-up treatment for adulteration
seems to be given up, and " fight" is the word
all along the line.

Michigan, Vermont, Rhode Island, Califor-
nia, Nebraska — not a bad list of States with ex-
perimental bee-stations.

Five carloads of glucose were used by one
firm in adulterating honey in California, ac-
cording to Mr. Levering, in Cal. convention.

The right space between top-bars being
asked for in A. B. J.. I was surprised to see
that more of the repliers agreed upon J^ inch
than upon any other distance.

Wasps have the credit of making the break
in fruit, which is followed up by the bees. With
me it's birds and not wasps that make holes
shaped like dumb-bells, in grapes.

The king -bird gets a good word in A. B. J.
from Will A. Bryan, taxidermist in Iowa Agr.
Coll. He thinks it eats enough noxious insects
to pay for the few bees it gobbles, and eats bees
only when other insects are scarce.

I thought I had seen sections as smooth as
they could be made But now come some from
Medina with not a scratch of sandpaper or
mark of plane to show they were made smooth.

Just looks like they " growed " smooth. What
a world of progress it is!

Less brains are said to be needed to raise
extracted than comb honoy. I'm getting to
doubt that. A viler article of extracted can be
thrown on the market by the novice than he
can possibly get the bees to seal up in comb.

Robbers. Pres. Mclntyre used a trap, re-
moved the hive that was being robbed, put in
its place the trap, and caught all the robbers.
At night the robbers were released, and seldom
commenced operations the next day.— Cal. con-
vention report in A. B. J.

British bee-keepers are so stirred up as to
the importation of foreign honey that the B. B.
J. says, " If we devoted space to all the copy
sent for publication, referring directly or indi-
rectly on the foreign-honey question, ....
there would be little room for aught else."'

Vanit,i.a seemed to be used in flavoring some
honey I took this year, the finest I ever tasted,
and I sampled some of the same that Editor
York raised. A sample sent to Medina was
pronounced extra clover, but I never tasted va-
nilla in clover before. Wish I knew what it
was.

Quite an improvement in the pages of
Gleanings to have the name of the author at
the head of an article. The old way was much
like introducing a speaker to an audience after
he had finished his speech, or putting the name
of an author at the end of his book.

Say, Rambler, from the way Eugenia holds
up her chin, slie'll make you dance and skip to
another tune when she settles down on you.
You'll not be an "eversteamed friend," you'll
be a " roasted" one. [How do you know, Doc-
tor? Have you been there?— Ed. J

One-sixth of an inch is about the right size
for perforations in queen-excluders. That's
tV"}^, and 105 to 170 seems agreed on. One-sixth
is easier said and remembered. [We have wish-

230

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mak. 15.

ed before that we might have an easier figure
to remember, and here we liave it. Just J of an
inch.— Ed.]

I DID SUPPOSE there was at least one place
where I could have the last say: but the editor
seems to be so overstocked with those "ever-
lasting footnotes" that he has to pack some of
them away in straw. I don't know what I can
do unless I get a new editor with no footnotes
attached.

Fun w^as poked at me for talking about
making foundation on a press without sheeting.
On inquiry I find that a metal press, the Riet-
sche, has been in use for ten years, the wax pour-
ed in the press without sheeting, and that fiOOO
such presses are now in use. Will Review and
Progressive please correct?

The plan to estimate the comb-honev crop
by the number of sections sold by manufactur-
ers fell through because all would not tell, and
I'm not at liberty to give any of the partial fig-
ures sent to me: but one thing 1 think I may
tell; and that is, that I was astonished at the
large amount manufactured by some of what
1 thought the little concerns.

Friend A. I., you say of that new forage-
plant, the Wagner pea, that you are properly
excited about, "We do not know whether it
yields honey or not." If you will rake over the
Straws in Jan. l.'Jth Gleanings, you will find it
is "a new honey-plant that's getting a boom
across the water." According to accounts in
German bee- journals, it's well worth atrial.

It's queer that in Germany all honor is giv-
en to Dzierzon and none to Langstroth, and in
America the case is reversed. If I am not mis-
taken, the two great men worked independent-
ly, each knowing nothing of the work of the
other, and both are entitled to the highest
praise. I'm glad for the sake of the younger
bee-keepers to see that sketch of Dzierzon by
friend Mathey.

Thanks, Mr. Editor, for the item (p. 19.5),
" Confusion in the use o terms." But in the
9th line, please say " a " instead of " the same."
For the colony before swarming is not the
"same collection of bees" as the swarm. Now
let's stop saying " rabbet " when we mean " sup-
port, and " hatch " when we mean "emerge."
After the hatching from the egg there's no oth-
er hatching. [We will agree to the correction
on the word swarm, but we protest hard against
trying to change the name of two well-known
apicultural terms. They have been in use too
long to change; in fact, it can't be done now.
We say, the " sun rises," but the phrase is as in-
accurate as rabbet for support. But why should
we change ? The use of " rabbet " and " hatch "
causes no confusion. We would try to change
a word only when, for example, like swarm, it
makes confusion. Some of John Phin's defini-
tions are more nice than practicable. — Ed.]

EXTRACTED VERSUS COMB HONEY.

the shallow extracting supers; more
than twick as much extracted

AS COMB.

Dij J. A. NaslL

My first extractor— the " Peabody" — looked
like the family wash-boiler mounted on a pivot.
A peg, semi-centrally located on top of the can,
served as a handle, and a comb was hung in
each end. As compared with modern extractors
this was decidedly crude; but it was a great
improvement on the first extractor.

This was before the days of sections, and our
apiary was arranged to produce comb honey in
small boxes with glass sides — six of these cov-
ering the top of a Langstroth hive. Here I got
my first lessons in tiering up.

For many years I have produced comb and
extracted honey in the same apiary, though the
greater part of the time the comb honey has
been a side issue. I have kept accurate ac-
counts of profit and loss, and know that the pro-
duction of extracted honey is more profitable
with me than comb.

Now, while I have had a single colony store
a greater amount, I have never been able to
make a large number average more than .50 or
60 lbs. of section honey to the colony, while
colonies in the same yard, run for extracted
honey, have averaged from 135 to 1(50 lbs. I
will say right here, that, when I make up my
average of surplus, I deduct the honey in combs
(sometimes a large amount) kept for feeding,
and speak only of what is actually surplus and
for sale. I seldom if ever molest the brood -
chamber when extracting, but often put combs
of sealed honey below, as bees are not apt to
crowd the queen when plenty of room is given
above, but the contr.. *■ is often the case.

In poor seasons the di rence between comb
and extracted is, with me, still more marked
than in good ones, as I have several times ob-
tained, by the use of shallow extracting-cases,
20 to 30 lbs. to the colony, when the foundation
in sections in the same yard would be merely
drawn a little, or perhaps a few sections partly
filled, and therefore unsalable.

Of course, the bees run for extracted honey
were provided with empty combs. Where a
part of the apiary had to build combs above,
they usually stored a little more than those
working in small boxes or sections, an illustra-
tion of the fact that bees will build more in one
large box than in several small ones.

I clip all my queens, and, with colonies run
for extracted honey. I have little or no trouble
with swarming. The hives are close to the
ground, and a board leans against the alight-

1894

GLBANiNGlS IN BEE CULTURE.

•:i'.'A

ing-board of each hivo, permitting the return of
the queen in case of swarming. Once in a
while she enters another hive, but what is tlie
odds? The bees are there to rear another in-
stead of decamping to the woods, and the next
season you clip in that hive a young and vigor-
ous queen.

By clipping queens, using shallow cases filled
with empty combs and self-spacing frames, I
can care for4(K) colonies, and do it easier than I
could handle half that number storing in sec-
tions, as bees never swarm much if supplied at
the proper time with empty combs.

The extracting is done at the close of the sea-
son, and there should be empty combs on hand
to hold all the honey each colony can gather
in a good season— see page 883, 1893. Another
thing, in case of fall bloom, bees are often slow
about building new comb in cool nights. Here
the empty comb comes in play again. I have
often had colonies take the "swarming fever."
and swarm out from under the sections, when
other colonies worked steadily on in the extract-
ing-cases.

Perhaps some one will say, " Mr. N., you don't
know how to manage a comb-honey apiary." I
most candidly admit that this may be true; but
I will also say that I should prefer to raise the
comb honey exclusively if I could make it pay
as well as extracted.

Monroe, la.

[Some later estimates seemed to show that
■only a little more extracted than comb could
be produced, and some have gone so far as to
say that no more can be produced. We suspect
that the truth lies between friend Nash and
those who take the other extreme. Under
average conditions, from the very nature of
things, more extracted than comb must neces-
sarily be produced. For the latter, the bees
must work in smaller compartments — a condi-
tion not exactly to their liking — and must also
<lraw out the comb; I.e., make storage room as
well as to store it. In the case of the former,
combs are, or should alway be, in readiness,
and all the bees have to do is to store it, and
that, too, in roomy combs.

This is a practical question, and will bear
fuither discussion.— Ed.]

ENTRANCES TO AN APIARY.

DIAGNOSIXti COLONIKS FJiOM OUTSIDE INDICA-
TIONS; SO.MK GOOD SUGGESTIONS.

BU C. W. Dayton.

Placing hives near together saves travel, and
land where space is limited; but when every
thing is considered, it is advisable to space them
about seven feet apart, and face the entrances
in one direction, which is, toward the honey-
house or work-shop, that all the entrances may
be seen at the same time.

Thus arranged it forms what may be termed
a face or countenance for the apiary, and is of
equal importance to having the scholars in a
schoolroom facing the master. If a queen is
lost, the store of food is gone, or a colony is pre-
paring to swarm, there is usually an indication
of it in the maneuvers of the bees at the en-
trance. Much can be learned as to the state
of the colonies by walking along and glancing
at the rows of entrances in the evening. If
some colonies roar louder than others it will be
found that it is because they either are stronger
in bees or are gathering more honey; and it is
not always necessary to take the combs out of
the hives, but, it may usually be determined by
the dropping of loaded bees at the entrance, or
the appearance of bits of new wax on the
combs, on simply removing the covers.

When it is dark, and all the bees have retired
within the hives, and a colony is heard to mut-
ter in a restless fashion, it should be made a
subject for examination the next day.

Again, in the early morning it may be noticed
that some colonies are exceptionally lively at
the entrances, and have brought out dirt, pieces
of comb, and dead bees. This may indicate
that the brood-space or space for new honey is
being enlarged, ytrength of colonies, or the
evaporation of honey, is also denoted by the
amount of moisture which condenses on the
alighting-board — the breath of the colony, so to
call it.

A few bees at the entrance, in a disturbed
mood, when all the rest are still, may be caused
by the loss of their queen, which may be car-
ried out and dropped near by, and be easily dis-
covered in the morning; and, later in the day,
when the bees come to lly, a little bunch of
"mourners" will collect around the dead queen,
and more bees than usual stand idly about the
front of the hive.

As the apiarist reviews the colonies some
morning, he might be heard to remark in sur-
prise. " Well, those bees in this hive are- rust-
lers," noting an entrance where the bees are
passing out and returning much more lively
than at others. Examination of the combs
shows that they are getting honey or pollen,
continuing right on, even in the rain — utiliz-
ing every minute of sunshine, while many oth-
er colonies are doing nothing, and are slow to
put on business airs when the sun shines and
honey has become quite plentiful in the llowers.

In the season of 1891, while mowing before
the hives early in the morning, one hive was
noticed where the bees seemed to be always
out. CouLinulng to rise earlier and earlier,
these bees were found dropping down upon the
alighting-bDard wiih heavy loads, while it was
yet quite dark — so dark that the incoming
workers could not be seen until they had alight-
ed at the entrance. They held out thus indus-
trious all through the fall; and where no other
colony laid up above two or three pounds of fall

322

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mar. 1.5.

honey, this colony stored between thirty and
forty. When one-half or less of the entrances
in the apiary are visible we do not record these
exceptional colonies, because of the liability of
the other half containing several even more in-
dustrious ones.

By observing the progress of the colonies all
the time, from early spring up to the honey-
harvest, the surplus-receptacles may be placed
on the right colonies at tlie right time instead
of watching the progress in the receptacles and
making numerous changes and surprising mis-
takes after the harvest begins. The peculiar
traits of the different colonies from which to
rear queens will also be known.

[Mr. Dayton mnkes an excellent point liere; viz.,
entrance diagnosis from day to day will determine
better than any other means wliat colonies will be
likely to require supers before otliers.— Ed ]

In no country is this study of the bees more
neglected than in California. If the bees are
not managed entirely by hired help, the owner
seldom spends more than four or six weeks in
the apiary, during the harvesting of the annual
crop — a season of fatiguing labor, stings, and
perspiration. The apiarists, or bee-owners, are
mostly nurserymen, fruit-growers, shoe, har-
ness, and dry-goods merchants, grocers, hotel-
keepers, tradesmen, dairymen, stock - buyers,
small capitalists, etc. The bees, fixtures, and
land occupied is called a "bee-ranch." The
prominent distinction between a ranch and a
farm is, that a ranch is a place where laboring
people and animals stay, while a farm includes
a home. An apiary may be a place where bees
are fecpt for love, study, and improvement. A
ranch is a place where bees sUiy so long as they
are a profitable speculation. If they are black
bees it is all the same— stings belong to the hir-
ed help, and starving colonies to dry years, not
always.

The bee-keeper who spends no more than six
weeks in a year with the bees can not learn
enough about them to create a desire for the
improvement of stock or fixtures, any more
than the i)oy can get an education by attending
school but six weeks in the year.

In my last article I said considerable about
chapparal, thinking chapparal and greasewood
to be one and the same plant, as I had several
times been told. I have since learned that they
are somewhat dift'erent. Wherever I used
chapparal it should be changed to greasewood.
Chapparal grows there, but not so much as
greasewood (or chemice).

Downey, Cal., Feb. 18.

[The main reason why we have the entrances
face dift'erent directions at our apiary is, that
the bees may lie better able to mark their en-
trances. The similarity of the grapevines, the
absence of other foliage or stumi)s, and other
distinguishing objects, render this necessary;
but in many localities a stump here, a shrub
here,][a mound there, trees of various sizes

throughout the apiary, serve to mark each lo-
cality, and hence there would be a big advan-
tage in having the entrances all one way. We
have diagnosed colonies at the entrances in
much the same way as Mr. Dayton speaks of;
and was and is quite a hooby of ours.— Ed.]

CALIFORNIA ECHOES.

By Rambler.

When that dairyman gets the honey-and-but-
ter scheme to going, I wonder if he will also
persist in mixing glucose with it. "No rose
without its thorn."

Mr. Heddon thinks we ought to keep very
quiet about this adulteration business. Mr. F.
H. Hunt also thinks there is a great deal too
much said about it.

If California has produced 5,000.000 lbs. of
honey, it has been made into 10,000.000 by the
addition of glucose, and the addition has been
put on by the dealers.

The use of barrels or 60-lb. cans for market-
ing honey holds out an inducement for the mix-
ing process. This in(iucement to manipulate
would certainly be le?s if the honey were put
in .5 and 10 lb. packages. Can we make a break,
and put up our honey for the consumers instead
of the dealer?

That is a practical question advanced by Mr.
Heddon, wherein he writes of the maximum
and minimum cost of production. Where does
it cost the most, and where the least, to produce
honey? From the number that are coming to
California to produce honey, this must be the
minimum country.

In your answer to F. L. S., of Minnesota, in
relation to net profit per hive, is perhaps as
good a guess as any one can give. One hun-
dred pounds per colony of extracted honey is
considered a light yield here; but taking it one
year with another I think 150 lbs. would be the
average yield, which would make the net profit
a little more than you put it.

Cigar-stumps in a gill of boiling water will
route like enchantment an army of robbers; so
says a Straw. Robbers carried ofT for us l.'S
colonies of bees, 11 cans of honey, 20 lbs. of
beeswax, and an old coat. Wish we had known
about that cigar-stump plan. No tise crying
over it now, though; will know how to proceed
next time. Many thanks. Dr. M.

What a cold time that was over in Texas, as
recorded in the ^i. B. J., by Mrs. Atchley! Ice
an inch thick! That's away ahead of semi -trop-
ic California. We thought it very cold here,
with ice half an inch thick. Some of our or-
anges were spoiled; but with an inch of ice,
and a blizzard, we should have all perished.
Come to California, Mrs. A., where we have a
salubrious climate.

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

223

AN APICULTURAL RAMBLE IN RUSSIA.

Bu Karl Rudolpli Mathen.

Like a bee that gathers honey diligently all
day. and returns home at night wearied, laden
with honey and pollen, so I came home each
evening to my dwelling, richly laden with in-
tellectual treasures which, throughout the day,
I had gathered in cities, villages, woods, and
fields, in churches, and during hours of medita-
tion, in public places and in private houses.
The evenings were spent in distilling the newly
gathered material. The results attained were
sketched down in a book and rewritten.

In Europe the largest state is Russia; and as
I have already begun with the apiculture of

RUSSIAN SCENE.

that country, we will first, by word and picture,
consider Russian forest apiculture.

Here is to be seen, true to nature, a Bashkir
bee-hive in the forest; and the reader who has
been kind enough to follow me so far will here
see the bee-keeper taking a look at his bees in
winter, to see whether or not the provisions are
lacking in either hive. Let us look at the tall
tree a little more particularly— the one the bee-
keeper has begun to climb in order to examine
his bees, which are located in three dug-out
cavities above; and woe to him if, on his way
down, he slips from such a height. By means
of a rope made fast to a wooden cask, the gath-

ered honey is let down from above and taken to
the house, where the clarifying process begins.
The honey is first laid in a sieve, through
which it trickles, and this is put on the niarkcit
as "drop honey." That remaining in the
combs is put into a kettle on the hearth, and
cooked out and used in various ways for culi-
nary purposes, but more particularly in the
manufacture of " honey brandy " and " mead."
At the left of the picture we s(ie a colony rigged
up for summer.

As the pasturage for the bees in the woods
opens earlier and lasts later, it follows that
this sylvan apiculture is much more profitable
than that carried on in the open fields. In the
forest there are many alder, hazel, and other
trees, from which the bees, even as early as the
middle of March, can gather pollen,
while, on the contrary, in many
places in the open country this early
Masturage is entirely lacking, or, at
i"^st, hardly to be found earlier
tlian April; hence earlier swarms
in wooded localities may be expect-
ed. The yield from such hives is
always large as compared with the
regular culture of tame bees.

Now, as the owner of such forest-
bees can not protect them from
enemies and thieves, it has been
found advantageous to locate them
near by, and arrange them so that
the bees may be sheltered, and the
honey cut out conveniently.

Russia has also many great bee-
keepers. Among the most promi-
nent may be mentioned the Prus-
sian nobleman Alexander Michail-
owitsch von Butlerow, Professor of
Medicine and Chemistry in St. Pe-
tersburg, who died in 1887. Dr. M.
was the founder of the movable
system of frames in all _ Russia.
Through the labors of Dr. M., his
countrymen were enlightened as to
bees, and'their habits and anatomy.
In order to enlighten his fellow-
countrymen as to the merits of
rational bee culture and a movable
frame. Dr. I\L wrote a bee-book entitled "The
Bee and its Life; the Chief Rules of Rational
Apiculture Applied to Northern Climates."
The book awakened great interest in Russia,
and was crowned with the golden medal; and
the Royal Economic Society of Russia scat-
tered 20,000 copies. It has also been translated
into Polish. Dr. Michailowitsch had, upon his
old native place in Butlerow, an apiary with
over KJO colonies, and carried on the raising of
queens there extensively, and this apiary was
managed by himself. He cultivated all known
races, especially the Italian and Caucasian;
and his hives were also samples from all parts

<)•") J.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mar 15.

of the world; but they were moditied outwardly
so as to correspond to their cold northern
climate.
Medina, O., Feb. 5.

RAMBLE 104.

RIDES AND talks; THOSE BIG CALIFORNIA
YIELDS OF HONEY.

"Hello, Mr. Rambler! There was a stout-
looking fellow inquiring for you the other day.
He had a double-barrel shot-gun and a whole
row of loaded cartridges around his body; didn't
seem to have blood in his eye, but still I thought
he might be a dangerous fellow."

"Oh! no, neighbor; that fellow is not dang(ir-
ous. That was a bee-keeping friend of mine
who lives in East Riverside, and his name is
Unterkircher."

"What! Unklekitcher?"

"No, no! Unter — kircher."

"Wall, I declare! wonder if that was the
last name given to man."

" No, neighbor, there sc(>med to be several
names sort o' tangled, and this is one of them.
It is a German name. Unter means under in
English, and kircher means kicker, I guess.
We'll call it that, anyway— Underkicker."

"But, neighbor, what's in a name? Accord-
ing to Shakespeare, the rose would look just as
pretty if called a burdock."'

" That stout-looking fellow has done the un-
der kicking on an apiary during the past season,
and kicked out over 15 tons of honey."

" Je-whitliker! is thatso? Well, now, he is
some pumpkins;" and my neighbor went on his
way, muttering " Underkicker — 15 tons of honey
— Jerusha!"

I was in hopes to have this 15-ton honey-man
at the convention in Los Angeles; but la grippe
laid him low about that time, and I had to make
preparations to leave without him.

It was my intention to get off at an early
hour the day previous to the convention. I had
some fears of being intercei)ted by a constable.
After going around with Mr. Moflfat and the
officer, as described in Ramble 10:2, they consid-
ered me a good witness; but matters and things
seemed to go wrong that morning. When at-
tached to the cart, Vixen, instead of starting
off in a civilized way. sat down. After several
other antics I raced her around the house and
was just ready to start for the railroad when
Mr. Hunt put in an appearance. Matters per-
taining to beedom had to be considered, when,
of course, the constable had to put in his ap-
pearance with his subpoena, and I missed the
morning train. I hustled for the next one, how-
ever, and caught it, and about dark I was land-
ed at the door of our treasurer, Mr. Woodbury,
in Verdugo. I found Mr. W. had completed his
tunnel for water that he was at work upon
when Mr. Corey and I visited him. A windmill

was merrily whirling, pumping water for vari-
ous uses. No mishap had marred the comfort
of that tunnel except the entrance of a skunk,
which had odorized the water and surroundings
to a considerable extent for several days.

After the buzzing of our convention was end-
ed, and the bee-keepers had gone to their hives,
as the dailies rendered it, I accepted the hospi-
tality of Mr. Brodbeck. and prepared to accom-
pany him to his residence in South Los Angeles.
Mr. B. is not a very boastful man; but since he
had partaken of my delicious flap-jacks he had
thrown out various tantalizing hints about his
superior cooking, even if he was a benedict,
and he boldly challenged me to come and see.
Before entering the electric car he led the way
to a shop kept by an individual termed a cater-
er. I kept my eyes open to see what such a per-
son was made for. The various mottoes on the
walls all bore gastronomic sentiments — "Hot
boiled tongue," "Quirks of sausage." "Corn

^^^^ >yo|Jfa abler! Guess uou
^""^ ^ W W° ^""^^ 0/ these caters."^."

pones,'' "Doughnuts, such as your grandma
made." The more of them you read, the hun-
grier you get. I had just concluded to cater on
some nice sliced ham when Mr. B. drew my at-
tention to the fact that he had more cater bun-
dles than he could manage, and I came to his
rescue. A caterer's shop, as I understand it, is
a place where they create an aching void in
your stomach, and then sell you cooked food,
sliced and mashed, ready to fill said void.
When Los Angelans think of getting a regular
meal they say, "Shall we cook or cater?" In
this case, with my friend it was cater; and
when we arrived at the Brodbeck mansion, and
Mrs. B. had returned from the school near by,
where she is a teacher, Mr. B. spread out his
prepared food on the table, and exclaimed,
"There, Mr. Rambler, see what a cook am I,"
just as though catering can compare with the

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

self-sacrilicing bachelor plan. There was no
boasting at onr breakfast, for Mrs. B. seemed
to be in command, and the cookery was more
domestic and anti-eater.

Catering is carried on extensively in IjOS An-
geles; but in our rural towns catering is in its
embryo condition. There's merely a plain sign,
"groceries," over the door, and inside there are
more babies and dirt than (eatables,
and you get a sudden desire to cater
somewhere else.

INIr. B. still drives the horse that
has don<^ such good service in his
Arrowhead apiary. His city life
has not been very laborious, and
his ribs were covered with several
inches of adipose (the horse's ribs,
not Mr. H.'s). While helping Bro.
1{. harness, my previous experience
with mules had made me shy of
heels. I avoided that portion of the
horse: but Mr. B. quickly observed
it and remarked, " Don't be alarm-
ed. Prince never kicks. Why, a
dozen dogs may bark all around him — he won't
mind them."

We had a pleasant ride through some of the
principal streets of the city; called upon
Messrs. Bennett, who are dealing in supplies;
also called upon G. G. Wickson & Co.^ who have
a full line of supplies from the " Home of the
Honey-bees." The Cowan extractor was ex-
amined and whirled, and we noted that the
prospect for a large sale of them in California
was good for the coming year. Messrs. Wick-
son's store, being at 221 South Broadway, near
the business center of the city, is something of
a rendezvous for bee-keepers when they come
to town, and there's always something apicul-
tural or agricultural to look at.

Our rides and our walks were well occupied
in talks of bees, honey, and conventions, and
the future prospects of our industry. Itseemed
that the honey business was getting on well in
California, when our producers, like W. T.
Richardson, could report 64 tons of honey, and
a dozen more well toward it; and it was also
quite marked that there was no secret about it.

The Rambh^r well remembers that, in his na-
tive State of New York, it was the practice and
the teaching of a number of tlie large producers
of lioni-y to suppress and keep secret the
amount of their honey-yields. The idea was,
if you have a good thing, hold fast to it, and
keep everybody else out. The p-lan works suc-
cessfully to drive people out; but a poor plan
by which to build up or settle a country. There
has been a question recently raised as to the
respective place California or New Yorkstiould
occupy in relation to honey production. If
New York wishes to make good its claim to the
greater amount, the honey-producers, notably of
Mohawk, should come out of their shell and
put their yields alongside ours: then there will

be some chance to get at tln^ real amount for
the State.

It occurs to the RambliT that the question
can be illustrated by the old-fashioned see-saw,
where the see is on the part of New York, for
they are elevated. Coggshall seems to b(! the
next man to conn! ov6r to us. The California
end hides nothing under a secret. Come over,

gents, and enjoy the open-handed liberality of
our genial clime. There's room for 300,(X)0
more.

After Mr. Brodbeck and I had enthused about
bees all over town we returned to South Los
Angeles; the big horse actually put on a 4.99
gait, and, when near home, joyfully kicked up
his heels « ia Vixen. No doubt there was an
understanding between horse and owner on pur-
pose to surprise the Ramblek.

ALSIKE.

CROSS BEES; COKKECT SPACING OF FRAMES.

B\i M. W. Shephrrd.

The article of M. M. Baldridge, " Does Alsike
Clover Pay?" should be answered yes; itmakes
better hay and pasture than do the red cLovers;
it furnishes a large amount of honey for the
bees to gather, and it does not winter-kill as
the red clover does. Its long fibrous roots hold
it in the ground when red clover will have no
root -hold at all.

We should like to ask Dr. Miller if lie ever
killed a queen to gei rid of cross bees, and found
that the progeny of the new queen were crosser
than ever the others were. Also, is r not gen-
erally the case that, if a queen does not get fer-
tilized until she is ten or fifteen days old, her
progeny are cross and disagreeable to handle?

On page 94 there is an article on " How to
Advertise Honey." The very best advertise-
ment is to sell nothing but what yon can put
your guarantee on first, last, and always.
Such advertising always has a tendency to
create a demand beyond the supply, while an
advertisement covering a wholepage would not
hold a good market for a poor article for any
length of time.

226

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mar. 15.

The correct spacing of frames is a subject of
much interest to the bee-keeper, and also a sub-
ject on which there is a very wide latitude of
opinion. "Major Shallard " tells us to space
our frames l>g inches from center to center, to
prevent bridging and bracing. Several years
ago J. E. Pond, in Gi-eanings (I think), told
us to space frames Iji from center to center for
the purpose of causing the bees to enter more
readily the surplus-apartment. At that time
but little attention was given to bridge and
brace combs, but we soon found out that close
spacing did cause the bees to enter more readily
the boxts; and we found that we were not
troubled with bridge or brace combs to any
great extent. We also found that close spacing
caused combs to be built clear down to the bot-
tom-bar of the frame, and we are inclined to the
opinion that close spacing has a tendency to re-
strict the raising of drones; yet as to this last
we do not feel confident of the truth of the idea.

Don't drop those footnotes.

Rochester, Ohio, Feb. 10.

[This question is discussed further under
Trade Notes.— Ed.]

SYRUP FOR SPRING FEEDING.

FULL PARTICULARS ON HOW TO MAKE IT

WITH A percolator; how to

MAKE A PERCOLATOR.

By Dr. J. T. BeaJl.

How and when to feed are questions which I
shall leave to those of larger and riper experi-
ence to answer, while I shall attempt to offer
some suggestions upon that other but not less
important phase of the question, What shall we
feed ?

Sugar syrup seems to be the most available
material for the purpose; but there are various
objections to its use as ordinarily prepared. I
am satisfied that the mode of preparation
which I shall now attempt to describe (but for
which I do not claim originality) will overcome
many if not all of these objections.

THE APPARATUS.

Procure a five-gallon tin can having a honey-
gale at the bottom. Punch three or fourvery
small holes, about equal distances apart, one
and a half inches from the top of the can. For
convenience we will call this can the receiver.
Now have another five-gallon can made so that
it will fit into the top of the receiver about one
inch. The bottom of this can (which wo will
call the "percolator") should be made in the
shape of a funnel, with a slightly tapering noz-
zle one inch long and ^.i inch in diameter at the
outlet. Into the nozzle of the funnel fit a cork
having several vertical grooves ^g inch deep
cut in its circumference. Now pack the funnel
end of the percolator with a good quality of
cotton previously saturated with water, and

well squeezed out. A loose-fitting cover com-
pletes the percolator.

THE PROCESS.

Fill the percolator about two-thirds full of
granulated sugar, and then pour in cold water
until the can is about full. Soft water is pref-
erable. The first half-gallon of syrup which
passes into the receiver should be returned to
the percolator, as it will be too light. All that
is necessary now is to keep pouring in sugar
and cold water occasionally, and to draw off
the syrup as it accumulates in the receiver.
Always keep enough sugar in the percolator to
cover the cotton to a depth of about two inches.
It is not necessary to weigh the sugar nor mea-
sure the water. Just keep up the supply of ma-
terial, and the apparatus, like the Kodak, " does
the rest."

THE PRODUCT.

Technically this is a saturated solution of
pure sugar. It is a clear, clean, transparent
liquid, having a specific gravity of 1.356. It is
perfectly stable in any climate, will never sour
nor granulate. It is heavier than any stable syr-
up that can be made by heat, and it is never
overdone nor underdone. The heaviest syrup
that can be made by heat (the officinal simple
syrup of the U. S. Pharmacopoeia) has a specific
gravity of 1.317, and is liable to ferment as well
as to deposit crystals.

The slight yellow tinge is due to the fact that,
as the syrup passes through the percolator, the
ultramarine (which is used by sugar-refiners
for substantially the same reason that the
laundress uses indigo) is left behind, and will
be found in the cotton packing.

Just how inimical this substance is to the bee
economy I am not prepared to say; but I feel
safe in asserting that, as Jake Smith would
say, " it doant do no pertickler good." I am
convinced, however, that the most deleterious
substances found in sugar syrup, as usually
made, are the result of faulty methods of man-
ufacture.

This apparatus can be placed in any out-of-
the-way corner, and requires very little atten-
tion after once "getting the run of it." Unlike
the old method of making syrup on the kitchen
stove, there are no fires to keep up, no dauby,
sticky utensils for the wife to clean, no burned
fingers, and no " swear words."

The cotton, which should be of the best qual-
ity, must be renewed occasionally: but one
packing will be sufficient for at least half a bar-
rel of syrup. Although this syrup comes drop
by drop, the process goes on. with unvarying
regularity, 24 hours every day; and a few min-
utes' attention twice or three times a day is all
that is required. By having the sugar-barrel
and water-supply convenient, and arranging a
barrel or other suitable receptacle under the
honey-gate, the labor is minimized to the last
degree.

To any one who may be inclined to think this

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

227

process too slow I have only to say, try it and
prepare for a pleasant surprise. Lastly, this
syrup is of such a consistency that it is imme-
diately available for use by the bees, requiring
no evaporation after being placi-d in the cells.
Ontario, Ohio, Feb. 8.

[We have never ihade syrup with a percola-
tor; but as the doctor seems to be perfectly fa-
miliar with the subject we have decided to give
it a test. The trouble of using heat, boiling
over, soiling stoves, etc., is enough to warrant
every one giving the plan a trial.— Ed.]

MANTJM IN THE APIARY.

THE I.ANOnON NON-SWAKMEK NOT A SUCCESS
WITH HIM LAST SKASON, AND WHi'.

Bij A. E. Maimm.

" Now let me see, Scott. I believe you asked
me before dinner how I liked this non-swarm-
ing plan, and if I could recommend it to others.
My answer is, that one season's trial of a new
method of management is hardly sufficient to
test thoroughly its real worth, and determine
upon its i"eal practicability. As the seasons
vary so much it is hardly safe for the apiarist
to take a decided stand for or against any thing
new that may come to light in apiculture. I
have misjudged new ideas and theories so many
times that I have learned to be very careful,
and to weigh all things before adopting or lay-
ing them aside. But so far as I have tested this
new plan I am not favorably impressed with it.
I have, however, experimented more or less the
past three years on a plan of my own, the prin-
ciple of which is very similar to this, but with-
out attaining perfect success, though I am
hopeful that I may be more successful next sea-
son, as I aim to try it again, with some new ad-
ditions to the plan I adopted last year."

'■ Did any of these 16 colonies swarm or offer
to swarm ?" asks Scott.

" Yes. Six of them built queen-cells, and
two of the six swarmed. It happened in this
way: On two of the stands — each occupying
two colonies— the colonies, four of them, were
of equal strength, all being strong, and all pre-
pared to swarm, each one starting queen-cells
while they had the bulk of the bees from their
companion hive; and upon reversing the force
of bees the reduced hive did not destroy their
queen-cells soon enough to admit of giving
them the working force before their companion
colony cast a swarm. Hence, here lies the diffi-
culty: When two colonies, of equal strength
and advancement, are worked together while
reducing one to prevent it from swarming, the
other will swarm; but where one is strong, and
the other only medium, or one is a week behind
the other in the preparation of swarming, the
plan will work completely to prevent swarming;
but the apiarist must be on the alert, and at-

tend to business; and, besides, he must know
the exact condition of his bees at certain pe-
riods."

"How about the storing of surplus? It is
claimed that, by this method, more honey will
be stored."

" Yes, I know that is the claim set forth; but,
that has not been my experience, but, rather,
the reverse. These 16 colonies have not given
me any surplus, while my other bees in this
yard have averaged 38 lbs. per colony. This
fact has puzzled me more than any other one
thing in connection with this plan. The shift-
ing of the bees from one hive to the other every
five or six days seemed to demoralize them to
the extent that the storing of surplus honey
was out of the question; and, moreover, you
will observe that they are very short of stores,
even in the brood-chamber— so much so that I
must very soon feed them unless buckwheat
favors us with a fair yield."

" I suppose that, since these colonies have re-
tained their queens throughout the season, they
have carried a large amount of brood, which
doubtless accounts for their being short of hon-
ey, while your other colonies have been queen-
less a good part of the time during the honey-
flow, and have, consequently, carried less brood,
and have, therefore, saved the honey that the
rearing of brood would have consumed," says
Scott.

" Yes, that is correct in theory; but in this
case it has not proved correct in practice, since
the queens in these 16 colonies have not deposit-
ed eggs to the extent that would be expected.
Why this is so I am not able to say, unless it be
that the bees and queen in the reduced colony,
finding themselves so weak in numbers, and un-
able to care for more brood, destroyed all eggs,
thereby preventing all development of brood
from that source; while the queen in the colo-
ny having all the bees, would be expected to fill
at once the empty combs with eggs after receiv-
ing the full force of bees from the othe'r hive;
but this is not the case to the extent we should
naturally expect, owing to the fact that this
queen had so recently been deprived of the
working force where her egg-producing organs
have received a check so that she hardly gets
in good condition for laying when receiving the
full force of bees before they are again taken
from her, and so on through the season. This,
therefore, is my explanation of the cause of
there not being more brood in these hives. As
soon as I noticed the effect produced upon the
functions of these queens by the shifting of the
working force of bees from one hive to the oth-
er I commenced to experiment by reversing less
often with some colonies and more often with
others. I found that, to allow the force of bees
to remain in one hive 12 days, it improved the
condition of things in the sections, and the
queen deposited eggs in the brood-combs at a
satisfactory rate. But the colony that was

J28

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mar 1."

shut off from the working force became so re-
duced in number of bees that their condition
became alarming. They became so much re-
duced that nothing remained with the queen
but a few very young bees — not nearly enough
to care for the little brood they had. I found,
by giving them the working force, there was no
gain to the apiarist, as the storing of honey in
the sections— which I had also changed — was
stopped; and after three or four days I found
that the eggs in the hive from which I had shut
off the bees were all destroyed; hence by this
transaction there was a loss in both honey and
eggs. In tlie hives where I exchanged the
working force every three days I found some-
thing of an improvement in the egg business,
as the colony that was cut off from receiving
any field -bees did not be?ome so much reduced
in numbers as to cause the wholesale destruc-
tion of ( ggs before the working force was again
turned on to the relief of this colony. I am
sorry now that I did not try one pair of liiv ■ s
by reversing the bees from one to the other
every morning. I would now, but the season is
so nearly over that I will defer the trial until
another season."

" Manum, I am very much obliged to you for
your explanation of these experiments, and
hope that ynu will be more successful witli
your expe'iments another year. I had great
hop( s that Langdon's discovery would prove a
success; and now as the hour has arrived when
If^Mistgo to the train I will bid you and Mr.
Daggett good-by."

L'Ve like the tone of your first paragraph;
that is, we like 1o see that caution or that con-
servatism, if you please, that is not inclined to
jump at conclusions, and yet, on the other hand,
is liberal enough to prove all things and choose
that which is good. Mi-. Langdon has made
some improvements as well as discoveries that
we hope will enable his device to do what was
first expected of it.— Ed.]

HOW BEES USE OLD BROOD - CAPPINGS IN
SEALING OVER HONEY.

"sandwiching" sections between brood -

nests. or between brood-combs not

satisfactory; a practical point.

By Geo. F. RobMns.

When I reaii Mr. Manura's "sandwich plan "
for prevention of swarming in connection with
the production of comb honey, in the first col-
umn of page 137, Feb. 1.5. I shook my head with
amotion that meant"! don't think that will
do." When I read further on, that the bees
were not sealing the honey as white as they
should, I said, "Just as I thought." No, Mr.
Mannm, your "sandwich plan," as you follow-
ed it. won't work. I confess I am a little sur-
prised that a man of your age, experience, and

generally keen observation, should not have
guessed that. It may prevent swarming all
light. But when a case of sections is sandwich-
ed in between two brood-cases the honey will
never be sealed white, for the reason that the
bees will work more or less of the brood-cap-
pings, as they are gnawed and dropped from
the combs above, into the honey-cappings.

Bees, you know, are pretty good housekeepers
in their way. They are both neat and econom-
ical. Cappings or gnawings of any kind, as
they fall on the floor, are dirt; and if the
weather is suitable, and they are strong and
healthy, they will allow none of it to lie there.
But while cleaning it out, taking counsel of
their economy, I suppose, they use a great deal
of it over and over again as they find it con-
venient. If you have ever had occasion to in-
sert an empty frame in the center of the brood -
nest you must certainly have noticed that they
will work some, at least, of those refuse gnaw-
ings all through the new comb. If honey is
coming in pretty freely they will not use so
much, for obvious reasons. They will use ihe
same stuff more or less, especially in sealing
the honey over, when a frame of sections is
placed next to the brood.

Some years ago I tried inserting a wide frame
of sections in the side of a ten-frame brood-
nest, and the lower tier of sections would be
capped almost a solid brown. I liave also prac-
ticed raising a few frames of brood into the up-
per story, and putting a frame of sections on
either side; but the bees would utilize so much
of these old chewed-over cappings in sealing
the honey over that I quit that. Without ever
trying it, I am sure that, to putcombs of brood
over a case of sections, would be even worse,
for the gnawings would, of course, fall through
on to the sections, and, of course, the bees
would work them into the comb very largely.
Of course, the bees never contemplate storing
honey for you or me, and they never eat the
comb themselves. Hence, to weave the old rags
or paper, so to speak, into their new fabric, is
but natural; certainly no worse than to make
the meat scraps left on the plates into hash,
as some thrifty hotel -keepers do.

Dr. Tinker, to prevent after-swarming, set a
storifying hive, from which a swarm has issued,
above the super on the hive, into which he puis
the swarm; but he uses what he calls a brood-
board between the super and the upper story.
It is, I believe, simply a ?olid board, bound, I
suppose. Willi cleats, with a single slat entrance
at one side, which would. I should think, pretty
nearly prevent this n.isuse of old brood-cap-
pings. If I should ever try this sandwiching
scheme I should certainly consider such a de-
vice an essential part of the plan.
the use of honey- boards in obtaining
nice comb honey.

I might say. In this connection, that I learned
another thing some few years ago. I used to

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

229

be greatly annoyed by queens going into the
supers and spoiling my nice honey. That was
when I set my supers next to the brood-nest.
To obviate this trouble procured a number of
wood-zinc iiont^y-boards and put tliem into use,
as also a few sheets of perforated zinc, bound
with cleats, and a few slatted honey-boards. I
soon began to notice liiat the honey stored
above these partitions averaged whiter than
that built in supers that were set down next to
the brood-frames. Repeated experiments at
length convinced me that wood-zinc honey-
boards were worth as much for that purpose,
and to keep pollen out of surplus honey, as they
were as mere queen-excluders.
Mechanicsburg, 111., .Mar. 4.
[Friend Robbins' points are well taken. From
our own experience in putting sections between
brood-chambers, or between brood-combs, we
know that the capping of such sections when
completed, take on largely, the color of the
brood-combs next to them. This is one of the
reasons why sections should be stored above
the brood-nest, rather than under or between
the two parts of the same, because the small
bits of dark wax will drop away from the super.
Apart from this, bees seem more inclined to
store the surplus above. With respect to the
honey boards there may be something in what
friend R. speaks of. Who has observed the
same regarding them, and does it appear that
there is a dilference in favor of the slatted wood
zinc, over the sheet metal bound with a wooden
frame.— Ed.]

JAKE SMITH'S LETTER.

THE SIZE OF HIVES DISCUSSED.

Mr. A. I. Gleenings—deer Sir.'— You know I
told you about Mr. Dinant, what a good bee-
keeper he was. Well, he come to dinner one
day, and we had a good time. After dinner
who should come in but Jim Short? Jim he
laffs at our makin so much fuss
with bees, and says he gits all the
honey he wants in the old-fashin-
ned way, and with only half the
trubble. Before he come we'd got
to talkin about how big it was best
to have a hive. Jim said he did-
dent go much on the size of a hive.
Says he, "In the fall I heft the
hives and take up the lightest and
the heaviest."

'• What do you take up the light-
est for?" says Mr. Dinant.

"Well," says Jim, •' if they're
light they're not apt to winter over,
so I may as well take em up. I don't
git much honey, to be sure, but I git some,
and I git some beeswax: and if I left em till
spring the bees would be all dead and they
wouldn't be neither bees nor honey."

" But why don't you keep the heaviest over
winter?" says I.

"Because I've got a sure snap of a heavy
hive, and I haint goin to take no resk. If I
take it up in the fall I'll git a good haul, and
what more do I want? I tried that thing a
fe.v times, and either they died in the winter,
or if I waited a year later they wan't so heavy."

"I think Jim isn't so far out of the way,"
savs Mr. Dinant. " A hive that's so very heavy
in hon(^y may not be very strong in bees, par-
ticklerly if they've crowded in so much honey
the queen couldn't lay. And for some reason it
seems to be understood that, when a hive is so
strong in bees, it may not winter better than
a middlin one. At any rate," says he, "it can't
be disputed that Jim does better than the aver-
age with box hives. But that isn't what we
were a talkin about. The size of hives is what
we were at, and Jim has them pirty big. I
spose that's all right for his mannidgment, but
with modern improvements a smaller hive is
best for comb honey. Nearly all agree on the
8-frame hive. But for extracted honey the 10-
frame is best."

Zed spoke up, and, says he, " What's the rea-
son it takes a bigger hive for extracted?"

"Because," says Mr. Dinant, "it's all the
same to the bees upstairs and downstairs. But
for comb honey it's different. The bees rather
store in brood-combs; and if they have more
than 8 frames then they begin to store in the :3
extra combs, and when they once git started
there they don't like to go above."

"I was a readin what big hives the Dadants
use," says Zed.

"Yes," says Mr. Dinant, "and they're good
aiVthority. But they \^ork for extracted honey."

"Yes, I know," says Zed; "they put on a
super of shallow frames, and sometimes the
frames are filled with foundation. Now the
bees fill up these frames with comb honey; and
when the harvest is over they're extracted.
The 10 big frames is best because it's to.be ex-

tracted; but if it was to be took for comb hon-
ey then 8 frames would be best. Now, what I
want to know is how the bees know beforehand
that it's to be extracted."

230

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mau. 15.

Mr. Dinant laffod, and, says he. " Why, Zed.
you're quite a tilosofer. It does look as if you've
made a point there; but then the shallow
frames are not just the same as sections, for
they're not out up into 4 inches square, and
they have no separators. Perhaps, too. the
frames of foundation are mixed with drawn-
out combs. At any rate, nearly all agree that
S frames is best. And nearly all the large hon-
ey-producers of comb honey use 8 frames— a
thing they wouldent be likely to do if it diddent
pay better than 10 frames."

Zed diddent say any more, but after they was
gone he seemed to be a studyin over it. He
seems to think the bees ought to work in sec-
tions about the same a^ in them shallow fraiues
of foundation. .Iakk Smith.
^ ^

ADULTERATION OF HONEY.

ITS OPEX AX1> rxniS(UlSKI> PKACTICK IN CAI
lFt>i;NlA.

By Pntf. A. J. Cotth.

Tins subject received much attention at the
Los Angeles meeting of the California State
Association. l)ne of the members had just
come from San Francisco, where he had been
engaged in aiTanging the honey from Southern
California for exhibition at the Mid- winter
Fair. While at the California metropolis his
attention was called to the matter of honey
adulteration in the city. Upon investigation
he found that the report was more than war-
ranted. He had no trouble in discovering, not
only the fact of adulteration, but those who
were engaged in the business. Although the
product was sold as honey — pure honey — yet
these dealers in a palpable fraud did not hesi-
tate to acknowledge their business, and told
freely that they used glucose extensively in
producing their "pure honey."' They did not
adulterate— at least, so they said— for the east-
ern markets, but only for this coast trade. It
would not pay to bring glucose to California, to
send back to the East, which seems a reasona-
ble statement.

It will be remembered, that the samples an-
alyzed by Prof. Wiley, and found adulterated
with glucose, were labeled as produced in Cali-
fornia. I remember one was labeled "'Pure
California Swt>et- clover Honey." The eastern
producer— or. better, mixer— was not informed,
or he would have put white sage in place of
white clover, as white clover is not a honey-
plant of any importance west of the Rocky
Mountains. This probably explains the •" Muth
samples.*' They were not only frauds, but the
fraud went so far as to steal Mr. Muth's good
name and reputation. Indeed. I think Mr.
Muth says that some of the labels bearing his
name were such as he had never used. We can
readily believe that a man dishonest enough to
sell a fraudulent article, would not hesitate to

profit still further by attixing the lutme of some
well-known and reliable dealer. This gentle-
man brought some samples of glucose from San
Fraiuisco. and. at my suggestion, our good
friend Prodbeck took this home and carefully
melted it and niixed it with lioney, one-fourth,
one-third, and one-half, if I remember correct-
ly, just as I did one year ago with glucose pro-
cured from a wholesale confectioner of Lan-
sing. Mich. Mr. B. brought these samples, to-
gether with the pure honey, to the convention
the next day, as I did a year ago. and with a
like result. I believe I was able to detect the
samples in order of adulteration, although I
tasted of one right after another, which, of
course, is not a fair way. as. after one has sam-
pled a mixture, the taste so reiuains in his
mouth that he is less certain. It is not at all
difhcult. even then, to detect adulteration, as it
is easv to separate the genuine honey from the
mixture. Others, at both conventions, were no
less able than myself to detect the spurious.
This glucose mixture is not only easily detected,
but. worse, it leaves a taste in the mouth which
is far from pleasant. It reminds me of the un-
pleasant etTect of taking brass into the mouth.
I am sure that such an article would soon go
begging on our table, even though we supposed
that it was pure honey.

There are. then, two serious counts against
this honey adulteration. First, it tills our mar-
kets with a cheap, fraudulent article, and so
greatly injures the market for the genuine.
Secondly, it is palpably inferior, and would
soon make the consumption of honey, good or
mixed, much less. I stated this at the conven-
tion, and all who tasted of the several mixtures
were in agreement with me, so far as I heard
expressions. Few will continue to buy honey
if this fraud is imposed upon them.

The members of the California association,
and I believe they are wise, differ entirely from
Mr. Heddon. We believe it possible to stop this
nefarious work. We believe it an injury, not
only to bee-keepers, but to all who eat honey.
We therefore believe it not only right and poli-
tic, but our duty, to agitate the matter till this
arch-enemy of the bee-keeper is dead and bur-
ied beyond all hope of resurrection.

It was resolved to urge, with all the vehe-
mence possible, that laws, both state and na-
tional, be enacted, making it a serious offense,
punishable by both fine and imprisonment, to
manufacture and sell adulterated honey, except
under its own name. This means death to the
business, as there would be no sale for the stuff
under its rightful name. We shall secure these
laws. and. thus armed, with the excellent Union
to back — or. rather, to lead us— we shall be able
to conquer this worst foe to American apicul-
ture.

The California Association appointed a wide-
awake committee on legislation, whose duty it
shall be to urge upon Congress and upon our

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

iM

State Lf^gislature the Importance of such en-
actment^i; and thl>» duty will he performed. I
can assure you. Already, the committee are
formulating a plan, and no lime will be lost in
preparing for a winning battle.

1 would urge every Stale in the country,
where the produclioti of honey is at all impor-
tant, to join us in this fight. Congress moves
with great— often provokingly grem— delibera-
tion in »iich matters. The " F^addocl< Pure-food
i;jll " wa«i an excellent one, and almost became
a law. Let us all join hands in urging that it
or anoth< r bill like it be speedily introduced
into Congress, and pre.ssed to passage. Each
State should see that its Congres^men are Mood-
fKl with p'-ti lion?. I^t us give ihern no peat-e
till this action is secured.

Claremont, Cal.

THE GLUCOSE QUESTION AT THE ILLINOIS
CONVENTION.

SHADE FOB BEES.

Tlfp; KFFKCT OF ^IIAL»K ON THK TK.MIKi:
BKKS IX CAMFOI'.MA.

Ily H>>n. J. M llamhauyh.

Ed. Gleaninrjfi:—! think I can speak in be-
half of the Illinois bee-keepers, as regards your
Slopping that " hue and cry " against adultera-
tion spoken of on page 10.5. I consider Mr.
Heddon an enemy to the cause by his course
through this whole adulteration controversy,
and we want to see that • hue and cry " hurled
at him until he will be ashamed to acknowledge
he is father to such outrageous wrongs against
the pursuit. At our last meeting of the Illinois
State Bee-keepers" Association, the following
motion was adopted relative to the petition
following it:

"That each member be requested to send a
copy of the petition to their various representa-
tives in Congress, with the solicitation of their
assistance in having it enacud into law."

TO THE HONOKABI.K THE SENATE AND HOUSE OE
REPKESENTATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES:

The Illinois State Be*^keepers' As-sorintion, in
meeting HSscmbled, by unanimous vote, petition
your liononible bodi s to make and enfon-e laws
"forb ddinsr the sale of any article under tlie name
ot'Mioney" unless it be tde natural product of
fl.jwers and p'anus. naturally jratliered Ity the bees
from the plants themselves, and marked with the
name and address of the bef-keeper.

Your petitioners further beg- leave to state, that
the "Cong-er Pure-food Bill." as pr-«**nted at the
last sessiori of Congress, is in accord with the wishes
of the association.

Now. Bro. Root, we believe this will meet an
approval with every bee-keeper in the land;
and if so, why not urge each and every one to
solicit personally, and by correspondence, their
various representatives in the halls of Congress,
to the end that something may be accomplished
in that direction? If we are in earnest in our
appeals against that hydra-hefided monster
adulterfitifjii. let us send up an appeal to the
throne that will cause our law-makers to re-
spect our interests, and do something to relieve
us from the gross wrongs and impositions heap-
ed upon us.

[See editorials.— Ed.]

Uy Wm. Mulh-Rnj-rnuniten.

Rambler has recently, on more than one oc-
casion, spoken about the viciousness of Califor-
nia bees. I beg todiffer with him. I have kept
and handled bees in this Slate for 24 years, un-
der varying circumstances, and I know that
bees are vicious only as the owner makes them
so. In Los Angeles Co. I kept my bees shaded
with sycamore branches, laid on poles supported
by f)OSt.s set in the ground. The shed was high
enough for a person to walk underneath. It
not only gave shade, but free circulation of the
air. When first put on. the shade was very
dense: but in a few days the leaves wilted
and admitted more daylight. Every fall the
branches were taken down and burned up. At
one of my apiaries, where Baldridge. Wilkin,
Corey, and many others visited me. I had only
one vicious colony out of ].'>0. and I changed
the disposition of that by changing the queen.
Visitors often expressed their surprise at seeing
me working with the bees without any protec-
tion over my head, and with my shirtsleeve^
rolled up to the elbows. I atiribnled the gen-
tleness of my bees mainly to the good shade,
which kept them comfortable, and partly to
their proximity to the house, so that they be-
came accustomed to seeing people and animals,
without fear of being molested by them.

When I settled in my present location I plant-
ed I.tO grape-cuttings, intending, in course of
time, to have a hive standing at the north side
of each vine. The first year I kept the ground
nice and clean, and the hives were exposed to
the hot sun all summer. This made the bees so
ugly that I could not go outdoors, during the
heat of the day. without having a number of
bees trying to sting me. The next year I allow-
ed the weeds to grow up all around the hives,
trampling them down only at the back of each
hive, where I had to stand when at work. The
consequence was. that the bees at the entrances
of the hives could not see what was going on
outside, and I had comparative peace. I found,
however, that the grapevines were not going to
amount to any thing for shade (where the sun,
as here, shines on all four sides of a house or
hive during the day) unless trained overhead,
and that would lake too long a time, and be
quite expensive. I then planted locust-trees in
the apiary, and since these have grown up I
have had no trouble with vicious bees. The
ground under the trees is kept clean, as the
hives are standing on low blocks, and I keep my
queens clipped. But where the ground is cover-
ed with vegetation, and at the same time shad-
ed, it tends to make the bees still more gentle,
because no heat rises or is reflected from the
ground. My neighbor, Mr. Baxter, has his bees
in an apple and peach orchard, and the ground

232

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mar. !.'>.

is covered with alfalfa, wliich at limes grows
very rank under the hives that are standing on
benches 2 to 3 feet high. Time and again have
I seen his horses standing in front of the hives,
and eating the alfalfa underneath, without the
bees appearing to notice them. I cautioned the
owner about the danger to his horses, but he
said there was no danger, and I never heard
that any of them got stung.

Bee-keepers are often either too poor or too
indolent to provide a proper shade for their
bees. When Rambler gets through rambling,
and settles down on a place of his own, where
he can have his apiary in a nice grove of shade
or fruit trees, he will change his views about
the viciousness of California bees.

THE PORTEK BEE-ESCAPES.

I wish to indorse all that has been said in fa-
vor of tlie Porter bee-escapes. I have used two
dozens of them during the last two seasons.
They are a wonderful help in saving time and
labor, and in preventing robbing. I would not
do without them, even if they cost five dollars
apiece.

TO FASTEN FOUNDATION IN BROOD FRAMES.

• Let me say to Mr. Greiner, that I have for
years used strips of soft pine, ^xM i"-? and a
littleshorter than the inside length of the frame.
I cut them out with my circular saw, and call
them foundation splints. I always use full
sheets, botii in brood-frames and sections. The
top-bar of my brood-frame is flat. I have a
board on which is nailed another that will
loosely fit the inside of the frame and support
the foundation in the center of this. Having
warmed the foundation so ihut the edge will
bend without bi'eaking, I place a fiame upside
down on the bottom-board; lay a sheet of foun-
dation on the upper board, and slide it t:ovvard
me, so that it will about cover the top-bar of
the frame. Now place one of the foundation
splints on the foundation, ami about even with
the edge; drive five 3^-inch wire nails equidis-
tant through the splint and foundation into the
top-bar. Then turn the fiapie down, so that it
lies on the bottom-board; press the bend of the
foundation against the edge of the upper board
(which should be moistened to prevent stick-
ing), to make it square; raise the whole. thing
up perpendicularly, and lift otf the frame with
its sheet of foundation. It makes a sure job.
Everyliody for whom I make foundation wants
a set of splints tp fasten it with, and nails too.
for that matter. To prevent splitting I dip a
handful of splints, at the time, in a bucket of
water, and shake the water well off.

I have tried the melled-wax method, but it
was not always saf^isfaetory. I have never used
wiring, but am going to try it this year, to pre-
vent the kinking of the lower corners of the
foundation while the bees are working on it. If
the wires could l)o pulled out when the comb is
completed, and without injuring it, it would

suit me all the better. I shall test this the com-
ing summer. The wires will sometimes inter-
fere with cutting out queen-cells, and as I do
not move my bees around I have no need of
wires to support the combs.
Independence, Cal., Feb. 14.

[We have sometimes thought that bees stung-
worse on hot days, but very possibly this might
be due to a lack of sufficient shade on those
days. But after all, it hardly seems to us that
shade alone would make all the difference be-
tween cross and gentle bees. At the time of
our bicycle tour through York State we were
not very favorably impressed with the gentle-
ness of some of the bees of the leading apiarists;
and we remember that on some occasions we re-
ceived some severe stings in apiaries that were
in groves. Some buckwheat honey was coming
in, so the bees ought not to have been cross be-
cause they had nothing to do but to sting and
pry into other folks' affairs. At our home yard,
a cut of which appears on p. 923, '91. a portion of
the apiary is shaded with grapevines, and an-
other portion stands in the corner of the ever-
green yard, so that, during the forenoon and
part of the afternoon, they have no shade what-
ever; and yet we do not discover that the bees
are any crosses in one place than in another.

It seems to us that your plan of fastening
foundation to top-bars is crude in comparison
with that given on page 375 of '• Langstroth on
the Honey-bee." revised by Dadant. The Han-
baugh roller will stick foundation, full sheets,
to the under side of top bars that are perfectly
flat, so securely that the foundation \\ ill tear
before it will cleave from the wood. From the
experience we have had, we believe it will do it
in about half the time, and that without sticks
or nails. In calling attention, however, to this
method, we do not mean to say that your plan
is not a good one.— Ed.]

NOTES FROM THE '•VATERLAND.

BKES AS MESSENGERS.

By Karl R. Maihey.

A new use for bees has just come to the front:
namely, as carriers of dispatches, especially in
war. This use of bees has been previously con-
fined moi-tly to sporting circles, but is now ex-
tended in its application through the efforts of
a Frenchman, Mr. A. Teynac. He fastens tO'
the back of the bee, by means of a little adhe-
sive varnish, a minute piece of paper upon
which is written the shortest and most condens-
ed dispatch. This paper is fastened on in such
a way as not to hinder the flight of the bee;
and for additional safely a number of bees are
sent out, similarly fitted up with the same dis-
patch. He now lets loose the bees, having re-
moved, a few days previously, their hives to a
distance of some 3 or 'i% miles, and in which

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

233

they have been meanwhile confined. The bees
then fly back if tlie repinn i« well known to
liieni. to Uicir old home, wlicrc, in the mean
time, a little framework of wire netting has
been put np. Through this framework the un-
incumbered bees can easily pass. Biit those
bearing a dispatch can not get through the in-
ter'^ticcsof the netting, as the paper adhering
to tliijiback is a little wider than the mesh of
tlic \\\vi\ Oneciin then look for tlip bees from
time to time, and pick out the newly arrived
dispatch carriers. As a bee can not be so easily
caught as, for example, a carrier-pigeon, and
as they can be found in most localities, and re-
quire no special training, as do doves and fal-
cons, for this work, and as it is of the utmost
importance in war to convey secret mi S'^ages
with the gi'eatest speed, it can not be doubted
that this idea will receive serious attention if
the bees do not prove to be too feeble for the
work. Kakl R. Mathky.

Medina, O.. Feb. Ki.

FROM OLD ITALY.

Bil F. M. Malan.

Just as we Old -Continent bee-keepers feel
much interested in reading apicultural matter
from over the Atlantic, so. I am sure, do the
readers of Gleanings when they get such news
from the queens' -land— o](\. classical, and ever-
splendid Italy. Well. I suppose some of my co-
admirers of this very neat, well-informed, and
trustworthy periodical have seen mentioned
somewhere, during their apicultural career, a
northwest corner of Northern Italy, an exten-
sive and often narrow valley, adorned here and
there with thick pine woods. A fine, wide Na-
poleonic road runs through its full length, so
that we may SRv that Fenestrelles (celebrated
for trees) and Briauyon, on the French side of
the Alps, form the two opposite poles of this
famous valley, once altogether Protestant, but,
at the close of the 17th century, violently Ro-
manized by the missionaries of Louis XIV.
But, of course, bees do not care fur that.

Now, when a tourist wants to taste a lirst-
rate honey, he asks at breakfast for pragelnto
honey (frozen meadoir), nearly, I think, as if I
asked for Narbonneor Gatinaislioney in France.
Its name is undoubtedly derived from the fact
that the flat part of the valley consists mainly
of fine meadows and rye-tields irrigated by a
silvery Alpine torrent. I don't know what
part of the United States would correspond to
that celebrated and really excellent region.
The altitude of this singular Italian valley,
where people still speak good French, is rather
considerable, being above the chestnut-tree re-
gion; and winter, consequently, is, as a rule,
very sharp and long. It is nearly impossible to
winter hives safely there. At some distance
from the stern Fenestrelles, that fortress where

Saintine has placed the hero of Ids romance,
I'icciola, we have an outpost apiary of about ">()
hives, at 40 kilometers (2.5 miles) from home, so
that it is no small ,jol) to get them so high, the
line road we spoke of being insensibly but un-
ceasingly up-hill.

lyuserna San (iiovanni, Circondario-IMnerlo,
Italy, Jan. 30.

[We owe our friend a vote of thanks for his
interesting letter, and hope he will come atrain
and stay longer. A letter from that land of
music, painting, sculpture, and letters, can not
fail to be read with interest.— En.]

POLLENIZATION BY BEES.

Bil Prof. A. J. Conk.

Mr. Edit(n':—\t is better to use the word
" f)ollenization " or •' fructification." The word
fertile will apply to either sex, without regard
to the other, and so the word has a certain am-
biguity. I am glad of this discussion. It will
make us repeat our experiments, use all possi-
ble caution, and so determine the real truth, if
we do not know it now.

I wish to make a few statements, without
extended comments, as I realize that you have
been very generous of space in this matter
already.

1. Many experiments have been made by
such men as Darwin, Midler, Beal, etc. — men
who have spent their lives in such work, and
are very close observers, and all the results
have looked in one direction; so if we find our
experiments looking the other way, or our ob-
servations seeming to indicate the opposite con-
clusions, we should be slow to announce results
till we have examined our methods and con-
sidered our observations most carefully, lest we
have committed sonie error.

2. That the pollen from a bee is not potent
seems impossible. If Mr. Fultz can establish
that point, he will earn a place among the
great discoverers. It would be almost revolu-
tionary in our scientific theories regarding this
whole question.

3. In many experiments tried at the Michigan
Agricultural College, both plants were covered
and bees introduced under the cover of one;
and the results were many seeds wliere the
bees were introduced, and almost none, or far
less, in the other, or covered plants.

4. I do not wish to say that causes other than
the absence of bees may not effect fruitage. I
feel sure that bees are an important factor— so
important that I mean to try experiments this
season, that shall settle the question, if it is
possible to do so.

.">. That theie was fruit before bees were im-
ported into America is not satisfactory. There
are wild bees: and before the forests were
cleared, the climate was doubtless more mild,

234

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mak. 15.

so that the wild bees may have been more
numerous in early spring. Again, the fruit-
trees were as few as the bees — not gathered in
great orchards. Thus there may have been
pollenizers enough for the amount of fruit to
be fructified. Again, who knows whether the
amount of fruit was very great in this early
time? In California, owing to the mild climate,
there would be more — possibly enough — wild
bees to pollenize the comparatively few fruit-
blossoms on the wild plum, etc., which sweet-
ened the spring air before the white man's
advent. The case of the islands of Lake Erie
seems conclusive; but is there not possibly
some error of fact? Is it not possible that bees
on other islands not far distant may have put
in an appearance? Possibly the Andrencv
and other wild bees were in sufficient force to
perform the labor. This would very likely be
true in case the island was very small, and the
trees limited in numbers.

Let us this season try to experiment so that
the blossoms shall be under precisely the same
conditions, except for the presence of the bees.
Let us put aside all bias and preconceived
opinions, and endeavor to settle the question.
If it shall be shown, by a most cautious line of
experiments, that bees are unnecessary to full
fruitage, and of no importance in horticulture.
It will not be the first time that theories in sci-
ence have had to be recast. So we should all
act in our experiments as if the question were
unsolved.

Ill conclusion, jpt mo sny that geology shows
that flowering plants and ilie bee orders came
into existence at the same time, during the
Cretaceous period, and not that the flowering
plants were the earliest to arrive.

Claremont, Cal.

[We are glad to give Prof. Cook space for this
reply, for, owing to the disiance, he has not be-
fore had an opportunity lo reply to the criti-
cisms that were aimed at his article. We pre-
fer to drop the discussion until fall, and com-
plete experiments can be made again, taking
into consideration the criticisms from the op-
position. We feel confident of the result, and
that that result will vindicate the claim of the
bee more than ever. — Ed.I

A LECTURE TO THE SISTERS AND— RAMBLER.

By Riili Roy.

I have been wondering for some time what
keeps the sisters so mute. Do they ponder too
much on "golden silence," or have they taken
too seriously to heart Rambler's depreciation of
the sex ? Such fine specimens as he shows in
Dec. 15th Gleanings might explain his atti-
tude if they were a fair specimen of pacific
womankind, which, of course, they are not. It
would take a brave man to dare give his broom

to such samples. But I do not imagine Ram-
bler is altogether sincere in his attitude — it is^
only the bitterness of his loneliness which
tinges his writings with bine, and casts shad-
ows on womankind; but however this maybe,
the rest of us bee-keepers are not so one-sided;
orifweare.it is the other sided with us. To
be sure, the junior editor seems to hedge you in
a little; but I am sure it is not that he begrudg-
es you an open space in Gleanings proper. It
is probably only that he knows how quiet ladies
usually are, and fancies you will better enjoy
a corner chat when you can talk wax flowers
and dresses as well as aprons, without mascu-
line interference.

For my part I should be sorry you should
think we appreciated your help only when the
bees hangout, and "'somebody must watch," or.
worse yet, when they have been too lavish with
propolis and "somebody must scrape," or even
when strawberries or peaches are ripe, and
somebody must make the shortcake, or skillet
pie, deep and rich. No, indeed; we are not al-
together selfish, and we should like to have you
show that you enjoy our success as well as to
contribute to it.

I have used the plural ive. as I do not fancy
myself the only bee-keeper eager to lift my hat
to the ladies; and now having expressed our
sentiments I shall not feel it lost labor, even if
Editor E. R. refuses me admittance into your
Conversazione.

[Why, bless you, dear sister — or, or— brother
—we did not mean to hedge in the sisters. We
like modesty in the women-folks, bnt dislike
that modesty that forbids "speaking out in
meeting."— Ed.I

I'liEVENTING SPRING DWINDLING.

Question. — Could not spring dwindling be
prevented to quite an extent by placing vvire
cloth over the entrance to the hives to keep the
bees from flying when the weather is not fit?

A7iswer.—So far as ray experience, goes, it is
never best to confine the bees to the hive by
placing wire cloth over the entrance, except
when they are to be moved some distance or
shipped when a sale is made; and in these
cases wire cloth placed only at the entrance
often ruins the colony if it is a strong one,
where there is necessity for keeping it there
more than half an hour or so. The matter
seems to be like this: Wlien the few bees that
act as sentinels go to the entrance from any
cause, and find thai their exit is cut off, they at
once communicate this fact to the rest of the
colony, when more bees come to go out; and

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

235

when they are not able to do so they begin to
bite tiie wire cloth, and mal<e a fuss generally,
till the whole colony is aroused, and a commo-
tion caused to such an extent that the meshes
of the wire clolh are clogged up with bees so
that no air can gi't through; and when ihis
happens the bees become hot, or heated like
fermenting vegetation; the honey in thi'ir
honey-sacs is disgorged till the bees look like
"drowned rats," and they perish with a heat
sutficient often to melt the combs. If ever I
have felt sorry for bees it is where they have
perished in this way. There can be no assur-
ance that this m;iy not happen at any time,
unless the weather is cold enough to cause the
bees to cluster compactly; and were bees to be
shut in hives whtMi so clustered, the apiarist
would need to be on hand, when the weather
moderated, to take off the wire cloth, or a loss
would occur. I doubt whether there can be
any m^ans used, in unproi)itious wpathcr in
the spring, by which bi>es can be kept from
flying out of the hive, that will not cost more
than the bt^nefit derived will amount to. Where
bees are in chaff hives they are not so easily
enticed out every sunshiny day. when the air
is too cold for them to fly safely. If a wide
board Is placed sloping in front of the entrance,
so a-< to exclude the rays of the sun from the
entrance and lower part of the hive, bees will
not venture out unless the air is warm enough
for them to fly safely; but as these boards have
to be rtiinoved every time the weather is suit-
able for the bees to go out, I doubt about
enough bees being saved to pay for the trouble.
I have practiced this to Quite an extent in years
which are past, but of late I do not, because I
do not think it pays. Then, spring dwindling
is not the result of the loss of the few bees that
chance to go out for forage when the weather
is unpropitious (although the numbers are
quite materially reduced in this way when a
cloud suddenly obscures the sun and a cold
wind rises at the same time), but from the
result of poor wintering, where the vitality of
the old bees is worn out, so that they go out of
the hive to die, and not for forage. A real case
of spring dwindling can not be remedied by
keeping the bees in the hive, for they would die
in the hive just the same as though they were
allowed their liberty. At least, this is the con-
clusion I have arrived at after a careful watch
along these lines for nearly a score of years.

SEPARATE MAIL-SACKS FOR QUEENS TO
AUSTRALIA.

Question. — Can we secure a proper condition,
or surroundings, while queens are en route from
America to Australia? i. e.. can we know
whfi-e the mail-bags containing queens are
carried on the steamers'? Are the bees boiled
or frozen? We may have proper food in the
cages, proper ventilation, the right number of
bees with a queen, etc.; but if we can not con-
trol the mail-bag containing them, so but that

they are left in the boiling rays of a tropical
sun for days at a time, we can never arrive at
perfect success in shipping queens to and from
Am(!rica.

Ayiswer.—TUet above comes from no other
than W. S. Pender, of New South Wale-*, Aus-
tralia. th(i same man who was largely instru-
mental in .securine the lawful mailing of
queens to and tiom Australia, as samples of
merchandise, and at a rate of postage cheaper
on an average than that obtained for queens
in our domestic mails. When I tirst read the
above I thought that there could be no help in
this matter; but the more I think of it, the
brighter it looks. If the exporting of queens
could become a business of sufficient value to
warrant it, it seems to me there would be no
trouble to arrange with the postal authorities
at San Francisco, Cal., so that, upon the leaving
of the mails for Australia, all cages containing
queen-bees could be placed in a mail-sack
made of porous cloth, and the mail clerk on the
steamer see that this sack is kept in a cool
airy pace on the ship during warm weather,
and, in cool weather, transferred to a place
sufficiently warm for the comfort and welfare
of its occupants. I do not know that this is
just the place to discuss this matter; but as we
are all beginners in this matter of shipping
queens to foreign countries I thought it might
not be inappropriate. Who will be the one to
communicate with the proper postal authori-
ties at San Francisco regarding these matters?
Will you do It, friend Root? or can it best be
done through the Bee-keepers' Union? It
seems to me that, if we are ever to make a suc-
cess of shipping queens in the mails to Aus-
tralia, this part of the matter will have to be
looked after; for, with every other condition
the same, so far as I could see, some steamers
have landed 7.5 per cent of my shipments alive
in Sydney, New South Wales, while other
steamers have landed 100 per cent there dead.
These things can not be accounted for I'n any
other way than that suggested by friend Pender.
Would it not be well to agit'ite this matter,
Bro. Root ?

MOVING BEES SHORT DISTANCES.

Question— 1 have 12 colonies of bees packed
side by side. How can I move a part of them
a short distance, leaving the remainder where
they are? The bees have flown freely.

ylnswe?-.— Should there come a few days of
stormy weather, so as to keep the bees in their
hives, then is your time to move them, for at
this season of the year bees mark their location
anew after every week or so of confinement.
Should no such time come, then I would move
the strongest of the colonies and let the weak
ones be strengthened by the returning bees
from those moved. If this is not advisable,
then move them in the evening or on some
rainy day when all are in their hives, then
stand a board up in front of the entrance. This

336

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mar. 15.

board should be wide enough so as to darken
the entrance to a considerable extent, and turn
the bees to one side in going out. In this way
the bees notice at once that something is wrong,
and this causes them to mark their location
anew; otherwise they would start off in a
straight line as usual, and get lost. The old
place should also be disguised in some way so
it will not look as it did. Many bees will un-
doubtedly go back to the old place, but after
careful watchings for many years I am satisfied
that all these bees finally go back to the new
stand.

MA.TOR SHALLARD'S NARROW SPACING AND
NARROW TOP-BARS INDORSED.

Mr. A. I. Root: — It has long been my desire to
write a letter for publication in Gleanings;
and Major Shallard's article on page 101 gives
me an excuse for so doing. I have been experi-
menting with frames of different widths for the
past seven years, and I have come to the con-
clusion that }{ inch is a correct bee-space; and
if the brood-frames are spaced a full K inch
between top-bars, and the top-bars are just K
inch, the problem of burr and brace combs is
practically solved. In the season of 1891 I
transferred six colonies from old box hives, and
the combs were very crooked, so I could not get
the number of frames (S) in each hive. At dif-
ferent times in the season I placed frames con-
taining sheets of foundation in each of the six
■colonies, and at the close of the season I had a
nice lot of combs; that is, in those frames which
contained foundation in them when placed in
the hive. The frames which had foundation in
them I placed at one side of the hive, and I had
to space them closer than I wished, on account
of the old crooked combs which I had transfer-
red. I noticed, after I had placed 4 frames of
foundation in one of the hives, that the top-
bars seemed to be more clear of bits of comb
than the others, so I left them spaced just as
they were (a small fraction over }{ inch), and
at the close of the season this hive was almost
■entirely free from brace and burr combs.

The next season, 1892, I made a hive with top-
bars IK wide, and hived the first swarm of bees
in it, thinking that the frames spaced just X
inch at the top, and 1;V from center to center,
would do away with burr and brace combs en-
tirely; but after a time I noticed that the combs
were not smooth and nice (and some burr-combs),
like the frames which I had in general use,
which were % of an inch wide, so I placed 10
frames in a hive (my hive is just IIH in. inside,
by 13X long) with sheets of foundation, and
hived a late swarm on them, and I was very

much elated to find that there wasn't a sign of
a brace or burr comb either, and the combs were
perfectly straight. There were a few cells
along the bottom edge of the top-bar tHat were
pushed out a very little. I tried four colonies
this last season, with the same results. I am
not, however, satisfied with the results as yet,
on account of so little honey being stored in the
brood -chamber. If my hive were larger it
might give different results, and I am inclined
to the belief that different localities will give
different results. I shall make one hive this
season the same style as the Dovetailed, and
see what the difference will be. The above
were all hanging fi'ames. J. H. Goe.

Mossy Rock, Wash., Feb. 9.

[This is quite interesting; but, say! Doolittle
and a host of otheis would " kick " hard against
adopting l^-inch spacing. Will Bro. D. please
stand up and explain for himself. — Ed.]

I4-INCH SPACE BETWEEN BARS % INCH THICK,
PREFERRED.

As to ii-inch space between top-bars. I should
agree with the article in Gleanings given by
Major Shallard, having been in the bee busi-
ness for 1.5 years, and having tried a good many
kinds of frames, from a K to a 1^ in. top-bar.
That is the frame I am now using. I have at
this date 94 colonies in winter quarters, all on
their summer stands, and I find that I get the
best results, without burr-combs, to have my
top -bar liV in. wide, % deep, and Hoffman self-
spacing sides, using the same end-piece that
you do, which leaves just )c(-inch space between
frames. Since I commenced using them I have
not been troubled with burr-combs. I would
not use any other spacing than ^4 inch. It is
enough for me. I have now 50 colonies on those
frames. It is just fun to takeoff honey. I fur-
nish all my hives now with those frames, and
find all those using them say that they want no
other than ^4 inch between frames. Mr. Nel-
son Morton, of Maples, is burning up all of his
old frames, and is putting in all the Ij^-inch
top-bar. He is an experienced bee-keeper, and
has had bees for ;.*5 or 30 years.

Eddyville, N. Y., Feb. (i. C. H. Avars.

[We believe our correspondent is about right.
The larger part of the testimony seems to point
this way. We have been making, for three
years back, just such frames as friend A. speaks
of; but 1%-inch spacing from center to center
will give more than 34 inch between top-bars
1^1,; in. wide. For that reason we contemplate
making them 1>8 in., providing our readers do
not think this too wide.— Ed.]

MAKING THE HOFFMAN FRAME DEEPER.

Friend Root: — Don't you think that, if the
Hoffman frame were 10 inches deep, it would
give better results? From my experience, the
frame as made by you is so shallow that it
breaks the queen's circle, or, at least, the brood
extends some four or five inches along the top-
bar, while with a frame 10 inches deep, the

18U4

(4LL:ANlN(iS IN HKE CUl/rUKK

?.:\7

brood, as a general thing, comes .inst to the top-
bar, or within one or two rows of cells of the
top; and I find, after years of nsiiig such a
traiTie. without any l<ind of queen-excluder,
the queen has never, in a single instance, laid
an egg in the super; and I can not see that the
extra depth of the frame nial<es any difference
in the time that bees will go to work in the
sections.

I should liis'e to know who that man is who
writes for Glkaninos and signs himself Jake
Smith. I have an idea that his name would
sound better written thus — C. P. Dadant. How
is it? .Take is all right, any way; but we
should like to know him better.

Mossy Rock, Wash., Feb. <). J. H. Goe.

[Most of those who have advocated a chanse
in depth have called for a shallower rather
than a deep(M' frame Regarding the identity
of Jake Smith, you are wide of the mark. — Ed.]

HOFFMAN FRAMES INDORSED; Ij^ IN. TOO
C'l-OSR SPACIN(i.

In the Feb. 1st number of Gleanings an
article by Major Sliallard, on correct spacing
of brood- frames, appeared. I like his article
very much except the IV inch spacing. T
think it is a little ton close. Such close spacing
vi^ould be against bees clustering in a thick
body, in wintering outside. I will give my ex-
perience of 14 years. When I began bee-keep-
ing I used )1'4 inches from center to center, with
to[)-bar % inch wid<' and % inch deep, and a :?g-
iiich space on top of the frames. Now. tho^e
fi'iimes would be stuck together with brace-
combs, and the hon<^y-board would be fastened
down with burr-combs.

Six years ago I changed my top bars from J<
to IV inches wide, and vV inch thick, using S
frames in ll.V inche^;. That is the inside width
of my hive. Ever since I made the change I
am never troubled with brace or burr co nbs.
Mr. Shallard thinks that, with wide spacing,
thi' bees will not raise brood near the top of the
frames; but I beg leave to differ with him.
When I used the wide spacing, the bees u«ed to
raise brood clo*e to the top of the framf"«.
Now, between the two extremes, Ij^ and IW
inches, \')^ inches wide from center to center is
just right. Itis not thed'^pthof the top-har-;. but
thedistance between ♦hem. that prevents l)r;ic<'-
combs. There should not he more than 14' inch
between the tops of the frame-*, and about li or
y,., inch betwe(Mi tops of Iramcs and surplus-
ca-^es.

Next season, if I am spared. I am going to u-c
1% inch spacing from center to cienter. which 1
think is just right. I also intend using ilie
Hoffman frame next season, which I think will
be a great improvement over the hanging
frame. I made some Hoffman frames and
placed them in a hive, wedging them up. I
then raised the hive on end and looked at the
bottom. One could not but exclaim. "Oh what

beautiful sijucing!" Then, taking out those
frames, I replaced iheni with loose hanginf?
fratnes. What irregular spacing! I think tln^
Hoffman frame is going to b(^ tlie solo frame of
the future. W.m. Coi.k.ma.n.

liirr. Out.. Feb. 22.

[The spacing If^H in. is close enough; as yoti
say. it is a nice medium between tlie extremes.
This spacing with top-bars IV in. wide will
certainly secure all the advantages for the
closer spacing and lop- bars % in. wide.— Ed.]

^^^^^^^Pb^W'

ENCOURAGIXCi FOR AUSTRALIA.

We are having a plentiful flow of honey here
this year, though, owing to the few bee-keep-
ers in this district underselling one another, the
price of extracted honey is 6 cents per lb.

E. R. n. McCarthy.

Fernleigh, Australia, Dec. 16, 1893.

A correction.

In Gleanings for Feb. 1.5, page 133. 20th line
from the top of tirstcnlumn, read " Chickasaw "
for"Chicka;" and in 8th line read "cauliflow-
er "seed for'" California "seed. It will improve
the sense wonderfully. J. E. Crane.

Middlebury, Vt., Feb. 21.

[Bro. Crane will have to shoulder the blame
of the first error, while we lake the second. —

Ed.]

water instead of smokk.

When one has any work to do in a hive, at a
high temperature, the plan of using water in-
stead of smoke is greatly to be commended.
With this the bees are to be gently sprayed.
Quietly as latnbs they retreat, without making
the least attempt 10 sting. I can recommend
tliis simple method to all bee-keepers, whetlier
they are ''smokers " or "non-smokers."

Mc^dina, O., Feb. lO. Karl R. Mathey.

[We have used water in place of smoke.
While it is better than notliing, it is much in-
ferior to smoke. — Ed.]

FAIR DKALINfl.

Friend Rout: — We commission merchants
have .«o many hard things said about us that it
is VI ry refreshing to receive occasionally a let-
ter liki- the ificlosed. Mr. Norton formerly liv-
etl at Lanesboro, Pa., but recently removed to
Oakland. Ca'. Chas. McCullocil

Albany. \. V.

Mi;-!S)x. .Mrfutloch A- Cn. :—TUc c]r:t(t on New York
wiis reecived last iiijihl, and I niu^I thank you for
the prDUipliiessarid faiiness in > our dealin^rs with
me. But. to he candid, it wa.s no more than I e.\-
peeted ;iftor tlie reeomniendaliori of your firm I frot
f I'oni Bro. A I. Root. I liave learned to place im-
plicit confidence in wliat lie .say.s. I do not under-
stand liow that can of dark honey came tn be in the
lot. P. L. NouTox.

Oakland, Cat.

238

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mak. 15.

SOFTENING FOUNDATION.

On page 22 you say, "Soften old foundation
by putting it in warm water." I soften mine
by letting it lie in the sun a little while, but not
long ejiough to melt.

I think Zed Smith struck it about right (page
19) in regard to ripening and keeping honey. I
had some stored in a room over the kitchen,
where there was a fire nearly every day the
year through, and it was in good condition aft-
er being stored 2K years. Super Lifter.

Columbus, Wis., Feb. 10.

NARROW sections; why they are used.

Some of my neighboring bee-keepers are us-
ing sections holding about ^u lb., and their hon-
ey was the best I have ever seen, being much
ahead of that on exhibition at the fair. Does
size of section make any difference in looks?

Camillus, N. Y., Feb. .">. M. Wheaton.

[No; but they fill quicker, and. in a poor sea-
son, you can get full sections of the narrow
sort where perhaps you could not with the
standard widths. The former have the prefer-
ence in Canada, and are gaining favor on this
side.— Ed.]

artificial honey from beet sugar.

At a bee-keepers' convention held in Gorlitz,
Prussian Silesia, attention was called to a new
use of sugar. In the sugar-refinery of Lange-
liitje Bros., in Kulm, on the Elbe, real honey
was so closely imitated that even a chemical
analysis could scarcely show the difference.
Even the same crystallization is noticed in the
artificial product as in the best natural honey.
This artificial stuff will sell at about 18 cts. per
214 lbs., and hence threatens to become a for-
midable competitor to genuine honey.

Medina, O., Feb. 16. Karl R. Mathey.

[It seems that the same idea has broken loose
in Germany that we have to contend within
this country. We sincerely hope and believe it
will never "' become a formidable rival " of real
floral honey in either country. We have
enough to fight against in glucose.— Ed.]

swarming and the SUNDAY QUESTION.

On page 99 we see an article headed " Hiving
Bees on Sunday." I will give my plan, but it
may be diiferent in other localities. I have
never missed a service at church by watching
for bees to swarm, and I do not think L have
ever lost a swarm. The swarms that come out
before time to go to church I hive, and leave
the rest until I return. I have never known a
swarm to come off without settling. As we are
never absent more than three hours on Sunday,
we are not likely to lose any thing. Sometimes
two swarms go together, but nothing is lost by
that. Brethren, by all means go to church.

Tipton Station, Tenn. A. C. Spence.

[Swarms will usually remain two or three
hours before "lighting out," but not always.
It is possible you lose a few swarms and do not
know it. Again, in rare instances swarms will
abscond without alighting beforehand on some
■ tree or shrub.— Ed.]

36"Pages7v:10
0.0 PER YEAPj

His deligrht is in the law of the Lord ; and in his law doth he
meditate day and night.— Psalm 1: 2.

The Progressive JBee-Treeper is packed full of
information useful to bee-keepers. Every issue
shows a progressive spirit.

We are obliged to leave out a good deal of
matter from this issue, now standing in type.
It will have to be held over till our next. By
the way. Bro. Leahy, of the Progressive Bee-
keeper, finds the same condition of things in his
office. This must indicate prosperity.

We call particular attention to the articles
by Prof. Cook and Hon. J. M. Hambaugh, in
another column. Let every bee-keeper who
has an eye to bread and butter that he may get
out of the production of honest honey, petition
his senators and representatives at once.

We are now working on the 62d thousand of
our A B C of Bee Culture. We fear that the
previous edition will be exhausted before we
have the new one completed. The new edition,
like every previous one, is receiving some large
additions and revisions — so rapid, indeed, is the
progress of our industry.

The policy of i\\Q American Bee Journal and
Gleanings, in strongly condemning Mr. Hed-
don's position on the question of glucose, is
warmly indorsed by a number of writers in the
first-mentioned journal. Our own collection, if
we were to publish the w hole list giving similar
indorsements, would be a long one.

Bho. Hutchinson, editor of the Bee-keepers'
Revieiv, has written a very interesting article
on "The Largest House-apiary in the World."
It was written for the American Agriculturist,
and is accompanied by half-tone engravings
showing exterior and interior views. The
building is owned by H. P. Langdon, of East
Constable, N. Y., of non-swarming fame.

In the Aitierican Bee Journal for March 1.
under Queries and Replies the question is ask-
ed, of a score or more of bee-keepers who an-
swer the questions in that department, what
race of bees they prefer. Nineteen out of 26
vote for the Italians; 1, Italians crossed with
German bees; 2, Italians crossed with Carnio-
lans; 1, the Syrio-albino; and 2 the Carniolans.
It is remarkable how the Italians seem to hold
the preference among prominent bee-keepers.
There was a time when the Holy-Lands, the
Syrians, and Cyprians, were preferred by a large
number of bee-keepers. These, with the excep-
tion of a cross of the Syrians, are utterly ignor-

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

239

ed: and the next in point of preference are the
Carniolans.

The Canadian Bee Journal is steadily im-
proving. It has just put on a new and tasty
cover. The paper and pressworl< are of the
best, and the editorial management shows the
handiwork of a practical bee-keeper We gave
this journal a good send-ofT in our previous is-
sue, but it really seems to deserve another. The
new series of the C. B. J. diiTers in one impor-
tant respect from the old one. The former
started on a high plane of journalism and grad-
ually went downward ; but the latter started
on a high plane too, and so far has been grad-
ually working upward.

Our friend Mr. Mathey, our German corres-
pondent, is not only a writer for the journals,
but an artist— one who can reproduce the vari-
ous scenes in his travels. An article in another
column gives a very fair idea of Russian bee-
keeping. By the way, it may be interesting to
our readers to know that ^Ir. Mathey was for
two years translator for the consular represent-
ative of Austria at Philadelphia. He was
chosen to that position after having passed the
highest marks out of some 50 different ones who
applied for the coveted place. It was his work
to translate the Polish, Russian, Slavic, and
Hungarian into German.

So it appears from the railroad statistics that
California produces over 5 million pounds of
honey a year. In another column Rambler ex-
presses an opinion that this amount is increased
to 10 million by the addition of glucose. There
was a time when it wa^^ policy to keep still, be-
cause there was so little glucose mixing done
that it did more harm than good to mention it;
but now the " hush-up policy " would be suicid-
al to our industry. It would let the glucose
fiend ruin prices on honey, and finally disgust
consumers with any thing bearing the name of
honey, so that it would be impossible to dispose
of even the pure unadulterated article at even
half decent prices.

In our wax-room we have observed that the
alternate heating and cooling of yellow wax
causes it to become slightly darkened. We
have known this to be the case, but did not sup-
pose that it had so much efiect until very re-
cently. Our attention being called to the mat-
ter, we asked the foreman of our foundation
department to place a small quantity of extra
select yellow wax, with a little water, in a large
wooden pail. This he was to heat every day,
and let cool, for a week. With a dipping-board
he was to take a sheet of wax at the first heat-
ing, and another after the six days of succes-
sive heatings and coolings. We have before us
the result. One is a beautiful sheet of yellow
wax— as nice as any thing any one ever saw,
and the other is darkened to a light pea green.
It looks decidedly muddy.

THAT ADULTKUATRD (?) UTAH HONKY. AGAIN.

On page l.">4 we made the stan-ment that pure
honey might contain a small percentage of nat-
ural cane sugar. At the time, we were not
able to put our finger on the authority. Since
that time we have received the following card,
which will explain itself:

For authority for wliich you in(|Uii'c (in \r.ige l.">4,
I think you will tlnrlit on page 746, Dept. of Ag-. Kep.
for 189:J, as per Bulletin No. 13. Tlieamount of cane
supar to pure honey is there given as from 8 to 10
per cent. Ham. Smith.

Ionia, Mich., Feb. 20.

Upon referring to Bulletin 13, page 740, we
find that Mr. Smith is correct, and what we
said on pase 154 was substantially right. The
following, from S. T. Fish & Co., will explain
itself:

Mr. Root:— In the last issue of Gleanings, page
154, yon give space to the fact that Mr. Jankovsky,
of Cleveland. Ohio was arrested, and tliat Professor
Smith, a chemist, claimed his lioncy adulterated.
Mr. Jankovsky writes us that he put up the honey
in the same condition as received from us, and we
v^-rote liim that, if he did so we guaranteed it pure.
In order to do ourselves justice, we wrote the pro-
ducers and got tlieir affidavit that they did not feed
sugar to the bees. With sugar selling at from two
to four cents psr pound higher tlian honey, it does
not seem possible that this commodity would be fed
to the bee, when but three-fourths of tlie sugar
that is fed would be stored in the combs and the
other fourth be consumed in the secretion of wax
and for the brood.

In order to find an authority who would pass a dif-
ferent opinion from Professor Smith's, we sent a
sample to the United States Department of Agri-
culture, and received the following answer:

Messrs. S. T. Fis?i & Co.;— The sample of lioney
forwarded by you February Uth w:is duly received
and was entered on the books of the Division ot
Chemistry as Serial No. 1296.5. The sample was
marked ""Lot 5'^62." On examination it proved to be
free from commercial starch sugar (glucose), or add-
ed cane sugar. As ihe.se are practically the only
substances used to adulterate honey, the sample Is
probably pure. Respectfully.

G. L. Spencer,
Acting Chief of tlie Division of Chemistry.

We continue to guarantee this honey strictly pure
and unadulterated, and we will await with much in-
terest the outcome of our Cleveland customer, as it
appears to us lie has a suit for damages.

Respectfully, S. T. Fish & Co.

"THK WORLD IS OUR PARISH."

If there is any one thing in which we take
pardonable pride it is the fact that our journal
does not bear the least iriiee of localism. So
far as any particular locality is concerned it
tries to represent and give due prominence to
the bee-keeping interests, not only of every
important place in the Union, but of every im-
portant honey country In the world. Latterly
the big German bee-keepers have been receiv-
ing due prominence through our correspon-
dents, Mr. Karl R. Mathey and :SIr. C.J. H.
Gravenhorst, the former of whom is just now
telling us about bee culture in Russia, through

340 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Mak. 15.

which country he has traveled. California is Reducing- sug-ar, calculated as dextrose .58.11%-

,, ^ , u n e /-i 1 1 . " '■ .1 .. iiivertose 59.95^,',

well represented now by Pror. Cook and our waier 21.30^.

old friend the irrepressible Rambler; Texas by Ash 2ii%

the AtphlPvs- Anstr-iliH hv several ffond writ- . '^'''^ sample is undoubtedly adulterated with at

uie Aicnieys, Ausiiaiid oy seveiai gooa win ^^,.^^^ g,,. ^^ g-luL-ose, altliough, as you know, it is.

ers; China and IJnrmah by several of our mis- not ])u.ssible to determine tlie exact amount on ac-

sionaries; Syria by Ph. J. Ealdensperger, now ^VtVcoses^ *'"' ditteience in rotation of the various

stationed in France; ^Ir. Malan in Northern Trusting that this analysis will be satisfactory, I

Italy; Illinois by Dr. Miller; York State by G. ^™' ^''^^'*'''h"w['wiley. Chemist.

M. Doolittle — in fact, we shall have to stop, (116,53— E. E. E.-J. S. C.)

for if we go on we shall have to mention several Waslmwton, D. C. Apr. 1, 1S93.

other States in the Union as well as several A sample was also submitted to Prof. Cook,

more foreign countries. "The world is our ^nd was by him also pronounced adulterated

parish," as Wesley said. ^'»*^ glucose.

You may ask why we did not write to Mr.

CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF HEDDON's HONEY. Heddon in regard to this thing. We did so, but

For several years back reports have been received any thing but a satisfactory answer,

coming to us, to the effect that James Heddon, ^ believe we practice and preach that kind of

of Dowagiac, Mich., was selling honey adulter- charity that •' is kind, and suiTereth long;"' and

ated with glucose. Believing him to be a good that is the reason why we did not publish the

straight man, and one of the veterans among analysis before: but the affidavit below, of a

honey-producers, we assured each one who more recent case, it serms to me, dc7nmic7s that

wrote us that there must be some mistake, for t^^^ bee-keepers oJ our land be notiHed of these-

we said it was not possible that Mr. Heddon things.

could think of doing any thing so unwise and ^"'' ^^"*' "^ '^'"■"' f "•"«''"»« ^''•; *f^- ^
* I- u » i ..1 /^i • c.^ i /-. ^- ■ r^^ Personally nppeared before me. John C. Hemmeter.
foolish. At the Ohio State Convention in Cleve- .^ Notary Public for and within said County, Geo!
land, however, held on the 19th and ;.'Oth days G.Willard. who being- by me first duly sworn upon
of February, 1890. a sample tumbler of honey TifaUiei^sVonductinp- a general merchandise bus-
was shown us, after one of the sessions, said iness at No. 270 Peat-l street, in the city of Cleveland,,
honey having been purchas(d of one of Mr. ^St^on^SiouMhe^irl^ Novemberlastv
Heddon's customers, I had a talk with the affiant received a shipment of honey from James
W.O., ,„v,.^ u^^.^r^ui- +1 u„. „ „ ^ T +„i^ u;™ Heddon. doiiiK business a1 Diiwagiac, in tlie State of
man who brought the honey, and I told him Michigan: that said honey so shipped and received
that, from my acquaintance with such mix- by the affiant hereof was represented to be a pure
turps T was entisHed in mv own minrl thit tViP and unadulterated article: in accordance with said
tures, 1 was satisnea in my own mind that the statement of representation of its inirity, did
sample contained a large ])er cent of glucose, authorize the seUing of tlie same to the trade liy
Thp mnftPj- unc; tnlUprl nf mnrp or ipse hptwppn I'ls agents. That on or about the Tth dayof De-
inemattei wa.staiRea ot more or less between cember, following, one of the affiant's agents was
all the sessions by quite a number of the bee- arrested by the State authorities, for offering and
kppners- n nd nltbono-h wp discnespd it in p nnipt Selling an adulterated and impure honey, and suh-
Keepejs. ana aitnougn weaiscussea itin aquiet pce„pd to appear for trial before a legal tribunal,
way, a reporter for a large daily got hold of it having jurisdiction in the premises: affiant, in con-
and had it written un in flamino- stvlp As junction with said agent, appeared in said Court on
ana naa ii written up in naming style. As ^j^^ ^.^^^ ^^^ j^,. ^j.^^,,^ heuvA the hearing of said

soon as Ernest got wind of it, he buttonholed ag-ent, and all the witnessps in connection with the

the renorter and desired him to keen the whole case, including that of the State's Chemist.

Due lepoiier anu uesiiea mm to Keep ine wnoie rj,,,^,, ^he iudge, after summing up the evidence,

out of print because he (Ernest) thought there rendeied a verdict as cliarged, and fining said agent

must be some mistake, and there the matter twenty-flye dollars and the cos^.s of prosecution

' (aggregating- the sum of $64.85), which aniount the

dropped. Complaints still kept coming, how- affiant hereof paid.

ever, and finally, by my direction. Ernest asked whereupon atfiant procured another sample out

' J' J J '-•J of same shipment, and delivered same to Professor

a well-known bee-keeper to purchase two cans Hobhs (being the Profe.«sor of Chemistry at the

of honey from Mr. Heddon, and forward them Cleveland Medical College) fm- further anajyzation

•' ' who. upon performance of tlie same, coincided with

on to US. This bee-keeper did so, and al?o sent the State Chemist, in pronouncing it "adulterated

an affidavit to the effect that the same honey and impure." Further, affiant saith not

, . , . , , •' Geo. G. WiTT.ARi).

was reshipped to us without taking from the de- Sworu to before me. and by the .said George G.

pot, and this we have in our possession. The W'l'iU'fl. «"t's';r":!f,iJ,i" ^nj' presence tins ninth dayof

; . , . , T,, TT , , , February, A. D. 1894. John C. Hemmeter,

honey was received with Mr. Heddon's tag at- Notary Pubhc.

tached to the cans, and it seemed to be (judg- The so-called "cheap honey" Mr. Heddon

ing from the taste), adulterated largely with has been advertising for a number of years,

glucose, and a poor (juality at that. A sample together with his recent utterances on the glu-

was submitted to j'rof. H. W. Wiley, chief cose question, and which we have criticised,

chemist at Washington, D. C, through Prof, seem to give coloring to the statements of the

Cook, and here is his report: four different chemists.

Prof. A.. T. Cook, Aoriciiitufdl Cidh'or, Midi. We have statements from other parties, not

fi^^'Slnfi^'/'-T^''''' '^'}""''V i;L'.'""''-y. ""''"* 'T^'"!,'"" depending upon analysis, but think best to

the 20th mst.. numbcn-d 1(10, has been entered as ,,,,„, ^ , .

Serial No. IKJ.W; on analysis it gave the following withhold them for the present. In conclusion, we

numbers: would say that we have given the facts for -just

Direct voi^riz^MonuX-^^^^^^^_^^^^^^..^.....^!^3 ^^,^^ ^jj^y ^e,e ^^rth, and the reader may

Sucrose (calculated from above readings) o.8% draw his own conclusions. A. I. R.

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

m

('(Hint it nil Joy wlicii yi> f;ill into ni;iiiifi)l(l ti'iupta-
tioiis.— James" 1 :':.'.

If I reraembcr correctly I have used the above
text before. In fad, it has been a marked and
singular text to me ever since I first found it.
We are so often exliorted to beware of the
tempter, and to pray that w(> nuiy not be led
into temptii'ion. that it sounds a little strange
hear the old veteran servant of Christ tell us to
to count it all ./"!/. In the new version the word
"divers"' is changed to " manifold." "(.'ount it
all joy. my bi'etliren, when ye fall into manifold
temptations." And the margin suggests that
the word "temptations" might be translated
"trials." "Count it all joy when ye fall into
many trials." If you asU for an explanation,
the very next veise suggests: "Knowing this,
that tlie trying of your faith worketh patience;"
and the new version puts it, " Knowing that
the proof of your faith worketh patience."
The idea seems to be, ihat we grow strong and
able and useful by being tried. INIy thoughts
were turned to this subject recently by some
experience of luy own. Sometimes I hdve
thought I would stop telling my experience;
but when 1 stop telling my trials that have
brought me to study my Bible more, and to
know my Savior more, then I stop getting let-
ters of encouragement. By the way, these
lett(>rs and words of encouragi^ment are more
helpful 10 me than you may imagine. While
at the recent Chicago convention, during a
recess quite a number gathered around me,
and some were inquiring if that was A. I. Root.
One old gentleman made me recall who he was
by referring to the correspondence of past years
we had had tpgether. Just as he was obliged
to go away, because so many others were
around, he put his head close to me and whis-
pered, " Brother Root. I am a better man for
having known you and for reading your writ-
ings in these past years." The remark was
iond enongh. however, so that somebody over-
heard it. 1 do not know but I took the liberty
of repeating it to the other friends, as it helped
us to get acquainted some. Well. I was quite
a little surprised when one after anothei' ex-
tended his hand, saying, "Brother Root. I too
can say that very same thing." And others
rejoined. "And I!"' "And 1!" And then we
had a big laugh all around.

A few days ago one of the "big guns" in the
work of the Fanners' Instituti — one who has
labored in Ohio and many other States — came
to see me. and we were ovi r in the little giei-n-
hoiise just before train time. As he put out
liis hand in going away he s;iid something like
this: "i^idther Root, we irad Talnuiges ser-
mons almost every week, and they do u< good,
and wi- thank God for sncli a man asTalmage.
But I want to tell you. before parting, jii^t for
vour encouragement, you know, that we think
at our house that your sermons sonuMimes
come a little nearer home than even tliose of
the great preacher Talmage."

Well. I have watched closely, and I have
read these kind words of encouragement from
men and women from afar olf. and I have tried
to let tlnnn guide me. liiat my work may be
still more helpful to you all; and. if I catch the
spirit aright. I am forced to believe that it is
God's wilMhat I should tell you of these con-
flicts tliat 1 have.

.Inst now our nation is pretty full of sin and
crime. There are jealousies and hatred ram-

liant in the land. There is disagreement and
bitterness. There is a wondi rful hick of the
spirit of Christ .lesus. What shall we rloV
Where is the remedy V When we feel ourselves
being driiwn into the meshes of Satan's net,
whercMs the remedy V Do we recognize in tlui
very otitset when we are getting tiius entrap-
ped? Do we kmni' when we are getting out of
the track— that straight and narrow track?
Yes. I think we do; and the l)est remedy tor sin
and crime is to foil and disappoint the prince
of darkness at the very outset. And now for
my little experiiMice of late.

At this season of the year a good deal de-
volves upon me. A good deal of autliority
seems to b(! ves1< d in me; and while, as a gen-
eral rule, I succeed in keeping out of sight the
fact thnt I am "boss," if I choose to be. yet
notwithstanding I am strongly templed many
times to use thiit aulliority. You know my
teachings have been, at least ever since I have
b' come a Chi istiiin — to rule by gentleness and
love — at least, where it is possible so to do.
Y'ou know how often I have quoted, " Love ye
your enemies, and o good to those that hate
you." Why. I hiive repeated this text st) much
that / ought to be ashamed of giving way to
any feeling of sjjile or even vexation. Oh dear!
if some of these friends who have said such
kind things by word of mouth or by letter only
knew of the feelings that oftentimes sway me
to and fro. 1 am afraid they would lose conli-
dence and faith — in me, at least. And yet-
why, as sure as you live, the text we are talk-
ing'about says, "Count it all. /oy when ye are
strongly moved,"' or when you feel inclined to
do wrong. Of course, we are not to count it all
joy when we give iray to wrong impulses.

Well, something displeased me. I did not
think much about it at the time, but some way
it got to running in my mind. I put it away;
but Satan whispered that, w here people were
bent or determined to rush into trouble it was
not particularly my affair. In my feeble health
Satan said (since I have not been able to tak(^
any long rides on my wheel I confess I iiave
been getting a little under the weather)— well,
in my feeble health, as I was saying, Satan sug-
gested that peoi)le must take care of them-
selves, and that it was certainly not my busi-
ness to be looking after crcr!/l)ody. The temp-
tation held out was, mind you. not to throw so
much as even a straw in a certain person's way,
but simply to let him have his oirn way. Some-
times it is hard for peoph^ to learn that there
are sins of oinisslaii as well as sins of roj;inii.s-
slon: but surely one, who lias talked these
things over as much as I have ought not to
need any light or instruction in that line; and
I confess the idea was quite fascinating— to just
attend to mv own affairs— and there are many
of them (enoucrb to take every minute of my
time just tOMttenU to my own affairs)— and to
do every thing as well as I knew- how. and to
let o(/(CT people attend to tlnir own affairs. A
trilling matter, was it not? But I knew the
spirit was not a right one. It was far from
being a loving spirit— that is, from the spirit
that enjoins us to love even our enemies. Bui
the thing kept coming back and taking my
attention. A belter spirit suggested, as of
course it would, that community, and especial-
ly my good friends, would look a little surprised
and astonished. They might say, " Wliy, Mr.
Itoot. did you not know this was going on?"
Well, the evil one rejilied to this by saying I
need not know— whv should I? I could not be
expected to know iiboiit even/ tbiiur. But there
would be at least a little prevarication here. I
profess to be a Chri>iian. I profess to value my
peace with Clod more than all things else. But
there can not be any peace with (iod wiien you

242

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mar. 1.5.

are making excuses, or when you are, even in
your own mind, trying to persuade yoim^eif
that something is so when you know it is not
so. A young Christian enjoys going to meeting,
prayer-meeting, and Sunday-school, when lie
first gets into tlie clnirch. In due time, how-
ever, old thoughts and feelings come back. He
says to himself, " 1 do not want to go to meet-
ing to-day. There is not anybody who goes to
hear every sermon that is preached. Why
shouldn't I stay at home as well as others?
Besides, I do not feel real well this morning,
any way."

Do you know, my friend, that this is danger-
ous ground for a Christian to stand on? Sup-
pose you answer before God, "Are you staying
at home because you do not feel well physically,
or are you slaying at home because you do not
feel well spiritually? Where is the real truth ?
or why do you want to stay at home — because
you do not feel well? or is it rather because
you do not feel like going to meeting? Is
it the physical or the spiritual part that is
just a little ill ?'' If it were the spiritual part,
you need above all lliings to go to church, and
have that spiritual part cured. If you do
really value your peace with God, you will cer-
tainly lose it if you listen to your inclinations,
and let laziness come before duty. Sometimes
we have a headache; and with the little head-
ache we have a good deal of laziness— spiritual
laziness — that is, a disposition to hang back,
and to give way to feelings that are not praise-
worthy feelings at best. As you value your
peace with God, dear friend, be honest with
Jiirn at' all hazards. "God is not mocked." I
have been all over this again and again. I
have tried going to meeting, and I have tried
staying at home; and I have taken a sort of
invoice of my spiritual condition Sunday night
as I went to bed, and I never yet felt blessed in
staying away fiom places of worship; and I
certainly never felt blessed in making excuses
in my own mind that are not well founded.

Well, I had prayed again and again that
God would lielp me to put the whole matter
out of my mind; but for some reason or other
God did not see tit to grant my request. I was
not particularly surprised at that, because God
does not always answer our prayers by giving
us exactly what we ask for. There seemed to
be a sort of fascination about dwelling on the
matter — an unprotitable dwelling; in fact, it
was quite the reverse of being profitable. I
would sometimes get up vehenn-ntly — mentally,
of course — and say. "Get thee bi-hind me, Sa-
tan;" and Satan would travel off with a rush.
But when I sat down at work again, before I
knew it he was looking over my shoulder, and
whispering in my ear. I presume many of you
have had similar experiences. Have you not
said to yourself. " Bother take the whole mat-
ter; I wish I could n(;ver think of it again"?
But it had got too well started; it made me think
of a puppy that is bound to follow ybu when
you want him to stay at home. You chase him
clear back to the house, and then keep watch;
but just about as you begin to be satisfied he is
not coming any more, there he is, close to your
coat-tails again.

A week passed. The temptation was gain-
ing ground. Instead of chasing it away as I
had been doing, I began to look at it curiously.
It began to exhibit new phases, and I knew it
was sin or the evil one that I was dallying with.
There was a sort of fascination about it in this
way. I have talked with many criminals in
our jail, as you know. Sometimes I read
accounts of terrible tragedies, in papers. What
is it that gets into men's hearts, and moves
them to such folly? Why, it is the very same
chap I have been scraping acquaintance with

for a few days back. Something suggests that,,
may be, if 1 knew more about him I could more-
successfully tight him and warn people against
him. Our entomologists, when they want ta
destroy an injurious insect or fungus, first get
most fully acquainted with the enemy. Here
is a chance for me to study all about the cloven
hoof.

Now, there is truth and error mixed up to-
gether right here. It is true, as our text tells
us, that it is a good thing to be tempted and
tried — yes, severely tried; but it is a tremen-
dous error to think we are called upon to step
out of the right way to find temptation.

My test in all these years back has been
something like this: How does this thing affect
your spirituality — your love to God and to your
fellow-man? 1 was obliged to say, promptly
and decidedly, " I am losing my ground spirit-
ually." Finally this matter was taking so much
of my thoughts that sometimes I did not realize
what I was doing. I remember of going down
to the greenhouM' to open the ventilators wider;
but instead of having my mind on my work it
was so much on this other thing that I closed
them up, endangering my plants. I looked
around to see if anybody was watching. My
friends might have noticed that I was at times
abstracted, but perhaps they did not.

Are we really forgiving a person when we
say we want nothing moi'e to do with him?
That old familiar Lord's prayer that we have
so often on our lips says, " Forgive us our debts
as we forgive our debtors." When we ask God
to forgive us for a wrong that we have con-
fessed, we expect him io feel toward us as if it
had never happened. And right here came
an experience that troubled me. I could not
forgive nor overlook the wrong; that is, it did
not seem to stay overlooked nor forgiven. Well,
one day, quick as a flash, it burst in upon me
that I was committing exactly the same offense
that I was severely censuring in another. Some
of you may have read that wonderful little
book, "The Manliness of Christ." Every thing
about Christ Is manly, straightforward, and
noble. Even his enemies acknowledged that
much. But every thing about Satan is coward-
ly, mean, and ignoble. Here we see an illus-
tration of it. The thing that I could not toler-
ate in another, when I was the transgressor
myself assumed a far different phase. When I
flrst became conscious of it the telltale blood
rushed to my face; and as I was in the presence
of busy workers all around me I felt like hiding
my face to conceal my guilt and shame. You
see, these experiences give me new glimpses of
Bible teachings. "Why beholdest thou the
mote that is in thy brother's eye, and consider-
est not the beam that is in thine own eye?"
Yea, verily, why is it? It is because, as the
Bible tells us, "The heart is deceitful above all
things, and desperately wicked. Who can
know it?" If I ever had any temptation to
think I was getting to be any thing like a saint,
the experience of the week fairly took it out of
me; and I could say with more sincerity, per-
haps, than I ever said before, "Lord, have
mercy upon me a sinner."

It was Sunday morning, t knew I should
have a tussle. If Satan ever works hard it is-
when he succeeds in going with you to the
house of God. He will keep your mind from
the sermon, if it be a possible thing. He will
persuade you to stay at home if he can. If he
can not do that, he will go to church with you.
When you get inside he will persuade you to
sit down near the door, or as far from the min-
ister as he can. Oh I I know him, you see. He
and I have been in sight of each other, at least,
for nearly twenty years. Before I was a Chris-
tian I used to sit away back; but now I want;

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

343

to be clo^e tn the ininistor. Tho adversary does
not like brinij draw n rijilit ii|) under the pulpit.
You get up cloM' lo ilif tuinister, and you will
stand a " rij^lu smart chance '" of gel ti tig away
from Satan— at least, for the time beine. I sat,
as I always do, close to the pulpit, sitting on
next the front seat. When liie church is full I
very often sit on the very front seat; in fact, I
rather like it. I like the idea of a full church,
so that even the front seats are well tilled.
VVell. on tins particular Sunday morning 1 was
close up to the minister. It was an anniversary
service. There were three ministers in the
pulpit, and there was a good deal of spirituality
in the house and in the community. One of
our old pastors — in fact, a companion of my
boyhood, who has become a great evangelist
and Sunday-school worker — commenced read-
ing the 10th chapter of I. Corinthians; and I
knew, as soon as he started, that help was com-
ing for me right in this chapter. If every min-
ister of the gospel, as he reads and speaks,
could know of the mighty work he may be
doing in some heart all unconsciously, what an
inspiration it would be to him! I remember the
11th verse:

'Now. all these things happened to them for
ensamples, and they are written for our admo-
nition."

During the days I have been telling you
about. I had been wondering if it were possible
that other people— the world at large, as well
as we Christian people — were having such
fierce tussles with evil and sin as I am contin-
ually having. Two or three times — yes. once
quite recently — the thought had forced itself
into my mind, "' Why, Mr. Root, you are no
Christian at all. and. in iacx, never was." A
good many times I only laugh when Satan puts
in such a speech as that; but once or twice of
late I have begun to fear that it were possible I
might in time become a castaway. Since God
in his gracious kindness gave me at my con-
version a glimpse of heavenly thing< I have
never doubted — no, not for one instant — audi
never shall doubt that divine revelation, no
matter what may happen. If I am lost. I shall
be lost with a full and complet? faith in a
heaven and a hereafter, and a loving Savior;
and of late I am beginning to have al^o a pretty
complete faith in a personal Satan, and in a
realm for the lost— lost by their ou;?t/rccc/ioice.
Well. now. I want you to listen to that 13th
verse, and I pray that God may help you to
hear it and understand it as I did. Here it is:

"There hath no temptation overtaken you
but such as is common to men."

That tneans that we are all children of
Adam. We all have evil impulses. Sometimes
the friends in jail and some other friends as
well, suggest that criminals are •'built " differ-
ently from Christians. They say to me, " Oh,
yes I but you are not huilt the way I am. You
do not know any thing about these things."
My friends. I am built just exactly like the
criminals that till our jails and penitentiaries;
and but for the grace of God I should not be
one whit better. Now let us see about the rest
•of the verse:

" But God is faithful, who will not suffer you
to be tempted above that ye are able; bat will
with the temptation also make a way of escape
that ye may be able to bear it."

There was comfort in the last words of this
versp. If 8atan had got up in front of the
pulpit that day. he sneaked back, out of sight;
and my opinion is, that h(! concluded that
Congregational church filled with people, es-
pecially while those four devoted servants of
God were there occupying the pulpit, was the
most unpromising place for his work, to be
found in this country.

A saloon-keeper in jail told me a few days
ago that he believed Medina Co. was the worst
place for a saloon-keeper that there was on the
whole face ofCJod's earth;" and I shouldn't
wonder if his boss partner in the business
thought just as he did. Within tin- next few
minutes, or perhaps during the next hour. I
should say, there was an unfolding hefore my
spiritual and mental vision such as I never had
before of the power of the gospel of Christ
Jesus to mend, correct, and purify our land,
and redeem it or emancipate it from evil.
There was such a glimpse pervaded niy ivliolc
heimi. as I iuid never felt before. I felt like
shaking myself and saying in the language of
my old favorite text, but which for a few davs
Iliad almost forgotten, "O ye of little faith!
wherefore didst thou doubt?"'

Just one word more: A good many people
have been greatly troubled because the New
Testament has so much to say about people
being possessed with devils. Nobody objects,
that I know of, to the idea that people are
sometimes "possessed;" for I heard a mother
tell her children that they ttctcd as if they
were "possessed." But the idea that, even
now, during this present lUth century, the
idea that people are possessed with dciuis seems
to be too much for a certain class of people to
believe. Come to think of it. however, haven't
you seen people again and again who were so
much in the possession of some evil impulse
that they could not attend to their legitimate
tasks? Haven't you seen people act as if they
did not know what they were about, because
they could not forget some grievance, fancied or
real ? Did you ever see two farmers get into a
quarrel about a line fence? Sometimes the
whole neighborhood takes sides in the tiuestion.
They neglect their crops, and waste their time
over a few feet of land that docs not amount to
any thing, either to them or anybody else.
They go into a lawsuit, waste their money, and
then have a fight, oftentimes, that ends in
murder. Are they not really possessed with
something? and is not it the "something "of the
kind that stays away from church, or does not
get very close to the pulpit? of the kind that
objects to hearing the Bible read ? Well, you
may call it what you like. I think I should say
they were possessed of an evil spirit; and the
best medicine for that evil spirit, that the
world has ever yet invented, is given in the
New Testament. In fact, it is so potent that
reading it over will often completely banish the
fiend. Why, yes; sometimes a single verse, as
in the case I have mentioned, banishes "the
demon and leaves the human soul clothed and
in its right mind, sitting at the feet of Jesus,
obedient, and ready to be taught.

GOOD SEEDS, ETC.; IF WE PAY FOK THE IJEST
SEED, DO WE GET IT ?

Since this matter has come up in regard to
onion seeds. I have been a good deal troubled.
In many of the seed-catalogs you will notice
different grades of seeds. For instance, we
have Yellow Danvers onion, at ?1.(K) per lb.
Then we have Yellow Danvers. Bu.vton stock,
at two or three times as much. I do not know
any thing about the above stock ; but the
wholesale seedsmen seem to think the word
"Buxtou" is a sufScient recommendation to

244

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mar. 15.

warrant them in asking f^200 for 100 lbs. of seed,
and this at wholesale. Again. I notice in one
of the whole<ale caralogs, "Chicago ^Market
nutmeg melon. Colvin's seed. 13.75 per lb.;"
and jnst below it we see ordinary seed (from
Colvi'n's stock) only :58 cts. per lb. Jnst think
of it!— five or six" times the price wanted for
genuine Colvin seed, while the cheap seed is
raised from the Colvin stock. If this meets the
eye of some of the large seedsmen. I wish they
would explain, for the benefit of our readers,
what makes this difference. Again, we see
Osage melon, true stock seed. $2.50 per lb. Or-
dinary seed, raised from stock seed, only 33 cts.
per lb. And so this goes on all through.

There is one thing that is rather encouraging
tome in these wholesale catalocs. Every litth^
while we find certain seeds marked " Crop fail-
ed." We notice this after the Hoosier King
watermelon. Well, why didn't they buy some
Hoosier King of somebody whose crop did not
fail? or is it something so new and rare that
nobody else had It? Landreths. in their lists,
frequently say of some pretty staple varieties,
" Crop failed."

Some years ago. when I visited Rawson's
grounds at Arlington, near Boston, some of you
will remember that I saw some beautiful cu-
cumbers on a bench. Of course, they were too
large for the table: but the shape was superior
— in fact they were such models of what we
want in the wav of cucumbers— that I inquired
about them. The foreman told me they were
for "stock seed." When I told him T wanted
just a/c7/' of the seeds he said Mr. Rawson did
not permit them to cive awav or sell a single
seed of this extra choice White Spine cucumber.
Mr. Rawson was absent when I made my visit;
but when he found I had written up his
grounds he made me a present of some of the
seeds from those choice cucumber*. We plant-
ed them on the creek bottom, and the season. I
believe, wa« quite favorable. Well, we had an
immense crni) of the finest and nicest cucum-
bers that it was ever my good fortune to raise.
We sold them all over our town, got a big price
for them because they were so handsome, and
sold more cucumbers than we had ever sold
before or have sold since, and we got an extra
price too. Why didn't I save some seed ?
Weil, I was too stupid. I though I could buy
some of Mr. Rawson. just like it, and that he
could save them cheaper than I could. The
following season I did buy some of him, and
paid him ?:3.00 per lb. for them. You have,
many of you. bought them of us, and tried
thetri. I bought the seed for stock seed, and we
all paid a big p?-ice for it accordinglv. I think
that was four or five vears ago. Well. I have
never had any cucumbers since like that lot I
have mentioned. I ti'ied them on the same
ground, but we have had such exceedingly wet
seasons that I attributed the failure (partly, at
least) to that cause. Well. I have tried them in
the greenhouse and on other grounds.' I have
tried them beside ordinary White Spine seed,
and I reallv could not see vem much difference.
Mav be there was some difference after all.
Perhaps I may be putting it too strongly.

At one of the national conventions of seeds-
men, somebody told a laughable story about
a woman who was a gardemn'. She was some-
what illiterate, but she knew the difference
between extra seed and common seed. She
asked the prices. They told her. Then she
looked the dealer square in the face and pro-
pounded the following: " Look here. If I pay
for the best seed do I get it?" The man who
told the story did not say what reply he made.
Now, will our experiment stations please help
us in this matter by planting some White Spine
cucumber seed, worth 30 cts. per lb., and some

that costs $3.00 per lb., and tell us the differ-
ence? Will they please try Chicago Market
nutmeg melon and Osage melon in the same
way? Why, I would give this minute $10.00
per lb. for some cucumber Seed that would pro-
duce a crop like the one I have told you of.
JNIind yon. I do not know that it was the seed
that produced the crop. And. again. I do not
know but it, was. Will the experiment stations
tell us what they think about it. or what they
have already learned in that line? How much
have the seeds to do with the outcome? Then
there is another trouble. If it really transpires
that a certain strain of seed is worth four times
as much as that generally sold in the market,
we shall be in the same fix as the poor woman —
'• If I pay you for the best seed, do T get it?"
Some of you may say. " Why, look here, Bro.
Root. You are a seed-dealer yourself. How
would you answer the poor woman — "If I pay
for the best, do I get the best?" That is just
what troubles me. If you pay for the very
best seed, I am not really sure that you will
get what you expect and what I expect ; and
have actually meditated giving up selling .seeds
because I can not give it the brains and atten-
tion it ought to have. This I do insist upon:
Every seedsman should have experimental
grounds. He should have a test garden where
the great wide world — his customers — could be
invited in order to see tests and trials made of
the seeds he sells : and I should really like to
liave the name of the man who grows the seed
put conspicuously over the crop. Where is
there a seedsman who dare do this? One spring
we had a customer who said he wanted 10 lbs.
of a certain strain of cabbage seed, providing
the seller would tell him who grew that seed. I
asked different seedsmen if they could fill the
order under these conditions. I did not find
one who was willing to tell who grew the seed.
In fact, one of them felt a little hurt when I
personally mentioned to him the matter. He
said thai was his own private affair as to who
grew his seeds. There may have been some
reason in his po^^ition. for the grower might be
greatly annoyed by correspondence he did not
want; and he might be annoyed by orders
for seeds when he did not wish to have a retail
business on his hands. Nothwithstandiiig this,
I believe the experiment grounds might have a
card telling who grew the seeds that produced
a certain crop: but he might aNo say the entire
crop belonged to seedsmen. Terry plants his
whole farm to Freeman t)otatoes: but he keeps
saying all the time, " Don't write me tor pota-
toes, for T haven't a potato to sell." J. M.
Smith is obligc^d to do the same thing. Now,
let these men who grow potatoes or seeds state
-clearly that they are (pravers. not retailers. I
suppose verv likely it is Terry's name that has
given the Freeman potato a part of its great
boom. Terry's name, in his strawberry-book,
has also created a big demand for the tart
Sterling strawberry; but yet Terry keeps say-
ing he is not in the strawberry business. In
fact, he throws away a wagonjoad of plants
every fall in thinning out his beds, because he
would rather throw them away than to be
bothered with selling them.

Just now we are retailing great handsome
lieads of cabbage for 30. 4(). yes, even 50 cts., a
head. They are Holland cabbages. I believe
they are larger and finer than any thing I ever
grew. Hold on! Seven or eight years ago,
when I spoke of these same beautiful cabbages
imported from Holland, some friend in the old
country sent me some seeds ; and from those
seeds I raised the finest cabbage we have ever
had, before or since. I supposed then, by buying
the cabbage seed to be found in our catalogs, I
should get just as good as what was sent me. I

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

:.'45

have nevor found it; and if some of our friends
in Holiaml willMiil im- ^onl(• nioie seeds like
those tlu-y sent nie belun-, 1 will gladly give
?U).U() per lb. for tlieru. May be the seed ^ent
me was worth more than that. I do not
know how nnieh such Holland cabhaKe ini{iht
be worth. In the lirst i)lac'e, the seed was extra
large. It produced the lincst-, liealthiest, and
strongest plants 1 ever saw. Now, hold on ! 1
lo remember tiiat I planted the seeds after
sifting guano and lime into the seed-bed. This
helped lo give them tiieir vigor. iJut 1 did the
■;am<> thing with the other cabbage seed. The
Holland cabbages grew belter than any thing I
3ver saw, before or since: and they kept right
^n growing, and th(^y made heads" almost but
lot quite equal to the iaiporied Holland cab-
Dage?. I am sure the seed had something to do
.vith it.

IVrhaps in the above I have told more what I
Jo )uit know than what 1 f7f; know; but I am
Mirc ii is in a direction where our people need
idvice and instruction.

You know I once paid §.iO for half a pound of
Jrand Rapids lettuce seed. I paid it IJecause I
;aw the crop riglil before my eyes. It is true,
[ did not see it by daylight, bul I saw erough
:iy hintcrn light to warrant me in taking the
;hancps of investing my money. It was the
jest investment in ihe way of seeds I ever made
n my life: and then and there I gave it the
lame it now bears, and sent samples of that
lalf-pound of seed broadcast almost all over
:he world; and now the Grand Rapids lettuce
>eed is cataloged and recommended by almost
!very seedsman in the world. It has been
.vorth thousands of dollars to the gardeners, es-
jecially the greenhouse gardeners, of the world.
Please do not think that I am tinding fault
.vith our seedsmen. There is not a season that
masses but that surprises me because they do as
.veil as they do. I liave bought seeds more or
ess of almost all who send out nice catalogs;
ind I am actually astonished to lind every thing
io good and true, especially with the vast mul-
tiplicity of kinds. The catalog I have been
luoting from offers for sale 3.5 different kinds
3f muskmelons, and other goods in proportion.
As this seedsman gives prices by the 100 lbs., on
most of them. 1 am forced to believe there is a
regular and steady demand for the greater part
3f ihem.

UNCLE .JAKE TALKS TO US ABOUT THE DIF-
FERENT QUALITY OF ONIONS.

A. I. Oleenlngs—deer Sir: — I see you're great
3n onoins. Did you ever eat em biled in milk?
They haint so ranlv that way. We never
thought lop onoins, potato onoins. or multipli-

rs. was as good as the old-la~liinned sort. You
isk about what's become of the old-fashinned,
top onoin-sels. Well, now. they haint so old-
fashinned, and, what's more, they haint near
so good, to my notion, as the sets raised from
black seed— little injens we always called em.
Isaac Tillinghast tells about raisin an acre of

m. but ihe rest of you all seems to run to tops.
Now you git some of the regler old-fashinned
sort, plant em middlin early, then when they
git about a foot high, with buttons about as big
as your ting(M', some hoi day when you're pirly
hungry, jist pull some of them injens, and let
your wife dress em and put em in a tumbler of
sold water onto the table. They make a han-

ome ornament. And they taste jist lushus. It
makes my mouth water to Ihink of it. The
way to eat em is to take some good bread and
butter, dip the end of the onoin in the salt, and
bite off what you want. They haint no cooked
Dnoin can begin to come up to a raw one. Not
when they're the right age, I mean. They

must be young and delicate. Some likes jist
the while part, and eats tops and all.

If you can't git the liitle onoins lo plant, you
can' raise some yourself, and then yon can liave
tlii-m for next year. Plant the .seed in drills
ollle thick. Th.ii you see tlicy cant hclj) but
grow litth — haint got room to grow liig. Some
takes a bairel and rolls over the lied lo break
down lh(! tops and slop them growin; but if you
put in the seed thick euuff that'senuff without
the baiTel. Jake Smith.

[Very good, L'ncle Jake. The point you make
IS an important one; and since you mention it,
I believe I have heard people say that onions
raised from black seed, or, if you choose, sets
raised from black seed, give milder and ph-as-
anter onions than those raised from old-fash-
ioned top sets, and this improvement in (|uality
is probably the main reason why onions raised
from top sets are going out of use and out of
the market. If, however, ar)y one wishes to
buy them at the prices quoted in the seed -cata-
logs, I should very much like the fun of the
raising. I have just sent and got samples that
are advertised at .'?.").0() and .?(■).()() a bushel, and
they have not even pulled the top sets apart
and prepared them in nice shape for planting,
throwing out the dry shells, etc. Somebody
asked one of our agricultural editors why peo-
ple did not all of them plant sets instead. of
seed. The reply was. that sets were so expen-
sive that they were never used except for get-
ting extra early onions for bunching. The sets
produce bunching onions a good deal earlier
than where the seed are sown in the open air.
but the expense is so great for the sets, and for
planting them one at a time. that, unless we
get great prices for the crop, it will not pay.
Now, the new plan of raising onion i>lant^ in
the greenhouse comes right in lo compete suc-
cessfully with the onion-.set business. Let us
bear in mind that we can not afford to buy
onion-plants, nor onion-Sets either, except to
plant them very early indeed, to produce very
early crops and get big prices. Now. I wish
others would let me know if it is true that the
old-fashioned top sets produce onions of inferior
quality. The Egyptian onions grow from top
sets in this way. and most people liave found
out now that these onions are strong, and of
poor quality. They are so very hardy, how-
ever, that people will buy them when nc) other
kinds of green onions can be obtained. How
about the quality of the new irhite top sets ad-
vertised in some of the seed catalogs?]

ONION-SETS— A QUERY.

I raised 2V.< bushels of onion-sets last year
from ^4 lb. of seed. What has been your expe-
rience in raising sets? and when is the best
time to pull them? Will they not be all right
to pull when they are large enough for sets?

Steamburg, Pa. MEiniiTT Baldwin.

It would seem, from the inquiries made
through the various agricultural papers in re-
gard to raising onion-sets, that there is a great
liick of information in regard lo the subject.
The question above, as I understand it. is this:
If you sow your seed very thick, can you get
onion-sets by pullifig and curing the onions
when they are of a proper size for sets ? Well,
this depends. If you have dry weather, or your
ground is poor, or any thing gives the plants a
setback so that they mature small bulbs instead
of making onions, your plan will do all right.
A neighbor of ours sowed an acreof Globe Dan-
vers, and expected to get several hundred bush-
els of onions. In consequence of the dry weath-
er, however, they stopped growing, and many
of them began to ripen up, making bulbs so

246

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mak. ]5.

small that the greater part of the crop was only
sets instead of onions. By taking a great deal
of pains in cnring and sorting, he managed to
get several bushels of very good sets, and quite
a good many that were too large for sets; and,
if I am correct, a good many more that did not
make sets or onions either— in fact, they did not
produce a ripened bulb at all— only some thick-
necl<ed half-grown onions that might have been
used for bunching and nothing else. To get
nice sets you want poor ground or dry weather.
You may remember a correspondent in (Clean-
ings said they always raised their sets near
large trees. The roots of the trees carried off
the moisture and fertility so that the onions
were obliged to make little bulbs. On good rich
ground, with plenty of water, when onions are
of the proper size for sets, they make thick
necks, for they have not yet commenced to makti
bulbs; and if they were pulled and cured at
this stage, you see they would not be just what
is wanted for sets in the market.

SOMETHING FURTHEK IN REGARD TO ONION CUL-
TURE, CLEA^R FROM " MERRIE ENGI>AND."

Mr. Root: — That time when you had a bed of
onions, one end of which was nice and soft and
rich, the other stiff and hard, the hard end did
not please you at all, yet the onions did best
there. I thought you knew how to grow onions;
but from later articles in Gleanings I see you
have not taken the hint. Try this plan: Ma-
nure the bed with good heavy cow or pig ma-
nure (horse manure is too light); keep the ma-
nure near the surface; tread all over the bed,
and make it solid and firm. If your onion-
plants have been raised in heat, see that they
are properly liardened off. Plant with a trowel ;
with the point of the trowel scrape away the
soil about an inch deep. Spread the roots; put
back the soil; press firm; scrape some soil up
around the plant in a little heap. When you
cultivate among them this will come away and
leave the onion standing on the surface. Top
dress in your usual way. Deep loose planting
will make good seed grow thick necks.

Greenlaw, Eng., Jan. 1. Robert Douglas.

turnips.

We have had some experience during the past
few years in the matter of growing turnips as a
market gaiden crop, and therefore can not re-
frain from giving to the public something of
the impressions and opinions formed thereby.
We have found an excellent demand for really
good sweet-liavored turnips, in neighboring
towns and cities; and we now do not have much
trouble in producing good crops. Formerly we
practiced to some extent broadcast seeding, but
have turned over an entirely new leaf in that
respect. Under that plan the plants come up
by the scores where we want but a single one;
and the operation of thinning them properly is
too long and tedious to be thoroughljf perform-
ed; hence the natural result is, we have many
weak and spindling plants with few good roots.
On the other iiand. by drilling the seed in rows
two and a half to thrtse feet apart, good culture
may be given from tlie beginning, with horse-
cultivator. Thinning to from 4 to 1:.* inches
apart in the row (according to variety of turnip)
is a comparatively simple and easy operation
that can be largely effected by the dextrous use
of A three cornei'ed hoe.

It is advisable to sow seed of both the small
round straij leaf turnip and the rutabaga also.
In this way we have something to suit the va-
rious tastes and caprices of different customers
— some preferring one, some the other. Of
course, the rutabaga varieties must be sown
much earlier than the smaller kinds. For them

the middle of June or early in Ju)y is the tim(
to put in the seed; whereas the strap-leaf tur
nip may be sown as a second crop any time dur
ing the first half of August. For this reasoi
we think the smaller varieties are the mor<
profitable, since they grow very rapidly, are lit
tie trouble, and occupy land that otherwisi
must needs lie vacant and run up to weeds t(
bother the cultivator next season with thei:
many seeds.

Fresh manures are not good for turnips, a;
they favor scab and worms. Better use ashe
or fertilizers, or have the manure applied sever
al months before sowing turnips, that its rani
character may become dissipated. Probabl;
new sod land gives the smoothest, handsomes
roots. The great beauty with turnips is that
what the market does not want, domestic ani
mals of all classes do desire and thrive wonder
fully upon. There is no root more general!;
useful for stock-feeding than the turnip.

Danvers, Mass., Jan. 15. M. S. Perkins.

[I heartily agree with the above, although
did not think particularly about it until I re
membered that a good many of our turnip
have been coarse and sometimes hollow, througl
the effect of excessive stable manure used oi
our grounds. During the past season we sowec
turnip^J on a clover sod after some early crop
were taken off. No manure of any kind wa
used except the clover turned under. While th
turnips did not grow as large as usual, they ar
nearly all right for table use; and they ar
sweeter and richer than we have had for a goo
many years. Terry, you know, thinks we gp
better-shaped and better-flavored strawberrie
on clover sod than where such excessive quan
titles of manure are used. Another thin|c
these turnips have stood severe freezing weath
er much better than those of such rank rapi
growth.

W. I. CHAMBERI.AIN AND HIS VEGETABLE-GARDEN

Does it pay to have a garden ? The followin
from the Ohio Farmer is from the man wh
wrote our book on tile drainage that is havin
such a wonderful sale just now. It is writte
in his usual happy style, and comes in quit
seasonably:

The gTeat advantage, too. Is that these tlilng-s ai
so (jlieaply and so easily raised. Six extra early lie
liouse tomato-plants cost me 2.5 cents. Their fru
ripened early in July, while southern-grown torn;
toes were si ill selling at the gioceries at 25 cent
per pound— a costly luxury. The six vines bore
great abundance for our little family, averagin
three members. They lasted until the middle c
November, brought in green and nearly full-grow
at the first heavy frost, and ripened in the lioiist
One of the six vines, "Atlantic Prize," set where th
"chip yard" had been for years, was the larger
vine I ever saw. I " let it run " as the boy did th
molasses, and it finally grew over 13 feet long an
over 6 ft. wide: covering cjnite densely an irregula
oval space indicated by these dimensions. It mus
have borne two or tin-ee bushels, ii])eniiig all alon
for about three niontlis. The bushels of toraatoe
we ale cost us 25 cents for the extra early and extr
thrifty vines, and almost nothing for their care an
picliing. It was a grand year for them. Hubbar'
siiiiashes, planted along tlie tile ditch that convey
tlie kiti ■hen-slops far from the house, cost us 10 cent
for Seed, a little care and road dust to clean out th
striped liugs. and yielded far more than we can ea
in tlie si.v or seven montlis that we can use them
If we choose we can save more than 500 times a
much seed as we bought— pure Hubbards of fines
quality. The celery cost $1.00 for 200 strong, thrift;
plants, and proljatily as much more for work— grow
ing, digging, and packing, roots and all. standinj
in s'lnd in "Root's liushel boxes" in the cellai
Thus we have it crisp and fresh, right at hjuid al
the fall and winter. The beets are packed In sari(
too, the smoothest and tenderest being selected
The parsnips are dug as we want them, and firs
boiled and then halved lengthwise and fried hrowi

1894

GLEANINGS IN KEE CULTURE.

247

in plenty of butter. Tlie cabbages are turned heads
down on clean drained turf, and covered witii corn-
stalks and a little earth. The lima beans were pick-
ed just before the first heavy frost, and lasted sever-
al weeks; kept jrreen in i)ods, in a cool place. John
Gould, of Aurora, raises enough for a small hotel;
pulls them, pole and all, before killinji: frosts, and
sets poles and vines on end compactly, in a base-
ment, and has delicious green lima beans half of the
winter. He has no i)atent on it. I mean to copy his
plan next year, for the lima bean is the most deli-
cious of the bean varieties.

The amount of food and relish we have trot out
of our little grardea this year and previous ones is
simply amazing:, considoriiiK the cost. TheStowell's
iiVerg-reen sweet corn was a fe.ist for weeks The
nutmeg' melons at breakfast-time .are (nie of the
luxuries at the $lper-day hotels. We had them for
weeks at a, money cost of 15 cents for seed for we
planted plenty and had more i han we could eat
Another year we mean to do h •, tur and start all the
berries, rhubarb, and aspara-iM. Who will join us
in this means of proinotnig health and comfort, and
of diminishing: doctors' bills V

"ASPINWALL."

1. The most perfect Hive ever offered
to the public.

2. It has Closed-end Frames, which
can be more rapidly handhid than any
other frame, without killing a single bee.

3. The Top-bars project over tlie Hive
ends, enabling easy and rapid handling
of the Frames. This feature favors
narrow spaces between the bars, and
makes the most perfect non-burr-comb
frame extant.

4. They can be manipulated without
working with fingers among the bees, or
having them daubed with propolis.

.5. The hive may be contracted or ex-
panded, as desired.

6. The frames are provided with an
improved and rapid method of putting
in comb foundation.

" 7. The frames are L. size. We also
make a deep-frame hive L. length.

50c.TRIAL SETS

Of Choice Seeds and Plants.

Our object in olTerin,^ thus cheap is to introduce our t;oodsand
secure your tut ute orders. Please tell your neighbors aboutit

SetU— 2 Beautiful Palms, 2 sorts, strong plants 50c

" B— 16 packets choice Vegetable Seeds, all different 50c

•• E— 20 packets choice Flower Seeds, all different 50c

" F— 10 Lovely Carnation Pinks, 10 sorts 50c

•• G— 10 [*rize Winninj; Chrvsanthemums, 10 sorts 50c

" H— 4 Superb French Cannas, 4 sorts 50c

" J— 10 Elegant Everblooming Roses, 10 kinds 60c

" K— SGrand Lar<?e Flowered Oeranium.s, H sorts 50c

" M— 34 Fine Gladioli, l;ni,M> FiowiM-Ing Bulbs 60c

" P— 6 Hardy Ornamental Flowering Shrubs, Csorts 50c

" R— 6 Choice Grape Vines, 6so-"s 50c

One-half each of any two of these sets 50c

Any 3 Sets for $1.25, or 5 Sets for $2 CO,

Delivered at Your Postoiiico Prepaid. Satisfaction Guaranteed.

Orderthesesetsby the letters, tiend now from thU ndvertlHement, as those Introductory
Bets do nctappearincatalOBue which contains IfiS pages and will be sent free with first order. If none
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yon to Bee our itrict-B before ordering elsewhere. It Ih one of IhebetKl InHiied; contiiina
liiindreds •»! SlluMtrittioiiH and full description*) of one of the lararext and moHt enmplete
I^kA^^I". "•"'''*■"• '"*''"'""'^ ""*">' new, rare an<l vnluahle noveltleM. We Krow
^aUiOUO iSo>teH yearly; many other things as largely. Are headquiirlers for the choicest

Trees, Shrubs, Vsres, Roses, Bulbs, Plants, Seeds, etc.

40th YEAR. 1,000 ACRES. 23 GREENHOUSES. LAST CALL, ORDER NOW.

THE STORRS& HARRISON GO. Jox 164, Painesville, "o^^.^

Ohio.

348

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mak. l.").

COMB FOUNDATION.

Made by an

IJKll^RO^'HD PROCHSS ON NEW ^\I>rU

IMI^Ra\'BL> MACHINES

of my ovvji invention,
■whit^h enaliles jne to
lirodnce

Xlie Cliesipest-

Prices on 5 lbs. or more will runge from 35 to 50c
per lb. Send for prices and samples.

W.J. FINCH, JR.,

931 £. Monroe St., Springfield, Illinois.

tSrin responilini; tu tliis Lulvt- rtisemeiit inentlon Gleanings.

THE BEST

is wliat I mean to fiive my pat-
I'oiis. Drones from selected
queens. Breeders are carefully
selected from ilie best. Personal
attention and assiduous care giv-
en to rearing: queens that they
niHj' l)e of the Ingliest type.

[Tntcsted, $1.00; after May, 75c;
ISIarch and April, (5 for 84. 7o; doz-
en for $8.50. May and June, 6 for
*i.OO; dozen, 87. .50. Later, 6 for
$3.50; dt)zcn, S6..50. Tested, S-banded, $1.:.'5; 3 to 5
banded, 81.50 to *4. 00. Send for circular for partic-
ulars. Make money orders payaljle here.

J. B. CASE, Port Orange, Vol, Co., Fla.

i!^"iii resDonclintC to this adveni>.enit;iii, uieiitiun Gl-KaKIssobi,

Good ! Good !

Those wishing: the tin est and best business bees,
both for pleasure and profit, should know that
Jennie Atchley is head(iuarters for such queens.
I breed botli the 3 and 5 banded strains, at tlie fol-
lowing prices: Untested (March, April, and May),
$1.00 each; 85.00 for 6, or 89.00 pec dozen. June till
October. 75 cts. each; 8-1 25 for 6, or $8.00 per dozen.
I breed my queens in separate yards, and I have as
fine Italian bees as tliere are anywhere. Nuclei
and full colonies. I have one straight merchandise
■ ate on bees by express— lowest in U. S. Fine breed-
rs always on hand; 3-banded, $5.00; for .straight 5-
anded breeders, apply by letter. Also bees by the
pound. I guarantee nil ray queens to be good and
serviceable, and my fine faultless bi'eeder.s, unexcel-
led in the world. Safe iirrival and satisfaction.

I also have a carload of A. I. Koot's Dovetailed
liives and Bee-supplies to accommodate my South-
ern customers. Dadant's foundation and Bingham
smokers Send for catalogue.

JENNIE ATCHLEY, Beeville, Bee Co., Texas.

NOW IS YOUR CHANCE.

To buy c'/io.-i/>. Bee-keepers' Supplies, lilves, sec-
tions, i'dn., etc. Write for price list. EOOT'S GCODS.
.JailN NEJiEJ. cV- SOxV, Hiiili Hill, Mo.

The Triumph Incubator,

Manufactured by Ed. W. Cole, Kenton, O., is the
<"heape8t and best. Eggs for hatching, from stock
which won nearly 300 premiums the past year.

Send i'or /description and jjriees.
tSfln rijsponding to this advertisement mention Glkanings.

c.

Control Your Swarms, Requeen, &c.

Send ~5 cents f(jr samples of West's Pat.
Spiral wire Queen-Cell Pri>tectors, and
and Pat. Spiral Queen Hatching and In-
troducing Cage, also best Bee-Escape,
with circular explaining. 13 CeLl-Pro-
tectors, 60 cts., or 100 for 83. ; 13 Cages, 60
cts., or 100 for 85, by mail. Address

N. D. West, Middleburgh, Scho. Co., N. Y.

Sold also b3' all the leatling supply dealers.

Tar=Heel Apiaries, Goldsboro, N

-.^ Abbott L. Swinson, Proprietor. ^^

C?N Aftei' tell yearsCxper ieiici' 1 iireed only OO
22 American Albino Italians and Golden Ital- "O
ians; 3 and 5 banded Dees. Queens, $1.00 to "^
810.1 0; bees, 81.00 per lb. ; nuclei, 75 cts. per L. frame.
200 bu. "Cook's" Long Staple Cotton Seed at $1.00
per bu., f. o. b. Lint is 1/^ inches, and brings pre-
mium of 3 to 4 cents.

»5^i'ii respoiiftlnir to i i is advertiKHiin'iit nipiitinn f!i,KANiK<:»

Trego on Deck

With those ftve-banded Golden Italian Queens for
189i; 81.00 each. Circular free.

S. E. TREGO, Swedona, 111.

Notice to Kansas Bee=keepers.

I keep in stock a full line of E. Kretchmer's make
of Hives, Sections, and other supplies needed in the
apiary, at very low prices. Also ItHliaii bees and
(jueens for sale. A. W. SWAN, Centralia, Kan.

|ZJ|-v|. Colfk An interest in iron-manufacturing

1 Ul Odic i)iiBiness. Capital required, 85000.
Will take good paper or securities. An excellent
trade tauaht in connection.

L. L. ESENHOWER, Box 33L Spring City, Pa.

' BEE=MEN, Get free Price List of Apiarian Supplies.
E. N. .JOHNSON, Ii:nox\-illle, 111.

_^_^

Ruff I Arrhnfnc Bred from selected stock (Ar-

I DUIl Leg^lU^ll^, „oUi-s), tlie best of layers,

hardy and beautiful. Eggs from my best yard,

83.00 per 15. -F*. i-». Eomex^ Houesirown, Ea.

"TROT 'EM OUT!"

I challenge any one to show up a strain of bees
that are superior to my Ciolden Italians. They
liave excelled all competitors by practical test.
Gentle, industrious, good comb-builciers, enter the
sections readily, are not inclined to swarm, and are
perfect beauties. Descriptive circular free. See-
tions, i^2. jjer M. Dovetailed hives way down.
CHAS. D. DUVALL, Spencerville, Md.

Fleasie mention this paper.

pppp f My price list of pure
ri\L,L< . Italian bees and
queens, and wliite and brown
ferrets. Address

N. A. liNAPE, _^ _,^-^s—

Rochester, Lorain Co., O. -^4^'—=^

Colorado Cactus, c^^^ii^ ;:^^|^ ^^^

blossoms. One by mail, postpaid, 35c, or a group of
5 to 7 for 81. no, by express. Grows in any climate.
Beautiful ornament. Stumps taken. Address

E. Z. & J. C. FEISBEE. 172 W. Mapls St., Dsnver, Col.

ARin- Rafo-nin i" ^- C. B. Leghorn cockerels
Dig Ddrgcll!! at 81.00 each, from high-scoring
birds. Eggs for hatching, fl.OO per 13; also eggs
for hatching from nine other varieties.

AUGUST QOEXSE & SON, 3822 Wood St., Wheeling, W. Va.

Golden Wyandottes.

No better birds in America. Cockerel,
85.00. Trio, 87.0 i. Eggs, 83.00 per setting.
15. D. Keeney, Areade, N. Y.

Small one by mail, postpaid,

') cts. Large one by express,

inany climate. Fine ornament.

Texas Cactus.

25 cts. Grows
Stamps taken.

Beeville, Bee Co., Tex

Miss Leah Atchley.

CrFFn Potatoes.—Freeman (small), $1.60 for 90
^L(L,U 11)^ Kuial New- V'orker, Monroe Seedling,
*-^ and American Wonder, 81.50 for 90 lbs., large,
with 1 lb. earliest potato known, free. Stock true;
write for bulk lots. Premium Bronze Turkeys, Bar-
red " Rock Legliorns" (eggs all winter). Stock not
inbred. S. .7. Smith, Box 100, Padelfords, N. Y.

Cnf Onin ^*^ colonies of bees, mostlj' Italians
rUl udlui '''"'^ hybrids; nearly all are in Sim-

American.

plicity and Dovetailed tiives— 3
A. Y. BALDWIN, De Sails, 111.

18', 14

(iLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

^'49

GOLDEN QUEENS

From Texas, passed

lH'e^

•iui not besur-
for business,

■■ .iTtii«rr^r«.iit>T«i-i«m»j. htauty, and g-entleness.

Sal'u arrival and sat islaclion jiiiai'antced. Untested
queens -March, April, and M,i.\— Ifi eaeli. /50 One
Testv'd Queens f(ir early orders, $1.51) eaeli. Urdei-
early. iSend for piiee list.

",/. J). (il^^ISJSS, iinx :i, T^if^hon, To.\r.
tSTln ri'sDondinc to this advertiseiiient mention Gleaningsu

Italians surely take tlie lead. Tliey
are now in every State in the
Union, and in several fareio-n
c'oii/itrie.s. Nearly 3000 (jueens sold, jind not a
dissatisfied customer; if there is. let him speik.
Queens \'&llow' nil o\'ar. Fine breeders always
on hand; 4 and .'i band, !?2.tl0; straig-ht 5 hand, P.OO!
Untested, each, $1.00; 6 for $4..')0. Satisfaction. Ref-
erence, A. I Root. W. H. J^A^WS,

LAWS'

D\\i VOVl KUOVl

B

EE-KEEPERS' SUPPLIES

IN M \\' !:N(iL.\Nl)?

That I have the
LARGEST

srot^K

of

Consistin<j- of Doxcmiled, Simp .<Mly. and olliei' styles
(.f Hives. My brand of X.il while tidn Founda-
tion, and I'olished one-piece Sections, are the
nicest on the market.

A full line of every thing- needed in th(> apiary at
prices to suit the times.

Bees, Queens, and Nikleus ("oloniks of my old re-
liable strain, at pi'ices way down.

Send for 3-ttli Aniuial Catalo.yue before you buy
youi' stock, remcmberinH' the best is always the
cheapest.

Address W. W. GARY,

41f CoLRAiN, Franklin Co., Mass.

il^"Iii respondintf to tins a<JlvertlK3iraenT. mentfor "3le/> vik'js

9 O ®

• o e

Supplies

On the

Pacific Coast,

We are headquarters on the Pacific coast for A. I. ROOT'S SUPPLIES,
and can furnish them at prices to suit you. Have secured special low
freight to all points for this season. Write for catalogue and special prices,
stating quantity wanted. = = = = = = = = =

Posson's Seed Store.

Address, Portland, Ore.

208=210 Second St.

TREES AND PLANTS.

IP

"POX our 2^0 acres of nurscrv we li vr ev.Tv class nt lin-'dyTrees and Plants ; Fruit, Orn,a
\J mental. Nut and Flowe i..Lr. Ma y and Henry "Warfl lieec'lK-r Strawberries and^
IiOvett'B "est Blackberry sue among the most valuable novelties. In our catalogues named,,
billow vvhicli are tne most compleie. comprehensive and elaborate published by any nursery
establishment in the vvorld. all ar- accurately d-scribed and offered at one-hali the
price of tree agent*.

LOVKTT'S GUIDE TO FRUIT CULTURE t'lls all about fruits, their merits and

delec s ; how to pl.int prune, cultivate etc. Richlv illustrated Several color<-d plates. Pnceioc.

L,OVETT S MANUAL OF OKNAMfcNTAt- TREES AN;> I'LANTS is au hori-

lative as w^H a- instructive; a model of excellence in p'inling- a'ui illustration. Gives

points aid plans lor 01 iiamental planting. Price, with colored plates, 11; cents.

Established 40 years. We successfully ship to all parts ol" the World.
All who order either of llie above and name this paper will receive an ounce uf Flower Seeds /'"ee.

In writing advertisers please mention this paper.

Dovetailed Hives, Simplicity Hives,

SECTIONS, EXTRACTORS, ETC.

FULL LINE OF

BEE-KEEPERS' SUPPLIES.

6O-FAGE CATALOGUE. It'd^

J. M. Jenkins, Wetumpka, Alabama.

t^"Iu respoiidlntj to tlils advertisement meDtlon GLii,\xiN(ia.

250

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mar. 15.

FOR SAiE. — Rooted cuttings and plants of
Chrysanthemums, such as Childs, Lincoln,
Widener, Wanamaker. Spaulcling-, Boehmer, Waban.
Canning, and many otlitTS Will stnd by mail pre-
paid for 50cts. per dozen; if by express, will send
larger plants, not prepaid. J. S. WAENEE. Medina. 0.

Have You seen our Catalog

" Everything for Gardeners " ?

It is unlike other Catalogs. Straightfor-
ward and truthful descriptions by a practi-
cal market-gardener, of tlie best in SEEDS.
Tells about growing $2000 worth of Prize=
taker Onions on an acre, and how to gruw
$3000 worth of Celery on an acre. We sell
Vegetable Plants, Timbrell and other lead-
ing Strawberries ana Small Fruits. Trees
and Supplies for gaideners. Danvers Yellow
Globe Onion Seed at $1 per lb. True Prize=
taker, $2.25. We send a pkt. of tins and of
, anew Early Tomato, smootli, good shape
/ and size, and the earliest, also a pkt. of new
X Sensation Lettuce, with Catalog and sev- y
J eral useful leaflets, for only loc. Send now. >»
\ CHEISTIAN WEOZESSEE, Niagara Falls, N. Y. /

|^"In responding to this advertlspin^nr mention flLKANii'u

500 Barrels Sweet=Potato Seed.

Yellow Jersey (best variety), e.xtra select, bbl., J3.00.
second size, " $3..50.
Extra Early Carolina, similar to above, " $3.00.
Southern Queen, Red Bermuda (Yam), early, good
for heavy soils, *1.50 per bushel. Order now, and
secure good seed at reasonable prices. Discount on
5 and 10 barrel lots. Address

i. n. Mahan, Box l^n, Terre Haute, Ixid.
t^"In responding to this advertisement mention Gleanings.

Southern Bee=keepers,

Do you know that, freight considered, we can fur-
nish you with supplies at a less cost than any house
in this country? Freight rates from New York to
Jacksonville, Fla., only 3.5 cts. per 100 lbs. Our cir-
cular free upon application.
r. ,7. STRINGHAM, 105 T»ark Place,
23-23 tfdb A^ew YorU City.

Burpee

'n Seed Annual for 1894 is well worth
ij having. Tell to all who plant seeds

W. Atlee Burpee & Co., Philadelphia, Pa

IN

THE

FIELD.

GOLDEN QUEENS,

NUCLEI.

CIRCULAR FREE.

J.F. Michael,

German,

Darke Co.,

Ohio.

NIIUH . HONEY
'-^^^^^ EXTRACTOR.

Square Glass Honey- Jars,
Tin Buckets, Bee-hives,
Honey Sections, Etc., Etc.
Perfection Cold-blast Smokers.
APPLY TO

CHAS. F. MUTH & SON, Cincinnati, 0.

p. S.— Send 10-ct. stamp for " Practical Hints to Bee keepers."

YOU CAN HAVE

SUCCESS

READY fAfii'l'^^lJl'lltl 01IEE:NS

Will be ready in April. Safe arrival guaranteed.
Drones and Bees cheap. „

J. N. COLWICK, Norse, Bosque Co., Texas.

Seeds

Free I

ALSO

Freeman

Potatoes.
BURTON L.

I^^n responding to

in Bee Culture ;i Whole Year; 10
strong eyes of Freeman Potatoes
(pure), and 10 packets of flower
and vegetable seeds, for 40
CENTS, silver. This offer is
made to boom our circulation.

SAGE, Highwood, Conn.

this advertisement mention GLBANlNoa.

Send for our
new price list
of Bee supplies
and Fruit pack-
ages. A liber-
al discount al-
owed on win-
ter orders. Ad-
dress

BERLIN
FRUIT BOX

CO..

Berlin Heights

Erie Co.,

Ohio.

MOd

Automatic

Comb Foundation

Mills.

Hade by

W. C. Pelham,

riaysville, = Ky.

BBB'S!

If you" keep BEES,
subscribe for tlie Pro=
gressive Bee=keeper, a

journal devoted to Bees,
Honey, and kindred in-
dustries. 50 of s. per
year. Sample copy,
also a beautifully illustrated catalogue of Bee-
keepers' sup|)lies, FREE. Address
LEAHY MFG. CO., HIGGINSVILLE, MO.
H^In responding to this advertisement mention (Ti,K\yrN'GS.

14 Beautiful Carnation Plants.

1 will send post-
paid for $1.00,

wui Una ' 18 Carnation and 15 Rose Plants,

—30 in all— no two alike. S. I^EJSTOK,

Piru Citv, Ventura Co., Cal.

A

PPLES, Ben Dinis, Ark. Black, Mammoth Black
Twigs, all varieties. Whole root only. Premium
Woild's Fair. Trees, 10c each. On orders of 100
I pay the freight. W. H. Laws, Lavaca, Ark.

Please mention this paper. 1 7b

GEO. W. HUFSTEDLER,

Breeder of 5 -Banded Italian Bees and ftueens.

Unte.sted, 75 cts. Tested, $1.00 each.

CLARKSYILLE, RED RIVER CO., TEXAS.

PATENT WIRED COMB FOUNDATION

//as iVo Sacr in Broocl-t'raines.

Thin Flat -Bottom Foundation

Has no Fishbone in the Surplus Honey.
Being the cleanest, it is usually worked
the quickest of any foundation made.

J. VAN DEUSEN & SONS,

12tfdb Sole nanufacturers.

Sprout Brook, Montgomery Co., N. V.

it^Iii responuitiir to this advertisement mention Gleanings.

Queens?

Catalogue free.

Yes, either 3 or 5 banded
bees; Queens and supplies.
Pure-bred Poultrv cheap.

CHAS. H. THIBS,
Steele\'ille, HI.

TAKE NOTICE!

BEFORE placing your orders for SUPPLIES, write
for prices on One-Piece Basswood Sections, Bee-
Hives, Shipping-Crates, Frames. Foundation, Smo-
kers, etc. PAGE & KEITH,
8tfdb New London, Wis.

r »"»\ Fnr Q "'■ $10-00 for 6, Finest

OO » Brown Leghorns,

^^^ Plymouth Rocks. Other varieties.

Circular free. Address Geer Bros., St.

Mo., or H. B. Geer, Nashville, Tenn. 5tfdb

$5

Marys,

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

.'51

KIND WORDS FROM OUR CUSTOMERS.

Gleaninos is {jottiiiK bi'tter anil botti'r ; jiuid hick
filt, is the wish of youf sul)Sfi'ib('i'.
Nt'W Craigliall. Si'oLliiiid, Jiin.n. And'w IJut'iiAN.

I wish to iidd my vote of thanks for the improve-
nu'ut ill Gleamngs since Jan. 1.
Millard, Neb., Feb. 8. Mks. A. L. Hallenbeck.

T received tiie goods ordered of you a sliort time
igo. Tliey are tlie finest I ever saw. The sawed
ivood se])arators are very nice. Wilton T.wi.ok.

Onondaga, Mich., Feb. 2.

1 like Gleanings very much, and would not do
.vithoiit it. I have 20 stands of bees in cellar, in
<ood condition thus far R. Woodwahd.

Montfort, Wis., Feb. 6.

I have seen some hone.v in this market stored in
•our g:oods, which surpasses any thing- 1 had known
lefore. I am somewhat interested in bees, and
jiunikl like a catalog- or price list of your hives and
)ther fi.xtures. Solon C. Smith.

Jackson, Ohio, Oct. 9.

T am well pleased with Gleanings, and think
■very bee-keeper should take it. There is lots to
earn. I always read "Oa the Wheel," but think I
vouid rather be where I could help eat some of that
•elery than to read about it, as the grasshoppers
Lte our celery otT close to the ground.

South C.iyuga, Out., Nov. 28. O. Fathers, Jr.

THE COWAN EXTRACTOR A BEAUTY.

Mj- supplies have come to liand, all in good order,
'he Cowan e.xtractor is a beauty, and I consider it
ery clieap at the price. The shoe-repairing- outfit
s g-ood. It will save disconifoit and expense, and
liould be in every household. Please accept my
lianks for Gleanings for 1W)4.

W.M. Muth-Rasmussen.

Independence, Cal., Feb. 14.

This is an out-of-the-way place, and cotton is our
miy money crop. You can figure it out, and see
hat there is not a good living in it. I had 700 lbs. of
■xtracted lioney last year. The most I could get in
■Jew Orleans was iH cts. i)er lb., with freight, com-
nission, and drayage deducted. So we u.sed the
nost of it oursfh'es, thereby saA"ing- 40 cts. a gallon
;)r syrup, and better health, I believe. Your writ-
ngs and poor heallli together liave caused me to
luit smoking- (the only way I used' tobacco), and I
ind my health improved l)y doing so.

Clio, La., Feb. 12. Joseph Ryan.

The goods ordered of j-ou Jan. 18th, and shipped
an. 2.5th. were received Jan. 30tli in good order,
""reight charges were moderatt'. I have uni)acked
no-t of the goods, and have not found any tliing
nissing as jet. I am iileasi>d with the change you
iiade in the covers. 1 like the plan of having tliem
louhle. I use painted muslin on my flat covers,
upported about V4 i'lcli above by strips of wood
unnitig crosswise of the cover, and extending- about
n inch on either side, giving a chance for tlw- aii- to
■irculate under tlip muslin. S. F.vuhington.

Corunna, Ind., Feb. 3.

OUR FOOT-WARMKR.
My foot-sto\-(' has now been put to the test three
inies. and the first Sunday I used it I have niinis-
eted toacountij- congregation about seven miles
lut from here for over thirty years- I put in two
ticks of fuel. and. though the weather was e.xceed-
ngly cold I i-ode out in i-oinfort with wai-ni feet,

ml I left the slove under the robe while thi' sei-\it-es
I'erein proirress; and on my return the fire was out

nd a good \i]<i- hole had been burned in the robe. I
oncluded it was my fault in giving too mncli air;

0 the ne.vt time! shut otf the most of the air. and,
leingawarm day. one si ick of fuel kept me warm
intil m\ reiurn at night. Last Sunday I did the

ime. and came home wilh waini fi-et. and very
)m fort able otherwise. I And t h-it one st ick of fuel,

1 ordinary winter weather, is all T iiei'd. and that,
ith a very ni'iderate dra ft, it will burn about si.x

hours, and keep one comfortabl.v wjirm; so you can
set me down as a convert U) the foot-stove as ad-
miiably adai)tid to the wants or clergymen with
couiiliy pai-ishes which they art
private conveyance.
Perrysl)urg, O., Jan. 31.

iiliged to visit Ity
(J. A. Akams.

THE TOMATO-BOOK; CANNING TOMATOES, ETC.

Wc have been engaged quite extensively in grow-
ing-tomatoes for local and other markets, and think
your hook, "Tomato Culture," is by tar the best
that has ever been introduced. Voui- information
in the hook has been very valuable to me; but I
liave one fault to (ind you .x'ep too soon. Nearly
every year there is a lime when the markets are
full, and i>rices too low for us to slii|) for a few days
or weeks, and our fruit- lies on the gi-ound, and rots.
Will you kindly write me where 1 can purchase a
book, or get instructions for canning-, or making
ketchup from tomatoes?

Now you Intve told us how to raise tomatoes, I
think you ought to tell us how to take care of them.
Evpii ii thousand liiisliels that go to waste nearly
evei-y year would, if properly ciiiined, make a pi-ot1t
of itself. c. A. Turner.

Macon, 111., Jan 2:!.

[In our issue of June 1, last year, you will find an
article covering- the i|uestion you ask, friend T.]

FRO.M PRESIDENT ABBOTT.

Mjj Dear Mr. Runt:— I want to congratulati- you on
the many good points in your reply to Mr. Fiirriiig-
ton's letter. You have struck the keynote of suc-
cess, in my opinion. You have also stated clearly
the leason why a large number of people tire out of
emi»loyment. There are too many in this counti-y
working- only for the wcKjeg they receive, with no
thought of doing the very best they know how for the
one who employs them. Then there .seems to be so
little knvw how in the world. We often say peoiile
are not to blame for what they do not know; but
the.y are all the same when thej- coj/W know just as
well as not. OiU' miin can not know every thing-;
but many of them could knt)w more than they do if
they would only think so and make the effort. I
mean, they eould know more about how to do things
as they should be done. If this little sermon of
yours could be preached from every pulpit in the
country, or put in pamphlet form and spretid broad-
cast over the land, it could not fail to do a deal-of
good. I am sure it would be more itrotitable reading
than the sentimental, paternal, socialistic trash that
fills the columnsof many so-called ''reform " papers.

St. Joseph, Mo., Feb. 20. Emerson T. Abbott.

terry's new book, "our farm," etc.
We clip the following fiom the Rural New-Yorhcr:

OCR F'RM: XVe i-eg-ard this Ijoott as the most interesting antt
instructive volume that has ever been written about .Viiieri-
• an faim life. In faet there is nothinjr .inst like it in the
Enprlish language. It is a story, an agricultural treatise, and
»n ai-gument for a higher and better faiming all in one.
Those who have ever read Mr. Terry's articles know that'he
writes with a breezv eionestness that makes -' easy reading,"
and carries conviction along vrith it. They will find the
thought and argument in the book high-grade, soluble, and
easy to iiigest and assimilate. Ml. Teriy has long I een la-
iiioiis for his ethoils of growiug clover, wheat, and potatoes,
lie has no ti:uie-sccrftf_;he wholi' thing is de-cribed and
laid liaic tor us in tliis \ iiluinc. Tile cii-.iinage and the use of
muck, skillful ^avinj; of manures -nil the machinery of nature
that man can oil and oveiliaul— are well treated in this book,
which is. we repeat, the most inleresting farm record we have
ever read

Now. I believe every Avord the Ru7a1 says; but T
Mil .1 little surpiised to see they give such extrava-
gant praise to a bo ik i hat does not agree witli them
at all in the use of chemical fei tili'/.ei-s. In fact, I
sometimes feel troubled tosee the Runil.-nevk after
week, give sucli tremendous putt's to these things,
and perhaps I might confess that 1 also feel trou-
bled to see the results of Terry's experiments, year
after year, indicate so clearly that every chemical
fertilizer he undertakes to use does just no good .-it
all. I really wi.-^h we could put'l'eriyon some sort
of soil where fertilizers )coul<l avail. But I am
jifrtiid that, even then, Ik; would get such tremen-
dous crops of clover that the feriilizer would be
thrown inti> the shade or into nothingness. And
then the tiling that t roubles me again is, he would
not use anv sort of ferliiizer togret the clover start-
ed. Now. T. B.Terry is certainly ii great teacher:
and the Ritnit Neii -Y'nilar is also tmother great
teachei-. flow in the world can it be tluit their
teachings, or. rather, their experiences, should dif-
fer so treincitfloiiflji .'

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mar. 15.

Revised Prise List of Garden Seeds for March 15.

Please notice tliat :iny or

ill seeds mentioned l)el()W are sold in five-cent packages, postpaid by mail.
For 10 papers ordered at one time. 40 cts.; 100 papers. fS.rjO. Of course, scarce and high-priced seed will
necessitate making only a very small amount of seed in a package; but by far the greater part of them
CO itidn a full a -oun.-^ good fresh seeds. By comparing these packages witli hose you get of many
oft eseedsme.i von will notice the liberal amounts we furnish for only 5 cts. It is true we do not give
presents or cash prizes; but we believe the most intelligent people of the present day would prefer to have
the^r moi.ev's worth of what they ordered, rather than to compete for a prize. The tive-cent packages are
sent postpMid- but the price of all other seeds does not include postage; therefore, when you order seed

tioD if you have not already received it.

ASPARAGUS.
Asparagus, Palmetto. Oz. .5c; lb. 60c.
Asparagus Roots. 1 vear old. Palmetto. 10 for

10c; 50c per 100: f 4.( 0 per 1000. By mail, add 5c for

10, or 25c per 100.

BUSH BEANS.
Henderson's New Biisli Lima Bean. M pt.

lOe; qt., 35c; peck, .*2.^'5; busliel. $SM.
Kumerle's Biisli Lima. % pint. 25c; qt 'r5c.
Burpee's Busli Lima. Yi pint, 20c; qt. 50c.
Kidney Wax. Pt. 15: pk. n.50.
AVlilte Kidney, Large. Pt. 10c; pk. $1.25. Bu.,

$4:.m.

York State THarrow. The best field bean. Pint,

10c; peck, f 1.00; bush. *3 ,50.

POLE BEANS.
Extra-Early Lima Beans. These are fully
equal to the old lima beans, and are fully as pro-
ductive, and from ten davs to two weeks earlier.
We consider it an acquisition. Price, Vi pt. 10c;
qt 30c: peck $2.00.
King ol" tl»e Garden Lima. H pt. 10c; qt. 30c;
peck. 12 00.

All (if our heans will he furnixhed in5-cevt pnchmiex;
hvt where then are to an Ini mail, pnntpnid, <>f c<mrxe
the nhore packaaes 7vill have to he quite xmall. If
wanted hy mail, add 8c perpt. or 15c per qt. for postage.

BEETS.
Eclipse. Oz. .5c; lb. 40c; 6 lbs. $1.50.
Lane's Improved Sugar. Oz. 5c; lb. 2.5c; 5 lbs.

$1 00
Loiig Red ITIangel. Oz. 5c; lb. 2.5c; 5 lbs. $1.00.

CABBAGE.

Select, Very Early Jersey Wakefield. Stock

xeed. Oz. 26c; lb. $2..50.
Henderson's Early Summer,
rottler's Brunswick. Oz.20c:
Excelsior Flat Dutcli. Oz. 15c
Perfection Brumliead Savoy.
Large Red Drumhead. Oz. 1.5c; lb. $2.00.

CARROTS.
Early Frencli Forcinii. Oz.5c; lb. 60c.
Orange Danvers, Half-Long. Oz. 5c; lb. 60c

Oz. 20c; lb. $2 35.

lb. $2.00.

lb. $1.50.

Oz. 15c: lb. $2.00.

CAULIFLOWER.
Henderson's Early Sno^vball. Raised by H.
A. March. 'A oz. 25<^; ^ oz. 40c; oz. $1.50.

CELERY.
Henderson's AVliito Plume. Oz., 20.; lb., $2..50.
Golden Self-Blancliing Celery. Oz., 20c; lb.,

$2..50.
New Rose. Oz. 20c; lb. $2.25.
Dwarf Golden Heart. Oz. 1.5c; lb. $1.7.5.

CORN (POR TABLE USE).

Corn (except Ford's Early and Ma>rnnoth)we sell at
5c per half-pint pnckar/e: hut at this p ice purchasers
muat pay the postage, which is 3c for each half-pint.
If wanted in larger qitantilies the price will be 15c per
quart, 75c per peck, or $2.75 per bushel.
Cory's Extra Early.
Ford's Early Sweet. V^ pt. 8c; qt. 30c; pk. $1.15;

bushel, $4.50.

Late Mammoth Sugar. M pt. 10c; crop short.
Country Geutlemsai, or mproved Shoepeg.

CORN SALAD.
Oz. 5c; lb. 75c.

CRESS. OR PEPPER GRASS.

Extra Curled. Oz 8c:lb. 60c.

CUCUMBER.
Early Frame. Oz. .5c; lb. .50c.
Improved Early White Spine, or Arlington.

Oz.lOc; lb. 60c.
Green Prolific, or Boston Pickle. Oz.5c; lb. 50.

LETTUCE.
Grand Rapids Lettuce. Oz. 15c; pound, $1.75;

5 lbs. $7.50. This seed is from the originator, Eugene

Davis.
Boston Market (or White-seeded Tennis-ball).

Oz., 10c; lb.. $1.00.
Henderson's New York. Oz. 10c; lb. $1.00.

MELONS, MUSK.
Cnsaba, or Persian Musknnelon. Oz. Sets.;

lb. 60c.
Extra Early Citron. Oz. .5c: lb. 60 c.

Banana. Oz. .5c: lb. 6nc.

Emerald Gem. Oz. 10c; lb. 75c.

Miller's Cream, or Osage. Oz. 10c; lb. 7.5c.

MELONS, WATER.
Phinney's Early. Oz. .5c; lb. 60c.
Landreth's Boss. Oz. 5c; lb. 60.

Ml'SHROOM SPAW^N.

A-o^aricus Cjimpestris. Sine-le lb., 15 c-ts.: 5 or
more lbs., 12 cts. per lb.: 10 lbs. or more, 10 cts.
Directions for raising mushrooms sent with each
order.

ONION.

Yellow Globe Danvers. Oz. 10c; lb. $1.00; 5

l()s..90c per lb
Lnrge Ked Wethersfield. Same prices as

;ibove.
Silverskin. or White Portugal. Oz. 25c; lb.

$300.
Prize Tiiker. Oz 20c: lb. $2 25
White Victorin. Oz. 20c; lb. $3.50.
American (Extra Early) Pearl. Oz. 3.5c; '/z-lb. $1.90;

lb. $3..50.
Extra Enrly Red. Oz., 15 cts.; hi lb., 35 cts.;

per lb., $l.(Ui.

ONION-SETS.
Jill mail III ci'ids per quart cxtia.
Yellow Danvers. Qt. 20c; peck, $1.50; bush. $5.

I.ai-Ke si/f Yellow Danvers. o"e-half above prices.

Tliese are often used for pickles, but are also to be used foi
onion-set^; but tlie seed-stalks iimst be pulled off if they ap
pear, if you wi^h them to make onions.

Silverskin. (,)t. 30c; peck, $2.00; bush. $6.50.
Extra Early American Peari. Qt. 35c; pk. $2.25
^Vinter. or Egyptian Onion Sets. Prices, 5c

per qt..' or 35c per peck; $1.00 per bush.
W^hire MiillJplier. Price 10c per pint; 15c per

qt; $1.00 per peck, or $3..50 per bushel.

PARSNIP.
Improved Guernsey. Oz. 6c; lb. 25c; 10 lbs., $2.00.

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEP: CILTLKE.

:353

PARSLEY.
Fine Curled or Double. Oz. 5c; lb. 50c.

PEAS.
Ala»>ka. '^ pt., 5c; peck, *1.0(i; husli., *;?.75.
American Wonder. M pt- Sc; pk. «1.V5; bu. 6.50
Preinium Oeiii. X pt- 5l': i>eek, $1 00.
51uc-h I ke Am. WoikIit. but tiilh'f ami iiioiv productive.

Stratagem. Vi pt. 8c; qt. 25c; pk. S;i.75; bu. $6.
Champion of England. Pint, 10c; pk. $1.00:
biishH, *;i.50.
Peas by mail will be at same rate as beans for postage.

PEPPERS.
Sweet Spanish. H oz. 10c. ; oz. 25c.
BuUnose. ^ oz. 10c; oz. 25c.
Cayenne. M, oz. loc; oz. 2.5c.

POTATOES.
Itlonroe Seedlina;.
Liee's Favorite.
Kiiral !\e%v Vorker.

I lb., by mail. 18c postpaid; 3 lbs., 40p; by freigrht or express
with other proods, 1 lb., 5c; lpk.,3.'ie; 1 bush., 1.00; per barrel

of U pecks. *2.. 50,

Early Ohio.
F arly Puritan.

Prices of any of the above: 1 lb., by mail, 2ri cts. ; :i lbs , 61) cts.
1 lb., by express or freifrht. 10 cts.; 1 peck, by t-xpiess or freitrht.
oOcts.; 1 bushel, $1.75 Bvrrel. containing 11 pecks, $4 (ill. If po-
tatoes are ordered in the winter we will do our best to jirotc t
them from frost, but the purchaser must take all risk. At
these prices we make no charge for barrels or packages, but
deliver F. O B. cars here in Medina.

Freeman.

LARGE AND MEDIIM SIZE.
One lb., by mail, 3\>; 8 lbs., 7.ic; 1 lb., by freight or express
with other goods, 1."); 1 pk.. by freight or express with other
goods. 7.) e: 1 bushel. 2 00; 1 bbl. (11 pecks i, .5.00. SRfo.VD Size
Freemans, while they last, same price as Early Ohio.

Potato-eyes. Any of the above varieties by mail
postpaid, 15c for 10; or 80c per 100.

RHCJBAKB.

Myatt'8 Victoria. Oz., Uic; Ih., f 1.00.
Roots, 10c each; 50c for 10; $3. .50 per 100. If want-
ed by mail, add 6c each for postage.

I»irmPKi:\.

Oz 5c; It). 5()c.

Early Sugar.

RADISHES.
Karly Scarlet Olobe. Pkt..5c; oz. 10c; lb. 80c
Wood's Early Frame. Oz. lOc^; lb. 75c.
Beckert's Chartier. Oz. 5c. : lb. 40c.
Chinese Rose Winter. "' 5c; lb. 40c.

SALSIFY, OR OYSTER PLANT.
New Maiiiiii«>tli. From Sandwich IbIuikIb. Oz.
10c ; lb., $1.00.

SPINACH.

Blnomsdale Extra Curled. Oz .5c: lb. 25c.

5 lbs. $l.uu.

SQUASH.

tsL'MMEH.

«i>iant Summer Crookueek. Oz. 10c; lb. 50c.

WINTEIi.

Hubbard. Oz. 10c; lb. fiOc.

TOMATO.
Golden Queen. Pkt., 5c; oz., 20c; lb., f2.-0.
I;^notuiii Tomato. I4 oz. 10c; oz. 25c; lb .?2 .50.
Livingston's Beauty. Oz. 20c; lb. $2.WI.
Dwarf C'liamploii. oz. 20c; lb. f2..50.
liiviii<;!«tou's New Stone Toin-.ito. Oz 25c;

lb. $3.00. A very flue Urge tomato lor main crop.
Eiirly Ruby. Per oz., 20 cts.; lb.. $3.00.
Buckeye State. Per ^ oz., 3J cts. ; oz., 50 cts.; V

lb., fl.OO; lb.. 85.25.
Pear-SIiaped Tomatoes. Oz. 20c; lb. $2.50.

TURNIP.

Extra-Early Tiirnlps.

Purple-top W^hite-globe. Oz. 5c; lb. 40c; 5

lbs. $1.50.
Yellow Aberdeen. Oz. 5c; lb. 40c.
Kreatlolone. uz. luc; lb. 60c.
Wliite Egg. Oz 5c; lb. 40c.

.A-- I- I=1.00T, IMEecilii.^, CDliio.

R,0/A ■

BUSINESS

Note the reduction in price of all potatoes except
the Freemans.

CARLOAD OUDEFfS.

As we go to press we are loading a car of goods
for export to Australia. This goes in several con-
signments to diHerent fir-ns. Aliout two weeks ago
we sent a half-car order in one shipment. We are
also shipping a carload of hives, sections, smokers,
and other goods, to Walter S. Ponder of Indianapo-
lis, where many of the supplies we make may be
had at our prices.

THREE-EIGHTHS-INCH I'ATTERN-SL..\TS.

If any of our readers use or prefer slotted section-
holder" Ijottoms ?8 inch thick we can supply you
from stock at the same price as our regular size
H inch thick, 00c per KKi, or .5ii0 for * :.50. These are
1% inches wide, IH inches long, slotted for four 4 ^i -in.
sections. Price, with X-incli end-blocks, d(juble
abovi- rate. Remember, these can not be used in
our regular Dov. super without destroying the bee-
space above.

NEW GLEANINGS BINDER.

We have for several yetrs been using in oui' office
a binder which came from England, which we have
liKed very much better tli;in the Barrett binders
we have been selling. We have tried for over two
years to find where the same kind of binder could
be had in this country. We recently found what
we wanted, in Boston, and now have liiO of them in
Stock. We e.xpect to give a cut of it in ne.vt issue,
showing how it works. They cost a little more than

the old kind. The price will be 65c each for all
cloth, or T5i; for cloth with leather corners and back.
All are nicely lettered in gold on the back, and on
tlie front cover "Gleanings in Bee Cultpke."
Postage e.xtra, ITe tach. There are 24 steel strips
threaded on to a wire at each end. The journals
are held in the binder by one of these strips passing
through the center. No holes are punched, and it
is the work of a moment to remove and replace any
one or all of the journals when desired.

honev market.

Our stock of choice comb honey was all shipped
soon after our last issue wais mailed. We e.xpect to
have a further supply soon, but the price will be
15c per lb. for choice in lOil II). lots. For smaller lots,
16c. VV"e have about ;i(Ml lbs. of fair honey, which
cost us 14c last fall, but which we offer for 13c now;
alhO 20u lbs. of buckwheat at lie per lb. All this is
in 1-lb. sections. We have 3 eases of fancy white,
1>^ -lb. sections, which we will sell at 14e per lb.
For extracted honey we (juoie the same prices as in
the hist ssue. as follows;

Choice clover and basswood extr.ieted. in 2(K)-lb.
kegs or barrels, at T'^c; in 601b. cans. 2 in a case.
8c. Choice white-sage honey, in 60-lb. cans, 2 in a
case for 7i4c.

Galvanized wire cloth.
We are now using in our extractors a wire cloth
with a pure zinc tinisli, galvanized after being
woven, four meshes to the inch, and No. 22 wire.
It is stronger than the tinned cloth wo have used
for years, and has larger meshes. The greater
strength is due to the fact that the wires are joined,
where they cross, by the coating. There is nothing
in this coating that is detrimental, as the same kind
of cloth is largely used for fruit-drying, where the
acid of the fruit is left for a long time in contact
with the wire, yet the manufacturer of the cloth
agreed to eat at one time all the poison there might

254

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTTRE.

Mar. 15.

be in a liundred barrels of such fruit. He tlius
prov^ed liis confidence in the liarmlessness of tlie
coating-, which is of pure zinc, and ditferent from
tlie coatinfj generally used. Besides this 4 mesh,
we liave also 6 mesh to the inch in stock. We can
furnish it in cut pieces at tic per square foot, or full
rolls, 100 feet long, at 4}4c per sq. foot. Our stocls
is 30 and 3R inches wide. We can ship from New
York or Chicago, any Avidth desired, at above fig-
ures.

MAPLE SUGAK AND SYRUP.

The delicious sweets from the sugar maple are
being gathered in this vicinity. Not much has yet
been brought in, but we expect very soon to have
enough to supply all (jrders. We ha%'e orders in
already for about a ton of sugar, and have shipped
two lots of syrup. Our prices on sugar will be the
same as in former yeais— 10c per lb. for best grade;
9c for No. 2, and 8c for No. 3; V4c less in 50-Ib. lots,
or Ic less in .30ii-lb. lots. We can offer syrup a little
lower this year.

Choice syrup in one-gallon cans will be $1.00 per
gallon; in 10-gallon lots or more. 90c. Those desir-
ing to buj' in Quantities will do well to write us.
The weather is such that the crop here promises to
be short.

STICKEMFAST MUCIIiAGE.

We have at last got a preparation that will stick
labels to tin, and keep them stuck indefinitely.
Most preparations heretofore would seem to stick
them all right, but after a little they would pop off.
There is one great drawback to this. It comes in
dry or granular form, and must be prei)ared for
every two or three days' use, as it will not keep
longer than three or four days and do its work. If
prepared and applied fresh, according to directions,
it will stick labels seciu-ely to tin or wood, and hold
them. When used to stick two papers together
they do not become hard, and crack, as with other
mucilage, but remain pliable.

An ounce of the dry powder makes a pint of
mucilage, whicli will stick a good many labels.
Price of Stickemfast, including full directions for
preparation. 1 oz., Ih cts. ; 2 oz., 25 cts. ; 1 lb., $1.25.
Sent postpaid at tluse prices.

LATHYRIS SILVESTRIS, WAGNERI.

Dr. Miller, I very humbly beg pardon. I did see
that stinw, hut Lnthjirin silvcsti-is did not mean any
thing to me just then; but now it wakes me u|)
quicker than greenhouse, strawberry, or any tiling
else. But what did you put that last inirt on for—
Wagneri? Is not Lathyris silvestris bad enough
without more Latin? Never mind. We have got a
little bag of seed, and it is going off .some in five-
cent packages. A. I. R.

EXTR.\ E.4RLY A.MERICAN PEARL ONIONS.

At tliisdate, March 9, the sets planted last Septem-
ber have wintered even better than ever liefore.
Our severe freezing weather, even without snow,
does not seem to have injured them at all, neither
are any of f hem thrown out by the frost. The plot
of ground where they were planted was very heavily
manured, and after the fall rains they sent their
roots down to such a depth that the frost seems to
have had no effect on them. They are on our creek-
bottom ground; and although a part of the piece
was under water once or twice it seemed to have
sustained no injury. I do not quite understand
why tliey do so well in our locality and* do not en-
dure the winters in other localities.

OUR TliMBRELL STRAWBERRY-PLANTS.

Vou know we succeeded in saving scarcely half a
dozen plants last year from the plants we purclias-
ed. There were, perhaps, three good ones; one
more that might be called half a plant, and another
that barely made a " live." We did our best in in-
creasing them last season, and succeeded in getting
what are now 322 strong vigorous plants. Twenty
of these are in the gieenhouse, where the fiower-
buds have been picked off day by day for perhaps a
couple of weeks past, and we are rejoiced to find
that one plant has started a runner niuirly an inch
long. By pulling off the Hower-stems you can get
them to put out runners under glass. We do not
propose to offer any plants for sale until we get
good strong sets from the runners— say some time
in July. Now, then, how many plants can we make
of our 322 before snow conies again ?

This is beautiful March weather. As we go to
press this lias been the most sunshiny March I think
I ever saw in my life. The roads are now hard
enough so I propose to soon start out on a wheeling-
trip. We have plfinted largelj' of peas; S(jme beets
radish, cabbage seed, and other hardy things, out-
side. The bees are bringing pollen from the soft
maples; and if we do not get some blizzards, the
outlook is a grand one; and even if the blizzards do
come, we have had good roads a. id dry weather so
that general gardening and farmwork ought to l^e
well in hand. A. I. R.

SPECIAL SECTIONS AT SPECIAL PRICES.

Although we have sold quite a number of these
yet we find that we still have in stock the following
list of No. 1 white sections, such as we have sold foi
best until this season, and which are as good as oi
better than the best made by all but possibly two oi
three leading manufacturers. We otter these, whik
they last, at $2..50 per 1000; 2000 for $LM: 3000 foi
$6.50, or .5000 for Slii.OO. At the rate they have beer
going they are not likely to last long. When thest
are gone we shall have none but our extra polishec
sections to otter, and the No. 2 grade selected fron
them in manufacturing. The sizes on hand liert
are as follows:

23,000 4i4x4J^xU^, oprn four sides.
50,000 " " l{i, open lop.
4,000 " " 1 J ;;, closed top.
6,500 '• " 1}=!, open four sides.
14.(110 " " 1%, open top.
9,000 " " " closed top.
32,(00 " " 7 to foot, open top.
6,0J0 " '■ 7 to foot, closed top.
4,u00 " " 7 to foot, open four sides.
28,000 " " P/a, open top.
12,0u0 " " " open four .sides.
Besides the above we have at Bankers, Hillsdali
Co., Mich., the following, whicli are ottered at tli'
same prices:

33,000 iHxikxl'.l open top.
15,0 lO " " 1%, open top.
40,t)00 " " IM and 7 to foot, open top.
All No. 1 white, made two years ago, and choic
sections. Send orders for these to us here at Medin;
In our stock at St. Paul, Minn., with H. G. Acklii
1024 Miss. St., we have about the following quant
ties of No. 1 white sections, which we offer at tli
same prices. Send orders to al30ve address for thes
or any other items needed in the line of bee-keeper;
supplies. There is a full stock ready for promp
shipment, but none of our new sections are in stoc
there yet.

18,000 4Mx4>4''x7 to foot, open top.
30,000 '• " I'a, open top.
8,000 " " 112, open top.
Also of No. 1 cream, at same price as on stoc
here named below, the following:
9,0(10 4^x4Ji'xl'3, open top.
10,000 •' " i;^, open top.
Of No. 1 cream and seconds, from our new extr
polished sections, which are aliout equal in vaUu
we have in stock here the fcjllowing, which we ott'e
at $2.00 per lOUO; 30j0 for $5.70; 6000 for J(9.00.
5,000 4:^ixiHx2 open top.
6,000 '• " 2 open four sides.
37,000 " " l};";, open top.
7,000 '■ " 1%, open top.
12,000 " " 7 to foot, open top.
Of other sizes of No. 1 white sections we have th
following at the price annexed:

1500 5J^x5i4xl'3, closed top, at $3 00 per 1000.
2.^00 " " 1 51, open " •• 3 00

2.500 5 x6 xl?^, 3 00

700 5i/jx5'y4xl%, 2 00 for lot.

9(HJ0 6Jfx5iix2 " •• " 3 00 per 1000.

1.^00 " •• 1%, " " " 3 (10

4500 " " 1%, " " " 3 00 "

6.")00 RUxGkxlU, " '• " 3 00

2000 " •• " closed top, " 3 00

Tlie above are all choice fresh sections, and a liai
gain at the price. We have, besides, a lot of odd
and ends too numerous to list here, of which w
shall be pleased to mail a list of sizes, quantities^
and prices at which we will close out, to any om
who is interested, and sends us a request for if
You may find in it something you can use at triflinj
cost.

1894

GLEANINGS IN REE CULTURE.

2r)9

BEES FOR S^\i^.

T will sell hybrid or black colonies of bees, in ots
of (20) tweiity at ($;?.(XI) tlirce dolliirs eacl), to he
sliipped aboij't: ilie llltli of May. Each colony will
contain t* combs witli brood and lioiiey. Address

T F Mnl FAN Thompsons Station,
f . c. moLL/i/r, VJiui-iAMsoN Co., Tenn.

Fans fo'' Hatching, ^s-fV "^^

yy horns, at $1,011 for \:^ eg-g-s.

LE>NINCER BROS , F ■ Jennings, O.

Do Not Order

Until
the "

.\-ou have written us for prices on
liass " One-Piece Section.

Also D. T. Hives, Sliipping-crates, and oth-
er siiijplies.

We have just completed a large addition
to our factory, wliich doubles our floor-
room, and therefore we are in better shape
than ever to fill orders on short notice.
Wi'ite for price list.

J. FORNCROOK&CO.,

Watertown, Wis., Jan. i, 1894. 1-3 5tfd

WHY SEND ! My bee-keeping- friends. Northern
™. . y i Italian queens wintered outdoors are
»• A I ; [ii,„.e h.iidy, energ-etic, and prolific in
Down South j tiieir season of bee-rearing-. Head and
■c^^ nr,««„ = ? ' fhiuk before ordering-. Send for price
J!Or HueensE I ligt. and order early. Strawberry-
plants of the latest variety cheap.
Mus. Oliver Cole. Sherburne. Chenang-o Co., N.Y.
Chenango Valley Apiary. eitf

Root's

Goods at
Root's Prices.

We have the best shipping-facilities in the North-
west. We can save time and freight by shipping-
direct on some 40 or more railroads, without change
of cars, which saves handling, and goods are much
less liable to be broken or smasiied.

Roofs 1893 No. ] white sections, 4J^x4^.\7 to foot,
Hi, and l!i at $3.50 per 1000. No. 1 cream, 4;^xJ^xl%
and lj-§. fS.OO per 1000.

Write for price list and what you want.

H. G. Acklin, 1024 Mississippi St.,
St. Paul, Minn.

Northwestern Agent for A. I. Root's Bee=keepers'
Supplies.

FARM FENCE FILOSOFY.

The cross wires of a smooth wire fence may be
likened unto tlio stitches in a Kamieiit. If the
thread bo .strong, the stitches clo.se, that Kariiient
shall hold, evea as "The Page" holdetli the Little
piss.

But beware of the garment held togetbor by
"bastlng threads"; strong clotli luifl big tliread
availeth not. The wearer shall surely coiue to grief.

PAGE WOVEN WIRE FENCE CO., Adrian, Mich.

QUEENS

Smokers, Sections,

Comb Foundation,
And nil Apiairan Sii|i|ilies
rheap, SiMirt for
T. KLANA(iAN, Bplleville, III.

Gray Carniolan Queens and Bees,

Bred the coming season by tiie undersigned. As
the.se bees are a hardy race, so as to winter witli but
small loss, they are well adapted to our cold climate;
and as they breed up better than any other race of
bees known, they become of much importance to
both Northern and Southern bee-keepers. Send for
circular to J^OHN AlSmmws,

I'ltttens Alills, Wash. Co., K. 1'.

RFF SUPPLIES..!:.,

^B ^^ M li\'ery ihiiiu: used in the Ai>i-
■^ ^* ■■ ary. Greatest variety and lari^est
stock in the West. New catalog, 70
illustrated pages, free.

L>iscoiints to Dealers.

E. KRETCHMER, Red Oak, la.

tS'ln i-Pspoii<Iintr to ih

It inention Oi.kanings.

World's Fair fledal

Awarded my foundation. Send for free
sanifiles. Dealers, write for wholesale prices.
Root's new I-'olishetl Sections and otlier goods
at his prices. Free Illustrated Price 1/ist of every
thiim- needed in ihe apiary. Ji/t H |-f<<«^-f
Bell Branch, Mich. ^'*« "• HUIIL.

HATCH CHICKENS BY STEAM

WITH THE IMPROVED

EXCELSIOR INCUBATOR.

Thoiisnnd.s in Siic-
eewsCuI Oper.-itioii.

SIMI'Li:. I'lJUriU-T. and
SELF-REGL'l.A TIXO.

Oiiarsmteeil to hatch a
larsrer percentage of

fertile egg-i. at ie>isr<i!>t,
th>"in any other Incubator.
Send 6c. for Illus Catalog.

Circulars Free.

GEO. 11. STAIl I., Pat, i Sole Mfr..«^iiiiicy,IH.

Flcu.se mention trLK.\Ni.NGS.

Gasli for Beeswax!

Will pay ;^;{c per lb. cash, or 2t>c in trade for any
quantity ol good, fair, average beeswa.x. delivered
at our R. R. station. Tlie s-ime will be sold to those
who wish to purchase, at 28c per lb., or 30c for best

Unless you put your name on the hox, and notify
us by mail of amout.t sent, I can not hold myself
responsible for mistakes. It will not pay as a gen
eral thing to send wax by erprexx.

A. I. ROOT, Medina, Ohio.

2(30

GLEANllSCS IN HEE CULIUKE.

Apr. 1.

Contents of this Number.

Alley's Carnlolans

Bees In Cathedral. Rome..

Bees as Krrtilizers

Binding Journals

Bottles in Queen-ea„es

Brood. Spreading-

Cape Quigley's

Clover, Sweet

Combs, Missh.ipen

Convfiitinii. Mailison

Cuciiiiil.i-r. Wild

Ei'lioes lioiii U,il,l'..rnia. ..

Fertilizers. Clieniical

Flour for Bees

Foul Brood on Sections —

(iirdeninp n Winter 289

liHi-iM.'n's Ke ■ly i7B

Hi '-.s, 8 find ID Frame Sfi4

n y i" S ■thern Califo'a.27J:

li.iiey.o in .Spain 2S3

Labels, Pa.st. tor 284

II Manum's Letter.. . 269

I Paste for Lai els on Tin '-84

iloiKRtioTi-bOJ: 281

R ,.,.l,ivr Tried 27S

Sweet Clover 271

iiWater-eress 291

Wax. Adultei ated 284

I Windbreaks". 2fi8

i,Zine, Elwood on 2ti7

Wants or Exchange Department.

Notices will be inserted under this head at one half oui- usu-
al rates. All advertisements intended for this department
must not exceed five lines, and you must say you want your
adv't in this department, or we will not be responsible for er
rors. You can have the notice as many lines as you please,
but all over five lines will cost you according to our regular
rates. This department is intended only for bona fide ex
changes. Exchanges for cash or for price lists, or notioes of-
fei-ing articles for sale, can not be inserted under this head
For such onr regular rates of 20 cts. aline will be charged, and
they will be put with the regular advertisements We can not
be responsible for dissatisfaction arising from these "swaps."

WANTED.— Italian queens or offers for B. P.
Rocks and Pekln Duck egg-s, raspberry and
strawberry plants. Wm. Heywood,

Stafford, Genesee Co , N. Y.

WANTED.— A foot-power or combination circular
saw, mutit he in good condition, and cheap.
Would also buy some power machinery for making-
bee-hives, etc. Chas. M. Ohr,

Box No. 1. Dallas, Texas.

WANTED.— To exchanse several g-ood safety bi-
cycles. Honey wanted. Send sample.

J. n.. Gkeen, Ottawa, 111.

WANTED.— To exchange bl ickberry-seis, red and
l)lack raspberry-plants, $8 per KMX). lor beeswax.
A. P. Lawuence^ Hickory Corners, Barry Co., Mich.

WANTED.— A brisk, temperate younsr man that
would like to learn about bees and fruit. Bee-
keeping and fruit-g-rowing-g-o well tog-ether.

S. I. Freeborn, Richland Center, Wis.

WANTED.— Situation in apiary: 15 years' experi-
ence; capable of t;ikingr charge of apiary. Ad-
dress R. T. Smith, 4804 St. Lawrence Ave , Chicago.

W

ANTED.— To buy bees; Texas or Colorado pre-
ferred. E. Sandford, Nokomis, III.

WANTED.— To exchange nursery stock for thor-
oughbred poultry eggs; al.so bee-keepers' sup-
plies. R A. Lewis, Cherokee, la.

WANTED.- To exchange 6in. Root foundation-
mill, for wax or honey. I. .7. Stringham.
105 Park Place, New York.

WANTED.— To exchange 5 or 10 acre lot in Florida
(Putnam Co.), for bees and supplies to'be deliv-
ered at Keuka. Fla. Exch.angeto be made in fall of
1894. Write to Dr. Ball, 136 Main St., Norwich, Ct.

WANTED. — To exchange incubators, brooders,
and eggs for hatching, of 14 varieties thorough-
bred fowls, for flrst-class thoroughbred poultry.
Address Ed. W. Cole, Kenton, O.

WANTED.— 150 colonies of bees (L. frame) in ex-
change for Eureka mowers. Spring-tooth
harrows. Steel-lever harrows. Buckeye binders, etc.
This machinery is all new and in good shajie.

Ezra Baer, Dixon, Lee Co., 111.

WANTED. --To exchange for otters, three or fotir
hundred worker and extracting com lis. L.
frames. R. Robinson, Laclede, Fayette Co., III.

WANTED.— To exchange Planet Jr. cultivator
(new) and brood foundation for extracted hon-
ey. J. T. Van Petten, Linn, Wash. Co., Kas.

VyANTED -Voung man with knowledge of job
\V piintii li- and queen-rearing, iind who desires
to locate in i -ililornia where he could combine both
occupations, might find it to his interest to corres-
pond witli W. A. Pryal, North Temescal, Gal.

W

/ANTED.- To exchange ten strong colonies of
bees in Root s Hovei ailed hives, for otters
Write F. H. Jewhurst, Richmond, Va.

WANTED.— To exchange for offers, 25 colonies of
Italian bees in Simp, hives; also a few new
hives and fixtures, Chas. Dallett,

3-M:i Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Pa.

W

ANTED— To exchange 300 colonies of bees for
any thing useful on plantation.

Anthony Opp, Helena, Ark.

w

A NTED.— To exchange an incubator for bee
supplies. C. H. Alton, Cobb, Iowa Co., Wis.

W

A]\ PED.— To exchange bees lor s..foty Lijycle
in tood condition, or otters.

R. J. Fox, 96 Pond St., Natick, Mass.

WANTED —To exchange bees for incubator. One
of the standard machines preferred.

W. D. Soph;k, Box 1478, Jackson, Mich.

WANTED.— To exchange Root's goods, to be ship-
ped from here or factoiy, for while comb honej'
(crop of '94 preferred) in quantity lots. See ad. in
another column. B. Walker, Evart, Mich.

1117 ANTED.— To exchange 200- egg incubator and
VV brooder, perlect wmking condition;^. cost f40;
four fox-hound pups, six months old, iSest breed in
America, for gold watch or safety bicycle.

Geo. K. Scott, Turtle Lake, Barron Co., Wis.

WANTED.— To exchange L. hives. brood-frames»
section-cases (finest in the market), sections,
comb-foundation machine, groceries, for bees in
April and May. Address E. Peterman,

Sheboygan, Wis.

Black and Hybrid Queens For Sale.

For the benefit of friends who have black or hybrid queens
which the.y wish to dispose of, we will insert notices as below,
first insertion free of charge. After the first, 10 cents per line.
We do this because there is hardly value enough in these
queens to pay for buying them up arid keeping them in stock,
and .yet it i> oftentimes quite an accommodation to those who
can hot afford higher-priced ones.

For S.4LE.— 40 mixed queens, some very good Ital-
ian. First come, best served. Delivery not later
than May 1st; 35c etich. Dr. J. W. Crenshaw,

Verseilles, Ky.

40 black, Inbrid, and mi^mated queens for sale at
30c each, or $3.75 for ten. H. L. Wekms,

Han ford, Cal.

BEE

= KFFPFRS' ^"PPliesof all kinds cheap.
NOVELTY CO., ROCK FALLS, ILL.

LAWS'

Italians sui"-ly lake thte lead. They
are now in every State in the
/.'/jioii, and in several foreio-ii
countries. Nearly ;i(IOl) tpieens sold, and QOt a
dissatisfied customer; if there is, let him speak.
Queens velUiv\' all ox-er. Fine breeders always
on hand"; 4 and 5 band, $3.00; straight 5 band, $3.00!
Untested, each, $1.00; 6 for $4.50. Satisfaction. Ref-
erence, A. I Root. \V. II. I^A.\VS,

La\'iicu, Seb. Co., ^irk.

WALTER S. POUDER,

162 Mass. Ave. Indianapolis, Ind.

■■■I Standard Goods— Popular
\y\ Prices— Catalogue Free.
iiall "BVi«VBI£E»"

A book telling how to man-
age them-iocis. in stamps ; or free to
those sending names of 5 bee-keepers

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CQLTURE.

201

Honey Column.

CITY MARKETS.

Buffalo.— Ho/iey.— Honey is moviiifj' very slowly.
CoiictiSfticms have to be uuiUi- ai iiiituiii ii>iis. Fancy,
moderate way, i:5@I4r; flioice, IdCSlI; l)iu-kwheat, tt.
Beeswax, 20(St^5. Battehson & (.'(>.,

March 18. ■ Butfalo, N. Y.

St. Louis. — Honey.— Honey is slow. Comb. 1J@
1:5. E.vtriicted, 3>^@4i4. Prime beeswax, :iti@~'6^2.
D. G. TUTT Gkocek Co.,
March 19. 8t. Louis, Mo.

Kansas Citv.— i/ojit/y.— The diMiiarid for honey is
not improving- as last as we sliouUl iil<e to see it.
We i|U)le No. 1 white 1-lb. comb at UfiJhi; No. :l. 13
<Sil4; No. 1 amber, 13@13; No. ::i, lt)@ll. Extracted,
o@T. Beeswax, 20@:i3.

Clemon,s, Mason & Co.,

March 18. Kansas City, Mo.

DKTKOiT.— 77()»e,iy.— Prices remain tiie same as
two weeks ago, but the beiler g-radesof comb honey
are g-eiting' scarcer. Beeswax firm at 35@2K.

M. H. Hunt,

March 19. Bell Branch, Mich

Cincinnati. Ho»iej/.— Trade is dull: i)i'ices nomi-
nal. We quote 4@8c lor extracted; l;.'@l.') for choice
while comu. Tliere is a lair demand for beeswax at
2(l@'.i5 for good to choice yellow.

Chas. F. Muth & Son,

March 30. Cincinnati, Ohio.

Kansas City.— Hojiey.— Wetjuote vou No. 1 white
Mb. at 13; No. 1 amber. 1 ; No. 3, 1(1. Extracted,
white, GX@7; dark 5@6. Beeswax, 30@33. Demand
for honey only lair; supply good.

llAMBf.lN & BeARSS,

March 18. Kansas City, Mo.

Clevei.and. — 7f(»)(e.i/.— No change in honey mar-
ket this week. New maple suyar and s.^rup seem
to have lessened the demand somewhat.

Williams Bros.,

March 17. 80 & 83 Broadway, Cleveland, O.

Chicago.— Honey.— Comb honey continues to .sell
in a small way, the demand being principally for
nice white comb, at 14@l.'ic per lb. There is as yet
no demand for the dark grades of comb, and such
are being disposed of at best prices obtainable.
Extracted is selling at 5@6. Beeswax is very firm;
sells upon arrival at 35c for pure goods.

S. T. Fish & Co.,

March 19. 189 South Water St., Chicago, 111.

Albany.— Ho/if y.— Market very slow now; the de-
mand about over on comb; somj extracted wanted
iit 5c if dark color. Beeswax firm at 3fi@37c.

H. R. Wright.

March 33. 336 Broadway, Albany, N. Y.

Boston.- Wonej/. — Demand light, supply fair.
Comb, 13@14; extracted, .S^Tc. Beeswax, 35c; de-
mand fair, supply fair. E. E. Blake & Co.,

SuccCifgors to Bluki- \ Rijileij,

March 33. Boston, Mass.

San Francisco.— Honey.— Market is firm, and the
prospects for the coming crop are very unsatisfac-
tory in consequence of the di'y season in Southern
■California. We quote extracted honey 4%((a5'/4c, ilie
latter for white, and the former for light aiiil)er.
Comb honey, 1-lb. sections, 9@llc. Beeswax scarce
nt 33@34c. Schacht, Lemcke & Co ,

March 31. San Francisco, Cal.

St. Paul. — Honey.— Choice white Calfornian comb
honey, 1 lb. sections, 13'/4@13c; dark honey, 1(1@11;
market quiet and dull. Extracted, white, 55(?t6;
light amber. 5J^@5V4: dark amber, 4@5'/i; market
for extracted steady, demand fair.

Smith & Austrian,

March 34. St. Paul, Minn.

Albany.— Honey.— There was a good demand for
both comb and extracted honey the wi'ek l)efore
Easter; since then, however, the demand has fallen
■oflf somewhat. Prices remain unchanged. Comb
honey. 10@,13; extracted. .i@T. Beeswax in good de-
mand at 36@37. Chas. McCulloch & Co.,

Mar. 34. 393, 395, 397 Broadway, Albany, N. Y.

BUFFALO, N. Y. Unsurpassed Honey Market.
BATTERSON & CO. Responsible, Reliable,
Commission Merchants. ,sir<ii> and Prompt.

GOLDEN ITALIANS^

If you want l)ees that are large, beautiful, very
gentle, and great honey-gatherers, try my (iolden
Italians. They are pronounced very fine by W. Z.
Hutchinson and many otiiers. Satisfaction" guar-
anteed. One untested (lueen, SO els.; threi; for *3.0().
One warranted queen. $1.00; three for *3.5il. Tested
queens, $1.50 each. Selected tested queens, $3.0()each.
C. M. HICKS. Hicksville, Wash. Co., Md.

t^In respondliit? to this ailvertlsement iiiLiitioii (ii.KA.Mi.Gsi

I have one of the choicest Hocks of

Brown Leghorns in the State.

Keep no other kind lOggs, 75c per 15; $1.35 i)cr 30.

B. Q. SCOTHAN, Rogersville, Mich.

SECTIONS CHEAP!

Until sold, we will sell tlie sections listed below in
quanlii ies of ."(III Of ini.re at $1.50 per thousand for
creams, and $1.00 per thousand for No. 2. A114>4X
4>4 Sections, open two sides.

41,0.0 3 inch cream. 37,000 3 inch No. 2.
47.0. OlM '■ •' 91,000 1',! "

nfi,0OUl% " " 3iMH>0 1% "

1;J4,U00 7 to f t. " 87,000 11^ "

3.".3.('00 7 to ft. No. 3.

PAGE t& KEITH, NEW LONDON, WIS.

'S'"!!! respoiidini? 10 tliis adveiti.seiiieiit mention Gleanings.

ITALIAN QUEENS. ,S^^!:^'^.

Select tested, yellciw to the tips, breedcis, $1.50.
eift G. E. DAWSON, CARLISLE, ARK.

FREEMAN POTATOES.

Grown from genuine stock; of market size, and
free from sprouts. Price $4 per bbl., f . o. b. cars at
Zanesville. C. B. BELL, Adamsville, Ohio.

Italian Bees and Queens

Ready in May. Queens, 11.00; bees by the lb., $1.00;
1-frame nucleus. $1.35; 3-frame, $3.3.5. Also Barred
P. K. eggs for setting, 15 for $1.0(1.

Airs. A.. A.. Siiiijjsoit, Swarts, Pa.

Cftf» Qola 8 to 3u colonies bees at New Buffalo,
rUl OalC. Mifh., -a $3.50 per colony. Address
R. S. BECKTELL, Bellaire, Mich

Look

Here, Bee=keeper.!

If you aie in need of some bee-
supplies, write for catalog iie andjM'ice_ list. Every
thing sold as cheap as
the cheapest.
Kenton, Hardin Co., O.

W. E. Smith.

n lots to suit
he purchaser. Cheap.

CHAS. DALLET, 3202 Chestnut St , Philadelphia, Pa.

For Sale. ,„''""'""'""""''

/^Un.ir'f^ Barred Plymouth Rtx-ks and eggs.
£ IIWIV^C Before buying, tret circtilar and price
^^ list of C. U. WAY, Shre\e, Ohio.

I will sell stocks of pure Italians on 7 frames, in por-
" tico hives, at $5..50, or 3 in one order for $10 00.
C. G Fenn, Washington, Conn.

WILLIAM HEASTMAN, CITRA, FLA.,

Breeder air the eelel>riite<l " Orani^e-

hlossoiu " Itfiliiiii Hees unci Qneen.s.

I'lite^tecl, 7~> etH.

Clioiee .Voi-e/r io.'^ in

Carnations, Roses, and Seeds.

15 plants for $1.00. Carnation seed. 35c per pkt.
Send for catalogue. , S. r.liyTOX,

Pirn City, \ entui-a Co., Ca/.
HTIn respondinK to this udveitisenient mention GLEANINaa.

2&2

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

TESTED

Queens are usually sold for $2.00. I will ex-
plain why I wish to sell a few at less than that.
As most of my readers know, I requeen my
apiary each spring- with young-

From (he Soulh. This is done to do away with
swarming-. If done early enough it is usually
successful. Jt will be seen that the queens
displaced by tbese young queens are never
more than a year old: in tact, they are fine
tested Italian queens, right in tliHr prime; yet,
in order that they may move ofif quickly, and
thus make room for the untested queens, they
will be sold for only

$1.00.

Or 1 will send the Rfioieiv for ]H94 and one of
these queens for only .fl.Vo. Fur K.uO 1 will
send the ftevinc, the (jiieen, and the book "Ad-
vanced Bee Culture." If any prefer the young-
laying- queens from the South, they can have
them instead of the tested queens, at the same
price. A discount given on large orders for
untested queens. Say how many are wanted,
and a price will be made.

W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint, Mich.
Quigley's Golden Italians

Are big- yellow bees that are liardy, gentle, and
g-ood honey-gatherers. Warranted queens, April
and May, $1.00 each. Safe arrival and satisfaction
guaranteed. Every thing needed in the apiary,
best quality, bottom prices, low freight. Price list
free. E. F. Quig-lev. Unionville, AIo.

TESTED ITALIAN QUEENS, |ll?etfe'V

ed, $1.50; unteated, 65 cts. Two-frame nucleus, with
tested queen, $3.00; with untested queen, $1 50.
Queens ready April 1.

5-BANDED GOLDEN ITALIAN^

Bees>nd Queens. Pure B. P. Rock and S. C. B. Leg-
horn eggs, $1.00 per 13. Best only. Catalogue free.

Chas. H. Thies, Steeleville, HI.

Apr. 1.

Worth $3.
Our Price, $2.

Genuine Kid, Elegant Style,
Soft Soles; Easy, Perfect Fit-
ting; Any Style, Lace or But-
ton; Plain Toe or Pat. Tips,
Narrow or Broad Toe. Sizes 1 to
8; Widths, C, D. E, and E E.
Send your size, Sure Fit. Sent
postpaid on re-
ceipt of $3.

C. L. Griesinger,
Medina, 0.

p. S.— Your shoes
wear splendid.

M. T. Williams.
Trumansburg, N.Y.

Sections, Bee= Hives,

and other Bee=

Keepers' Appliances

at Bed=rock Prices.

Best of Goods at Lowest Prices.

Write for free, illustrated catalogue

and Price List.

G. B. Lewis Co,, Watertown, Wis.

dJIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIiiilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll^

I ITALIAN QUEENS, |

= At prices that will suiprise ymi when .vou =

— have seen the stock. Nothing- but t lie purest —
= Italians (Imported and Golden) in the apiary. =
= Tested Queens. $1.(0 each. Untested, 75 cts; =
^ $s.00 pel- dt)z. Orders tilled 1)y return mail. =

— S lie ariival and satisfaction g-uaranteed. z:
= J. W. K. SHAW & CO., L0EEAU7ILLE ilb^ria Par.), LA. =
Tillltllllllllilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllin:

piTTj^: 7K 7j>k 71^ ">?^ >?v ■?!«: 7^ yj^ 5^ :^

|Dr. Tinker's Bee-Book Free

"5^ To a NEW Subscriber who sends $1.00 for a year's
.X| subscription to the AVeekly AMEKICAIV BEE
-< JOrRNAIi. Dr. Tinker's 80-pag-e book is called,

^< BEE-KEEPING FOR PROFIT,

ij and has something- valuable on Bee- Pasturage.
^ A Sample Copy of the •' Bee Journal " is sent Free.

GEORGE W. YORK & CO..

56 Fifth Avenue, - - CHICAGO, ILLS.
u 1.1 s J Sfc^-^^sS:;;,.,^ y] 1^~ To New Subscribers— the Journal alone for

^ite.iiiiti>te.>ti>ti>ti:!^ ^i>Ji::^iii three montlis tor 20 cents.

/i T TUP \A/0 C? I n'Q PAIR THE PORTER BEE ESCAPE re

/\ 1 1 rl n y/V KJriL^LJ O rrViri celved the only nward iilven an
escape. Practical bee-keepers everywhere use and recommend it as a fireat labor-saving: ini-
I)ienient, and as the best. Circular and testimonials free. Prices: — Each, postpaid, with
direci ions. 20 cts. ; per doz., $2.25. and your money back, if not satisfied. Order from your dealer,
ur if more convenient from the manufacturers, R. &. E. C. PORTER, LEWISTOWN, ILL-

This is the amount we have distributed in a sing-le season, of

Fotmdation. Dov. Hives, Sections, E.xtractors, etc. Therefore.if

you have little money and want that little to go as far as possible,

_____^,______^,^_^__^,^^,^ remembei' that we are headquarters in the west for all goods in

^^^^^^^^^^— — — i^^— — "^ our line; by doing- so great a volume of business we sell goods
cheap. If you have tlic money, also remember you can make it earn a big interest by availing yourself of
our discounts for early orders. In eitlier case yoti should write us and tell what you will likely need. It
will pay you. We sell Koot's goods at Root's prices, and can save you fi eight.
The new polished sections and all other late improved goods kept in stock.

Send for our large illustrat-
ed catalogue, free forevery-
body,every where, especially

13 Carloads of Supplies.

Joseph Njfsewander, Des Moines, la.

FOR THE WEST.

• delvote:

•andHoNEY-
•i\ND HOME,

UBljiHCD BY(^TrpO T '

Vol. XXII.

APR. I, 1894.

No. 7.

to&BRr^CMiLX. er:

Hasty's had the gkip. Blithe hasn't lost
h\s grip as a reviewer.

Adulteration doesn't seem to be much
hushed up in last Gleanings.

Nakrow sections are more quickly tilled.
Ought they not on that account to be whiter?

Soft maples bloomed here March 10—33
days earlier than last year. [Yes, they were in
bloom here earlier yet by two or three days. -
Ed.]

Sections 1% wide, with separators, will con-
tain comb 1>6 thick, the same as the honey part
■of brond-combs spaced 1%; \% sections will
have 1% combs.

Yellow-jasmine honey, according to Mrs.
C L. Rice, in A. B. J., is not poisonous, but the
pollen is. [Is not Mrs. R. mistaken? How is
it. Dr. Brown?— Ed.1

The ree-papers are discussing whether bee-
papers should be discussed, and the noes have
it. -AHce .samec, bee-keepers do discuss them.
[Allee samee, some of 'em get mad. — Ed.]

On reading page 243 I was sti'uck with the
strong similarity hi-tween the intimate ac-
■quaintancfi friend Root mentions and a con-
stant attendant I have away out in Illinois.

I)on"t Medina printers know how to spell
■catalogwe, or has Jake Smith disciples among
them ? [Yes, but we prefer the modern sliort
way. We also prefer " program " to program-
me.—Ed.]

The old-fashioned way of having hives
in a straight row facing the same way has one
big advantage for those who watch for swarms
— one look along the row tells whether any are
swarming.

The Bee-keepers' Union, more than ever,
seems to be looked upon as a protection for bee-
keepers in different ways. Those not members
get benefits from it; but is it fair for you to en-
joy the benefits without helping to support it?

Keep in mind that, aside from prevention of
burr-combs and sagging, we need thick top-bars
to keep our sections white. Did you ever no-
tice that, when sections begin to darken, it's al-
ways at the part nearest the brood-combs?

If James Heddon has any solid arguments
against discussing adulteration, now is the time
to bring them into use. After all, if he really
believed that adulteration was a good thing for
bee-keepers themselves, why shouldn't he go
into it?

I'm anxious to hear a report of your trial of
that percolator, Ernest. It's a big thing to
have syrup that "will never sour or granulate."
Cooked syrtip will granulate without acid, and
sometimes with, and I'm afraid the acid isn't a
good thing for winter.

"The indications are strongly in the direc-
tion that wax used for containing honey only is
whiter than and ditfereiit from that intended
by the bees to become a part of the brood -
ciiamber."— C. B. J. May be so; but, please
tell us i(;?if(t indications.

Jake S.mitii says, "Some likes jist the white
part'' of onions, "and eats tops and all."
Dues that mean grub is so scarce in his region
that people have to eat what they don't like, or
has Jake been drinking? [Now, Doctor, you
needn't i)ol<r fun at our friend Jake. — Ed.]

In RKPi.v to friend Shepherd, p. 23.5, 1 never
found the progeny of the new queen cros.ser
when I had killed the queen of a cross colony.
Not only were they always gentler, but I was
puzzled to find that sometimes there was a
marked improvement before the old stock had
time to die off. Of course, I never raised a new
queen from the cross stock.

2C.4

(J LEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apk. 1.

Go SLOW on that 1,^8 spacing. With new
comb it leaves a passage of K inch, the space
becoming constantly less as the comb grows
older. I have combs an inch thick, and that
would leave only V space, too small for either
queen or worker to squeeze through.

A MURMUR of disagreement as to the murmur
of bees is heard between Pettit and Doolittle.
Doolittle thinks it's a good thing sometimes in
the cellar, and Pettit knows it's always bad.
[This Straw would have been better if yon had
told what you think, know, or don't know, Doc-
tor, on this question. You can redeeni yourself
by dropping a Straw in the next batch.— Ed.]

"Our first winter occurred Feb. 23. 7?ees
have flown lively all through the winter ,5 days
out of 6, and so their stores have disappeared,"'
writes Dr. W. S. Adams, from Guy, Md. It's
some comfort for us in the frozen regions to
know that it takes more honey for bees in a
warmer climate, but I believe I'd rather fur-
nish the honey and be pinched less with the
cold.

A rabbet is cut in the end of a hive, then a
rabbet is nailed on that rabbet, the one rabbet
only being called a rabbet because it's nailed on
to a rabbet, for it wouldn't be a rabbet if the
other rabbet wasn't first rabbeted. There's no
confusion, but it seems just a little mixed.
[That's true; but even if mixed, the name an-
swers practical purposes. If we were to change
we'd be both mixed and confused.— Ed.]

The Ontario convention emphasized the
point that, in summer, an opening in the upper
part of the brood-chamber gives downward
ventilation. I never thought of it before; but
you know when you put the back of your hand
at the entrance when bees are ventilating, the
blast always comes out of the hive, and so it
may be expected to come in at the top. [But
suppose the topis sealed up tight? — Ed.]

Y. P. S. C. E. are initials I first saw in a
private letter from A. I. Root 1.3 years ago. I
hadn't the slightest idea what they meant then,
but now they're known all over the world.
" Christian Citizenship " has started in this re-
gion, and will likely spread the same way.
Look out for it in your neighborhood. [We
flatter ourselves that we have been among the
first to grasp new and practical ideas.— Ed.]

Canadian bee-keepers are looking with
longing eyes in this direction, S. T. Pettit say-
ing in convention, " Across the line in the
United States is our best market." At thesame
time, England is kicking vigorously against our
sending any honey there. Well, that altitudin-
ous Canuck, Pringle, worked hard to esta,blish
a market at the big show; and if his compa-
triots can't eat all the honey they can raise, I be-
lieve in giving them an open market on this
side. [See Elwood's remarks on this point, in
this issue.— Ed.]

THE EIGHT VS. THE TEN FRAME HIVE.

AN interesting DISCUSSION BETWEEN B. L.

tayi-or and dr. c. c. miller.

Dr. C. C. Miller:—

My Dear Friend and. Brother:— Yonrs of a
late date, "commending to my consideration"
the fact that you "don't remember" any prac-
tical proTfs that for comb honey eight- frame
hives are better than ten-frame ones, was duly
received. I suspect you want me to make an
experiment to prove or to disprove it. If so, I
want to express to you my thanks that you are
beginning to take a little interest in the "ex-
periment business." But won't you come to
my relief, and point out some method of exper-
iment, by pursuing which satisfactory results
may be obtained? I don't want to allow you
to get me started on a wild-goose chase. Don't
we know something about it now? I commend
to your consideration the following points:

1. For the highest success in the production of
comb honey, we want plenty of bees in good
season. Now, other things being equal, in this
latitude more bees will be produced early in an
eight-frame hive because there is less space to
be kept warm.

2. We want all the bees we can induce the
colony to rear, up to the point of time when
new bees will fail to return a profit. In o%ir
latitude we shall get more bees in the eight-
frame hive, because, having less space to keep
warm, the bees will increase faster early; and,
in 99 cases in 100, the eight-frame hive would
contain all the brood that can return a profit —
all that can be started, say, up to June ].5th;
and as the tendency Is then still to increase the
amount of brood, the colony in the ten-frame
hive will waste much more of the honey they
gather in rearing unprofitable bees than will
the one in the eight-frame hive.

3. For the greatest success in the production
of comb honey, the bees must take possession
of the sections promptly, and all the bees not
required to care for the brood, destined to be
useful, must join. In securing this action, the
ten-frame hive, having more space below, and,
as a rule, more brood that will prove a damage,
and greater accumulations of honey in the
brood-chamber, all of which circumstances
have a powerfully restraining influence to keep
the bees from going into the sections in full
force, is manifestly at a great disadvantage.
Therefore —

4. For comb honey, the eight-frame hives are
better than the ten frame. Q. E. D.

For our latitude I can not see that the ten-
frame hive has a single point of superiority.
You may say this is all "circumstantial evi-
dence." Well, many a man has been justly
hanged on circumstantial evidence that was
less conclusive. Nevertheless, I shall be happy
to make the experiment if you can suggest any

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

:.'(;5

method that will give promise of any definite
result. R. L. Taylor.

Iiape(>r, ^Mii'h., Feb. 1.

[Dr. Miller replies:]

As I believe this to be a matter of general in-
terest, friend Taylor, I take the opportunity to
reply to you on the pages of Gr.EANiNGS. And,
first, I return to you unopened your thanks that
I am " beginning to take a little interest in the
experiment business.'' I'm too indignant to ac-
cept them. •' Beginning," forsooth! If there's
any one who has taken a keen interest in the
affair from the very first start, I'm the man.
But I haven't time to quarrel with you about
that just now.

Yes, you've guessed exactly what I want — a
practical answer to the question, '• Which is
best for comb honey, S or 10 frames'?" And I
want the answer from the bees. Others may be
as well situated to ask them the question as
you, but I have a good bit of faith in the facil-
ity you have acquired to rightly interpret in
plain English the replies given by the bees.

You ask, '■ Don't we know something about it
now?" Candidly, I don't know. Some years
ago nearly all comb-honey men changed to
eight frames, in the belief that they were the
gainers; but if in any case the question was
fairly submitted to the Lu'es I don't remember
to have seen any account of it. Y'ou know very
well that, time and again, very pretty theories
have been started, every thing clearly proven
■on paper, winding up with a decisive Q. E. D.,
and then, when the bees were politely request-
ed to accept the theory and act upon it, they
would none of it.

I will now consider the points you commend
to my consideration, and shall be glad to coin-
cide with you wherever I can.

" We want plenty of bees in good season."
Agreed.

'• More bees will be produced early in an eight-
frame hive" is an assertion, and I'd rather
take the bees' word for it than yours. You
give as a reason, " Because there is less space to
be kept warm." If that counts for any thing,
then a six-frame hive is still better, " because
there is less space to be kept warm."

"We want all the bees we can induce the col-
ony to rear up to the point of time when new
bees will fail to return a profit." Agreed.

Your statement thiit. in our latitude, we'll
^et all the bees we want by June 1,5th in an
eight-frame hive, and after that the ten-frame
hive will raise a lot of wasters, reads very
smoothly; but I'd like to know what the bees
say about it. \''ou say the bees will increase
faster early, having less space to warm, and
there may be truth in that if the same number
■of bees is in each hive; but have you settled
positively that colonies in eight-frame hives
■will average as strong at the close of winter as
"Colonies in larger hives ? And if there's enough

honey in the larger hive, may not the empty
space be less than in the smaller hive?

For fear of bringing a storm about my ears
from a good many quarters, I want to be just
as quiet and meek about it as possible, but still
I want to suggest very gently that, if any one
were inclined to be inquisitive, he might ask —
mind you I'm not asking the question— whether
the bees had ever stated, in a positive manner,
that a lot of brood late in the harvest was a
damage. A young man may get ahead faster
in laying up this world's goods after he has a
wife to support than when he was all alone.
He has something to try for. Is it not possible
that, with a large number of mouths to feed,
the bees may buckle down a little harder?

"The bees must take possession of the sec-
tions promptly, and all the bees not required to
care for the brood destined to be useful must
join.'' Agreed.

'■ The ten-frame hive, having more space be-
low, and, as a rule, more brood that will prove
a damage, and greater accumulations of honey
in the brood-chamber, all of which circum-
stances have a powerfully restraining influence
to keep the bees from going into the sections in
full force, is manifestly at a great disadvan-
tage." How do you know all that? Do the
bees say so? Is it a fact that a greater amount
of brood and honey below restrains from going
into the sections? If you take away all the
brood and all the honey from below, will the
bees go up into the sections with a rush? If
the brood -chamber be chock-full of brood and
honey, will the bees be entirely restrained from
going up? Isn't the truth exactly the oppo-
site?

I don't object to " circumstantial evidence."
If more men were hung on circumstantial evi-
dence, I believe human life would not be so
cheap as it now is. But if there's any way to
secure positive evidence, I do think it should
take precedence. It is with no little diffidence
that I make any attempt at suggesting meth-
ods. I much prefer merely to suggest the ques-
tion, leaving you to work out your osvn meth-
ods. I think you are more fertile in that direc-
tion than I. If I were to suggest any thing, it
would be something in this line:

Take ten colonies in eight-frame hives, and
an equal number in ten-frame hives. Aside
from the difference in the size of the hives, let
them be as nearly alike as possible. To make
the test satisfactory they should have been in
the same hives last summer, and wintered over
therein. This not being practicable, the colo-
nies in the ten-frame hives should be put in
the same condition as if they had wintered
on ten frames. It would be manifestly un-
fair to take a colony out of an eight-frame hive
and give it two empty frames or combs on put-
ting it into the larger hive, unless you prove
that all ten-frame hives have generally two
such frames or combs in spring. If any feed-

266

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

AVR. 1.

ing is done either fall or spring, both should be
fed alike. I think I need carry the suggestions
no farther. The question I want answered is
this: Taking a series of years, shall I get more
comb honey with eight-frame or with ten-frame
hives?

I beg that you will believe, my dear friend —
and I am sure you will take my word for it —
that I am not saying a word for the sake of
mere argument. I want to know the truth for
the sake of the dollars and cents in it. It is not
a fondly cherished hope with me that I may
find the ten- frame hive is better; but it is to
some extent a fear. I shall be delighted to be
convinced that the eight-frame is better, for I
much prefer it if I can retain it without loss.
There are some reasons that I can not take time
now to give, that have great weight with me in
making me fear that I have been making a
mistake these years in working exclusively
with the smaller hives. I am Just a little
afraid that we all went like a flock of sheep,
without knowing fully what we were doing.
Wasn't it mostly if not altogether on theory?
If there are reasons, theoretical or practical,
will it not be for the interest of all to have the
matter fully discussed and fully tested?

Marengo, 111. C. C. Miller.

[We had supposed that the question of the
eight-frame was settled, at least for most
localities in the Northern States — localities hav-
ing one short spurt of a honey-flow of three or
four weeks in early summer and another slight
flow of dark honey in the fall. If the question
is not settled, let's make the bees tell us.

Our friends the Dadants will go " agin " the
whole of us. and we must acknowledge that they
present some pretty good arguments favoring
not the ten-frame but a little larger hive, in
their book, Langstroth Revised. While Bro.
Taylor is getting ready to "talk back" we
should also like to hear from the Dadants.—
Ed.]

NOTES AND COMMENTS ON SEASONABLE
TOPICS.

A CHEAP WAY TO BIND GLEANINGS; THE WII>-

SON BILL ON honey; THE DIFFERENCE

BETWEEN NATURAL COMB AND

THAT FROM FOUNDATION.

By P. H. Elwood.

It may be a matter of interest to the editor of
Gleanings to know whether his subscribers
carefully preserve their journals for future ref-
erence, or toss them into the waste-basket. I
have mine from the beginning; and, although
they are not often referred to, occasionally it is
quite necessary to do so, while a hasty glance
through them shows the progress made in bee
culture and bee- journals. Where a subscriber
does not wish to go to the expense of binding, a
very good way is to place the numbers in order
upon a board and drive four or five wire nails
through their backs into the board. Then loos-
en them from the board and clinch the nails.
The nails should be heavy enough not to bend

with light driving, and long enough so there is
from a quaiter to a half-inch for clinching. If
the nails are too heavy they do not clinch well.
A year makes two volumes. For a cover, nail
on a couple of pamphlets of the right size, or a
pasteboard cover. This method does not injun^
the journal for future binding, and is a great
improvement over having the journals around
loose. It takes but a few minutes" time.

After nailing I look them through carefully
to refresh my memory, and to get some points
that I may have overlooked in the busy season.
I notice that the subject of sealed covers or no
upward ventilation was pretty well discussed,
both i^i'o and co/i, in last year's Gleanings.
The "cons" appear to have it. Years ago,
wli'en we wintered out of doors, and, as a con-
sequence, bought a good many bees, we found
that bees wintered indoors with no upward ven-
tilation were decidedly better than those win-
tered otherwise. Those wintered in the same
way out of doors were also better when suffi-
cient protection was given to prevent conden-
sation on the upper part of the combs. This,
however, is very difficult to accomplish in this
severe climate. Too much ventilation is usual-
ly given to outdoor swarms. One fall we pack-
ed .37 colonies in dry sawdust, from four to six
inches thick. All except two were covered with
nice new quilts, and all died except the two that
had the old quilts, well covered with propolis,
over them. Since then I have noticed many
similar cases. For indoor wintering, unless the
cellar is very damp, no upward ventilation of
the hive is needed. We have not practiced it
for years, and are well satisfied with the change.
The best wintering lever saw or heard of was
last spring, where a large lot had been winter-
ed with closed tops.

The Wilson bill, as passed in the House, low-
ers the duty on honey to ten cents per gallon.
The present duty of twenty cents should be re-
tained. Vigorous protest, undoubtedly, has
been put in by our National and State societies
against the proposed change. If there are no
vigorous protests, theiv is danger that the last
ten cents will be knocked off. California and the
South will suffer the most by the change, but it
will be the "last straw" for many bee-keepers
elsewhere. Very many are now going out of
the business, and but few, comparatively, going
in. Market-gardening, small - fruit growing,
and intensive farming, are advocated in Glean-
ings for those contemplating a change or addi-
tion to their present business of bee-keeping.
The articles on onion culture, in the Mar. 1st
number, are especially valuable for this class.

Since writing the above I observe by the re-
port of the Ontario Association that our Cana-
dian friends have their eyes upon our market
for comb honey. Mr. Pettit says, in comment-
ing upon the report of Mr. Pringle, Superintend-
ent of Canadian Honey at World's Fair, Chi-
cago, that " it reiterates what I said at Walker-

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

2(57

ton, that across the line in the United States is
our best market. The closest market is the
best, and we mnst keep our hands clean, and
have a pure article, to give us the best advan-
tage there." Mr. Pringle stated that he had
been hampered by a spccilic duty of twenty
cents per gallon on honey. On comb it had
been figured out by a "peculiar arithmetic and
guessing "to be from two to three cents per
pound. Referring to the so-called sugar honey,
he is reported to say that, under these circum-
stances, the advantages of Canada would be
seen in the United States markets, not only for
extracted, but for comb honey, so long as we
keep it pure and undefiled. He could take a
hundred tons of Canadian honey to Chicago to-
morrow, and sell it readily at excellent prices.
It may seem hard to our Canadian brethren to
have a duty imposed upon their products; but
so long as they consent to have their foreign
policy (rvar) dictated by rulers over the sea, se-
cret enemies of our institutions, they can hard-
ly expect us to use our resources in such a way
as to develop their strength.

ROOT PERFORATED ZINC A SUCCESS.

We have used a good deal of the Root perfo-
rated zinc for the purpose of keeping the queen
confined to one story when extracting, and at
other times, and it is a success. A few queens
escape, but usually it is found either that the
queen has passed through some opening imper-
fectly closed outside of the zinc, or that she is
undersized. It would hardly seem advisable to
change the size of the perforations for general
purposes. We have not been successful in keep-
ing two or more queens in the same hive. Even
caged virgin queens in queenless stocks are not
as well cared for as they ought to be.

TAYLOR'S FOUNDATION EXPERIMENTS.

The experiments of Mr. Taylor, on comb
foundation, are very interesting, and, if contin-
ued, will be very profitable to producers of comb
honey. Of course, one trial determines little.
I shall expect, with further experimenting, that
Mr. Taylor will reverse his opinion that old
foundation is as good as new: also that the
thickness of the base in foundation has little
influence on the thickness of the base in finish-
ed comb. Further experimenting will probably
also decide that, within reasonable limits, the
less wax put into foundation, the better. Not
only is the cost much less, but the comb honey
is much better. Comb can be converted into
wax. but wax can not be converted into flaky
comb. The wax in drawn - out foundation
chews up into wads, while chewed comb is brit-
tle or in flakes. Where the bees thoroughly
work over the foundation, as is oftener done
with flat-bottom and Given foundation than
with any thing else I have tried, there seems to
be less of this objectionable toughness. The
quality of the wax used also makes a very
great difTerence in this respect. The Given
press is a success in making brood foundation.

After the frames are wired, foundation can be
made with it as fast as or faster than other
kinds of foundation can be fastened into empty
or wired frames. The press sent me was not ad-
justed nicely enough for surplus foundation:
Besides, there was the difTicully of dipping
sheets of uniform thickness throughout. The
bees work this foundation quickly, but I can
not say whether the base of the heavy side
walls is always thinned down as much as is de-
sirable for comb honey. Our method of wiring
frames is to have the top and bottom bars saw-
ed in two pieces. Then place fifty or more of
these pieces side by side on a flat surface, with
a lath frame over them having the slats the
same distance apart as the wires are to be. A
sharp knife is then drawn down alongside of
each slat. The frames are next nailed together,
using but the one creased piece at top and bot-
tom. The knife-cuts make a fine place for lay-
ing in the wires: and, immediately after wir-
ing, the other piece of the top and bottom bar
is nailed on. We use a lath form of similar con-
struction for cutting up foundation.

A NEW FACT ON BEES AS FERTILIZERS.

By all means, give us the facts on the fertili-
zation of flowers by the honey-bee. Bees are
an assistant in fertilization. With a few flow-
ers they are a necessity. They are always val-
uable and never harmful. Any attempt to
prove them so is but a waste of ink. Mr.
Crane's article can not be too highly commend-
ed as a compendium of the main facts in the
case. Especial attention is called to the in-
creased vigor arising from cross-fertilization in
contrast with fertilization from the flowers of
the same plant or tree. Mr. Cheshire says
(page 323, Vol. I., "Bees and Bee-keeping"),
"The apple, as its blossom indicates, is strictly
a fusion of five fruits into one— hence called
pseudosyncarpons—smA demands for its pro-
duction in perfection no less than five independ-
ent fertilizations. If none are eflfected, the'calyx,
which really forms the flesh of the fruit, in-
stead of swelling, dries, and soon drops. An
apple often develops, however, though imper-
fectly, if four only of the stigmas have been
pollen dusted: but it rarely hangs long enough
to ripen. The first severe storm sends it to the
pigs as a windfall. I had two hundred apples,
that had dropped during a gale, gathered pro-
miscuously for a lecture illustration; and the
cause of failing, in every case but eight, was
traceable to imperfect fertilization. These
fruits may be generally known by a deformity
—one part has failed to grow because there has
been no diversion of nutrition toward it. Cut-
ting it across with a knife, we find its hollow
cheek lies opposite the unfertilized dissepi-
ment." Frank Benton is in a position to thor-
oughly write up this subject and have it sent
all over the country by bulletin from his de-
partment. A general knowledge of this sub-
ject would give prestige to our business, and be

268

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apr. 1.

a greater help in securing needed legislation
than any thing else we can do.
Starkville, N. Y.

[Mr. El wood does not write often; but when
he does he seems to be loaded with facts. He
is a keen observer, and one of the most exten-
sive bee-keepers in the world, and we are sure
our readers will read this with unusual care.—
Ed.]

^ — I ^

THE PINES.

windbreaks; artificial heat in bee-cel-
lar; V-SHAPED STARTERS NOT A SUCCESS;
WHEN TO SET 15EES OUT OF
THE CELLAR.

By H. R. Boardman.

It may be new to you that my home here is
becoming known among many of my friends by
the above rather unique name. The profusion
of ornamental pine-trees, and especially the
long row that constitutes a grand windbreak
for ray apiary and home buildings, are its ori-
gin. And this brings us to the subject of wind-
breaks.

I am sure that, if windbreaks were fully ap-
preciated, there would be more of them put
out. They add wonderfully to the comfort of a
home in checking the force of the fierce winds
■of winter and spring; and especially are ihey
valuable to the apiary— so valuable that I think
they deserve more than a passing notice. So
well protected are my premises by strong
dense pines that the fiercest blizzard is temper-
ed to a mild breeze, and it is often pleasant and
agreeable in the yard while the pines rock and
roar, and shake their heads, while outside the
weather is almost intolerable. No tree that I
know of is better adapted for windbreaks than
these coarse strong rapid-growing pines. So
much for the pines.

The bees at "The Pines" are in splendid con-
dition. I set out six colonies at the beginning
of the warm spell, about the 3d of March, to
see if they still knew how to fly. Their first
flight showed them to be in as perfect condition
as in November, when they were put into the
bee-house, so far as I could discover; no more
spotting of the hives than at their last flight
last fall; brood-rearing is well advanced in
most colonies. There has been a fire in the'bee-
house kitchen stove once a week ever since the
bees were put in, until the beginning of the
present warm spell. Artificial heat in the bee-
house in winter is growing in favor with me
with each year's experience.

In order to have my " hunny good the yeer
round," as Jake Smith says (in case I should
carry it over), I crated and removed it to a
warm corner in my dwelling-house. But I have
since hit upon a much better way. I sell it and
have it out of the way, and am ready for the
next season's crop. It is nearly all closed out
now.

There are a few little experiences in my re-

l\ 71

cent work in crating and shipping honey that
might be worth mentioning while they are still
fresh in my mind. After meeting with some
loss and vexation by breakage in shipping, I
tried crating the cases into large crates, as rec-
ommended at the Home of the Honey-bees and
by others. It has proved entirely satisfactory
so far.

For the last two seasons I have been trying
V-shaped pieces of foundation in the sections.
It compared so favorably dur-
ing the season with sections fill-
ed witn foundation that I be-
gan to be flattered that it might
j I be economy to use it in that

' ' way; but I found there were

very many of these sections with starters in, es-
pecially toward the close of the season, that
the bees forgot to attach the sides and bottom
entirely, or in only a frail manner. Then the
large amount of natural comb necessary to fill
the section adds still further to their frailty;
and while I do not object to these on this ac-
count for my own use, I shall hereafter use
foundation full width, if not full depth, for all
comb honey that is to be shipped. I use sec-
tions of two sizes — the 4)4x4J:{ in., and a larger
size holding about IXi lbs. When I see how
much nicer and better the larger size is always
filled, I am forcibly convinced that the one-
pound section has been a great mistake, a mis-
fortune to bee-keepers, and I am not sure that
it has been of any advantage to dealers.

I do not think there is any advantage in set-
ting bees out of winter quarters at this time of
the year, provided they are in good condition;
but I have been watching the mercury and the
daily weather report with increasing anxiety
each day. x\s the temperature went higher and
higher, (iO to ()(d°, and yesterday it rested at 70°
for a considerable time, while in the bee-house,
although not as high as outside, still it was
warm enough, and gradually growing warmer.
I went in this morning and made a careful ex-
amination. I stood a few moments in the dark,
and listened attentively. The high tempera-
ture had increased the gentle hum of a few
days ago to almost a roar. Bees were making
aimless flights about in the dark. I struck a
match and lighted my lamp — temperature, 63-3.
Great clusters of bees were suspended beneath
the hives from the bottom of the frames. A
good many dead bees had accumulated on the
floor iu the last few days; many were yet strug-
gling, and others seemed to be playing at hop,
skip, and jump over their dead and dying com-
panions. "Oh!" said I, " this looks wicked;"
but I learned years ago not to allow my sympa-
thies on such occasions to get the better of my
judgment, and go and put the bees out before
it was time. Of course, I should prefer to con-
trol the temperature so that they would not fly
out and perish in a wholesale way, if it were
possible; but I know from experience, that, if

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

2(>9

they were put out, the mortality from chilling
would be much greater. Even when in the best
possible condition they become restless at a
temperature of about ()()% and then they strag-
gle out of the hive and are lost in the dark. If
a much higher temperature prevails th(^y begin
to cluster outside the hive.
East Townseud, O., Mar. (i.

[Yes, indeed, pines make the best wind-
breaks in the world. You know our apiary
(see large cut on next page) is inclosed in a
large hollow square of tall evergreens. As you
say. it is much more comfortable on windy days
iM.side of this square than out. The only trou-
ble with the evergreens is that they are so long
in growing.

There was a time when the V-shaped start-
ers received more favor than now; but if we
remember correctly they were abandoned for
the very reason you give.

And so you are beginning to favor artificial
heat in winter repositories? This will give Dr.
Miller a grain of comfort. He has stood al-
most alone in the advocacy of this idea; in
fact, has almost been ridiculed for holding to
such a foolish and antiquated notion.— Ed.]

MANUM IN THE APIARY

AND IN THE C4ARDEN; THE MANUMLANGDON
NON-SWARMEK.

By A. E. M(tnum.

"Well, Mr. Daggett, we shall be obliged to
defer our trip to the Eaton yard to-day, which
we had planned to take, as Mr. H. W. Scott, of
Barre, Vt., has just arrived, having come on
the morning train; and as he says he must
return on the afternoon train, we will spend
the day with him here in the home yard, where
I can show both of you my new non-swarming
hive, and at the same time explain to you both
its workings, and my experience with the
Langdon-Manura non-swarming method. I
see you are busy writing this morning; there-
fore, while you are finishing your writing I will
show Mr. Scott over the farm, as he is more or
less interested in farming. First, Mr. Scott, I
will show you my potatoes. Here are 53^ acres
in one field, and, as you see, they are just in
blossom."

"Oh, my! Manum. what a fine field of pota-
toes, and what long straight rows! How in the
world did you manage to get the rows so
straight? Why, there is not a crook in them;
and. besides, I see no weeds."

"The rows are 40 rods long; and to get them
straight, two of us marked them out with a
two-horse marker. I drove the team while my
man held the marker; and the secret of these
532 acres being so free from weeds is in having
worked the ground thoroughly and often, with
a cheap smoothing-harrow I made myself with
old steel rake-teeth. The potatoes have been
hoed but once, very lightly at that. I offer to
give $1.00 per bushel for every bushel of weeds
any one can find on the .53-2 acres."

"Why, here are strawberries, and a fine bed
it is too."

" Y'es, this is my new bed of just one acre,
and I will double the price for weeds on this
acre. I shall soon make a picture of this bed to
send to our friend A. I. Root. Over here I have
raspberries, mostly Cuthberts. I have, how-
ever, three rows of the Shatfers that I want you
to notice in particular."

"Oh, my! What a rank growth of canes!
Here is one that must be over 0 feet long."

" We will see. Yes, it is 7 feet 9 inches long.
I have not nipped this hill back. I want to see
how tall these Shaffers will grow when not
checked. The berries, as you will see, are large
and very handsome, and I assure you they are
fine-flavored. Here comes Mrs. M. with her
baskets. I think she intends to have you test
them at dinner with sugar and cream. We
think they are very fine. We will now go to
the apiary, as I se3 Mr. Daggett is there wait-
ing."

" What have you here, Manum — a new vari-
ety of oats?"

"Y'es; they are the White Plume, a new
variety that I introduced last spring; and, so
far, I am well pleased with them, as they
promise a large yield, you see by the long and
well-filled heads."

" Why, Manum, I never saw such a fine field
of oats. Just measure this head. It must be
13 inches long."

" I hardly think it. No, it is only 10% inches
long; but my man found one a few days since
that was 13K inches long, and I have found a
number of stools with 14 stalks, and one of my
neighbors reports having found one with IS
stalks, all from one seed."

"I think, Manum, you will get 100 bushels
per acre from this field."

" No, I hardly think so, Scott. I have set my
figures at 75 bushels per acre. Well, here we
are in the apiary, and we will first examine the
new hives. Here they are, you see; I have 8

THE LANGDON-MANUM NON-SWAKMER.

stands, or 16 colonies, that I am running on this
Langdon non-swarming plan."

"Well, but I don't see any thing similar to
Langdon's device. How do you manage to run

1SM4

GLEANINGS IN BEE CUI/IHiRE.

271

th(> bfcs from one hive to the otlioi', so as lo
work biith colonies in one \\\\c ;\i will?"

" Tliii t is as simple as a t urn "f l li ■ hind, and
I will cxiihiiii it to yoii. Mr. l),i,'4'-it, li;i< l)i>en
wailinii ;i. liMiy; time for an (xplanalinn. He
came here in Jniie^ and here it is the fast of
.Inly, and I have had no time to explain the
work iny: of this hive before. The stand upon
which I he hives are placed is, as yon see, long
enoni^h to accommodate two hives, with an en-
trance at each end, one for each hive, which
admits the bees from the under side of the
brood -chamber, precisely like the Bristol-hive
entranc(>. The stand has a double bottom,
with a ^8 space between the two bottoms, and
is so constructed that, without any entrance-
slides, the bees can pass in at one end of stand
and out at the other, passing between the two
bottom-: or they can, if they choose, enter
either hive th -y wish fi'om this ^g passage.
Now. ill. II. yon -^ee I have the whole working
force of tlic-Je two colonies working in this left-
hand hive, upon which there are two tiers of
sections, or tour I!ii-!ol clamps."

" How do yoM III, mage to force the bees from
the riirht- hand hive into i lie Icfr-haivl one. and
prevent thi'ir eniering iheir osvn hi ve ? "' asks
Mr. Daggett.

" I do that >^iniply by th<> U'-e of the tin slide
you si'c aianding up against the lefl-hnu'l hive.
This tin cl"^'^s the irider or main euiranc' en-
tirely, forcing the 1. iiirning bees, wiiich In long
to the ripiif-hand liive. to pas-^ on through
between the two hottoiiis. ;i nd enter tin' left-
hand lii\e through an entrance sp"L-ially pro-
vided lor them by the use of the \\'()o(i slide,
with u loiiix slot in the middli'. w liicli re-is here
agiiiiKl ihe right-hand hive. The >li<t, how-
ever, in ilii- slide is not exactly in the middle;
as one side of this slide is narrower than the
other. 1 he nairow side is used when both colo-
nies work ill one hive, iunl the wide one is used
when ] wish to kee|) eaidi colony separate.
These slides and the entrances are so arranged
that iheywnik I'ompletidv in uniting or sepa-
raiiii'.i I lie t\\<i colonies. \n\\ will observe that
I ha \ I' t\\ o i-scape hojis Willi cone b' e esc.ii)es
ovei' iliein. through which ih.- hi'i'S can e-cape
from ihe ri'.'ht luind hive, that may have been
shut in l)v the closing of the main entrance.
These e.-capiug bees, whiui returning, naturally
go to the main entrance: and. being cut off by
the tin slide, are obliged to follow along and
enter the left hand hive, thereby making that
colony doubly -strong. Then in five or six days
I reverse the whole business by placing the sec-
tions on the right-hand iiive and exchanging
slides, when all the b(;es work in the right-hand
hive, and in five or six days more I again ex-
chauffe ihi^ slides an I'sections from one to the
other, and so on throufrh th<> season. It is
necessary, of course, for tin* operator to keep a
corri'ct record of every hive in each apiary, so
that none may be overlooked or forgotten, as

tliat would make bad work, and cause the
strong colony to swarm. :ind tlu; light depopu-
lated one to heuiine so iiiiich reduced that it
would be ruined entirely."

"Now, Miinuiii. after one season's trial of
this non-swarming principle, how do you like
it? Can you recommend it to otiiers?" asks
Scott.

■• Well, genlle'uen, I hear thr; dinn(U--bell,
and we will respond to that call; and after din-
ner we will continue this talk over the non-
swarming method."

S *VEET CLOVER.

now IT I-OOSK,NS UP TIIK SOU,.

Bt) G. J. Yuder.

As is well known, sweet clover is a valuable
honey-plant, while some persons regard it as a
bad weed: hu*. with (deven summers' experience
I have learned quir<f a little about it. In the
first place, I sowed it for its honey qualities;
but I soon found there was something else of
value connected with it. I sowed it on poor
heavy soil in the spring of 1882. The following
year it was a boon to my bees, yielding abun-
dance of honey. I had sown it near the public
road, and many persons going by would stop to
sr>e the l)ees work nn it, and expressed surprise.
The roots peni'trate deep into the hard subsoil,
and make the land loose nnd friable, and, after
the crop is cleared ofT, it is in fine condition to
put to other crops. '"

We once, just as it was done blooming, turn-
ed it under and sowed it to btickwheat, thus
getting two crops of bloom in one summer.
The following spring we sowed it to oats, get-
ting a fine crop, while at the same time the
sweet clover volunteered, making a heavy
growth by the l-^ith of Sept.. standing about
three feet high. Now was our time to -try its
qualitii'S for hay. and, suiting the action to the
thought, the mower was brought out, and in
due time we had it in a stack, making about 13^
tons per acre. It was the sweetest-smelling
hay that T have ever .seen. In one instance I
had to call the doctor one very dark night, and,
as we came within a few rods of the haystack,
the doctor stopped short and said, " What
smells so wonderfully sweet?" On being told it
was a stack of sweet- clover hay he was much
surprised. It was actually so sweet that, every
warm day diu-ing the winter, the bees would be
flying about it. We fed it all out to our sheep,
with corn fodder for a change, and I never had
sheep do better. Hor.seswill readily eat it, but
cows do not care much for i;.

^VHERE SHOULD WK SOW SWKK r ^T.OVKIS ?

It will grow almost anywhere, even .in very
rocky hillsides and waste lands; but I prefer to
sow it where I can keep control of it and get a
crop of bloom and a cro]) of seed; then the next
spring a crop of some kind, and in the fall a

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apr 1.

crop of hay, or to wheat in the fall, and in the
next fall a crop of hay.

Every other year it resoeds itself ; but If put
to cultivated crops a few years it can all be kill-
ed out. I made a garden-spot on a sweet-clover
patch where there were millions of seeds, and
in two years it was all gone.

CUTTING AND THRASHING THE SEED.

With us it grows from four to eight feet high,
thus making it almost impossible to get it into
a thrasher or huller. We cut it with a self-rake
reaper, then make a platform on a sixteen-foot
hay-rack, placing it on a skid made of poles
bolted together with cross-pieces; then hitch
three hoi'ses to it, and pull it to the field. With
two light poles about eight feet long, and just
heavy enough for a man to handle, and two
pitchforks, we are ready for business. Now fill
your platform, not too full; and if the clover is
very dry, a few good strokes will land the seed
in the bottom of the platform. Now nimble out
the refuse; drive up. put more on. and so ( n
around the field. A little experience will show
how it should be done. When all is thrashed
off. run it through a huller and you have the
Bokhara seed.

AVII.I. THE BLOOM YIELD HONEY EVERY YEAR?

It seldom fails to yield enough to keep the
bees out of mischief, and keep up brood-rear-
ing; but we Seldom get much surplus; for bloom-
ing, as it does, at a time when very little else is
yielding honey, it would take a large area to
give us thousands of pounds.

As to off years, we have them too in this as
well as in other honey-producing plants; but
onlv once for us in eleven years was there an
entire failure; yet it bloomed profusely, but
seldom a bee was seen on it, but thousands of
large flies, bugs, and what not but bees.

I have just finished reading the three books
lately received of you; namely, Potato, Onion,
and Strawberry Culture. They are grand and
sound, and to the point.

Garden City, Mo., Jan. 15.

[Your article is "sound, and to the point,"
and we hope many will read it." — Ed.J ^ . .^_ j

RAMBLE 105.

MARRIED LIFE IN CALIFORNIA.

There are doubtless many felicities in mar-
ried life, and we meet their various phases as
we ramble along. California is often noted for
these, as we have often rehearsed; and while
this State is, for some reason, noted for the num-
ber of divorces, there is also a ma'-ked attach-
ment between man and wife that withstands
all lesser breezes, and the sacred family circle
is never broken. 1 have seen bee-keepers put-
ting up stovepipes and putting down carpets
and matting, and using not a swearword, whih^
the wife has been indisposed, either real or im-

aginary. I have seen the husband on his knees,
scrubbing the kitchen floor, or cooking the din-
ner, tending the baby, washing the clothes,
and hanging them out. all as peaceably as a
well-regulated Chinaman; and in all of my ram-
bles among bee-men I have found not one di-
vorced couple. There may be many, but they
have not come under my observation.

The connubial relations are sometimes ap-
parently strained, though there is no real anger.
As an instance of this strained relation is the
case of a young married couple of bee-keepers.
Under Vv^ry happy circumstances they had com-
menced housekeeping. Celeste was hard awork
over the wash-tub. and John, not being very
busy that Monday morning, kindly turned the
wringer and filled the big clothes-basket. All
went as merrily as a marriage-bell, when their
heads came close together over the old wash-
tub. There was a smack, an "oh myl'"and a
laugh. The grass was a little damp out along
the clothes-line: and when the basket was full
and the pin-basket brought, John offered to
hang out the duds, as he expressed it. and
proudly marched out with his load to the long
line strung from pole to pole.

Pretty Celeste, all smiles, took herself to the
nearest window overlooking the field of opera-
tions, and prepared to boss the job. Of course,
John knew how to hang out clothes, or thought
he did. for he had done the like service for his
old mother, away back east, .some of those cold
frosty mornings. After a few words of badi-
nage about his kindness in saving her little
precious feet from getting wet, John made a
grab at the basket and pulled out a towel and
proceeded to hang it over the line midway of
the towel.

" There, John, that won't do," came from the
window. "It won't dry in a dog's age that
way. Put the end over about the length of
your finger, and pin it there. That's right, my
dear: it will dry quick. You see, John, there
is as much sense necessary to hang up clothes
properly as there is in boiling eggs."

.lohn fished out some more towels and pillow-
cases, and things moved along smoothly until a
stocking was quickly swung over the line and
pinned by the toe.

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

273

"There, John, don't you know better than to
put stockings on the line that way? You
crauiicli the toes of your stockings through
quick enough with your big toe-nails without
squeezing a clothes-pin down on it. Hang it
t'other end up. so's the wind will blow through
it. There! don't you see what an improve-
ment?"

John began to look a little sour, but said not
a word. The stockings, both long and short,
were soon exhausted, and a big sheet was next
hauled over the line. Johti proceeded to fasten
this just as he did the towels; but Celeste, lean-
ing furtheroutof the window, shouted, '"Why,
John, hang that over by the middle. Don't you
know better than to hang the sheet that way ?
The edge will brush the ground, and get dirty."

"Say, now." says John, beginning to warm
up for an argument, "it's a poor rule that won't

dow. Don't tear those ruffles with your big
hands; that's my — he-he-he — John, that's my
— hehe-he— hang it up on the gore, .John."

" Gore and be darned I" shouted John. " You
can't think of any thing else, so you holler gore
— he-he-he (spitefully). There, takeyer tarnal
old washing — he-he-he— and yer pin-bask(!t —
he-he-hc," giving the latter a kick that sent it
with the contents flying over the clothes-line;
and John strode off into the fields, where it is
supposed he cooled off.

Not wishing to disturb the pleasant reflec-
tions of either party I rambled away through
the sage brush to my cabin, where I reflected
happily upon the free and easy life of a bache-
lor bee-keeper. There was no cause for dis-
agreement in my cabin. I do not smoke, but I
laid oif my coat, put my thumbs in the arm-
holes of my vest, leaned back in my chair with

.^^

2

m^v

r '^

.^4®^

-■^^*

^3

Ihun^er

from acle^r

^ ( -X ^

iky-"

^■^ii

*i^-^^ blessed Kour^
Come ' dear (gam-
bler'" -**

1*^^

t

XH

"/\ Kort! anii i 6hrieyT^-

work both ways. Sheets must be hung just as
towels are, so's the wind will blow through
them and dry them quick. Don't you see?"

After a considerable debate touched with
acidity, the sheets were hung to suit the woman
in the window. John's shirt came next, and
was put with the shoulders over the line.

"That won't do, John. Oh myl (with a pout)
I'll have to hang up the clothes after all. A
man does things so bungling. John (peremp-
tory), hang that shirt up by one flap so's the
wind will blow through it. There! that's the
way."

John tished up another long white garment
and looked at itdoubtingly. His face was flush-
ed. He was apparently mad. It needed but
one more spark to cause an explosion.

" There. John, don't hang that up that way."

Celeste was leaning further out of the win-

my feet on the table, and imagined the rings of
smoke were rising over my head like so many
crowns, just as you read they do in the story-
books. I felt so contented with all the world,
so independent and happy, that I just made the
welkin ring as I sang:

If a body meet a body,
Need a body sii-i-i?
If a body kiss a body,
Need a body cri-i-i-i?

I can't imagine, though, what made me sing
those words— a sort of premonition, I suppose.
I really felt as though I was too happy to hav(>
the feeling "continner," as Dr. Jake Smith
would say.

Once before during the easy season I felt
quite elevated in spirits, and went out to have
a gallop over the plain with Vix; but Vix had
elevated spirits also. She elevated her back

274

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apr. 1.

several times; result, I returned to ray cabin a
dusty, sorrowful rambler. I felt this time as
though something was going to happen, and,
sure enough, it came like a clap of thunder
from a clear sky. It was in the shape of that
open letter to Rambler, on page 181 of Glean-
ings. It was a g) eat shock to my nervous sys-
tem, to drop from such delectable heights to
such a sad condition; and I wish right here to
reprove your artist for picturing my happy
state after reading that Morse letter. The hap-
py state and songs were all before. Afterward I
was sad, and there were no warbles in my lungs.
To escape the visitation was my study night
and day, and it was with joy I had a chance to
go 60 miles from my usual haunts into a wild
portion of San Diego County. Oak Grove Api-
ary, on the head-waters of the San Luis Rey
River had to be moved, and surely no Eugenia
would follow me into that sylvan seclusion.
But I reckoned falsely; for, while laboring at
the bees in my fancied security, a robust foi"i.
like unto what I had pictured Eugenia to be,
was rapidly whirling toward the ai)iary. on a
bicycle. Had it been Jake Smith, or some oth-
er musty old fellow, I should have been calm
and collected; but seeing itwas the one who
bore the name of Eugenia, and under all of the
delicate surrounding circumstances, please give
me a little hcmor if I confess that I resolved to
flee. But to flee from an expert bicycler, such
as Eugenia p.'oved to be, was beyond my pow-
er, and a friendly oak-tree received me gra-
ciously upon one of its generous limbs. The
cycle had to halt. Thank fortune, it could not
climb; but the Eugenia form sat itself down
upon a stone and gathered from the pocket an
opera-glass, and commenced the siege. Euge-
nia was not much acquainted with the country,
and I had a gleam of satisfaction in knowing
that, ere the shades of night had deepened, the
form would leave that stone. With a tremu-
lous voice Eugenia cried:

"O cruel Rambler! long have I yearned for
you: and now after long journeys, night and
day, for you thus to flee from me and treat me
so!"

"Aye!" said I, " yearn on and on; this heart
of mine is as hard as adamant. Long years
have passed since woman's wiles have turned
one drop of blood more scarlet than the rest.
Go, bold being, to your home, and let me rest."

" Nay, Rambler mine, the mission to take the
heart so hard, and face so stern, and mold like
unto an angel's, come from that leafy perch
among the boughs, and let these hands, this
voice, and these tears, minister to your com-
fort."

"O Eugenia! knowest thou not that it is the
sphere of man to woo, and not yours? Know-
est thou not that, where such a one as you so
forgets place and station, and would to me
a- wooing come, your words, your tears, only
steel the heart the harder toward your kind?

Away, ere the shades of night and beasts and
creeping things come in these lonely wilds to
startle and destroy."

"O Rambler! knowest thou not that woman's
sphere enlarges! To vote, to woo, to legislate,
is the fashion of the hour. O Rambler! sit not
like some gnome in the gathering darkness;
to my petition wilt thou listen? Wilt thou
turn one sympathetic glance? Wilt thou?"

"No. no, Eugenia; though your words are
fair, 'tis not for such as me to wilt unseemly.
Would it be for me to wilt? Should I wilt
forth. I'd go to scorn. No, your glances, your
words, your tears, are not enough to make me
wilt. Away! I'll fly to sterner mountains,
rocks, caves, ruin, desolation; among these
hardened scenes I'll never wilt."

The stars were out; there was a crackling in
the brush — a howl, a shriek. Rambler.

(Concluded in our next.)

THE HONEY-MARKET IN SOUTHERN CALI-
FORNIA.

Bil Pnif. A. J. Cook.

The third subject which elicited great inter-
est at the State Association was that of mar-
keting the honey product. It was felt that,
with such a sure production, such anomalous
yields, and such excellent honey, the present
haphazard method of getting the product to
market was away behind the times; that it
should be speedily superseded by some sys-
tematic plan in which all should be interested,
and should help to carry out. The Citrus Fruit
Association, or Exchange, of Southern Califor-
nia, was referred to, and the subject was refer-
red to the Executive Committee, with the hope
that, after a complete investigation, a plan
might be formulated that would secure the
objects desired. At the monthly meeting of
the Los Angeles County Association, held last
Saturday, the subject was again debated, and
the writer was appointed to investigate the
matter as fully as his time would permit.

There is no doubt that organized union in all
such matters is very desirable. It is equally
evident that the great success of commercial,
manufacturing, and such other enterprises as
railroads, etc., is largely due to the fact that
they can and do work together. It is just as
patent that the farmer has been kept back by
his isolation, which stood in the way of such
cooperation. The ditificulty to-day rests in the
fact that it is almost impossible to secure una-
nimity in any proposed scheme, no matter how
wise or how well planned. The inexperience,
too, of such producers has not fitted them to
plan the most wisely, and so it is exceedingly
important that, in making any move toward
cooperation, great caution be exercised, or false
steps will be taken that will imperil the whole
undertaking.

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Southern California has united in a scheme
for marketing their citrus fruits. They have
organized, have officers who lool< after the mar-
kets, and all producers who join tiie Union are
bound morally and legally not to sell fruit
except through the exchange. Each local as-
sociation has a manager who determines the
amount of fruit in his province, and he takes
charge of all shipping, keeping track of the
progress of the ripening of the fruit, informing
all in his district how much to bring to load a
car. That some such scheme could create
markets that no individual effort could secure;
could arrange for grading in a way that indi-
viduals would not practice; could arrange
terms with railroads that could be secured in
no other way, seems to go without saying.
That wise plans would always be made, esp(>-
cially to begin with, or that wise administra-
tion would always be secured; wise and honest
men always be appointed to office, and fruit
really marketed, and not merely consigned
before shipping, is too much to hope; yet this
seems to be a move in the right direction, and
we can not but earnestly wish it success. Of
course, it is vastly important that all unite, and
remain loyal to the plan. Can this be secured ?
I am optimistic enough to hope much from the
scheme.

Now as to the honey. Do bee-keepers wish
such an organization? Will they unite and
work together? If they organize, shall the
effort be made to unite with the fruit exchange,
or work separately? Union with the fruit-
men would tend to bring the two classes into
closer harmony, and would save much expense.
It is a plan well worthy of agitation, and
nowhere in the world could it be tried with
more hope and prospect of success than right
here in Southern California. The bee-keepers
read, are intelligent, are well organized, and, I
believe, could and would work together. I
should be glad to hear from our best men on
the subject.

MOTHS AND POI,l.ENIZATION.

The note in the last Gleanings (Mar. 1) re-
garding moths carrying pollen is of much in-
terest. There is a large family of moths known
as Nociuidcr, or night-flyers, that have long
tongues, and do sip sweets from flowers. The
cut-worm moths of the genera, Agrotis Hcidena
and Noctua are specially wide awake in tliis
direction. We catch many of these moths for
our cabinets by what we call sugaring. We
spread on the trees a preparation of syrup and
vinegar, or stale beer. This attracts the moths
which collect on it soon after sunset in great
numbers, and so the entomologist finds this an
easy way to increase his number of specimens
of the Noctuidce. The best time to sugar for
such moths is in August and September; but
■every one who has worked in the maple-sugar
bush knows that these moths are abroad even
an early March. I have often seen them by

scores in the sap in March, before we covered
our buckets. They were attracted by the
sweets, and were drowned.

As I said in the article of last week, it is very
likely that, before we had large orchards, when
the fruit-trees were very few and scattering
(and we all know that Such was the case in the
wild forests), there were enough indigenous in-
sects to carry the pollen. I well remember
when the few wild - plum trees were in the
woods of my early Michigan home. In those
days these moths and the few wild bees were
often quite enough, I dare say, to secure good
fruitage.

Clareraont, Cal., Mar. 10.

A STRANGE FREAK IN COMB-BUILDING BY
BEES.

UURIi-COiMBS WITH A VENGEANCE.

By L. J. Tenipli)!.

I send by to-day's mail a picture of a pecul-
iar product in the way of comb-building. Hav-
ing never seen any thing of the kind, we
thought it might be of interest to the readers
of Gleanings to see an illustration of it. The
circumstances under which this comb wa^ built
were as follows:

Mr. Geo. M. Deibert, son-in-law of the writer,
residing in Florence, Colo., drove two medium

colonies into a hive of the capacity of a ten-
frame Langstroth hive supplied only with foun-
dation starters. To give plenty of ventilation
he placed an empty super on the hive, and on it
the flat cover. He intended to remove the su-
per in a few days or replace it with one filled
with sections. Bi'ing suddenly notified to join
a party to go to tlie World's Fair, Mr. Deibert

276

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apk. 1.

left home without having given any further at-
tention to his bees. After an absence of about
three weelis, on his return home he found his
united colonies had filled the hive with comb
and honey. They had then begun on top of the
frames and about the T tins of the super, and
built combs upward, as shown in the picture.
Some of these combs are about three inches
thick at the base, and ascend in pyramid form
to within a bee-space of the cover, but in no
case did they touch the cover. To old bee-men
this may be no curiosity, but to us boys it is
quite new.
Canon City, Colorado.

[Here is an interesting case of how the bees
will sometimes build combs it/jward. As a gen-
eral rule, the woik is commenced at the top
and gradually extended doivnwnrd. In the
case before us burr-combs evidently were start-
ed, and as the honey season progressed these
same burr-combs elaborated into good-sized
combs. In time they would have been extended
to the cover.— Ed.]

HEDDON'S REPLY,

CONCERNING THE ANALYSES OF HIS HONEY.

Dear Mr. Root:— As a brother bee-keeper,
brother-publisher, and brother-man. standing
under the law which certainly should not be
more charitable than social and commercial
judgment, and being always innocent until
proven guilty, I crave space at your hand to
make some statements and arguments in refer-
ence to the damaging matter which has appear-
ed from time to time in your journal, culminat-
ing in the very serious charges implied, al-
though not positively preferred, against me on
pase 240 of your last issue.

Taking up the matter on that page, consecu-
tively. I desire to first call your attention to the
fact that there is an element by far too preva-
lent in human nature. |)rompting a desire to in-
jure our fellow-men. Yon are not forgetful (if
yon are I am not) that I have before been called
foolish for advocating natural vs. artificial
swarming; that honey would never become a
staple product, but that we must look on it as a
luxury for all time, and that we could make its
production pay as a luxury as easily as or easier
than as a staple; that the " Simplicity " hive
of your devising was not as good a hive as my
modification of the Langstroth; that close fit-
ting frames were best, when properly adjusted;
that the consumption of pollen was the imme-
diate cause of bee-diarrhea; that a bee keep-
ers' union for the defense of our inalienable
rights would be a virtuous and effective or-
ganization, etc. All the above, however, has
proven true, and most of it is now admitted;
but this is not all: I have been called selfish
and criminal for complying with the laws of
my country in procuring a patent to defend my
right to the results of my labor. These "re-
ports have come to me." That I am wicked.

unwise, and foolish, is nothing new. You state-
that "complaints kept coming." I can not im-
agine whom they came from, when nineteen-
twentieths of my customers (as what I inclose
indicates, and I will send you the original man-
uscript to absolutely prove it, if you will pub-
lish it) praised the honey I shipped them, to
the highest standard. I here and now call upon
every person who has purchased honey of me
during the last two years in question, or at any
other time, for that matter, to send to this jour-
nal (Gleanings) for publication, a statement
of their opinion as to its purity and quality, and
why that opinion, and what satisfaction said
honey gave to their customers, to the best of
their knowledge. The list of my bee-keeper
customers, which includes nearly every one of
them, is as follows: Joseph Johantges, J. G.
Lehde, C. P. Call, Jos. Bargehr, E. Frost, J, W.
Chapin, W. Vermillion, F. M. VanEtten. O.
Rudd, Jacob Shumm, Chas. E. Cook, Dwight
E. Squire, W. Z. Hutchinson, Rev. C. Franke,
Jos. K. Shnltz, John Sunderman, F. R. Daven-
port, Desenberg & Schuster, Walter Jenman,.
L. B. Bell. Geo. Schook, Mary A. Bncklin. Jos.
Myers, Mrs. F. M. VanFleet. James A. Min-
nich, H. Sparks, and A. C. Masson.

I believe that the above are all of my 1893
customers. If there are any more let them re-
port. Following are the names of nearly all
of my new customers of 1894. You will under-
stand that most of my 1893 crop was aNo sold
to the persons named above:

J. S. Yoder, John Senff. Fred Underwood,
Thomas H. Mills, O. H. Lintner, W. T. J. Far-
rington, H. M. Hampton, W. T. Zink. But in
the list of 1893aretwoother names I wish to spe-
cially refer to. One is F. Minnich. Noi'th Free-
dom, Wis. He said my honey was not as good
as his own, and didn't give good satisfaction,
and then added the following: "You got a ter-
rible blowing-up at our State convention, in re-
gard to sugar honey, which served you just
right." Here it will be seen that I lost a custom-
er who discovered inferior quality in my hon-
ey because of what Prof. Cook said and wrote,
and what, Mi'. Minnich had been informed, by
" reports coming in," was said by me. The oth-
er one is Geo. G. Willard, who was arrested, as
you state on page 240. Under date of June 2,
1893. Mr. Willard wrote me as follows, in re-
sponse to my solicitation for his testimonial:
"Some of your honey has given satisfaction,
some not. I have had better. Some of the
late made honey was strong and poor." Mr.
Willaid had been one of my best customers,
and I was surprised at his nisponse to my solici-
tation for his testimony. However, on the ."Jth
of the following August he ordered three (iO-lb.
cans, and. on the 24th of the same month, five
mori'fio lb. cans; then on the l.'Sth of the fol-
lowing November, 10 cans more, every drop of
which was strictly pure, and 13 cans of which
have been returned and re-remitted for, less the

1894

(^LKANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

377

freight. These 13 cans ar(> now in my honey-
house, just as they arrived from Mr. Wiilard,
and the honey is candied solid.* This is all 1
know about the Wiilard honey.

Now, who is the well-l<nown bee-l<eeper who
purcliased the two cans of lioney and sent the
iillidavit? When at the World's Fair last fall I
fiillrd on Thos. (1. Newman, Manager of the
Iti't'-keepers' Union. While there he showed
nic two bottles of honey said to be adulterated,
and taken from one of my cans. Now, I do not
pit'tend to be able to detect glucose in honey,
by any method whatever: but the sample
shown by Mr. Newman gave me the impression
of being pure basswood honey that had been
taken from the hives before it should have been,
and very "green," or else had been watered.
You are all aware that no two honeys taste
alike. Honey from difJerent , blossoms differs
much in tasie and appearance, and most of you
are likely aware of the fact that honey from
the same variety of blossoms, in different local-
ities, often not more than 40 miles apart, tastes
and often appears very different. Those two
samples never came from my apiary, and I aft-
erward gained some evidence that they were
sent to Manager Newman by W. D. Soper, of
Jackson. Michigan, who purchased three cans
of me, Feb. 13. 1893, of my 1892 crop. Page 340
stales that Mr. Wiilard was fined $35.00 and
costs — a total of I<i4..8."). Mr. Wiilard wrote me,
in a letter dated Dec. 6, that the total cost was
^TO.s.t; and in another letter, dated Dec. 18
{both in 1893), the fine and costs was $73.8.5.
The fine being $35.00, '" costs " come pretty high,
making arrests a very good business in Ohio.
Mr. Wiilard was adjudged guilty by the court,
solely upon the chemical-analysis report of
Prof. Albert W. Smith. f You didn't state this
in your editorial, nor did you state the fact that
it was upon the evidence of another chemical
analysis by this same Prof. Smith that Mr.
Jankovsky was damaged in reputation, and by
the law of the State uf Ohio compelled to pay
a heavy tribute to the pockets of officials; but
on the previous page you state practically the
same things regarding ISIr. .lankovsky.

Before closing this article I will state that I
have shipped no impure honey to Mr. Wiilard
iior any other man, during 1893 and 1894. If I
had. I would not have received the testimonials
I did. When you say that my " utterances on
the glucose question give coloring to the state-
ments of the different chemists," you do not
compliment the science of chemistry, and yet,
in my opinion, you speak logically of the
science, but illogically and wrongfully of me.
I have never said one word to lend you reason
for such a statement. Whenever I have writ-
ten or spoken upon the glucose-honey-mixture
question I have in every instance stated that
no bee-keeper could afford to adulterate, and I
didn't believe bee-keepers irere adulterating.
1 have said that glucose was not poison nor in-

jurious to the human system; that .50 lbs. of it
is consumed annually under the name of " gold-
en drips," and other syrups, to every pound of
honey eaten. I have also said that, while it
might be to our interests to discourage its con-
sumption in all forms, in all of which it is a
competitor to our product, to go to complaining
of bee keepers, and making arrests, or doing or
publishing any thing sensational that will get
into and go the rounds of newspapers, will
damage us materially. I have said these
things, and 1 say them again, because I believe
them true; and, further, I believe that a state-
ment of these truths, if heeded, will be of im-
mense value to our pursuit. Yon used the term
"cheap honey." I have never sold honey at a
price that could be called " cheap," except for
an article superior to nearly all of the extracted
honey on the market. I inclose you my price
list, which quotes the lowest ligures I have ever
sold at; and I have a late circular before me,
from S. T. Fish & Co., quoting extracted honey
at i}4 cents. Prof. Wiley, of Washington,
whom you quote, it must not be forgotten, was
for several years justly called a liar, and de-
stroyer of our business, which impeaches his
testimony, or else he was for years worse abus-
ed than I am at this day by bee-journals.

You state that it seems to be " demanded of
you that the bee-keepers of the land be notified
of these things." Now, Bro. Root, how do you
think my friends and myself, who positively
know the truth, couple that statement with the
one that you " practice and preach that kind of
charity that is kind and suffereth long"? Ad-
mitting that you believe the truth of what
you have published, even if it were true. I
should like to hear your explanation of how and
what good it will do the bee-keepers of the land
to be " notified of these things." I can not im-
agine. If I were told that any prominent bee-
keeper who had succeeded in the business, mak-
ing it buy him $10,000 worth of other property,
besides increasing itself— that this bee-keeper
has always paid every debt promptly; that his
word was as good as a bank-draft in the com-
mercial world; that he had been honored with
the highest office in the gift of the people of his
municipality; that he had the intelligence to
invent implements and nuithods that were
praised by the brightest of his class; was doing
something that was both " foolish " and crimi-
nal, I wouldn't believe he was doing it as long
as there was a shadow of doubt; and when
there was not, I should be compelled to doubt
the foolishness and criminality of the act, and
be tempted to try it myself; wouldn't you?
But what am I to do? If the science of chem-
istry is reliable, I can produce nothing but adul-
terated honey in this locality, and, consequent-
ly, must quit the business. If I have wronged

* Candying is no proof of purity; see p. 61.— Ed.
+ Ves: but the analysis wiis confirmed by Prof.
Holjbs.— Eu.

278

GLEANINGS IN

you I have wronged myself more by losing my
temper over the inconsistent and damaging par-
agraphs which have been printed concerning
me. all of which I knew were not true, and that
may be the reason you complain of my not giv-
ing you " satisfactory answers." I wish to ask
you why you didn't send me advance proofs of
this printed matter on page 240, and in justice
publish this reply in connection therewith.

You have previously had my " honey testi-
monials." I wish you would take the original
manuscript and publish it. You have also seen
my "price list."

"Now I have given the facts for just what
they are worth, and the reader may draw his
own conclusions." James Heddon.

Dowagiac, Mich., Mar. is.

[We are very glad indeed, Mr. Heddon. to see
you appeal to the public at large who have pur-
chased honey of you before, that gave satisfac-
tion. Here is a postal just put into my hands:

A. I. Root:— It doesn't seem as though you are
going to stop that cry of adulteration. If you had, I
should want to stop Gleanings. You surely hit
the nail on tlie head in the Heddon honey. I bouglit
two cases of him several years ago, and I tlien
thought it was not Iioncij. I sent a sample to you by
mail, but it was broken in transit.

Atherton, lud., Marcli 20. G. F. Ayres.

You say you shipped no impure honey to
Mr. Willard, nor to any other man, during 1893
and '4. How about what you shipped before
'93 and '94? And furthermore I do not see that
you state clearly that you never adulterated.

If it will damage bee-keepers materially by
making arrests, or publishing the names of
those selling glucose for honey, what in the
world are bee-keepers to do? 1 am aware that
S. T. Fish & Co.. and oilier commission men,
have offered extracted honey in quantities at a
low figure; but so far as I know, no one has ad-
vertised honey in a retail way as cheap as or
cheaper than you have done, /or the same grade
and source.

Had you been present at some of the recent
national conventions, especially the one held in
Washington and that held during the World's
Fair, in Chicago, you would have seen Prof.
Wiley not only warmly welcomed, but held in
very high esteem by the bee-keepers of our
land. Prof. Wiley may have been unwise in
the past, but he surely is the friend of all bee-
keepers now.

You ask what good it will do the bee-keepers
of our land to be notified of these things. It
seems to me the answer is self-evident. See
contents of postal above. If a bee-keeper and
honey-producer has been guilty of adulterating
his honey with elucose, I do not think hp will
follow it very long after he has been publicly
exposed through the journals. This policy will
help to protect bee-keepers against this glucose
competition.

The two cans of honey that are now in our
possession have a printed tag attached to them,
reading just like this, and just like other tags
from you direct:

FtiOM

JAMES HEDDON,

DEALER IN

BEE-KEEPERS' SUI'PLIES,

HONEY AND BEKS.

Dowagiac, - Micii.

Why didn't we send you an advance proof?

You yourself answer the question. We wrote

to you a year ago, once or twice, telling yon of

the evidence that we then had in our possession,

BEE CULTURE. Apk. 1.

and you wrote letters to us, and to other par- '
ties, wherein, as usual, you "lose your tem-
per," etc. Yes, indeed, we have a letter from
you to another party wherein you refer to Prof.
Cook and ourselves as "fools," "silly gang,"*
"simpletons." In a recent communication ta
us you accuse us of trying to rob you of your
right!-", "of using the blackmail system," etc.
We do not see how you could expect advance
proofs under such circumstances.

If the chemists of our land are ignorant and
vicious, we should like to let judges of honey^
and honey-producers, taste of the stuff in those
cans which came to us from you through a
third party as pure honey. We know that hon-
ey from different localities varies, and that late
fall honey is often poor in any locality; but out
of the thousands of samples that have beeui
submitted to us for inspection, we nevei' yet
tasted any honey gathered by ihe bees, having
such an unmistakable flavor of corn syrup as-
this. There is enough to it to go around, and
it speaks for itself plainer than words. A. I. R.

Mr. Heddon refers to the honey of Mr. Jan-
kovsky. from S T. Fish & Co., that was pro-
nounced by Prof. Smith to be adulterated, but.
which, by Prof. Spencer, on its second analysis,
was declared to be pure. Mr. Heddon probably
failed to observe that Prof. Smith pronounced
the honey adulterated with sugar syrup, and
showed only 1.5 per cent. We have before stat-
ed that we believe it is generally admitted by
the best chemists that it is not always possible-
to be certain regarding the small per cents of
siujar adulterations, especially if the syrup
has passed through the organism of the bee;
but when we come to the matter of glucose-
adulterations, we are not aware that the chem-
ists have ever made any mistake. Glucose Is
very easily detected, and its presence can be
known to a certainty. On page (588, Sept.
1.5th No., 1893, Gleanings. > on will remember
Prof. Cook reported having sent to Prof. Wiley
and some others of the best chemists of the
country 50 samples — some adulterated with
glucose, some with sugar syrup and some not
adulterated at all, but all known to Prof. Cook
by number, and the exact amount of adultera-
tion, if any, in each of the samples. When the
reports of the azialyses vvere received, it was
shown that each of the chemists recognized un-
erringly the glucosed samples and most of the
sugar syrtip samples. It seems to us that this
test ought to be pretty conclusive. Mr. H. may
refer to the case of Mr. Chas. h\ ^lutli. whom
everybody knows to be opposed to glucosed
adulterations. I)ut whose honey was pronounced
adulterated witli glucose, by one of Pidf. Wi-
ley's associates. But it has been conclusively
shown that these glucosed samples, alleged ta
have come from Mr. Miith. bore counterfeit la-
bels; and we have not a doubt in our own mind
that a man who would forge a label would not
hesitate to adulterate.*

If Mr. Heddon has not adulterated, his recent
utterances defending the practice, objecting to-
the change in the constitution of the Bee-keep-
ers' Union, and saying, among other things,
that "all the Bee-keepers' Unions this side of
fairy-land could not stop one little honey-pro-
ducer from adulterating." and trying to make
us believe iliat. apparently for the purpose of
making glucose-mixers escape detection, is-
about as repreliensible as to adulterate.

* Since writing tliis our attention lias been called
to the fact tliat Mr. Mutli did send Prof. Wiley some
of his honey— honey of undoubted purity— and that
it was l).v li'ini pronounced " probably pure." This-
would indiciite that at that time there was an ele-
ment of uncertainty; but since then the science of
chemistry has made great advances; and, so far a.s-
glucose is concerned we tliink there is no uncertainty

18it4

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Referring to tho, noxt to the last paragraph,
we have only to say that the report was receiv-
ed; but the tesiinioiiials. instead of having
names and addresses, were simply designated
by nnmber, and, as such, they have no value;
and even in the article you cive names but no
addresses. If you will furnish the original
manuscripts we will either publish them or re-
fer to them as genuine.] E. R. R.

CALIFORNIA ECHOES.

ers may try their hands at this difficult prob-
lem, I will give the address of the geiitli-man
who wants the tiueens in April. It is II. Tiick-
ey, Bishops, Inyo Co., Cal.

By Rambler.

Several bee-keepers at the California State
Convention said they had seen bees carry wax
in their pollen-baskets.

There were several bald-headed bee-keepers
at the convention. I noted that, in every in-
stance, they were married men.

Bachelor bee-keepers must all be adepts at
cooking, from the many cooking-recipes I get
from them. I extend a bushel of thanks for the
kindly aid.

Honey sometimes ferments and gets sour. It
must be very unripe, though, to have the whole
mass ferment. The sour surface can. many
times, be poured otf when the greater part in
the bottom of the can is good honey.

The more some people get stung, the more
dangerous the effect ; but with the majority
the effect goes the other way, and the effect
becomes harmless. I recently found a bee-
keeper who said it swelled on him only during
dog-days.

Whitewash makes a very good coating for
bee-hives, and, if mixed according to the Mex-
ican plan, it will last three or four years. The
above plan is to mix with the whitewash a mu-
cilaginous substance from a certain species of
cactus. This applied to their adobe houses
lasts many years.

It has been ascertained that the size of na-
tive Californians is an improvpment over the
original stock. The length of lile is also pro-
longed. It is attributed to the mixing of the
blood of many races, and the purity of the air
breathed. The same will perhaps be the result
on animals and bee.s.

There is still some discussion in relation to 8
or 10 frame hives. The comb honey man gener-
ally prefers the 8 frame, while the extracted
man prefers the lO-franie. The way to get a
uniform all-purpose hive that can be expanded
and contracted is to use the shallow brood-
chamber, making it a 10-frame chamber.

That little matter of shipping queens to Inyo
Co.. Cal.. has another item of difficulty in the
fact that the man wants virgin queens, and
virgin queens are not so hardy to ship as fertile
queens ; in fact, I don't believe they are as
hardy as a worker-bee. The shipment has to
go a long roundaboui way. and through a
wintry belt of our climate. That qu<'i'n-breed-

SMOKING BEES WHILE MOVING THEM.

Question.— Don't you think it would be a
good idea to give some smoke occasionally on
the road, when moving bees, to keep them
quiet? Would it not help to keep them from
melting the combs? I had several melt last
year while moving a distance of four miles. I
expect to move more this year.

An.'<wer. — If I am correct, combs melt down.
while moving bees, only from the heat they
create in their confined condition; and if this
is so, the only thing which will overcome the
difficulty is ventilation sufficient to allow this
heat to pass out of the hive. I do not know
that smoke has any effect in keeping bees quiet,
only so far as flying out and stinging is con-
cerned. W^hen bees are frlghtent^d in any way.
either by smoke, moving, or otherwise, they fill
themselves with honey, and, when thus filled,
they are not inclined to fly or sting, but they
are inclined to run off their combs on foot, so
that they may get away from their combs,
seeming to realize that, unless they do gooff
the combs, they will melt down and be obliged
to disgorge over the combs and themselves the
honey taken, when a general ferment takes
place, and the whole colony becomes extinct by
stickiness and literal suffocation from heat and
moisture. Smoke can not possibly be any rem-
edy for this trouble; for, the more smoke used,
the sooner suffocation would naturally take
place. But plenty of ventilation allows. the
heat, created by the bees in their efforts to get
off their combs, to escape from the hive, and
thus we not only allow the heat to escape, but
quiet the bees as well, as each i)ee can breathe
free and easy, so that there i> no danger of suf-
focation. Bees can be moved a few miles in a
cool or cold day. in early spring, when not very
strong in numbers, without any precaution
more than closing the entrance, so that the in-
side of the hive is entirely dark, and I have
moved bees from two to three miles in this way
on cool days in June, when the bees were near-
ly strong enough to swarm; but I would advise
no one to undertake it unless using a spring
wagon and much caution so as not to arouse
the bees in loading them. The only proper way
is to have a rim fitting the top of the hive,
three inches deep, having wire cloth on one side
of it, which can be quickly fastened to the top
of the hive, wire-cloth side up. Remove the
covering to the top of the hive; adjust thi

280

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apii. 1.

rim, and close the entrance to the hive bee-
tight, and you will need to take no other pre-
caution; for, let the bees be handled as roughly
as they may, consistent with not breaking down
the combs, there will then be no danger of the
melting of the combs, as the whole colony can
move off their combs into this rim and keep
cool through the ample ventilation provided by
the large surface of wire cloth covering them.
Some seem to think that the entrance to the
hive should also be covered with wire cloth;
but from the experience I have had in keeping
bees confined when moving them, and other-
wise, I think there is a less loss of individual
bees by having no light enter the hive save at
the top, where the bees can crawl up and clus-
ter. If the entrance is covered with wire cloth,
a certain number of bees seem to consider it
their duty to try to open that entrance, and so
iitruggle and bite away at the obstruction till
they wear themselves out, and die from ex-
haustion.

SUPERSEDING QUEENS.

Question.— In your book you speak of finding
a colony about to supersede their queen, and
then keeping them raising queens for you as
long as the queen, about to be superseded, liv-
ed. The question I should like to ask is this:
How do you know, or how can you tell, when a
colony is about to supersede its queen ?

Ans^ver. — From an experience covering a pe-
riod of 25 years, I think I can safely say that
bees never build queen-cells to a state of per-
fection great enough to be supplied with eggs
or larvye unless they expect to swarm or super-
sede their queen. To be sure, they will start
embryo queen-cells, or " acorn-cups," as some
call them, all along during the season of the
year when they can fly from the hive, but none
of these are carried or built out further toward
perfect queen-cells, by way of lengthening out
and drawing the mouth of them down to the
size in which we find eggs and larviB in them,
unless the bees are either calculating to swarm
or to supersede their queen. So when you find
lengtheued-out queen-cells, you can rest assur-
ed you will find either eggs or larvae in them;
and when you find such out of the swarming
season you may know that the bees are about
to supersede their queen. Now, when 'finding
such lengthened-out cells containing eggs or
larvtB you may always know that such a colony
will save and rear all the larvaj (unless injured
in transferring) into tine queens you may give
them in prepared cells, as I have given in my
book, and all queens so reared will prove to be
the very best queens that you can possibly
raise under any condition, or by any of the
known plans. No matter whether the colony
intends to swarm or to supersede its queen.
There is this difference however: If the colo-
ny swarms, that puts a stop to its rearing queens
for you; but if it intends to supersede its queen
it will build queen-cells right along for you as

long as the old queen lives. But you must not
let them hatch a queen, but keep the queen-
cells taken out, before any hatch, all the while;
for if a young queen is allowed to hatch, the
bees may let her kill the old queen or do it
themselves, when they will build no more cells.

FOUL BIJOOD SPREADING.

Question. — If a hive is attacked with foul
brood, how long a time will it require for the
combs to become one -half or more affected?

Answer.— Thai depends very much upon the.
time of year, and upon how much foul-broody
honey was taken into the hive when the disease
was started. If one of my colonies was to rob
out a diseased colony, bringing from 10 to 15
pounds of honey from it during the month of
April, I should expect that said colony would
have cells of diseased and dead larvae through-
out all the brood by the middle of July, to the
amount of one-half or more of the cells con-
taining brood; but of course the dead and live
brood would be all mixed up to a greater or less
extent. If a few bee-loads of honey only were
taken, and this during September, I should not
expect the brood to present the above appear-
ance before the next August, and possibly not
till the spring of the second year.

SECTIONS CARRYING FOUL BROOD.

Question. — Would there be danger of commu-
nicating foul brood to a healthy colony by us-
ing over it the crates and sections which had
been used the previous season on a diseased
colony (the combs in them containing no hon-
ey), provided the crates and sections were scrap-
ed, and wiped with a dry cloth ?

Answer. — This is something I never tried,
and. from all the experience had with foul brood
during the early seventies, and knowing wliat
foul brood in the apiary means, I would say
that I should not want to try such an experi-
ment, for the risk would be too great. However,
if I had many such crates of sections I think I
would do this: I would take one or two colonies
away from all other bees, three or four miles,
and use these crates on them, keeping the re-
maining craves where no bees could gather pro-
polis from them, and, after two years" test, if
no harm resulted to these colonies, I should con-
sider it safe to use the rest anywhere.

FEEDING FLOUR TO BEES.

In early spring, when the plant-world has not
yet commenced to furnish pollen, flour can be
given to the bees as a substitute. As flour as
well as pollen promotes the rearing of brood,
the use of it is to be commended to bee-keep-
ers; and especially should those bee-men use it
who live in regions where early spring is not the
rule. Last spring I made a new trial of feeding
flour in the open air, and it worked well. I fill-
ed a comb-box half full of flour, laid over it a
sieve having meshes of the right size to exclude
drones, and placed the same in tine vicinity of a

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

281

hive, slightly raised up. The bees took the
flour through the sieve with far more conven-
ience, and qiiiqker. than out of old comb. No
particles of flour were left remaining; whereas,
by the methods used before that time, the flour
became somewhat granulated, so that the bees
could not carry it out. Wlicat flour works the
best. Even several days after the pollen began
to come abundantly, the flour was eagerly tak-
en by the bees. The sieve should fit in the box
in such a manner that it can be pushed down
as fast as the flour diminishes in volume. It is
best not to select too small a box, for the pres-
sure of the bees is generally great.

Medina. ()., Mar. Hi. Karl R. Mathey.

C. C. S., of Ark., asks how to move an apiary
a quarter of a mile without having the bees go
back to their old stand. ^?is.— We would re-
fer you to the article by G. M. Doolittle on p. 235
of our last issue.

J. S. L..of N. 1'., has from four to six frames
of bees, brood, and honey, in an eight-frame
hive, and would like to know whether he should
put in the rest of the eight frames. ^?is.— On-
ly as fast as the bees require them for room in
which to cluster.

A. M.. rif 0., inquires whether it is necessary
to wire shallow or half-depth frames for ex-
tracting. u4?i.9.— We would advise putting in
two wires, first to fasten the foundation cen-
trally in the frames, and. second, to prevent any
liability of the combs breaking out.

IF. M. H., of Mich., bought two hives, pre-
sumably two-story, in the upper story of which
the bees built combs up against the cover. As
nearly as we can make out from the letter.
there were no frames in tiie upper story. Ans.
— We would remove the upper stories and trans-
fer according to the directions given on page 19
of our catalog.

J. P. G.. of Ky., referring to the short meth-
od of transferring, given in our catalog on page
19, would like to know whether there is any
danger in leaving the old hive with the few
bees to take care of the brood, honey, and
combs, ^ns.— No, there will be enough bees
to take care of it; but the entrance should be
contracted so that the few bees may be better
able to resist robbers.

F. C. of O.. has 7.5 or SO lbs. of wax. and in-
quires how many pounds of foundation he can
get out of it. ^n.s-.— You ought to get as many
pounds of foundation of any kind as you have
pounds of wax, less th*^ impurities that may
have been in the original cakes; and this, in
case of good wax, is practically nothing. Of

course, if you are slovenly and wasteful irt
your work you will have proportionally less
foundation.

L. II. L., of Pa., wishes to know how much
acid to use to a two-gallon bucketful of comb.
Ans. — For wax that has not been rendered into
cakes — that is. broken combs, more acid must
be used. A good deal depends upon how old
the comb is — that is, how many cocoons are in
the cells them.selves. At best, out of two buck-
ets of comb only, you will not get very much
wax. If you have a solar wax-extractor, we
would advise you to use that. A tablespoon ful
ot raw sulphuric acid to about half a pail of
water would be sufficient for the quantity of
comb you mention.

T. E. H., of Ark., notices that we advertise
starters for brood-frames, and would like to
know how wide these starters should be. Aiift.
— They may be anywhere from half an inch to
full width of the farmes; but generally about
half an inch is used. The main purpose of the
starter is to get the bees to build the comb cen-
trally in the frames. Without starters there is
danger that the bees, as you say, will build
crooked combs, sometimes crosswise of the
frames. The only way that we know of to
make straight comb is to use starters, or, better,
full sheets of foundation, wired with horizon-
tal wires.

W. L. M., of O.. has r^O colonies of bees to
move a distance of 20 miles, and wants to know-
when it would be the best time to do it; and
would we advise him to do it at night? Ans.—
You can move them at any time after settled
weather. If the weather is not too hot you can
do it as well or better in the day time. Make
sure that your frames are secured, and that the
bees have plenty of ventilation. Wire cloth
over an ordinary entrance, if the colony is not
too strong, or weather hot, will afford sufficient
ventilation; otherwise remove the top, and tack
mosquito-netting or wire cloth over it. Tf the
dav is frosty, ventilation at the entrance may
be sufficient.

J. E. M., of S. C., desires to know, 1. wheth-
er he should extract what hou'^y the bees may
have in their hives in the spring, so as to stim-
ulate them to greater energy, or let them have
what they may have. 3. " Uo you recommend
putting in full-sized sheets of foundation in
sections?" :$.'• Is it necessary to wire founda-
tion in frames if we do not expect to extract?"
Ans.—l. No, no. Leave the honey in the hive.
It is poor policy to try to starve the bees to
work, on the principle of "sink or swim." Let
them have all the stores they have, and more
too. 2. Yes. 3. No, it is not absolutely neces-
sary, but decidedly advisable. Why any one
should think wiring is unnecessary, when it
costs so little to make a sure thing of the combs,
is beyond our comprehension. The expense of
the wiring material is about 10 cts. per 100

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apr. 1.

combs; and the labor, if performed during
the winter months when nothing else can be
done, is practically nothing. A few broken-
down combs that have not been previovisly
stayed by wires will pay for the cost of the
work many times over.

J. R. S., of l7id.. has a weak colony, and he
inquires how to strengthen it up for the coming
summer. Aiis. — Contract their brood-nest to
as small a space or to as few combs as they can
possibly cover, having made sure that they
have plenty of stores. When the weather is
warm enough so they fly a little every day,
give them a little stimulative feeding, with half
a pint of warm sugar syrup. We omitted to say
that such weak stocks should be, if not already,
put into double-walled hives with some good
soft warm packing around them. For that
matter, this will apply equally well to strong
colonies; for no stocks do as well in the single-
walled hives in early spring as those having
adequate protection.

R. M. C, of Cal., has just extracted some
honey from unfinished sections of last season,
and desires to know whether it will start rob-
bing to set these out where the bees can clean
them up. ^ns.— Instead of putting them out-
doors where the bees can have a regular jubi-
lee over them, said jubilee finally ending up in
a row, put the sections in crates and stack them
over the brood-nest of a strong colony. If the
hives are made so that they may tier up one
above another, this can be very easily done.
Sections might also be put in stacked-up hives,
without the full colony under, providing the
entrance is contracted to the space of one bee,
so the bees could clear them out slowly, on the
plan of gentle robbing, spoken of in these col-
umns during the last year or so. R. M. C. asks
again whether it would be prudent to transfer
now. We do not see any reason why in your
locality you could not doit almost any month
in the year. The short method spoken of in
our catalog is the one that we recommend.

N. A., of Wis., would like to know, 1, how to
make a swarm cluster upon something from
which they can be easily taken. 2. He requires
a mold for beeswax, upon which his name may
always appear in raised or depressed letters. 3.
He asks also whether Norway spruce would
stand the climate of his State, ^ns.— The
spray-pump recommended under " Swarming,"
in the ABC of Bee Culture, if properly used,
will drive a swarm of bees in the air like a
flock of sheep; and we have not only made the
bees not cluster on places of their own choice,
but in some instances have been successful
enough to cause them to alight on some low-
growing tree. It is always best to have low-
growing shrubbery, or, better still, grapevines,
growing around and among the hives. Bees
are pretty apt to cluster upon any thing access-
ible after entering the air. 2. A mold for wax

would be very expensive. You might be able
to get a wood-carver to scoop out a block of
wood with your name in the bottom of it, so
that the impression would be left on the wax
when it is cold. A tin receptacle with your
name stamped upon the bottom in raised or de-
pressed letters would be the best; but a special
die, costing perhaps $30.00, will be required;
but when this die is once made, thousands of
the tins could be turned out from it. 3. We
could not advise you regarding the Norway
spruce in your locality.

^^ogd^^nli^

BEES IN ST. ]'ETER 8 CATHEDRAL, ROME.

One very often meets with bees in this great
church, but not, of course, living ones. They
are molten, chiseled, and artistically painted.
This arises from the fact that this great edifice
was completed under Pope Urban VIII. This
pope was from the noble family of the Berber-
ini, of Florence; and the insignia of this family,
on their shield, was three bees. When the
decorative work of this art-loving pope appear-
ed in nearly every feature of this editice, his
coat of arms, the three bees, was caused to ap-
pear also, and so we have the spectacle of these
busy workers in St. Peter's church.

Medina, O., Feb. 30. Karl R. Mathey.

SPREADING brood; IS IT ADVISABLE FOR BE-
GINNERS?

I see the ABC says nothing in regard to
spreading the brood in the spring, and I should
like to know if I should be spreading it too fast
if I did it as follows:

My hives are the 8-frame Laugstroth, and I
should want to commence about the 1st of Apr.
in this locality; and if they have 2 frames of
brood at that time, spread it to 3; in just 10
days, spread it to 4; in 9 days more, spread it to
5; 8 days more, spread it to 6; 7 days more,
spread it to 7; (i days more, spread it to 8. If
they had 3 frames of brood at first, instead
of 3, I would spread it to 4, and then com-
mence again in 9 days instead of 10. Do
you think that, if this plan is all right, it would
do to spread it any faster? R. S. Chapin.

Marion, Mich., Mar. I.

[No, we do not say very much in the ABC
about spreading brood, because we believe that
beginners, as a general rule, will do more harm
than good by it. The plan that you propose is
a little too severe for the average colony; but
with moderate weather, or such weather as the
bees can fly every day. with the nights not too
cold, you might be able to spread the brood as
fast as you say, providing the bees are packed
in a good warm chaff hive. But we would ad-
vise you to go slow, even then. If you want to
get a little experience, all well and good: but
as a general thing, only veterans should at-

1894

CLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

283

empt to do very much at this spivjidinf? busi-
less. Th(!ro aro so many coiulitioiis tliat it is
mpossible to give a rule Unit will iiold good in
aost cases.— Eu. J

outgt.ey's nurskisy cage.
I send by to-day's mail a sample of a nurscM-y
age devised in Progressive Apiary the past sea-
on. The plan of putting in the queen -cell and
eed is taken from INIr. Alley's cage; the rest of
he cage, and manner of using it, is my own. so
ar as I know. These cages are used in a case
ir super with wooden T rails, and set in the
ase like sections. They are put over a strong
olony to hatch out the cells. When a queen is
emoved, the cage is turned bottom up, so that

JINCOVEf^-

the apiarist can see just how many queens re-
main. By using a good nursery cage a breeder
3an nearly double the number of queens in a
reason with the same number of nucleus col-
onies; then if you have a lot of cells that will
hatch on Sunday they can be put in the nur-
ery Saturday evening, and they will be all safe
Monday morning. E. F. Quiglky.

Unionville, Mo., Dec. 30.

OLD HONEY.

An interesting discovery was recently made
n the carpenters' building-yards of the Tafala
Railroad, in Spain. A large elm log luiving
been cut ofT. there was discovered in tlie middle
of it a spacious cavity which was nearly filled
with honey-comb, besides which the skull of a
squirrel was found. An entrance to the cavity
was nowhere visible, and then^ was no sign of
unsoundness in the wood. Round about the
cavity there were counted fifty annual concen-
tric growths of wood. The bark was complete
and uninjured. The bees had evidently been
in possession of the tree for several years.
Previously to that, the squirrel had. perhaps,
Jived and died there, as it had gnawed the hoI(>

out evenly. The narrow entrance had become
closed by the gradual encroachment of the
growing wood, and the tree grew (ifty years
without the honey being injured in the least.
Medina. O., Mar. 15. Kahl R. Mathev.

[We presume that honey was promptly ex-
tracted.— Ed.I

LITTLE NUGGETS OF ADVICE TO BEE- KEEPEK.S.

Do not imagine that all the bees in an apiary
have nothing to do but watch your motions.
That would be as great a mistake as to place
yourself right in their path and stand still to
meditate, or swing your dumb-bells.

Never think you know what bitter is till you
have tasted a bee-sting, nor that you know all
of fire till you have felt the sudden heat produc-
ed by that same little instrument of exquisite
torture.

Never think you know how many bees even
one hive holds till you run your lawn-mower
too close to it, or rouse their just ire by some
other equally unwarrantable intrusion.

Do not shout at a bee-keeper, or keep up a
long and continued stream of talk when he is
in the thick of his work with hive open, and its
lively inhabitants mostly turned out and con-
gregated about his head, and expect his imme-
diate attention. Bees are not deaf, and their
masters are not always patient men.

Attention to these directions might save your-
self or others annoyance when in or about the
apiary. R. M.

Jan. 10.

WISCONSIN convention; SOME OF ITS LAKGE
YIELDS.

At the annual convention of the Wisconsin
State Bee-keepers' Association, held at the
State-house, Madison, Feb. 7 and 8, the follow-
ing were elected oflicers for the ensuing year:
President, Frank Wilcox, Mauston; Cor. Sec.
and Treas., J. W. Vance, Madison; Rec. Sec,
H. Lathrop, Browntown.

The attendance was not large, but the sessions
were enjoyable and helpful to those present.
All reported a good crop of honey last season;
and from reliable sources we learn that South-
ern Wisconsin can show yields as surprising as
any in California. One man in Dane Co. re-
ported a yield of ri300 lbs. extracted from five
hybrid colonies that were not allowed to swarm.
They were in hives having a brood chamber
about three feet wide; the brood was spread in
order to obtain a large force of workers, and
afterward the hives were tiered up with half-
depth frames. L. size. There were other re-
ports nearly as good; but let me say to those
who may have an eye on bee-keeping in this
favored land, you can't buy good bees at .*2.00
per colony as they say can be done in California.

One important act of the convention was a
resolution directing that the association,
through its secretary, and in belialf of the

284

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Ai'K. L

bee-keepers and honey-dealers of Wisconsin,
ask the Classification Committee to make the
rates on extracted honey the same as on syrups
when in similar packages. H. Latiikot,
Browntown, Wis., Mar. 8. Rec. Sec'y.

FLOUK PASTE FOll STICKING LABELS TO TIN.

Occasionally I see in Gleanings that parties
have trouble in making labels stick to tin or
glass. In the last issue, such complaint is made
by the editor, in speaking of a new kind of mu-
cilage, or glue, that he is offering for sale. I
don't see why any one should have any trouble
in getting labels to adhere firmly to either tin
or glass. A simple flour paste will make thcmi
"stay there," is easily made, and insignificant
in cost, a teaspoonful of flour making enough
paste to put on 50 labels 3x() inches in size.

Sparta. Miss., Mar. 9. L. Hall.

[There has been almost a universal complaint
that the ordinary pastes, including that made
of flour, will not slick labels to tin. If you
know of any way by whicii the flour paste will
hold a label on tin for a year or more, you must
have a knack unknown to the rest of us. Per-
haps you can tell us.— Ed.]

examination of honey and wax.

The Austrian Journal of the Apothecaries"
ZTnion, in No. 29. 1892. contains a report in re-
gard to examinations recently made in food and
drugs, from which I extract tlie following in
reference to honey and wax. Four kinds of
honey were examined, one of which contained
about 4,5 percent of cane-sugar syrup. Anoth-
er, under the name of "Turkish Honey," con-
tained four per cent of clayey earth. Two
samples were unmixed.

Three samples of wax wei-e examined, which
also were adulterated. They contained:

Per cent.

Wax 41 48.1 19.3

Stearic acid 33 3.5 0 11.2

Paraffine 27 10.6 69.5

In the entire list examined (embracing about
27 varieties and 532 samples), no object was
found that was so much adulterated as bees-
wax. Karl R. Mathey.

Medina, ()., Mar. 19.

successful use of watek-botti>es in quken-

CAGKS.

Seeing you have failed in your efforts to pro-
vision queen-cages with a vial of water, per-
haps you would like to know how we prepare
the one of which Mr. W. A. Pryal speaks in his
article in the Anierlcan Bee Journal. We used
two cages, one supplied with (Jood candy; the
vial is iitted into the other, and the two are
nailed together. We use a small piece of
sponge to stop the bottle with. It should bo
stopped tight ;enough to prevent its leaking.
You can test th<^ matter by filling the vial with
water, and stopping it up and laying it on a
piece of paper. If it wets the paper you have
not stopped it tight enough. A queen and 16
bees thus suppli(>d were mailed here at Chries-
man, and traveled to Mr. I'ryal, at Temescal,

Cal., and from there back to me, and only a.
few of the bees were dead when they reached
me. There were a few drops of the water in
the vial when it returned. It is said to be over
2000 miles from h(ir(! to Temescal. If so, that
(lueen traveled 4000 miles, and was in fine con-
dition.

I have kept queens caged for weeks at a time,
provided with a vial of water, and they always
seem more lively than they do when not tlius
provided. C. B. Baxkston.

Cliri(^sman, Texas, Mar. I.

[We are of the opinion that friend B. has
contributed a valuable idea in tlie use of the
sponge. We shall certainly try it. Will tiie
Atclileys send MS a <|U('en and attendants? We
will return them. 'i'lKMiueen may besentback
and forth as long as she is alive. Is it cruel?
No, liecause it may save the lives of thousands
of other queens.— Ed.]

wild cucumber; other vines for shade

AND for raising THE BEE-FLIGHT;
SEE PAGE 90.

Have you a perennial vine? The vine we
have herd, Echlnovystlfi lohata, {?, an annual,
the seeds peculiarly marked; seed-pod shaped
like a cucumber covered with spines, but not
aggressive, either as to spines or growth. 1
planted seven seeds in the spring, and foui
grciw. Tlie flowers, a greenish wliite, were pio-
fuse, growing in spikes, and continued long in
bloom. They are said to be fragrant, but that
I did not notice. I think the bees did not can
for them; but if used for a screen, that might
be as well. Here, to have them grow, care
must be taken to plant early enough to subject
the seeds to frost.

It seems to me, if we want permanentscreens.
or screens for even a few years, perennials an
more desirable, as giving less trouble, and be-
ing more likely to be ready when needed. The
madria is a rich vine and a good grower, l)ut
the roots must be lifted and can^d for like the
dahlia.

How would cinnamon honeysuckle and rose-
vines suit, brighteiKHi with the annuals spok(Mi
of by C. P. C, or using them till the other vint^s
were established ?

Please ask Dr. Miller to tell us liow to adul-
terate our butter with honey to get that de-
lightful English flavor. Should the honey be
granulated? Rurn Moore.

Tillin, O., Feb. 12.

[You are correct. The wild cucumber is an
annual and not a perennial. We were under
the impression tliat it sprang from the roots
each year; but Mrs. R., to whom we referred
the matt(!r, says our old vine springs each year
fi'om the seed. Yes, a perennial vine would be
preferable. — Ed.]

1804

GLEANINGS IN HKE CULTURK

F»e'l the flock of «o(l
o(l'- hti Itajfi.-, but bciinf (•nsamples to
2.3.

suit, all going for the same turtfut. With Ital-
ians and hybrids tlu; case seems , to be a Utile
diffcrfnl. One will dart up; and if the dis-
turbance continues, perhaps one or two more;
and so on the little defenders come out one after
another. Jiut th<! Carniolans have learned,

not a« being lorciM over pf-rhaps bv experience, that it is better to make
to the llotK.— I. Pktkk ,

a ciKirt/e.

JfST before going to press, March seems dis-
osed to '"go out like a lion."' It came in "like

lamb," and verily we had hopos that the
lamb" would stay with us.

What's the matter? Well, we have got the
art before the iiorse. Mr. Manum's article,
lat appears on page 227 of our previous is>ue,
Dould have folloned the one in this number,
f the reader will refer to the former he will
ie that they fit a little better when the order

; reversed.

It is with much regret that we announce that
Ir. Charles Nash Abbott, founder of the Brit-
ih Bee Jour Hi a, and for a number of years its
ble editor, died at Southall. England, on the
■J day of March, 18M, aged O.'i years. Mr. Ab-
ott was a practical and progressive bee-keep-
r, as the pages of the old BrUlnh Bee Journal
how. Our business relations with him were
ery pleasant.

Thekk have been .some guesses and specula-
ions among our readers as to who that prepos-
essing young 'or oldj lady is who is represent-
d so graphically in this i.ssue, as •' treeing"
he Rambler, and who appears to such good ad-
anlage on page 181, March 1st issue. Well, to
ell the honest truth, we are as much in the
ark as our subscribers. She simply signed
iugenia Morse loan "open letter" which, on
ccount of the good news for the Rambler, we
vere very glad to publish.

A XK E way to make foundation transparent,
or exhibition purposes, if not already so, is to
•pply the sheets to a gentle heat for a short
ime. Just try the experiment by cutting a
heet of foundation in two. and hold one over
he siove a few inches from it, until it becomes
[Uite soft, and let it remain in this condition
or a couple of minutes suspended over the
tove. Now lay it down by the side of the oth-
sr sheet from which it was cut. and notice how
nuch more beautiful one is than the other.

OfR apiarist reports that the Carniolans were
,he first to bring ill pollen this spring. As to
,heir disposition they are just a little more
,ouchy than the average Italians. This we
lave thought was true of colonies of this race
ve have had. One marked peculiarity of all
, he Carniolans we have ever seen is, that if one
3ee flies up to sting like a shot, the chances are
here will be a dozen or more that will follow

• .\K\V fi.xin's."

A WEEK or so ago^ve had a very plea-ant
call from Mr. Chalon Fowls, of Oberlin. Ohio,
lie is the friendly bee-keeper who used to visit
the writer while studying in that place; and
many and many an hour have we spent discuss-
ing the subject of bees. Some nine or ten years
hive gone by. an 1 it seemed like old times to
discus.s, not the old questions, but new ones de-
veloped by Fathi-rTime. Among other things,
Mr. Fowls said he had learned to look witii cau-
tion upon new devices or implements that seem
to promise much, especially if tiiey appear to
foreshadow revolution. There was a time
w hen he was induced to invest in all the new
'• fixin's;" but in later years he has learned to
get along without them: and as the years go
by he found he had saved by not investing in
what apicultural experiment stations and pri-
vate individuals had found to be worthless. He
makes money at bees, but finds it necessary to
hold in his enthusiasm a little until time shall
prove all things.

And right here it may be said incidentally,
that there is wisdom in establishing experiment
stations, the expense of which shall be borne,
not by one individual, but by the State. But it
does not do to rely entirely upon the conclusions
put forth by any one station, because the cli-
mate, personal prejudices, and a few other
things, are apt to be misleading.

WINTEJiING AND SPKINGINfi UP TO DATE.

We are happy to announce that, so far. not a
colony in our 12.5 has been lost. Indeed, thtey
are in better condition now than they were last
fall. They have been raising some brood dur-
ing these warm beautiful days, and young
blood is making a pleasing appearance on the
brood-frames. All our colonies, with the ex-
ception of oiKi, were under absorbing cushions;
but even that one under a sealed cover wintered
just as nicely as the rest. In fact, it is in splen-
did condition. A year ago at this time our loss,
pan under sealed covers and part under absorb-
ing cushions, was 20 per cent.

While we have not this past winter lost any
whatever, it does not signify at this date that
we shall not lose any; but when bees have win-
tered well and "springed" up to this lime, we
naturally feel hopeful that they will spring it
out into summer in good condition. A year
ago. besides the loss of many, our colonies were
in bad condition; but this year, there is not one.
In fact, we have not even had to unite.

280

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apr. 1,

It just occurs to us that the bees do say
something quite positively on the 8 us. 10 frame
hive question by Taylor and Miller, in another
column. It is this: P'or this locality, and it
seems to us for most northern localities, the
bees say that, if you give us a ten-frame hive
we will fill eight of the combs with brood, and
put honey into the two outside combs. Their
manner of sayinu it is by doing that very thing
— not invariably, but generally. Of course, they
do not say that they want an eight-frame hive;
but the bee-keeper says, at least most of 'em,
"I'd rather have the honey in those two combs
in the supers. But another may say, "I irnnt
that extra honey in the brood-nest for a reserve,
while the first mentioned will assert, " I don't,
because there will be enough honey scattered
among the brood." Then, again, the average
Italian queen does not usually lay more than
the capacity of 8 Langstroth frames. The point
Is here: If the bees do certain things in a cer-
tain way, different bee-keepers will adopt their
appliances to meet those certain ways.

EXTRACTORS CONTAINING REELS HOLDING TWO
PAIRS OF COMBS, ONE BEFORE THE OTHER.

Some time last fall we constructed a Cowan
reversible extractor, made so that the two pock-
ets could be revolved on one pair of hinges,
thus making a four-frame extractor with a can
only 24 in. in diameter. The combs were thus
made to revolve in pairs— one comb in front of
the other. A sheet of tin was put between each
pair of pockets so as to prevent the honey from
the inner comb from being thrown on to the
next. We sent the machine to our neighbor,
Mr. Burt, who had some more honey to extract.
A day or so later we went down on the wheel to
witness the result. When we came to extract
we found we could throw out the honey, but we
could not do it nearly as nicely and rapidly as
with machines having each a comb - pocket
swinging on separate pairs of hinges; worse
than all, the side of the combs next to the sheet
of tin would have perceptibly more honey ,in
the cells than in the sides of the combs next to
the circumference of the can. There is no get-
ting around the fact; extractors having two
pairs of combs in the reel — one comb in front of
the other — can not do the work of extractors
arranged so that each comb will be equally dis-
tant from the center of the extractor. Centrif-
ugal force, at the same speed of revolution, will
be always greater on combs furthest from the
axis of revolution, and hence theory and prac-
tice say that one side of every comb in extract-
ors of the type mentioned at the outset will be
extracted cleaner than the side that comes next
to the center of the can.

THAT " BAD FIX."

We are sorry to refer again to the subject of
golden Carniolans, about which Mr. Alley has
taken up of late in the Ainculturist some four-
teen columns of matter to refute three or four

short parasraphs of onrs. Well, he thinks he
has us at last in a " bad fix." He refers to an
old editorial of ours, years back, wherein we
mentioned that one of our imported Carniolan
queens showed yellow blood; but Mr. Alley, in
his quotation, leaves out the very point in that
editorial that wonld weaken his whole argu
ment; viz., that we did not think this queen was
pure. At all events, Mr. Alley does not deny
that his original yellow Carniolans were pro
duced in an apiary but a little over a mile from
an apiary of Italians^yes, he admits all this in
American Bee Journal, page 3.30, Vol. XXVIII
(Jrantiug for a moment that there is yellow
blood in the Carniolans, the proximity of that
apiary of Italians completely upsets his whole
array of arguments. No reasonable authority
disputes that queens and drones may fly much
further than a little over a mile, and hence it is
perfectly easy to account for at least a part and
probably all of the yellow blood in his golden
Carniolans. Lastly, Mr. Alley has put quota
tion-marks around sentiments attributed to us,
with the wording slightly twisted from what
we actually wrote. This is not the first lime ho
has done this.

WINTER VIEW OP OUR OWN API/^RY — P. 270.

In the garden department A. I. R. has told
something about the picture on page 270 so fai
as it relates to horticnliure. It remains for us
to tell you of the bee side.

As you will notice, the bees are either ii
chaff hives, one and two story, or in single-
walled hives protected by winter-cases. Tin
last mentioned are shown clear in the corner
The one and two story chafl:' hives appear ir
the foreground. There are more of the two-
stories, because we had those in the first place:
and as they have done us most excellent service
we did not, feel like throwing them away foi
the lighter and more convenient one-story chafl
hives, such as we now recommend. This pic
ture was taken on a cold, blustering day, at a
time when some snow was tailing. A few
hours before, the evergreens were loaded down
with snow; but a thaw in the morning, before
the camera shot in the afternoon, disposed of a
large part of it. With the exception of last
winter, and the one of 1881, we have wintered
bees with almost no loss so far. in this inclosnre
of evergreens; and these form a very important
feature of the wintering problem at the Home
of the Honev-bees. As Mr. Boardnian well
says in another column, referring to those
about his place, they afford great protection.
These trees were set out in 1879, and now most
of them are from 20 to 2n feet high. Near the
ground the branches are tightly interwoven, so
that it is almost impossible for one to make his
way through, even if he were to crawl on his
hands and knees. The factory buildings on the
east and south shut off the wind from those
directions, making the inclosure complete.

IS'.H

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

But Jesus said, . . . Ye know that the princes
of tlie Gentiles exercise domitiion over tlieni, and
tliev that are great exercise authority upon tliem.—
Matt. 20:25.

A few days ago Mrs. Root eamo to me with
unusual animation, saying slie had found an
excellent article in the StiiKhtij Schotii Times.
She said it was one of the best articles she ever
read in her life anywhere, and she finally con-
cluded with something like this:

■' Why. I really believe it is the best thing I
ever read in my life, anywhere."

I could not helj) smiling; for had it been my-
.self, such unusual enthusiasm would not have
bi'en any thing strange; at all; but she is so
carrful and so moderate in her use of adjec-
tives, especially in the way of commendation,
iliatl thought there must be something exceed-
ingly remarkable in the production. And, by
the way, 1 have often wished I could induce
hiM' to let me give the world some of her excel-
lent ideas through these Home Papers. In
fact, I have urged her to write something her-
self; but she has always been so very positive
that it was out of her line, and that she had
not any thing worth giving to the world, I
have been obliged again and again to give it
up. She will probably never write any thing
for the papers unless some nnnaikable force or
iuHuence, or set of circumstances, is brought to
bear. Never mind. I have something that
will give you a glimpse of her character, even
if she did not writ(> it her-elf. Uefore I got
through reading it I was obliged to laugh out-
light to think that anybody should have given
in print her ideas so exactly. No wonder she
was pleased with what she found. Well, after
all this ramble I am ready to make some con-
siderable clippings from the article in question.
It appears on ihi' first page of the Times for
Feb. 17; and the title is. ""A Domineering Spir-
it." Let us examine the first paragraph:

To " domineer " is, literally, to exei-ci-^e control or
mastery ; l)ut. in the oidlnai'y meanitifr of the word,
the man who domineers is one who has no mastery
over himself, but who wants to sliow liis mastery
over sonieliody else. Dominion is God-fjiven powei-;
hut domineerinsT is evideiK-e of utter lack of God-
likene-^s in the ti-e of p iwer. He who has a rig-ht
appreciation of the rt»sponsii.ilites of dominion can
not domineer over any pei'son or creature in the
realm of his donunion. Domineering' is utterly in-
compatible witli the sense of rig-lit dominion.

Very good, is it not? Now. this next para-
graph -allows Mrs. Root's special individuality
completely :

The domineering- spirit manifests itself in weak
men and women in every position and grade of
hfe, from the sovereign on the throne to the head-
servant in the kitchen, and to tlie owner of a liorse
or a dog in the lowest walk of life

In this world of ours, everybody and every
dumb animal \\i< rights of its own. I have
sometimes thought these indivii'ual rights were
like a litili' circle that siii-rouiids a person, ani-
mal, or insi'ct. A man has a right to live. It
is his privilege to go ai)out in the world, and a
certain amountof deference and respect belongs
to him. The open street, or ■" king's highway,"
as we tised to Utrm it, is. to a certain extent, his
property — :it least, he has a right to use it,
providing he does not let his circle encroach
too much on that of somebody else. A child,
also, has its rights. If some one should say,
'■ Here, you kid. get off the sidewalk, and let me
get by," the kid would be very likely to resent

the encroachment on his rights, and other
people who might be near wotild also resent
this encroachment. The child has as good a
right on the sidewalk as anybody else --of
course, within the limits before mentioned.
Now, the horse has rights also. lie knows
what is due him, and most horses are inclined
to resent encroachment on their accustomed
rights. So long <ts a horse or dog attends to its
business, and does good and faithful service, it
is entitled to respect, and to a ijlacf; in the
world. The domineering spirit disputes these
rights, and encroaches on them, and most good
people are moved to make a prot(!st when this
domin(M>ring and overbearing spirit comes
around. By the way, I forgot to say that even
a honey-bee has its rights and sense of justice.
If you do not believe it, let some of these domi-
neering, overbearing chaps undertake bee-
keeping. The bee. like the old hen with the
chickens, or the dog or the horse, gives the
domineering person to understand that its
rights or its circle I have spoken of is not to be
readily trampled on. If you treat the honey-
bee in a proper way you may open its hive, and
do almost what you please. But you must be
thoroughly acquainted with it, aiid you must
pay a certain sort of deference or respect to its
rights; and the same with the dog. You can
abuse him considerably, and he will take it
meekly; but if you tread on his tail, and espe-
cially if you do it on purpose, he will, if like
most dogs, give you to understand that said
tail is his own personal property; and the same
with the hen and her chickens. She tells you
to go along and attend to your own business,
and she will attend to hers.

Mrs. Root is not a quarrelsome woman. Why,
what an ideal Wait a bit. There is one way
in which you can lUiiUe her aggressive. A
man who had charge of a pony of ours once
struck it a severe blow with the whip when the
little fellow was not doing a thing out of the
way. He was behaving just as well as he knew
how. and the man who struck him was obliged
to admit it. He said he did it simply to let the
pony know who was master. Now, if you think
that is the way to get along with a horse you
could not get along with Mrs. Root. Another
thing, when a man is whipping a horse brutal-
ly, and somebody tells her not to make a fuss
about it, as the man is drunk, and does not
know what he is doing, it does not pacify her a
particle. Under th<' circumstances she always
wants somebody to take the whip and use it on
the man. and take the horse tiwav from him.
Let tis read a little more from the Times:

And, wherever this spirit exists, it is a sign of
weakness and not of strength. God gave man do-
minion over the lowt>r animals, but God autliorized
no domineering over any I)ea8t or bird in subjection
to man. God gives man dominion in various
spheres of social life— spheres of state, and churcli,
and school, and family, of practical business, and of
mere manual labor— but God holds man responsible
for the measiii'e, the manner, and the spirit, in
which he exorcises his deputed authority. Only as
man forgets the source of liis authority, and lacks
titness for its exercise, does he dumineer over God's
subjects, instead of serving God in liis exercise of
right dominion. Yet many a man is thus forgetful
and thus incompetent, and therefore; it Is that it
can be so truly said of one who domineers in his
realm of dominion:

" Hut man, proud man!
Brest in a little brief authority;
Most ignorant of what he's most assur'd.
His glassy essence, like an angry ape.
Plays such fantastic tricks before high heaven
As makes the angels weep."

Oh, dear me! I knew when I started out to
give you this article that it was going to cut
severely on my poor self. From what I have
said, you might think that I would be especial-

388

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apk. 1.

ly free from a domineering spirit. Yes, my
good wife assured me. when she gave me the
article, that I must not thinl< that, because she
requested me to read it, I particularly needed
such a sermon. I believe it; for. out of the
kindness of her heart, she overlooks and for-
gives her poor husband's weaknesses. May
(rod help me to see my own faults, and mend
them; for if God does not help me I shall never
be at all worthv or fitted for the place he has
assigned me. Let us read again:

Asa rule, the sreat'r tlie man the less sliow of
power, on his part, in his bearing- toward those wlio
are in his realm of dominion. Greatness shows
itself in the reserve of power hpyond its manifest
exercise. A really great man, in any sphere of life,
puts a subordinate man at his ease in an interview
witli him, wliile a man of small caliber causes
tlioee who approach Inm to suflfer under a sense of
being- counted by him as in some sense liis inferiors.

Does anybody need that last paragraph as I
need it? If so, may God help him.

It was a well-lcnown fact In the days of African
slavery, that the liarshest tyranny over a trang: of
blacks was lilsely to be exercised by one wlio was
himself a slave, and wlio, liaving- never controlled
himself, was unfitted to contn)l others. And the same
principle prevails in eveiy realm of dominion- t)ie
smaller the man in authority, the greater his liabil-
ity to domineer over those in bis sphere. A domi-
neering- spirit is inconsistent with g-reatness.

Did that ever occur to you before, my friend?
The smaller the man in authority, the greater
his liability to domineer over those In his
sphere.

The nearer the brute a man is. the surer he is to
misuse the brutes winch are under him. A horst^
fares better in the care of a man of character and
refinement than at the hands of adegi-aded hireling-,
■who has the power of cursing- and beating- the hoi-se
which he is set to drive. And many a dog- ci-inges
and suffers under the scowls and kicks of his i)i-
ferior owner, who knows nothing of the true power
and privilege of dominion beyond the opportunity
of domineering. The whole brute creation groaneth
and travaileth in pain unlil now. because of the
curseof the domineering- spirit in the realm of God-
given dominion.

I presume likely the above remarks in regard
to cruelty to dumb animals is particularly what
commended the production to Mrs. Root.
When I first began to court her, in the days of
her girlhood, I remember h^r good old father
once said to me. jestingly. '"If you expect to get
along with her yon must let her have her own
way in seeing that all domestic animals and
dumb brutes about the premises are well fed."'
Yes, I found that out; and I found out. too,
that it was not feeding alone that commended
itself to her. To see a child or an aniiual suf-
fering for food is indeed sad. Of couise. she
believes that children and dumb brutes should
be made to obey proper authority; but her con-
victions have always been very strong to the
effect that pounding and whipping are rarely
if ever necessary to secure the best kind of
obedience. I used to believe in punishing by
whipping them; but I have been conscious for
some time that I have been gradually losing
hold on that idea. When people have been
neglected nt)til they have become very bad. it
may be necessary to do some whipping. Mind
you, I say it maj/ he. I am not sure of even
that; and I believe it is due to my good wife—
to the fact that she practices what she preaches
— that I have been, during these many years I
have known her. gradually changing my views.
Let us read again:

Domineering- grows out a mistaken view of the
limits of dominion; and tiiis is peculiai-ly the case
in the treatment of cliildren. A parent supposes
that his children, at least, have bt-en given to
him, and that, hocause he has dominion over them,
he can treat lhvu\ ;is he pleases. A teacher thinks
similarly of the children put under his control for

the purpose of their education and training-. H
feels that, having- dominion ovtrthem thus far fi
the time being, he can exercise that dominion ui
hindered. But both parent and teacher are to i ■
member tliat tlie child has a spirit of dominion :
well as themselves, and that their dominion is n<
to interfere with his dominion.

You will notice the writer of the above tell
the same thing, only in a little different Ian
guage, from what I have been saying. Let ii
read again:

God gives to no man dominion over another man
individuality and truest personality. Every cliil
comes into the world fresh from God. with its ow
peculiar identity and distinctive self, as apart froi
every other human being in the universe. Whil
that child is brought under the dominion of parecltfi
and teacher and civil ruler, their dominion over thpef
child is to be exercised in view of its dominion ove
itself, and not to the doing away with thatdoniinio
over its inner personality, which it has receive
from God, and for which it is responsible to Goc
He who recog-nizes a child as a representative c
God. and as a charge from God, will honor tha
child's individuality, and will give deference t
that child's domain of his sacred personality; h
will nut domineer over the child. To despise th
child's personal dominion, oi- to trench upon it, is t
domineer in a realm whei-e the child is res onsibi
only to God. A child will resent domineering froi
parent or teacher, because God never authorize
domineering over any creature of Ids by any ere;
ture. A child who perceives that one who is ove
him in the home or in tlie school has respect for hi
rights in his own realm of dominion, will be all th
readier to respect the rights of the one above hii
in the parent's or the teacher's realm of dominion.

Well, I declare! After reading the above I ai
almost ready to say with Mrs. Root that tlii
production on domineering is one of the be>
things I ever saw anywhere. Now, then, y
husbands and fathers of families, brace up an
be ready to i-eceive with meekness and honest
your part of ihis wonderful sermon to us all.

Most contemptible of all is domineeiing- in th
closest and holiustof relations— inthe marriag-e life
The husband, claiming to be the head of the housi
often seems to think that there is noother head tha
his in the house, and that therefore there is no root
for a wife's dominion over her own personality, he
own opinions, her own tastes and preferences an
moods of feeling, and her own conscience. He ev^e
feels entitled to disregard lier prejudices, to trea
lightly her counsel or cautions, to fail of givin,
honor to her sentiments and convictions, and t
hold closely and sliarply to his view of any questio
at issue, despite her coLinter-views, without even ai
ettort at an open-minded examination of the que^
tion in its discussion with her as an equal, if not
indeed, as a superior. This is domineering- of ai
inexcusable kind.

it is true in this sphere, as in every other, that th
domineering- spirit is a sign of weakness and o
smalltiess, and that the larger-minded the man thi
surer he is to be free from domineering over hi
wife, and to be proDipt and hearty in liis recogni
tion of her rights, on tlie one hand, and, on th<
other hand, of her help to liim in his best endeavor
through her individuality and independence an
her womanly instincts. Even the man who is posi
tive in his convictions and outspt)ken in expressioi
of liis opinions in his ordinary ways witli others, i:
deferential to the personality of his wife or cliild ii
proportion to his own love and largeness.

Domineering- can not ai-company g-oodness oi
greatness. Itisjin ac(H)mi>»ninient()nly of little
ness of nature, and of false views of power anc
domiiuon.

While I was reading the above the first time
T was sitting at my secretary in our home
This secretary is where my agricultural period
icals are all deposited. I do not always readjtjj
them as fast as they come from the office. I try nj
to, but stern duties oftentimes compel me, re-
luctantly, to let them accumulate. Sometimes
the lid of the secretary will not shut tip, and
Mrs. Root can not have every thing looking as
tidy as she likes. Then she suggests putting
the surplus into a basket; and she sometimes

m

lit

h:

k

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

389

idds, " Yon know you will iipver read all of
:,hf'ni. anvliow." I'.iil I keop thinking I am go-
ng to ciiicli up. Well, during ilie evening in
juesiioii 1 was; sitting at my aecustomid secre-
ary: and. by the way. below my books and pa-
pers there ai'e some drawers that I never use,
vhich she has appropriated for the childrens'
;lothing. etc. When she wishes to get at one
)f these drawers. I am obliged to move away
ust a little. Well, now. please notice right
vhilt I was in tlu^ midst of this very eloquent
ippeal to doinitieering husbands, she came iu
n a great hurry and wanted to get into one of
hose drawers. I was so fully occupied with my
eading that I did not move until I felt the
vell-known corner of tlie drawer against my
lees. JNly friend, when your whole mind is
ken up or absorbed with something you are
rying to grasp, did you never feel a little ir-
itabliity because somebody bumped or pushed
ou? If so, you can understand me. Had my
:ood wife said, '■ Husband, will you please pump
onH> water and fill the reservoir?"' I would have
umped up with alacrity, feeling pleased to
hink she permitted me to use my strength so
s to save her own. But this other, somehow,
truck me differently ; and, if I recollectaright,
grumbled a little as follows: "Oh! I do wish
on would keep your things somewhere else
ban in these particular drawers that must be
ot at when 1 am specially iuierested." Then
went on reading as before; and, come to think
f it. I do not believe my conscience troubled
le very much eithei'. In about four minutes,
ack she came, and was tugging at the drawer,
nd bumping it against my knees as before. I
jokyd up and she said, very mildly, "If I were
fraid of you I would not come back to bother
ou qiute so soon. But you see I am not a bit
fraid, even when you scold." And then I be-
an wondering whether I was not, after all, a
ttle bit domineering. Oh, dear me! if it were
ot for the grace of God, and for the love of
'hrist Jesus which has all these years had a
ermanent lodging-place in the hearts not only
f myself and wife, but. I trust as well, in the
earts of every one of the five God has given
s. with my special characteristic traits, with
^y impulsive and perhaps aggressive tenden-
ies. I shudder to think of the mischief Satan
light have done in our home in this especial
ine we have been considering. Now, I have
ot said very much about our text, and I am
oing to finish without doing more than to
uote the verse that follows the text at the head
f this talk.

But it shall not be so among- you: but whosoever
Mil lie great iimong-you, let him be your minister.
-Matt. 20:26

GAKDENING IN WINTER.

Perhaps I should explain a little in the first
lace, by saying that Ernest took, from the
oof of our machine-shop, a photograph of the
piary, without telling me any thing about it;
herefore I did not have any time to arrange
hings or to take off some of the sashes. (See
ngraving on page 270.) The glimpse you get is

haphazard one looking in upon us unawares,
'he special point I wish to call your attention
3 is the effect of the exhaust steam. One bed

the one nearest the factory — does not show in
stie cut at all.
ei Let us commence at the lower left-hand cor-

ner of the picture where you see the nnni have
been drawing basswood through the apiary to
tlie lumber-yards. I knew the groiuid wciuld
be thawed out all winttu' where this roadway
crosses my line of beds; and to prevent a great
mud-hole at tlu^ ciossing 1 put in an imnu^ise
piece of sawed flagging somi' s or 10 feet square.
This stone soon became warm— soiuctinu-s quite
hot; and it has had scarcely a l)jt of snow on
it this winter, for it has thawed off as fast as it
fell. The men who draw basswood v(>ry soon
began to complain of the mud-hole on each side
of this stone; therefore we piled in lots of tin
scrap from the tin-shop, and then covered the
scrap with coal cinders; but it took so much
time to make decent traveling that it reminded
me of the Slough of Despond wliere so many
cartloads of road material were apparently
wasted.

Well, this exhaust steam did some other
things that we did not calculate on. Down by
th(i pump you will see where the snow is thaw-
ed off as well as along the beds. This is right
over the water pipe that carries water fiom
the big windmill on the hill down to the barn,
for watering the stock. This watei'-pipe hap-
pened to cross the tile carrying ihe exhaust
steam, coming pretty close to said lile. The
consequence is, that, without planning for it at
all, we have warm water for our stock to drink,
no matter how near zero the weather may be!
The ground becomes so hot near that tile car-
rying the exhaust steam, that it heats a good
many feet each way; therefore from 13 to 30
feet the standing vvater in this pipe is more or
less warm. When some is taken out to water
stock, this hot column of water moves down
toward the barn. Some more becomes hot, and
this moves down, and soon; and you just ought
to see the rank dandelions along the line of
that water-pipe. They have been in bloom
more or less all through February and March.

Let us now walk along toward the house,
which you see in the opposite corner of the
picture from where you started. You will
notice the snow is thawed from the ground for
several feet away from the glass. This ground
also dries up .'^o quickly that it is dry ground to
walk on, mosi uf the time, even in winter.
The most trouble we have had with our beds is
with too much heat; and you will notice some
of the sash are drawn a little to one side, even
though it was a cold winter day, with no sun
shining, when the picture was taken. The
end of the bed nearest the roadway is where I
have been getting ripe strawberries. During the
last of February, however, the cold was so great
that the green strawberries were either frosted
a little or cooked by too much heat— I can't yet
tell which. Had we used shutters or straw
mats over the sash for a few nights, it would
probably have been better; for such intense
cold outside of the glass, and so great a heat
inside, do not seem to be quite the thing for
tender stuff'.

Over at the further end of the beds you will
notice a cloth-covered frame. This is double
width — that is, the width of two sash. During
a warm spell in January I had in this frame a
nice show of beets, spinach, and onions. In
fact, there was stuff there almost large enough
to sell; but during the severe freezes in Febru-
ary, pretty much every thing was lost. Of
course, we had heat enough; but it does not
make much difference how great a heat you
have; with only a cloth cover between the
plants inside and almost zero weather onts'uZe,
the thing does not work, as I have explained.
Cloth covers will do very well over onions and
strawberries, or things e(iually hardy, provid-
ing you do not have very much heat under-
neath the cloth. I think cloth covers would,

I'M

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apr. 1.

however, answer nicely for spinach, but I have
not tried them very nuich. When I was down
at Newcomerstowii my friends Ward well and
Nicodemus told me that beautiful lettuce had
been raised in their locality, with no covering
except cloth, and I think we could do the same
thing here if the cloth were covered with shut-
ters, straw mats, or something of that sort,
when the temperature is down to, say, '> or 10
above zero.

Now, just as we get to this cloth-covered
frame you will notice another streak of bare
ground running down to some sashes at the
left side of the picture. After I got my steam-
heating apparatus nicely at work I noticed
there was an accumulation of water at this
point — that is, water in the tiles; and as there
was a slight depression right where it accumu-
lated, so as to interfere with the passage of the
steam, I was obliged to lay a line of tile to carry
oflf this condensed steam; and. without think-
ing about it, I had another hot piece of ground
ovre this tile, and where it discharged into the
open air I soon found we had a hot spring
rivaling some of the hot springs of California.
I made a little reservoir of this hot water, and
set a frame over it to hold sashes. The hot
water was carried in tiles all around the bed,
making sub-irrigation, and regulating temper-
ature with hot water besides. Well, this work-
ed beautifully daring the month of January,
and I invited our friends at the experiment
station to come and see my combination of hot-
water heating and sub-irrigation. With the
severe weather mentioned, however, my Prize-
taker onion-plants began to look a little sick.
You see. the beds are covered with the slatted
glass I have mentioned before; and the onion-
plants were thriving to such an extent that
they actually stuck through the spaces between
the glass; but a zero temperature shriveled up
their tops, and shriveled up the bottoms of
some of them also. Hot water at the bottom of
an onion, and zero around its top, did not work
first rate. Notwithstanding, we have a pretty
good stand of onions in that bed, and it comes
as near being an automatic hot-bed as any
thing I ever saw.

There are various other plats on our grounds,
not shown in the picture, where the exhaust
steam has been crawling off into our drain-
tiles where we least expected it. Beyond the
evergreens up near to our house we have been
planning to have some hot- beds for flowers;
but it has not yet materialized, unless the nice
bed of dandelions, with bees buzzing all over
them, might be called a floral display. The
exhaust steam, after going all around und r
the floor, as I have heretofore explained, m.ik-
ing so many twists and turns you might think
all the heat would be tortured out of it — the
surplus, after doing all this, finally comes out
of the center chimney near the little observa-
tory with a fence around it, on the peak of the
house. The artist who did the half-toning
made a mistake in retouching, and put in some
steam coining out of the north chimney.

Right above the poultry- house is seen the
residence of Mr. J. T. Calvert, our son-in-law,
and business numager of the establishm(;nt.
Th(i building next to the east belongs to Neigh-
bor II., who married Mrs. Root's sister. The
artist has bcf-n trying to give it some " re-
touches," but I for one do not very much ad-
mire them. Ernest's home, still further to the
right, does not show in the picture; but it is an
almost exact counterpart of Mr. Calvert's, both
being built after the same plan. Perhaps I
should add that the row of hot- beds in the
center of the picture runs east and west. lie-
yond the evergreens is a street separating our
home from the rest of Rootville across the way.

CHEMICAL FEKTILIZEKS VS. STABLE MANURE
ETC.

A. I. Root: — On page 3.51 of Gleanings for
March 1.5 I find the following note concerning a
little notice in the Rural, about Mr. T. B. Ter-
ry's new book:

Now, I believe every word tlie Rural says; but]
ai)] a little surprised to see they g-ive such extrava
gant pruise to a book that does not agrree with tlietr
at all in the use of rhemical fertilizers. In fact, ^
sometimes feel troubled to see the Rural, week «f tei
week, g-ive such tremendous puffs to these things
and perhaps T might confess tliat I also feel trou
bled to see the results of Terry's experiments, yeai
after j'ear, indicate so clearly that every chemica
fertilizer he undertakes to use does just no good ai
all. I really wish we could put Terry on some sori
of soil where fertilizers ivoukl avail. But I an
afraid that, even then, he would get such tremen
dous crops of clover that the fertilizer would b(
tlirown into the sh;ide oi- into nothingness. Anc
then tlie thing tluit troubles me again is, lie wouk
not use any sort of fertilizer to get the clover start
ed. Now, T. B. Terry is certainly a great teacher
and the Riudl New-Yorkei- is also another grea
teacher. How in the world can it be that theii
teachings, or, rather, their experiences, should dif
f er so trememlously 'i

I am somewhat surprised that you shoulc
infer that the Rural might not speak well o
a work that appeared to upset some of its owr
experience. We are not bigoted in the east
It gives us pleasure to record any honest sue
cess, and we care not whether that success i
reached through our advice or against it. Thi
is a great big country. Soils, climate, and con
ditious, difl'er. When Mr. Terry makes hi
little farm pay without the use of fertilizers
we rejoice at it, and are thankful that he ha
not only the ability to do so, but the power t(
tell others about it. Permit me to say that mj
experience has shown me that fertilizer farmer
are more charitable toward those who stil
cling to the " old way " of manuring than ou
"stable-manure" farmers are toward thos(
who use phosphate.

Our reports of fertilizer farms are true — a
true as Mr. Terry's story. Our experience is
that nine tenths of those who begin to us<
fertilizers are " convinced against their will.'
We can, if you like, show you dozens of mei
who, by the use of fertilizers, are raising large
crops, and making more money than Mr. Terry
and every one of them fought hard against thi
first use of fertilizer — in fact, few of them couk
see any benefit from the first few applications
Please don't be troubled about our fertilize)
tall- Terry will come to fertilizers before th(
Rural goes back on them. When you see i
report of a big yield on fertilizers printed in th(
Rural, please remciuiber that it is not a fairy
tale but a fact.

In 1890, *34.038,45'3 worth of fertilizers wen
manufactured in the United States. Some o
this was undoubtedly wasted, for the reason
chiefly, that farmers did not understand theii
use. Is it not perfectly legitimate for us to at
tempt to try to educate farmers in this line'.
Will you not be kind enough to say that a good
part of our fertilizer talk (as on page 1(58) is Ir
the line of crtuc«tio?i. and not a "* tremendous

puff "? H. W. COLLINOWOOD,

Managing Editor of the Rural New-Yorker.
New York, March 11).

[Many thanks, good friends of the Rural.
I confess it will be one of my " happy surprises '■
when I find I can make chemical fertilizers take
the place of stable numure. For instance, a||[
great many times valuable crops in our plant
beds are not pushing ahead as we should like
to have them do; or at some stage of their
growth they begin to slacken. I can not cover
them with stable manure — or, at least, not very

1S'.)4

(iLEANIN(JS IN HEE CULTURE.

•.".•1

well; but if I had some i-honiical that would do
the work it would be worth lots tome. Guano
does the work every time: but it is very ex-
pcMisive, and last spring I could not f?et it; and,
besides, the Mapcs people use guano largely in
maniifaeturing liieir fertilizers. Now. I am
acqiiainied with guano, and it does tlie work
every time. Why not use the guano without
any mixture? You still advise nitrate of soda,
in strong terms. How does it come that nitrate
of soda never does a bit of good on any crop for
1UC :' In fact, I have put it on onions until it
did them harm, but it has never done them any
good. I am just about trying it once more on
tomatoes, as I notice one of the experiment
stations is so positive that it does push them.
Then, again, there is that great luarket-gar-
dener, J. I\I. Stiiith. of (Jreen Bay, Wis., who
says, " Chemical fertilizers have never been of
any value to me. either on good land or poor
land." Mr. Smith is one of the greatest gar-
deners in the whole wide world. If he is mak-
ing a mistake while he is such high authority,
he is really doing harm. Then, again, our Ohio
Experiment Station report as I have reported
in regard to the nitrate of soda. I think I have
read almost every thing that has been said in
the Rural New-Yorker in regard to chemical
fertilizers. Yes, I do know that the Rurdl is
ready, and always has been, to speak out frank-
ly and give both sides of any vital question.

WATEK-CRESS IN THE GREENHOUSE.

About the first of January I told Fred we
would try once more to raise water-cress, and
we sowed some seed in three or four different
places — in the greenhouse that is shaded; in
the one across the road, right in the sun; in
some hot-beds heated with exhaust steam, and
in various other places. The seeds in that lit-
tle automatic greenhouse across the way came
up at once, and, in fact, every seed of every
kind I ever tried always grows there. First,
the whole greenhouse catches the first rays of
the morning sun, and has it all the day unob-
structed until sunset; then the sloping sashes
on the east side get the last rays of the declin-
ing sun. Further, every bed has bottom heat
from the exhaust steam going through the
tiles. Last, but not least, the automatic hot-
water pipes overhead keep the temperature
perfectly even, day and night. Well, the little
water-cress plants were almost microscopic
when they first came up. I watched them and
watered them, and enjoyed seeing them show
progress every single day. Yes, I could see
that the leaves were larger in the morning than
they were the night before, and larger in the
evening than they were in the morning; and
the water-cress plants soon became my special
pets; and when they began to crowd a little we
transplanted so as to give them room; and I
believe they bore transplanting about the best
of any plant I ever had to deal with. Why, in
two clays after transplanting they were send-
ing out little white roots, something like straw-
berry-runners, at every leaf-joint; and before
I knew it they were crowding again. I presume
they now occupy a bed about six feet square,
and it is such a perfect mass of luxuriance that
I believe we can raise water-cress as cheaply
as lettuce— may be cheaper still. They have
no insect-enemies, and never blight, that I
know of; and when they once get well rooted,
I believe they make the most astonishing
growth of almost any plant we have — that is,
if we keep the ground pretty well soaked with
water. I do not think we can very well overdo
watering. We are now selling it around town
in 14-Ih. bunches, for a nickel a bunch. By the
way, we now sell water-cresses, radishes, let-

tuce, and every thing of that sort, put up in
little paper bags— just a quarter of a pound in
a bag. The pa|)er bag is a proti'ction from the
frost during the winter, and keeps the plants
clean, free from wilting, and away from the
dust in summer lime. The paper bags are now
made so cheaply that the expense is not worth
mentioning; and these pap' f sacks are ever so
much more quickly handled on the wagon than
weighing out the stuff as we sell it.

HOAV SHAI.L WE EAT CRESS?

I believe you can use either pepper, salt and
vinegar, or all three if you choose; but as vine-
gar does not agree with me, we just cut the
cress up in sprigs, say three inches long, and
drop it into a dish of clean water, and this dish
is set on the table. Just take out the sprigs,
and eat them with your bread and butter, your
beefsteak, or with any thing else, for that mat-
ter. It is just the nicest relish for nice beef-
steak, I think, I ever got hold of; and even s\ ith
bread and butter it has a wonderfully reliesh-
ing flavor, and I have eaten it in quite consider-
able quantities on purpose to test it, and it
agrees with me excellently.

1 believe water-cress is now advertised in
most seed catalogs, but there seem to be two
varieties of it. Now, please do not get water-
cress confounded with what is sometimes call-
ed upland cress. The latter is a vile weed, and
never ought to have been put in a catalog by
any honest seedsman. The reason why I think
there must be two kinds of water-cress is, my
German friend Ben says they have it in the old
country, with fine narrow-leaved foliage; and
Mrs. Root, on tasting it, said they used to have
it in England, but it also had a finer foliage,
with a very narrow leaf, something almost like
grass. Now. if any of the friends can mail me
a specimen of this fine-leaved water-cress (mind
you, I want the kind that grows in running
water — not pepper - grass nor upland cress) I
shall be very much obliged indeed. I am im-
pressed with the idea that great quantities of
genuine water-cress could be sold all over our
land, if people once get hold of it. Who will
help?

MORE ABOUT ONIONS.

If you would like to see a big crop of onions,
plant your sets just early enough in the fall to
get them nicely rooted, ground in good order,
and, as soon as planted, cover the bed with
good fine manure two inches deep. You will
have no farther work or trouble with them un-
til they are ready to harvest. The mulch will
keep the ground in perfect order.

Chenango Bridge, N. Y. S. M. Keeler.

KIND WORDS FROM OUR CUSTOMERS.

Mr. Root:— I have just received your catalog: for
Jan.. 1894. and would say that I now have 42 hives of
your make— tliat is, the Dovetailed hive. I would
have no other for mv bees. Jerome Barnell.

Wahuo, Neb., Mar. T.

I have received my supjilies tlirough your branch
in San Francisco; and as I have lieretofore used
otlier goods I can fully appreciate tiie vahie of
yours, and you will liereafter have mj- patronatre.

Stockton. Cal., Mar. 16. J. K. G.vnnit.

Mr. Root: — I started in sonietliing' better than the
bee business last fall, and it cost me less. It can be
bought without money and without i^rice. I am
still continuing- and advancing- in tlie good way. I
am only 'ZS years old; Iiave a good fai-m, and am do-
ing very well. I was what tliey call a " tough case"
before I was converted. (). E. Gibson.

Brant, Mich., Feb. 5.

■ogo

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Ai'K. L

COMB FOUNDATION.

Made by an

lMJRRO\Bi:> l^HaCBSS OIV iVjKir ^4^2Vi>

lMPRa\EL> JV/ACWJATiiS

of m3' own ini^ention,
whidi eiiiihles me to
j)rocluce

Xlie Cliea^pest-

Prices on 5 lbs. or more will riinge from 35 to 50c
per lb. Send for pi-ices and samijles.

W.J. FINCH, JR.,

931 E. Monroe St., Springfield, Illinois.

|^"In respoiuliiiK to tliis iulvt-rtiseiiif nt rmutloii (JLEANiNoa

Control Your Swarms, Requeen, &c.

Send ~5 cents for -samples of West's Pat.
Spiral wire Queen-Cell Protectors, and
and Pat. Spiral Queen Hatching' and In-
troducing Cag'e, also best JJee-Escape,
with circular explaining-. 13 Cell-Pro-
tectors, (iO cts., or JOO for $3. ; 13 Cages, 60
cts., or KK) for 85, by mail. Address

N. D. West, Middleburgh, Scho. Co., N. Y.

Sold also bj' all the leading- supply dealers.

THE BEST

is what I mean to give my pat ■
i-ons. Drones from selected
queens. Breeders are carefully
.selected from the best. Personal
attention and assiuunus care giv-
en to learing queens that they
may be of the Inglitst type.

Untested. $1.00; after May, 75c;
Marcli and April, 6 for $4.7o; doz-
en for $8.50. May and June, 6 for
Sl.OiJ; dozen, $7..')0. Later, 6 for
f3.50; dozen. f6.50. Tested, 3-banded, $1.-^5; 3 to 5
banded, $1.60 to $4.00. Send for circular for partic-
ulars. Make money orders payable here.

J. B. CASE, Port Orange, Vol. Co., Fla.

t^'in resDonaiutc to liiis aiivei ti.-eiiieiii mention GLKAKiKoS.

Good ! Good !

Tliose wishing the finest and best business bees,
both for pleasure and profit, should know that
Jennie Atchley is head(iuarters for such queens.
I breed both the 3 and 5 banded strains, at the fol-
lowing prices: Untested (March, April, and May),
$1.00 each; $5.00 for 6, or $9.00 per dozen. June till
October, 75 cts. each; $4.25 for 6, or $8.00 per dozen.
I breed my queens in separate yards, and 1 have as
fine Italian bees as there are anywhcie. Nuclei
and full colonies. 1 have one straiglii merchandise
rate on Ijees by express— lowest in U. S. line l)re(»d-
ers always on hand; 3-banded, $5.00; for straight 5-
banded breeders, apply by letter. Also bees by the
pound. I guarantee all my queens to be good and
serviceable, and my fine faultless breeders unexcel-
led in the world. Safe arrival and satisfaction.

I also have a carload of A. I. Root's Dovetailed
hives and Bee-supplies to accommodate my South-
ern customers. Dadant's fotmdation and Bingham
smokers Send for catalogue.

JENNIE ATCHLEY, Beeville, Bee Co., Texas.

NOW IS YOUR CHANCE.

To buy f/jeji/>. Bee-keepers' Supplies, hives, sec-
tions, fdn., etc. Write for price list. HOOT'S GCODS.
aOHN l^BBBh «V- SON, HJ<>It llill. Mo.

The Triumph Incubator,

Manufactured by Ed. W. Cole, Kenton, O., is the
cheapest and best. Eggs for hatching, from stock
which won nearly 3(K) premiums the past year.

Send for lJescrii>tlon and />riees.
lyin responding to this advertisement mention Gleanings.

so

Tar=I1eel Apiaries, Qoldsboro, N.
^^ Abbott L. Swinson, Proprietor.

O^ After ten years' experience 1 oreed only
QO American Albino Italians and Golden Ital-
"" ians; 3 and 5 banded bees. Queens, .$1.00 to "^^
$1(1.10; bees, $1.00 per lb.; nuclei, 7.) cts. per L. frame.
200 bu. "Cook's" Long Staple Cotton Seed at $l.(i(i
per bu., f. o. b. Lint is 1% inches, and brings im-
mium of 3 to 4 cents.

«2^fii responrtiiitr to I liis advertiseiiK"' niHnfi..ii (?i,kaniv..-

Trego on Deck

With those five-banded Golden Italian Queens fdr
1894; $1.00 each. Circular free.

S. P. TRBaO, Swedona, III.

Notice to Kansas Bee=keepers.

1 keep in stock a full line of B. Kretchmer's make
of Hives, Sections, and other supplies needed in the
apiarj', at very low prices. Also lialian bees and
queens for sale. A. W. 5WAN, Centralia, Kan.

TROT EM OUT!

71

1 challenge anyone to show up ;i strain of bees
that are superior to my dolden Italians. 1'hey
have excelled all competitors by practical test.
Gentle, indu.strious, good comb-builders, enter the
sections readily, are not inclined to swarm, and are
perfect beauties. Descriptive circular free. Sec-
tions, t^'J. />er A/. Dovetailed hives wav down.
CEI' S. D. DUVALL, Spencerville, Md.

Piea<e mention this p;iper.

C-^j. Cnl/ik An interest in iron-manufacturing
rui OdlC business. Capital required, $.5U00.
Will take good i)aper or securities. An excellent
trade tauulii i i connectio ■.

L. L.. ESENHOWER, Box 331, Spring City, Pa.

BEE=MEN, Get free Price List of Apiarian Supplies.
B. N. ,T0H]SS02Si, Ii:nox\'illle, 111.

Given Brood Foundation,

About five lt;'/4x8!4 sheets to the pound, in lO-lb.
lots, at 40 cts. i>er pound.

U. ^V. BU^iH:, J\^oi-mal, 111.

tarin responding to this advertisement mention ulkaninu'*

Ruff I Aa-hrn*nc Bred from selected stock (A r-
DUll LegllUriISs, Hold's), 1,he best of layers,
hard.v and beautiful. Eggs from my best yai'd,
$3.00 per 15. -R. i*. Borney, Iloorestown, I^a.

'ice list of pure
ees and
queens, and white and brown
ferrets. Address

2V. JL. liNAPl^.
Rocliester, Lorain Co., O.

riVECJ Italian

Colorado Cactus, Ji:^I^!^r^S, w^xV'

blossoms. One by mail, postpaid, 35c, or a group of
5 to 7 for $1.(10, by expi-ess. Grows in any climate.
Beam if ul ornament. Stamps tnken. Address

E. K & J. 0. FRI3BEE. 172 W. Maple St., Denver, Col.

Golden Wyandottes.

B. 1).

No better birds in America. Cockerel,
$5 00. Trio, $7.U >. Eggs, $3.00 per setting.
lieeney. Arcade, A". V.

Tavae Cnrittc Small one by mail, postpaid,
leXda V/dtlUSJ. 25 cts. Large one by express,
25 cts. Grows inany climate. Fine ornament.

'S1iit'Beeco..Tex. Miss LcaH AtcHlcy.

PERFECT cream sections, $2.35 per lOlW.
OPLAR sections, sandpapered, $;3.60 per 1000.
Ever\ thing in the supply line at bottt)m prioe.s.
30c per" lb. allowed on wax, in exchange for supplies.
Circular upon application. I. J. Strliigliam,
105 Park Place, N. Y.

r_„ OftlA '"^O colonies of bees, mostly Italians

rlir AHIR. a"<I hybrids; nearly all are in Sim-

■ Ul uuiui pii(.ity and Dovetailed hives— 3 in

American A. Y. BALDWIN, De Kails, 111.

18'.)4

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

293

rppc rno r?''ff i-triioiHs, $1.50 fof 15; uuff

LUUO run \Vv;iiul(.tt."s, !is:.'.00 for I'.J; White
■ lATpuiup Plviiioiitli Kcx'ks, .tl.rit) for ir>;
nH I UJIIHU Wiiite Pokiii Ducks. *1.(MI for it.
All A No. 1 stock. J. S. WARNER, Medina. 0.

Have Vou .seen our Catalog

" Everything for Gardeners " ?

It is unlike otluT Ciitalogs- Striiiglitfor-
ward and truthful descTiptions bya prai-ti-
cal inarkiM-jrardpner. of the best, in SEEDS.
Ti'lls aliout t> rowing $2000 worth of Prize=
taker Onions on an acre, and how to g-row
$3000 worth of Celery on an acre. We sell
Vegetable Plants, Timbrell and other lead-
ing Strawberries and Small Fruits. Trees
and Supplies foi' gardeners. Danvers Yellow
Globe Onion Seed at $1 per lb. True Prize-
taker, J2.25. We send a pkt. of tins and of
a new Early Tomato, smootii, good shape
and size, and the earliest, also a pkt. of new
Sensation Lettuce, with Catalog and sev-
ral useful leaflets, for only loc. Send now.
CHEISTIAN WECEESSEE, Niagara Falls, N. Y.

|:^"In responding to this advertisement mention Qlkand'gsj

FOOT-POWER MACHINERY.

COMPLETE OUTFITS.

Wood or naetal workers without steam
power can successfuUv compete with
tlie laigre shops bv u ing our NEW L.\BOR-
SAVINi; M\CHTNERY, hvtest and m.ist
,v|ppruvi.-d for practical shop use; also for
Inihistiial Schools, Home Training-, etc.
C.4TAL()(i FREE.

SENECA FALLS MFG. CO.,
44 Water St., Seneca Falls, N. Y.'

lyin responding to this advertisement mention Gleanings.

OTTUMWA BEE-HIVE FACTORY.

Bee-keepers, look to your interests. Every thing
in the line of bee-supplies constantly on hand.
Price list free. GREGORY BROS. & SON,
l-33a Ottumwa, la. South side.

SSeec? vlnniiai for 1894 is well worth
having. Tell to all who plant seeds
W. Atlee Burpee & Co., Philadelphia, Pa

Burpee

IN

THE

FIELD.

GOLDEN QUEENS,

NUCLEI.

CIRCULAR FREE.

J.F. Michael,

German,

Darke Co.,

Ohio.

^UTH s HONEY
-^^^^^ EXTRACTOR.

Square Glass Honey- Jars,

Tin Buckets, Bee-hives,

Honey Sections, Etc., Etc.

Perfection Cold-blast Smokers.
APPLY TO

CHAS. F. MUTH & SON, Cincinnati, 0.

p. S.— Send lO-et. stamp for " Practical Hints to Bee-keepers.

► Seeds <

> s
Free! <

ALSO \

Freeman <

Potatoes. 4
BURTON L,

YOU CAN HAVE

SUCCESS

in Bee Culture a Whole Year; 10
strong eyes of Freeman Potatoes
(pure), and LO packets of flower
and vegetalile seeds, for 40
CENTS, silver. This offer is
made to booni our circulation.

SAQE, Highwood, Conn.

ETiEs or POULTRY. EGGS FOR HATCHING.

Orders booked now. Send for descriptive card.

J. S. Mason, Medina, Ohio.

READY ?°r",t.^.'fS,e?'S^f^,^ QUEENS

Will he re;i(ly in April. Sii ' e arrival gu;ir;intced.
Drones and Hees clieap.

J. N. COLWICK, Norse, Bosque Co., Texas.

Send for our
new price list
of I5ee .supplies
and Fruit ijack-
ages. A liber-
al discount al-
lowed on win-
ter orders. Ad-
dress

IJERLIN
FRUIT BOX

CO..

Berlin Heights

Erie Co.,

Ohi ).

1-lOd

Automatic

Comb Foundation

Mills.

Hade by

W. C. Pelham,

riaysville, = Ky.

BBB'S!

tayin responding to this advertisement mention Gleaninq^

T fyou keep BEES,
subsci'ibe for the Pro=.
gressive Bee=keeper. a

journal devoted to Bees,
Honey, and kindred in-
dustries. 50 cts. per
>-oar. Sample copy.

also a beautifully illustrated catalogue of Bee

keepers' sup))lies, fkee. Address

LEAHY MFG. CO.. HIGGINSVILLE, MO.

jarin responding to tins advertisement mention Rlk vNlNoa.

VANDERVORT
COMB -FOUNDATION MILLS.

Send for samples and reduced price list,
itfd JNO. VANDERVORT, Laceyville, Pa.

A

PPLES, Ben Da\is, Ark. Black, Mammoth Black
Twigs, all varieties. Whole root only. Premium
World's Fair. Trees, 10c each. On orders of 100
I pay the freight. W. H. L.\w.s, Lavaca, Ark.

Please mention this p.iper. i 7b

GEO. W. HUFSTEDLER,

Breeder of 5 -Banded Italian Bees and Queens.

Untested, 75 cts. Tested, ifl.OO each.
CLARKSVILLE, RED RIVER CO.. TEXAS.

PATENT WIRED COMB FOUNDATION

lias iVTo Satj- in /irooti-fi-ames.

Thifi Flat - Bottom Foundation

Has no Fishbone in the Surplus Honey.
Being the cleanest, it is usually worked
the quickest of any foundation made.

J. VAN DEUSEN & SONS,

]3tfdb Sole flanufacturers.

Sprout Brook, Montgomery Co., N. Y.

TAKE NOfiCE]

BEFORE placing your orders for SUPPLIES, write
for prices on One-Piece Basswood Sections, Bee-
Hives, Shipping-Crates, Frames, Foundation, Smo-
kers, etc. PAGE & KEITH,
8tfdb New London. Wis.

Queens, ^ Send for Price List. / «

Nuclei S '""''"' ? ^

Piuuei, 7 g Q McLEAN, ) O

Colonies ) Columbia, Tenn. \ ^

294

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apk. 1.

*'G & B" Web=Wire Fencing

MEETS THE POPULAR DEMAND FOR

A^Harmless Fence at a Reasonable Cost.
HUNDREDS OF MILES H USE

BY SATISFIED CUSTOMERS WHO HAVE FOUND IT

PERFECTLY SAFE for horses and cattle.

SUFFICIENTLY SIRONG for vicious stock.

A SURE INCLOSURE for sheep and hogs.

A RELIABLE PROTECTION against dogs for
sheep.

A SATISFACTORY FENCE to property-owners
along railroads.

A FENCE COMBINED for both large and small
animals.

A COMPACT MATERIAL for portable corrals.

Excellent for <jr<ii>triiic trellises.

Animals will ikiI IkiuI it to crtiwl under or climb
over, or loosen it f lom the i)osts.

"G & B" WEB-WIltE FENCING is made of the
best quality Heavy (galvanized Steel "Wire
(No. 14 in the meslies. No. 13 In the selvages)
Woven into diamoiid-shtipe meshes Ijy automatic
machinery, insuring a reg'ular and smooth fab-
ric, strengtiiened by tliree-straud rope sel-
vagfs at both sides.

The 3.\6 inch Mesli is suggested for sheep-enclos-
ures; tlie 4x8 for cattle and hogs, and the 554x
10i4 for a very low-priced fence for any purpose
named.

PRICE IN VVIJa ROLLS, 20 RODS EACH.

3x6 inch Mesh. 1
■WIDTH. PRICE.

26 in. Kod, 45 c |

32 in. Kod, 53 0.

38 in. Rod. 60 c

60 in. Kod, 7i c I

4 .\ 8 inch Mesh.
WIDTH. PRICE.

26 in. Rod, 38 c

3iin. Kod, 44 c

42 in. Kod,. 51c

50 in. Kod,. 57 c

^M X 10J4 inch Mesh.

WIDTH. PRICE.

28 in. Rod, 31c

36 in. Rod, 38 c

47 in. Rod, 44 c

All wklthx put up iti baleg 20 7x>ds (330 feet) lung.

A higher price charged for lengths shorter than a
full bale. Sliipped direct from Clii'iago or New York.

What we wisli to call your attention to especially
is tiie following list of pieces and short rolls which
we can sell, to close them out, at less than full-roU
prices. In tliis list are some full rolls and pieces of
sizes which the factory have discontinued making,
and for that reason tliey offer them at a sacrifice to
clean up the stock of odds and ends.

The above, you notice, is woven from galvanized
wire, while you will find the most of tlie following
list is 4.K7-inch mesn, galvanized after being woven,
and on that account very much suijerior, and more
expensive to make. It formerlj' sold for about
double the prices named below. It has also one
number lieavier wire in the meshes than tlie rest,
being No. 13 wire throughout. All other sizes are
made of No. 14 galvanized wire, woven in the meshes,
and a 3-straiid rope of No. 13 wire for selvage, ex-
•cept the 4x8, which has No. 10 wire selvage.

The wide fencing is designed to be put up alone,
while the narrow widths are used at the top or bot-
tom in connection with barb-wire or other strand
fencing. Much narrow is used at the bottom of
posts for hogs and sheep, while for horses and cat-
tle it is often used at the top of posts in place of a
board or rail.

All the fencing in the list, exceitt the last few
lines, is in stock in Chicago and New York, and
shipments will be made from these poilits. Tliat
you may know what is in stock at each place we
have inclosed within brackets [ ] all the stock in
New York; and what is not so inclosed is at Chicago.
The length of the pieces is given in teet, and the
price per foot as well as per rod. This fencing is
usually sold by the rod; but for convenience in
ascertaining the cost of each piece we have given
also the price per running foot, and you have sim-
l)ly to multiply the combined length of the pieces
you require by the jirice per foot to get the cost.
We get an additional discount if ordered in lots of
10 pieces; and, therefore, if you can use so much
you can secure this fence tit a price which is below
what new regular stock in above list costs us at
wholesale. Tlie freight from New York to Chicago
in 100-lb. lots or more is only from ;i to 6 cts. per rod;
so if any of our western customers desire some of
the New York stock they need not refrain from or-
dering on account of freight charges.

In the following table tlie width in inches is
given in the first column; size of mesh in second;

price perrodin third; price per linear foot in fourth,
and a list of the pieces, with length in feet, in fifth.

Inches. i'liee.
Wide Mesh Rod Ft.

26

50

50

22

38

34

18

4x 11

5x 11
4x7

4x8

3x6

4x7

8x 13

33

33

ZH

List of Pieces, and Length in Feet.
Multiply by price per foot for cost.

53

S'/f

.57

.31/

66

4

70

1'4

27

1*-,

33

.2

50

3

45

.2::^

25

i'A

iVi

10 bales, 20 rods (330 ft.) each.

11 bales, 20 rods eacli. and 132. 91.

12 bales, 20 rods each,100and65[330,330,3.;o|
132 58; of 36 in. at 2X c. ; 52, 43, 38.
230,60.38.35.
330,330.206.108 [198].

327, 32 [145, 10.5J ; of 22 in. at 2 c, 100 [29; , .
102 35. 10 [118, 110. 95, f 9. .50].
330. 330, 144, 50, 25, 25 [188] ,
90 80. 48. 44. 43, 2.5 17, 14 [45, 7 bales, 330 II . '

U4, 29, 20. 13. 10 [183].

330. 15 [330,330,146.40],

[18.3], 25 ft., 42 in., at 3 cts. per ft.

[330.317,78].

[330.]

[1 bale, 20 rods (3.30 ft.) each].

[9 baies, 20 rods i330 tt.i each].

[3 bales, 20 rods each, and 135 ft.]

125,21 |15(i.U0, 101].

258, 198; of 44 in.. 165, 42, at 4 cts.

81,48.32,19, 14,11.

~" :8. 12.

ON HAND HK1K AT MEDINA THE FOLLOWIN',

.52, 35, 23.
107 68. 35. 17. 15.

47, 36, 33, 30, 29, 19, 18, 13.
43. ,37.34,25,24.23, 18.

23, 12, 10, 8, 6. 11

82. 6!, 60, .50. 44, 22. 22, 12. 11, 5.
"i, 36 in.. 200 ft. at 3 c.; 45 in., 247 ft., 3 V c.

In lots of .5_pieces, 5 ^„ off. Not less than 10 pieces in one or
der, 15 f^;, oil from above prices; 20 pieces or more, 20 ;,, ofl
from prices In this last table only. Staples, 1^-in., 5 cts. per lb

WIRE NETTING.

SHORT ROLLS AT FULL-ROLL PRICES OR LESS.

We have the following lot of wire netting oi vari-
ous sizes and widths in short or odd-length rolls
Very often a person wiints a piece and can not liuj
it cut from a full roll Avithout paying double price
You may be able to find in this list just what yot
need, or very near it. Even if you want more thai
a full roll you will find the prices at wiiich we ottei
these to be in most cases le.ss than full-roll price.

Of 2-inch mesh No. 19 wire, we have the following
remnants and short rolls at i c per s(juare foot
The figures at the left give the width iu inches, aiu
the other figures give length of each piece in feet
Multiply this by the width in feet, then take three
fifths of the result to nnd the price of each piece.

12 I 15, 24, 35 36. 41, 70, 74 86 88, 89 100, 130, 130, 135, 134.
18 36, 60 135, 138.

24 I 28, 46, 51, .58, 60, 69, 78 98 98, 103, 110, 119. 144.
30 I 45, 60. 64. 65, 70, 91. 95. 100, 107, 123, 140. 144. 146, 148.
"' 9. 15, 17, 17 18. 19. 19, 19. 23. 24, 24. 25. 26, 30, 31 38. 40. 40,40,42,47
49, 5", .50 ,50, .52, 53, ,54, 55. 58, 60, 60, 60, 64, 65, 67 70, 72, 73. 74. 82

82, 82 83. 83, 83. 84, 86, 86, 87, 89. 90. 90, 92, 93 9k. 96, 96. 96. 99. KKl
100, 100 100, 100, 100, 102, 102, 102, 102, 105, 105, 107 114,115,116,116
116, US. 120, 120, 122, 124, 124, 128, 129, 134, 140, 141 141, 142,145,145
145 146.147,147,147,148.
51, 86, 12.5, 131.
12, 20, 24 S. 32. 35. 40, .50. .51, 52, .58, 62. 67, 68, 73, 75, 75. 75, 80, 83

83, 83, 84, 86. 87, 94, 96, 98, 100, 104, 108, 114, 113, 119, 119. 122, 123
123, 124, 125, 128 131, 132. 134, 135, 138, 138, 138, 140, 140. 140. 143

I 144 144. 144, 144, 144, 144, 145, 145, 145, 145, 146, 146, 146, 148, 148.
54 ' 72, 88. 88, 143,
60 I 10,13. 19, 20, 32. 34. 36 72. 72 78 81 81, 89, 91, 92 94. 103, 107. lOH

I 110, 110. 118, 119, 120, 122, 126, 130, 134. 136. 138, 139, 139 142, 144.14(i
72 I 20, 26 29, 30. 38. 40 40, 42 47, 48, .54, 58. 60, 61, 62, 64, 72. 75, 81, 82

I 85, 85, 87, 100 too, 100, 108, 112, 119, 120, 123, 124, 127, 129, 130, 138

I 144, 144, 144, 148,

Of 2-inch No. 20 we have the following pieces at one-hal
of a cent per square foot. Ariive at the price in precisely tlu
same way as above, taking half of the number of square fee
instead of three-fifths, to get the price in cents.
12 I 42. 47. 102, 103, 124, 134.
24 I 20 68,94. 111,114, 116. 128.
30 129 140.

36 I 35, 36, 38, 39, 10 40, 41, .50, 79. 81, 88, 91, 94, 100, 100, 103, 103, 109, 119
120, 122, 126, 126, 128, 128, 128, 128,134, 136, 136, 140, 144, 148, 146,147
.54 145.

60 17. 20, 41, 46, 131). 136, 139, 144, 144.
72 I 21, 38, 44, 46, 68, 70, 75, 76, 79. 100, 100, 121, 128, 137, 139, 145.

In the following list we give first the size of mesh;
next, the numl)er of wire; ne.xt, the 5vidth in inches;
then the length in feet, and, flnallj,the price oi
the whole piece, -so you will have no figuring to do.

IX in.. No. 19, 34 in x 126 ft., at 84 25, 36 in. x 48 ft., at ,*1.60.

V4 in., No. 19, 48 in. x 78 ft., at 3.50; 48 in. x 80 ft., at $4.20.

l^i in.. No. 16. 30 in. x 70 ft., at 3.15; 42 in. x 34 ft., at $2.10.

ly, in.. No. 16, 48 in. x 92 ft., at 6.50.

- • 7Sft.,at 1.65; Win. X 87 ft., at 82.00.

55 ft., at 1.35; .54 in. x 122 ft. at $8,(M).

20 ft., at 1.50; 72 in. x 33 ft., at $.3.00.

S3 ft., at 3.00.

ft., at 3.20; 72 X 58 in., at $3.80.

, No. 15, 18 in. x
in., No. 15, 18 in. x
in.. No. 15, 60 in. x
in.. No. 15, 72 in. x
in.. No. 15, 72 in. x

No. 16, 72 in. X 58 ft., at 3.80.
3 in.,' No. 14, 72 in. X 70 ft., at 6.20; 72 in. x 100 ft., at $8.80.

In lots of 5 pieces, any one or assorted kinds, de
duct 5% ; 10 pieces, 10% ; 2.5 pieces or more, 15% . Bet
name a second or third choice in case your first may
begone. A. I. ROOT, Medina, Ohio.

]S'.i4

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

:i05

Prices of Bingham Perfect Smokers

)(M

iiiiiil

...*1 itr.

•^

H'.l

mail

at

one t

ime. .

. . m 50

... 1 75

:>

. . 3 00

... 1 a5

. ... 1 (10

?,

.. 2 25
.. 1 90

... 70

2

. 1 .30

. . . ar,

2

.. 1 20

... 1 10

a

. . 2 10

AND

Bingham & Hetherington Honey=Knives.

ti DdctoiS. 3(4 ii)cli....$7 (HI

t) ConquiMors. 3 iticli.. 6 OH

6 Laig-f, 2H iiifli 4 .')()

H E.\tra. 2 incli 2 7r>

« Plain* 2 inch 2 40

6 Wonders, 1 % inch ... 2 ; 0

6 Kn ves 4 50

*Tlie Plain doi'S not have ilie Coiled Steel Wire Handle, neither tlie bent Cap for throwing- tlie smoke
tit Tiffht angles. All the others have all our new improvements.

t The movable bent cap enables you to change a curved sliot to a straigh' shot instantly, and ('(cc (v/.s-d;
throws smoke downward without spilling- ashes; adds dural)ility and convenience, and is cheaply replaced
if injured. The wire handle is always cool for opening- and closing the smoker when i-efilling- with fuel.
Sound, di-y stove-wood is the best fuel for Bingham smokers. Below is a copy of a letter from the larg-est
producer of comti honey in the world:
Mcsxi-K. BiiHiliam A Hcthrriiigtoii.

\ GcnUcmfu: — I use the Bingham & Hethering-ton honey-knife and the Bingham smoker in my business
because they are more elfective for the purpose than I have yet found in the market.
Cherry Valley, N. Y., Feb. 15, 1894. .1. E Hetherington.

T. F. BINGHAM, ABRONIA, MICH.

Gray Carniolans and Five=Banded Golden Italians.

We are the most extensive breeders in America, of those wonderful g-ray Carniolans— the hardiest, the
best of honey-gatherers, and the gentlest bees in the world. Cimsidering all points, we have never found
a race of bees (and -we have tried tliem all) that could compare with them. A complete description of this
■wonderful race of bees -will be sent to all who -write and ask for it. Be(>-keepiiig- friends, give the gray
Carniolans a fair trial, and you ,vill be convinced that what we say of them is tiue.

Our five-banded golden Italians are guaranteed to be the equal of any in this country, as regards g-entle-
ness. hardiness, and working:-qualities, as -we follow the best known metlujds for producing tlrst-elass
business queens. Our queen-icaring apiaries are four miles apart, with Lake George between the two
races. Prices of queens of either race are as follows: One untested queen. May, $1.25; .Tune, 3^1.00; July,
75c; Aug- , 65c. One tested queen, May, 3*2.5(_i; June, $2.00; July, $1..50; Aug., $1.25. Prices on large orders,
imported and best breeding- queens, sent on application.

F. A. LOCKHART & CO., Lake George, N.Y.

THE r"^

" ASPINWALL. "

1. The most perfect Hive ever offered
to the public.

2. It has Closed-end Frames, which
can be more rapidly handled than any
other frame, without killing a single bee.

3. The Top-bars project over the Hive
ends, enabling easy and rapid handling
of the Frames. This feature favors
narrow sj^aces between the bars, and
makes the most perfect non-burr-comb
frame extant.

4. They can be manipulated without
working with fingers among the bees, or
having them daubed with propolis.

.5. The hive may be contracted or ex-
panded, as desired.

(i. The frames are provided with an
i in proved and rapid method of putting
in comb foundation.

7. The frames are L. size. We also
make a deep-frame hive L. length.

Send for illustrated circular.

Aspinwall Manufacturing Co., Jackson, Mich.

T^^^r^ Brown and White Leghorn. $1.25. P. W^ ^% ^ ^%
nO'^Q'^S Kock, Blk Min.rcii. $l..-.0. Bl'k I.antr- k i li 1^^
OO Shan, Lt Brahma, Pit Game, Butf Co- LV3V3C3

chiu,$2(Xlperl3
Address

Fowls fois;ili'. Circular free

GEER BROS., St. Harys, Ho.,
or, H. B. GEER, Nashville, Tenn.

For Hafching- from Prize-winning
Stock of Butt Leghorns, score 94,
#2.0(1 ix^r setting of 15 eggs. Silver
Wyandottes, Brown Leghorns,

ind Plymouth Hocks. »l ,5(1

r H B. F. STOVER. ROSCOE, OHIO.

iBiioiidlnir to this advertisement mention Oih-anix

298

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apr 1.

BUSIKESS^

BUSINESS AT THJS DATE.

Orders are coming- at a lively rate, and are beinp-
slilpped quite as lively. Very few remain untllled
longer tlian four days after heing received. We
are running on fiili 1 ime to our full capacity, and
have about all we can do to keep oiders filled
promptly. This we are bound to do at all hazards,
even if we have to run over time. Send on your
orders for any thing in our line, and we will do our
best 1o serve you promptlj' with goods that will
please you.

BEE-KEEPING IN RUSSIA.

If the demand for comb-foundation machines is
an indication, imjiroved beekeeping is on the in-
crease in Russia. Two years ago in March we sent
over ^hereashipmentof eight foundation-machines;
last year the number was tliirteen, and we are now
executing an order for sixteen machines. We
have recently seni two 14-incli mills to Spain; some
i! or 10 to Australia; quite a number to France,
Germany, Austria, and some to England.

SHORT NOVICE HONEY-KNIVES.

We have received two and a half dozen of Novice
honey -knives, with biHdes from one to two inches
shorter than the regular length of seven inches.
These will be just right for uncapping shallow
frames, and very convenient for scraping frames
and hives, transfer? ing, etc. We offer them for 50c
■each, or 5.ic by mail postpaid. This is two-thirds the
price of the regular Novice honev -knife.

MAPLE SUGAR AND SYRUP.

Owing to a very unfavorable season, the maple
product of this section is only about a third the usu-
al amount We are obliged, therefore, to advance 10
cents per gallon on the price of syrup quoted in
this department in last issue, making the price $1.10
per gal., or $1.00 in 10-gallon lots or more. Sugar
will be 10c per lb. for first grade; 9c for M, and 8c
for third; Kc per lb. off in ."SO- lb. lots, and Ic off in
barrel lots of 300 lbs. We will not guarantee to fill
all orders at these prices, but think we can do so.

SPRAY PUMPS AND SPRINKLERS.

Those interested in these goods will find them list-
ed again on the inside cover pages of this issue. I
hardly think you will find pumps of equal value of-
fered elsewhere for the low prices we name. Those
who wish to buy in quantities, or act as atrents, will
do well to write for our wholesale prices, stating
which pumps they desire prices on, and, if possible,
the number wanted. As we have bought for tiiis
season nearly a thousand pumps and sprinklers, we
are prepared to give bottom prices.

STERESCOPIC VIEWS.

A manufacturer of stere8coi)ic views in Philadel-
phia, Pa., has become interested in bees, and we
have traded him some supplies for views We have
secured a lot of views of the Centennial Exposition,
some four hundred different subjects, mounted on
fine cards, 43:^ x 7 inches, wliich we can_ sell at 3c
each, 30c per dozen. By mail, 4c each or 3iic per
dozen. We (^an, for a 2-ceiit stamp, mail you a 66-
page catalog of oriental, foreign, and American
views, giving a list of subjects, with number to
order by. These views, nicely mounted on cai'ds,
3V4x7in.,we can mail postpaid at $1.10 per dozen,
or $i;J.(K) per gross, your own selection.

CATALOGS.

We have printed and miiiled, since Jan. 1, about
one hundrtKl thousand of our cjitalogs of bee-keep-
ers' supplies, and wehaven't got nearly through our
list of names yet. We are going 1o niake u)) a
new list of names to mail to during 1 he rest of this
year. IJy means of this list all (hii)licates will be
eliminated, and also names of those no longer in-
terested in bees. In sending the last catalog on the
■old list we have inclosed in e:ich one a card to be
returned, filled out with address of sender, if fur-
ther catalogs are desired. We want to send at least

once each year one of our catalogs to everyone
interested. " Readers of Gleanings will, of course,
be In tlie new list; and we want, besides, the names
of all bee-keepers. Our new list of names will be
so arranged, each on a card by itself, thnt we can
always keep it fresh, and containing nn!y the names
of those who want the catalog; and we hope to send
them one each year.

SPECI.VL SECTIONS.

Of the special sections at special prices offered in
last issue, we are sold out of the regular size, !'«
wide, both here and at Bankers, Mich. We do not
have ecougli No. 3 to supply the demand. If any of
those who order IJs-inch cream or No. 3 can use 1 !g
or IJi inch instead, or a pare of each, we can till
their orders with these \\idths, of which we still
have a goodly quantity. We will let the llg go in at
cream-grade "price, $3.00 per lOCO. though they wei-e
made for No. 1 white, two years ago. What fe w 1 'p,
inch creams we get in making No. 1 will be, from
now on, sold at regular catalog price, 5t:c per It.oO
less than white.

NEW FAVORITE FAMILY SCALES.

The manufacturers of
t h e Favorite Family
scale liave recently im-
proved this convenient
household article by
making- the case of sheet
steel instead of cast iron.
Either size, 13 or 24 lb.,
boxed tor shipment,
weighs now only ,t lbs.
The adjoining cut shows
the scale. You notice,
right under the platform
is a screw. By turning
this screw you can take
off' the tare for any ves-
sel placed on the scale,
bringing the pointer to
4-lb., *3.50.

AUGITE STOVE-MAT.

We .supposed the
last time we fixed
prices on stove-
mats that it would
not be necessary
to go any lo-wer ;
but heie we come
again, with anoth-
er reduction. The
mat we handle i;^
the original An-
gite, superior tc
any other, and is
stiil flist quality.

Prices liereaftei
will be 1.5c each,
postpaid; 3 for 4(
cts. ; $1.35 a doz..
postpaid. By ex-
pri'ssor freight, at
your expense, oi
■with other goods. 10c eiuMi; 3 for 35; 75c per doz.; (
doz., S4.35; 13 doz. for $S.OO. Send on your ordei s.

gleanings binders.

As ])T-omised in last issue we present above a cut
of the binder we have adopted for Gleanings. It
has a half-oval block of wood bound into the back
so that it sliows in the case as a full volume, wheth
er it has one or more numbers in it. ^ ou no-

18i)4

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

;.'7ft

tico tln'i'o aro ~i stool strips, one for o:u'l\ luiiiibor in
till- voliimo. Eacli ini!iil)oi- is slipped over a strip,
as it oomos to liaiicl, in a monionl's tiino, williout
innt ilation ; and any ninnbof can bo I'oniovod and
roplacod instantly willioiit disturbiii};' tlie rest.
Tlu'.v arc neatly lotloivd in fidldlcat', " Gi,kanin(!S
IN iivK CiTi.TiMJH" on the I'rnnt side and on tlio
liaek. Wo liave tlioni all clolli or with loalhor back
and corners. I'rii'e, all cloth, tM eonts oacli. Cloth
and loatlior, 75 cents each. IJy mail, 17 cents e.\tra
for poslagre.

SHORT ROLLS OF WIRE NETTINO.

Wo liaA'o recoivorl from the fact<iry another lot
of remnants and short rolls of wii'e nett in {>• which
we sell at full-roll price oi- less. We have added this
to our stot'k list which ;ippears on another pane, in
connection with the announcement of web-wire
fencinjr. Thoic aro a few pieces not listed there
whidi aro as follows:

a rolls of Sinch No. 19 netting 6 ft. wide, at $.3.25.

1'^; in.. No. 19. 2 ft. x 48 ft., al .75; 3U. ft. x Si ft., at .80.

S X 12 ft. at .30; S x 47 ft. at .$1 1"; 3 x 86 ft. at $2.00.

4W X 20 ft at .*70; 5 x 19 ft. at 75; 6 x 26 ft, at $l.-M.

lC;-inch No. 18, 3 x .W ft. at $1 60; 3 x 64 ft. at .tl.TS.

IK inch No. 16 3 x 11 ft. at .55; 3i^ x 16 ft. at *1.00.

4 X 24 ft. at «1.65; IK-ni. No. 20. 1 x 88 ft., at $1 00.

IM-in. No. 19, 2i-j' X 19 ft. at .50; 2'^ x 36 ft. at $1.00.
3 X IS9 ft. at $4.25; 6 x 102 ft. at $6 75.

IV-in. No. 18, 1 X 13 ft. at .15; 2 x 38 ft. at .95; 6 x 11 ft. at .80.

^-in. No. 20. H X 50 ft. at 9.»; 1 x 65 ft. at $1.25.

■X-in. No. 18 4 X 25 fl. at $1 00.

}<-.-in. No. 19. 2W. x .52 ft. at $1.30.

K-in. No. I9.28"in. x 51 ft. at $1.20; 28 in. x 71 ft. at $1.60.

Tlie last four pieces are slig'htly defective, but the
prices at which they are offered is less than one-
fourth what new goods would cost in full roll lots.
The prices on the other items are the wholesale job-
bing' rate of full rolls in lots of 25 or more, and
therefore a rare bargain.

SECOND-HAND FOUNDATION-MILLS.

Wo offer at special low prices the following' list of
secondhand foundationmills which have accumu-
lated on our hands during the past few months. If
any desire a sample of foundation made on those
mills before ordering, we shall be pleased to mail it
on request stating the kind or number of mill that
you want.

One 6-inch hex,. No. R; price $10.00. This mill is
in g:ood condition, and just right for surplus foun-
dation 9 to 10 feet to the pound.

One 6-inch box.. No. Y; price SIO.CO. This is a
good mill, suitable for surplus foundation 10 feet to
the pound.

One 6-inch hex.. No. A A; price $10 00. This is in
good condition, and suitable for surplus founda-
tion 10 feet to the pt)und.

One 6-inch hex.. No. 1-161; price $9.00. This is in fair
condition, and will make foundation 10 feet to the
pound.

One Winch round - cell No. F F. Price $15.f 0.
This is a late style and make of mill, practically
equal to a now one.

One l~'-inrh hex., No. 1.533. Price $22.50. This is al-
most a new machine, and a bargain for the price.

All the above have the latest style of frames; the
following are old style:

One lo-inch round-cell heavy shallow wall. No. EE.
Pi ice *;h.O(I. This is an old-st.\ le mill little used, n
fair condition

One 1(1 inch round-cell heavy shallow wall. No. GG.
Price $«i)n. This is an old-stylo mill, almost new,
but a fair inaehino for the price at whicli we offer it.

One 10-inch round cell, heavy. No. W; price «10.00.
This is suited foi' only heavy foundation, and will
answer nicelv for that purpose.

(;)ne it-inch Dntdiam. round cell, lieavy; price $8.00.
This mill is in fair condition, and is suited for heavy
foundation onl.y.

One 10-incli Pelham, almost new, and of the latest
p;ittein, for heavy brood foundation only. Will sell
for $<J.tl0.

OUR STRAIN OF MAMMOTH SWEET CORN.

I am sorry to say that wo are again .sold out, with
the exception of a little we have saved for half-pint
packages. Price, per half-pint, 10 cts. If wanted
bymiil, add 3 cts. for postage. We can. however,
furnish any quantity of mammoth sweet Cf)rn by
purchasing of other seedsmen. It maybe as good
as our own strain; but judging from past experi-
ence wo fear it will not prove so. We can furnish
this latter at the usual price— 15 cts. per quart; 75

cts. pel' peck, $2 75 per hnshei. We menlion this be-
cause, if you o.der it, we wish to ha\'e it under-
slondthai it is not of our own raising, and of the
strain thiit wo have boon furnisliing our customers
for inoio tlniri ten yo;irs past.

WIIITt TOP ONION-SETS.

W(^ liuve tln;illy succeeded in getting a bushel, but
they cost us $7..'>0. Wo are jioing to plant them,
every one, for big onions, and then ne.xt year we
shall pliint the big onions for sets. Here is wli;it we
find in regafd tothoni, in V'lughari's cattilog:

"The onions aro ready very (luickly for table use,
and the matui-od bulbs art^ very sweet and nuld.
Their silvery -white appearance and globe shape
make them very attractive if Wiinted as mature
bulljs for market purpose. The late Prof . Cassidy,
of the Colorado Agricultural College, said this was
the finest, earliest, and best onion for the market
gardener as well as for home use."

When we bought the bushel we did not intend to
sell any; but it' any of the friends, howe\ > i-, are
anxious to trv them we will furnish .5-cent i>ackaires
containing about a dozen sets. We really hope they
will turn out etjual to the alcove. The sets them-
selves are very handsome little white onions.

WATER-CRESS SEED.

The kind we are using in our greenhouse we can
furnish you at 5 ct^. per packet, or 40 cts. per cjunce.
The seed" is so small that a 5-cent packet will proi-a-
bly furnisb you all the seed you want to start with.

MANN'S GREEN-BONE CUTTERS.

We have been selling for several years WiLson's
bone-mills for grinding dry bones for poultry.
Green bones, with scraps of meat and gristle, con-
tain more valuable matter for poultry, when prop-
erly cut up. You can generally buy dry ground
bone for poultry, in feed-stores, cheaply; but green
bones have to be cut up as used. It is, therefore,
more necessary to have a machine that will cut up
all such bones fine enough for poultiy. The ma-
chines shown in cut below are probably the best
thing made for this purpose. They are so well
adapted to the purpose that the manufacturers war-

rant every machine to cut dry or fresh bones with
the meat, gristle, and all, without clog or difficulty,
I or money will be refunded; and for the hand cut-
I ters, they promise to furnish without charge all
; parts which may break while the machine is in act-
ual use during two years following the pui'chase of
1 the cutter. Send for circular giving full particu-
lars. We have put in a small power machine, and
can recommend them. The hand machines are
j shown at the loft. The uppei' one is No. 2, wliich
; we can furnish for f 18 On, and the lower one No. 6,
I for $1.5.(KI. No. 2 weighs 142 lbs., and No. 6 98 lbs.
1 They are shipped dii-ect from factory in Milford.
\ Mass.

I No. 10, small power cutter, 174 lbs $25.00

! " 14,large " " 426" 75.00

398

GLEANINGS IN KL^] CULTURE.

Apr. 1.

GROSSMAN'S

"golc'Cn"- queens

Are bred from tlie very best 5-ba i^led sto<'k, and ure
g'uaranteed to give you satisfacti> n.

Untested, $1.00 each; one-half o.-'.en, $.5.00; $9.00
per dozen. Tested, $1.50. Select te&, d, $'.i.50 each.
Send for Price List.

W. p. GROSSMAN,

BOX 141. DALLAS, TEX.

Please mention this paper.

BEES FOR SALE.

CA colonics of Italians, $5.00 per colony in cliaff
"" hives; $4.00 in Simplicity. JOHN F. NICE,

329 Maynard St.. Williamsport, Pa.

BEES! BEES! BEES!

If you contemplate buyinji- bees and queens the
coming season, write to LEININGER BROS. f<>'' prices
which will suit you. FT. JENNINGS, 0.

For Sale for 1894. ;.Sfo™,r'A^^Ss'

OTTO KLEIHOW, 113 MILITAE7 AVE., DETEOIT, MIOH.

MniO riATTXTT O" Foundation and Sections.
UIOIU U W 1 Thin foundation, .5Uc per lb. ;
brood, 40c. No. 1 sections,
$2.76 per M. Every thing cheap. Price list free.
7-17eoi E. H. TRUMPER. Bankers, Mich.

ITALIAN QUEENS.

Both three and five banded. Tested, $1.50; three
for $4.00. Extra select breeders, $3.00; three for
$5.00. Untested, $1.00; three for f3..50; six for $5.00;
twelve, for $8.00. Safe arrival guaranteed t)r monej^
refunded. Orders booked now, and pay when you
want queens. C. F'. BECKEY,

Manitou Beach, Len. Co., Mich.
t^^In responding to tliis advertisement mention Gleanings.

BEE-HIVES.

SECTIONS, FOUNDATION.
Price List Free.

A SUPPLIES

Line -f«''^"«
of Bee-keeper.

Geo. Ball, Prenchville, Tremp. Co., Wis.

EGGS ^^^ Hatching. L!?s,^site

*"^*^"^^ Wyandot tes, B. and W.Minorcas I'.
Rocks, Langshans, $1.00 per 13; Y. Wyandottis, I.
Games, Red (Japs, S. S. Hamburgs— Eggs, $3.00 per
13. No circular. AUGUST GOETSE & SON.

3822 WOOD ST., WHEELING. W. VA.
Please mention this paper.

WE WILL PREPAY

Freight charges on oitlers for Root's polished sec-
tions, and 16 seel ion white basswood shipping cases,
to be shipped from factory to points within 300
miles, in lots of 50U0 and 200 or over respectivelj'.
Send for catalog. B. WALKER, Evart, Mich.

^^In respoiiuiiie; to this advel■tl^^-lIlent mention Gleanink.s.

GOLDEN QUEENS

Fror

_ 'Tpzi-v' O c: ^'^ l)ees can not be sur-
1 1 I^A.cl^* passed for business,
— »^"—i 1^ ^^■^—M^—™^ beauty, and gentleness.
Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. Untested
(queens— March, Ai)ril, and May — $1 each. 150 Hne
Tested Queens for early orders, $1..50 each. Order
early. Send for price list.

,J. D. Cil^^BNS, Box 3, T^i^bon, Tex.

tS°In responding to this advertisement mention Gleaninos.

WARRANTED QUEENS.

Why buy untested queens and take your own risk
of pure mating, when 1 warrant every one of my
queens to be purely mated ? Look over the ads. and
see how few (/rtjr do this. Warranted Golden Ital-
ian queen, $LO0; six f oi- $5.00, ready about May 1st.
Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed.

S. F. TREGO, Swedona, lllinoi?.

I Will Exchange

For your name and address, my
pamphlet " How I Produce Comb
Honey," and catalog of Chatf and
Dovetailed hi%'es, T Supers, Sec-
tions, Foundation, and every thing-
needed in the apiary. Kirst-class
goods, and prices reasonable.

Geo. E. Hilton,

Fremont, Mich.

t^ln responding to this advertisement mention Gleaninos

D\o you mvA

B

EE-KEEPER8' SUPPLIES

That I have the

LARGEST

STOCK

of U IN NEW ENGLAND?

Consisting of Dovetailed, Simplicity, and other styles
of Hives. My brand of XX white thin Founda-
tion, and Polished one-piece Sections, are tlie
nicest on the market.

A full line of every thing needed in the apiary at
prices to suit the times.

Bees, Queens, and Nucleus Colonies of my old re-
liable .strain, at prices way down.

Send for 34th Annual Catalogue before you buy
' ur stock, remembering tlie best is always the
o.ieapest.

A..uie.ss W. W. GARY,

4tf CouRAiN. Franklin Co., Ma^s.

ligrin responding to this a<Jvertis.8meiat mention Gleanings

GOLDEN
ITALIAN
QUEENS

I will have Untested Golden or
5-banded Italian queens, at 75 cts.
each; the best of queens. Also
Untested Queens from Imported
stock, at 75 cts. each. Also Testi>d
Italian Queens raised last season
from Imported mother, at 90 cts.
each in April. Will have untested
queens ready to mail Mhv 1st.
W. A. COMPTON.

Lynnville, - - Tennessee.

Dovetailed Hives, Simplicity Hives,

SECT/ONS, EXTRACTORS, ETC.

FULL LINE OF

BEE-KEEPERS' SU PPLI ES.

60-PAGE CATALOGUE. Itfdb

J. M. Jenkins, Wetumpka, Alabama.

tSt'Iii respoiKlinj,-- ti> tlils advertiseiiu-nt mention Gleaninijs.

18i)4

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

303

^Ei.S FOR S^\lE.

1 will si'li livlirid oi- black colonics of hccs. in ots
of (20) twenty at ()B;?.(R)i lliroc dollais oacl., to l)i'
•sliippcd alout the lUth of May. Eaoli colony will
contain ^ combs witli lirood and honey. Adcii'i>s8

T p Mrl FAN THOMPSON'S Station,
I . u. m{.L.unn, vV/j-c/zi/vTSOiv Co., Tenn.

I Will Exchange

For your name and address, my
Iiamphlet "How I Produce rt)nil)
Honey,"' and catalog of Chaff and
Dovetailed liives, T Supers, Sec-
tions, Foundation, and ever.v thing'
needed in the apiary. First-class
^oods, and prices reasonabli'.

Geo. E. Hilton,

Fremont, Mich.

EaaS ^o"* Hatching, STt'^B^teJ

*?*/ horns, at ^^l.dd for 15 egs's.

LEININCER BROS , Ft. Jennings, O.

Roofs

Goods at
Roofs Prices.

We have the best shipping-facilities in tlie North-
west. We can save time and freiglit by shipping-
direct on some 40 or more railroads, without change
of car.s, whicli saves handling, and goods are much
less liable to be broken or smashed.

Root's 1893 No. 1 white sections, 4.^x4;i.\7 to foot,
VA, and lig, at $3.50 per lOUO. No. 1 cream, 4^xXxl%
and Ug, f2.00 per 1000.

Write for price list and what you want.

H. Q. Acklin, 1024 Mississippi St.,
St. Paul, Minn.

Northwestern Agent for A. I. Root's Bee=keepers'
Supplies.

Stalil'.s

Tiouble ActinsT
Excelsior !Spra.v- ^■
ing Outrits prevent
[>eaf Blight A Wormy "
Fruit Insures a heavy-
vield of all Fruit anal
VegetabKi crops. Thous
amis in use. Send 6 cts for
cataio;;ue and full treatise i
onspraving. Cirnilars/iee.

WM.STAHL.QuincyJII.

*

k

I

'

"

'

... ^ .

'

JBL

■

■

<

\~: —

—

—

—

~

-

•k

Mi3-,v,v»;'

'^£:

3^

g?

t=5

s

^^

.•*5!'.M

S

w

\M

fe

"DO YOU SEE THAT HUMP?"

Not on "The Paeo." it never has em. tint on that
(lend v%ire fence. It was eanse't liv an animal
running into it. The animal 'MKln't mean to." The
fen -e "coulfin't hel|> it," Init the hunir' is there a d
it is an ey? sore to the owner. He looks across the
road at hi.^ neiglibor's non-liu nmahh'. anti-sagahle.
Page fence and admits Hint Klasiieity "is In It"
after all.

PAGE WOVEN WIRE FENCE CO.. Adrian. Mich,

KUEK :il:ilu^ui

QUEENS

Smokers, Sections , ■

Comb Foundation,
And nil Apiairan Sii|f plies
rhpap. Send for
E. T. KLANA<JAN, Belleville, III.

Gray Carniolan Queens and Bees,

Bred the coming season by the undersigned. As
these bees are a hardy race, so as to winter with but
small loss, they are well adapted to our cold cliniate;
and as tliey breed up better than any other race of
bees linown, they become of mucli importance to
both Northern and Southern bee-keepers. Send for
circular to .JOWA^ Al^DliB.\V»,

F'attens JXIllls, \Vash. Co., AT. V.

RFF SUPPLIES .Z„

B J B B l£\^ery tliiiiLi: used in the ^\jji-
■^ ■■ ■■ ary. Greatest variety and Jargrest
stock in the West. New catalog. 70
illustrated pages, free.

IJiscotmtfi to Dealers.

E. KRETCHMER, Red Oak, la.

r^ln respond i ML' to ih s :i.U

World's Fair fledal

Awarded my Faimdatian. Send for free
Haruifles. Dealers, write for wholesale prices.
Root's new I'nltHhed Sections and otlier goods
at his prices. Free Illustrated Price List of every
thins- needed in the apiarJ^ JVI H Hiit-1 +
Bell Branch, Mich. iTl. I I . I I UII L.

HATCH CHICKENS BY STEAM

WITH THE IMPROVED

EXCELSIOR INCUBATOR.

Thousands In Snc-
oos^lui Operntlon.

Sl.Vrl.i:. I'LHFECT. and
SEl.t-REUVI.X TISa.

CJiiarnnteetl to hatch a
laraer percentage of

fertile egg-<,»t loMsc<»»it,
than any other Inculiator.
Send tic. for Illus. Catalog.

Circulars Free.

GEO. II. !^TA II I., Pat. A Sole Mfr.,Quincy,Ill.

Head what .1. 1. P.\«ent, of
Chaklton, N. Y., says — "^"e
L-ui with oiie of your Combined
I Machines last winter .5(1 ohaH'
hives with 7-inch cap, KIO hoiiej-
raeks, .5(iO bioad Iratiies. ".tlOU
lioni y-boxes, and a great deal of
other work. This winter we
\ have doiililed tlie .imount of l)ee-
iiives, etc., to make, and we ex-
pect to do it all witli this saw.
It will do all you say it will."
Catalogue and Price List free. Address W. F. &
JOHN BARNES, .540 Ruby St., Rockford, 111.

When more convenient, orders for Barnes' Foot-
Power Machinery may be sent to me. A. I. Root.
eoitf Please mention this paper

nllon tiLKANlJiOS.

Gash for Beeswax!

Will pay C3c per lb. casii, or 26c in trade for any
quantity ot good, fair, average beeswax, delivered
at our R. R. station. Tiie same will be sold Xa those
who wish to ptinhase. at 28c per lb., or 30c for he^t
xdcclnl u-tix. Old iiimbs Will Hot be accepted imdsr
(iiu) ciDisidrratimi.

Unless you put your name on the hox. and notify
us by mail of amout.t sent, I can not hold myself
responsible for mi.stjikes. It will not pay as a gen
eral thing to send wax by erpre«8.

A. I. ROOT, Medina. Ohio.

304

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Al'K. 15.

Contents of this Number.

Bees, Moving in Germany. . .3ir>

Bees, Yellow 3:!2

Bee-books by Carload 333

Book Agents 33fi

California Jottings 324

Cloth, Enameled, over Bees. 33(1
Clover, Alfilfa and Sweet. . .33.1

Comb Artificial 3^

Echoes from Rambler '■'

Elevator, Our Now 33'J

Elwood's Letter 3x2

EiilraiR-e Diagnosis 325

Jax 1)V Kniiii 320

Foul I'irooil in France 331

Galvanized Vessels 3:;4

Heddon Question 3:ir)

Hives, Decoy 318

Hive, Gravenhorst's 314

Honey in California 3;4

Hybrids or Mongrels 316

Jake Smith on Fashions —

Jelly, Royal

Journals, E.xpense of

Manum on Fertilization . . .

Paste for Tin

Pollen Necessary

Pojipy Honey

R mbler and Eugenia

Ka ijoerrles. To Cultivate..

Robbers

Smoker Elwood on Crane.

Spraying Trees

.lupers Discussed by Taylor

Sweet Clover

•yrup. Cold-water

Toads

Vaseline

Victor Wheel

Wax, Sheeling

Yellow- iickets

WANTED.
cycles.

-To exchange several g-nod safety bi-
Honey wanted. Send sample.

J. A. Ghekn, Ottawa, 111.

Wants or Exchange Department.

Notices will be inserted under this head at one half our usu-
al rates. All advertisements intended for this department
must not exeeed five lines, and you must say you want your
adv't In this department, or we will not be resi>onsible for er
rors. You can liave the notice as many lines as you- ple.ase,
but all over five lines will cost you according to our regulai
rates. This department is intended only for bona fide ex
changes. Exchangesfor cash or for price lists, or notices of
fering articles for sale, can not be inserted under this head
Forsueh our regular ratesof 20 cts. a line will be charged. and
they will be put with the regular advertisements We can not
be responsible for dissatisfaction arising from these "swaps."

11/ ANTED. —A foot-power or combiiialioi. circular
VV saw, must be in good condition, and cheap.
Would also buy some power machinery for making-
bee-hives, etc. Chas. M. Orr,

Box No. 1. Dallas, Texas.

WANTED.— To exchange blackberry-sets, red and
l)lack raspberry-plants, S8 per 1000, fur beeswax.
A. P. L.'VAVRENCE, Hickory Corners, Barry Co., Mich.

WANTED. — To exchang-e incubators, brooders,
and eggs for hatching-, of 14 vai-ieties thorough-
bred fowls, for first-class tlioroug-hbred poultry.
Address Ed. W. Cole, Kenton, O.

WANTED.— 150 colonies of bees(L. frame) in ex-
change for Eureka mowers, Spriiig-tootli
harrows. Steel-lever harrows. Buckeye binders, etc.
This machinery is all new and in good shape.

Ezra Baer, Dixon, Lee Co., 111.

WANTED —To exchange 200 colonies of bees for
any thing useful on lilantation.

Anthony Opp, Helena, Ark.

WANTED.— To exchange Root's goods, at his
prices, to be shipped from here or factory, for
whiie comb honey (crop of '04 preferred) in quan-
tity lots. See ad. in anothei- column.

B. Walker, Evart, Mich.

WANTED.— To exchange 200- egg- incubator and
brooder, perfect working condition; cost S40;
four fox-hound pups, six months old, best* breed in
America, for gold watch or safety bicycle.

Geo. K. Scott, Turtle Liik^, Barron Co., Wis.

WANTED. -To exchange a good (i-inch Vandervort
fdn. mill for offers. Jno. Nhbel & Son.

High Hill, Mo.

WANTED.— To exchange one new World type-
writer for 1.5 new-style Dov. hives in the flat;
also watcli for foundation-mill or extractor.

J. H. Marklkv, Carbondale, Kan.

WANTED.— To exchange large extractor, yellow
Italian oueens, fancy nuclei, hives, choice straw-
berry-plants, for books, groceries, or hone.v
Mrs. Oliver Cole, Sherburne, Chenango Co., N. V.

WANTED.— To exchange for any thing I can ust",
one Columbia Safety bicycle; ;ilso bees in 8-
frame L. hives iind foundation. Want btH'swax.
F. H. McFarland, Hyde Park, Vt,

WANTED —To exchange incubator (Stahl's Excel-
sior 20d-egg), photo outfit, 3 Langdon iion-
swarmers, 40 empty and :!5 frames with comb, Ota-
heite orange, and seed of Begouia Vernon, for offers.
D. B. Thomas, Boyer, Wright Co., Mo.

WANTED.— To exchange one fine solid 14 K. gold
watch, as good as new, used but little, Elgin
movement, for one bedroom suite, of antitjue oak,
massive style. Correspondence solicited. Furniture
must 1)6 new. Watch cost $10t).(K). Rea.son for ex-
changing, I have two watches.

K. H. Campbkll, Madison, Morgan Co., Ga.

WANTED.— To exchange Pieper rifle (22 caliber),.
Remington double-barreled lo-gauge shotgun,
.50-in. Champion bicycle, pair Lemaire field-glasses,
36-striiig rosewood zither, and fine croquet set, for
offers. " Sunrise apiary." J. C. Wallenmeyer,

Evansville, Ind.

WANTED.— To exchange Singer sewing-machine.s
or Root's supplies. Want honey, press, and
type. The Model Stamp Works, Shenandoah, la.

WANTED.— To exchange Engli h Beagle hound,
fciiiale, well broken, and a good hunter, lor a
shotgun ut modern .style, or offer.

D S. Hall, South Cabot, Vt.

WANTED.— To exchange 1 treadle Novelty print-
ing-press, chase 10x14, lot of type, rules, bor-
ders, etc., valued at $(i0.lO (Sample of woik on appli-
cation), for registered Jersey heifer, section-boxes,
Hallock potato-planter, or otters.

J. F. Michael, German, Darke Co., O.

ANTED.— To exchange supplies or bicycle for
cane-mill or evaporator. F. C. Erkkl,

Le Sueur, Minn.

W

Black and Hybrid Queens For Sale.

For the benefit of friends who have black or hybrid queens
which they wish to dispose of, we will insert notices as below,
first insertion free of chai-ge. After the tirst, ID cents per line.
We do this because there is haidly valui' enough in these
queens to pay lor buying them up arid keeping them in stock,
and yet it i> oftentimes quite an accommodation to those who
can not afford higher-priced ones.

30 black and hybrid mixed queens to be delivered
in May; 25c each. Wm. A. Selser, Wyncote, Pa.

BEE

=KEEPERS' ^"PP'iesof all kinds cheap
NOVELTY CO.. ROCK FALLS, ILL.

LAWS'

Italians surely take the lead. They
are now in every State in the
Union, and in several fore/i>-/i
count rie^i. Nearl.v 3000 (lueens sold, and not a
dissatisfied customer; if there is, let him speak.
Queens yellow all o\'er. Fine breeders alwtiys
on liand'; 4 and 5 band, $2 nO; straight 5 oand, $3,001
Untested, each, $1.00; 6 foi- $4. .50. Satisfaction. Ref-
erence, A. I Root. W. H. I^^WVS,

T-,a\'nen, Seli. Co., ^irlc.

BEES FOR SALE.

CA colonies of Itali.-ins, $5.00 i)ir cohmv in chart'
•'^ hives; $4.00in Siiaplicilv. JOHN F.'NICE,

329 Mayuiini St.. Williamsport, Pa.

Large number If nlj on nildonc rearotl from im-
of fine tested H-dllttU yUCCUd, ported mothers,
! i-endy to mail at $1.01) each. Safe delivery. Money-
order oHice, Decatur. CLEVELAND BROS.,

STAMPER, NEWTON CO., MISS.
Formerly at Decatur. Mention Gleanings.

10 frame

-.. . _jmpliciiy hives;

combs built on wired foundation. Every thitig in
first-chiss slijtpe. Bees extra strong. Price #4.00.
Hives and frames are Root's make. Safe arrival
guaranteed. Money-oi der office, Fairmont.

L. H. ROBEY. WORTHINGTON, W. VA.

TESTED Italian (lueens, $1.00: untested, 65 cts.;
select tested, Sl.JJO. C. H. STEWART, Sparta, Tenn.

to ^ULUniC^ Dovetailed or Sii

18<t4

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

305

Honey Column.

CITY MARKETS.

CmCAC.o.— HiuiBi/.— There is vciy little clioiee
wiiite comb lioney on t.lie inartcet, and II is selling-
at 15t;. Ott' grades, 1«®U. Dark and eaiidied liotiey
very slow at uncertain prices. Extracted honey
very slow; sells ut 4@7, accordiuR to kind, quality,
and flavor. K. A. Burnett & Co.,

April 7. 161 So. Water St., Cliicagro, 111.

MiiiWAUKKE.— HofH'jy.— The demand for choice
honey has improved durinjj; the iiast two wt'eks, yet
values are about the same. Yet it is encouraginjr
to see it move. Can quote a fair demand for choice
white 1-lb. sections at 13@.l5; common, 1»@13. Wiiite
extracted, in keg's and barrels, 7@7><, but not selling-
as well as sections. Beeswax slow at. 30(§33.

A. V. BiSHoi' & (!!().,

April 3. Milwaukee, Wis.

Buffalo.— Hoiief/. — Honey market remains un-
changed. Moderate sales of fancy at 13@H; choice,
11@13; buckwheat, 8@9. Still liberal quantities on
hand. We are in liopes to clean up before the sea-
son is over. Beeswax, i;5@30.

Batterson & Co.,

April 7. Buffalo, N. Y.

DETitoiT.— 77(>/iey.— There is but little good honey
in tlie commission houses, and it is selling slowly at
13@1.5. Extracted, 7@6. Beeswax firm at L'r)@2(;.

M. H. Hunt,

ApriHi. Bell Branch, Mich.

Cincinnati. - HoHej/.— There is a slow demand for
extracted honey, manufacturers buying sparingly.
We quote 4@8. " Demand for comb honey is slow at
13@1.T for best white. Beeswax is in good demand
at 23@3r) for good to choice yellow.

Chas. F. Muth & Son,

Aprils. Cincinnati, Ohio.

Cleveland.— Horiej/.— Market on honey slow. No.
1 white is selling at 13@14. Beeswax, 33@33.

Williams Bros.,
April 7. 80 & 83 Broadway, Cleveland, O.

Boston. — Woviey. — Demand light, supply fair.
Comb, 12@]4; extracted, 5@7c. Beeswax, 35c; de-
mand fair, supply fair. E. E. Blake & Co.,

Successors to Blake & Ripley,

April 9. ' Boston, Mass.

Kansas City. — Honcii. — We (luote you No. 1 white
1-lb., 13; No. 1 amber, 11. Extracted, white. 6K2@7;
dark, U(^%. Beeswax, 33@3.i Demand for honey
only fair; supply good. Hamblin & Bearss,

April 9. Kansas City, Mo.

Kansas City.— Jii^uci/.— The demand is liglit. re-
ceipts fjiir. We qu<5te No. 1 wiiite 1-lb. comb. 14®!.');
No. 3. 13@13; No. 1 amber. 13@13; No. 3, 10@11. Ex-
tracted, .5@,7. Beeswax, 30@33.

Clemons. Mason & Co.,

April 10. Kansas City, Mo.

Honey, extracted. No. 1 linn in ."it) lb. pails, f. o. b.
cars here, ^i .50 per pail. J. B. Murray, Ada, O.

Bees for Sale.

20 colpn'es 'n good condition, j'.') 00 ijer colony,
in Siinnlieit \- bodies, f . o. b. cars at Avilla. Noble
Co.,Ind. Ad'lress A. E. SCHUTT

870 Clinton St., Defiance, O.

WALTER S, POUDER, ~

162 UasB. Are. Indisnapolis, Ind.

■■Il Standard Goods— Popular
TP\ Prices— Catalogue Free.

liaM " Bvs*v BiSES*'

A book telling how to man-
age them-io CIS. in stamps ; or free to
those sending names of 5 bee-keepers

BEES FOR SALE.

Italians. $4 00. Hybrids. $3 .->ii All in H-frame
Langstroth hives. WILLIAM IDEN,

ETNA GREEN, INDIANA.

BUFFALO, N. Y. Unsurpassed Honey Market.
BATTERSON & CO. Responsible, Reliable,
Commission Merchants. ,str,n. and Prompt.

I hav(^ one of the choictist tlocks of

Brown Leghorns in the State.

Keep no other kiii'l Kggs, 7.'')c per 1.5; ■tl.3."> per :H).

B. G. SCOTHAN, Rogersviile, Mich.

SECTIONS CHEAP!

Until sold. We will sell the s(>ctions listed below in
quantiiies of .'■.(Ki or more at !fl.r)0 per thousand for
creams, and fl.tiO per thousand for No. 2. A114i;iX
4>i sections, oi>en two sides.

4I,0U0 3 incli cream. 37,000 3 in(;li No. 3.
47.01 OlJi '• " 91,000 l}g "

llti.OOUl?^ " " 311,000 1% "

134,000 7 to ft. •' 87,(100 1 !-i] "

253,(100 7 to ft. No. 3.
RAGE <£ KEITH, NEW LONDON, WIS.
13^ln respoiKlini? 10 this advertiseiiieni mentiun Ulkanings.

ITALIAN QUEENS.

Untested. «Octs. each;
3 for *3.3o. Tested, $1.3.5.
Select tested, yellow to the tips, bieedeis, H.hO.
eift G. E. DAWSON. CARLISLE, ARK.

Italian Bees and Queens

Ready in May. Queens, 81.00; bees by the lb., $1.00;
1-franie nucleus, $1.35; 3-t'r!ime, $3.^3. Also Barred
P. R. eggs for setting, 15 for fl.Od.

ilirs. A., vl. JS//ii/>.so/j, Swarts, J*n.

Look Here, Bee=keeper!

If you are in need of some bet^-
supplies, write for catalogue and price list. Every
thing sold as cheap as il 7 f^ C* ' J.t
the cheapest. W P SlTllth

Kenton. Hardin Co., O. ^^ * ^* *-^****l-**»

WILLIAM HEASTMAN, CITRA, FLA.,

Breeder of the celehrtiteil " Orniig-e-

blossom " Italian Bees and Qaee/is.

Untested, 75 ets.

Cliaiee Kovelties in

Carnations, Roses, and Seeds.

15 plants for $1.00. Carnation seed. 3,5c per pkt.
Send for catalogue. S. /.liXTOA',

Pirn City, Ventura Co., Cal.

NOW IS YOUR CHANCE.

To buy elieaj). Bee-keepers' Supplies, hives, sec-
tions, fdn., etc. Write lor price list. EOOT'S GCODS.
,JOH]Sr iV/J/i/5/. .V- SON, Higli IliU, Mo.

Notice to Kansas Bee=keepers.

I keep in stock a full line of E. Kretclimer's make
of Hives, Sections and other supplies needed in the
apiary, at very low prices. Also Italian bees and
queens for sale. A. W. SWAN, Centralia, Kan.

Golden Queens from Tennessee.

Our stock is belter than ever before. We will
rear on I J- the Golden Italia.is this season. Have a
few 3 banded ti sled that we will sell clieap. Golden
tested, $1,511; selerl t esled. $3,50; extra .select testtd,
$4.00; 3-l)aii(led tested, .fl (10. Untested, $1.00.
STEWAliT liUtiS., Siturta, Tenn.

Nuclei Ready.

Two frames brood, with 1 lb. bee.s, $1.(X). Size of
frames, 9{% deep. 13 '„ long. Large sales clieaper.
/. O. ALDERMAN, WAY CROSS, N. C.

Berry-Plants Cheap.

Gregg raspberry, 7()c per KKI, ov %.m per KHK). Red
raspberry (starts from ti))), 3.5c per dozen. Lawton
blackberry, 70c per 100, or $6.00 per KKIO.

.James XI. (iordon, Beiniont, Oliio.

306

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apr. is.

Bingrhatn Perfect Smokers.

Cheapest and Best on Earth.
Patented 1878, 1882 and 1892.

BINGHAM & HETHRMOTOS HONEY KNIFE.

^

Patented May 20. IS

BEST ON £AKTS[.

Prices of Bingham Perfect Smokers

AND

Bingham & Hetherington Honey=Knives.

t) Doctors, 3V4 iticti.... $7 00 1 per mail. . ..$1 Si 2 per mail, at one time. .. .P .50
eConquerors, .3iiicb.. 6 00 1 " ....175 :-' " " ....3 00

6 Larg-e, 31/j incli 4 50 1 " ....135 2 " " ....225

6 Extra, 3 inch 2 75 1 " ....loO 2 " " ....190

6Plain*2inrli 2 40 1 " .... 70 2 " " .130

6 Wonders, IM inch... 3 i.O 1 " .... 65 2 " " .... 120

6Knives 4.50 1 " ....110 3 " " ....210

* The Plain does not have the Coiled Steel Wire Handle, neither the bent Cap for throwing- tlie smoke
iit right angles. All the other.s have all our new improvements.

The movable bent cap enables you to change a curved shot to a straight shot instantly, and uice t'ersa;
throws smoke downward without spilling ashes; adds durability and c(mvenience. and is cheaply replaced
If injured The wire handle is always cool for opening and closing the smoker when refilling witli fuel.
Sound, dry stove-wood is the best fuel for Bingham smokers. Below is a copy of a letter from the largest
produce!' of comb honey in the world:
Mrssrx. liiiKiltdin A Hitlirrington.

Gc/u/f (IK y'c I use tlie Bingham & Hetherington honey-knife and the Bingham smoker in my business
because thev are more effective for the purpose than I have yet found in the market.
Cherry Valley, N. Y., Feb. 1.5, 1894. .1. K Hethehington.

T. F. BINGHAM, ABRONIA, MIOH.

THE BEST

is what I mean to give my pat-
rons. Drones from selected
queens. Breeders are carefully
selected from the best. Personal
attention and assiduous care giv-
en io rearing queens that they
may be of the highest type.

LTntested. $1.00; after MMy, 76c;
March and April, 6 for $4.7.j; doz-
en for $8.50. May and June, 6 for
$4.00; dozen, $7.50. Later, 6 for
S3.50; dozen, $6.50. Tested, 3-banded, $1.25; 3 to 5
banded, $1.50 to fl.OO. Send for circular for partic-
ulars. Make money orders payable here.

J. B. CASE, Port Orange, Vol. Co., Fla.

t^*in respoiuiiiifcc to tnit* adv

lueiitiun Gl.iiAjsii>Mj*

Good ! Good !

Those wishing the tinest and best business bees,
both for pleasure and protit, should know that
Jennie Atchley is headquarters for such queens.
I breed both the 3 and 5 banded strains, at tlie fol-
lowing prices: Untested (Marcli, April, and May),
$1.00 each; $5.00 for 6, or $9.00 per dozen. June till
October. 75 cts. each; $4.25 for 6, or $8.00 per dozen.
1 breed my queens in separate yards, and I have as
fine Italian bees as there are anywhere. Nuclei
and full colonies. I have one straight merchandise
rate on bees by express— lowest in U. S. Fine'breed-
ers always on hand; 3-banded, $5.00; for straight 5-
banded breeders, apply by letter. Also bees by the
pound. I guarantee .-J // my queens to be good and
serviceable, and my tine faultless breeders unexcel-
led in the world. Safe arrival and satisfaction.

I also have a carload of A. I. Root's Dovetailed
hives and Bee-supplies to accommodate my South-
ern customers. Dadanfs foundation and Bingham
smokers Send for catalogue.

JENNIE ATCHLEY, Beeville, Bee Co., Texas.

"TROT 'EM OUT!"

1 challenge anyone to show up a strain of bees
that are superior to my (JaUIcn Italians. They
have excelled all competitors by practical test.
Gentle, industrious, good comb-builders, enter the
sections readily, are not inclined to swarm, and are
perfect beauties. Descriptive circular free. Seo-
t/o/is, ^1?. per A/. Dovetailed hives way down.
CHA8. D. DUVALL, Spencerville, Md.

Sections Cheap.

We have on hand the following stock of choice
white 4-piece dovetailed sections, which we offer
at Sfl.UO per thousand:

751100 4 V.x2, open top and bottom.

2ri0o0 4'.4Xl'8,
4000 414x1 {-i,
40(10 4;^ xlig,

a. B. LEWIS CO., Watertown, Wis.

tarin respoiitlintJT to this aavertlsement mention (-jlkaning.'v

The Triumph Incubator,

Manufactured by Ed. W. Cole, Kenton, O., is the
cheapest and best. Eggs for hatching, from stock
which won nearly 300 premiums the past year.
Send for DescriiJtion unci jtrices.

t^f\t- ^'ilp An interest in iron-manufacturing
I Ul *JtXi%^ business. Capital required, $5000.
Will take good pavH'r or securities. An excellent
trade tauiilit i'l connection.

L. L. ESENHOWER. Box 331, Spring City, Pa.

BEE=iVlEN, Get free Price List of Apiarian Supplies.
1^. A^ jro/JA'SOA', Tinoxvillle, III.

Given Brood Foundation,

AbouL liv^e lt)!^x8'/4 sheets to the pound, in 10-lb.
lots, at 40 cts. per pound.

M. ^V. fU:\I<:, Normal, 111.

PPPF f ^^y price list of pure
ri\L(L( . Italian bees and
queens, and white and brown
ferrets. Address

iV. A. liNJiJ^I*,
Hoclie^iter, T^oniin Co., O.

Colorado Cactus, t^lfJjf^l^V

Men unci

. . red, waxy

blossoms. One by mail, postpaid, 25c, or a group of
5 to 7 for $1.00, by express. Grows in any climate.
Beautiful ornament. Stamps taken. Address
E. K. S J. C. FEI3BEE. 172 W. Maple St., Denver, Col.

Golden Wyandotts.

No better birds in America. Cockerel,
$5.00. Trio, $7.0ii. Eggs, $2.00 per setting.
75. L>. ICeeney, .Arcade, AT. V.

1804

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

307

FOK SvVr^fJ. — Kooted cuttings and planis of
C^hrysiiitthpiniims, such as Childs, Liru-oln,
Widt'iuT, Wana maker, Spauldins', Hodiiner, Waban.
CanninK, and many others. Will siiid hy mail pre-
i)aid lor 511 cts. per dozen; if by I'.xprcss. will send
larger iilants, not prepaid. J. S. WAKKEE. Medina, 0.

l>o«it>-iif ors of one of 7>o«)/ir < /e'w very

l>e«f g-olden five-banded Ijreeders, mated to tlie
very choicest drones from iJcniiic J\i (.•hley's
5-banded strain, thereby securing a direct cross
with the best 6-banded stock obtainable. No drones
allowed to tiy, only from queens that pi'oduce 4 and .')
banded bees. My aim is to rear nothing but the best,
regardless of cost. Untested, 75c; Va dozen, S4.a5;
dozen, $8. 00. Safe delivery and satisfaction. Money-
order oflace, Mouongah. P. O. address. Worth! ngton,
W. Va. L. -H. Robe v.

Y^ Brown and White Leghorn, $1.35. "P.

rOCO'C Kock, Bl'k Minorca, $1.50. Bl'k Lang-
'^So'^ shan, L't Brahma, Pit Game, Buff Co-
chin, $3.(X) per 13. Fowls for sale. Circular free.
Address QEER BROS., St. Harys, Ho.,

or, H. B. GEER, Nashville, Tenn.

Rmnv '3^0 u^iL' TESTED iTALiAiT niirFN^

KLAUT fjr$1.25. Untested. $1.00. VUttWO
Will be ready in April. Safe arrival guaranteed.
Drones and Bees cheap.

J. N. COLWICK, Norse, Bosque Co., Texas.

Send for our
new price list
of Bee supplies
and Fruit pack-
ages. A liber-
al discount al-
lowed on win-
ter orders. Ad-
dress

BERLIN
FRUIT BOX

CO.,

Berlin Heights

Erie Co.,

Ohio.

1-lOd

Automatic

Comb Foundation

Mills.

Hade by

W. C. Pelham,

riaysville, = Ky.

BBB'S!

Ifyou keep HEBS,
subscribe for tlie Pro-
gressive Bee=keeper, a
journal devoted to Bees,
Honey, and kindred in-

^^^__^^^_^^__^^^ dustries. 50 ct.s. per
vear. Sample copy,

also a beautifully illustrated catalogue of Bee-

kee|)eis' supiilies, j'ree. Address

LEAHY MFG. CO., HIGGINSVILLE, MO.

@'"In responding to tliis advertisement mention Glk\nings.

GEO. W. HUFSTEDLER,

Breeder of 5 -Banded Italian Bees and Queens.

Untested. 75 cts. Tested, $1.00 each.
(L.VKKSVMLLE. RED RIVER CO., TEXAS.

PATENT WIRED COMB FOUNDATION

lias 2Vo Sajr in Broad-Frames.

Thin Fiat - Bottom Foundation

Has no Fishtone in the Surplus Honey.
Being the cleanest, it is usually worked
tlie quickest of any foundation made.

J. VAN DEUSEN & SONS,

12tfdb Sole flanufacturers,

Sprout Brook, Montgomery Co., N. Y.

TAKE NOTICE!

CEFORE placing your orders for SUPPLIES, write
" for prices on One-Piece Basswood Sections, Bee-
Hives, Shipping-Crates, Frames, Foundation, Smo-
kers, etc. PAGE & KEITH,
8tfdb New London, Wis.

Manum's

Leather = Colored Italian
Queens

Are in the lead the world over. Tested queens
one dollar each. Descriptive catalogues free to
all applicants.

Also wood screws ^ longer than formerly;
otherwise the same. Price $9.00 per 1000 by ex-
press; $1.00 per 100 by mail. Taps, $1.15 each.

A. E. Manum,

Bristol,

Vermont.

Have You seen our ^"*n'"r ^i

" Everything for Gardeners " ?

It is unlike other Catalogs. Straightfor-
ward and truthful descriptions by a practi-
cal market-gardener, of the best in SEEDS.
Tells about growing $2000 worth of Prize=
taker Onions on an acre, and how to grow
$3000 worth of Celery on an acre. We sell
Vegetable Plants, Timbrell and other lead-
ing Strawberries and Small Fruits. Trees
and Supplies for gaideners. Danvers Yellow
Globe Onion Seed at $1 per lb. True Prize=
taker, $2.25. We send a pkt. of this and of
a new Early Tomato, smooth, good shape
and size, and the earliest, also a pkt. of new
Sensation Lettuce, with Catalog and sev-
eral useful leaflets, for only loc. Send now.

OHEISTIAN WECEESSEE, Niagara Falls, N. Y.

Burpee

'q SeeU Annuiil for 1894 is well worth
'^ having. Tell to ;ill who plnnt seeds

W. Atlee Burpee & Co., Philadelphia, Pa

IN

THE

FIELD

GOLDEN QUEENS,

NUCLEI.

CIRCULAR FREE.

J.F.Michael,

German,

Darke Co.,

Ohio.

-^^^^^ EXTI^ACTOR.

Square Glass Honey-Jars,
Tin Buckets, Bee-hives,
Honey Sections, Etc., Etc.
Perfection Cold-blast Smokers.
APPLY TO

CHAS. F. MUTH & SON, Cincinnati, 0.

p. S.— Send 10-ct. stamp for ■' Prac-tical Hints to Bee-keepers.

Seeds

Free !

ALSO

Freeman
Potatoes. 1

BURTON L

YOU CAN HAVE

SUCCESS

in Bee Culture a Whole Year; 10
strong eyes of Freeman Potatoes
(pure*, and 10 packets of flower
:ind voeretable seeds, for 40
CENTS, silver. This offer is
ninde to boom our circulation.

SAGE, Highwood, Conn.

HTIa responding to tlil.s advertisement mention Glkaninob.

308

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aph. 15.

Strength of Blast

is not the only-
good feature of the Smokers we manufacture.
They are strong, and well made. Of the Clark Cold=Blast we have
sold over 150,000 ; and the Crane Hot=Blast — well, although it is a
new smoker it is taking like '• hot cakes."

JCORRUGATED

The now '94 model Crane
is a beauty; and among some
of its distinguishing' fea-
tures are an improved

Check=Valve,

a device that forces the air
tlirough tlie cup, even wlien
crammed with fuel, and at
the same time prevents
smoke from going into the
bellows; a

Hinged Top

secured by a mallealile-iron
hinge accurately milled nt
the joiQt so thiit the toii will
fly squarely in pl.ice. No
need of burning lingers in
replenishing, nor losing the
top off.

The Lining

this year consists of asbestos
sheeting around the outside
of tlie fire-cup; and over this
still is a neat corrugated
shield This combination is
tlie most effective of any
thing we have ever tried.
And last, but not least, the
cup is secured bv four small
IKJLTS, not screws.

Price of Crane Smoker,
each in a neat telescope
pasteboard box, $1.60; or
prepaid, $1.95. Dealers,
write for wholesale prices

N. B.— We are the author-
ized manufacturers.

P. S.- Don't forget that our polished Sections can not be excelled.
Send for our 52-page catalog, and sample of Gleanings in Bee Culture.

A. I. ROOT, Medina, Ohio.

Web=wire

Fencing.

Those in need of a neat and substan-
tial farm fence at a low price will be in-
tere.sted in the full-page aniumncement
given in the last issue. This is also ex-
cellent as a yard or front-lawn fence;
and where you do not need a full roll
you can probably find in the list of short
pieces just what you require at full-roll
price. The adjoining out shows the style
of this fencing, and manner of erecting.
Wire-stretchers for this purpose, $1.00
each.

A. I. ROOT, Medina, Ohio.

COMB FOUNDATION.

Made by an

lMI*ROVIlL> I'KOCESS ON JSTEW^ ^XJSI)

IMI^RO\'BD JMACHINES

(ilr 7113" owji invention,
which enitliles in& to
jtrodtn.-e

Xtie Cliea.pest.

Prices on 5 lbs. or more will range from iiS to nOc
per lb. Send for prices and satn|jles.

W.J. FINCH, JR.,

931 E. Monroe St., Springfield, Illinois.

Control Your Swarms, Requeen, &c.

Send 25 cents for samples of West's Pat.
Spiral wire Queen-Cell Protectors, and
and Pat. Spiral Queen Hatcliing and In-
troilucing Cnge, also best Bee-Escape,
with circular explaining. 13 Cell-Pro-
tectors, HO cts., or 100 for $.3. ; 12 Cages, 60
cts., or 100 for If), by mail. Address

N. D. West, Middleburgh, Scho. Co., N. Y.

Sold also by all the leading supply dealers.

~ 5-BANDED GOLDEN ITALIAN

Bees and Queens. Puie B. P. Kock and 8. C. B. Leg-
horn eggs, ifl. 00 per 13. Re.stonly. Catalogue free.
Chas. H. Thies, Steeleville, III.

Please mention this paper.

1894

(ILKANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

:«)9

New Cowan Reversible Extractor

Is now endorsed by the best and most extensive
bee=keepers of the country

Some of its Features
are:

Reversing Without Stop=
ping.

Can l)c (]<iiic liy siinpl.N
sldwiiifj' HI' 1 li»' iiKitidii.

Gear Beveled.

Stroiifi- and well iiiadc. a rid
opt'iatod by a jiood siihsian-
tial liaiKlle.

Milk=can Handles

^iif uttaclied to tlu' can.

Two Coats

•<>f can-iagv l)lark. and nralU'
Ifttfit'd.

Can of heavy XX Tin

for ^-fi"irm^; four and six
ffaiTieof g-alvuiiizwl iron.

Bottom

of inipioNcd t> pc.

Honey=gate

is of a new i)altcin and
of ainplf capacilN ,and mal-
Icalile-iron liaudU'.

Reversing Pockets

hiacfd stronger tliaii ever,
and g-uarantfi'd not to
hulfi'e.

Gear and Reversible
Pockets

easily ii-moved l)y taking-
out four sci-ews.

Two-frame extractor, L. size, 110.00; four-frame, L. size, i^20.00; six-
frame. L. size. $26.00. The four and six frame extractors also reversed
without stopping. 5l'-page catalog of Bee-keepers' Supplies free.

A. I. ROOT, Medina, Ohio.

Button's Pliers.

Since the patent expired on tliese a few years ago
the price lias Ijeen gradually declining, and we are
now able to offer a further reduction on the price.s
<luoted on page 4H of our catalog. Until further
iKjtice the pi-ices will be as follows:

PKICE LIST OF button's PLIERS.
Post Lenj-'th. No. of wire they will out. Price eai-h.

41 4H-

inch pliers

No. 14 and smaller

$ 35

6 6

" "

No. 12 "

40

10 8

" '•

No. 10 "

.50

17 10

"

No. 7 "

i'>

Cronk's Cutting=Pliers.

We offer also the Cronk pliers, as shown in above cut. These are superior to the Button; have greater
cutting power, and are unquestionably the best cutting-pliei's m-ide. They are made in two .sizes-8 and
10 inch. We can furnish the 8-lnch for 75 cents; the 10-inch for $l.u(i. By mail, 1.5 and 20 cents extra for
j>ostage.

A. I. Root, Medina, Ohio.

HIO

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apr 15.

TESTED

Queens are usually sold for $3.00 I will ex-
plain wliy I wish to sell a few at less than that.
As most of my readers know, I requeen my
apiaiy each spring- with young

QUEENS

From the South. This is done to do away with
swarming:. If done early enough it is usually
successful. It will be seen that the queens
displaced by these young queens are never
more than a year old: in fact, they are fine
tested Italian queens, )ight in tfieir prime ; yet,
in order that they may move off quickly, and
thus make room for the untested queens, they
will be sold for only

$1.00.

Or I will send the Review for 1S94 and one of
these queens for only $1.7.5. For $2.00 I will
send the Review, the queen, and the book "Ad-
vanced Bee ( Culture." If a,ny prefer the young
laying- queens from the South, they can have
them instead of the tested (lueens, at the same
price. A discount given on large orders for
untested (jueens. Say how many are wanted,
and a price will be made.

W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint, Mich.

Quigley's Golden Italians

Are big yellow bees that are hardy, gentle, and
good honey-gatherers. Warranted queens, April
and May, $1.00 each. Safe arrival and satisfaction
guaianteed. Every thing needed in the apiary,
best quality, bottom prices, low freight. Price list
free. 13. F. Quio-iev, Unioiiville, AIo.

TESTED ITALIAN QUEENS, S^S^

ed, $1.5ii; uiiK^bted, a5 cts. Two-frame nucleus, with
tested queen, $2 00; with untested queen, $150.
Queens ready April 1.

St&Wiirt cfc Coopei", Qriet>ec7f, Tenn,

Locust=Trees for Sale.

Very valualile fur shade and timber. Also a great
honey-producing tree. Blows very frngrant. Trees
from 3 to 5 feet h igli , 30 cts. each ; 25 cts. each per 100

Bee=keepers' Guide.

Isew edition, just out. This is conceded to be the
fullest, most scientific, and one of the best of our
American bee-books. Every bee-keeper should
have one of the late editions. Price, by mail, $1.25.
Liberal discount to the trade.

A. J. COOK, Claremont, Cal.

EE SUPPLIES!

[^ send for free copy of ILiIjUSTRATED-

OATAIjOtifE. describing every thing use-
ful to a BEE-KEEPKR. Address
T. G. INe%viuau, 147 So. Western Ave., Chicago.

CHOICE Silver-Laced Wyandotte eggs for hatching,
Irom my well-known strain. 75c per setting of 13;:
two settings, $1.25. W. .J HILLMAN, Green River, Vt.

Aluminum Bicycles,

Bright as silver, light as wood, three times stronger
than steel. Send for catalog to Robert B. Gedye,
La Salle, 111. Bargains in second-hand and shop-
worn wheels.

Bicycles.

High-grade wheels, direct from the-
factory, at cut iirices. Terms easy.
Write EZRA G. SMITH,

MANCHESTER, N. Y.

JS^ames of 5000 voters of Medina County, O., for
advertising purposes, at flM) per 1000. Address
A. VAN EPP, Medina, O.

Sections, Bee= Hives,

and other Bee=

Keepers' Appliances

at Bed=rocl<: Prices.

Best of Goods at Lowest Prices.

Write for free, illustrated catalogue

and Price List.

W. J. Hillman, Green River, Vt. G. B. LBWIS CO., WotertOWR, WJS.

WORLD'S FAIR VIEWS Free

990

^ ^ ^^_^m W to every iiewsubsciihci- who sends$l. IK) foi-thc WEEKLY A'VIE'^'CAN BEE

^^M^M^b^M^LW JOURNAL one year, and 10 cents foi- pi )staMe. The 220 Photographic Views

^^^ ^^^ '^^ ^ ;,,.i. sui-e to i)lease you immensely. A FKKE SAMPLE COPV of the "Bee

.louinal " will be sent you on application, ghing full pai-ticulars and dest-riptiou

of the Photogiaphic Views. Address

t:^"To new Subscribers-The 220 V'iew.'

George W, York & Co., 56 Fifth Ave., Chicago, III.

with " Bee .loiiinal " si.\ months — ALL for- onh T.') cents.

AT THE WORLD'S FAIR ^^^^^S^^^^^^^J-

escape. Practical bee-keepers everywhere u.se and recommend it as agieat labor-savini: ini-
Ijlenient, and as the best. Circular and testimonials free. Prices: — Each, postpaid, with
direct ions, iiO cts. ; per doz., $3.'25. cmd your money back, if not satisfied. Ordei- from your dealer,
or if more convenient from the manufacturers. R. &, E. C. PORTER, LEWISTOWN, ILL

(O f\nrlnnAe% n4 Oiinnlinn This is the amount we have distributed in a single season, of

i.i udlinHnS ni MinnilRS. Foundation. Dov. Hives, sections. Extractors, etc. Therefore.if
IP UUIIUUUJ Ul OUppilOJi ^.,„, ,,.,^,^, ififi^, ,,,,,,,,,,^ ._j^^, ^^.,,^^ ,jj^^ jj^^,j. ,^, g.Q .^g fj^^ j^g possible.

^Z^aZ^^^^^^ZZ^IIZ^HI^IIZ^^^^^I^ reiiicmliei- tli;it we ai-e headquarters in the west for all goods in
^^^— — — ^■^— — ^— out- lin(!; by doing so great a volume of business we Sell good&

cheap. If you have ilie monen, alsf) remember you can make it earn a big interest by availing j'ourself of
our discounts for early orders. In either ciise you should write us and tell what you will likely need. It
will pay you. VFe sell Itoot's goods at Root's prices, and can save you freight.

The new polished sect i(ms and all other late improved goods kept in stock. rflD TUC \l/COT
I LH J n ■■ • I Send for our large illustrat- rUn lilt WlOIi

Joseph Nysewander, Des Moines, la. t^'^^^^^^y ==i=z==

• delvoted;

•andHoNEY-
»MD home:

I^perYeai^ \©) r^EDIMAOHlO

Vol. XXII.

APR. 15, 1894.

No. 8.

I ENJOYED reading p. 270 very much.

" Honey-bees from $1 to ?3 a stand " Is to be
the regular assessment in Indiana.

Stingy^ is a word that doesn't apply to bees
unless you make the g hard.

Mei.ilot hay is a success with my stock.
Been feeding a good bit lately.

Wagner's pea, the new forage-plant, is said
to yield honey from July to middle of October.

Real-estate dealers in California and
Texas seem to be having quite a boom in the
bee-journals.

The consensus of opinion among the repli-
«rsin ^. B. J. Is against efforts to urge early
brood- rearing.

Another objection, friend Boardman, to
the 3 cornered starter in sections the drone
comb, which doesn't look so pretty.

Poultry and bee men are to have a Scan-
dinavian monthly published at Cedar Rapids,
Iowa, called Fjarkra- ny Bi-Avl. I'm not go-
ing to read it.

Doolittle has been having a hot discussion
in a local paper on tariff and temperance. His
opponents come from afar and not singly, but
Doolittle seems to draw the most blood.

The repliers in A. B. J. are badly mixed
up over the question as to whether more honey
will be left in the brood-chamber when run for
comb than extracted, with a leaning toward
the affirmative.

Eight-year OLD comb honey is reported in
A. B. J. as an article of diet on the table of
Hon. Eugene Secor. He says no one at the ta-
ble suspected it was old. Kept in the garret
and never granulated.

.1. B. Trotzmueller, in Bic?ie?i-IYjter, says
May sickness of bees — which is, perhaps, our
spring dwindling— may be cured by speculative

feeding. [We don't catch on to that word
"speculative," Doctor. — Ed.]

Tell Ruth Moore I've seen that honeyed
butter mentioned in several papers, but no in-
structions for it given. Can any of our foreign
friends tell us how?

Doolittle tells \n A. B. J. that his bees got
pollen March 10 from skunk-cabbage. Yet
nearly every number of A. B. J. tells how to
Mil skunks. [There must be here a missing
link. We fail to get the connection. — Ed.]

That murmur. I don't know. My bees ai-
wai/.s murmur in the cellar, and I've had them
come through in fine shape. May be it's bad
for them, but it always sounds kind o' comfort-
able. [There I you've redeemed yourself.—
Ed.]

I TOOK TEN COLONIES out of Cellar March 17.
Weather kept beautiful for a week, but wife
wouldn't let me take out more. Said I'd given
strict orders not to allow it; 24th, winter came
again. Big snowstorm, and about 10 above
every morning up to date, 30th. Glad I had a
wife.

Some write that they have no troubk with
burr-combs with a >4-inch space between top-
bars and supers, even with thin top-bars. But
thin top-bars may sag as the years go by; and
at any rate I want thick top-bars to keep the
white sections at a distance from the black
brood-combs.

That picture on p. 275 is just what bees
will always do when they get a chance. I've
seen them start building upward more than a
hundred times. Put an empty super over any
colony this spring, and they'll build rtp when
the flow begins. [Then you think such build-
ing is not a " strange freak." — Ed.]

Yes, indeed, Mr. Editor, you're right, on p.
269. It's a hlij grain of comfort to have so solid
a man as H. R. Boardman with me on artificial
heat. But I don't believe in making fires so
often as he, once a week. I'd rather make a
fire only once each winter, and then keep it up
all winter. [Do you hear that, Boardman? —
Ed.]

313

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apr 1."

F. A. WiixsoN, Bathgate, N. Dak., says {A.
B. J.) that in 1893, with no bees, squashes grew
as big as an apple, then turned yellow and died.
In August, bumble-bees appeared, and all that
set after that grew well. In 1893, bumble-bees
were on hand early, and "every set produced a
fine large squash." [Ik-re is a good fact for
that symposium. — Ed.]

G. W. Demaree reports in A. B. J. that he
extracted all the unsealed honey from a lot of
combs, then uncapped and extract! d the rest,
and evaporated artificially the first lot, which
proved inferior in texture and flavor to that
evaporated by the bees, and granulated sooner.
[Here is a valuable fact. Who else has had
similar experience in the same line?— En.]

Experimenter Taylor asks what I know
about Given foundation to warrant me "in
maligning its good looks." Simply that I used
it as long as I could buy it. and I don't think I
ever saw a sheet of uniform thickness. I never
heard of a uniform sheet before making that
statement, but have since, and I've no desire to
dispute what others say.

John F. Gates gives his method in A. B. K.
Keeps his bees in big box hives 13 in. square
and 18 to 34 in. high; never takes any honey
from them, and but one swarm annually. He
hives swarm on old stand in a hive 8 in. high;
gives supers, gets good crop, then adds bees to
the old hive, and melts up combs in little hive
to have it empty for next year. If you think
Gates is a fool, you're fooled.

T. W. Cowan said, in British convention,
that it was not worth while, in his opinion, for
English bee-keepers to follow the Americans,
who were " rather apt to rake up old, tried, and
discarded patterns of frames as though they
were new, and their own ideas." But why
shouldn't I pick up a gold coin because some
one else has thrown it away thinking it brass?
[That's it; you've hit it exactly.— Ed. J

T. K. Massie says he has no trouble with
burr combs with top-bar 1)4 wide and }4 thick
spaced 1%. Ills top-bar is ll}4 long. A longer
top-bar might sag if X inch thick. But he's
down on the V edge on end-bar. [There seems
to be some misunderstanding about this V edge.
We make ours blunt, tJ inch wide at the point.
We have found in some cases that they have
been objected lo, simply because the V came to
a point — that is, was sharp. By mistake on the
part of the workmen, some of the V edg(!S went
out from the factory sharp, and to these is
traceable some of the complaints. — Ed.]

What say the iJEE8?(see top of p. 38G).
But what if the two outside combs are full of
honey to start wiih? My bees have said very
emphatically tlu^y'd rather not have brood in
outside combs. [Yes, that's true; but our bees
(or, rather, queens) will often lay in all the
combs of an a'y/if frame hive — yes, clear to the

sides of the hive; but they have almost never
done this in the ten-frame hive. The fact is,
the eight combs see?/! to have about the capac-
ity of the average queen; therefore the bee-
keeper who wants no surplus in the brood-cham-
ber prefers the eight-frame hive, — Ed.]

I^^Kt

NOTES FROM A MOHAWK VALLEY APIARY.

BEE-KEEPERS NOT SECRET SIONOPOI,IZERS

OF A GOOD locality: the glucose

PROBLEM.

By P. H. ElWdiHl.

Quite likely the Rambler has not forgotten
his experience four miles east of here at the
Van Deusen foundation-factory; for in Ramble
No. 104 he puts the bee-keepers of his native
State into a class by themselves, and credits
them with having a good thing which they se-
cretly monopolize. Such is not the case. Bee-
keepers have no Eldorado east of the Rocky
Mountains— certainly not in the Mohawk Val-
ley. Our crop of comb honey does not average
more than 50 lbs. per colony, and our crop of ex-
tracted not more than 75 lbs., unless extracted
too often for fine quality. For the last few
years we have not averaged even that. The
desire to monopolize this business does not ex-
ist, for a majority of bee-keepers are going out
of the business, either by curtailing the extent
of their business or by abandoning it entirely.
Of course, the successive poor seasons have
been largely instrumental in producing this re-
sult. More influential, however, have been
adulteration and the sitspiciovi of adulteration
which have materially lessened the demand and
lowered prices of both comb and extracted hon-
ey. The Wiley fabrication has reached every
part of the country, while the sugar- honey
slander is fast following it. It has been assert-
ed that mere suspicion of adulteration has little
effect on demand and prices; but so long as
" loss of confidence " is credited with being the
cause of our present disastrous business depres-
sion it would seem to be unwise to assert that
" loss of confidence " in the genuineness of any
staple production would be any less disastrous
in the branch of business immediately concern-
ed in producing and marketing the same.

Not long since, an intelligent lawyer of New-
York city informed me that he had seen comb
honey in market that was wholly an artificial
product, and made entirely without the aid of
the bees. Again, a heavy jobber in honey in-
formed me that the suspicion of sugar in honey
deterred many from buying the white comb
honey. A manufactui'er who uses considerable
extracted honey said he would no longer use
any California honey, nor buy any Eastern hon-

1H94

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

31?i

■(^y, except from the producers, because of sus-
picions of its purity. When he finds a producer
who adulterates, unless such a one is prosecut-
ed to the full extent of the law by his brother
bee-keepers, he may conclude that it is a com-
mon practice, and will use a substitute for hon-
ey, as do those who are suspicious of ''sugar
honey." The editor of Gi.kaninos is entitled
to the gratitude and support of bee-keepers
•everywhere for the publication of the analyses
•of James Heddon's honey. It is very much
better that the occasional producer advocating
■or practicing adulteration be condemned and
prosecuted by his associates than to wait for
others to do so. This condemnation shows con-
clusively that the person exposed is but an ex-
ception to the rule that " producers do not adul-
terate."

The common and unmolested practice of so
many dealers in adding glucose to honey, par-
ticularly that designed for table use, is practi-
cally ruining the market for extracted honey.
What we need is a more enlightened public sen-
timent against the injury produced by adulter-
ation; then more stringent laws can be enacted
and enforced. I am confident the fact can be
established that the use of glucose or artificial
grapesugar is always inj urious to health. With
this truth recognized, we can rout the whole
army of starclisugar nutn. Chemists may de-
cide that there is nothing injurious in glucose;
but the veixlict of the living laboratory contra-
dicts this. Chemists do not understand why
the variety of grape sugar in glucose is not as
healthy as that found in honey; yet a swarm
of bees fed on honey will live and flourish for
an indefinite length of time, while one fed on
commercial glucose will die. There is no
ground for belief that the human stomach can
assimilate glucose any better than can the hon-
ey-bee.* A series of experiments with animals
and with men in penal institutions, by men
who can not be influenced by money, to deter-
mine the efTects of a diet in which glucose is
substituted for common sugar, will give us what
we want. The few experiments already made
are not trustworthy.

THE CRANE SMOKER.

I have used a Crane smoker the past season:
and until I find a better one I shall use no oth-
er. Before trial I was any thing but pleased
with its appearance. The bellows was upside
down, and the crooked nozzle was not looked
upon with favor. I soon discoven^d that the
position of the bellows was an improvement.
It is more convenient to carry and use, the
operator not having to reach quite so far for it,
and then grasping it in the best position for use.
The curved nozzle saves tipping it so far, and
there is less danger of rolling out coals. But
these are small advantages compared with its

•Tlie onMnary commercial glucose is, we are sure,
liavniful. Cliemists may be rig-ht regarding the ar-
ticle refliiecl of its sulphuric acid.— Ed.

great merit of being always ready with a vol-
ume of smoke sufficient for the crossest colony.
It is somewhat annoying to grasp a smoker
when the bees are stinging you, only to find
that it needs pumping a while before you can
get a volume of smoke from it. The inclosed
blast and smoke-proof bellows of the Crane,
after continual use from spring to fall, showed
their superiority in furnishing a blast that was
free from wheeziness, and almost if not quite
as clear as when new. The asbestos lining, to-
gether with a good draft, permits a combustion
that usually leaves but little black wood. The
smoke and the wood go out together. I have
had smokers in which the draft or air-supply
was so defective as to leave a large percentage
of the wood charred, necessitating the removal
of the same before filling up with fresh fuel.
For this reason the Crane takes not very much
more fuel than some other smokers of much less
capacity. This smoker, to me, has proven to
be both a time-saver and a sting-saver. Fire
can be built in it in much less time than in oth-
er smokers I have used. A lighted piece of
paper and a handful of charcoal from yester-
day's fire, with a few strokes of the bellows,
makes a perfect foundation for a hard-maple
filling; and all day after, it is ready to respond
to the slightest motion of the hand. In this
connection I will say that a small sheet-iron
dish or pail, with tight-fitting cover, is a con-
venient and safe receptacle for holding the coals
at the close of the day's work, and for convert-
ing the same into charcoal. I do not think the
smoker perfect. The leather cut-off valve in
the one received last spring burned out in a
couple of days. This was immediately replac-
ed by one made of asbestos paper, which work-
ed well during the remainder of the season. I
used no other smoker, and this one probably
saw as much service as the average smoker
will receive in three or four seasons. Notwith-
standing the lining of asbestos, the smoker
would get too hot for comfort, especially the
nozzle, which, while it could be knocked ofT for
filling, on account of its thickness would re-
main too hot for replacing. I notice the smoker
gotten out for this season's trade has the asbes-
tos lining removed from the nozzle, and is hing-
ed to the fire-pot. After a day's use I can say
this is a great improvement. It also has a cor-
rugated shield to protect the hand, and is not
so heavy as the first one. Probably it is as light
as a smoker of this size can be made and have
itof good quality. The leather valve has been
improved by a tin lining and a spring to help
its action; but the best thing I have noticed
about the 18!i4 smok(!r is the evidence it bears
that no effort or expense will be spared to per-
fect it. The rim-cloth strainer for the nozzle
can be removed for cleaning. After a day's
trial I threw it away. Others may esteem this
highly. Were I to hinge the nozzle I would
point it, instead of at right angles with the bel-

314

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apk. 15.

lows, at an angle of about 4.5° toward the left
for a right-handed man. This is about as much
of an improvement as the curved nozzle; for,
while the latter saves bending the arm, the
former saves twisting it. A good smoker is the
most valuable implenvnt in the apiary, and I
have written this for ihe benefit of bee-keep-
ers, and not for the benefit of the makers who
probably do not need the smoker trade as much
as do some of their competitors.

WILT. HONKY GO ON THE FRKK LIST ?

The Senate committee have lowered the
House duty on honey, and it would not be at all
surprising if honey were put upon the free list
before the Wilson bill passes. The Vermont
State Association have sent in a protest, but I
have not heard any thing from the standing
'•watch-dog" committee on legislation (Messrs.
Hambaugh, Taylor, and Secor), appointed at
Albany. The Mohawk Valley now produces
but little more extracted honey than a supply
for the home trade.

The weather so far this monih has been as it
usually is in April. Our cellars being heavily
stocked, the warm weather caused the temper-
ature to rise beyond the point of safety. We
therefore set out a part of the bees. The waste
on the cellar bottom for the ten days before set-
ting them out nearly equaled that of the entire
winter before. Those from the cellar emptied,
appear in fair condition, with few dead swarms.
We had removed over three hundred before we
found the first dead one. This is earlier than
we ever set out bees before.

Starkville, N. Y., March 20.

MIGRATORY BEE-KEEPING IN GERMANY.

gravenhorst's hive; some of its advan-
tages FOR MOVING.

By C. J. U. Gravenliurst.

As soon as I began keeping bees for a liveli-
hood I came to the conclusion that I could
achieve success only by adopting the migratory
system of our old bee-masters of the heath who
live on the large plains of North Germany, and
of whom I gave an account in a previous ar-
ticle.

It may be that some of my brother bee-keep-
ers in Gtirmany have attained th(i desired suc-
cess in apiculture without liauliug liieir bees
around from place to place; buL it is only when
they live in one of those regions of Germany
where bees may gather honey from spring till
autumn. Uut such regions are very scarce
here. In most parts of our country we can ex-
pect a good honey harvest only, first, in spring
— that is, in April, May, and June, from rape,
bilberry, fruit - blossoms, etc.; or, second, in
June and July from locusts, lindens, corn-flow-
ers, etc. ; or, third, in July, August, and Septem-
ber, from buckwheat and £/v,ca'iHt/(/ari« (heath-
er). As I live in the second region I am obliged

to move around with ray bees early in the
spring, and in July, if I wish to make money
with my bees; then early in the spring till
June, and from July to September, my bees live
at home mostly from hand to mouth. Thus I
have to be continually on the lookout for the
best bee-pasturage in my immediate neighbor-
hood, as well as many miles from my apiaries;
and when the frost killed the blossoms at home,
or when I perceived that the blossoms near my
apiaries did not yield any nectar, while at some
distance the frost had not done any damage at
all, or that the blossoms yielded more nectar on
account of rain, or when some one at that
place had sown several acres of good honey-
plants— for instance, rape, white clover, etc., I
did hot hesitate about hauling by bees to those
places which I found to be better. You see,
friend Hoot, I was forced to travel around with
my bees, and it often had to be done very quick-
ly. You know what a great advantage it is to
be in the right place at the right time, in order
that the bees may work fast. You know, also,
how soon a change of weather sets in, and how
soon the plants lose their blossoms. Consider-
ing all this, you will readily see why I have to
use a hive suitable for migration, that can be
made ready without the least delay, for a long
or short journey, and one that gives the great-
est immunity from damage to any colony or its
combs. The hive I have used for nearly thirty
years has proven to be such a one. Let me re-
late a little episode that well illustrates what I
have just said:

On the first day of April, 1893, 1 hauled over
40 colonies to a friend who resides in a village
two miles from my home. Here abounds the
bilberry {Heklelheere) , yielding every year a
good crop of honey. One morning my good
friend called me and said:

" You know, friend Gravenhorst, we have had
severe frosts for several nights, and so all the
blossoms of our bilberry are destroyed. There
is now uo hope for pasturage for our bees."

" Yes, I know," said I, "and therefore it will
be better to haul my bec-s home."

" You will not do that if I tell you what I
know. I heard, some days ago, that, six miles
from my village, there would be twenty or more
acres of rape in full blossom. I was there yes-
terday, and I saw the large field. It was just
as I was told. I also saw the bees hard at work
on it. The rape has not suffered in the least
from the frost. Now, I am of the opinion that
we had better haul our bees this night to that
place. Not far from the rape-field I have hired
a bee-house in the garden of an old friend.
There will be room enough there for our colo-
nies."

"All right," said I. "Then I will go with
you and prepare my bees for the trip."

I went to my neighbor, a cartman, and order-
ed him (as I have no team) to be on hand with
the bee-wagon at six o'clock in the evening, at

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

3ir

my friend's house in the neighboring village.
At three in the afternoon I began to prepare my
colonies for the journey. This I did in this
way: I (irst turned over one hive after another.
You remember the hive I use is the old straw
skep, but larger, and furnished with Id frames,
nearly the size of your Langstroth frame. The
next thing I did was to convince myself, by
looking into the hive, whether the combs were
fast in the frames or shaky. In this case a
wooden stick, ^^ of an inch thick, was thrust
into the space between the combs and into the
wall of the hive, giving the combs a sufficient
support: but as the combs are mostly built fast
in the frames, very few sticks are nec(>ssary — in
most of the hives, not any. When I see, by
peeping into the hive, that all is right, 1 take a
closely woven cloth, lay it over the opening of
the hive, and tack the four ends to the hive
with wire nails, or use a cord and tie the cloth
to the hive, as you see in the engraving. Then
I replace the closed hive on its stand. The bees
which take wing on account of preparing the
hive for the migration, or which flew off on ac-
count of the smoker, etc., will now enter the
hive, as the fly-hole is not covered by the cloth.

After our arrival at the place of destination
the hives were set in the bee-house on shelves,
the moss in the entrances was pulled out, and
the job was done. We bade farewell to our col-
onies, and went home. This was on the (ith of
May; and as the weather was very fine for our
bees on the following days, I hoped they would
do very well. On the !)Lh of May I made up my
mind to go and see what my colonies were do-
ing. Before sunrise I was in the company of
my bee-friend. The first thing now to be done
was to take off the cloths from the hives, to see
how it was with my bees. On turning over the
first hive I was aware that the bees must have
done their utmost, as the hive had a respecta-
ble weight. So it was. After removing the
cloths I found that all was well. Not one comb
was injured. There was nothing to do with
the bees. Half an hour's work, and I knew all
about every colony. Remembfr, friend Root,
that all this was possible only because I always
handle hives more than frames. I had scarcely
ended my review when the bees began their
flight. My friend and I stood aside, seeing our
bees work.

"Well, my friend," said I, "it matters not

HOW THEY MOVE E

At five o'clock all was done. Then it took
scarcely five minutes to prepare my hives for
the migration. The cartman with his team
and the bee-wagon had in due time arrived;
and as soon as the bees had ceased to fly I would
give a wliitt' of smoke into the entrance, caus-
ing the bees to go into the hive. I had, ready
some wet moss to close the entrances of the
hives. After this was done the hives were plac-
ed on the wagon and stowed away, head down
and cloth up. just as you see it done in the en-
graving. On such a wagon I load (K) or more of
my movable-comb hives.

Now began the journey. It is an old prac-
tice of our wandering bee-keepers, after a five-
minutes' passage to come to a standstill for five-
minutes, in order to give the bees a chance to
come to themselves again. They are then more
quiet during the journey, for then they do not
cause too much heat.

EES IN GERMANY.

that .Jack Frost has shown us his face by dam-
aging our bilberry-blossoms. If we have only
two more days like the last ones, we'll thank
him for his trick."

Till the Kith of May we had very fine weath-
er; but then the joy had an end; and as cold
and windy weather set in, and tiie time of
blooming of the rape was over, we hauh^d our
bees home.

Would not every day that we arrived later in
the rape- field have been a great loss? Does
this not show how important it is to be at the
right place at the right time? and whatagi'eat
boon migratory bee-keeping can be? I extract-
ed nearly 150 lbs. of fine rape honey; and not
only this. 40 colonies had enough honey and
pollen for brood-rearing; but I could also fur-
nish other colonies with this new honey.

I should not have had such success if the
frost had not destroyed the bilberry-blossoms.

316

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apr. 15.

that never yield as much honey as rape; and so
I may say that the great facility of my wander-
ing system helped me to a gain I should not
have had otherwise.

However, this is not the only case in which I
have had good luck. There has not been one
year when I did not wander with my bees more
than once. Every year, in the beginning of
July, I took all of them 30 miles to the buck-
wheat-fields, and in the month of August to
the large plains of the Erica vulgaris.

Well, friend Root, what a great boon it would
have been for me if I had had at that time a
bicycle, and had been such a perfect rider on
the wheel as you are! How easily would I have
discovered by a ride, the best honey sources in
the surrounding country ! Yes, the bicycle has
a future for bee-keepers, at last, in Germany.

Wilsnack, Germany.

Ti) be continued.

[We will explain to some of our older sub-
scribers that the hive used by friend Graven-
horst is somewhat after the pattern of the old
straw skep, except that it is oblong, larger, and
has movable frames. Instead of using boards
for tops and sides of the hive, he uses woven
straw. From the engraving it will be seen ihat
the hive is opened only at the bottom. To ex-
amine into the brood-chamber it is tipped over,
and the frames drawn out while it is inverted.
The frames are self-spacing, and friend Gra-
venhorst is a firm believer in the idea of han-
dling hives instead of frames. Well, as the
reader will notice, the hives are all ready for
moving. All that is necessary is to tie the
cloth over the bottom, invert it, and set them
up in a wagon, as shown in the cut. Perhaps
such an arrangement would not be quite satis-
factory to the bee-keepers of the United States;
but it is nevertheless a fact that Mr. Graven-
horst is not only a practical bee-keeper, but
one who gets the honey; nor does he waste a
good deal of labor in doing it, either.

Yes, yes, friend G., the bicycle would be a
great help to you; and we hope to hear, before
many months, of your riding from one apiary
to another as you may establish them.

We may state that Mr. Gravenhorst writes
his articles in good idiomatic English, and so,
of course, he is perfectly familiar with what
has been done by English-speaking bee-keep-
ers, not only in England but in this country.
" Bilberry " is our word for huckleberry. — Ed.]

HYBRIDS OR MONGRELS— WHICH ?

THK WKONG USE OF TERMS IN APICULTURE IN
GENERAL.

By Rev. L. J. Templin.

The offspring of a cross between different
species is a hybrid; and the result of a cross
between different members of a species, or be-
tween different races of the same species, are
mongrels. The offspring of hybrids is a hybrid,
and the offspring of mongrels is a mongrel.
Now, the question before us is: Are the Ger-
man black or brown bee and the Italian bee
distinct species, or are they only different races
of the same species? Of course, if they are
different species their crosses are hybrids; but
if they are only races their crosses are only

mongrels. To determine this question, it is
necessary to inquire as to what are specific, and
what are only racial or varietal characters.
To speak of those qualities that do not consti-
tute specific characteristics I will first mention
that neither size nor shape is to be regarded as
specific characters. We have but to look
around us to see abundance of evidence of the
truth of this statement. The horse, the ox. the
sheep, the pig, the dog, and the hen, furnish
abundance of evidence of the truth of this
proposition. Compare the Percheron horse,
weighing more than a ton, with the Shetland
pony, two and a half feet high, or the deer-like
Jersey cow with the " big ox," weighing two
tons, or the poodle dog, seven inches long, with
the enormous mastiff' or Newfoundland that
can almost carry a man; or, again, look at a
bantam hen beside a Cochin hen, for examples;
yet no one thinks of placing these respective
pairs in different species.

As to shape, I need but mention the difference
between the heads of the greyhound and the
bulldog, and that between the carrier and
short-faced tumbler pigeon.

A difference of instincts does not necessarily
indicate a difference of species. The setter,
the pointer, the trail hound, and the bulldog
exhibit very distinct characteristics; yet they all
belong to the same species; and among hens we
find some breeds that are very much inclined to
be broody, while other races are almost entire-
ly non-sitters. So the temperament of bees,
their readiness or reluctance to go into the su-
pers, their manner of sealing their combs,
whether white or dark, and other minor differ-
ences among the different kinds of bees, may
be only racial distinctions.

Again, color is not a specific character. A
glance at the vegetable world, especially culti-
vated plants, will prove that color has nothing
to do in marking the diffeiences of species.
Take the rose tribe, which varies in color from
pure white to almost pure black. Yet all be-
long to one species. The same is true of the
chrysanthemum, the portulacca, and scores of
other flowering plants and shrubs. In the ani-
mal world the same rule holds good. I need
scarcely call attention to the different species
of domestic animals among which color has no
significance as to specific distinctions. Among
our various kinds of domestic animals we find
all colors, and all shades and combinations of
color. Take the horse, the ox, the pig, the dog,
and the hen, and, in each of these species, all
kinds of color prevail. Even in the sheep, that
has been bred for color through countless gen-
erations, we find white, gray, grizzled, mottled,
brown, black, and red. If in both the vegeta-
ble and animal worlds, so far as we know, color
is never a specific character, is it not pushing
our assumptions beyond warrant to claim that
color in bees is a mark of species and not of on-
ly race or variety ?

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE,

317

We see, therefore, that it is in vain to look for
specific characteristics iti any external modifi-
cation of any nature. How, then, may we dis-
tinguish between races and species? I answer,
first: All the members of a species have the
same anatomical structure. Gather together
specimens of a species from the four quarters of
the globe, and it will be found that the number,
structure, articulations, and the relations of the
bones are the same, with occasional and unim-
portant exceptions, such as an additional Hngiir
or toe, or other such slight variation. Second-
ly: A sure and unerring mark of distinction
between the offspring of different species and
of different races is found in the fact that the
progeny of different races of the same species
is fertile, and will propagate indefinitely, while
hybrids are sterile, or have only a very restrict-
ed fertility, which generally disappears entire-
ly in a few generations. When hybrids are fer-
tile, after the first generation many of the off-
spring revert back to one of the parent types;
sometimes to that of the father, and at others
to that of the mother. If the hybrids continue
to be prolific through several generations there
comes in what is called disordered generation,
in which the different Individuals do not resem-
ble either the parents or each other — are a group
of very unlike individuals. Almost all known
hybrids have been produced under the care of
man, and it requires constant care to continue
them in existence. But how different with
mongrels! Without any care, and often in
spite of watchful efforts to the contrary, mon-
grels will cross and mix in every shade and de-
gree of relationship, and every individual will
be as prolific as the original parents. The great
trouble with races and mongrels is, to prevent
their crossing and mixing to an undesirable ex-
tent. Now, with these genei-al laws and prin-
ciples before us, let us inquire whether the dif-
ferent kinds of bees that we know are species
or races and varieties.

We have, or have had, in this country the
(Jerraan (or black) bee: the Italian, the Egyp-
tian, the Cyprian, the Holy-Land, the Carnio-
lans, and the Tunisian (or Punic) bees. I have
studied all the literature accessible on the sub-
ject, and I have never seen a hint of there be-
ing any essential difference in the anatomical
structure of any of these different kinds of
bees. Nor have I seen any complaint or state-
ment that the offspring of any of these crosses
were any less prolific than their parents. Nor
has there appeared any tendency to diminish
prolificness as generation after generation has
passed away. Now, here we have all the char-
acteristics of races, but a total absence of the
marks of species.

From the foregoing truths we must conclude
either that our bees are not controlled by the
general laws that govern in the natural world
(for which we have no warrant), or we must
admit that all the different kinds that we have

are distinct races belonging to one and the same
species. It seems to me. Mr. Editor, that this
last is the only scientific conclusion to which
we can come. If this conclusion is correct, as I
believe it to be, we have not different species of
bees, only races and their crosses, or mongrels.
It follows that, to speak of hybrids, is improp-
er, as there are no such bees in the country.
Canon City, Colo.

[It has been generally recognized that the
term hybrid, as applying to a cross between
Germans and Italians, was incorrect; but the
name got started wrong, and at this time it
seems to be quite impossible to correct it. Un-
fortunately, there are other terms in apicultural
nomenclature that are about as bad. Dr. .Mil-
ler could probably furnish you quite a list. He
would have these dropped, and correct ones
used instead. But as publishers of tons and
tons of bee literature, the task of making these
changes, to say nothing of the expense and the
practical impossibility of getting the general
public to accept them, leads us to forbear even
the attemiit. Bro. York estimates that we have
sent out, or will have when the next edition is
exhausted. <ome ti2 tons of the A |{ C of Bee
Culture alone. This represents only a small
part, comparatively, of other bee matter that
we have sent out. Manifestly we can't change
what has gone out; and if we do try to substi-
tute new terms for what is to go out. the reading
public will not. To illustrate: Our spelling is
a reproach and a discredit upon all civilized
nations using it. We got started wrong, and
we now admit our inability to help ourselves.

By the way, you have given us some interest-
ing facts in regard to species, hybrids, and
mongrels. — Ed.]

MANUM IN THE APIARY.

FLORAL FERTILIZATION DISCUSSED.

By A. E. Mamaii.

"Good morning, Mr. Hill. Drive right into
the barn, and have your horses fed."

"Thank you, Manum; but Ican'tstop long.
I must hurry home to look after my sap. This,
you see, is what we call a "sugar snow";'' and,
by the way, here is a cake of sugar that my
wife sent to your wife."

" Well, there she is under the shed, feeding
her White Wonders. She owns the hens, and
takes the principal care of them. I know she
will be pleased with this nice cake of new ma-
ple sugar."

"Now, Manum, have called to ask you a
few questions. I don't know any thing about
bees, and don't want to know. I would not
have a hive of them on my farm. Why! they
would sting me to death, or drive me oft'. But
what I want to know is this: Do bees damage
buckwheat? I intend to plow up an old pas-
ture, and sow it to buckwheat; but my neigh-
bors tell me that Mr. Elliot's bees will ruin it,
and I have come to ask your opinion; and I
want you to tell me aJl you know about it. If
you tell me to sow the buckwheat I will do so;
and if you say bees will damage it, I shall sow
rye."

318

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apr. 15.

"Ila! ha! ha I Well, Mr. Hill, I have arrived
at the point now where such things amnse nie.
They used to wori-y me; but now my neighbors
have learned the facts by actual demonstra-
tion. Years ago I used to furnish buckwheat,
free, to all who would sow it. I did so until all
were convinced that the bees did it no harm.
No, no, Mr. Hill; bees do not harm any blossom;
on the contrary, they do good by assisting the
fertilization of all fruits and grain that attract
them by the secretion of nectar — honey. There-
fore I advise you to sow the buckwheat, with
the assurance from me that the bees will do it
no harm. I am surprised that your neighbor,
Mr. Elliott, has not taken more pains to con-
vince your neighborhood of the fact that bees
are a benefit to farmers."

" Manum. you just mentioned fruit, as though
bees were a benefit to it; but I am sure they do
it great harm; for I did not have a single plum
last year, and but few apples."

" Did you spray your fruit-trees?"

"No. I did not. The bees worked on them so
much I knew there would be no fruit,. and the
spraying would be useless."

" Did any of your neighbors spray their trees?"

" Yes, my nearest neighbor south sprayed
three or four times, but he got only half a crop,
and he was one mile from the bees, and he
thinks if he had been two miles away he would
have got a full crop."

" Well. Mr. Hill, I will tell you something of
my experience with my neighbors regarding
this matter. Some 23 years ago, when I com-
menced bee-keeping here in the village— I was
then in the harness business, you will remember
— all my neighbors were worried for fear they
would not be able to raise any fruit, cucumbers,
melons, or squashes; but by the second year I
heard no complaints. The bees were in my
own garden, and I purposely exhibited cucum-
bers, melons, and fruit, to all the neighbors, so
that all complaints were hushed. I soon locat-
ed an apiary at New Haven Mills, in an old or-
chard that had been neglected, and, consequent-
ly, had borne but little fruit for a number of
years. As a natural consequence, that neigh-
borhood was all astir over my locating an api-
ary in their midst, because, as they declared,
they could raise no more fruit or buckwjieat.
Of course, I felt hurt at the cool treatment I re-
ceived on all sides. I finally bought several
bushels of buckwheat at $1.00 per bushel, and
gave seed to all who would sow it. Some would
not take seed, fearing they would lose their
time; and even a few to whom I gave seed were
persuaded not to sow it; but two years chang-
ed all this, and no one was angry because of the
bees. Owing to the increase of my colonies I
was forced to start another apiary. This third
apiary 1 located in the town of Mankton,
where the same prejudice existed as bad as in
the other two locations; and I will simply men-
tion one particular case which happened on Mr.

Wm. P. Chase's farm, located half a mile from
my apiary. This man was very much displeas-
ed at my locating an apiary so near him. Well,
that spring ho sowed two small pieces of land
to buckwheat. These pieces were several rods
apart, and both alike as to fertility, so Mr.
Chase told me afterward. While this buck-
wheat was in bloom, Mr. Chase and his help
were doing some work beyond these two pieces;
hence they passed near them every day. One
piece the bees seemed to work upon very busily
every day, while on the other scarcely any bees
were seen on it during its bloom. Consequent-
ly Mr. Chase would often remark to his men,
' Well, boys, Manum's bees have not found this
piece of buckwheat yet, and I shall get a good
crop here; but they will ruin the other piece,
for they are fairly swarming on it.' And now,
Mr. Hill, I have a surprise for you. When it
came time to harvest this grain, the piece where
the bees visited the most, there was a fine crop;
while on the other piece there was not grain
enough to pay or the harvesting; and Mr.
Chase told me himself that, had it not been for
the looks, he would not have cut that piece.
He did, however, but made no attempt to thrash
it. To further satisfy you, Mr. Hill, suppose
we walk over to Mr. Chase's (he is now my
nearest neighbor), and ask him if bees injure
buckwheat or even fruits."

"No, Manum, I am satisfied with your ex-
planation, and I shall not hesitate to sow buck-
wheat where I intended to. Now, Manum, be-
fore I go I will do an errand for my wife. You
remember you sent me three of your No. 1 po-
tatoes, with the request that they be cooked,
that I might test their eating quality. Well,
we did as requested, and my wife was so well
pleased with them that she wishes you to name
them ' Bristol Beauty;' and I think it an appro-
priate name, as I consider them the nicest and
best potato I ever saw."

" Very well. You may tell Mrs. Hill that she
has named the potato, and hereafter they shall
be known as the 'Bristol Beauty;' and to rec-
ompense her for the good name, 1 will send her
some of my No. 3 seed ings, that you may get
into the seed."

Bristol, Vt.

A LETTEK

DECOY HIVES.

TO THE boys; and IF
NOT A BOV, .SKIP IT.

By ChaUm Fmvlx

Perhaps some of the boys who read Glean-
iN(iS will get the bee-fever this spring, and will
be possessed with a consuming desire for a
swarm of bees.

Now, boys, ril tell you how to get them with-
out either begging or buying. Trap them.
You probably have trapped other game— rabbit,
quail, etc. Well, you can trap a swarm of bees
just as well, and it's just as much fun. You

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

319

know If you catch some game yourself it's alto-
gothor diffcrtMit from what it would be if you
bought it of some one. You say something
like lliis: "See what I have caught— cauglit it
miisclf." If caught alive without a wound,
you value it still higher.

Well, now-, to trap your bees you vi^ant an old
hive if you can get one; or if you can get two
or three to put in ditl'erent places, so much the
better. Now you want an old brood-comb to
hang in each hive— the older and blacker the
better. If you can't do any better, get two or
three pieces of old combs and fasten them in
the tops of the frames by means of melted wax.
This is for bait. You want it old and black,
so it will smell strong; but it should be free
from the moths, and no honey in it. The bees
will look for an empty hive to store honey in,
but they don't want honey already stored in it.
Now fill up the rest of the hive with empty
frames; tie on the cover with stout twine,
drawing it tight by twisting in a stick, and you
have your trap ready. Now carry it to the
woods; find some tree easy to climb, and draw
up your hive by means ofa"cord. Finding a
good resting-place for it among the branches,
tie it securely; 10 or 1.') feet is high enough if
you can find a good place. Don't go very far
into the woods. If the tree you select is near a
field of white clover, so much the better.

Of course, you must have your traps ready
just befon' swarming-time, so as to be ready
for all the runaway swarms. If you visit your
traps in the middle of the day you will see a
few bees going in and out. These are the
pioneers, or agents, sent on beforehand to
stake out their claim. They'll work several
days cleaning house before the swarm comes;
but if the swarm doesn't succeed in running
away you won't get them; but your chances
arc just as good for another. As soon as you
know you have the.n, carry them home just at
night. After letting down the hive with a cord,
hang it to the middle of a spring-pole, and two
bovs can carry it home with hardly a jar.

Once in a great while the owner will follow a
runaway swarm, and line them to a tree or
your hive, as the case may be. In such a case
he would have the first right; but he ought to
be willing to pay you for securing them for him,
and for your hive. But such a case seldom
happens, as those who have large apiaries will
not leave .")0 or 100 swarms to run after one.
But I once, some 10 or 1:.' years ago, caught a
runaway swarm that was followed to the hive
by the owners; but it was only half a mile, and
they had but few bees at home. It happened
this way:

Having obtained permission of my neighbor
I fastened one of my decoy hives in a tree in
his woods, about half a mile back from his
house. He had a boy whom I will call John,
because that wasn't his name. Toward night
one day in June, John drove over to my place,

saying, as he came up in a hurry, " I wa
get you to come right over to our house and
hive my bees for me. They swarmed this fore-
noon, and I tried to hive them but they
wouldn't go into the hive, but just clustered on
the front of the hive."

■' Why, John, I don't see why you shouldn't
succeed in getting them in. You didn't shake
them into the hive, did you ?"

" No; I just shook them down in front of the
entrance, as you told me to."

"That's right; in hiving them, never shake
them in or they will run out. Shake them out-
side, and they will run in."

" But mine didn't. They just ran up on the
front of the hive, and they have hung there all
day."

"Oh : but you oughtn't to let them. You
should just brush them off and not let them
cluster at all."

330

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apr. 15.

" But I was afraid they would all take wing
and go off. I did brush off a dozen or so, to try
to start them to going in, but they would go
right back to the cluster; and father would
just stand there in his bantering way, and say,
' Better let 'em alone; ymi don't know how to
hive bees.' "

" Well, John, as it's so near night I can leave
my bees, and I'll go over with you and help you
to get your bees into the hive."

A few minutes' ride in John's buggy brought
us to his home. As we drove through the gate
his mother came out exclaiming, "O John!
they're gone! they're gone! We tried to stop
them; threw water, and drummed on a tin pan,
but it was no use. They just went right
straight to the woods, and your father ran after
them, and he saw them go right straight into
Chalon's hive."

At this John's father came out of the house,
looking very much heated but triumphant.
Looking quizzingly at John he said, assuming
great superiority, •' You don't know how to
hive bees. I hived your bees."

Oberlin, Ohio.

^ I w

FAX.

By EUei-y K)um.

RAMBLE 106.
rambler's nakeow escape.

Why can't every bee-keeper have a little
'speriment station of his own ?

A good way to make non-swarmers work to
perfeckshun is to put 'em on top of the hives
and fill 'em with seckshuns, adding more as
needed. Try it.

Every feller to his own noshun, but I prefer
to do most of my spring feedin' in the airly
part of September.

Hives settin' facing the west are inclined to
tilt a little to the south when the ground first
thaws out in the spring.

Sum hunny on the market is not only flavor-
ed, but 'pears to be tinted a delikate color also.

I am shure if the bees had their way about
the matter they would build the bottom-bars
purt nigh as wide as the brood-comb is thick.

A frame of hunny in the hive left over frum
winter will raise bout as menny bees as if fed
fer stimulatin' purposes in the spring.

Have used the T super and seckshun-holder
side by side; and I'd ruther use the holder, be-
cause the bottoms of the seckshuns are never
built up against with burr-comb; and fur an-
uther reezin, that queens are not so apt to git
above. Hunny wuz purty heavy last seezin,
and yet the bottoms of the holders did not swag
down.

Oh the trees wuz made fer blossoms,

And the blossoms made fer trees;
And the hunny in the blossoms —
It wuz made fer hunny bees.
[Another feature of the section-holder is, that
wide wooden separators can be used, thus pro-
tecting from propolis the upright edges of the
sections. — Ed.]

Holy Cab! What an escape! -
.Has she reaUygone.orain I dream-
ing 1 -

HERE was
really no
d anger
threatening
Eugenia.
The yelp-
ing growl
heard on
that event-
ful evening
was merely
the uneasy
notes of the
coyote.
These ani-
mals never
attack a
person; but,
observing
Eugenia's
hysterical
condition, and to avert unpleasant swoons, etc.,
the Rambler descended from his dignified posi-
tion and escorted Eugenia to a place of safety,
walking several feet in advance. Eugenia evi-
dently had an unfavorable opinion of the wilds
of California, with the loneliness, coyotes,
skunks, tarantulas, scorpions, and centipedes.
The advantages presenting themselves for the
cultivation of that opinion I embraced with
alacrity; and by the time we had arrived at the
haunts of civilization Eugenia consented to
take the next train. Eugenia's lunch-basket
was a wonder to behold, and a wonderfully
weighty thing to carry. "Thank fortune,"
said I, after lugging it into the car, "I do not
have to provide for that depraved appetite."
Eugenia was quite anxious for me to carry her
pocket-book; but, not wishing to fall into any
traps of that kind, I kindly but firmly refused,
and reflected severely upon the bad sense of
women in general and Eugenia in particular in
not providing pockets for their valuables. No,
I would not carry her pocketbook. Eugenia
had a row of those big buttons on her cloak,
and one had fallen off. She insisted that I
should get down on all fours and search under
the car-seats for it. I objected to the proceed-
ing; and, while objecting, the train started
with a glide, and I quietly bade Eugenia fare-
well and glided off the train.

I have reason to believe, however, that Eu-
genia has captured a cowboy. I obtained a very
good photo of said boy, and will call him Eu-
genia's future.

So far as the Rambler is concerned, all future

Eugenias and open letters of that nature will

be treated with contemptuous silence. Good-by,

Eugenia.

I return now to my ramblings; and this time

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

331

it is with Mr. Wheelor that I travel to Temec-
ula and Fallbrooi<. We start from Riverside,
and journey llirough the pass known as Box
Springs. The water is deveinjjed, and large
boxes are sunk into tike ground, niiiking a sort
of reservoir from whicli the water is conducted
to where it is needed. The numl)er of these
developed springs and boxes gives the locality
its name. TlHue are several apiaries in this
canyon; and as the entire collection of TJox
Spring Mountains is not many miles from popu-
lous Riverside, the number of apiaries is on the
increase.

Our journey led through several small towns,
and I remembered Wiidoniar in particular as
being the place where Mr. Hubbard, of River-
side, had purchased some chickens. They were
of the Plymouth Rock denomination; and
when they arrived at the Hubbard mansion
they were examined with enthusiasm by Mrs.
H.; but for many days when they were called
to their breakfast they would run away in the
opposite direction. Mr. and Mrs. H. thought
this a strange freak: and, after some thought,
Mr. H. found the reason to be that the chickens
had been purchased of a Wildomar Dutchman,
had been called in Dutch, and, when the good
United States " chick, chick," had been shout-
ed to them they did not "sabe." Due training,
however, by Mrs. H. has quite naturalized and
Americanized them.

The Dutch way of catching chickens is also
quite novel, and may give our American poul-
try-fanciers a hint, which will save much bois-
terous running. A long light slender pole, with
a wire hook on the end of it, is the simple ap-
paratus. The hook is stealthily applied to the
neck of the fowl, and it is immediately a cap-
tive.

We found Temecula another shipping-point
for a great amount of honey. The town is not
so thriving as it was in boom times, and is sort
of waiting for the next boom.

We stopped over night here and found the
hotel-keeper a typical Californian. He was an
ex-bee-keeper; sold his honey for 3>.2 cts. per
lb., and on that low price went out of the busi-
ness. Another factor among the reasons for
quitting the business was that, on the lonely
bee-ranch, his wife was attacked and danger-
ously bitten by a wildcat (Eugenias, take no-
tice). The wife, however, was equal to the oc-
casion, and got hold of it in such a way as to
choke the life out of it. The town, therefore,
had attractions for mine host and his family.
The tinkle-tonkleof the supper-gong broke in
upon our meditations; and upon gratifying
curiosity I found it to be a large cultivator-
tooth being whacked with a piece of iron. It
made the valley echo, and, to all intents and
purposes, it was as good as an expensive gong.
We were rather late in getting to the supper-ta-
ble, and I was placed opposite another rambler
in the shape of a Temecula Indian, of which

there is quite a sprinkling around the country.
My opposite was very taciturn, and dcwoted
liimself strictly to the business of satisfying
the inner man.

When we proceeded upon our journey the
next morning we found, in the next town, what
might be termed a natural curiosity; but it was
not considered remarkable liere. This nook in
the mountains has the unusual phenomenon of
a Rainbow every day in the year. Wet or dry,
hot or cold, clear or foggy, that Rainbow is sure
to be found. It is not of the prismatic order,
but prefixes to the name, J. P. M.; and this
Rainbow owns 200 colonies of bees, a large
amount of land, is supervisor in San Diego Co.,

and the postoifice in this neighborhood bears
the same name; and, on the whole, though the
heavens are not spanned, this Rainbow is no
mean affair, and walks and talks to some pur-
pose among the children of men.

As we get through the pass from Temecula to
Fallbrook we get into a more prosperous-look-
ing country. We skirt alongside the Red
Mountain Ranch, containing 800 acres, fully 600
of which is planted to fruit-trees, and of va-
rieties too numerous to mention. From one por-
tion of tlie road, as we wind around the moun-
tains we get a view of the Pacific Ocean, only
about twenty miles away. Frequent fogs, and
the moisture resulting therefrom, enables the
ranchers to grow qu'le a variety of products
here without irrigation; and though Fallbrook
has no present boom on, we met parties who
gave such a roseate description of the town and
its possibilities that one would think there was
not another such town on earth. We begin to
think, also, that, to be a true Californian, the
town in which we live must be the subject of
unstinted praise wherever we go, whether it de-
serves it or not. In Fallbrook we found Mr. A.
F. Cate, quite an extensive bee-keeper, and in
business as a lumber-dealer. In the latter ca-
pacity he handles bee-hives and sections, dis-
tributing many thousands among the surround-
ing bee-keepers. Mr. Cate had just received

332

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apr. If).

samples of the new sections from the Home of
the Honey-bees, and was quite enthusiastic
over their fine appearance. Mr. Gate is a pro-
ducer of comb honey. In speaking of the rela-
tive merits of producing either comb or extract-
ed honey, he thinks that, as it requires more
skill to produce comb honey, the true bee-keep-
er will not be content to continue to produce ex-
tracted, but should aspire to the higher degree
of comb-honey production. The comb-honey
idea presented in this manner has caused a spell
of reflection to come over the Rambler.

Mr. Wheeler and I finished our southward
journey at Fallbrook, and, soon after, returned
to Riverside, making a very pleasant prelimi-
nary trip to what is to follow in the next ex-
perience of the Rambi.ek.

SHEETING WAX FOR THE GIVEN PRESS.

PLAIN SPECIFIC DIRECTIONS.

/{(/ R. L. Tajilor.

It should be understood that the dipping of
wax to be made into foundation by the press is
a very different operation from that of dipping
it for the roller mill, and this for the reason
that, since the roller mill thins and equalizes
the sheet in the process of converting it into
foundation, no especial care need be >ised to
make it of any given thickness or even of equal
thickness. But with the press the case is quite
different; for when that is used the foundation
produced corresponds with the sheet from which
it is made, both in thickness and evenness, as
well as in length and breadth.

One reason given to account for the fact that
foundation made on the Given press has not be-
come popular is that it does not look as well as
does that made on the roller mill. It is true,
the latter has a smooth shiny surface on ac-
count of the great pressure exerted upon it by
the rollers, and a certain trim appearance from
the fact that the edges of each sheet must be
cut to bring it to the required dimensions — a
process not necessary with Given foundation,
though, of course, it may be used; but whether
these peculiarities entitle the roller foundation
to be called superior in appearance is a matter
of taste. Many would call highly calendered
printing-paper the finest in appearance; but
the best taste by no means accords it that dis-
tinction; and, by the connoisseur, a book with
untrimmed leaves is esteemed a luxury. The
adage, "Handsome is that handsome does,"
ought certainly to hold in the case of founda-
tion.

liut another point made against the appear-
ance of the Given foundation is, that the sheet
is of uneven thickness, and this, since it may
be presumed in some degree to affect its utility,
has some validity unless the objection is sub-
stantially overcome; and to show how this may
be accomplished to a satisfactory degree is one

of the points which prompted the writing of
this article. My aim will be to describe a cheap
process that will do well enough for one who
desires to manufacture foundation sufficient
only for himself and neighbors; but from it
one who looks for a more extensive business can
easily plan an outfit to suit the circumstances
of his case.

An old wash-boiler answers very well as a dip-
ping-tank for sheets for section foundation;
but another v.essel is required for melting wax
to keep up the supply in the boiler, and for this
a second boiler or even a less expensive vessel
will do. For dipping for brood foundation
there will be needed, in addition, a dipping-
tank about 4x12 inches by :.' feet deep, which
should be fitted with four feet to raise it an
inch or so from the bottom of an outside tank
which is for the purpose of keeping the first
tank surrounded with hot water to prevent too
rapid cooling, and should be 8xlt5 inches by S.")
inches deep. The dipping - boards are best
made of fine straight-grained pine f'a of an
inch thick, and of a width and length to cor-
respond with the dimensions desired in the
foundation. The swelling of the boards in
soaking will just about make provision for the
shrinking of the sheets. The boards should be
as smooth as they can be conveniently made,
and the sharpness of all their angles should be
carefully preserved. The boards for dipping
for section foundation may be any convenient
length, but must not be wider than a single
piece of foundation for filling a section is re-
quired to be— that is, it is very important that,
for ordinary sections, it be 3'^j in. wide and not
7}i in. Sheets of double width can not well be
made of the proper evenness and thinness, and
it follows that the board must, in dipping, be
used edge first, not end first. For convenience
in dipping 1 fit into the center of one edge of
these boards a slim screw about 1?4 or ~ inches
long, putting it in far enough to give it a firm
hold, having first slipped on to it a bit of thick
leather, which is for the comfort of the fingers
in grasping the head of the screw. The screw
is to serve as a handle in making the first im-
mersion. The screw is put into the end of the
boards used for brood foundation, for they may
be dipped end first, though, if one chooses, they
may be as well used the other way. In which
case the wash-boiler would answer very well
for a dipping-tank.

Presuming that the wax to be used for dip-
ping has been properly cleaned, and it is desired
to dip for section foundation, the next thing to
be attended is thesoaking of thedipping-boards,
which should be continued for two or three
days before the dipping is to begin, though a
less time will do if warm water is used for the
purpose, and from six to fifteen boards should
be provided, according as the dipper has one,
two, or three assistants. I-'or soaking the
boards, and for use in the process of dipping.

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

323

any good-si/od tub or the half of a korosene-
barrol, if well cleansed, will Hnswer. The wa-
ter should be soft, and it is (luiie important that
common salt be added at the rate of a quart to
ten or twelve gallons, and the water should be
well heated the evening before^ the dipping is to
l)e done, and made somewhat warm again in
tlie morning if it entirely cools.

The next thing to be done is the preparation
of the wax for dipping, and this is the most
critical part of the whole proc<'Ss. The most
natural way to do this is to keep up a hot (ire
and l)ring tln^ contents of the boiler to a hard
boil in order to hasten the mejiing of the wax;
init this is very objectional)le. for it not only
makes the room unnecessarily warm, but it
brings the wax and water to such a high tem-
perature that it takes longer to cool them suffi-
ciently for dipping than to prepare the wax
with a fire kept luore under control. Following
the course I shall now describe will prevent
much discomfort, loss of time, and vexation
arising from a failure to understand a variety
of difficulties wliich the other course produces.

As early in the morning as may be, put into
the boiler at least three or four inches of rain
water and as much moVe as maybe necessary
to fill it to within three or four inches of the
top after all the wax, intended to be melted at
first, is put in, and make a good fire of light
wood; then, as soon as the water begins to
warm, commence to put in the wax. and con-
tinue to do so as fast as a convenient place is
found for it. keeping up a moderate fire of the
same kind of wood. If the wax is in thin
cakes, or well broken up, it will be an advan-
tage, as it will thus melt quicker with less heat.

As soon as a good proportion of the wax is
melted, a thermometer that will register the
boiling-point of water is well nigh indispensa-
ble. Now hang the thermometer into the con-
tents of the lioiler, and observe the tempera-
ture indicated. But he prepared to know cer-
tainly whether thehiiibof the thermometer is
in the wax or the water. You may be inclined
to think th.nt. if you let the thermometer reach
170°. it will soon cool sufficiently. You set
the boiler off the stove at that point, but you
are surprised to find that, instead of cooling,
your wax continues to get hotter and hotter.
The reason is, the bulb hangs in the wax, and
fails to reveal the fact that the water has be-
come much hotter than the wax; and after it is
removed from the stove it continues to impart
its heat to the wax. It is well, therefore, to
pay attention to the heat of the water as well
as to that of the wax.

The aim is, to get the wax to 1.").')° F., the
right temperature for dipping, and at the same
time have it all melted. It is impossible, owing
to the varying proportions of water and wax,
and to the difference in the amount and size of
the pieces of unmelted wax, to give an exact
rule for removing the boiler; but in a grneral

way, where the wax is at al)oul 155°, there be-
ing but little unmelted wax left, it will be found
nearly right, and at this point it is to be set off
on a box of convenient height. If there is oth-
er wax to be added, that should, in the mean
time, be heating, and also a kettle of water;
for it is by the addition of hot wax and boiling
water that the temperature of the boiler is to
be maintained. A close-fitting board as a cover
for the boiler will also assist if put on whenever
dipping is intermitted for even a short time.

The thermometer is to be retained in the wax,
and its standing observed from time to time.
Some lots of wax will dip at a little higher tem-
perature than others; and the higher the tem-
pi'rature at which it is dipped, the thinner can
the sheets be made. When it is at from 155° to
1()0°, and all or nearly all melted, try it with a
dipping-board. If the sheet cracks irregularly,
either the board is too cold, the wax too warm,
or there is a cold draft in the room. Shut out
the draft. A little use will warm the board,
and the wax. if too warm, will soon cool suffi-
ciently. If there is a straight horizontal crack
in the sheet there has been a sudden jar or
sharp stoppage of the board in its descent into
the wax.

When every thing is ready, remove the boards
from the tub to let the water drip off a little;
then take each one in turn by the leather head
of the screw and let it steadily and rather
quickly down into the wax to the upper edge,
but not so that the upper edge is covered with
wax, and withdraw it at once. Letting it drip
a moment, pass it to the other hand, reversing
it at the same time, and sink the other edge
into the wax an inch, more or less, according to
the weight you desire to give the sheets. When
the board has dripped a moment, drop it into
the water already in the tub. Almost at once
the sheets may be removed from the board,
when it is ready to be used again. A little cold
water should be added from time to time to that
already in the tub, to keep down the tempera-
ture.

When every thing is right, the sheets present
a smooth even appearance, and break evenly
all around from the ribbon of wax on the edge
of the board; and with a small boy or girl to
l)ass the boaids promptly, the dipper can keep
both his hands busy, so that the dipping is done
quite rapidly. The hand which dips the boards
the second time must be protected by an old
glove, to prevent the inconvenience of a blister-
ed thumb and finger.

As soon as it is perceived by the thermometer
that the wax is sensibly cooling, some hot wax
must be added, or, when that is not to be had,
boiling water. A tea-kettle of water may be
added atone time, but not so much of the hot
yvax.

Even when a film of wax liegins to form on
the surface, dipping may still be carried on if it
is kept pushed aside; but more satisfactory

334

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apr. 15.

work will be done if the wax is maintained at
a temperature a little too high for the forma-
tion of the film. If either the wax itself or the
water below gets too cold, the sheets have a
blotched uneven appearance.

Little need be said in addition with reference
to the dipping of the sheets for brood founda-
tion. The process is analogous, and a much
less difficult one than the other. A little atten-
tion will have to be given to learn how deep to
dip the board the second time to get sheets of
the required weight; but in most cases, some-
where from one-third to two-thirds its length
will be found about right.

I have in the foregoing dwelt upon the more
important and the more difficult points of wax-
dipping for the press, necessarily omitting mi-
nor matters which can be easily learned or read-
ily inferred, on account of the magnitude of
the subject; and I feel sure that what I have
written will be of substantial service to the
novice— at least, it cost me many dollars and
much vexation to learn it.

Lapeer, Mich., Mar. 23.

[Your instructions will be applicable not only
for sheeting wax for Given presses but for rolls
as well. Of course, for the latter it is not so
important to have the wax of uniform thick-
ness.— Ed.]

^ I ^

HONEY PRODUCTION IN CALIFORNIA.

APICULTURE OF THK KAST AND THE WEST
COMPAKKD.

73,1/ Prof. A. r. Cook.

We all remember the story in the old spelling-
book, which surprised our unsuspicious minds,
when children, of the "bull goring the ox," and
how "circumstances alter cases." One finds the
same surprisingly true as he locates in a new
country. In Michigan and the East, the case
of " comb versus extracted honey " stands about
this way: It takes an expiTt to succeed best in
securing the beautiful comb, and he will not
produce more than about two-thirds of what
he could get if he worked for extracted honey.
Yet he has a more beautiful and readily salable
article, which brings, often, nearly or quite
twice as much in the market as he would secure
for an equal weight of extracted honey. More-
over, there is a peculiar fascination in the pro-
duction of comb honey which is lacking in the
work of extracting. On the other hand, it
must be conceded that the novice will usually
succeed better in running his apiary for ex-
tiacled honey; will often secure double the
amount, and in a poor season is not vexed with
a lot of partially filled sections on hand at the
close of the season.

I came to California intending to secure a
small apiary, and expected to work exclusively
for comb honey, as that always had a pi'ciiliar
fascination for me, and I believed I could real-
ize as great profit.

I was fortunate, a few nights ago, in having
as my guests Messrs. Rambler and Wilder. We
discussed this question, and I learned that, in
California, the matter had a changed aspect,
from the peculiarities of this region. Nearly
all in Southern California produce extracted
honey. In the first place, the honey-house, or
cabin, is often very primitive. Ants are very
numerous and obtrusive. It is easy to avoid
the ant nuisance if we work for extracted
honey, but very difficult, almost impossible, if
we produce comb honey. Again, the bulk of
the honey goes east, and is jarred and pounded
for days. Extracted honey is safe in barrels or
cans, and goes safely, and arrives at its desti-
nation in as good condition as it set out. Comb
honey, on the other hand, is often seriously
mutilated, and the eastern dealer must make a
large discount to save himself. Hence the
shipper is greatly disappointed when he re-
ceives his returns.

I was quick to see the reasonableness of these
suggestions; and the very next morning I or-
dered a Bingham uncapping-knife. I shall still
work for some comb honey, for I wish to make
the acquaintance of those ubiquitous ants, and
I must enjoy putting on and better taking off
the sections. Perhaps I can find a home mar-
ket, and so escape the dangers of shipment, es-
pecially as I expect to give the subject of mar-
keting California honey most earnest study this
coming year. Has not comb-honey production
earnest advocates among California honey-
producers'? Let us hear from them.

Claremont, Cal.

SOME CALIFORNIA JOTTINGS.

AIJOHTING-UOAKDS; A VALUABLE ARTICLE.

By K. H. Scliai'ffle.

In an issue of GiiEANiNos an engraving shows
the different styles of hives used in Europe.
What struck me most was, that they all had
wide alighting-boards that sloped out and down
to the ground; and I have sometimes wondered
why an alighting-board was not provided for
the Dovetailed hive, as the two-inch projection
is far too narrow. I have all of my hives set
up about 18 inches from the ground, to get
away from the toads, mice, ants, grass, and
dampness of the soil, to say nothing of the add-
ed convenience in handling; and I find it a very
simple and inexpensive matter to furnish each
hive with a broad slanting alighting-board as
follows: To a four-inch-wide strip of quarter-
inch stuff nail two strips of '^g stuff, with clinch
nails. Have these strips project 3 inches be-
yond the side of the four-inch board, and nail-
ed so that they will just come inside of the en-
trance on each side. Bevel off the top where
it slips into the entrance to the hive, so it will
dropdown and give a slanting alighting-sur-
face. The cross-sticks, it will be seen, must be

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

32:"

nailed on top of the board. On other hives,
where the entrance is too small to admit of any
thing being added, llu! boards are lield in place
by the strips being slid under light nails driven
into the sides of the hive. This wide porch is a
source of constant pleasure to the bees, which
can be seen promenading back and forth in evi-
<lent enjoyment, while the loaded workers work
all the faster by being able to drop at once on
arriving at the hive, and seldom miss this wide
promenade.

TOADS.

The toad is too good a friend to quarrel with,
as he destroys moths by the thousands on his
nocturnal rounds, and he is easily kept from
mischief by simply keeping the hive a foot
above the ground and leaving nothing that he
can crawl up on to the hive-entrance.

KILLING ANTS WITH INSECT POWDEK.

I bought a lot of bees that the owner swore
he would brimstone before morning if I did not
remove them. On examination I found half of
the hive tilled with the large black wood ants;
and, my I how cross the poor bees were I I turn-
ed the hive over and dusted insect powder free-
ly between the combs tilled with the ants, and
exterminated them. I have frequently used it
on the trails of the ants, and have never seen
that it had any injurious effects on the bees.
Wliere the ants are not making their home in
the hive, but simply carrying oft' food, a mixture
of honey and Paris green will be carried away
by them to their nest, and exterminates the col-
ony. When this poison is used, care should be
taken to place the mixture under a tight box
and leave a space just large enough for the ants
to enter, but effectually keep out the bees.

YELLOW-.IACKETS.

These yellow-coats are sometimes trouble-
some; and, from gathering up the larvie
brought out over night, and left on the alight-
ing-board, they grow bold and enter the hive;
and, when their entrnnce is disputed, I have
seen them conquer an Italian bee and carry it
away. Their well-known fondness for fruit,
and thcir.ability to tear and cut into fruit and
grapes, often brings the honey-bee into disgrace
and its Keeper into trouble. I find two ways of
extermination equally good. One is to bait the
common gauze fly-trap with raw meat; the
other, to bait a piece of raw meat with strych-
nine, and hang it where the yellow-jackets and
nothing else can have access to it.

BKK BIRDS.

These troublesome birds may be of some val-
ue to the fruit-grower, but they are a costly
benefit to the bee-man; and my remedy is the
shotgun. Cruel, do you say? Well, perhaps it
is: but 1 have seen as many as 2.5 bee-birds at
one time, at work catching my bees, and human
nature couldn't stand that any more than a
shf-pherd would tolerate a wolf among his
flocks for his services in the destruction of rab-
bits.

KOHHKK HKKS.

I have found only one efTectual way to stop
robbing. I take a piece of 4x4 scantling and
saw out a groove % inch square on one side. I
then place this across the entrance so that the
bees must pass in and out through this groove.
At the same time I open the ventilators, shade
the hive, and look after the block of wood to
see that the passageway is not blocked by dead
bees. I have a box with a few bees in it that
have lost their queen. The robbers do not en-
ter this hive, but bounce! down on the alighting-
board and garrote the guards. The robbers
rush up to the guards, who put out their
tongues and evidently disgorge their honey, as
robbers do when confined to a hive, and feed its
stores through wire mesh to other robbers on
the outside. This latter is quite common, but I
have never seen the "stand and deliver" game
worked by thi; robber bees before.

TRANSFKRRING BRKS.

Has any one tried drawing the bees up into a
hive witli full sheets of foundation and at least
one frame of brood and supplies, then placing a
queen-excluding zinc over the new hive, setting
the old hive on top, and at 3:3 days slipping a
bee-escape under the old hive, and having the
bees all go down into the new hive? I believe
it would work with that frame of brood in the
lower hive. By this method the bees would be
all together. You are sure of a queen in one of
the hives; and if bad weather follows, the bees
have their stores right at hand. I prefer trans-
ferring at once and done with it. With a long
sharp knife fee;>t hot lean readily cut out the
combs and slice ofT any bulges, while a mix-
ture of three parts rosin and one of wax will
hold any comb if enough is used. Beeswax
alone won't do, as it is too greasy and doesn't
stick to the wood. When thus transferred the
job is done, while you would be drumming by
the other way. The bees have all their comb
ready built, and proceed to business.

ENTRANCE DIAGNOSIS.

Mr. Dayton is good on that; but why did he
omit to state how a queenless colony could be
picked out by entrance diagnosis? Go out to
the bees any morning, when they are packing
in pollen; and when you have found a hive
where the bees bring in no pollen, that hive is
queenless; for, as the bees have no brood, they
need no pollen and don't bring it in.

ENTRANCK FACE.

Where bees sit "shoulder to shoulder,'' and
all "face front" alike, it is undoubtedly very
convenient for the apiarist, both in watching
and working the bees; but by that arrange-
ment queens on their virgin flight get into the
wrong hive on returning, and you soon have a
large per cent of queenless hives. To obviate
this I set my hives, one facing the east, the next
the southwest; one to the west, and then allow
about a four-foot space to the next hive. This

32G

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apr. 15.

economizes space, and gives each hive a dilTer-
ent face in each lot of three.
Murphys, Cal., Mar. IS.

^ I ^1

JAKE SMITH'S LETTER.

A. I. Oleeningfi —
deer Sir:— Mr. Din-
ant has hot a new
place and moved
onto it. It's much
closer to our place,
and we visit back
i^^^SSi and fourth a good
eel. The other day
Mr. Dinant and his
wife was to our
house, and our dot-
ter Carline was a showin her new cloak. It
had sleeves like elefants' ears, and come up so
high that you coodent see her face when she
stood sideways. Mr. Dinant began to plague
her about it.

Says he, " Do you have that kind of a sleeve,
Carline, because it's becomin to yonr style of
beauty, or do you have it like the mainsail of a
ship to help you along in a high wind?"

" For neither," says Carline; '"it's the fashun.
You woodent want me to look like I come out
of Noah's ark ?"

"Well, you don't," says he. " If you'd come
out of the ark in that rig. you'd frighten all the
animals. Now see here." says he, "do you ex-
pect wimmen will ever have a chants to vole so
long as they're so weak-minded? The fashun
says cloaks must have no sleeves,
and you all freeze your arms off.
Then it says elefants' ears, and ele-
fants'ears it is. Talk about puttin
the rains of goverment in the hands
of silly wimmen without backbone
enutf to stand out agenst a fashun,
no matter how hidgeous it is. if only
the leaders give the word I Yon
don't find meri led around in that
style."

I begun to see mischief in Car-
line's eye, and, says she, "Oh. no!
you men never let any one lead yon
around. It seems to me I iicard you
and pa talking about puttin good
clean men in office, and you said it
would never do to have a drunken
sot like Barney Hill put up for a
candydate just because he had lots
of money, and could controll votes;
but for all that the leaders of yonr
party put him up, and you both walked up like
little men and put in vonr voles for him. Oh.
no! you're never led around to follow fashun.
And then," says she, " your party said the tariff
must be so and so, if the country was ever to
have prosperity, and you two was sure nothin

else would do, you were very sure. But when
your party at Washington found that might
make trubble for them at the next eleckshuii,
and turned around just exactly opposite, you
haddent a word to say. Oh, no! no fashun lead-
ers can pull you around."

"Now see here. Carline, that isn't fair," says
Mr. Dinant. " We werrent talking about poli-
ticks, we were talkin about fashuns. A man
has to follow his party if he don't want to be
looked down on, but you don't find men all
followin like a lot of sheep when it's somethin
where no principle's involved."

"Henry," says Missus Dinant, " how do you
spell are ;'"'

Mr. Dinant looked puzzled, but I think he was
kind of glad to change the subjeck. " How do
you spell are f says he. "Why, n-r-e, of
course."

"Is it wimmen or men that make the dick-
shenary ? " says his wife.

" Men," says he.

" So it's men that put that last e in are," says
she, " and you men all follow the fashun insted
of spellin it common-sense like, a-r.''^

"But a-r-e is the right way to spell it," says
he. "Thai's not followin any fashun, that's
only spellin it right."

" What makes a-r-e right any more than
a-r ?" says she.

" Why, because evry buddy spells it that way^
and it's that way in the dickshenary."

"And if evry buddy spelt it rt-r," says she,
" then a-r would be the right way, and it would
be that way in the dicksiienary."

NOW 5ee here. Carline. ma^
is'nfairl Wp werrent talKm
about politicks, t>ul- /ashons I

" I spose so," says he. " Of course, there's no
use in that last e, but it's there, and there's no
way to change it."

"No. it can't be changed, just because it's
the fashun," says she. "And that's where
you're worse than the wimmen. A silly fashuu

18tl4

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

527

has made you spoil that word with an c on it
for a hundred years, and I don't know how
nuK'h more, and you iiaven't backbone enulf to
change it. while the wimnien change their
fashiuis."

"But there's no way to change the spellin,"'
says he.

"Isn't there?" says slie. "You know they
used to spell Atlantic, Paclfie, optic, and all
such words, with a k on the end. Some one
had backbone enutt' to leave off the k, and now
evry buddy does it. Then we h<\d honor and
favor and such words with the letter it in the
last syllable. They still spell that way in Eng-
land, but nobuddy does this side of the Atlantic
otion. There's no law that makes you keep on
spellin so many words in a foolish way. and I
think you better let up on Carline for followin
the fashun when you're doin a good eel worse."

"Maybe I better not spend any more time
tryin to spell in the fashun," says I.

Zed had been settin quiet, and seemed to be
reedin Gi>eenings. He spoke up then, and,
says he, " I've counted over a hundred sighlent
letters on one page of Gleenings. If they
would leave out all the sighlent letters we
could have a good bit more reading in it, and
lern more about bees and onyions."

Jake Smith.
^ I — ^

CALIFORNIA ECHOES

B]i Ramhlcr.

Looks rather discouraging for a crop' of self-
hivers, non-swarmers, traps, etc.. for the com-
ing season.

She said pa always stopped so long to talk
when he met a bee-man that she felt like flying.
The fidgety thing! I've no doubt that pa some-
times wished she would.

The best brush for removing bees from combs
is the Mexican fiber duster. It has quite a volu-
minous head and a rolling motion with it;
just cleans a comb instantly. This excellent
"machine" Is sold by novelty dealers.

It isducks this time that can not be success-
fully reared where bees abound. If they sip
water from the same pond, the voracious duck
swallows the bee, taking it for an innocent fly.
The bee thrusts its sting into the internal rami-
fications of the duck; result, a dead duck:
post-result, bees must go. . ,

Good authority says that sugar syrup, when
fed to the bee, is not changed by the bee, but
from absorption of chemical matter from the
comb in which it is stored. Let the bee store
the syrup in old comb, wliere it comes in con-
tact with cocoons instead of wax, it remains
sugar syrup. Store it in fresh new combs, and
it absorbs a wax aroma, and tlius the so-called
change. Apropos, see what Dadant says about
rendering wax with acids, page 211, Gi,ka\-
iNGs; it destroys its perfumery, odor, etc.

THE r^AHK.

He rose, and, sinii^-iiiK past from sit^lil,

A sliadow kincliiiiK with llic sun,
His joy 01 still ic tlanifd, till li^lit

And iiuavi'nly sduh' were one.

That is what the lark has l)een doing all win-
ter in this sunset country. The mockingbird is
now prospecting around for domestic purposes.
The Al[)ine bluebirds are unusually plentiful
and brilliant now. Oh, yes! we have some
birds in California.

Three more live California bachelor bee-keep-
ers have gone and got married— Mr. Holley, of
Fillmore (I bet Mrs. Mclntyre had a hand in
the match), Mr. Zanft, of Riverside (just as
though there were not odd names enough now
in the world without raising any more); then
Prof. Guenther, of Redlands, the highly ac-
complished violinist, played right into the arms
of Cupid. Well, they must abide the conse-
quences. The Rambler has given them fair
warning in the past.

Apropos to the above, I would call attention
to the fact that a Chicago woman, who has
been married seven times, says that all men do
not bear suffering alike. Nothing like expe-
rience to teach women these things.

TO SAVE HIS BKOTHER.

Santa Ana, February 17 — Georg'e Emerson, a
prominent vouns man of tliis city, shot and killed
Louie Yorba. a half-breed Mexican, at 8 o'clock this
morning, in Santa Ana canyon, about twenty miles
from tills city, during- a quarrel over the possession
of a Government claim which young Emerson and
his older brother liad recently filed on. It seems
that the Mexican took possession of tlie claim dur-
ing the absence of the Emerson brothers, and upon
their return attacked the older brother -with a club,
hoping to drive him off the claim, whereupon young
Emerson pulled a gun and fired, killing Yorba just
as he raised the club to strike his bi'other. Both
young men drove to this city at once and gave them-
selves up. The one who did tlie shooting is now in
the custody of the Sheriff. Yorba's body was
brought to this city to-night. He was shot several
times, one bullet penetrating the vicinity of the
lieart. It is claimed the sliooting was done m self-
defense.

The Emerson brothers spoken of above are
successful bee- keepers; and the claim. over
which the fatal quarrel occurred was filed and
occupied for a bee-ranch.

SUPERS.

THEIK RELATIVE MERITS AND DEMERITS SET

forth; the SINGLE-TIER WIDE FRAME

PREFERRKD. AND WHY.

By R. L. Taylin:

Dr. Miller writes me, in response to some no-
tions I advanced in a letter to him, that he was
going to tear me into little bits; so, perhaps, in
anticipation, I am warranted in undertaking
to criticise some remarks he makes in Glean-
ings of March 1, page liM), on the above subject,
which I think are falhicious, and calculated to
mislead the inexperienced.

1 have not used the section- holders, but have
used the T supers to some extent, and the Hed-
don super and the wide frames very largely.

328

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apr. 15.

The T supers I have unanimously discarded.
They have one advantage; and that is, they
can be emptied rapidly, but not nearly so rap-
idly as can the Heddon super, if the time re-
quired to get the separators and the " little top
separators '• out of the honey, and then what a
multitude of the two kinds of separators there
are, either to clean and look after, or else to
renew ! Besides, I think it is fair to say that
at least twice as much time is required to get
the sections fixed in the T supers, particularly
if the sections, as most one-piece sections do,
begin to assume the diamond shape.

But Dr. M. says, " The Heddon crate will not
allow the use of separators, and that is a neces-
sity when honey is to be packed for shipping."
That is news in Michigan. I have produced a
good many tons of honey in these cases, and
never had any trouble with the packing. A
half-dozen sections in a thousand would cover
on the average those that are rejected, scarcely
more than when separators are used, for occa-
sionally one will be fastened to a separator,
and so must be excluded. In a good season
there would be practically no difference; sub-
stantially all are readily packed. Of course,
full sheets of foundation are used. Then the
Heddon case has the added advantage that
sections filled in them contain considerably
more honey, so that less foundation, fewer sec-
tions, and fewer shipping-crates, are required.
For a good season I ask for nothing better, all
things considered; but in poor seasons it is
liable to the objection that the bees with their
spare time can propolize the top and bottom of
the sections with too much facility, and the T
super is equally liable to the same objection.

Dr. M. says of the wide frames, that they are
so generally discarded it is hardly worth while
to discuss them. I do not know how generally
they are discarded; but the truer that is, the
greater the need of discussing them, for I con-
sider the single-tier wide-frame super without
an equal, taking one season with another.
Cleaner sections of honey, more completely
filled and capped, can be obtained in it than
in any other I have ever tried. This is the
fact: I shall not stop to inquire for the reason.
The first cost is but little if any more, and the
parts are all permanent and durable. It takes
less time to fill it with sections than it does the
T super, and scarcely more to empty it, and it
will be found to contain on the average a less
proportion of partly filled sections than other
supers. But, of course, it must be accurately
made. The top and bottom bars of the frames
should be cut a little bowing, and both nailed
to the end -pieces bowing in, and this bowing
tendency should be exaggerated by the method
of fastening on the tin separator. I feel sure
that, if comb-honey producers generally would
try wide frames thus made, and learn how to
use them, it would not be long true, if it is now,
that they are generally discarded. ■

There are some other statements of the doc
tor which should have examination, but this
must suffice for the present.

Lapeer, Mich., Mar. 10.

[Say, Doctor, it does us good to see Taylor get
after you so hard, apropos the T super. — Ed.]

ARTIFICIAL COMB.

WHAT THE GERMANS HAVE BEEN DOING.

By Dr. C. C. Miller.

Before me lie two samples of comb with which
the bees have had nothing to do except to se-
crete the wax from which they were made.
When I say comb I mean comb. I don't mean
foundation with unusually high side walls. I
mean comb. And as I look at it and admire it,
I can not help thinking that again the boasted
inventive genius of the Yankee is outdone by
what we are accustomed to think of as the
])lodding German; for this is no triumph of
American genius, but was made in Germany by
Otto Schultz, the man who has done much tn
bring the manuufactureof foundation to a higli
state in Germany. The inventor, however, is
Pastor Warnstorf. The samples were sent to
me by the kindness of C. J. H. Gravenhorst, the
able editor of the Deutsche Illustrierte Bmicu-
zeltung. Each is about two inches square.

While an experienced bee-keeper might easi-
ly distinguish between these samples and the
natural product of the bee, he must perforce
admire the beautiful finish of the product, ami
its perfection with regard to uniformity. The
one piece is worker, the other drone. The
worker comb is an inch in thickness, the cells
being of proper depth for worker brood. A
thick septum makes it necessarily thicker than
natural comb when it is new, but old worker
comb will be found an inch thick. It has the
appearance of worker comb after it has been
shaved by the uncapping-knife for extracting.
I count U cells to 2^2 inches. We generally
count worker comb 5 cells to the inch. That
would make 13V^ cells to 33<2 inches instead of
11, making it seem that the cells of the present
specimen are wider than the natural. I sup-
pose, however, that they are the same, for there
is more wax in the walls than in natural comb.

The drone comb has 9 cells to 2{'f^ inches.
Natural comb would have 9^4 cells to the same
measurement. I suppose the thickness of the
cell-walls makes the difference. The cells are
about X of an inch deep, but they are on only
one side of the comb. There is no reason why
they can not be made two-sided as well as
the worker comb. But it is considered bet-
ter to have them one-sided, as they are not
desired for brood -rearing, but for honey only.
One can readily see the advantage for extract-
ing, to have combs that need no reversing.
They can be put into the extractor, turned
slowly at first, then the speed increased to its

18'.t4

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

339

highest, without any danger of broaking from
the weight of honey on the opposite side.

i'astor Warnstorf's invention was made pub-
lic more than a year and a half ago. and at
that time it was thought that bees would not
use such combs for brood-rearing. Further
trial has shown that, when put in the middle
of the brood-nest, the bees gnaw down the cells
to the proper depth and rear brood in tliem.
After all, that matters not, for who wants to
put extracting-combs in the middle of the
brood-nest? So far, I think not much has
been said In favor of using these combs other
than for extracting-combs, one objection to
using them in the form of worker comb being
that fewer bees could be raised with the same
surface of comb. In the same frame the natu-
ral comb would contain a fourth more brood.
Yet it would be no small advantage to have
worker combs that could be stuck lightly in a
frame with little care for fastening, no wiring,
no stretching, and every comb as true as a
board.

It would be unwise at this time to say that
this artificial comb with cells full depth will
come to be as largely used as foundation, and it
would be still more unwise to say that no im-
portance attaches to It. Some one may say
that, if it has been before the public for a year
and a half without more being heard of It, not
much is likely to be heard from it. Please
remember about the first progress of comb
foundation. As far back as 18.57, or earlier,
Mehring made his first foundation; but it was
something like ten years before any thing of the
kind was seen in this country.

Certainly very great importance has been
attached to the matter of making high side-
walls to foundation, and here are side walls to
any desired height. Even if the cells should be
only half depth it would be a great advantage.
One important question relates to the cost. At
present I believe artificial comb is sold at about
the same price per pound as foundation. At
that price, of course, it will cost more than
foundation for the same surface. In an article
written by Pastor VVarnstorf, early in its his-
tory, he speaks about making three feet to the
pound. How much it differs now I do not
know.

If this article should come into general use.
there will undoubtedly be improvements in its
manufacture. It was a good many years after
Mehring's first trial before friend Root turned
out such beautiful foundation-mills in Medina.
Three years after the first foundation was
made, it was said triumphantly that such pro-
gress had been made that one person could
easily make more than a hundred sheets a day.
How many hands would the Roots and the
Dadants now have to employ if one hand could
turn out only a hundred sheets in a day ? So
we may expect improvement in this.

It would be quite handy if such combs should

come to be a staple article, so that a raiser of
extracted honey, iiinning short of combs, could
send to the supply-dealer and at once i)ut in his
hives all he needed. Bulkiness would mak(v
freight or expressago more, and a doubt may
arise as to their carriage without breaking. I
should expect no difficulty on this latter score.
The samples I have received came direct in the
mail from Germany, put loosely into a wooden
box with no packing whatever. Some of the
outer cells are broken, but the remainder seem
as perfect as if they had just left the press.
Marengo, 111.

[Now. Dr. M., we are sorry we can not agree
with you. A sample of the very same make of
comb is before us. While it is true that it is
quite an achievement, it is a long way from be-
ing perfect. It is so heavy and clumsy, in our
estimation, that it can never come on to the
market. Why, a piece ot it weighs three times
as much, by actual test, as the same size in
square inches of comb built from ?tcfii)j/ b7"ood
foundation. Its cost, then, must necessarily
place it away beyond what bee-keepers can
aft'oi'd to pay, even if it were practicable. There
is a waste of brood, a waste of room, a waste of
wax, and a waste of inventive genius that
might more profitably be spent in other direc-
tions. After all, foundation is practically
drawn-out comb in the flat; for in from 24 to 48
hours, under favorable conditions, it will be
converted by the bees into comb. There is not
one bee-keeper in a tliousand who orders his
hives nailed and painted, and all because of
the extra transportation charges on such goods
set up; therefore we argue that, even if artifi-
cial comb could be made in its perfection, bee-
keepers would still order foundation, because
the comparatively small bulk of it represents a
very large bulk of comb, and because the trans-
portation charges of the comb would be beyond
their reach at present prices of honey.

The samples of artificial comb sent out by Mr.
Weed a few years ago was, in our estimation,
very much nearer perfection; and while the
bees apparently accepted it, they soon showed
their aversion to it, and it was abandoned. No,
no; we do not wish to stand in the way of pro-
gress, nor discourage invention ; but it seems to
us that our (Jerman friends are pursuing a
will-o'-the-wisp. — Ed.]

POLLEN NECESSARY FOR BROOD-REARING.

Question. — Is it necessary for bees to have
pollen in the hive for them to raise brood ?

Answer.— \ believe that, if such a condition
were possible as not having a single particle of
pollen in a hive, and where none could be ob-
tained by the bees from any source, no brood
could be reared and brought to perfection; but
I doubt the possibility of there being such a
condition as absolutely no pollen in any hive
containing a colony of bees that has passed the
winter in such hive. All honey contains more
or less floating pollen; combs in which pollen
has been stored previously, contain many par-

330

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apk. 15.

tides of the same, according to Prof. Cook;
and if nothing else is available, bees will col-
lect fine particles of wood, and use in place of
farina from flowers, as I have frequently seen
them doing from a pile of fine sawdust which
was taken from the shop where I used my plan-
er-saws. Eiisha Gallup told in the American
Bee Journal, years ago, how he hived a swarm
of bees so late in the season that they built only
three pieces of comb, about as large as the
hand, and, as an experiment, he fed them honey
all winter, and in early spring they commenced
brood-rearing before being taken from the cel-
lar, finally building up a fine colony and storing
considerable surplus honey that season. I have
had similar experiences, but find that the less
pollen there is in the hive the less brood will be
reared; and where there is scarcely any pollen,
or, as most people would say, none at all, there
would be but few cells of brood raised, and this
brood be scrimped in food, and appear weak
and sickly. Nothing incites brood-rearing like
plenty of pollen in the hive, with the necessary
honey; and with the advent of new pollen,
brood -rearing commences in earnest. I have
fed the bees meal and flour many years, think-
ing that it would take the i)lace of pollen from
the flowers; but after a careful watching I am
satisfied that such is not the case, and I doubt
its paying to feed bees in this way, aside from
the fun there is in seeing the bees work on the
flour, where pollen is to be had from the flowers
in from 40 to 50 days previous to the honey-har-
vest.

ROYAL .TELLY FOR QUEEIN-CUPS.

Question.— In order to raise queens out of the
swarming season, where do you obtain royal
jelly to put into cell-cups?

Answer.— At any time when there is young
brood or bees in the larval form in the combs,
there is no trouble in obtaining royal jelly, or,
at least. I never found any. All you have to do
is to make a colony queenless having such lar-
val bees; and in from three to five days after
taking away the queen you will find cells en-
larged and the occupant swimming in royal
jelly, or at least to a sufficient extent so that
enough can be obtained to start from 13 to 24
cups sufficiently for rearing that many queens.
If you do not wish to make an extra- colony
queenless you can use Willie Atchley's plan of
lifting the cocoon out of the cell containing the
little larva you wish for a queen, and in this
way the larva is already supplied with suflicient
food to last till the bees put in the royal jelly to
change it to a queen. I say you can do this.
By so saying I mean if you are as successful as
Willie is; but I will also say that, if you are,
you can do better than I can. After several
trials I have gone back to the jelly olan, as I
fail in many instances in separating the cocoon
fiom the cell witiiout tearing it; and if I suc-
ceed in doing this the bees are not suited with
my " botch " work in placing them in the cups,

so they pull them out and roll them out at the
entrance of the hive. I wonder how many
have made a success of this plan aside from
Willie Atchley. One reason for my not making
a success of it is, I presume, that I am becom-
ing a little shaky as I grow older, so that I can
not do fine work as I once did, owing to the
trembling of my hands.

QUEENS NEVER TAKE A CLEANSING FLIGHT.

Questvin.— Why is it that queens never take
a cleansing flight? Of course, clipped queens
can not. Can it be possible the bees take care
of her?

Ansiver.—Ai>. nearly as I can find out, the
queen is a privileged person, so to speak; that
is,. they drop their excrement when and where
they please. Whether the bees clean this off
the combs or not. 1 can not say, or whether the
case is different with the queen inside of the
hive than it is when they are caged, I do not
know; but this I do know: I have repeatedly
seen queens void their feces in queen-cages,
while virgin queens kept in a queen-nursery do
this often in handling the nursery-cages. My
idea is, that, as there is only one queen in a hive,
and the amount of waste matter thrown off is
so little, it is not of enough importance to the
existence of the colony so the queen should go
out for a cleansing flight as do the drones and
workers. If any one has different views on the
matter from the above, I should be pleased to
hear from him; as, if I am not much in error,
this is a matter in bee-lore which has never been
touched on before.

ENAMELED-CLOTH COVERING FOR BEES.

Question. — Is it a good plan to use enameled
covering over the brood-frames in >,, inter? If
bees need water in summer, why do they not
need it in winter also? and with the enamel-
ed cloth over the frames, they have water in
winter as well as in summer.

Answer.— This is quite Ingenious, to say the
least; and if I really believed that bees needed
water while in winter quarters I might be per-
suaded to try enameled cloth for that purpose,
as it would be much easier supplying water in
that way than by giving it them in a sponge at
the entrance, as has been recommended so many
times, where bees were in the ce lar. But bees
use water only when breeding rapidly; and as
winter breeding is poor economy, and some-
thing 1 do not wish, I do not care to supply that
which brings on what is a damage to me, for I
believe winter breeding to be a damage to any
bee-keeper residing at the North. I have tried
enameled cloth several times over the cluster of
bees during winter; and in every case where
tried, those colonies did not come ont nearly as
strong as did those with absorbents over them;
while many colonies, in proportion to those so
tried, died or were so weak as to be nearly
worthless. Some seem to like enameled cloth
over the bees in winter; but with me the mois-

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

331

ture arising from the bees condenses in drops
on tlui cloth; and when these drops become so
large that they fail to hold to the cloth they
drop down on the bees, thus keeping them
damp, and in a condition not suitable to their
wintering in the most perfect order. Enameled
cloth for bee-quilts would never have been
thought of, in my opinion, were it not for its
non-sticl\ing cliaracter — that is, a sheet of
enameled cloth will not be glued down by the
bees so but that it readily cleaves from the top
of the hive by a little lifting by one corner.
This makes it desirable where a hive is to be
opened often, as in the case of queen rearing or
an experimental hive.

HONEY FROM THE NEW OPIUM TL ANT.

Mr. Root: — From a recent number of the Oil

City (Pa.) Derrick I take the following:

The increased cultivation of the poppy in various
parts of Europe bus, it is said, led to a m;irked
jcrowtli ill tlie percentagre of opium contained in
boney, the properties of wliioli are much influenced
1 y tli'e HowtTs from which the bees gather it.

Now, what I should like to ask is: Do bees
work on the poppy ? or is the above simply a
newspaper " yarn '"? If the bees do work on
the poppy, would the honey therefrom contain
enough opium so that a person would notice
the effects of it, after eating the honey ?

Corry, Pa., Mar. 1. L. B. Gilmore.

[Will some of our foreign readers please give
us the desired information? — Ed. J

TOP-BAR \}y INCHES WIDE.

One season's use of ten Tinker hives with
top-bars W wide, % thick, has satisfied me
that I don't want any more narrow top-bars in
my apiary, as well as honey- boards (the latter
I have never used). Judging from one season's
use, I don't think the queen will lay as well in
these shallow hives. What a pleasure to lift
the honey from above these wide top-bars! no
brace or burr combs to any extent, and in many
none at all.

PASTE FOH I.ABELS.

I use ordinary flour paste, boiled thick, and
have no trouble, pioviding the labels are not
put on when the pails are cold enough to chill
Ihe paste. O. II. Hyatt.

Shenandoah, la.

THOSE (ilVEN PItKSSES.

When you get to making those (Jiven presses,
here's an order awaiting you. (^uote me your
figures at the earliest day. I have used in my
own yards something over 500 lbs. of founda-
tion of different makes during the last three
years, and I know something of what I need.

Dadant's is excellent, but the press is just a
trille the best, in my opinion. When you get
to making press(!s, be sure to get cells right side
up for strength. I have had foundation that
was wrong side up. There's a right and wrong
way, though no doubt you know this.
tJlenvvood, Kla., Feb. 12. A. F. Brown.

[The Given-{)ress problem is a more dil'licult
one than we at lirst supposed. We are not sat-
isfied with tlie old dies— they are too crude to
make a leally nice article of foundation— one
that is pleasing to the eye. W(i have made an
extra set of new dies, but with no better effects.
Thus far our (ixperiraents show that, so far as
(ippeorimce is concerned, the roller foundation
is far superior. The Given sheets look clumsy,
and do not give that nice clear transparenli
effect that can be obtained from the rolls. — Ed.]

THE USE OF VASELINE IN APICULTURE.

Who has not been annoyed by the bees stick-
ing frames together? Who has not been greet-
ed with a hailstorm of stings when, on taking
a frame from the hive with increasing vigor, it
suddenly breaks loose with a snap? It is fortu-
nate for every beekeeper who uses movable
frames that do not have to be cut to a thirty-
second of an inch, and which do not have to be
absolutely perfect. Well, Dr. Dubini lias dis-
covered a means whereby the propolizing of
bars and frames, if not entirely done away
with, is so greatly reduced that frames can be
put in and taken out in such a way as to spare
the bees themselves much annoyance, and also
their owners from being stung. This remedy is
yellow vaseline, which is applied to the grooves
and bars, and different points of contact, with
a small brush. It is an extremely cheap sub-
stance, and therefore within the reach of all.
Dr. Dubini uses it in his hives for the curpose
of preventing the top-bars from being fastened
to the under side of the cover. Vaseline works
to the best advantage when applied to metal
strips, or tin rabbets or frame-ends, which es-
pecially, when well cleaned, and smeared with
vaseline, admit of easy insertion or removal.

Medina, O., Mar. 29. Karl R. Mathey.

[We have several times referred to the use of
vaseline or greas(! as a preventive, to a large
extent, of the deposition of propolis. We are
sorry we can not speak from experience; but
several have wii,iiin the past few years spoken
liighly of it. \\ bether Dr. Dubini is the origi-
nal discoverer of its use is doubtful.— Ed.]

A CASE OF FOUL BROOD IN FRANCE.

M. Sevalle, editor of the French bee-journal
L'Ainrulteur, reports an interesting case of
the cure of foul brood. The afflicted colony was
found to be queenless, although still having
sealed brood in four of its ten frames, the
brood being completely diseased. May 2 the
combs were taken out. the brood entirely cut
out, and the combs replaced. The amount of
bees was about 134 lb-. Napthaline was placed
on the floor and on the frames. Two weeks
later the population was sensibly diminished;

332

GLEANINGS IN KEE CULTURE.

Apr. 15.

a piece of drone comb 2 by 4 inches had been
built in the vacancy, and eggs and brood of
laying workers were present. A nucleus of
less than a pound of bees, having a good queen,
had been received three days previously from
Italy, and was added to the colony under treat-
ment, the queen being caged. The queen was
freed two days later, and the naphthaline con-
tinued. The colony prospered, with no trace of
foul brood, and October 18 it was one of the
best colonies in the apiary. C. C. Millek.

Marengo, 111.

MAKING SUGAR SYRUP BY THE COLD-WATER
PROCESS.

Dr. J. T. Beall, March 15, page 236, hits the
nail squarely on the head when he tells how to
make syrup that will not sour or granulate.
My plan is exactly on the same principle, but I
do it in a little diiTerent way. I have had over
20 years' experience as a druggist, and had a
good deal of trouble at first in making syrups
for the various uses of the store in summer
time, when we used large quantities for the
soda-fountain. By the hot-water process we
could not always get a uniform quality. If too
thick it would crystallize: and if too thin, if not
used soon, it would sour. Many years ago we
commenced the cold-water process, and ever
since we can make a uniform quality that will
keep, I don't know now long— probably indefi-
nitely, without souring or crystallizing. Our
plan is to take a 10-gallon keg (a barrel could
be used if necessary in the same way), knock
out the head, and with it make a false bottom
that will fit inside of the keg, boring the false
bottom full of small auger-holes, putting in
pegs to bold it up about (> inches from the bot-
tom of the keg; then take white flannel, about
three or four thickness, and put it over thp false
bottom, stuffing it in around the edges so it all
has to percolate; then we dump in granulated
sugar, about half full, then pour in cold water
and let it percolate in the cellar or some room,
and no kitchen or stove mussed up. The first
run we drawolT from the faucet below and dump
back; after that the syrup is fit for the queen's
taste, or the bees' either. All you have to do
afterward is to draw oflF the syrup and add more
sugar and water. We have always fed pur bees
with this, when they needed winter feeding;
with a barrel a large quantity could be made in
a short time. M. F. Tatman.

Rossville, Kan., Mar. 17.

[It begins to look now as if the cold-water
process was feasible and practicable for the
bee-keeper. We shall certainly try it in the
course of the season. — Ed.]

HARPER S MAGAZINE ON BEES AS FERTILIZERS;
SWEET CLOVER FOR STOCK.

I take the liberty of calling your attention to
an illustrated article by W. Hamilton Gibson,
the naturalist, in the current number for March,
1894, of Harper's Magazine, on " Welcomes of

the Flowers," which is very pertinent to youi
side of the discussion on bees and blossoms.
Please read it.

I can also indorse, from personal observation,
what your contributor, Mr. Boardman, says ol
sweet clover. It is all a popular mistake that
stock will not eat it, and I believe that, where
alfalfa will not succeed, sweet clover is a valu
able addition to farm crops. Stock have also to
learn to eat alfalfa before they will take to it
readily. I raised a patch about 15 years ago,
and turned the family horse on it. He did not
touch it, but ate the grass and weeds; but in
the fall, when light frosts killed the grass and
weeds, he grazed the alfalfa; and ever after, if
he was put on that patch, he took the alfalfa
first. It is also true that alsike clover will do
well on sod. I have a good catch of alsike on
Wild Creek bottom land, sown the last of Au-
gust.

A SUGGESTION.

In behalf of the beginners and amateurs in
bee-keeping I respectfully make this suggestion:
That you have a series of articles on manipulat-
ing bees and hives, copiously illustrated with
reproductions from photos of an expert apiarist
in the act of making such actual manipula-
tions. As to a novice, a little of the sliow lioiv
is worth a great deal of the tell how to do such
things, the illustrations to be accompanied with
brief and clear printed directions. This, I be-
lieve, would make a new departure in bee-jour-
nalism that would help to give Gleanings a
boom among beginners and persons interested in
bees, and you have the apparatus at hand— bees,
hives, Kodak, and apiarist. Perhaps, as the
Dovetailed hive is in pretty general use, it
would be a good idea to employ it in these ob-
ject-lessons. Wm. D ALTON.

St. George, Kansas, Mar. 21.

[Thanks for the suggestion on the "show
how." We will try to carry it into effect this
summer. We shall be glad to refer to the arti-
cle in Harper's.— Ed.]

DISGUSTED WITH YELLOW BEES.

I am disgusted with yellow bees; no good for
comb honey. I have tried the five-banded, and
would not take more of them as a gift. I intend
to get rid of what I have. I purchased from
the best breeders. I could give names if re-
quired. Hurrah for the dark Italians for honey
— thafs money. Will Ellis.

St. Davids, Out., Mar. 14.

Can you tell me some way to destroy the lit-
tle short-tailed mice? They are so small that
they can squeeze into the entrance of the hives,,
and are making themselves very troublesome.

Carp(>nter, III. Edw. E. Smith.

[Use " Rough on Rats." Put inside of boxes
perforated with holes large enough to admit
the varmints. This arrangement will keep the
poison away from domestic animals, and yet
let the mice feast until they die. — Ed.]

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

333

York is to be publisher of the new " Bee-keep-
er's Guide," written by Prof. Cook, and the
price is to be raised to $1.25 instead of ^I.tK), as
heretofore. The book is well worth the money.

Abovi' all, take tlu' shield of faith, wherewith ye shall be able
to queiuh all the lier.v ilaits of the wicked— El'H. 6; 16.

Reports show that bees are wintering and
springing linely all over the country.

"Observer," in the Progressive Beekeeper,
bints that "Gleanings and the Progressive
have formed a mutual -admiration society."
Didn't know it before— at all events, the Pro-
gressive has grown so fast and so well that we
couldn't help but notice it.

We are having moderate April weather. At
the present rate the bees will get through the
month in good shape. .So far as we know, we
have not yet at this date (April 7) lost a single
colony, and they are all outdoors, just as is
show n in our last issue, page 370.

Referring to Mr. Doolittle's article in an-
other column, we should like to know whether
any one else has succeeded in removing the
royal .jelly and the larva, on the plan proposed
by Willie Atchley some time ago, and trans-
ferring it to the queen-cell cups.

With this issue we again give you .52 pages.
In fact, we have been running 8 pages extra
ever since the season opened. We are obliged
to make this enlargement temporarily in order
to make room for some of the very accei)table
matter now on hand, which, if held over very
much longer, will be out of date. By the way,
our contributors must not be disappointed if
they do not .see their communications in the
"next issue" after writing them. We very
oftpn hold over manuscripts until they are
more seasonable.

" BEE-ROOKS BV THE CARLOAD."

This is a kind notice that Bro. York has in

the last Amerirttn BeeJoitrnal:

The A B C of Bee ("iilturo is a gTMnd ffood hook.
Ill Gle.\nings we ju.st notice tliat Bro. Root is get-
tinff out the 62d tliousaiid of this well-kiiowii work.
That means a hie' pile of books. Let's see; we be-
lieve each copy weig'hs two poutids, so that would
make just 6!i tons in all — several carloads of just one
bet^book ! But thafs just like Bro. Root— always
■doing big things.

Friend York is quite correct in his calcula-
tions, but we had never thought of it in just
that way before. Considering the tons and tons
•of catalogs, and other bee and agricultural
books, to say nothing of every issue of our
journal, 62 tons would represent but a very
small part of the matter that actually leaves
our press. It has to run 14 or 1.5 hours a day,
and it is a large Cambbell book-press too,
printing 16 pages like this at every impresion.
By the way, we are glad to notice that G. W.

GLUCOSE -factories AND DISTILLERIES.

We have just had a very pleasant call from
J. B. Hains, of Bedford, O. He is one of the

most extensive bee-keepers of the State; and
when he makes his annual visit here we are
quite sure to discuss some of the latest develop-
ments. Of course, our conversation naturally
turned to the subject of glucose. Said we, " Do
you know of any legitimate use for the stuff'?"
He looked doubtful for a moment, and said.
" Yes, 1 do. It is good for sticking labels to tin
or glass, and that is all it is good for." We ex-
pressed the hope, which he heartily indorsed,
that every glucose -factory, every distillery, and
every other stomach-destroyer, might some day
be excluded from the land, by a cast-iron law
that would exclude. If some of our legislators
are influenced for their stoinnchs^ sake, and the
sake of some of their constituents' stomachs, to
vote in such a way that distilleries can continue
their nefarious business, we can not imagine
how those aforesaid stomachs could influence
legislators to vote for the maintenance of glu-
cose-factories. There are so many who bow
the knee to King Alcohol that it is a hard mat-
ter just yet to whip out the liquor-business;
but while there are few people, comparatively,
who mix glucose with foods, those few ma'Ke
such a large use of it that the problem is a most
serious one.

SWEET CLOVER AND ALFALFA.

It may be well to have it understood that
sweet-clover seed and alfalfa seed look exactly
alike. I do not believe that expert seedsmen
can tell, even with the aid of a magnifying-
gla'^s, one from the other: and this fact has
given rise to some troubles already, and at
least one expensive lawsuit. The seedsman
sent a farmer sweet clover when he ordered
alfalfa. We have not had any lawsuit, but we
have had one expensive blunder in that direc-
tion. And this has taught me a way of dis-
tinguishing one from the other. Sweet-clover
seed (sometimes also called Bokhara) has a
distinctive strong odor like that of sweet-clover
blossoms or the green plant. After you have
once got the smell of it you will never forget it.
Well, even a little pinch of the seed has this
distinctive sweet-clover smell. One of the iron-
clad rules of our seed-room and whole seed de-
partment is. that every bag must be labeled on
the outside, and at least one label also be put
down among the seed. If one label gets torn
off or lost, the other can pretty surely be found.
If everybody who handles seed would take
similar precautions it might save much trouble.
Sowing seed on several acres of ground, and
then giving it care and cultivation, only to find

334 GLEANINGS IN

out, just before maturity, that it is something
you did not want, and have no use for, is rather
serious business. A. I. R.

THE PROFITS OF PUBLISHING A BEE-.J0UKNAT-.

There is a certain fascination about starting
a new bee-paper; and very few of those who
embark in the doubtful enterprise first count
the cost. Bro. Sage, of the new bee-journal
entitled Success in Bee Vulture, gives his read-
ers the benefit of this very facetious bit of in-
formation:

For the benefit of those young- men who took
Horace Greeley's advice to " ro west," and now feel
"divinely called " to start a bee-paper, we append
the following- table, which shows one month's busi-
ness at Siacf. s'.s' nllire, ending- Jan. 1st. This is not
figured down exactly to a cent, l:)ut is nearer the
truth than one might think at first reading.

EXPENSE OF DEC. 1ST ISSUE,

Composition $18 75

Cover paper 2 64

White paper 7 50

Stitching and trimming 2 .50

Postage on paper 100

Writers 4 50

Letter postage 3 00

Editor's time on making iipthefoims,

and v>resswork (40 liours) CK)

Editor's time in writing editorials, and
in correspondence explainingwhy the

the paper is late (100 hours^ 00

Editor's time reading bee literature,
and thinking how to make his paper

pay (400 hours) 00

Total $39 89

UECEIPTS.

3 subscriptions, three months each ...$ 45

100 postals asking for samples 00

50 letters wishing us success (thank you) 00

5 letters asking us why paper is late. .. 00
1 letter informing us tliat our paper

abounds in mistakes 00

1 letter saying they would rather have

the blank paperbefore it is printed. . Ot)
5 letters offering to write bee-lore for

$4.00 per column 00

2 letters offering to sell a bee-paper — 00
1 letter offering to sell us a barrel of 00

monkeys to keep the millers away
from our bee-hives 00

3 letters offering to write in exchange

for advertising Ot)

Total $ 45

BEE CULTURE.

Apr. 15.

GALVANIZED TANKS FOR HONEY; ARE TIIEY
UNFIT FOR SUCH USE ?

The following is a card just received from
Chas. F. Mnih & Son, and will explain itself:

Friend Roof .•—Tell us whetlior, in yovu- experience,
you have found galvanized-iron tanks to he unfit for
receptacles of honey. The knowledge of • the fact
seems to be of importance to one or more of our
friends. Chas. F. Muth & Son.

Cincinnati, Ohio, April 4.

~ For years~we~have~advised against the use
of galvanized iron for any purpose where honey
would come in contact with it; but more recent-
ly our opinion has peen undergoing a change as
the result of some recent developments. Sev-
eral years ago a Toledo firm made their extract-
ors of galvanized iron, and they insisted that it
in no way affected the honey. But very recent-
ly the large ("alifornia honey-producers have
particularly specified in their orders, that their
extractors be made of galvanized metal — first,
because it was stronger; and, second, because it

would not rust. We have observed, too, that
these Californians, who prpduce their honey by
the carload, often store it in large galvanized-
iron tanks; and later in the season, when they
have more time, they draw it off into square
cans, to be shipped. Yes, indeed, they use these
large tanks above ground, not only for holding
honey, but for holding the water-supply.

Some years ago. when the writer was study
ing chemistry at Oberlin, the question was rais-
ed in class in regard to the various kinds of
water-pipes. The professor said that iron pipes
were objectionable because they were liable to
rust. For this reason he preferred galvanized
pipes. "But," said one member of the class,
"is not galvanized iron poisonous?" He an-
swered by saying that, where water stood in
galvanized vessel for some length of time, it
might appropriate enough of the poison to dis
tress the stomach slightly; but from thegaivan
ized water-pipes there was no danger because
the water is drawn off so frequently, as a gen-
eral rule.

A year or so ago one of our horses died of a pe-
culiar sickness, and we at the time attributed
it to the fact that he drank water that had
passed through 300 or 300 feet of galvanized
pipe. The water was allowed to stand in the
pipe for 24 hours, and then a small quantity was
drawn off and sent to our State Chemist. The
analysis showed that there was not enough of
the poisonous element to be in the least harm-
ful to man or beast.

In a recent bulletin from the Department of
Agriculture, the relative merits of lead, iron,
and galvanized metal were discussed from the
chemist's standpoint; and the report at the
time, if we remember correctly, was to the ef-
fect that lead pipes would in a short time give
off enough poison to the water to render it a
little harmful; and that fruit canned in lead or
terne-plate cans was often poisonous, but gal-
vanized pipes were, as a general rule, regarded
safe.

Now, then, for the use of extractors we can
not believe the galvanized metal can do any
harm to the honey, because it does not remain
long enough in the can ; but when a small
quantity of honey is stored in a galvanized tank
a good while, it may appropriate enough of the
zinc to be harmful.

This is an important question, however, up-
on which we should like mor(> light from those
who are in a position to advise— especially from
bee-keepers who make use of a large quantity
of galvanized iron. In fact, we should like to
have sent us a sample of honey that has been
kept in a galvanized tank for a year or so. We
would then have it submitted to a competent
chemist to determine whether there are any poi-
sonous properties, as the result of this storage,
in the honey. In conclusion, we would say it is
a good idea, if in doubt, to be on the safe side
until we get " more light."'

mn

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

33.'i

MH. IIKDDON AND THE GI>UCOSK (QUESTION,
ONCE MOKE.

As iiitinuitt'd in our last issue, we oxpoctod to
givi^ Mr. llcddoii a chance to reply to our foot-
note on p. 27^; but his reply, just at liand, takes
five columns to our two. As it is out of the
question for us to allow him so mucli space we
will endeavor to give the main points of liis ar-
ticle as /(((■/•?!/ and briefly as possible.

Mr. Heddon sends an altidavit from his son
Charles, to the elT'ect that he (Charles) person-
ally took from the hives the Willard honey,
and shipped it himself; and that, to his certain
knowledge, all of said honey was free from
adulteration. This is good so far as it goes;
but, if we are correct, Mr. Willard asked Mr.
Heddon hunself to furnish an affidavit that
-aid honey was pure, but Mr. Heddon ignored
the request— or. at least, Mr. Willard received
no response. In answer to our inquiry regard-
ng the honey shipped by Mr. Heddon in 1893,
tie says he never shipped any adulterated honey
Lo any one.

Referring to the two cans of honey we have
nour possession, he admits the genuineness of
the tags, and that he has been in the habit of
Attaching them in that way; but, assuming
:hat the tags, cans, and box, are his, he denies
that the honey is adulterated; or, if adulter-
ated, that it ever came from him. He says he
sends us a sample of pure honey, and asks us
to compare it with this in tlie cans. Of course,
we expected that the sample would taste all
right; and it is greatly superior to that in the
2ans.

As to the cheap honey, he refers to 8. T. Fish
& Co. as advertising honey from 4^^ to H cts. per
lb., depending upon style of package and qual-
ity. In a letter just received from 8. T. Fish &
Co. they say that this 4%-cent honey is in bar-
rels, and Southern stock at that, while the fi-
cent honey s the finest product. Some time
ago they wrote us that the honey market was
very poor; and that, owing to the .very hard
times, they could not begin to realize anywh<^re
near their old prices, and they were afraid they
would have to make low offerings to dispose of
what they had. But Mr. Heddon has been of-
fering cheap honey for years back, and it was
not Southern stock either; nor were the times
hard as now.

He refers to the test made by Prof. Cook on
the chemists, where .'iO samples were placed be-
fore them, some adulterated and some not, with
glucose, and which the chemists recognized cor-
rectly in every case, as not being conclusive to
him. He affirms that the test should be made
by persons who should '• lay aside all desires as
to results." That is just exactly what ivas
done. If they had any desire to show that the
honey ira.S' adulterated, why did they not show
those samples that were pure, as also adulterat-
ed ? But, no; they correctly picked out the
pure from the " doctored " samples. There was

not and could not be the least prejudice in this
instance.

Further, we call our readers to witness that
Mr. H(>,ddon said, on page 277, that nineteen-
twentietlis of his customers praised the honey
he shipped them, and that he (Heddon) offered
to show us the "original manuscript" to prove
it if we would publisli it. In the closing para-
graph of our footnote, we called attention to
these testimonials as being merely printed and
niimhercd, with neither date nor name; and as
Mr. Heddon liad offered to furnish the original
letters, proving all these testimonials to be gen-
uine, we told him that we would publish them
or acknowledge their genuineness. Now, did he
doit? We have read his 11-page article, now
in hand, over carefully, but do not see any ref-
erence to it; and as to the" original manuscript"
that he was to furnish, it has not yet made its
appearance. Perliaps he overlooked it.

The rest of the article is concerned largely in
defense of his statements made at the Michigan
State Convention; and as he has nothing new to
offer we do not refer to it except to mention that
he says he did not defend the practice of mixing
glucose. The paper was published in the
American Bee Journal, and it speaks for it-
self.

Finally, we must say that we have no more
room for further discussion of this matter. We
certainly do not wish to do Mr. Heddon an in-
justice; we are seeking the truth and the best
good of the pursuit. It seems to us he has had
enough space already; and unless there should
be some very good reason we should prefer to
devote our space to other matters.

EVOLrXION BY HUMAN INTEI.MGENCE.

I BELIEVE in the above kind of evolution;
and one of the most interesting wonders this
world affords to me is to look on and see what
human intelligence and the brains of thir king
men are continually evolving. .Just one illus-
tration. Something over 2f> years ago it was
my privilege to ride one of the first velocipedes.
There was then a sort of excitement and craze
for a time, and then it seemed to settle back
and be lost to the world— at least, to a certain
extent. There were some, however, who held
on and kept experimenting with the curious
machine. Some laughed at them for their
pains, and I do not know but I was among the
number. Finally the pneumatic safety made
quite a stir in the world about three years ago.
You all know that the first Columbia safety
was to me not only a wonder but a glimpse of
something I had not dreamed of. But the '94
wheel was such an improvement again that I
was pleasantly astonished and surprised when
the boys talked aliout having me try the results
of the experiments and work of the best me-
chanics and the best intelligence of the world
during 1893. I was a good deal incredulous
about finding any thing I should like better

336

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apr. 15.

than my '93 Columbia. But they sent for a
Victor wheel and asked me to try it. Again I
am surprised and astonished. The special
point of the new wheel is its lightness. When
I picked it up with one hand and carried it
about easily, I could hardly think there was
enough to it to enable me to do what I had
done on my old wheel. But human intelligence
is climbing up. and it is climbing fast too. The
new wheel does every thing the old one did. It
is a good many pounds lighter, and it is cer-
tainly easier running. It turns sharp corners,
and enables me to dodge here and there, avoid-
ing foot-passengers with an ease and security I
did not believe possible only a few months ago.
Is it really possible that, through the inventive
genius of our bright mechanics, a middle-aged
man like myself can dodge around, and skip
and run, with the ease and rapidity and secure
footing of a child ? I suppose that, to be con-
sistent, I should expect the year 1894 to witness
still more progress and achieve still greater
wonders. Well, I am trying to scrape up faith;
but meanwhile I am quite well satisfied with
my little 1894 Victor Flyer. A. I. R.

DEATH OF C. N. ABBOTT, FOUNDER OF THE
BRITISH BEE JOURNAL.

After Gleanings was in its third year I dis-
covered there was a bee- journal published in
England. Gleanings was started in Dec, 187:3,
while the first issue of the British Bee Journal
came out in 1873. Mr. Abbott was born Oct. 5,
1830, and myself Dec. 9, 1839, so there was a dif-
ference of nearly ten years in our ages. Some
of our older readers will remember my metal-
cornered frames, which came out in 1872. The
first notice I had of the British Bee Journal
was a description of my metal corners, accom-
panied by some very fine wood engravings — one
of the blank of which the corner was made,
and another already folded up. These illus-
trations were so much better than the average
wood -cuts in our own country that I was very
much astonished; and I soon learned that
whatever friend Abbott undertook had to be
done in the very best manner possible. His
whole journal was a model in the way of ty-
pography, engravings, and scholarship. In fact,
the only objection to it (if it can be called an
objection) was the editor's impatience with peo-
ple who persist in half doing a thing, and es-
pecially with what some of our British cousins
have been pleased to call "Yankee slipshod
ways." Friend Abbott and I soon became ac-
quainted, and an exchange of journals was pro-
posed. He sent me a bundle of his journals,
and I sent him a bundle of ours in return, and
then we each remailed them to subscribers.
Friend Abbott's journals came to hand wrap-
ped with exceeding niceness and security. Our
own, however, did not fare so well. The bun-
dle burst open, and the journals were crumpled
up all through the mail-bags. At this our

friend's characteristic impatience cropped out
and he gave me a short lecture on sending
things carefully by mail. I remember the end
ing was something like this: "All this bothei
has resulted just from the lack of a bit o
string." The demand was so great for earlj
numbers of the British Bee Journal that w(
never succeeded in getting a complete file. Oui
bound volumes date back only to Jan., 1875

It was not long before we had a visitor frorc
" Merrie England," and I told him of frienc
Abbott's letter. He said friend A. was one oj
the best of men; but. as with many of us, peo-
ple must become acquainted with him to under
stand him thoroughly; and he said Mr. A.'s
best friends had learned to make allowances
for his impatient outbursts whenever he came
across any piece of shiftless work; and, oh deai
me! we do not have to travel very far in Amer-
ica, nor England either, to find half-hearted
people.

Friend Abbott was a practical man. High-
sounding theory, without practical knowledge,
would never pass with him, nor did it ever find
a place in his journal; and sham and deceit ol
any sort were always obnoxious to him.

Some years ago we greatly enjoyed a visit
from his son, Mr. .Tames A. Abbott. While he
inherited some of the special traits of his father,
going about in the world as he had done had
somehow taken off the sharp corners. I re-
member that, at a bee-keepers' convention in
Albany, one of the bee-brethren got off his
track into political and financial matters; and
just as friend Abbott came in and sat down be-
side me, this Yankee brother undertook to tell
us something about the finances of the Bank of
England. Young Abbott very soon gave him
to understand, and the rest of the convention,
that a son of old England was in their midst,
and did not mean to remain unknown either.

Peace to the memory of C. N. Abbott; and
may we learn to copy his virtues, and overlook
his failings, if such they really were. A. I. R

BOOK AGENTS.

A young man called at our home early in the
evening. He said he wished to see me particu-
larly, but declined telling what he wanted.
Mrs. Root told him he would find me over at
the factory; but he said he wished to see me at
home, and would call at half-past seven. I was
tired, after the duties of a busy day, for this re-
markably fine weather in March has crowded
business on to us of all kinds, almost all at once,
and 1 did not really want to see anybody that
evening. I wanted to look over the agricultu-
ral papers. The family were all away some-
where; and when the young man called I was
alone. As he did not seem inclined to make
known his business, I offered him a chair. He
said he came from London, and had not been
long in our country. Then he spoke of our peo-
ple and of our State. He talked about the

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

337

weather and about finances, and finally he com-
menced about spiritual things. I did not say
very much in reply, because I did not care to
prolong his visit. And, by the way, it is a very
ireat task to me to sit and waste time in com-
monplace observations. Some people seem to
ielight in studying up something to talk about,
ind talk and talk without any point to their
•em arks, and waste precious moments in ram-
oling all over the universe. It is all very well if
people have no business on hand, and nothing
}lse to do. But it is really surprising to me,
many times, to see people waste precious mo-
ments in idle talk. I try to be courteous to
very body; in fact, I sometimes make observa-
ions about the weather in order to be sociable;
ind I certainly expect to be civil to people who
ome into my own home — that is, within the
rounds of reason. I became so weary, however,
)f this rambling talk that I asked my guest, as
pleasantly as I could, if I might inquire why he

0 particularly desired to see me. At this he
milingly reached into an inside pocket and
Irew forth a book. I had been mentally ques-
ioning whether he might not after all be only

1 book agent. He commenced to talk, but I In-
errupted him.

" Excuse me. sir: but it is true, is it. that you
ire a book agent?"'

He dodged the question a little, but I forced
lim to admit that he was.

"And ihen why did you not inform me, when
70U first came in, what your business was ?"

He did not reply to this, but commenced
igain an eloquent discourse, or at least 1 pre-
sume he considered it so, in regard to his book.
He Insisted on holding it open before me.

" Please excuse me, sir, but I do not wish to
3uy a book of any kind. I very much prefer to
xamine the books and papers I have here on
my desk, that I have as yet hardly had time to
ook at."

However, he was not to be bluffed off in that
ivay. and I began to think that, may be, I was
lot master, after all, even in my own home,
ind I finally rose up and said:

"Please excuse me, sir; but I have been
greatly annoyed by the importunities of book
igents, and sometimes I am accused of being
very harsh to them. If you will put your book
jack into your pocket, and believe me when I
tell you that I do not want it, and prefer not to
lake the time to even look at it, we can, per-
haps, finish our business pleasantly."

I do not know whether it was cheek or wheth-
er it was ignorance that prompted the young
man still to insist that I should look at his
Dook and listen to his tirade; but I decided that
orbearance had ceased co be a virtue. I open-
id the door and motioned with my hand for him
o go out, and wished him a good-evening as
jleasantly as I could under the circumstances.
[ think it was about at ihis point that he com-
nenced again:

" My dear sir, if you will just let me put the
name of A. I. Root at the head of my list, you
don't know how many books I can sell, simply
because of your high standing and reputa-
tion."

This came pretty near being the" last straw."
I remember of thinking that, perhaps, I should
really be obliged to put him outdoors by main
strength, and I remember of thinking how
much I should relish such an undertaking. He
finally went out, and I closed the door after him
just about as soon as it could be safely shut.
Then I went and sat down, thinking I had final-
ly got through with him. A timid knock at
the door, however, admonished me that he was
not gone, after all. At the same time I began
to feel a little sorry to think that I had been so
severe. I did not mean to let him get in again,
however, but I opened it enough so he could
speak.

" Mr. Root, I really beg your pardon for hav-
ing vexed you. Will you not forgive me?"

I replied, "Yes, my friend. I will most cheer-
fully forgive you on one condition."

"And what is that?"

"That you will, from this time forward, lell
the good people wherever you may call, at the
very outset, that you are a book agent."

He did not give me the promise, and here
rests the whole point of my story. Everybody
else that I know of — that is, people in every
other occupation — when they call upon a busi-
ness man (or business woman, for that matter)
are not ashamed to tell what their business is.
I have known patient, hard-working Christian
women, who have again and again been obliged
to stop their work in the middle of a busy day
— yes, their ironing and their baking, perhaps
with a baby crying, to listen to the disagreeable
lingo of some book agent. And I have heard
people excuse themselves for buying a book
they did not want, because they said they co.uld
not see any way in the world to get rid of the
fellow without buying his book. I do not par-
ticularly object to book agents, if they would
come out fair and square, and tell their busi-
ness. They have learned of late, it would seem,
that carrying a book in their hands, or even in
a valise, "gives them away," to use a slang
phrase, and so they have arranged to have a ca-
pacious pocket made on purpose tiiat they may
get into your home or office in such a way that
you really can not decide it is not an old ac-
quaintance or some distant relative that has
just turned up. Shame on any occupation that
requires one to sail under false colors. Let us
have oleomargarine, and things of that sort,
labeled with their real name. Let us have glu-
cose labeled as glucose; and let us have a law
passed (if nothing else will do) requiring book
agents to put up a sign or wear some sort of
badge, making it known in good- sized letters to
the world around, something like this:
" / am a bonk agent.""

338

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apk. 15.

Whosoever tliei'efore shall break one of tliese least
coniniaiKlineiils, and shall teach men so, lie shall lie
oallecl the least in the kingdom of heaven; but who-
soever shall do anil teach the same shall be ealletl
ffreat in tlie kingdom of heaven.— Matt. 5: 19.

Some tinie toward the last of February I
was telling my friends, perhaps a little boast-
fully, that I had not had a cold this winter. I
further added that I had not worn any chest-
protector at all, such as 1 have been obliged to
use winters for many years; neither had 1 slept
with a '■ nightcap" on, as I have been obliged
to do in ivlnter for years back, and oftentimes
even in the siunrner. Somebody remarked that
I had better be careful about boasting, for I
might have to go back to all these things be-
fore spring would be ftilly opened. And so it
happened. I caught cold and had a sore
throat. When I got over that it settled on my
lungs; then it got up between my shoulders;
and if I got the least bit chilly I would have
pleurisy. I suppose you all know something
about these things, and so I need not go into
details. And, by the way, please do not rec-
ommend any medicines for this sort of thing.
Could I have gotten out into the open air and
ridden my wheel forty or fifty miles it would
have answered the ptirpose. to my notion, far
better than any sort of medicine. You see I
am still strong in my notions of "doctoring
without medicine." Well, this morning, when
I first arose 1 remarked that my boots needed
to have their soles repaired again. They keep
wearing otit toward the toes — especially the
right boot— and my shoemaker has built over
the right toe of this boot so much that of late
he has been putting in great nails in order to
get something that would not be worn clear u])
to the uppers every six or eight weeks. As I
said, I recollected my every-day boots would
have to be mended, and I should have to ptit
on my Sunday ones; then I considered further
that a corn on my right foot needed paring:
but as it was Saturday morning I thought I
would inakeitdo until I took my accustomed
bath Saturday night. Stire enough, the new
boot did press unpleasantly on that sore corn.
However, I went over to the factory, wliiske(J
up the elevator, and placed a letter wh(>re it
would not be neglected; then down again to
the basement, through the greenhouse, and
into the potato-cellar, which 1 discovered was
47 degrees; and although it was freezing a
little (jutside, the man in charge had not left
the windows open during the night. I got
them all wide open, and reduced the tempera-
ture 10 degrees in a very little time.. Tlitm I
looked after various other things, and gave
directions in regard to the work; but as I start-
ed for Itreakfast I could not lielp limping, for
that new hoot was making my corn feel very
sore. The soreness was streaking up my leg,
and the pleurisy from my shotilder was streak-
ing down to meet the otiier. It made me think
of the nortiiern lights with their streainers, on
the night before— Friday, March .'io. By the
way, what a magniticent celestial display of
" search-lights " w(! did have as they met to-
gether in the zenith ! I did not see the colors,
but Mrs. Root and the children d(^scribed them
to me, for I am color-blind to a certain extent.
Well, the •' streamers" from the pleurisy from
my shoulder, and tlie corn near my small toe,
were not nearly as inspiring as the aurora. In
fact, before I got home I was conscious of

being not only crippled in body, but I felt crip
pled mentally, and, I am afraid, a little bii
spirittially also. Dear mel what a wonderfu
trtith I hat "kid" did utter when he said, ii
speaking his piece,

" Tall aehea from little toe corns grow " !

T opened the bedroom door to go through t(
the clothes press, to get a sharp knife that
knew was in a pocket of my Sunday clothes. It
is one of the queen-cell knives, and itisverj
sharp. First, the door stuck and would not
open, and that vexed me. Then Mrs. Root hac
hoisted every window as far as it would go, anc
the wind was just rollicking through the bed
room, and tlae oed-clotlies were piled over tht
chairs and tlie bedstead. They were getting
ventilated and purified to an extent that ough'
to have satisfied any thrifty housewife. Btit^
had got my overcoat off, and the ventilatioi
did not help my pleurisy a bit. I remember o
thinking that she carried this matter of venti
lation of bedrooms to a very unwarranlabli
extreme. Fifteen minutes with such a wind, i
seeined to me, ought to do the business; bu
she likes to keep it up pretty much all the fore
noon. I thought of making some gentle remon
strance; but then I remembered my sermon it
the last issue, on domineering; and I drew <
long sigh to think that even the pleasure o
scolding could not be indulged in, as I had S(
thoroughly put up the bars behind me in tha
talk. Yes, the bars were good high ones, an(
there must have been pretty nearly a ten-rai
fence around the rest of the lot. The corn ant
pleurisy together seemed to utter a groan ti
think what a straight and narrow path it is-
yes, not only straight and narrow, but there i
a ten-rail fence (you know) on each side of thi
path — that a consistent Christian must walk it
Now, hold on. friends. Let none of you think
am complaining of the restrictions to one'
liberty that Christianity imposes. I hope I an
sensible enough to rejoice and not chafe — yes-
to rejoice in the liberty that Christ Jesus give
to his followers. Well, that door stuck again
I remembered of promising my wife, more thai
a month before, that I would stop its stickin;
just as soon as I got tip in the morning, and i
had not been done. I knew perfectly well wha
made it stick. There is a pair of doors betweei
the sitting-room and our bedroom. They ar
heavy walnut. One of them is bolted to th
ceiling overhead and to the floor below. Oi
account of the shrinking of the door, the hot
tom bolt did not enter the iron plate in th^
floor. Notwithstanding the pleurisy and corn
and the neuralgic streamers, I decided tha
that door should be lixed tlieii and there.

One of my daughters, at this crisis, informet
me that the omelet was just ready for break
fast, and -wou'd fall and be spoiled unless
would come to breakfast at once. She has late
ly taken to cookiiKj as one of the tine arts, in
stead of playing the violin. There were severa
reasons why I wtinted to accommodate her.
felt vexed at thtit door; but I felt more vexec
at that iniportuuat(> corn. Well. I got througl
it all. Ilulier brotight me Mrs. Root's nice lit
tie hammer, and about three blows settled th(
iron plate so the holt would go into its place
Th(>n the door opened iuui shut easily anc
smoothly. With the sharp knife I pared th(
corn down until the while kernel was cut otil
entirely. Then my Sunday boot was comforta
ble and pleastint. The omelet was not spoilec
by riDisiilcvithle: and when it came time for oui
usual Hible-reading and prayer, I was in a verj
thankful frame of mind.

Well, what has all this got to do with oui
text and my sermon'.' Please do not be in a
hurry, and we shall get at the point. I have

181)4

GLEANIN(JS IN BEE CULTURE.

339

not yet got quite through with this matter of
corns, however, iuid may be we shall tiiid a ser-
mon right there. Somt; of you may say that
paling corns with a nice siiaip knife is a very
poor way of tixiiig matteis. Well. 1 sliould tx;
glad of instruction. I luive tried corn doctors;
but 1 should ne<'d one about once a month; and
with a good Unife I can work faster than they
do. and clicupcr. How about corn remedies?
Well, I have not tried all of them; but Mrs.
Root has trii'd all, or pretty (ico;/// all. I was
going to say. Tiiere is one i-emedy that suits
my notions better than either a knife or medi-
cine. It is right in a line of doctoring without
medicine — going barefoot. This. I know by
experience, is a perfect and complete remedy;
and wading in thci creek— in warm weather,
of course — 1."> minutes a day. I believe, would
answer; or go out some warm night when
there is a heavy dew. and piomenade up and
down the lawn. This plan answers nicely.
Vou need not tell me my boots were too light
or bad-littiiig. They were made to order, and
I liave tried every variation, almost, to get
them so as to make the least trouble. A boot
that is too loose is not an <>a>^y one. When it is
real warm I wear cloth shoes. These are next
thing to going barefoot. I should be glad of
help in this matter, but I do not believe I want
any more corn medicines.

Now, then, even from a ('hrtstian standpoint
of view you can not afford to be tormented by
corns. You can not afford to have your
strength, energy, vitality, and endurance,
sapp(?d out of your whole system by one little
insignilicant corn. One of the ladies' journals
has had something to say in referenci; to this
matter. A woman may wear herself out more
in half a day than she would ordinarily in
months, by being dragged down by a trouble-
some corn. Most of you have had experience
more or less in this line. Again: If there is
another weak pointin the system, the pain and
irritation from the corn will run over to that
weak point iind aggravate it all along the way.
So much for the pliysical corns. How is it with
the spiritual ? Very likely one can, if he takes
great care and pains, avoid having corns— or.
at least, he can avoid being very much troubled
with them: and in the same way he can and
should beware of letting spiritual corns grow,
increase, and drag him down. Suppose there is
some cider in your cellar, that was purchased
to make into vinegar. Sometime you happen
to t>'< down there alone, and you are tempted to
take a drink. You are a professor of religion,
and a temperance man too. You know it is
rvronij. You would not have your boy do the
same thing for the world. Away back years
ago. when you were a child, a good many good
people used to drink cider. But ours is a pro-
gressive age. Intelligent Christians are expect-
ed now to shun temptation. Perhaps you are
alone in the house. May be it is after dark.
There is not a soul anywhere near. You feel
in especial hankering for the cider, and .Satan
say>, "No one will know it. anyhow. Besides,
it is your own business and not theirs." Very
likily he adds that, in the present state of your
health, it will do you good and not harm. You
yield to the temptation. My friend, in such a
case you are afflicted with a spiritual corn,
You won"t l)e just tlie same as you were before
until you have 1io)iesthj repented and asked
(Jod to forgive you. If you do not do tiiis, this
spiritual corn will act like the others I have
been telling you about. If you have a hanker-
ing after other things that you know are wrong,
these otlier temptations will rush up and put in
their plea. They will say. "' You yielded to the
ippetite for cider; now be fair and consistent
ill round, and let u.s have our chance too."

Tht! one ai)petite is lik(^ the corn I told you
at)out— it will streak over to the other, and
tliey two will mutually help each other. If
you have been keeping your tem|;er pretty well
undei' control. an<l a sudden teMiplation comes
over you. the m-tnory of thai cider experi-^nce
will stret k over to the teiiijM-r. and you will be
ever so much mori; likel\ id give way. You
know intemperate^ men g>L mad on the slight-
est provocation, and act wiilioiit scruple or
s(>nse. If you have been battling with some
low ai)petite or passion that need not be men-
tioned here, they all start up with unwonted
energy; and if tlie three get united in trying to
storm the citadel— the citadel held and ruled
by reason and a Christian s|)irit— you will lind
resistance will he like one man lighting against
three strong men who have pounced upon him
all at once. •■ Wlieii a strong man armed keep-
eth his palace his goods are in peace; but when
a stronger than he shall come upon him. ;wid
overcome him, he taketh from him all his
armor wherein he trusted, and divideih his
spoils."

Giving way to one little temptation started
the whole of it. When a man feels himself
sinking it begins to be exceedingly hard for
him to attend worship as usual, and to go
through the forms of daily worship. The Bible
begins to seem to him arbitrary and unreasona-
ble. He begins to hate (rod's people and God's
word, just for the reason that " men love dark-
ness rather than light, because their deeds are
evil." And tlie next verse makes it plainer
still: " But he that doeth truth cometh to the
light, that his deeds may be manifest that they
are wrought in God." You see, this latter in-
dividual loves (iod's holy word, and rejoices to
meditate in it day and night. He did not let
any spiritual " corn '' destroy his peace of mind
and his communion with his Maker. The
wages of sin is death; and in the same line the
consequences of just a little sin is deadeiiinrj to
one's spiritual nature. One little corn, if allow-
ed to grow, saps one's very strength and vitali-
ty. So one little spiritual corn, if allowed to go
unrepented of, saps and kills spiritual vitality.
Bad men curse the name of (Jod. and curse and
jeer and ridicule his holy word. Why does a
drunken man swear? and why does he hate
Christians? That old veteran Paul knew all
about it. He said. ' Put on the whole armor of
(Jod. that ye may be able to stand against the
wiles of the devil." Do not let any little sins
kill out your spiritual enjoyment. Do not leave
even the smallest break in the armor. '" Where-
fore take unto you the wliole armor of God,
that ye may be able to stand in the evil day."

GETTING TIP STAIRS AND DOWN.

SOMETHINf; IN Till'; WAV OK I'AS.SKXOEU EI,?>
VATOIi.S.

A few days ago. when I was rushing through
the wax-room, the foreman began to smile. I
stopped, and asked him what was wrong. '"Oh!
nothing," said he; '"but I have been thinking it
is not any wonder that you are wearing out, if
you have to climb stairs, and rush from one
room to another ;it the rate you have been
doing this morning. If they could give you a
hic\irle that would enable you to run up and
down sUiirs. it would lie a big thing."

Well, we liove a power elevator to carry
heavy freight up and down — yes. three of them;
and sometimes when 1 am tired I do avail my-
self of the elevators. But they are too slow,
and a good deal of the time they are not on the
floor where I want them. Besides, they are

340

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apu. 15.

complicated. A few days ago a circular came
floating through the malls, something to this
efl'ect:

" Friends, are you in any way interested in
the matter of light passenger elevators? If so,
will you please let us know?"

I think there was a picture on the circular;
and, just for the fun of it. I wrote them, •' Yes,
lam interested. Tell us something more about
your light passenger elevator."

A few days afterward they said there was a
man waiting to see Mr. Root, and he said he
must see me, and nobody else would answer.
I found him; and when he told me he had
come clear to Medina on purpose to tell me
more about elevators. I was really sorry they
had taken so much pains and trouble, for we
certainly could not buy one then; but I said we
should like to know something more about it
out of curiosity. He assured me that it was all
right, and that he was quite willing to pay his
expenses to Medina and back again just to get
a glimpse of A. I. Root and his establishment.
He added he had got his pay already. When I
began to ask him something about the elevator,
I found that he was the inventor of the ma-
chine, and one of the most enthusiastic in-
ventors I ever saw; and when he told what his
elevators would do, and said he woixld put in
one and take it all out without any expense to
us, I began to laugh at his earnestness. By the
way, for several months past I have been dis-
covering day by day that I should have to be
relieved from so much going up and down
stairs, or I should " play out," as the expression
is; and this invention seems to be a special
providence. Here is a cut of it.

In the first place, it is not
a power elevator at all. It
is just a hand elevator. At
first thought one would con-
clude that it must be very
hard work. Now, it is not
hard work at all. Under
some circumstances it is not
any work. It is like going
up in a balloon and coming
down in one. Did you ever
try TO imagine what fun it
would be to sail through
the air if you did not weigh
(inxj thing at all? or have
you ever noticed a fish in an
aquarium? He rises in the
water, or sinks to the bot-
tom, without moving a fin;
and you can not discover his
moving a muscle. He does
move a muscle, however —
just enough to change his
specific gravity. When he
wishes to rise in the water
he makes himself a little
larger; and when he wishes
to sink to the bottom he
makes himself a little small-
er. Now, in this new ele-
vator one rises and falls about as easily as the
fish does; but he does it mnre (luickly than the
fish does. The inventor tried to explain it to
us, but none of our expert mechanics could un-
derstand how it was possible, until we saw the
thing actually at work. Let me try my hand
at a description.

Perhaps when you were a boy you discovered
you could throw a rope over the limb of a tree,
and get up into the tree by simply pulling one
end of the rope while your foot was placed in a
noose in the other end. Keep this in mind.
You have also seen very deep wells where a
chain passed over a roll"r, having a bucket on
one end of the chain, and a stone, or some other

SELF - LIFTING
ELEVATOU.

object for a counterpoise, at the other end
When the bucket of water and the weight wert
just balanced, almost no power at all was re
quired to bring up the water. Now, with thi
elevator there is a big iron weight, weighing a
much as the carriage and a man inside of it
The weight is ."58 inches long and (i inches ir
diameter, so it occupies but little space out
wardly. Suppose the man and cage just bal
ance the sveight, as I have said. You wil
readily see that a very little power would mov(
the cage and man together up or down. This
power is applied by the passenger taking hole
of the rope running over the smaller of the twc
pulleys seen at the top. This rope, in fact, goe
right down through the cage. Very well. Th(
man could spin up or down either by simplj
pulling on the rope. When he comes to th(
getting- off place, the instant he steps from th(
cage this iron weight would go down with s
rush, and the cage would go up with a crash
What must be done to prevent such a catastro
phe? Most of you know how the Westinghousf
air-brakes, used on railway trains, are man-
aged. The normal condition of the brake is
such that a powerful steel spring operates or
the car-wheels, holding them so rigid that tht
cars can not be moved until the engine raises
them by pumping air into the proper machin-
ery; therefore, when an accident happens tc
the engine, or to any part of the train, the
brakes operate automatically. A similar brakf
is used in this carriage. It is released by thf
passenger setting his foot on the lever. He car
not move at all until he stands on said projec-
tion on the floor of the cage; and the minutf
he lifts his foot to step out of the cage, it if
locked so firmly that even jumping on it wiT
not move it the fraction of an inch.

Just one thing more. Men and women do noi
all weigh alike; but our Quaker friend wht
invented the machine makes them weigh alikt
by a very simple device. Right near at hand
in the cage is a box of rolling weights. They
look like small grindstones, only they are made
of cast iron. Some are thick and some are thin
This makes them weigh differently. Now.
when you grasp hold of the rope, and step on
to the cage, you roll one or more of these
weights out of the box into a similar box in the
cage. Put your foot on the brake while you
hold on to the rope, and you soon decide what
weights will just about make a balance. After
having run up and down a little to see that the
weight is adjusted, it is as easy to go one way
as the other. Y"ou are now ready to travel.
Just hold your breath now, and I will stop here
to see how long it takes me to go from the
ofifice, where I am now writing, down into the
seed -room., 30 feet below, and back.

Here we are! gone just 14 seconds. Our
Quaker friend says that one of the men, after
the machine had been up several weeks, so
that he had had some practice, went up tsofcet
and down again in 14 seconds; and I presume
Huber or some of the rest of the boys will very
socn "break the record" I have just made
above.

Now, if I should stop right here you might
say this machine is a most wonderful invention.
I told friend Williams I should consider his dis-
covery worth Jiitlf (I millinn of (loUors if it
were not for one little defect. Unfortunately
it rather looks as if man's ingenuity and skill
could hardly remedy this defect, trifling as it
may seem. If one man or one woman were to
use the machine alone, this defect would never
appear. It is this: Suppose yon run up to one
of the upper floors, and you leave the cage
where you step off. There it must stand until
either you or somebody else wants to go down
again. Why not pull it down with a rope?

1804

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE

341

you may ask. Well, in that case you would
have to pull as much as an average man weighs.
In fact, if you were a little under weight you
might hang your whole weight on the rope,
and it would not come down then, because you
are not heavy enough to make it come down.
Another thing, that ingenious brake, with its
terrible clutch, holds the cage like a grip of
death until somebody steps on it with suitable
weight. Somebody weighing 100 pounds or
more must step on this brake and bring the
cage down. Two can go up together, it is true,
but they will both have to pull on the rope. If
the second man weighs 150 pounds, e(tc}i one of
the two must pull HT^o pounds lo make up for
his weight. Please notice, that as you pull
down on the rope you also lift a part of your
weight from the platform on which you stand.
Changing the balance-weights makes some
difference; but there has got to be some work
done to carry up more than one person. Two
children weighing 7.5 pounds apiece will go up
just as easily as one man weighing 150. But if
one of the children wants to go down alone, he
has got to pull up on the rope half his own
weight. We have had the machine at work
for only two days now, at this writing. A g03d
deal of the time, when somebody goes up,
somebody else wants to go down, and so the
apparatus is kept pretty busy. When anybody
wants to go upstairs he glances toward the
elevator. If the cage is on his floor, well and
good. If not, he must go down by the stairs.
The principle is this: As the elevator requires
but little power, just as many pounds of people
are expected to go down during the day as go
up. Of course, this may vary a little by what
one may pull on the rope or hold back on the
rope. Our pastor was just in; and as he weighs
165, he was obliged to hold back 15 pounds in
going down, and pull up the same weight in
coming up. The adjusting-weight, you see,
would not help anybody weighing above 1.50.
The inventor seems to have decided that 150 is
about the average weight of humanity, count-
ing women and children who may be likely to
want to use the apparatus. This morning,
some stones weighing about 300 pounds each
were needed from the basement. Two men
managed it very easily. A stone was placed on
the cage so as to rest on the brake. Then a
man in the basement pulled down 1.50 pounds
on the rope, and one on the floor above pulled
down also the same weight, and the stone was
lifted up without much trouble. Of course,
somebody had to hold on to the rope until the
stone was lifted from the brake.

In investigating this subject a queer fact
seems to come out. In one sense it is not queer
at all, and in another it is. It is this: After
you get up in the morning you commence going
up and down, and keep going up and down
more or less all day long. If you weigh 150
pounds, that much weight is elevated by
strength of muscle, and let down a great many
times during the day; but if you sleep in ihe
same bed at night, the sums total of going up
are exactly equal to the sums total of going
down. You land at the same spot. Now, if
one could be made to balance the other, a great
deal of hard work would be saved; and friend
Williams, by his invention, does make one
balance the other— at least, when you go up
and downstairs.* For instance, it takes quite

* Just think of it 1 You could g-o a mile big-h, and
down Hg-aiu, witli almost no effort at all on your
part, if you liad a pulley up at the top and a rope
thrown over it. Some of you may be sharp enougli
to su^jtrest tliat the rope would weig'h sometliiiig'.
But friend Williams has managed that part of it.
No matter whetlier the cage is at the top or bottom,
the amount of rope on one side is just equal, and

a little power to lift 1.50 pounds up two or three
flights of stairs; and the way we work it, it usu-
ally takes almost as much extirtion, and some-
times I think ii more fatiguing exertion, to go
downstairs than to climb up. Our juvenile
friends sometimes cut off a part of going doivn-
stairs by sliding down the banisters. Well,
now, this invention not only cuts ofl" the labor
of walking upstairs, but ii stores up the force
you expend, and saves it until the same force
you exerted in going down will at some future
time during the day lift you up. When I go
down 30 feet with this new elevator, I raise that
big weight up just as many feet as I come
down, and there it remains suspended just un-
der the roof until I want to go up again. Then
it does all the lifting, and does not cost any
thing. You have heard people tell about mak-
ing one hand wash the other. Well, this new
elevator does that very thing. I told you my
new invention of the exhaust steam had re-
sulted in a storage battery for heat. Well,
friend Williams has now a storage battery for
muscular force. Why, yes; you can sit in ai
easy-chair, if you choose, and in going down
from the attic to the basement you develop
quite a quantity of muscular force that remains
stored up in that big iron weight until you wish
to use it in going up. We store up electricity
in storage batteries — yes, enough of it so that
they run street-cars by the force stored up:
and we are storing up the heat contained in
the exhaust steam, and saving this to warm
our houses nights and Sundays when there is
not any steam escaping. Finally, we are stor-
ing up the force developed while we go down-
stairs: and, mind you, the going downstairs
can be done in an easy-chair besides; and then
this force lifts us up at some other time. Per-
haps it will not always be done with big iron
weights. I have thought of having a big tank,
say upon the roof. Every time anybody goes
down the elevator it lifts a lot of water which
is potired into the tank. If the goings up do
not happen to exactly balance the comings
down, then we will have a pump to reinforce
the water needed in the tank; and we need a
little more too, you know, to overcome friction;
yet with the bail bearings that we have on our
wheels, and all these other things to reduce
friction, it will not take very much. And, by
the way, if the force developed in riding down
hill on a wheel could be properly stored up it
would go a great way toward carrying you to
the top of the next hill: and we do this already
to a certain extent by riding down hill at such
speed that we acquire almost enough momen-
tum to carry us to the top of the next hill.
Now, who comes next in this business of storing
up natural forces — the waste forces, if you
choose, that are being set loose all around us ?
The above apparatus costs from $100 to ?300,
according to the distance up and down it has
to travel; and after one has climbed stairs un-
til he is pretty well used up by the operation,
he is prepared to appreciate the invention. It
is manufactured by the Self-lifting Elevator
Co., Delphos, O.

tlierefore just balances tlie amount of rope on the
otlier. Such an arrangement could be put up on
tlie Washington Monument, at Niagai'a Falls, or
even at the Yosemite, Cal.. or in the Grand Canyon
of the Colorado; and it would be as much fun for
a visitor to tiy from top to l)ottom. and vice versa, as
to ride a wheel. Whj-, if I could have a steam-engine
to pull me up just as well as not, I should greatly
prefer to grasp tliat rope and spin myself up. Tliere
is no limit to your speed, except the rapidity with
which you can put one hand at)ove another on the
rope. Wliy has not some enterprising Yankee
thought of it before, and rigged up such a tiling,
chaiging admittance for the privilege of flying up
and down as fast as you please ?

342

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apr. l.i.

SOWING GARDEN SKKDS IN THE FALT..

We clip the following from the Mayfloiver:
How many sow their tomato, beet, onion, parsnip,
and carrot seed in the tall, just before the ground
is frozen? It is true, that plants from seeds thus
sown are mucli superior, especially in earliness, to
spring'-sown seed.

As there is no name appended to the above,
we suppose it is editorial, from Floral Park, N.
Y. We know tomato seeds will stand over win-
ter, for they come up all over the garden, when
the winter is warm enough; but in our locality,
by the time tomatoes come up in the open
ground they are usually too late for most people.
As we have never seen beets, onions, or carrots
come up from self-sowing, we feel a little,
doubtful about it. Perhaps, however, it is
because very few people allow beets, onions,
and carrots to go to seed. We frequently raise
our own parsnip seed, and parsnips sometimes
come up quite thickly, so we think it quite
likely the planting could be done in the fall.
The most of our ground, however, especially
our heavy clay ground, during >the winter gets
packed down so heavily by the sun and rain
that we greatly prefer to have it mellowed up
and harrowed fine in the spring, before the
seeds are put in. With light sandy soil, how-
ever, the plan would, very likely, work all
right. Can anybody tell us about it who has
tried sowing beet, onion, and carrot seed in the
fall ?

By the way, I am greatly vexed many times
with our agricultural journals because they do
not give the date and residence of writers. In
many of the communications a man will say,
'• It is not too late to get a crop, if the seed is
put in right away now." But with no date to
the letter, how is anybody going to know what
now means'? The editor may have held the
communication a month or two before putting
it in. Again, somebody may give full partic-
ulars, and tell how he succeeded in getting a
great crop, and yet omit to tell where he lives,
and give no clew to the reader to guess. What
does his communication amount to in such a

One thing more about sowing tomatoes in the
fall. Livingston and Day, two great authori-
ties on tomato culture, say that tomato-plants
that come up in the garden can never be relied
on at all. I think they both state that such
seeds are likely to produce a different tomato
from any thing you ever had on your grounds;
but neither of them could give a reason why.
I remember one season of finding a vine that
came up unexpectedly, and got so l9.rge in a
short space of time that I had not the heart to
pull it up. It gave us an enormous crop of
most beautiful cherry tomatoes; yet I can not
remember that I ever purchased any cherry-
tomato seed in my life. The seed may have
been mixed in with some other kinds by acci-
dent: but our seeds are so very clean that we
get nowadays of the regular seedsmen that it
hardly seems possible. Is it not more likely
that it came from stable manure that vve buy
all over town V

TOMATOES FROM THE SEED IN 2() DAYS.

Speaking about getting tomatoes in a very
short space of time reminds me that friend
Mills advertises seed from a strain of tomatoes
that has produced ripe fruit in only 26 days
from the time the seed was sown. My lirst
impression was that he would injure his repu-

tation among good men by publishing sucl
statements. Since then I remember seeing wit!
what wonderful rapidity a tomato-plant wil
grow when every thing seems to be favorable
When we were building our machine-shoj
there was some exceedingly rich ground when
1 had been having plant-beds. It was mosth
old stable manure, so finely rotted that it wa:
just beautiful soft black compost. It had t(
'be moved at once. For safe keeping I put i
down near an evergreen-tree. Tomatoes sprang
up almost as if by magic; and, under the in
tiuence of the warm July weather, and plentj
of warm rains, they grew almost like Jack';
famous beanstalk. I felt sorry for the pooi
things, thinking they could be of no possibh
use; but they did not seem to feel sorry foi
themselves a particle. I supposed that, o:
course, it was too late to think of getting tO'
matoes from the plants. But the plants wen
of full size in almost no time at all; and ther
recognizing (or at least it seems they did) thai
they would have to "hustle" if they woulc
escape frost they sent out blossoms, and hac
ripe tomatoes before one would think it possi
ble. There was not any thing on our ground
where we were raising tomatoes that coulc
compare with those by that evergreen-tree. I
reminded me of a sitting hen when she steah
her nest out in the weeds, and hatches oui
more chickens, and finer ones, than the highest-
priced incubator ever thought of doing. Is ill
not funny that old Dame Nature sometimes
when she' gets into a rollicking mood, just beatM
all the old veterans, and does not seem to makf
any fuss about it either. Well, I planted th(
seeds of those wonderful tomatoes—" the ear-
liest tomato in the world," etc. They wen
planted March 27th, in the very best place ir
our best greenhouse; and at present writing
just 8 days after, several of the seeds are push-
ing through the ground. Only 18 days are lef'
out of the 26. The seeds are precious, so w(
stuck a toothpick down about each one so as
to be sure we did not get swindled by somt
volunteer tomato. By the way, did anybodj
ever see tomatoes come up in the greenhousi
as quickly as they sometimes come up outdoors
when every thing is just right? We saved hall
of the packet, and we are going to wait till tht
very best time in June, and see what we
can do with the remaining seeds in getting
tomatoes in a short time. If I make it in twict
26 days I confess I shall be pretty well pleased.

THE BI.IZZAHD THE LAST OF MARCH.

Like most of the rest of you we got caught;
but I really do not see how we could have help-
ed it very much, unless we went to the expense
of more sashes; and in some cases the plants
we lost were worth almost enough to pay for
sashes to cover them. The trouble was, we
had April weather, or almost May weather,
during the greater part of March, and the
plants would grow in spite of us. I do not
know how we could have well kept them back.
The tomato-plants crowded the greenhouse so
that they had to be put outside. In fact, some
of them got long-legged as it was. Well, when
they had to go outside, the sashes had to be
taken off the cabbage to cover the tomatoes;
and our cold-frame cabbage-plants just took
hold and grew without any sashes at all. I
confess it seems a shame to handle sashes all
winter long, and get a splendid lot of cold-
frame cabbage-plants clear through the winter
up to the last week in March, and then let them
freeze for want of sashes. Of course, some of
them will fetch up again— may be many of them
will: and perhaps they will be as good a sevor;
but it will throw them back so late that they
are no better than spring-raised plants, unless,
indeed, the great bushy roots should give them

18'.»4

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

343

an advantage. It is the san)e with the onion-
plants, and quite a lew other things. We util-
ized every tiling in tlie shape of sash and
sliutters, and tlien used cotton eloth and blan-
kets; but I thought tliat surely those hardy
cold-frame cabbage-plants would stand any
weather we should get so near April 1. Here
is wliere anoilier warning conies in. I think
tliat. during every previous spring, we have
found the beds heated by exhaust steam would
stand the hardest freeze without injury. Hut
tliis spring they really suffered worse. I pre-
sume the reason was, the bottom heat, together
with tlie tine weather, iiad induced a ranlc ten-
der growth; and 1 tliink the bottom heat
would have warded off any ordinary frost. But
only 1.1 degrees above zero every night for
almost a week was more than they could stand.
VVe had peas up in the open air, two inches
high. It did not kill them, but it scorched
some of the top leaves. I think it was the first
lime I ever saw peas that had come up in the
open air in the spiing, hurt by a frost or freeze.
The lilacs near our house were showing the
blossom - buds. The freeze killed the new
growth, and I do not know but it pretty nearly
killed the bushes. Some peach-trees were be-
ginning to show the pink of the blossoms buds;
but. to my surprise, these at present seem to be
unharmed. I presume that, a little further
south, where fruit and other things were still
further advanced, the damage is greater than
In our locality: at least, the following letter
seems to point that way:

Every thing' gone up witli the Easter freeze. Alas-
ka peas, 4 inches hig-h; potato-onions, 10-inch; seed
onit)iis; lettu(;e, radishes, etc., well up, all destroy-
ed, except tlie large onions, which are starting
again. Frost and ice last night.

Kugby, Teun., April 3. Mrs. M. S. Percival.

Let us not be in haste, however, to borrow
troulJle. After almost all such cases of severe
weather in spring we do not find things after
all as bad as many imagined they were. It is
not such a great calamity, after all. to have our
fruit thinned off a little so as to prevent a glut
in the market. The only trouble is. this thin-
ning does not come on all alike. Some have
nothing left, and others are uninjured. I be-
lieve, however, this is true, generally speaking:
The wide-awake, energetic gardener or fruit-
grower gets ahead of the frost by some hook or
crook when other people do not. During all
tills spring we have been getting 20 cts. per lb.
for spinach and beet gn^ens. I put the price
up so people would not insist on having tluiin
when they were only half grown. IJut they
would have them nevertheless. We sold lettuce
all winter for 20 cts. per lb., but now we can
not supply the demand at 30 cts. Green onions
do not seem to sell as they usually have.

ABOUT HAVING MOKE SASHKS TO MEP:T CON-
TINGENCIES.

I think there is an extreme both ways. It
doesHiot pay to have a great lot of sashes that
are not earning you any thing; and it doss not
pay. either, to have stuff' killed for want of
sashes. But witli us. somehow or other it seems
impossible to manage so that each one of our
I'lO sashes may be earning as much money as it
ought to. I presume some of our saslies earn
two or three dollars in a season; but tli(n'e jirci
a good many raon- that do not earn a quarter
as much. It wants a better manager, or a
manager who has not so many other things to
look after. And, by the way. what a chance
tiiere is for keen headwork and intelligence in
this matter of handling sash I It is. liowever,
work that I really love, and I can hardly im-
agine any thing nicer than watching tlie
clouds, the winds, the rain, the snow, and the

frost, keeping all the while in touch with the
Weather Bureau, and managing so as to avoid
moving sash uselessly, and yc^t giving your
stuff' all th(5 air it needs, ami at the samc^ time
avoiding losses. Like almost every thing else,
however, this ninst be hiarned by degrees.
Commence with half a dozen sash; or. if you
are a boy in your teens; get two sashes. Plan
and figure to make th(i most of the half-dozen;
then goon up to two dozen, then .'iO. then 1(X),
and work just as wisely with the large number
as you did with the smaller.

SPKAYING TO K1I>T. THE INSKCT-ENE.MIES OF
OUR FRUITS AND PLANTS.

The Ohio Experiment Station comes out with
newspaper Bulletin No. 13(), with such high
recommends for the above, that one might al-
most think they had spraying-pumps or med-
icines, or something of that sort, to sell. For
instance, in their heading they say:

"Spraying profitable; several hundred per
cent sometimes realized."

Somehow it gives me a feeling of pleasure
and satisfactien every time I see one of these
experiment-station reports, l^ecause we know
they come from disinterested parties, and from
our best and most careful students and think-
ers, who have no object before them except an
unselfish desire to benefit the farmers and hor-
ticulturists of our land. May God speed them
and give them wisdom ! In this bulletin they
have simplified and cut down the directions so
that it gives the latest knowledge in regard to
the subject, in the very fewest words; and I
would advise our readers who want light on
this matter, and who have not seen this bulle-
tin in print, to send for it. Address Experiment
Station, Wooster, O.. and ask for "newspaper
Bulletin No. 136."

RASPBERRIES AND STRAWBERRIES — SOMETHING
VALUABLE IN REGARD TO THE CUL-
TIVATION OF RASPBERRIES.

I have " Root and Terry's ABC of Straw-
berry Culture." Perhaps some can raise larger
crops of strawberries than I; but it is said ours
are the finest berries in the Cooperstown mar-
ket. They averaged us 14c per qt. Our best
did not sell for less than 15. when others were
selling for 8 and 10. I should like to tell you
about our raspberries. We have 141 rods, from
which we picked 100 bushels of large fine ber-
ries last summer. It was said by people who
visited our raspberry- field to be the finest fruit
th(>y ever saw. I could sell when others had to
take their berries home. I grow them in thin
matted rows. 6 feet apart, with good strong
posts driven on each side the row. about 40 feet
apart, leaving the row one foot wide, then run
a No. 12 or 14 annealed wire around the row,
about 3 feet from the ground, drawn as tight
as I can draw it. and then fastened to each
post with a good staple. I hoed and cultivated
them thoroughly until they were in full bear-
ins. I manure heavily every fall with any
kind of stable manure. The canes grow strong;
and, by leaving in the old canes till spring to
support the new ones, the ground is so shaded
that onc(i cultivating is all that is needed. In
the spring we cultivate once, break out the
old canes, pick the berries, manure in the fall;
no hoeing is now needed. Part of our field has
not been hoed in five years, and is free from
weeds.

In footnotes on page 753, Oct.. 1893. you say
the only drawback is the expense of straw
sufficient to keep down the weeds, and keep the
soil damp. You need not pay out one cent, nor
use any straw for muk-hine to kill the weeds
or keep the soil danni. Our raspberry-canes
are set on the driest ground we have, and we

344

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apr. 15.

see no difforence about seeds in the manure.
The bushes kill out all weeds, and keep the
soil moist. We expect to pick 125 bushels the
coming summer. E. U. Parshall.

Cooperstown, N. Y., Mar. 8.

[Friend P., your suggestions are indeed val-
uable; but I am afraid the rest of us will not
all succeed as well as you do; and, by tlie way,
you have not told us what the variety is that
you work thus in matted rows. The weeds in
the manure that we get at our livery-stables,
especially the docks, dandelions, and thistles,
would choke out any variety of raspberries we
have ever cultivated. In fact, I have been try-
ing the same thing. When Terry recommend-
ed the straw mulching it occurred to me I
could get coarse stable manure almost as cheap
as the straw, and I thought it ought to be
worth ever so much more. I like this coarse
stable manure for mulching, tiptop, if it were
not for this one thing— the weeds. Our Turner
raspberries have made such thick matted rows
that the weeds grow very little; but the rasp-
berries also amount to very little on account
of the tremendous amount of plants. When
you tell us what variety it was, will you please
say also how much ground is occupied by the
141 rods'?]

NASTUKTIUMS.

Nasturtiums are sometimes used in salads,
and to garnish meats, not omitting the flowers
when in bloom; and the seed, at least, is often
used in pickles. Botanists apply the name
"nasturtinum " to water-cresses and allied
plants. Ruth Moore.

Tiffin. O.

[Landreth catalogs it as "Indian cress, or
Nasturtium."]

THE EXCELSIOR BEE PALACE. AND PATENT
HIVES IN GENERAL.

It has been so long since any thing of this
kind has come up. we had begun to hope that
it was ended. But a circular just comes to
hand from Washington, D. C, from which we
make the following extract:

Tlien get as many swarms of bees as you are able
to g-et (the more the better), and get them now this
\ ery spring, and commence bee-raising at once. Hnd
] promise you that this very year you will Inythe
foundation of an Independent fortune, and at the
same time you will find it the most pleasant and
profitable occupation of your life. Do not neglect
it— do not lose this year's opportunity, and you will
see "that hard times will come again no more."

Of course, the average bee-keeper of our land
would only smile at such a circular; but it is
the unlearned, and those unacquainted with
the bee-journals, who may be entrapped. The
circular is the more dangerous because it
quotes A. I. Root as a man who has " built up a
mammoth business, and accumulated a colos-
sal fortune" in bee culture. It aiso quotes
Jennie Atchley as the owner of an apiary of
1000 hives, having made all her money by rais-
ing queens. Perhaps Dr. Simpson means to be
truthful in this circular: but it is really a
string of falsehoods and misstatements. I am
inclined to think that much of it is the re-
sult of a want of knowledge in regard to bee
culture. The last sentence in the circular
rather gives us a clew to some of his extrava-
gant enthusiasm; viz., " Farm, township, coun-
ty, and State rights on reasonable terms." I
hardly need add, that no patent hive or bee
palace of any sort is needed to secure the very
largest possible results in bee culture.

A. I. R.

BUSIWESSS

ANACER

CRANE SMOKERS.

We call the attention of our readers, in want of a
good smoker, to the advertisement of the Crane, on
another page. As now made they are simply per-
fect, and they are sent each one in a pasteboard
box, which, for the dealer, keeps them in excellent
shape.

BUSINESS AT THIS DATE.

Our receipts for the month of March show an in-
crease over the same month for several years past.
This was undoubtedly due mostly to the warm
weather so long continued early in the month.
Though orders are liolding up well, the cold weather
through which we have been passing has diminished
them somewhat.

SECONDS IN RUBBER GLOVES.

We have several dozen pairs of No. 10 and No. 12
rubber gloves that were classed with seconds at the
factory. Tlie defects are so slight that, for all
practical purposes, especially for handling bees,
they are just as good as first grade. We ofler them,
while they last, at half price— 75c a pair, postpa'd,
or 16. .50 per dozen pairs.

SECTION-HOI,DER BOTTOMS, %XlJ^Xl8.

Wl" have a quantity of section-holder bottoms .V
inch thicker than the regular size, which we offer
at the same price as the regular V inch, to those
who prefer a heavier bar. They measure 5^xl's'xl8
inches, slotted, for 4 regular 4 '4 -inch sections. Price
60c per 100; $2.50 for .500. With the 14-inch end-
block, double this price.

GLOBE LAWN-MOWERS.

We quote a reduction of 50 cts. each on tlie prices
of lawn-mowers given in our catalog, on page 50, to
our readers and their friends. There is no better
cheap mowei' made than the Globe. We have had
one in use on our lawn for five years, and it runs
easy and doe-< splendid work. Witli above reduction
the prices will be, for Ki-inch. $:3.50: 13-in., ^3.75.;
14-in., S4.0(l; 16 in., $4.25; 18-in., $4.5i).

SPKAY PUMPS AND SPRINKLERS.

Those interested in these goods will find them list-
ed again on the inside cover pages of this issue. I
hardly think you will find pumps of equal value of-
fered elsewhere for the l<iw prices we name. Those
who wisli to liuy in quantities, or act as agents, will
do well to write for our wliolesale prices, stating
which pumps they desire prices on, and, if po.ssible,
the number wanted. As we have liought for this
season nenrly a tliousand pumps and sprinklers, we
are prepared to give bottom prices.

GREEN WIRE CLOTH FOR S<'REENS.

Some liave Incjuired if we still handle wire cloth
for screens. This is listed on page 10 of our catalog.
We liave it in full rolls, 100 feet long, and any com-
mon width, 24, 26, 28, 30, 1^2. 34, 36, SS. 40. and 42. at
$1.75 per 100 .x^unce feet, or cut pieces at 2c per sq.
foot. We have also a few rolls 8 inches wide, 10!)
feet long, that we will sell at $\M) eacli, and a few
12 inches wide and 100 feet long, at $1 .50. Tiiis will
do just as well for queen cages and covers for nu-
cleus hivt s as the wider, and it comes cheaper per
square foot.

OFF-GRADE MAPLE SUGAR AND SYRUP.

The short crop of maple products in this section
was the result of very warm spring-like weather
during the first three weeks of March, soon after
tlie sugar-buslies were opened This was followed
by another cold spell in which a good deal more
sugar and syrup has been made. This is l3eautiful
in color, hut has a buddy taste. We could supply
any wlio want this kind of syrup, at 30e per gallon
less tlian the first run, and sugar at 3c per lb. less.
We shall lie pleased to mail samples of either for ,5c
to pay postage and packing. We can still supply
first-run syiaip and sugar iis (juoted in last issue;
namely, $1.10 per gallon ft)r syrup; in lU-gallon lots,
f 1.00; sugar at 10, 9, and 8 cts. per lb. for No. 1, 2,

1804

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

345

md JSprades; ^r off in 50-lh. lots; Ic off in barrel
ots of ;!(KI lbs. At this writing we are a little be-
lind on orders for sugar of best grade.

COWAN EXTRACTORS.

The ordei's that come, and the kind woi-ds which
ollow, ai'c proving beyond a peradventure that this
s the best and most rapid hoiiey-exti actor obtain-
,l)le at till' present time. One man writes that he
Fonld not take $50 for his if he could not replace it.

We happen to have at Grand Island. Neb., a two-
rame Cowan No. 1,5 for L. frame, which we will
Lave shipped to any customer in the West, in want
if tliat size, for flO.OiJ— the regular price free on
)oard cars. It being so far west it will be an ad-
vantage in saving of freight to some one in that
eciioti

SLICED WOOD SEPARATORS.

Since we have been furnishing sawed wood sep-
irators there has been a much smaller demand for
he sliced ones, whicli, though not as straight and
lurablc and nice to u.se as the sawed ones, yet an-
iwer a good purjiose. Many prefer 1o use them but
ince. and then throw them away. We have quite
I large stock of the following sizes, which we offer
it reduced prices to move them off:

SyjXiT and 17'^ in. at 2()c per 1(10, $l..50 per 1000.

3,^x18, or anv length w. can make b.v cutting otf
hese lengths, 250 per 100, $1.75 per KKMI.

4W;xl7, slotted both sides. 3(ic per 100, $3.00 per 1000.

4^vl^. slotted both sides, 35c per 100, $2.50 ner 1000.

4'4xlH. slotted both sides, and slightly colored or
nildiwed, 2.5c per 100, |;2.00 per 1000.

SUPERIOR QUALITY AND WORKMANSHIP.

It is a pleasure to read the many letters which
;ome to us thanking us for the very fine quality of
naterial and workmanship on the goods we are
■ending out this year. We give .you, in Kind Words
•olumn, samples of these testimonials from time to
iuie. If we should attempt to give them all it
vould take more space than would be profltalile for
'lat kind of matter. These most often mention the
Jovetaih'd hives, extra polished sections, comb
'oundation, extractors, smokers, etc. Some of the
>est we can not give, because they mention goods
rom other places to their disadvantage, and we do
lot deem it prudent or courteous to reflect in public
irint on the wares of our competitors. Some, how-
!ver, have ordered goods from dealers supposing
hat they would get goods of our make, and were
llsappointed. To such we would say that, if you
vant goods of our make, be sure you get them from
IS or one of the dealers who handle our goods. You
vill find a partial list of them on page 6 of our
jatalog.

EOYPTIAN OR WINTER ONION.

There is no other onion known at present that will
viiiter like the above. During the recent freeze
hat killed almost every thing, they came out un-
larmed, and we are selling them in the market
■ight along, taken right from the open ground. We
lave been wintering over the sets during the last
vinter, without any trouble whatever. The fact
hat they are now beginnirig to sprout is a proof
hat they are unharmed. They were kept in a very
•old dry place; and as we have a large stock on
land we offer it at the following exceedingly low
irices: Qu:irt, 5 cts.; peck, 25 cJs.; bushel, 75 cts.
f you want to get a stand of Egyptian onions, now
s your chance. While they make much larger and
Inei'-flavored onions with heavy manuring, they
vill grow almost anywhere under most circutnstanc"-
;s. In fact, they are about the hardiest vegetable
)r plant that I know of.

iEDUCTION IN THE PRICE OF EARI.V OHIO, EARLV
PURITAN. LEES FAVORITE, AND RURAL NEW-
YORKER POTATOES.

As the above varieties are beginning to sprout
;ome in o'lr cold cellar, we otter them, until sold, at
he following reduction: Peck. 35 cts.; bushel, $1.00;
ler barrel of 11 pecks, $2. .50. This mak \s them tiie
iame price as we have been selling the Monroe
Needling. We still have the lattcrat the same price,
out tlicji were raised and placed in the cellar so late
n the fall tlnit they are at ijreseiit unsprouted, and
ibout as firm and solid as when the.v were dug.
rhis, you .see, is the advantage of lat<'-planted po-
uat/oes. We can not make any decline in the price
if the Freemans; and one of the good qualities of

the Freemm is. that they are very slow about
sprouting or wilting, mo matter whether they were
raised early or late. Second size of any of the
above potaioes, //((// price.

EDGAR QUEEN STKAWHERR I ES.

We once otfered this for sale, and then dropped it
out of our list, and I am reall.y ashamed to tell the
reason. I guess 1 had better, though, after all.
When we first got hold of it we had an impression
that it was a pcrfext berry, and I was much de-
lighted with its strong luxuiiant growth and beau-
tiful large berries. So 1 planted tlii'ee rows, 40 rods
long or more; but so many of the beriits were
gnarl.v and knotted that I concludid to drop it;
and then somebody told me that it was iiii|)erfect,
or pistillate, and 1 had neglected to i>ut any pet feet
berries near it. In spite of this, last .season it gave
us an immense crop of large fine berries, but a good
many of them were poorly sliaped, from lack of a
fertilizer. We have this spring a magnificent lot of
extia strong plants that we can furnish at our reg-
ular prices; namely, 10 cts. for 10; 75 cts. per 100;
$6.tX) per lUUO. If wanted by mail, add 25 cts. per 100
for postage. But he sure you plant some perfect
variety for fertilizer every third or fourth row, and
don't yiiu fonjct it. We can also furnish nice War-
fleld plants (imperfect) at the same price.

TOBACCO DUST AS AN INSECTICIDE AND FERTILIZER.

During the past winter all our lettuce has been
set in the greenhouses in a mulch with perhaps
from half an inch to an inch of tobacco dust spread
over the surface of the beds, and not a green fly
has been noticed from the time of .setting out the
jilants till harvesting the crop where this precau-
tion has been taken. On three different beds, how-
ever, where we neglected to do this, the green fly
was worse than I ever saw it before. In fact,
two of the beds were ruined, almo.st before I knew
it. Our Experiment Station has said, I believe, that
the tobacco dust is worth about as much as stable
manure as a fertilizer. 1 can readily believe this,
from what experience I have had: and I consider it
the best and cheapest insecticide for any plant that
is close enough to the ground so you can cover
plant and all with tobacco. Our squash-boxes and
wire-cloth frames were not used last season at all,
because the tobacco rendered them unnece.'-sary.
We have it in 10-lb. packages at 2 *« cts. per lb.; 25
lbs. at 2 cts. per lb.; loO lbs., SI. 75; and for an origi-
nal case containing about 400 lbs. we will make the
price on the case and all an even $5.00. If all the
tobacco produced in the world could be conflned
strictl.y to killing bugs and fertilizing plants, what
a wonderful stride our people would make, both in
godliness and prosperity!

NEW EXPRESS SBIPPINO ARRANGEMENTS.

With the advent of the new ea.st and west railroad
four years ago came the United States Express Co.
to do business in Medina. We then had both Amer-
ican and U. S., and a rertain degree of competition.
Last September the U. S. supplanted the American
on the old railroad, leaving us with oidy one express
company again. A short time ago, owing to a dis-
agreement between this company and the Adams
Co., the latter would not rec ive express matter
from the U. S. Co. for points where the Adams
could alone make delivery, unless all charges were
lirepaid. This was making us no little trouble, and
we pi'oceeded to make aii-iingements to avoid it if
possible. We have completid plans that we have
been initting into execution for the pjist two weeks.
We send all express matter, destined for delivery
offices that are exclusively American, Adams, and
WelLs, Fargo & Co.. by freight to Akrim, O., 20 miles
east, and it is there started promptly to destination
by these companies respectively. We have one
freight train each day to Akron; and in cases of
great urgency we can setid by express, there being
two express trains daily. By this arrangement we
are prepared to ship by any of the four companies
— U. S., Adams. American, and W.. F. & Co., besides
getting Akron competitive rates on the latter three.
This means quite a saving in charges to our cus-
tomers who can receive their express shi|inients
only by the thi'ee hist-nanu'd companies. We go to
the" extra trouble involved, and pay t he freight to
Akron ourselves, for the benefit of thes(> customers.
The freight in the course of a season will amount
to quite an Item, b( iti^ 2.5c or more feach day. If,
therefore, those preferring delivery by Adams,

346

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apr. 1.5.

American, or W., F. & Co., will send with their ex- ,
press orders an extra 5 cents on amounts of $ .(K) or
less, and 10c on orders from $1.00 to $10.00, it will 1
lielp materially to meet this extra expense we g-o to
for your benefit. As an illustration of what you I
gain, we will suppose a customer in Pli(enix, Aiiz , i
orders, by express, {roods weighing 10 lbs. If we j
ship by U. S., tiie only company doing business '
here, and they turn it over to the W., F. & Co , the
only company doing business in Plicenix, the
charges through will be $3.40. By shipping the '<
10 lbs. from Akron, all the way by W., F. & Co., the
charges are only $1.6,5— a saving of 75c. This is an
extreme case; but it illustrates the advantage of
shipping all the way by only one express company
when it is possible.

B. P. S. PURE READY-MIXED PAINTS.

We have recently put in a full line of family, 1
carriage, floor, and house paints, ready mixed, in |
cans of various sizes, and all colors. There has been
so much cheap adulterated trash put upon tlie
market, which has given no end of trouble and dis-
satisfaction, that we would not put in the stock
without the best assurance from the manufacturers
that we were to iiave pure goods. They guarantee
to take every pound off our hands, and pay for
analysis, if found adulterated. Wishing to confirm
or disprove tlieir representation, and satisfy our-
selves, we went to the expense of an analysis by the
State Chemist. His report confirms the claims of
the makers of the paint, that the goods are strictly
pure white lead, zinc, and linseed oil, with pure
colors for tlie proper tint, and a slight trace of
dryer. For bee-hives we use and recommend white.
If for this or any other use you require colors, we
can send you on request the color-card, with prices.
The paint is made by the Burtiss, Paterson & Sar-
geant Co., of Cleveland, O. Prices for bee-hive
paint, as quoted in catalog, are, 1 pint, 25c; quart,
45c; half-gal., H5c; gal., $1.60. Colors for house-paint- ,
ing furnished at the same price. In writing for
prices and color-cards, state for what you want to
use the paint.

SECOND-HAND FOUNDATION-MILLS.

"We offer at special low prices the following list of
second-hand foundation-mills which have accumu-
lated on our hands during the past few months. If
any desire a sample of foundation made on these
mills before ordering, we sliall be plea.sed to mail it
on request stating the kind or number of mill that
you want.

One 6-inch hex.. No. R; price $10.00. This mill is
in good condition, and just right for surplus foun-
dation 9 to 10 feet to the pound.
- One 6-inch hex.. No. Y; price $10.00. This is a
good mill, suitable for surplus foundation 10 feet to
the pound.

One 6-inch hex.. No. A A; price $10.00. This is in
good condition, and suitable for surplus founda-
tion 10 feet to the pound.

One 6-inch hex.. No. 1461 ; price $9.00. This is in fair
condition, and will make foundation 10 feet to the
pound.

One 10-inch round - cell No. F F. Price $15. < 0.
This is a late style and make of mill, practically
equal to a new one.

One 13-inch hex.. No. 1.533. Price $32.50. This is al-
most a new machine, and a bargain for tlie price.

All the above have the latest style of frames ; the
following are old style:

One 10-inch round-cell heavy shallow wall. No. BE.
Price $8.00. This is an old-st,\ le mill little used, n
fair condition.

One 10-inch round-cell heavy shallow wall. No. GG.
Price $8.00. This is an old-style mill, almost new,
but a fair machine for the price at which we offer it.

One 10-inch round cell, heavy, No. W; price $10.00.
This is suited for only heavy foundation, and will
answer nicely for that purpose.

One 9-inch Dunham, round cell, heavy ; price $8.00.
This mill is in fair condition, and is suited for heavy
foundation only.

One lo-inch Pelham, almost new, and of the latest
pattein, for heavy brood foundation only. Will sell
for $9.00.

SECOND-HAND MACHINERY.

"We still have on hatid quite a line of second-hand
machinery. If any of our readers or their friends
contemplate i)utting in nmchinciy we are prepared
to fit you out from cclhir to gunet witli every thing
you need in iMigines, boili'is, macliinei'y, sli.ifling,
pulleys, hangei's, belting, saws, etc. Tlii' following

is a partial list of the second-hand machinery W(
have to sell. If you desire further particulars wi
shall be pleusi'd to hear from you.

One 30-H. P. Fishkill horizontal engine, rebuilt
and as good as new; would cost new $400; will sel
for $175, or with new boiler for $375.

Two four-piece section-machines, as good as new
they cost new, $85 each; we will sell them for $3i
each.

A lot of ripping-tables with heavy mandrel, an(
screw and chain attachment, such as we used fo
sawing sections in the old way; worth $35; will sel
at $17.60 each, including 1 rip-saw.

S(l

SPECIAL SECTIONS AT SPECIAL PRICES.

Although we have sold quite a number of these
yet we find that we still have in stock the following
list of No. 1 white sections, old stock made before wi
began making extra polislied. We offer these, whih
they last, at $3..50 per 1000; 2000 for $4.60; 30tK) foi
$6..50, or 6000 for $10.00. At the rate they have beei
going they are not likely to last long. When thest
are gone we shall have none but our extra polishec
sections to otter, and the No. 3 grade selected fron
them in manufacturing. The sizes on hand hert
are as follows :

32.000 4i4x4;^xUS, op>Mi four sides.
35,000 " " llg, open top.
4,000 " " lii, closed top.
.5,UI0 " " 13i, open top.
9,000 " " " closed top.
■53,000 " " 7 to foot, open top.
6,000 " " 7 to foot, closed top.
36,000 " " iy2, open lop.
12,000 " " " open four sides.
Besides the above we have at Bankers, Hillsdah
Co., Mich., the following, which are offered at tin
same prices:

30,000 4^x4i4'xHi, open top.

30,000 " " IM and 7 to foot, open top.

All No. 1 white, made two years ago, and ch<iict

sections. Send orders for these to us here at Medina

In our stock at St. Paul, Minn., with H. G. Acklin

1034 Miss. St., we have about the following quanti

ties of No. 1 white sections, which we offer at th'

same prices. Send orders to above address for thesi

or any other items needed in the line of bee-keepers

supplies. There is a full stock ready for promp

shipment, but none of our new sections are in stocl

there yet.

18,000 4i4x4;^x7 to foot, open top.
30,000 '• " lJ^,oi)entop.
8,000 " " l{h open top.
Also of No. 1 cream, at same price as on stocl
here luimed below, the following:
9,000 4.!ix4Jixl7^, open top.
10,000 " " 1^8, open top.
Of No. 1 cream and seconds, from our new extri
polished sections, which are about equal in value
we have in stock liere the following, which we ott'ei
at $3.00 per 1000; 30.0 for $5.70; 6000 for $9.00.
7,600 4^4x4i!^x2 open top.
7, .500 '• " 3 open four sides.
33.0(H) " " m, open top.
10,000 " " 7 to foot, open top.
Of other sizes of No. 1 white sections we have tlie
f ollowi ng at the price annexed :

3500 scant 6 x 6 x m. at $3 .50 per lOGO.
600 5Hx'jyixl%, closed top, at $3 00 per 1000.
2000 " " Hi, open " '• 3 00 "

2000 5 x6 xl'^, 3 (X)

700 6i4x5!4xl%, ' 3 00 for lot.

90(X) 6!irx5J^x2 " " " 3 00 per 1000.

4,5( 1?4, 3 (Ml

6000 5V4x6J^xllg, 3 00

3000 closed top, " 3 00

The above are all choice fresh sections, and a bar-
gain at the price. We have, besides, a lot of odds
and ends too numerous to list here, of which we
shall be pleased to mail a list of sizes, quantities,
and prices at which we will close out, to anyone
who is interested, and seiids us a request for it.
You may find in it something you can use at trilling-
cost.

VANDEUSEN THIN FLAT-BOtTOM FOUNDATION.

If any of our customers prefer VanDusen's Hat-
bottom foundation we can supply it in regular 35-
Ib. boxes at 60c per lb., or $13..50 per box. We have
it in stock to ship with other goods when so desired

18".»4

CLEANINGS IN HEE CULTURE.

347

KIND WORDS FROM OUR CUSTOMERS.

GiiKANiNP.s is our household companiini from
raiiuaiv toJiimiiry. W. Anukijson.

RandliU, N. V.. Dee. 28.

I received your sample sections, and would say
hey arc perreciiou. Tliey surpass any tiling I ever
;aw. J. E. Ennis.

Attica, O., Feb. 19.

Your A B C and Gleanings have done nie good
iervice, and I do not want to l)e without Gi.EANiN(iS
IS lonjr as I keep bees. 1. \V. Hoffman.

Roselle, la.

I saw some very nice onions raised from plants
rou sold last year— Prizetaker, I think. Have ytju
)lants for sale this sprinjr? 0. A. Stanley.

Garrettsville, O., Mar. 26.

The seeds 1 got of you last year gave me the best
atisfaclioii of any that I have ever had, both in
iu ho' and price. J. W. Bell.

iVtaucos, Col., Jan. 3.

1 got, about one year ago, 100 Hoffman frames
rom you, and tliey are just lovely. Please accept
iiy tlianks for Gleanings and for all its teacliings
or tills and the next world. D.wiD Dickie.

Sparta, III, Feb. L

Tlie 10 hives you shipped me last season I am well
)leased with, and the cheapness of them is quite an
tem. I have some hives tliat cost $5.00 each, and
'd rather liave the Dovetailed by quite a sura in its
avor. Will Mead.

Stonecoal, W. Va , Mar. 10.

My brotlier. Dr. Ford, is carried awaj' with the
Comfort foot-stove that I bouglitofyou for him.
le wants you to send liim the hand-stove that you
advertise, and 1 have concluded t« take one of tliem
nyself. T. S. Fokd.

Columbia, Miss., Mar. 16.

The goods in order No. 2.5,4f4 were received in the
)est condition. 1 note witli particular satisfactiou
he careful packing. Thanks to it, in the whole
•onsignment absolutely notliing was brol^en.

KichaUd Pfau.

San Jose, Costa Rica, C. A., Dec. 21.

Five years ago I sent you ten cents for a pair of
■lasses, and tliey have done me excellent service;
)ut 1 have broken them, and now I .send for another
)air. I am 67 years old. If you make as good a
ielection as you did before, I shall be suited.

Homosassa, Fla., Jan. 8. Mrs. M. Turner.

The goods I ordered of you came to hand to-day,
ill in good order, e.xcept tliat the glass cover for the
va.xextractor was broken badly. Every thing else
vas in gt)od order. The hives are tlu' l)est I ever
)oiight anywhere. Ch.\s. J. Hahhis.

Steinauer, Neb., Mar. 5.

I can not tliink of having a " D " put after my
lame while I have any prospect of having a dollar
o jiay for Gleanings. 1 look for it almost as
nxiously as I could for a love-letter. I am a young
nan too. 1 like the men who are doing so much to
nakc your paper what It is. Louis Mapes.

Headford, Out., Feb. 5.

I must say that the hives and tittings are very fine.

did not And a bad piece in 20 hives tliat I iiave set
ip. <)iH>of the late Gleanings was a regular Cal-
fornia boomer. Ramblers articles are very good,
n fact, 1 think lie is tlie best writer of all tlie bee-
)apers that I lake. Harry L. J(jne8.

San Francisco, Cal., March 26.

Ipurcha.sed an untested queen of j-ou last August,
nd divided a swarm which I had increased from a
wo-frame nucleus formed last May; and by feeding
ivery night for about six weeks I built them up to
wo good colonies, and both have wintered well. I
ike Gleanings in all its departments, and wait
lagerly for its arrival, and frequently desert work
or a few minutes to glance over the good things it
ontains. W. S. Comkie.

Johnstown, N. Y., Mar. 24.

We are very much pleased with your journal, as
it has been of much valui- to us. and wh trust it will
be still more so in the future, for we tliid in it many
things tliat are very practical and interesting.

(Jka, Que., Can. F. Sebas'iien.

Every thing <-ame in good oi'der. and I am more
than pleased with that No. 1.") Cowan extiactor. It s
a daisy. I would not i-xchange it lor ^g'rfl.OO if I
could not get another one in its place. Your comb
foundation is splendid. Geo. Schafer.

New Orleans, La., April 6.

The goods I ordered are received in good order, in
accordance with contract, e.xcept one e.vtra saw-
blade; but that is all riglit. Thanks for the extra
two cents. It is a pleasure to do Ijusiness with hon-
est people, it opens up a bright pi'ospect for heav-
en. Maj- God bless you with needed grace, to the
end of life. I am 78 years old. D. L. Buler.

Wauseon, O., Mar. 2u.

The goods came to hand March 20, all O. K.
Neighbors aie well |)leased. They say tliey don't .see
how you can make tliem for the money. There is
only one fault — they ai'e too white; then, again,
how am I to stick the foundation to those sections ?
They are the nicest I have ever seen. I have dis-
tributed about halt of those catalogs already.

Carbondale, Kan., Mar. 24. John Weir.

Mr. Root:— As I have been lately converted to the
faith, I can not forbear giving you a word of
encouragement in your good work. Formerly I
used to side rather with the atheists; but , thanks to
the Lord, I have found the tiutli at last. Your
Home Talks are now the most interesting part of
Gleanings to me. May the Lord bless you and
continue you in your good work is my humble
prajer. Chas. W,\hlenberg.

Rich Mountain, Ark.. Dec. 12.

The ABC book is a great help to me as a beginner,
and I would not part with it for twenty times its
cost if 1 could not get another one. I have changed
my bees from loose to self-spacing Hoffman frames,
as it is much easier for me to do so now, at the be-
ginning, than it would be later on; and I find them
a great improvement over the old-style frame. Dr.
C. C. Miller is right about those everlasting foot-
notes. They enlighten the beginner, and I suppose
the old hands can pick up valuable points too. Let
tliem last for ever! G. W. Kuesthardt.

Palmdale, Cal., J.m 1.

CLEAN PERFECT GOODS.

The goods ordered Maicli 21st came in the best con-
dition March 30. 1 am well i)leased with them all. I
do not see how you can suiiply such nice clean and
perfect goods at so low a price, i have shown my
goods to several bee-keepers liere, and they are.all
as well pleased with them as I am; and although I
have but little time for any other reailiiig tlum that
pertaining to my medical work, 1 always tind time
to read Gleanings. I much enjoy your Home talks.

Londonderry, O., April 6. O. S. Bkovvn, M. D.

A KIND WORD FOR THE RUIJAL NEW-YORKER, .\ND
FOR CHEMICAL FERTILIZEHS, ALSO.

[After what I said about the RKraVs leachiiigs on
page 2.^1, our good friend ('ollingwood, I lie Manag-
ing Editor, malli'd me the letter Uelow, which is loo
good to keei) out of i)rint. Long may th'' Rnrnl be
spared to do mission work aiiujng the larmers of our
laudl A. l.R.

I have been a farmer for 40 years, with varied suc-
cess. But declining health came with declining
years, and hired help ate up all my proHts, since we
have had not only poor crops but declining prices.
La.st spring 1 felt J must " go to the wall," and made
arrangements to tide me t)\-er about 2 years, when I
fell I must be dependent on my friends if life was
given to me longer. A coijy of iho Rural fell into
my hands. I was inttirested, subscribed for it,
learned 1 was farming too much but not good enough
—not the right kind of crojis suited to my soil, mar-
ket, or condition of family heli). I have liraced up ;
and if 1 get as much help from the Rural and fer-
tilizers tliisyear as last 1 shall be rods away from
that wall. D. B. Lowe.

Polkville. N. J., Mar. 15.

348

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apr. 15.

A KIND WOKD Ff)R ON K OK OUR ADVERTISEBS.

On page 21d you will notice the words, '" Fay's
Prolific Keel currants; large bushes for sale cheap."
Wliile we were planting' out some of these currauts
received from friend Burdett, a tree-peddler came
along, irle admired the strong thrifty Ijuslies, for
who could help it? When I asked him what Fay's
currants like those were worth he said, after refer-
ring to Ills list, "Fifty cents each." If anybody
would buy them by the hundred he could sell them
lor 35 cts. When the bill came, how do you suppose
it read? Why, it reads like this: "A. 1. Root, dr.,
to 40 currant-bushes, at 5 cts. each. $3 00;" and
there were 4? hiislien Instead of 40. If " Fred " serves
all his customers as he did us he ought to build up
a big business. And, by the vvay, don't you believe
it is better to write to ilie advertisers in your family
paper than to purchase of " tree-peddlers " ?

A. I.R.

THE QUESTION OF WAGES.

Friend Boo/:— I feel like saying amen to what you
say in the Dec. loth issue, under the head of "Our-
selves and Our Neighbors," in regard to capital and
labor. If more people took the same view you do,
there would surely be fewer idle men and fewer
hungry children and wives in this count ly. This
trouble of persons becoming- dissatistiid witli the
pay they get has caused more trouble and ill feeling
among the laboring- men than any other one thing
1 know of; and 1 am .sorry to say we g-eiierally find
the first men to kick about their pay are those who
are well paid for all they do, already. It is a well-
known fact that the foremen of every factory know
better what any particular man is worth to his em-
ployer than the man does himself. 1 think it is a
good rule that, when a man is paid what his employ-
er thinks he is really worth, and he becomes dissatis-
fied, the best plan Is to pay him off at once and let
him try his luck somewiiere else, as this dissatisfac-
tion appears to be contagious, and in a short time
there will be others of the same opinion, and soon a
secret meeting, and next a si i-ike, with a heavy loss
for both capital and labor; besides, the customers
of the factory are disappointed, and every tiling
thrown out of shape.

Now, I don't want you to think for a moment that
I own and operate some big- establishment. It is the
contrary, lam nothing but a "greasy engineer"
for the Southwest Natural-gas Co., uid must tlepend
on my wages for m> bread and butter tor myself
and family, and so I speak as a laborer and not as
the man who has the money.

A word to that engineer of yours. I have always
made it a rule to close the valves on the g-auge-
glasses at night, and open them in the morning,
which I think is good policy ; but they are not always
reliable, as they sometimes get stopped up over
night; but as all boilers are provided with gauge-
cocks (or should be), 1 always try them when start-
ing up, and see how they comi),ire with my glass.
In fact, I have a way of raising- them whenever I
come around, and 1 know 1 have saved several boil-
ers from being overheated, and perhaps there might
have been an explosion if I hadn't this "dirty
liable," as a fireman I had called it.

Grapeville, Pa., Jan. 12. P. D. Miller.

If more employes would take the same sensible
view of this matter that you do, there would be laurc
men at work, and at higher pay.

Our engineer makes it a practice to close the
valves on the gauge-glasses, and we know it Is a
good practice. One broke yesterday whHe we were
running. If one should break at night there might
be seiit)us consequences if the valves were not clos-
ed.—Eu.

CIRCULARS RECEIVED.

■We have recently rectivod price lists truin dealers in ajiiari-
an supplies, ijucns, etc., as fuUovvs;
W. K. Smith KtMiton, O.
A. K. Maiiuiii, Kristul, Vt.
J. N. Culwick, iNoisc Tuxas.
Charles H Siip|>, Ravenna, O.
E. T. KlanaL^an, l!,ili-ville. HI.
O. V. livdr, Lampasas, Texas.
■W. V. uVossiii.Lii, Dallas. Texas
-Wm. H. Bnulil, Mazeppa, Minn.
George E. Hiliun, Kremont, Mich.
Mrs. J. N. Heater, Uolunil>u.s, Neb.
G. L. Tink. r, N.w I'liiladelphia, O.
Myers Brothers, Si i attoi .1, Ontario.
I.J. Striniiliani, lU.. Turk I'laee, New York.
Leahy Manufacturing Co . HiKginsville, Mo.
Western Manutacturmg Co.. Sprinfr Valley, Minn.
W. R. Gi-aliain Manufactui-ingCo., Greenville, Texas.

Books for Bee- Keepers and others.

Anyott'.ese books on which postage is not given will be
forwaiUed by mall, postpaid, on receipt of price.

In buying books, as every thing else, we are liable to disap-
pointment if we make a purcliase without seeing the article.
Admitting that the bookseller could read all the books he
offers, as he Has them for sale, it were hardly to be expected
lie would be tue one to mention all the faults, as well as good
things about a book. I vei-y much desire that those who favor
me with their patronage shall not be disappointed, and there-
fore 1 am going to try to prevent it by mentioning all the
faults, so far as I can that the purchaser may know what he
is getting. In the following list, books that 1 approve I have
marked with a * ; those I especially approve, •* ; those that
are not up to times, t ; books that contain but little matter f oi
the price, large type, and much space between the lines.f
foreign § The bee-books are all good.

BIBLES, HYMN-BOOKS, AND OTHER GOOD BOOKS.

As many of the bee-books are sent with other goods by
freight or express, incurring no postage, we give prices sepa
rately. You will notice, that you can judge of the size ol
the books very well by the amount required for postage
on each.

8 I Bible, yood print, neatly bound .
10 I Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress**.

2C

3(

20 I Illustrated Pilgrim's Progress** 7f

This is a large book of 425 pages and 175 Illustrations, and
would usually be called a $-.i.(X) book. A splendid book to pre
sent to children. Sold in gilt edge for 2oc more.

6 I First steps for Little Feet. By the author ol

the .Story of the Bible. A better book for young children cat
not be found in the whole round of literature, and at the sam(
time there can hardly be found a more attractive book. Beau
titully bound, and fully illustrated. Price 50 c. Two copiei
will be sold for 76 cents. Postage six cents each.

5 I Harmony of the Gospels 3,"

3 I John Ploughman's Talks and Pictures, bj'

Kev. C. H. Spurgeon* 1(

1 I Gospel Hymns, consolidated Nos. 1,2, 3> and

4, words only, cloth, 10 c ; paper Oi

2 I Same, board covers 2(

5 I Same, words and music, small type, board

covers 4i

10 I Same, words and music, board covers . . 7i

3 I New Testament in pretty fle.xible covers. . . 01

6 I New Testament, new version, paper covers. li

5 I Robinson Crusoe, paper cover 1'

4 Stepping Heavenward** 1

16 I Story of the IJible** 10

,\ large book of 70u pages, and 274 illustrations. Will be rea
by almost every child.

6 I The Christian's Secret of a Happy Lif e**.. . . 2
8 I Same in cloth binding 5'

I " The Life of Trust," by Geo. MuUer** 12

1 I Ten Nights in a Bar-Room, T. S. Arthur*.. 0

5 I Tobacco Manual** ... 4

This is a nice book that will be sure to be read, if left aroun'

where the boys get hold of it. and any boy that reads it wil
be piettv sale from the tobacco habit.

BOOKS ESPECIALLY

rOK BEE-KEEPERS.

[Price without postagt

Postage]

16 I A BCof Bee Culture. Cloth 1 li

6 A Year Among the Bees, by C. C. Miller. . . 4.
I Advanced Bee Culture, by W. Z. Hutchinson 5'

3 I Amateur Bt'e-keeper, by .1. W. Rou.se 2;

14 Bees and Bee-keeping, by Frank Cheshire,

England, Vol. l.« 2 3i

31 I Same, Vol. II. S r 2 7'

or, $6.26 for the two, postpaid.

I Bees and Honey, by T. G. Newman 10*

10 I Cook's New Manual. Cloth 91

5 Doo little on Queen-Rearing 9i

2 I Dzierzon Tlieory 1(

1 1 Foul Brood; Its Management and Cure;

D.A.Jones 0!

1 I Honey as Food and Medicine Oi

10 Langstroth on the Hive and Honey-Bee$.. 1 2i

16 I Lang.stroth Revised by Ch. Dadant & Son.. 1 2f

10 I Quinby's New Bee-Keeyiing 1 4(

1 Thirty Years Among the Bees, by H. Alley 5(

4 I Success in Bee Culture, by James Heddon 4<
I Handling Bees, by Langstroth. Revised

by l):idant Of

1 Bee-keeping for Profit, by Dr. G. L. Tinker 'X

6 I Tlie Honey Bee, by Thos. William Cowan.. 9{
I British Bee-Keeper's Guide Book, by Thos.

William Cowait, BnglitndS 4(

3 I Merrybanks and His Neighbor, by A.I. Root If

4 I Winter Problem in Bee-keeping, by Pierce it

MiaCELL.\NEOUS HAND-BOOKS.

3 I A B C of Potato Culture, **New Edition. . . . 3S

This is T. B. Terry's first and most masterly work The book
has had an enormous sale, and has been reprinted in foreigr
languages. When we are thoroughly conversant with friend
Terry's system of raising potatoes, we shall be ready to han
die almost any farm crop successfully. It has 12'^ pages and 3i
illustrations,

5 I A B C of Carp Culture, by Geo. Finley 3S

18<t4

(JLEANINCiS IN BEE CULTURE.

349

5 I A B C of Strawberry Cii Iture** 35

The above book by T. B. Terry, with some adilltional re-
marks by A. I. Koot, is, at the iivesent time, i-reating an en-
tliusia.sm and interest in strawberry eulnire never known
befoi e It is a book of 1« patres and IS engravings, and it is
fully up to the times.

5 I An Eifjr-Kiirni. Stoflflarfl** 45

I Amateur Photoaraplit^r'^ Hand-book** 70

I Barn PliitisaiKi Out-HuiltluiK-s* 150

I Canary Birds. Paper, 50

2 I Celery for Protit. by T. Greiner** 25

The first leally l\ill and eomplcte book on celery culture, at

a moiU-ratf prui'.lhat we have had. It is full of pictures.

and tin- u liole thiiiir is made so plain that a schoolboy ou^rht

to bi' aide In ^'ruw payiiifr croi>s at once, without any assis

tance cxccpl rri>ni thcbook.

I Drainiiijr for Profit and Health, Warring:.. 1 50
10 I Fuller's Grape Culturist** 140

1 Farming- For Boys* 7:>

This is one of Joseph Harris' happiest productions, and it
seems to me that it out;ht to make farm-life laseinatingtoanj
boy who has any soit of taste f'lr gardening.

7 I Farm, Gardening, and Seed-Growing-** 90

Tills is by Francis Brill, the veteran seeii-grower, and is the
only book on tfardening that 1 am aware of that tells how
market-gar<leners and seed-growers raise and harvest theii
own seeds. It has 166 pages.

12 I Gardening: for Pleasure, Henderson* 1 85

While " Gardening for Profit "is written with a view of mak
ing gardening pay, it touches a good deal on the pleasure part:
and "Gardening for Pleasure " takes up this matter of beauti
tying vour homes and improving your grounds without tin
special point in view of making money out of it. I think most
of you will need this if you get " Gardening for Profit." Thi.'
work has 40t pages and iOi illustrations.

12 I Gardening for Profit, new edition** 1 85

This is a late revision of Peter Henderson's celebrated work.
Nothing that has ever before been put in print has done so
much tow ard making market gardening a science and a fasci
nating industry. Peter Henderson stands at the hea<l, without
question, altho\igh we have manv other books on these rural
employments. If you can get but one book, let it be the
above". It has 376 pages and 138 cuts.

I Gardening for Young- and Old, Harris** 1 26

This is Joseph Harris' best and happiest effort Although it
goes over the same ground occupied by Peter Henderson, it
particularly emphasizes thorough cultivation of the soil in
preparing your ground; and this matter of adapting it to
young people as well as old is brought out in a most happy
vein. If your children have any sort of fancy foi gardening it
will pay you to make them a present of this book. It has 187
pages and 46 engravings.

10 I Garden and Farm Topics, Henderson** 75

I Gray's School and Field Book of Botany. .. 1 80

5 I Greg-cry on Cabbag-es ; paper* 25

5 Greg-ory on Squashes; paper* 25

5 I Greg-ory on Onions; paper* 25

The above three books, by our friend Gregory, are all val-
uable. The book on squashes especially is good reading for
almost anybody , whether they rai se squashes or not. 1 1 sti-ikes
at the very foundation of success in almost any kind of
business.
15 I How to Make the Garden Pay.** 1 35

By T. Grcincr. This is a new book, just out, and it gives the
most explicit .tud full directions for gardening under glass of
any book in the world Those who are interested in hiit-beds,
eoid-fi-ames. cold-greenhouses, hot-houses or gl.-iss structures
of any kiiul for the growth of plants, can not afford to be with-
out the book.

I Handbook for Lumbermen 10

10 I Household Conveniences 1 4ii

2 I How to Propagate and Grow Fruit, Green* 15

3 i In.iiirioiis Insects, Cook 25

10 I Irrigation for the Farm, Garden, and Or-
chard, Stewart* 140

This book, so far as I am informed, is almost the only work
on this matter that is attracting so much interest, especially
recently. Using water from springs, brooks, or windmills, to
take the place of rain, during our great droughts, is the great
lU'blem before us at the present day. The book has 274 pages
and Hi cuts.

5 I Manures; How to Make and How to Use

them ; in paper covers 45

6 I The same in cloth covers 65

Covering the whole matter, and discussing every thing to be
ound on the firm, refuse from factories, mineral fertilizers
rem mines, etc. It is a complete summing-up of the whole
matter. It is written by F. W. Sempers.

7 I Market-gardening and Farm Notes, by

Burnett Landreth 90

The Landreths are the pioneer seedsmen of America; and
the book is worth fully as much as we ujight exi)ect it to be. I
hink I received hints from it worth the jirice, before it had
)een in my hands fifteen minutes. It is exceedingly practical,
uid tells what has been d^me and what is being done, more
;han it discourses on theor3-.

3 1 Maple Sugar and the Sugar-bush** 35

By Prof. A. J. Cook. This was written in the spring of 1887 at
ny request. As the author has, perhaps, one of the finest
iUgar-camps in the United States, as well as being an enthusi-
tstic lover of all farm industries, he is better fitted, perhaps, to
landle the subject than any other man. The book is written
n Prof. Cook's happy style, combining wholesome moral les
ions with the latest and best method of managing to get the
Inest syrup and maple sugar, with the least possible expendl

ture of cash and labor. Kverybody who makes sugar or mo-
lasses wants the sugar-book. ' It has 42 nages and 36 cuts.
I Onr Farming, by T. B, Terry** «!2(X>

In which he tells 'how we have made a run-down farm
bring both |)rofit and pleasure.''

This is a large book.t-..\9 inches. :!li7 pages, quite fully illus-
trated. It is Teny's first large book; and while it touches on
the topics treated in his smaller hanilbtioks. it is .-ufliciently
different so that no one will complai" nf re|)etiti<m. even if he
has rend all of Terry's little books. I ,ould call it the bright
est and most practical book on f >,iiing before the world at
the present d,ay. The price is »2 ' i) post)iaid; or clubbed with
Gleanings for 2.M. Those who ine already subscribers to
Gleanings may have it giostpaid by sending us l..')(l more. We
are so sure it will be worth luaiiy times its cost that we are
not alraid to otTei to take it b.ick il any (me feels he has not
got Ills money's worth .irier he has read it. If ordered by ex-
press or fieight with other goods, lllc less,

3 I Onions for Profit ** 45

Fully up to the times, and includes both the old onion cul-
ture and the new method The book is fully illustrated, and
written with all the enlhusiasm and interest that character-
ize its author. T. Gieincr. Even it one is not liarticularlv in-
terested in the business, almost aiiv pi'ison who picks up
Greiner's books will like to read them tliiough.

1 I Poultry for Pleasure and Profit** 10

11 I Practical Floriculture, Henderson* 1 35

10 i Profits in Poultry* 90

2 I Practical Turke.y-raising 10

By Fanny Field. This is a25-cent book which we offer for 10
ets.; postage, 2 cts.

4 I Peabody's Webster's Diction.iry 10

Over 30,000 words and 250 illuEtiations.

2 I Kats: How to Rid Farms and Buildings of
them, as well as other Pests of like Char-
acter •. ,,. 15

This little book ought to be worth dollars instead of the few
cents it costs to any one who has ever been troubled with these
pests, and who has not? It is written in such a happy vein
that every member of the family will read it clear tiii-ough,
just about as soon asthey get fiold of it. It contains a com-
plete suuimiug up of the best information the world can
furnish.

1 1 Silk and the Silkworm 10

10 I Small-Fruit Culturist, Fuller 140

10 I Success in Market-Gardening* 90

This is a new book by a real, live, enterprising, successful
market-gardener who lives in Ailington, a subui-b of Bo.ston,
Mass. Friend Rawson has been one of the foremost to make
irrigation a practical success, and he now irrigates his grounds
by means of a windmill and steam-engine whenever a drought
threatens to injure the crops. The book has 208 pages, and is
nicely illustrated with 110 engravings.

I Ten Acres Enoug-h .. i 00

I The Silo and Ensihige, by Prof. Cook, new

edition, fully illustrated 25

I Talks on Manures* 175

This book, by Joseph Harris is, perhaps, the most compre-
hensive one we have on the subject, and the whole matter is
considered by an able writer. It contains 366 pages.

2 I The Carpenter's Steel Squtire and its Uses. 15
10 I The New Agriculture; or, the Waters Led

Captive 75

2 I Treatise on the Horse and his Diseases 10

5 I Tile Drainage, by W. 1. Chamberlain 35

Just out. Fully illustrated, containing every thing of im-
portance clear up to the present d.ale.

The single chapter on digging ditches, with the illustrations
given by Pr. f. Chamberlain, should alone make the book
worth what it costs, to every one who has o' casion to lay ten
rods or more of tile. There is as much science in diggiiig as
in doing almost anything else; and by following the iilan
directed in this book, one man will often do as much as two
men without this knowledge. The book embraces every thing
connected with the subject, and was written by the author
w hile he was enga ed in the work of digging the ditches and
laying the tiles HIMSELF, for he has laid literally miles of
tile oil his own farm in Hudson. O.

5 I Tomato Culture 35

In three parts. Part first— by J. W. Day, of Crystal Springs,
Miss . treats if tomato cu'tuie in the South, with some re-
marks by A. I Root, adafiting it to the North. Part secon<l —
By L) Cummins, of Conneaut. O.. treats of tomato culture
es])ecially for canning factio ies. Part third— By .A. I. Root,
treats of plant-growing lor m.irket. and high-juessure garden-
ing in general. This little book is iiitercstingbeeause it is one
of the Hr-t rural books t ■ come from our friends in the South.
It tells of a great industry that has been steadily growing for
some years past; namely, tomato-growing in the South to
supply the Northern markets The little book, which is fully
illustrated, gives UP some ideasant glimpses ol the possibili-
ties anri luobabilities of the future of S.nitbei n agriculture.
Even though you clo not grow t..m.atiies to any considerable
extent, you will find the book liiiiuful of suggestions of short
cuts in agriculture and horticulture, and especially in the line
of market-gardening.

3 I Winter Care Of Horses ;ind Caff le 35

This is friend Teri-y's second book in regard to farm matters;
but it is so intimately connected with hi> potato-book that it
reads almost liki' a sequel to it. If you have only a horse or a
cow. I think it will pay you to invest in the book. It has 44
pages and 4 cuts.

3 1 Wood's Common Objects of the Micro-
scope** 47

8 I What to Do and How to be Happy While

Doing It, by A, I. Koot .50

A. I. ROOT, MEDINA. O.

350

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apk. 15.

Irr^r%r%fi-f^f\ Carniolans, bred iu 1893, $5 eacb;
111|7UI UCU iiome-hred tested, $2; untested.
May, $1, bred from impoited mothci's. Foreijrn or-
ders, 16, $3, and S3. Safe arrival at any posiofflpe in
tbe world. Mrs. Fratk Benton, Chariton Heights. Md.

GROSSMAN'S

'iroEr QUEENS

Are bred from the very best .5-banded stocli, and are
g-uaranteed to give you satisfaction.

Untested, $1.00 each; one-half dozen, $.5.00; $9.00
per dozen. Tested, $1.50. Select tested, f 2.50 each.
Send for Price List.

W. p. CROSSMAN,

BOX 141. DALLAS, TEX.

Please mention this paper.

Tar=Heel Apiaries, Qoidsboro, N. C.
,1^ Abbott L. Swinson, Proprietor. ^_

On After ten yeai's' e.xperience 1 tjreed only Oo
OO American Albino Italians and Golden Ital- ^
^" iaiis; 3 and 5 banded bees. Queens, $1.00 to "^^
$10.00; bees, $1.00 per lb.; nuclei, 75 cts. per L. frame.
200 bu. "Cook's" Long Staple Cotton Seed at $1.00
per hu., f. o. b. Lint is 1^ inches, and brings pre-
mium of 2 to 4 cents.

^nr Coin ^^ colonies of bees, mostly Italians
rOr udlui ""*^ hybrids; nearly all are In Sim-
■ ui wuiwi pjif-j^y .^m^j Dovetiiiled hives— 3 in

A. Y. BALDWIN, De Salt, 111.

American

Eq-Q-S ^^^ Hatching, fSatlS

^^OO times prices. S. C. Black Minorcas,
S. C. Wiiite Leghorns, and B. P. Hocks.

EUOENE MANNING, Jacksonville, Tompkins Co , N. ?.

ITALIAN QUEENS

Both three and five banded. Tested. $1..50; three
for Sl.OO. E.vtra select breeders, «2.00: three for
$5.00. Untested, $1.00; three for f2..50; si.x for $5.00;
twelve, for $8.00. Safe arrival guaranteed or money
refunded. Orders booked now, and pay when you
want queens. C. F. BECKEY,

Manitou Beach, Len. Co., Mich.

r^In respondintr to this advertisement mention Gleanings.

A SUPPLIES
of Bee-keeper.

BEE -HIVES,

SECTIONS. FOUNDATION.
Price List Free.

Geo. Ball, Frenchville, Tremp. Co., Wis.

EGGS •'0'' Hatching. ^J^^■^^^

■"^^^^'^ Wyandottes, B. and W. Minorcas, P.
Rocks, Langshans, $1.00 per 13; Y. Wyandottes, I.
Games, Red Caps, S. S. Hamburgs— Eggs. $2.00 per
13. No circular. AUOUST COETSE & SON.

3822 WOOD ST., WHEELINO, W. VA.

Please mention this paper.

WE WILL PREPAY

Freight charges on oi'ders for Root's polished sec-
tions, and 16 section white Ijasswood shipping cjises,
at his prices, to be shipped from factory to points
within 300 miles, in lots of 5000 and 200 or over res-
pectively. Send for catalog.

B. WALKER. Evart, Mich.

GOLDEN QUEENS

Pf-r^m Tovcic: My bees can not be sur-

nUlII I CA-do. passed for business,
— ^^^^^— beauty, and gentleness.
Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. Untested
(luecns— March, April, and May— $1 each. 150 tine
Tested Queens for early orders, $1.50 each. Order
early. Send for price list.

.7. L>. ai\'HXS, Box 3, Lisbon, Tex.

l^'ln responding to this advertisement mention OLEANiNaa

WARRANTED QUEENS.

Why buy untested queens and take your own risk
of pure mating, when I warrant everyone of my
queens to be purely mated ? Look over the ads. and
see how few (Ja/e do this. Warranted Golden Ital-
ian queen, $1.00; six for $5.00, ready about May 1st.
Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed.

S. F. TREGO, Swedona, Illinois.

PERFECT cream sections. $2.25 per 1000.
OPLAR sections, sandpapered, $3.50 per 1000.
Every thing in the supply line at bottom prices.
30c per lb. allowed on wax, iu e.xchange for supplies.
Circular upon application. I. J. Striiigbaiii*
105 Park Place, N.Y.

Cnr Qolo fnr> 1QQ>I Italian bees and queens,

rUI OdlC lUI I034-. ,.he,.,p f„,. |.;^sh. Address

OTTO KLEINOW. IIS MILITAKY AVE., DETEOIT, MICH.

BEES! BEES! BEES!

If you contemplate buying bees ;ind queens the
coming season, write to LEININGER BROS. f"r prices
which will suit you. FT. JENNINGS, 0.

"Stnr"
^irit Lathe
Swings
9x25 in.

L
A

Screw Cut-
ting Auto-

iiiaiic Cross
Feed, etc.

LATHE

Catalogue

i>ee
of all our
Machinery.

Seneca Falls Mfg. Co. 44 Water St., Seneca Falls, N.Y.

f??"ln resuondiui^ to this advertisement mention GlkaninqS

0\D you KNOVl

B

EE-KEEPER8' SUPPLIES

That I have the

LARGEST

STOCK

of U IN NEW ENGLAND?

Consisting of Dovetailed, Simplicity, and other styles
of Hives. My brand of XX white thin Founda-
tion, and Polished one-piece Sections, are the
nicest on the niarlvet.

A full line of everything needed In the apiary at
prices to suit the times.

Bees, Queens, and Nucleus Colonies of my old re-
liable strain, at prices way down.

Send for 34th Annual Catalogue before you buy
your stock, remembering the be.st is always the
cheapest.

Address W. W. GARY.

4tf CouRAiN, Franklin Co., Mass.

Ij^ln responding to this adV'B'^J.sBment meutiom QLRANlNOe,

Dovetailed Hives, Simplicity Hives,

SECTIONS. EXTRACTORS. ETC.

FULL LINE OF

BEE-KEEPERS' SUPPLIES.

GO-PAGE CATALOGUE. Itfdb

J. M. Jenkins, Wetumpka, Alabama.

SSrin respondtntr to this adveitisemeni mention Gleanings.

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CUl/rURE.

;i5ri

BUS FOR SIV\iE.

T will sell hybrid or black colnnit'S of bees, in (its
of (20) tweiilv ai i$:!.(lUi tlircc dolhiis eaci;, to be
shipped about Uie HHii I'f May. Each eolony will
contain b combs with biiiod and lioncy. Address

T F Mnl F & N Thompsons Station,
I . t.. mn-unn, v^,^uamson Co., Tenn.

I Will Exchange

For your iianu> and address, my
pamphlet "Howl Produce ComI)
Honey," and catalog: of Chaff and
Dovetailed hives, T Supers, Sec-
tions, Foundation, and every thing'
needed in the apiary. First-class
goods, and prices reasonable.

Geo. E. Hilton,

Fremont, Mich.

QUEENS

Smokers, Sections ,

Comb Foundation,
And all A[iiairan Supplies
eheap. Send for
E. T. FLANAIiAM, Belleville, III

Root's

Goods at
Roofs Prices.

We have the best ship ins-facilities in the North-
west. We can save tiini- and freighi by shipping
direct on some 40 or more riiilroads, without cb mge
of car-, which saves handling, and goods are much
less liable to be Ijroken or smashed.

Roofs 1893 No. 1 white sections, 4i^.v4^x7 to foot,
1 %. and i;g, at 3f3 m per 1000. No. 1 cream, 4i^xi^xl%
and \\%. |!3.00 per 1000.

Write for price list and what you want.

H, Q. Acklin, 1024 Mississippi St.,
St. Paul, Minn.

Northwestern Agent for A. I. Root's Bee=keepers'
Supplies.

SPRAY

Double .Actin ,
Excelsior Spra.v-
ing Outnts prevent
Lo'iit Blight & Wormy ■
Fruit. Insures a heavy,
yield of all Fruit anoL ,.^
Vegi^tablo! crops. Thous-
ancls in use. Send 6 cts. for
catHi.i^'ue and full treatisOi
on sprayinpr. Cimilar^fi ee.

WM.STAHL,Quincy,lll.

CS^r.i

Governor Hoffman's Experience.

jEFIi'EnsONr,WlP., March 28, IS'.li.
The Pnqp XVnven Wire Fence Co., Ailrinn,Mich.: ,

Gii.NTi.K.MEN:— About a year ago 1 procured from
you a roll of your woven wire fence, with the in-
tention of probing its merits. The fence was used
for the enclosing of a yard containing a consider-
able number of cattle. It was thus put to a severe
test. It gives mo great pleasure to inform you that
the fence gave the greatest possible satisfaction. I
concluded that no other fence should ever be erect-
ed on Itiverside Farm while I had the control of it.
ntending to repair an old barbed wire fence in a
manner to give complete protection against the in-
trusion of hogs, 1 beg to inclose my order for sever-
al rolls of the fence woven for that special pur-
pose.

1 remain, gentlemen, with high regards, yours
truly. FK.ANCIS A. IIOFFMaX,

Agricultural Editor Germania, etc.

Quigley's Golden Italians

Are big yellow btes that are hardy, gentle, and
good honey-gatherers. Warranted queens. April
and May, $1.00 each. Safe arrival and satisfaction
guaranteed. Every thing needed in the apiary,
best quality, bottom prices, low freight. Price list
free. 13,. F. Qiiin-ley, ITnJonville, AIo.

TESTED ITALIAN QUEENS, IXttesV-

cd, $1.5u; untested, 65 cts. Two-frame nucleus, with
tested queen, $3.00; with untested queen, $1 50.
Queens i-eady April 1.

Stewart ct Cooper, Quebeck, Tenn.

Bee=keepers' Guide.

New edition, just out. This is conceded to be the
fullest, most srientiflc, and one of the best of our
American bee-books. F'very bee-keeper should
have one of the late edilions. Price, bj' mail, $1,25.
Liberal discount to the tiade.

A. J. COOK, Claremont, Cal.

EE SUPPLIES!

send for free copy of I LliHSTRATED

<"A'r.^l«H«. UK. describing every thing- use-
ful to a BKK-hliEF^.R. Address
T. C IN«-\»niiii, 14'. So. Western Ave., Chicago.

Notice to Kansas Bee=keepers.

I keep in sto. k a full line of E. Kretchmer"s make
of Hives, Sections, and other .'-uiijilies needed in the
apiary, at very low piices. Also Italian bees and
queen.s for sale. A. W. SWAN, Centralia, Kan.

World's Fair Hedal

Awarded my l'oiiTi<lnt iari. Send for free
.sa/np/es. Dealers, write for wholesale prices.
Root's new i^o/js/iec/ Sections and other goods
at his prici>s. Free Illustrated Price List of every
thing needed in I he apiary. M l-f Hltnf
Bell Branch, Mich. i»l. I I . I I UII L.

RFF SUPPLIES .S,.

I J I I ISxery thiiiii used in the Api-
W0 ■■ ■■ itry. (ireatest variety and laro-est
stock in the West. New catalog, 70
illustrated p;igi-s, free.

IJiscoimts to Dealers,

E. KRETCHMER, Red Oak, la.

tl^ln respoiidini; to tliis advcitisenunt nit-ntion OJleanings.

Gash for Beeswax!

Will pay 25c per lb. cash, or 2Sc iu trade for any
quantit}- of good, fair, average beeswax, delivered
at our K. R. station. The same will be sold t-o those
who wish to purchase, at ;J2c per lb., or 33c for hp>tl
sdcvtcii was. Old comlifi will nut he avceplt'il under
any con.'<ideratio)i.

Unless you put your name on the box, and notify
us by mail of amoui^t sent, I can not hold myself
responsible for mistakes. It will not pay as a gen
eral thing to send wax by exryress.

A. I. ROOT, Medina, Ohio.

356

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May 1.

Contents of this Number.

Bee, Poem on Italian 370

Bees. To Transfer 37';

California, Average Yields 37J

Candy, Atchlev Wf

Cells. Artificial 3?!l

Comb. Shipi-iin? Old Black.. 381

Combs Wax Used in 368

Echoes 372

Edare V. on Hnf. Frames. ...383

Editor in Cre-ton 381

Fimndation. Given .383

Frames. Spacing 377

Fruit. Fertilization of 37«

Glucose Used 378, '82

Goods " Were Not There.".. .388

He Idon's Honey 382

11' es. Svtiiposinm on 362

>ie ns. Two in Hive 373

Rfinihleron Paralysis S(i9

Rhnbarh St. Martin 38tf

Seed. To Germinate Quick .. ..391

Smith. J. M.. Death of 382

Species vs. Races of Bees . . 37.t

Snonge in Cage 381

Stringor Tommy 382

Supers. T. Discussed 38f)

Top-bar. New 383

Wax. Amount Used 3li8

Whisky and Stings 380

Yellow Jasmine 370

Wants or Exchange Department.

Notices will be inserted under this head at one-ha If our usu-
al rates. All advertisements intended for this department
must not exceed Ave lines, and .you must .say yon want your
adv't in this department, or we will nor he responsible for er
rors. You can have the notice as many lines as yon please,
hut all over five lines will cost yon according to our regular
rvtes. This department is intended only for bona fide ex-
changes. Exchanges for cash or for price lists, or notices of-
fei-ing articles for sale, can not be inserted under this head
For such our regular rates of 20 cts. a line will be charged, and
thev will he nut with the regular advertisements. We can not
be responsible for dissatisfaction arising from these "swaps."

WANTED.— To explmnpe e.xtrii, thin foundation,
and fine extfticted lione.v. in 6O-II1. r;ms foi' bees
by the pound, nucleus colonies, and queens.

R. C. AiKiN, Loveland, Colo.

W

ANTED. — To exclianji-e several good safety bi-
cycles. Honey wanted. Send sample.

J. A. Green, Ottawa, 111.

WANTED. — To exchang-e incubators, brooders,
and epg's for hatch ing. of 14 varieties tliorough-
bred fowls, for first-class thoroughbred poultry.

Address Ed. W. Cole, Kenton, O.

WANTED.— 1.50 colonies of bees(L. frame) in e.x-
chatige for Eurek.'i mowers, S|iring'-tooth
harrows. Steel-lever harrows, Bucke.ve binders, etc.
This machinery is all new and in erood shape.

Ezra Baer, Dixon, Lee Co., 111.

W

ANTED —To exchange 200 colonies of bees for
any thing- useful on plantation.

Anthony Opp, Helena, Ark.

WANTED.— To exchange Root's goods, at his
prices, to be shipped from here or factor.v, for
while comb honey (crop of '94 preferred) in quan-
tity lots. Seead. iu another column.

B. Walker, Evart, Mich.

TITANTED.— To excbange 2U0 - egg incubator and
VV brooder, perfect working condition; cost $40;
four fox-hound nups, six months old, best breed in
America, for sold watch or safety bicycle.

Geo. K. Scott, Turtle Lake, Barron Co., Wis.

W

ANTED.— To exchange agood 6-inch Vandervort
fdn. mill for offers. Jno. Nebel & Son,

High Hill, Mo,

WANTED.— To exc!i;inge one fine solid 14 K. aold
watch, as good as new, used but little, Elgin
movement, for one bedroom suite, of anticjue (jak,
miissive style. Corresponden'^e solicited. Furniture
must be new. Watch cost $100.00. Reason for ex-
changing, T have two watches.

R. H. Campbell, Madison, Morgan Co., Ga.

WANTED.- To exchange Singer sewing-machines
or Root's supp]i(>s. Want honey, press, and
type. The Model Stamp Works, Shenandoah, la.

WANTED.— To exchange 1 treadle Novelty print-
ing-press, chase 10x14, lot of type, rules, bor-
ders, etc , valued at $(iO.( 0 (sample of work on appli-
cation), for registered Jersey heifer, section-boxes,
Hallock potato-pbmter, or offers.

J. F. Michael. German, Darke Co., O.

WANTED.— To exchange engine and boiler (W2
horse-power), Barnes saw with saws and cutter-
heads, and 200-egg incubator, for any thing useful.
Robert B. Gedye, La Salle, 111.

WANTED.— Situation in ppiar.y for the coming
season. A. T. Ball, South Sebec, Maine.

WANTED.— Situation with liee-keeper or market-
gardener, by young man, unmarried, with some
experiefice in bee-keeping. References given.
Wm. K. Bryce, 310 S. Dewitt St., W. Bay City, Mich.

WANTED.— 25 untested Italian queens and 1 lb. of
bees witli each queen, to be shipped May 15.
What can you furnish tliem for? Write quick to
Geo. E. Hilton, Fremont, Mich.

SECTIONS CHEAP!

Until sold, we will sell the sections listed below in
quanliiies of .M)0 or more at $1..50 per thousand for
creams, and Sl.OO per thousand for No. 3. A114.i^x
4>4' sections, open two sides

41,000 2 inch cream. 37,000 2 inch No. 2.
47.0' 0 1% " " 91.000 1?! "

116,000 IJ^ " " 311,0(01% "

134,000 7 to ft. " 87,(100 11-i "

2.53,000 7 to ft. No. 3.

PAGE <£ KEITH, NEW LONDON, WIS.

'^"In responding to this advertisement mention (iLkaxings.

WALTER S. POUDER,

162 Mass, Ave. Indianapolis, Ind.

■■il Standard Goods— Popular
Tk\ Prices— Catalogue Free.
|iUU " BIJHV BEES'*

A book telling how to man-
age them-io CIS. in stamps ; or free to
those sending names of 5 bee-keepers

NOW IS YOUR CHANCE.

To buy aheap. Bee-keepers' Supplies, hives, sec-
tions, fdn., etc. Write for price list. EOOT'S GCODS.
i70H2V NEBET^ At SOM, Hii^h IliU, Mo.

Go/den Queens from Tennessee.

Our stock is better than ever before. We will
rear only the Golden Italia.TS tliis season. Have a
few 3 banded tested that we will sell cheap. Golden
tested. $1.50; select tested. $3.50; extra select testtd,
84.00; ,3-handed tcsicd. $1 00. Untested, SI 00.
STEW^MiT liHOS., Sparta, Tenn.

KEE=KEEPERS' Supplies of all kinds o'leap
'^ NOVELTY CO., ROCK F^ALLS. ILL.

Aluminum Bicycles,

Bright as silver, light as wood, three times stronger
tlian steel. Send for catalog to Robert B Gedye,
La Salle, III. Bargains in second-hand and shop-
worn wheels.

Bicycles.

High-grade wlieels, direct from tlie
factory, at cut inices. 'J'ernis easy.
Write EZRA G. SMITH,

MANCHESTER, N. Y.

BEES FOR^ALE.

Italian, $4.(10, Hybrids, J8..50. All in S-frame
Langstioth hives. WILLIAM I DEN,

ETNA GREEN, INDIANA.

Freight charges on orders for Root's polished sec-
tions, and l()-seclion wliite Ijasswood shipping-cases,
at his prices, to lit' shipped from factory to iJoints
within 300 miles, in lots of ,50U(I and 300 or over re-
spectively. Send for catalog.

B. WALKER, Evart, Mich.

BEES! BEES! BEES!

If vou contemplate buying bees and queens the
coming .season, write to LEININGER BROS. f<>r prices
which will suit you. FT. JENNINGS, 0.

'-ESTED Italian (lueeus, $1.00; untested, 65 cts.;
select tested, $1.50. C. H. STEWART, Sparta, Tenn.

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

357

Honey Column.

CITY MARKETS.

St. Louis.— H'UiCj/.— The honey tiMclo i.s appiit'ont-
ly dt'iid. Very fuw inquiries, and fewer sales. We
quote comb ut 10; extriielecl. in Vmi'rels, 3®3>^.
Prime beeswax, 37; good deniaiid foi' the latter.
D. G. TUTT GnocEK Co.,

April 18. St. Louis. Mo.

San Francisco.— Hoik;/.— Honey remains very
firm and is advancing, because tlie coming crop, in
conseiiiience of the extremely dry season in South-
ern California, will no doubt be a small one. We
quote: Extracted. whit«, bh®'i>i: light amber, 5.
Oue-lb. frame comb, 10@13. Beeswax, 25.

SCHACHT, LEMCKK & StEINER,

April 11. San Francisco, Cal.

Alb.\ny. — Honey. — We are expecting orders in a
few days that will close ovit what little comb houey
we still have on hand, and our stock of extracted is
well reduced. We quote: Comb. li@13; extracted,
.')@T. Beeswax scarce, and sells at 3(j@3T.

C'HAS. MCCULL(}CH & CO.,

April 14. 393, 395, 397 Broadway, Albany, N. Y.

K.A.NSAS City.— Ho/it'iy.— The demand for comb
lioney is fair; extracted is slow sale. We quote: No.
1 white 1-lb. comb, ]4@15; No. 3, ll(g)13; No, 1 amber,
13@13; No. 3, 1U@11; extracted, white, 6^@7; amber,
4)^@5. Beeswax, 33@25.

Clemons, Mason & Co.,

April 19. Kansas City, Mo.

Kansas Citv.— Hodcj/.— We quote you to-day 1-lb.
comb, white, 13^; No. 3. 10; No. 1 amber, 10; extract-
ed, 5@7. Beeswax, 3i@33.

Hamblin & Bbarss,

April 19. Kansas City, Mo.

Boston. —Honey. —We quote you our market on
comb honey at 13@,14. Demand fair, supply fair.
Extracted, 5@7. Demand and supply lair. Bees-
wax, 35c; demand lair, supply light.

E. E. Blake & Co.,
Successors to Blake & Ripley,
April 18. Boston, Mass.

Cleveland. —7/o»ity.— Demand on honey is some-
what slow. Prices reniiln unchanged since last
report. Beeswax, fair demand.

Williams Bros.,

April 17. 80 & 82 Broadway, Cleveland, O.

Cincinnati.— Hofiej/.-Demand e.xceedingly slow
for all kinds of honey. We quote 12@15 for best
white comb; 4(2.8 for extracted. Arrivals and offer-
ings by far exceed the demand. Tiiere is a good
demand for beeswax at 33^35 for good to choice
yellow. We solicit shipments.

Chas. F. Muth & Son,

April 19. Cincinnati, Ohio.

Detroit.— Ho)(ej/.— Honey is selling slowly at
13@14 for best comb; 11@IJ for dark and candied
lots. Supply getting low. Extracted, 7@8; lew
sales. Beeswax, 'i.5@26; fair demand.

M. H. Hunt,

April 19. Bell Branch, Mich.

Buffalo.— H(i»!e;/.— The honey market is cleaning
up. siill there rem lins a fair quantity on h.and.
Fancv, mostly 13@14; choice. 11@13; common grades,
9@10.' Ueeswax, 2o@28. Batterson & Co.,

April 18. ' Buffalo, N. Y.

Chicago — Honey.— Choice white comb honey
in 1-lb. sections finds ready sale at 15c; dark and
off grades are, as formerly, difficult to dispose of.
There are really no fln^j lots ot comb honey on the
market. Extracted is very dull at 4@tj. Beeswax,
35. R. A. Burnett & Co.,

April 18. 161 So. Water St., Cliicago, III.

Milwaukee. — Honey.— This market does not re-
veal any new features regarding honey. The de-
mand is otilj' enough to say there is a market, and
the supply is gradually going out of sight. "Values
are (lui)table for 1-lb. white at 13@U, jind any thing
below choice quality goes, as to customer, at llirt>,l:.'i.
Extracted, 7@8 for white, in kegs. Beeswax, ;.'(ifr/ 33.
A. V. Bishop & C(j.,

April 17. Milwaukee, Wis.

BUFFALO, N. Y. Unsurpassed Honey Market.
BATTERSON & CO. Responsible, Reliable,
Commission Ttflercliants. iMr,u> and Prompt.

Gray Carniolans and

5=banded Golden Italians.

For description and prices see our advt nn |> 3!t.").
April 1st GLKANiN(iS. We hrt'ed /ii(.v//i('.s.s (jucimis at
reasonable prices. Send us your orders to be booked
now, and the cash when you want the queens.
Friends, give us a trial order, and we (iiidniiitee to
give you satisfaction. A lull descriiition arid price
list free. F. A. LOCKHAET & CO , Lake George, N. Y.

When cnnyou t'li' ni~h uatested Carniolan queens ! Tlie two
colonies bred fiuni tlie queens houKht of you last .year are
worth .six of my gulden ttallans. 0. H. Austin.

Allen Mich , Apiil 18 1891.

My Carniolans have wintered splendidly. They are far
ahead uf my Italians In every way. I shall pro out ot tlic Ital-
ians altog-ether. Judson De Witt.

Forestville, Ont . Canada. April 17, 1891.

Bees for Sale.

Full colonies and nuclei.
Good stock; Langstroth frames. Write for prices.
H. Latlirojj, Browntown, Green Co., Wis.

Golden Italian Queens.

Untested queens r^ ady to mail at 75c each; per X
dozen, $4.uO Also from imported stock at same
price. W. A. COMPTON, LYNNVILLE, TENN.

Attention !

Buff Leghorns, P^^-e winners, .score 94, S2.(Ki

leading varieties.

for l.j egtrs; also six other
B. F. Stover, Roscoe, O.

40 Two=bushel Sacks of

PURE FREEMAN SEED POTATOES,

No sprouts on them, at $3.50 per sack, ic sacks of
small, $2.W per sack. Send P O. order to Brandon,
la. H. O. NlcElhany^

I rilVn DISTANCE Tested Italian queens. $1.2.5;
L,Vyi>IVJ QUEENS, to Australia and the Pacific
Islands, $1.50. BEST shipping-point for queens on
Pacific coast. W. A. PRYAL.

eoi North Temescal. near San Francisco, Cal.

^^o^Jd'e^"' queens

Are bred from the very best 5-lKuuled stock, and are

GROSSMAN'S

! guaranteed to give you satisfacticn.

' Untested, $1.00 each; one-half dozen, $5.00; $9.00

per dozen. Tested, $1.50. Select tested, $2.50 each.

Send for Price List.

W. p. GROSSMAN.

BOX 141, DALLAS, TEX.

D\D VOU KHOW

B

EE-KEEPERS' SUPPLIES

That I have the

LARGEST

STOCK . .

of U IN NEW ENGLAND?

Consisting of Dovetailed, Simplicity, and other styles
of Hives. My brand of XX white thin Founda-
tion, and Polished one-piece Sections, are the
nicest on the market.

A full line of everything needed in the apiary at
prices to suit the times.

Bees, Queens, and Nuclei's Colonies of my old re-
liable strain, at prices way down.

Send for 34th Annual Catalogue before you buy
your stock, remembering tlie best is always the
cheapest.

Address W. W. GARY.

4tf CoLRAiN. Frankun Co., Mass.

Beautiful Native Flowers lirn^r^a^.

Cheapest in the South, aiwl iruarantee. Send stamp
for price list. MISS LI2SIE ADAM, Green Cove Spring Fla.
t3rin responding to this ud\

eni.-ement mention GLKAjnUGa

UJjUiAJNiJNUS IIN litjtj LULiiUKh;.

May 1.

TESTED

Queens are usually sold for $2.00. I will ex-
plain why I wish to sell a few at less than that.
As most of my readers know, I requeen my
apiary each spring- with young-

QUEENS

From the South. This is done to do awaj' with
swarming-. If done early enougti it is usually
successful. It will be seen that tlie queens
displaced by these y<iung queens are never
more than a year old: in lact, they are fine
tested Italian queens, rii/Jit id tlifir iirhnr ; yet,
in order that tliey may inove off quii-kly, and
thus make room for the untested queens, they
will be sold for only

$1.00.

Or I will send the Review for 1894 RUd one of
these queens for only il.75. Fur $2.00 I will
send tlie Revieio, the queen, and the book "Ad-
vanced Bee Culture." If any prefer the young-
laying- queens from the Souih, tliey can have
them instead of the tested queens, at the same
price. A discount g-iven on large orders for
untested queens. Say how many are wanted,
and a price will be made.

W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint, Mich.

Sections, Bee= Hives,

and other Bee=

Keepers' Appliances

at Bed=rock Prices.

Best of Goods at Lowest Prices.

Write for free, illustrated catalogue

and Price List.

G. B. Lewis Co., Waterlown, Wis.

I AllffO' Italians surely take the ieat/. They
LAWVU '"^'^ ""^^ '" 6^6rj' St:ite in tlie
^■^ ** lliiioii. and in several foreigrji

ooiiritr/es. Nearly 3000 queens .sold, and not a
dissatisfied customer; if there is, let him spe-^k.
Queens vellow nil o\^er. Fine breeders always
on hand"; 4 and .5 band, $3.00: straight 5 band, $3.00!
Untested, each, $1.00; 6 for $4. .50. ;?atisfaction. Ref-
erence, A. I Root. W. H. J^A^WS, .J
Lnvaca, Seb. Co., Jirk.

Pi. I i H £1 NA/DHLU O rAlrii celved the ONLY award j;iven au
escape. Practical bee-keepers everywhere use and recommend it as a great labor-saving ini-
plenient, and as the best. Circular and testimonials free. Prices:— Each, postpaid, with
directions, 30 cts. ; per doz., $3.25. and your money back, if not satisfied. Order from your dealer,
or if more convenient from the manufacturers, R. & E. C. PORTER, LEWISTOWN, ILL-

Canadian Bee Journal.

Monthly. Sample free. One dollar per
year ; 25 cents for four months" trial trip.
Stamps taken .

Canadian Bee Journal,

Brantford, Canada.

FOR BEGINNERS profitable bee = keeping.

I VII WkMlllllkllV By Mrs. Jennie Atchley, of Texas.

In the first number of the AMERICAN Bee JOURNAL for May, 1894, Mrs. .Jennie Atchley commences
her School in Profitable Bee-keeping. She l)eg:ins at" the very bottom, and freely gives the
resultsof her 30 years' exixri. me in Successful Honey Production and Queen-rearing.
If you want to learn nearly cviry tiling aliout bees, now is the Chance. Sul)scril)e for tlie "Bee
Journal" for a year, and read wliat Mrs. Atcliley has to say in her deparlinent-" In Sunny Southland."
Her "School " will continue indctlnitely. Tuition free.

The Bee Journal wiis established in I86I, has 32 pages every week, and costs only Sl.OO a
year. It contains the writings of the best and most successful bee-keepers in America. Sample copy
free. Also, 200-Page Book (Newman's " Bees and Honey ") Free to each New Subscriber for a
year. Better begin with the 1st immlier in May. Hurry up!

GEORGE W. YORK <£ CO., 56 FIFTH AVE., CHICAGO., ILL.

18U4

(JI.KANlN(iS IN I5EE CULTURE.

.'i-Kt

Manum's^i

Leather = Colored Italian
Queens

Are in the load tlie world over. Tested (lueens
■one dollar each. Descriptive catalogues free to
all applicants.

Also wood screws j\ longer than formerly;
otherwise the same. Price ^9.00 per 1000 by ex-
press; $1.00 per 100 by mall. Taps, $1.1.5 each.

A. E. Manum,

Bristol, == = = = Vermont.

V

>

Have You seen our ^ifilTrr ^i

" Everything lor Gardeners " ?

It is uulike other C:itiik>gs. Straiglitfor-
w;iid and trulliful descriptions by a pi-u'ti-
ciil market-gardener, of the best in SEEDS.
Tells about growing- $2000 worth of Prize=
taker Onions on an acre, and liow to grow
$3000 worth of Celery on an acre. We sell
Vegetable Plants, Tmbrell nnd otlier lead-
ing Strawberries an Small Fruits. Trees
and Supplies foi'gardtn is. Danvers Yellow
Globe Onion Seed at $1 per lb. True Prize=
taker, $2.25. We send a pkt. of this and of
a new Early Tomato, smooth, good shape
and size, and the cailiest, also a pkt. of new
Sensation Lettuce, witli Catalog and sev-
eral \iseful U-atlots. foionly loc. Send now.

CHRISTIAN WECEESSEE, Niagara Falls, N. Y.

Burp

op'n See</ A.nniinl for 1S94 is well worth

liavmg. Tell to all who plant seeds
W. Atlee Burpee & Co., Philadelphia, Pa

PERFECT cream sections. $2.25 per 1000.
OPL AR sections, sandpapeied, $3 fcO ))er IfiOO.
Every thing in tlie supply line at l50ttom pii<>es.
30c pet- lb. allowed (m wax, in exchange for supplies.
Circular upon application. I. .1. Striiiu.liaiii.
105 Park I'lace ^. \.

MUTHS

HONEY
EXTRACTOR.

Square Glass Honey-Jars,
Tin Buckets. Bee-hives,
Honey Sections, Etc., Etc.
Perfection Cold-blast Smokers.
APPLY TO

CHAS. F. MUTH & SON, Cincinnati, 0.

F. S.-Send 10-et. stam|) fur " Practifal Hints to Bei-kee|iers.'

Seeds

Free !

ALSO

Freeman
Potatoes.

BURTON L

YOU CAN HAVE
SUCCESS

in Bee Culture a Whole Year; 10
strong eyes of Freeman Potatoes
ipurei, and K) packets of flower
and vctretable seeds, for 40
CFNTS, silver. This otter is
made to boom our circulation.

SAGE, Highwood, Conn.

Srin responding to this advertii<ement mention Gleaning^-

EGGS FOR
HATCHING

HiitT Leghorns, IL.50 for 15; Huff
Wvandotles, !f;.'.00 foi- i:!; Wiiite
I'lvnioiith Hocks, U.hO for 15;
While Pekin Ducks. };L0O toi' '.I.
All A No. 1 stock. J. S. WARNER, Medina. 0.

rtaii4>7itej-.s of one of l^oo/ir t/e's very
** hest golden flve-l)anded breeders, mated to the
very ehoicest diones from Jennie ^\t c-liley's

.5-banded strain, thereby securing a direct ci(jbs
Willi the Ix'sl 5 banded stock oljtalnable. My :iim is
to rear nothing but the Ixst, regardless ()f cost.
IJntesled. 75c; Va dozen, $i:S<; dozen, $«.00. Sate
delivery and satisfaction. Money-order ollice. Mo-
nongah. P. O. address, Worthlngt,on,W. Va. Queens
ready May 25. T^. II. liohey.

r^ Brown and White Leghorn, $].,%. P.

pQ^Q'^ Kock, Bl'k Minorca, $1.50. Bl'k Lang-
^00'^ slnui, L't Bralinia, Pit Game, Buff Co-
cliin, $;im per 13. Fowls for sale. Circular fri e.

Address GEER BROS., St. Harys, Ho.,

or, H.B.GEER, Nashville, Tenn.

READY

TO MAIL. TESTED ITALIAN niirrMC
fr!fL'.i5. Untested, $1.0(1. VUCtWd

Will l)e ready in April. Safe arrival guaranteed.

Drones and Bees cheap.

J. N. COL WICK. Norse, Bosque Co., Texas.

Send for our
new price list
of Bee supplies
and Fruit pack-
ages. A liber-
al discount al-
lowed on win-
ter orders. Ad-
dress

BERLIN
FRUIT BOX

CO..

Berlin Heights

Erie Co.,

Ohio.

1-lOd

t^"Iii re.sDontling tu iliis advertisement mention GLKANiNGa

Automatic

Comb Foundation

Mills.

Hade by

W. C. Pelham,

riaysville, = Ky.

BBH!

If you keep BEIiS,
subscrilie for the Pro-
gressive Bee=keeper, a
journal devoted to Bees,
Honey, and kindred in-
dustries. .50 cts. per
year. Sample copy,

also a beautifully illustrated catalogue of Bee

keepers' supplies, frfe. Address

LEAHY MFG. CO., HIGGINSVILL.E, MO.

I^*In responding to this advertisement mention Glkvn'INGs.

GEO. W. HUFSTEDLER,

Breeder of 5 -Banded Italian Bees and Queens.

Untested, 75 cts. Tested. $1.00 each.
CLARKSVILLE, RED RIVER CO.. TEXAS.

PATENT WIRED COMB FOUNDATION

Has A^'o SafJ- in Urood-frames.

Thin Flat - Bottom Foundation

His no Fishbone in the Surplus Honey.
Being the cleanest, it is usually woiked
tlie (julckestof any f((undation rnHde.

J. VAN DEUSEN & SONS,

IStrdb Sole rianufacturers.

Sprout Brook, Montgomery Co., N. Y.

BEFORE placing your orders for SUPPLIES, write
for prices on One-Piece Basswood Sections, Bee-
Hi ves, Shipping-Crates, Frames. Foundation, Smo-
kers, etc. PAGE & KEITH,
8tfdb New London, Wis.

360

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May L

THE BEST

$3.50;
bande
ulars.

is what I mean to give toy pat-
rons. Drunes from seluciccl
queens, lireeder.s are carefully
selected trum the best. Peisonal
attention and assiduous care gix -
en to Idling queens tliat ihey
may be L-t the higlitst type.

Untested, 81.00; after May, 76c;
Marcli and April, tj for $4.75; doz-
en for $8..5(l. May and June, 6 for
$4.0J; dozen, iB7.50. Later, 6 for
dozen, fCiO. Tested, 3-banded. $1.25; 3 to 5
d, $1.60 to m.OO. Send for circular for partic-
Make money orders payalile here.

J. B. CASE. Port Orange, Vol. Co., Fla.

reSD011ulli„ lu I 111,-. ildM'l U.-llm... l..t/lllK>Il (.jLl!...iiNi.^ -.3

Good ! Good !

Those wishing- the finest and best business bees,
both for pleasure and profit, sliuuld know that
Jennie Atchley is headquarters foi- sucli queens.
I breed both the 3 and 5 banded strains, at ilie fol-
lowing- prices: Untested (March, April, and Mav),
$1.00 each; $5.00 for 6. or $9.00 ]>ei- dozen. June till
October. 75 cts. each; $l-~5 f<.)r 6, or $8.00 per dozen.
T breed my queens in separate yards, and 1 have as
fine Italian bees as there are anywhere. Nuclei
and full colonies. I have one straight merchandise
rate on bees by express— lowest in U. S. Fine breed-
ers always on hand; S-bandctl. $5.00; for straight 5-
banded breeders, apply by lettec. Also bees by the
pound. I guarantee all my queens to be good and
serviceable, and my fine faviltless breefiers unexcel-
led in the world. Safe arriv;il and satisfaction.

I also have a carload of A. 1. l{oot's Dovetailed
hives and Bee-supplies to accommodate my South-
ern customers. Dadant's foundatitm and IJingham
smokers Send for catalogue.

JENNIE ATCHLEY, Beeville, Bee Co., Texas.

TROT 'EM OUT!

>>

I challenge anyone to show up a strain of bees
that are superior to my Cro/t/e/i Ilcilians. They
have excelled all competitois by practical test.
Gentle, industrious, good comb-builders, enter the
sections readily, are not inclined to swarm, and are
perfect beauties. Descriptive 'Mrcular free. Sec-
tions, ^'i?. per A/. Dovetailed hives way down.
CHAS. D. DUVALL, Spencerville. Md.

Sections Cheap.

We have on hand the following stock of choice
white 4-piece dovetailed sections, which we offer
at $1.00 jier thousand:

75000 4^4x2. open top and bottom.

3."iO00 4Vxl'a,
4000 IJixllJi, " "

40U0 4Jixl{f„

G. B. LEWIS CO., Watertown, Wis.

Do Not Order

Until yovi have written us for prices on
the "Boss" One-Piece Section.

X-

Also D. T. Hives, Shipping-crates, and oth-
er supplies.

We have just completed a large addition
to our factory, which doubles our Hoor-
room, and therefore we are in better shape
than ever to fill orders on short notice.
Write for price list.

J. FORNCROOK&CO.,

Watertown, Wis., Jan. i, 1894.

l-3-5tfd

Golden Wyandottes.

No lietler birds in America. Cockerel,
$6 00. Trio, $7.0 '. Eggs, $2.00 per setting.
E, -D. lieeney, A^rcfi<le, A'. Y.

GOLDEN ITALIANS.

If you wani. bees that aft; large, beautiful, very
gentle, and great honey-gatherers, try my Golden
Italians. Tin y are proiiounceil very flue by W. Z.
Hutchinson and many others. Satisfaction guar-
atiteerl. One untested (jueen, 80 cts.; three for $2.(K).
One warranted queen. $1.0ii; three for $2 5i). Tested
queens, $ 1. 511 eacli. Selected tested queens, $3.00 each.
C. M HICKS. Hicksville, Wash. Co., Md.

t^"Iii responding to this advenisenient niwitioii (>lkam:jgs

The Triumph Incubator,

Manuf:i( tut-ed by Ed. W Cole, Kenton, O., is the
cheapest and best. Egys tor hatching, from stock
whicii won ne;irl.\- 300 premiums the past year.
Send for Description and ijrices.

Given Brood Foundation,

About live 16'/4x8J4 sheets to the pound, in 10-lb.
lots, at 40 cts. i^er pound.

H. \V. FUNIC, ISrormal, 111.

PRPP I ^y PriL'e list of pure
I l\L,U( . Italian bees and
queens, and white and brown
ferrets. Address

Roe/iester, Lorain Co., O.

BEE=MBN, Get free Price List of Apiarian Supplies.
r. N.,TaiIjSSON, Knoxvillle, 111.

MniCrirtTTMT o" Foundation and Sections.
UlObUUrl 1 Thin foundation, .50c per lb.;
brood, 40c. No. 1 sections,
S3. 76 per M. Every thi ;g cheap. Price list free.
7-17eoi E. H. TRUMPER, Bankers. Mich.

EGGS FOR HATCHING.

Colorado Cactus, c?),"crers T-'^rf d" ^x?

blossoms. One by mail, postpaid, 25c, or a group of
5 to 7 for $1.00, by express. Grows in any climate.
Beautiful ornament. Stamps taken. Address

E. K. & J. C. PEI3BEE, 172 W. Maple St., Denver, Col.

OTTUMWA BEE-HIVE FACTORY.

Bee-keepers, look to your interests. Every thing
in tlie line of iDee-supplies constantly on hand.
Price list free. GREGORY BROS. & SON,
l-23a Ottumwa, la. South side.

VANDERVORT
COMB -FOUNDATION MILLS.

Send for samples and reduced price list,
itfd JNO. VANDERVORT, Laceyville, Pa.

SIX LEADING VAEI-

ETIES or POULTEY.
Orders booked now. Send I'or descriptive card.
J. S. Mason, Medina, Ohio.

GOLDEN QUEENS

rrUlll 1 CAdJS. i)assed for business.

Safe arrival ;ind snt isfaci itm guaranteed. Untested
(jueens— March, April, and May— $1 each. ICtO Une
Tested Queens for early orders, $1..50 each. Order
early. Send for price list.

./. £>. CiI\^IiNS, Box 3. Listhon, Tex.

i^ln responding to this advertisement mention QLEANiNaa

WARRANTED QUEENS.

Why buy uiitestcil queens and take your own risk
of pure mating, when T warrant everyone of my
queens to be purely mated ? Look over the ads. and
see how few dare do this. Warranted Golden Ital-
ian queen, $1.00; six for $5.00, ready about May 1st.
Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed.

S. F. TREGO, Swedona, Illinois.

BTln responding to this advertisement mention (jleanings.

■£r:^

• Jourhai^

• DELVoTEb;

•andHoNEY-
•/UiD HOME,

•JMTEFIESTS

lli.HEDbY(^l-r(POr'

Vol. XXII.

/HAY I, 1894.

No.

1 iioi'K to get bees out of cellar Api il iS.

Ai'Kii. Review has a nice picture of tlie editor
iiiside a veil.

Lettuce is one of the best things for fall
sowing, Bro. Root.

Vaseline, I think, is used In England more
than elsewhere. [If a good thing there, why
not here also?— Ed.]

The Review says I made a failure with sweet
clover. Yes, only because I couldn't get a
stand. I think that can be remedied.

"Evii> COMMUNICATIONS corrupt good man-
ners." Who would have thought that, when
IMof. Cook went among those extracted-honey
men. he'd become one of tliem ?

EXPEKIMENT STATIONS, H. W. ScOtt SUggeStS

in A. ii. J., should communicate freely with
each other, each one being fully informed as to
what the others are doing. Why not?

Apicui/ruJiE seems to grow in importance in
the eyes of agricultural journals. The Farm
unci Stock Ledger, a new paper, devotes nearly
one-fonrth of its reading space to bee-keepers.

C. Thkii.man, in A. B. J., reports his bees in
cellar all right at 3()°, but they have unusually
well-ripened stores. lie thinks it bad to have
them ir>° or higher the first part of the winter.

A PEitcoi.ATOK is my latest acquisition. I'll
tell you how it works, next time. [Yes. yes;
we are all anxious. We shall not have time to
try one till fall, so should like to know a little
in advance. — Ed.]

Speculative feeding is much spok(!n of by
Germans, and seems valued. I'm not sure just
what it is — perhaps a compromise between giv-
ing a big lot all at once, and the scanty supply
of stimulative feeding.

Gravenhokst relates that part of his colo-
nies were taken at time of rspe bloom to a
large domain and returned after, free of ex-

pense, the owner getting double crop from the
rape by the work of the bees.

J. A. Nasii thinks the vanilla-flavored honey
is from sweet clover. Possibly; but I've had
samples of so many different things as sweet
clover that I'm doubtful whether any one knows
what sweet-clover honey is.

That echo on p. 327. It may l)e true that
honey gets its aroma from fresh- bulit comb,
but I can't swallow it, Rambler, unless you
give us something to help make it go down. Is
new white comb as fragrant as wax from black
combs ?

Dk. J. P. H. Brown, speaking in A. B. J. of
the big freeze that went all over the country,
says, "It is the 7nost complete vegetable-kill
that ever I experienced in the South." The
effect on southern bees has been somewhat dis-
astrous.

That rule that friend Schaeffle gives, p. 32.'5,
that queeiiless bees bring in no pollen, is a very
old one, but I think it has been laid aside for
some time as untrue. Hasn't a queenless hive
an unusual supply of pollen? But I doubt
whetlier they bring in as big loads.

No woNDEK Rambler's nose looks so long
after playing Eugenia the slip wheji she
thought he was going on the cars with her.
But fate is on his track. In all his rambles,
the fear will always haunt him that Eugenia
will turn up in some unexpected place.

Dk. Karl Rittek, a Pole, caged 133 bees
that had lost their stings. After 48 hours 80
were still living, and flew away as lively as
ever when freed. But bees are slow to show
the effect of injuries. Cut one in two, and it
doesn't seem to hurt it for a long time.

The SECRET of the control of fertilization of
queens, accoiding to a writer in A. B. J., is
ready to be made public whenever a liberal
reward is pledged, as the secret is now positive-
ly known. May be so; but then, it has been
positively known so many times before.

DooLiTTLE, p. 329, doubts a wintered colony
having no pollen in spring. I think I knew
just one exception about 30 years ago. A coIo-

363

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May 1.

ny in early spring was eggless and broodless
when others had brood, and I could find no pol-
len present. I gave pollen, and all was lovely.

M. M. Bat.dkidgk de'^prves a vote of thanks
for defending father Langstroth against un-
kind insinuations in A nicrican Bee-keeper. He
squarely denies Robinson's statement that
Mahan imported first Italians. [Yes. and
Baldridge confirms what wc said on page 941,
Dec. 15th last.— Ed.I

And now I'm toi-d. in Progressive, that a
foundation-press is not a press if the wax is
very warm. That won't do. Observer. If you
put thin pomac.e in a cider-press, is it a mold?
Hut I own up there are no such presses in this
country (there's one on the way), and I was all
off about the Given press.

A NEW WAV of having extracting-combs is
reported in Illus. Bienenzeitung. Nail a sheet
of tin on one side of your frame, then put in
foundation close against the tin. Then you've
.only one side of the comb to extract. [But
on a thousand such combs, wouldn't the tin be
rather expensive? and how about so much
metal in the super?— Ed.]

In America there are more than twenty so-
cieties, with a million of capital each, which
they employ in covering a large part of Ameri-
can territory with apiaries. Each farm has its
apiary, not only for the honey, but principally
for the fecundation of flowers. — From a speech
in Elsass - LothringscJier Bieneii - Zuechter.
Go from home to hear the news.

Hutchinson agrees with Dayton, that cleats
are better than hand-holes in hives. Sensible.
[The trouble with hand-holes heretofore, they
haven't been made deep enough and long
enough. We noiv make them ^4 inch deep, and
long enough so that all the fingers can get a
good grip. Of the old hand-holes, only one fin-
ger could get a good fair hold. — Ed.]

There you go again on p. 33L Won't give
us Given foundation because it isn't " pleasing
to the eye." What I want is something " pleas-
ing to the bee." "That nice clear transparent
effect" comes from a hard polished surface,
doesn't it? and that's just what we don't want.
[No, that clear transparent effect doesn't come
necessarily "from a hard polished surface."
See editorials.— Ed. J

I'm glad to learn that the V edge on end-
bars is not sharp, but ^^ wide. How would it
do to make it still wider, say about % ? [" There
you go again." This sounds like your sugges-
tion that, if an eight-frame hive is better than
a ten-frame, tlnm a six-frame is better than an
eight. As Mr. Taylor says in this issue in reply
to this, there is a Scylla and Charybdis; so we
say there is here regarding the bluntness of
this V edge. In Trade Notes we explain again
more fully why this V edge is preferred by us
and by friend Hoffman. — Ed.]

Our Symposium on Large vs. Small Hives.

R. L. Taylor on One Side of the Discussion, and

Hatch, Dadant. and Seeley on the Other,

with Br. Miller on the Fence.*

DR. MILLEIi 8 ARGUMENTS REVIEWED: SOME OF
THE ELEMENTS OF UNCERTAINTY.

By R. L. Taylor.

Dear Bro. Miller: — I note that, in the last
number of Gleanings, you make a reply to my
letter to you of Feb. 1 upon tlie above topic;
and inasmuch as I have become interested in
what you say, and in the way you say it, and
as the editor seems to expect me to say some-
thing in response to your argument, I venture
to undertake to make some further suggestions
which, it seems to me, should have weight in
the consideration of the questions involved.

In relation to the experiment you propose for
the purpose of testing the comparative advan-
tages of the two kinds of hives, you see some of
the difliculties, but I fear there are many oth-
ers. Taking a colony from an eight-frame
hive and putting it into a ten-frame hive would
not do, because one which had been in a ten-
frame hive for a year might be stronger, which
would, perhaps, be an advantage, but more like-
ly a disadvantage. The difficulty would be
hardly less if one had plenty of each kind of
hive containing colonies which had occupied
them for years; for in selecting the colonies for
the experiment there would be no really satis-
factory standard to be applied in making the
selections. I have just been selecting colonies
for some other experiments, and I find that,
with care, by examining when closely clustered
I can pick out pairs that appeared to be twins
in all material points; and then by dividing
each of a sufficient number of pairs so as to
form two lots, I could make the two lots practi-
cally about alike; but if I were to undertake to
compare a colony in a iwo-story Heddon hive
with one in an eight-frame hive, or one in a
one-story Heddon, I should be lost — the result
would be no better than a rough guess. So if I
were set to select colonies in eight and ten frame
hives for comparative experiment I should not
know how to proceed. There would be no com-
mon standard that could be applied in making
the selection. It would not be an attempt to
get colonies of equal strength, but it would be
an attempt to settle the average relative nor-
mal strength of the twoclasses, and then to se-
lect, from each, colonies having the same pro-
portional ratio to each average. So far no plan
of procedure has been suggested to me that
seems to give promise of results that would

* We didn't know e.vactly wliero to put the Doc-
tor, so wo have put "him on the fence." If lie
doesn't like it he can get off.— Ed.

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

3()3

have any binding force unless it bo the, keeping
of an equal niiniberof each class together un-
der the same treatment for a series of years;
and owing to the unstable footing which api-
culture has as yet secured at our experiment
stations, such a plan would have small chance
of success unless it were acted upon on his own
account by some bee-keeper who, like yourself,
still has faith in the virtues of the ten-frame
hive.

So the question between the two hives is a
very complicated one, and is not simply one be-
tween what the bees say on the one hand and
theory on the other. On each hand are both
facts and theory. In each case the bees say
something; and in each, what they say must
be supplemented by a vigorous excercise of the
reasoning faculty, or no sound conclusion can
be reached. So I affirm that we do know some-
thing about it now. The bees have spoken —
not. Indeed, to the main question directly, for,
as has been seen, that is too complicated to ad-
mit of a categorical answer unless we first put
them in a position to give such a one by mak-
ing extensive preparation for it, but to detached
points that are material to the general issue,
and decisive of it. But, of course, we must be
careful of our process of reasoning.

You say, "I beg you will believe

— and I am sure you will take my word for it —
that I am not saying a word for the sake of
mere argument." Of course, I take your word
for it; but I can not help seeing that, through
the deceitfulness of language, I suppose, you
have permitted your pen to say what is more
unfair and more dangerous than talking for tlie
sake of mere argument. What sort of tangle-
leg does your pen (or is it your typewriter?) im-
bibe that could have made it charge me with
the statement that " we'll get all the bees we
want by June 15th in an eight-frame hive"?
What I did say was, " We want all the bees we
can induce the colony to rear" up to that point
of time. Your pen also puts the correct state-
ment alongside the false one, so that it also
practically charges me with inconsistency or
want of intelligence.

Then what could have possessed your type-
writer to record this: One " might ask whether
the bees had ever stated in a positive manner
that a lot of brood late in the harvest was a
damage " ? That is worthy of an adept at par-
ty-platform construction! Wliat a blessed
state of unanimity it is calculated to produce!
for, of course, a lot of brood then would be no
damage but an advantage! Whether we favor
a live, eight, ten, or twelve frame hive, we
would all agree in wanting a lot of brood then.
But one might ask, " IIow big a lot?" and the
strife would be renewed.

I feel pretty sure that the soundest argument
would have little effect in solving the question
so far as you are concfrned if you are habitual-
ly willing to use such an ultra-diplomatic ex-

pression as a shield; and I am just as sure you
would not expect me to be satisfied with such
an elastic argument.

Now, I admit that here I feel the ground
trembling under my feet, for I understand that
you are editing a dictionary of apicultural
terms, and I have noticed recently on several
occasions that you have shown an inclination
to " fix " the meaning of words to suit your own
ideas without entertaining much respect for
usage, so I am in doubt whether "lot" will not
turn up as an apicultural term with some new
signification, and I nightly dream of the pit
preparing lor him who is so foolhardy as to at-
tempt an argument with the dictionary man.

Of course, I take your word for it when you
affirm that you say nothing for mere argument;
but I feel a mighty strain when I read the place
where, in response to the reason I give for my
statement tliat more bees will be produced ear-
ly in the eight-frame hive, viz., that there is
less space to be kept warm, you say: "If that
counts for any thing, then a six-frame hive is
still better." Better for what, pray? If you
mean better for rearing brood early, I assent as
a matter of course; but what significance has
that fact in this argument? If you mean bet-
ter for comb honey. I as certainly dissent. It
looks a little as though you meant to get this
admission from me, and then turn on me, and,
by the use of the same kind of logic, insist that,
since I admit that an eight-frame hive is better
for comb honey than a six-frame hive, I am
bound by an analogous course of reasoning to
admit that a ten-frame hive is better for that
purpose than an eight-frame hive. But, don't
do that. We must admit that there is a Scylla
as well as a Charybdis to be shunned. A hive
may be too large as well as too small.

Once more : In the paragraph wherein you
speak in derogation of theories, it seems to me
you confound two ideas to the detriment of
clear conceptions of truth. You place the the-
ory of parthenogenesis and the theory of the
eight-frame hive on a level with the theory of
last year's non-swarmer and last year's hiver.
You may well call the latter pretty theories
which the bees refuse to accept; for the theo-
ries, though fine, we can clearly see, do not pro-
vide for all the conditions as they exist in our
practical apiaiies; they are not accepted by
practical intciUigent bee-keepers; indeed, such
men clearly see, without the trouble of a test,
that they could not be successfully used; but
because such theories are and will be promul-
gated, furnishes no reason for including the
former in the same condemnation, for they are
supported by sound reason; they have been
subject to the scrutiny of practical men for
many years, and the fraternity accept them.
Vox populi vox Dei. Of course, in one sense I
may say of them correctly, " I don't know;"
but that is not in accordance with the ordinary
usage of the language, but only in the sense

304

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May 1.

which one employs when he says, "In the
realm of mathematics I can say I know; but
outside of that, my knowledge all breaks down,
and I can not say I know any thing;" but this
is agnosticism.

REASONS WHY THE EIGHT-FRAME HIVE IS BET-
TER THAN THE TEN-FRAME.

As I have already said, the bees have spoken
on many of the material points of this matter;
but I am disappointed to find that you are in no
way inclined to listen. I find you agree with
me in nothing but in those points relating to
the things we want. You agree that we want
plenty of bees early, and that, at the proper
time, we want all the bees that can be spared
from the brood-chamber to go to work with
alacrity in the supers: but not a step further
will you go. You will not even admit that,
other things being equal, more bees will be pro-
duced early in the smaller hive than in the
larger one. That there is less space to be kept
warm has litile or no weight with you. I just
said that, though the bees lalk, yon are not dis-
posed to listen; but perhaps i/our bees do not
talk. Mine do.

My bees say, and have reiterated it a thou-
sand times in the most unmistakable manner,
that, the smaller the hive, the more comforta-
ble and healthy they are, and, consequently, the
more rapidly they increase at the opening of
spring. But, half convinced, you ask if I have
settled positively that colonies in eight-frame
hives will average as strong at the close of win-
ter as colonies in larger hives. I have had
much experience with hives of different capaci-
ties. For a number of years I used only ten-
frame hives; then eight and ten together.
Now I use the eight-frame hive; the two-story
Heddon, equal to the ten-frame hive; and the
one-story Heddon, equal to live L. frames; and
the answer my bees have all along given to the
question is, that you can not increase the
strength of the colony— i. e., at the end of win-
ter, by increasing the size of the hive after a
certain limit is reached, which in most seasons
is about that of the eight-frame hive; that
other circumstances are more potent in that
matter than the size of the hive, and that even
the one-story Heddon, if the previous fall was
favorable to it, \v\\\ contain colonies nearly as
strong as those in the ten-frame hive, and
strong enough for profit. They say that, in
seasons favorable to the larger hive, the colo-
nies may average a little stronger than those in
the eight-frame hive; but they do not say that
they are, therefore, better. They have told me,
time and again, that it is not safe to wager that
those strongest in early spring will produce the
most surplus; and I venture to add that, as it is
cheaper to keep a cow warm in winter with the
aid of a good roof and tight walls than with
grain, so it is more economical to aid in the pro-
tection of the brood in spring by sawdust pack-

ing than by an otherwise useless wall of live
bees.

Then you further ask: "And if there's
enough honey in the larger hive, may not the
empty space be less than in the smaller hive ? "
To that my pocket-book speaks up and says
pine boards make cjieaper dummies than do
combs of honey.

Again, you suggest that one "might ask
whether the bees had ever stated in a positive
manner that a lot of brood late in the harvest
was a damage." After again turning over this
expression I can not escape the conclusion that
by "lot" you mean an unusally large amount
— or, as the schoolchildren say, a "big lot;"
and my heart sinks when the proper words
come to my mind to characterize your argument
as it seems to deserve, for you fall into a device
used by those who argue for victory, not for
truth. Whether it was intentional or not, I
admire the ingenuity of the false logic. You
first use "lot" in the sense of an unusually large
amount, and then, with exceeding skill, drop
it, but carry it along by implication in the
sense of a " small lot," for a wife is the small-
est lot in the way of a family a man can well
have. It would at least have been a fairer
statement if you had said, "A young man may
get ahead faster after he has a wife and twelve
or fifteen young children to support." though
that might have interfered with the hoped-for
effect.

But hear what my bees say to the supposed
question. They say the extra brood requires a
large amount of food; that to prepare food, to
feed and otherwise care for that brood, requires
a considerable force of bees, which are detained
from work in the supers; they say that the first
lot emerges from the cells a little before the
end of the early harvest, too late for use then,
and too early to be of much use in the fall har-
vest, if there should be one; that, as the first
extra brood emerges while nectar is still coming
in, its place will be taken by a second extra
brood which requires the same expense of food,
and which, having hatched about the first of
August, will cut no figure the ensuing spring,
havina. in the mean time, furnished no reason
for their being, unless in exceptional cases
where there is a fall harvest, and that they are
not even of use in keeping up the strength of
the colony, as the bees reared in an eight-frame
hive are abundantly sufficient for that. With-
out going further into details, I think most
bee-keepers would have no difficulty in finding
that those two broods of extra bees have been
no small damage, and that it could not well be
otherwise where the honey harvest comes as it
does pretty generally in this latitude.

Further on, in response to my remark, " The
ten-frame hive having more space below, and,
as a rule, more brood that will prove a damage,
and greater accumulations of honey in the
brood-chamber, all of which circumstances

1894

GLEANINGa IN BEE CULTURE.

305

have a poworfully restraining influence to keep
the bees from going into the sections in full
force, is manifestly, at a great disadvantage,"'
you ask how I know all that; whether the bees
say so: and whether it is a fact that a greater
amount of brood and honey below restrains
from going into the sections. Yes, the bees say
so, and it is a fact. As regards property and
children, bees are very human; and it is hardly
necessary to say more on this point than that
He who spake as never man spake said to the
human family, " Where your treasure is, there
will your heart be also." And the greater the
treasure, the stronger the restraint. You cer-
tainly must admit that the extra spaces be-
tween the combs will be occupied by the bees,
and that the extra brood must be fed and kept
warm, and that a large number of bees will be
required to do all this.

Then you ask, '"If you take away all the
brood and all the honey from below, will the
bees go up into the sections with a rush?"
]Most assuredly— at least, that is what my bees
tell me, always suiting the action to the word.

"If the brood-chamber be chock full of brood
and honey, will the bees be entirely restrain-
ed?" you ask. No, not entirely, but power-
fully; and especially is it so with honey when
the bees are permitted to put it in quantities in
the upper part of the brood-combs. When you
accept this truth, and adapt your practice to it,
you will no longer spend your time fiddling with
'•bait sections."

But there is so much to say that strength and
space would fail, and I may as well close ab-
ruptly here, and will do so with this question:
If blood and honey do not powerfully restrain
the bees from going up, what influence is it you
so sedulously seek to overcome with your bait
sections? R. L. Taylor.

Lapeer. Mich.. April 7.

[The foregoing was sent to the Doctor, who
replies:]

By Dr. C. C. MiUcr.

Dear Brother Taylor:— If all the readers of
Glkanings enjoy the reading of your letter as
much as I have done, I'm sure there's one num-
ber of Gleanings worth the subscription price.
You've such a good-natured way of knocking
a body down that he feels he must get up with
a smile, even if he has hard work to keep from
crying. You've pretty nearly persuaded me
that I'm arguing for the sake of argument, and
mixed me all up in general. But I'll try to hold
out for another round.

I confess you make the difficulty in the mat-
ter of experiment look a little greater than it
did, and perhaps I must agree with you in that,
but it seems to me it ought not to take so many
years. C. P. Dadant thinks it ought to take
three years; and when you say "a series of
years" I'm afraid you mean even more than
three. But it seems to me that two years ought
to tell a good deal about it.

You object to my making you say that we'll
" get all the bees we want by June ir)th in an
eight-frame hive." Then you quote what yen
did say. but you don't quote the words from
which I tried to condense your statement.
Here's what you said: "In 99 cases in lOf). the
eight-frame hive would contain all the brood
that can return a profit, etc.," and then you
spoke of rearing unprofitable bees afterward,
so I had no thought of quoting you unfairly, as
I thought you didn't want the unprofitable bees
that would be afterward raised. I'm sorry I
tried to shorten and didn't quote verbatim, for
I see how that word "want" may be under-
stood wrong. I think I meant it right.

It isn't a bit kind of you to poke fun at me
because I'm trying to get bee-terms somewhat
straight in the dictionary. I'm having a hard
enough time of it without having one of my
friends make me cry out, "Et tu. Brute!"
[Printer, br' sure to use a capital B there; and
if you have any Latin letters, use them so that
will not be understood to be an English word.]

I don't quite understand you, in speaking in
your former letter, about "brood that will prove
a damage," and now speaking as if it would
not be a damage: and I'm sure I'm willing the
word " lot " shall stand for just the amount of
brood you meant, whatever that may be. In
any case, I think the question remains open as
to whether " brood that is a damage" and " un-
profitable bees " are raised in the lat-jror hive.

While I don't quite get the drift of some of
your talk, some of it is quite reassuring, and
makes me think that, after all, the small-sized
hives that I like so much better to handle may
be all right.

But to come back where we started. What
troubles me is, that I am using small hives just
because others do. with some theoretical rea-
sons for doing so. but with veiy little evidence
from actual practice that, in the long run, the
smaller hives are better. You and others tell
me they are better. Still others, and among
them bright men and successful men, toll me
the smaller hives are not so good. But from,
neither do I get much in the way of figures as
practical proof.

I am troubled, too. by that question of Da-
danfs: " If large hives are better for extracted,
why are they not better for comb? "

I don't get as large crops with the small hives
as I did with the large. Just how much of that
is to be charged to the seasons, I don t know.

I have much more trouble with swarming, or,
in other words, have much more swarming,
with the smaller hives.

It is difilicult to get enough stores in the eight-
frame hive to last through winter and spring,
as the bees occupy so much of the combs with
brood that there is not enough room for stores.

But the eight-frame hives are, oh so much
nicer and lighter to handle! A super that
holds 24 one- pound sections is, I think, better

^m

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

MayI.

than a larger one, and it doesn't go at all well
with a ten-frame frame hivo, but It goes per-
fectly with an eight-frame hive.

If I had been smart enonsrh to keep part of
my ten-frame hives going, so as to compare the
two kinds, I might have some practical certain-
ty about the matter; but, as usual, I went
headlong, and now I'm trying to get some one
else to tell me what I don't know.

Marengo, 111. C.C.Miller.

[Here is something. Doctor, that is short and
pithy, and perhaps is what you are looking
after.— Ed]

HAS TRTKI) THE EIGHT-FRAME HIVE, BUT
FOUND THEM WANTING, AND WHY.
By C. A. Hatch.
Friend JRoot;— Although you do not invite a
general " pitch in " on the discussion of eight
vs. ten frame hives, I feel just like having a
hand in the tight any way, for I can not agree
with the statement that it is settled that the
eight -frame hive is best for comb honey.
When the general stampede for eight-frame
hives was, I concluded with the rest that I
wanted only that kind; so I commenced to
change over all my ten-frame hives as fast as
was convenient; but when I had some 30 or 40
changed I began to grow suspicious, and gave
closer attention to results; and I became so
thoroughly convinced that I had made a mis-
take that I sold all my eight-frame hives, and
now no man could sell me an eight-frame hive
except at about two-thirds the price of a ten-
frame. After using eight frame by the side of
ten for some three or four years I found that,
as nearly as I could estimate without carefully
weighing. I got at least 2.5 per cent more honey
from the large than the small hive, no matter
whether the colony was worked for comb or
extracted. And by the way, Bro. Root, has it
ever been proven that we need a ditTerent num-
ber of frames for one kind of honey from what
we do for the other? If so, for what reason?
and who proved it? I had supposed that it
was an axiom in bee-keeping, that, the more
brood surface to a hive, the greater chance for
getting sections just over the brood, where they
are so sure to be filled; and Taylor admits the
ten-frame hive will have the most brood; then
why not the most honey?

We all know how loath bees are to put 'brood
into the two outsidi; frames, instinct seeming
to tell them that these two should be filled with
stores; and it is this very instinct which spoils
theory about eight frames being best; for the
queen, unless compelled to do so, will not fill six
frames only; and it is a poor argument to say
that six frames full of brood are as good as
eight filled in the same way. True, you can
compel the queen to occupy the ontside frames
by shifting them to the center of the hive; but
you have run against nature by destroying
these reserve stores. Is it not a fact, that, to
get a queen to do her best, there must be at

least 10 days' food-supply in the hive? Nature
tells the mother-bee better than to rear a fam-
ily of children to prospective starvation. Most
of our bees for bnsiness mnst be raised before
any honey is found in the field, and hence must
depend on that in the hive, or you must feed;
and if you must feed, how much nicer to just
hang a frame of honey at the side of the brood-
nest than to fuss with feeders, as one must
where he has compelled the queen to fill all the
frames.

Bro. Taylor's assertion, that, other things
being equal, more bees will be raised in an
eight-frame hive early in the season, would be
conclusive if it were proven; but the reverse
has been my experience. I think, for the rea-
sons heretofore stated, viz., aversion of the
queen to occupying the outside frames, and the
requirement of these two reserve frames for
stores to get bees to do their best.

Bro. Taylor's assertion, that there will be
more bees in the eight-frame because there is
less space to warm, is nice in theory; but com-
paring the one story of a Ileddon sectional hive
in practice, side by side with ten-frame Lang-
stroth hives, I ound the latter built up farther,
notwithstanding the space to warm was over
twice as large. I ivanted the bees to prove the
smaller hive the better, but they would not.

In regard to experiments, I think that it is
very important, as Dr. Miller suggests, that
bees to be used for the experiment should be
wintered in the same hive, or, rather, on the
same number of frames. Also let a half of
each lot be worked for comb honey, and the
other half for extracted, and I am thinking
there will be a reversal of some of our opinions,
and some of the things which are now thought
to be settled will be unsettled. You know the
statement that it takes 20 lbs. of honey to pro-
duce 1 lb. of wax went unchallenged for years,
but was finally proven to be almost if not twice
too much.

The eight-frame hive has many things to
recommend it in a mechanical way. It is
cheaper, easier made, for it requires narrower
lumber for tops and bottoms; is lighter, and
easier handled; but as loath as I was to give it
up, the "dollars" argument was too much, and
I had to yield. Yes, Dr. M., we are too much
like sheep. When some bell-wether jumps the
fence, and cries "Good!" over we go, right or
wrong.

Ithaca. Wis.

TEN-FRAME HIVE PREFERRED.
By H. M. Scclcy.
I see there is a discussion started in Glean-
ings as to which is better for comb honey —
eight or ten frames. I have been using both,
side by side, for the last four years, and prefer
the ten-frame hive every time, as I can get
just as much comb honey, the bees winter bet-

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

3(17

ter, and build up fully as soon in the spring,
and I often have nine and ten frames full of
brood.
Harford, Pa., April 9.

tkn-ki;amk i,angstkoth vs. qltinby hives.
By C. P.Dadniil.

To begin with, I will say that we are entirely
unfit to discuss the question as it is put; viz., 8
or 10 frame Langstroth hives, for the reason
that we have never had a single Langstroth 8-
frame hive. Our experience runs between 8-
frame Quinby or 10-frame Langstroth. against
10-frame Quinby hives, which are much larger
than any thing that is used by the majority of
bee-keepers.

We must, therefore, put the question as fol-
lows: Do we want a 10 frame Langstroth hive,
or a smaller one or a larger one? Tally Dadant
on the side of the larger hive, for we consider
the 10-frame hive too small. To me, the an-
swer to the public feeling on the subject is, that
the smaller the hive they have, the smaller
they want it; and last fall at Chicago, when a
vote was taken on the subject, I heard several
say that an 3- frame hive was even too large.
Why don't the fol ks try some large hives instead
of disputing between the 10 and 8 frame, which
are both, in our opinion, too small.

Your answer to Mr. Taylor, that a large hive
will have more bees and more honey, is just the
answer I should have made him. There are
undoubtedly circumstances in which a small
colony will find itself in a large hive, and will
not be warm enough; but I will not do you or
Taylor the injury of supposing that you do not
know what partition-boards or followers are
for. When we have a small colony in a hive,
and we see that they need warmth, we reduce
the capacity of the brood-chamber. But when
we keep hives on 10 Quinby frames, we have a
large brood-chamber, lots of honey, lots of bees,
and lots of brood; and we winter a more pow-
erful colony than you can in any 8-frame L. hive.

What do the bees say? That is just what
we have been wanting you folks to find out.
We have found out what ours had to say. in
this locality, and we transferred nearly
every one (if our 10-frame L. hives and all of
our S-franie Quinby to large hives several years
ago. We can give you the names of half a doz-
en people on whose farms we have or have had
bees, and they will all tell you that the big
crops always came from the large hives, comb
or extracted. Nay, did not Ernest Root tell
nie, personally, that one of the leading comb-
honey producers had said (in private, not want-
ing to be known) that Dadant was right, tliat
he himself used a large hive in comb-honey
production, but that there was no use in trying
to educate people to a thing that they did not
want to try, and which, if they tried, would
only cause honey to be more plentifully produc-
ed and be still cheaper?

There may be something in location, and it
may be that we should see the thing differently
if we were further nortli. It may be that the
bees' answer in Michigan would Ix! different
from what it is here; but one thing I will say:
If an experiment is to be made, it will not be
conclusive, in my mind, unless it is tried on at
least 25 hives of each kind for at least three
years. Unless the season is very good, a colony
in a very large hive will not attain its full pow-
er during the first season. Again, there must
be more honey left to winter a strong colony
than a weak one; but just depend on them to
take care of that if you do not rob them too
close.

Now, my dear sir, I know we are in the mi-
nority, and I am afraid I am preaching in the
desert; but I don't care a straw for that; and,
in fact, we had just as lief be quoted as an ex-
ception on this subject for the rest of our lives.
We can raise the honey just the same. One
question: You all say that a large hive is bet-
ter for extracted honey, and a small one for
comb honey. Please give us the reason for
that. We want a hive to accommodate the ca-
pacity of the queen, and that is all, for we do
not believe, as Hutchinson does, that queens
cost nothing.

Hamilton, 111.

[Our friends have given us very fair, candid
opinions, based upon their extensive experience.
Yes, we know of a few extensive bee-keepers
who think the Quinby none too small. We
would refer, for instance, lo Capt. Hetherington
and P. H. Elwood, of York State, who have, or
did have, in the neighborhood of 4000 colonies.
We made many inquiries of the bee-keepers in
Mr. Dadant's vicinity, and found that all, or
nearly ail, were using the large hives. For ex-
ample, we would mention the Axtells, Hon. J.
M. Hambaugh. and A. N. Draper.

Regarding the 8 vs. the 10 frame Langstroth
hives, some of oui' readers will remember that
we first made and recommended the 10 frame
hive. Yes. for a time we opposed the 8-frame;
but the pressure got to be so great that we final-
ly made it the leader. Speaking of large hives,
we can't for the life of us see the difference be-
tween a large hive spread out in one story, like
the Quinby, and the same capacity in 8-frame
Langstrotii or half-depih L. frame hives piled
up one on top of the other. We had one colony
two summers ago, occupying five 8-frame bod-
ies, and a score or more occupying three such
bodies. The 8-frame hives may be tiered up so
as to make large hives: by using only one body
we have a small hive. Mr. Dadant uses a divi-
sion-board because it is evident he finds it nec-
est^ary to reduce the capacity of his Quinby hive
at times. When he would give a colony its lull
capacity of brood-chamber, «'C would give the
same capacity by adding an extra 8-frame sto-
ry, and putting in the required numl)er of
frames. When this same discussion was up a
few years ago, the t.(>siimony was overwhelm-
ingly for the 8-frame. Auain, this matter was
brought up at the last Cliicago convention in
this wise: The question was asked how many
favored and used the lO-frame Langstroth hive.
A show of hands revealed that there were only
10. When it was asked how many used the s-
frame. 4:^ responded. When it was asked how
many had changed from 10 to 8 frame, :.'4 held

368

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May 1.

up their hands. The reverse of the question
showed that only one had changed from 8 to 10
frame.— Ei). J

COMB-BUILDING.

IS WAX SECRETION VOLUNTARY ? A DISCUSSION
BY MOBLEY AND DOOLITTLE.

By G. H. Mohley.

Friend Root: — Mr. Doolittle said, in answer
to a question some time ago. tiiat beeswax is a
faity substance peculiar to the bee, and produc-
ed by the consumption of honey, etc. VVliile
this is true, yet I take the ground that it is mis-
leading in this: He seems to convey the idea —
and others too, I admit — that bees consume
more honey when building comb or secreting
wax than they do at other times. ThisI believe
to be a false idea. Bees are like cattle or hogs
or other animals. If they can obtain sufficient
food they will eat all that is required to produce
an abundance of fat. They never stop to in-
quire whether they need the fat for any particu-
lar purpose or not, but eat away as their appe-
tites demand and require, without regard to
consequences. Now, I hold this to be true as to
the honey-bee: It eats all that its appetite re-
quires, and no more, at any and all times,
whether the process of comb-building is in
piogress or not; and the claim as made, that it
takes 20 iLs. of honey to produce one of comb, is
a bosh — as the same bees would consume the
honey if no comb were built at all. Now, the
facts are here: Bees will not build comb unless
they need it, possibly because they do not want
it in the hive unless they have something to put
in it. But the moment the combs are all oc-
cupied, then the building of combs is at once
commenced, and kept up as long as the honey
is coming in and there is room left for it to oc-
cupy. As a matter of fact, the colony having
combs built will store honey much faster than
the one that has to build the combs as they
gather the honey. But each colony will con-
sume just as much honey as it needs, and no
mdre. to satisfy their hunger. Now, if there
were any difference in the consumption of hon-
ey in ihe two hives, I am forced to the conclu-
sion that the other one— the one that had all
combs built— would consume the most, from the
fact that they exercise more, have more active
work, and work much harder than they would
in the hive building comb, which business re-
cpiires, seemingly, much less exertion than it
does to go out into the fields and fly from flow-
er to flower and battle with the winds and ob-
stacles that they are constantly encountering.
Often, when a bee returns with its load of hon-
ey or pollen, it is so tired that it will fall short
of the hive-entrance, and have to rest for a
while before it can fly again. Who ever saw
comb-builders stop to rest? I think this con-
sumption-of-honey idea originated with foun-
dation or extractor men as an advertising medi-

um, and has no foundation that will stand the
test.
Walker, Mo., Dec. 8, 1893.

[The foregoing was sent to G. M. Doolittle,
who replies:— Ed. J

In replying to the above, I wish to state, first,
that Mr. Mobley exposes his ignorance of the
past when he charges that the idea of its tak-
ing 20 pounds of honey to produce one pound of
comb originated with foundation or extractor
men. as an advertising medium to sell comb
foundation and extractors. This 30-pound
"theory " or " idea," as it is so often called, is
no theory or idea at all, but the result of the
most carefully conducted experiment by that
prince of apiarists. Huber, who conducted these
experiments and gave the results of the same,
years before either the extractor or comb foun-
dation was thought of. In fact, this matter of
the consumption of honey in building comb has
been talked of far less since foundation and the
extractor came into being than it was before
the advent of these. Such a thrust at those
who are working for the good of all in giving
us improved extractors and foundation is very
unkind, to say the least.

It seems strange to me. and has all along in
the past, that the idea obtains with many, that,
because a man has something to sell, he is un-
qualified thereby from giving an unprejudiced
opinion relative to the merits of any thing he
has to sell. If the man who has spent his life-
woik in producing something to meet a long-
felt want is not qualified to tell us of the ad-
vantages arising from the same, pray tell us
who would be. Are we so selfish ourselves that
we look with suspicion upon everybody else?
Are we so jealous of some pet scheme of our
own that we think no one can give the unvar-
nished truth about something they have to do
with? Because Mrs. Atchley is the largest
queen-breeder in the world, does it follow that
she can not tell the truth about queens, and
how to rear them? Such thoughts come only
from a selfishness that can not take in the
great brotherhood of man. When it comes to
pass that we are not willing to accord to others
the sinceiity of purpose which we claim for
ourselves, we are not doing unto othirs as we
would have them do to us. Brethren, let us
be more as we should be, that we may be of the
greatest use in the world.

Huber's experiments were, to shut a swarm of
bees up long enough so that they would con-
sume what honey they carried in their honey-
sacs, when they were fed till they produced a
pound of comb; and from several experiments
along this line, and then striking an average, it
was found to take 20 pounds of honey or sugar
syrup to produce one pound of wax or comb. I
have never heard a doubt expressed but that
these experiments gave the truth in the matter,
where bees were confined to the hive; but it
has been thought that, where the bees had the

IS'.H

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

369

liberty of the fields, that poUon might take the
place of honey to quite an extent in producing
wax, or that the bees could produce wax by eat-
ing pollen in connection with less honey, so that
not more than eight or ten pounds of honey
would be consumed, when bees had their liber-
ty, in producing one pound of comb. If I am
correct, Mr. El wood places the amount at about
8 pounds under such circumstances, and that
comes very near the conclusion I have arrived
at. after close observation for years.

The comparison of bees with cattle or hogs
can not hold good, in that the latter never use
the fatty matter secreted, for any purpose out-
side of their own persons; while the fatty sub-
stance or wax of the bee is secreted only on the
outside of the person, and detached therefrom
for a separate use from the sustenance of the
individual bee. It does not hold true in the
least, that wax will be secreted while the bee
has all the honey to eat that its appetite re-
quires, as other animals secrete fat under those
circumstances; for if it did, wax would be se-
creted all through the fall months as well as
the winter, and no surplus ever provided or kept
on hand. That bees know what they are about
is proven from the fact that, if the hive is full
of comb, and from 30 to 30 pounds of honey
in these combs, the bees will not secrete a par-
ticle of wax till honey comes in from the fields
in the spring; while under the same conditions
as to honey, they will at once begin to use on
this honey, and secrete wax to supply the place
of a comb which the apiarist may chance to
take out from the center of the cluster. I have
tried this several times, and have always found
the bees required hanging in festoons, with ab-
domens gorged with honey, when in a few days
the scales of wax would appear on the under
side of the abdomen, and comb-building be in
progress.

No, Mr. Mobley, bees do not secrete wax at all
times '• without regard to consequences" when
they have all the honey they need to eat, or that
their appetites demand, as do the hog, cow, or
sheep; because this wax is of no earthly use to
keep them warm, to supply wasting muscle, or
for any other purpose whatever, save for man-
ufacturing combs as they require; and when
secreted, and the chance or using it as they in-
tended can not be accomplished, it is thrown
out of the hive as so much waste or useless ma-
terial, and no more secreted till it is needed for
building new combs, lengthening out cells al-
ready too short, or for capping honey. When
neither of these is needed, bees do not secrete
wax, no matter how much honey they have ac-
cess to; and when these are needed, and sup-
plied, it always takes an extra amount of feed
and hanging in festoons to produce the wax for
the needed work, because wax is not kept stored
up in the person or on it, as is the case with fat
in other animals. G. M. Doomtti>e.

Borodino, N. Y.

RAMTiLE 107.

HKE I'A I! A LYSIS.

Again I have rambled to the western end of
tills great San Bernardino County. A good
horse with a staying gait, and Bro. Wilder for a
driver, made that feature of the journey very
pleasant: but a norther, with its accompanying
dust to face a portion of the way, was very dis-
tasteful, especially when we opened our mouths
to speak, and inhaled a handful of fine dust.
As we neared Ontario, however, we left the
norther behind us. The San Antonio Moun-
tains seem to shield this portion of the valley
from its worst features, and the people are not
slow to laud the f(!ature to the skies. No wind
here, no frost. This is the veritable garden of
Eden.

Our first call was upon Mr. P. S. Douse, who
has erected a brand-new shop, with all new
machinery for the manufacture of various
things in wood, and especially bee-hives and
supplies. From the number of Dovetailed hives
and Hoffman frames piled up, there must be
quite a demand for them hereabouts. Mr.
Douse is a six footer, or a little more so, and
Bro. Wilder and I felt like quite short men be-
side him. Mr. Douse has had much experience
as a bee-keeper; and the experience that has
cost him the most is in losing many colonies of
bees through the disease known as bee paraly-
sis. This disease seems to be particularly viru-
lent around Ontario; and though Mr. D. had
lost quite a number of colonies, some of his
neighbors suffered greater losses than he did.
A Mr. Nichols had 3.5 colonies, and lost every
one of them. I was referred to Mr. P. W. Mc-
Fatridge as the man who could give a full his-
tory of the matter in Ontario.

A few months ago the (then) editor of the
Apicultural Department of the Run tl Califor-
nlon reflected severely upon A. I. Root for
sending a queen to a man in Ontario, and in-
troducing bee paralysis into California. Mr.
McFatridge was the man referred to. We found
Mr. McF. in his cosy home among the orange-
trees, well up toward North Ontario. Several
of the household were picking those large hand-
some navel oranges, and Mr. McFatridge was
superintending the job. Like all good bee-
keepers, Mr. McP. was ready to talk bees, and
we adjourned to the apiary, which was near
the house and among the orange-trees. The
hives, however, instead of being placed out in
business order, were piled up near the end of
the honey-house, presenting a forlorn appear-
ance. The wind does not blow in Ontario; but
in the photo it will be noticed that the tall eu-
calyptus-trees were bending under a slight
zephyr, and sighing a sad requiem over the dy-
ing apiary.

Mr. McF., referring to his journal, said thnt,
in 1889, he received several queens from Mr.
Root; but the one which arrived on the 2.oth of

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

371

July was the one to wliich he traced his trou-
bles. It was her progeny that first showed
signs of the disease. The disease, however,
did not become virulent until 1S92. That sea-
son the apiary numbered ()() colonies, from which
were obtained 9000 lbs. of honev. The apiary
was increased to 102. In 1893 the bees died off
so rapidly that no honey was prod'uced; and at
the present time there are about 20 hives that
have bees in them, or, as Mr. McF. says,
not enough bees to make .5 good colonies, and
still dying. The queens seemed to lay rapidly,
and young bees hatch; but about the time they
were old enough to fly, the disease would take

The progeny from these queens were all more
or less affected with the disease. Mr. Douse
has discarded the Italian bee entirely, and sub-
stituted the black bee, and claims they are not
much affected by the disease.

Mr. McF. believes in the microbe theory, and
believes that the drones carry the disease.
Males from a diseased queen, mating with
queens from colonies heretofore healthy, would
communicate the disease. In that way the
queen of July 25, 1889, would thus hand the dis-
ease down from generation to generation. As
Mr. McF. lives only four miles from Clareraont
the case has been presented to Prof. Cook, and

PACKIXG-BOXES FOR BEE-HIVES; THE EFFECT CALIFOKNIA CLIMATE HAS ON BOARDS.

hold of them, and the mortality was so great
that double handfuls of bees could be taken up
in front of the hives. The entrances would
also become clogged with the rapidly dying
bees. The few remaining hives in the apiary
gave us a chance to see the results, and nearly
all of the bees in front of the hives had the ap-
pearance of healthy bees, and only a very few
had that shiny look wliich so often gives warn-
ing of the disease. Further inquiry revealed
the fact that, after the preliminary stages of
the disease had developed in 1890, queens were
purchased by Mr. M. and by Mr. Douse, from
Doolittle, Trego, Mrs. Atchley, and others.

it is hoped he can give us some light upon the
subject. Prof. C. has certainly a good subject
to study.

I asked Mr. McF. if he had tried the salt
remedy.

"Yes, sir, 'e." said he; '"I have tried salt
weak and strong: sprayed and dipped almost to
the verge of killing the bees with the remedy."

:Mr. ?»IcF. had practiced migratory bee-keep-
ing with good results in the past, moving the
bees from among the fruit-trees to the sage in
the foot-hills. In front of his honey-house I
noticed three large hives which were explained,
and used for rearing early queens. Although

372

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May 1.

Ontario is in the frostless belt, the nights do
get to be quite uncomfortable, and the queen-
rearing hives need protection. The hive proper
is surrounded with a case made from packing-
boxes, and the spaces packed with absorbents.
The entrances will be noticed well up on the
front of the hive. Under the bottom of the
hive proper was a space large enough to put in
a five-gallon honey-can through a door in the
rear. At night in early spring the can is filled
with hot water, and placed under the hive,
keeping up the temperature for a whole 34
hours, when another can of hot water is insert-
ed. But what is the use of rearing queens
when they are sure to develop b^e-paralysis?
The disease in this case is worse than foul brood.
Before departing, Mr. McF. treated us to
some of those delicious oranges. A tree reserv-
ed for his own private use had oranges upon it
which had been on the tree for two years, and
were sweet and toothsome with age. The
orange is a persistent dinger, and it is noun-
usual sight to see the yellow fruit and the blos-
soms thickly studding the tree. On Euclid
Avenue, Ontario, we found the horse-cars still
running as of yore. The mules draw the car
up, and then are mounted on a little truck be-
hind, and all merrily and swiftly ride down.
On the avenue we found Mr. J. V. Caldwell,
recently from Illinois. Mr. C. is here with his
family to stay; is an enthusiastic bee-keeper,
and already has an apiary out a little from On-
tario. Though in the " paralysis belt."' his bees
have not been much affected with the disease,
and that the disease will get under control is
the wish of the Rambler.

[It will be remembered that, some time ago,
there apnenred some libelon« matter in the Ru-
ral Calif ornlan. to the effect that we were
disseminating " bee-paralysis " on the Pacific
coast, and that a certain bee-keeper in Ontario.
Cal.. who had purchased ([ueens of us, and
whosp name was not given at the timp. claimed
that his apiary was being rajiidly decimated by
a disease alleged to have originated from a
qupen purchased of us. Wo afterward learned
that the editor of the apiarian department of
the Rural was evidently givinir vput, to a little
personal spite on account of a difficulty we had
with him some years ago. Our attorney was
notified to look Into the matter: an^l at the
same time our special correspondent, Rambler,
was instructed to hunt up the bee-keeper in On-
tario, referred to. So far as the matter between
ourselves and the publishers of the Rural Cali-
fornian was concerned, the latter pursued a
policy that was satisfactory to us, and the le-
gal aspect of the matter was dropped.

The article above is the result of the Ram-
bler's investigation, and we wish to say at the
outset that we have every rea'^on to believe
that Mr. McFatridge is a straight and honora-
ble man. We find, too. that wn did send him a
queen from our apiary about the time he speci-
fies: but. as we can show, he is certainly la-
boring under a great mistake in attributing the
source of the disease to that queen. By con-
sulting our records we find that we did not have
bee-paralysis, or "nameless bee-disease." dur-
ing 18S!). In the second place, we do not find
from our records that Mr. McFatridge ever

wrote us regarding the queen. If he did. they
do not show it. Of course, if he had had even
a suspicion of such a thing he ought to have let
us know it. In the third place, we call atten-
tion to the facr that bee-paralysis was and had
been raging pretty severely during that season
in certain parts of California — ves right in Mr.
McFatridge's own county, before we sent the
queen in question. As an evidenco of this we
would refer to a single paragraph from an ar-
ticle written by W. A. Webster, p. .583, Glean-
ings for July. 1889:

You will doubtless rememljer my letter of last
winter, about the new bee-disease. If you are not
too much pestered liy ignoramuses, and entirely
out of patience. T will try to sliow that my trouble
was not due to a local cause, hut w 'S the foreninner
of what threatens to seriunsly cripple the hec-keepcfx of
the State. Willi tlie openinfr of sprinfr 1 And my
entire stock of 170 stands "p-one wltere tlie wood-
bine twineth." and the monster making- serious in-
roads among- my co laborers. From what little I
am able to g-ather, 1 believe tlie same tiling is at
work in Tnyo, Ventura, and San Bernardino Counties.
Developments are a little different now, as to symp-
toms, from my previous description: viz., of ma-
ture l)ees, aljdomen distended and hard; trembling-,
listlessness, death: brood baldhended: many dead,
two-thirds or fully developed slii-king in the cell;
queen a failure, and moth comi)li'tes the work of
destruction. So far as [ am able to learn, ibe'-e 1irs
not been over two per cent of natural swarming-
through api-aries in this county. We have arrived
at the g-oal for which our eastern brethren sigh —
non-swarming-; but, like the mm whose cow had
learned to live without eating, death closes the
scene.

The italics in the above are our own. and we
would call attention to the fact that Ontario is
in San Bernardino Co. The letter that Mr.
Webster refers to was published on page 165,
Mar. 1, same year; and in that article he began
to notice the presence of the disease the previ-
ous September, 1888, and reports he had a loss of
.50 or more colonies as the result of this disease.

Now. then, having shown conclusively that
the disease was raging on the coast, and was
threatening " to seriously cripple the bee-keep-
ers of the State." before we sent the queen from
which Mr. McFatridge alleges the disease orig-
inated, and having shown, too. that there was
no beeparalvsis present in our home apiary,
nor in any of them, in fact, during that year,
1889, it would seem altogether improbable that
the disease could have come from the queen
sent to friend McFatridge in July of that year.
Anoth")- thing, notice that he says the disease
appeai-ed in colonies having (lueens purchased
from Doolittle, Trego. Mrs. Atchley. and oth-
ers; and that the progeny from all of these
queens were more or less affected by the dis-
ease. Now. we do not believe for a moment
that any of those l)reeders sent that disease
with the queens. The disease was already
prevalent, as the extract above clearly shows,
and simply made itself manifest in colonies bav-
ins queens shipped from the East.

We were interested in those drygoods-box
hives shown in one of th(> half-tones. This pic-
ture shows better than any thing else the effect
of the Calit'oniia climate on joints or corners
merely nailed together. Doesn't it show the
need of dovetailed or lock-corner joints? — Ed. J

CALIFORNIA ECHOES.

liH Riunhh'i:

Why are Dr. Miller's Straws like the busy
bee among the flowers? Because it is a harvest
of small things.

The report of the Vermont State Associatoen
says the membership reported a yield of .59,413

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE

373

lbs., comb and extracted honey, which was con-
sidered about half of the product of the State,
or, say, a total of no tons. It is a little curious
to note, that Mr. Richardson, of Ventura Coun-
ty, this State, produced 04 tons, or more than
the whole State of Vermont.

I hear of quite a number of bee-keepers who
cut out pollen -laden combs, and let the bees
build new combs. I don't believe the plan pays.
Admit there is much pollen, I have never seen
combs so full of pollen in the fall but would use
it in the spring for brood-rearing, and that. too.
here in California. Cutters and slashers,
haven't you got a whim in your heads?

A Stray Straw gives us a point on larv;v in
honey, and I fear there is much of it in honey
in California. Many honey-producers are very
careless in their methods of extracting, and
much larvfe is thrown out with the honey; and
where so many larvije and so much larval food
are mixed with the honey it certainly has an ef-
fect upon the flavor. The queen -excluding
honey-board is a sovereign remedy for the evil.

Wonder if Somnambulist ever has the night-
mare. If so. he can sympathize with the Sting-
er. I have slept in the same hotel with the lat-
ter, and I know that he has the doubled and
twisted kind. Oh. no! Stinger's best girl has
not gone back on him. The Rambler used to
run a sawmill; it would run very slow or stop
altogether when the pond ran dry. Wonder if
that is what's the matter with the Stinger.

Mrs. Atchley, says, in A. B. J., that it is hard
to introduce drones to a colony having a laying
■queen. Quinby taught that the drones of an
apiary were rather promiscuous in choosing
their habitation; that they would be tolerated
in any hive during the swarmine season. I
have an idea that Quinby was right. But I
will not contradict a woman; no. sir, 'e; there's
trouble enough around the Rambler's shanty
now.

I will continue to u«e propolized burlaps for
fuel for smoker", seeing that no less an authori-
ty than J. E. Crane, of Vermont, advocates it.
Bee keepers iu this State have told me that
propolized fuel of any kind would set bees to
robbing. I have seen no such effects. Burlaps
are good fuel for smokers here. Straw, a In
Mclntyre. does very well, but soon clogs the
smoker. Tliis is not a rotten-wooded country,
the»*efore give us the next best thing— burlaps.

Yellow flowers carpet the ground through
March, and the head beauty of them all is the
poppy, the State flower. Mrs. Kellogg de-
scribes it thus: "Think of finest gold, of clear-
est lemon, of deepest orange on silkiest texture,
just bedewed with frostlike sheen, a silvery
film; multiply this by acres of waving color,
and you have a faint impression of what an
eschscholtzia is." The modest alfilaree. barely
peeping from the ground, spreads a purple car-
pet; the little blossom less that a half-inch in

diameter gives u\) its nectar early in the morn-
ing, and bees work on it all through March.

That is splendid advice given to would-be
emigrants, by Mrs. Atchley, and emphasized by
Editor York on page ;2y5, A. B. J. If we do live
in the far W<st, Mrs. A. and I, and ramble
around some, we do not have apiaries all cut
and dried for you to sit down on where you can
make untold wealth. We have had to write to
quite a number that we are not in the locating
business. Mes>ieurs Emigrants, please paste
the following in your hat, and look at it often:

Wliilo on this subject, let us say that we think
th;it no one sliould rush off to a straiiffo part of the
(■(Uiniry. intending- to loc-jiio permanently, witliout
tirst liaviiiK llioiontilily and personally iincst ijialed
the advanlaKcs and (lisiidvarilafj-esof tlic new plare.
We believe in jie-iple try ng- to better themselves if
possible, but we also feel that every rlfht-niinded
person will a^ree with us in urRinjf deliberation
upon those who expect to make a permanent move.

PLURALITY OF dUEENS IN A HIVE AT A
TIME.

SENDING QUKENS TO AUSTRALIA A FAILURE;
A WA.SHING RECIPE FOR DR. MILLER.

Two or more queens iu one hive seems to have
had a good deal of attention recently. Last
summer I caught six black queens and put all
in a small box together. They fought some,
but none were hurt, and I dumped the whole
lot into a queenless three-frame nucleus, and
next day I found five— four apparently all right,
and one pretty well "polished oft'" (no wings
left); but the bees were not offering to molest
her. I saw three of the sound ones in the act
of laying. Next day one of them disappeared,
and then for a week there were three good
queens and a crippled one, all in a three-frame
hive, and there was no honey coming in at the
time. I removed all of the queens at the end of
a week, and did not experiment further.

I sent 9 queens to Australia. Sept. 14, 1893; and
of eight reported so far, only two live />ce.s in
the lot are able to fly, and the other nearly
dead.

Now, friend Root, are you not a "little oft'"
([). 941) about a dose of sea-water"? I never saw
an ocean steamer, but I doubt very much wheth-
er the mail would be allowed to get wet. The
cage I used was like? this: I took a ><-inch
board about ^]4'^'^}4 and bored two 1^-inch

374

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May 1.

holes near the center; then I bored fourteen IJ^-
inch holes around the outside for the bees, and
put the candy into the center holes. I shall not
take any new orders for Australia, as it does not
pay. I have shipped to England successfully,
but never to Australia.

Now, Dr. IMiller, I can beat your washing-
recipe all to pieces (p. 843). Soak the clothes
half an hour in soft water, and rub soap on the
dirty spots; then boil 20 minutes in the follow-
ing preparation: Enough water to cover
clothes; 34 barsoap; 3 tablespoonfulsof "wash-
o-lene." Do not put clothes in till the soap is
dissolved; stir occasionally, rinse thoroughly;
blue, and hang out. This will not injure any
kind of clothing; but, of course, you must not
Jjoil those that are likely to fade. Try it. Ram-
bler, and I will bet a last year's drone that you
do not get any kerosene into your flapjacks.

Give us the footnotes. They are as essential
as the salt in our food— "little, but all there."
I always want to know what the Roots think of
other people's views.

I use tin-can transplanting-tubes (see p. 67).
I melt both ends off; and when I go to take up
a plant I lay a small block on top of the can and
work it down with a rocking motion, much as
you sink the tile-spade. If one end gets bent,
use the other; when both ends are too crooked
for further use, get new ones.

I shall move 600 strawberry-plants a mile in
the spring, and will go with a wagon and (500
cans, and get all at one trip. S. F. Trego.

Swedona, 111., Feb. 5.

[We don't like your export queen-cage " a
little bit." With the large-sized Benton we
have delivered at times nearly all the queens
alive; but during the past season it was the
exception when we succeeded in getting queens
through alive. If it wasn't the sea-water it
was some peculiarity of the climate at the time
the queens were sent last season. — Ed.]

CALIFORNIA HONEY-YIELDS PAINTED IN
TOO ROSY COLORS.

A fb:w facts on the "other side;" a very

READABLE ARTICLE.

By W. O. Hewes.

On page 100, F. L. S., of Minnesota, wants to
know what is the net profit per hive of bees in
California; and the editor answers very correct-
ly that a " fair colony under good management
in a fair season ought to yield 75 or 100 lbs. of
extracted honey," and then calls upon Rambler
to help him out. On page333 Rambleranswers;
and his statement, 150 lbs. as the average yield
per colony, is so excessive an overestimate that
I feel called upon to correct it. Rambler's
neighbors may have been playing him for a
tenderfoot by feeding him on yarns; or he may
have reached these conclusions from a discus-
sion on this subject which took place at a re-
cent meeting of the State Bee-keepers' Asso-

ciation (see Gleanings pages 146 and 176j
From another source I learn that Messrs. Corey
and Wilkin are among those to whom these
statements of large averages are attributed.
I believe these gentlemen were misunderstood,
for I know they would not knowingly make in-
accurate statements. From Rambler's report
(page 146) one would infer that there are sea-
sons when the general average throughout the
country is 400 lbs.

Some one, page 176, has led Prof. Cook to be-
lieve "that from 300 to 500 lbs. of honey were
often secured from each colony in the apiary."
In my ten years' experience as a bee-keeper in
California I know of but one instance where an
apiary of one hundred colonies or over has^
made an average of 400 lbs. of honey; and I
believe all such cases throughout California,
from the beginning of time up to March 35. 1894^
can be counted on the fingers of one hand.

Mr. Wilkin and Mr. Mclntyre are accounted
as among the best bee-keepers in the State, and
the location of their famous Sespe apiary is bet-
ter than the average. In Gleanings for 1891,
page 774, and page 173 for 1893, is to be found
a report giving the averages of the Sespe api-
ary for sixteen years. According to that report,
the average for that apiary was 73 lbs., or less
than half of Rambler's estimate.

The best yield of any one year was 375 lbs.
per hive. Only four years in the sixteen did the
average exceed 100 lbs., and three seasons no
honey at all was secured, and half of the bees
starved.

My own average for ten years has been only
about 50 lbs.; yet in only one year was my yield
surpassed by the generality of my neighbors.
There is something of a rivalry among bee-
keepers as to who shall average the most honey
to the hive. Some get big averages by bare-
faced lying, calling a four-ton crop fourteen,
etc. Others, with a little more conscience, ar-
rive at similar results by a piocess of reasoning
something like the following:

He has, let us say, 100 hives, and cans up .5000
lbs. of honey. He loses a few swarms, he
doesn't know how many, but estimates them at
.50, and that each one would have given a sur-
plus of 100 lbs. of honey. He lets his tank run
over, spills about a gallon, but it looks like a
ton. He calls it so. He's delayed in extracting
for a few days from not having cans or tanks
into which to put his honey, and promptly per-
suades himself that he has lost two extract-
ings, which he estimates at 40 lbs. per hive for
each extracting, or 8000 lbs. By this reasoning
process a .5000-lb. crop and a50-lb. average are
changed into a 20,000-lb. crop and a300-lb. aver-
age; and when his neighbor hails him with
"Hello, Spoopcndyke, how much honey did you
get?" he promptly answers, "Ten tons."

C. W. Dayton seems to have sized up the
weakness of the fraternity better than Prof.
Cook or Rambler; for, when he speaks of aver-

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

375

ages of .'iOO and loo lbs. per colony he qualilios it
with "even If this is true" (see page 137).
Messrs. Wilkiiis and Corey are both old-timers;
and if they have kept e.xact records it will be
of interest if they will have them publish(>d.

The season of 18i»3 was an e.xceptionally good
one. If all the California readers of Glean-
IKGS will send to Mr. Root a correct statement
of their averages for last year we can at any
rate have some detinite idea of what a good
season is.

My record is, of hives in spring, 1S7; honey
extracted, ;.'S.431 lbs. Average per colony. 1.5:3
lbs., the same as that which Rambler states is
the average one year with another. Why, if
we could get 150 lbs. per colony each year we
should be on the high road to wealth ; but now
as the fact is, most of us are so impoverished
that we live in shanties which the tax-collector
scorns to place a valuation upon.

It is my belief, that, taking the bee-keepers
as tiiey come, from the mountains and from the
valleys, from the fog districts and from the
rainless districts, the lazy bee-keepers and the
energetic bee-keepers, that the average of the
whole, one year with another, will not be found
to exceed 35 lbs.

But few bee-keepers have kept exact records
of their yields; and, if called upon for an oflf-
hand estimate of their averages, even if per-
fectly truthful men, they are apt to remember
the good years, forget the bad ones, and jump
at conclusions; and if one goes hunting for big
yields he can get them as big as he wants, for
the sage-brush is as full of prevaricators as it is
of ticks.

Newhall, Cal., Mar. 37.

[Now, Rambler, we will hear from you. Let's
have the facts and figures for a series of years
by all means from a large number of California
bee-keepers, and we will save them up till we
get enough to make a symposium. Regarding
our estimate, we have lo say that it was made
after looking over a number of average reports
from that State of gold and honey.— Ed.]

SPECIES AND RACES OF BEES.

By Rev. L.J. Trmpli)!.

The question of the unity or the multiplicity
of the species of the common honey-bee is one
of both scientific and practical interest. Judg-
ing from the current literature on the subject,
there seems to be considerable confusion in the
minds of many writers on the subject; and es-
pecially is this true in regard to the Italian (or
Ligurian) bee. By vSome this is spoken of as a
race, by others as a species, and, at times, I
believe, both by the same writer. No dogma-
tism can settle the question, (inly a careful
tudy of the relations existing among the vari-
3US groups of organic beings will lead us to an
intelligent conclusion. Even the r^ost careless

observer has noticed that the various organic
objects, both vegetable and aiiiiiial. with which
he is surrounded, are arranged in groups, the
members of which resemble each othf^r much
more closely than they do the members of other
groups. It is on these resemblancf^s and ditl'er-
ences that the general classification of organic
beings is based. At the basis (or foundation)
of this classification we find the two great
kingdoms, animal and vegetable!, embracing all
organic beings, whether great or small, simple
or complex. These kingdoms are divided into
sub-kingdoms; these into divisions, and these
into classes, and these into orders, families,
genera, and species. These groups gradually
narrow down the objects embraced in them till,
in the smaller groups, there comes to exist an
actual likeness in most essential characteris-
tics. But all these groups, except species, are
artificial divisions, arranged simply for the
convenience of comparison and study. It is
not pretended that there is any relationship or
affinity among the different members of these
great groups— only a very general or remote
resemblance in some features or characteristics
by virtue of which they may be loosely thrown
together into a group. But with species the
case is different. Here we have both a resem-
blance and a relationship. Cuvier, the father
of comparative anatomy, defines species as
follows: "A species includes the individuals
which descended from one another, or from
common parents." Linnaeus considered species
as including " all those individuals propagated
from one stock, and having in common certain
distinguishing characteristics which will never
vary, and which have remained the same since
the creation of such species." Quatrefages,
author of "The Human Species," gives the
following formula: " Species is a collection of
individuals more or less resembling each other,
which may be regarded as having descended
from a single primitive pair by an uninterrupt-
ed and natural succession of families." From
these definitions of the term by the masters of
classification, it is seen that species compre-
hends the compound idea of both filiation and
resemblance. But specific identity is not pred-
icated on evei'y resemblance, because there
may be general resemblances between members
ofditferent genera, or even different orders or
families. Nor do we exclude from specific re-
lationship for every difference, for we find a
con>tant tendency in all organic beings to vary.
No two objects, however close their alTfinity,
are exactly alike in every particular. When
the divergence from the specific type is marked,
a variety is foimed. Inasmuch as every indi-
vidual may vary from every other individual
of the species, the number of varieties that
may be formed is practically unlimited. Any
one who has studied the lists of varieties of
cultivated roses and chrysanthemums among
florists, and of fruits, both standard and small

376

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May 1.

fruits, must have been impressed with the
great variability of members of the same spe-
cies. The same is true in the animal kingdom,
as may be seen in any herd of so-called native
cattle, or in a flock of barnyard fowls, where no
care has been given to breeding to any partic-
ular type. Yet the variation is always within
specific limits. It is not within the experience
of men that these variations ever carry the
variety across the boundary that separates dif-
ferent species, except in the case of monstrosi-
ties. In the vegetable kingdom, nurserymen
and florists preserve and propagate useful vari-
ations by grafting, budding, cuttings, etc. In
the animal kingdom this can be done only by
selection and weeding out the undesirable in-
dividuals.

While there is a tendency in species to pro-
duce varieties, there is also a tendency in vari-
eties to reproduce their varietal characteristics.
When this tendency is established, and becomes
hereditary, a race is formed. As every variety
may become thus established and hereditary,
there may be as many races or breeds in a
species as there are varieties. One has to give
but little attention to the breeding of our do-
mestic animals to be impressed with the vast
number of races belonging to each species. The
horse, the ox. the sheep fhe pig, the dog, the
hen, etc., have each split up into numerous
races.

At a bench show in England, some years ago,
at which very rigid rules were enforced for
excluding all but pure representatives of differ-
ent breeds, seventy distinct races were exhibited.
Mr. Darwin mentions 1.50 races of pigeons with
which he was acquainted, and yet he was not
acquainted with all the races then in existence.
So great was the difference in these races, that,
had each breed been considered a species, it
would have required at least four genera to
have contained them. And yet Mr. Darwin,
who was so desirous of proving the transmuta-
tion of si)ecies, did not dare claim that, in all
these distinct races, there was a single new
species. The fact that impresses our minds at
this time is, that all our domesticated animals
have varied greatly under domestication, form-
ing many very distinct races without, in any
case, overstepping the limits of the species.
Now, the honey-bee has been under domestica-
tion probably as long as some of the species
named above — certainly from great antiquity.
It has been bred in a great diversity of climates
and conditions, and in a gi'eat variety of ways;
and though it has not, until recently, been bred
with the care that our common domestic ani-
mals have, still it seems reasonable to suppose
that, under such a diversity of conditions and
treatment, there would be considerable varia-
tion in racial characteristics.

As a matter of fact, we find quite a number
of very distinct groups of the honey-bee. Are
they distinct species, or are they simply

races? For the further consideration of this
question I must wait till a future time.
Canon City, Col.

SUGGESTIONS TO EXPERIMENTEKS

ON THE SUB.JKCT OF FRUIT FERTILIZATION.

Bii Thaddeux Smith.

The time for sunshine and flowers is fast
approaching, and some of the friends will soon
be thinking of making experiments in regard
to the connection of bees with the fertilization
of the bloom of fruit-bearing trees and plants,
and I wish to make some suggestions.

Mr. Gilliland's article on the '• Elements of
Uncertainty" in making such experiments
should show us the necessity of being very care-
ful; and yet Mr. G. winds up his article by sug-
gesting "covering a whole tree with cheese-
cloth." The use of cheese-cloth or mosquito-
netting will never "eliminate the elements of
uncertainty." Such a covering places the
plants in an abnormal condition, and prevents
the pollen from, other plants reaching them in
the natural way by catching it in the lint and
fuzz upon the threads forming the meshes of
the cloth, straining and excluding most of the
floating pollen in the air from the plants.

In order to keep the bees from the flowers,
and at the same time permit the pollen floating
in the air to have access to them. I suggest the
use of wire-cloth netting for covering. The
meshes of the wire cloth should be quite open
—say not less than an eighth of an inch — just
small enough to exclude the bees, and no more.
Experiments carefully conducted under such
covering ought to have some weight in decid-
ing this question. Plants, under the abnormal
condition of being iti a greenhouse, or covered
with cheese-cloth, would naturally be expected
to fail in perfect fertilization in the natural
way, and require the assistance of bees or man;
but it is no evidence that such assistance is
needed when in their natural condition.

In reading Mr. Doolittle's theory — that plants
furnishing nectar require bees to fertilize them,
while flowers that do not contain sweets do not
require the assistance of the bees — I thought of
some seeming exceptions; as, the honey placed
so deep in the red clover, in the columbine, and
other flowers that the hive-bee can not get at,
and consequently do not visit them; and how
often, when a boy, I have plucked these flowers
and sucked the drop of honey contained low
down in the end of the petals ! And the corn-
plant— how different in its manner of fructifica-
tion from other plants? The " tassel" is the
male flower containing the stamens with their
pollen, which the bees often visit for both pol-
len and honey; and the "silk "is the female
flower— the pistils— which the bees never visit.
I here call attention to this, not for the pur-
pose of continuing the discussion, but to note

I8;i4

GLExVNINtJS IN BEE CULTURE.

that beautiful and wonderful provision of
Nature for fertilizing such a common and use-
ful grain as corn. Each individual silk-like
strand of the female tlower is connected with
each and every embryo grain of corn, and some
of the subtle dust pollen from the tassel must
fall upon and enter into each and every thread-
like strand of the " silk," and be conveyed in
some occult way through the whole length of
this silk, which is sometimes several inches or
a foot long, to where the grain of corn is to be
formed, in order to fertilize and make a perfect
ear of corn. It is as mysterious as that other
wonderful provision of Nature that enables a
queen-bee to lay thousands of fertile eggs with
only one meeting with the drone.
Pelee Island, Out.

THANSFKRRING BKES, A I^A HEPDOX.

Question. — I have some colonies of bees I wish
to transfer about the first of May, or during
fruit-bloom, which comes ' about that time.
Would it not be well to drum out one colony,
having straightest combs and most brood, and
give each of the other colonies transferred one
frame of this brood after fitting it into frames,
to help them, and put into the super of their
new hive the honey they may have, to help
them, as they will have no brood ?

Answer. — By the tone of the question I should
judge that what is known as the Heddon plan
of transferring is to be used; that is, the bees
are to be driven from their hives and hived in
new hives, the frames of which are filled with
foundation. If I am correct, Mr. Heddon never
advised this plan of transferring, where the
same was to be done in early spring, or before
the hives were filled with bees and brood.
With me, the time of fruit-bloom is just the
time the bees are beginning to rush things by
way of brood and a general preparation for the
main honey-harvost; and if we transfer i)y the
Heddon plan at this time we make a break in
the plans of the bees at a time wlu^n we wish
every egg possible, laid by the queen: an;], if I
am any judge of such matters, transferring at
this time, and in this manm-r, may make all
the difference witli us between a good crop of
honey and no surplus at all Five hundred
dollars would not tempt me to allow any man
to transfer 100 colonies of bees for me in such a
way in fruit-bloom, as I should then calculate
that I should lose that much by so doittg, in an
average season. Our correspond(mt shows that
he knows something of the worth of brood at
this time of the year, in that he proposes to
give each colony after the first a frame of the
same. If one frame of brood is a good thing.

five frames would be live times as good; and
th(! old plan of transferring is the only one I
would use when transferring in fruit-bloom, and
the one I prefer at all times, unless the colony
to be transfern'd has such crooked combs that
it makes great labor in fitting them into the
frames. I have always failed to understand
the logic that clamors for the melting up of
good straight worker combs for the sake of
making the wax coming from them into foun-
dation, fitting it into frames, and obliging the
bees to draw it out, and add more wax to it in
the process, that we might have only good
worker combs again. If any wish to go through
with this process, of course I have no objec-
tions; but I have often noticed that the very
men who recommend such a waste of time to
themselves and the bees as this are the very
ones who cry out about the foolishness of be-
ginners when spending a little more time than
seems good to them in the pleasure and profit
which comes from the manipulation of bees.
Fruit-bloom is a good time to transfer bees by
the old way; in fact, transferring at that time,
where their own combs are fitted into frames,
seems to give them renewed vigor, so that they
make better colonies for gathering surplus
honey than they would have done if left un-
disturbed.

SPACING FRAMES.

Question. — I think of spacing my brood-
frames l^i; inches apart. At present they are
1%. My apiary consists of about 100 colonies.
What do you think of the venture '?

Ansiver.—WeU, to be candid, it is a venture
that I should not want to go into. If I thought
I could see some gain in such close spacing, I
would try it on, say, ten of the 100 colonies for
a year or two; and then if it pleased me I would
fix the other 90 in the same way. Here is some-
thing that so many lose sight of, and rush
headlong into any project which seems good to
them, using the whole apiary to experiment
with, when they could try the experiment j^ust
as well with half a dozen colonies; and if the
pet project proved a failure, as is apt to be the
case four times out of five, but little loss would
be the result; while such an experiment, car-
rying the whole apiary with it. often results in
a loss hard to be l)orne. I really wish some one
competent would tell us, in a logical way, what
there is to be gained, in a real practical dollar-
and-cent way, by this close spacing of frames,
which seems to be a craze just now. I have
carefully experiinented for several years to find
out whether I was wrong in using 1}4 inches
from center to center of frames, that being the
average, as I measiire it, of combs built by the
bees when they have their own way, and so far
see no practical reason for changing to either
a greater or less distance. If there could be
artificial heat used, so that the hive could be
kept warm enough for brood-rearing in any
part of it during the spring months, then the

378

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May 1.

case would be different from what it is where it
is necessary for the bees to create the heat
sufficient for brood-rearing inside of the cluster
of bees, and not inside of the hive. To thus
create and preserve heat inside of the cluster,
the bees must have more space than for a single
tier of bees between each range of combs. In
my experiments I have found that far more
brood will be brought to perfection, during the
cool days of April and May, with 1% spac-
ing, than there will with 134 spacing; but when
we come to July weather, then the most brood
will be produced with 1^4 spacing. But all
know that, as a rule, one square inch of brood
in May is worth tea square inches in July; and
as we do not wish to be continually spacing our
frames, we can not well adopt 1% for May and
IJi for July, so I strike the happy medium of
IK inches, and use the same the tvhole year
through.

CONTRACTION FOR SWARMS.

Question. — At the Chicago International
Convention some favored hiving new swarms
on four or five L. frames to obtain the most
surplus comb honey, according to the report of
that convention. In so doing, is it necessary to
fill the empty part of the brood-charriber, where
comb foundation is used in these five frames,
to prevent the bees building comb therein?
Also, is it necessary to use a queen-excluder
over such colonies?

Answer. — It will be necessary to shut the
bees out of the vacant part of the hive while it
is thus contracted to four or five combs, other-
wise the bees will build comb in this vacant
space in preference to going into the sections
and working there, for it is more natural for
bees to fill up the apartment where the queen
presides, rather than to go into separate apart-
ments, away from her. In fact, bees will store
more surplus honey in an apartment with the
queen, if that is large enough to accommodate
them, than they will in any other way; and
the object of contraction is for the purpose of
compelling the bees to enter the many surplus
apartments made by the different sections.
The best thing I know of to fill up this vacant
space at the sides of the four or five frames
given is what are termed "dummies." After
you are satisfied regarding the number of
frames you will use, then make dummies out of
thin lumber, so that one on each side of the
frames used will exactly fill up the room. This
is easier than to use a number of division-
boards, although the hitter will answer the
purpose, but will require more labor in han-
dling. You will also need to use a queen-ex-
cluder, for in a contracted hive the queen is
quite liable to go up into the sections and de-
posit eggs, which the bees will nurse into brood;
and brood in sections is one of the most provok-
ing things that ever confronts a bee-keepor.

[We have recommended the Heddon short
way of transferring considerably of late; but we

were not aware that we or any one had advised
that good combs should be destroyed ; but the
combs in box hives, and in frames from farmer
bee-keepers, have been so crooked, as a rule,
that it has seemed cheaper not to fuss with
them, saving only those that were good and
true. In advising this short method we have
generally recommended its application after
the honey-harvest, because at that time it will
cause the least disturbance. When the old way
is to be followed we recommend fruit-bloom
time.

Regarding spacing, we have never recom-
mended the 14 inch, because that seemed too
close; but we have invited free discussion for
the purpose of getting more light. The I'V-
inch distance is what we recommend; first, be-
cause we secure better combs, just as much
worker brood, less drone brood, and because
the majority of bee-keepers are using it. An-
other fact to be observed is, that many have
changed from 114 to 1?,^ inch; but we do not re-
call any one who has changed from 1% to IS
inch. When we had 13w-inch spacing in our
apiary we were always bothered with combs
bulged at the top during the honey-harvest.
By the 1^^ spacing, and fixed distances, we
have combs that are like boards over the entire
surface.— Ed. J

^/c%/^g#^]

M

A correspondent from the far North wants
me to give in Gleanings my preference as tc
separators, tin or wood, also for 1 or 4 piece sec-
tions, with reasons therefor.

If you nail on a wood separator, when thf
wo(id shrinks and swells, the nails holding it tc
place, it must curl: whereas if it lies loose in
place, simply held thereby being squeezed, ther
it can come and go and still lie perfectly flat
So I never would nail on a wood separator, bul
let it be loose. A tin separator will not cur
sidewise, like the wood, no matter whether it is
nailed or loose. But it is inclined to shrinli
endwise, if I may use such an expression— thai
is, it will assume a wavy form; and to prevent
this a tin separator must be stretched taut, and
nailed. So I would say, if a loose separator is
to be used, let it be of wood; if a nailed separa
tor is to be used, et it be tin.

I prefer a one-piece section because cheaper
and because the bees will put less glue on the
bent corners. C. C. Miller.

Marengo, 111.

HOW TO SETTLE THE GLUCOSE PROHLEA[.

Would you please tell us for what purpose
glucose is manufactured? Has it any real le-
gitimate use? If it is, as I understand it, usee
only to adulterate molasses, syrups, honey, and
the like, why is its manufacture permitted bj
the government? If it would be unconstitu-
tional to stop its manufacture, would it not b(
possible for the combined efforts of the bee-
keepers and their friends to succeed in having

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

379

revenue tax placed on the manufactured ar-
cle. This would increase the price to the
ctent that it could not be used profitably for
le purpose of adulterating. In detrimental
Tects it certainly ranks next to distilled liq-
ars and tobacco, and has, I believe, no more
adeeming qualities than either of these, and
lould be as much subject to taxation. This
onld be a good scheme for the honey-producer,
nd a jolly scheme too. What think you ?
Franklin, Pa. Ed. Jolley.

[Yes; as we have intimated recently, the
lortesi way around this glucose problem

to suppress its sale or manufacture, if it is
^ver used for any honest purpose. — Ed. J

OUR GLUCOSE POLICY INDOKSED.

I want to give you a word of encouragement
I regard to your course in the glucose-honey
asiness. Rest assured you have the hearty
ipport of all honest bee-men the country over,
et your motto be, " Let no guilty one escape."
^hile it is sad to think that any one with in-
jence and position should be found with even
le "appearance of evil," it is encouraging to
now of the healthy sentiment of bee-men in
meral on the question. C. A. Hatch.

Ithaca, Wis., Apr. 9.

AKTIFICIAL QUEEN cells; A NOVEL IDEA.

I have raised some hundreds of queens this
ason by Fooshe's drone -cell plan; but oc-
Lsionally suitable drone comb was not avail-
3le, in which case I would procure a sheet of
lick worker foundation and cut it into strips
30ut ^ in. wide. I would attach these, three
' four sheets, to a bar, and at every third cell
inch a hole about % in. deep, with the end of
stout pen holder or other conical stick. These
ould then be manipulated exactly the same as
oolittle cups, and accepted just as readily by
le bees. There is no fussing with melted wax
ith this plan, and finestrong cells result, which
•e very easily detached from the stick. A
rge number of cells can be prepared in a short
me. H. L. Jones.

Goodna, Queensland, Aus., Feb. 16.

[We were interested, not so much in the arti-
;ial cells as in the fact that you made drone
imb <( la Fooshe a success. We knew Mr.
ooshe made it work, but till now we had seen
) reports of any one else doing so. How is it,
leen-breeders? — Ed.]

CANDY FOR SHIPPING QUEENS; HOW THE
ATCHLEYS MAKE IT.

I see on page 'u a caution offered by T. J.
ugdale. After reading his cauiion regarding
le kind of sugar, etc., I see the editor calls
If me as a witness. It is the XXXX, or con-
ctioners' sugar, 'that I use altogether for
ailing queens. Almost any kind of sugar will
) for a short distance, say when queens are
)t in transit more than 48 hours; but for long
stances nothing equals the finest grade of
)Dfectioners' sugar; and when the candy is
•operly made it will keep soft and in good

shape as long as thciro is any of it left, or for a
long time at least. I had one customer write
me one year after he had received the queen,
and the candy was still soft and in good order.
Candy should be made so that it will appear
tough, or, whtMi you pull it, it will hold togeth-
er somewhat like wax; then it seems to hold
moisture. It should be thoroughly kneaded,
and the sugar ought to be damp, or the candy
should be made in damp weather, as the sugar
gets so dry and hard in dry weather that it is
very hard to get the honey and sugar thorough-
ly mixed; but if the sugar is steamed a little, or
made in damp weather, the honey and sugar
will congeal; otherwise it is very hard to get
good candy, as the hard dry sugar will not dis-
solve as it should. This is why I say it is hard
to get real good candy every time. It is no
trouble to get candy that will be good to ship
queens to any part of the United States or Can-
ada; but when they are to be 30 to 40 days in
transit, and going through different climates,
it means something to get a candy that will
keep good. I gently boil and skim, or use
honey from the solar wax-extractor, as this
honey is not so apt to candy.
Beeville, Tex. .Jennie Atchley.

[Yes, indeed, it is hard to get real good every
time.— Ed.]

yellow jasmine, poisonous.

I note what was said in your paper lately
about yellow-jasmine lioney being poisonous.
I am well satisfied that new jasmine honey is
poisonous, not only to human beings, but also
to bees. I base my conclusions as to bees being
poisoned by it from ten years' exp.^rience here
in Florida. Every year during jasmine blos-
soming, our young bees are found crawling out
of the hive and dying about the entrance. We
never see them doing so at any other time of
the year. It is a common opinion here that
jasmine honey should not be used till it is seal-
ed over; and I am inclined to the opinion that
it is better not to use it till capped.

Lake Helen, Fla. Geo. VV. Wehsteh.

the ITALIAN bee.

Many men of many minds.
Many bees of many kinds;
Some are bad, some are worse,
Some a blessing, some a curse;
Some will work without excuse.
While some are of no special use.
But very rarely do we find
All virtues in one bee combined.
Such is the case, though, with the breed
That now is taking fast the lead;
For th' Italian bee no rival knows
In any breed that nature shows.
To give a special virtue to a bee
Is what some do. as you see.
Th' Italian is itself possessed
Of all the merits of the best.
Columbus, Wis. Super Lifter.

380

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May 1.

WHISKY AND STINGS.

I have been among bees little or much from a
boy; have been stung most severely many
times, without feeling much ill effect but once.
Some l.T or 16 years ago T was stung by a single
bee on the bacl< of my head, just under my hat,
and in a few minutes I was swollen from head
to foot, with great blotches on the veins of my
arms and legs. It was a warm day, but I had
to go to bed and cover up to keep warm. I was
losing strength fast— extremities getting cold
and numb; after trying all and every thing we
could think of, with no benefit, I thought to
try whisky. I drank nearly a teacupful, and
in half an hour I was all well again, and felt
no ill effects whatever. S. Smeed.

Walterville, Oregon.

[Whisky should never be used except as a
last resort.— Ed.]

I was very much interested in an article on
page 713, 1893. The article is entitled, " Serious
Results of a Single Bee-sting." I have often
been seriously ill from the effects of a single
sting. I have had spasms once: and only a
year ago last winter I was stung and obliged to
go half a mile to obtain medicine. While tak-
ing it I became unconscious, and remained so
for some little time, and did not recover wholly
for nearly two weeks. Although I am a Prohi-
bitionist, my remedy is a strong dose of whisky
or some other strong liquor. It has saved my
life a good many times. A sting seldom affects
me seriously unless it is inflicted on a vein, and
I never take the liquor unless I feel the poison
working toward my heart; then I take one
poison to kill the other. I am intending to give
up bee-keeping, as I feel that the risk I am
running is too great. A. M. Wakd.

Newhall, Cal.

colonies gathered enough for the winter. Mos
of ray neighbors who keep a few stands of bee
did not get a pound of surplus honey. Ther
was no yield from white clover, as most of i
had been winter-killed; but there is a goo(
stand of young clover for next summer.

As to hives, I will say that the Dovetailed 8
frame hive is the best hive here, and I think .
frames are just about right. Last spring I ha(
to take a frame or two out of several of m;
hives. These were completely filled with nic
sealed honey. These I replaced with frames o
foundation, in order to give more room fo
brood-rearing. I did this about the time o
fruit- bloom.

The new Hoffman frames with V edge ar
good, and I found no trouble in handling then
The bees build a few brace-combs, but not many
and as to the bottom -bar, I find no dift'erenc
between the narrow and wide. So you see
should not like to see the frames material!
changed unless they could be improved.
Roselle, Iowa, Dec. 14. I. W. Hoffman.

DOVETAILED CHAFF HIVE; 8-FKAME HIVE.

In the fall of 1892 I went into winter quarters
with seven colonies. Two of these were in
Dovetailed chaff hives covered only with the
regular hive-cover, and left on the summer
stands. During the winter the snow blew in
and clogged one of the entrances, and the bees
died. The other I managed to keep open, and
it fared well. I think that the Dovetailed chaff
hive is a good wintering hive if the frames are
covered with a cushion, and the telescopic cov-
er used.

The other colonies were in single-walled
Dovetailed 8-frame hive. I packed them in a
large box, and used dry leaves for packing,
which always kept very nice and dry. I had
three openings to the north and two to the
south, and find the south side the best. These
colonies all winter d well. I am of the opinion
that nice dry leaves are as good and cheap a
packing as any one would wish to use.

The honey-fiow was very poor in this locality
the past summer. My 7 colonies I increased to
11, and got only 75 lbs. surplus honey, and all

AGREES WITH DR. MII.I.EK ON THE TSUPE
question: IN HKAVY SEASONS THE THICK
TOP NOT PROOF AGAINST BRACE-COMBS.

I prefer the T super, and can honestly co
roborate the statement made by Dr. Mille
page 190. My frames have square top bars, ;
by iVs ill- and made on the same plan as yoi
new frames; end-bars IM in. scant, but I fir
they are not proof rgainst burr and bra.
combs. When the honey comes in rapidly tl
bees will build them fast to the super, and
Dovetailed hives too; but when the honey
gathered slowly they a-e a success. I fii
them supeiior to the old narrow top frame
though, because the narrow space between tl
super and hive does not permit the storing
much honey. About the only inconvenience
experience is the scraping of the bottom of tl
sections. By using bee-escapes the bees nev
fail to clear up the honey on the bottom of tl
super before leaving it. I can not see any a'
vantage, though, in favor of the K-inch-de.
top-bar over the way you made it. They a
all proof against brace-combs in ordinary se
sons. Last year was an excellent season, ho\
ever my best colony storing 7.5 lbs. of con
honey. 'T. L. Mulford.

Lebanon, O., March 29.

rWe do not know that we ever hnd a repo
before, showing that the thick top bars, whc
IK inches widi', and spaced 1:^6 m., were n
pfoof against burr and brace ^'poihs; butj
have had plenty of the otlier kind. In Mi M.
cas(! we should say that there was sometlni
the matter with the bee - space ((bore tl
frames.— Ed.]

I would rather lose all my bees in winterii
than have foul brood among them.
Grantsville, Md. -L E. Hershbekger.

[Yes, so would we.— Ed.]

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

381

:«!jiii^kM£.M

.^, .^^ 'y^.vM

t°2 PERYEARj

The blind leceive their sight, and the lame walk, the lepeia
re eleanffd, and the deaf hear, the dead are raised up. and
■h ]>our have the ^I'spfl preaehed unto them.— Matt. 11 ; .5.

We have in our apiary a queen purchased
f the Atchleys, whose bees are actually live-
andcd. Two-thirds of the so-called five-band-
d bees show only three or four bands — at least,
lost of those we have examined failed to show
ny more than the fourth band.

OiiH large Hoardman solar wax extractors are
usy at work on sunny days, rendering up old
jmbs. They are doing so well that we shall
ut more of them in the yard, more especially
) assist the wax-room in rendering back to
ood wax what we call " water-soaked wax."

Wk thought at one time last fall that we
30iild run out of basswood lumber: but we
ow have plenty of it on hand, although we
ave had an extremely heavy run on sections
lis year. The dry and beautiful spring, with
s good roads, enabled the farmers to bring in
ie logs, and hence the lumber.

Rr-:FKKENCE was made in our March l.'ith
sue to the fact that we were working on a
Rw edition of our ABC book, and that we
■ared the old edition would be exhausted be-
ire we could get out the new one. wSome in-
uiries have come as to when the new books
ould be ready. From present indications, not
fefore the first of December next.

A.s we were looking over the bees this spring
le noticed that cushions under tin covers were
imp near the top side, while those under wood
ivers were dry throughout. Metal is a con-
ictor of heat and cold; and the warm air
ider the cover, being heavily charged with
oisture, coming in contact with the cold met-
, would discharge its moisture and thus wet
le cushion.

We have been having some beautiful warm
lys; and in the corner of the evergreens, when
le sun was shining brightly, we noticed the
ies flying stronger in this portion of the apia-
than elsewhere. Why? Because those great
g trees broke the force of the cold breezes
om the north and west, and made this part of
le inclosure the warmest part of all outdoors
Dout the Home of the Honey-bees.

It is with much regret that we announce that
r. S. Cornell, one of the leading bee-keepers
Canada, died suddenly on the 7th of last
onth. He was working in the garden, and
as found there dead. Mr. Corneil was a very
ithusiastic bee-keeper. Though not a pro-
ic writer bis articles were written with care.

and were devoted principally to scientific re-
search; and, although not pretending to be a
scientist, he was pretty well up in all that per-
tained to it, especially regarding germ-life.

We wish to repeat what we have said a num-
ber of times before, that it is folly to send old
comb a distance by express or freight to have
it rendered up by your foundation - maker.
There is not enough wax in the stuff to warrant
the expense; and then the foundation- maker is
annoyed because it usually comes right in the
height of the sea.son, when he does not wish to
bother with rendering it up, dirtying up his
tanks, etc. But unless it is rendered up very
soon it is very liable to be worm-eaten and
ruined. We have decided that we will no more
accept such comb when sent us. A far better
way is to render it in a solar wax-extractor at
home, and then send the pure wax to your
foundation-maker. There is no use in paying
transportation charges on dross.

At this date, April 23, our colonies are all
alive. They went into winter quarters exactly
106 in number, and came out this spring exactly
106, so that we have not had to unite. A while
ago we stated that the number was 12.5; but
our apiarist says the exact number is 106. This
seems like a small number; but as we adver-
tise and sell nuclei and full colonies, our stock
of bees is reduced down to about lOO every fall,
and increased to about 200 during the fore part
of the season. In this number of 106 was one
colony under a sealed cover, and it wintered
just as well as the rest under absorbing cush-
ions. Indeed, our apiarist thinks it has win-
tered a little better than any of the rest. Yes,
we shall keep on trying sealed covers, but we
do not advise any one else to do it unless he is
perfectly willing to take the consequences.

SPONGE FOK WATER BOTTLE FOR QUEEN-
CAGES.

On page 281 we referred to the use of a sponge,

to stop up the water-bottle in queen-cages, as

being a valuable idea. At that time we had

overlooked an editorial in the Review, which

reads as follows:

Years ago, when I w;ia using' a water-bottle in
queen-eages. I stopped tlie moiitli of tlie bottle with
a cork made of a piece of sponge. If tiie spong-e is
of tlie right size it does not slip out, neither does
the water run out nor evaporate too rapidly, yet it
is furnished to the bees at all limos on the moist
spong-e in the best po.ssible manner. This plan was
a success iti every sense of the word.

Although, years ago, we used the sponge for
holding the syrup itself, we did not use it as a
plug to the bottle. The Good candy was a great
improvement over the hard candies that had
been used in queen-cages heretofore, but it
was a mistake, we believe now, to drop the
water-bottle, particularly for long distances.
We shall certainly give it a trial this coming
season.

382

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May 1.

From a private letter we learn with regret
that Dr. Miller has been in "bad shape," so far
as his health was concerned, and that "the
doctor threatened to stop all mental labor, from
danger of brain trouble." This is unwelcome
news to us, and we are sure it will be to our
readers. We are glad to learn, however, that
he is on the "up grade," and we trust his
wonted activities through the journals will
continue. Dr. Miller has been doing a large
amount of work In Sunday-school and other
religious lines, besides his general correspon-
dence relating to bees. Say, doctor, prescribe
for yourself a bicycle, and get, along with it, a
new lease of life.

DEATH OF .T. M. SMITH, GREEN BAY, WIS.

We learn from the Ohio Farmer that the
great gardener — in fact, one of the greatest gar-
deners the world has ever produced — departed
this life on the 20th of last E'ebruary. He died
in the harness, although his death was rather
sudden. Several questions in regard to his fa-
vorite industry were left unanswered on his ta-
ble. While we lament the loss of one of our
great teachers, we rejoice that he left a family
of boys (I do not know how many) who are al-
most if not quite able to carry on hi** gardening
operations as well as the father himself. God
grant that they may be able to teach and write
intensive gardening as did their father.

but that he will soon speak and talk readily.
He is very much interested in making garden,
and he watches with most intense delight
some peas which he planted. He waters them
and takes care of them. Ju.-^t think of it
friends — how should he know the weeds frono
the plants? When the peas were grown h(
gathered them, and ate them after they wen
cooked, with a delight, no doubt, that you anc
I can hardly understand. So far as I can
gather, there is still need of help in the way ol
funds to finish his education. Here is some^
thing I want to quote, from the Simday Schoo
Times, that has a bearing on this matter ol
child-training:

Says Dr. Stanley Hall: " The most honest and un
embarrassed child's tirst answer to a direct question
as, for exiimple. whether it lias seen a cow, sheep
etc., must rarely or never be taken without carefu
cross-questloniiis-." Nor must such cross-question
ing lead tlie child to suppose tliat he is mistrustec
The questioner— teacher, patent, companion— nius
rather mistrust liis own power of iiiterpretatioi
He must sharpen his wits and quicken his symp£
thies in order to do justice to his most delicate o
subjects— a child's soul.

HEDDON S HONEY'.

In the closing paragraph on page 335 we by
no means intimated that Mr. Heddon could not
occupy further space if he had important testi-
mony to bring forward; and right in this line
we are pleased to announce that he has finally
submitted to us the "original manuscript " of
testimonials from men who purchased his hon-
ey, nearly all of whom speak well of it. These
testimonials are filled out on printed blanks that
Mr. Heddon placed before his customers, and are
in answer to a series of questions.

Now, it seems to us we have given Mr. Hed-
don not only a fair hearing, but the advantage
of his strongest points in rebuttal of the analy-
ses; but if Mr. H. thinks we have not, we have
decided we will go one step further: We will
allow him the space of one page of Gleanings
to bring up any other or new points (i. e., any
thing that will explain how that large amount
of glucose got into the honey he sold to us and
to his customers), over his own signatui'e. Cer-
tainly Mr. Heddon could not ask more than
this. After this we hope it will not be necessa-
ry to prolong this matter further.

TOMMY stringer.

The items regarding Tommy Stringer, in this
issue, were taken from the Seventh Annual
Report of the Kindergarten for the Blind, locat-
ed at Jamaica Plains, Mass. I omitted to
mention that Tommy speaks some words and a
few sentences quite distinctly. The toups of
his voice are pleasing, and there is no doubt

A FEW FIGURES SHOAVING THE AMOUNT O
GLUCOSE USED IN THE UNITED STATES.

On the night of April 12 there occurred on
of the great'St fires that ever took place i
Buffalo, involving a lo?s of about a million c
dollars. It was none other than the extensiv
glucose works of that city.* Several years ag
the extent of this Buffalo glucose-factory wf
measured by the daily consumption of 5(
bushels of corn; but just prior to the fire tl
capacity of the works involved the daily coi
sumption of over 20.000 bushels, in Buffa
alone. Employment was furnished to upwai
of 400 men, who received annually in wagi
over i?200,000. The enormous steam-plant i
run the factories consumed 150 tons of co;
daily, and the product of the works average
70 loaded freight-cars, or 840 tons of freigh
The company had invested a million and a ha
of dollars, in part represented by four othi
factories, located in Peoria. 111., Leavenwort
Kan., Iowa City, la., and Tippecanoe City, <
While the Buffalo concern represents the larj
est, there are other independent glucose-fai
tories all over the United States.

While it is no doubt true that glucose is us(
principally for adulterating syrups, it would 1
folly for bee-keepers to go on the assumptic
that there is so little of it used in honey thi
we had better keep still, because, forsooth,
might prejudice our pursuit. If glucose is n(
used for any thing but adulteration, then w
shall always use what little influence we hav
toward bringing about the time when glucosi
factories shall be considered illegal becau:
inimical to the public health. If it were
wholesome product— if it actually added somi
thing valuable to our food products, that won

* We get these facts fi'om the Buffalo Expie.is
April 13.— El).

894

(CLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

383

another question; but it contaminates any
ing it has to do with. It brings down the
ality of other goods, and we are sure it iu-
res digestion.

[t would be a very interesting problem, for
me one well skilled in political economy, to
certain how much legitimate labor is dis-
iced in our country by the daily dumping of
) tons (to say nothing of the output of other
stories) of glucose on our markets, hardly an
nee of which comes to the surface under its
Lie name. We have no doubt it would exceed
any times the labor employed in producing it.
5 an enemy to labor, it seems in all essential
spects to be on a par with the brewery and
stillery.

GIVEN FOUNDATION MADE FROM ROLLS.

After making some experiments with the
ven foundation-press we have finally come to
e conclusion that i/this foundation is softer,
id more readily accepted by the bees, than
e ordinary roller foundation, it is due to this
ct: The side walls are made very thick and
savy, so that the surplus of wax is crowded
to the walls, without any excess of press-
•e. With this fact before us we constructed a
ill having extra heavy walls, and, to our
•eat delight, the foundation from it seems to
! very much softer because the excess of wax,
stead of running out into long sheets, went
to the walls. An ordinary sheet of wax, after
Mng passed through this mill, increases in
ngth only about 33 per cent of its original
ngth, instead of, as heretofore, from 200 to 300
iT cent. Whether this foundation is as soft as
lat from the press, can not be definitely prov-
1 just yet; but from present indications it is
illy so. From some tests we have made, the
ies seeem to accept it very readily. In our
ext issue we hope to report further in regard
» it; but at present we fear that this very soft
(undation would give trouble on hortizontally
ired frames, because it has not strength
lOugh to prevent it from buckling, unless, in-
eed, it is made excessively heavy.

how it was possible at that time to send out
frames that way. There have been so many
calls of late that we have finally constructed a
special machine to do the work, so the frames
shall not cost any more than the old style ; and
we now send out our thick-top fram(>s of this
description. An illustration of it will appear
in our next issue.

THAT V EDGE TO HOFFMAN FRAMES.

Some few bee-keepers object to the V edge
of the Hoifman frame, more, it seems to us, on
theoretical grounds than because they have
used them alongside of Hoffman frames with
end- bars whose contact edges are square.
When we first introduced the Hoffman frame
we likewise objected to the V edge, and for the
first year made the frame with the edges square.
Indeed, we placed in the neighborhood of 80
colonies on such frames. As the season wore
on, we began to see that the square edge had a
disadvantage in that the propolis would in time
accumulate on the two opposing surfaces,
and gradually increase the spacing between
the frames. The following season we introduc-
ed alongside of them frames having V edges,
the V coming in contact with a squarge edge.
As propolis began to accumulate we found that
it did not increase the spacing, because the V
edge would push the propolis on either side —
that is, it would divide or cut it like a knife.
During warm weather, protolis — especially if
new — is soft; and every time the V edge crowds
against the square edge, the point comes close
in contact with the blunt edge. Again, V-edge
frames separate more easily than those having
only square eda-es.

THE NEW TOP BAR

Nov. 1, p. 831, 1893, Mr. J. A. Scudder describ-
1 an improvement in top-bars that he had
lade for him especially, and also sent us a
imple. The improvement related particularly
) the end of the top-bar. He recommended
lat they be 1}4 inches wide; but such width
ould make it inconvenient to handle, unless
le cud of the top-bar could be narrowed down
of an inch. In our footnote we acknowledged
16 improvement ; but on account of the ex-
anse of making this change we did not see

'* But," you say, "the square edges would be
all right provided you wedge them up." Well,
during that first season's use of them on SO col-
onies we tried the wedging feature; and while
it remedied the trouble some, it was unsatis-
factory. We then tried thumb-screws, but
finally gave these up. Well, we now use and
recommend Hoffman frames having a V edge
like the one shown in the accompanying dia-
gram. In connection with them we use a
division-board, but no wedge, thumb-screws,
nor any thing of the sort; and we are firmly
convinced that Mr. Hoffman, the introducer
of these frames, who has used them for so many
years, is pretty nearly right, on the V edge.

384

GLEANINGS IN KEE CULTURE.

May 1.

ON THE WHEEL, APRIL 17.

I paid a visit to the farm of Jordan & John-
son, mentioned once or twice last season as
having extensive ceh'ry and onion grounds near
Creston. Wayne Co., O. Some time during the
vs^inter the two members of the firm paid me a
visit, and we tall^'ed togetiier concerning the
matter of plant-greenhouses, plant-hotbeds, and
cold-frames, all to be heated by steam when
steam is needed. As they grow early celery
largely, it was getting to be quite desirable
that they have a convenient arrangement or
arrangements for growing the plants. We
talked about running steam through tiles,
about sub-irrigation in the greenhouse, as rec-
ommended by our Ohio Experiment Station, and
all these things pertaining to this new industry.
I had never given my Victor Flyer a trial on an
extended trip, and I was agreeably surprised to
see with what ease I made +he first nine miles
in just 40 minutes. Some of the roads were
quite rough, even then: but the little Victor
has a way of bounding over roughness, espe-
cially where you have mu.scle to make it " fly;"
and i was greatly pleased, too. to find that my
second wind came in unusually soon, and that
my muscles had lost nothing during the winter's
rGSt.

Before I reached Creston I was pleased to see
cloth-covered cold-frames on the south side of
quite a few residences. These cloth -coverod
frames were on the plan given in the tomato-
book. It illustrates the pleasant fact to me.
that, when any sort of industry gets a foothold
in a locality, the people round about are ready
to " catch on " and make use of new and im-
proved methods of doing things.

When near tlie premises mentioned, my eye
was attracted by so neat an arrangement that
I turned the wheel in at the roadway up near
the hot-beds. The beds were four in number,
and perhaps .50 feet long. They were on the
plan I have given, side by side, with just room
enough between them to walk through in
handling the sash. But what attracted my
attention particularly was, that the sides of the
beds were raised up as much as 3 feet high on
the back and perhaps 2 feet in front, and they
were made of drop siding nailed to stakes.
This makes a nice, tight-looking job, secure
from the weather. Then these beds were all
painted a bright red. Yon see, this is a very
durable paint, and it is dark enough to attract
the rays of the sun so as to warm up quickly.
Of course, I was interested and delighted with
the appearance from the outside; but when I
peeped over and saw the bright dark-green
rows of Prizetaker onions that filled* every bed
with a perfi^ctly even, regular, thrifty stand of
plants, such as I think 1 had never seen before,
I was full of enthusiasm. This neat little plant
belongs to Jordan & Son. The "son "is the
younger brother of the one I have mentioned
before. These four plant-beds are warmed by a
little horizontal boiler in a building on the
north side of the beds. A single pipe runs the
length of each bed and back again. If I re-
member correctly it is V4 inch, and is about a
foot distant all the way around from the drop
siding before mentioned. I soon discovered
why the sides of the beds were so well up. It
is to make room for the steam-pipes just men-
tioned. The beds that hold the plants are an
inch or tv/o above the pipes, and there is. I
should judge, a two-inch space between the

sides of the bed that holds the dirt, and th
drop siding. This permits the air to circulat
all around the bottom and sides of the;plant
bed, and the most severe frost would not ge
througli the drop siding and extend over to th
sides of the bed holding the plants.

I was soon introduced to the father alsc
Neither father nor son had had any experien
with Prizetaker onions, with the new methot
of transplanting: but the father gave us a rea
son for feeling sure they would succeed wit'
their enterprise. Last fall he was travelin,
through Michigan, and while walking throng
one of the towns he saw a quantity ot beautifu
large onions, evidently Prizetaker. He stoppe
and made inquiry.

"Will you please tell me, sir, where you gc
those beautiful onions? "

"Why. a boy who lives near hei-e raise
them. He started the plants in a hot-bed, an
then planted them out in the field."

"Canyon tell me just how many it takes t
make a bushel ?"

"Well, stranger, that is just exactly what
was thinking about. I brougnt a peck measnn
and we'll get at it and count them."

They found that 2S onions made a peck; an
without very much selection they could easil
find 100 that would make a good plump bushe
A few figures soon decided how many bushe
of such onions should be raised upon an acri
This is theory, I know ; but our good frien
Jordan was not long in taking steps to makett
theory fact. His beautiful ground made
possible to prepare the soil and lay out the bee
with mathematical precision. The brighte:
thing of all his undertaking was to hunt up tl
boy who raised the onions, and bring him dow
into Ohio and set him at work ; and it was th
boy who bossed the whole apparatus that hf
pleased me so much during my whole hal
hour's stay. By the way, friends, there is
point right here. Notwithstanding the thoi
sands who are out of employment, the world
clamoring for capable men and capable boy
Let any boy go to work and learn how to do a
most any thing ,sM/ffi(,/7|y— even raising onions
and somebody u'mit.s him. Why, he is want*
to boss and direct the hundreds of carpenter
farmers, gardeners, and others who can iv
live unless they have a boss. Are you one ■
that sort, my friend?

Before I left I was desired to give figures c
several thousand crates to hold the h'andson
onions that they were golnn to have. We
they counting their chickens before they we
hatched ? I think not, to an unreasonable e;
tent. Father and son together, with thi
Michigan boy, can hardly make a failure. Yc
see they are used to raising onions in the ord
nary way; and I presume they have seen tl
way in which I manage to raise Prizetaker
for I am only an hour's ride (on a wheel) awa
from their plantation. Well, I was pretty we
satisfied with this part of my visit. The mucli
roads were almost too soft just then for vc
wheel and so I walked along to the large pla
tation, and we chatted by the way. Su;
enough, there was the greenhouse that ha
materialized since I had the talk with the pr
prietors some time in February. Oh what bee
of "living green" met my eye! and then whi
beautiful boxes of thrifty plants! Thei
people work on a little different plan from m
own. Their greenhouse is 20x100. There is
walk in the middle, and a walk clear aroun
the outside ; and the great beds, some seven (
eight feet wide, were all occupied in raisin
seedling celery-plants. These seedling-plan
are then transplanted into movable trays (
boxes. These are of such size that I should sa
four of them can be placed under an ordinal

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

385

ish. This would mak(^ tlie dimensions of the
'ays about 3 feel liy IS uiehcs. Tlie irans-
laiitiiig is (lone by women, inside of tlie green-
ouse. Tlicy sit down at a table, or stand up,
s they clioose, and set out the plants at so
luch per thousand. Yes, and some of them
lake over a dollar a day when the price per
loiisaud is only t»'o audit Iialf cents. What

0 yon think of that? Over 40,000 plants taken
•om tlie seed bed. and successfully ti'ansplant-

1 into the ti'ays, for a day's work! Tiie trays
re tilled with beautiful swamp muck mixed
itli well-rotted composted stable manure. Af-
Tttiey have begun to root they are hardened by
itting them in beds coveted with cotton cloth,
uring a blizzaid like one we liad the last of
larcii. glass is us( d in place of cloth, on very
;nd('r plants; and, besides this, steam-pipts
in under all the beds so they can, on an emer-
incy, ward off the frost or freeze, by steam
iderncath the boxes, as well as glass or cloth
erhead. With enough steam heat, it seems

me that cloth might answer very well in
ace of glass.

The proprietors soon found out that, to run
lis quarter of an acre of plant- garden, requir-
1 an engineer, or manager, of no ordinary
jility— somebody who n-ally liked the job of
atching the steam, watcliing the clouds, and
atching the rain, and, above all, watching
le thermometer, barometer, and Weather Bu-
au signals, in oi'der to anticipate any sudden
langes. 1 was introduced to tlie man, and
ughingly told him he was working out the
sry problem I gave in the tomato book;
imely. how to support a family on a quarter
an acre of ground. Well, this quarter acre
ght to support a family in pretty tine style;
Id my friend remarked that, when it came to
ving one man do all the work on a quarter of
1 acre, he guessed he would need a wife to
sip, and a goodly lot of children besides; and
metimes it would make the whole crew fly
ound pretty lively. Well, this plant-garden
certainly the finest and handsomest thing of
e kind 1 ever came across. Why, there was
ithing i< the whole line of horticultural dis-
lys at the World's Fair that could compare
th it, in my estimation. This was a real live
actical hive of busy workers and magniticent
ijults. Too much that we saw at the World's
lir was only imike believe business. The
int-beds inside of that greeniiouse were
itered by sub irrigation. The wooden beds
ire made water-tight with water-lime cement;
en rows of tile laid crosswise of the bed were
aced, I should say, about every tive or six
i-t. These tiles lie right on the cement bot-
n of the bed. In fact, the joints were also
aiented around the lower half, leaving the
cks open on the upper half; then the end tile
each row was brouglit up on an angle so it
aed on tiie sideboard of the bed, making
convenient to run water into each line of
3, with a hose. They were enthusiastic in
iise of sub-irrigation. You see, tlie celery-
mts need never have their leaves and stems
tti;datall; and where they grow as thickly

I saw them, there would be considerable
nger of rotting if every thing W(!re soaked
ih water.

n order to se>^ how their machinery would
rk they have grown a few cabbage, tomato,
d lettuce plants; and the wife of one of the
)prietors had also tried her hand at raising
wers. Her trays of little plants with varie-
ted foliage made a most beautiful supple-
int to the beds of living green I have spoken
before. These men have indeed put a pile
money into this apparatus for raising plants;
t they have not gone into it recklessly. They
ve been working and experimenting for sev-

eral years, and all their plans seem to be the
outcome of regular methods, step by step. The
boiler that warms the greenhouse and plant-
beds also works an injector pump that throws
water into a tank; and long lines of pipe were
just then being laid away out in the distance,
through the mucky fields, in order to give iliein
water handily when the plants are moved from
their tidy cloth-covered cold-frames to the out-
door air of the middle or latter part of April
Oh glorious April! glorious and beautiful (ex-
panse of soft black soil, as smooth and level as a
tioor. A bystander informed me that, four or tive
years ago, the scene of this wonderful activity
was nothing but a swampy bog where people
.'■ometimes went out to gather elderlierries. Of
course, these men were laughed at and joked
about because they insisted that this black
mucky swamp could be made (jood for some-
thing. Intelligence and genius have made the
change. If it were only possible to get a cam-
era that would catch the shades of green, how
1 should love to give you a picture of tiiat
plant-bed establishment! By the way, when
something was said about the expense of the
cotton-cloth covering, Mr. Johnson informed
me that they got their cloth by the quantity at
only .5 cts. per yard. Of course, this is only a
yard wide; but when sewed together in the
middle it cost only 10 cts. In the tomato-book
I believe I mentioned the price as being 20 or 2'>
cts. per yard. Well, this latter is stronger, and,
besides, it is 2)4 yards wide. This extra width
is so that it may allow the pole on which the
cloth is rolled up to drop down over the front
end of the bed. Well, the beds we saw were
all of them planned to take either sash or cot-
ton cloth; and by having a strip of board on
the top edge thry managed 10 use cloth only two
yards wide. The qinv^tion might come up
about cloth being cheaper than boaids; but I
presume their heads were " level." for they
have made this thing their business and study.
Yes, they too have experimented a good deal
with fertilizers, and they showed me some
tomato-plants that were dosed with nitrate of
soda. Sure enough, those that had the nitrate
of soda were of bei ifr color, and a stronger and
more robust giuw ili ihan some other boxes that
did not have any. But. wait a bit. They put
on so much nitrate that it killed part of the
plants, and these boxes were, therefore, not as
much crowded as the others. Again, some
boxes that had stable manure put under the
muck soil made a better show than any of
them. I feel pretty sure, however, that nitrate
of soda does, on some soils, prove to be a fer-
tilizer for tomatoes.

After I had gone about three miles on my
way home I passed a hotel. Jt was after my
usual suppertime. I should enjoy my ride very
much more with a good supper tlian to get it
after I got home. It is a good thing to learn to
practice economy; but I think we .■sometimes
make a mistake. If I were to eat such a supper
as nature called for, just then, after I got home,
it might not "' set well." But if I were to take
it then, and ride nine miles afterward. I knew
from past experience that the supper would be
all right, and I could eat just what I pleased,
and as much of it. I wonder if there are any
dyspeptics among my readers who would give
a whole half-dollar to be able to eat a good
square meal, and eat just what they like, re-
gardless of consequences.

Another thing, people can not very well keep
nice hotels unless they have encouragement by
way of patronage. A man may be too lavish
with his money, and on tlie other hand he may
be too parsimonious. If one never patronized
his neighbors who are in business, we shouldn't
any of us get along very well. " Every man to

386

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May 1.

his trade and calling" is a pretty good rule,
and I think we ought to enjoy patronizing our
neighbors when we need what they have for
sale. I thought I needed something they had
for sale at that hotel. As usual, my first long-
ing was for the pitcher of milk and plate of
bread. Then I was ready for the nice steak,
potatoes, fried eggs, and a nice dainty piece of
fried liver. I think I have heard somewhere
that liver is not fit for human food; but I feel
in many such matters a good deal as Prof. Cook
did. Somebody demonstrated, by scientific
methods, that ensilage is not a fit food for cows.
On giving the cows a chance, however, to ex-
press an opinion on the matter, they disagreed
with the scientist: and I thought that night
that that nicely cooked liver was a most deli-
cious food. What a supper I did have! and
after my nine-mile ride home my digestion was
as perfect, and my sleep as sound, as that of
any baby boy after he has had his supper.

Anil the Loid God forineil man of the dust of the ground,
and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man be-
came a living soul.— OBN. 2: 7.

Some little time ago the readers of Glean-
ings made a contribution in response to a call
from Helen Keller for Tommy Stringer, anoth-
er deaf, dumb, and blind child, living in the
State of Pennsylvania. Our older readers have
the matter fully in mind, no doubt. But it may
be well to explain a little for the benefit of the
later ones. By the way, it was my good fortune
to be present at one of these kindergarten
schools for the deaf and dumb while at the
World's Fair. The part that interested me
greatly was the methods of teaching deaf and
dumb children to talk and hear othirs talk.
Perhaps 1 should say ronderstcmd others in-
stead of hearing them, for they do not hear a
word. It was almost impossible to believe the
teacher's statement that these children did not
hear a word. It was not long before I suggest-
ed testing the matter by turning off the electric
lights some evening when they were talking
and visiting as only children can talk and visit.
The teacher informed me that the thing had
been done repeatedly to convince the skeptical.
Of course, the deaf children could keep on
talking, but none of their comrades caught a
syllable after the lights were cut off. I was
asked to talk with them; and as I put out my
hand to a bright little fellow, and said, •' Can
you really talk?" he responded at once, "Oh,
yes!" and when I told him my name he repeat-
ed it after me just as any child would who
could hear perfectly. This is all accomplished
by cultivating that marvelous power of judg-
ing by the motion of the lips, mouth, and face
what the speaker is saying. When I reverted
to the matter of Helen Keller, the teacher said
at once, "Mr. Root, you must not expect to
find any more Helen Kellers right away. She
is not only the wonder of all the schools in this
line of work, but she is probably destined to be
a wonder to the world." I remember of once
saying to our people, when the subject was be-
fore us in Gleanings, that Helen Keller would
eventually stand before the crowned heads
and the kings and princes of the world.

Now to get back to Tommy Stringer. Our
friends will perhaps remember that Helen
Keller, in her report in regard to him, admitted
that he did not take hold as Willie Elizabeth

Robin and some of the others did. We excuse
Tommy by saying he was a boy, and every bod
knew boys did not "catch on" as quickly j
girls do. I remember feeling a little anxloi
about Tommy myself. There is somethir
queer aliout his case ; and even the teache:
were obl.:.cedto think it was sometimes don
care rather than don't knoiv. Tommy w:
"balky;" but it seemed to be more of a bodi
balk than a mental one. He would get laz
and seemed to expect that his teacher wi
going to do the whole of this matter of educa
ing. He would get his spells of being contrar
and neither coaxing nor any sort of mild disc
pline would get him out of it. Perhaps some
you may smile when you recall to mind th
poor Tommy is not the only small boy who
thus al'fiicted. Well, I am glad to be able
tell you that our young friend is coming brav
ly " out of darkness " and " into light." Let
remember that his early and perhaps most ir
portant years were lost or worse than lost. ]
■ was born in Pennsylvania in 1886, and was r
ceived into the kindergarten when he w
about five years old. Before this, on accou
of poverty, he was, if I remember correctly, p
into a sort of infirmary where nobody cared 1
him, and where his main accomplishment w
creeping about on the floor. But, true to 1
natural disposition, he always crept backwai
bumping against every thing and everyboc
Please imagine, if you can, a child five yef
old. who has never beheld the light of day— b
never heard a sound, and who knows little
nothing of loving care from anybody. Do y
wonder that Tommy was not only ignorant f
contrary and stubborn when they found hit
One might almost weep to think of a child
such benighted darkness. The reason he v
not educated like Helen Keller was, that it c
too much money. Somebody has said that 1
whole great State of Pennsylvania, with all
wealth, could not afford to pay for educat
poor Tommy. But, hold on! It was not Pei
sylvania alone, but the whole United States
America, that waited for a little deaf, dm
and blind girl to hunt Tommy up. and with
childish voice plead for him. Hold on! I
making another mistake. She hadn't a vc
to plead with ; but such as she had she used
Christ's service. One is reminded of the woi
"Silver and gold have I none; but such £
have, give T unto thee." Helen's app
b ->ught forth the funds, and we helped;
' ery one who had a part in that contribut
.ught to feel glad now when he thinks of it.
Poor Tom knew nothing about it. In f{
could ?iot know any thing aboutit. All the ^
men with all their ski 1 and knowledge, in
whole wide world, could not tell him. This
stitution in Massachusetts, however, underti
the task of telling him. They also undert*
the task of telling him about the great .(
above— the God who implanted, even in p
Tommy, the knowledge that he possessed
living soul." even if he was made out of
" dust of the ground." And now let us consi
the good news that comes. Tommy, with
his dullness, with all his obstinacy, proved
be aMer. Wouldn't it be funny if we sho
have a deaf, dumb, and blind humoristf I
it was along the line of taking advantage
Tom's disposition for practical jokes and
playing tricks thit they made progress. 1
work was accomplished by personal effort.
teach(>r had hcnomf^ Intimxitely acquainted^
the poor child. She took him home and
him help her bake cookies. This was soi
thing he greatly enjoyed. He was allowed
have a part in all the work, even putting
cookies into the oven and taking them out.
course, he had one hot to eat, right from

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

■ah:

oven. Where is the boy who does not know
how to '"help" in that part of it? While he
ate his cooky he was in the habit of sitting
down on a little hassock. This linie, liowever,
he ale his cooky standing up. The cook looked
around to see where his hassock was, and to
find out why he did not sit down as usual. It
could not be found. It was there a few minutes
before it iiad suddenly disappeared. A peculiar
smell, after a little, prompted them to look into
the oven, and there was the hassock where
Tom had dextrously whisked it as soon as the
cooKies were taken out.

Tommy sleeps with his companion. Like
other boys, he does nqt always want to get up
in the morning. Instead of calling Tommy, as
your mother does, their plan of calling liim to
get up is to pull down the clothing until he
wakes; and his room mate, Lyman, oftentimes
performs this office. One night there was a
disturbance, however, and the teacher looked
in to see where the trouble was. Tommy was
giving his friend Lyman a little treat in the
way of retaliation by stripping off the bed-
blankets, sheets, and even the pillow-cases.
He did not seem to hold any malice, however;
for when his teacher told him to restore the
clothing, etc., he made up the bed very neatly
and quickly, for that was one of his accom-
plishments.

Mr. Anagnos, one of the founders of the
school, and one of Tommy's special beneJactors,
one day entered the schoolroom when the
teachers were trying in vain to get Tom to spell
)tthrc(ul. He seemed utterly incapable of man-
laging that particular word. Mr. A. came up
and touched him. That is the way in which
friiMids make themselves known to these un-
fortunates. Tommy at once grasped for the
iluuid, and commenced feeling of the sleeve-
ibuttons, to see who it was. In an instant he
was in the arms of his benefactor. Evidently
roiisidering, however, that it was not just the
thing to break off lessons, even for a frolic, he
istnnched out his hand toward his teacher and
f^pi'Ued thread several times very plainly and
easily. The question arises. Could not Tommy
have done it all the time if he had had a mind
to? or did the joy occasioned by meeting a
dearly beloved friend stir him up to a new
degree of intelligence ? If we decide the latter,
we shall probably do it because of former ex-
pi'Ticnce of our own that we recall. There are
a ihousand things that we can do, and do
easily, if just the right motive be brought to
bear to wake us up. Sometimes it does a body
2;ood to get vexed just a little. Such a weapon,
ever, is not to be unguardedly recommend-
It might prove to be a dangerous-edged

Tom had a fashion of amusing himself by
[Hilling the buttons oft' his clothing when he
iial nothing else to do. His kind teacher cured
Hi III of it by teaching him how to sew them on;
ind after he had become a little tired of the
a-.x of making good the consequences of his
jiiM-hievous habit he got over it.

Tim's special friend, Fred, had been away
<ii ■^ome days. He came back: and as he too
,.va> glad to see his playmate, he gave Tom a
3ug and kiss. Tom was upstairs making beds
It the time. After his friend had gone, how-
ever, he found it necessary to stop his work for
I while, while he danced up and down, spelling
)n^his boyish fingers the name of his playmate,
'Fred," •• Fred." You see, Tom is getting to
jea/>oiylike other boys; and even in spite of
lis afflictions he can dance up and down, and
10 the very things that other boys do, so far as
,.he limited use of his faculties will permit him.
; He had displeased one of his teachers by his
ilisobedience— probably by his stubbornness—

and she was obliged to go away before he had
had time to tell her he was soiry. When she
came back, in ilie exuberance of his joy he
began spelling the names of all the objects in
Uie room, as cornictly as he knew how. With
his limited vocabulary he knew no other way
to express sorrow and regn-t for his bad be-
havior than to recite his lessons in a way he
was sure would plea.se h. r. Hen; again we see
the spirit ot the saying, ''Silver and gold have
1 none; but such as I have, give I unto thee."

Tommy is very cautious. Probably sundry
bumps and bruises in the dark have made him
so For a great while he was afraid to ride in
a little cart tlus cliildren amused themselves
with. His teachers, liowever, labored to over-
come his unreasonable fear; and linally, when
lorn was really tumbled out of the cart, and
made haste to get up and climb in again, they
felt they had achieved a victory. He knows
the days of the week, and has a particular lik-
ing tor what they call - clay day." This is i he
day when the children are permitted to take
lessons in molding clay into different sha|)(!^— a
favorite pastime for the blind. Entering the
school on Friday he stood still for a few min-
utes, evidently thinking; finally a smile lighted
his face, and he spelled " apron," for that gar-
ment was the concomitant of his dearly beloved
clay-working. After he had learned what day
it was, he was taught to answer what to-mor-
row would be, and then yesterday. As this
was a new exercise he replied, somewhat hesi-
tatingly, that it was Friday. He was pleased
to see that he had got on to the idea; but his
propensity for a joke followed right on to his
new acquisition. In order to show the progress
he was making, the teacher asked him to tell
somebody else what day yesterday was. In-
stead of answering Friday, as before, he replied,
" Yesterday was Fred." Of course,' this was a
poor sort of joke; but who is there who would
not rejoice to see a little fun creeping in, in-
dicating that Tom was boyish and boylike?

One Monday morning he would not eat his
breakfast, and he would not tell any one the
reason. Finally, when he was reciting his
lessons, the fact came out that he was in a pet
because he could not have corn bread for
breakfast; and then they remembered that for
some time previously there had been corn bread
on tlie table every Monday morning. Tom de-
cided in his own mind ihat Monday had some-
thing to do with corn bread, and that, accord-
ing to the fitness of things, that should be the
rule. He had got it into his head that there
had got to be corn bread, and so he did not -eat
because he did not find it. I think I have
known of some grown-up "Tommies" who
behaved a little after that fashion. Did you,
ray friend, ever have any experience along that
line? You see, he is beginning to make infer-
ences and draw conclusions.

One day he had an exercise in word-lessons
by being asked to bring his teacher certain ob-
jects with which he was familiar. He enjoyed
the lesson very much, and was quite willing to
go through with it again the next day: but
because his teacher did not remember to call
for the .SYU/ic objects in the same regular order
as she did the day before, he was disconcerted;
in fact, he would not go on until the matter
had been carefully explained to him.

These little details that I have gone over,
you may think are trilling and unimportant.
Some of you may ask, " Well, what is the point
to it, any way ? We see such things every day
right at home." My friend, there is to me a
most grand and wonderful point. In fact, it
has been a lesson to me such as I have seldom
had. Tommy is a child, and a child in great
alffiction; and yet with the use of all of my

•388

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May 1.

senses, and wilh 50 years or more of careful
and constant teaching, 1 am in some respects
but a cliild after all, and a cliild tiiat might be
pitied. Again, Helen Keller has astonished the
world. The general decision seems to l)e that
she was gifted naturally. I presume some
credit is also to be given her teaciiers. They
were discouraged about Tommy because he did
not seem to possess Helen's natural talent. But
suppose Tommy develops into a boy or man
wilh a promise almost equal to that of poor
Helen; and suppose that the other one of the
three, Willie Elizabeth Robin, also manifests a
wonderful and unusual intellect. To tell the
truth, 1 begin to suspect such ivill be th(^ result.
What, then, shall be our conclusion? Why, it
is forced upon us that it was the education,
and Itind and loving care, that liave been be-
stowed upon thfse unfortunates— perhaps not
altogether; but is it not probable that their
progress is largely due to surroundings? to the
careful pergonal woriv and training that hav^
been given them? And, to go a step further,
can it be true that, if the inmates of our jails
and penitentiaries had liad a like training wlien
they were young— yes, very young— that they
too might have been noble ( xamples of Chris-
tian character and brilliant intellects? Oh
dear me! can this be true? The bright gentle
matron at the World's Fair who liad thuse
children in charge assured m(^ it was a great
mistal<e to wait till the deaf ones were five or
six years old. Let us have them, she said, at
the age of two years, or, better still, one year.
She even declared (if I do not forget) that many
things could be accomplished between the age
of one and two that are almost out of the ques-
tion if the child were neglected till it is seven
or eight; and some pupils who have been al-
lowed to grow to the age of ten or twelve before
getting a glimpse of the world of intelligence
that is hidden from them were almost dwarfed
in intellect— so much so that they could never
become great scholars, li this be true, just
thinli, dear reader, of the responsibility that
rests not only upon those of us who have a
tolerably good education, but especially those
who have felt the retining, ennobling, and puri-
fying influences of the gospel of Christ Jesus.

Go ye Inlo ail tlie world, and preach the gospel to
every creature.— Mark 16:15.

BEING POSITIVE GOODS -WERE NOT ALL
RECEIVED.

A LITTLE STORY THAT CONTAINS A GOOD LESSON
FOK US ALL.

1 have sometimes thought that a man needs
to be forty or tifiy years old before he can learn
by experience not to be too sure of f<ni/ thing;
and almost every year's business brings us more
or less unpleasanlness in the way of deciding
who is at fault when sometliing can not be
found. The following transaction illustrates
the point so well that we have thought best to
give it entire.

Friend Root:— Yesterday I was looking at my sup-
ply of foundation, and discovered a mistalie. When
I gave you an oi'der, Oct. :i8, 1893, 1 ordered with
otlier goods (amounting in all to over $27.00) 5 lbs. of
tliin toundaUon, whicli I have weighed on scales
bougiit of y(Hi, wliicli aie correct, also .5 lbs. 0>ooa
foundation, winch is not uere. In my liurry to get
In shape for winter 1 put the foundation into a
bureau drawer to keep it from freezing, and paid no
further attention to it till yesterday, siii)i>osing it
to be all right. I then unpacked anil examined it,
with above results. No person but myself opens or
has any thing to do with my bureau. More, I have
my own house, and keep my fixtures and clothes
and tools in it, and lock it when I go away. Ihe
package was not opened till yesterday. What 1

have is 5 lbs. of thin surplus foundation and noth-
ing more. As I shall need tlie brood first, if you
will kindly eorrect the mistake and send iheSlDS.
brood, less the price of Gleanings for the year,
you will greatly oblige C C. Eddy.

Reiuersville, O., April 3.
To this we replied, under date of April 6:
Fiiend Eddy:— On referring to the order in ques-
tion we find Ijotli items checked, and they were
packed with your goods, each in a separate package.
It is altogether probable that you put away in the
draw.*r tne 5-lb. package of thin ana left the other
package witli the other goods. You should check
up your goods as soon as received, and report any
shortage. When you wait so long there is no chance
for us to make any investigation. Please make a
tliorough investigation, and see if you do not tiiid
the other package of foundation. Our shipper who
put up your goods says he knowi^ it was in. and he
is generally very careful. A. 1. Root.

Medina, O., April 6.
April 9, friend Eddy replies:
Yours of the 6th inst. is at hand. As you mi.v,
both items were checked on the order; but that
they were packed is hardly possible. Being checked
made me more careless, as 1 have always found
orders correctly tilled, or nearly so. To eoiivin.t
you 1 am not in error this liine, absolutely no pi r
son handled the goods but myself. After thej
reached station at Caldwelll went for the goods,
paid freight, loaded, unloaded at home, and un
packed them by myself, and 1 am perfectly satisti.c
they were not opened or tampered with en nmli
also there was but one package of loundatinn
which 1 immediately put into a Urawer, as stall il
which reuiaiiied unopened or undisturbed lu ;in3
way until the day before 1 wrote you. lo tin:
statement 1 am perfectly wihlng to qualify. I knew
from the first uupackii.g there was but one package
of foundation. That 1 have been a little carelesi
about being sure every thing was right. 1 admit
but there is positively no chance of my being mis
taken this time. , ^'- P- °,^\l,

P s _i supposed the one package contained th'
10 lbs. of foundation, but neglected to weigh it
further every article has been handled over severa
times all made up and painted; even the boxe
containing goods have been worked over into fiJ
tures; consequently I see no chance that I^hav
made a mistaKe. ^- ' '• ^'•

Now, a good many times the difficulty end
right here; at least, no one is able lo say wher
tlie mi-sing goods went to; and a good man;
times we send things a second time when w
feel sure the fault is not ours. Sometimes w
decide to divide the loss, each party beanni
half; and 1 believe that, as a rule, we general!,
preserve pleasant relations and pleasant feel
ings Sometimes, liowever. as time passes, th
missing article comes to light. See one mor
letter from friend Eddy, below:

Friend Root:-! liasten to acknowledge my mis
take 1 found tiie brood foundation put away in a
old trunk where I thought there was nothing bu
some rags; vet 1 felt sure I was right. But it i
here-another instance of how positive one may be
and still be mistaken. I am sorry this has occurrec
but can now only correct it and inclose stamps t
pay the extra postage 1 have caused you. -11'? fjuf
excuse I have is, 1 thought 1 was right. 1 will tr
to improve by this lesson in more ways than one^
Keinersville, O., Aitril 10. C. C. Eddy.

As I look hack through the years I have beei
doing business, 1 remember several siiriila
cases. One man was sure we did not send al
of a lot of goods, and with much protest w
sent a part of them over again Some tim
after, came an apology. When he unpacke.
the goods he laid partof them on a wheelbaiTOV
belonging to his neighlior. The neighbor wari
ed the wheelbarrow, and sent a boy after it
The boy wheeled the barrow over home, good'
and all As they were in a hurry they tooli th
stutt from the wheelbarrow, intending to hav
somebody carry it back; but it got tucke
away, and came to light only after many day^
Oiu' customer said it never occurred to him tha

1SU4

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

389

a vvhoelbuiTow standing llicre could possibly
have been spirited away, goods and all. An-
other man stoutly insisted tliat he did not have
his foundation. After we had sent him another
package, he discovered the first one was in the
hive all right; but it fitted so nicely he con-
cluded it was a chatT-paeked division- board
that we had generously " flung in" the bargain.
Now. in what I have had to say, please do
not think I want you to be backward about
telling us when things are missing. Ey all
means, tell us about every thing that is not as
you expected it to be; but do it pleasantly and
kindly, and do not be in hasti^ to decide that
we try to cheat: and, on the other hand, dear
brothers and sisters, we will iry to have a big
lot of charity stored up ready for use, so we
shall not be tempted to think that yoii wanted
to cheat us. A. I. R.

GARDENING MAY 1.

Any step that we can take to secure good
crops without so much expense for labor is a de-
cided gain. Ever since Terry told about not
having cultivated his raspberries for three or
four years, I have been wondering if there were
not other crops that could be handled In the
same way, and I think I have found one. It is
a dozen rows of pie-plant, perhaps 10 rods long.
The rows are three feet apart, and the plants
are only a foot apart in the row. The conse-
quence is, that, when the demand for "pie ma-
terial " is not too strong, the foliage covers the
ground so that hardly a weed can get a chance
to grow. But to keep up this enormous growth
there must be heavy feeding: so we literally
cover the ground several inches deep with
coarse stable manure, not only between the
rows, but all between the plants. So far it
seems to be working nicely. Of course, the
ground was worked up very fine and loose be-
fore the plantation was started, and under-
drains were put through every 20 feet. The
only labor now needed, besides gathering the
crop, is to cut out the seed-stalks just as soon
as one can be discovered : and a small boy can
be taught to do this with a very little training.

THE ST. MARTIN RHUBARB.

Several are asking about the St. Martin rhu-
barb. Well, the truth is, our plants grown
from the seed showed such a diversity of char-
acter that I thought best to drop it; and several
old gardeners told me that the only way to
keep an exact strain of rhubarb was to increase
by dividing the roots. I have not had time to
satisfy myself in regard to this matter. I wish
the experiment stations would answer the ques-
tion. Is the St. Martin rhubarb raised from the
seed any better than the Victoria or Linnteus?
and is there any strain of rhubarb in the mar-
ket that will come true from seed ?

STRAWBERRIES UNDER GLASS, HEATED BY EX-
HAUST STEAM.

My experiment in this line is a decided suc-
cess; but I very much prefer strawberries in a
hot-bed where the sash can be taken clear off
whenever the weather will permit. It is a
very cold, hardy plant, and seems to be impa-
tient of hot-house treatment. Last fall we
put perhaps a hundred plants over our exhaust
steam-heated beds. This is the line that goes
over to the house ; and in order to keep the

hot-water pipes up to the tem|)erature desired
it is too warm for the berries. As a conse-
quence, th(^ glass was off whenever we did not
have severe freezing weather. Th(!y blossomed
in December and January, and we had some
ripe fruit in February. Once they were frozen,
and at another time I forgot, to take the glass
off before going to church one sunny Sunday.
When I got back they were all roasUid, green
and ripe. They tasted a good deal like baked
apples ; but I do not believe I am decidcidly in
favor of baked strawberries. Well, tlu^y kept
on blossoming, and very speedily they liad a
lot more of green fruit, and now it is ripcining
up very finely. I do not think I ever tasted any
more deliciously flavored strawberries than
those ripened inider glass, with stram heat be-
neath. Before another winter I shall make a
different arrangement so as to have more bed
surface, and diffuse the heat so as not to have
it too hot in any one spot. The plants are now
literally loaded with berries, and, what seems a
little singular, there is but a very small amount
of foliage — not nearly as much as we have in
the open air. The treatment they have re-
ceived seems to provoke fruit-bearing rather
than the production of leaves.

EARLY PLANTING.

Like many of the others, we planted quite
considerably during the fine weather in the
fore part of March. In fact, the acre compris-
ing the swamp garden was all planted. The
largest part of it was put into onion seed for
early plants. Of course, this was all in the
open air. Then we put in cold-frame cabbage-
plants, cauliflower. Eclipse beets, carrots, pars-
nips, peas, potatoes, radishes, salsify, and spin-
ach. After the blizzard during the last week
of March I was afraid that nearly all my stuff
was killed. But, fortunately, very little had
got above ground, and now we have a good
stand of almost every thing. Even the pota-
toes, which were all covered pretty deep, were
not hurt at all, so I am decidedly in favor of
early planting— that is, such things as I have
mentioned above. If they get killed it is not
very much labor to plant them over again.

ECONOMY IN PLANTING AND GATHERING THE
CROP.

There is just one feature of the above that I
wish to allude to right here. Ever since Terry
advocated long rows clear through the lot, for
cultivating, most of us have been working
toward this. Now. in our market it is not
policy for us to plant largely of any sort of
garden-stuff. "A little and often " has to be
our motto, so we do not overstock the market.
Well, sometimes we put in a part of a row of
something. When we are asked to test certain
new things they must be put in a part of a row
—perhaps a single rod of row or less. Well.
this always makes trouble. If part of th(! row
is harvested, then there is vacant ground to
raise nothing but weeds. Of course, you can
cultivate half a row, and turn around and go
back again. But the horse stamps on the stuff;
and, unless I am present to tell where one row
ends and another commences, the man who
cultivates will dig up something valuable. I
have about decided that we must, have whole
rows of every thing planted. If we can not do
that, put it in plant-beds and give it hand cul-
ture. And now about gathering crops. I think
every spring, that, in spite of all I can do or
say, somebody will commence gathering pars-
nips and vegetable oysters — yes, and winter
onions— right in the middle of the row, and
perhaps that person will select a row in the
middle of the patch. I do not .see how anybody
can want to see a great hole gouged out of the
middle of a nice crop of anything. This year

390

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May 1.

I told the boys, when they gathered these roots,
to take the outside row every time; but some-
body did not understand, and gouged into an-
other row. The consequence is, when we come
to plow, a great lot of ground is wasted nnless
we take up the broken pieces of rows and
plant the stuff solidly together. Disorder and
disorderly practices constitute one of the banes
of my life. Somebody wanted some cabbage-
plants ; and before I knew it one of the boys
commenced this spring, after the same old
fashion of pulling a hundred or two out of the
middle of a nice bed. Now, this ground is very
valuable; but how could it be used in that ir-
regular fashion? Had they commenced at the
end of the bed, and taken the plants out clear
across, a nice little square strip of ground would
have been ready for lettuce seed, cabbage seed,
and ever so many other things that should be
put in at this season of the year. The objection
was made, that the customer said he would not
take any unless he could have the biggest plants,
picked out here and there. Well, there may be
some reason in this if the plants were not all of
them good enough. Had I been present I
should have said this: "My friend, we will
pick out the best there is in the bed, for ,/u.5t
double price. If you will take such goods, how-
ever, as we use ourselves, and send off to cus-
tomers, you can have them at the regular
printed list prices." But a good many times,
when there is no difference in plants at all,
somebody, without thinking, will tear up a
beautiful bed. and leave it looking as if the hogs
or chickens had got into it. Of course, it is the
younger ones who are more likely to do such
things t'. oughtlessly. But, just think of it.
If you are going to make a success of a plant-
garden— if you are going to have your grounds
look neat and tidy, it behooves you to keep con-
stantly in mind that you must endeavor to
keep the ground cleared up clean, as far as we
go; and then our grounds can be kept looking
trim and neat and inviting in appearance.

Another thing, if a cold wave comes, how are
you going to manage with plants scattered here
and there, requiring a dozen sash to cover them,
when, if they were in one compact bed, two
sashes or even o^ie might make them safe?
Please do not understand that I mean you
should push off culls and plants too small to be
of any value. After the good ones are taken
out, these culls should be put in without charge,
or taken up and put in a straight row by them-
selves. By the time your bed is finished, these
smaller ones will be nice handsome plants. If
you push ahead in a slipshod, haphazard sort
of a way. without any planning or looking
ahead, you will find out where you are, and you
will realize the truth of what I have been say-
ing. There may be such a thing as overdoing
this matter of taking too much time to keep
things in order; but it pays, and pays big, to be
systematic, and neat and tidy, even in a plant-
garden.

ABOUT TOMATOES — HOW TO GET THE SEED TO
COME UP QUICK.

iVfr. Root:— I have just read about your get-
ting tomato seed up in 8 days. Now, I never
fail to get my tomato seed nicely \ix)— straight
up — in four and one-half days, and you can do
it just" as easily. Take a cigar-box, pry the
bottom loose a little to let out water; fill with
nice soft dirt; place the seed just where you
want them; cover }4 inch. I generally push
them into the dirt with a match. Now listen.
" Soak 'em " with Jtot water— not hot enough to
scald the seed, but hot enough to warm up dirt.
box, and all. Now, to keep them warm and re-
tain the moisture at the surface, fold a news-
paper, and tie it over the top of the box. Place

the box in a warm place on an iron mantelshelf
in the family room, kitchen, or some place to
keep the heat up pretty regular, and be sure to
put the date on the box, and don't forget to
take a look at them the fourth day after plant-
ing. If you wait many hours longer you will
likely find your plants hunting for daylight,
and two or three inches long, and leggy. I have
always had at least 90 per cent of the seed up
nicely in 41.2 days or a little less. I think I
wrote you several years ago that I cut off all
suckers from my tomato-vines, allowing only
one stem, which is kept tied up to a single
stake, fruit ripening in clusters toward the last
of the season, near the top of the stake, five to
seven feet from the ground. My tomato-patch
is always the wonder and admiration of all.

Now about transplanting to the garden or
permanent patch. My observation has shown
me that, if the plant can be taken from the
nursery, as it were, to the garden, without
losing the adhering dirt and very small fibrous
roots, the plant will grow right along, and pro-
duce fruit from the first fruit-stem, that has
generally begun to foim by planting-out time,
although it is very often not noticed, and the
first fruit will form and ripen very near the
ground. Now, if the plants have been roughly
handled, and put in the ground minus these
filorous or very small roots, this first fruit-stem
will Tnost certainly wither and drop off. unno-
ticed, usually; and it will put back the fruil
bearing and ripening at least two weeks. 1
have several limes ordered small plants by
mail from you early in the season, two or thref
weeks before setting-out time, and put then
into a cold-frame, giving each plant about ;
inches of space, when I could transplant then
nicely when the time came.

Winchester, Ky.. April 17. Jno. S. Reese.

WATER-CRESS PLANTS.

It seems that these plants are already in th'
market; at least, I judge so from the followinj
letter from an old friend of Gleanings:

Mr. Root: — I send you some water-cres
grown by spring water. I have lOOO plants.

Amity, N. Y., Apr. 5. J. W. Uttfr.

[The plants were very strong and vigorous
but they were a little yellow when rcceivei
from the mails. However, they seem to b
starting out all right to grow.]

WATER-CRESS, AND SOME SUGGESTIONS IN RE
GARD TO ITS USE.

I used to live near brooks abounding in watei
cress, and am often hungry for the sight an
taste of it again. I have a packet of the " vil
weed"— upland cress— from Maule, but sha
test it sparingly. Water-cress was prescribe
by physicians in Wisconsin, where I formerl
resided, as a remedy for kidney disease. It is
pleasant medicine to lake.

Now, Mr. Root, about how we shall eat i
A celery glass with water, and a bouquet of th
long well-wash(!d cress hanging over, to t
taken out and broken off as one requires, or
rose-bowl with a handful of the long stem
loosely coiled and the ends brought up an
over the sides, or a platter or large plate crowr
ed with a mass of the luxuriant greens, are a
fit dishes for the king (crowned or otherwise).

If one wants the delicate cress flavor, just
bit of salt is all the seasoning; but tastes d
differ, and all must suit themselves with th
most healthful and delicious of salad garnishe

You mentioned, not long since, the use (
nasturtium as a salad. Yes, it is a hardy, d(
sirable foreign salad, and can be grown mos
satisfactorily in the house window in dee
boxes, and the leaves used all winter. I ha\

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

391

n ouncp of dwarf «ood to sow wti(>n T plant my
ittiic(>-b(>d. Mks. L. .). PACiK.

Faribault, Minn., Apr. 12.

NGMSH MI'I.Tin.TKH ONIONS. AND WHAT THEY

AKK WOHTII WHKItK THKV OUOW THEM

BY THK IIUNDKKI) ACHKS.

^f)•. 7?oot;— After reading your articles on
liun -raising, and request to know who had
iiglish iMultipliors for sale, I wrote to tlie
ostinastei' of .Middleport. N. Y., making in-
Liires about who raised them near there. To-
ay I received an answer from H. H. Hid ford,
ahnsons Creek. N. Y., who says he will sell me
bush(>ls. good stock, for *7.75. He says lie has
(Id 11.') bushels at tliat price, and has .500
ishels more on hand. I have wanted some
rer since I came here, but wouldn't pay 25 cts.
ir pint for them, and 15 cts. postage. I used to
lise them when living in Missouri, and I must
ly they are the best onion for family use I
rer raised. B. G. Scothan.

Rogersville, Mich., Mar. 27.
[The above are the yellow English INIultipli-
s, if I am correctly informed. Those we have
en offering for sale, and now offer for sale,
e the white multipliers, a much handsomer
lion for early bunch onions. If I am correct,
>ese multipliers are very much better keepers
that is, far less likely to sprout, than ordinary
lions. Our white multipliers are almost en-
•ely without a sprout— firm and solid, and yet
e yellow and red onion, and even the various
nds of onion-sets, are sprouting badly in spite
us. The shallots also seem hard and firm
id unaffected, while all the common onions
e sprouting and becoming soft.J

Ind. Orders hnvo been coming!- in ;ii ;i lively rate,
and the fioods have heen frolii'.; mil just as "lively,
for we lire right up with orders, and ship Koods
within two or three d;iys afler orders ie;irh lis, un-
less for odd or speci:il jroods. or somelhiiiff we are
out of for the lime hetiji- In :i few such e igesor-
dens may ho dehived ;i few davs lon{>-er As a rule
however, the {roods g-o oil' promptly, and the kind
words received from our cusioniers for i)rompt
shipment and supf-Hor qunlity of {roods received en-
courajre us to redouble our ett'orls to please all who
entrust their orders with us for j^oods required.

HONEY, COMll AND E.XTK.M'TKD.

We Still have ii slock of choice comb and extract-
ed honey on hand to dispose of. The comb in one-
pound .sections, in 1(10-11). lots, we offer at 14i4c. or
for the lot of 300 to K) ) lbs., Itc. Less than 1(K) lbs.,
15c per lb. No. 3, or fair, at 10c per lb. iu 100-lb. lots
or more.

Choice extracted honey, clover and basswood, in
60-lb. cans, two in ;i case, at 8c per lb.; lots of two
cases or more at 7'/4c. White sag-e honey !4c less.
We have a bbl. of a little over .50i) lbs. of mostly
bMsswood honey of very tine quality, that we offer
on cars at Plattveville, Wis., at 6Mc per lb.

mmMm

^us\hEs^^^-;^^^^^-:^M^^maceh

.JAPANESE BUCKWHEAT.

I f liny of our readers not too far distant have any
■ |i:iiiese buckwheat seed for sale we should be
I'asrd to hear from you with sample, stating- how
luh you have to sell, and at what price you hold it.

FREEMAN POTATOES.

\s we go to press we find we have left about 10

shels of .second size, and between 50 and 60 bush-

of No. 1; but at the rate they are going-, they

a not last many days. All other kinds are nearly

It, except Monroe Seedling. These are still keep-
r nicely, and will fill the bill nicely for late plant-
-> Later.— Rural New-Yorkers sold out.

EXPORT TRADE.

^s we go to press we are loading a car for New
•rk, with goods for export. This makes the third
'load of goods for export within six weeks. Most
these goods go to Australia, some to the West
lies, and some to Europe. These exjiort ship-
nts include over 100,000 two-inch exira-pulished
lions for England.

GLOBE LAWN-MOWERS.

Ve quote a reduction of .50 cts. each on the prices
awn-mowers given in our catalog-, on pngeSn, to
■ readers and their friends. There is no better
jap mower made than the Globe. We h;ive had
e in use on our lawn for live years, and it runs
ly and does splendid work. With above reduction
i prices will be, for lOincli, $3.50; 12-in., ¥3.75 :
in., 14.00; 16 in., $4.25; 18-ln., $4.50. See advertise-
■nt on cover page.

BUSINESS TO DATE.

I7e have just shipped a carload of hives, sections,
J assorted supplies to Vickery Bros., Evansville,

SLICED WOOD SEPARATORS.

Since we have been furnishing sawed wood sep-
arators there has been a much smaller demand for
the sliced ones, which, though not as straight and
durable and nice to use as the sawed ones, yet an-
swer a good purpose. Many prefer to use them but
once, and then throw i hem away. We have quite
j a large stock of the following sizes, which we ofler
at reduced prices to move them oft:

314x17 and ]7'4' in. at 20e per 100, $1,50 per 1000.

3)^x18, or any k-ngth we can make by cutting off
these lengths, 2'k- per 1(K), $1.75 per 1000.

43^x17. slotted both sides, 30c per 100. $3.00 per lOtX).

t^xis, slotted both sides, 35c per 100, $2..50 per 1000.

4 '/4xl8, slotted botli sides, and .slightly colored or
mildewed, 25c per 100, S2.00 per 1000.

BEESWAX ADVANCING.

The market price of beeswax is on the upwar
move, and to keep in touch witli it we offer till fur-
ther notice 25 cents per lb. c:ish, or 28 cents in trade
for average wax delivered here. All wax is refined
as soon as receiv^ed, and we can not otter for sale
;iny of this refined wax at less than 33 cents per lb.
We make no advance in the price of comb founda-
tion as yet, but if wa.x advances any more the price
of foundation will have to go up with It. Wa.x-
dealers claim that price is likely to advance still
more before we get through this season, but we do
not look for much if any further advance. Comb
foundation will be no lower this season, it is certain,
and it may he higher; it is, therefore, a good time to
buy what you need before there is an advance in
price.

CREAM SECTIONS.

We are entirely sold out of 1 "'i and li§ cream sec-
tions, and can not supply any more of these widths
in this grade. We have some 7 to foot and 2 inch,
which, not being very desirable widths, we will let
go at $1.50 per KOI, to close out. Part of the 2-inch
are open all around. Of old stock white we still
have lii. open top ai'd open all around; also Ifg clos-
ed and open top. IK closed and open top; 7 to foot
closed and open top; \y, open t\\ o and four sides, at
S3.50 per lOn^; 20^0, $4.50; 51X)0 lor $10 00. Sections
at Bankers, Mieh., are all disposed of or returned
here. Tliose offered at St. Paul at special prices
may still be had. We have most of tlie large odd
sizes, enumerated in our last issue, on hand yet.

vegetable-plants MAY 1.

Well, friends, we have been having a tremendous
trade as ii'^ual. We have been .sold short on Prize-
taker onion-plants, .Iers'\v Wakefield and Early
Summer cabbages. In fact, we are short on all of
these jnst now. We have plenty of the following:
One-year asparagus-roots— good strong ones; horse-
radish slips; cauliHower plants: all kinds of tomato-
plants; but 1 wish to say right here that I do not
lielieve it advisable to order tomato-plants long
distances. They are so tiMider and fragile, that,
unless great care is taken in packing, they are liable

392

GLEANIMCJS IN BEE CULTURE.

May 1.

to be injured. We have, a prcat plenty of nice
celery-plfiiits— While Plume, Golden Dwarf, Self-
blanching-, New Kose. We have also a fair stock of
buUnose. cayenne, or Spanish peppers. Sweet-
potato plants are not yet ready, but we are prepar
ing- for a larg-er stock, both of sweet-potato and
yams, than we have ever had before. We can still
sliip strawbeiTy-plants by picking- off the blossom-
buds. We have a fair stock of all the varieties we
advertise (including- the Edgar Queen', with the
exception of the Jessie. I presume tiie great de-
mand for the .Jessie is principally as a fertilizer;
audi should like to ask whether o\ir experiment
stations and strawberry growers generally know of
a better plant than the Jessie, for fertilizing. The
Parker Earle would no doubt be tiptop, but it is a
a good deal later in coming into blossom than the
Jessie. Michel's Early we expect to recommend foi-
an earhj fertilizer, after we get a lot of nice plants
ready. The dtmand for garden seeds has been
greater this season, so far, than ever before since
we have been In the business.

Handbook for Bee=keepers Mailed
at ten cents per copy.

North Attleboro, Mass.. Apiil 12, 1894.
My Dear Allen:— I don't know what will be said
generally about April ".4pi.," or what criticisms
will be made in regard to it; but one thing is just
sure and ceitaiii— it contains more cloth "all wool "
to the yard than any one journal I ever saw. It is
seldom we get the subject canvassed at all. but you
have succeeded in boiling down the whole matter so
that any one who has given any attention to the
subject, in the way of study or reading, will be able
to work inielligentlj and to good purpose. You
have reason to be proud of the April number, and I
congratulate you on its worth and valuta.

J. E. Pond.
Address H. ALLEY, Wenham, Mass.

t^"In respondintr til ihi-< ii.ni I I .iin-iit iiu-i.tlun (iLKANlNGS.

Bees and Queens.

Select tested queens, from imported mother, $l..50
each; untested, 90 els. each; 3-frame nu("leus. with
untested queen from imported mother, both frames
contHining brood and all adhei-ing bees, $2 tiO. Bees
by the pound. 90 cts. Satisfnction guar;inteed. Will
be ready to ship May 15. HRS. A. F. PROPER,
Portland, Jay Co., Ind.

Imt\f\f^f^f\ Carniolans, bi-ed in l,s93, $.5 each;
llipui LCU h,;ine-brfd tested. !B2; untested,
May, ^1, bred from impoited mothers. Foreitrn or-
ders, $6, $3, and $3. Safe arrival at any posiofhce in

the world. Mrs. Frank Beaton, Charlton Heights. Md,

HURRAH ! 1884 to 1894

Has shown me the best bee for our Northern climate
Give me the dark Italians for winteiing, for horn y
and money. Large, hardy, and industrious. lUntt^i
ed, dark or yellow. $1.00 each. Tester), JlfMt. Scini
for price list. MRS. OLIVER COLE, Sherburne,
Chenango Valley Apiary. Chenango Co., N. \

Italian Bees and Queens

Ready in May. Queens, $1.00; bees by the lb.. $l.ni
]-franie nucleus. $1.25; 2-frame. $3.25. Also Barn
P. R. eggs for setting. 15 for $1.00.

Airs. JK. A.. SiiJipsoTj, Swarts, Pa.

Bees for Sale.

10 colonies of Italian bees In 10 frame Simplicitj
hives (Root's make); corahs built on foundation
Bees are strong and in flrst-class shape. Price $t.5(
per colony. !£,. R. Gibbs, NorwalU, O.

5000 Golden Queens in 1894.

1 untested queen by mail $100

6 untested queens by mail 5 00

1 3-frame nucleus 3 75

3 3-frame nuclei 5 00

Untested queens with nucleus. Satisfaction in
all cases. Send for sample of bees.

J. F. MICHAEL, German, Darke Co., 0.

^F"ln respondiut? to this advertisement inentloh Glbanu'o*

Eggs for Hatching.

Black Minoicas, S. C. Brown Le>; horns. 75c per 13,
(H- «l.a6 p r 3ii. Buff LegluM-n^. $1 On ,...,■ 13. Fine
fowls low. JAMES M SMITH. PEEEIOME^'VILLE, PA.

For Cash.

Pure light -colored Italian queens in April, May,
and June. One untested, $1.50; X dozen. $5.00; per
dozen, $9.00. Tested queens, $150 each. Select test-
ed. $3 00. On-n-Mntee safe arrival. Address

D. E. ALDERMAN, Clinton, Sampson Co., N. C.

1AA /i/-oo</-fivi/iie.s. with tin separators, Simp.
lUU size. Pi;imes ;ire lilli'd with l-ll). seciions; sec-
tions are tilled witli foundation : some is binh into
comb. Price 12c each. E. E. GIBES. NOEWALK, 0.

For Sale for 1894

OTTO KLEINOW. 113 MILITARY AVE., DETEOIT, MICH

Italian bees and queens
leap for cash. Address

GOME FOONDATSON.

Made by an

IMPROVKO miiJCHSS ON AEIF AJVl

lAIPRO\^BL> MACHINES

of my own invention,
v\-/iio/i enables me to
prof/i/ce

Xlie Cliea^pest.

Prices on 6 lbs. or more will range from 35 to 5C
per lb. Send for pi ices and samples.

W.J. FINCH, JR.,

931 E. Monroe St., Springfield, Illinois

^^In respo

nit'iition Hi.KAMNii

5-BINDED GOLDEN ITALIAN

Bees and Queens. Pure B. V. Kock and S. V. B. Lei
horn eggs, $1.00 per 13. Best only. Catalogue fre

Cha-s. H. Th es, Steeleville, III.

Plea-^e mention this paper.

Untested. «0 cts. eacl
3 for $3.3.5. Tested,.$1.2
Select tested, yellow to the tips, breeders, $1.50.
eift G. E. DAWSON. CARLISLE, ARK.

ITALIAN QUEENS.

I OOk Here, Bee=keeper!

If you are in need of some be

supplies, write for catalogue and price list. Evei

thing sold as cheap as \\T T^ C*«-«2-^l«,

theclieape^t. W. fc. bmitlH

Kenton, Hardin Co., O.

WILLIAM HEASTMAN, CITRA, FLA.,

Hreeder of the eelebratetl "Orange
blossom " Italian Bees and Queens.
Untested, 75 ets.

Black and Hybrid Queens For Sale.

For the lienefit of friends who liave bl.aclc oi- hybrid quee
which tliev wish to dispone of, we will insert notices as belo
first insertion fi ee of charge, .\tter the first, 10 cents per lit
We do this lecause there is hardly value enough in the
queens to pay for huvintr them up and keeping them in stoc

and yet it i- oftentimes quite im a ■ -j----- ».^ »> - ■■•

can not afford higher -priced ones.

lodation to those w:

35 good black and hybrid queens. Price, black,
cts. each; hybrids, 85 cts. each, or 3 for $1.00. Sa
arrival guaranteed. Money returned if all sol
Send one and two cent stamps. E. F. Quiglev.

Unionville, Mo.

1894 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE

I hiivo one of tlie choicest Hoeks of

393

Brown Leghorns in the State.

Keep no other kind. Eggs, 75c per 15; !B1.25 per

B. G. SCOTHAN, Rogersville, Mich.

BEES

40 Colonies Italians, $4.50

Hybrids, $+.00 per colony.
P;icked ready to ship in a
new Dovetailed hive; 8 good
worker com lis.
J. B. Mccormick, Fredericksburg, Ohio.

Control Your Swarms, Requeen, &c.

also by all the leading- supply-deak

Send :ir)c for ^ainples of
West's Patent Siir.il wire
Qiicen-Cell Proioolors. and
Pill. Spiral Queen Hatcii-
ingand 1 nt i o(niciii«- (Jage,
T also best, IJee-Kscape, with
circnlar explaining. 12
Cell-protectors, tide; 1(K), $3.
V,l Cages. t)()c; l(i(l, .$,-), I)v
_ mail. Circnlar free. A(i-
fl dr-ess N. D. WEST. Middle-
burgh. Scho. Co., N. 7. Sold

ECONOHY IN PAINTING

DEPENDS UPON THE

Durability of Covering Power

of the paint used. A paint made of Wliitc Kcnd, ;;;■/ no, and
J^ure T^inseecl Oil, thoroughly mixed and finely ground by
powerful machinery must be more durable and have greater cov-
ering power than a paint stirred up by hand with a stiek.

B. P. S. PAINTS ARE HADE TO WEAR,

and one gallon will cover over 300 sq. ft. of average surface two
coats. It is fully guaranteed by our agents, and a trial will con-
vince you that it is the

Best Paint Sold.

mmm tc mMmmmn mw\ mwh.

Bingham Perfect Smokers.

Clioapt'st and Best on Earth.
Patentea 1878, 1882 and 1892.

6 Doctors, 3!4 inch ... .$7 00
6 Conquerors, 3 inch. . 6 00

6 Large, 2!^ inch 4- 50

6 Extra, 2 inch 2 T.5

fi Plain* 3 inch 2 40

6 Wonders, 1% inch... 2 i.O
6 Knives 3 50

Patented May 20. 1S79 BEST OBf EARTH.

1 per mail — $1 95 2 per mail, at one time. .. $3 50

1 75
.. 1 25
.. 1 10
70
. . 6.-)
. . «0

3 GO
2 25
1 90
1 30
1 20
1 50

*The Plain does not have the Coiled Steel Wire Handle, neither the bent Cap for throw-
ing the smoke at right angles. All the others have all our new improvements.

Tlie movable bent cap enables you to change a curved shot to a straighi shot instantly, and vice versa:
hrows smoke downward without spilling ashes; adds durability and convenietice, and is cheaply replaeed
f injured. The wire handle is always cool for opening and closing the smoker when refilling with fuel.
imind, drj- stove-wood is the best fuel for Bingham smokers. Below is a copy of a letter from the largest
'iiiilucer of comb honey in the world:
/' <.v/-.s-. Bhigham <& Hethcriiwton.

<ii iitlemen:—! use the Bingham & Hetherington honey-knife and the Bingham smoker in my business
II rause they are more effective for the purpose than I have yet found in the market.

( herrv Valley, N. Y., Feb. 15, 1894. .1. E Hethehinoton.

T. F. BINGHAM, ABRONIA. MICH.

3 Carloads of Supplies.

This is the amount we have distributed in a single season, of
Foundation, Dov. Hives, Sections. Extractors, etc. Therefore. if
you have little money and want thnt little to go as far as possible,
remember that we are headquarters in the west for all goods in
our line: by doing so great a volume of business we sell goods

oseph Nysewander, Des Moines, la.

FOR THE WEST.

heap. It ynii have '//( /(/i)((. //, also rememl)er j-ou can make it earn a big interest by availing yourself of

ur iii>counts fur early oiders. in either case you should wiite us and tell what you will likely need. It

ill pay you. W e sell Root's goods at Root's prices, andean save you fi eight.

Ill new polished sections and all other late improved goods kept in stock.

Send for our large illustrat-
ed catalogue, free for every-
body,every where, especially

Dovetailed Hives, Simplicity Hives,

SECTIOISIS, EXTRACTORS. ETC.

FULL LINE OF

BEE-KEEPERS' SUPPLIES.

60-PAGE CATALOGUE.

Itfdb

J. M. Jenkins, Wetumpka, Alabama.

SSrin responding to this advertisement mertlon Gleaxings.

394

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May 1.

**Q & B" Web = Wire Fencing

MEETS THE POPULAR DEMAND FOR

A Harmless Fence at a Reasonable Cost.
HUNDREDS OF MILES IN USE

BY SATISFIED CUSTOMERS WHO HAVE FOUND IT

PERFECTLY SAFE foi' horsps and cattle.

SUFFICIENTLY STRONG for vicious stock.

A SURE INCLOSURE for slioep and hogs.

A RELIABLE PROTECTION against dogs for
siieep.

A SATISFACTORY FENCE to property-owners
along railroads.

A FENCE COMBINED for both large and small
animals.

A COMPACT MATERIAL for portable corrals.

Excellent for grapevine trellises.

Animals will uot bead it to crawl under or climb
over, or loosen it from the posts.

*'G & B" WEB-WIRE FENCING is made of the
best quality Heavy lialvaiilzed Steel Wire
(No. 14 in tlie mt'slies, No. 13 in the selviiges)
woven into diamond-sliape meshes by automatic
machinei'y, insuring a regulir and smootli fab-
ric, strenfj'thened by three-straud rope sel-
vages at both sides.

The 3x6 inch Mesh is suggested for sheep-enclos-
ures; the 4x8 for cattle and bogs, and tlie aViX
10!^ for a very low-priced fence for any purpose
named.

PRICE IN FUIil. ROLLS, 20 BODS EACH.

3x6 inch Mesh.

■WIDTH.

PRICE.

26 in.

Rod, if< u

32 in.

Rod, 52 e

38 in.

Rod, 60 f

50 in.

Rod, 72 c

4x8 inch Mesh. |

WIDTH. PRICE.

26 in. Rod, 38 c

31 in. Rod, 44 CI

42 in. Rod, 51 c

50 in. Rod, 57 c I

5k? X 10}^ inch Mesh.
WIDTH. PRICK.

28 in.
36 in.
47 in.

Rod, 31 c
Rod, 38 c
Rod, 44 c

All widths put up in hales 20 rods (330 feet) lung.

A higher price charged for lengths shorter than a
full bale. Sliipped direct from Chicago or New Yorls.

What we wish to call your attention to especially
is the following list of pieces and short rolls which
we can sell, to close them out, at less th<tn fuU-i-ulI
prices. In this list are some full rolls and pieces of
sizes which the factory have discontinued making,
and for that reason they offer them at a sacrifice to
clean up the stock of odds and ends.

The above, you notice, is woven from galvanized
wire, while you will find the most of the following
list is 4x7-inch mesn, galvanized after being woven,
and on that account very much superior, and more
expensive to make. It formerly sold for al30ut
double the prices named below. It has also one
number heavier wire in tlie meshes than the rest,
being No. 13 wire throughout. All other sizes are
made of No. 14 galvanized wire, woven in the meshes,
anda3-strand rope of No. 13 wire for selvage, ex-
cept the 4x8, which has No. 10 wire selvage.

The wide fencing is designed to be put up alone,
while tlie narrow widths are used at the top or bot-
tom in connection with barb-wire or other strand
fencing. Much narrow is used at the bottom of
posts for hogs and sheep, while for hoises and cat-
tle it is often used at the top of posts in place of a
boai-d or rail.

All the fencing in the list, excci)t the last few
lines, is in stock In Chicago and New York, and
shipments will be made from these points. That
you may know what is in stock at each place we
have inclosed within brackets [] all the stock in
New York; and what is not so inclosed is at Chicago.
The length of the pieces is given in teet, and the
price per foot as well as per rod. This fencing is
usually sold by the rod; but for convenience in
ascertaining the cost of each piece we have given
also the price per running foot, and you have sim-
ply to multiply the combined length of the pieces
you require by the price per foot to get the cost.
We get an additional discount if ordered in lots of
10 pieces; and, therefore, if you can use so much
you can secure this' fence at a price which is below
what new regular stock in above list costs us at
wholesale. The freight from New York to Chicago
in 100-lb. lots or more is only from 3 to 5 cts. per rod;
so if any of our western customers desire some of
the New York stock they need not refrain from or-
dering on account of freight charges.

In the following table the width in inches is
given in the first column; size of mesli in second;

price per rod in third; price perlinear foot infourt
and a list of the pieces, with length in feet, in fift

I no

hes.

fi-ice. !

Vi^ide

Mesh

Rod

Ft.

26

4x 11

33

2

50

..55

3'A

25

5x 11

.33

.2

47

.44

■ 2H

14

4x7

27

■^%

18

33

.2

26

"

.37

2M

30

'•

.41

■ iV.

M

.14

■ %%

38

"

.49

.3

46

53

3H

50

.57

.3K

62

.66

.4

66

.70

.4X

14

4x8

.27

1%

22

33

.2

42

**

.50

3

?0

3x 6

.38

•iM

26

3x6

.45

•i%

44

66

.4

38

.58

.3K

50

"

72

*X

14

4x7

.27

m

22

.;3

8

SO

41

■ •iVi

34

44

2%

42

*'

.50

18

8x 13

25

■ IH

List of Pieces, and Length In Feet.
Multiply by price per foot for cost.

2 bales, 20 rods (330 ft. ) each. [330.]
1 bale, 20 rods, 190 and 15.

118. 58; of 36 in. at 2'4 c. ; 52, 43, 38.

23l),60. 38. 27.

330,330,208.108 [198).

261, 32 [145, 10.5] ; of 22 in. at 2 c, .50 [297].

102, 35. 10. 11 [148. 110. 95. 59, 50].

■■"' 330.144.50,25,25 [188].

90,80,48,44.43,25,17,14.

34, 29, 20, 13, 9.

[330.210].

,18,3] oi 42 in., at 3 cts. per ft. ; 25, 130.
330,317].
330.]

1 bale, 20 rods (3:^0 ft.) each].
9 bales, 20 rods v330 tt.i each],
3 bales, 20 rods each, and 135 ft.]

2.50 ft.

21, 190, 119, 148 [1.50, UO, 101],

165. 24, 41.4, 4K, 4,..
198, 32, 19^14 40^.^81, 66.
14,4
ON HAND HEBE AT MEDINA THE FOLLOWIJ

166, ,52, 35.
107 68. 35. 15.

52, 47. 36, 33, 30, 29. 19, 18, 13.
25, 18.
68, 8, 6.

VA 68, 36 in., 200 ft. at 3 c.; 45 in., 247 ft., 3^ .
In lots of 5 pieces, 6 % off. Not less than 10 pieces in one
der, 15 ',, oft' from above priies; 20 pieces or more, 20 Co
from pi ices in this last table only. Stapie.-;, l)4^-in.,5 cts. per

WIRE NETTING.

SHORT ROLLS AT FULL- ROLL PRICES OR LESS.

We have the following lot of wire netting of va
ous sizes and widths in short or odd-length ro
Very often a person wants a piece and can not b
it cut from a full roll ^\ith')ut paying double pri
You may be able to find in this list just what y
need, or very near it. Even if you want more tb
a full roll you will find the prices at which we of
these to be In most cases less than full-roll price.

Of 3-inch mesh No. 19 wire, we have the follow!
remnants and short rolls at g c per square fc
The figures at the left give the width in inches, i
the other figures give length of each piece in f(
Multiply this by the width in feet, then take tin
fifths of the result to nnd the price of e;icli piece

12 I 41, 70. 74 86 88, 89 100, 13(1, 130, 135, 134.
18 I 611, 135, 138.
24 I 51,60,69,78 98.

30 I 45, 6(1, 64, 65. 70. 95, 100, 107, 123, 140. 144. 146, 148
36 I 18 19, 19 38, 40, 40. 47, 49, 50, ,50 .52, ,53, 54. 55 58, 60, 60, 65, 61
72. 73. 82 82 82 83. 83, 83, »4, 86 89, 90, 92, 93 9l. 90, 96 96, 9a,
100. 100. 100, 100, 102. 102, 102. 102, 105 105, 107 114, 115, 116,

I 116. 118, 120, 120, 122, 124, 124, 128, 129, 141, 141, 145.
42 I 51, 131.
48 I 12, 24 32 35, 62 67, 68, 75, 75, 80. 83. 83, 84, 86. 87, 94. 96,98, !00.

I 114. 113. 119. 119 127, 123, 12f, 124, 125. 128 131, ]32 134, 13,'), 138,
138, 14(1, 140, 140, 143, 144, 114, 144, 144, 1,4, 145, 145, 145, 145, 146,

I 146, 148, 148,
54 72, 88 88, 143.
60 I 10. 19, 20, 31, 36 72, 72 78 81 81, 89, 91, 92 94, 103, 107, 108, 110.

I 118, 119, 120, 122. 1,6 130, 134, 1: 6, 139, 139 142, 144, 146.
72 I 20, 26, 29, 30. 40 40. 47, 48, 5t, f.8, 60. 61, 62, 64, 72, 75, 81, 82, 8.'

I 87, 100, 100, 108. 112, 119. 120, 123, 124, 127, 129, 130, 138 144, 144,

I 148.

Of 2 inch No. 20 we have the following pieces at one-
of a cent per square foot. Arrive at the price in precisely
same wa.y as above, taking half of the number of square
in.-te.ad of three-flrths, to get the price in cents.
12 I 102.

24 I 68 94. Ill, 114, 116.
30 I 1'..9 140
36 35, 36. 39. 40 41. 79, 81. 88. 01, 94, 100, 103, 103, 109, 120, 123, 126.

I 128,128, 128, 128,134, 136, 136. 140, 146, 146,147.
.54 I 145.

60 17, 130, 1K6 139, 144, 144.
72 I 21.44,45,58.70,75,76,100,128,137,139.

In the following list we give first the size of mc
next, the number of wire; next, the width in inci
then the length in feet, and, flnallj , the price
the wliole piece, so von will have no figuring to d

■', in.. No, 10, 31 in. x 126 ft , at 34 25.
l!4 ill.. No. 18, 48 in. X 811 fi., at 4 -.id.
IH in., No. 16, 30 in. X 70 ft., at 3.15.

2 ill.. No. 1), 18 in. X 73 t., at 1.65; 18 in. x 74 ft. at $1.70.
2 in.. No. 15, 18 in. x . 55 ft., at 1.35; .54 in. x 122 ft. at If8 00
2 in.,No. 15, 60in. X 20 ft., at 1..50; 72 in. x 36 ft., at $3.00
2 in.. No. 15, 72 in. x 33 ft., at 3.00.
2 In., No. 16. 72 in. X .36 ft., at 2.60; 72. in x 60 in., at $4.0(1

2 in.,No. 16, 72in. x 58 ft., at 3.80.

3 in.. No. 14, 72 in. X 70 ft., at 6 20; 72 in. x 100 ft..at $8.8( i
V/. ill.. No. 19, 2 ft. X 48 ft., at .75; ZA ft. x 32 ft., at .80.

4'.. X 20 ft at .70: 5 x 19 ft. at 75; 6 x 26 ft. at $1.20.
l'..,.iiicli No. 18, 3 X 64 ft. at $1.75.
IH incli No. 16 3 X 11 ft. at ..55.

4 X 24 ft. at .'81.65; l>:^-ln. No. 20, 1 x 88 ft., at $1.00.
V4-hi. No. 19, 2>i X 19 ft. at .50; 2% x 36 ft. at $1.00.

6 X 102 ft. at $6 75.

In lots of 5 pieces, any one or assorted kinds,
duct5% ; 10 pieces, \Q% ; 3.') iiieccs or more, 1,5 ',f . 1
ter name a second or third choice, in i-ase your X
begone. A. I. ROOT, Medina, Ohi(

1894

GLEANINGS IN liEE CULTURE.

399

QUEENS

Smokers, Sec'cious ,

Comb Foundation,
Liid nil A|n:iiraii Supplies
heap. Snul for
E, T. KLANAUA.N, liellrrillc. III.

I Will Exchange

For your name and acldross, my
j>ami>lik-t '-Howl friKliiL-e Comb
Honey." Hiui cataloK' of Chaff and
Dovet.-iiled liivis. 'V Siipers. Sec-
tions, Foil lidation, a iid every thinji-
iH'i'di'd in the apiary. Firsl-ciass
goods, and prices rcasoniiljie.

Geo. E. Hilton,

Fremont, Mich.

Oh! The PAGE FENCE is a "BUMMER",
For you see when it is Summer
It never fails to "KEEP TIGHT"

all the while.

Then 'bout New Years it will swear off,
But when Jack Frost says "break square off"
It uncoils itself and "tapers"

with a "smile."
PAGE WOVEN WIRE FENCE CO., Adrian, Mich.

UPPLIES

RETAIL
AND
WHOLESALE
Every tJiing- used in tlie j\.jji-
ary. Greatest variety and larsrest
stock in the West. New catalog. 70
strated pages, free.

Discounts to Denl&rs.

'f. KRETCHMER, Red Oak, la.

WALTER S. POUDER,

162 Mass. Ato. Indianapolis, Ind.

Standard Goods — Popular
Prices— Catalogue Free.
••BUSY BEES"

A book telling how to man-
age them-io CIS. in stamps ; or free to
^[^^^j"~.»_^those sending names of 5 bee-keepers

EE SUPPLIES!

send for free copy of ILliUSTRATED
C-A'I'AIiOdiliE. describing every thing- use-
Mil tea BKK-KEEl»KK. Address
r. ii. Newman, 147 So. Western Ave., Chicago.

Read what J. 1. Pahent, of

Charlton, N. T., says— "We

cut with one of your Combined

Machines last winter 50 chall'

hives with 7-inch cap, 100 honev-

racks, 500 broad frames, S.oTiO

honey-boxes, and a great deal of

„ ; other work. This winter we

)i^., \ hEA-e doubled the amount of bee-

l/x i hives, etc., to make, and we e.\-

^^' pect to do it all with this saw.

It will do all you say it will."

.titalogue and Price List free. Address W. F &

FOHN BARNES, 546 Ruby St., Rockford, 111.

^ hen more convenient, orders for Barnes' Foot^

owfT Machinery may be sent to me. A. I. Rour.

■"'" Please mention this paper

Leather = Colored Italian
Queens

Are in the load the world over. Tested queens
one dollar each. Descriptive catalogues free to
all applicants.

Also wood screws i\ longer than formerly;
otherwise the same. Price ?9.00 per 1000 by ex-
press; fl.OO per 100 by mail. Taps, SI. 15 each.

A. E. Manum,

Bristol, = = = = Vermont.

Root's

Goods at
Root's Prices.

We have the best shipping-facilities in tlie North-
west. We can save time and freight by shipping
direct on some 40 or more railroads, without change
of cars, which saves handling, and goods are much
less liable to be broken or smashed.

Root's 1893 No. 1 white sections, 4iCx4J^.\7 to foot,
1 %, and l\l, at $2.50 per 1000. No. 1 cream, 4ii'x Ji'xl^
and Hi, $2.00 per 1000.

Write for price list and what j'ou want.

H. Q. Acklin, 1024 Mississippi St.,
St. Paul, Minn.

Northwestern Agent for A. I. Root's Bee-keepers'
Supplies.

Cash for Beeswax!

Will pay 24c per lb. casli, or 27c In trade for any
quantity of good, fair, average beesw;ix, delivered
at our R. R. station. The s-ime will be sold t<) those
who wish to purchase, at 32o per lb., or 33c for hrM
srhctcd wax. Old cumbs will not be accepted under
any cansidcration.

Unless you put your name on the box. and notify
U8 by mail of amount sent, I can not liold myself
responsible for mist^ikes. It will not pay as a gen
eral thing to send wax by exiyreng.

A. I. ROOT, Medina. Ohio.

400

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May 15.

Contents of this Number.

Bees, SmokinK, in Supers 422

Bees in Shi pning-cage 420

Bees on the Islands 407

Book Aerents. Agrain 432

Brood, Spreading 413

California, Failure of Crop. 417
Cages Should be Marked . . .423

Cans, Waxing 4()4

Comb-leveler. Aldrich's 421

Covers, Sealed, Ahead 423

Cowan Extractor 413

Cowan, Card from 414

Cows in Garden 431

Echoes from Rambler 414

Editor at Creston Again 42fi

Exchange, Bee keepers' 412

Extractor, Cowan 413

Feeder, Manum's Suspended.410

Foul Brood, Book on 425

Frame-spacer, Stephens 417

Galvanized Iron for Cans.. ..404

Heddon's Second Reply 4I.'i

Hive. Ten frame. Ahead 423

Honey, Marketing Califor'a.412
Honey-dew, What isl 421

Introducing, Time of 420

Intvoducing-cage, German .406

Journals, Matter in 424

Manum on Starvation 410

Manu m 's Feeder 410

Maple Syrup. Small Crop.... 423

Non-swarmer. Proposed 421

Paralysis, is it Curable? . . . .42.'i

Percolator a Success 419

Plan -beds 428

Prosecution, Newman on 424

Queens. Surplus, To Keep.. ..407

Rambler at Clareraont 408

Soap, Manum on. 410

Statistics this Spring 424

Stephens Spacer. The 417

Sunflowers f->r Shade 422

Swarming, P'-evention of. . 40.")

Svrup from Percolator 419

Terms. Bee Shorter 421

Transplanting to^ls 426

Vaniila Fl.ivor in Honey 423

Veil How to Wear 410

Wall Pa].er.To CIe.an 422

'Waxing Cans 404

Wants or Exchange Department.

Notices will be insei'ted under this head at one-half our usu-
al rates. All advertisements intended for this department
must not exceed five lines, and you must say you want your
adv't in this denartment, or we will not be responsible for er-
rors. You can have the notice as many lines as you please,
but all over five lines will cost you according to our regular
rates. This department is intended only for bona fide ex
changes. Exchanges for cash or for price lists, or notices of-
fering articles for sale, can not be inserted under this head
For such our regular rates of 20 cts. a line will be charged, and
they will be put with the regular advertisements. We can not
be responsible for dissatisfaction arising from these "swaps."

w

ANTED.— Situation in apiary for tlie coming
season. A. T. Ball, South Sebec, Maine.

WANTED.— To excliange extra thin foundation,
and fine extracted lioney, in 60-lb. cans, for bees
by the pound, nucleus colonies, and queens.

R. C. AiKiN, Loveland, Colo.

WANTED.— To exchange several good safety bi-
cycles. Honey wanted. Send sample.

J. A. GuEEN, Ottawa, 111.

WANTED.— To exchange 300 colonies of bees for
any thing useful on plantation.

Anthony Opp, Helena, Ark.

WANTED.— To exchange Root's goods, at his
prices, to be shipped from here or factory, for
white comb honey (crop of '94 preferred) in quan-
tity lots. See ad. in another column.

B. Walker, Evart, Mich.

WANTED.— To exchange 1 treadle Novelty print-
ing-press, chase 10x14, lot of type, rules, bor-
ders, etc., valued at $60.00 (sample of work on appli-
cation!, for registered Jersey heifer, section-boxes,
Hallock potato-planter, or offers.

J. F. Michael, German, Darke Co., O.

WANTED.— To exchange large extractor, yellow
Italian queens, fancy nuclei, hives, choice straw-
berry-plants, for books, groceries, or honey.
Mrs. Oliver Cole, Sherburne, Chenango Co., N. Y.

WANTED.— A young man with some experience
in bee-keeping would like a position with a
practical apiarist, where he can thorouglily learn
the business. F. C. .Tones, Jr.,

99 South 10th St., Newark, New Jersey.

WANTED.— To exchange card printing-press and
outfit complete for portable blacksmith outfit
or offers. O. D. Belding, Claremont, Va.

WANTED.— To exchange pure R. C. St. Bernai'd
puppies for offers. Registered stock on both
sides. Would like a 10-inch photoliurnislier.

Scott Brillhart, Millwood, Knox Co., O.

WANTED.— To excliange one Columbia Safety
bicycle for any tliiug I can use; also Inive to
exchange bees in 8-f i-une L. hives, foundation, jind
break-joint honey-boards. Want beeswax.

E. H. McFarland, Hyde Park, Vermont.

WANTED.— To exchange for 300 lbs. clover comb
honey or safety bicycle, Appleton's American
Cyclopedia, 17 vols., sheep, latest edition, and in per-
fect condition. Reason for selling, I have the
Britanniea. Honey to be delivered July 1.

J, B. Enos, 209 Main St., Connellsville, Pa.

WANTED.— To exchange a good 6-inch Vandervort
foundation-mill or 1000 and less of empty L.
brood combs, A No. 1, for offers.

J NO. Nebel & Son, High Hill, Mo.

W

ANTED. — Situation in apiary ov market garden.
References given. Wm. K. Bryce,

310 S. Dewitt St., West Bay City, Mich.

id Queens For Sale.

For the benefit of friends who have black or hybrid queens
which they wi;<h to dispo-^e of, we will insert notices as below,
first insertion free of charge. After the first, 10 cents per line.
We do this because there is haidly value enough in these
queens to pay for buying them up arid keeping them in stock,
and yet it i- oftentimes quite an accommodation to those who
can not afford higher-priced ones.

Mismated Carniolans from imported mothers, 40c
each; a few hylirids, 3.5c each. By return mail.
Mrs. Fr-^nk Benton, Charlton Heights, Md.

Friends, I have eight young hybrid queens for 3C
cts. each, or 4 for $l.ii0; also ten mismated Italians
at 40c each, or 4 for $1.3.5, and two queens, the work-
ers of which are nearly all black; about one bee
in a dozen sliows a little yellow; you may havt
these at the same price as mismated.

H. G. QtJiRiN, Bellevue, Huron Co., Ohio.

SECTIONS CHEAP!

Until sold, we will sell tlie sections listed below ii
quantities of 500 or more at $1.50 per thousand fo;
creams, and fl.OO per thousand for No. 3. AH 4^^
4>4 sections, open two sides.

41,000 3 inch cream. 37,000 2 inch No. 3.
47,000 IK " " 91,000 lii "

116,000 1% " " 30,0001% "

134.000 7 to ft. " 87,000 llg "

3.53,000 7 to ft. No. 3.

PAGE <£ KEITH. NEW LONDON. WIS.

iSfln responding to this advertisement mention Glkaninqs.

Bees and Supplies

Always on hand. Send for circular.

I. J. Striiiii-hniu, I05 I'nrU l^lace. A".

NOW IS YOUR CHANCB

To buy clieap. Bee-keepers' Supplies, hives, sec
tions, fdn., etc. Write for price list. EOOT'S QOODS.
^OHlSr JSEBEI. * SOA% Ni^ti Hill, Aio.

BEES FOR SALE.

Italian, $4.00. Hybrids, $3..50. All in S-fram^
Langstroth liives. WILLIAM I DEN.

ETNA GREEN, INDIANA,

BEES! BEES! BEES!

If you coiitemi)lati' buying bees and queens thi
coming season, write to LEININGER BROS, foi' price
whicli will suit you. FT. JENNINGS, 0.

Order No. 37,289 was filled in good order. T an
well pleased. The hives and sections are the fines '
I ever saw. Every thing flis up nice.

Elmgrove, Mo., Apr. 3. Geo. W. Kern.

THE CRANE SMOKER OUT OF SIGHT.

Tlie supplies ordered of you were received al
right except 4 end-pieces of hives, which were spli
off. That Crane smoker is out of siglit. I considei
it good enough for any one. I am more than pleas
ed with tliose Hoffman frames, they are so easy t(
handle. All of the goods received are first-class.

Patrouville, lud., April 38. R. B. Larkin.

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

401

Honey Column.

CITT MARKETS.

San Francisco. --H())ir.i/.— Honey liiis lulvanced
and is si ill iKlviinciiix', in const'iiuence of tlie dry
season in Californiii; I'or it is now trenoi'ally ex-
pi'cied tliat tlie cnminK' Iiotiey crop will be a" very
lijilit one. We ([uote oxlracted honey, accoidinfr to
Quaiily, 5@(i; conili, H@ll. Beeswax is scarce at 24®
■ J. ScnACHT, Lejioke tS; Steineh,

April io. San Francisco, Cal.

Albany.— H(uiry.—V>'e are virtually out of comb
honey of all fi'i">des, liaviuff less than a dozen eases
m hand. Our stock of extracted is also well reduc-
ed; but as there is but very little demand now we
have plenty. We quote comb honey at l(i@13; ex-
:racted, 5®7. Chas. JIcCulloch & Co.,

May 9. 393, 39.5, 397 Broadway, Albany, N. Y.

Kansas Citv.— 77()/iej/.— The demand for both
•onib and extracted hoiiej' continues lig-lit. Stock
)f l^)mb not larpe. VVe quote: No. 1 white 1-lb.
;omb, 14@.I5; No. 2, 12@13; No. 1 amber, 13@14; No.
:, Ki; extracted, 5@". Beeswax, 20@32.

Clemons. Mason & Co.,

Maj' 7. Kansas City, Mo.

Cincinnati. -ifo/iey.— There is a slow demand for

■xtraeted honey at 4@7c. Prices for comb honey

ire iKituinal at r_V 14 for best wliite. Demand for

>eeswax is good at :l'Z@~h for g-ood to choice yellow.

Chas. F. Muth & Son,

May 7. Cincinnati, Ohio.

Buffalo.— Ho)(C{/.— Small amount of honey on
land, movinj? off slowly. Fancy, mostly 13"@14:
ihoice, lt;@l2; common and buckwheat, 8@9. Bees-
\-ax, 25@2><. The demand is very slow, but we are
n hopes it will clean up before new arrives.
Battekson & Co.,

April 18. Buffalo, N. Y.

Chicago.— H'Dicj/.- There is very little if any
•haiige in this market from quotations given in last

^ue. the volume of busine.ss in this line being-
mall at this season of j'ear.

R. A. Burnett & Co.,

May 7. 163 So. Water St., Chicag-o, 111.

Detroit.— fJonef/.— Best white comb honey is sell-
ng- slowly at 14@1.">; dark and untidy lots, 11@13.
Sxtracted, 7@8. Beeswax, 27®28.

M. H. Hunt.

May 9. Bell Branch, Mich.

Kansas CiTY.—Thmey.—We quote you to-day 1-lb.
!Omb, white, 12%; No. 2, 10; No. 1 amber, lU; ex-
Tacted, 5@7. Beeswax, 22@2r).

Hamblin & Bearss,

May 7. Kansas City, Mo.

Clevet.and. — HoJicj/.— The demand for honey is
lomewliat lighter tlian last week. Prices are about
he same. No. 1 is selling at 13@14; No. 2, 10@11.
Jeeswax, 23@25. Willi vms Bros.,

May 7. 80 & 83 Broadway, Cleveland, O.

St. Louis.— /f'ljiey.— No material change. Honey
s slow sale at 2^4' @3 for extracted. Prime beeswax,
«c. D. G. Tutt Grocer Co..

May 8. St. Louis, Mo.

Boston. — HoMcjy.- We quote you our market on
omb honey at 1:.'@14. Demand fair, sui)ply fair.
Sxtracted. 5@7. Demand and supply fair. Bees-
rax, 25c; demand fair, supply light.

E. E. Blake & Co.,
Succeasuis tu Blake & liiplefi.
May T. Boston, Mass.

BUFFALO, N. Y. Unsurpassed Honey Market.
BATTERSON & CO. Responsible, Reliable,
Commission Merchants, mm, and Prompt.

S. T. FISH & CO.,

189 South Water St., Chicago,

Ofler Wisconsin white-clover and bass-
wood honey, in barrels and half-bar-
rels, at (3c per pound. This is the lin-
est product we, have handled for some
tinae. California white-sage, in 60-lb.
cans, at (Jc per lb. California comb
honey, 48-section cases, choice, 12c
per lb.; fancy, 13c.

EDWIN ROBINSON.

W. M. GRAY.

Robinson & Gray,

SUCCESSORS TO

B. F. Southwick & Co.,
Foreign and Domestic Fruits, Canned Goods.

47 & 43 Scuth Market and 5 & 6 Chatham Streets.

Headquarters for Vermont Shipments

of White=Clover Honey.

It will be the endeavor of the new firm to meet
the wishes of their patrons in the future as the late
firm has in the past.

Thanking you for the many past favors received
by the late lirm, we hope to be favored with a liberal
share of your patronage in the future.

All orders and inquiries by mail or other\vise will
receive promjit attention. Very respectfully,

Boston, April 2, 1894, ROBINSON & GRAY.

tj^'in retpoiulingr to tliis ailvertiseinent mention Uleaiongs.

»zr- jf* t **■■-*

Etsighain Perfect Simokers.

C'.:eapest and Best on Earth.
Pjitonted 1878, 1SS2 and 1892.

Have all our new improvements.

T. F. Bingham,

Abronia, Mich.

5-BANDED GOLDEN ITALIAN

Queens, .fl.UU; 6 for 3?4..")0. Pure B. P. Kock, S. C. B.
Legiiorn, and L. Brahma eggs, Toe per 13. Catalogue
free. Chaa. H. Thies, Steelevllle, III.

Tlie Family Printing Outfit.

75 letters, points, etc.,
with holder, tweezers,
indelible ink, pads, etc.,
for stamping names on
linens, cards, etc., put
up in neat box and
mailed for 50c. Send
for catalogue. Address

Q. W. BERCAW, Fostoria, O.

imnoi-tpH carnioians. bred in 1893, Jo each; I Ttiose SilveF-Gray CamiolaD Bgcs.

iiii|./wi LtM tested IMH Carnioians in June, $2; j 1 liave a queen-rearing yard .5 miles from other
)ped from unpnrted queens producing only gray 1 bees, where 1 will rear those beautiful gentle Carni-
>e9s. Untested. M.iy. ?1. Foreign orders, $6, $3, ; olan queens, at *1.()0 each (untestedi; i;.').UO for 6, or
ind $2. Safe arrival at any pnst<'ffice in the world. | J9 (H) ))er dozen. Send in your orders and see how
MES. FaAiJK BEMTOIT, Char'iton Heights, M. • soon 1 can send the (jueens. Safe arrival and satis-

— '■ — ~ ' faction guaranteed. Miss Amanda Atchley,

pESTED Italian qtieens. $1.(0: untested. B5 ets ; Beeville, Bee Co., Texas,

select tested, $1.50. C. H. STEWAET, Sparta, Tena. t^"In responding to thi.s advertisement mention GLEAMlKaa.

403

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May 15.

Queens are usually sold for $2.00. I will ex-
plain why 1 wish lo'sell a few at less than that.
As most of nuy readers know, 1 requeen my
apiary each spring- with young

Sections, Bee= Hives,

QUEENS

From the South. This is done to do away with
swarming-. If done early enoug-h it is usually
successful. It will be seen that tlie queens
displaced by these young queens are never
more than a year old; in lact, they are fine
tested Italian queens, riuht in their piinic; yet,
in order that tiiey may move off quickly, and
thus make room for tiie untested queens, they
will be sold for only

Or I will send the Fcvicic for 1P94 nnd one of
liiese que(-ns for only .$1.75. For K.OO I will
send tlie Hcvicw, the (jueen, and tlie book "Ad- !
Viinced Bee Culture." It any prefer the youngp i
layhifi- queens from the South, they can have
them instead of the tested queens, at the same !
price. A discount «-iven on large orders for |
untested queens. Say how many are wanted,
and a price will be made.

f. Z. HUTCHIMSON, Flint, Mk\\.

Italian

Either 5-banded f|„pp„^
golden or ;i-band- x^Ut-Vllo*
ed leather-colored. Untested, $1.00 each; one-
half dozen, ^i.50. Tested, ?1.50 each. Select
tested, $2..50 each. Extra select tested, fine
breeding queens. S3.i50 each.

E. A. SEELEY, Bloomer, Ark.

Clover Queens.

500 Golden Queens to be sold in Mav and June at
50c for untested; tested, *l.()ii; breeder"-, !?:i.OU. 1 will
refund the money to ;inv one not satisfied.

a. B. KOUTSAHN, MENALLEU, ADAMS CO., PA.

Apiary for Sale.

120 colonies in fine condition in every respect, with
privilege of location; good bee-cellar and extract-
ing-house, for five years. Address

Hax ,'iOG, liicliliincl Center, Wis.

Bees from Northern Queens

Have no foul brood, dysentery, nameless disease,
nor paralysis; winter well and are unsurpass3d as
honej'-gatherers. One queen, 3^1.00; 4 for $3.00.
H. ALLEY, Wenham, Jilass.

For Sale.

so colonies of Italian bees in A. I. Root's eight-
frame Dovetailed hives, in good condition. Safe
delivery g-Viaranteed. J^OW;V GRJi-lS^T.

Hatnvia, Clermont Co., O.

lances
at Bed=rock Prices.

Best of Goods at Lowest Prices.

Write for free, illustrated catalogue

and Price List.

G. B. Lewis Co., Waiertown, Wis.

LAWS' ITALIANS IN THE LEAD,

and ai-e in every Slate in tlie Ionian and several
foreig-n countries. Queens j'eJloAV all
ox^er. Fine Hyreeclerts always on luuid. Four
and five band. J3. 00; straight tive-band, SfS.nO. Un-
tested, ^l.tJO; fi forll.'iU. Kefereiice, A. I. Root.
\V. n. LAWS, Lavaca, Sob. Co., Ark.

HUSTLERS!

Read what one of tlie largest bee-keepers of this
country says: "The queens (two dozen) came prompt-
ly. They are an extra line lot. The bees are finely
marked, gentle, and liustlers when it comes to
lioney. 1 have no trouble in picking them out
now from over 600 colonies."— W. L. Coggshall,
West Groton, N. Y., Oct. 17, 1S93.

Prices for queens hrecl for business from above
strain, ii-hand. are. May, $1.00; later, 7')c; 14 doz..
May and June, $4. Oil; doz., $7.50. July and later, six
for $3.00; doz., $6.50. Single queens 'warranted
purely mated. I ^-narantee all queens to arrive
safely and to be tj-oocJ serviceaJile queens.
Send for free circular. Draw motioy order on. and
address, J. B. CASE, Port Orange, F!a.

Thirty colonies of Italian bees
in July, at .$4.(10 each, all in
Dovetailed hives, all worker
combs, in wired Hofifman frames. Untested queens,
May and June, Toe; tested, $1..')0. Two-frame nucleus
with queen, $3.00. C. F. BATHAM, Houstosia, Mo.

Italian Queens Cheap.

My queens .-ire as good as the best. Untested, 65c
each; 3 for $1.75; 6 for *:?.35. Tested. *1.3.i. Select
tested, yellow to the tips, breedei-s, $1..')0. Safe ar-
rival guaranteed. Q. E. DAWSON, CARLISLE, ASE.

FOR S ^-i 7^ E. — Rooted cuttings and plants of
Chrysniitheniiijns, such as Childs, Lincoln,
Widener, Wanamaker, Spaulding, Boehmer, Waban,
Canning, iind many othets. Will send by mail pre-
p.-iid for ,50 cts. per dozen; if by exiu-ess, will send
larger plants, not prepaid. J. S. WAKNEE, Medina, 0.

For Sale. i»j?

liuyin- PORTER BEE ESCAPES

tlK-ni. Pioniinent

MONEY RETURNED :;:.csa,isi1ed at.er ,es,in
bee-keepers everywhei-e use atid highly recotainend them .-i.s the bsst. No others received a
Woi-ld's F;>jr ;i\vard. Testimonials, etc.. free. Prices: l'">:icli. postpaid with directions. 20 cts.;
uer doz.. $2.35. Order from your dealer, or the mnfrs., R.&t:. C. PORTER, LEWiSTO'VN, ILL.

FDR BEGINNERS profitable bee = keeping.

■ VII UbMHIlllkllV By lyirs. Jennie Atchley. of Texas.

Inthe first number of the Amer ICAN BeE JOURNAL f<n- May, IS'.U. .Mrs. Jennie Atchley commences
her School in Profitable Bee-keeping. She liegins .-it the very botldm, and freely gives the
results of her 30 yenrs' experience in Successful Honey Production a d Oueen'rearing.
If you want to learn neatly every tlnng about l>ees, nOW is the chanca. Subscribe for the "Bee
.Tournal " for a year, and I'ead whiit Mis. Atchhy has to say in her depaiinient— "In yiinny Southland."
Her "Scliool " will continue indefinitely. Tuition free.

The Bee Journal was established in 1861, has 32 pages every week.^md costs (Mily$i.(X)a

year. It contains the writings of the best and most succ-es.sfnl liee-keepeis in America. Sample copy
tree. Also, 200-Page Book (Newman's " Mees and Honey ") FREE to eiich New Subscriber for a |
year. Better begin with the 1st number in May. Huri-y up!

GEORGE W. YORK <£ CO., 56 FIFTH AVE., CHICAGO.. 111.

^ • delvoted:
•■fo'BELE.

•andHoNE"
•MD HOME-'

f>UBll6HCDBY(^-l-r(00r'

$I'2SperV'eai^ \^ r^EDINAOmO

Vol. XXII.

MAY 15, 1894.

No. 10.

My percolator makes nice work, but takes
24 hours to make 5 gallons.

Dad ANT USES, if I figure rightly, a comb sur-
face equal to 15 Dovetail frames.

Frogs are reported in Germany as catching
bees when at work on white clover.

$7.50 AND COSTS was the penalty inflicted on
H. Eichler, in Germany, for adulterating honey.

That i-1ver tasted good, friend Root, p. 386;
but if you want something tine, just try caff's
liver.

I WONDER if chemically pure sugar, even if
expensive, is not a desideratum for shipping
<:iueens.

Took out of cellar nearly all my bees April
18. Tiptop condition. Never saw so few dead
bees on cellar- bottom.

Gorgeous spring 1 To-day, April 30, bees
have ail they can do on hard maple, plum, and
•dandelion. Cherry just out.

The Layens hive, which is quite popular
in Europe, has about three times the capacity
of an 8-frame Dovetail.

Yk editor has put me on the fence, p. 363.
All right, ril stay there till I see which side
has most solid ground to alight on.

That V edge. Say, Ernest, that talk of
yours on p. 383 kind o' staggers me, but I won't
give up till I have a consultation with the bees.

Did you know that Hasty was a poet? Wit-
ness the following from Review:

And the Smith named Jake contributes the

fact
That, although nice honey by frost is cracked,
It will stand all the zeros you please intact,
If through summer it's up in the garret packed.

[Kur-ract.J

Gerstung thinks the diseased condition of
bees in spring is consumption, caused by eating
sugar instead of honey during time of breeding
or activity.

The Bee-kee-pers'' Quarterly, Heddon's new
paper, strikes out in a new field— it's ail edi-
torial. But it seems a good while to wait three
months between meals.

Natural swarming, according to replies in
A. B. J., seems to be growing in favor as com-
pared with artificial increase. But 1 never
want to see another swarm.

The editor holds, page 367, that it's all the
same whether you give more room in a hive at
the side or below. Can any one confirm or
refute that?

Adulteration is not entirely confined to
this country. Luxemburg B. Z. reports a pur-
chase of three boxes of honey from a peddler,
but the second and third boxes contained only
soft soap.

If you're unfortunate enough to have lots
of burr-combs, raise your super to-day snd let
it right down again. To-morrow you can take
itoiT dry, for the bees will empty the honey.
That's the way I do with honey-boards.

Fire in cellar fits my case, although it
may be bad for others. After experimenting
two winters without fire, I fired up again last
winter, and lost only one colony out of 2.59, be-
sides 7 that [printer, have you got any small

type?] STARVED.

I never used a stove but one year, and then I
lost nearly all of the bees. — Doolittle.

I never used a cellar without a stove for many
years, except two years, and then I lost heavily
in bees. — Miller.

What makes th^ difference?

FouL-BRooD CURE reported in Lu.i. Bienen-
zeitung. Wash the bottom-board with 5 per
cent carbolic acid; put 1% oz. formic acid in
one of the outside combs, and repeat the dose
in 8 days. [Wouldn't have any faith in such

404

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May 15.

treatment. We have tried essentially this, and
it was a failure.— Ed.]

A GRAIN OF POLLEN is mentioned on page 377
as "conveyed in some occult way through the
whole length of the silk," to make a perfect ear
of corn. Doesn't a pollen grain alight on the
end of each silk and stay there growing down
to the grain on each ear?

A SCHOOLTEACHER in Germany distributed 4
lbs. of sunflower seed among his scholars, and
gave four prizes of honey at harvest to the four
who had most plants; ir)00 plants were in the
village, instead of 10, as formerly, and the next
year none of the scholars ate the seed given
them, as some did the first year.

C. J. H. Gravenhokst, the able editor of
Deutsche Illustrierte Blenenzeitung , mentions
with evident approval the cordial feeling that
prevails among editors of bee-journals in this
country. He seems to tliink the writers are all
on good terms, but he hasn't noticed how Tay-
lor is going for my scalp.

DooLiTTLE properly advises making special
dummies after you're satisfied yon want to use
only 4 or 5 frames. Possibly you may not want
to continue witli so few frames, and you can
experiment with thin dummies, or with a single
dummy and the vacancy filled with hay. I
used a good deal of hay one year.

Top-bars It's square, with }4 inch between,
in 15 colonies, says Hon. R. L. Taylor, in Re-
view, gave •' scarcely a sign of a burr-comb
except where a frame was improperly spaced.
The results were very satisfactory,
and, unless seasons of more abundant honey-
flow produce different results, leave nothing to
be desired."

The average distance that bees naturally
space combs is !}{ inches, according to Doolittle,
and \% according to Mrs. Atchley. Which is
right ? Or do bees space closer in a warm
climate? [We are coming more and more to
believe that bees don't have any average dis-
tance, else why do authorities disagi'ee? But,
why ask what spacing the bees prefer? Rather
ask what spacing gives the most worker brood,
least drone brood, the most honey in the supers,
and the truest combs. — Ed.]

Hurrah for you! I believe you've struck
it with that soft-walled foundation described
on p. 383. At any rate, it looks hopeful. Get
ready for an order from me. [But, say. Doctor,
do we want foundation so soft? We should be
afraid just yet to offer it to the public, for /c((r
it would buckle between the wires in drawing
out, and if not put on wires for fear it would
stretch. From some little tests we liave made,
there is danger of this. But by making the
sheets very heavy we get beautiful comb. The
Given foundation, such as we have seen for
the brood-chamber, is heavy, but such heavy
wax is expensive.— Ed].

GALVANIZED IRON FOR BEE-KEEPERS.

waxing galvanized can,'-

Friend Root: — In regard to galvanized tanks,
three years ago I was forced to have me thn i'
large tanks made for storing honey; and as I
wished to have them very stout I had each of
the three tanks, holding 50 gallons, made out (it
galvanized iron. I had all of them made with
a large-size molasses-gate at the bottom. I
had two made for extracted honey. They were
about as tail as a common abohol-barrel. The
one for comb honey was made larger across,
and not so tall — say about half. 1 had them
made to store honey in for my own use. When
1 released them my wife told me I should not
put any honey in them as they were. "What
shall I do, wife ? I have bought the tanks at ;i
cost of 14.50 each, and they are all I have vj
store our surplus honey in." "Oh! " said slu'.
"that can be very easily remedied. You li i
them alone and I will fix them all right." So 1
thought it best to let her have her own way.
She washed them out clean and nice, and in a
couple of hours she called me in to look at cm
tanks. What do you think she had done to
them? She had given them about two coats
of wax, and no honey could come in contact
with the cans. I have been using said can-
now for about three years, and I do not wat
any thing nicer, though I see one of the ca.
has got some of the wax coating knocked oil
and if my bees do anything this year Iwii
have the cans rewaxed. I do not think tin
would do well to ship unless the cans are w
cared for, as the coating is liable to be knocked
off when jarred much; but from my experience
I think they are as safe as any thing you can
store honey in, if well waxed. It costs very
little to do it, and it is not much trouble to wax
them. One good coat is enough.

Franklin, Tenn. G. W. Reams.

[And yet, friend R., you do not know whether
the cans would not have done just as well
without the waxing. See the following letter:]

GALVANIZED IKON FOR HONEY-UTENSILS.

In response to an article in April 15th Glean-
ings, page 334, in regard to galvanized vessels
injuring honey, I would say that I use a large
galvanized pan the year round. I draw every
drop of honey from the extractor into this pan,
and I use it during the winter for liquefying
granulated honey. I never could detect any
injury to the honey. I send you a sample of
honey herewith, that has been melted three
times in this pan. It is slightly darkened by
getting a little too hot at one time, caused by
the water getting too low in the sheet-iron pan
containing the galvanized pan. If there is any

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

405

injury from the use of galvanized vessels, we
should all know it.

IJees wintered well here. Out of 108 I lost (J
I'olonics. I took 44 colonies from the cellar
March 17, and they gathered quite a little
pollen from hazlenut, and some willow. I re-
turned them again on the '.24th. on account of
the cold spell, and removed them on the l.'5lh of
April, since when they have gathered honey
from the soft maple every fair day.

Hillsboro, Wis., Apr. 2^. Ei.iAs Fox.

[This is valuable and to the point. We shall
take pleasure in having the honey submitted to
a chemist— nut to ascertain its purity, but to
determine whether there is present enough of
the zinc to be poisonous to even a child.

We should be very glad to hear from others,
especially from the California bee-keepers, be-
cause it is so important to know whether or
not there is any danger in the use of such metal
when used for storage-tanks —Ed.]

KG BAD KESUI.TS FROM THE USE OF GALVAN-
IZED TANKS.

In reply to your article, p. 334, in regard to
galvanized tanks, etc., being poisonous, I will
say I have been using such a tank, 110 gallons,
constantly, for three years, and have never ex-
perienced any bad results. I always keep about
15 or 20 gallons in the tank, from one season to
another, from which I send you a sample that
has stood for 13 months. Please test it and let
us hear further from it, as I have been anxious
to get more light on the subject.

Hermanville, Miss., April 25. R. W. Bkuce.

[Yes, so are we. — Ed.]

PREVENTION OF SWARMING.

A NEW PLAN FOR CONSIDERATION.

liy Edson Hains.

Swarming as related to the production of
comb honey is a problem that has engaged the
attention of the bee-keepers of the country for
many years, for the reason that a swarm of bees
is likely to leave the hive at the time when
they are most needed, taking with them so
many bees that the parent stock would be so
weak as to store but little if any surplus honey,
as tlie honey season would often be over by the
time they could regain their strength, and the
colony would be without surplus honey, and
still have a hive full of bees to eat the honey
through the autumn months, but too old at the
beginning of winter to be of any use in the
spring, when we should find the colony weak
in bees which were young enough to help in
caring for the brood for the building-up of the
colony for another season.

My method of preventing swarming consists
in placing the entrance of the hive so as to let
the bees in at the side of the combs instead of
their going on to the ends of them. This en-
ables me to put a queen-excluding division-
board back of the first and second combs. Back

of the excluding division-board I place the
remaining eight combs and queen. I then
cover them with another piece of zinc excluder,
con lining the queen and brood to the eight
frames.

When I put on the surplus case I place it so
the bees can have ready access to it from combs
in front of the excluder, without passing
through the zinc. This partially keeps the
honey-gatherers out of the brood-nest, and
saves them the trouble of going through the
zinc heavily laden with honey, and it prevents
them from emptying their load right in the
brood-nest where the queen is about to lay her
eggs. As the brood-nest is not overcrowded
w^ith bees, the queen lays her eggs without
being bothered, and the nurse-bees are not in-
cited thereby to prepare for swarming. In this
way the desire to swarm on the part of either
bees or queen is in a great mea'sure prevented;
and if the queen, in her efi'orts to leave the
hive, should work her way through the excluder,
as she might if a small queen, and clipped, she
has yet combs to go on to; and, as I see the
bees returning, I can open the hive; and if I
find the queen in front of the excluder I return
her to the brood- nest.

As an experiment, in the fore part of the
season of 1893 I placed a zinc excluder over the
hive-body, full of surplus combs for extracting;
above the zinc I placed a hive containing
brood -combs, bees, and queen. When I went
to extract the honey, the upper story, where I
put the queen, was full of brood and honey;
but failing to find the queen or young brood
1 looked below, where I found the queen and a
few square inches of very young brood in one
frame. All, excepting that one, were full of
sealed honey. I extracted the honey and
returned the queen to the upper story, where
she remained until I prepared the stock for
winter. Had I left the colony (a strong one)
without an excluder, the bees most likely would
have swarmed and the queen been lost, ff lost,
a batch of queen-cells would have been started,
and probably the bees would have left the hive
just at the beginning of the basswood flow.
This is the principal reason why bees in box
hives (where the extractor can not be used) are
so apt to swarm, and so rarely to be of any
profit to the bee-keeper. The same condition
renders apiculture unprofitable in movable-
frame hives not guarded against swarming by
some one of the various methods.

The question may be asked, " How do the
drones get out to fly ? " The remedy is, simply
to place drone brood which is from the best
queens (and especially if queen, drones, and
workers are good) in front of a queen-excluding
division-board. Undesirable drones should be
kept in the brood nest or destroyed. Virgin
queens, being smaller, will be able to get
through the excluder to take their flight. The
question has been asked, " Why not nail an

406

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May 15.

excluder in front of the entrance?" This Is
better than nothing, but stops more or less the
ventilation of the hive; and drones trying to
come out clog the entrance; and if the queen
should get through the excluder she would be
outside of the hive, and more likely to get lost;
besides, drones can not by this method be given
liberty to leave the hive at pleasure. If the
hive is a box hive, place it over a hive-body
filled with extracting-combs, with a zinc ex-
cluder between them.
Bedford, O., April 6.

[We will explain to our readers, that Edson
Hains is a son of J. B., of Hains-feeder fame.
Mr. Hains. senior, while here, fully explained
the principle: and there is one point, perhaps,
that it will be well to emphasize in order that
our readers may get clearly before them the
principle that is supposed to deter swarming.
The two combs next to the entrance (separated
from the rest of the other combs containing
brood, queen, and worker-bees, by perforated
zinc), are intended to act as a sort of ladderway
for easy access to the super above. Of course,
over these iwo combs there is no perforated
zinc. The bees may crawl upward on the first
or second, and travel straight up into the super
without passing zinc. It is assumed that the
bees dislike to go through the metal; and if
there is a shorter and easier route they will
take it in preference to going through the zinc
twice. Whether the bees will invariably take
the shorter of two routes to the super through
the hive, we can not say; but Messrs. Hains
say that they do. That being the ca=e, the bees
will be more likely to deposit surplus honey in
the supers, and give the queen ample room for
laying below in her apartment of 8 combs sur-
rounded by perforated zinc on the exposed sides.
This unlimited room is expected to take away
the desire for swarming. We had intended to
make an engraving; but IMr. Hains' meaning is
sufliciently clear so any one will get the idea.

This method of non-swarming can be very
easily practiced with the old-style ten-frame
Simplicity hive, because with this the body can
slip endwise or sidewise to give the necessary
entrance; but with the Dovetailed hive it may
not be so easy. However, this can be done:
Confine the queen to six or eight combs, as the
case may be, leaving two combs for ladderways
to the super. Close up that part of the regular
entrance communicating with the six combs.
As the remaining part would hardly be large
enough, a hole could be bored directly over it,
so the bees would not be crowded in passing to
and fro.

Mr. Hains, senior, informs us that a trial of a
few colonies on this plan was very satisfactory,
and that other colonies not so arranged swarm-
ed.—Ed.]

A GERMAN INTKODUCING-CAGE.

now IT MAY BE USKD.

By Karl R. Mathey.

The apparatus below serves a double purpose;
first, in case of a division of a colony on mov-
able frames, the queen may be confined to the
comb in one frame, so that she can not run
away, and afterv.ard she may be returned to
the hive. If the queen becomes aftlicted with
lice, take the apparatus in the hand and hold
it near her till a crowd of bees gather around

her; then put the cage down over the queen,
and she will then be penned in with a lot of
workers. After this confinement of the queen
has taken place, with a number of bees, there
begins a pushing and crowding and jostling
on the part of the confined bees, to whom the
imprisonment is by no means agreeable. By
this means, it will be seen, the lice are com-
pletely removed from the queen in a mechanical
manner. After a while the cage is removed,
when the cleaned queen, lively and glad, will
retire, the lice having entirely disappeared
from her. By this simple imprisonment of the
queen, with as many bees as the apparatus will
hold, it will be seen that the bees, without
knowing it. have relieved her majesty of her
tormentors.

'^ li I; U J U ^

A GERMAN INTRODUCING- CAGE.

This tool is of marked service in the intro-
duction of queens. The method of procedure is
as follows: Take the cage and invert it skill-
fully over the queen; then push a piece of
paper under it and carry it to a comb, pressing
the cage gently against the comb, at the same
time drawing the paper out; then push the
points into the comb far enough to make the
cage stay, and then put the comb where the
bees can not molest the queen.

After the new queen is in position, leave her
in the cage till the bees are as quiet as they
usually are on the combs, after which she may
be released. The freeing of the queen must
take place with the greatest quietness. If a
tine wire be attached to the knob of the cage,
a'ld the other end of it be pushed up through a
small hole in the cover, the cage may be lifted
up without removing the cover, but not entirely
removed. Then the bees will let the queen
free themselves, and receive her safely in this
way; after which the hive maybe opened and
the cage taken away.

Medina, O., May 1.

[This cage may also be used for confining a
valuable queen to a single comb for a few mo-
ments while the other combs are being handled
—as, for instance, extracted. When all the
combs are replaced, except the one the queen
is on, the cage may be removed and the comb

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

put baclc. When a queen to be introduced is
confined, we feel quite sure Miat, at the proper
time, the bees would gnaw under and release
her without any attention on the part of the
apiarist. — En.]

HOW TO KEEP QUEENS WHEN WE HAVE A
SURPLUS.

AN EXCELLENT SUGGESTION.

lifj Mrs. Jennie Atcliley.

For the last two years I have not had a
chance to put in practice my plans; but I have
tried them suf'ticiently to know that it is an ex-
cellent way to keep queens that we have no im-
mediate use for, and at the same time we wish
to keep the nuclei at work raising queens as
fast as the young queens have laid two or three
combs of eggs. I used to keep them caged on a
table, ready to go at a moment's notice, when
an order came. Well, sometimes orders did not
come for several days, and my queens, of course,
were more or less injured if kept too long in
this way; and to make it profitable we can not
afford to let the nuclei keep their queens till or-
ders come to take them. To overcome this
trouble I went to work and constructed a lot of
small hives, just large enough to hold two sec-
tions 4I4 inches square by 1\ inches wide. All
these sections that we had unfinished we lay by
to go in our little nuclei. Now, we could take
from fifty to one hundred workers, or enough to
keep the queen in good shape. It is no trouble
to speak of, to prepare two or three hundred of
these little nuclei, something after the little
Alley nuclei. We may use little frames if we
choose. I use the sections, as they usually have
plenty of honey to last the queen and bees a
month or more, and the queen will go to laying,
and assume the same attitude of a large colo-
ny. Then the queen is never so filled with eggs
that it would be dangerous to cage and mail her
right off. I do not like to cage and mail a
queen that is in full laying plight without giv-
ing her time to unload herself of eggs. Well,
the little-nuclei plan has the queens in good
shape to be mailed at once without any danger
of being injured.

To keep the queens and bees from swarming
out I use, over the entrance, one perforation of
queen-excluder zinc, and robber bees will never
enter through the zinc to amount to any thing.
These little hives can be placed on a shelf in
the shade, moderately close together. We
may make a record of where each queen was
taken from; and if we keep any of them long
enough they can be tested, and all the finest
ones selected to fill orders for select queens.
Robbers have never bothered ourlittle hives, as
we seldom have a surplus of queens till the
weather gets warm and honey is coming in so
there is no danger of robbers. I do not like the
idea of raising queens in little hives, as the
queen and bees are too likely toswarm out. as

wo can not keep excluding zinc on till the queens
have mated, which gives them every chance to
leave. If the bees should take a notion to
swarm out of the little hives, where our laying
queens are, there will always be bees enough
return to be a good retinue for the queen.
Then these little nuclei are good to introduce
another queen to as soon as one is sold out. I
think I can raise a third more queens with a
given number of nuclei by this method. These
little hives can be made cheaply at the facto-
ries, as scraps will answer for them. If you do
not think this a good way to keep your surplus
queens, just try it.
Beeville, Texas, Jan. 27.

[We are sure this method of keeping queens is
excellent, and may with profit be put in practice
by other queen-breeders who desire to send out
queens by return mail. These little nucleus
hives are similar to those used by E. L. Pratt,
then of Beverly, Mass.— Ed.]

^ I — ^^-

BEES AND FRUIT ON THE ISLANDS.

A KEPLY TO PKOF. COOK.

By Thaddeus Smith.

As Prof. Cook, in Gleanings of March 1.5,
has called in question the correctness of my
statement in regard to bees and fruit fertiliza-
tion on the islands of Lake Erie, will you kind-
ly allow me, through the same medium, to
confirm my statement by the testimony of
others? As it was possible that I might be
in error in regard to some of the statements, I
sent a copy of Gleanings containing the dis-
cussion, to Mr. George M. High, of Middle Bass
Island, Ohio, and I asked him, if there were
any misstatements of facts, to correct them,
and to give me his experience in regard to the
matter. Mr. High has lived on the island for
26 years, and has been engaged in fruit culture
all the time. He is a very close observer of
every detail periaining to fruit culture— an in-
telligent and reliable gentleman. He writes
me as follows:

Some fifteen years ago my nearest neighbor
kept a few stands of bees, and, of course, I no-
ticed them upon plants and trees during bloom-
ing-time. Since then no bees have been kept
here, yet I can see no difference in the fruit
production. For more than a dozen years I
don't recollect of seeing a honey-bee on the
island. We have a few bumble-bees, but in
such small numbers that they could not begin
to do the work of fertilization, if it were neces-
sary. I think, with you, that bees are not
required here to fertilize fruit. The immense
crops grown here last season, and the many
seasons before, would disprove the theory. I
have two Lombard plums that have set a good
crop of fruit every year since 188(). No, you
need take nothing back, for I believe that we
have grown as good fruit, and as plentiful, in
the past L"! years as when bees were kept on
the place next to ours.

Middle Bass Island contains about 700 acres,
and most of it is under fruit culture. Mr. High
writes that he has nearly lOOO fruit-trees, and

408

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May 15.

is still planting more this spring. North Bass
Island— two miles north of the former— has 600
acres, and is also noted for its fine fruit without
bees. The Old Hen Island is four miles north
of North Bass, six miles west from Pelee
Island, and much further from the main shore
or any other place where bees are kept. It has
about 13 acres. A neighbor was telling me
several days ago about taking a little excur-
sion party there last summer, and incidentally
remarked that there were large quantities of
the finest and largest strawberries grown there
that he ever saw. Other fruits have been lately
planted there, but I don't know whether they
are bearing or not. I will investigate this
summer.
Pelee Island. Ont., Canada.

BAMBLE 108.

claremont; peof. cook and his neav woek
at the college.

A very fertile district surrounds Ontario, and
its productiveness is seen not only in fruits and
beets, but small fruits do equally well. There
was grown, on two-fifths of an acre of land,
.5333 boxes of strawberries, which were sold for
$365, or at the rate of $900 per acre. The potato-

loads of lumber were immediately hauled on,
hammers and saws resounded, and at nightfall
the builder gathered his family around the
new fireside in his new house. Of course, the
house was not very pretentious. The rooms
were not numerous, but were elegantly frescoed
with illustrated newspapers. If the proper
enjoyment could not be found in the house it
could be found outdoors, for at that season
rains do not interfere, and such great whiffs
of climate a person can here get into his sys-
tem!

A pleasant ride of four miles through more or
less orange-groves landed us in Claremont,
and in front of the college buildings where
Prof. A. J. Cook now spends the most of his
time imparting knowledge to the rising genera-
tion. Claremont is a brand-new town, only a
few miles from Pomona and the college bear-
ing the name "Pomona College." It sort o'
blankets Claremont, and its name is not so
prominent as it deserves. The town now con-
sists of magnificent distances, with now and
then a house upon what will eventually turn
out to be a street-corner. There is, therefore,
not much regularity to the town, and the next
lot to a fine residence we find in its primitive
condition of brush in variety, greasewood pre-
dominating. The college is embraced in two

I'OAIONA COLLEGE AT CLAREMONT; I'liOF. COOK'S NEW HOME.

grower is also in his proper element here, for
two crops can be taken from the soil each year.
An Eastern man arrived, bought some land, or,
rather, bargained for it, and raised enough
potatoes in one year to pay for it. Of course,
the prices were happily in favor of the pro-
ducer.

This is also a location noted for rapid house-
building. A gentleman purchased a small
ranch, upon which there was a field of barley.
He gave notice to the man who owned the bar-
ley that a certain portion of it must be cut
early the next morning. The barley was cut.

buildings— the Sumner Hall and the Cyrus
Holmes, Jr., Hall. The latter is the larger of
the two buildings, and contains the classrooms,
chapel, museum, and various other rooms. I
brought the camera to bear upon the buildings,
and am sure the readers of Gleanings will be
interested to see a portion of Prof. Cook's new
home.

The Sumner Hall was erected for a hotel;
but the boom dropped out of the hotel scheme;
and the college scheme, being the more healthy
of the two, the building was absorbed, and is
used exclusively for the ladies. The building

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

409

is fair to look upon, just as some ladies are, and
is painted, of course, just as some ladies are.

I kept frii'ud Wilder just as far away from
the building as possible. Of course, the Ram-
bler, being such an old dulYer, had nothing to
fear; but my companion, being young and
susceptible to sly glances, I had to frequently
admonish him about the thorn and the rose.
He behaved himself remarkably well, however;
and when we found Prof. Cook in the museum,
all thoughts of the fair sex were banished.
Like all of the surroundings, the museum is
new, and the collection looks small beside the
extensive museum in Lansing, Mich.; but it is
evident, from the rapid additions now being

placed in the cases, that the museum will be a
grand success. Prof. C. enthuses his students
to become collectors of every thing curious;
and I will drop the hint here, if any person can
send specimen birds, insects, fossils, or curios,
they will be thankfully received and properly
credited. Mr. Wilder, being an expert bird-
undertaker, was interested in the museum.
Their conversation ran largely to cross-beaks,
hook-bills, sharp-shins, etc. Prof. C. said his
sharp-shins had all gone to the midwinter fair,
where they were posing for the curious to look
at. They wound up their bird-talk on a dis-
gruntled-looking pair of ducks. Prof. C. em-
phasized the remark that he was not a duck-

man. I heard a person, not long ago, irrever-
ently refer to a certain member of the fair sex
as a duck of a woman. In that light I was
glad to hear Prof. C. make the remark. A little
later, however, he seemed to reverse his opinion
by saying that there must be something wrong
with all of those California bachelors who
would not so much as try to cheer their lonely
cabins with a wifely fixture. Prof. C. is cer-
tainly well provided for in that matter, and has
a model home in a little cottage, near the col-
lege.

I was happy to find Prof. Cook alive to the
interests of the honey-producers of California;
and as members of the State Association we
discussed the most vital points at
issue; and the most vital of all
points, we agreed, was the market-
ing of our products. It is proposed
to make that the issue until some-
thing is accomplished. The fact is
ever before us, that not much can
be accomplished without the co-
operation of the producers. The
hint is, therefore, dropped that our
bee-keepers can be thinking and
acting upon it during the coming
season.

Prof. Cook is now in a fair way
to own an apiary near the college,
and it is hoped that the efforts now
being advanced will result in the
establishment of an experiment sta-
tion here. The college has upon its
roll nearly ;200 students, and no
doubt a large class would be inter-
ested in the study of the wonders of
the bee-hive. It would seem that,
if students can be interested in the
study of bee culture anywhere, it
would be in this honey country; and
though the students may not here-
after become bee-keepers, it Is safe
to say that many of them will be-
come intelligent orchardists. Prof.
Cook believes in object-lessons, and
puts cheese-cloth bags over various
branches of fruit-trees, excluding
the bees from those parts, and showing the val-
ue of the bee in the proper pollenization of the
flower in order to secure fruit. The student is
thus made to appreciate the mission of the
honey-bee, and to become its warm friend.
With his duties in the class-room, with the
bees, his Jersey cow, and bicycle. Prof. C. is a
very busy man.

Claremont has a splendid backing in the
snow-clad San Antonio Mountains, the highest
peak bearing the familiar name of "Old Baldy."
The water from San Antonio Canyon provides
water for an extensive irrigating system; also
for power for the electric lamps of Ontario and
Pomona, and will soon be harnessed to a line

410

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May 15.

of street-cars from Claremont to Pomona.
Though hard times now pinches the pocl<ets of
the people here as well as elsewhere, the town
is sure to grow, and to become noted in the
future annals of bee culture; at least, that is
the wish of the Ramblek.

HOW TO WEAR A VEIL

WITHOUT TUCKING IT INSIDE THE COLLAR.

When it is necessary to wear a veil in hot
weather, who has not wished that there were
some way of holding it down, aside from that
of tucking it inside the collar? When the neck
is hot and sweaty, how it feels with a sort of
muffler pressed close against it by the collar!
Besides this, the veil is held suffocatingly close
to the face. All this may be avoided, and I'll
tell you how. In a hem in the bottom of the
veil run a string, leaving about a foot of the
hem, right in front, unoccupied by the string.

That is, let the str'ng enter the hem at about
six inches to the right of the center of the
front; pass it around the back of the neck,
bringing it out of the hem at a point six inches
to the left of the center. The projecting ends
of the string must be long enough to pass un-
der the arms, cross at the back, and then be
brought around and tied in front. The string
holds the edge of the veil securely out upon the
shoulders; while, if the right length of hem is

left without a string in front, that part will
be drawn snugly across the breast.

To Mr. Porter, of bee-escape fame, belongs
the honor of devising this unsurpassable way of
holding down a bee-ve\\.— Bee-keepers'' Review,
April.

[This is a modification of a plan we use in our
apiary. We tuck the corners of the veil under

Ifim ^'4

the suspenders in this fashion. As a general
thing, it is not comfortable to wear either coat
or vest in the apiary.

By the way, the half-tone, also from the Re-
view, is a splendid likeness of Mr. Hutchinson.
—Ed.]

MANDM IN THE APIARY.

SOFT SOAP; FEEDING TO PREVENT
STARVATION.

Bij A. E. Manum.

"Hello, Leslie! You have taken me by sur-
prise, surely."

" What in the world are you doing now,
Manum ?"

"Oh! lam making soap. My wife is deter-
mined to have soft soap to use. She thinks she
can't get along without old-fashioned soft soap
with many kinds of work; and to please her,
and to keep peace in the family, I went at it
this morning. I offered to give her $1.00 per
barrel for the 3 bbls. of ashes, to use on my
strawberries, and 10 cts. per lb. for the soap-
grease she has saved during the winter; and,
besides, .*2.00 for my day's work in making the
soap. But, no use; the soap she irmst have,
and soap she shall ha\e, if it takes a week to
make it, and I guess it will by the appearance
of things. Somehow it doesn't come good. I
am trying to boil it down now to see if that is
what it wants."

"Is it the right time of the moon, Manum?
My mother used to be governed by the moon in
making soap."

"So did my mother. But I declare I never
thought to consult the moon. May be that is
what ails my soap. The moon may be on a
racket, or vexed with the earth, or something
of the sort. Who knows?"

"Manum, have you examined the bees yet
this spring?"

18ti4

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE

411

"No, Leslie, I have not. I think I must very
soon, if I ever get out of the soap business."

"Well, I examined my two colonies this
morning, and I found they were short of honey,
and I came over to tell you about it, thinking
that, perhaps, some of yours might also be
short without your being aware of it. Suppose
we go out and look at a few colonies."

" Very well, Leslie. I will go and light the
smoker. Well, here; I will open this one near-
est the honey-house. This one had 27 lbs. last
fall, and, just look! they haven't more than
one pound of honey. Why! I am surprised.'"

"That is about as I expected you would find
them, since looking over mine."

"And this next colony had 30 lbs., and they
are nearly in a starving condition. Did you
ever see the beat of this? And this next one
also had 30 lbs., and they are dead. Starved?
I declare, Leslie, I am afraid my out-apiaries
are in bad condition. I must look after them
at once. I had no thoughts that any of my bees
vpould starve this spring, as I fed liberally last
fall. But the mild winter we have had gave
the bees opportunity to get to the food at almost
any time: and, the colonies being very strong
in the fall, they have consumed more feed than
usual."

"What are you goiug to do in this case,
Manum ?"

"Well, I have either got to sink or swim;
that is, I must either feed the bees at once or
let them die. Hut I have got the bees, and
have wintered them through so far; and al-
though I do not expect a paying crop of honey
this year, it won't do to let them starve now;
though if they are all in this condition it will
cost me .^^'OO or more for sugar to carry them
through until raspberries bloom, when they
may by that time be self-supporting."

"You propose feeding them sugar, do you,
Manum ?"

" Well, I have a few combs of honey at each
apiary, as well as some partly filled sections,
and shall use them as far as they go."

"How will you manage to feed them from
the sections? Will you give them a whole
clampful, or lay the sections on top of the
honey-board?"

"No, I will do neither. I don't like to place
the clamps of sections on for the bees to clean
out as they are placed during the working sea-
son, because the bees are very liable to soil the
combs too much, which would ruin them for
further use. Nor do I approve of piling sec-
tions on the honey-board and then making an
opening for the bees to come up to them, be-
cause in that case the opening thus made per-
mits the escape of much heat from below. In
fact, it causes a direct draft through the hive,
from the entrance up through. At this season
such drafts are very injurious, as the colonies
need all the heat they can generate; and for
this same reason I do not open my hives any

oftener than I can help, in early spring. I
shall, therefore, give them these partly filled
sections inside the brood -chamber, and I will
get some novv and put them in this hive. There,
I take out two of these outside empty combs
and fill in with sections, and with this old steel-
wire hair- brush I break the cappings before
putting the sections down in place; and by
to-morrow they will be empty, and should bo
removed before they become soiled, and more
may be put in if required. When feeding sugar
syrup I use the new feeder, which prevents the
escape of any heat from below. I think, how-
ever, that I shall try a new device for feeding
outside of the hives. There are some bee-keep-
ers who prefer feeding in the open air for stim-
ulative feeding; and as I have a machine that
I think will answer the purpose, I propose try-
ing it. Here it is, a
tin can holding
about one gallon.
These cans are my
chicken water-pots,
and are the nicest
arrangement I ever
saw. for that pur-
pose. As you see,
by hanging them
up on these stakes,
just so they will
clear the ground,
the chickens or old
fowls can't get into
them to dirty the
water, and there is
always water in
the dish where they
can step up to it
and drink. And
now I propose to
try them for bee-feeders, simply for spring
feeding. You see, I can hang them up any-
where in the apiary, or as far from it as I
please; and to fill them, simply invert the' feed-
er, unscrew the cap, pour in the feed, screw
back the cap, and hang it up; and as fast as
the bees take the feed, the cup will fill up."

'Are these water-pots or feeders something
of your invention, Manum ? "

"No, Leslie. Henry Isham is the inventor."
He made them for his White Wonder chickens.
and I dare say he never thought to use them
for bee-feeders; hence I can claim only the idea
of using them for feeders."

"Manum, have you got any wood screws
longer than those ordinarily used? I want a
few for a special use."

"No, Leslie; but I shall soon have. I have
had very many calls for longer screws of late,
and I have decided to keep them in stock.
They will be -^^ longer than the common ones.
The price will be the same for both lengths;
and as I first introduced wood screws for use in
the apiary, everybody has a right to use them.

CIIICKKN WATER-FKKDEir
AND BEK FEEDEli.

413

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May 15.

as there is no patent on them. I must now
look after my soap. There, wife is fussing with
it. She thinks I don't know how to make soap;
but I will show her I do before I get through
with it."

"Don't you believe this lye is too strong?"'
asks Mrs. M.

"Why! bless you, no. You can't get lye too
strong to make soap. All it wants is boiling."

'* Well, but you have been boiling it all day.
I think there is something wrong. It either
wants water or more lye," says Mrs. M.

"I will have it all right, I assure you. I
know all about soap-making.

"There, now, she has gone, Leslie. Let us
see what is the matter with this soap."

"Well, Manum, I think you want more
grease, for one thing; and, as your wife said,
the lye is too strong, for, as you see, I have
added one spoonful of water to two of soap, and
you see it is quite thick; and now by adding a
little grease it is fine soap."

" Yes, that is just what I thought it needed
all the time. You see, I know all about making
soap; and all I have to do now is to add about
8 lbs. of grease and }i water, and it will be nice
soap, just as I expected. But, Leslie, don't tell
my wife that you suggested any of these addi-
tions, for she would surely accuse me of being
deficient in the art of soap-making."

Bristol, Vt.

[That water-tank for chickens is capital.
We have had similar devices to be set on the
ground, but somehow the chickens would
scratch dirt into them, or tip them over. But
they can't cut up any such caper when the
tank is hung from a stake. As an open-air
feeder for bees, no doubt it would do nicely
also.— Ed.]

MARKETING CALIFORNIA HONEY.

A bee-keepers' exchange proposed.

By Rambler.

" The honey market in Southern California,"
as treated by Prof. Cook, on page 274 of Glean-
ings, is a topic of deepest interest to the pro-
ducers of this State; but it has a broader sig-
nificance, for the price of honey in California
touches the pockets of every producer in the
far East.

In a recent letter, a New York friend writes,
" I wish you would keep your four-cent honey
in California." I have no doubt that our pro-
ducers would be pleased to accommodate our
friend by sending east only six-cent honey;
but the marketing of our product has fallen
into the hands of dealers, and it is for their
interest to bear the product to the lowest pos-
sible figure. We are thus running along in a
rut from which it will require much lifting
power to rescue us.

The producers of citrus fruits found them-
selves in a similar rut with the dealers, and

their products were borne down to ruinously j
low prices; hence the organization of the ex-
change. This organization has had to deal
with some obstacles. Wholesale shippers, local
buyers, and the whole tribe of middlemen, were
opposed to the exchange, and have tried to
break its influence— first, by causing a break in
the ranks of those who had promised to ship
through the exchange; and, next, by discredit-
ing the organization abroad. With but few
exceptions the patrons held to their organiza-
tion; and eastern dealers, finding the exchange
could fill their orders with a superior quality
of fruit, carloads of it began to move, and at
better prices than could be procured through
the local speculators; and at present the
exchange seems to be working upon a substan-
tialand permanent basis. It is no wonder, then,
that the honey-producer looks toward the
exchange for help and consolation to his
depleted pocketbook.

In dealing with the honey question, the
methods of our fruit-men must be followed;
and it would be of vital importance for the
patrons to stand by the organization; and it
must be borne in mind that a great many bee-
keepers virtually barter away their rights be-
fore the honey is produced. The bee-keeper is
in straitened circumstances, and, going to
the local dealer, who, foreseeing this state of
things, provides a goodly pile of honey-cans.
The bee-keeper obtains the cans, giving the
dealer a lien upon his product. In order to
hold this class of bee-keepers the exchange
should take the place of the local dealer, and
have on hand a stock of cans. In fact, the
exchange could order all the cans needed in
certain districts. This fact would point to an
organization independent of the fruit-men. An
organization of this kind, having the control of
the shipping, could place the product in the
various markets at the best advantage, and at
times to suit the market. Such an organiza-
tion should be prepared to grade honey, and to
repack if advisable, to a certain extent, in
smaller packages suitable for the consumer.

In looking at the marketing of honey, still
further we find another problem: When the
flowers yield abundantly, and our tanks and
cans are filled, we work forward and establish
a good trade. We are caught, however, in the
midst of our high hopes, with a season of total
failure, or the next thing to it. We have no
honey to ship, our trade lapses, and every lapse
puts us to the bottom of the hill again. The
only remedy in such a case would be the organ-
ization of many exchanges in the East; then
when one can not fill its accustomed markets
another could step in and help, so there may
be no serious lapse in the markets. We should
certainly be pleased to hold all of our four-cent
honey here; and in order to send only our six-
cent honey we must have tlie co-operation of
our Eastern brethren. That much good may

18;)4

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

413

arise from the discussion of this vital subjoct is
the wish of the Ramulkh.

[This is a most practical question, and we
should be glad to have it thoroughly discussed.
Yes, yes. let's have co-operation. If an ex-
change has proven to be a good thing for frnit-
men, why not for bee-men ?— Eo.]

THE COWAN EXTRACTOR.

ITS HISTORY AND NAME.

By J. F. Mclntyre.

On page 36S, Gleanings, 1890, I called atten-
tion to the Cowan principle of making a two-
comb extractor, and recommended the baskets
in preference to the non-reversible Novice, but
not in preference to a four-comb reversible
machine. On page 841, Gleanings, 1889, I say,
"After trying all sizes up to eight combs, I
would take a four-comb in preference to any
other size, at the same price." I am still of the
same opinion for a hand machine; but for
power I would have at least eight comb-
baskets. With regard to your four-comb Cow-
an, there is not a single idea about it that is
Cowan's. I can not say who first originated
the idea of putting a sprocket-wheel on the
axle of each basket and making all turn at
once; but I think I made the first extractor
that way myself, as a modification of Mr.
Squire's extractor (see page 841, 1889), in Jan.,
1887.

When A. I. Root was in my honey-house on
the 3d of Dec, 1888, I showed him this extract-
or. He asked why it wasn't a good idea. I
said it was, and that I preferred it to the ex-
tractor that reversed by the crank. This four-
comb machine is the one that I recommend in
preference to the two - comb Cowan; and
whether the idea came from my honey-house,
or originated with some one else, the proper
one should have the credit, and not Cowan. I
have heard quite a number of bee-keepers say
that there was not a single idea of Cowan's
about this extractor.

Fillmore, Cal., Apr. 23.

[The first Cowan extractor was made in 1875,
by Thomav William Cowan, editor of the Brit-
ish Bee Jonrndl; but nothing was done with
this principle, in this country, we believe, until
1887 or "88 when we made a machine to try.
But it was not until November, 1891, that we
made them for the market.

After reading your article on page 841 for 1889
we saw that your idea of reversing by means of
levers was practicable. Shortly afterward it
occurred to us, as we were thinking over this
extractor, that a sprocket-wheel and chain
would be cheaper, and we accordingly made a
rough draft of the machine. Although A. I. R.
saw your machine, he said nothing of it on his
return home, nor at the time your article ap-
peared: and "the boys," not knowing any
thing aliout what you had done, treasured up
the sprocket-wheel idea, hoping, in the near
future, to make some experiments and put
machines on the marki't. It was not till Jan-

uary, 1892, that we made one to try, and it was
some time later before any were sold.

By carefully re-reading your article we see
tliat you outlined a niodilication of th(! princi-
ple, at the top of the second column on page 841.
1S89, as it was used by Mr. Squire. As many of
our readers may not be able to refer to this
paragraph we reproduce it here.

Mr. Squire, of Santa Barbara. Cal., came out witli
a very simple arrang-ement for reversing the comb-
baskets ail at once. He made some hard-wood
wheels, about three inches in diameter, witli two
grooves around the edge, and fastened them secure-
ly on the axles of the comb-baskets; then put a
screw in the edge of each wheel between the grooves,
directly under the basket; then a wire was passed
from one wheel to another, going around eacii
wheel once. When it came to the screw it was
wound around that to keep it from slipping. Tliis
acted like a belt; and when one basket was turned,
all turned.

The wires Mr. Squire used, and the wooden
wheels, would hardly be practicable or durable.
Well, after selling the Cowan two-frame ex-
tractors for a year or so, there came a demand
for the four and six frame. Realizing that it
would be impracticable to move individually
each pocket of the four and six frame machines,
the sprocket-wheel-and-chain idea seemed the
most feasible plan for moving all the pockets
by simply turning one.

It is true, as you say, that this principle is not
Cowan's; but it is adapted to Cowan comb-
pockets, Cowan gearing. Cowan extractor-cans,
as they appear in the two-frame machines we
had been previously selling. The two-frame
had previously l^een cal led the " Cowan Rapid ; "
butas a new priiuiple was introduced in the four
and six frame it was called " Cowan Improved
Extractor," and ^his is the name that has been
stenciled on every machine sold. The name
"Cowan "was retained because many of the
features of the two machines were used, and
the word "improved" would suggest the
change in the method of reversing; but unless
somebody can get up and prove prior date, you
are probably the first one to use the sprocket-
wheel and chain. So far as "the boys" are
concerned, they were original in its use — that
is, they had no knowledge of any one using it
before. — Ed.]

SPREADING BROOD.

A RULE THAT WILL ALWAYS \V()RK; THE VAL-
UE OF YOUNG QUEENS.

Bij Ramhler.

Your advice to Mr. Chapin, on page 282, in re-
lation to spreading brood, leads me to review
the matter as I see it, and give the experience I
have gained both here and in the East.

In the first place, I think the^bee-keeper can
so manage his bees, especially in this climate,
that there may be no necessity for the spreading
of brood; and the bee-keeper should try to ad-
vance to that point in his management, so as to
dispense with this extra manipulation. The
conditions necessary for the non-spreading plan
is, to have young and prolific queens in every
hive; not a queen over two years old, and not
a queen that stops short of keeping ten frames
filled with brood. Another condition, highly
conducive to the same end, is to leave the colo-
ny with an abundance of honey in the fall. We
sometimes have hives nearly if not quite hon-
ey-bound; and while I would not advise quite

414

GLEANING8 IN BEE CULTURE.

May 15.

such an overabundance of honey, I should prefer
to err on that side rather than to have a condi-
tion of short rations; for what is there more en-
couraging for early brood-rearing than several
frames of sealed honey in the hive ?

A condition of a good supply of pollen is also
necessary; and I condemn the practice of cut-
ting out pollen-laden combs in any locality, as
some do. for that pollen is just what the bees
want for early brood -rearing. With the fore-
going conditions in this climate, I think there
would be but little necessity for the spreading
of brood; for by the time honey is secreted
in quantities enough to gather, there would be
bees enough reared to secure it. If, however,
the condition^ above are not complied with, or
in cold climates the colony becomes reduced in
numbers, the spreading of brood will greatly
hasten the accumulation of bees.

You say, in reply to Mr. C. that " it is impos-
sible to give a rule that will hold good in all
cases." I think my plan will cover nearly if
not quite all the cases that are ordinarily met.

Mr. C. says he wants to spread his brood Apr.
1st, or as soon as they have two frames of brood.
If said two frames of brood are only larvte, and
just sealed, the spreading of them, in a majori-
ty of cases, would result disastrously, even here
in California, not saying any thing about colder
Michigan. The spreading of three frames, and
inserting two empty ones, would also be hasten-
ing things too fast, and also result disastrously.

The surest way is, to make haste slowly. If
the brood at any time does not fill out to one end
of the frames, the reversal of one or two will do
away with that evil. When the frames are fill-
ed from end to end, and have quite an amount
of hatching brood, it is then safe to commence
to insert empty combs between the brood. It is
quite safe to wait until there are two frames of
hatching brood and a frame of eggs and larv«?.
If Mr. C. spreads his brood as he states it, there
are several chances that he will ruin several
colonies. It would certainly be an exceptional
season, and the colonies extra strong in bees, to
allow it. The learner will heed the lesson all
the better, though, by losing a few colonies.
That is the way the go-slow plan was learned
by the Ramulek.
1^ I ^

A CARD FROM MR. COWAN.

I see in Gleanings, page 195, you allude to
my letter. I think I can explain to you the
apparent discrepancy in the volumes, and why
the names I mention do not appear. There is
no doubt in my mind that it is the same work,
and that yours is a later edition. The work
was brought about in this way: Sir W. Jardine,
who was a naturalist, decided to compile a series
of volumes dealing with different animals.
With this object in view he engaged the best
men in the did'fivnt branches. The subject of
Entomology was taken up by a Mr. Duncan.

The special subject of bees, of which Mr. Dun-
can knew very little, was put into the hands of
the Rev. Mr. Dunbar, who was a practical
bee-keeper, and wrote the book anonymously.
He is referred to as the clergyman, in the pref-
ace of the first edition, without his name being
mentioned. This edition was issued in 1840, and
formed Vol. VI. of the " Naturalist's Library."
It was printed in Edinburgh, and published by
W. H. Lizars, and in London by S. Highly and
by W. Curry, Jr. In 1850 the Library was re-
arranged, and the London publishers changed
to Henry G. Bohn, York Street, Covent Garden,
the Edinburgh publishers being the same as be-
fore— namely, Lizars. In this edition the ad-
vertisement of the publishers is omitted, and
that is why even Mr. Duncan's name is not
found in your book. The re-arranging of the
Library necessitated a change of volume, and
this volume on bees became Vol. VII., Insects,
reprinted in 1852 and in 18.59. It also became
Vol. XXXIV. of the whole series. Since that
time the book has been reprinted, without date
or number of the volume.

I hope this explanation will clear up any
difficulty there may have been. I have, as I
stated, several editions of this work, and, hav-
ing known the Jardine family, I happen to
know more about the book than most people.

London, March 28. Thos. Wm. Cowan.

CALIFORNIA ECHOES

7?!/ Ramhkr.

Mr. Pryal. in A. B. J., upon the California
poppy, and ray Echo on the same subject, show
that there is nothing too small for great minds
to consider.

Sheep are quite destructive to honey-pastur-r
age; but goats will utterly ruin it. They eat
down the sages; and what they can not eat,
they trample down. Goats and the bee-business
can not work harmoniously together.

Dr. Mason, when you have another World's
Fair on your hands, and a band of those stal-
wart Canucks after you, just send to California
for our improved Canadians. We've got 'em
here that will make those old Dominion fellows'
heads swim with their stories.

It has always been a mystery to me why
goats were used in Bible lore to represent evil,
and placed over perdition. The mystery is now
solved. I passed a goat-corral on a rainy day,
where several hundred were huddled together;
and, to make a long story short, they stink.

There is a prospect for our State Association
to hold a special meeting in San Francisco dur-
ing the midwinter fair. It will probably be
held in the latter i)art of June. Bee-keepers
intending to visit the fair will govern them-
selves accordingly. We shall have more to say
about it later.

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

415

There are 49,000,000 acres devoted to raising
C)5.()00,0(H) tons of hay, worth $507,000,000. Dr.
Miller, you deal in so much straw perhaps you
know something about this hay business. Why
don't you hold hay conventions? Are you
afraid they will see hay seed in your har — hay,
hay, doctor?

We remarked a while ago that one honey-
producer here produced more honey than the
whole State of Vermont. From the scarcity of
rain up to the present writing, and the long
visages borne by bee-keepers, I shouldn't be
surprised if one Vermont bee-keeper would pro-
duce more than the whole State of California.

Those Ontario Canadians and others boast
that there's no wind in Ontario. Oh, no! never-
theless, a house in the suburbs of the town is
propped on all four corners. Come to think of
it, that house was in Claremout. Prof. Cook's
new home. Well, Claremont and Ontario are
so near each other that we will put them all
together.

Willie Atchley. somewhere in a back number,
says that bees do not remove eggs and place
them in queen-cells. Last season I noticed in a
hive a partly bnilt queen-cell. There was one egg
in the cell, which was in the extracting-super,
above a queen-excluding honey-board. Not
another egg in the super, and the queen was
below. Query: How did the egg get there un-
less carried from below by the bees?

HEDDON FURTHER REPLIES.

On page 33.5 we gave a brief synopsis of an
article sent in by Mr. Heddon; but the latter
feels that he should be allowed to speak for
himself. Wishing at all times to do him full
justice, we have decided to publish the article
in question. To this we make no reply because
we do not desire to prolong the matter any
longer than is necessary.

Dear Mr. Root: — As it seems to me your foot-
notes are unjust in their inferences, and neglect
to touch the principal arguments of my article,
I desire to refer to the matter again.

Your tirstsentence regarding" those who have
purchased honey of me before " is not fair, be-
cause I did not refer to persons who purchased
honey of me "before," but to those who pur-
chased at the same time, and both before and
after, and out of the same lot of that shipped
to Mr. Willard and others. You publish au
entire copy of a postal card from one G. F.
Ayers. I do not remember Mr. Ayers ; and
while it would not be strange that I might for-
get a customer, I have been back over mv
alphabetically filed orders for 1891, "92, '93, and
""94, and I can not find the name. IJut I am glad
you published Mr. Ayers' card, because it
places you under honorable obligation to pub-
lish reports from others of my customers. You
asked how about honey that I shipped before
1893 and '94. I have never shipped (niu adulter-
ated honey to n?)}/ one ; but your asking this
■question is prii)vi-f<icia evidence tliat you are
not depending on chemical analysis, hut hear-
say, for your suspicions. I have been apprised of

the source of your fancied evidence. You ask-
ed me to state '• what in the world bee-keepers
are to do." The answer seems to be plain— do
the best we can. This brings us to the real
point at issue — the point I first began to discu.ss
at our State convention, and which discussion
you assumed to be a defense of adulteration.
If you do not agree with me, that making
arrests of members of any class of honey deal-
ers, whether it be city dealers or producers,
will not stop adulteration, and thus do no good,
but til rough newspapers destroy the reputation
of our product in the minds of consumers,
why dou"t you arrest some one? Two arrests
have been made in Ohio, and in both cases, I
am sure, the arrested parties were innocent. I
might have concluded that my honey had been
removed, and other, which was adulterated,
placed in the cans, were it not for the fact that
I had been and am now (juite certain that tlie
chemical analysis of the day is a combination
of honest error and conscious inability, as prov-
en in the Jankovsky case. Certainly 1 was
well aware that the Fish honey was pronounced
slightly adulterated with sugar and not largely
mixed with glucose. I thought of all this.
But you do not seem to see the point. The
point is, that, notwithsUindmq the fact that
" it was sugar adulteration," and " very slight-
ly," and "such adulteration very dif^cult to
determine," the chemists and the court officials
hesitated not, but have secured their fees, and
Mr. Jankovsky is some §^75. 00 out of pocket, and
henceforth can never stand up in court and say
he never was arrested and convicted. Not only
his reputation but also his business has been
damaged. In your endeavor to lift up Mr. Fish
with your lever, Gi.kanings. using me for the
fulcrum, it seems to me you deal a terrible blow
to courts and chemists. Although the chem-
ists were not able to tell, they either didn't
know they were not competent authority, or
else they had no respect for the rights of the
citizen. My fornn'r reference was nothing
more nor less than to show that the present
science of chemistry is now convicting and
fining innocent people, and no amount of ex-
piation as to how their errors came about
changes the force of my citation.

I next come to your statement as to what I
would have seen had I "been to the Washington
and Chicago bee-keepers' conventions, when
Prof. Wiley was warmly welcomed by bee-
keepers." I wish I had been there. I should
been able to say, " I am glad to meet you. Prof.
Wiley I beg of you to remember that ycu are
now shaking a consistent hand ; I never called
you a 'liar.' Prof. W., let us sympathize with
each other; we have both been attacked by
bee-journals. You are back in the 'band-
wagon,' please instruct me as to how you got
there ! "

I did not call Prof. Wiley a " liar," but I said
he either was one or else he was at one time
worse abused by bee- journals than I am being
now.

I now come to the point of your having honey
in cans, and the cans in boxes, and the cover of
the box having tacked upon it one of my ex-
press tags. I do not doubt it, because I put
them on that way — an easy way to imitate.
The tag is no doubt mine; but if it is nailed
upon my cover, that cover resting on my box,
that box containing my can, the honey in that
can is not my honey provided it is not pure and
of first quality of its grade. (By this word
" my." I mean having once been mine.) I now
mail yon a sample of my pure honey, the same
that I shipped to all my customers, and I desire
that you conipjirc it with the honey in those
cans, and then n'tiirn to me a sample of that
in the cans you have. You can return in the

416

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May 15.

same mailing package, and I enclose stamps
for postage. Also please state in Gleanings
how they compare.

In your next paragraph you bring into public
print what you claim I wrote in a private letter
to some one. I do not remember to whom I
wrote such words. I may have done so, how-
ever. We will admit that I wrote these words
in a private letter to some person. Of course,
we all know that Prof. Cook is far from being a
" fool," or "silly," and that it requires nothing
short of genius bordering upon the " conso-
mate" to make so much of a seeming case
against me as you have done, with nothing
real for a groundwork. If I wrote those words,
I am sorry for the mistake, and must give as
my only excuse that I then had what I now
have in my mind, the thought that it is both
silly and foolish to hope for general benetit to
bee culture to grow out of the persecution of
honey- producers. On the other hand, if the
object is not to benefit bee-keepers, but to
temporarily injure a competitor in business,
"foolishness" "immediately changes to con-
spiracy. However, speaking of your not send-
ing me proof, I see no logic, nothing wise and
just, in retaliating upon the " weak." " foolish,"
and "criminal," by witholding justice from
them. I very much admire the following
quotation from a prayer: " Lord, bless the
wicked; thou hast blessed the eood by making
them good." I have not, said that the chemists
of our land are all ignorant and vicious, al-
though we all know enough of mankind to
know that chemistry, perched upon a good
salary, and well obscured from the masses, is
not necessarily always perfectly honest nor all-
wise. We know one man has been fined heavi-
ly, and immeasurably injured, through either
the ignorance or vice of chemists.

You say yon have enough of my honey that
speaks for itself, to go around. I say you
haven't enough of my honey to support one bee
1.') seconds, that, sent out as samples, would not
do honor to me as a producer and to our busi-
ness at large. I mailed samples to many of my
customers, and I do not remember of a sample
sent that did not bring an order. If there are
any of my customers who will say the goods
were not like sample, I want to hear from them
tiiroush Gi.EANiNos ; but if such statements
should be made, I want to know, as I do in the
case of Mr. Ayers. why nothing was said to we;
and I further desire to have about fortv of my
other customers state what they think of my
honey, in Gleanings.

By re-perusing the Fish-hon(^y advertisement,
I find it reads as follows:

We offer you lioiiey. put up ill oriK'iiiiil pjickjig'os,
as receiv^ed from tlie jipinry, nt from 4 'i ti) (! cents
per lb., depending on qiialit.v aiui style of p;ii'k;if>'e8.
Can sell you any quantity you wisli, from 60 lbs. to
a carload. Samples mailed if so requested. Will
lliauk you for a response. •

Resp'y youis, S. T. Fish & Co.

Above the above, on the card, is the 'follow-
ing:

We are agents for the Bee-keeper.s' Association,
and any honpj' we sell we guarantee strictly pure
and unadulterated.

The wording of this card exhibits confusion,
and that the firm is already on the detensive.
does it not? Mr. Fish is a scholarly man of
business wisdom; and the way this card flut-
ters, we would know that not only the firm but
their customers had been hit. " From 41?4 to (>
cents," even in "(iO-ll). lots." "Cheap." Is this
lioney (two cents below the lowest of my prices
for the same grades) adulterated becau.se it is
cheap, or cheap because the word " adulterat-
ed " has been published too many times?

Your references to the test to which chemistry

has been put are not at all conclusive to me.
The tests should be made by persons on one
side who will, for the time being, lay aside all
desires as to results. I am well satisfied that
there are honeys, pure from the blossoms, that,
under chemical test, will answer the chemists'
requirements for glucose, and I have no doubt
it can be proven by honest experiment. I was
a witness to one glucose experiment at Lansing
— one which has been cited as a case proving-
the ease of detection. A portion of reddish
honey was divided into three parts — a small
part, medium part, and a larger part. White
confectioners' glucose was mixed with each,
and the shades of color afforded an unerring
guess; for. when brought in. we were told that
one lot of honey was mixed in different quanti-
ties, with equal amounts of glucose. I wonder
if all the other tests were as severe as this one.
And this test has been cited in your paper to
show the ease of detecting glucose by taste.
The glucose we have tasted in our confection-
ers' shop here has no taste at all that the
aromatic flavors of honey will not annihilate at
once. I tasted of the Lansing experiments,
and could unerringly tell, by appearance and
taste both, which had the most glucose (the
less of flavor being most diluted with the com-
paratively tasteless.) I know that I have
tasted pure honeys that I could not tell from
any one of these glucosed samples. If others-
could, I could not; but I could unravel that
experiment with greatest ease. When the
chemist is really tested, we shall then know
whether or not bis reports are competent to-
fine and send people to jail. or. what is worse,
to public disgrace. I am far from having a de-
sire that present chemistry can not detect glu-
cose in honey with sufficient certainty to war-
rant conviction ; but, fully believing it to be
true, I have a stronger desire that no more
honey-producers should be persecuted and in-
jured while ail bee-keepers are also materially
damaged.

Your statement, that my utterances have de-
fended the practice, are wholly unfair. That
is another disputed question, I maintaining that
they do not defend the practice, and asserting
positively that such was far from my intentions.
While I said that be(!-keepers' unions could not
stop one little honey-producer, the idea I wished
to carry was that they can not stop the practice
with anybody. What harm can it do for
me to niake'this stateuKsnt to bee-keepers
when the city adulterators (all the adulter-
ators there are) know it full well before-
hand and after the Union has previously,
for a whole year, admitted it by its non-action.
When it was first proposed to put this load up-
on the Union (an offspring of my own. and to
which I am grcnxtiy attached), I objected be-
cause I thought it would weaken and destroy
the already proven efficiency of the Union in
the line of work for which it was originated,
and I think so still. What better evidence of
my original statement, made at the time I
opposed the change in the constitution, need I
adduce, than the fact that more than a year
has passed, and the Union board has proven by
its actions that it dare not even test the truth-
fulness of my assertion. Had I been Mr. Jan-
kovsky. and had T been arrested and fined by
any pure-food commission, bee-keepers' union,
or any one els(>. it would cost such commission
or union or person a very large sum before
they were through with me. The logical gen-
ius of law is a very different thing from the
piejiidices of those who persist in the adultera-
tion cry. We do not differ, and never have
differed, upon the richt and justice of adultera-
tion ; you have only made it appear so ; we
differ greatly as to policy of action, and we do

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

417

not come any nearer to the real point at issue,
because of the malicious prejudice growing out
of your misunderstanding or misrepresenting
the true state of affairs. This is the way it
seems to me. Suppose we discuss the real
point at issu(\ as to what is best to do and not
to do, leaving personal allusions out of the case
for a while, or, at least, placing them on an-
other page.

Finally. sinc(^ you have begun publishing
■contributed evil words concerning me. are you
willing to publish several letters I have, stat-
ing, with glove< off. what the writers think of
you? If you will open a column for innuen-
does against you and me, you may come to the
conclusion that both may be loved for the ene-
mies we have made. James Heddon.

Dowagiac, Mich., Apr. ;2.

|The following is a copy of an aflidavit sent
us at the same time. — Ed.]

I riiarles Heddon, son of James Heddon, do here-
by swear tliat I took from tlie liives in my father's
two bee-yards, and in his lioney-housc did extract
all of the surplus honov inoduccd in said yards,
during- the .years 189:! and IS'.W; and, f urtlier, that I
put all of the said lioncy into sixty-pound l)oxed tin
cans, and superintended tlie shippin"- of nearly all
of said honey. Tliat I personally tools from the
hives, e.xtracted, pliiced in cans, and slnj^ped all of
the 18 cans of honey sent to Mr. Georg-e G. Willard,
of Cleveland, Ohio, during 1893, and to my certain
knowledg-e all of said honey was free f lom any
adulteration. Charles Heddon.

Suhscrihed and sworn to before me tins -tth day of
April, A. D. 1894. Abner M. Moon,

Justice of the Peace in and for Cass County.

[In addition to this we expect to allow Mr.
Heddon reasonable space for reply to the two
editorials — one on page 335 and the other on
page 383, in next issue. If we attach no foot-
note this will give Mr. Heddon the " last say."
and certainly all that one could ask for. We
desire that Mr. Heddon shall have a full chance
to vindicate himself, and toward this end we
publish a letter received that will explain it-
self.—Ed.]

One year apo this last winter my stflck of extract-
ed honey gave out. So I sent an order to Heddon
for two cans of his amtjer honey. I want to say
that I never had any honey that g'ave better satis-
faction than this. My customers were well pleased
with it, and they had been using' clover and bass-
wood lioney fronimy own bees. Ezra G. Smith.

Manchester, N. Y., May 3.

[Here is another which we also take pleasure
in inserting here, even though it speaks more
highly of Mr. Heddou's honey than of our
own. — Ed.]

Frund Root:— I desire to say to your reader.s that
I have purchased honey from Jas. Heddon, at differ-
t>nt times during- the past eig-ht years, and 1 have
never produced nor seen a superior article of ex-
tracted honey, nor sold any that g-ave better satis-
faction to my customers. Perhaps you may re-
member that I have purchased from you extracted
honej- of the same g-rade, and at the same price, and
truth compels me to saj that, accoi-ding- to my
taste, and that of my customers as well, Mr. Hed-
don's is very much better. I am perfectly satisfied
that the honey from each of you was pure: but I
am also certain that the differentiation Mr. Heddon
speaks of in his article is not oidy true but grreatly
in favor of his locality. L. B. Bell.

Brecksville, O.

HONEY- CROP IN CALIFORNIA A FAILURE.

By W.A. Pryal.

The honey crop in this State— that is, in the
southern portion — is doomed to nothingness
this year. There is evidently going to be an
entire failure. I have advice*; from there that

the bees will soon commence to starve, unless
they are fed. This will be rather unprofitable,
since the bee-keepers got such a low price for
their honey last year. Up this way there is
some chance of getting an average crop; be-
sides, it will be of better quality than it usually
is. I think the time is not far distant when the
upper portion of this State will be the bee
sectlim. There is never a failure of the rainfall
in many of the northern counties. If you ever
read the admirable articles .John Muir. who
lives in the adjoining county, had in the Cen-
tury some 1:1 velars ago, you will remember that
he likened the vast extent of honey-flora in
some of the northern counties, especially, I be-
lieve, in Shasta, to a grand bee-garden. Har-
bison, some thirty odd years ago, predicted that
the mountain regions of this Slate would be
the great honey-yielding sections. At that
time the honey or sage districts of the south
had not been discovered. While the largest
yields may be obtained in the lower counties,
still, one year with another, the northern
counties will, I think, outdo those at the other
end of the State. I saw some very fine honey
frotn Shasta County at the midwinter fair.
Twenty or so years ago, the honey from the
Sacramento Valley was the leading honey of
tlie State. I notice that it is again coming to
the front. There is a sure crop along the river
every year, as the bees gather the nectar from
the countless acres of overflowed land along
the rivers and sloughs. Most of this honey is
rather dark; but then, it is of good flavor, and
in a dry year it brings more than the beautiful
white sage honey does in a year of plenty, like
last year, for instance.
North Temescal, Cal,

THE STEPHENS FRAME -SPACER.

SOMETHING THAT CAN BE ATTACHED TO OI.D-
STYLE FRAMES AI^READY IN USE.

By Oeoruc W. Stephens.

I have been requested by the editor of Glean-
ings to write an ai'ticle for publication to ac-
company his illustrations descriptive of my
new and improved spacer for hanging frames.
The illustrations show the device in detail, and
I hardly think a written description would add
much information, because I imagine any one
will see at a glance just what they are and what
they are for.

Some years ago. when I began to keep bees, I
used loose hanging frames, and I found it
almost impossible to get straight combs, from

418

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May 15.

the fact tliat, no matter how particular I was
in spacing the top-bars with my fingers, by
guess, the frames would not hang straight, and
the bottom-bars would be outof plumb, some
being close together and others far apart. The
consequence was, the combs would be corre-
spondingly out of shape — the cells on one side
being built too deep and on the other too shal-
low. I tried several methods to remedy this,
but none proved satisfactory, until one day,
about two years ago, I had the fortune, or mis-
fortune, to be forcibly struck with a sudden idea.
That settled it, and my spacer as illustrated
here is the result of that idea; and it has not
been changed in any particular from the orig-
inal idea that I was "struck" with. I immedi-
ately made some of them, and showed them to
every bee-keeper whom I met, and, without
exception, they pronounced the device a good
thing. Thus encouraged I concluded to have
it patented, and my letters patent bear date
Feb. 14, 1893.

I presume there are thousands of bee-keepers
who are still struggling with loose hanging
frames, who would be glad to change to a fixed
frame, but are deterred from doing so on ac-
count of the expense. It will readily be seen
that these spacers can be easily affixed to the
frames they now have in use. at a nominal
expense. I am not prepared to say how cheaply
they can be made, as I have not invested in any
machinery for their manufacture, and do not
know what they would cost; but it is reason-
able to suppose, from the cheapness of the
material of which they are constructed, the
number in a pound (80 to 85), and that they can
be staTnped out very cheaply with suitable dies,
that they can be made and sold at a compara-
tively low price. I have made 10 or 13 pounds
of them by a slow process, partly by hand; and,
although they are not as perfect in shape as
machine-made ones would be. they are nearly so.

The spacer is constructed of No. 30 %" band
steel, which I find is strong enough for all prac-
tical purposes. The pieces are cut of sufficient
length to allow one end to be bent inward about

^/i inch, and then outward j^^- the projecting
vertical edge being cut circular. This flange
being circular there are no corners to catch,
and the frame slips into its place in a suri)rls-
ingly easy manner, and without jar. The other
end is bent inward }i inch, and then cut and
turned downward to the middle where it is cut
off, leaving a horizontal ffangeK inch wide, and
projecting ^^ of an inch. These are nailed to
the end-bars at the four corners of the frame,
the two at one end with the circular flanges
pointing one way, and the two at the other end
pointing the other way, like two persons going
around the same way in a circle and stopping
at opposite sides; they would then face in op-
posite directions. The end-bars are to be just
1 inch wide; and as the projections on either
side of the end-bars are ^ of an inch, the spac-
ing will be 1% from center to center; but they
can be made to space a greater or lesser dis-
tance by having diflferent-sized dies.

As will be seen, when these spacers are affix-
ed to the frames in the hive, the projecting
flanges (one being vertical and the other hori-
zontal) cross each other, thus affording the
smallest possible contact between the frames,
and preventing the bees from gluing the frames
together; in fact, it will be impossible for them
to do so to any appreciable extent. The hori-
zontal flange is made % inch wide. This al-
lows a play of the frame endwise nearly ^4 of
an inch without the flanges slipping by each
other and becoming interlocked. However, I
would recommend that the bottom-bars be
made so as to project at the ends I4 of an inch,
the ends being reduced to a point, or a round-
headed nail be driven in, or, what I consider
better still, a staple-tack driven into the ends
of the bottom-bar, projecting 3^ of an inch,
with the head vertically disposed. This makes
an excellent guide to the frames, and facilitates
handling them; in fact, if the bee-master
should be so unfortunate as to get stung in the
face, and his eyes become closed, he could still
manipulate the frames without any trouble,
and get each frame in its proper place. Any
frame in the hive can be removed and replaced
without disturbing any of the others, if the
combs are straight, and it is very easy to have
straight combs with proper spacings at fixed
distances. Also, any frame may be turned end
for end. or it may be taken out and shifted ta
any other part of the hive, and the gap closed
up by sliding the frames along the rabbet, and
it will still fit. Frames may be changed from
one hive to another, or from the extracting-
super to the brood-chamber, and they will
always fit just where they are wanted.

P'or bearings at the sides of the hive, I use
double-pointed tacks or staples, preferably .^^
or-'i wide, driven in and allowed to project ,^-8
of an inch. These are so disposed at the cor-
ners of the hive horizontally and vertically that
they must meet the corresponding flanges of

1894

(JLEANINUS IN BEE CULTITRE.

419

the spacers crosswise, the same as the flanges
meet each other.
Denison, la.. March ~M.

[When friend S. sent us samples of his frame-
spacers we were convinced that they had merit
enough to warrant a description in this depart-
ment. The particular feature of them is, that
they can be attached to old frames already in
use. Some of the good things Mr. Stephens
says of his spacers are also applicable to the
Hoffman. Now. you may ask, "Which one do
you prefer?" The HoiTman. because metal
spacers are and have been more or less unpopu-
lar, and we like to have the frames stick a little
so as to be always ready for moving. But here
iswhat friend Z. T. Hawk thinksof them.— Ed.]

Ed. (?Zea?iin(/s;— Undoubtedly fixed frames
have come to stay. Of these, three classes are
in common use — open all round, wholly closed
at the end, as the Quinby, and partly closed at
the end, as the Hoffman. To one just entering
the business of bee-keeping, I doubt very much
whether it makes any great difference which
one of these styles he adopts: but the apiarist
who has a large number of the old-fashioned
suspended frames in use has really little choice
in the matter if he would avail himself of the
advantages of fixed frames. Unless he replace
his old frames outright with new ones, at great
sacrifice of time, labor, and money, he must
adopt some automatic spacer that can be easily
attached to the frames he already has in use.
There are several of these spacers, of more or
less merit; but my old friend Mr. G. W.
Stephens, of Denison, la., seems to have hit
upon a little device of this kind that leaves
nothing further to be desired. It has the triple
merits of cheapness, simplicity, and effective-
ness. It can be attached to an ordinary sus-
pended frame in a few moments, without dis-
turbing or mutilating the comb; and if the
bee-keeper wants a suspended frame with all
the "swing ■' taken out of it he can nail one of
these litile pieces of metal to each corner of the
frame, and haul his bees over the roughest
roads without additional fastening. I have
not the remotest financial interest in the device,
and only desire to call the attention of brother
bee-keepers to what 1 consider a meritorious
invention. Z. T. IIawk.

Vail, la.. March 19.

[We might suggest that it would be cheaper
and perhaps just as good to have the spacers
only at the top. Just now it strikes us we
should prefer them so, to having them at the
bottom also. Spacers at the bottom of the
frames always bother more or less in remov-
ing and replacing.— Ei).]

8YKUP FROM A PEHCOLATOR A SUCCKSS.

I have tried Dr. J. T. Beall's plan of making
simple syrup, as described on page 2:i(). I find
it works very satisfactorily, and gives a syrup
that suits the palate of man as well as bee.
Try it on some nice rolls, and see.

St. Louis, Mo. P. R. Wagner.

QUKKN8 CRAMPING.

Question. — Do you ever have queens go into
a spasm, or cramp, when catching them to clip
their wings, or for any other purpose? I wish
to clip the wings of ray queens this year, but a
friend tells me that they often have cramps,
and die, while this is being done. Knowing
that you clip the wings of your queens, I write
for information.

^nsw^e?'.- Several years ago this matter of
the cramping of queens while being clipped
was brought up; and it was claimed at that
time, as your friend claims, that when queens
would so'cramp they would die. At that time I
did not believe that a queen ever had a cramp
from being caught, or ever went into a spasm
from such a cause. I have seen scores of
queens in the condition which I supposed others
called having a cramp, some lying that way
from five seconds to two minutes, and always
found such a state of affairs to come about in
this way: When a queen is caught by both
wings so that she can not get around to catch
her feet on the fingers she will often curl up
her abdomen, opening the vulva at the same
time, and, while in this position, catch one of
the front feet in the vulva, which at once closes,
feeling the foreign substance there, thus hold-
ing the foot fast and doubling them up in a
little round ball, like a caterpillar. Sometimes
they will lie perfectly still like this for two
minutes after the wings are clipped, on top of
the frames, when all at once they will open the
vulva, take out the foot, and run down between
the combs as if nothing had happened. I have
had them do this several times when putting
them up for shipping, but not so often as in
clipping; but in all these cases I never could
see that the queen was injured in any way
whatever.

However, a short time ago I had an experi-
ence different from the above, and the only
thing of the kind I ever witnessed. I caught a
queen very heavy with eggs, to clip h(M', catch-
ing her by all four wings. She doubled up, as
above given, caught her middle leg on the
right-hand side, as her back was toward me,
in the vulva; and when I cut the wings she
rolled down among the bees between the
frames, lodging' about one inch below the top-
bars. I marked the place where she was, fin-
ished the rest of the manipulation of the other
combs as I desired, when I blew a little smoke
over the marked place, and, when the bees had
run away, there was the queen all doubled up
in a little round heap, apparently dead. I took
out the combs again, opening very carefully
this space between the combs, where the queen
was, so she should not fall too rapidly to the

420

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May 15.

bottom of the hive so as to injure her by the
fall, when I picked her up off the bottom and
examined her closely. This revealed that she
not only had the middle leg in the vulva, but
that both of the sharp claws of the front foot
on the same side were caught under the fourth
segment, or horny scale, of the abdomen. I
had no difficulty in liberating the foot from the
vulva, as the queen was now, so far as I could
see, lifeless, not moving or stirring any part of
the body, leaving legs, wings, etc., just where I
placed them; but when I came to try to get
those claws, or nails, of ihe foot, out of their
place under the segment of the atdomen, it was
a very difficult undertaking, for they were
about as fast as in a vise. With great care I
finally liberated them, straightened the queen
out in the palm of my hand, and pronounced
her dead. All who have lost a valuable queen
can imagine about how I felt at that time, as
this queen was one I had lotted on for the pres-
ent season's use. I laid her down on a part of
the hive, wondering what I should do about
the queenless colony, when she opened her
vulva and ejected several eggs in rapid succes-
sion. I now placed her where the bees could
have access to her, and, after ridding herself of
some twenty or thirty eggs, she put out her
tongue to the bees, and was fed, still lying on
her side. After being fed she got up, took some
more food from the bees, walked feebly, at first,
over on top of the frames, then across the tops
of several of them, and finally down into the
hive, coming out all right. She was apparently
dead for at least fifteen minutes, and from three
to five minutes in recovering after she showed
signs of life. Was this a spasm or cramp? and
have any others had a like experience? But it
is nut necessary to catch queens to clip them,
although I generally do so. With a pair of A.
I. Root's scissors, for this purpose, and the hand
holding them kept very close to the back of the
queen as she travels over the comb, waiting till
she puts her head in a cell for the final move-
ment, the wings can be clipped without the
queen even knowing she has been touched.
Keep the scissors open, and very close to her, or
you will lose the opportunity while her head is
in the cell in making ready. A little practice
will make perfect.

REMOVINO BEES FROM SHIPPING CAGE.

(^)we.sfio?i.— Is it better to n-move the accom-
panying bees from the shipping-cage before
trying to introduce the queen, where the Ben-
ton cage is used ?

^nsioer.— Dr. Miller like, I feel like saying,
" I don't know " to this question. Years ago I
should have said yes, and very many of our
best bee-keepers say, '• Never try to introduce
the accompanying bees with the queen; for if
you do, the life of the queen is endangered in
the slaughter of these bees, which happens in
nearly every instance." This is jusi as I used

to feel; but after having gotten the queen, and
apparently all the bees with her, introduced
safely scores of times. I have about come to the
conclusion that the old ideas along this line
were faulty. HDwever, the trouble of remov-
ing these bees is all there is against doing so,
as the queen will be received by the colony
equally well without them. It is far easier to
place the cage, just as it comes from the mails,
on top of the frames, than it is to open it, get
the bees out, and the queen back in again.

INTRODUCING IN SWARMING SEASON.

Question. — Which is preferable at time of
swarming — to introduce a queen to the swarm,
after having removed the queen going with the
swarm, or to introduce her to the parent colony,
after having cut the queen-cells?

Answer. — I should say neither; for in the
first case the bees will be almost sure not to be
satisfied with the queen given them in place of
their own, when a general going-back to the
old hive will be the result; while if given to the
parent colony without removing it to a new
stand, so as to make them feel very poor
through great loss of field-bees, they will be
almost sure to kill the introduced queen and
hold to the brood they have which is still con-
vertible into queens. Bees having the swarm-
ing fever accept a queen far less readily than at
any other time during the season, or under any
other circumstances. At least, this has been
my experipnce.

WHEN TO INTRODUCE.

Question. — Which is preferable in requeening
— the swarming season, after the main honey-
flow, or in the fall when there is but little brood?

Answer. — Just after the main honey-flow,
other conditions being the same. From years
of experience I have found that more queens
are superseded just after the basswood yield of
honey than at any other time of the year; and
at times when the bees seem willing to super-
sede queens they seem equally willing to accept
a new queen in place of their own. Three-
fourths of the exchanging of queens which I do
is done at this time.

[We never supposed that the feet had any
thing to do in causing the cramps, though it is
possible. At all events, we have never observed
that the feet were caught in any way while the
abdomen was curved up. At first we concluded
that such cramped queens would never recover;
but later observation has convinced u^ that, if
not put back in the hive, they will generally, if
not always, straighten out if given time enough
— say four or five minutes. We had about come
to the conclusion that the extraordinary curva-
ture of the queen's abdomen when picked up
by the wings caused the segments to become
temporarily stuck by being folded in against
each other. This is only a surmise, however.

As to whether the accompanying bees shall be
removed from the queen before introducing, we
have also come to the conclusion that it makes
no difl'erence whether they are or not. and hence
we-always leave the bees with her. — Ed.]

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

421

ANOTHER COMB-LEVELER.

I inclose a sketch of what I call a comb-
leveler for comb in sections. The following is
a description. The bar A is a i.<-inch bar of

B

1

A

C

iron, square, and .t inches long. B is a piece of
steel fastened to the bar A. The operation is
as follows: The implement is warmed on a
stove, or by other means. It is then handled
by the handle C; the steel B, being warm, and
placed in the section, cuts oflf the required
amount of comb from each side of the section.
Cyrus C. Aldrich.
Morristown, Minn., March 19.

[We see no reason why this device should not
work. It is simple and cheap, and can be
easily tested. Whether the idea itself of level-
ing combs down in sections so as to get better
section honey belongs to Mr. B. Taylor, we can
not say.— Ed!]

WHAT IS HONEY -DEW?

In an article in Bieiien-Vater, Jul. Steigel
insists on a clear discrimination between plant-
louse honey and honey-dew. Not only that,
but he insists that there is no such thing as
plant-louse honey gathered by the bees. Close
observation will show that, where plant-lice
are at their w'ork, wasps or other insects may
be in attendance, but never bees. Bark lice, or
scale lice, are a different thing. The result of
their work is an entirely different product. Lo-
cated, not on the leaves, but on the twigs and
tender bark, the scale lice cause the sap to run,
far beyond their ability to consume it, and,
once started, it continues to run for weeks.
This the bees gather, and there is nothing re-
pulsive about it. any more than there is about
the sap gathered from maple-trees. At times
it is a great benefit to the bees, the main draw-
back being that such honey is not good to win-

ter on. If I remember rightly, I'rof. Cook told
us something about the two kinds at onetime,
but I don't remember to have ever seen the
statement that bees never gather the exuda-
tions of the aphis. If Mr. Steigel is correct, it
is well to have the fact known.
Marengo, 111. C. C. Mim,er.

[The idea that scale lice do not secrete them-
selves, but cause the twigs to secrete, what we
sometimes call honey-dew. is a new idea. We
hope it is correct; for if so we can stomach the
product a little better. Will Prof. Cook please
let us hear from him on this point'?— Ed.]

A plea for shorter apicui.tural terms.

Friend Root:— Yon " prefer catalog to cata-
logue, and program to programme." That is
good common sense; so it seems to me, at least.
Now why not say "floor" for bottom-board,
and "queen-bar " for "queen-excluder." Just
try queen-bar one week in your apiary, in the
busy season, and I am pretty sure you will not
backslide to "excluder." Bar is short, and
easier, and expresses exactly what you want to
say; and the same remarks will apply to floor
instead of bottom-board. S. T. Pettit.

Belmont, Ont., Can., April 10.

[Yes. we are with you on the use of all kinds
of short cuts; but when it comes to the matter
of changing old terms to something better and
more accurate, that is another question. We
have tried to change names to our sorrow. But
we have been partially successful with one;
viz.. " bee paralysis" instead of "nameless bee
disease;" but even now we notice in some of
our exchanges that the old name is still float-
ing, and that many of our correspondents, in
writing to us, still hang to the old nameless
name. Of course, we substitute the new name.
—Ed.]

a proposed non-swarmer.

The past two seasons I "used a device that has
seemed to work well; but as the past season
was a very poor one it is hard to judge of its
merits; but I should like your opinion of the
plan, which is this:

I bore an inch hole in the front of the hi-ves.
just above the entrance (which hole is corked
up until the first swarm issues). I then catch
and cage the queen (my queens are all clipped),
and place the new hive on top of the old one,
placing a false front on the old hive, with a
strip along the back that closes the entrance to
the old hive, and a wire cone bee-escape that
goes through into the old hive at the inch hole
mentioned. I have a slit 3 inches long and ,?^
wide up through the bottom -board of the new
hive. As soon as the swarms commence to re-
turn they alight at the old entrance and follow
up between the front of the hive and the false
front, up into the new hive. I turn the queen
in with them, and they are speedily at work in
their new home, with all the field-bees joined
wiih them; and all the bees that come out of
the old hive, so long as the device remains on,
are added to the new swarm, while the old hive
is so reduced in strength by the time the first

422

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May 15.

queen hatches that there is no danger of swarm-
ing again. The device must, of course, be re-
moved in time to allow the young queen to re-
turn after a wedding-flight.

The only trouble I experienced was from the
escapes getting clogged up with drones; and I
should liice to know the best size and shape to
make them, to prevent that. I should also like
to know what objections are likely to arise to
this manner of preventing after-swarms.

C. F. Batham.

Houstonia, Mo., March 19, 1894.

[As we have never experimented with non-
swarming methods we refprn^d this matter to
Dr. Miller, who replies: — Eu.J

Perhaps all that is necessary to prevent clog-
ging in the cones is to have them larger. One
with an outlet half an inch or more in diameter
would probably not be clogged. An objection
to the plan, aside from the extra trouble, is that
the old hive has no bees entering it for a week
or so, and all bees old enough to fly out leaving
It. That will result, at least at times, in the
partial destruction of the young brood. Would
you not accomplish the same result, with less
trouble, by the old method of moving the old
hive to a new location at the time of hiving the
swarm on the old stand? The only advantage
that your plan has is the greater depletion — a
depletion that may be carried to excess. If the
simple plan mentioned does not deplete as much
as you like, then you can do this way: Hive
the swarm on the old stand, setting the old hive
beside it, but with the entrance in another di-
rection. A week after swarming, put the old
hive in a new location. In this case the brood
stands but little chance of being neglected,
while all the bees will be added to the swarm
that your plan would give them.

Marengo, 111. C. C. Mili.ek.

AN OFF YEAR FOR CALIFORNIA.

This is going to be one of our off years in this
southern county, for honey. I do not look
for an extracting. The off years are be-
coming monotonous — '91 and '93 no honey,
and now '94 none. It will give the glucose
fiends a chance to get in their work as tliey did
in '91 and '92. There was not a hundred tons
of honey gathered, yet they shipped that many
carloads, purporting to he pure honey.*

Newhall, Cal., Mar. 30. G. W. Lechi.er.

ker: and you would be surprised to see how
soon the bees will be out of the crate. The
smoke comes up so evenly all over that they
can't stand it. Robbers have no chance to
bother; and by using a brush you can keep the
young bees all at home. S. S. Kissel.

Horatio, Ohio, March 22.

HOW TO SMOKE BEES OUT OF SUPERS.

I got hold of an idea last summer, in the way
of taking off crates of sections, that beats all of
the escapes I have ever tried yet. I call it my
smoke-house. I took a Simplicity body and
nailed a bottom to it, and pieces around the top
edge within half an inch of the top for the
super to rest on — that is, my size of the super
for the ten-frame hive. Then I bore a IK-inch
hole in the center of on(^ <mp1. and set the crate
on, and blow smoke in at the hole with a smo-

SUNFLOWER TO SHADE HIVES.

Last spring my six-year-old Winnie planted
some sunflower seeds not far from the bee-
hives. During the summer, while the bees
were working on the blossoms, the idea oc-
curred to me that the plant would make an
excellent shade for the hives. By setting twu
plants at each hive, south and west, I think
there would be sufficient shade from the mid-
dle of June till along in September, or as loni;
as shade is necessary. As we live on a new
place, and have no trees large enough for
shade, I will plant sunflowers at each hive this
spring. The plants may be transplanted, and
will grow equally well, and will produce a
greater number of flowers, though not as large
as those from plants not transplanted.

Glidden, Iowa. Mrs. M. E. Moffatt.

[On our old honey-farm we grew sunflowers
to test tliem for their honey, but we do not re-
member to have noticed that the bees worked
on them. It is said tliat bees will visit them ai
times; but you refer to them only as shade
Those we have grown would be too tall and
spindling to afford very much shade. — Ed.1

OUR SPECIAL ARTISTS METHOD OF CLEANIM
WALL PAPER.

As we at our house are in the midst of house-
cleaning, it has occurred to me that tiie knowl-
edge of how to clean wall paper properly would
be a thing greatly to be desired by many of tin
readers of this journal. Preparations of vari-
ous kinds are sold in many of the stores ; nont
are any better than the one I use. and several
are expensive and uncertain, while the cleaner
I shall describe is neither expensive nor lacking
in its qualities. We have used this cleaner for
years, and know '"whereof we speak." Prepari
the cleaner, just as given below, and any one
can make a success of it.

Take a quart of finely sifted common while
flour, and pour boiling water upon it, to scald it
thoroughly, and make a moderately thick dough.
After removing it from the stove, add one liber-
al cup of common household ammonia and mix
very thoroughly, so as to permeate the mass.
When cool enough to handle, cut the dough into
convenient lumps, and, while it is now sticky,
knead dry flour into it until the stickiness is re-i
moved and it can be handled with ease. Don't
add any more dry flour than will accomplish the
desired result, or else the mass will become
crumbly. It is now ready for application to the
walls, which must always be done in good long
strokes, always being careful to wipe or work
from the cleaned paper into the dirt, and never

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

423

the other way. Moreover, after each wipe, the
dirt adhering to the lump must bo kneaded into
the mass so as to present a new surface to the
work. The lump can be used until it becomes
quite dark with dirt. Last night I cleaned a
room l:.' x 14, ceiling and all, with but four good
handfuls, and in about an hour and a half.
This same paper had been cleaned three times
before, and to all appearances it can be cleaned
several times more. The possession of the above
has been a source of comfort and saving to us,
and we hope it will be tried by others.
Cleveland. O. R. V. Murray.

IN FAVOR OF THE TEN-FRAME HIVE.

Brother Koot;— To-day I made a visit to my
Bronson apiary, numbering 10.5 colonies, and
found them in splendid condition. I always
■winter this apiary outdoors in Root's old-style
two-story chatf hives, with uniform success;
and if you will promise not to let Uro. Miller
and those other "fellers " pitch into me I will
tell you why.

A few years ago I thought these hives too
large to s'cure the best results in producing
comb honey, and I reduced the size of the
most of them from 10 to 7 frames by ihe use of
dummies. Each year thereafter I noticed that
the hives in which the dummies were not used
wintered the best, were the strongest in the
spring, and gave the best results. Why? Be-
cause the colonies in such hives had an abun-
dance of honey, and never required feeding.
My experience for 20 years teaches me that the
less bees are tampei'ed with from Nov. 1st to
May 1st, the belter will be their condition; and
I seldom visit my out-apiary between those two
dates.

Last winter I lost only two colonies out of 107,
and they were queenless, and probably had
been so tor some time before they went into
winter quarters. Such experience conclusively
proves to my mind that the 10-frame hive will,
on the average, produce the best results.

If you wish I will tell my method of operat-
ing in producing comb honey, and how I pro-
duced 4 tons from 120 colonies last year.

Norwalk, O., May 4. S. F. Newman.

NOT MARKING QUEEN-CAGES.

I think it would be well for you to warn
your advertisers not to send out queen bees
without marking their names on the cages.
Last fall I received two warranted queens in
the same mail from different parties, and no
Tiiaik to distinguish them. Had either proved
mismated it is probable that injustice would
have been done and hard feelings caused.
Again, this spring, among other orders, I order-
ed, a week apart, a warranted queen for a
neighbor and a select tested queen for myself.
A queen arrived without any mark on the cage;
so. judging from the time since ordering, I
pas.'-ed the queen to my iieigiibor as the war-

ranted one; and now, a weok later, comes a
queen with the sender's name, which proves to
be the warranted one, which I have had to take
or run the risk of changing queens again. Had
this warranted queen proved mismated, and
the cage not been marked, I should have been
apt to think that the party I bought the select
tested queen from had cheated me; and if I
had claimed another queen from them they
would think likewise of me. R. F. Ritchie.
Rum ford, Va., April 28.

THAT VANII.I.A-FI.AVOR TASTE IN SWEET-
CLOVER HONEY.

I saw a query in Stray Straws of March 1.5th
as to where or how bees got vanilla flavoring
in honey. I think they get it from sweet clover.
If you will put a couple of seeds in your mouth,
and chev/ them, you will find they have a strong
vanilla flavor. Here in this section of Colorado,
where we raise so much alfalfa, sweet clover is
voted a nuisance; yet it grows wild along the
ditches, and the bees work on it.

Timnath, Col., April 10. Abram Elliott.

[No doubt you are right as to the source of
this vanilla flavor.— Ed.]

MAPLE SUGAR, ETC.; SOMETHING FROM BERT
COOK, SON OF FROF. COOK.

I am glad to see father again writing for
Gleanings. From all I hear, I think that he
enjoys his California home very much.

I see your remarks about the maple-sugar
product in Ohio, and you can include Michigan
right in. We almost always make 2.50 gallons
of A 1, but this year only 115 gallons, and about
100 of it is rank. Too bad. Uncle's bees are
in fine shape, and we have 15 acres of alsike
clover that will bloom for them this year, so we
expect quite a flow from that.

Owasso, Mich., April 21. Bert Cook.

[We are very glad also, friend Bert, to see
your father's communications in our columns;
but we are sorry to hear the unfavorable report
in regard to maple sugar and syrup in Michi-
gan as well as Ohio. But it only seems to em-
phasize the fact that all industries— especially
rural industries— are uncertain.— Ed.]

GOOD FOR SEALED COVERS.

My bees had a good flight March 4 and 5.
Out of .55 colonies, 51 were alive, and all seemed
strong; 45 had sealed covers. Among the dead
ones, two colonies had sealed covers and two
had on Hill's device. E. U. Parshall.

Coopersiown, N. Y.

[Is there any question upon which there are
any more diametrically opposite experiences
than upon this sealed-cover idea for wintering?
At one time last year there would be a batch of
reports praising the sealed top, and at another
time, for the same winter, there would be as
many or more declaring the sealed cover a
fraud and a mistake. We shall advocate, how-
ever, absorbing cusiiions, because tliey have
done well by us. Bui the sealed covers gave
us a black eye that we haven't forgot, and
won't for a while.— Ed ]

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May 15.

36 "Pages 7x10

1°.2 PER YEAAj

For thou art my rock and niy fortress ; therefore for thy
name's sake lead me and guide me.— Psalm 31 : 3.

The last British Bee Journal, April 26, al-
ludes to " the remarkably uncertain character
of the weather during the last few days." and
we infer that it has had a depressing effect
upon " the hopes and prospects of bee-keepers."

We have received a large sample of what is
said to be genuine orange-blossom honey. Its
flavor is not quite equal to samples we have
tasted before. It is good honey, however, but
not equal to some of the Southern honey we
have tasted.

Cramps in queen-bees when picked up — what
causes them? is a question that is discussed by
friend Doolittle in another column. We now
have quite a number of queen -breeders. We
should be glad to have them throw on a little
extra light from their experience.

Pko.spe'^ts for a fine honey crop this season
were never more flattering. If we are not sure
of a good flow from clover and basswood, we
are sure, from the heavy brood-reai'ing now
going on, of a large force of bees that will be
ready for business if the honey does come.

We have said much about the practicability
of the bicycle in these columns; but it is evident
that very few bee-keepers yet fully appreciate
its real value for out-apiary work. We have
been trying to get Dr. Miller on one, but so far
he doesn't seem to enthuse very much. Per-
haps many would get a wheel if they really
thought they could ride. Most men will learn
to ride, with a practical wheelman to show
them how, in about half an hour.

In speaking of our course regarding the pub-
lication of the analyses, Mr. Hutchinson says:
" I have every reason to believe that this course
[the one we took.— Ed.] is taken from the best
of motives." This is as generous as it' is kind.
We have every reason to believe that the atti-
tude Mr. Hutchinson has taken on the same
question is also taken from the best of motives.
We do not object; but, on the contrary, we
court candid criticism when such a spirit is
back of it.

Dandelions seem in our locality to bo un-
usually profuse atjd persistent, especially on
the Rootville lawns. Although we cut 'em
down nearly every day with a lawn-mower or
scythe, yet their heads will bob up here and
there as if we had made no effort to cut 'em off

from the face of the earth — around our houses.
Knt the bees — what a gala time they have befn
having over them I Whether they get much
honey, they are carrying load after load of
green pollen, and the combs are speckled full
with the stuflf.

The following, from the General Manager of
the Bee-keepers' Union, will explain itself:

Bro. Boof :— Some are criticising' me for not pros(>
cutiug- Mr. H(>ddon, and want to know why the Un-
ion did not do .so. I desire to state the facts in .1
few words, and also to correct the error a'^out Mi'.
Soper lia^inpr =t'nt me the samples said to be Hed-
don's adulterated honey. I shall not state how they
came, nor from whom— but that I have not had ;i
line nor any samples, either pure or adulterated,
from him for several years past.

I would willingly prosecute adulterators: but the
Board decided that we rau.st have evidence strong-
enough to reasonably expect conviction. This we
did not liave. Thos. G. Newman, Gen. Manager.

There is no need for haste in this matter.

The Board probably has been waiting to see

all the facts pro and con.

A rather spirited controversy, we should
judge, has been going on in the British Bee
Journal between the editors on the one hand
and a correspondent on the other. In order to
close up the discussion, the editors insert a long
article from him, criticising them rather sharp-
ly, but refrain themselves " from adding a word
of comment on it," because of their "desire to
avoid even the risk of further reply;" and th(»y
add that " all that has been done or said in the
matter by the editors of this journal is recorded ;
in print, and they (the editors) are perfectly 1
content to be judged thereby." This is not
only wise, but an exceedingly fair way of drop- I
ping the discussion; and on similar ground
we at present feel disposed not only to let Mr. !
Heddon speak for himself, but have the last say j
within reasonable bounds.

There seems to be no special need this spring
of going to the expense and trouble of gather-
ing statistics as to how the bees have wintered;
for reports, with hardly an exception, show
that they have come out unusually well. Not
only is there no loss worth speaking of, but the
colonies are unusually strong. Never before do
we remember of a more favorable spring for
bees. In our own locality hives are filled with
honey from fruit-blossoms and dandelions, and
in our own apiary we have had to give more
room, and divide. Our neighbors have had
swarming, and yet fruit-bloom seems to be only
fairly out. By the ffood of orders, we should
judge that a similar state of things prevails
throughout the North. It should be said that,
in certain parts of the South, frosts have done
some damage.

The editor of tlie Prrtgrcsslve Bee-keeper
says we had 20 columns of matter to boom our
own wares in the April 15th number; but he
failed to observe that we also gave in that same
number .55 columns of reading-matter orf the

1S94

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

A:!',

subject of bees, 13 columns of other reading-
matter, and 17 columns of advertisements from
nihcr parties— in all a 53-page journal. We
aL.'11'e to give our readers only 3(3 pages semi-
iiidiithly; but as we had more than our usual
ailvcM-tising matter we put in extra pages. The
riiKjressivc Bee-keeper is a 38 page monthly,
ami yet its editor took nearly 7 columns for his
own advertising in his last number, or nearly
(iiif-eighth of his regular issue. We added 33
columns extra to our regular issue, and took 18
of ihese (as we count it) for our own advertis-
iuLj.

IS 15EK PARALYSIS INCURABI-E ?

We are beginning to fear that bee-paralysis
in warm countries is an incurable disease, for
all known methods so far have failed. Besides
the case of Mr. McFatridge, mentioned by
Rhmbler on pages 3G9 and 371, Mr. T. S. Ford,
of Columbia, Miss., has been having quite a
time with it. It threatens to destroy his apiary,
and yet he has tried faithfully every remedy
we could propose. It is, therefore, for the
South, and certain parts of California, more to
be dreaded than the much-dreaded foul brood,
because the latter is curable. Inasmuch as
bee-paralysis may be disseminated through the
queen, queen-breeders should post themselves
as to the symptoms of the disease; and the first
suspected case of it should be stamped out im-
mediately. But purchasers of queens should
not jump to the conclusion too hastily that
bee-paralysis comes from any particular queen
received. Witness the case of Mr. McFatridge,
above referred to.

But it should be remarked that bee-paralysis
seems to yield to mild measures in the North,
and hence has no terrors for the Northern bee-
keeper.

We are pleased to know that Prof. Cook
promises to experiment, and we hope he will
find an antiseptic that will cure.

FOUL brood: ITS NATURAL HISTORY AND
JtATIONAL TREATMENT.

The above is the title of a new work by Dr.
Wm. R. Howard, of Fort Worth, Texas, and
published by G. W. York & Co., Chicago. It
contains 47 pages, about half the size of thi.'.
We have not had time to read the work
through; but, so far as we are able to judge,
it is the most practical and reliable book on the
subject of foul brood alone that we know of.
It treats it practically and scientifically. It
reviews and criticises the works of Cheshire,
McLain, Mackenzie, Wm. McEvoy, and Prof.
Cook. The whole is put in popular form, so
that any one can understand the scientific
aspect of the disease. It is made up of a series
of propositions, each one of which the author
demonstrates very carefully in a page or two
of matter. After reading them through we
can thoroughly indorse them. For instance,

Prop. 3 is particularly sound. It reads as fol-
lows:

Thodeconi posit ion of chilled or dead brnod does
not iH-odut'e loul brood; and putrefactive iioii-
patbofieiiic Kerui.s do not produce those of a patlio-
genic characler.

The latter portion of the work is dovoted to
the treatment and cure of the disease. We says
on page 35:

I rog-ard tlic use of atiy and all drujrs in tlio treat-
ment of foul l)io()d as a useless waste of tin.o aud
material, wholly iiu'fl'ectual, luvitinfr ruiu and total
loss of l)ees. Any nietliod wliioli lias not for its
ol)ject the ent ii'o removal of all infectious matei'ial
beyond the riacb of liotli bees and brood will prove
detrimental and destructive, and surely encourag-e
the recurreneo of the disease. The reader Is refer-
red to the critici.snis ill the following reviews for
further discussion of the methods of treatment.

After discussing the treatments recommended
by Cheshire. McLain, Mackenzie, and McEvoy,
he indorses the latter's plan by the following:

From my expe)i(>nce with hariUus alvei, its nature
and growth, it would seem clear that Mr. McEvoy's
method, thous'h simple and plain, wo\ild prove
ellicient. for it has been noted that any method
which removes the foul-brood haciUvri from the
reach of bees and brood will cure the disease. His
plan has for its aims, first, to remove all foul combs
with their contents from the bees, and destroy them
by fire; secondly, to ck'anse from tlie bees all the
lioney taken with tliem, whicli contains the infec-
tious' serms, before any brood-rearing- is commenc-
ed. Tlie labor of these first four days taken away
generally removes most of the infected honey,
w hen full sheets of foundation are given, and work-
ed out; the infected honey is consumed in comb-
Iniildiug; brood-rearing is '-ommenced in new clean
combs, and a liealtliy colony r- suits. The work of
handling tlie infected colonies is done i)i ihr rvonvij,
in order tliat no robbing may result, to carry the
infection to other colonies.

Our readers will remember that this is es-
sentially what we have recommended, and
what we used with such success in curing some
75 diseased colonies in our own apiary several
years ago, with the exception that we boiled
the hives. We at one time thought it was not
necessary to disinfect them. Later experience
showed that colonies treated and put back into
their old hives without boiling showed sooner
or later the same old disease; but when the
hives were immersed in nearly boiling water
the disease never reappeared.

It would seem that the author, before he

began his investigations, was prejudiced

against the McEvoy method; but the mere

fact that his studies and researches changed

his previously mapped-out conclusions would

indicate the fairness with which he went about

the work. In the concluding paragraph of the

book he says:

Tlius it will be seen that McEvoy's method of
treatment, wliicli at first was so unpopular, and
seemed so far from being correct, has, much to my
surprise (and, need I say. disappointment '?) been
shown to be the only rational Ttiethod laid down
among all the writers on tliis subject.

Many of our scientific investigators have, in
the past, endeavored to make their experi-
ments prove their previously conceived ideas;
but here is a case wiiere it worked just the
other way. The price of the book is 25 cts. by
mail. It can be obtained of us or th« publisher.

42(3

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May 15.

ON THE WHEEL— HIGH PRESSURE GARDENING.

Oh dear mel what a story I did tell in our
last issue about the women-folks dov/ii at Jor-
dan & Johnson's setting out 40,000 plants from
the seed-bed in a day I It was onlv 4000 instead
of 40,000. The price they get is 3>o cts. per 100.
or 25 cts. for KXX) plants. Now, if the dear
friends who read Gleanings will only "take
me as I mean, and not as I say,'' I shall be
greatly relieved. Yesterday, May 2. I took
another run down there on my wheel to see
how the great plant-ranch was prospering.

About a week ago we had quite a frost here
in Medina ; but I found that they had still
more of a frost in the low lands at the swamp.
It had done quite a little damage, both to onion
and celery plants, where they were not suffi-
ciently hardened off, or of size enough to have
sufficient root to withstand the freeze. Here is
a lesson in hardening off. Soft green plants
right out of the greenhouse can not stand much
sun, frost, or wind. I cautioned the friends
who were going to raise the large amount of
Prizetakers about being in a hurry to get at it.
On inspecting the grounds several things were
pretty evident. The plants put out before the
frost, where th( y had sufficient time to take
root, were probably not hurt — that is, where
they were carefully set. Some that were put
in by small boys will probably, many of them,
die. Those put in after the frost, and that had
got a little more root in the hot-beds, are look-
ing nicely.

During my fonner visit I did not find the
women-folks at work setting out plants; but
this time the wliole establishment was running
at full blast. Now, to explain to you what I
learned we shall commence with the trans-
plnnting. Let us first consider the bo.xes for
holding the r lants.

transplanting-box for seedlings.

Let the above represent one of the boxes
where the women set the plants. I should
think they have about 3 inches of swamp muck
In the box— perhaps not more than 23^. The
muck is sifted so as to get all the lumps and
trash out. and then they press it down into the
box and smooth off with a stick to the level of
the top of the box. A man does this, and the
boxes full of soil are piled up ready for the
women. They work standing up at a bench-
at least, I did not see any of them sitting down.
Each box contains just so many plants. Spac-
ing is done with a tool similar to the one I
illustrated in our book, " What to Do." Below
is a cut of it.

SPACING-TOOL FOR TRANSPLANTING, SOWING
SEEDS, ETC.

Now, instead of going to theexpense of making
these tools of metal like the above, they simplv
make them of strips of wood. One is used for

the end of the box; another is to be used along-
the side of the box. These spacing-strips are
made of pieces of wood, say a little wider and
a little thicker than common lath. Take
such a strip and cut saw-teeth in it; but before
cutting the teeth have it planed down to a sort
of knife-edge on one side. The result is, that
these blunt saw-teeth will be tapering, some-
thing after the fashion of a pyramid, but con-
siderably thinner one way than the other. All
that is needed is to have them come up clean
when they are pressed down into the muck in
the box. The long strip is used first, set down
at the sides of the box first on one side and then
on the other; then the short strip is pushed
down, letting each end tooth strike in the
prints of the longt^r one. This, you see, spaces-
the boxes accurately. At first I was very for-
ward in telling ihem of my machine, pictured
on page 106 of Gleanings for this year, because
we space a whole boxful at one clip; but I soon
found out that I was not quite so much ahead
of our friends in the swamp, after all. I will
try to make it plain without illustrations more
than what we have above. Suppose the boxes^
I have described were placed on a bench in
front of the workman, one end of the box being-
close to him and thf opposite end raised about
6 inches higher than the end next to him. The
workman, or woman, rather, takes a spacing-
tool in her hands and presses it into the soil,
say at the end of the box near her. Then she
proceeds to put in the seedling celery-plants —
one in each cavity made by the tool. As she
drops in the lililc plant, with the end of the
finger she presses the moist soil against the
root. When the row is finished there is a series-
of cavities left where she presses her finger, al-
most sufficient for setting in the next row.
But to make it regular and true she takes the
spacing-stick again and pres.ees it down, letting-
each tooth of the tool go in to one of the cavities
left by the fingers, or pretty near there ; for the
prints of the long teeth along each tell exactly
where the spacing-tool should be pushed down.
You see. this makes the whole operation very
simple, and it is not any wonder at all to see
each box of plants look exactly like the one be-
low, when finished.

A BOX OF WHITE PLUME CELERY-PLANTS AS
IT APPEARS WHEN FIRST TRANSPLANTED.

As fast as one of the women fills a box like
the one shown above, she sets it on a broad
plank that extends out of the window, and
down an incline to the cloth-covered cold-
frames— the cold-frame I described in our last
issue; but I think a little further explanation
may come in right here. The beds are about 40"
feet long, which is a little shorter than our
own, which are .50 feet. Now, our beds are fill-
ed with soil; but these I am describing are not.
In fact, the soil is all shoveled out down to»
say, about a foot below the natural surface of
the ground, and a great part of it is piled in the
paths between the beds. This serves the
double purpose of keeping out frost when it is-
cold, and keeping the inside damp during very
hot weather. Then, about 10 inches from the
bottom of the bed, some stringers of scantling:

1894

GLKANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

427

arc arranged— three lines of stringers, in fact—
to hold ilie boxes of plants. The middle one
holds th<i ends of both rows of boxes; the other
two. oni" near the north and liie other near the
south side of the bed, hold the other ends of tlie
boxes. This gives a space under the boxes of
plants of nearly a foot; and in this space two
lines of steam-pipes may be run daring severe
weather. Above the plants when first trans-
planted is the cotton sheeting 1 have described.

Now, with all the experience I have had in
plant-raising I learned quite a new trick in
just a few minutes. Perhaps I might explain
tirst that the women -foll<s had all heard of A. I.
R., even if they did not know him personally.
and in a little time we were chatting and dis-
cussing our work as if we were all blood rela-
tions. I suggested that our boys always use a
stick or wire nail for pressing the plants into
the ground, and I gave as a reason that it made
their lingers sore. One of the men slyly insinu-
ated that our A[('dina boys must be" soft-tinger-
ed." I defended them by saying that it was
the difference between their beautiful soft
swamp muck and our Medina clay soil, even
when the latter is softened by an abundance of
stable manure. IJut I told them, too, that,
although our boys might be .soft fingered — some
of the small ones — 1 vvas quite certain that
none of thum were tig/it- fingered or very likely
to be.

I had to do so much talking with on(^ of the
bosses that he naturally forgot about his part
of the work until somebody called out, "' More
plants!" He took a tin pan and made haste to
gather some plants from one of the beautiful
plant-beds. Instead of taking them clean as
they went, he just thinned them out by taking
a pinch here and there. In our soil I fear he
would have pulled off the roots ; but not so
with this soft swamp muck kept slightly moist
by the sub-irrigation I have told you about.
After he had pulled out a panful one would
hardly notice that any thing had been taken
from the bed; and he said they had been doing
that for weeks. As fast as they made room,
little celery-plants were coming up underneath,
taking the places of those that were removed.
But some of the plants he took this time were
what we call long-legged. Tlie bed was pretty
well crowded, and I think some of them must
have had leaf stalks 3 inches long. Of course,
they could not hold themselves up; and as they
put them in the boxes they let the tops fail
down, all in one direction, towar<i the front of
the box. I asked the proprietor if he supposed
those long spindling ones would overcome up
in the world. You see, u'c have had some fail-
ures right along in this line.

'■ Why, to be sure they will, Mr. Root, if we
manage them right. Come and see."

Then we went outside to those cloth-covered
cold-frames. There the boxes of plants stood
in long rows. The plants just put m lay flat
down on the ground, as I expected they would.
.Some they had planted in the morning had
raised up a little. Tho?e planted :24 hours be-
fore were almost straight up; and where they
had been out 36 hours or more, every little stem
stood as erect and handsome as it did in the
seed-bed, and yet each plant had room enough
to stand up and put out its roots and grow.

Now. I have made a big mistake in being in
too much of a hurry to give my plants a little
sunshine. These beds, as they have them
made, preserve a moist atmosphere, and heat
enough from the sun gets through the cloth to
warm them all they will bear. No wind or
current of air is allowed to strike them for
about two days. While the weather is mild and
the air still, the sheeting is rolled up nights so
as to give the benefit of the night air and the

dew. Mr. Johnson agreed with me that a gen-
tle shower, or the dews of night, are better for
plants than any thing man has yet invented.

Now, perhaps you may think I am making a
good deal of fuss about a simple matter; but
here I saw this whole matter of transplanting
from the seed-bed into boxes carried on with
mathematical precision and accuracy. Just :.'.")
CIS. per 1000 for transplanting, and every plant,
so far as 1 could see, grew. There were not any
vacancies nor any missing places to be filled
up afterward. Even during the month of May
they were still constructing more cold-frames
to hold more boxes of plants — not so much to
protect the plants from th(! cold as to protect
them from the sun and wind. Mr. Jordan says
the wind often does more mischief, if it is not
carefully kept out, than either sun or frost. I
did find a few boxes with an uneven stand in
them. Said friend J., "Shall I tell you what
made that break in these few boxes right here
at this corner'?'

I signified my anxiety to know. Then he
stuck the toe of his boot toward a crack be-
tween the boards. This crack was hardly large
enough to notice ; but it let enough wind
through to kill the plants. Said he, " 1 wanted
these beds all made of matched lumber; but
they thought any thing was good enough for
this purpose, and now you see the result." It
made me think of the time when I lost plants
enough to pay for glass to cover them nicely,
during just one frosty spell of weather. Of
course, there are extremes both ways in this
matter of going to the expense of doing things
well. Sometimes rough pine boards will answer
just as well as planed and matched lumber;
but I am more and more convinced that hot-
beds and cold-frames should be made tight and
strong. The same operations that produced
these beautiful ceh^ry-plants will work with
almost any kind of plants; and boxes of beauti-
ful cabbages, tomatoes, lettuce, etc., attested
the fact.

I suggested that it would be quite a saving in
fixtures if the beds could be filled right up with
soil, and the transplanting done right in the
beds; but Mr. Jordan took me to a part of the
premises where he had men putting out plants
in that very way. Of course, they could not
very well ask the women to get down on their
knees outdoors over the beds. Well, he said he
had carefully figured out the expense ; and
while? the work done by the women was much
more successful, the expense was very much
less, even when we counted the cost of. the
boxes, having a man to lill them with dirt and
another to carry them out to the beds, etc.

The women had a very comfortable place to
work in. and, judging from their looks, they
enjoyed their work. I suggested to one of them
that I thought setting out plants was just as
nice as teaching school. Good transplanted
celery-plants are worth ^3.00 per 1000, or -?25.0O
for 10,000. And one great trouble is, chat, when
you pail for transplanted plants, you do not
always get them. Here were beautiful, strong,
well rooted and well-hardened plants; and you
can figure out the cost yourself from the ficts I
have given you. As the firm of Jordan &
Johnson are. however, planning to plant some-
thing like 7.") acres, they had not, at the time of
my visit, any plants to spare.

i left Medina at 2 p.m. The distance of 12
miles I made in a little over an hour, and I
spent another hour gathering up the facts I
have given you above; but I was not ready to
go home yet.' I had had many invitations from
the "land of Canaan." from my good friend
Notstein, who had urged me to visit the " land
flowing with milk and honey." As it was only
about three miles further I soon made it on the

428

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May 15.

wheel. Friend N. was away from home ; but I
had a very pleasant visit with the wife and
family. One of the little girls was just coming
home from the postoffice with Gleanings in
her hand ; so you see they knew a good deal
about me, even if I did not know very much
about them. I enjoyed my visit very much at
Willowdale Nursery. We discussed the new
" iron-clad " plums that the cutculio can not
bite because its teeth are not stiong enough:
and then I went up among the bee-hives, and
saw the sections being filled with honey from
fruit-blotjsoms. They said it was the first time
they had ever known bees to work in sections
in April, and I do not know but it is the first
time I have ever seen them do it here in our
locality.

Just before crossing the border, as nearly as I
can make it out, that separates the land of
Canaan from the rest of the world, I passed a
piece of woodland partly cleared up. Well, the
whole surface of the ground under the trees
was covered with wild fiowers to such an extent
that it looked as if it were covered with snow,
except that the snow was pink instead of white.
But no snow ever exhaled such a wondrous
perfume as came from that woodland lot just
over the fence. No wonder I thought of a land
flowing with milk and honey. Before I left I
was treated to a gla<s of luscious milk, and, I
might add, some of the honey gathi'red from
fruit-blooti) in April, had I stopped long enough
to remove it from the hives.

I was 1.5 miles from home, and it was well
toward night; but with the little light Victor
Flyer I made the first 6 miles in 30 minutes— or,
to be exact, jnst 29 minutes. The rest of the
road, however, was so much of it climbing hills
that I did not keep up so much speed. Just
think of it— 32 miles after two o'clock in the
afternoon, on a little wheel that I carry about
easily with one hand, and not a bit tired at
that! My impression is, that the new wood
rim is a little more springy, and bounces over
obstructions with less injury, than a wheel
made all of metal.

GARDENING IN THE MONTH OF MAY.

I do not know, friends, but my talk will be
all gardening this month, and nothing else;
but if you could take a look out of the window
where I sit dictating just now, and catch a
view of the plant-beds of that quarter-acre
(that is to support afamUij you know), you
would not be much surprised; for I tell you
that the plant-bed garden promises to bud and
blossom, and bring forth, more than even an-
ticipated. One thing begins to be evident: It
takes quite a little time to get the soil in any
plant-bed up to its best. The way we proceed
now is first to spade up the soil in the bed
down quite deep, say a foot or more. Our good
friend Ben, with his German thoroughness (as
well as strength), is getting to be quite an ex-
pert in the way of "making up the beds."
When he first came here he could not talk Eng-
lish; and while working for me he has not only
learned to talk, but to read and write. I notice
he writes the names of the plants on the labels
very neatly. Well, he does not talk very much
— probably because his tongue does not rattle
oft English quite as glibly as do those of the
small boys all around him who are setting out
plants. Another thing, Ben's mind is so wholly

occupied by his work that he has not time to
talk very much. Well, even if he does not say
so, I know he enjoys working in the plant-beds
better than almost any other work. This he
shows by his actions. Well, he has learned
just how to spade up the bed and work in the
stable manure. We put in from one-fourth to
one-third manure in each bed. Instead of
" spading " I should say "' forking," for it is all
done with a potato-fork; and while forking it
up, every forkful gets a clip from the four-
tined instrument, to pulverize the soil as much
as possible. After forking, it is further chop-
ped un with a wide steel-toothed rake. Then
the whole of it is sifted with the machine
shown below.

PULVERIZING AND MIXING THE SOIL IN PLANT-
HE D8.

I have given a picture of this before, but it
proves to be of so much importance that it will
do no harm to give it again. You can make
one yourself, or you can buy one of the dealers
who keep them for sifting sand, gravel, etc.
We use two screens of this kind — one coarse and
the other fine. E'or a new bed we used the
coarse one. Perhaps six inches of the chopped-
up earth and manure is shoveled on the screen.
A small boy, with the back of a short-handled
rake, rubs and pounds the dirt on the screen,
to make it go through; then Ben shovels the
coarse trash — manure and lumps of dirt — away
from the bottom of the screen, and spreads it
out where the dirt has just been shoveled off.
The screen is then moved along. The result is,
that all the coarse stuff is at the bottom of
the bed, and you have nothing but soft fine
soil mixed with the manure, on the surface of
the bed. We rarely get an extra crop the first
time a bed is made up. If we had good rich
garden soil and very fine old manure, such as
they sometimes find where they move an old
barn or stable away (just think of it, friends,
the amount of fertility that lies idle year after
year under almost every old barn and stable in
our land), there would be no difficulty. Well,
even if we do not get a full crop the first plant-
ing, we are getting the ground into " heart" as
the old-countrymen say. The next time one
spades it up— that is, after the first crop is off —
he brings the old manure and trash to the top.
It is now a good deal rotted, and will work up
nicely. But we manage to put in some kind of
manure at almost every time of working it. Of
late I have been paying 2.') cents a barrel for
poultry manure, and for a time I thought it did
not pay very well; but I can tell you now how
to ?»xa7ie it pay. A few days ago we got some
that was quite old and dry. I told Ben it would
have to be rubbed through the screen along
with the soil in the beds; and as the bed had
been, almost ever since it was made, rather

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

439

poor, and was just bpinji; made up, I told liim to
work poultry maiuire into that. The bed was
close to tlie gicrnhoust', mid I su<|)ec't it
got a pretty good share of yellow clay tliat
came out in making the deep walks inside
of the greenhouses between the b(^ds. Well,
they i)ut in periiaps two barrels of hen
manure in 50 feet of bed— beds (> feet wide, of
course. As soon as the bed was made up, and
they took rather extra pains in sifting this and
mixing it well, the boys set it out to Waketield
cabbage])lants. I told you in our last issue
that we were sold out of the Wakefield. The
plants had become rather spindling in the
greenhouse, and I was afraid they would not
grow: but the boys pushed them clear down to
the first leaves, in the soft soil, and we kept the
bed pretty well watered, and I was somewhat
astonished to find every plant taking hold; and,
almost before the last Gleanings had got into
the hands of its readers, we had a ?»af/»):/tcc?it
bed of Wakefield cabbage - plants. ' Several
summer showers helped them along, and now
they are abo\jt the handsomest bed of cab-
bages 1 ever saw in my \\U\ Other folks think
so as well as mys(Mf, for almo<t everybody who
goes by wants 10 cents' worth: and they are
almost always pleased to find that they get 2.5
for a dime. Somebody said that the cabbage-
plants they have up street at the groceries are
10 cents a dozen, and they are little spindling
things that had not been transplanted at that.
Well, these that grow over in the bed where the
poultry manure had been put in were the deep-
est and richest green of any plants I ever saw.
They were put out just two inches apart from
center to center, with that closest spacing-
board pictured on page 106. This spacing
gives a little more than 2'>0 plants to every
running foot of bed: and a bed .50 feet long, at
this rate, contains 12.50 plants, worth, at the low-
est wholesale price. ■'?2 .50 per lOOO— or, say. $25.00
for a crop that occupies a bed 6 feet wide and
50 feet long for only .'10 chiys. What do you
think of that? Do you say, " Oh I that is the-
ory: nobody can do that actually''? Hold on.
Last Monday I received $25.00 cash for the cel-
ery-plants that our boys took from beds just 40
feet long and 6 feet wide. These celery -plants
were started under glass, and occupied the
ground for perhaps 60 days. We were at the
expense of glass to cover the beds, and exhaust
steam to heat them a part of the time. But, as
I have told you before, our beds do not all earn
as much. It is because they do not get as much
brains. To take care of that quarter-acre
plant-garden, and make it do its hesU would
occupy about all the time I care to work: and
it would take, too, about all the brains I could
scrape up— that is. to have it do its best. You
may say. "Why don't you hire a competent
foreman ?" I do not knotn of any such individ-
ual. I doubt whether there is now one on the
face of the earth who could make every hed
boom every 24 hours as I know each bed miqht
be made to boom. But I expect to see quite a
lot nearly up to that standard, within the next
five years. They must be "made to order."
exactly as we grow the plants; namely, "grow"
the boys and girls: and while they are growing
in skill to handle God's treasures that come out
of the soil, they need to be taught to grow in
grace and in love— not only with the plants,
but with the great God above.

I am getting so that I have no patience to
fuss with any kind of vegetation or fruits unless
I can have a soil like our plant-bed soil to work
with. The bed nearest, right before where I
write, contains those Timbrell strawberries. A
small boy has been kept pnnty busy picking off
the blossom-buds, and now runners are putting
out already in great profusion. It needs an-

other boy a little older, and with more intelli-
gence, to take each runner and place it so as to
economize the room. Where the runners are
Itutting f)ui it would almost keep a boy busy. I
a.-ked Kred. a few davs ago, if we didn't g(!t
ever so many more strawbei'ry-plauts out of
our plant-beds than we did even from the rich
creek-bottom soil down in the flats. He replied,
" Oh, yes! to be sure we do— a ti-(!mendous sight
more plants, and ever so much larger and
strong(>r." Just yesterday we had 100 Parker
Earli' plants to go by mail; and, ev<'n after
pulling off the blossom-buds, and trimming the
plants about all we dared to trim them, the
package weighed more than 4 lbs. I do not
want to have you think that rr7( the plants we
have sent olT this spring were like these. They
have not been; but when I get my ideal plant-
garden to working better, we an-; going to try
to have them that way. And now it begins to
impress itself on my mind that not only straw-
berries but gooseberries, currants, and rasp-
berries, would give crops that nobody ever yet
heard of or pjerhaps dreamed of. if they were
managed on the plan we are talking about—
that is. grown in rich plant-beds. In the first
place, the ground around the bushes must be
soft, clean, loose, and rich— yes, and well
watered too; for with the big windmill we
never expect any thing to get dry in our plant-
garden; and nobody yet knows how much
water rank-growing crops can use in hot
weather. The Rural New -Yorker urged its
readers to get rich by selling water -that is,
the water that is contained in fruits, berries,
vegetables, etc. Your customers will not com-
plain—never fear. What they complain about
is, that we carry them fruits and vegetables
that are an imposition simply from a lack of
water at a critical time. Another thing, the
plant beds, properly managed, absolutely pre-
vent stamping the ground down hard all around
them. Sometimes when a new boy goes to
worR for ns he walks across the bed instead of
going around it. and thinks nobodv will find it
out. But he might as well hav" tried to walk
over a bpd of snow, almost, without leaving
tracks. When I get around, the boy who walk-
ed across the beds gets called up; and I almost
always find out who did it. Of course, we need
plenty of " bars," as we term them— strips of
light wood 6 inches wide and IK thick, just
long enough to reach from one side of the'bed
to the other. In transplanting the crops, and
in making up the beds, these boards are in con-
stant I'equisition.

Do you sav these beds are used onlv a part of
the year? Why. bless you. tbev can be utilized
every day in the year. During the winter
time they should be full of cold frame plants—
that is. where von do not have anv stoam un-
derneath: and in the summer time, after the
call for cabbage and celery is over. evTv yard
of space can be utilized in growing strawberry-
plants. The strawberry-plant trade opens just
as the vegetable-plant trade slackens up: and
when there is not anv demand for plants, everv
foot of bed can be utilized in raising crops of
some kind. Radishes, lettuce, beet greens, etc.,
will be purchased almost everv month in the
year, if people can get them. It is lots of work,
however, and it is lots of care. The pro[)rietor
needs to be constantly watching. Something
is getting too much sun, and needs shading.
Another thing does not have sun enough.
Sometimes, though not often, the plant-beds
are too wet. A thorough underdraining fixes
thi«. however.

When a rainv day comf^s. it is often very
fatiguing to pull up the plants and put thern
np safelv. to he carried to the different homes.
I do not think I ever saw anybody who did not

43()

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May 15.

get wearied, and more or less " rattled." by
being asked again and again, " How much are
these worth?" "Have they been transplant-
ed?" "Have you any that have been trans-
planted twice? "" How much are these a doz-
en?" "Do you sell them any cheaper by the
hundred?" "Are these early "or late? " "Why
do you charge more for tomato plants than
cabbage-plants?" "Is it too early or too late to
set them out?" etc. I do not often wait on
customers unless very early in the morning or
late in the evening. After a nice summer
shower I frequently find customers out in the
plant-garden, waiting, by half-past four in the
morning: and a good many times between sun-
down and dark, after the helpers have gone
home tired, somebody wants plants. Now, it is
very perplexing to me to remember prices, and
it also wears on me to get a catalog and hunt
up prices fi-om that. To help all around in this
matter we have had some very neat thin bass-
wood boards, T^.^xH inches in size, printed in
large plain letters as follows:

PRICES OF VEGETABLE PLANTS.

25 Sweet-potato plants . . . . 10c ) o

25 Cabbage-plants 10c ^ o

25 Celery-plants 10c ) tS

12 Tomato-plants 10c | 3

12 Cauliflower-plants .... lOe J=

12 Strawberry-plants 10c I ^

6 Pepper-plants, 10c; 100, $1.25.

100 Onion-plants, 15c; 1000, $1.

We have these tacked up in front of the store,
and across the road on a neat little stake, right
in the midst of the plants. We print them on
one of our printing-presses.

Not tliat which g-oetli into the moutli deflleth a
man; but tliiit wliicli g-netli out of the mouth, tliis
deflleth a man.— Matt. ]5:11.

The man of the world or the unbeliever
spends his time and energies in warding olf
danger from the outside. The Christian fears
only that evil which he finds i/isicZe. or in his
own heart. The unbeliever fears and tries to
protect himself from the damage his neighbors
may do him— that is, such of his neighbors as
are his enemies. The follower of Christ has
nothing to fear from his neighbors, even though
they be envious toward and at enmity with him.
He fears only that he himself may be led or
tempted to do wrong. We sometimes say of a
man or boy. that he is his own worst enemy.
The evil in his own heart may do him Imrm—
may wreck his soul ; but evil in the hearts of
others can do him but little real harm. The
great difference between the Christian and
unbeliever, it seems to me, is right here: The
one tears God, and fears to do wrong. The
other fears the great outside world — the selfish
world, and fears that it may do him harm. Our
text says that the evil on the outside, or that
which surrounds a man, can not well defile
him. False stories and false accusations may
for the time throw a shadow over his fair name;
but if he is honest and sincere, his honesty will

come out, and it will shine forth all the bright-
er for having been obscured a little whih'.
Why, come to think of it, there is an old familar
text, Prov. 4:18, which says, "The path of tln'
just is as the shining light, that shineth mun-
and more unto the perfect day." Those wlm
are evil-disposed, and those who are enviou-.
do quite frequently try to damage and slander
the reputation of almost any honest and true
man; but they do not succeed.

I suppose most of you have been recently
considering the life of Joseph. For a time le-
seemed to suffer injustice and persecution
almost everywhere. He was honest and inno-
cent; but this very innocence seemed to get
him into trouble again and again. His brothers
hated him because he very properly informed
his old father of the tricks they were up to.
They decided to put him out of the way, and
probably thought they had managed it very
shrewdly. Joseph, however, was undismayed,
for his faith was in God and not in man — no,
not even in his own relations. He was reluc-
tantly obliged to lose faith in his own brothers.
But he never lost faith in God. His wonderful
industry, and his rare gift of generalship, soon
made themselves known. His faithfulness over
even any Little trust that was put in his care was
remarkable: and it called forth admiration and
esteem from every one. His very purity of
mind and thought made him a mark for the
evil-designing. No doubt they thought it
would be a smart thing to get that pure-mind-
ed Hebrew to commit sin and crime as they
did ; but they utterly failed, no matter on
which side the fiery darts of the evil one were
made to strike him. " No," said the boy, " my
master has trusted me implicitly. He has
turned over to me almost every thing, and put
it into my hand because of his confidence in me.
Shall 1 betray that trust, and sin against him
and in the sight of the great God above ? " He
did not say it out loud, but I imagine he said it
within his own heart, " No— a thousand times
no. God help me to continue saying, ' Get thee
behind me, Satan.' " He came near losing his
head, it is true, and just because of his un-
fiinchiug devotion to right and truth ; and
were it not that there was and is a great God
above, as Joseph believed, he doubtless ifowtc?
have lost his head. God rules. Joseph was put
down lower than ever. He was placed in the
companionship of criminals and murderers; but
his lidelity and wonderful industry kept coming
uppermost. May be he sat down in sorrow and
grief for just a little while to think that he
should suffer all that because he refused to do
wrung. I do not think he did very long, how-
ever. I can imagine that pretty soon he gazed
about in the darkness of his dungeon, and spied
an old broom. He went to slicking up an put-
ting things to rights. The keeper was surprise
ed. He had never met such a prisoner before.
It was an easy matter for him to let Joseph
take charge of the prison. Joseph was a mas-
ter hand at taking charge of any thing. I read
in one of the papers of a poor woman who
wanted work. She applied to an editor. He
asked her what she could do. She said, " I can
sweep; and if you will give me a broom I will
sweep out your office, and slick it up in a way
that it has not — at least for some time— been
slicked up before." She was a women of edu-
cation and intelligence. She was permitted to
sweep the office. Pretty soon some of the help
was sick; and when the question arose as to
what could be done without the capable man
who could no longer be at his post, she asked
them to let her try. They had but little faith
that the woman could fill such an important
place, but were greatly surprised to see her
show wonderful capabilities in that very line.

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

431

How many timos I have seen that thing enaet-
edl Somebody lias been tilling a humble posi-
tion. Sickness ov inOifference, or sometliing
else. leavi'S an important posi vacant. Now is
the chance fur tlie one wlio lias been watching
and wailing for promotion. Uon't you see thai
outside circumsiances can never keep a good
nuin or woman down very long ? and yet how
often we hear the complaint, " 1 do not get my
jnsi dues: 1 never (//(/get my just dues. The
unscrupulous and forward are sure to crowd in
ahead of me." Sumetinus iheoue who grumbles,
and Hnds fault wiih circumsiances, has added,
" in fact, there is no chance ai all for an huii-
e«t man in such a world as this." The latter is
a point-blank uniruih. it is just the otlier way.
There is a trcinendous chance eveiy day and
almost every(('/ie?'e for those who are unflinch-
ing in their devotion to right and principle;
but it is true thai there is not a very good
chance (aiywhere lor one who is tricky and dis-
honest.

A man is harmed, as in the language of our
text, by what he permits to come lorih from his
moulli. Jf he permits his mouth to frame
trickery and deceit, it damages and injures him
a thousand times more than any slander that
may be started against him; for, as time pass-
es, everybody will recognize that the slander
against the innocent man is not true. It does
not fit him ai all. It is not like him. The
thing which, however, he in an unguarded mo-
ment allows to escape his lips— the thing that
he should never have permitted his lips to utter
at all — is what kills, and pulls a man down. If
sucli things are permitieu to slip out once, they
will again ; and all along in this pathway of
life these things will be noticed, and they mark
and leave their impress on the character and
on the mind. A great many strictures are
uttered in regard to the "" cold and unfeeling
world." I believe good men have not founU
the world cold and unfeeling. There is evil in
the world, it is true. There are vicious and
evil-disposed persons; but they are being con-
stantly held in check — at least they are in most
neighborhoods and localities; and there is such
a constant and unceasing clamor for men of
strict integrity— that is, integrity coupled with
energy, intelligence, and industry, that such
people are constantly being wanted.

You have knov\n people, doubtless, who
ranily speak ill of absent ones. I once heard a
young Christian say that it kept him so busy
weeding out and correcting the sins that he
constantly discovered in his own heart that he
had not much time to dwell on the shortcom-
ings of others. Oh what a wise saying was
that I When Joseph, the Hebrew slave, was
sent down into Egypt among the depraved
heathen people, instead of meeting injustice
and wrong he very soon found everybody ready
to give place to him: and not only that, Phara-
oh and all his subjects seemed quite willing to
extend a helping hand, and invite him to step,
even up to almost the highest place in the
kingdom. He was asked to take a seat next
to the throne occupied by the king himself; and
it is so even now. Do not. I beg of you, dear
friends, worry about what your enemies may
do to spite you. In fact, you need not pay any
attention to your enemies in that line at all;
and, above every thing, do not think of waiting
for a chance to " pay " them back. Love ye

four enemies, do good to them that hate you.
f you get into a fighting mood— and I do be-
lieve it is a grand good thing to get into such a
mood sometimes— turn right about resolutely
and fight the sins in your oivn heart. Fight
the selfish feelings that continually bubble forth.
Hold them in check. Fight Sutati, not your
neighbors. I suppose mo^t of us now and then

get into a fighting mood. We say, " I do not be-
lieve it is my Outy to si;ind it any longer."'
There is one illustration 1 should like to give
here; bull fearsome of my own good neigh-
bors may see it and feel hurt. I think, how-
ever, I will risk it after all; for the moral it
carries is too good to be lost.

Some time last fall the cattle from a neigh-
boring pasture liad a fashion of getting through
into my rich creek-bottom grounds, b'ov a
time we were puzzled to see how ihey got out
of the pasture lot. It actually seemed as if the
cows had learned to be siy enough to wait till
everybody had gone to meeting, or till some
time in tlie day when everybody was especially
busy. Then these cows would be out of th(^
pasture and in the garden; and it was hard to
tell by what hook or crook they managed it.
At length we discovered that they gut ihrougn
near tne briage, and then this was fixed up
securely; but in a few days the cows were in
again. Then it turned out that the iron cattle-
guard on the railroad had been removed by the
division boss, and a wooden one put in place of
it. The cattle had, however, got a taste uf the
" garden sass," and they wali^ed over the wood-
en cattle-guard, after very little practice. We
remonstrated with the railroad company; but
it was rumored that they were not paying ex-
penses, and, in fact, the road had gone into the
bands of a receiver, and there was no help for
the trouble. The owner of the cows Hnally
took them out of the pasture, and kept them in
a stable. It was not very many days, however,
before they were in the garden again, and a
small boy was chasing them pell-mell over my
soft ground, prepared with so much care. Fi-
nally winter came and ended the trouble forthe
time being. The cows, bowever, had not for-
gotten a bit of their frolics through my stuff,
even thoug;h they had not had a taste for
months before. One beautiful day in May,
when everybody was too busy to chase cows, or
even to think of them, they were again running
through my choice currants and gooseberries,
and raising havoc as only cows can do. We
then put them back into the pasture. The
man had scarcely got to his work, however, be-
fore the cows were there again. He drove them
out tne second and third time ; and while we
were eating dinner a message came to me say-
ing that the cows were holding " high carni-
val"' (igaiii among my stuff. I aski d the man
who drove ihem out what the trouble was, and
he said they walked right over the cattle-guard
as fast as he drove them out. He said he spoke
to the boss of the division gang, who was at
work right near the crossing; but he only re-
plied in a sarcastic way that ttie cows did not
trouble him a particle — why should they look
after them ? I remember of thinking that the
law was on my side, and that 1 would have
damages. I mentally figured up that it was
worth just about an even ^—.00 for all the
trouble, worry, and less I had sustained. But a
better voice suggested, "Oh, no, Mr. Root I
You would not take -S— .00 from your neighbors,
who are hard-working farmers, nor from the
man who owns the cows, nor even from the
railroad company with all the bad luck they
have had." I mentally decided that I should
not feel easy to lake this sum of their money ;
but I thought half would be little enough, sure-
ly. But conscience kept on, and it reminded
me of Abraham when he was pleading for the
Sodomites. When conscience had got me down
to a very moderate sum I concluded it was too
small an amount to make a fuss about. But I
gave vent to a groan — it was a mental groan,
no doubt — when! looked at the stuff and the
cow-tracks in the soft mellow earth.

Now, tie incidents as given above are all

433

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May 15.

true— that is, they were true from my stand-
point. Let me now give you the sequel. After
dinner 1 jumped on my wheel, with a determi-
nation to have that cow nuisance abolished.
If you will excuse me, I had rather not tell
where I started to go tirst. The exhilaration of
riding on the wheel brought out my better feel-
ings, as it almost always does, and I whirled
around and went down to the railroad depot.
The agent was at dinner. The division boss—
the very man who ma,ae fun of our sufferings
from the cows— sat resting with his men near.
I decided to commence very mildly, and I very
soon learned that the man who owned the cows
came to see them, and they promised to have a
good iron cattle-guard put in before his cows
would arrive at tlie pasture lot. And this had
actually been done. iJut the cows had learned
the trade so well with the old wooden one, they
walked right over the new iron one, with only
a little practice. Then I suggested digging a
pit, as they usually do under a cattle-guard
and offered to let my men do it. " Why, Mr.
Root, tnat is what we wanted to do, and would
have done it last fall; but there has been a law
enacted recently, against digging any more pits
under the cattle-guards." This was surprise
No. 1 to me. He added further that he thought
the superintendent of the road would let them
dig one there coHtrtt?'j/ to law if I would send
in my request. The telegraph instrument was
clicking within a few feet of me, and 1 thought
it very likely the pit could all be nicely made
before night, iini it would be simply digging a
pit for my neighbor's cows to fall into ; and
conscience put in, " Mr. Root, you know that is
not according to your profession." I replied as
before, " No, no! i can not think of digging any
pit."

i rode over to see my neighbor who owned the
cows. His wife said lie liad just been told that
the cows were annoying me, and that he jump-
ed up from the dinner-table and went and got
them, and put them back in the stable the
minute he heard of it. That was surprise No.
2. Next day the neighbor who owns the land
came up to me looking considerably anxious
and worried. Said he:

"Mr. Root, I have always heard that you are
a good-natured man; but 1 fully expected— in
fact, 1 should not have blamed you a bit if you
had done something besides talk, after all the
annoyance you have had from these cows. I
am thoroughly ashamed of myself; and I have
just come to inquire if you have any thing that
will do for posts, that you can sell us, so we
can put up a wire fence along each side of the
railroad, before night, i am very busy with
my farmwork, and i tell you it seems as if I
could not stop just now to put up that fence.
But you are taking it so good-naturedly it
makes me all the more determined that the
pasture shall be fenced so you won't have any
more anxiety or loss in that direction.'.'

We delivered the posts for them, and in an
hour or two he and his men were very busy
making a substantial fence. You see, it really
belonged to the railroad company to put a fence
on each side of their track; but knowing the
circumstances of the new road at just this
period during the financial depression, without
being told, we knew they could not very well
do it. While they were at wotk at the fence it
just occurred to me that I wanted a favor of
my neighbor who owned the land. I had been
thinking for years back of turning Champion
Brook so as to run it into our carp-pond, and
nse it for irrigating the particularly rich creek-
bottom ground where we raise our choice
strawberry-plants. 1 told him my wishes; and
almost before I got through he said, "Just go
right on to our land and make any improve-

ment you please, and take all the water you
want." Now, friends, suppose I had sued him
for damages on account of the cows. Would 1
have felt like asking him for permission to
start a small irrigating canal right on his
ground? Not much. Well, then I happened
to think further. I wanted to run the irrigating
canal (a small one) on the ground that belong-
ed to the railroad company. As soon as I told
them my wishes they said, like my neighbor,
"Go ahead, Mr. Root, with what you have in
mind. We know you well enough to know that
you will never do any thing that will in any
way injure or interfere with our property."
Suppose I had commenced a suit against them,
for damages sustained by the cows stamping
on my gooseberries.*

Now, 1 do not know this minute who would
be legally responsible in such a case — the man
who owned the cows, the neighbor who owned
the pasture lot, or the combination of " neigh-
bors" who own the railroad. 1 feel a little glad
to think I have not even asked legal advice in
regard to tne matter; and, oh 1 am so glad I
I (lid not say out loud to anybody (except to
dear old Gleanings) that I was ever tempted to
think of prosecuting anybody! And I am glad
again that, instead of lighting any of these
neighbors, I fought and successfully downed
the spirit that prompted me to think of want-
ing money in the way of damages, through this
wuole transaction. Somebody might ask what
the damage really was. Well, I suppose I
might have got prejudiced witnesses to testify
that, all things considered — no. no! I guess 1
will not say that. I will say this, however: I
have seen farmers go to law and collect 150.00 |
damage because a drove of cows rambled all I
night through growing crops. A good lawyer
would make it seem quite reasonable that
about .^50.00 would be about fair. But perhaps
another good lawyer would make it equally
plain that the owner of the corn did not sustain
more than $5.00 damage, if he would take his
hoe and spend a few hours in straightening iij:
and lixing up the mischief done. You see, it j
depends a goud deal upon how we look at things.

Now, in view of the above, let me ask you,
dear friends, which it is that hurts a man — the
damage he sustains from outside, or tlie perma-
nent damage to soul and body that comes from
letting words escape liis mouth that never
ought to have been allowed to slip out at all.

BOOK AGENTS, AGAIN.

Friend jRoot;— Don't you think you were
rather hard on that booK agent? Please un-
derstand 1 am not a book agent myself, and
never expect to be ; but, "' every man to his
calling." God did not endow us all alike.
Some men can come right down to business,
and others can not. Sometimes men appear
too fast, which they should not do. That is
scriptural. You should not blame him for
wanting your name at the head of his list. I
presume a great many men take a vast amount
of your time in getting to the point. I look on
my fellow-man as 1 do on the ditierent
churches. They are all treading the same
road, and I can not object to any man calling so
long as he keeps within the liounds of honor.
You say he began to talk about spiritual things,

♦Some may urge tiiat there were peculiar circum-
stances connected with tne case 1 have mentioned,
and that it was " policy " tor me to keep still and
not make a fuss. Exactly; and I do not believe
there is ever a neighborhood (juarrel l^ut that this
same kind of policy exists. Any busy man is always
likely to need favors of his neighbors; and it is not
only" policy to be honcHl, but it is also policy to
piactice and cultivate this little virtue that "suflfe^
eth loug and is kind."

18',I4

(JLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

433

and you did not say vory mnch, imjjlyins that
you did not wish to prolong his visit. Suppos*^
somi> of vour readers were to say. " I don't want
to read Mr. Root's spiritual essays, for they are
too Ions?, and are a waste of time." Now, Bro.
Root, / think they sire too short. I do not
think anything tending to a spiritual point is
a waste of time. You must not allow peddlers
to fret and lempt you to be harsh. You must
praetice what you preach, or el«e we shall not
know how to take you. (J. W. Reams.

Franklin, Tenn., Apr. IS.

[Many thanks, good friend R., for your very
kind criticism, as well as for your pleasant
words at the conclusion. I confess that I my-
self felt a little uneasy about the outcome.
Ernest has similar trials, and I submitted the
matter to him. He said that, instead of show-
ing tne man the door, he thinks that he would
have left the room himself. In fact, I have
known him to do that. But I submit the
qu(>stion: Is it manly, and is it the right thing
to do, to let a book agent drive you away from
your own premises, or out of your own home ?
In regard to spiritual matters. I fear, my friend,
you do not quite understand me. lam always
willing to talk with anybody on spiritual mat-
ters when my assistance is needed. But this
man had made an appointment, and I became
suspicious because he would not come to the
point in regard to said appointment. His
spiritual talk was "put on." I very soon de-
cided it was simply a cloak to win my favor.
In regard to wanting my name. I do not want
people to buy things because I have bought
them. An agent for some agricultural machine
tried to make T. B. Terry a present of said
machine, that he might tell pi'ople around
that he had sold one to Terry. Friend Terry
very properly refused to take it. Then the
agent wanted to sell him one for a small part of
its price, thinking this would overcome Terry's
objection, for he could then truthfully say he

had sold such a machine to Terry. Now, here
is an example for all of us. Friend T(nTy de-
clared he would not iiave thi^ machine at all
unless at full price or full wholesale price, and
then he could with a clear conscience speak
of its good points as well as of its poor ones. I
have again and again refused to accept books —
that is. where the agent was to have the
privilege of putting my name on his list of
}nirchasers. A book agent recfMitly came on
our premises, wUhout permiHsion. and sold a
book at an enormous price to several of our
employes who ought to have u.sed their money
for paying their honest debts instead of buying
an expensive book. He talked them into it when
they ought not to have bought it, and some
of them owned this up to me afterward. But
the real important point was the last one.
Why could he not have given me his (jromise
that he would hereafter carry his book in his
hand, and tell people his hiislness before he
caused them to waste time, as in my case? If
it be true, that public opinion is such that it
will not do for a hooJi mjcnt to tell people what,
his business is at the outset, then I think no
real lady or gentleman would undortake such
an occupation if it could be very well hiilped.]

SOStKTHING ON THE OTHER SIDE.

I think, Bro. Root, courtesy is a very good
thing, but altogether out of place when applied
to that book agent. I would suggest that the
next one of that sort that comes along, you
show him the door, and, at the same time, help
his exit. He will understand that; the other,
he will never understand. It will save you a
world of trouble, and teach him a lesson he will
never learn in any other way. It is time to call
a halt in this misdirected sympathy and for-
bearance toward such people. " Don't cast
pearls before swine."' For the special benefit
of book agents I've been thinking of raising a
couple of good dogs— brisk lively fellows.

Center, Tex. James H. Scates.

D\D >(0U KHOVl

B

HE-KEEPERS' SUPPLIES

Tliat I liave the
LA HGEST

(if LJ IN NE\V ENGLAND?

Cdiisisting' of Dovetailed, Simplicity, and other styles
of Hives. My brand of XX white thin Founda-
tion, and Polished one-piece Sections, are the
nicest on the market.

A full line of every thing- needed in the apiary at
prices to suit the times.

Bees, Queens, and Nucleus CoLONrES of my old re-
liable strain, at prices way down.

Send for 34tli Aiuiual Catalduue before you buy
your stork, rcinfiiilieriii^' iln' best is always the
cheapest.

Address W. W. GARY,

4tf CoL-RAiN, Franklin Co., Mass.

GROSSMAN'S

BEAUTIFUL
GOLDEN

QUEENS

Arc t)red from the verj' best .Vbanded stock, and are
KUiiraiiteed to g:ive you satisfaction.

I iitestcd. $1.00 each; one-half dozen, $.5.00; $9.00
r<r' dozen. Tested, $1..50. Select tested, $2.50 each.
^1 nd for Price List.

W. p. CROSSMAN,

BOX 141. DALLAS. TEX.

Beautiful Native Flowers oT'FfolT/a'!

Clieapesl in the South, and guarantee. Send stamp
f oi- i.rice list. MISS LIZZIE ABAM, Sreen Cove Spring, Fla.

Quigley's Golden Italians

Are big yellow bees that are Jiardy, gentle, and
good honey-gatherers. Warranted queens, April
and May, $l.t)0 each. Safe arrival and satisfaction
guaranteed. Every thing needed in the apiary,
best quality, bottom prices, low freight. Price list
free. E. F, Qui^-lc^y, Uuionville, JlXo.

TESTED ITALIAN QUEENS, IXt'tefti

ed, $1.50; untested, 65 cts. Two-frame nucleus, with
tested queen, $3.00; with untested queen, $1 50.
Queens ready April 1.

Stewart & Cooper, Quebeck, Tenn.

Bee=keepers' Guide.

Jvew edition, just out. This is conceded to be the
fullest, most scientific, and oue of tlie best of our
American bee-books. Every bee-keeper should
Jiave one of the late editions. Price, by mail, S1.25.
Liberal discount to the trade.

A. J. COOK, Claremont, Cal.

Notice to Kansas Bee=keepers.

I keep in stock a full line of E. Kretchmer's make
of Hives, Sections, and otlier supplies needed in the
apiary, at very low prices. Also Italian bees and
queens for sale. A. W. SWAN, Centralia, Kan.

World's Fair Hedal

Awarded my foiiiidntion. Send for free
sa/nj>/e.s. Dealers, write for wholesale prices.
Koot's new F'olifilie<l Seef /ons and other goods
at liis prices. Free Illustrated Price List of every
tiling needed in the apiary. JVl H Hiitrf
Bell Branch, Mich. ^'»« •'• HUltL.

434

Good ! Good !

Those wishing- the finest and best business bees,
both for pleasure and profit, should Isiiow that
Jennie Atchley is headciuarters for such queens.
I breed both the 3 and 5 banded strains, at the fol-
lowing prices: Untested (March, April, and May),
$1.00 each; $5.00 for 6. or $9.00 per dozen. June till
October, 75 cts. each; $4 25 for 6, or $8.00 per dozen.
I breed my queens in separate yards, and I have as
fine Italian bees as there are anywhere. Nuclei
and full colonies. I have one straight merchandise
rate on bees by express— lowest in U. S. Fine breed-
ers always on hand; 3-banded, $5.00; for straight 5-
banded breeders, apply by letter. Also bees by the
pound. I guarantee all my queens to be good and
serviceable, and my fine faultless breeders unexcel-
led in the world. Safe arrival and satisfaction.

I also have a carload of A. I. Root's Dovetailed
hives and Bee-supplies to accommodate my South-
ern customers. Dadant's foundation and Bingham
smokers Send for catalogue.

JENNIE ATCHLEY, Beeville, Bee Co., Texas.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May 15.

"TROT 'EM OUT!"

T challenge anyone to show up a strain of bees
tliat are superior to my Golden Italinns. They
have excelled all competitors by practical test.
Gentle, industrious, good comb-builders, enter the
sections readily, are not inclined to swarm, and are
perfect beauties. Descriptive 'Mrcular free. Sec-
tions, ^2. per AI. Dovetailed hives way down.
CHAS. D. DUVALL, Spencerville, Md.

Sections Cheap.

We have on liaiid the following stock of clioiee
ivTiite 4-piece (l(i\ etailed sections, which we ofifer
at $1.00 per thousand:

75(100 iHx2. open top and bottom.

2r,000 4>4xn^,
40OU 414x113,
40(10 ikxl\?,.

G. B. LEWIS CO., Watertown, Wis.

pnpp f My price list of pure
rivL(L( . Italian l)ees and
queens, and white and brown
ferrets. Address

Roctiefiter, L,orfiin Co., O.

BEE=MEN, Get free Price List of Apiarian Supplies.
f'. A". l70//A'S0A^ linoxvillle. 111.

The Triumph Incubator,

ManufMctured by Ed. W. Cole, Kenton, O., is the
cheapest and best. Eggs for hatching, from stock
which won nearly 800 premiums tlie past year.
Send for />o.scri/><ion and prices.

Golden Wyandottes.

No better birds in America. Cockerel,
$5 00. Trio. $7.0' I. Eggs. $3.00 per setting.
E, D. Tieenev, Arcade, Hi. V.

BBB'S!

'^IStTpo'fe EGGS FOR HATCHING.

Orders booked now. Send for descriptive card.

J. S. Mason, Medina, Ohio.

GOLDEN QUEENS

nUlil I CAdo. passed for business.

beauty, and gentleness.
Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. Untested
queens— March, April, and May— $1 each. 150 fine
Tested Queens for early orders, $1.50 each. Order
early. Send for price list.

,7. D. GIVEjSS, Box 3, Lisbon, Tex.

<
BURTON L.

Seeds

Free!

ALSO

Freeman
Potatoes.

YOU CAN HAVE
SUCCESS

in Bee Culture a Whole Fear; 10
strong eyes of Freeman Potatoes
(purei, and b) packets of flower
and vegetable seeds, for 40
CENTS, silver. This offer is
made to boom our circulation.

SAGE, Highwood, Conn.

naiiQ:liters of one of Uoolit tie's very
^ hest golden five-banded breeders, mated to the
very choicest drones from Jennie Atcliley's

5-banded strain, tliereby securing a direct cross
with the best 5 banded stock obtainable. My aim is
to rear nothing but the best, regardless of cost.
Untested. 75c; Yt dozen, S4.25; dozen, $8.00. Safe
delivery and satisfaction. Money-order office, Mo-
nongali. P. O. address, Worthington,W. Va. Queens
ready May 25. J- M. Kohey.

1^ Brown and White Leghorn, $1.25. P.

HCrO"^ Kock, Bl'k Minorca. $1.50. Bl'k Lang-
*-'ao'^ Shan, L't Brahma, Pit Game, Buff Co-
cliin, $:i 00 per 13. Fowls for sale. Circular free.
Address GEER BROS., St. Harys, Ho.,

or H.B.QEER, Nashville, Tenn.

Ifyo u keep BBES,
subscribe for the Pro-
gressive Bee=.keeper, a

journal devoted to Bees,
Honey, and kindred in-

dustries. 50 cts. jjer

year. Sample copy,
also a beautifully illustrated catalogue of Bee-
keepers' supplies, FREE. Address
LEAHY MFG. CO., HIGGINSVILLB, MO.
Srin responding to this aflvertlsenient mention Olk\ninos.

WARRANTED QUEENS.

Why buy unle.'ited queens and take your own risk
of pure mating, when T warrant every one of my
queens to be purely mated ? Look over the ads. and
see how few dnre do this. Warranted Golden Ital-
ian queen, $1.00; six for $5.00, ready about May 1st.
Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed.

S. F. TREGO, Swedona, Illinois.

^Fln Responding to this advertisement mention qlkaninqs.

Send for our
new price list
of Bee supplies
and Fruit pack-
ages. A liber-
al discount al-
lowed on win-
ter orders. Ad-
dress

BERLIN
FRUIT BOX

CO..

Berlin Heights

Erie Co.,

Ohio.

_ 1-lOd

l^ln responding to this advertltfement mention GleaniN'^

GEO. W. HUFSTEDLER,

Breeder of 5 -Banded Italian Bees and ftueens.

Untested, T5 cts. Tested, $1.00 eacli.
CLARKSN^ILLE, RED RIVER CO.. TEXAS.

PATENT WIRED COMB FOUNDATION

Iliis A'o Sny ill Brood-frames.

Thin Flat - Bottom Foundation

] Has no Fishbone in the Surplus Honey.

' Being the cleanest,' it is usually worked

the quickest of any foundation made.

J. VAN DEUSEN & SONS,

12tfdh Sol nanufacturers,

Sprout Brook, Montgomery Co., N. Y.

TAKE NOTICE!

BEFORE placing your orders for SUPPLIES, write
for prices on One-Piece Basswood Sections, Bee-
Hives, Shipping-Crates, Frames, Foundation, Smo-
kers, etc. PAGE & KEITH,
8tfdb New London, Wis

1894

(JLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

435

Boards to put in your plant -SJUxicLi, like the oiu's
dc'sorilK'd on page 430, postpaid by mail, 15 cts.; if
sLipped by express or I'reiyht with other goods, 10c.

PRICE OF BEESWAX AND COMB FOUNDATION.

Since our liist we have secured a larpe lot of
choice yellow wax and liad otiier lots ottered us so
tlii're is little pi'obability now of a further advance
in price of either wax or foundation. In fact, we
mark the price of wax down Ic per lb. from that
quoted in last issue, and quote 24c cash, and 27c
trade for average wax delivered here. '

GLOBE LAWN-MOWEPS.

We quote a reduction of 50 cts. each on the prices
of lawn-mowers given in our catalog, on page .50, to
our i-e:iders and their friends. There is no better
cheap mower made than the Globe. We have had
one in use on our lawn for Ave years, and it runs
easy and does splendid work. With above reduction
the prices will be, for 10 inch, iiv}.60; 13-in., 3f3.75.;
14 in., $4.00; 16 in.. 64.25; 18-in., $4.5J. See advertise-
ment on cover page.

CARLOAD ORDERS.

As we go to press we are loading a car of supplies
for Jos. Nj'sewauder, Des Moines, lovva; anotlier
for Barteldes & Co., of Denver, Col., and a third for
W. K. Ball, of Reno, Nev. Smaller orders do not
abate, and we are running factory over time to
keep pace with them. We are not much behind as
yet, and we don't mean to be if we can avoid it. Our
extra polished sections are deservealy popular, and
going out at the rate of a million a month or, faster,
and our comb foundation is being ordered at the
rate of a tou a week.

JAPANESE BUCKWHEAT.

Our call for seed in last issue has not brought us
a single response as yet. To supply orders at all we
are obliged to pay a seed-dealer $1.20 per bushel, as
well as for bags and freight, making it cost us about
fl..50 per bushel. We can not, therefore, supply any
more at our catalog price unless we get track of a
lot of seed at a lowt-r price. If any of our readers
far or near have any seed to sell, or know of any,
we should be pleased to hear from you, naming
quantity you have, and price you ask. Mail sample
at same time. Until further notice our selling price
will be, 1 peck, 60c; % bush., 85c.; 1 bush., $1.50; 2
bush., $3.(H).

SPECIAL SECTIONS AT SPECIAL PRICES.

Of the special sections mentioned in former issues
we can still supply the follnwiiig: 2-in. cream, or
No. 2, open four sides, at $1.50 per lOiiO; also a few
' in. cream, or No. 2, opeu top and bottom, at same
price. All other cream sections are oversold. Of
old stock. No. 1 white, we have IM.open 2 and-t sides;
l}g, open 1 and 3 sides; IJ. open 1, 2, and 4 sides; 7 to
ft., open 1 and 2 sides; 1%, open 2 sides; and li4-in.,
op»'n 3 and 4 sides; all 4.'iX4ii'. Our price for these
is $2..50 per lOiHi; U.M for 2000; $6.50 for 3000, or $10 OJ
for .5(100. We still have the most of the larger sizes
given in former lists, at $3.00 per 1000, or $1 50 for 500.

POLISHING-MITTEN.

There are very few house-
i^^r" ^'j, _„„_-,^ keepers who do not have a

f ,;.''. "? ^^^2) stove to black, and many take

pride in making it shine. One
of the best implements for this
purpose is the poli.shing-mitten
shown herewith. This is a wo-
man's in\ention, and a good
one too. as you might know.
It consists of a mitten of oil-
cloth, faced witli sheep or
lamb's skin tanned with the wool on. The mitten is
accompaTiied by a dauber, also of wool on the hide.
Those who have tried the mitten are loud in its
praise. They are usually sold for 35 cts. postpaid.

We Ciin furnish them for 25 cts. postpaid, or 20 cts.
with other goods, not postpaid.

SLICED WOOD SEPARATORS.

Since we liave been furnishing sawed wood sep-
arator.-- thcie has been a muith smaller demand for
the sliced ones, which, though not as stiaiglit and
duralile and nice to use as the sawi'd tines, yet an-
swer a good puriHJse. Many piefer to use them but
once, and then throw them away. We have quite
a large stock of the following si'zes, winch we oiler
at reduced i)rices to move them off:

31/2XIT and 17)4 in. at 20c per 100, $1..50 per 1000.

3)4x18, or any U'tigih wi can make by cutting oflf
these lengths, 2.")c per 100, $1.';5 per IdOO.

4>sxl7, slotted both sides, 3i:e per 100, $2.00 per 1000.

4'/2xl8, slotted both sides, 35c per 100, $2.50 per 1000.

4!4xl8, Slotted both sides, and slightly colored or
mildewed, 25c per 100, $2.00 per 1000.

WORLD S FAIR AWARD.

The following is a copy of official award, just re-
ceived from John Boyd Thacher, Chairman Execu-
tive Committee on Awards:

" Variety of article? manufactured by the exhib-
itor for tlie use of bee-keepers; the ingenuity and
j)ractical utility indicated by the exhiliit, which
comprised boxes for transportation of bees; queen-
cage; queen-cell protector: swarm-catcher; zinc
honey-board; Novice honey-extractor; Poiter bee-
escape; honey-knife; bee-feeder; solar w;i,x-extract-
or; comb-foundation machines; comb foundation for
surplus; comb foundation for brood; comb-fouuda-
tion fastener; dovetailed bee-hives; chaff hive;
dovetailed supers; T supers; section honey-boxes;
honey shipping-cases; saw-mandrels.

*" Crane's Bee-anxikers. — Highest commendation for
ingenious construction and high efficiency.

" Cuwan's Rapid Reversible Extnwtor.— Simplicity
of design, excellence of construction, and ease and
rapidity of operation."

Notice that, while the general line of supplies re-
ceives award for ingenuity and practical utility,
the Crane smoker and Cowan extractor receive
special commendation. See ad't of these two spe-
cialties on another page.

POTATOES FOR L.\TE PLANTING.

We have Still on hand about 40 bushels of Free-
man potatoes, and perhaps 150 of the Monroe Seed-
lings—all in good condition. Now, plea.se note, the
secret of these Monroe Seedlings keeping so nicely
is, that they were planted in June; and even though
not planted till then they gave a crop of over 1900
bushels from 9 acres, and they were not troubled
with either bugs or blight. If you want to try
j'our hand at late planting you can have the Mon-
roe Seedlings at $1.00 per bushel or $2.50 per barrel,
and the Freemans at just twice that amount. As
good eating pt)tatoes are now scarce and high, the
Monroe Seedlings are, in many localities, the clTeap-
est (joud potatoes that you can get for table use.

VEGETABLE-PLANTS MAY 1.5.

We now have a splendid stock of vegetable-plants
of all kiuds— beautiful cauliflower; and, in fact, we
are now putting on the market the handsomest
(-•aulitiower I ever .saw. Every head seems to be
perfect. This may be owing to the fact tliat they
were grown and matured during the cool spring
weather. I think, however, much of it is due to the
excellent quality of the seed that friend March is
giving us. We have also onion-plants in great
abundance — nice ones— especially Vellow Danvers
and PrizetaKer. Tt)mato-plants, we are once more
short of. This year we had an unusually large
number of twice transplanted, set out the last time
with an extra amount of room. When these began
to blossom we offered them at 5 cts. each, or 40 cts.
for 10; and to my iistonishmeiit almost everybody
to<jk the great big plants. We take up a good lot
of dirt with each plant, and give them an old bas-
ket to carry them in. I mention this as a hint to
plant-growers. We have a, beautiful lot of celery-
jilants— White Plume, Self-blanching. Golden Dwarf
and New Rose, and shall have Giant Paschal later.
We have also a nice stock of pepper-plants— Bull-
nose, Cayenne, Spanisli, and Ruljy; Sweet-potato
jilaiits in great quantity; also Southern Queen and
IJerniuda Red yams.

436

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May 15.

GLEANINGS BINDERS.

As promised in a recent issue we present a cut
of the binder we have adopted for Gleanings. It
has a half-oval block of wood bound into the back
so that it shows in the case as a full volume, wheth-
■er it has one or more numbers in it. You no-

tice theie are 'H steel strips, one for each number in
the volume. Each number is slii^ped over a strip,
as it comes to liand, in a moment's time, without
mutilation ; and any )iumber can be removed and
replaced instantly without disturbing the rest.
They are neatly lettered in gold-leaf, "Gleanings
IN Bee Culture" on the front side and on the
back. We have them all cloth or with leather back

and corners. Price, all cloth, 65 cents each. Cloth
and leather, 75 cents each. By mail, 17 cents extra
for postage.

NEW FAVORITE FAMILY SCALES.

The manufacturers of
the Favorite Family
scale have recently im-
pioved this convenient
household article by
making the case of sheet
steel instead of cast iron.
Either size, 12 or 24 lb.,
boxed for shipment,
weighs now only 5 lbs.
The adjoining cut shows
the scale. You notice,
right under the platform
is a screw. By turning
this screw you can take
off the tare for any ves-
sel placed on the scale,
bringing the pointer to

"^=^^2;j^j|^^'

0. Price, 12-lb., f3.25; 24-lb.,$2.50.

CONVENTION NOTICES.

There will be a meetinc- of the Southeastern Kansas Bee-
keepers' Association held June 15, 16, '94, at the apiaries of J. C.
Balch, seven miles south of Bronson, Kan. All are respectful-
ly invited. J. C. Balch, Sec.

Golden Queens from Tennessee.

Our stock is better than ever before. We will
rear only the Golden Italia.is this season. Have a
few 3 banded tested that we will sell cheap. Goldea
tested. $1.50; select tested. $2.ri0; extra select testtd,
$4.00; 3-banded tested. $1.00. Untested, $1.00.
STEWART BROS., Sparta, Tenn.

EGGS '"o"' Matching. Li^s^lf;

■"^*"^**'^ Wyandottes, B. and W. Minorcas, P.
Rocks, Langshans, f 1.00 per 13; Y. Wyandottes, I.
Games, Red Caps, S. S. Ham burgs— Eggs, $2.00 per
13. No circular. AUOUST QOETSE & SON.

3822 WOOD ST., WHEELINO, W. VA,
Please mention this paper.

ECONOHY IN PAINTING

DEPENDS UPON THE

Durability and Covering Power

of the paint used. A paint made of White T^eacI, Xlnc, and
I^iirc Linseed Oil, thoroughly mi.ved and finely ground by
powerful machinery must be more durable and have greater cov-
ering power than a paint stirred up by hand with a stick.

B. P. S. PAINTS ARE HADE TO WEAR,

and one gallon will cover over 300 sq. ft. of average surface two
coats. It is fully guaranteed by our agents, and a trial will con-
vince you that it is the

Best Paint So'd.

13 Carloads of Supplies.

This is the amount Wfc have distributed in a single season, of
Foundation, Dov. Hives, Sections, E.xtractors, etc. Therefore, if
you have little niDticti and want that little to go as far as possible,
remember that we are headquarters in the west for all goods in
our line; l)j' doing so great a volume of business we sell goods

cheap. If you have t)ie money, also remember you can make it earn a big interest by availing yourself of

our discounts for early orders. In either case you should write us and tell what you will likely need. It

will pay you. We sell Root's goods at Root's prices, and can save you freight.

The new polished sections and all other late improved goods kept in stock. rrtQ TUC W/COT

Joseph Nysewander, Des Moines, la. "----— '"*^ ""'■

ed catalogue, free for every-
body,every where, especially

Dovetailed Hives, Simplicity Hives,

SECTIOI\/S, EXTRACTORS, ETC.

FULL LINE OF

BEE-KEEPERS' SUPPL/ES.

60-PAGB CATALOGUE. Itfdb

J. M. Jenkins, Wetumpka, Alabama.

iL^'ni lespuii.uiit.' to tills iidvurtisenieiit inei'llon ULKAMNii.-s.

1S94

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

43-

COMB FOUNDATION.

Made by an

IMFRO\'ED T'JiOCnSS OA' ]!fn\V A.JSJJ

IMF'Ii (> \ '/i n il/ A CHIN IS S

of my own lTi\'etitIon,
wiiic/i enables me to
produce

Xlie CliesLpest-

Prices on 5 lbs. or more will ruiig-e from oS to 50c
per lb. Send for prices and samples.

W.J. FINCH, JR.,

931 E. Monroe St., Springfield, Illinois.

tyin respDiuiiiij; to this a<iviM-ll>c

It lUi'Iltlim Gl.HANlNdS.

I f)f\\r Here, Bee=keeper

If you aic ill need of some bee
supplies, write for catalogue and price list. Every
tiling- sold as cheap as
the cheapest.
Kenton, Hardin Co., O

W. E. Smith.

WILLIAM HEASTMAN, CITRA, FLA.,

Breeder of the celehrated " Orange-

blossom " Italian Bees and Quoens.

Untested, 75 ets.

Bees and Queens.

Select tested queens, from imported mother, $1.50
each; untested, 90 cts. each; ;i-franie nucleus, with
untested queen from imported motlier, both frames
containing- brood and all adhei-ing- bees, 83.00. Bees
by the pound, 90 cts. Satisfaction g-uaranteed. Will
be ready to ship May 15. ilRS. A. F. PROPER,
Portland, Jay Co., Ind.

5000 Golden Queens in 1894.

1 untested queen by mail $100

6 untested queens by mail 5.00

1 3-f rame nucleus 2 75

2 3-f rame nuclei — 5 00

Untested queens with nucleus. Satisfaction in

all cases. Send for sample of bees.

J, F. MICHAEL, German, Darke Co., 0.

Attention !

Bees for Sale.

Full colonies and nuclei.
Good stock; Langstroth frames. Write for prices.
//. L,atliroi), Browntown, Green Co., Wis.

n Seed u\nnual for 1894 is well worth
^ having. Tell to all wlio plant seeds

Burpee'

W. Atlee Burpee & Co., Philadelphia, Pa

Fi-eight charges on orders for Root's polislied sec-
tions, and 16-section white basswood shipping--cases,
at his prices, to be sliipped from factory to points
■witliin 300 miles, in lots of 500U and 200 or over re-
spectively. Send for catalog.

B. WALKER, Evart, Mich.

MUTHc HONEY
-^^^^^ EXTRACTOR.

Square Glass Honey- Jars,

Tin Bnckets, Bee-hives,

Honey Sections, Etc., Etc.

Perfection Cold-blast Smokers.
APPLY TO

CHAS. F. MUTH & SON, Cincinnati, 0.

p. S.— Send 10-ct. stamp for " Pnutieal Hints to Bee-keepers.'

Control Your Swarms, Requeen, &c.

also by all lue leading supply-dealei-s

Send -'oc for sarnjiles of
West's Patent Spiral wire
Queen-Cell Protectors, and
Pat. Spiral Queen Hatcli-
iiig- and Introducing Cag-e,
also l)est Bee-Kscape, with
circular explaining. 12
Cell-protectors, (iOc; 100, $3.
13 Cages, 60c; 100, $5, by
m;ii!. Circular fioe. Aa-
(hcss H. D. WEST. Middle-
bureh._ Scho. Co., N. Y. Sold

I have one of the choicest Hocks of

Brown Leghorns in the State.

Keep no other kind. Eg^s, T.5C per 15; $1.3.5 i)er 30.

B. G. SCOTHAN, Rogersville, Mich.

w-^ ^ 40 Colonies Italians, $4.50

l-H ^^ Hybrids, $4.Ull per colony.

B v^ J Pa(;ked ready to ship in a
^~^ new Dovetailed hive; 8 good

Worker combs.
J. B. Mccormick, Fredericksburg, Ohio.

Italian Bees and Queens

Ready in May. Queens, $1.00; bees by the lb.. $1.00;
1-frame nucleus, $1.25; 3-frame, $3.35. Also Barred
P. R. eggs for setting, 15 for $1.00.

Airs. A.. A. Simjison, Swarts, Pa.

For Cash.

Pure light-colored Italian queens in April. May,
and June. One untested, il. 50; X dozen, $5.00; per
dozen, $9.00. Tested queens, $1.50 eacli. Select test-
ed. $2.00. Gn:iriintee safe arrival. Address

D. E. ALDERMAN, Clinton, Sampson Co., N. C.

Locust=Trees for Sale.

Very valuable for shade and timber. Also a great
honey-producing tree. Blows very fragrant. Trees
from 3 to 5 feet high, .30 cts. each ; 35 cts. each per 100.

W. J. Hillman, Green River, Vt.

^iillllllDllllllllllllllllllllllllillilllllllllllllllllllllllllllU:

I ITALIAN QUEENS, |

= At prices that will siiiprise you when you =:

— have seen the stock. Nothing but the purest zi

— Italians ilni ported and Golden) in the apiary. =:
=: Tested Queens, $1.00 each. Untested. 75 cts; =

— $8.00 per doz. Orders tilled by return mail. =
= Safe arrival and satisfaction g-n;ir:iiiteed. =
= J. W. K. SHAW & CO., LOHEAUVILLE (Ibaria Par.i, LA. =

;iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiin;

ITALIAN QUEENS.

Both three and five banded. Tested, $1.,50; three
for $4.00. Extra select breeders. .$3.00: three for
$5.00. Untested, $1.00; three for »3.50; si.v for $5.00;
twelve, for $8.00. Safe arrival snaranteed or money
refunded. Orders booked now, and pay when you
want queens. C. F. BECKEY,

Manitou Beach. Len. Co., Mich.

Catalogue

Free
of all our
Machinery.

Seneca Falls Mfg. Co. 44 Water St., Seneca Falls, N.Y.

l:^"lii respondlntf to this advertisement mention Gleaking^

438

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May 15.

New Cowan Reversible Extractor

Is now indorsed by the best and most extensive
bee=keepers of the country

Some of its Features
are:

Reversing Without Stop=
ping.

Can be done by simply
slowing- up the motion.

Gear Beveled.

Stroiifj- and well made, and
opei'atL'd by a good substan-
tial handle.

Milk^can Handles

are attached to the can.

Two Coats

of carriage black, and neatly
lettered.

Can of heavy XX Tin^

for 2-frame; four and six
frame of galvanized iron.

Bottom

of improved type.

Honey=gate

is '-of a new pattern and
of ample capacity, and mal-
leable-iron handle.

Reversing Pockets

braced stronger than ever,
and guaranteed not to
l)ulge.

Gear and Reversible
Pockets

easily removed by taking
out four screws.

Two-frame extractor, L. size, |^10.00; four-frame, L. size, f^20.00; six-
frame, L. size, $26.00. The four and six frame extractors also reversed
without stopping. 52-page catalog of Bee-keepers' Supplies free.

A. I. ROOT, Medina, Ohio.

is not the only

the Smokers we manufacture.

They are strong, and well made. Of the Clark Cold=Blast we have

sold over 150,000 ; and the Crane Hot=Blast — well, although it is a

new smoker it is taking like "hot caliies." ....

The new '94 model Crane
is a beauty; and among some
of its distinguishing fea-
tures are an improved

Check=Valve,

a device that forces the air
through tlie cup, even when
crammed witli fuel, and at
the same time prevents
smoke from going into the
bellows; a

Hinged Top

secured by a malli'ali1e-iron
liinge accurately milled at
the joint so that the top will
fly squarely in place. No
need of burning Angers in
replenishing, nor losing tlie
top off.

.CORRUGATED
SHIELD

The Lining

this year consists of asbestos
sheeting around tlie outside
of the flre-cup; and over tliis
still is a neat corrugated-
shield This combination is
the most effective of any
thing we have ever tried.
And last, but not least, tlie
cup is secured by four small
BOLTS, not screws.

Price of Crane Smoker,
each in a neat telescope
pasteboard box, $1.60; or
prepaid, $1.95. Dealers,
write for wholesale prices

N. B.— We are the author-
ized manufacturers.

A. 1. ROOT, Medina, Ohio.

1894

ULEANINtJS IN BEE CULTURE.

443

A Hew Brooin Sweeps Glean.

Any kind of wire fence loolvs uicely when
first pill, up, and It will tisually turn stock
while nc>\v and tight. Wln'tlier it will con-
tinue 1() look well and dogood service for any
length of time, depends almost wholly on its
olrtsitii'atj-. The PAGE is practically tl;e
only elastic fence on the market, the only
mnster of cont raction and expansion, there-
fore the safest to buy and use.

PAGE WOVEN W3P.E FEPilCE CO., Adrian, F«ich

illustrated ii;if

RETAIL
AND
WHOLESALE
/ii'ej-.v tliiiiu: used in the ^'Ipi-
nry. Greatest variety and lanrest
stoi-k in the NA'e.st. New catalog. TO
■!•■>, Iree.
^eounts to Dealers.

E. KRETCHMER, Red Oak, la.

162Hasg.M«. Indianapolis, Ind.

Standard Goods— Popiilar
Prices — Catalogue Free.
»«BU*«Y EJKE8"
A book telling how to man-
ape them-io CI s. in stamps ; or free to
|''..^^"',__^those sending names of 5 bee-keepers

EE SUPPLIES!

send for free copy of JLLUSTRATED

CATAlirtdillE, describinK every thing- use-
ful to a BEE-JiEEPEK. Address
T. G. Newman, 147 So. Western Ave., Cliicaso.

SECTIONS CHEAP!

Until sold, we will sell the sections listed below In
quantilies ot .^lOO or more at $1.50 per thousand for
creams, and SI. 00 per thousand for No. 3. A114Vx
iU sections, open two sides.

41,0i;0 3 incli cream. 37,000 2 inch No. 2.
47,0(0 IM " " 91,000 111 "

]16,0U0]^iJ " " 20,010 He "

134,1)00 7 to ft. " 87.000 112 "

2.53,000 7 to ft. No. 2.

RAGE & KEITH, NEW LONDON, WIS.

drin rp.spondinplo tlil.x.irivpifi.ciii. II' iiieiiti^ii (4i,KANiNGa

~ QUEEIS8S

Smokers, Sections ,

Comb Found fitiun.
And all Apiairsm Supi>lie8
rhf^ap. Spnrt for
E. T. KLANAIiAN, Bplleville, III.

Those Silver-Gray Carniolan Bees.

1 have a (jueen-icaritiK' yard 5 miles from other
bees, where 1 will rcai- those beautiful gentle Carni-
ohin queens, at $1.00 each (untested); $5.00 for 6, or
$9.00 per dozen. Send in your orders and see how
soon 1 can send the queens. Safe arrival and satis-
faction guaranteed. Miss Amanda Atchley,
Ueeville, Bee Co., Texas.

anum

Leather = Colored Italian

Queens

Are in the lead the world over. Tested queens
one dollar each. Descriptive catalogues free to
all applicants.

Also wood screws ^ longer than formerly;
otherwise the same. Price $9.0U per 1000 by ex-
press; $1.00 per 100 by mail. Taps, $1.1.5 each.

A. E. Manum,

Bristol,

Vermont.

C5^1n respomiircr to this ,i<lvt>itisenifnt mention GLKANii'iis.

Goods at

s Prices.

We have the best shipping--facilities in the North-
west. We can save time and freight by shipping
direct on some 40 or more railroads, without change
of cars, which saves handling, and goods are much
less liable to be broken or smashed.

Root's 1893 No. 1 white sections, 4ii'x4;^.v7 to foot,
1 li, and l}g, at l|?2.50 per 1000. No. 1 cream, i!ix)4xl%
and llf, $2.00 per 1000.

Write for price list and what you want.

H. Q. Acklin, 1024 Mississippi St.,

St. Paul, Minn.

Northwestern Agent for A. I. Root's Bee=keepers'

Supplies.

Will pay 24c per lb. cash, or 27c in trade for any
quantity of good, fair, average beeswax, delivered
at our K. R. station. The same will be sold to those
who wish to purchase, at 32c per lb., or 33e for hcKt
nelccied wax. Old comh.f icill not lie accepted under
aim ctinsidcratiiin.

Unless you put your name on the hoz, and notify
us by mail of amoui.t sent, I can not hold myself
responsible for mistakes. It will not pay as a gen-
eral thing to send wax by ezpresx.

A. I. ROOT, Medina, Ohio.

Dovetailed Hives, Simplicity Hives,

SECTIONS. EXTRACTORS, ETC.

FULL LINE OF

BEE-KEEPERS' SUPPLIES.

6O-PAGE CATALOGUE. Itfdb

J. M. Jenkins, Wetumpka, Alabama.

kj7"Iu rfBponUiiiy to Oils advertisement mer-tlon GLKAM.Ngs.

444

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June 1.

Contents of this Number.

Artesian Wells 476

Bees on Islands InO

California Yields 4M

Combs, Snlphurinar t6ft

Dovetail Hive Reviewed 467

Echoes from Rambler 463

Fax 46"

Fertilization of Plants... 448, 449

Fertilization. Delayed 464

Gelseminm Senipervirens.. 4r7
Glucose Pleasant to Taste... 470i

Heddon's Second Reply 459

Hive, New Dovetail 466.467

Hive, Dzierzon's Twin 4•^6

Honeys, Best 461

Honey, Corner in

Islands Bees on

Medicine. Doetnr'g Without,

Non swarmer, Langdon

Oueens Changing

Rambler at Gold-mine

Sashes, Wooden

Sprayina Solutions

Stiawberry Fertilizers

Supers Discussed

Swarming to Prevent

Svmpii inm No. 2

Tvuii, Mclntvie's

Veil — How to Wear

Yellow Ja-mine

Wants OP Exchanc^e Department.

Notices will be inserted under thi'^ head at one half our usu-
al rates. All advertisements intended for this department
must not exceed five lines, and iyou must say you want your
adv't in this deiiartiiient, or we will not he responsible for er
rors. You can have the notice as many lines as you please,
but all over live lines will cost you according to our regular
r.ates. This department is intended only for bona fide ex
changes. Exchanges for cash nr for pi'ice lists, or notices of
fering artii-les for sale, can not he inserted under this head
For such our regular rates of '20 cts. a line will be ch.arged. and
they will be put with the regu'ar adverli<emeiits We can not
be i-esponsible for dissatisfaction arising from these "swaps."

WANTED.— Situation in iipi:irv for tlio coming
season, A. T. Bat.t.. South St'bec, Maine.

W

ANTED.— To exchaiiKe severni g-ood safety bi-
cycles. Honey wanted. Send sample.

J, A. Gkeen, Ottawa, 111,

W

ANTED —To exclianfre 200 colonies of bees for
any thing useful on jilantalion.

Anthony Opp, Helena, Ark.

WANTED.— To exchange Koot's g-oods, at bis
prices, to be shipped from here or factor.v, for
white comb honey (crop of '94 preferred) in quan-
tity lots. See ad. in another column,

B. Walker, Evart, Mich,

WANTED.— To exchange a good 6-inch Vandervort
foundation-mill or 1(00 and less of empty L.
brood combs, A No. 1, for offers.

J NO. Nebel & Son, High Hill, Mo.

WANTED.— To exchange one Columbia Safety bi-
cycle for any thing I can use; also hiive for
exchange 30ii division-boards, and lOu break-ioint
honey-boards for 8-f rame L. liive. Want beeswax.
F. H. McFari.and. Hyde Park, Vt.

WANTED.— To exchange for honey one Novice
exti'actor, H, Bennett, Union Furnace, O.

WANTED.— 24. (/"("((Mintested Italian queens, June
Idth. Please jiddie^s. witli i(ii'l<-l)Oitom price,
W. L, COGGSHAi.L, West Groion.Tonii)kins Co,, N. Y.

ANTED.— At once, a lady capable of doing gen-
eral housework, neat, and kind to children.
Address El,ias Pox, Hillsboro, Wis.

W

W

ANTED.— To exchange Italian bees and queens
for Safety bicycle or offers.
C. A. JoHKNNiNG, Hi.ghland Springs, V'a.

WANTED.— To exchange one ^xH Favorite Plioto
Outfit for any thing I can use. What have you
to offer? G. J. Sturm, Mt. Erie, III.

WANTED.— To exchange full colonies and 4 and 5
frame nuclei, for liammer and hsinimerless
.guns and gold watches All Italians on L frames.
Address L. Wkhnek, Edwardsville, 111.

WANTED.— To exchange a good payinsr business
in a live railroad town, for a good farm or of-
fers. A bargain; for particulars address

Cake P. M., No. 144. Steeleville, III.

\\ANTEn.-To excliMiige 20 secondhand cliaff
Vi hives, for a good second-li uid Safety bicycle.
J. G. TowNSEND, 31 Linden Ave., Jamestown, N. Y.

IF YOU WANT BEES

That will just " roll " in tlie honey, try

MOORE'S STRAIN OF ITALIANS,

The result of 1.5 years' careful breeding.

Mr. Sam. King, Raleigh, N. C, referring to a
queen purchased of me last season, says:

"I received queen June 1; introduced her on four
frames in the Simplicity hive; tilled out with frames
of foundation. Honey taken by July S, 155 lbs.;
honey taken in Sept., 19T lbs., and had plenty to
winter on. I never saw such workers; have bees
from 20 breeders."

Warranted queens, $1.00 each ; 3 for $2.50. Safe
arrival and satisfaction guaranteed.

Tiiose who have never dealt with me. I refer to
A. I. Root, who has pui'chased of me 666 queens.
Circular free. eitf

J. P, MOORE, Morgan, Pendleton Co., Ky,

t^^In respondinu' to this

It lull (tLKANINQB,

C \l IPODMIA Tested Itali.-in queens, $1..50
V^^\L,I rV^I^l'N 1/A g.,^,1, t^o .,,|y p,j,.f ^,( u g. or

Canada; else- W A Di-i?ol North Temescal, near
where. S2.00. '' • ^' r I ^dl, g.^,, Francisco, Cal.

HI\/Ac it\f QaiJa Having gone out of the farm-
I11VC^ lUl OdlC. j|,jj. business. I have 12 Chau-
tauqua and hi chaff hives, all new. for sale at half
the cost of new ones. J. Q. Townsend,

31 Linden Ave., Jainesiown, N. Y.

Ir\^r\ir\fi-f^r\ Carniolans, bred in ]s9:), $5 each;
llipUl LCU tested is;)4 Carniolans in June, $2;
bred fi-om imported queens producing onlv gray
bees. Untested, May, fl. Foreign orders. '.*R, $3,
and $2. Safe ari'ival at anv postofflce in 1' -i- -id.
MKS. rHANZ BENTON, Charlton Eeiglits. Md.

Special Offer.

700 2-frame nuclei, with
warranted queen, at $1 5(
each. Queens, untested, 7.t cts.: J4 dozen, $4.00:
tested, $1.50; breedina'-queens. $3 00. We a-uarantet
satisfaction. LEININGEE BEOS., Fort JeBLirgs, 0.

Binsham Perfect Smokers.

Cheapest and Best on Earth.
Patented 1S78, 18S2 and 1802.
Have all our new improvements,

T. F. Bingham,

Abronia, Mich.

|^*In responding to this advertisement mention Glkanlng*

Black and Hybrid Queens For Sale.

For the benefit of friends who liave black or hybrid queens
which the.v wish to dispose of, we will insert notices as bclnw
first in.sertion free of charce. After the first, 10 cents per line
We do Ihis Ipeinuse there is hardly value enoujrh in thesti
queens tn jkiv fur Iniyiii^r them Tip and keeping them in stock,
and yet it i- Idtintin'ie^ cpiite :\n accommodation to those whc
can iiut atford highti prii-ed ones.

I have .^0 more black, hybrid, and mismated queens
at 30c each. H. L. Weems, Hanford, Cal.

CIRCULARS RECEIVED,

We have lately reiTiveil ciixulars from the following parties;
Hayek Bros.. O'li'icy. 111.
J f. Michael, (iern.an. ().

A. C Tyrrell. Madis.,11 Neb,
W. T, Lewis. Lewisbur«h, Miss.

J. D. Goodrich. East Hardwick. Vt.

B. Davidson. U.xbridge Ont.. Canada.
J. H. M. Cook, 78 Barclay St., New York,

is;)4

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

44'

Honey Column.

CITY MARKETS.
lirFFAL().-Hr)?iej/.— The lioiioy nuirket remains
iin.lianjicd; faiiry, i:j@14; choice. 11@12; common
:iri(l hrol^eii lots, 8@9. The trade for the past week
li.is beon exceedingly quiet, and still a liberal
amount of stock on iiand.

Batterson & Co.,
May If*- . Butfalo, N. Y.

(iiiCAGO.— Hojfcy.— Few lots of comb honey on
Nil li, and prices 14@15 for choice. Some dark lots
silhiig- at (i. 7. and 8. Extracted veiy quiet, and no
inii rest is tjiken in reports from California that the
ci.>|. will be light, so for the present ilie advance is
contined west of the Kockies. Beeswax, »'').

R. A. BUKNETT & Co.,

M:iy 18. 163 So. Water St., Chicago, III.

Kansas Citv.— Hone?/.— The demand for comb
nul extracted IS liglit. Supply of comb not larg-e.
W e quote No. 1 white Mb. comb. 14@15; No. 2, 12®
i:!; No. 1 amber, 13@14; No i, 1U@11. Extracted,
t';i^i7. Beeswax, 18^32.

Clemons, Mason & Co.,

>t«y 19. Kansas City, Mo.

(iNCiNNATi.-Honej/.— Demand is very slow for
?xtiacted honey at 4(a)7. Prices of comb honey are
m\y nominal at 12@14 for best white. Demand slow,
rii.re is a good demarjd for beeswax at 2~'@27 for
Joiid tochoice j'ellow. Supply scant, and not enough
u I iving to supply our home trade.

Chas. F. Muth & Son,

-^•^ly 31. Cincinnati, Ohio.

Clevelanu.— Honey.— Demand on No. 1 honey is
Kit as good as last week; prices have lowered some-
vliiit. The market is well supplied. Beeswax selling-
'' -' ' WiLt i\MS Bros.,

May 18. 80 & 82 Broadway, Cleveland, O.

Kansas City.— Ho?(ey.— Fair demand for honey.

'n.'es. comi). No. I white, 12»4; No. 1 dark, 10; No.

:, 111. Extracted, .5(5,9. Beeswax. 2l@23.
,, Hamblin & Bearss,
->lay 21. Kansas City, Mo.

DETROiT.-f/o>iey.— Best white honey is selling'
■lowly at 14@15; dark, 11@13. Slow and but little of
my kind on commission now. Extracted, 7@8
ieiswax, 36@27. M. H. Hunt,

-^I'ly 21. Bell Branch, Mich.

Albany.— 77onej/.— We are entirely out of comb
louey. Have quite a stock of extracted on hand,
md It IS selling very slowly at 5@7, according to
luality. Chas. McCulloch & Co.,

393, 395, 397 Broadway, Albany, N. Y.

-May

Boston.— Honey.-VVe quote you our honey mar-
cel as follows; Comb, 12(u>J4. Supply fair, demand
igtit. \ ery little call for extracted; prices, 5@7.
E. E. Blake & Co.,
Successors to Blake & Ripleij,
- l='y "• . Boston, Mass.

San Francisco.— Ho/iej/.— Honey remains Arm,
lid the prospects of the coming crop have not im-
ir<ived. Stocks are light, and high prices are ex-
'<■' t ed. To-day we quote extracted honey at 5»/^@6;
"I"!', 9<§ill for 1-lb. frames. Beeswax scarce at 24®
''■ Schacht, Lemc'ke & Steiner,

^' • y 23. San Francisco, Cal.

New York.— HoHei/.— New crop Soutliern honey
■ ai ruing freely. The market is well supplied, and
tiiiiind very light. We quote common grade at 50c
II gaUori; clioice, .55@li0. Beeswax is in good de-
land at20@26.

Hildreth Bros. & Seoei.ken,

May 2.5. 28 & 30 West Broadway, New York.

BUFFALO, N. Y. Unsurpassed Honey Market.
BATTERSON & CO. Responsible, Reliable,
Commission Merchants. ,8tfdb and Prompt.

EDWIN ROBINSON.

W. M. GRAY.

Robinson & Gray,

SUCCESSORS TO

B. F. Southwick & Co.,
Foreign and Domestic Fruits, Canned Goods.

47 & 43 Gouth Market and 5 & 6 Chatham Streets.

Headquarters for Vermont Shipments

of White=Clover Honey.

It will be the endeavor of tlie new firm to meet
the wishes of their patrons in the future as the late
firm has in the past.

Thanking you for the many past favors received
by the late tirm, we hope to be favored with a liberal
share of your patronage in the future.

All orders and inquiries by mail or otherwise will
receive prompt attention. Very respectfully,

Boston, April 2, 1894. ROBINSON & GRAY.

I^"lii respondinff to tliis aUveiti.-;ement. mention Glkandjgs.

Bees and Supplies

Always on hand. Send for circular.
I. J. Strinahain, 105 Park Place, K. Y.

HARDY
BUSINESS f QUEENS.

Bee-keepers of the North, we can furnish
you now witli hardy bred queens of either
the 5 banded G ilden Italians, or Gray Carni-
olans. Our pii^cs are very reasonable. Send
for them before placing your orders. Satis-
faction gvamnteed. A complete description
and price list free.

P. A. LOCKHART & CO., Lake George, N. Y.

Woodcliff A No. I.

In order to introduce my strain of beautiful yel-
low Wooilclit'f Queens, whicli are bred from
an imported leather-colored Italian crossed with
the bests-banded stock lean procure by Doolit tie-
method, I will sell a limited number only of untest-
ed ciueens at t:, , ts. each. As I produce large quan-
tities of com* honey. I breed piincipa 11 V for large
honey-gathciers. Apiaries near Philade'iiiliia. Ad-
dress Wm. a. Selser, Wyncote, Par.

riother Bees.

If yn wish the best of queens, or mother bees,
send mo your orders. Untested queens, 3 or ,5 band
75c each; $4.2.5 for 6, or 88.00 per dozen. Tested 3-
band breeders, $1.50 each; fine 3-b:ind breeders,
thoroughly tested, the h&st, $.5.00 each; straight
5-band breeders, faultless queens, iflO.dO eacli. Root's
goods. Dadant's foundation, and Bingham smokers.

Jennie Atchley, Beeville, Bee Co., Tex.

PFSTED Italian queens, $1.00; untested. 65 cts ;
select tested, $1.50. 0. H. STEWAET, Sparta, Tenn.

\iOW /S YOUR CHANCE

o l)iiy cltc?ai>. Bee-keepers' Supplies, hives, .sec-
on>, idn., etc. Write for price list. SOOT'S OCODS
JOIIX NEBET^ * SOA', Hi<r^h Ili'l, Ma.

Golden Queens from Tennessee.

Untested, 75 cts.; tested, $1.25; select tested. $2.00.
3-banded tested, $1.00; untested, 50 cts.

Stewart IlroH., St>arta, Tenn.

5=Banded Bees in Iowa.

All my bees are bred wiih care by the most ap-
proved methods, and fiom the best 5 banded breed-
ers that can be obtained, and positively can not be
excelled for beauty, gentleness, and working qual-
ities. Fifteen years' experience. Untested. 80 cts. ;
6 for $4.25; 4 and 5 banded, $2.00; straight 5-banded
on application. Satisfaction guaranteed.

./. E. H^\^,'L>. Elclora. la.

446

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June 1.

TESTED

Queens are usually sold for $3.00 I will ex-
plain why I wish to sell a few at less than that.
As most of my readers know, I requeen my
apiary each spring with young

From the South. This is done to do away with
swarming. If done early enough it is usually
successful. It will he seen tliat tlie queens
displaced by these young queens are never
more than a year old: in fact, they ai'e tine
tested Italian queens, right in their prime; yet.
in order that they may move off quickly, and
thus make room for the untested queens, they
will be sold for only

Or I will send the Review for 1894 and one of
these queens for only $1.75. For $2.00 I will
send the Review, the queen, and the book "Ad-
vanced Bee Culture." It any prefer the young
laying queens from the South, they can have
them instead of the tested queens, at the same
price. A discount given on large orders for
untested queens. Say how many are wanted,
and a price will be made.

W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint, Mich.

itHH^n goldenorSband yUCCflS.
ed leather-colored. Untested. $1.00 each: one-
half dozen, $4.50. Tested, $1.50 each. Select
tested, I3..50 each. Extra select tested, fine
breeding queens, $3.50 each.

E. A. SEELEY, Bloomer, Ark.

Golden Queens E™™ If ,f.?a

for business, beauty, and genlleni ss. Safe arrival
and satisf;icliori guaranteed.

216 well-flUed 1-lb. sections is what I took from
one colony in '93. contai'iing a queen bought of you.
J. A. Whitakek, (.>ak I'liff, Texas.
Warramed queens, $1.00 e:icli.

J. D. QIVENS, Box 3, Lisbon, Texas.

Sections, Bee= Hives,

and other Bee=

Keepers' Appliances

at Bed=rock Prices.

Best of Goods at Lowest Prices.

Write for free, illustrated catalogue

and Price List.

G. B. Lewis Co., Watertown, Wis.

LAWS' ITALIANS IN THE LEAD,

and are in every State in the Uniun and several
t'oreii^-n ooii/ifries. Queens vellow nil
over. Fine lireeders always oii hand. Four
and Ave band, $3 0.); straight five band, $3.00. Un-
tested, $1.00; 6 for $4.50. Reference. A. I. Koot.
\V. II. LA.WS, Lavaca, Seb. Co., u^\rk.

Italian Queens Cheap.

My queens are as good as the best. Untested, 65c
each; 3 for $1.75; 6 for $3.25. Tested. *1 3.). Select
tested, yellow to the tips, breeders, $1..50. Safe ar-
rival guaranteed. a. E. DAWSON, CAELISLE,,AEE.

HUSTLERSi ~

Read what one of the largest bee-keepers of thia
country says: "The queens (two dozen i came prompt-
ly. They are an extra tine lot. The bees are finely
marked, gentle, and /mst/ers when it comes to
iiojie.v- I have no trouble in picking them out
now from over 600 colonies."— W. L. Coggshall,
West Groton, N. Y., Oct. 17, 1H93.

Prices for queens breil for business from above
strain, 5-ba/ic/, are. May, $1.00; later, 75c; ^ doz..
May and June, $4.00; doz., f7..')0. July and later, six
for $3. .50; doz., $6.50. Single queens warranted
l)urely mated. 1 iJ-jiarantee all queens to arrive
safely and to be iJ-ooti serviceable queens.
Send for free circular. Draw money order on. and.
address, J. B. CASE, Port Orange, Fla.

FREE— To M\ Subscribers, a Choice of these BEE

!^ " Scientific Queen ■ Rearing."

Newman's "Bees and Honeys" |

This book treats of the management x*
of an apiary for pleasure and profit. ^
Over '^00 ptiges, andover ~U0 illus- >3
trations. The book for beginners ^i
or the more advanced. Send $1.00 x^
for the American Bee Journal 1 ^
year ( weekly) and get the book Free, fi
The "Bee Journal" has 32 pages— ^
established in 1861. Sample Fkee. ^]

^ By G. M. Doolittle (portrait shown
l^C. herewith) Tells liow the very best
pf Queen- Bees are reaied In accord
U with Nature's way. 17(5 pages. $1 GO
f*. for this book and "Bee Journal"
t-!L one year. Address.

t GEORGE W.YORK & CO.

^ 56 Fifth Avenue, - Chicago, Ilu

ONEY returned;;

all luiyin- PORTER BEE ESCAPES

)t s:ulslied aflei' testing llieni. Prominent
bee-keepers every\vhei*<> use and highly leeoniiiit'nd tln'in as the best. .No others received a
Woi'ld's F-.i'f ;i wii'd. Testiinonin.ls. etc.. free. Prices: Each, postpaifl with directions. 20 ets.;
uer doz . >^22'->. Order from your dealer, ov the nuifrs;, R.(i £. C. PORTER, LEWiSTO'VN. ILL.

i1 nnflnArlA nt OiinniiAn This is the amount we have distributed in a single season, of

III IjdllllnnS III t^liniUlRS. Foundation, Dov. Hives, Sections, Extractors, etc. Therefore.lf
IP UUIIUUUO U 1 OUJJJJ B lOJi you have little money and want that little to go as far as possible,.
i ^■"ii'i"'iT~i"TTTr"Tmr!T^^irm remember that we are headquarters in the west for all goods in
»ii I. .■■■..■■ ■»ii«»,..iii.,ani:jnn. our llue ; by dol Mg SO grciit d volu me of business we sell goods

cheap. I f you have the /dooci/, also remember you can make it earn a big interest by availing yourself of
our di.scounts for early orders. In either case you should write us and tell what you will likely need. It
will pay you. We sell lioot's goods at Root's prices, and can save you freight.

The new polished sections and all other late improved goods kept in stock, rnn TUC \A/CCT
I ■ II I n ma • ■ Send for our large illustrat- rlJn I ML WLuIi

Joseph NySeWander, DeS Moines, la. ed catalogue, free for every

body,every where, especially

• delvoteld:

•andHoNEY-
•MD HOME.

Vol. XXH.

JUNE I, 1894.

No. II.

Cotton-seed for winter packing is recom-
iiiiided by W. H. Pridgen in A. B. J.

If Catjfoknia is to fail on honey this year,
we Northerners must scratch around to keep
he market supplied.

Cabbage-leaves, externally applied, are
recuinmended in the Medical World for ulcers
uid diseases of the skin.

Kvery year it's a fresh surprise to find how
[he bees can run out of stores so rapidly when
■aising so much brood in spring.

Four men who find large hives best have
reported. Now let those report who have tried
the two side by side and find small hives best.

" Is MORE honey to be obtained by allowing
Dr preventing swarming '? " is a question before
both A. B. J. and C. B. J., but the juries dis-
agree.

Can't California bee-keepers "chip in"
with the fruit exchange, and then can't the
rest of us "chip in" with the California bee-
keepers?

Escort bees may be introduced with a queen
Dr not; but when a queen is shipped to me I
ilways kill the escorts on account of the remote
possibility of foul brood.

Mistaken economy to make top-bars out of
iny thing but clear lumber. By throwing out
the knots you can make them out of cheaper
5tuff, but in a little while your frames will be
twisted.

The ability to attach spacers to frames
ilready in use is not of great value, from the
Fact that such frames have not the wide and
leep top-bars, therefore the whole frame must
be changed.

The 8 or 10 frame matter has been through
the query-box of the A. B. J. The replies sur-
prise me; .5 vote for 8 frames, 9 for 10, 5 say 8
for comb and 10 for extracted, and 7 are more
or less non-committal.

Rambler, p. 41.5, tries to switch me off on to
the hay business. I've hardly capital enough
to run the straw business, and it isn't well to
try to spread too much. Rambler. Better stick
to the straw, hey?

" Queens cramping " is a thing I never saw,
although I've clipped all my queens for 25 or 30
years. But I don't hold them by the wings
when clipping, but by the thorax. [Right here
is the secret of no cramps. — Ed.]

Sharp practice isn't confined to the Yankee
nation. Capt. Hetherington writes a letter to
C. B. J., declining to write an article for publi-
cation, and the C. B. J. publishes the letter as
an article. Makes a good article too.

The comb-leveler of B. Taylor has the
advantage that it is applied to the whole sur-
face at once, hence works more rapidly, has a
constant heat, and wax of the darkened edge
of comb runs off instead of on to the comb.

Taken all together, I never knew a more
favorable year up to the middle of May. Bees
are booming, white clover luxuriant, and I
hardly see how we can fail of a crop unless we
have one of those years when the blossoms yield
no nectar.

"We would not give a straw for a nation
which could not do a little boasting," says Hol-
termann. I don't want to boast; but I'm will-
ing to give a "straw" to say that, on this side
the line, we can beat any Canadian bee-journal
— except the C. B. J.

That dough to clean wall paper, that artist
Murray gives on p. 4:.*:.', seems like a good thing.
Say, Rob. why not bake the dough after clean-
ing the walls, and clean the carpet? I've seen

448

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June l.

professional carpet-cleaners in Chicago cleaning
carpet with half a loaf of stale bread.

"As SOON as bits of white wax are seen along
the top-bar, put on supers," is the rule gener-
ally given. It wouldn't do for me to follow it
this year, for many of my colonies showed the
white wax before apple-bloom. They had not
been fed at all, and some were rather scarce of
honey. I never saw the like before.

Stephens' spacers have one advantage over
the Hoffman frames. The Hoffman will not
allow a bottom -bar IV, accurately spaced, and
the Stephens will. I don't agree with you,
Ernest, that the Hoffman is better because it
sticks more. The less "stick "the better for
me. But the Hoffman is less trouble and ex-
pense. [But we want our frames to stick a
little.— Ed.]

" Bee-paralysis yields to mild measures in
the North," says the editor, p. 425. I can go
farther than that, and say that, in Northern
Illinois, it needs no "measures" whatever.
I've had a little of it every year for years; never
did a thing for it, and I think it's hardly as bad
as it was years ago. [Yes, we have seen less of
it in the North, but have heard more of it in
the South.— Ed.]

A WISE WIFE, who wants to do the most good
in the world, will plan to sit as much as possi-
ble when doing her work. Potatoes don't taste
a bit better when pared standing. Dishes can
be wiped just as dry sitting. The woman who
sits as much as possible in preparing a meal
will furnish just as sweet a meal, and she'll
look a good deal sweeter herself as she sits at
table. Don't let your wife waste her strength
standing.

Smoking bees out of supers, as given by S.
S. Kissel, p. 422, works just as he says. I've
taken thousands of sections in that way; and
when you're in a hurry to get home from an
out-apiary there's no quicker way unless it be
to pile a dozen on a hive and smoke the bees
down. But when you can wait, it takes much
less work to pile up 8 or 10 and put a Lareese
escape on top; and the sections don't smell and
taste of smoke.

Yes, indeed, friend Root wanted me to run
one of those two-wheeled affairs.- I thought
I'd commence gradually, and tried a one-wheel-
ed concern. It tuckered me all out before I
pushed it around half an hour. If one wheel
was so hard on me, wouldn't two just aboiat
kill me? No, sir; I'll try no bicycle till lean
run a wheelbarrow. [Your logic tears us all
up. But seriously: In the case of the bi-
cycle you ride one wheel and push the other.
In the case of the wheelbarrow you not only
push the wheel, but walk and carry one-third
the burden. 'I Come, now, get off that "fence,"
and get on to a bicycle— not a wheelbarrow.—
Ed.]

SYMPOSIUM ON BEES AND FRUIT-FERTIL
ZATION, AGAIN.

additional facts on the side of the r.K

[During the early part of this spring, it w
be remembered that we had quite an ext'-n^i
symposium on this subject in two differ^
numbers. We had not intended at that tinn^
give any more until fall; but so many new a i
valuable facts have developed that we ha
decided to give them to our readers while t li
are fresh. As usual, they show very coiul
sively the valuable part played by the bei's
the fertilization of blossoms. Indeed, with t
new evidence and the evidence presented li
fore, no reasonable sane man can longer qu(
tion the important work they do in this gri'
problem of fruit-growing. The first artii'l(>
from Prof. Cook, and is a strong one. — Ed.]

I presume, Mr. Editor, that you did not ex\)t
so soon to open again the subject of honey -be
as friends of the fruit-grower; but we have m
and important data which are of too much iiit
est to keep back. Early in April, just as t
blossoms of our deciduous trees were opening
inclosed twigs of the same number of blosso.
in two close bags, and marked a third contig
ous twig with the same number of blossoi
One bag was left untouched till the blossoms
wilted. The others were opened when flow
expanded, and bees were caught and put
This was done when the bees were worki
freely on the bloom not under experiment. Cli
examination showed the bees well dusted w
pollen. The bees were seen to work on i
flowers in the bag, and pollen was seen on i
stigmas of the flowers. The trees experimcni
with were cherry, plum, pear, and apricot,
will give in brief only the results at this tinic

In every case where bags were used, ami
bees put in it, there is not a single fruit exii
on apricot. In every case, with bees in i
bags, there is fruit, and in some cases more i li
where no bags were on the twigs. In the up
cot there is more fruit on the twig covered aw
from the bees than on either of the others, a
more where a bag was used, and bees put in
than on the uncovered twig. This shows c(
clusively that apricots do not all need iii
pollenation. These experiments prove cone
sively that a sack over the fruit does no liai
but that bees or other insects, to cross-pollrn;
the flowers of many of our fruits, are absolut<
essential. Other insects will answer, but tl
can not be depended upon. There can be
doubt that many kinds of fruit are sterile wi
their own pollen, or even that from any flov
on their own tree or any tree of the same vaf
ty. That is, for a blossom to fruit, pollen im
be brought to it from blossoms of another vai
ty of the same kind of fruit. Myself and st
dents are now trying a large number of expe

1894

GLEANINGS IN IJEE CULTURE.

449

lents to make the above a demonstrated fact,
'he practical conclusion is : Mix varieties in
lantiiig — that is, do not set more than one or
vo rows of the same variety side by side, but
'lix in other varieties, and put those side by
ide that blossom at the same time. Also have,
ithin a mile of every large orchard, a good
jpiary. Cold wet weather prevents fruiting,
lainly by keeping bees away. ]n California
lie rains are rarely if ever so continuous as to
Irevent a crop, so he who observes the two sug-
astions offered above will almost certainly
lave fruit each year.

I Prof. Bailey, the very able horticulturist of
[ornell University, writes: " Uees are much
I ore efficient agents of pollenation than wind,
li our fruits; and their absence is always dcle-
frfoHN."

[The Division of Vegetable Pathology, of the
(epartment of Agriculture, has just issued a
I ost valuable bulletin on " Pollenation of Pear-
L)wers," by Norton B. Waite. Mr. VVaite says:
yincidental mention has been made of insect-
isitors. We should not proceed without laying
[me stress upon ihe importance of these visits,
he common honey-bee is the most regular, im-
i)rtant, and abundant visitor, and probably
hes more good than any other species." He
' ys, further, that cool or rainy weather inter-
U'es sei'iously with insect-visits. Many varie-
3S (33 out of 364 of those he experimented
iith), says Mr. Waite, require cross-pollena-
lan; and the pollen must be from a different
jirii'ty. Bees and other insects are the agents
\ the transportation of pollen. In summing
p, Mr. Waite says— and this from crucial deci-
:'ve experiments: "' Plant mixed orchards, or, at
,ast, avoid planting solid blocks of one variety,
.e sure that there are sufficient bees in the
.Mghborhood to visit the blossoms properly,
'hen feasible, endeavor to favor insect-vi>-its
V selecting sheltered situations, or by planting
indbreaks."

This all seems pretty good. When the horti-
ilturists talk this way we may rest assured
lal the warfare against bees is nearly over.
cry soon the fruit-growers will appreciate the
)Ocl work of the honey-bee, and will uige bee-
'f|)i'is to locate right among their fruit-trees.
his is what we are coming to, and that very
leedily.
Clareraont, Cal.

I Well done, friend Cook. You have already,
>i)ur California home, furnished perhaps the
est positive evidence in regard to the value of
■e- lor fruit that has yet been given; and
uir quotation from Mr. Waite reminds me of
mctiiing I saw recently, I think in the Rural
en- -Y(jrker. Somebody made a specially of
•owing Bartletl pears, and nothing else, and
i finally planted an immense orchard all in
anletts; but to his surprise this great orchard
»uld not be made to produce pears as did his
rmer experiments on a smaller scale. A re-
arkable thing, however, soon became evident:
he trees around the outside of the orchard bore

tolerable crops; and one more strange circum-
stance let out the secret of the trouble. The
nurseryman who filled the order for the large
number of Barllett pear-trees, by mistake got
in a few trees of some other kind of pears
These were scattered through the orchard; but
whenwer such a tree was found, the Bartletts
all around it bore crops of fruit. It was an ex-
pensive lesson; but the fact stood out so plain
and clear that there was no gainsaying it; and
just now we are beginning to discover ' that
fruit-trees, at least to a cf^rtain extent, are like
strawberries— there are perfect and imperfect
varieties. These need to be near each other in
order to secure the best results. No mention
was made of bees in writing up this fact; but
the truth brought out has a very close bearing
on this whole matter. Conu', to think of it, the
experience of almost all of us is also full of
facts bearing on this subject. During the past
winter I had a large fine tomato-plant in the
middle of the greenhouse, which plant has been
in bloom continuously since December. Not a
tomato has set. Of course. I might have fussed
with liand pollenation; but this is rather out
of my line, and I have been too busy to attend
to it. A few days ago I moved the large plant
out into the open air, and now it begins to set
ful'y-J A. I. R.

SOMETHING FROM OUR EXPERIMENT STATION
IN REGARD TO FERTILIZATION OF STRAW-
BERRIES, TOMATOES, ETC.
By E. C. Green.

Friend Root:— I notice in Gleanings of May
1st that you speak of raising strawberries un-
der glass. We have been trying to do the same
thing for the past five years, but without very
great success; but I have noticed this to be
true, that, when we had a small number of
plants, they did well; but when we had a large
number they did not do as well. This, I think,
was due to their not being properly fertilized.

I remember one of the best crops we ever
raised was in an old lean-to greenhouse heated
with a flue. We thought that, if such a good
crop could be raised in such a poor greenhouse,
in our new house we could do much better. So
the next winter we put out quite a large num-
ber; but the results were almost a failure.

The past winter I raised as nice strawberries
as I ever saw grown out of doors; but I went
over them carefully every day with a carael's-
hair brush, and carried the pollen from one to
the other. I think you are as fortunately situ-
ated for raising strawberries in the winter as
you are for heat, if you grow them when the
sash can be taken off and the bees get a chance
to work at them; but if they have to be covered
closely during the flowering period, to protect
them, they will not do as well.

I was much interested in the discussion in
Gleanings the past winter on the good that
bees do the fruit, and thought of adding my
experience; but it seemed as if there was an
extra abundance of evidence to prove that they
are useful, and very little to prove they are not.

You may think that, if the perfect-flowering
strawberries are used, all \.ill be well if the
blossoms are not worked with; but I believe

450

GLEANINGS IN BEE CQLTURE.

June 1.

that even then good fruit can not be had unless
something is done to disturb the blossom.

Quite an interesting fact came under my
observation this winter in tomato-forcing, along
this line. We had in one house about 300
Dwarf Champions that were planted in August;
and by the time winter set in they were as fine
and thrifty plants as one could wish to see, and
setting their fruit nicely. We felt glad to think
what a nice crop of tomatoes we should have;
but when January came, and they commenced
to ripen up their fruit, the bulk of it was about
the size of hickorynuts, without any seeds.

The tomato, as you know, is a bisexual flow-
ering plant, but in this case it is evident that
the pollen from the same flower was what is
called "self-irritant." If bees or some other
cause had carried the pollen from one flower to
another, or one plant to the other, there would
have been a good crop. I have been doing
something in cross-fertilizing tomatoes this
winter, and have been surprised at the ease
with which they crossed, having used the Pota-
to-leaf, Dwarf Champion, Ponderosa, Peach,
and several of the common kinds, making in
all about 40 crosses. I do not think I shall fail
to get seed except in a few of them. I expect
that, from the seed, I shall get a lot of "' mon-
grels," as one writer in Gleanings calls such
crosses; but I prefer to call them crossbreds, as
" hybrid " has a different meaning.

STRAWBERRIES.

You ask in the May 1st Gleanings if there
is known a better plant than Jessie for a fertiliz-
er. I think that the Jessie stands at the. head
of the list as a fertilizer; but as a berry-producer
and plant-producer it has proved such a failure
in many places that it has to take a back seat
for the Parker Earle, Bederwood, Enhance,
Muskingum, and perhaps others.

Wooster, O. E. C. Green.

[Friend Green, you have hit it exactly, al-
though it did not occur to me until you sug-
gested it. By referring to the picture on p. 370,
April 1, you will notice that my bed that has
been fruiting strawberries ever since February
is right in the midst of our apiary. In fact,
you can seethe bee-hives along iton either side.
Well, there has not been a month during the
past winter when the bees have not been busy
more or less on the blossoms of the strawberries.
The bed was a curiosity to visitors on account
of the great quantity of bloom all winter long;
and it was something more of a curiosity to the
yellow Italians. Whenever a day occurred that
they could fly, the sash was either taken clear
ofl' from the strawberries, or else tilted in the
way I have described, so as to leave openings
at every third sash. Well, I should never have
thought to mention it unless you had suggested
it, that the Italians soon learned the trick of get-
ting in at these openings; and even when the
weather was unfit for them to fly in the open
air, they would dart out of their hives and go
under the glass like a shot; and then they
would work on the blossoms until they were
satisfied, or a cloud came over the sun, and
then they would dart out and go into their
hives. It was really funny to see them catch

on to the program; and toward night, when ]
thought best to close the sash, a good manj
times I had to chase the bees out, to avoid
shutting them in over night or longer. Th(
steam heat under the beds, of course, contribut-
ed to give them a nice place to have a frolic.

Now comes the important point. I never saw
strawberries fruit in the open air or anywhere
else with such wonderful profusion as have
these. I have never raised any larger or finer-
shaped berries, and several have remarked thai
they never tasted more delicious berries thar
those grown under glass during the months ol
February and March, and I am sure you an
right about it. The unusually complete fer
tilizatlon secured by the bees was certainly one
secret of the crop; and this same bed is ioa,ded
with berries even now. The plants right ovei
the steam- pipe have very little foliage com^
paratively, and it looks funny to see two oi
three dozen green berries to a plant, when
there are not half a dozen green leaves. I hav(
for some time felt satisfied that, in forclnc
strawberries to get early plants or berrie:
either, they should have all the open air anc
direct sun that the weather will permit of. li
our locality, so near Lake Erie, the sashes maj
be entirely ofl' (for strawherrles) moi'e or less o
the time during every winter month.

Now, in order to force strawberries success
fully we want some method of handling Ihi
sash with little trouble and expense. At pres
ent J know of no better way — that is, no betie
way without using expensive machinery — thai
to have the beds not very long — say sufficient ti
hold 8, 10, or 13 sash, piling them up at euel
end of the bed, half at one end and half at th^
other. With the light sash we are now making
two boys will put them on and take them ol
with surprising celerity, after they have learn
ed the trick thoroughly. Boys ten years of ag
will do it easily. In fact, our smallest boy
rather enjoy being allowed to put on or take oi
the sashes. Hurrah for the strawberries i:
February, March, and April! But remembe
you want some hives of Italians close by th'
strawberry-bed. Another thing, you will no
tice that our strawberries and bees are nm
protected by a most magnificent windbreak o
evergreens.] A. I. R.

BEES and fruit ON THE ISLANDS; A REPL'
TO THADDEUS SMITH ON PAGE 407.

[I wish to say first, that my good friend Thad
deus Smith is one of the oldest friends o
Gleanings; in fact, if I am not mistaken h
was a subscriber when the little sheets wer
printed by windmill power, away back in th
early '70's. Now, perhaps he may be corn^c
in saying that large crops of fine fruit ar
raised, even though no honey-bees are to b
found on the island; but I am sure he is mak
ing a big mistake if he intends to convey th
idea that no insects of any sort take th'
place of the bees. If there is not a humnlini
among the branches of those Lombard plum
trees when they are in bloom, it will be a stat
of affairs that I have never yet witnessed. An(
so with the strawberry-plants. Tliere are !
good many different varieties of small insects
perhaps belonging to some department of thi
bee family, that are always found flitting fron
blossom to blossom. Their legs and bodies ari
usually covered with the dust so familiar t(
every one, and very likely these insects perforn
the office of fertilization without the aid 0
the bees. I might almost say that, if Thaddeui
Smith tells me this is not true, I will be willing
to pay him a visit while fruit-trees are ii
bloom; but I shall surely take along my spec
tacles. Will other observers please notice wha'
I mention, and tell me if I am not right?]

A. I. R.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

451

[The fallowing from Prof. Cook, althougli not
exactly in ih(» line of tliis discnssion, is al<ln to
it, and \vc produce it here, re(inesting our read-
ers to be.fn'o to express themselves on the two
questions that Prof. Coolv proposes at the close
of his article.— Ell.]

Dear Mr. Editor: — I addressed a large meet-
ing of the Southern California Horticultural
Society yesterday at their annual meeting at
Pasadena, on the subject of pollenation. My
paper received respectful attention, and I think
nearly if not all present were convinced of the
usefulness and even necessity of bees in this
important role. This seems an important step
in the right direction. I feel very certain that
the fruit-men will more and more appreciate
the value of bees as the most valuable and ef-
ficient agents in the work of pollenation; and I
consider it proved beyond any question that
cross-pollenation is absolutely necessary with
many varieties of our most valued fruits.

In the discussion which followed ray paper,
it was stated that, in certain localities where
fruit was dried, the bees were serious destroyers,
and still more frequently a great annoyance. I
was asked what suggestions I could offer in
view of these facts.

I suggested that the bee-keepers and fruit-
men hold a joint meeting next winter, and con-
fer together. This was once done in Michigan,
and was a marked success. It can be arranged
that the fruit men meet Tuesday and Wednes-
day, and the bee-men meet Wednesday and
Thursday in the same place, and then on Wed-
nesday evening a joint meeting be held, when
topics of common interest may be fully discuss-
ed. This seemed to meet with no little favor.
I also suggested that, as bees are so imperative-
ly necessary where orchards are so common
and large, no wise person who was rightly in-
formed would think for a minute of removing
them from the region of the orchards. The
question should be, how we can keep them with
a minimum of harm and annoyance. To decide
this question should be the object of the joint
meeting and conference which I hope may be
provided for at an early date.

In such cases, where there is a seeming or
real clash of interests, extreme caution and
wisdom, no less than abundant patience and
charity, should be exercised, lest, by hasty
action, much harm result.

In this State, the hydraulic mining was car-
rying the fine earth to the valleys, filling up
the rivers, to the imminent risk and danger to
agriculture. Great floods were the result of
this filling of the valley river-beds with the
clay. A law was passed which stopped all hy-
draulic mining, and this business was checked.
Many a man with bright prospects ahead was
doomed to disappointment; towns were chang-
ed from sites of activity to places of no business,
and millions of gold that should be helping
business and the world lies locked up in the
California hills. It may be the wisest thing,

under the circumstances of our ignorance, to be
done; but if so, it is an unfortunate condition,
and should make us all work and pray for more
knowledge.

Now, we must make no such decision in this
case, but must study to know how we may
retain the good and escape or at least minimize
the harm. I wish to ask for suggestions. Can
some method of using screens be adopted, that
shall make the bees powerless to get at the dry-
ing grap(?s, peaches, pears, etc.? or in case that
is impracticable, would it not be practical and
not very expensive to move the bees, in the
localities where fruit-drying is an important
industry, that the men engaged in this laudable
work may escape annoyance? I should like to
hear through Gleanings and the American
Bee Journal, from bee-keepers, especially of
the fruit regions of California, on these two
questions:

1. Desirability of a joint meeting of bee and
fruit men.

-'. How can we manage our bees so that our
neighbors may not be harmed or even annoyed?

We must remember that bees are very valu-
able to the pomologist; that they are valuable —
very valuable — to the bee-keeper, and through
him to the world in furnishing a very whole-
some and delicious article of food. We must
keep the bees, but must study to know how we
may keep them, and yet not vex our neighbor.
We must all live " peaceable with one another,"
for " are we not all brethren ? "

Pomona College, Claremont, Cal.

THOSE CALIFORNIA HONEY-YIELDS, AGAIN.

A REPLY TO WM. G. HEWES.

By C. H. Chiytun.

I have just read the communication of W. G.
Hewes, on page 374, with amusement- I am at
a loss to know why Messrs. Wilkin and Corey
were singled out as the "prevaricators" par
excellence. Mr. Hewes is not a member of
the State Association of Bee-keepers; was not
present at the meeting, and evidently doesn't
know what he is talking about. The matter of
average yield was brought up by Prof. Cook
asking *' if any considerable number of those
present had kept records of the yield for a term
of years," as he had " heard some very glowing
accounts of the great yields." Mr. Mclntyre,
Mr. MofiFatt, Mr. Richardson (I think), Mr.
Corey, Mr. Wilkin, Mr. Mercer, and quite a
number of others representing widely separated
localities, reported their yield for periods of
from ten to fifteen years. Prof. Cook noting the
same. I presume he has his memoranda yet.

There was no report from Mr. Hewes' sheep
range. I call it a " sheep range " because there
is where you find the ticks he mentions. As lo
" prevaricators," I for one certainly object to
spme of the bee-keepers of California being thus

452

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June 1.

indiscriminately spoken of. As a class they are
the peers of those engaged in any avocation.
Their business standing is good ; many of them
are church-members ; and yet, forsooth, they
are "prevaricators"! I'll bet a cooky Mr.
Hewes' " exceptional " yield is piled up in the
warehouse yet, and he is grouty because he has
not sold it.

Now, at the meeting before mentioned I don't
remember any one classing 18'.)3 as any more
than a " fair" yield. To my certain knowledge
there were persons present who did not report,
whose yield for 1893 was far above tlie average
reported. In my own case 1 did not report, be-
cause 1893 was the only year of which I had
exact record. I will now report:

I began extracting April 19, and concluded
the latter part of June, making the season
rather short. I visited every colony once a week,
and the highest number of colonies extracted
any one week was 95 — the second week in June.
I cased up and sold 21 600 lbs. The lowest price
obtained was 53^ cts., F. O. B. I'm no " prevar-
icator" either — haven't any "ticks "on my
range, neither do I sell honey on "tick," but
have the records here to show that the above
are facts.

Now, Bro. Hewes, if I were you I'd pull off
those green goggles and join the Association.
Get out from among the " ticks," and h'arn
that your neighbors are wide-awake, progies-
sive men of standing in their communities, and
not " prevaricators."

Lang, Cal., May 11.

[Mr. Hewes is one of our valued correspond-
ents, and usually accurate; but perhaps he
erred in this case. We are sure, however, that
he did not intejui to convey the idea that his
neighbors were not progressive or that they
were prevaricators. Hello! Here is something
from Rambler on this subject. — Ed.]

ESTIMATES ON CALIFORNIA HONEY.

In answer to what Mr. Hewes has to say on
page 374, in relation to estimates on average
honey-yield, I would say that my estimate was
based upon my two years' experience, and the
testimony of experienced bee-keepers. It has
been my endeavor, as secretary of the State
Association, to get reliable statistics from not
only Southern California, but from other por-
tions of the State: but from Mr. Eewes'_ opin-
ion of the character and reliability of estimates
made by bee-keepers, I shall have to deal with
a crowd of inveterate liars. I certainly had a
better opinion of the leading bee-keepers of
Southern California; and, after all is said and
done, I believe them reliable men. The reports
at the State convention were made by Messrs.
Wilkins, Corey, and Moffatt, as all of the above
gentlemen have apiaries not many miles from
Mr. Hewes. I am looking for something fur-
ther from them upon this point. In fact, I am
willing to leave the matter in the hands of the
men who have had the longest experience, and

shall have confidence in their statements, even
if they call my estimates excessive.

During the past year this State produced over
7.000,000 lbs. of honey. To produce this amount
there must have been some large yields; but
our friend may question the above figures, of
course ; if they go against his preconceived
notions, it is very easy to call in Mr. Spoopen-
dyke and reduce the figures, for Mr. S. is very
accommodating. Rambler.

ftUEENS CHANGING.

HOW quken-brekders ux.justly hkceive the

credit of sending out UYHlill) QUEENS,

OR QUEENS NOT IN AC^'ORDA.NCE

WITH THE ORDEIl.

By Jennie Atehky.

I have a letter before me in which a customer
states that last year he purchased a tested
queen of me, and she produced nice pure bees
last year, and this season she turned out to be
hybrid. Now, I have been watching this thing
for years, and I am satisfied beyond a doubt
that such is not the case. I will mention that,
for several years, we have placed a mark of
identity upon all tested queens sent out, and
some have been returned as hybrids after being
all right at first, then turning hybrid, and, in
every instance, the queen has been a different
one from the one sent out. Now. I know there
seem to be some hooks and crooks in nature;
but I have failed to find it in the queen-bee.
Her mission is as straight as a bee-line, and it
is we poor human beings who get crooked and
mistaken. VVe do not have queens returned
because we think bee-folks are dishonest — no,
no; but, on the contrary I find them to be, as a
rule, the most upright and straightforward of
all people. But there are so many peoph^ who
get fooled in introducing; and, the queen being
superseded by swarming or otherwise, we like
to see and learn for our own satisfaction how it
was. Now, there are many ways for a queen
to be superseded, especially where there are
several colonies kept in one yard. Some time
during a season a starved-out swarm may enter
a hive and kill the queen, and the qu( en of the
stray colony be accepted, or they may raise an-
other; or by swarming or common supersedure.
In all my experience and observation I never
knew a case where a pure queen turned out to
be a hybrid, nor do I believe in a second mating
of the queen. Where proof seemed to be strong
in the direction that a queen had turned hybrid
after being a pure one, it has always turned out
that it was another queen in her stead. When
the case is thoroughly investigated I should be
pleased to hear from others on this subject, and '
see if there is such a thing as a queen turning
over. Coming in contact with so many queens,
and by close observation, I have failed to find
any thing to lead me to believe that a queen

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

453

changes through life the color of her bees, or
ever is mated a second time, which is just
about one and the same thing. Please let us
hear the testimony through this journal.
Beeville. Texas.

[You have brought up a subject that sorely
needs ventilation. Our own customers have at
times complained that queens we have sent
them, at first produced pure Italians and after-
ward hybrids. We have always told them that
thi'ro was an exchange of queens. But this
explanation seldom satisfies, and the customer
feels that we either sent a queen in the first
place that was not strictly pure, or else one that
did not keep pure. Of course, this last is
absurd. Yes, we have had customers complain
that a select queen sent was nothing but a poor
hybrid, when our record showed that the hive
from which the queen was taken had pure bees
in it at the time of her removal, or until the
progeny hatched from the new queen in her
place.

Here is another case where the queen-breeder
is unjustly accused: An inexperienced bee-
keeper imagines his hive queenless when it is
not. He sends for a queen, introduces her (or
thinks he does), and in the course of time he
finds a queen laying in the hive, and assitmes,
of course, that this is the new queen. In the
majority of instances, when the queen is already
present, the stranger is killed, and the old
queen-mother goes right on assuming her ac-
customed duties. The purchaser does not notice
the exchange, but he does notice that the newly
hatched bees are no improvement, and then he
accuses his queen-breeder of dishonesty; or, if
not that, requires him to send another queen,
agreeing to " return the old queen." Now, on
the part of the purchaser there is an honest
misunderstanding; and on the part of the
queen -breeder there is an assurance, as his
records show, that he sent just what he agreed
to. But to prove it to his customer, he can not;
and so, to keep up his record for fair dealing,
he sends another valuable queen; or, in effect,
sends two queens at the price of one, and the
purchaser has the use of only one. — Ed.]

T SUPER, HEDDON SUPER, AND WIDE FRAME.

SEPARATOKS VS. NO SEPARATORS.

By Dr. C. C. Miller.

The article of Hon. R. L. Taylor, on page 337,
with its bloodthirsty footnote, claims my atten-
tion. Like him, I have used " the Heddon su-
per and the wide frames very largely." I have
also used the T supers largely, but, unlike him,
I have discarded the first two and retained the
T super.

I have puzzled quite a little, Bro. Taylor, over
your statement that there is no trouble in pack-
ing sections produced without separators. When
the Heddon super first came out, a good deal
was said about its being a success without sep-
arators, and I was sanguine about them; but I
never succeeded in getting satisfactory work,
and I supposed I was stating a general truth in
that respect. True, I could manage, not with-
out trouble, I confess, to pack the sections; but
it was a good deal harder to unpack them with-
out breaking cells open. If you can succeed in
it, I wonder wherein the difference lies. Is

there any management that will make the bees
build straighter without separators for you than
they do for me ?

You are counting that an occasional section
will be fastened to a separator, and you seem to
count that as so much against the separator. I
think that is a mistake. Why is it fastened to
the separator? If I mistake not, it is in all
cases because the bees have put more honey on
one side of the section than the other, thus mak-
ing it swing out of plumb and against the sepa-
rator. If the separator were not there, would it
not bulge out of its place so as to be just as bad
as with the separator? There is, however, this
difference, that, when the section is cut away
from the separator, it will bleed; but I never
knew it to bleed much, and the adjacent section
is not affected as it is without the separator.
Now, unless it be true that in some way the
separator C(M{ses some sections to be built out of
true — and I never heard that claimed — then I
think it is true that all the sections that are out
of true with separators would be so without,
and in addition there are untrue sections with-
out separators that would be true with separa-
tors. Allow me to say, however, that I don't
have sections fastened to separators nowadays.
I use bottom as well as top starters, not for that
special purpose, but primarilyjto make sure that
the sections shall be well fastened at the bottom.

Admitting, however, that separators are not a
necessity for every one, is it fair to consider that
separators are an essential part of the T super?
Please take it on its own merits, and compare
fairly. Y'ou say the Heddon super can be emp-
tied more rapidly than the T super if the time
required to get the separators out is considered.
In other words, getting the separators out takes
time. Well, so can the T super be handled
more rapidly without separators. And if you
don't need separators with the Heddon, neither
do you with the T.

I don't agree with you, that " it is fair to say
that at least twice as much time is requiced to
get the sections fixed in the T supers," but there
is probably something in knowing how. I don't
think we take much more than half as much
time now as we did at first. Leave separators
out of the count, and I think it will take a very
little longer, but I'm not sure It will take any
longer to put sections in the T than in the Hed-
don super.

I think you are wrong in claiming that "the
Heddon case has the added advantage, that
sections filled in them contain considerably more
honey, so that less foundation, fewer sections,
and fewer shipping-crates, are required.'' In
that, you are talking about the difference of
separators or no separators, and please remem-
ber there's no law to compel you to use separa-
tors in T supers. You are right in claiming for
supers without separators all the advantages I
have quoted, unless it be the matter of founda-
tion; for with a comb of honey of a given thick-

454

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June 1.

ness it will take just as much foundation,
whether with or without separators. There is
a further advantage that you do not mention,
although I am sure you must be familiar with
it, and that is, that a section without separators
has a plumper, nicer look. Certainly if I could
raise as straight sections without separators I
should prefer sections without them.

Now, look here, Bro. Taylor: when you come
to compare T supers with wide frames I feel al-
most sure there's something I do not know
about; and when you make positive statements
about them as a result of your experience, with-
out any reasons, I suppose I may be allowed to
do the same, even if some of my conclusions are
directly opposite to yours. Cleaner sections are
obtained with T supers when taken off in good
season, for there are no angles to tempt propolis
on top, while with the wide frames it is not pos-
sible to have the edge of the section correspond
so exactly with the edge of the top or bottom
bar but that Inviting angles will be left. But if
the sections are left on after the harvest is over,
then the wide frames are better, for at that
time bees will paint propolis over the flat sur-
face of the top of a section in a T super. Sec-
tions are as completely filled and capped in one
as in the other. The T super can be filled in
less time than wide frames. It takes twice as
long to empty the wide frames. There is no
difference in the number of partly filled sections.

Now, there's one comfort in the case. Seeing
the wide frame fits the climate of Michigan, you
can use it; and I can use the T super, which I
have found to fit a good deal better in Illinois.

Marengo, 111. C. C. Miller.

[Separators are now so generally used that the
bee-keeper who gets along without is the excep-
tion. The Doctorseems to have no trouble from
bees attaching combs to separators, and he uses
wooden ones at that. See editorial, elsewhere.
—Ed.]

RAMBLE 109.

gold-mines; sleeping in a granary, etc.

By Ramble?'.

*' Pass the word along the line, and let's move
'On the enemy !" That's about what Mr. Powell
said one afternoon when he called at my ranch.
I saluted by scratching my head, and saying, " I
am ready ; " and early Monday morning found
us mounted on a long-bodied wagon, starting on
a sixty-mile journey; and the enemy we had in
view was about 2(X) colonies of bees, all in fight-
ing order, and they were to be moved 40 miles.
The feet of our pony team pattered over Victo-
ria Bridge, in Riverside, waking the echoes up
and down the " arroyo." We followed Victoria
Avenue for a few miles, and then turned toward
the mountains, following another " arroyo " for
several miles. We were now beyond the ranch-
es, and the broken country seemed of but little
value for a bee-range, as there was an utter ab-
sence of sage or other honey-producing plants.

An occasional sheep-corral, and a lonely shep-
herd with his sheep and faithful dog, were the
only living things to break the monotony of the
journey. Our shepherds are very pensive in ap-
pearance; their gait is governed by the hunger
of the sheep or the abundanceof the feed. Much
hunger and little feed causes a rapid movement
of the herd and a consequent move of the herd-
er: much feed and little hunger gives the herd-
er an easy time. The shepherd and his staff and
crook have always been inseparably connected
in my mind— imbibed, I suppose, from Bible pic-
tures. Our shepherds are far from Bible stand-
ards in various other ways; and instead of re-
clining gracefully on the hooked staff they sub-
stitute a bottle of wine.

Our ponies had a very good road with little up
grade; but now after getting up into the moun-
tains the grade was more acute, and zigzagged
around the monntain-side — a sudden twist to
the right or the left around sharp spurs, under
overhanging rocks and through narrow defiles.
I felt so *' elevated " that I came near breaking
forth into the following song:

While up the mountain climbing

I sing this merry strain:
The echoes catch my music,

And send it back again.

I was afraid the strain might be too much for
my friend Powell. He was an excellent manag-
er of the lines and whip — especially the latter.
I didn't wish to see him skip off' down the moun-
tain, so I just whistled the strain, and so there
was no harm done. We at length crossed the
divide, and we found a comparatively level
country, with an abundance of rocks ahead of
us. This is a very fair honey country, with not
many apiaries.

Gold-mines seem to be the fad here, and sev-
eral shafts were being sunk into the bowels of
the earth. We fed our tired ponies and ate our
noonday lunch near the Rosina mine. This
mine had been worked some time, and it is a
type of all the rest in the vicinity. The shaft
had been sunk about 200 feet, and at an angle of
about 60 degrees. The buckets for hoisting the
quartz were operated by a hoisting-engine; and
from the shaft it was transferred to the stamp-
mill, a little below. I secured a photo, which .
will give a very good idea of the mining-camp
and its surroundings — the white quartz from
the shaft, and the country, covered with gran-
ite boulders and greasewood, and a sprinkling of
sage. We did not see gold lying around loose;
and a question about the mine was answered
evasively. Gold-miners are all non-committal.
They are so used to sinking money in holes in
the ground, and taking out only a small portion
of what they put in, that being non-committal
becomes a second nature to them.

There are several mines on this range of
mountains; and as we pass over the range and
down toward Elsinore we pass the Virginia
mine, now closed, and the Good Hope mine, now

1894

GLEANINGS IN HEE CULTURE.

455

I r- f

456

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June 1.

in a prosperous condition, and worked witii a
largre force of men. There were evidently some
rough cliaracters here, for a man had been re-
cently killed in a shooting-affray. Mr. LaRue
owns a prosperous apiary near the mines, and
there are others scattered up and down the
canyon.

Night caught up with us. as it has a habit of
doing when people are traveling, and we forth-
with camped by the roadside near a respectable-
looking ranch. It seemed to be a highly pros-
perous ranch; and among the other products of
the soil were several boys, dogs, cats, poultry,
and cattle. The boys were very attentive, and
had a great desire to lay in a fund of useful in-
formation. They knew us to be bee-men from
our wagon, such rigs being common thereabout.
They informed us that Mr. Crawfoot was a very
big bee-man, owning hundreds of colonies just
over the eastern hills. We were subjected to all
sorts of questions. One little biped wanted to
know if I had any little boys 'nd girls 'nd cats
'nd dogs at my house. His little snoozer of a
dog just then grabbed for our dish of canned
beef. Our frying-pan corrected his bad habits,
and distracted the attention of all concerned.
The boss of the ranch also sat down for a friend-
ly chat; and as we were about to turn in under
our wagon he gave us permission to sleep in the
granary. Having eaten a large supper we ac-
cepted his invitation wiih grateful hearts.

As we tucked ourselves comfortably in our
horse-blankets, among the sacks of barley, pil-
lowing our reflective ends on our shoes, from
which we had previously extracted our feet,
we mercifully thought of the poor people in our
great cities who have not even the comforts of
a granary with a hen-roostattachmentin which
to rest their weary and emaciated bodies. This
hen roost attachment of ours possessed a roost-
er with a very sonorous disposition ; and at
most unseasonable hours his disposition would
break forth into a fortissimo chanticleer chal-
lenge. At the close of his exercise, a broncho,
just through the board partition at my left,
would draw about twenty feet of halter-chain
through a ring, suddenly hump up his back, and
groan. I think, however, it was a horse-laugh.
He was practicing the bucking process, and
laughing at the exploits to be performed on
some tenderfoot the next day. As he \yould let
up on his exercise the chain would run back
through the ring; and the rhythm of that chain
music, and the various other attachments to our
granary, soon lulled us into undisturbed repose.
We hurried off in the morning before the boys
got around with a new set of questions; and,
having a good road, we sent the dust behind us
at a good rate, and arrived at our destination at
a little pa«t the noonday hour. We were upon
the McCombes ranch, and ^(K) colonies of bees,
save 4, were to be prepared for removal in the
shortest possible space of time by Mr. Powell
and myself.

DZIERZON'S TWIN HIVE.

HOW HIVES ARE USED DOUBLE IN GERMANY.

By Karl Rudolph Mathcy.

KAHL UriiOI.rU MATllKV.

Itis well known that
the inventor of mov-
able bars, to which
combs were fastened,
John Dzierzon, is like-
wise the inventor of a
hive which he strong-
ly recommends as the
most perfect abode
for the bees. This, to-
gether with the fact
that his hive is very
simple and cheap in
construction, is the
reason why the dual
form of hive is so widely disseminated.

The "twin" hive (as we will now call it) is
not a two-story one, as one might conjecture
from the name, but a single-story. It is called
" twin," therefore, because of its peculiar form,
two of them being used back to back, as seen in
ground-plan in Fig. 2. The side and front walls
are double, and packed with straw. The rear
walls, which lie against each other, are made of
single boards. Besides this, the hives have the
additional twin feature of having their contig-
uous back walls provided with entrances of
equal height and breadth, exactly opposite each
other. These extrances are usually kept closed

* We give above a picture of a man who lias fol-
lowed bee-keeping since tlie sixth year of his life,
and wlio for nineteen years has been engaged in
apicullure and agriculture with untiring devotion.

Our bee-keeping friend, Karl Kudolpli Matliey,
was born June 39tli, 1859, in Rattibor, Prussian Si-
lesia. His fatlier was a lawyer, but died suddenly
in 1865. The mother gave her son a very careful
edut'ation and training. The love for bees dates
from his earliest youth. On his sixth birthday he
received as a present from his uncle (a major in the
German army) his first colony of bees, and tlie fam-
ily gardener became his teacher. From that time
on he has followed bee-keeping. In his eighteenth
year lie went to the University. Since the year 1884
he has been actively engaged as an apiculiural
writer. In April, 1879, -100 colonies of bees were
already in his yard. In 1884 he opened up an ap ary
with .WO stocks for the sale of bees. From that time
forward lie followed the business of bee culture,
ai d raising fruit-trees by the wliolesale, and now
h.MS several bee-yards, with 1700 colonies in all.,
which ai'e under the management of his brother.
With the patience of a Job he has read nearly all
works on the l)ee and its culture which have appear-
ed since the invention of piinting.

Mr. Mat-hey traveled, as member of a natural-
history club in IS^Ci, tlitoughout Russia. In 1889 he
traveled throughout France. In ]890-'91 he made
the tour of Italy as a member of a party of students
in natural history. Rome, Naples, Herculaneum,
Pompeii, were visited. Mt. Vesuvius was also in-
cluded in the trip. The parly tlien traveled from
Brindisi, by steamer, up the Nile to Aussuan, in
Middle Egypt; whence, after Hying visits to various
places, they returned to Cairo. From Cairo they
proceeded to Alexandria, Port Said, JatTa, and from
there to Jerusalem. From the latter place they
made several e.xcursioiis, going down to Jericho, to
the Jordan, the Dead Sea, and back over Mar Saba
to Bethlehem, and then back to Jerusalem. The
journey home was by way of Constantinople,
ihroiigh the orient, to civilized lands, each person
getting home as soon as possible.

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

457

by means of a wedge-slui|)Pd block, as shown in
the cut. To remove this biocl< it is necessary to
spread the hive apart a few inches, say a hand-
breadth; and after this is done, the two hives
can be made into one in a very short space of
time. It can in this manner very easily be
made a separate colony, or. on the other hand,
be united with some neighboring colony. The
length of these hives in proportion to their
breadth is such that two, side by side, lying at
right angles to two other hives lying side by
side, and on top of them, will constitute a pair
of double hives, or a two-story hive, as it might
be called. Thus the bees of such a hive can
have entrances at four points of the compass at

the same time. Dr. Dzierzon is fond of piling
up these tiers three and even four high, cover-
ing them with a little roof, thus extemporizing
a small garden pavilion consisting of eight
hives, in pairs, lying crosswise of each other, so
that, at eacli side, each two colonies may have
an exit. The hives are of wood; the packing of
the front walls is of straw.

Each hive can be opened at either side. They
measure, outside, 16 inches high ; and their
breadth, as already stated, is such that, when

placed side by side, they will assume a square
form, the upper layer corresponding to the low-
er. The height of a four-story hive (and which,
consequently, would consist of eight hives) would
be, allowing 10 inches to each story, f34 inches;
but under all this is a platform about one foot
high, to allow of the easier manipulation of the
lowest hives.

Dr. Dzierzon has called this combination a
"twin" hive because it is always used in cou-
ples, back to back, so that the two colonies may
in winter keep each other warm. Whether the
hive is made of wood, or wood and straw, it
makes no difference as to the Internal arrange-
ment.

The Dzierzon top-bars are used. These rest
in a groove, or rabbet (Fig. 4), 13 inches from
the bottom; and above that there is an empty
space for a cover-board.

If one wishes to separate the brood-chamber
from the honey-apartment, a division-board, as
it might be called, is inserted.

At first Dr. Dzierzon used a simple bar of
wood (Fig. 1), one inch wide and }4 inch thick,
as a top-bar. These bars were cut as long as
the hive was wide. To these were fastened
strips of comb, which were then placed in the
hive for the bees to draw out. The distance of
the frames from each other was determined by
the eye. Later these bars were improved by cut-
ting in them scores M inch deep, shown at a, b, c,
and these indicat<'d the right distance for spac-
ing the frames. This purpose was also accom-
plished by using wire nails, driven into tlie inch
top-bars, one at one end and another at the op-
posite end and on the other side, as seen at 3.
This was Dathe's invention.

To give the comb a good firm hold, the bees
would always build it fast to the side walls of
the hive. To obviate this trouble. Baron 15er-
lepsch devised the little frame shown in Fig 6.
The upper part of this frame consists of the bar
already dt^scrlbed. seen at h. The side pieces
and bottom-bar may be dovetailed or nailed.

The height of this hive may be modified at
will; but Dr. Dzierzon recommends 16 inches, of
which oneincli is for the upper and lower walls;
12 inches are devoted to the brood-chamber,
which is filled with frames, and the remaining
space of 3 inches serves as room for manipula-
tion in taking off the covers.

Medina, May 1, 1894.

YELLOW JASMINE.
GEI.SEMIUM SKMPEKVIRENS.

By Dr. J. P. H. Brown.

The yellow jasmine is a creeping, twining
vine that grows in the southern portions of the
United States from North Carolina to Mexico.
It grows more luxuriantly on light sandy up-
lands than in alluvial bottoms. It blooms in
February and March, depending upon locality—

458

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June 1.

earlier further South. When in full bloom it
presents a beautiful sight with its yellow trum-
pet-shaped flowers, covering the small bushes,
often hanging in festoons, and twining around
the trees, tilling the air with a strong yet pleas-
ant perfume. Its duration of flowering is about
two weeks, depending much upon the weather.
When there are heavy rains and much wind,
the blossoms fall.

It belongs to the natural order Loganiaceie,
and is described botanical! y: " Stem twining,
smooth and shining; leaves perennial, opposite,
lanceolate, entire, dark green above and paler
beneath; petioles short; the flowers are in ax-
illary clusters of a deep yellow color, and fra-
grant; calyx flve-parted, corolla funnel-shaped,
with a spreading border, five-lobed, nearly

Dr. W. H. Burt, in his work on " Materia
Medica," remarks in regard to the poisonous
elTects of gelsemiura: "The retention of con-
sciousness until very late in the poisoning, both
in man and in the lower animals, shows that
the drug has very little power over the higher
cerebrum, although the drowsiness and the final
loss of consciousness prove that it is not entirely
devoid of such influence. The two most promi-
nent symptoms caused by the drug are the con-
vulsions and paralysis."

The hive-bee will work on the bloom; but it
seems more from necessity than choice ; for,
when other forage is accessible, you rarely see a
bee on it. The Italians frequent it much more
than the blacks; in fact, it is rare that you see
one of the latter on it. The flower yields more

^le6Aa/mme-

THE POISONOUS HONEY-

equal; anthers oblong, style long and slender;
stigmas two, two-parted ; capsules elliptical,
flat, two-valved, two-celled; seeds flat, attached
to the margin of the valves."

All parts of the plant possess poisonous prop-
erties. Drs. Wood and Bache, in their " United
States Dispensatory," describe the poisonous
effects as commencing "with sensations of lan-
guor with muscular relaxation, so that the sub-
ject finds some difficulty in moving the eyelids
and keeping the jaws closed. More largely ta-
ken it occasions dizziness, dimness of vision, di-
lated pupil, general muscular debility, and uni-
versal prostration."

Prof. T. G. Wormley obtained an alkaloid ex-
tract from the plant, which he termed " gelse-
mine" — a powerful poison. One-eighth of a
grain injected into a strong cat killed it in one
and a half hours.

PLANT OF THE SOUTH.

pollen than honey; and what nectar is gathered
is used up in breeding, so it is seldom that any
is stored. Still, we have many cases on record
where it had been stored, and, when eaten,
caused all thesymptoms of gelsemium poisoning.

It is very easily told when bees are working
on gelsemium. The flower, being trumpet-
shaped, they have to crawl in to get access to
the pollen and nectar; and in turning around,
their whole body becomes coated with the
bright-yellow grains of pollen.

Whether the product of the jasmine-blossoms
has any poisonous effect upon the bee is a ques-
tion that has been discussed to a limited extent,
pro and con. Those who took the negative side
of the question were mostly persons who knew
very little about the plant. To arrive at cor-
rect conclusions in a matter of this kind re-
quires a long-extended observation, assisted by

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

459

many demonstrative experiments. I have been
conducting observations for the last 2.5 years to
determine this question, and I am satisfied that
bees are susceptible to the poisonous product
contained in the gelsemium bloom. At first
they seem to be taken with a sort of shal<ing, or
convulsion; the abdomen swells; they tremble,
and either crawl or are carried out of the hive.
If the colony is strong, half a pint to a pint of
dead bees can be found in frojit of the entrance
every 24 hours. Your black colonies will show
very few. The trouble will be kept up during
the duration of the bloom, and cease as soon as
the Howering is past. The atlliction (If I may
30 term it) is less perceptible during a stress of
bad weather. It can also be controlled by feed-
ing or by drawing the attention of the bees
from the bloom.

As formerly stated, as quoted from th'^ high-
est medical authorities, the poisonous effects of
gelsemium are more perceptible on the nervous
ganglia than upon the cerebrum. This, no
doubt, explains the susceptibility of the bee to
the action of this poison, as the nervous system
Df the bee consists in a great measure of a series
3f nerve ganglia.

Augusta, Ga.

I We have had so many inquiries in regard to
tliis poisonous plant that we finally asked our
friends in different sections of the South to
>eiid us green specimens of it. Why from dif-
ferent sections? Because we wished to com-
pare them, to see if they Were alike. A care-
ful examination showed no difference. The
freshest of the specimens was sent to our en-
graver, with a request to make a pencil-draw-
inc. which was tlien submitted to Dr. J. P. H.
Brown, for inspection. The drawing was so
nearly accurate that but little change was
necessary to make it perfect, and then we had
it (Migraved, and the result is before you. Dr.
Brown has taken great pains to study up the
plant, and we are sure that we may accept him
as authority on it.— Ed.]

^ I — ^

GIVE US FACTS.

By James Hcddon.

I do not know that I can better illustrate to
the readers of Gleanings the very trying posi-
tion one is placed in when he is asked to prove
a negative, relating to a charge of misdemean-
or, than to call attention to the fact that com-
mon law is the very essence of logic. This be-
ing admitted, as it must be, it must also be ad-
mitted that we can reasonably ask no more of
an accused, in the social world, than we may
ask in the legal world. It is logically just as
true, that we must consider and treat a man as
innocent until he is proven guilty, in the social
world, as in the court. Logic is logic in the
ont.' place just the same as it is in the other.

In the charge of " honey - adulteration,"
which has been brought forward against me,
it is not only true that there has not been suffi-
cient evidence discovered to convict me in law,
but there has not been one-tenth part enough;

in fact, not, any at all, that could possibly be
termed other than the slightest circumstantial
evidence. There has been no more logic in
levying a fine upon my reputation and my bus-
iness than upon my purse, without competent
evidence. I wish to impress your readers that
this matter, considered between: municipal law
and social ostracism, must have as much posi-
tive evidence in the one case as the other.
There is no answer to this statement except
the illogical answer of "precedent." It can
truthfully be said, that it is not the common
practice to demand the same evidence, before
the multitude believe a member guilty, that is
required by the jury before they bring in a
similar verdict. The answer to that statement
—which is true— is, that it is too true, and for
that very reason the world is cursed with crim-
inal gossip.

But if I do not mistake in my judgment of
human nature, the late attack against my
product has not injured me nearly as much as
it has injured honey-producers at large, be-
cause a slight injury to each one would aggre-
gate very much more than an immense and
crushing blow dealt upon my head. Perhaps
no truth can be told which will go farther
toward ameliorating the damage than the one I
have before repeated; viz., that no honey-
producer can afford to adulterate his honey.
I believe I have always carefully avoided
boasting, and I am sure I have purposely
avoided painting our business in glittering
colors, afterward to be condemned by those
who fail because they couldn't be measured in
my bushel; but in this case the truth is de-
manded; and I tell it when I say that I can
produce first-class extracted honey at less cost
than glucose can or ever could be bought. I
believe many other bee-keepers (although not
all) can do and are doing the same thing. Now
I ask you, in the name of common sense, why
any honey-producer who has reduced the cost
of honey to the minimum should go to an ex-
tra expense to degrade our product, commenc-
ing with his own property first? It isn't true;
and to teach it. is, as I said before, not only a
charge of serious damage to the accused, but
one of immense damage to our fraternity.

A cherished doctrine with me is, that truth
is lasting, while error is weak and perishable.
I do not believe in the theory of " holding the
wretch in order," by deception, to say nothing
of "fear." I believe that we, as bee-keepers,
want to know the truth. We want to know it
about glucose, which has so much to do with
our product in the fancy and fears of bee-keep-
ers. I do not believe that glucose is unwhole-
some in the least. It was born in Germany and
France, where the laws and sentiments of the
people are most radically against injurious
food. It was adopted into this country, and
swept like a cyclone into the first position as a
sweet .sauce. I do not believe that Americans

460

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June l.

could be such fools as to partake in such a
movement If the same was to their injury.
Data do not show it. It is not so; it could not
be. To prejudice the minds of bee-keepers,
basing oar cause upon such prejudice, is wrong,
and simply means that the work has all to be
done over again at a twofold expense. I am
practically repeating what I said at Lansing
and Flint. I believe it, and it will be well for
those who honestly think I am mistaken, to
kindly and logically set me right. They would
at the same time be performing the same ser-
vice to many other of my bee-keeping friends
who think just as I do. The producer of sweets,
who flies into a passion of rage, and begins to
hurl epithets and false charges at a new com-
petitor, occupies the same position as a section-
manufacturer who would curse some bee-
keeper because he had discovered (and by that
discovery blessed bee-keepers and the world) a
new material and process by which a superior
section could be made and sold at the low price
of .50 cents per thousand. Let us have the
truth; we are told that '"the truth will set us
free;" it certainly will not enslave us. The
more men know, the less they believe that it is
untenable. I am not afraid of facts. If going
into partnership with truth will starve me, I
shall have the satisfaction of realizing, in my
expiring moments, that I died in good company.
But I am not afraid of that. Whether it be
glucose or oleomargarine that is being decried,
I have no respect for the movement if I can
discover no logical reason for it, other than
unwise selfishness. I detest its morals, and I
fear its policy.

I have written the above for a bee-journal,
and for its readers— i(>ee-/teepers— and if it serves
no other purpose it may serve me the one of
letting them know that I have convictions and
do not fear to express them.

Dowagiac, Mich., May 21.

FAX.

Bii Klhry Krum.

Thay is more wimern bee-keepers raizin'
queens f<'r sail than wuz ever heerd of afore.

Accordin' to Quinby signs, this is goin' to be
a bad hunny yeer — the apple bloom wuz so
skeerce that it kum and went 'fore the bees
hardly k no wed it.

I'd ruther have (Ii.ernins sort o' layiii' round
loose than to cripple these old friends of mine
by sockin' luiils through their spinel columns.

One thing sartin and shiire about the 8-frame
hive; you don't have to look over ten frames
backwards and forwards half a dozen times to
find a pestif(U'ous hybrid queen.

Y' ever try wirin' frames 'thout usin' enny
tacks? Purferate twice to begin with; put
wire through and back, givin' it several twists,
then pull down tite; thread the remaiuin'

holes, and finish as at first. It's just as neat
and much more substanshel.

Forest-leaves makes best stuff fer pack in
Thay don't draw moisture like chaff, and ha
the old-fashuned proteckshun of a holler log.

Wuz at Ingeanoplis tother day, and seen nv
bee-keepin' friend Walter Ponder. While thar
I seed sum of Root's extra polished seckshuns
and thay knock the sox off of enny thing I eve
kum acrost in that line.

It pays to give your bees good proteckshun
All of mine is done up in leaves, and them tha
wuz packed deepest are overfiowin' with bee
already, and layin' out of nights; and what i;
gratifyin' thay have got brood— a hull passe
of it too— built right next the hives in the out
side frames.

Had a colony last seezin' on thick-top Heff
man frames that wuz too much crowded in th<
brood-chamber for lack of surplus arrange
ment, and, kontrary to expecktashun, th(
frames wuz burred, braced, and chunks of huu'
ny stuck on to the end-bars. The frames hun^
true, and the spacin' wuz kerrect. Now isn't i
a fax. Mister Editer, that one of the best pre
venshuns of burr-combs is suffishent room dur
in' the honey-flow?

Oh the robber bee ! he can't be beat,
Jimmin' around for something to eat;
Though the field is wide and the clover

sweet.
He'd ruther be lootin' his neighbor fer

meat.
But alas 1 the little piratical elf
Is cheatin' nobody so much as himself;
Fer he pokes his nose into cells of glucose,
When he might be swlggin' the sweet
from the rose !

[You are quite correct in regard to this burr-
comb question; but has any bee-keeper any
business to let any colony become so crowded
that the bees have nowhere to store honey, ex-
cept to push spurs of wax in every conceivable
nook and cranny, and chuck them full of hon-
ey? Therefore we may argue that, with good
management, thick-top Hoffman frames, with
proper spacing, are a bar to these nuisances.
We feel quite sure that, in the majority of
the very few cases where it is reported that the
wide thick top-bars do not prevent burr-combs,
it is due to the very fact you mention — that the
hive was overcrowded with honey. Every bee
keeper knows it is very bad policy to have his-
hives jjvck for room in the height of the season.
-Ed]

-^ — ■ —

McINTYRE'S ROBBER-TRAP.

/{,(/ /. F. Mrlutyrc.

At our State convention last fall I happened
to state that I caught the robbers in a trap.
Since that time I have had several letters ask-
ing for a description of said trap. Last season,,
after the honey -flow I reared and introduced
over 300 queens; and, being much annoyed by
a band of educated robbers that had learned
enough to go wherever the smoker was, I de-

1S'J4

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

461

ermined to try to trap them. The plan of
ceeping them busy by slow robbing had not
;ome out yet. After trying several devices, and
ailing, I finally hit on one that was successful,
tls made of an ordinary 10-frame Langstroth
iXtracting-supor, without frames; a bottom-
)oard is nailed on the bottom, and a three-
nch hole bored in each side and end near the
lOttom. A short wire-cloth cone is pushed into
iach hole, and nailed; a % hole is made in the
kpex of each cone, and a West cell -protector
crewed on to finish out the cone. The cover

we do not know but we should be tempted,
after caging them, to destroy them altogether.
As in the case of human beings, so with bees;
when they once learn bad tricks— when they
once acquire the habit of stealing— it is hard
for them to get honey honestly thereafter.— Ed.]

KOBBEKTRAP.

s made of two sheets of wire cloth, one nailed
m each side of a frame the size of the top of
.he hive. This is to prevent the robbers inside
rom passing the honey used as a bait through
jhe wire cloth, to the robbers outside. I hang
1 frame of honey inside for bait. It is neces-
sary to have plenty of light above to draw the
oees away from the cones below; but the hot
5un should not be allowed to shine in on the
oees, for it will kill them. By setting this trap
3ut in the apiary with a lighted smoker on it I
soon caught all the robbers that were in the
habit of following the smoker and killed them.
[ would not kill bees in the spring or any other
time if they were of any value; but these old
hairless robbers were of no value at that time.
At other times I catch the robbers and keep
them imprisoned until dusk, when they are
glad to get home and quit.

After I had quit working with the bees in the
fall I went out to the apiary one day and found
a weak colony overpowered. The robbers were
just tumbling over each other, and the whole
apiary was in an uproar. My honey-house has
bee-escapes on the windows, so I just carried
the hive inside that was being robbed, and
placed the trap on the stand where the hive
was. In a short time I had nearly all the rob-
bers in the trap. I kept them there until about
dusk in the evening, when they were glad to go
home, and next day all was quiet.

Fillmore, Cal.

[Something similar to this has been suggested
"before; but we can not now recall when or
Avhere. The idea is a valuable one; and during
those seasons when robbers are especially bad

THE BEST HONEYS OF THE WORLD.

HOW TASTES VARY ACCOKDING TO LOCALITY.

B\j Chns. F. Miith.

Friend Boot: — Our friend Hubbard, of Wai-
pole, N. H., is asking for my idea on sourwood
honey; and as the matter may prove interest-
ing to others, and I know that our friend will
see it, please give it space in Gleanings.

Sourwood fuinishes a very good honey, of
light color and good flavor. I should put it in
the same class with basswood of the North and
Northwest, or the orange-blossom or saw-pal-
metto of the South. We have just now a new
arrival of orange-blossom honey. It is of good
quality and fine taste, and we advertise it as
something "new and choice;" but we shall be
no more able to raise a customer for it now than
we were at former trials. A certain preference
would be given to basswood over sourwood
honey, because of the former having a lighter
color. All the above will be sold to manufac-
turers principally, almost e>clusively. The
most popular and most praiseworthy honeys
are: Northern white clover; mangrove of Flor-
ida, and sage of California, in their purity — i. e.,
without an admixture of other qualities. Ac-
cording to my experience, iliis trio includes the
only qualities accepted by the public for table
use. Almost all other qualities go to the man-
ufacturers principally.

It must be remembered that our tastes are
cultivated. While basswood honey is of fine
quality, and, no doubt, popular in the bass-
wood region, still it will never be successfully
introduced in a clover country, for table use. I
have tested the matter for many years. Horse-
mint honey, very obnoxious to our taste- at
first, loses its bad flavor gradually by our han-
dling and tasting it. When my friend Dr. Lay
said, " Horsemint is the honey for a man of
Texas," and when I replied that it amounts to
nothing in business (what he and I should like),
both of us were correct. Only those qualities
which are popular, or can be made so, count.
All qualities next to the above-mentioned trio,
in regard to flavor and color, go to manufactur-
ers The idea I intend to convey is, that,
according to my experience in the business,
white-clover honey stands at the head of the
list; next comes mangrove of Florida; next,
sage of California; and next, any amount of
other varieties too numerous to mention, all of
which can be sold to manufacturers only, be-
cause of their lower prices. However, any
thing is possible these times, the business fea-
tures of which are abnormal and unnatural.

463

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June 1.

Since we sold at fi and even at 5>.< cts. per lb.,
by the carload, each of (irst-class California
and of clover and basswood honey, we can
hardly find customers for dark honey at any
price. The bottom has come out of prices of
all articles of late, which. I hope, is temporary
only.
Cincinnati, O., May 7.

[What Mr. Muth has said in regard to the
taste of individuals in different localities is
quite true; and along with this idea it may be
well to say that, in certain p^vrts of York State,
a considerable number consider buckwheat the
finest honey in the world. They like that rich
strong flavor and dark color. To them, no
honey can stand in comparison with it; and in
regions where basswood seems to be the chief
source of supply, no honey is considered equal
to it. It is well that there is this variety of
taste; because if everybody universally agreed
that one kind of honey was the best, honey
from all other sources would necessarily bring
a lower price; but as it is, there are quite a
number of "best honeys" in the world. — Ed.]

THAT NEW PLAN TO PREVENT SWARMING.

By O. JM. Doolittk

While I would not on any account discourage
new plans (for out of the invention of new plans
for the various manipulations of bees has come
wonderful things of late), yet I can not feel
that it would be right to let pass unnoticed
some of the obvious errors which are found in
the article by Bro. Edson Hains as given in
Gleanings on page 405. To let these errors
pass unnoticed would perhaps cause many to
put time and money into such a swarming-pre-
ventive arrangement, by way of building new
bee-hives or by altering old hives over, boring
holes, etc., in them, with little if any prospect
of success, as I can see it; while a word of
warning may save some from going into this
Ihing headlong, and allow those who wish to
experiment along this line to do so understand-
ingly. In the first place, the plan is not a ?ieit)
plan, for it is very similar to the D. A. Jones
plan which was given to the world some ten or
fifteen years ago. The Jones plan was to allow
the queen from six to eight combs for laying in,
which were placed in the center of the hive
with perforated zinc on either side and over
them, with two or three combs near the en-
trance, and between these and the 'queen's
apartment two wide frames of sections were
placed, while more wide frames of sections
were placed back of the queen's apartment,
and finally sections placed over the whole top
of the hive. As soon as the six or eight frames
were filled with brood, three of them, having
brood in the most advanced stage, were taken
out and put in the place of the three combs in
front of the sections, and next to the entrance,
while those combs were placed in the brood-
nest to give the queen plenty of empty room.
In two weeks the three combs in front, now

nearly empty of brood, were substituted for
three with nearly mature brood again, from the
brood-nest, and so on through the season, thus-
keeping the queen's apartment empty of honey,
with plenty of room for eggs, while the bees
could store their honey in the sections in front
and overhead without going into the brood-
apartment at all unless they desired.

The whole thing looked so reasonable to me
that I made five hives on this plan, and in- early
spring put five good colonies into them, work-
ing them according to instructions, with the
result that every one of them swarmed, and
the whole thing was a complete failure so far
as the merits claimed for it were concerned,
as I gave in the columns of Gleanings of
about that time. It matters not whether the
queen can go out with the swarm or not; so
long as the bees contract the swarming fever,,
and that fever continues, they are of little
value as a colony for storing honey in sections
to the best advantage, and I can see nothing in
the Hains plan which will prevent their con-
tracting the swarming fever, more than there
was in the Jones plan. The whole thing is-
based on the false idea that bees coming in
from the fields loaded with nectar go directly
into the sections and deposit that nectar in the
cells. Mr. Hains says, " When I put on the
surplus case I place it so the bees can have
ready access to it from the combs in front of the
excluder, without passing through the zinc.
This i)artially keeps the honey-gatherers out
of the brood -nest and saves them the trouble of
going through the zinc heavy laden with hon-
ey, and it prevents them from emptying their
load right into the brood-nest where the queen
is about to lay her eggs." This is only the old
idea over again, which caused an entrance ta
be placed at the tops of the frames of thousands
of the first-made Langstroth hives, as well as
at the bottom, so that the bees in returning
from the fields with their loads of honey could
go direct to the sections and thus be saved the
time, .trouble, and travel of climbing up
through the crowded hive with their loads. I
have lain hours enough, when put together, to
make days, by the side of a single-comb observ-
atory hive to see what I could find out in this
matter, as well as otiier matters, and I never
yet saw a bee. coming in loaded from the field,
deposit the load of nectar it had. in a cell of
the comb, unless honey was so abundant that
every bee was so filled that it could hold no
more, which does not happen once out of ten
thousand times; but the load is always given
to one of the younger bees which has not yet
entered the fields as a field worker, and taken
by this bee and deposited where it is wished.
Again, the same thing is proven when we
change a colony from German bees to Italians,
by changing queens some time before the honey-
harvest. There comes a time when all the
German bees will be field-bees, and all the

1894

GLEANINdS IN BEE CULTURE.

463

Italians will be inside workers; and if this
change was made so this time comes in the
height of the honey-flow you will see none but
black bees going in and out of the entrance;
while. If you take a look at the sections, you
will find only Italian bees there at work, or
vice versa, according as the change of queens
happens to be. Thus it will be seen that all
plans to save the held beos traveling into the
brood-nest of any hive, by way of " comb-lad-
ders," etc., are fallacious.

Again, Bro. Hains seems to expect, if they do
swarm, and the queen happens to squeeze
through the zinc, she will stop on the two out-
side combs; but, according to my experience
with the Jones plan, this will not be the case;
for the queen is just as anxious to get entirely
out and away from the hive she has formerly
lived in as any of .the other bees which go with
the swarm. Another thing I notice is, that
" undesirable drones should be kept in the
brood-nest." Don't you do it, for there is no
one thing that makes me feel " edgewise" to-
ward perforated zinc as does this matter of its
confining the drones to the hive, where they
rush around pell-mell every day from one to
three o'clock trying to get out, and kicking up
a disturbance generally till their life is worn
out of the them; and after they die they are
still worse than they were when alive; for the
workers will tug and pull at them in the vain
efiort to remove them from the hive, till the
hair, legs, and wings are all pulled oft' ; and,
finally, if there are too many of them they clog
up the zinc, and rot or ferment, and become a
stinking, sickening mass, unless removed by
the apiarist. No, no, Bro. Hains; either remove
all drone comb from the apartment where the
queen is, or else provide some means for the
drones to get out of the queen's apartment.

Again, I notice. " Virgin queens, being small-
er, will be able to get through the excluder to
take their flight." By close experimenting
and measuring, I find that the thorax of a
virgin queen is just as large when she is hatch-
ed, or six days old, as it ever is; and as it is the
thorax which prevents a queen or drone going
through the perforated zinc, any queen that
can go through when a virgin, can go through
when she is fertile, providing she exerts the
same energy to get through later on in life.
This she is not apt to do, except in cases of
swarming, and this is the reason why so many
queens in full laying powers do not go through
the zinc, while virgins do, and not because the
virgin or fertile queen at swarming time has a
smaller abdomen. Lastly, liro. II. assumes, and
this assumption is accorded to him by thecditor
in his footnotes, thai the bees dislike to go
through the perforated zinc. Now, if this is
really so, we as apiarists of the nineteenth
century had better dispense with it, only in
cases where it is absolutely necessary to use it,
and have it go out to the world that, whenever

we do use it, we do it with the full understand-
ing that we do so at a sacrifice of dollars' worth
of honey to accomplish the purpose we are
after. How is it, brother and sister bee-keep-
ers? are we using perforated metal at a loss in
honey ?
Borodino, N. Y.

[This is timely and to the point. There is
always some one of our old veterans, if not the
editor, who is prepared to say whether an
idea is old and whether there is any thing in it.
As you intimate, we were not prepared to say
ourselves that loaded bees would take the
shortest route to the super. If it is true, as
you say, that they turn their loads over to the
young bees and they in turn deposit it in the
combs, there would be nothing in the new plan.
Mr. Doolittle has made quite a study of this
matter, and, if we are correct, his conclusions
have been indorsed by one or two others. But
over against this there is this fact: Years ago
we once left, in the height of the honey-flow,
some combs leaning against the entrance. The
loaded worker^, instead of going into the en-
trance, deposited their loads themselves in the
aforesaid combs ; and one or two observers
have since said that they would also store
in the first two combs near the entrance, leav-
ing the young bees to transfer it to the supers.

But you say that this plan before us was tried
by D. A. Jones and others — yourself included —
and that there proved to be nothing in it. It is
indeed important to know this at this time.
In the mean time let us have facts from actual
observation as to what the field bees do with
their loads, as a rule, on arriving at the en-
trance. Definite knowledge on this point may
make it necessary to make some modifications
in the brood-chamber. Your last point is well
taken, if bees do dislike to go through zinc.
We had not thought of it in that light before.
The mere fact that bees will store tons of honey
above it, does not look as if they objected to it.
So far, extensive bee-keepers say that they can
not discover that it makes any difference in
the yield of honey.

Later. — Since writing the foregoing we have
received a letter from H. W. Funk, of Norval,
III., stating that, five years ago, he tried a non-
swarming plan, quite similar to the Hains plan
on 10 colonies. They all swarmed, he says, and
sooner than the rest of his colonies. — Ed.] _j

CALIFORNIA ECHOES.

By RiunhJer.

One dollar per colony is the assessment on
bees in California.

Chalon Fowls' letter to the boys is not so
much boys' play, after all, out here. Hundreds
of colonies are caught that way in decoy hives,
and not a few make quite a business catching
and selling such swarms.

Of course, Dr. M., there is more honey left in
the brood-chamber when the colony is run for
comb honey. There is also much honey left in
the brood-chamber when the colony is run for
extracted honey, if there is a queen-excluding
honey-board in use.

Oh, no! we never laid up any thing against
the manufacturers of the secret flat-bottomed
foundation. This is a free country, and every-
body has a right to conduct any legitimate

464

GLEANINGW IN BEE CULTURE.

June 1.

business according to his own ideas, even if
said ideas do smack of our grandmothers' days.

In the vicinity of Failbrook, San Diego Co.,
there are fifty apiarists, with 6000 colonies of
bees. The amount of honey in 1893 was over
200,000 lbs.; 75 per cent of it was comb honey-
pure as wlien distilled in Dame Nature's cups
and shaded by Flora's beauteous hives, infciior
to none. So says R. A. Netf, in the Failbrook
Observer.

" Blessed are the peacemakers." Prof. Cook
gave the people in Bloomington, Cal.. a talk
upon how the bee aids the fruit-culturist, by
the pollenization of the blossoms. The fact
presented was news to some of the fruit-growers
present. The effect was beneficial, showing
the dependence of one industry upon the other.
Such talks often will result in harmony. Again,
"Blessed are the peacemakers."

That is just as we expected, that you would
all come around to our California view and say
that galvanized-iron tanks were good enough
for honey. Perhaps something is due to the
fact that California persisted in using them,
not only for honey, but for drinking-water.
Honey is very rarely allowed to stand in a tank
until it candies. It is no small job to dig it
out. The digging also has to be done in the
night, otherwise the bees will insist upon help-
ing. The bee-keeper is very careless who al-
lows his honey to remain long in a tank.

I would say to Bro. Elwood, that my authori-
ty for saying that the New York bee-keepers
were secretive over their honey yields was from
a successful bee-keeper who dwelt for sev( ral
years in Cherry Valley. I do not wish to make
the application sweeping against all of the bee-
keepers of New York, nor even against all in
Central New York; for I think too much of my
native State and her noble sons: but I wished
to bring out the figures, and compare results.
Our latest figures, compiled fi'om railroad and
steamship lines, puts our shipments for 1893 at
about 7,000,000 lbs.

DEf-AYED FERTIIJZATION.

Question. — How long may a virgin queen be
kept confined in a nursery-cage or otherwise,
before being allowed to take her wedding-flight?

Aiisiver.—The tliought put forth in the above
question is something which 1 consider of doubt-
ful expediency. I do not believe it possible for
any queen to be just as good a queen after
being kept confined so she can not fly out to
meet the drone, when nature prompts, as she
would be if she had her liberty to do as she
pleased. So far as my experience goes, all per-

fect queens will fly out to meet the drones when
from six to ten days old, during the months of
June, July, and August, if the weather is favor-
able for such flight; and any contrivance which
prevents their doing so is an injury to the fu-
ture value of the queen. If the weather is un-
suitable, this same queen will have no desire to
go out till such a day comes; hence there is no
uneasiness, consequently no injury to her value.
But confine her once on a nice day when she
would otherwise go to meet the drone, and she
is injured to the extent of the efforts put forth
to accomplish her ptirpose. Now for some
pointers along this line, as I have experimented
quite largely, in the vain hope of having qtieens
mated in confinement.

As given above, the rule is for a queen to go
out \yhen from six to ten days old; but during
the months of April and May, also of Septem-
ber and October, queens frequently do not
become fertile till they are from two to four
weeks old; and in one case I had a queen be-
come fertile in late October, when she was 32
days old. All these queens proved as good, so
far as I could see, as did those which were
mated at about the usual time as first given;
and from this I argued that, if I kept a virgin
queen confined till she was from three to four
weeks old, she would be as good as any, the
same as were these later mated queens, their
late mating being brought about by weather
not suited to give them the inclination to meet
the drone. So I kept queens in nursery-cages
and otherwise till from two to four weeks old,
then introduced thera to frames of hatching
brood or boxes of queenless bees; took them
into the fields with me where drones congregat-
ed, in cages, with and without bees, letting
them out, when they would always return to
the cage, even though not a bee accompanied
them in the cage; put them with drones in
barrels having glass tops; under tents with
drones, into dish-covers, etc.; but I never yet
had a queen mated, to my certain knowledge,
unless she flew from a box or hive of some kind
having both bees ami comb in it; while not one
of these queens which were confined past the
time when they had a desire to fly to meet the
drone proved to be as valuable as queens allow-
ed their own sweet will; and some of those kept
confined till three or four weeks old before
commencing to lay never laid worker eggs to
an amount sufficient to fill five Langstroth
frames. After trying nearly every kind of short
cut, as they are called, to secure laying queens,
often, from nuclei, by using virgin queens of
advanced age to take the place of queens w hich
are sold, giving to queenless bees frames of
hatching brood, etc., I have settled 'down to the
plan of giving a mature cell in all cases where
a queen is removed in such a way that we de-
sire a virgin queen to take her place, as being
much the best plan of any, taking all things
into consideration.

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

4G5

STOKING AND FUMIGATING COMBS.

Question. — I have about 800 empty combs.
How can I protect them from the moth '? and
what is the best method of fumijrating them?

Aiisioer. — If the questioner wishes to keep
these combs for an indefinite time there is no
way except to fumigate them and then store
them where the female moth can not have
access to them, lint if he or slie expects to
utilize them during the present month or fore
part of July, fumigation may not be necessary.
My plan of storing combs from which the bees
have died the previous winter is to store them
in some dry airy room, where they can be hung
two or more inches apart. In storing them I
select out all that contain much bee-bread or
pollen, and place them by themselves where I
can use these first; then I select all having but
little pollen in them, and place these where
they will come to hand next after those first
named; then I select all which are old and
black, and have these next at hand, while those
having been used but little by the bees for
brooding purposes, and having no pollen in
them, are left to be used last or latest in the
season. All white combs in which no brood
has ever been reared, whether containing honey
or not, and that have been taken from the hives
during the fall, winter, or early spring, are
almost moth-proof, or, at least, I have never,
to my remembrance, had such combs disturbed
by the larva of the wax-moth, where kept as
above for any term of years; but when such
combs are taken from the brood -chamber of
the hive during hot summei weather, and stored
away as above, then they may be troubled
some. Combs stored two or more inches apart,
with those having the most pollen in them to
the front, need not be looked after in this local-
ity till June, when they should be examined;
and if any fine webs are noticed about the cells
containing pollen, these should be given to the
bees as soon thereafter as possible. By about
the tenth to fifteenth, look after those having
little pollen in them, and by the 2.")lh look after
the old tough combs, while those which ihe
bees have used but little for brooding will rare-
ly be touched before July 4th to lotli. In this
way I have no difficulty in using all the
spare combs I may chance to have befoie the
moth troubles them lo an extent tending to in-
jure them.

But if we wish to keep combs during a whole
season or more they mu-^t be fumigated, or else
have been exposed to a temperature of about
zero during the previous w init r. Wlieic this
latter has been the case, pack ihein away in
early spring in some box or closet which is
moth- proof and they will keep forever, or as
long as the closet or box keeps, providing no
female moth is ever allowed to deposit eggs on
them. To fumigate, place in a tight room, or
in hives which will sit closely on each other,
without bottoms, when we burn sulphur to the

amount of a pound to every 400 cubic feet con-
tained in the hives or room. In sulphuring
combs there is little fear of using too much
sulphur; for should a deposit of sulphur occur
on the combs, thereby giving them a greenish
tinge, it will not harm as it does on comb honey.
In sulphuring honey, too rgbiich care can not be
taken in guarding against the possibility of
fire; for a room filled with the fumes of burning^
sulphur is a poor place to go to extinguish what
may prove to be a conflagration unless ex-
tinguished in time. For this reason, an iron
kettle, partly filled with ashes, with live coals
on the ashes, with the combs so hung that none
of them can melt and fall in the fire in the ket-
tle, is the best thing to use to pour the sulphur
on. If you wish the combustion of the sulphur
to be complete, too much must not be poured
on too small a surface of coals, otherwise a part
of the sulphur will not burn as it should.

BEE-VEILS — HOW TO WEAR THEM.

ANOTHER PLAN, ESPECIALLY ADAPTED FOK
LADIES.

By Mii<s Emma Wilson.

I have been quite interested in reading about
the different devices used for fastening the bee-
veil, but so far I don't think I like any of them
as well as my own — probably because it is my
own, and is old and well tried, as I have fasten-
ed my veil so for years. Dr. Miller has also
used it for some time, and pronounces it a suc-
cess. He has been wanting me to write about it
ever since Mr. Hutchinson gave his device, but
I have kept putting it off. Finally some re-
marks of Mr. Hasty, in the Review, have-stirred
me up to write. What he says, like all that he
writes, makes very interesting reading

I get the impression that he has formerly been
in the habit of tucking his veil inside his shirt-
collar, and Mr. Hutchinson speaks of doing this
also. Now, I should think tliat would be a most
uncomfortable, choky way of disposing of a bee-
veil. I don't wonder they want some different
device. Mr. Hasty seems to have been very
much pleased with the Porter method. Still he
says, "But (would you believe it?) I am not al-
together happy yet. Like the children of Isra-
el in Egypt, I sometimes 'fall a lusting,' and
want to put my honey-dripping fingers in my
mouth. To untie the string of the new device,
and loosen up, takes too much time. Who will
invent an elastic side entrance, or something
that will let me get at my 'potato-trap' with
the minimum of hindrance? Moreover, I am
sadly dependent on my spectacles, and want to

466

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June 1.

put them off and on frequently. In this I can't
so well deny myself as I ,might in the other
case."

He also refers to Mr. Ernest Root's method of
wearing his bee-veil under his suspenders, and
says it will do very well for the men, in warm
weather. " But," Jae says, " in such a case,
whatever and ever are the ladies to do, pray
tell ■?" Now, I think that Mr. Hasty need not
worry about the ladies. When it comes to fas-
tening on a bee-hat or a bee-veil, they are away
ahead. I confess, my way is so simple I never
thought of telling any one about it until one
day Dr. Miller, who always lets his hang loose,
complained of bees bothering him by getting
under his veil, when 1 asked him why he didn't
fasten his veil down as I did mine. He did so,
and has fastened it down ever since. He had
seen me fasten mine down for years, but I sus-
pect he considered it I'alher fussy and a waste
of time, though I think it would take about
three times as much time to get one bee out
from under the veil, to say nothing of the sting.

I will say, for Mr. Hasty's benefit, that Dr.
Miller uses his spectacles, and samples honey
quite often too, without unfastening his veil.
We use a bee-veil with an elastic cord around
the bottom. In the center of the front of the veil,
at the lower edge, we place a large safety-pin,
catching it through the hem of the veil, over
the elastic coi'd, so there will be no danger of
tearing out. It is always left hanging to the
veil when not in use. When we put our hats
on, the pins are there, ready for use. I usually
fasten my pin by catching it through a button-
hole ; if not, I pin it to my waist. Dr. Miller
pins his to one suspender when wearing neither
coat nor vest. One pin is all that is needed, and
the hand can be easily slipped under the veil
when necessary. I pity the poor men, who can
not pin their hats on with a hat-pin. However,
Dr. Millt-r thinks he gets on very nicely by ty-
ing his hat on with strings when it is very
windy. But then, he doesn't know the comfort
of a hat-pin.

Now, Mr. Hasty, please try my way and see if
it isn't simpler, easier, more comfortable, and
saving in time, having the security of the Por-
ter plan, with the added advantage of compara-
tively free intercourse with any part of the face.

Mr. Hutchinson thinks an elastic iu front
would result in numerous folds in front of the
face to obstruct the vision. In this locality,
such a thing doesn't happen.

Marengo, III.

[It is seldom that we do much with the bees
unless it is so warm that we can work by work-
ing briskly with comfort without coal or vest;
and then we know of no plan that is quite so
handy as the suspender plan, illustrated in our
last issue. The only objection is, it can not be
used by the ladies. So far we know of no plan
for then, that is any better than the one sug-
gested by Miss Wilson. At all events, we would
have the veil so arranged that honey-drippings,
that will somehow get on the lingers, may be

licked off; for there is no comfort in handling a
smoker or any other tool with sticky fingers,
and we are not afraid to lick our fingers clean
of most of the honey that may accumulate on
them during the operation of handling heavy
combs, for instance. Perhaps some of you may
think this is a slovenly way. Think of it as
you may. it is the way we clean honeyed fin-
gers except when the grass is dewy, when we
just simply run them through the blades, till
the sticky honey is wiped off. But when work-
ing in the hot sun most bee-keepers find it nec-
essary to take a drink of water occasionally.
We do not even stop to raise the veil — we drink
through it; and clear water never soils the
veil nor harms it; and, besides, the line of vi-
sion is away above the point that may be tem-
porarily obscured by the particles of water. —
Ed.]

THE NEW DOVETAIL HIVE.

In the article by Dr. Miller, following, the
reader will gel some idea of the recent im-
provements that have been made in the Dove-
tailed hive; these are only slight, and confined
entirely to the brood-frame and follower. The
following cross-section will show you that the
new hive is practically the old one.

Some time ago a number of our subscribers,
conspicuously among whom was Dr. C. C. Mil-
ler, advised that the top-bar of the Hoffman
frame be made l)i inches wide, and full J^ inch
deep at the sides. The one last year was 1^
wide, the sides being cut down to allow for the
comb-guide. On comparing a large number of
reports it was evident that the wider and deep-
er top-bar gave better results in the exclusion
of burr-combs and especially brace-combs, or
those combs built between the top-bars.

The extra width makes exactly 3^-inch space
between the top-bars, or what is now regarded
as the most correct bee-space, in which the
bees are the least liable to build comb ordeposit
propolis. The demand for this change became
so strong that we finally consented to make the
top-bars wider and deeper; but by making the
top-bar 1>8 inches wide, we found we should
run into a snag, as it didn't leave finger-room
sufficient to get hold of the ends of the frames
when spaced so close together. We, therefore,
at the suggestion of one of our subscribers. Mr.
J. A. Scudder, narrowed down the projecting

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

467

end of the top-bar, leaving it only % of an inch
wide. Incidentally this gave the bee less
tlianco to attach by propolis the end of the top-
l);ir to th(^ hive rabbet.

iJy ext(uiding the top-bar down to full % inch
(Ircp it would leave no comb-guide, so it be-
iMiue necessary to leave a bead with a trough,
a^ it were, on each side: but the outside edges
would have to be blunt in order to prevent the
lues from building combs to the sides instead
ol to liie propcM' comb-guide in the center. The
mcompanjing engraving shows the new frame.

OUR NEW HIVE.

IT IS KEVIEWKI) IN DETAIL

Fig 1 shows the frames as they appear to-
gether in the hive; in Figs. 3 and 4 the narrow-
ed-up ends of the top-bar shows more plainly.
Fig. 3 shows the under side of the top-bar with
the comb-guide.. Un-

f»mmmmm'm»>\»h)ji*^'i .?f :^

fortunately the en-
graving is incorrect;
the outside edges
should be four times
as wide as the center
or comb - guide, or
like the accompany-
ing cross - sec ti o n.
The top-bars as thus-
made may be used without foundation.

We have also changed the bottom-bar from %
square to H x fi inch. Complaints came in, to
the effect that the bees would sometimes build
•comb clear past the square bars, and hence the
■change. The bottom-bar 'ji inch wide seems to
be a nice compromise between the extremes.

It should be stated, that these sight changes
Tvill make no confusion in frames already in
use, and the extra " finger- room " at the end of
the top-bar especially, will at once be appreci-
ated.

LANGDON NON-SWAKMEK.

Since last year Mr. Langdon has made some
•slight modifications in his non swarmer; on
the back are nailed cleats as shown in the cut,
the purpose of which is to render it unnecessary
to bore holes in the hive, and incidentally it se-
cures better ventilation. The non-swarmer is
used the same as recommended last year, with
the exception that less time is allowed be-
tween the changing of the working force from
one hive to the other.

By Dr. C. C. MiUcr.

I have before me a Dovetail hive-body filled
with frames with full sheets (Jf foundation, all
ready to give to the bees, the wliole being the
latest approved pattern at the Home of the
Honey-bees. I've looked it all over, handled it
all over, studied it all over, and I'd give some-
thing, Mr. Editor, to have you for a short time
where I could talk it all 6ver with you. If you
come, I'll promise to handle you carefully and
return you in good order. One reason why I'd
rather talk than write is that, in talking, if I
make some objection that has no weight, an
immediate reply ends it; whereas a written
opinion stands against me if it be a wrong opin-
ion. But I'm pretty sure you'd like to know
what I think of the hive, so I'll tell you what I
like and dislike. I may as well say in advance
that my likes very much outweigh my dislikes.

The feature from which the hive takes its
name, the dovetail corner, after trying ever
since Dovetail hives were made, I feel sure is an
excellent thing. No other corner that I have
tried has held so solidly together without the
least sign of yielding.

The hive is painted, and I'm inclined to the
opinion I'd rather have it without for the good
of the bees. But it might be a good thing to
have the corners painted.

I prefer a cleat on each end at the top as han-
dles, but those are easily added. The larger
hand-holes that you are now making render the
cleats less important.

Turning to the inside, those top-bars 1\ by %,
with the 3^-inch space between, are a real de-
light to my eyes. I think I'd be willing to stand
all the disadvantages, and more too, for the sake
of having those top-bars.

The V edge on the end-bars I must mention
very softly, and it would be some relief if I did
not have to mention them, at all; for I have
been very pronounced in my opposition to them,
and it is only lately that I wrote you privately
that you might count on undying hostility to
them from the maiority of bee-keepers. To be
obliged now to say that there is a possibility of
some good in them is humiliating. I said the
bees would plump bee-glue in that angle, and
they do. But your late editorial calls attention
to other things that put the matter in a differ-
ent light. There is no denying that, with the
first form of HoflI'mans. after they have been in
use a year or two, the bees get so much propolis
crowded between the parts thatcome in contact
that they do not pull apart as easily as they
might ; and, worse than that, the increased
room they take up makes it hard to take out the
dummy. Your argument is, that the V edge
will allow the frames to be crowded together
more easily, the sharp edge cutting its way

468

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June 1.

through the propolis. I can't find any good re-
ply to that argument. The surfaces in actual
contact with the V edge measure only about an
eighth as much as in the other kind, so the
same force will squeeze eight times as hard on
the opposing surfaces. So I am forced to admit
that it is in the limit of possibilities that the V
edge is an improvement.

The peculiar way in which the dummies are
made, allowing just the right space between
comb and dummy, I like much. I like the
lightness of the dummy, but have a little fear
that the end of the top-bar may break too
easily.

The frames slide very easily on the folded tin
support; but is there no danger that in time the
wood will be cut or worn away by sliding on the
tin? When the frames are crowded tight to-
gether there is only an eighth of an inch be-
tween the outside top-bar and the side of the
hive. The bees will be sure to fill propolis in
that one-eighth space; and, moreover, if a comb
from the center of the hive is put there, that
part of the comb which has sealed honey will
be only an eighth of an inch from the side of the
hive, and it will be thoroughly bridged with
comb. True, you can leave the end-bars an
eighth from the side of the hive; but spacing it
thus by sight takes time, and can not be exact-
ly done. Would it not be well to have eighth-
inch blocks in the corners for the end-bars to
strike against?

You do not have the frames wedged together.
I believe that's ever so much better. Really,
the greatest objection I have to fixed distances,
as I have used them, is the difficulty of getting
out the dummy. With space enough and no
wedging, that difficulty will disappear.

If it were possible to have the top-bar of the
dummy the, same width of the boards in the
dummy (,%) I should like that, for at present
there is only \ inch between the two top-bars;
but I don't see how it can be done without mak-
ing the top-bar of the dummy too weak.

Now let's take a frame out and look at it.
That bead on the under side of the top- bar
seems a useless thing; but when I see how the
foundation is fastened against it. there seems a
use for it. But what's the good of the ditch on
the one side of the bead where there is no foun-
dation? Looking closer at it I find the founda-
tion is not fastened in the center. On one side,
from the foundation to the under edge of the
top-bar is f^ of an inch, and on the other side
^. Of course, our combs must be freely inter-
changeable, making it often occur that two of
the shallow sides will come together, or two of
the deeper sides. In the one case it will make
the combs IX inches from center to center, and
there would be nothing so very bad about that.
But in the other case the combs would be 1^4
inches from center to centi'r. and to that I
should decidedly object. When in use, the hive
before me will probably have the three differ-

ent spacings— II4, 1?^, and !}.<. Now, instead of
cutting two grooves in the wood, let there be
only one, so cut that the foundation will be ex-
actly in the middle. Or, it may be better still to
have a saw-kerf for the edge of the foundation
to fit in loosely, then a few drops of melted wax
will keep it in place till the bees fasten it. If J^
deep, no waxing is needed. The trouble with
saw- kerfs is, that they are usually made too
narrow. The foundation before me is 3€ inch
thick, and I suppose a saw-kerf to receive it
should be /v at least.

I suppose you have fastened the wires in the
foundation by electricity. At any rate, it is an
artistic piece of work, much admired by Emma,
who probably takes a sort of maternal interest
in it. as she was the first one who imbedded
wires by means of heat.

The question arises, whether it might not be
a good thing to put bottom starters in brood'
frames. In the frames before me there will be
a space between comb and bottom -bar which is
objectionable, and means about 5 per cent less
comb surface in the frame. You know that
bottom starters in sections are a success, and 1
think they might be more successful in brood
frames on two accounts: A bottom starter of ^
or ?4 inch stands up of its own accord in sec
tions, and the thicker foundation would stanc
up better. Besides, in the brood-frame the bot
tom starter can be cut of such width or deptt
that the lower wire can be imbedded in it neai
its upper edge.

On the whole, I believe you have done a fint
thing in getting up this hive, and I'm going tc
try it to the number of fifty, V edge and all. II
I find on trial that they are not as good as ]
supposed, I make no promise to keep quiet.

Marengo, 111.

[We assume, Doctor, at the outset, that,
while you are apparently " on the fence "re-
garding some things, you are anxious to get on
our side, providing you know the ground will
holdup — or that we can convince you that it
will. We like good company. Well, in regard
to the V-edge, you seem to have a tolerable
assurance that the ground is all right. We are
sure you will doubt no more after you have
tried those 50 hives.

About that paint. Just the other day we
visited a small apiary where the owner had
put in, sonu^ 9 months before, a lot of new
hives. They looked as if they had been recent-
ly pninted with one coat of paint, for the
boards were badly checked. " But," said we,
to the owner " you did not paint your hives,
did you, till recently?" "No," said he; "but
I am sorry now that I did not paint them at
the start. They have been left out in the hot
sun, exposed to the weather; and the boards
— especially the covers— are warping a little
askew." I^et us see, Doctor; you admit it is a
good policy to paint covers; then why not the
rest of the hive? A whole loaf is better than
half of one. A hive may stand up just as long^
without paint but it won't remain bee or robber
tight very long.

You prefer a cleat at each end at the top. as
handles. Well, you can have them. The
Dovetail hive is so made that you can have

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

469

thi'in or not, as you please. But, say; don't
Yiiu think you could get used to those new
hand-lioles. and that you would like them fully
us well for actual use, to say nothing of their
iitater appearance, if you were to give them a
trial without the cleats?

Yes, the frames do slide very easily on the
folded tin rabbet, or " support." as you call it.
[Why didn't you say " rabbet"?] No, Doctor,
tliere Is no danger that the folded edge will cut
the top-bar. Even the sharp edge that we have
hf'on using for years seems to have but little
etteer.

About that ^8 inch end play of the top-bars.
All we have s<ot to say. Doctor, is, we have got
t(i have it. We do not dare to risk making a
ti!J:ht fit, because the varying conditions of the
wi'ather throughout the United Slates would
be sure to make them too tight sometimes.
^ Cs, the bees will chink in a little propolis into
our nice clean sections; but neither of them
can you help. So far as the top-bars are con-
cerned, they will make no practical trouble.

No, we would have the top bar of the dummy
just a little wider than the boards, for the very
reason that it gives the fingers an abutting
edge to catch hold of in drawing out. We first
tried the dummies with the top-bar the same
width as the perpendicular sides; but it was
hard to pick them out. That bead on the un-
der side of the toobar. Your objections look
all right in theory; but in actual practice you
need have no fear. You certainly will not have
spacings 1'4'. 1%, 1%. If you do not intend to
wire your frames, and if you fasten the sheets
of foundation to the comb-guide by the melted-
wax plan, you might have the unequal spac-
ings you refer to. But if you will refer to our
catalog you will see that we recommend rolling
the edge of foundation— that is. pressing it
against the comb-guide; and this results iu
crowding the wax over so that it is almost
exactly under the comb-guide itself; that is,
the comb-guide and the foundation form one
continuous line with the top-bar. To be sure
that this is so in actual practice, I have just
been out into the other room, and measured
several lots of frames having foundation put in
with that Daisy- Hambaugh roller. The sheets
do not vary a sixty-fourth of an inch from be-
ing out of the exact center. Then, besides, the
■wires themselves are threaded through holes
that are spaced exactly iu the center of the
end-bar. in a perpendicular line.

Y'es. that wiring by electricity is the only
way of doing a nice job. and, to a great extent,
it prevents the bees from gnawing around the
wires when they have nothing else to do. By
the way. Doctor, didn't we send you a battery ?
We have not had any report from you In regard
to its workings.— Ed.]

C. M. McC, of W. Va., would like to know
what to do with old moldy combs. Ans. — Put
them in or over a strong colony of bees. They
will cli-an them up and make them sweet in
short order. If moldy and worm-eaten, throw
them into the solar wax extractor. If moldy
and crooked, put them in the same place. It
does not pay to fuss with any thing but straight
first-class combs.

E. W. S., of Ala., asks how long burlap cov-
ers shall be kept on under cushions for outdoor
wintering. Ans.— We usually make it a prac-
tice to keep the burlap covers on until settled
warm weather, say about the middle of May
with us. Sometimes we leave them on until
the first of June. It is not advisable to change
the burlap to enamel cloth very early in the
season; in fact, we do not use enamel cloth at
all nowadays with the Dovetail hive.

E. N., of III., Sisks if the bees will not store
more surplus overdrawn combs than over start-
ers only, in the brood-frames. Ans. — No. It
would rather be the other way, provided that
the bees were hived on the starters, and honey
was coming in with a rush at the time. If they
had drawn combs below, they would pile the
honey into the brood-frames, and put in the sec-
tions what remained. E. N. also asks whether
Italian queens reared in a colony of black bees
would not be more prolific. A^is. — We do not
think it would make any difference.

P. W., of N. Y., writes : " Please tell me
what I can put on the separators to keep the
bees from fastening the honey to them. They
spoil lots of boxes on the new boards." Ans. —
This is a difficulty that practical bee-keepers
find to a slight extent, but, so far as we know,
not enough t~> make any great trouble. In
your case it may be that the hive did not stand
level; that the foundation was not perfectly
centered in the sections, or that the sections
themselves did not have wide enough openings.
Any and all of these might combine to aggra-
vate comb-attaching.

W. H. C.of Midi., asks. 1: "As I want to
Italianize this season. I want to know whether
it would be a good plan to introduce siranee
queens to colonies that have just sent out the
first swarm, previously cutting queen-cells, or
leave the new queen to tear thcin down." Ans.
— We would always advise tearing down the
queen cells. It is true, that the queens to be
introduced 7/u/j/ do it; but you always run the
danger of a young virgin hatching out, in which
case the bees af^e liable to take up with their
young mistress rather than with their old one,
and, of course, the latter is killed. In intro-
ducing queens it is aJfcay.s' safer to tear down
the old cells, because, after bees get cells nicely
started, they are inclined at times to lay
their hopes on them so strong that, when a new
queen is introduced, they carry out their orig-
inal purpose, and the introduced mother is
sacrificed. W. H. C. asks further: 2. Would
this process prevent after-swarming? 3. If I
order queens, and receive them before I need
them, how may I keep them alive till I do need
them ? Ans.--2. To a certain extent. 3. You
want to manage somehow so as not to receive
queens before you want them. You can keep
them in small nuclei, however, as explained by
Mrs. Atchley on page 407 of our last issue.

470

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June 1.

=*^^i;Si:^55*=^«402 P£B YEARS

something better to do, are trying to scrub off
the paint (or woody fiber, if not painted) at the
mouth of the entrance.

Receive my Instruction, and not silver; and knowledge rath-
er than choice gold.— Prov. 8: 10.

This number seems to be quite footnoty— eh?

We have just been having some cold rainy
weather for four or five days. It is now clear-
ing up, and the bright warm weather gives
promise of staying with us.

Mk. Hutchinson, in the last Review, says,
" Silence is the wit of fools." We always sup-
posed it was the other way; or, as another has
said, " Speech is silver, and silence is golden."

Wax has been exported from the country
within the past year in large quantities. So
much, indeed, has gone abroad that its scarcity
is being felt already in this country. At pres-
ent we are well supplied.

We have been obliged, and are now, to run
night and day to keep up on orders, especially
for the new polished sections. We are nearly
caught up, and are only four or five days be-
hind. The orders that are liable to be delayed
are the odd-sized goods; ut by the time this
journal is out we hope, with our large force, to
get every thing off on time.

A coRKESPONDENT writes that he has experi-
enced great trouble from the bees attaching
bits of comb to wood separators. As this kind
of separators is used almost universally now,
we should be glad to hear from our readers on
this point. We have suggested some of the
causes in the department, "Beginner's Ques-
tion-Box," in another column.

From present indications there is a very poor
prospect for California honey this season.
There has not, it is said, been sufficient rain-
fall to guarantee even a fair crop. There is
no great loss without some small gain ; for
eastei'ii honey, on account of the scarcity of the
western, ought to bring a good price. There is
is every reason to believe there will be a large
crop of clover and basswood this year.

A SUBSCRIBER noticing the bees going through
a backward and forward motion, or, as some
have called it, the wash-board act, at the en-
trance, asks what it means. This has been
asked several times, but no satisfactory answer
has yet been given. Almost every practical
bee-keeper has observed this peculiar move-
ment, but so far we can only guess. It is gen-
erally during a time when no honey is coming
in, and, apparently, the bees, for the want of

We are sorry to announce that Success in
Bee Culture, a sprightly little monthly at 50'
cts. a year, published at Highwood, Ct., is not a
success financially, and is now discontinued.
Its publisher, Mr. Burton L. Sage, will return
the money on unexpired subscriptions. Mr.
Sage, we are glad to know, will continue his
interest in bees as formerly. The journal took
so much of his time for the small return, and
having other interests, he was obliged to give
it up.

A corner in honey, owing to its scarcity, is
what the California dealers are now trying to
work up, says the American Bee Journal. We
are glad if honey is regarded as enough of a
staple so that enterprising dealers are trying to
get better prices. Never before in the history
of the honey business was there ever a general
effort, in any one section, if we are correct, to
establish "a corner " on our product. We feel
safe in saying that bee-keepers will not object
very seriously to any thing legitimate that will
bring honey up to more like living prices.

We have before us a sample of glucose that
can be bought for less that 3 cts., that has none
of that disagreeable brassy taste. Honey adul-
terated with that quality never could be detect-
ed by the taste ; indeed, it might pass for good
honey; but — it would not be honey; and the
worst part of it is, consumers might pronounce
it first-class honey. We shall have to give up to
Bro. York, that glucose can not always be de-
tected in honey by the taste. But happily we
have chemists who are competent to deal with
such stuff, else we should hesitate to write this,
for fear a few would make a wrong use of it.

Of the recent discussion on the size of hives>
Mr. Hutchinson has this to say:

Eight-frame hives versus ten-lrame Lives is being-
disrussed in Gr^EANiNGS ia a way that reminds one-
of old times. Di-. Miller, R. L. Taylor, C. P. Dadant,.
aiid other.';, are taking a hand. It seems to me the
point IS just liere: Wlien the flow is early and short,
as it usually is in this part of the countrj', the colo-
ny in an eight-frame hive gets its combs full of
brood, and is ready for sections sooner than is the
case witli the ten-frame hive, and better results are-
secured. It is impossible to give a resume of the
discussions, and they are too lengthy to copy all of
them. It seems to be one of those cases in wliich
you ought to be a subscriber to Gleanings.

We have recently been out among some of
the farmer bee-keepers on a bicycle tour, in our
vicinity; and, even despite the fact that they
are almost, as it were, under the shadow of the
Home of the Honey-bees, their frames of the
loose unspaced type are spaced all the way
from 13'8 inches to IX inches; and such combs!

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

471

They are crooked, bulged, gnawed down, and
disfigured here and there with extra pieces of
comb as the result of too wide spacing. Over
against these, in pleasing contrast, in the same
■apmry, are the self-spacing or HolTman frames,
all, of course, properly spaced. Whatever we
may say regarding their special advantages to
the expert bee-keeper, they are especially
adapted to the beginner or farmer bee-keeper.
There was one apiary visited where the loose
frames were properly spaced ; but it is rare
that such is seen.

We have just received the Second Annual
Report of the Illinois State Bee-keepers' Asso-
ciation. It is neatly bound in cloth, and con-
tains 260 pages. Half is confined to the report
of the State Bee-keepers' Association ; the
other half to a report of the North American
Bee-keepers' Association, held in Chicago Oc-
tober last. A large amount of valuable matter
has been collated. Portraits, also, of some of
the most prominent bee-keepers, as well as
World's Fair views of honey exhibits and
apiarian supplies, grace its pages. The Illinois
Bee-keepers' Association is in a most flourish-
ing condition. It has an appropriation of $.500
annually from the State, to enable it to get out
its reports ; and how well the work is done is
evidenced by the one before us. We believe it
is sent only to members. Any one else may
obtain paper-bound copies by sending 8 cts. to
the secretary, Jas. A. Stone, Bradford ton. 111.

SPRAYING TREES WHILE IN BLOOM.

In some of the agricultural papers it is still
advised to spray trees while in full bloom. We
might reply to these, but in a certain sense
they would consider us a prejudiced authority
and therefore hang to the " same opinion still."
The better way is for a subscriber to such
paper, also a bee-keeper, to send a short courte-
ous reply,' calling their attention to the fact
that spraying during full bloom not only kills
bees but is premature; that the best authorities,
including the experiment stations, advise that
the spraying be done o/fcr the petals fall; for
it is at that time the injurious insects get in
their bad work. The point is here: An editor
will accept a correction from a subscriber more
readily than from a bee-journal. It may be a
little late this season to follow up such cases ;
but let it be done next season, and don't assume
that the " other fellow " will do it if you don't.

IS THE CLOVER MIDGE GOING TO HARM BEE-
KEEPERS ?

Most of you have seen items in the papers, to
the effect that an insect is doing serious dam-
age to the farmers by destroying the crop of
clover hay. If I am correct, however, the latest
reports of our experiment stations tell us that,
right up to the present date, the damage seems
to be much less than was anticipated. The

enemies of the clover midge were on hand
promptly, as is usually the case when most
enemies of this kind threaten to prove serious,
and, together with the cold rains that have
prevailed for the past ten days, the clover now
promises fairly well. I believe that, as a rule,
this clover midge seldom troubles while clover
very much ; therefore bee-keepers have little to
fear in that direction. With Terry's rotation,
and his management of clover, there is but
little to fear at any season. And this illustrates
again an important fact. It is the slothful,
slipshod farmer— the one who is always behind
the times, and does not take the agricultural
papers, nor keep posted in regard to our experi-
ment stations and their work ; it is mainly
farmers of this kind who suffer loss from insect-
enemies. A full account of how Terry circum-
vents the clover midge is given in his large
book, " Our Farming." A. I. R.

CONTENTS OF GLEANINGS; GOOD ADVICE.

Bro. Hasty, in speaking of the contents of
Gleanings, has this to say:

The course of development which this excellent
journal lias been talsing- of late is quite plain to be
seen. It is, to utilize to the utmost tlie abilities of a
few excellent writers— and overboard into the deep,
deep sea witli the " let us hear from all the breth-
ren " idea. In theory this looks to be wrong- ; in
practice it makes the readable and instructive
paper. Only one man out of a thousand can write
out what he knows. Pretty much of the rest seem
foreordained to write a lot of stutf of no use to any
mortal, and leave out tlie valuable things which
they could supply if they would. Strange as this is,
it is not unique. Let a thousand men go to the
World's Fair, and how many of the thousand can
give the loved ones at home even a tolerable account
of what they have seen ? And writing is a much
rarer gift than talking. Nearlj- every bee-man in a
flve-minutes' talk will tell things that would be
worthy matter for Gleanings if properly dished up.
Not one of those things will he tell if he sits down
to write, but leave them all out, and write some-
thing else. Queer, isn't it ? Awfully we need a
school, or class, or something, to teach the brethren
how to write. " What can the man do that cometh
after the king?" Don't go after the king then.
Don't pour out your crude and imperfect thoughts
and notions on a subject which some master hand
has just treated nobly well. " And if I chance to fall
below Demosthenes and Cicero "—to the dogs with
Demosthenes and Cicero! Desire to have one's
article sound like " literature " has killed off more
bee - writers than all other murrains combined.
Have something to saj% and say it in your own ear-
nest way. But don't be so silly as to despise literary
merit— look out for literary faults; divorce them as
fast as possible; and build up a clear, strong, indi-
vidual style. Literary style is an excellent tiling;
only don't expect it to pass current without some
facts and ideas— don't expect the clothes to walk
without a man inside.

As a general thing, old writers have the most
practical ideas; but, nevertheless, we are con-
stantly on the watch for something good from
any one.

472

GLEANINGS IN KEE CULTURE.

June 1.

Our Homes.

But seek ye first tlie kingdom of God, and his
righteousness, and all these things shall be added
unto you.— Matt. 6:3.3.

The conviction forcps itself upon me. that in
these Home Papers I ought at least to recognize
the difficulties and troubles that are visiting
our United States of America just at the pres-
ent time. In fact, I believe it is the Holy Spirit
that admonishes me that I can not consistently
evade or avoid the problem* that are confront-
ing so many just now. At the same time, I
recognize it is a difficult, and. 1 might almost
say. dangerous, thing, for spiritual teachers or
spiritual advisers to undertake to say what men
should door should not do during these times,
for, in fact, more than human wisdom seems to
be needed; and my prayer in thinking of this
talk to you to-day has been, "O Lord, help,
and give me wisdom that I have not of myself,
and that is not human wisdom." In thinking
of this, the old familiar text comes np to me
again. T have used it so many times that I
almost hesitate to use it once more; but yet I
am sure that humanity has not yet begun to
explore the depths of wisdom contained in the
few simple words that compose it— the few sim-
ple words spoken by our Lord Jesus Christ.
When I undertake to talk on this subject I
recognize how easv it is to find fault, and to sav
that this. that, and the other is the cause of all
our trouble; and I am impressed just now that
no one thing is the sole cause of all our trouble
unless that one thing be sin in the human
heart; and if we put it that way. we are all to
blame, for God knows we are all sinners; and
this beinsr true, can we do better than to use
that old. old prayer, " Lord, have mercy on me,
a sinner"?

You will remember that, before these finan-
cial and social troubles came upon us, there
have come up at different times many innova-
tions and new things in society. The million-
aire development is of comparatively recent
date. The "sudden wealth that demoralized
society and individuals commenced, perhaps,
with the gold excitement in California. I can
remember it well. Then the oil business of
Pennsylvania and other States came on the
stage. 'and men got rich suddenly without cor-
responding effort and years of labor. And right
upon the heels of the oil business, or, perhaps,
almost at the same time, came our civil war;
and it is a little sad to think that men secured
colossal fortunes during the war, but it is in-
deed so." Our best and wisest men tried to
frame laws to make provision for the unsettled
and demoralized conditions of society; but with
the best intentions in the world, on the part of
our law-makers, sharpers, and those greedy for
gain, caught sight of imperfections or loop-
holes in these laws, and thus secured, fabulous
wealth. It got to be a fashion to get rich with-
out hard work: and. oh dear me! I am afraid
it is even now the fashion to do the same thing;
and not only that, but to look down upon peo-
ple who are depending upon their hard day's
work to get to be comfortably off. All these
events that I have spoken of seemed to prepare
the way for the general dissemination of a sort
of eamhling mania. Let me illustrate;

Mrs. Root went into a store yesterday. While
she was waiting a little to speak with one of
the proprietors, a young clerk, with perhaps the
best intentions in the world, undertook to enter-
tain her with an account of their gift enteprise.
Perhaps I have not got the facts exactlv. l>ut it
does not matter. Something very much like it
is going on, I presume, at this verv moment in
every town and city of the United States. So

many beans, or grains of corn or some other
seeds, are put into a bottle, and the customer
who guesses nearest the exact number in the
bottle is to have— a " house and lot." It seems
that long practice and experience in this mat-
ter of guessing the number of seeds in a bottle
has been worked down so fine that people go
and get a bottle of the same size, and till it
with corn. Then they can guess pretty nearly,
so as to get the house and lot. This special
bottle in question, however, was of such pecul-
iar form and fashion that no one could get
another one like it. So this time the thing was
going to be fair and honest (?). or more so than
similar schemes elsewhere— as if gambling and
lotteries and all things of that ilk could ever l)e
fair and honest in nnxj sense of the word!
Now, any one who knows Mrs. Root at all
would recognize that she did not want a house
and lot, and would not have it under any cir-
cumstances unless it were bought and paid fof.
Do you suggest that she might give it to some
poor woman who did wantit? Well, my friend,
if this would be any better, it is only gambling
to help the poor, after all. Such work is cer-
tainly in no sense or manner "seeking the
kingdom of God and his righteousness." You
need not suggest that Mrs. Root has so many
houses and lots already that she does not want
any more, for she has none at all except the one
we all occupy. I have frequently heard Iht
say she would li^ce some little houses on suit-
able lots, to be rented at a low price to poor
women; but she has never yet, I am sure,
wanted one as a reward for guessing the num-
ber of seeds in a bottle.

Now the question arises. How often do mer-
chants and others get any sort of rebuke tm
this sort of lottery or gambling business? How
many Christian people, members of churches
are ready to say, when the thing is presentee
to them, "No, no, my friend, I do not gei
things in that way, and I do not want then
that way. I profess to be a Christian, and 1
could not conscientiously take any thing with
out rendering some sort of fair equivalent " ?

Even though times are hard— even thougl
thousands of fathers and mothers complaii
that they can scarcely find money to purchas(
the bare necessaries of life— notwithstanding al
this, lotteries and gift enterprises, and thins;
of that sort, grow and thrive; and it is the pooi
and needy people who support them. Tin
managers of the Louisiana Lottery Co. havi
offered ndllions, as you know, for the privilegi
of working certain territory. Yes, and tlu
saddest part of it is, by some hook or crool
they manage to make their millions open tin
way to work said territory. I am told every wluri
it is true. I saw it plainly indicated all over tin
great citv of New Orleans, that it is the pi">i
and needy, as a rule, who support this gre;i
Louisiana Lottery. The great masses— I v. a-
going to sav ignorant masses— pinch themselve;
in the way'of food and clothing to get hold o
money for this kind of gambling; and not onh
this, but even members of churches, and fathers I
of families M\o have their little farms heavili
mortqaged, also scrape up money to invest, 11
not in the Louisiana Lottery, in some othei
gambling enterprise, with the vain hope that
they may thus get money to pay off the mort-
gage, or something of that sort. I am afraid
the tiling is growing and increasing. Million-
aires set the example, or, at least, they are
hired iojtretend they do; and all the way down.i
people follow in their wake because they hav€|
no conscientious scruples against taking moneyl
or property without rendering some sort ol
equivalent." I have told you of a scene I wit-|
nessed in San Diego, Cal. Real-estate specu-
lation had become a gambling craze. Mechan

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

473

R's who were receiving good wages throw down
their tools, and declared with oaths that they
were not going to work for a living wlien peo-
ple all around them were getting rich, "hand
over hand," witltout work.

In a line with this gambling mania is the
love of excitement or show, or something new.
During the beautiful days of the present spring,
again and again have great crowds gathered
near our public square to listen to certain open-
lir concerts. They were given in a properly
•igged-out wagon; and after the concert some
5ort of patent medicine was sold. When people
ire needy, and out of employment, and not at
ill sick, why should they buy medicines under
such circumstances? I can not tell. But I am
old that the man boasted of how many hun-
Ircds of dollars he took from our town. He
uid excellent singers; yes, I admit they were
onie of the finest-trained singers I ever heard,
le must have paid them considerable sums of
noney to travel with him from town to town.
The music— that is, the melody and their train-
d voices— was beautiful to hear; but when I
topped in passing, to catch the words, what do
uiusuppose they were? Was there a single
ospel hymn? Not one. Was the sentiment
f the songs— any one of them— any thing that
ould elevate and ennoble? Was there any
liought expressed of " the kingdom of God and
is righteousness " ? Quite the contrary. They
ere selected and fasliioned with the sole view
f drawing the people and working them up to

pitch where the manager could get their
loney. The crowd was not composed of men
nd boys only. There were women and girls
ho left their homes and gathered in the
iccts. Those who could not well go out on
11' street tilled the doors and windows. It was
/rtc concert, you know. Ah! but vou forget,
lends. The medicine man received a bigger
I'ice of admission from every one who stood
round him than people pay to go to our best
jncerts. 8ome paid a big price. Others did
ot pay any thing. Our boy Huber has always
3en a very obedient child. 1 have scarcely
7er known him to stay out nights— that is,
iihout permission. One moonlight evening
B went to pay his cousins a visit. As he did
Dt get back until it was long after his accus-
imed time, i took my wheel and started after
im, wondering mentally what influence could
3ssibly prevail upon the boy to break his life-
ng record of obedience and prompt regularity.
'Ik'h I got in sight of the square I saw the
a'L'h-lights over the wagon, and heard a man
ugiiig. Huber stood there in the crowd, right
J in front, with mouth and ears and eyes wide
)en, taking in the whole program— good, bad,
id indifferent. Some of you may say right
ire, •' Mr. Root, you are too particular; you
■e too strict and puritanical. You are not up
ith the times." Well, come to think of it I
less I am not up with the times— especially
e s(»rt of times where thousands upon thou-
nds won't work, or, if you choose, can't work;
.e limes when our police and other officers of
e law are (at times) entirely inadequate to
ive the laws enforced. I do not want to be
) with such times. Please let me add, however,
at I did not scold Huber a bit. The sur-
uudings were more than we could expect a
re "boy" to withstand. I laughed and he
ughed, to think he had been captured by a
reet mountebank. He did not pay out any
Dney. He has money to do what he pleases
th, and there is plenty more he could easily
t hold of if he were so disposed. But the
y, thank God, is much like his mother, and a
lole" house and lot "not his own would be
temptation to him at all.
[tis not ouly the medicine man who takes

awa,y the people's money, but sharpers who sell
halt-dollars lor 3.5 cts., and who sell goods at
auction, and then give the money back with
the goods. An offer of "something for noth-
ing ' usually linds many customers. If people
were seeking, instead of these things I have
mentioned, the kingdom of CfOd and his right-
eousness, how quickly these sharpers and these
great lottery companies would be starved out
of business! Yes, if even Uhnstmn people-
members of churches— if they alone, without
the rest of the world, could not be tempted by
otfers of "something for nothing," I fear these
fellows would have a terribly hard time in
making expenses.

Just a word about patent medicines in gen-
eral. The proprietors of these things get rich
I have seen their princely residences in Califor-
nia. \ou can tind them scattered all over our
land. Many of them are millionaires. They
get a dollar a bottle for some compound that
does not costi them a nickel, bottle and all
Sometimes they boast of it. A certain class of
people say that it is all right because they have
to pay such enormous prices for advertising
But It is not all right. It is not seeking the
kingdom of God, and his righteousness. It is
not right to charge your neighbor or anybody
else a dollar for what costs you only five or ten
cents. It may be legitimate trade and traffic in
the eyes of the law, but it is not in the sight of
God, and it brings its own reward.

Perhaps in my former writings I have been
inclined to ascribe the troubles that are upon
us too much to the fact that so many people
were lazy or indifferent. If this were true the
burden of the wrong would rest upon the will-
fully stupid and indifferent class, i think I be-
gin to see my mistake. Jt rests upon all of us
We are all forgetting the spirit of our text We
are letting self take a large part of our
thoughts; and the rest of the world— well we
are too much inclined to let them take care of
t/iemselves. And this sort of doctrine, carried
out, means " everybody for himself." A vehe-
ment young friend in our county jail said last
Sunday, "There ain't a lawyer anywhere
around who wouldn't tell a lie for a dollar "
I he above is rather rough on our legal friends
1 admit, and i remonstrated with the boy and
got him to take back part of it. I also suggest-
ed that people might think he was iudgine
others by himself. Now, I do not believe there
are many people who will tell a lie for a dollar-
but I am afraid there are quite a few who
would keep stilL for a dollar— yes, even if some-
thing were going on that they know ought to be
stopped. And right here comes in another
cause ot our troubles. We are having more dif-
ficulty at the present time in enforcing law
than perhaps at any other time in the history
ot our country. What is the reason? Well
one reason is, there is not enough public senti-
ment right back of and close up to our officers
to make it easy to enforce the laws. There is
no use in blaming our police; there is no use in
scoring our lawyers, nor in finding fault with
judges, while we are heedless and indifferent
or so intent on our own affairs (buying lottery-
tickets for instance) that we have no time to
look after our neighborhood and our nation
A case of intemperance recently came to my
notice. I was a good deal disgusted to find that
the probability was, nothing could be done to
the ottetiders. The evidence, I was told, was
not sufficiently strong and clear. First the
witnesses would probably not testify. Second
If l^etore a jury, the probabilities would be that
at feast a part of the jury would be more or less
given to intemperance, so they would have
sympathy with the transgressors. Further-
more, a good many of our judges, so it was said,

474

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June 1.

were disposed, in cases of this kind, to make
the way of the " transgressor" easy, instead of
verifying the Biblical proverb, -'The way of
the transgressor is hard." ^, , ^ ^. f

Now you can tell whether the above state_of
affairs 'is true in your community or not. If it
is true, then it indicates a general lack all along
the line. Instead of seeking the kingdom of
God and his righteousness, we as a people (ali
of us) are more or less guilty, because we are
seeking selfishness and ease. One judge, 1 am
told suggested to some one who was trying to
convict a saloon-keeper, something like this:

" Look here, my friend, some day you may be
a poor man, and in trouble." The reply was,
"Very likely; but if I am, I shall not expect
the courts of law of our country to do their
best to get me out of ' troubles' of Wi is kind.^
One who is seeking the kingdom of God, and
his righteousness, needs to be more or less
aggressive. He must hurt people's feelings now
and then, and he must stand up for the right.
Our country needs men like Joshua; and 1 tear
iust now there are altogether too many men
settling back like Joshua's ten companions,
and deciding that the giants of evil are too
many and too great.

Oh ! who is tliere among us, the true and the tried-
Wlio'll stand by his colors— who s on tlie Lord s siUe <

DOCTORING WITHOUT MEDICINE.

HOW FAK MAY OUR DAILY FOOD TAKE THE
PI>ACE OF MEDICINE?

You know how strongly I have recommended
the use of milk— especially using that instead
of tea and coffee, and much more instead of
beer and other intoxicating liquors. Well, 1
am not going to take back any of it ; but i
think that, perhaps, I should mention that the
continued use of milk in large quantities day
after day may not always be advisable. A tew
weeks ago I was having frequent bilious
attacks with my old sick headache and an ex-
ceedingly bad taste in my moiith. In fact,
during the middle of these warm days the taste
seemed to be almost bitter. Rinsing my mouth
with water gave temporary relief; but urinking
much water— even soft water from a good cis-
tern—seemed, if any thing, to aggravate the
trouble after a little. While riding on the
wheel so as to perspire freely and drink copi-
ously, this has mostly disappeared. But 1
could not afford to take the time to ride thirty
or forty miles every day. I went to the dentist s
and had him examine my mouth to see it there
could be any cavities that helped to make the
bad taste. He said there was none ; but he
told me he was aware that a continued use ot
milk was liable to impart a bad taste to the
mouth, etc. I stopped it, and found the disa-
ereeable symptoms almost wholly gone. Is it
not something like the principle of the rotation
of crops on the farm ? Nature seem^ to call for
a " rotation of crops " in diet as well as in farm-
ing Come to think of it, I have several times
had an experience quite like that above. After
drinking water in place of milk for a week or
two the milk seems to answer all right again
for quite a long period. _, j. ^ f,„

The subject of health and diet comes up fre-
ouently in our home, and we are all interested
in the subject of health. Pineapples have been
Quite cheap recently, and one of the girls re-
marked in my hearing that this fruit unques-
tionably possessed medical Qualities Well
three or four days ago, even though I had lett
off the use of milk, I had an exceedingly severe
bilious attack. In fact, it gave nie such a
headache that I could hardly get about to my

work that seems to need my presence almost
everywhere just now. I first took a good nap.
This helped the matter, but the help was of
but short duration. Then I tried the internal
water cure. This did more good, but the eflect
of it did not last very long, and about the tinir
we have our early supper (half-past four) I wa;-
feeling so miserable that I felt I should have it
goto bed unless I got relief. I was thinking
about supper; but my feelings revolted at every
thing Mrs. Root suggested. When 1 happened,
however, to think of what had been said aboui
pineapples, nature seemed to say at once, " ()li
yes! that will be all right. Give us a good loi
of pineapple." Now, I am very much averse K
medicines of any sort; but if you can call a pmc
apple a " medicine " it seems to me it would b(
quite an improvement over the drugstore kind
Mrs. Root sliced it up, put on a judicKm-
amount of sugar, and at my first taste I deeidec
that it just "hit the spot." I ate nearly th(
whole of a good-sized one, with excellent relish
accompanied with a slice or two of very nui
bread and butter. The result was somewha
astonishing to me. The bad taste in ray mouil
disappeared at once. Before I had finished in:
meal I felt refreshed all over; the headache
gradually disappeared, and the unpleasant u-^'l
ing that dyspetics understand so well was neai
ly gone. Mrs. Root and the children suggestH(
that I always overdid things by making hast
to conclude, as a universal rule, that '"when
little is good, more is better." But it did lui
prove so in this case. I slept soundly, and n,
sleep was refreshing. In the morning I rejoie
ed to feel that I was sound, and ready for busi
ness. In the afternoon the same symptom
began to be present; but another pineapple tc
supper did the business. I remember of think
ing, just before I ate the first one, that, it Ui
whole science of medicine furnished any thin
that would make me sound and well, say witl
in half an hour, or any thing that would salist
that intense craving and thirst, it would gi\
me a faith in medicine that I had never ha
before Well, relief came as I have told you
or, perhaps I might say, my prayer for help an
wisdom has been fully answered. But it did n(
come in the line of doctors' stuffs. It did n(
come in the line of any patent medic^ine at
dollar a bottle or any other price. It can
simply in the line of a delicious fruit, to i
found near almost all of our homes. Mrs. Ko(
suggested that I should go to a doctor and ti;
him my symptoms, for she was sure he wou
give me some medicine that would bring relie
Well I have not much doubt he would h&\
done 'so. He might have given me some sort (
physic that would have cleansed the whole d
gestive apparatus of every thing— good, ba|
and indifferent. But the same cause woul
have produced the same effect, probably, soc
after Perhaps these remarks are a lutle roug
on our medical brethern ; but I guess the mo
intelligent of them would agree with me.
you can get yourself in good trim by change i
diet, it is better than to take physic. Is m
that so? The good men and women of tl
world, I am sure, will agree with me. bon
may object by saying that it is not everyboc
who can afford a pineapple for a meal. Ho
on. friends." The pineapple costs 15 cts. Yc
can not get a good meal anywhere for less ttia
'^.5 cts If everybody can not afford a pineappi
they nearly all think they can afford to go to
doctor when sick. Going to a doctor costs tro
U 00 to n 50, *2.00 or even K.50. Yes, we ottf
pay $3 .50 for a very short consultation and pp
scription, and in a good many cases we ha^
to buy our medicine besides that, i am m
finding fault, for that is all right Some^pf oi
physicans that doctor with ' little pills (,i(

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

475

not mean to complain of thorn oithpr, mind you)
charge only ."tO cls. if you pay cash down; and
thai is very reasonable. IJut tiie pineapple
costs only lo cts., instead of 50. Now, this dis-
covery of mine is by no ni(>ans new. The whole
wide world, almost, unites in recommending
lemons for biliousness. Well, I used to use a
good many lemons ; but they do not seem to
work nicely in a good many cases — at least, not
when I am living on mill< largely. The acid
seems to be rather harsh. Nature had had
lemons until they had got to be an old story.

Do you say that we can not all be so notional
about what we eat? Perhaps not ; but any
physican will tell you that a change of air, a
change of scene, or even a change of diet, often
does wonders. A near relative of mine was
once near the point of death, and 1 believe she
was mostly given up by physicans. After a
little, peaches were ripe, and they commenced
squeezing the juice out of a few nice ripe ones
into a teaspoon, and feeding it to the invalid.
She called for it almost continually, and the
life-giving nectar built her right up.

It is almost strawberry time. About the sea-
son that strawberries come, they are welcomed
by thousands. Thank God, too, that, with the
improvements and energy given to the straw-
berry industry, we are able to feed the world
with strawberries; that is, we generally suc-
ceed in feeding them until the biggest part of
them say enough. I have told you something
about how I always get well and strong during
strawberry time. The strawberry seems to
furnish a sort of antidote, or neutralizer, for
this bitter element in milk (I wonder if the
latter expression is either sense or science),
and therefore I can eat strawberries and drink
milk to my heart's content, and grow strong
and happy on them. Now, lemons are not
just the thing to go with a milk diet; but I
know strawberries are — at least, in my case; and
my impression is, also, that pineapples would
answer safely in the same way.

By the way, some time ago I saw pineapple
juice advertised as a medicine. They said it
was bottled up where pineapples were grown,
and was furnished at a comparatively low price
because it was made from fruit that could not
well be marketed. Ever since I read that
advertisement I have a sort of longing for pine-
apple cider. I think that is what they call it.
I do not like the word •" cider," however, be-
cause it suggests a fermented beverage ; dud I
am sure my health at least— physical health as
well as spiritual — demands the pure fresh juice
of the fruits. I am told that grape juice, when
properly canned up, just as it is expressed from
the ripe fruit, makes a most healthful and
nourishing beverage. Now, is there not an
opening right here for a big industry in furnish-
ing sick people with a wholesome and cheap
medicine in the shape of bottled fruit juices?
By the way, if Gleanings happens to go into a
locality where pineapples grow, will somebody
please give some light on this subject? Who
can furnish us pineapples and pineapple juice
right straight from tlie producer?

NOTICE TO ILLINOIS BEE-KEEPERS.

The Second Annual Report of the Illinois
Bee-keepers' Association is out. Any one who
desire a paper-bound copy can have it by for-
warding to the secretary S cts. to pay postage
and wrapping. We shall probably have cloth-
bound copies enough to furnish all who may
become members of the Association, at any
time during the year. None but members are
participants in the statistical report gathered
during the honey season (at intervals).

Bradfordton, 111., May l.i. Jas. A.' Stone.

We have to-day. May 31, picked our first
quart of strawberries from the open fields. Of
course, they came from Michel's Early. 1 think
I shall continue to grow at least a row or two
of Michel's Early, no matter if a great deal of
fault is found with it, so long as it continues to
furnish us ripe berries before any other variety.
We have a dozen plants of the new Rio, but
shall not be able to test them fully until an-
other season. The Parker Earle, at present
writing, is about the handsomest grower of any
thing in the strawberry line. The foliage is a
beautiful peculiar shade of green, and the
leaves seem to be perfect; and I have never
seen any berry blossom more fully than the
Parker Earle. The only reason why we do not
give it the preference over all others for a fer-
tilizer is because it is exceedingly late. If used
together with Michel's Early or some other
equally early plant, it would fill the bill nicely;
but we hardly wish to be obliged to plant two
kinds of fertilizing plants with our imperfect-
blossoming varieties.

SPRAYING IN A NUTSHELL.

So many questions are being continually ask-
ed in regard to spraying mixtures, that, even
though it is a little late in the season, I have
thought best to copy the following from a recent
bulletin from the Ohio Experiment Station:

The following' preventions and remedies have
been thoiongbly tested, and found to be effective In
controlling ttie insects and diseases named, provid-
ing directions are followed:

1. Bordeaux mixture— Copper sulphate (blue vit-
riol), 4 pounds; quicklime, 4 pounds; water, 40 g-al-
loiis Put the copper sulphate into a cloth sack
and suspend in a bucket of water, as it will dissolve
more readily than if put directly into the water.
Slake the lime and make a milk of lime, which pour
into the copper-sulphate solution, after which add
the requisite quau.ity of water.

2. Copper carbonate— Copper carbonate, 6 ounces;
ammonia, 2 quarts : water, 40 gallons. Dissolve the
copper carbonate in the ammonia, using sufficient
only of the latter to effect solution (ammonia varies
in strength, hence the exact quantity required can
not be statedi, after which dilute.

3. Potassium sulphide (liver of sulphur)—! ounce
dissolved in 4 gallons of water.

4. Paris green or London purple — 4 ounces dis-
solved in 40 gallons of water.

5. White hellebore powder— 1 ounce dissolved in 3
gallons of water.

6. Pyrethrum or buhach— 1 ounce dissolved in 3
gallons of water.

1. Corrosive sublimate — 2 ounces dissolved in 15
gallons of water.

8. Kerosene emulsion — Dissolve M pound hard
soap in 2 quarts hot water; add while hot 1 pint of
kerosene and mix with a pump; dilute with 5 gallons
of water.

For apple-scab, which injures both fruit and foli-
age, u.se No. 1, making the first application as the
buds are opening, the second just before the time of
blooming, the third as .soon as the blossoms fall,
and the fourth a week or ten days later. To kill the
apple-worms, use No. 4 in combination with No. 1
for the third and fourth spraying.

Pear and quince trees should be treated in the
same manner. This i)revents premature leaf-drop-
ping, scabby fruit, and the work of insects.

For plums and cherries, use No. 1 and No. 4 com-
bined, making four applications, beginning as soon
as the blossoms fall, and continuing at intervals of
one week or ten days. This prevents premature
leaf-dropping, also the work of the curculio. Where
a few trees are isolated, the difficulty in combatting
the curculio is greater; hence the spraying should
be more frequent; in some cases double the amount
may be required.

For grapes, use No. 1, beginning when the buds

476

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June 1.

are opening, making' four applications; and after
the grapes are half grown, substitute No. 3 for No.
1, and apply two or tliree times until the grapes are
nearly ripe.

For currants and gooseberries, use No. 3 to pre-
vent mildew of the foliage, and No. 6 to destroy the
"worms.

For cabbage- worms, use No. 6.

For potato-bliglit and the Colorado beetle, use No.
1 and No. 4 combined, making tlie first application
"when the plants are not more than six inclies liigh,
:and continuing at intervals of ten days or two
weeks, until the tops are nearly full grown. Not
less than five sprayings should be made during the
season.

To prevent the potato-scab, soak the seed one hour
in No. 7.

For plant-lice use No. 8, beginning before the lice
become very numerous.

For rose mildew, use No. 1 or No. 3, and for slugs
No. 5.

Numbers 1 and 4 together are used, perhaps,
more than any other. Instead of measuring
out 40 gallons of water we simply take a kero-
sene-oil barrel which holds between 40 and 50
gallons. Of course, 50 gallons would answer as
well, practically, as 40. The Paris green or
London purple is dissolved in a little water, in
the usual way, and then added to the barrelful
of Bordeaux mixture. For cabbage-worms, for
the currant and gooseberry worm, and even for
the Colorado beetle, in gardens, I think I would
use No. (5; and when you are in a hurry, or only
a little is needed, a little of the dry pyrethrum
powder, put on with any small powder-bellows,
seems to go a good deal further in killing these
<lestroyers than any thing else I ever got hold
of. The pyrethrum. however, should be fresh,
and kept in an air-tight can or bottle. Either
the hellebore powder we have been getting was
not of full strength, or else the pyrethrum goes
a great way further than hellebore.

"WOODEN SASHES TO TAKE THE PLACE OF
SHUTTERS.

I saw in a late Gleanings your quandary
about not having sashes enough to protect your
hardy cabbage-plants from which you had
taken the sash. Here our truckers carry their
cabbage-plants in frames, and in place of sash
use battened boards the siz'- of sash. In very
cold weather they are down; but in any kind
of ordinary weather they are raisi^d and propped
up quite high during the day. (3f course, they
face the south. They get the full benefit of the
sun while the battened boards protect from the
north. How this would do in your latitude for
all winter, experiment alone could tell. I think
the risk would be loo great. My object in tell-
ing you of this is to suggest the idea of provid-
ing a lot of battens to supply the place of sash
AvheTi removed to other frames. They are
cheaper than sash, no glass to break, and read-
ily stored away when not in use.

Pawling, Pa.. May 8. Rev. J. Janeway.

[Friend J., we have used shutters in p^ace of
sashes quite a good deal; and for temporary
protection they answer just as well. They are
a good deal lighter, and sustain no damage from
breakage, as you say. For raising sweet-potato
plants, I think shutters answer every purpose.
Where we have long spells of cold weather,
however, in our locality, the plants are liable to
be damaged unless great pains are taken to give
them air by raising the shutters. In fact, I
have had plants killed under shutters where
they were all right in the same bed covered
with glass, both shutters and glass receiving
the same handling. Notwithstanding this,
however, we find 40 or .50 shutters very conven-
ient indeed; but they need to be absolutely
tight and complete, or else they do not protect
from frost properly. It has been quite a study

for me at different times to decide how best to
have them made, and I have finally decided on
K-inch matched pine lumber, having three
battens — one near each end and one in the mid-
dle, the battens also being 3^ inch, and these
should be very securely fastened, either by
screws or clinch-nails. In transplanting dur-
ing hot dry weather, they serve an excellent
purpose for covering the plants until they have
formed sufficient root to bear the direct rays of
the sun.— Ed. J

water-cress and artesian wells.

Water-cress grows in the ditch running from
my artesian well. I could get a mess of it at
any time during the winter; and I suppose if
it had been covered with sash there would have
been plenty of it. So far I have found no sale
for it at the stores. J. A. Green.

Ottawa, 111., May 5.

[Very good, friend Green; and this is an-
other valuable feature connected with artesian
wells. By the way, I have an artesian well
down on the creek bottom, but it rises only
about a foot and a half above the normal
water-level of the creek; that is, it overflows
an iron pipe about that height. If I put on
more pipe and raise it very much higher, it
stops running. The trouble with my artesian
well for water-cress is, when we have a big
rain the creek rises away above the iron pipe,
and washes away the water-cress and my other
improvements. I think that, if your cress were
properly introduced in the large towns, there
would be a steady and profitable demand for it.
— Ed.J

what variety of strawberries shall we
USE for a fertilizer?

In addition to what comes from our Experi-
ment Station, on page 404, we have the follow-
ing:

We have long since discarded the Jessie on
account of its shy bearing. I would advise the
Cumberland as far better, in my experience.
Of the new sorts, I am trying the Lovett, which
promises to be even more fruitful than the
Cumberland. E. M. Buechly.

Greenville, O., May 11.

The Governor Hoard is, in my opinion, far
superioi". The stamens in it are better developed
than in the Jessie. The growth of it is not sur-
passed by any other kind, it being of much
morei vigorous growth than the Jessie. The
latter is always of irregular growth; too many
dwarfed plants in the best of land and with
perfect attention. The Gov. Hoard is one of
the earliest to commence blooming, and one of
the last to stop. I have today a dozen or more
kinds, with ripe fruit, and have a fine selection
of strawberries, and have but one kind with
more bloom than the (Jov. Hoard; viz., E. P.
Roe. I have just looked through the whole of
them (several acres). It has more blossoms
than any other that I have ever fruited, and
comes nearer being a perfect fertilizer. Here-
tofore I have generally planted 2 rows of stami-
nate and 4 of pistillate. In future I will try
one Gov. Hoard and 4 pistillate. I am satisfied
that all pistillates will be well fertilized thus.
Please do not recommend Michel's Early for
any purpose, as it is fit only to make fine largo
crowns and runners. The Gov. Hoard will
fruit the earliest and latest pistillates.

Design, Va., May 5. R. J. Jones.

strawberries by the carload.
Tell A. I. that this town, Dighton, produces
enough strawberries to have a special train,
every night, in the picking season, and some-

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

477

times we load ten cars, one day's picking, for
the Boston market. A, C. Case.

Horlonviile, Mass., May 4.

RAISING KHUI5AK15, OK IME-PLANT, WITHOUT
CULTIVATION.

You can raise rhubarb as you say. simply by
mulching for live or six years; then it begins
to grow spindling and small. The best way to
get new is to divide up the old roots to one or
two eyes, and set out in a new place in sandy
soil; at least, this has been our experience,
and no doubt it would be yours.

Bowling Green, O. M. C. Dimick.

Do Not Order

Until you luive written us for prices on
the "Boss" One-Piece Section.

Also D. T. Hives, Shippiug--crate8,aiidotli-
er supplies.

We have just completed a large addition
to our factory, which doubles our tioor-
room, and therefore we are in better shape
than ever to fill orders on short notice.
Write for price list.

J. FORNCROOK&CO.,

Watertown, Wis., Jan. i, 1894. l-3-6tfd

BIG DISCOUNT

on Foundation and Sections.

Thill foundation, .50c per lb.;

brood, 40c. No. 1 sections,
$2.75 per M. Every thing- cheap. Price list free.
7-17eoi E. H. TRUMPER, Bankers, Mich.

GOLDEN ITALIANS.

If you want bees that are large, beautiful, very
gentle, and great honey-gatherers, try my Golden
Italians. Tliej' are pronounced very fine by W. Z.
Hutchinson and many others. Satisfaction guar-
anteed. One untested queen, so cts.; three for Is.OO.
One warranted queen. $1.00; three for 82.50. Tested
queens. $1.50 each. Selected tested queens, $2.00 each.
C. M. HICKS, Hicksville, Wash. Co., Md.

tS"In responding to this advertisement mention Olkanings^

OTTUMWA BEE-HIVE FACTORY.

Bee-keepers, look to your interests. Every thing
in the line of bee-supplies constantly on hand.
Price list free. GREGORY BROS. & SON,
l-23a Ottumwa, la. South side.

VANDERVORT
COMB -FOUNDATION MILLS.

Send for samples and reduced price list.
Itfd JNO. VANDERVORT, Laceyville, Pa.

HURRAH ! 1884 to 1894

Hasshown me the best bee for our Nortiiern climate.
Give me the dark Italians for winteiing, for honey,
and monej'. Large, hardy, and industrious. Untest-
ed, dark or yellow. $1.00 e;ioh. Tested, $1..50. Send
for price list. MRS. OLIVER COLE, Sherburne,
Chenango Valley Apiary. Chenango Co., N. V.

WARRANTED QUEENS.

Why buy uutexted ipieens and take your own risk
of pure mating, when 1 warrant every one of my
queens to be purel.v mated V Look over tlie ads. and
see how few dare do this. Warranted Golden Ital-
ian queen, $1.00; six f 07- I.VdO. ready about May 1st.
Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed.

S. F. TREGO, Swedona, Illinois.

^yin responding to this advertisement mention qleaninos.

D\0 VOU KKO^

B

HE-KEEPERS' SUPPLIES

That 1 liave thi

LAUGKST

STOCK

of LJ IN NEW KNtiLAND?

Consisting of Dovclailed, Simi)lieily, and otiier styles
^.f Hives. My l)rand of XX white thin Founda-
tion, and PoUshed one-piece Sections, are the
nicest on the mai-kct.

A full line of every tiling needed in the apiary at
prices to suit the times.

Bees, Queens, and Nucleus Colonies of my old re-
liable strain, at prices way down.

Send for 34th Annual Catalogue before you buy
your .stock, remembering the best is always the
cheapest.

Address ^, \/\/^ GARY

*** CoLRAiN. Frankun Co.. Mass.

World's Fair Hedal

Awarded my l^oundatlon. Send for free
samples. Dealers, write for wholesale prices
Koot s new Polished Sections and other goods
at his prices. Free Illustrated Price List of everv
thing needed in the apiary. M Ui Ui.,,^4.
Bell Branch, Mich. i". 11.1111111.

TESTED ITALIAN QUEENS, K,-«h

ed, $1 50; untested, 65 cts. Two-frame nucleus with

tested queen, $2.00; with untested queen '$1 50

Queens ready April 1. -. , w ov.

Stewart & Cooper, Quebeck, Tenn.

Bee=keepers' Guide.

I\ew edition, just out. This is conceded to be the
fullest, most scientific, and one of the best of our
American bee-books. Every bee-keeper should
have one of the late editions. Price, by mall $125
Liberal discount to the trade. . 1' • «•

A. J. COOK, Claremont, Cal.

Golden Wyandottes.

No better birds in America. Cockerel

$5 00. Trio, $7.on. Eggs. $2.00 per setting:
±1. D. lieeney. Arcade, N. Y.

BBB'S!

ou keep BEES,
subscribe for tlie Pro-
gressive Bee=keeper, a

journal devoted to Bees,
Honey, and kindred in-
dustries. 50 of s. per
Xear. Sample copy,

.„ ,, ,. xear. bam pie copy

also a beautifully illustrated catalogue of Bee
keepers' supplies, free. Address
LEAHY MFG. CO., H/GGINSV/LLE, MO.

"TROT 'EM OUT!"

I challenge any one to show up a strain of bees
that are superior to my Golden It nlians. Thev
have excelled all competitors by practical test
Gentle, industriou.s, good comb-builders enter the
sections readily, are not inclined to swarm and are
perfect beauties. Descriptive circular free See-
tions, ^'J. i>er M. Dovetailed hives way down
CHAS. D. DUVALL, Spencerville, Md. '

naus^hters of one of lioolittle's very
" ttest golden five-handed breeders, mated to the
very choicest drones from Jennie Atchlev's
5-banded strain, tluMcby securing a direct cross
with the best 5 banded stock obtainable. Mv aim is
to rear nothing but the best, regardless Jif cost
Untested, 75c; 54 dozen, S4.25; dozen, $8.0(1. Safe
delivery and satisfaction. Money-order office Mo-
nongah. P. O. address, Worthingt,on,W Va Queens
ready May 25. L. N. Robev.

For Sale.

so colonies of ItaHan lieesin A. I. Root's eight-
frame Dovetailed hives, in good condition Safe
delivery guaranteed. ,IOHN (iRA.]S^T.

Hatavia, Clermont Co., O.

478

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June 1.

WHY

Can we sell wariaiitert queens lor 80 cts.

BECAUSE

Only 1 S: per cent ai-e mismated, and have
to be rev^laeed. Tested queens, fl each ;
untested. 75 cts. : ^.00 per doz.

J. W. K. SHAW & Co., Loreauville, La.

FOR SALE.

I have 71 warranted Italian queens,
reared In full colonies, now ready to mail
at U.OO each. If not satisfactory, return
her and get another without further
charg-e.
R. A. HARDY, Lampasas, Texas.

I ook Here, Bee=keeper!

If you are in need of some bee-
supplies, write for catalog-ue and price list. Every
thing- sold as cheap as \\r r} C*«^I-^l-«
the cheapest. W. C. SlTlltn.

kenton, Hardin Co., O.

WILLIAM HEASTMAN, CITRA, FLA.,

Breeder of the oe/ebrated " Oraxig-e-

blossoni " Itnlian Bees and Qiieejis.

1,'jitested, 7~t ots.

Bees and Queens.

Select tested queens, from imv'oried mother, $1.50
each; untested, iH» cts. each; :.'-frame nucleus, with
untested queen from iiuported mother, both frames
coutaiuinji- brood and all adhering: bees, t2 00. Bees
bv the pound. 90 cts. Satisfaction guaranteed. Will
be ready to ship May 15. HRS. A. F. PROPER,
Portland, Jay Co., Ind.

5000 Golden Queens in 1894.

1 untested queen by mail $1 00

6 untested queens by mail 5.00

1 :i-frame nucleus 2 75

2 2-f rame nuclei 5 00

Untested queens with nucleus. Satisfaction in

all cases. Send for sample of bees.

J. F. MICHAEL, German, Darke Co., 0.

Attention ' ^^^^ *^^ ^^*^-

miVllllvril • Full colonies and nuclei.

G(-X)d stock; Langstroth frames. Write for prices.

//. Lathrop, Browntown, Green Co., Wis.

Rnrnoo'c Seed ^Xnnual for 1894 is well worth
DUipcC 0 having. Tell to all who plant seeds
W. Atlee Burpee & Co., Philadelphia, Pa

WE WILL PREPAY

Fi'eight charg-es on orders for Root's polished sec-
tions, and 16-seciion white bass wood shipphig-cases,
at his prices, to be shipped from factory to points
within 300 miles, in lots of 50(.Ki and 200 or over re-
spectivelv. Send for catalog-.

B. WALKER. Evart, Mich.

^UTH S HONEY

Square Glass Honey-Jars,
Tin Buckets, Bee-hives,
Honey Sections, Etc., Etc.
Perfection Cold-blast Smokers.
APPLY TO

CHAS. F. MUTH & SON, Cincinnati, 0.

p. S.— Send 10-ct. stamp for " Practical Hint.< to Bee-keepers."

Control Your Swarms, Requeen, &c.

Send -5c for -samples of

West's Patent Spind wire

Jueen-C'ell Protectors, and

Pat. Spiral Queen Hatch-

in.ir and Introducing Cage,

also best Bee-Escape, with

circular explaining. 12

Cell-protectors, tlOc; 100, $3.

12 Cages. Jl.Ul; 100, $5, by

_ mail. Circular free. Ad-

H dress N. D. WEST. Middle-

* 'curgh. Scho. Co., N. Y. Sold

supply-dealers.

I have one of the choicest flocks of

Brown Leghorns in the State.

Keep no other kind. K^'-gs. 7.5c per 15; $1.25 per 30.

B. G. SCOTHAN, Rogersville, Mich.

B. Leg-
Silver
and W.Minorcas. P.

EGGS f"o'' Hatching. ^

^™ ^" ^" ^^ H-.-., .,.1.^1 t ... I> .....I \A-

Wyandotlcs, B.
Koc-ks. Langshans. S1.0<» per 13; Y. Wyandnttes, I.
Games, Ked Caps, S. S. Hamburtrs— Eni-s. $2.00 per
13. No circular. AtJOUST GOSTCE i SON.

3S22 WOOD ST.. WHSELINS. W. VA.

Italian Bees and Queens

Ready in May. Queens. Sl.ttO; bees by the lb.. $1.00;
1-frame nucleus. $1.25; 2-franie. $2.25. Also Barred
P. R. eggs for setting, 15 for Sl.OO.

Airs. A.. A.. Siini>son, Svrarts, Pa.

ITALIAN QUEENS.

Both three and tive banded. Tested. $1.50; three
for §4.00. Extra select breeders. f2.00; three for
$5.iHl. Untested, $1.00; three for J2..5t); six for $5.00;
twelve, for f 8.00. Safe arrival guaranteed or money
refunded. Orders booked now, and pay when you
want queens. C. F. BECKEY,

Manitou Beach. Len. Co., Mich.

STRONG, FULL COLONIES ~

of Pure Italian Bees, in Root's new
Itovetailed hive, after June 1, only
$4.00 each.

N. A. KNAPP, Rochester, Lorain Co., 0.

BEE=MEN, Get free Price List of Apiarian Supplies.
K. X. aCHi:SS02i, ICnoxx-nie, 111.

I Will Exchange

For your name and address, my
pamphlet " How I Produce Comb
Honey," and catalog of Chaff and
Dovetailed hives, T Supers, Sec-
tions, Foundation, and every thing
needed in the apiary. First-class
goods, and prices re;isonable.

Geo. E. Hilton,

Fremont, Mich,

PATENT WIRED COMB FOUNDATION

Has JVo Siitj- iti Urood-frames.

Thin Flat - Bottom Foundation

Eas no Fishbone in the Snrplns Hone^.
Being the cleanest, it is usually worked
the quickest of any foundation made.

J. VAN DEUSEN & SONS,

12tfdb Sole Hanufacturers,

Sprout Brook, Montgomery Co., N. Y.

TAKE NOTICE!

BEFORE placing your orders for SUPPLIES, write
for prices on One-Piece Basswood Sections, Bee-
Hives, Shipping-Crates, Frames, Foundation, Smo-
kers, etc. PAGE & KEITH,
8tfdb New London, W Is

iv.l

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

479

Sr>ICED WOOD SEI'AHATOHS.

We have sold all the clean slotted sliced separa-
tors, 18 inches lonnf : hut still have a supply sliK'ht-
ly discolured with mildew. 4Vixl.S at 2.V- per 100; $2.00
per 1000. 4'/ixl7. dean and hri^rht, for eonihined
crates, 2.5c per 100; $2.(10 per 1000; 3Xxl7 or ITJf,
sliced, Kood clean stock, 20c- per 100; SI 50 per 100.
33^x18, or any length we can cut from it, 2.5c per 100 ;
«1.75 per KXW.

BEESWAX.

We have two lots of wax received with no name to
tell whom they came from, and no notice in the
mail advising us, so we can not give credit till the
parlies who sent it complain of not receiving re-
turns. 3fo)v(?.— Never send any wa.x, nor any thing
el.se, here or elsewhere, without your name or mark
to identify; and never without sending a notice at
the same time by mail.

SIX-IKCH FOUNDATION-.MXLLS AT $13.00.

We have some ten or twelve fi-inch foundation-
mills, new, far superior to those we sent f)ut a few
yeais ago. yet hardly suital)le for making extra
thin surplus foundation. They will work nicely in
making surplus foundation 10 sq. ft. to the lb., and
would do fairly well for light brood, half-sheets, or
starters. To work down tliis stf)ek of mills we offei-
them at $12.00. If you would prefer a sample of
foundation made on them, before ordering, we shall
be pleased to send it on request. After this season
the price of our best 6-inch mills will be S18.00.

.JAPANESE BUCKWHEAT.

Since out last issue we have received quite a
number ot offers of Japanese buckwheat and have
bouglit one oi- two lots. All ask pretty high prices,
however, and the lowest retail price we have seen
lately is $1..50 per bushel the price we made in last
issue. We will furnish it at .50c per peck; 85c per
half bushel; $1.50 per bushel, or Sa.^iO for 2 bu.shels ;
$13. .50 for 10 bushels, bags included in each case.
We have offers in Barry, 111. ; Saybrook or Cleveland.
Ohio ; Buffalo, N. T. ; and F'actoryville, Pa; and
until these lots are sold could order shipped from
any of these points direct to customers located near
these places. We have some in stock here, and can
get more on short notice to furnish at prices named
above.

OLD-STOCK SECTIONS.

Our supply of old-stock sections is pretty nearly
all gone. At our last count we find the following.
1:3,000 ^}^xiHx^f., open four sides.
7,000 " " 1}r, open top and bottom.
3,500 " " ll?,, closed top.
3,000 " " 1?^, open four sides.
8.000 " " IX, open top and bottom.
.5,.50O " " IJ4', closed top.
3,000 " " 7 to foot, open four sides.
7,000 " " 7 to foot, closed top.
l-?..500 " " i>^, open four sides.
22.ii0(l " " 1^, open top and bottom.
( ii,i prii-e on these, as heretofore, is ?2..50 per 1000;
20(11 for M.-oO; :}(XX), $6.50; .5000 for f 10.00. The 1>^-
inili >ei;ins to be in le.ss demand, and on this width
only we will cut this price .50 cts. per loOO, in order
ti) I'riove off the stock before the season closes. This
is ;t bargain to any who can use this width. We
win also make the same reduction in this width
"iiiy. in our extra polished sfctions. of which we
' over 100,000 in stock, and they are extra nice.

' mljer, then, the price of ihiXi)i\l'A. old stock.
Mil per 1000; $3..50 for 2000: $5.00 for 3000, or $7..50
"iii0(J; and the same size, extra polished, will be
i per 1000; $4 80 for 2000; $7.00 for 3000; or $11.00
'>0(JO. Our cream, or No. 2 grade, of other
'» It lis, as we make them, we sell at this latter price.
\V. liave of 4,^x4,'4x2, open four sides. No. 2, 7000,
wlii.-li we offer, to close out, at $ 1. 50 per 1000; also
al)out 2rfHi of the same, open top and bottom.

Wf ui 'W liave plenty of iU x 1 '3 in. cream, tjr No. 2
sectii >ns, at $2.50 per 1000 for those who want them.

CARLOAD SHIPMENTS.

Since the three carloads mentioned in our la.st
we have received an ordi-r for a second carload from
Walter S. Pouder, Indianajiolis, Ind., and a fourth
car to our Eastern depot, with F. A. Salisbury,
Syracuse, N. Y. The.se carload orders, with the
multitude of smaller ones, have crowded us so that,
for the pa.st two weeks, we have been running our
w(K)d-working department night and day, with two
forces of men. For a time, orders were delayed
several days longer than usual; but we have gotten
the upper hand, and they are now moving out with
our usual promptness. We are, fortunately, located
witliin hauling distance of a coal mine which is
still in operation, and we make shavings and wa.ste
enough tf) keep steam most of the time, .so that we
have to burn very little coal. We have heard of one
railroad in Canada which is handling only perish-
able freight, owing to shortage of coal; but we tru.st
the differences may be adjusted before other lines
are compelled to a similar course.

VEGETABLE-PLANTS, ETC., FOR JUNE.

Well, friends, we have a splendid stock of every
thing in those plant- beds, and can give you extra
low prices on .some of the stuff. First, we have any
quantity of extra fine transplanted cabbage-plants,
as follows: Jei-sey Wakefield, raised from March's
seed; Henderson's Early Summer; Fottler's Bruns-
wick, and Excelsior Flat Dutch. Until further
notice we will sell any of the above for $2.iXJ per
1000, or S17..50 for 10,000. We also have March'.s
Early Snowball cauliflower-plants— nice strong ones
—for 60 cts. per 100, or $5.00 per W)0.

Prizetaker onion-plants, extra fine, for 75 cts. per
10(X), or $.5.00 for 10,000. Extra strong Globe Dan vers
plants, same price.

Celerv-plants, Golden Self-blanching, or New Rose,
$2..50 pe"r WX), or $2,i.o0 for 10,000.

Pepper-plants, Bullnose, Spanish, or Ruby, fl.OO
per 100, or f 9.oo per looo.

Sweet-potato plants, $2.00 per 1000, or $17..50 for
10,000. If wanted by mail, add 25 cts. per 100 addition-
al for postage, on all the above plants. Tlie above
prices are special for immediate orders only: and in
ordering please say, "As per special offer of June 1."

Strawberry-plants, we prefer not to send out dur-
ing the month of June; but we expect to have nice
new well rooted plants to send out in July.

We are prepared to give extra low prices on cu-
cumber seed for pickle-factories. During the month
of June will be the time to plant for pickles.
Special prices on large quantities of seed on appli-
cation.

The month of June is also probably the best time
to plant bush lima beans. If you have any waste
ground, it will probably be a good investment to
plant bush limas. They are always valuable for
table use if the price should be low for seed. You
see. there can not be any loss. Sell as many as you
can while they are fit for table use, while green;
and if not all used you will have them to sell for
seed, or for table use dry.

I hardly need tell experienced gardeners that
almost any thing in the seed catalog will produce a
crop if put into good ground during the fore part of
June. We still have a limited quantity of Freeman
and Monroe Seedling potatoes. We are goin? to
plant our own Freemans about the first week in
June.

TIMBREL STRAWBERRY-PLANTS.

We have now got nicely rooted youiio plants that
were started in our plan^beds, and we can supply a
limited number of them at 20 cts. each, or $1.50 for
10, postpaid by mail. With only a single plant, so^
early in the season, you may be able to have quite
a stand of Timbrells before snow comes again.

KIND WORDS FROM ODR CUSTOMERS.

The goods are as fine as can be made. They are
just splendid. H. D. Friend.

Douglas, O., May 3.

I think the ad't in Gleanings sold not less than
100 bbls. of sweet potatoes and yams to new custom-
ers; besides. I find the Gleanings people straight
and pleasant, without exception. L. H. Mahan.

Terre Haute, Ind., May 1.

480

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June 1.

The Crane smoker is a good one, and tlie roll of
netting all right. Friedmann Greineh.

Naples, N. Y., April 27.

Gleanings is our household companion. I do
not want to be without it as long as 1 live. It has
done me better service than all other journals com-
bined. James M. Smith.

Perkiomenville, Pa., April 23.

WORKMANSHIP FIRST-CLASS.

The bill of goods shipped to me March 21 was re-
ceived in prime order. The workmanship and ma-
terial are first-class. I have had several consign-
ments from you, all of which have been satisfac-
tory. John Norton.

Millview, Pa., April 28.

CHEAP vs. GOOD HIVES.

I should like to iiave your catalog for this year.
I have a friend who is about to get bees, and I want
to recommend your hives. I have been getting my

hives from . They are cheaper, but not

nearly as good as yours. Sidnev Harris.

Prosser, Neb., April 20.

CONVENTION NOTICES.

There will be a meetinK of the Southeastern Kansas Bee-
keepers' Association held June l.*). 16. '9t. at the apiaries of J. C.
Balch, seven miles south of Bronson, Kan. All are respectful-
ly invited. J. C. Balch, Sec.

We can furnish (/o(xte helow, made h\i Root Brothers,
MciU)ia, 0.

Boors Home nairii Outfit.

ENLARGED, REMODELED, AND GREATLY
IMPROVED.

Consisting of 28 First-class Tools arid Materials

shown in cut, viz. :
1 Iron Last, 10 inches .45 i 1 Stabbing Awl, com-

1 Iron Last, 8 inches 40

1 Iron Last, 6 inches. . . 35
1 Iron Standard with

Base 15

1 Pkg. Assorted Nails. . .05
1 Pkg. % Wire Clinch

Nails 05

1 Pkg. % Wire Clinch

Nails 05

1 Pkg. g Wire Clinch

Nails 05

^ Doz. pairs Star Heel

Plates 10

^ lb. Copper Kivets 15

1 Steel Punch 10

1 Sewing Awl, Complete 08

1 Peg-oil ig Awl 08

1 Wrench for Above 01

Directions for Using.

plete 08

1 Shoe-Knife 10

1 Slinc-Hiinimer 1.5

1 Bottle Rubber Ce-
ment 12

1 Bottle Leather Ce-
ment 12

IBall Wax 02

1 Ball Shoe Thread... .10

1 Bunch Bristles 05

1 Harness and Saw

Clamp .50

4 Harness Needles 04

1 Soldering-iron 35

1 Bottle Soldering

Fluid 10

1 Box Rosin 10

IBar Solder 10

Total $4 00

These tools when purchilsed separately at a hard-
ware store would cost over $6.00. We furnish these
Outfits in three numbers :—

No. 1 contains all the tools mentioned above, com-
plete, weight 18 lbs. Price $3.0(1.

No. 2, same as No. 1, except Soldering Tools, Haf-
ness Chimp, Rivets, and Punch. Weight 14 lbs.
Price $2.0 i.

No. 3 consists of 3 Iron Lasts and Standard, for
half-.s()ling only. Price $1.00.

Special terms to agents. Full descriptive circular
and terms on application to

A. I. ROOT, MEDINA, OHIO.

Books for Bee- Keepers and others.

Any of t'<ese books on which postage is not given will be
forwarded by mail, postpaid, on receipt of price.

In buying books, as every thing else, we are liable to disap-
pointment if we make a purchase without seeing the article.
Admittinsj that the bookseller could read all the books he
offers, as he has them for sale, it were hardly to be expected
he would be the one to mention all the faults, as well as good
things about a book. I very much desire that those who favor
me with their patronage shall not be disappointed, and there-
fore I am going to try to prevent it by mentioning all the
faults, so far as I can, that the purchaser may know what he
is getting. In the following list, books that 1 approve 1 have
marked with a * ; those 1 especially approve, ** ; those that
are not up to times, t ; books that contain but little matter for
the price, large type, and much space between the lines, t;
foreign, §. The bee books are all good

BIBLES, HYMN-BOOKS, AND OTHER GOOD BOOKS.

As many of the bee-books are sent with other goods by
freight or express, incurring no postage, we give prices sepa-
rately. You will notice, that you can judge of the size of
the books very well by the amount required for postage
on each.

8 I Bible, good print, neatly bound 20

10 I Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress** 3ii

20 I Illustrated Pilgrim's Progress** 75

This is a large book of 425 pages and 175 illustrations, and

would usually be called a 32.00 book. A splendid book to pre-
sent to children. Sold in gilt edge for 2.5c more.

6 I First Steps for Little Feet. By the author of
the Story of the Bible. A better book for young children can
not be found in the whole round of literature, and at the same
time there can hardly be found a more atti'active book. Beau-
tifully bound, and fully illustrated. Price 50 e. Two copies
will be sold for 75 cents. Postage six cents each.

5 I Harmony of the Gospels 35

3 I John Ploughman's Talks and Pictures, by

Rev. C. H. Spurgeon* 10

1 I Gospel Hymns, consolidated Nos. 1,2, 3, and

4, words only, cloth, 10 c ; paper 05

2 I Same, board covers 20

5 I Same, words and music, small type, board

covers . . 45

10 I Same. Avords and music, board covers 75

3 I New Testament in pretty flexible covers. . . 05
5 I New Testament, new version, paper covers. 10
5 I Robinson Crusoe, paper cover 10

4 Stepping Heavenward** 18

15 I Story of the Bible** 1 00

A large book of 700 pages, and 274 illustrations. Will be read
by almost every child.

5 I The Christian's Secret of a Happy Lif e**.. . . 25
8 I Same in cloth binding 50

I " The Life of Trust," by Geo. Muller** 1 25

1 I Ten Nights in a Bar-Room, T. S. Arthur*. . 05

5 I Tobacco Manual** 45

This is a nice book that will be sure to be read, if left around

where the boys get hold of it, and any boy that reads it will
be pretty safe from the tobacco habit.

BOOKS ESPECIALLY FOR BEE-KEEPERS.
Postage IFrice without postage.
15 I A B C of Bee Culture. Cloth 1 10

6 A Year Among the Bees, by C. C. Miller. . . 45
I Advanced Bee Culture, by W. Z. Hutchinson 50

3 I Amateur Bee-keeper, by J. W. Rouse 22

14 Bees and Bee-keeping, by Frank Cheshire,

England, Vol. I.§ -. 2 36

21 I Same, Vol. II.§ r 2 79

or, f 5.25 for the two, postpaid.

I Bees and Honey, by T. G. Newman 1 00

10 I Cook's New Manual. Cloth 90

5 Doo little on Queen-Rearing 95

2 I Dzierzon Theory 10

3 I Foul Brood; Its Natural History and Ra-

tional Treatment 22

I Honey as Food and Medicine 05'

15 Langstroth Revised by Ch. Dadant & Son. . 1 25
10 Quinby's New Bet^Keeping 140

Thirty Years Among the Bees, by H. Alley 50

Success in Bee Culture, by James Heddon 46
Handling Bees, by Langstroth. Revised

by Dadant 08

I Bee-keei)ing for Profit, by Dr. G. L. Tinker 25

5 The Honey Bee, by Thos. William Cowan. . 95
I British Bee Keeper's Guide Bot)k, by Thos.

William Cowan, England§ 40

3 I Merrybanks and His Neighbor, by A.I. Root 15

4 I Winter Problem in Bee-keeping, by Pierce 46

MISCELLANEOUS HAND-BOOKS.

3 I A B C of Potato Culture, ** New Edition. . .. 35

This is T. B. Terry's first ami most masterly work. The book
has had an enormous sale, and has hrcn reprinted in foreign
languages. When we are thor-oughly rcmvcrsant with friend
Terry's system of raising potal. US, we shall be ready to han-
dle almost any farm crop successfully. It has 122 pages and 3T
illustrations.

5 I A B C of Carp Culture, by Geo. Finley 35

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

481

5 I A B C of Strawberry Culture** 35

Tlie above book by T. B. Terry, with some additional re-
marks by A. 1. Kuot, is, at the ijreseiit time, creating an en-
thusiasm and interest in sti'awLierry etlltnre never Itnown
before. It is a book ot 114 paRes and Ii2 eni^ravings, and it is
fully up to tile times.

5 I An E>rK-K:irm, Stoddard** 45

I Amateur Pliotou ruplier's Hand-book** 70

Barn Plans and Out-Buildmgs* 1 50

I Canary Birds. Paper, 50

3 I Celery for Prottt , by T, Grciner** 35

The tlrst really full and eomplete book on celery culture, at
11 moderate price, that we have had. It is full of pictures,
and the whole thin;;- is made so plain that a schoolboy ought
to be :ibli' to grow p.i viiivr crops at once, witliout any assis-
tance except from the l)o.ik.

I Draining for Profit and Health, Warring:.. 1 50

10 I Fuller's Grape Culturist** 140

I Farming For Boys* 75

This is one of Joseph Harris' liappiest productions, and it
seems to me that it ouMTht to make farm-life fascinating to any
boy who has any sort of taste for gardening.

7 I Farm, Gardening, and Seed-Growing-** 90

This is by Francis Brill, the veteran seed-grower, and is the
only book on gardening that I am aware of that tells' how
market-gardeners and seed-growers raise and harvest their
own seeds. It has 166 pages.

13 I Gardening for Pleasure, Henderson* 1 85

wliile "Gardening for fro(it"is written with a view of mak-
ing gardening pat, it touches a good deal on the pleasure part;
and "Gardening for Pleasure " takes up this matter of beauti-
fying your homes and improving your grounds without the
special point in view of making monev out of it. I think most
of you will need this if .vou get " Gardening for Profit." Tliie
work has 401 pages and 20:? illustrations.

13 I Gardening for Protit, new edition** 1 85

This is a late revision of Peter Henderson's celebrated work.
Nothing that has ever before been put in print has done so
much toward making mm ket>gardening a science and a fasci-
nating industry. Peter Henderson stands at the head, without
question, .although we have manv other books on these rural
employments. If you can get but one book, let it be the
above. It has 376 pages and 138 cuts.

I Gardening for Young and Old, Harris** 1 35

This is „'osepli Harris' best and happiest effort. Although it
goes over the same ground occupied by Peter Henderson, it
particularly emphasizes thorough cultivation of the soil in
preparing your ground; and this matter of adapting it to
young people as well as old is brought out in a most happy
vein, if your chi'.dren have any sort of fancy for gardening it
will p.ay you to make them a present of this book. It has 187
pages and 46 engravings.

10 I Garden and Farm Topics, Henderson** 75

I Gray's School and Field Book of Botany. . . 1 80

5 I Gregory on Cabbages ; paper* 35

5 Gregory on Squashes; paper* 35

5 I Gregory on Onions; paper* 35

The above three books, by our friend Gregory, are all val-
uable. The book on squashes especially is good reading for
almost anybodv, whether they raise squashes or not. It strikes
at the very foundation ot success in almost any kind of
business.

10 I Greenhouse Construction** 1 40

This book, by Prof. Taft, is ju.st out, and is as full and com-
plete in regard to the building of all glass structures as is the
next hook in regard to their management. .\ny one who
builds even a small structure for plant-growing iinder glass
will save the value of the book by reading it carefully.

15 I How to Make the Garden Pay.** 1 35

By T. Greiner. This is a new book, just out, and it gives the
most explicit and full directions for gardening under glass of
any book in the world Those who are interested in hot-beds,
cold-frames, cold-greenhouses, hot-houses or glass structures
of any kind for the growth of plants, can not afford to be with-
out the book.

I Handbook for Lumbermen .. 10

10 I Household Conveniences 1 4li

2 I How to Propagate and Grow Fruit, Green* 15

2 I Injurious Insects, Cook 35

10 I Irrigation for the Farm, Garden, and Or-
chard, Stewart* 140

This book, so far as I am informed, is almost the only work
on this matter that is attracting so much interest, especially
recently. Using water from springs, brooks, or windmills, to
take the place of rain, during our great droughts, is the great
problem before us at the present day. The book has 274 pages
and 142 cut.s.

5 I Manures; How to Make and How to Use

them; in paper covers 45

6 I The same in cloth ccjvers 65

Covering the whole matter, and discussing every thing to be
found on the furm. refuse from factories, mineral fertilizers
from mines, etc. It is a complete summing-ui) of the whole
matter. It is written by F. W. Sempers.

7 I Market-gardening and Farm Notes, by

Burnett Landreth 90

The Landreths are the pioneer seedsmen of America; and
the book is worth fully as much as we might expect it to be. I
think I received hints from it worth the price, before (it had
been in my h.inds Htteeu minutes. It is exceedingly practical,
and tells what has been done and what is BEING, done, more
than it discourses on theory.

3 I Maple Sugar and the Sugar-bush** 36

By Prof. A. J. Cook. This was written in the spring of 1887 at
my request. As the author has, perhaps, one of the finest
sugar-camps in the United States, as well as being an enthusi-

astic lover of all farm industries, he is betterfltted, perhaps, to
handle the subject than any other man. The book is written
in Prof. Cook's happy style, combining wholesome moral les-
sons with the latest and best method of managing to get the
finest syrup and maple sugar, with the least possible expendi-
ture of cash and labor. Kverybody who makes sugar or mo-
lasses wants the sugar-book. It has 42 pages and 36 cuts.

I Onr Farming, by T. B. Terry** $3.00

In which he tells " how we have made a run-down farm
bring both profit and pleasure."

This is ;i large book, 6x9 inches, :!67 pages, quite fully illus-
traleil. II is Ter-ry's lirst large IjooU; and while it t. .11. -hes on
the topics trcati'd in his smaller liajiilb.joks, it is sulliciently
different so that no one will coin|ilain of lepeti tioii, ev<'ii if he
has read all of Terry's little hooks. I should call it the bright-
est and most practical book 011 farming hef ore the world at
the present day. The price is $2.im postpaid; or clubbed with
Gleanings for 2..W. Those who are already subscribers to
Gleanings may have it postpaid by sending us l.SO more. We
are so sure it will be worth many times its cost that we are
not afraid to offer to take it back if any one feels he has not
got his money's worth after he has read it. If ordered by ex-
press or freight with other goods, 10c less.
3 I Onions for Profit ** 45

Fully up to the times, and includes both the old onion cul-
ture and the new method. The book is fully illustrated, and
written with all the enthusiasm and interest that character-
ize its author, T, Greiner. Even if one is not particularly in-
terested in the business, almost any person who picks up
Greiner's books will like to read them' through.

Poultry for Pleasure and Profit** 10

Practical Floriculture, Henderson* 1 35

Profits in Poultry* 90

i I Practical Turkey-raising 10

By Fanny Field. This is a 2,5-cent book which we offer for 10

ets.; postage. 2 ets.

4 I Peabody's Webster's Dictionary 10

Over 30,000 words and 2.i0 illustrations.

3 I Kats: How to Rid Farms and Buildings of
them, as well as other Pests of like Char-
acter 15

This little book ought to be worth dollars instead of the few
cents it costs to any one who has ever been troubled with these
pests, and who has not? It is written in such a happy vein
that every member of the family will read it clear th'rough,
just about as soon as they get hold of it. It contains a com-
plete summing up of the best information the world can
furnish.

1 I Silk and the Silkworm lO

10 I Small-Fruit Culturist, Fuller 140

lU i Success in Market-Gardening* 90

This is a new book by a real, live, enterprising, successful
market-gardener who lives in Arlington, a subui-b of Boston,
Mass. Friend Rawson has been one of the foremost to make
irrigation a practical success, and he now irrigates his grounds
by means of a windmill and steam-engine whenever a diought
threatens to injure the crops. The book has 208 pages, and is
nicely illustrated with 110 engravings.

! Ten Acres Enough . . i OO

( Talks on Manures* i 75

This book, by Joseph Harris is, perhaps, the most compre-
hensive one we have on the subject, and the whole matter is
considered by an able writer. It contains 366 pages.

3 I The Carpenter's Steel Square and its Uses. 15
10 I The New Agriculture; or, the Waters Led

Captive ... 75

3 I Treatise on the Horse and his Diseases. . 10

6 I Tile Drainage, by W. I. Chamberlain 35

Just out. Fully illustrated, containing every thing of im-
portance clear up to the present date.

The single chaijter on digging ditches, with the illustrations
given by Prof. Chamberlain, should alone make the book
worth what it costs, to every one who has occasion to lav ten
rods or more of tile. There is as much science in digging as
in doing almost anything else; and by following the plan
directeil in this hook, one man will often do as much as two
men without this knowledge. The book embraces every thing
connected with the subject, and was written by the "author
while he was enga ed in the work of digging the ditches and
aying the tiles HIMSELF, for he has laid literally miles of
tile on his own farm in Hudson, O.

5 I Tomato Culture 35

In three parts. Part first— by J. W. Dav. of Crystal Springs,
Miss., treats of tomato culture in the South, with some re-
marks by A. I. Root, adapting it to the North. Part second-
By D Cummins, of Conneaut, O.. treats of tomato culture
especially for canning-factories. Part third— By A. I. Root
treats of plant-growing for market, and high-pressure garden-
ing in general. This little book is interestingbecause it is one
of the lirst rural books to come from our friends in the South.
It tells of a great industry that has been steadily growing for
some years ]iast; namely, tomato-growing in the South to
supply the Nortliern markets. The little book, which is fully
illustrated, gives us s e plr.isant glimpses of the possibili-
ties anil probal.ihtics of the future of Southern agriculture.
EvL-n though vou do not grow tomatoes to any considerable
extent, you will find the book brimful of suggestions of short
cuts in agriculture and horticulture, and especially in the line
of market-gardening,

3 I Winter Care of Horses and Cattle 35

This is friend Terry's second book in regard to farm matters;
but It IS so intimately connected with hi;- potato-book that it
reads almost like a sequel to it. If you have only a horse or a
cow, I think it will pay you to invest in the bo"ok. It has 44
pages and 4 cuts.

3 I Wood's Common Objects of the Micro-
scope** 47

8 I What to Do and How to be Happy While

Doing It, by A. I, Root 50

A. I. ROOT, MEDINA, O.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June 1.

**Q & B" Web =Wire Fencing

MEETS THE POPULAR DEMAND FOR

A Harmless Fence at a Reasonable Cost.

31 in.

Rod

44 c

."56 in.

Rod, 38

42 in.

Rod

.51 r.

47 in.

Rod, 44

50 in.

Rod

5Vc

HUNDREDS OF MILES IN USE

BV SATISFIED CUSTOMERS WHO HAVE FOUND IT

PERFECTLY SAFE for horses and cattle.

SUFFICIENTLY STRONG for vicious stocli.

A SURE INCLOSURE for slieep and hogs.

A RELIABLE PROTECTION against dogs for
sheep.

A SATISFACTORY FENCE to property-owners
along railroads.

A FENCE COMBINED for both large and small
animals.

A COMPACT MATERIAL for portable corrals.

Excellent for gra}>evine trellises.

Animals will not bend it to crawl under or climb
over, or loosen it from the posts.

"G & B" WEB-VVIKB FENCING is made of the
best qiialiiy Hf.iivy tialvaiiized Steel Wire
(No. 14 in tlie meshes, No. 13 in the selvages)
woven into diamond-shape meshes by automatic
machinery, insuring' a reaul ir and smootli fab-
ric, strengthened by tliree-sirajid rope sel-
vagffs at both sides.

Tlie 3x6 inch Mesh is suggested for slieep-enclos-
ures; the 4x8 for cattle and hogs, and tlie bV^x
10i4 tor a very low-priced fence lor any purpose
named.

PRICE IN FUI.T. Rf)LnS, 20 RODS EACH.
3 X 6 inch Mesh. I 4 x 8 inch Mesh. , 5K x 10}^ inch Mesh.
WIDTH. PRICE. WIDTH. PRICE. WIDTH. PRICE.

26 in. Rod, i^ c | 26 in. Rod, 38 c | 28 in. Rod, 31 c

.S2 in. Rod, 52 c

38 in. Rod, 60 e

50 in. Rod, 72 c

All widthx put up in bales 20 rods {330 feet) long.

A higher price charged for lengths sliorier than a
full bale. Shipped direct from Chie;igo or New York.

What we wisli to call your atteutltni to especially
is tlie following list of piece-s and short rolls which
we can sell, to close them out, at Jess thaiifuU-roll
prices. In this list are some full rolls and pieces of
sizes which the factory have discositinued making,
and for that reason they offer them at a sacrifice to
clean up the stock of odds and ends.

The above, you notice, is woven from galvanized
wire, while you will find the most of the following
list is 4x7-inch mesh, galvanized after being woven,
and on tliat account very much superior, and more
■expensive to make. It formerly sold for about
double the prices named below. It has also one
number heavier wire in the meshes than the rest,
being No. 13 wire throughout. Ail other sizes are
made of No. 14 galvanized wire, woven in the meshes,
and a 3-strand rope of No. 13 wire for selvage, ex-
cept the 4x8, which has No. 10 wire selvage.

The wide fencing is designed to be put up alone,
while the narrow Avidths are used at the top or liot-
tom in connection with barb-wire or t)ther strand
fencing. Much narrow is used at the bottom of
posts for hogs and sheep, wliile for liotses and cat-
tle it is often used at the top of posts in place of a
board or rail.

All the fencing in the list, except the last few
lines, is in stock in Chicago and New York, and
shipments will be made from these points. Tliat
you may know what is in stock at each place we
have inclosed within brackets [ ] all the stock in
New York ; and wliat is not so inclosed is at Chicago.
Tlie length of the pieces is given in feet, and the
price per foot ag well as per rod. This fencing is
usually sold by the rod; but for convenience in
ascertaining the cost of each piece we have aiven
also the jirice per running foot, and you have sim-
ply to multiply the combiru'd length of the pieces
you require by the price per foot to get the cost.
We get an additional discount if ordered in lots of
10 pieces; and, therefore, if you can use so much
you can secure this fence at a price which is below
what new regular stock in above list costs us at
wholesale. The freight fiom New York to Chicago
In l()0-lb. lots or more is only from 2 to 5 cts. per rod:
so if any of our western customers desire some of
the New York stock they need not refrain from or-
dering on account of freight charges.

In the following table the width in inches is
given in the first column; size of mesh in second;

price per rod in third; price per linesir foot in fourth
and a list of the pieces, with length in feet, in fifth

Inches.

frice.

Li><t of Pieces, and Length in Feet.

Wide

Mesh
4x U

Rod

28

Kl.
•li'4'

Multiply by price per foot for cost.

22

1330]

.' bales. 20 rods (330 ft.) each. [330,330.]

!,(>

4 X 11

33

2

!.0

biy

■ ■■i'A

15. 1330.]

i.'.o

5x 11

33

.i

- 8 , of 36 in. at 2M c. ; 52, 43, 38, ICO.

47

.44

■ 2'i

2.W, 60. 38, 27, 75. 3-?3.

14

4x7

27

-i.'^-:

3.iO,330.206.108 [198].

18

3S

2

^61 . 32 [145. 105] ; of 22 in. at 2 c., 50 [297] .

26

.37

2i

!(I2 Sa. 10,11 [148.95,59.50].

30

.41

.2'..

114.50.2,1,25 [188].

34

*'

.14

2?;-;

90,80,48,44.43,25,17,14.

38

.49

.3

34, 29. 20, 13, 9.

42

.M

.3

25. 130

62

.66

.4

[330,317].

66

.70

tM

[3S0.]

14

4x8

.27

m

[1 bale, 20 rods (330 ft.) each] .

22

33

.2

[4 bales, 20 rods (330 ft.) each].

42

"

50

3

2 bales, 20 rods eacli, and 135 ft.]

20

3x 6

.38

2>^ 250 ft.

26

3x6

.45

.2Ji 21.119, 45 [150,1-' 0,9.')].

44

.66

.4 165, 24, 4)^,4K. 4K.

38

,.i8

.3'/? 19,14 40'.^, 81, 66, 27.

50

"

.72

4'^; 14, 4, 1,55.

ON HAND HERB AT MEDINA THE FOLLOWING

14

4x7

.27

1% 16li, .52, 35.

• 22

.b3

2 1107. C8. 35. 1.5.

30

41

.2!;,'52. 47, 36, 33, 30, 29, 19, 18, 13.

34

(.

.44

2^i 25, 18.

42

.50

.3 68.8,6.

18

8x 13

25

.1'4

68, 36 in., 200 ft. at 3 c. ; 45 in., 247 ft., 3;V c.

Not less than 10 pieces in one o;
der, 15 % ott' f rom above prices; 20 pieces or more, 20 % o
from prices in this lar-t table only. Staples, 11^-in., 5 cts. per 11

W/RE NETTING.

SHORT ROLLS AT FULL-IKJLL PRICES OI{ LESS.

We have the following lot of wire petting of var
ous sizes and widths in short or odd-length roll;
Very often a person wants a piece and can not liu
it cut from a full roll wiih'iut paying double pric<
You may be able to find in this list just what jo
need, or very near it. Even if you want more tlia
a full roll yiiu will find the prices at which we ofCt
these to be in most cases less than full-roll price.

Of 3-inch mesli No. 19 wire, we have the followiu
remnants and short rolls at ^ c per square foo
The figures at the left give the width in inches, an
the other figures give length of each jiiece in fee
Multiply this by the width in feet, then take thre^
fifths of the result to niid the price of each piece.

12 I 70.

18 1 60 135, 138. ^
21 , 69 78.

30 I 45, 60, 64, 65. 70. 95. 100. 107, 123. 140. 144. 146. 148
36 I 19 38, 40, 40, 47. 49, .50, .52, .53, .54, .55 60, 65, 67. 70, 72, 73. 82 82, f
83; 83. 83 86 89, 90. 9-'. 93. 91, 96, 96, 96, 99, 100 100, JOO, 100. Ili0.lt
102, 102 lOi, 105 105, 107 114, 115, 116, 116, 116, 118, 120, 120, li
124, 124, 128, 129, 141 141, 145.
42 131.
48 I 12, 24 35, 62. 75,75,83,83,86,87, 94, 98, 100. 108, 114, 113, 119, 122, 15

I 124, 125, 128 131, 132, i:H, 135, 138. 138. 138, 140, 140, 140, 143, 144, 14

I 114, 144, 1j4. 145, 145. 145, 145, 146, 146, 148.
54 ' 72. 88 88, 143.
60 I 36 78 81 SI. 89. 91. 92 94, 103, 107, 108,110, 110, 119, 120. 122.126, Ic

I 134, 1:6.139. 139 144, 146.
72 1 20 26, 29, 10 40, 47, 48, 60, 61, 62, 64. 72, 75, 81, 82, 85, 85. 87,100, 1(

I 108. 112, 119 1-^0, 123, 12^, 127, 1S9, 130, 138 144, 144, 144, 148.

Of 2-inch No. 20 we have the following pieces at one-ha

of a cent per square foot. Arrive at the price in precisely tl

same way .is above, taking half of the numbor of square fei

instead of three-litths, to get the price in cents. I

24 I 94. 114, 116.

30 , 129 140.

36 36.39.10 41.81,88.91.94.100.103.103, 109, 120, 122, 126, 126,12

128, 128, 128,134, 1.36, 136, 140, 146,146,147.
.54 145.

611 17, 1.30, 136. 139, 144. 144.
72 I 44, 16, 58, 70, 75, 76, 100. 137, 139.

In the following list we give first the size of mesfc
next, the number of wire; ne.xt, the width in incliet
then the length in feet, and, flnall\,the price c
the Mdiole piece, so you will have no figuring to do.

■X in.. No. 19, 34 in x 126 ft , at $i 2.5.
1^ in.. No. 18, 48 in. X 80 ft., at 4.20.
IJ-fi in.. No.16, 30in. X 70 ft., at 3.15.

2 ■ in.. No. 15, 18 in. X 73 t.,at 1.65; 18 in. x 74 ft. at $170.
2 in.. No. 15, 18 in. X .55 ft., at 1.35; ;54 in. x 122 ft. at .f8 00.
2 in.. No. 16. 60 in. x 20 ft., at 1.50; 72 in. x 36 ft., at $3.00.
2 in.. No. 15. 72 in. X 33 ft., at 3.00.
2 in.. No. 16, 72 in. x 36 ft., at 2.! 0; 72. in x 60 in., at $iM.

2 in.,No. 16, 72in. X 58 ft., at 3.80.

3 in.. No. 14, 72 in. X 70 ft., at 6 20; 72 in. x 100 ft.,at$8.80.
Ihi in.. No. 19, 2 ft. x 4« ft., at .76; :i\4 ft. x 32 ft., at .80.

ii4 X 20 ft. at .70; 5 x 19 ft. at 75; 6 x 26 ft. at $1.20.
IJrf-inch No. 18, 3 x 64 ft. at Sl.7.5.
lU inch No. 16 3 x 11 ft. at .55

4 X 24 ft. at $1.65; l^-in. No. 23. 1 x 88 ft., at $1.00.

VA-in. No. 19, 2'A x 19 ft. at ..50; 2<; x 36 ft. at $1.00. I

6x102 ft. at $6.7,5.

In lots of 5 pieces, :iny one or assorted kinds, d(
duct .5% ; 10 pieces, 10% ; 25 pieces or more, 15% . Bel
ter name a second or third choice, in case your firs
be gone. A. I. ROOT, Medina, Ohio.

1894

GLEANINGS IN HEE CULTURE.

487

Popular Science News,

A monthly illustrated mag-
azine devoted to all popu-
lar scientitic topics.
$i.oo per year.

ABLY EDITED.

Articles contributed by
leading and best known

writers
world.
by all.
Popular Science News,

throughout the
It should be read

72 William St., New York City.

'Manum's

Leather = Colored Italian
Queens

Are in the lead the world over. Tested queens
one dollar each. Descriptive catalogues free to
all applicants.

Also wood screws ^ longer than formerly;
otherwise the same. Price $9.00 per 1000 by ex-
press; $1.00 per 100 by mail. Taps, $1.15 each.

A. E. Manum,

Bristol,

Vermont.

SoeCial Offer i00 2-frarae nuclei, with
*i T. ^**CI. warranted queen, at $150

f^'^}'-^ Queens, untested, 75 cts.; K2 dozen, $4.00;
tested, $1..jU; breeding-queens, $3.00. We s-uarantee
satis laction. LEININaEE BEOS., Fort Jennings, 0.

SECTIONS~CHEAP^

Until sold, we will sell the sections listed below in
quantities of 500 or more at *1..50 per thousand for
creams, and $1.00 per thousand for No. 3. AU4k:x
4^' sections, open two sides.

41.000 3 inch cream. 37,000 2 inch No 3

47.01 OU4' " " 91,000111 " "■ ■
116,000 I's " " 30,0001% "
lo4,U()0 7 to f t. " HTtlOUl'-^ "

2:)3,000 7to ft. No. S."

PAGE <& KEITH, NEW LONDON, WIS.

tyin responding to this adverti.seiin'nt mention Gleanings.

QUEENS^

SmokerSjSections ,

Comb Foundation,
And all Ai>i:tir:in Supplies
cheap. Send for

I'LANAliAN, Kelleville, III.

CLOTHING MERCHANT.

A "Pa,?e man" surprised a gang of Patent
Right fencers worrying a group of farmers.
He cried, "Clothing of superior quality at
half price." "How do I doit?" "I furnish
(sliears and a cliart to cut by, tighteners on
the corners for a misfit, durable cast iron
buttons, all at a very low price, and a farm
rlglit for $5. You buy the cloth, your wife
'does the rest'." Here the Patent Right men
slunk away and the Page man took orders for
fence, some 40, some 60 and some 100 rods.
PAGE WOVEN WIRE FENCE CO., Adrian, Mich.

iS^tn iv.siK.iidiiit'to i)n.>:-,lv.iu^^ii„'t) nei oi.kaning;

BFF SUPPLIES. ;e,.

^J ^^ ^^ Every^ thing- used in the Apl-
^^ ^" ■■ ary. Greatest variety and iarg-est

... , , stock in the West. New catalog-, 70

illustrated pages, free.

Discounts to Dealers.

£■. KRETCHMER, Red Oak, la.
WALTER S. POUDER,

162 Mass. Ave. Indiftnapolis, Ind.
Standard Goods — Popular
Prices— Catalogue Free.
♦♦ BVSV BEES'*

A book telling how to man-
age them-io CIS. in stamps ; or free to
those sending names of 5 bee-keepers

EE SUPPLIES!

)_py of H.1.USTKATEI>

every thing use-

R

^J send for free ,

CATAIiOODE. describing
ful toaBEE-MEEPKR. Address
T. G. Newm»n. ]4T So. Western Ave., Cliicago.

rmnorted Camiolans, bred in 1»93, $5 each;
iiii|7Ui LCU tested 1894 Carniolans in June, $3
bred from imported queens producing only gray
^^°,'^;t^'^*^''^*®*^' ^^>'' *!• Foreign orders, $6, $3,
and $3. Safe arriv;d nt any postofflce in tlie world
MES. FBANg BENTON, Charlton Heights, ild.

Cash for BeeswaxT

wm pay 23c per lb. cash, or 26c in trade for any
quantity of good, fair, average beeswax, delivered
at our R. R. station. The same will be sold to those
who wish to purchase, at 30o per lb., or 33c for IwM
selected ivax. Old cumhK will not be accepted under
any eunsideralion.

Unless you put your name on the box, and notify
us by mail of amoui.t sent, I can not hold myself
responsible for mistakes. It will not pay as a gen-
eral thing to send wax by erp'>-es.s.

A. I. ROOT, Medina, Ohio.

Dovetailed Hives, Simplicity Hives,

SECTIONS, EXTRACTORS, ETC.

FULL LINE OF'

BEE-KEEPERS' SU PPL/ES.

GO-PAGE CATALOGUE. Ufdb

J' M. Jenkins, Wetumpka, Alabama.

£^■111 respondinir to tiiis adveiti.senient mention Gleanings.

488

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June 15.

Contents of this Number.

Bees Expellinir Water 609

Bees, Raising Large 50()

Bees, Stingless, in Yucatan.. 511

Bee-enemy, New 493

Bee-keeping, Migratory 49t

Bee-keeping in Germany.. .611

CauliHower Culture •'JIK

Comb, Drone, To Prevent... .''08

Cramps m Queens 507

Ecnoes from Rambler 60.")

Editor at Dan "White's .519

Eggs. Bees Removing 5 6

Evergreen Corn 619

Free Trade, etc 506

Frost, Protecting from 618

Galvanized Iron 514

Glucose and Grape Sugaj... 610
Hives, 8 and 10 Frame. .. .502, 503

Hives. Size of 604

Hives, Shade for 609

Hives, Harbison 499

Honey, apple-blossom 512

Honey, Comb, To Secure 601

Honey-dew Honey 493

Honey for Children ."JP^

Out-apiary R-'pository 404

Queens from Drone-cells 497

Q"eens, Rnising 507

Rambler Packing Hives 497

Raspberry, Gault 521

Rice, A. A.. 514

Seed, Planting Good 519

Shade for Hives 609

Smokers, to Light 502

Spiicer. Stephens 512

Stingless Bees in Yucatan. . .511

Supers, When to Put on 510

Sweet Clover a Weed 511

Sweet Clover on New Land. .512

Svrup. Sugar 496

Tariff on Honey 505

Zinc for Honey-utensils 614

Wants or Exchange Department.

Notices will be inserted under this head at one-half our usu-
al rates. All advertisements intended for this department
must not exceed five lines, and you must say you want your
adv't in this department, or we will not be responsible for er-
rors. You can have the notice as many lines as you please,
but all over five lines will cost you according to our regular
rates. This department is intended only for bona fide ex-
changes. Exchanges for cash or for price lists, or notices of-
fering articles for sale, can not be inserted under this head
For such our regular rates of 20 cts. a line will be charged, and
they will be put with the regular advertisements. We can not
be responsible for dissatisfaction arising from these "swaps."

w

ANTED.— To exchange several good safety bi-
cycles. Honey wanted. Send sample.

J. A. Green, Ottawa, 111.

WANTED.— To exchang-e 200 colonies of bees for
any thing useful on plantation.

Anthony Opp, Helena, Ark.

WANTED.— To exchang-e Root's goods, at his
prices, to be shipped from here or factory, for
white comb honey (crop of '94 preferred) in quan-
tity lots. See ad. in another column of June 1 issue.
B. Walker, Evart, Mich.

WANTED.— To exchange a good 6-inch Vandervort
foundation-mill or 1000 and less of empty L.
brood combs, A No. 1, for ofifers.

J NO. Nebel & Son, High Hill, Mo.

WANTED.— To exchange 20 second-hand chaff
hives, for a good second-hind Safety bicycle.
J. G. Townsknd, 31 Linden Ave., Jamestown, N. Y.

WANTED.— To exchange full colonies and 4 and 5
frame nuclei, for hammer and hanimerless
guns and gold watches. All Italians on L. frames.
Address L. Wer.n'eu, Edwardsville, 111.

WANTED— To exchange alfalfa honey (comb or
strained) for one pneumatic safety bicyle,
clincher tire preferred. Must be as good as new;
'93 or '94 model. Give full description in first letter.
D. S. Jenkins, Las Animas, Col.

WANTED.— Registered Poland-China Pigs, Jersey
lieifer calves, for 6-banded queens.

J. F. Michael, German, Darke Co., Ohio.

M„THc HONEY
^^^^^^ EXTRACTOR.

Square Glass Honey- Jars,
Tin Buckets, Bee-hives,
Honey Sections, Etc., Etc.
Perfection Cold-blast Smokers.
APPLY TO

CHAS. F. MUTH & SON, Cincinnati, 0.

p. S.— Send 10-ct. stamp for " Practical Hints to Bee-keepers.'
fSTln responding to this advertisement mention Gleanings.

Italian

golden or 3-band- V^UCCllS.
ed leather-colored. Untested, $1.00 each; one-
half dozen, $4.50. Tested, *1.,50 each. Select
tested, $2..50 each. Extra select tested, fine
breeding queens, $3.50 each.

E. A. SEELEY, Bloomer, Ark.

Golden Queens llTJ^^^h

for business, beauty, and gentlem ss. Safe arrival
and satisfaction guaranteed.

21G well-filled 1-lb. sections is what I took from
one colony in '93, containing a queen bought of you.
J. A. Whitaker, Oak Cliff, Texas.
Warranted queens, $1.00 each.

J. D. GIVENS, Box 3, Lisbon, Texas.

HiA/AC inf ^jiIa Having gone out of the farm-
IIIVC^ lUl oaiC. j„g. business, I have 12 Chau-
tauqua and 16 chaff' hives, all new, for sale at half
the cost of new ones. J. Q. Townsend,

31 Linden Ave., Jamestown, N. Y.

J-

.J J

Bingham Perfect Smokers.

Cheapest and Best on Earth.
Patented 1878, 1882 and 1892.

Have all our new improvements.

T. F. Bingham,

Abronia, Mich.

|9*In responding to this advertisement mention OLEANiNea.

5=Banded Golden Italian Queens.

Untested, each, 75c; 6 for $4.35. Best only. Try
them and l)e pleased.

CHAS. H. Thies, Steeleville, Illinois.

Read what J. 1. Parent, of
Charlton, N. Y., says — "We
cut with one of your Combined
Machines last winter 50 chaff
hives with 7-inch cap, 100 honey-
racks, 500 broad frames, 3,000
honey-boxes, and a great deal of
other work. This winter we
have doubled the amount of bee-
hives, etc., to make, and we ex-
pect to do it all with this saw.
It will do all you say it will."
Catalogue and Price List free. Address W. F. &
JOHN BARNES, 545 Ruby St., Rockford, 111.

When more convenient, orders for Barnes' Foot-
Power Machinery may be sent to me. A. I. Root.
eoitf Please mention this paper

Black and Hybrid Queens For Sale.

For the benefit of friends who have black or hybrid queens
which they wish to dispose of, we will insert notices as below,
first insertion fiee of charge. After the first, 10 cents per line.
We do this liei^ause there is hardly value enough in these
queens tn \r.t\ f,>i- Imyint; them up aiid keeping them in stock,
imd yet it i> uftintinics iniite an accommodation to those who
can iiot alfcii<l hiKhei -)>rioe(l ones.

I have 30 hybrid queens for sale at 30 cts. each, or
4for$l.(X). They are last year's queens. Address
Albert Hines, Box 532, Independence, la.

About 13 nice young prolific mismated Italian
queens for sale at 30 cts. eacli, or 4 for $1.00. A good
sliare of their bees are yellow. W. F. Stuart.

Box 439 Ottawa, Kan.

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

489

Honey Column.

CITY MARKETS.

Milwaukee.— Ho/ff!/.— The trade in honey is not
A'(My laig-e these days, yet the old crop stock is set-
ting- out of sif;ht, and by the time new is ready for
market we sliall be ready for shipments. Can now
quote for best white Mb. sections 13@]5; second
best, l~"4@i;3; common stock slow at any price. Ex-
tracted, in keg-s or barrels, l^i&Wi; white beeswax,
23@25. A. V. Bishop & Co.,

June 5. Milwaukee, Wis.

Chicago.— Hoxci/.— There are very few coiisig-n-
ments of comb honey arriving. The best grades
bring- 14@15. The market is also well cleaned up on
dark lots, some of which have gone out at low
prices. No cliane-e in extracted, price ranging- from
4@6. Beeswax, 25. R. A. Burnett & Co.,

June 8. 163 So. Water St., Chicago, 111.

Buffalo.— Hojiej/.— Honey has been moving off
very slowly, still there remains a liberal amount on
nand, which is moving off at sales ranging- from 8®
13» according to quality. Indications are that all
will be cleaned up. and we look for a healthier trade
as soon as new commences to come in.

Batterson & Co.,

June.. Buffalo, N.Y.

Detroit.— Ho?)ef/.— Very little good honey offered
.and but little call for it. Buyers awaiting new crop
Prices remain about the same; viz., best white, 14®
i^l?*'^^^ grades, 1]@13; extracted, 7@7X. Beeswax,
^5®26. M. H. Hunt.

June 7. Bell Branch, Mich.

Cleveland.— Honey.— Honey market little duller
than last week. No. 1 white selling slowly at 13:
No. 2, 10@11. Beeswax, 25.
** ~5- Williams Bros.,

June 7. 80 & 82 Broadway, Cleveland, O.

Kansas CiTy.— Honey.— The stock of old comb
noney is about all cleaned up; no new received yet
The supply of extracted is good. We quote No. i
white Mb. comb at 14@]5; No. 2, 12@13; No. 1 am-
.^i^vi ®^^' ^°- ^' ®®10= extracted, 4@B. Beeswax,
-'M'&^i- Clemons, Mason & Co..

J^ne 8. Kansas City, Mo.

St. Louis.— HojiC!/.— No material change. New
crop arriving slowly. Prime beeswax, 26.

D. G. TuTT Grocer Co.,
^ay 8. St. Louis, Mo.

Boston.— Honejy.— Our market on extracted, 6@7c
with fHir demand and light supply. Comb, 12@15c,
nght demand and fair supply. Beeswax, scarce
and wanted at 27c. E. E. Blake & Co.,

J"n<^'ll- Boston, Mass.

TO BEE-KEEPERS.

Send us your P. O. address and we will
send you (free) a sample of a new wrapper
that takes the place of glass on honey-sec-
tions.

Is attractive, light-looking, and consumers
do not think about paying for the weight as
they do with glass.

Costs about 5c a pound, and pays you
double and triple cost in weight, when you
sell your honej . The greatest protection in
shipping honey, as it is so constructed that
it keeps the sections from sticking fast to
the bottom of the case, and from lioney leak-
ing as it commonly does

H. R. WRIGHT, Albany, N. Y.

"ESTED Italian queens, 11.00: untested. 65 cts.;
select tested, $1.50. C. H. STEWAET, Sparta, Tenn.

NOW IS YOUR CHANCE

Ti> l)uy cheap. Bee-keepers' Supplies, hives, sec-
tiuiis. fdn., etc. Write for price list. EOOT'S 0:ODS
I JOIIX XEBET^ * SO.V, //ig-Ti mu. Mo.

BUFFALO, N. Y. Unsurpassed Honey Market.
BATTERSON & CO. Responsible, Reliable,
Commission Merchants, igtfdb and Prompt.

EDWIN ROBINSON.

W. M. QRAY.

ESTABLISHED 1866,

Robinson & Gray,

SL/CCE-SSORS TO

B. F. Soutliwick & Co.,
Foreign and Domestic Fruits, Canned Goods.

47 & 43 South Market and 5 & 6 Chatham Streets.

Headquarters for Vermont Shipments

of White=Clover Honey.

It will be the endeavor of the new firm to meet
the wishes of their patrons in the future as the late
firm has in the past.

Thanking you for the many past favors received
by the late tlrm, we hope to be favored with a liberal
share of your patronage in the future.

All orders and inquiries by mail or otherwise will
receive prompt attention. Very respectfully,

Boston, April 2, 1894. ROBINSON & GRAY.

t3rin responding to this advertisement mention Glbakinos.

Bees and Supplies

Always on hand. Send for circular.
J. iJ. String-ham, 105 Park Place, A\ Y.

HARDY
BUSINESS * QUEENS.

Bee-keepers of the North, we can furnish
you now with hardy bred queens of either
the 5 banded Golden Italians, or Gray Carni-
olans. Our prices are very reasonable. Send
for them before placing your orders. Satis-
faction gtiai-anteed. A complete description
and price list free.

F. A. LOCKHART & CO., Lake George, N. Y.

5=Banded Bees in Iowa.

All my bees are bred with care by the most ap-
proved methods, and from the best Sbanded breed-
ers that can be obtained, and positively can not be
excelled for beauty, gentleness, and working qual-
ities. Fifteen years' experience. Untested, KG T;ts.;
6 for $4,2.5; 4 and 5 banded, S3.00; straight 5-banded
on application. Satisfaction guaranteed.

,7. E. HAJSTD, Eldojra, la.

riother Bees.

If you wish the best of queens, or mother bees,
send me your orders. Untested queens, 3 or 5 band,
7.5c each; S4.25 for 6, or $8.00 per dozen. Tested 3-
band (lueeus, $1..50 each; fine 3-band breeders,
thorouglily tested, the best, $5.00 each; straight
5-band breeders, faultless queens, $10.00 each. Root's
goods. Dadant's foundation, and Bingham smokers.

Jennie Atchley, Beeville, Bee Co., Tex.

ITALIAN QUEENS.

Untested queens, either 3 or ,5 banded stock, at 65
cents each ; per half doz., $3.50; per doz., $6.50. Vir-
gin queens at :i5 cts. tach.

W. A. COMPTON. LYNNVILLE, TENN.

FOR SALE CHEAP,

Or exchange for queens, foundation, sections,
books, bicj'f'le, firearms, spy-glass, or offers, new
two-story 8 frame tin-top hives, fitted complete for
comb honey, or with full set of combs and zinc
queen-excluder, for extracted honey.

M. FKANK TABER, Salem, Ohio.
Srin responding to this advertisement mention Gleanings.

490

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June 15.

My

Apiary is now stocked entirely with young
lajing queens of this year's rearing-. Some of
tliem liave been Inying' long enough so tliat
they are tested. I will sell tlie tested ones at
$1.(0 each, or with Review one year for $1.75.
For $£ UU tlie

Queen,

tlie Review, and the book " Advanced Bee
Culture," will be sent. I am yet receiving
weekly shipments of young laying queens from
the bist breeders in the south. These untested
queens 1 will sell at

75 cts.

each, or with the Review one year for $1 50.
For 81.75 I will send the Review a year, one
untested queen, and the book "Advanced Bee
Culture." For

10 cts.

three late but different issues of the Review
will be sent. The May Rbview contains an
article from M. M. Baldridge in which he tells
how to get i-id of foul brood with the least pos-
sible labor— no shaking the bees off the combs,
they transfer thetm^clves to a new hive at a time
when their bodies ai'e free from the spores of
the disease. He also tells how to disinfect
hives with one-fourth the labor of boiling. B.
Taylor tells how to secure as much white etnnh
honey as extracted.

W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint, Mich.

HUSTLERS!

Read what one of the largest bee-keepers of this
country says: "The queens (two dozen i came prompt-
ly. They are an extra fine lot. The liees are finely
marked, gentle, and hust/ei-s when it comes to
honeys. I have no trouble in picking them out
now from over 600 colonies."— W. L. Coggshall,
West Groton, N. Y., Oct. 17, 1«93.

Prices for queens bred for business from above
strain, it-Ijnnd, are, May, $1.00; later, 75c; !4 doz.,
May and June, $4.00; doz., $7.50. July and later, six
for $3.50; doz., $6.50. Single queens warranted
purely mated. 1 g-iiarantee all queens to arrive
safely and to be g-ood serviceable queens.
Send for free circiilar. Draw money order on. and
address, J. B. CASE, Port Orange, Fla.

Sections, Bee= Hives,

and other Bee=

Keepers' Appliances

at Bed=rocl<: Prices.

Best of Goods at Lowest Prices.

Write for free, illustrated catalogue

and Price List.

G. B. Lewis Co., Waterlown, Wis.

I A W7^9 Itiilians suiely take the lead.
%.f\ yy ^ They are now in every State in the
^ Union and several foreia"

countries. Fine breeders always on hand; $i2 to
$5 each ; untested, each, 75c ; 6 for #4.

Also Api-les, Ben Davis. Ark. Black, Mam. Black
Twig, le iding variet if s, whole root cnly; trees, lUc
each: on orders of 100 I pay the frc i^ht.

U^ //. 7.^ us, I^avaca. Seb. Co., Ark.

IF YOU WANT BEES

That will just ".roll" in the honey, try Moore's
strain of ItaltanSf the result of 15 years'
careful breeding,

Mr. Sam. King, Raleigh, N. C, referring to a
queen purchased of me last season, says:

I received queen June 1 ; introduced heron fourframes in tin-
Simplk'itv hive; filled out with frames of foundation. Honey
tai;en by July 8, 15.5 lbs ; honey taken in September, 197 lbs., and
had plenty to winter on. I never saw such workers; have bus
from twenty breedfrs.

Warranted queens, $1.0(1 each ; 3 for $3..50. Safe
arrival and satisfaction jiiiaranteed.

Tliose who liave never dealt with me, T refer to
A. I. Root, who has pui-chased of me 666 queens.
Circular free. eitf

J. P. MOORE, Morgan, Pendleton Co., Ky.

Italian Queens Cheap.

My queens are as good as the beat. Untested. 65c
each; 3 for $1.75; 6 for $3.25. Tested, «1.3i. Select
tested, yellow to the tips, breeders, f 1..50. Safe ar-
rival guaranteed. G. E. DAWSON, CARLISLE, AEE.

FREE— To New Subscribers, a Choice of these BEE-BOOKS
Kewman's "Bees and Honey." ^

This book treats of the management
of an apiary for pleasure and profit, vj
Over 200 prtges, and over '200 illus- >)
trations. The book for beginners
or the more advanced. Send $1.00
for the American Bee Journal 1
year (weekly) and get the book Free.
The " Bee Journal" has 32 p;iges—
established in 1861. Sample Fuee.

" Scientific Queen - Rearing."

By G. M. Doolittle (portrait shown
herewith). Tells how the very best
Queen- Bees are reared in accord
with Nature's way. 176 pages. $1 00
for this book and "Bee Journal"
one year. Address,

GEORGE W. YORK & CO.

56 Fifth Avenue, - Chic.a.go, Ilu

MONEY RETURNED ]:i^^^i:£!:f.^'UE^^^.^^^!::B^

bee-keepers everywhere use and hii^hly recoiiiniiMid them as the best. No others received a
World's F.-vi" n\v(i rd. Testimonials, etc.. free. Prices: Each, postpaid wiih directions. U) t ts.;
ner doz. .*2 25 Order from your dealer, or the ninfrs.. R.&E.C PORTER, LEWISTO'VN. luL.

This is the amount wb have distributed in a single season, of
Foundation, Dov. Hives, Sections, Exliiictors, etc. Therefore, if i

you have little money and want that liti le lo go as far as pos.sible, ;

!^""''""".!!!!^'— """ ' "~" remember that we are headquarters in the west for all goods in

• (iur line: by doing so great a volume of business we sell g'oods

If you luive (lie muney, also remember you can make it earn a big intei est liy a vaUing yourself of

13 Carloads of Supplies.

our discounts for early orders. In either case you should write us and tell wh:,t you will likely need. It

will pay you. N\ e sell Root's goods at Root's prices, and can save you freight.

The new polished sections and all other late improved goods kept in si(jck.

Send for our large illustrat-
ed catalogue, free for every-
body,every where, especially

Joseph Nysewander, Des Moines, la,

FOR THE WEST.

JourHaiJ

^ • DElVoT

• AND Hon ELY-
•MD HOME.

•IMTEREST^

AT CD
$I°-°perYea(^ \©) Medina Ohio

Vol. XXH.

JUNE 15, 1894.

No. 12.

FoKEiGN BKE-.JouRNALs are gaining appreci-
ation. Review is 10 have them culled by R. L.
Taylor, assisted by his niece.

Dk. Tinker says queenless black bees will
eat eggs given them. Won't Italians, Dr. T.?
But sometimes they don't.

Is ANY VENTILATION of hives better than the
old-fashioned way of raising the hive by a
block under each corner in summer?

I'm glad to have Doolittle confirm my opin-
ion that a laying queen can get through as
small a perforation as when a virgin.

" Oliver Foster dropped the supply business
because he could make more money raising
honey. That is encouraging."— B. K. Review.

Weather here would rejoice first page of B.
B. J. May 17, a. m., 92° in shade; p. m., big
hailstorm; next morning, snowstorm and down
to 3G°.

Mental overwork and worry seems to have
shortened Mr. Corneil's days. Many of us may
take warning. Mr. Corneil's loss is felt outside
of Canada.

A SPLENDID place to keep combs is under
a hive containing a colony of bees. They'll
take care of them, even if not obliged to go
down through the combs.

That latest Crane smoker, with its accu-
rately fitting, lightning-shutting nozzle, solid
bolts, and corrugated outside— what other im-
provement is left to dream over?

Experimenter Taylor (Review) thinks
moisture in cellar does no great harm to strong
colonies; also that sealed covers do no great
harm with big ventilation below.

The best foundation, according to Graven-
horst, should not have the thin and exactly
six-sided edges of walls we are accustomed to
see, but thickened and round, as the bees make
them.

That trouble about mistaken identity of
queens that Mrs. Atchley tells about on p. 453
would not occur if queens were clipped. [That's
so; but beginners seldom clip, because they are
too awkward.— Ed.]

Took out my bees from cellar April 18; all
but 10 taken out March 17, and 20 April 2,5. As
nearly as I can make out by the last of May, it
would have been some loss if I had taken all
out in March.

The Canadian government is to establish a
department of apiculture at the experiment
farm at Ottawa, and the publication of a
French bee-journal for Canadians is in contem-
plation, says M. Benoit, in Bulletin chi Tarn.

In England small hives are in favor. The
standard frame is 14^x8. 72 per cent as large as
Simplicity; 10 or 11 frames are used, 11 being
hardly as much as 8 vSimplicities. [Yes, yes;
here is a pointer in favor of the smaller hives
-Ed.]

M. M. Baldridge gives in Review a man-
agement of foul brood worth considering. This
and some other things, to change Hutchinson's
words, makes it seem " to be one of those cases
in which you ought to be a subscriber to" Re-
view.

When Emma saw the new Crane smoker she
said, "Now you'll not be always losing your
nozzle." To which unkind insinuation I made
no reply. [The nozzle was not hinged to pre-
vent losing it, but to facilitate filling and to
obviate burning fingers in handling a loose top
—Ed.]

Mr. L. O. Howard succeeds Prof. Riley as
chief of entomology at Washington. The
Chicago Record says Howard "has been the
mainstay of that branch of the service for sev-
eral years, and is the author of a large portion
of the publications which bear Prof. Riley's
name."

Prevention of after-swarming. Here's a
good plan from Frank Coverdale, in A. B. J.
Put the newly hived swarm side by side with
old hive; close entrance of old hive, and put in
its side next to new hive a cone escape, and in

492

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June 15.

two weeks put the old hive on new stand, giv-
ing it a queen or cell. Too long a wait, though.

M. M. Baldridge says in a very positive
manner, in A. B. J., that Mahan was not the
first to import Italian bees, and quotes Lang-
stroth to prove that bees belonging to Wagner,
Colvin, and Langstroth, preceded those of Ma-
han. Baldridge seems to know what he is talk-
ing about.

Gravenhorst says that, although so many
foundation-presses are in use in Germany, they
are used only by those who make for themselves.
Hot wax poured into the presses makes the
foundation brittle, and unfit for shipping, so
the foundation of commerce is made on mills.
[We infer that the hot-wax home-made foun-
dation is not as good because of its brittleness.
—Ed.]

B. Taylor {Review) thinks my plan of having
sections cleaned by allowing entrance to them
for one bee at a time makes them sting every
thing in sight. (Taylor, you're a— a— well, just
wait till I see you.) His plan is just the oppo-
site. Give full access to top and bottom, and
have sections enough for all. The philosophy
is the same. I have few bees in proportion to
the honey; he has much honey for the bees.
With enough sections I believe his plan's best.

I'lt, cripple that printer that put "not " in
11th line, p. 4.54. The comparative merits of T
supers and wide frames is one of the few things
I do know about, and then to have him put in
a fiendish "not" ! Or, say, did 7" put it in?
[Our mistake, Doctor. By the way, what a pity
it is that we can not take that word which we
did not want, and give it to Bro. York to put in
the first line on page 648 of his issue for May 34!
Bro. Y. never meant to say that " the bee-keep-
ing world can spare Dr. Miller just yet." It's a
naughty not. — Ed.]

A WRITER in Success, also one in American
B. K., credits me with being " Somnambulist"
of Progressive. Quite a compliment, but you
must guess again, friends. My trouble's the
other way. I've too hard work getting asleep
to fool away my time tramping around after
I get to sleep. [If you can't sleep, no wonder.
You have been threatened with brain trouble.
Make the brain work less during the day and
it will work less at night, is the advice of the
editor, who speaks for his readers, we are sure.
Get on to that bicycle and you will sleep. Try
it and see. — Ed.]

I don't paint hive-bodies, because paint
won't let moisture out through the walls.
Painted covers won'l let moisture in. Without
paint, the cover warps; the body doesn't. [How
do you Imoiv moisture will go through unpaint-
ed hive-sides? We haven't any positive knowl-
edge on this point, but strongly suspect that
there would be no practical dilference regard-
ing this moisture passing between the painted

and unpainted sides. On the other hand, we
do know that the unpainted hive-bodies won't
last nearly as long; and, besides, will fail to be
bee-tight sooner or later.— Ed.]

[The following were received shortly after
the foregoing came to had. We suppose the
doctor thought they were too long to be called
"Straws," hence he calls them "Overgrown
Straws."— Ed.]

Try this. Beat up an egg in a tea-cup, yolk
and white; put in sugar and cream proper for a
cup of coffee, then fill up with boiling coffee.
Some don't like it, and some are very fond it.
It's nourishing, and easy of digestion.

Try BUTTERMILK, friend Root, in your "ro-
tation " of diet. There are cases in which
buttermilk does a good deal better than sweet
milk. I've been using it a good deal lately,
and, although I'm inclined to " sour stomach."'
it seems to agree better than sweet milR. A
glass of cold sour butermilk sweetened, with ;i
very little dissolved saleratus rapidly stirred in,
makes an effervescing drink that is very re-
freshing. It's food, and should be taken about
meal time.

The WOMEN-FOLKS, and sometimes the men-
folks, make an awkward job of planting in the
ground plants in pots. Here's a good way: Dig
a hole deep enough, and plant pot and all.
Pack the earth firmly and closely about the pot,
having the surface of the earth in the pot on a
level with the surface outside. Now lift out
the pot carefully, turn it upside down, knock
the now under rim of the pot upon the top of a
box or something solid, when, if the ground is
not too wet, it will fall out in a compact ball.
Set this in the hole, jab your trowel all around
it, pack the ground, water it, and sprinkle dry
earth on top.

Bits of comb attached to separators, as men-
tioned in sixth item on p. 470, I suspect, is a
different thing from the trouble mentioned by
P. W., p. 469. Your answer to P. W. is all
right, and I may add that I have no trouble of
that kind since using bottom starters. He'll
find the trouble worse when storing is slow.
But I've sometimes had trouble with " bits of
comb " built on the separator, entirely separate
from the sections, the bees seeming to have a
surplus of wax they didn't know what else to do
with — sometimes honey in the little combs,
oftener not. I don't know that the kind of
separator has any thing to do with it.

A POUND OF wax takes 20 pounds of honey,
or 7, or 3, or something else, and some have
said you can't have wax from honey without
pollen. These varying opinions may be under-
stood if we accept as true what Julius Steigel
says in a German bee-journal. He says that
grains of pollen are protected by an envelop of
wax. In consuming pollen, bees get also the
wax, which is then reproduced in scales if need-
ed; and if not needed, it is thrown out as excre-

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

493

ment. Pollen not being the food of old bees,
they are not in the wax business. [The highest
and lowest figures are probably extremes.
More experimenters have agreed on about 7
lbs.— Ed.]

Ernest, that third paragraph on p. 469 shows
that you entirely misunderstood the third par-
agraph on p. 468. Please look again. I've no
objection to "that 3^-inch end play of the top-
bars." What I want is 3s-inch blocks, not on
the end, but on the side of the hive, so that
the frames can be shoved tight against them
instead of being shoved against an eighth space
of air. [You are correct ; we did not read you
rightly; but, take you as you mean, we have to
say that we tried little cleats on the side of the
hive, but finally tore 'em all off. Try and see
for yourself. — Ed. J

Who of us hasn't wondered what it is that
gives the bright-yellow color to beeswax? Wax
is generally considered white wh^n first produc-
ed in little scales. Cowan says it is always tint-
ed, the color coming from the pollen consumed.
But what makes it get yellower in the hive? A
German writer says that, like the young of
nearly all animals, the young bee, on first
emptying its bowels, discharges fieces of in-
tense yellow, and this colors the comb. White
30mb confined in the center of a colony, but
inclosed in wire cloth, remains white. Here's
something for experimenter Taylor.

Umting. For years I have had colonies
unlti', generally when I didn't want them to, by
being In the same hive with a hole or crack
under the division-board. Working on the
same principle, here's the way I have united
lately: Having the colonies to be united in
two separate hives, I set one hive on top of the
Dther, with a piece of heavy wrapping-paper
between, the paper having about its center a
hole large enough for a bee to go through.
That's all. Just put one hive on the other,
paper between. In a few days the paper is
gnawed away, and the bees all one family. It
may fail sometimes, but not thus far with me.

Those spacings, 1}4, 1%, 1^ (page 469), are
ust exactly what were before me by actual
measurement as you had fastened in the foun-
lation. It may be that you get them nearer
the ct^nter generally, and, of course, I measured
up at the top-bar. But is there any use for
that extra ditch? Wouldn't one be as well?
[Say, Doctor, didn't you pick out the extremes?
tf you measure all the frames again, we think
you"d find the foundation to average in the
lenter. The one trough would be all right pro-
(^iding everybody used foundation ; but our
Drders show that not half do so far— they de-
pend upon the comb-guide, as fathers Lang-
5troth and Quinby did in the days before foun-
lation was' known. We endeavored to make a
top-bar that would hit both users and non-
asers of foundation. See ?— Ed.]

HONEY-DEW HONEY.

liy Prof. A. J. Cook.

Mr. R. Powell, of Redlands, Cal., sends me a
sample of honey which he says is the same as
was sent east last season by Mr. Brooks, of
Riverside. Several cans were sent in a carload
of other honey, and Mr. Brooks is having trou-
ble, as the buyer east is complaining that it is
not pure. Mr. Powell wishes me to write an
article on this honey, for Gleaning.s. The
honey is quite dark, but very thick and quite
pleasant to the taste. I have very little doubt
that it is from honey-dew. I have already
taken steps to have it analyzed, so I think I
can pronounce with certainty regarding it in
a few days. I should feel very safe to buy and
use the honey. I would hardly pronounce it
first-class, but should call it good. The color
and fiavor are both below that of the highest
grade.

A few days since, in company with our good
friend Wilder I visited our brother Brodbeck
at his wondrously beautiful and romantic site
in Arrowhead Canyon. I think he has the
most beautiful place for an apiary that I ever
saw. We looked through his hives, and found
that his bees were storing quite rapidly. He is
so far up in the mountains that the drouth may
not seriously affect his crop. Mr. B. told me
that he secured much honey last year from the
dodder, Cuscutn subinclusa. I expressed sur-
prise, as I had never before heard of this curious
plant as a honey-plant. Moreover, I said I
thought the dodder east bloomed early, while
his crop came in the fall. I find I was right.
The dodder blooms early, and so I am now
wondering if friend B.'s honey was not also
this honey-dew honey. I have sent to him for
a sample, and when it comes I shall be able to
state quite positively. Later, when I have a
careful analysis made, my opinion may be eon-
firmed. It is a matter of no little interest, and
I shall probe the matter to the bottom.

ANOTHER BEE ENEMY.

I have now received samples of comb with
dead brood, from three different sections of
Southern California— one from near Santa
Paula, Ventura Co., and one each from Fer-
nando and Pomona, in Los Angeles Co. It is
not like foul brood, as the decaying brood is
darker, and the viscid, elastic, stringy mass is
never seen. On the other hand, the decaying
brood is quite dark, and the form of the larva
or pupa, is always preserved. In every case the
cells ure scattering, and mixed in with much
apparently healthy brood. It is not very seri-
ous, as it is, so far as noticed, rarely very abun-
dant, and colonies often recover. It can not be
chilled brood, as such could hardly be in this
region, and would not be found in scattering
cells, as this is found. I have wondered if it
could be a case of poisoning. I should suppose
the scattering cells would argue against this;

494

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June 15.

and the fact of the widely scattered regions of
its appearance would seem to refute the poison
theory. Yet I would suggest that all who suf-
fer from this malady inquire and see if spraying
with poisons has been practiced in their locali-
ties. One gentleman writes me that he saw it
ten years ago, and changed the queen, and
health was restored. He found it again last
year, and now it appears again, worse than
last season. This experience would seem hard-
ly in accord with the poisoning hypothesis. I
should like to hear from all who have noticed
this disease. I think it is a fungoid malady. I
shall try to get time to investigate it. If it is a
case of poisoning, then the microbe which is
causing the decay will be the common one of
putrefaction— BttCtci-iu/Ji termo, and can easily
be identified. ^

Claremont, Cal.

^ I ^

MIGRATORY BEE-KEEPING IN GERMANY.

CONCLUDED FKOM APKIL 15X11 IS.SUK.

By C. J. H. Gravenhorst .

In my previous article I told you, Mr. Root,
how I move around with my colonies in the
spri7iq. However, a migration at this time will
be nothing to one in the month of July and
August, especially if the combs in the hives are
new ones or do not fill up the frames. The
weather in the spring is cool; the combs are a
year old or more, and the colonies are not so
populous as in mid -summer.

Living in a part of Germany
where, in most years, the honey-
flow is over by the first week of
July, or, at least, it is then not
half so good as in the buck-
wheat-fields and the heath of
the province of Hannover, I soon
found out that it would pay to
go thither with the bees eveiy
year in the beginning of July
and August. Thirty miles from
my home, in the neighborhood
of the city of Celle, near the vil-
lage of Ummern, I rented two
places, and there built two bee-
houses, one in the midst of the
buckwheat- fields, and one on
the border of the large heath-
plains, where the Erica vulgaris
abounds. These houses were
built as the engraving shows, only a little larg-
er, each for 70 to 80 hives. To illustrate my
migration in mid-summer, let me tell you an-
other episode.

One summer during tlie first days of July,
the farmer of whom I had rented the two places
for my bee-houses in Ummern, sent me a few
lines. He said to me, "On the 9th or 10th of
July the first blossoms of buckwheat will be
open."

I know by experience that it is always better
to be in season with the bees before or just aft-
er the blossoms of buckwheat begin to open;
for otherwise, if in full bloom, the bees get
drunk from the fresh honey of the buckwheat,
and perish then, in consequence of which the-
hives become depopulated. All this is avoided
if the bee gets accustomed to the honey by lit-
tle and little. I therefore immediately com-
menced with the preparations for the migra-
tion. The lindens (basswood) and other plants-
had yielded a very good crop. I had already
extracted several thousand pounds of the nicest
honey, and my colonies had only enough
honey left to prevent starvation in the buck-
wheat-fields, if bad weather should set in.
Most of the hives were brimful of bees, and had
also much brood.

The principal work I had to do was to pre-
pare my colonies in such a way that they would
not swarm in the buckwheat; otherwise I
should be obliged to watch them day by day,
as those bee-keepers must do who do not have
movable-comb hives. This I could and would
not do. In the first years of my migrations to
the buckwheat I had no other chance to be
present to catch and hive the swarms. That
was very expensive. Later I found a way to
prevent swarming at this time. Those colonies
having a young queen, and not too many bees
and brood for the size of my hives, I was sure
would not swarm; but most of those colonies
with queens one or more years old would send

GRAVENHORST'S out-apiary RErOSITORV.

out one or more swarms, especially if the weath-
er was not very favorable for gathc ring honey.
To avoid the swarming of colonies that had
young queens and too many bees and too much
brood in proportion to the size of the hive, I
took out one, two, or more combs of sealed
brood, so as to let the colonies remain in work-
ing order. The brood-combs, I put. into those
hives that would be built up more therewith.
To fill the places of the brood-combs, I inserted

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

495

full combs of foundation. In those colonies
having old qiicons I spread the brood and gave
also full cumbs of foundation, but only one
. frame between two brood-combs. By r'oing
this the bees were obliged to cover all the combs
in that way, as they do if one or two swarms
have issued from a good colony. Here, I must
say, all my colonies with old queens were natu-
ral or artificial swarms, hived at first only on 5
or 6 frames, with starters, according to their
strength. If the bees had built out .5 or 6
frames, then I spread the brood also, and in-
serted foundation. All the brood-combs and
foundation were full of brood and honey at the
beginuing of July. There would be at this
time 9 or 10 such combs in those hives. By the
preparation of these colonies I took out alter-
nately four of the brood-combs with hatching
brood, and inserted them in the honey-room.
Also I put at the end, 3 or 4 frames full of old
combs, tilling the empty places with founda-
tion, leaving ail combs, with unsealed brood, in
the brood-nest before and near the entrance.
Right here I will say, I do not work for comb
honey, as we do not have in Germany so good
a market for comb honey as for extracted. As
I can lift out every frame of my hives single,
without iujuring combs or brood and bees by
pushing aside the two frames near the desired
oue, enlarging the spaces, 1 can do all the work
very rapidly. Furthermore, the hives were pre-
pared for the migration, as I told you in my
other article. Where it was necessary, a wood-
en stick was put between the combs, to give a
few shaking combs more support, and then the
hives were closed with a loosely woven cloth,
by nails or cords.

Ou the <)th of July, 70 to 80 hives were ready
for migration, and on the evening of that day
loaded on a wagon, like the engraving showed
you in my previous article. The hives were set
on the wagun so that the combs ran at right
angles to the wheels; otherwise, if iheir sides
were turned to the wheels the combs would
easily break down by the jolting of the wagon
from one side to the other.

At 9 o'clock I started. As all the hives were
covered, and closed with a loose cloth, and load-
ed top down, in such a way that the fresh air
came in contact with the cloth, I was able to
feel, by putting my hand over them, as I did
now and then, whether the bees were too warm
or not. The night was a wonderful one, and
the stars shone very brightly. I had traveled
only a mile from home when I was aware, by
touching the cloths on the hives with my hand,
that some of them were becoming hot and
damp. In such a case I knew that the bees
would be smothered if I did not interfere.
There were two of the most populous hives
that had become hot. These were loaded on
top of the wagon. This showed me what was
necessary to do. I uncovered at one end the
hives by removing the cloths a little. Of course,

the bees rushed out of the hive and covered the
cloths, but none of them flew oflf or molested
me or the cartman or the horses.

So we traveled on, and came, at two o'clock
in the morning, to an inn, called "Imkei's Hei-
mat" (Bee-keepers' Home). Here we rested for
an hour, feeding the horses and refreshing our-
selves. After doing this we went on at three
o'clock. On account of the coolness of the
night most of the bees of the two hives went
inside, and those which hovered on the cloths
did not move any way, though the sun soon
rose. Now and then, as the sun got higher up
the firmament, one or two bees would fly oflf.
Of course, they were lost. But that did not
matter.

At 8 o'clock in the morning we were at the
place of destination, and not a bee did any harm
to us or the horses. These my cartmau brought
to the inn of the village Ummern, and I and
another bee-keeper, who had his apiary one
mile away, unloaded the bees. Setting the
hives on a wheelbarrow we wheeled them into
the bee- yard and to their stands— at first those
two with the bees on the cloths. With a little
smoke and gentle handling, all went well.
Every hive was laid on its stand, entrance
above, but so tliat the cloths faced toward the
bee-yard. After all the hives were in their
places we covered our heads with a veil and
placed every hive on its stand, with the cloth
underneath, and then opened the entrances.
When this was done I went to the inn of the
village, refreshing myself with a good dinner
and taking a nap for some hours.

At four o'clock in the afternoon I found my-
self once more in my apiary. The bees, having
had a good and long flight, were peaceful, and
only a few flew, as the blossoms of the buck-
wheat had not opened, but would in the next
few days. Then I placed one hive after anoth-
er on my wheelbarrow and took oflf the cloths.
A few whiffs with the smoker, and I goC a peep
into the hive, removed the wooden sticks, and
placed the hive on its stand, when I saw all
was right. In only one of those two hives, the
cloths of which 1 had removed a little on the
journey, were two broken combs full of brood
and honey. I removed them, placed the hive
for a while on its shelf, went aside, and tied
with threads and sticks the combs into the
frames. When this was done I turned that hive
over, set it on the wheelbarrow, blew a few
whiffs of smoke into the open places between
the combs that the bees there made, and insert-
ed again the repaired combs, supporting them
by a few wooden sticks thrust into the walls of
the hive.

After I had done this, and seeing all was
right, I said to my bees, ''Good-by." Let me
say here, that I had insured house and bees
against fire and mischief.

Four weeks later, as the Erica vulgaris began
to bloom, on the 8th of August, I hauled an-

4%

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June 15.

other wagonload of bees to the heath, to my
other bee- house in Ummern. Having learned
from other bee-keepers that the bees had work-
ed very fast on the buckwheat, I had brought
with me seven of ray hives full of frames, with
combs, each hive containing 20. These combs,
with the hives, I took along with me to my first
apiary that I now visited. Here, by turning
over the hives, I found that the most of them
were full of honey; and, just as I had expected,
I took out 140 frames of sealed honey, filled
their places with tlie combs I had ready, and
stored the honey-combs in the seven empty-
hives, in order to take them home.

Of course, I should have had more honey if I
had extracted at the right time, but itwas not
possible to do that. I was content with the
crop.

At the end of September I hauled my bees
home. They had done very well, for the hives
were full of honey. The only trouble was, I
could not extract the honey gathered from the
Erica vulgaris. IJut as this honey is very good
for feeding bees, I reserved a great deal of the
sealed comb for feeding, and the rest I sold for
the same purpose to other bee-keepers.

I took that year 10.000 lbs. of extracted honey,
and sold it at an average price of 35 cents.

You see, friend Root, that migratory bee-
keeping pays very well in Germany if the bee-
keeper is always on the lookout for better for-
age, has a good hive and bee-wagon for mi-
grating, and understands how to move with his
bees at the right time.

Finally, I am obliged to confess, right here,
that not always does migration with bees here
yield such a respectable profit; but one good
year makes up for two bad ones. A great. ad-
vantage in my wandering to the Ericavulgaris,
for me, is, though the heather honey can not
be extracted, it enables me to avoid feeding su-
gar in the fall. I can feed my colonies with the
best food for bees— with sealed honey. To cut
a long story short, migratory bee-keeping en-
abled me to get my livelihood from my bees,
and therefore I have always thanked God.

Wilsnack, Germany.

MAKING SUGAR SYRUP FOR FEEDING.

A CHEAP AND HANDY PERCOLATOR OUT OF A
REGULAR UNCAPPING -CAN.

ny B. Tayhn:

Editor Oleaninijs : — 1 read Dr. J. T. Beall's
article, on page 226, of March Gleanings;
also that of M. F. Tatman, page 332, April 15,
with great interest. Feeding intelligently is,
in my opinion, the key to certain success in
honey production. It now appears certain to
me that it is impossible to winter bees with
certainty in our northern country, where they
are confined five or six months, unless the hives
are well filled with young bees when winter

commences. Sometimes the usual fall flow of
nectar from flowers fails; and the colonies,
especially those that have made a large amount
of surplus white honey, will cease to raise
brood when their store of surplus is taken away,
and I am now certain that such colonies can
not be wintered by any perfection of quarters
or preparation, so as to come out in the spring
sufficiently strong in bees to breed up strong
for the white honey-flow; and without this,
profitable bee-keeping, as the conditions and
demands of markets now are, is impossible.
The remedy is, to feed the bees in the fall,
when the flowers fail from any cause; and I
know that, by expending .50 cents to $1.00 for
sugar, and making it into suitable syrup, and
feeding it intelligently, it will cause a colony
to continue brood-rearing, and have the neces-
sary force of young bees that can live until
another season begins.

Granulated sugar is the cheapest material to
make this syrup of, as a dollar will now buy
20 lbs. at retail, which will make 30 lbs. of
syrup — enough to send any colony into the cel-
lar in prime condition. This sugar syrup,
however, unless skillfully made, is liable to
twoserious faults — fermenting and granulating,
either of which is fatal to success. 1 had learn-
ed to avoid these difficulties, but at the cost of
considerable trouble, and 1 hailed any simple
and certain means of making thu syrup as a
great boon; and I know that thousands feel as
I do; hence the question is one of great impor-
tance to bee-keepers in general.

When I read Mr. Tatman's article I decided
to go to town at once and get the necessary
material for a machine; but no team being
immediately at command, I was compelled to
delay. Alice Carey says, in one of her sweet
poems, —

We can not make barg-ains for blisses,
Nor catch them like tislies in nets;

And ot'ttimes tlie thing's life misses
Help more tlian that which we get.

Being disappointed I lay down for a restful
nap. Here is the time and place where I do
my thinking and dreaming. A vision present-
ed itself to my mind. I had one of Bro. Root's
uncapping-cans. Why would not this make a
capital leach for making syrup? Here is the
12-gallon can below, for holding the syrup when
made, with molasses-gate all ready to draw it
off. The top can will hold at least 150 lbs. of
sugar, with room for water. But this great
weight will be too much, for the wire-cloth
bottom will sag and spoil it. I will go at once
and plan to overcome this difficulty. Oh happy
day ! Brother Root has anticipated this very
need. He has put this large tin cone in the
lower can for this very purpose. I had forgot-
ten it was there. I had often wondered why it
was made, as the cappings from combs when
extracting are very light, and do not need it.
It is now plain why it is there. Brother Root

I

1804

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE

497

truly sees things from afar ofif. Yes, the thing
is ail ready foi' a perfect syrup-factory, without
a cent of expense or a moment's delay. The
flannel filter is the only thing needed. The
can is 20 inches in diameter, and a circle was
struck on a piece of stiff paper 23 inches in
diameter, 2 inches larger than the can. This is
to turn up one inch all around against the edge
of the can, so the sugar can be pressed tightly
against it, and a leak be prevented, and the
syrup be compelled to leach through the cloth,
for in this lies the secret of perfect syrup.

The paper was laid upon a sound piece of
clean old bed-blanket, and three pieces cut out;
and as we were quite certain that we had
found the " promised land," and that the thing
was not an experiment, we located the can
under the shop stairs, upon a neat platform
high enough to set a suitable vessel under the
honey-gate, to catch the syrup. The flannels
were spread upon the wire bottom, and careful-
ly adjusted around the edge. Then 70 lbs. of
sugar was scooped from the barrel of granulat-
ed, setting alongside. Two pails of water was
poured on, and I lay down for a night of happy
dreams. Was I disappointed in the quality of
the syrup? I should say not; and I am happy.
Thousands have these uncapping - cans, or
others similar, and I need not add another
word to this rather long story.

Forestville, Minn., April 25.

[There is no doubt that the syrup from a
percolator is of superior quality. Dr. Miller
seems to think the process slow; but perhaps
his machine was not large enough. We should
like to know about how many gallons you
could make with the uncapping-can as you
have arranged it, per day of ten hours. — Ed.]

RAISING QUEENS FROM DRONE-CELL CUPS.

KOYAL JELLY NOT NECKSSAKY IN PROVISION-
ING CELLS.

By J. D. Fooshe.

Mr. Root:— I have been thinking for some
days that I would write you a short article on
queen-rearing by the method I have last adopt-
ed, which is the drone-comb plan which I gave
you last fall, too late, perhaps, for most persons
in the North to try it; but I will call attention
to it again in connection with some other ex-
periments and observations along that line. I
notice a gentleman from Australia says he has
raised several hundred queens by using drone
comb for cups. I guess that bees are the same
in habit all over the world, and ray observation
and experience are, that bees, when queenless
and broodless (especially colonies or good strong
nuclei contracted so as to be compact), will
rear queens in any kind of wax receptacle that
you will transfer young larvn? into. I have
never known any thing but a queen to be made
out of larvae transferred to wax cups from drone
comb, or worker comb, and for convenience it

is best to place the cups or strips of comb on
parallel bars. If we cut strips of comb contain-
ing young larvaj the right age for rearing
queens, and place them upon parallel bars, as
the Alley plan, the bees will select several and
convert them into queen -cells, and the rest of
the larviB they will feed and cap, and this latter
hatches out worker bees; but where we trans-
fer a larva into a cell, I have never known any
thing made out of it but a queen. If we trans-
fer fifty or a hundr.'d larv;B into that many
cells, the bees will probably reject 50 percent,
but still all they do accept will be fed for
queens. This being the case, it makes but little
difference as to what the cups are made of,
whether wax or comb. The drone comb has
larger cells, and is better adaptrd to our purpose;
but 1 think I am safe in saying that bees will
use worker comb in the same way. It matters
somewhat, and I think considerably, as to the
quality of the comb used. Glean nice new
drone comb, or comparatively new (not blacU
tough comb), will be accepted by the bees as
often for cells as any thing that I have ever
tried. As for using royal jelly, that is a matter
entirely as to taste with the breeder. You
know that I have always contended it only
facilitates the operation inasmuch as the larva
would stick to the jelly, placed in the bottom
of the cell. That being the case, it is always
easy to clear the larva from the instrument
used for transferring. I am satisfied that the
bees take all out that is put in (that is, the
jelly). As a rule, bees will accept a larva for a
queen in two hours after giving it to them. If
one will go to the trouble of watching this
closely he will find, in the course of two hours,
the small larvaj will have a milky fluid deposit-
ed near it, and is soon floating in royal jellv,
whether any was used or not. All the royal
jelly that we deposit in cups is only an induce-
ment for the bees, or, rather, a suggesticm to
them, for it can't possibly be used to feed tiny
larvae, as It is too old, and not adapted to feed
young larvje for queens. I guess none of us se-
cure jelly much under two days old, so I giye it
as my opinion that, if cups are not handy, there
is nearly always drone comb convenient, if
selected and placed away; and in the absence
of royal jelly we can proceed, provided one has
a steady hand, and can pick up the larva and
transfer it into a drone-cell without punching a
hole in the bottom of the drone-cell.
Coronaca, S. C. J. D. Fooshe.

RAMBLE 110.

PACKING AND MOVING HARBISON HIVES, ETC.
By Rambler.

The McCombes ranch is a tract of several
thousand acres in a fertile valley on the head-
waters of the San Luis Rey River. The region
abounds in springs and magnificent oak groves.

498

GLEANINGS IN T.EE CULTURE.

June 15.

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTQEE.

40!)

It is about 20 miles from the ocoan, and from
some of the mountain-spurs above the apiary
the sheen of the ocean can be seen. The live-
oak grows licrc 10 perfection, making a delight-
ful shade an>l the very ideal of camping-places.
The ranch Imd over .3000 acres of grain sown,
and supported large lierds of cattle and horses.
The baud of cattle had a tenderfoot cowboy at-
tached, mounted ou a broncho, with a large re-
volver sticking conspicuously from his belt.
The hoiK'y-pastnrage was excellent— white sage
from valley to hilltop; black sage more sparing-
ly distributed, but much of it; wild buckwheat
of rank growth; other plants too numerous to
mention; fruits, none to speak of; fruit-men
and tlieir cranky notions, ditto. Having in
mind what Mr. Muth-Rasmussen said recently
in Gleanings about cross bees aud lack of
shade, I observed that the bees in this apiary,
though not directly under the trees, were very
mild-maniKM-cd beside others I have managed
where theire was no shade. Yes. Bro. Ras.. if I
ever settle down it will be in the delectable
shade of an oak grove whei'e there are babbling
brooks and singing birds, where bees are kind,
and where feminine per.-ecutors are unknown.
Where, oh where! can such a place be found?
Echo answers, " Where ? "

I present to the readers a beautiful and artis-
tic photo of the apiary which was the seat of
our operations for several days. It was our
duty, as an advance fnrce. to get the 200 colonies
ready for moving. Upon arrival we found our
honey-house, and what we expected to be our
residence, blown over, and only one end sup-
ported by a pile of hives. We found room in
here for our bed, and established our " kitchen"
under the oaks, at the rear of our wagon. There
were 50 colonies in new portico L. hives. These
were easily prepared for moving; but the 1.50 old
Harbison hives were a vexation of spiilt, and
extremely lacerating to all the members of our
bodies, as you will hereafter see.

That the reader may understand the beauties
of a Harbison hive I present a photo of two
which are samples of all the rest. It will be ob-
served that there is an attempt to stop the
cracks with rags. A good share of the liives
were well cracked in frunt, and all of the roar
doors fitted as shown in the picture, or so that
bees could crawl out all up and down the corner.
Add to this open knot-holes, rotten places in the
corners, etc., and it will be readily seen that we
had quite a little recreation on our hands. The
real work came in where we had to nail on
those ill-fitting rear doors, and then saw the
hives off at the center, or just above the interi-
or immovable frames. These colonies were to
be transferred to new hives when they reached
their m-w location, and it did not make much
difference how much we mutilated the hive if it
would only hold the bees. Mr. Powell and I
pitched into our work right and left. There
was a large number of old combs in the upper

part of the Harbison hives. We decided that
these should be rendered into wax forthwith;
and, finding a suitable boiler, we started a Hre.
As soon as the water boiled, in went the combs,
frames and all. We fed our fire with old hives,
and the waxed and propolized lumbin- made a
brilliant flame. We kept this waxworks going
until 11 o'clock, or until the job was finished,
and secured a large lot of wax. We retired to
our flat, and had our restful slumbers, and found
our flat, surrounded by the silence of nature,
much better adapted to sound sleep than was
the granary of the previous night, with its va-
rious vocal and instrumental attachments.

HARBISON HIVES.

The next morning we commenced the nailing
and sawing operations; and aftersawing off the
Harbison hive, and tumbling its old cracked
head in the dust, a piece of burlap was nailed
over the top. a liberal supply of cotton bat-ting
tucked in cracks and holes, and it was ready lo
move. This cotton-batting idea is a very good
one, and it stops a hole much better than rags
or paper.

We h.id thus prepared the two front rows
when I brought the camera to bear upon the
situation. Mr. Powell will be seen mounted on
the top of a tall bee-hive. The noble oaks in
the foreground; ourstylish "flat" in thecenter.
and the many Harbison hives, make a varied
and interesting picture.

In the afternoon we were busy at our woik
when we heard the rattle of big wagons coming
through the oaks, and Mr. Wheeler and George
made their appearance upon the scene. We ex-
pected them about 24 hours later; but Mr. W. is
a hustler, and believes that, when there is work
to be done, it is best to do it. The two big wag-
ons were drawn by teams of great strength and
endurance, and it was the plan to load .50 colo-
nies on a wagon, taking KM) at a trip, making
two trips. Mr. Powell and 1 thought we couldn't

500

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June 15.

get 100 colonies ready and loaded in time to
start that night; but Mr. Wheeler said it must
be dune, so all three went to plugging up holes
and nailing up entrances. George, the team-
ster, preferred to keep a good distance from the
flying bees; but we knew he would come to a
realizing sense of the setting-down qualities of
a bee after taking a couple of two-day trips
with them ; and so it did come to pass that
George got stung several times, and he hurled
several anathemas against our lively pets and
the business generally, and the carting of them
around the country in particular.

The shades of night were beginning to fall ere
the wagons were loaded. Our pony wagon was
also loaded with empty hives and odds and
ends. I was sorry to see my partner of the day
before leave with the rest. They hustled off in
such a hurry that supper was forgotten or in-
tentionally omitted. As I went ahead of the
cavalcade of wagons, with the lantern, to guide
them out of the grove, I could see Bro. Powell
gnawing at a cracker. George had a supply of
provisions under the seat. Mr. W. didn't eat
any thing. Hustlers hardly ever do. I deliver-
ed the lantern to the head team when past the
danger-spots, and groped my way back through
half a mile of darkness to the camp, made up a
rousing fire, got my supper in the loneliness and
quietness of the forest, and finally retired to my
flat, where tired nature's sweet restorer brooded
over the scene. Wrapped in utter oblivion, all
thoughts of lovely dells passed away, and in
pleasant dreams of murmuring brooks, waving
trees, and sun-kissed flowers, the tired frame
put on new strength for the toil of the coming
day.

^ I — ^

A RACE OF LARGE BEES-HOW SECURED.

STKONGEST CHARACTEKISTICS COMING FKOM

THE DRONE KATHEIR THAN FROM THE

QUEEN.

By Dr. C. C. Miller.

Friend Root: — I send you by this mail sam-
ples of comb that I have received from Dr. J.
P. Murdock. You will remember him as the
Florida man who developed the strain of big
bees. Two years ago he sent me a queen, but
her workers that I raised were not extra large,
and the comb they built was little larger than
ordinary. Naturally it should be so, for her
progeny were all raised in cells of ordinary size.
There is no question, however, that the present
samples of combs made by his bees are much
out of the ordinary line. If I have made no
mistake in measuring, the drone-cells are about
Z}i to the inch. Most of the worker goes about
4)4 to the inch, and the small piece with the
queen-cell is not far from 4 to the inch.

I don't know that it necessarily follows that
a larger bee is a better bee, but in one respect I
can see wherein there may be a great advan-

tage. If bees raised in cells 43^ to the inch are
of proportionate size, then their tongues ought
to be one-ninth longer than common. That
extra length might be quite an item in a big
range of red clover. My first thought was,
that it would not be possible for any one to get
a queen and raise full-sized bees with ordinary
comb; but some of the comb comrs so near the
size of ordinary drone comb that I think a suc-
cess might be made by furnishing the queen
nothing but drone comb four cells to the inch.
Indeed, I feel almost sure about it so far as the
comb is concerned, the only question being as
to the matter of heredity. If any thing is in-
herited from the nurse-bees, then there might
not be so full success.

Not the least interesting feature of the case
is the fact that it is possible to obtain such em-
phatic results by careful breeding; for if it be
possible to make in a few years an increase of
11 per cent in the linear measure of worker-bees
—taking it for granted that the size of the bee
corresponds with the size of the comb it builds
—and a consequent increase of 50 per cent in
weight, it seems reasonable that the same
amount of efi'ort might produce considerable
results in other directions. Breeding for color
is another illustration; and although the color
of the bee, in and of itself, has little value, yet
I suspect there has been more efl'ort in that
direction than in any other. As a consequence
we have bees of such golden color that they
might almost be considered a separate race
from the Italian. If size and color are so clear-
ly under control, we may hope that in time we
may have added other points. It would be a
fine thing to have attention given to longevity,
so as to have the working days of each worker
increased 25 or 50 per cent, to secure such hard-
iness as to wintering that the north would be
on a par with the south, to have the propensity
to swarming entirely bred out, and perhaps
many other things.

I have been greatly interested to learn some-
thing of the doctor's plan of procedure, and
give here an extract from a letter which he has
kindly written me. He says:

My way of improvement has been witli the drone
rather than with tlie queen. Seeing tlie wonderful
intiiience royal jellj' has with tlie queen induced
me to feed it to the drfine larvfe. I killed almost
all until I learned to feed it, then by careful selec-
tion of both drones and queens I have arrived at my
present-sized workers. IDrones ;ire often weeded
out until I liave not more than a hundred all told.

Isn't there a strong hint in that paragraph
worthy the attention of all breiders? With |
the possession of qu( en-excluders the man who I
is not too closely surroundt-d by other bees has '
half the matter in full control by careful weed-
ing of drones. Heretofore I think the principal
attention has been given to the queen In all
other lines I think as much attention is given
to the father as the mother; indeed, I think

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

more. The poultryman gets a new cock rather
than a new hen; the dairyman a new bull
rather than a new cow; and it may be that, in
the future, drones may become a matter of
merchandise as well as queens. Then Dr.
Murdock will get a set of drones from the man
whose workers live eight instead of six weeks
in the busy season; and when he has that trait
well fixed he will get drones from the man
whose bees never swarm, and so on. I have
hopes that, by getting one of Dr. Murdock's
queens, and giving her nothing but ordinary
drone comb, I may raise as large workers as his
and see them busily at work on red clover.

It may be that A. L Root will have to brush
up that foundation-rail! that he threw aside
years ago. He made foundation that was
laughed at, because it ran 4K cells to the inch,
and the bees didn't know whether to use it for
drone or worker comb. The trouble was, that
A. L Root was just that much ahead of the
age. I don't think large bees will be secured
by using large cells, but large cells will come
from breeding large bees, and progress must
not be hindered by cramping them in cells too
small. I shall watch with Interest to see if
these bees do better than others on red clover;
and if they do, brother Root, please get ready
for me some proper foundation.
Marengo, 111.

501

SECURING COMB HONEY.

HOW IT 18 DONE

By S. F. Newman.

[We believe it is quite possible to breed an
extra large race of bees-just as possible as it
is to breed four Hnd five banded Italians from
the ordinary three-banded stock. The best
evidence of this is seen in the samples of com'b
forwarded on to us by Dr. Miller. It mic^ht
almost be taken for the comb of the Api>i dor-
sata, for It is remarkable in size as compared
with ordinary worker and drone comb. Now
while we admit the possibilities of rearin<^
these large bees, we somewhat question wheth^
er any thing would be gained unless, perhaps
in the one item of their getting honey from red
clover. Cheshire says that there is harmony in
nature, and that all flora and plant life seems
to be specially adapted for the ordinary hive-
bee, and in his work he furnishes abundant
F''^?:u . ''". .remarkable, but nevertheless a
lact, that, with perhaps the single exception of
led clover hive bees are able to reach in some
manner the nectar in every blossom of every
sort. Chpshire^goes on to say, further, that the
ord nary h,ve-bees are of just the right size for
making the quickest tiights. and. therefore
carrying the largest amount of honey. A lar^-er
bee. while it might carry a larger load, would

so -logy" that it would in reality carry
much less honey during the day or season, and
besides, a larger bee would require a corres-
ponding change in plant life. Let us give an
Illustration in the line of mechanics. Take
tor instance, the ordinary bicycle. The first
wheels were .32 inches in diameter; then byV
sort of tacit agreement they were reduced to
30 inches: then again to 28: a few jumped still
turthpr down to 2(). But very soon the whole
nne gravitated back to 28 inches as the stand-

How much more perfect are the works of na-
ture! Therefore it would seem that the size of
the hive-bee is now and has been for centuries
ho "^E !° ^^'^"'"^ ^^^ largest amount of

Brother Root:— I have been requested, as you
will see by the inclosed letter, to give my meth-
od of operating to secure a crop of comb honey.
My plan may not be new; but if you think best
you may give it a place in your journal.

It is needless to say, that, to be successful, all
colonies must be strong at the beginning of the
surplus-honey season. Until that time I con-
fine each of my colonies to such a number of
combs as will enable the queen to keep each
filled with brood and eggs, except a little space
in the upper corners of each. When my bees
begin to gather honey from white clover, if the
requisite number of combs are not filled with
brood (each bee-keeper must determine for him-
self what that number is), I add to my strongest
colonies comh?> filled with hatching brood taken
from other colonies, until each contains the
number of brood-combs to be used during the
surplus-honey season.

When a colony swarms I hive the new swarm
on empty frames — the number used depending
upon the strength of the colony— and place it
on the old stand, removing the old colony a few
feet away. After the new colony gets well
started in building combs, say in two or three
days — the length of time depending upon how
rapidly honey is being gathered — I remove all
the frames and new combs, except three, and
supply their places with combs /(Wed with hatch-
mg brood taken from the old colony, being very
careful to remove all queen-cells from the combs
thus used, and at the same time I remove the
surplus from the old colony, and place it upon
the new. I never require the new colony to
build more than three new combs; and as the
season advances I reduce the number of combs
to be built to two, and, toward the close of the
season, to one. I furnish the old colony with
empty combs to take the place of the brood-
combs roiuoved.

By this method nearly all the work of the
new colony is thrown into the surplus-chamber,
all the working force is retained in the new col-
ony, and it is kept at its full strength by the
hatching brood that was supplied from the old
colony.

After the new colony has been supplied with
frames of brood from the old colony, the old one
should be removed some distance away from the
new, thus throwing the whole field force of bees
into the new. If the season is favorable, the old
colonies thus manipulated will become strong
enough to winter well, and. with their young
queens, will make the most profitable colonies
for the next season's work. If some of the old
colonies, at the close of the season, should be
found too weak to winter well, they can be re-
duced in number, and strengthened by uniting.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

502

By this plan .of operating we secure all the
advantages of non-swarming, and more; for we
keep Liie whole working force in the new colo-
ny, and we also get the benefit of the extra en-
ergy always exerted by bees that have swarmed.

If I have not made my plan sufficiently plain
I will gladly answer, through these columns,
any questions that may be asked.

Norwalk, O., May 22, 1894.

[Mr. S. F. Newman is a bee-keeper who is
very successful in getting large averages from
his apiaries, even in poor seasons. The proof
of the pudding is in the eating, and on that
basis it may be well to read with care Mr. New-
man's article above.

Perhaps a little explanation may not be amiss
at this time as to who this Mr. Newman is. for
we arc going to let out a little secret here.
Some years ago, when the honey canard (to the
effect that it was possible to make comb honey
by filling the combs with glucose, and capping
them over with appropriate machinery) was
going the rounds of the press, and it seemed
utterly impossible to follow it up and correct
it. Mr. Newman conceived this unique idea;
namely, to get up a yarn of the same ilk, con-
taining a semblance of truth, and yet so ridicu-
lous that no one would believe it. or any story
like the comb-honey yarn. Well, this is the
story that Mr. Newman started, that flew like
wild fire all over the country, for he wrote it
up in good shape in regular reporter style: A
certain Yankee inventive genius in the East
had discovered a process for making artificial
eggs that could not be told from the genuine.
Reporters had tested them, and foiaid them to
be as good eating as redl hens' egg'*. The '• re-
porter " was frank enough to admit that the
egg-man had not quite surceeded in getting
eggs up to that perfection where they would
produce perfect chickens; but such eggs, when
placed under hens or in hatchers would bring
forth, in three weeks' time, chickens without
anil feathers. Well, you all know how this
stoVv went the rounds of the press; but. con-
trary to Mr. Newman's expectations, many did
believe it; but the great majority doubted it;
and then they began to wonder if the comb-
honey yarn was not of the same stripe. Al-
though the results obtained were not all that
Mr. Newman hoped for. yet the story did great
good in causing people to discredit not only
artificial-egg stories, but comb-honey yarns,
and every thing of the kind. Intelligent and
thinking people knew perfectly well that the
principle of life could not be put into an egg by
any human skill; and at this time, probably,
no one believes in it, and we hope that very
few really believe that comb honey is -manu-
factured.—Ed. J

^ I ^

VARIOUS ITEMS FROM AN EXTENSIVE BEE-
KEEPER.

June 15.

LIGHTING BKE-SMOKERS, ETC.

By N. D. West.

El wood says a good word for the Crane
smoker for the bee-keepers' benefit, and says,
save the charcoal, and light with a paper, etc.
Well, that's good. What he says is worth re-
membering. But just tell the buyer to use
kerosene pure— plenty of it, on some kind of
chips or rotten wood. Light it with a match.
It will be as easy as lighting a lamp when you

learn how. Add sound maple wood, but don't
put out the blaze until the wood is on fire.
Charcoal is good for the foundation fire, but I
use elm chips that I get at the barrel-factory.
These come off the end of the staves where
they chamfer for the barrel-head— not dust,
but chips. This lights very easily by the aid
of kerosene, and makes a good smoke, ready to
use quick: and if I do not have along job of
work to do I use nothing more: but when it
burns down a li.ttle I put on sound ma' le wood
well dried, if I want to do business by the day.
Boys, be careful, and don't set any thing afire
that you don't want to burn, when using bee-
smokers.

THE EIGHT AND TEN FBAMK HIVES.

Tell Dr. Miller I feel sorry for him about
building those new hives. If he didn't know so
much about the bee-business he wouldn't have
half so much trouble about deciding on what
hive to use. I wish I could help him out. but I
can't. I have been using both 8 and 10 frame
hives side by side for 20 years, and not less than
100 of each kind. I think that, during that
time, each has had its advantages. The ten-
frame hive, however, with extra dummy-
boards, is something like a harness made large
enough for a good -sized horse, with buckles
and straps so made that you can buckle it up to
fit the size of smaller horses too. By using both
kinds of hives I always have honey enough in
the spring so that, by dividing it up some, all
hives will be supplied with honey. I have, in
times past, hived swarms from the 10- frame
hives in the 8-frame, using two board dummies
so but six frames of comlis were used. We get
larger swarm* from the larger hive, but not so
many of them: then we put sections over the
new swarms right off. or as soon as the queen
was located below. I aim to get all of the box
honey possible from these young swarms; and
from time to time, when we have the hives
opened I add a frame of brood, or a comb
empty, or a comb of honey— any thing that
we have on hand to fill up the hives and not
interfere with the bees' working in the boxes.
After the honey season is over we look over
these small hives; and all that do not have
honey enough to last until spring we supply
by going to the 10 frame hives that cast the
swarms, and get two frames of honey and
place them in the 8 frame hives in place of the
dummies. Then you see both kinds of hivos
have 8 frames.

Again, sometimes we do not look over all,
but winter some colonii'S on the six frames,
and give them honey in the spring, after they
aresetoutof the cellar. I will say risht here,
that, for the past ten years. I have made only
the 10-frame hive until recently. I have made
200 standing-frame hives for a special purpose.
I have had but two years' experience with
these, and will not speak more about them.

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

■>03

KEASONS FOR NOT USING THK 8-KUAMK HIVE.

Some of the reasons for my not making the 8-
frame hive any more are, I get less box room
on top; 2. I have more room in the 10- frame,
and use as much or as little of it as I need, and,
as a rule, in most places, use but eight frames
when the boxes are on; 3. When we open the
brood hive in the spring, before boxing time,
the hive being one or more frames short,
we have plenty of room to move the frames
•sidewise by taking out the dummy - board,
which I always use, and fixed frames by all
means. I have used these two for 20 years;
4. Many times we find one hive short, with
honey or brood, and we want to supply this
need, and when we do not have a frame of honey
or brood at hand filled solid, as the case may
be. to supply the need, we put in two frames
half full, and the 10-frame hive will receive
them, while the small hive would not. We can
add or take frames from the large hive more
easily than from the small hive, and disturb
the bees and brood -nest less. The Langstroth
frame seems to be the standard; but I use a
frame about the same '^ize, only deeper, 143i
long by 1014^ deep, inside measure; and I make
my hives with a rim, so as to make them so
nearly square on top that I can turn my crates
either way, and it takes two crates of sections
to cover a hive; and to young swarms, or
swarms not strong enough to use the whole
hive, use only half of it at the time of first box-
ing.

IMPORTANCE OF SIDE PLAY FOR FIXED FRAMES.

I don't forget Dr. Miller, when he was at the
World's Fair, at the bee-convention, how he
acted out " Sockery." who set that old "pine
hen,^' and how he got on top of that " parrel,"
and the head "proke," and let him into the
"parrel," and the barrel was so full that he
•could not get himself out of it, nor could his
wife pull him out; how the nails stuck in him
so that it made him scream '"dunder und blix-
in," and she really had to saw the barrel off of
"him. You see, he was in that barrel about as
tight as I have seen fixed frames in a bee- hive
when the la^^t frame was crowded in tight,
without any side play, so that, when the bees
get every thing glued up solid, the frames were
surely ./i.Tccl. So it would want Dr. Miller and
his wife, with a crowbar and handsaw, to get
them out; and if the bees were as cross as some
I have seen, I guess he would "d under und
hlixin " again. So, Dr. M., I want a little wider
hive than would be required for ten frames;
■exact spacing, so as to allow enough for frames
swelling, bits of wax, etc.; in fact. I like about
^ inch between hive and follower, and a follow-
er, every time, made of X lumber. Thin lum-
ber will spring when a thumbscrew is screwed
tight enough against the follower to set the
partly closed end frames so tight together that
it will squeeze the bits of wax out from between
them in warm weather, and thereby save

scraping it off. The wax will get there more or
less if the frames are not kept wedged or screw-
ed together, which is not desirable at all times.
I prefer a wooden thumbscrew, notwithstand-
ing they are in the way some, but not so much
on some of my own hives, as mine have a rim
1>8 inches wide, 5 inches down from the top.
I make my caps of thin lumber, 8 inches deep;
these caps resting over the hive .5 inches give
me 2}4 inches room above the frames; and just
level with the top of the frames a handle is
cut through the cap with a wabble saw %■ by 4
inches, and a wire screen is nailed over the hole
inside of the cap. When I carry bees into the
cellar in these hives T leave the cap on; and
quilts made out of hop-baling are laid over the
frames, with a stick i.< inch square laid under
the quilt, to form a bee-passage. The moisture
escapes through the quilts, and passes out of
these ventilators into the cap.
Middleburg, N. Y.

[We will explain to our readors that Mr. N.
D. West was present at the North American
Convention at Chicago, last year, and took con-
siderable part in the proceedings. After one
of his remarks, one brother said that Mr. West,
in his opinion, talked like one who had only a
few colonies. Then he went on quite elaho-
ratelv to show why frjpnd W. was wrong and
why 7(6 was right. At the close of his remarks
some one asked how many colonies Mr. West
had. and he very modestly replied, " Four hun-
dred in four out apiaries." This, of course,
raised quite a laiish on the other fellow. We
may explain further, that Mr. West is one of
the boe-keepers on whom we called on our first
bieyclf^-tour, and oup from whom we gathered
some idpas. He i< quite correct in urging that
there should beside play In hives designed for
self spacing frames; and principally for that
reason our eight-frame hive from the start was
made wide enough to take in a dummy, and a
little side-play room besides. The dummy is
first to be removed, and this gives room enough
to shove the frames over, enabling the operator
more easily to get out the first frames.

With regard to thumb-screws. po=sibly if we
were using closed-end frames, a hi Heddon, we
should find them a necessity; but after having
tried them quite extensively with and without,
on the eight-frame hive, with self-spacing
Hoffman frames, we prefer, as does Mr. Hoff-
man himself, to dispense with their use. — Ed.]

WHY THE EIGHT-FRAME IS PREFERRED.

Friend Root: — I should like to give my rea-
sons for using the S-frarue L. hive in preference
to the 10-frame. I am a comb-honey producer
principallv; but when I wish to produce ex-
tracted honey I give the queen the two lower
stories of the 8-frame hive, and tier up as high
as necessary. The problem before me is, to
get the honey from my field with the greatest
ease and least work possible. Why is it not
just as well to work 1.50 good young queens in
8-frame hives as to work 12.5 in 10-frame hives,
provided you can do the work with greater
ease in lifting, have fewer unfinished sections,
etc.? Why make such an effort to get and
maintain a large amount of brood from one

504

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June 15.

queen in one large hive? Tiiis would do for
one who was compelled to keep only a limited
number of colonies; but what the bee-keeper
wants is to get the "honey from his field; and
for my part I would rather do it by working a
few more colonies in 8-frame hives, even if the
10-frame men are correct in their conclusions,
which I am inclined to doubt. I discarded the
10-frame hive some years ago. I should like to
ask Bro. Hatch what he thinks of this phase
of the question. Hakry Lathrop.

Browntown, Wis., May ?i.

[The average man can lift the eight-frame
hive, and perform the other needed operations,
with much greater comfort than with the ten-
frame. It is true, that the latter would weigh
only a fourth more; but you know it is some-
times the last straw that breaks the camel's
back.

When we come to talk about large and small
hives, the eight-frame may be enlarged to 16 or
34 Langstroth frames, or cut down to only 8,
which is as small as it is practical to have a
single brood-nest. A ten frame costs propor-
tionately more than the eight, for the reason
that wide cover-boards are much more difficult
to get. Standard-width lumber makes covers
for the eight-frame, but not for the ten-frame.
After all, it is not the convenience of the man-
ufacturers that is to be consulted, but the
pocket-book of the purchaser who pays that
manufacturer the difference in expense.

Mr. N. D. West, in the letter above, seems to
be in doubt which hive he would prefer; and
the principal reason for his giving a little bit the
preference to the ten-frame is on the principle
that a large harness will fit a small as well as a
large horse. That is true; but the case is hard-
ly parallel, inasmuch as the ten-frame hive
does not begin to come up to the requirements
of a large colony, and the ten-frame is too large
for the small colony.

There is one point that should be considered,
and quite an important one, and we believe it
has not been fully touched upon by any of the
correspondents thus far: namely, that the bees
will fill out their sections better directly over
their brood than over a frame or frames of
honey. The average Italian colonies in ten-
frame hives are quite apt to put honey in the
two outside combs. When the supers are put
on. if the beps go into the sections they will
build out and fill those directly over the brood,
leaving the outside row or rows untouched, or
only partially filled out. On the other hand, a
good queen and good management will secure
the filling of all combs of an eight-frame hive,
more or less, with brood. Hence the eieht-
frame super, for this reason, will be better filled
ou t.

Still another point is. that the eight-frame is
far nearer the standard width than the ten-
frame L. hive. The arguments that were ad-
vanced years ago in favor of the smaller hive
were so great, and the pressure upon manufac-
turers was so strong, that now the eight-frame
is the leader in the North. Whatever may be
said of the relative merits of the two widths of
hive, no bee-keeper can reasonably afford to
hav<; two sizes in his apiary. One can not be
set down on the other. In fact, it would be al-
most as bad as having two sizes of frames in the
yard. A ten-frame cover would fit an eight-
frame hive; but the reverse would not be true.
An eight-frame super could be put upon a
ten-frame hive-body: but a strip of wood would
have to cover the open space.

Lastly, the 8-frame is a nice medium between

the very large brood-nests and the very smalS
or shallow brood -nests. — Ed.]

EIGHT VERSUS TEN FRAME HIVES.

I am in favor of ten-frame hives, by a big^
majority, for this locality, for extracted honey,
and I want them three stories high. When I
commenced here in 1S8G. eight-frame hives and
black bees were recommended as being best for
this country. I experimented with ten-frame
hives and Italians, and found the ten-frame-
hive and Italian bees gave much better results
in honey, in this locality, and I adopted them
before I dreamed of queen-rearing. I find that
a ten-frame hive gives room for an abundance-
of honey for winter. I have never seen a hive
have too much honey in the spring; but I have-
seen some, and heard of a good many that had
too little. I don't like a hive as narrow as an
eight-frame hive, three or more stories high; a
ten-frame hive three stories high is large-
enough for ordinary times, but we can add an-
other story without its getting top-heavy.

Port Orange. Fla. J. B. Case.

[In the South the 10-frame hives seem to be-
in the majority, and have the preference. In
the North the 8-frame enjoys this distinction. —
Ed.]

^ I — ^

SIZE OF HIVES.

HOW AND WHEN THE TEN-FRAME HIVE IS TOO-
LARGE AND TOO SMALL.

By J. F. Mclntyre.

All of my bees are in ten-frame Langstrotb
hives; and, seriously, I want to say that a ten-
frame L. hive is either too large or too small.
Let me explain.

If a queen-excluder is put over the brood-
chamber, and the queen confined to one section,
the bees can not breed up to over two- thirds of
the capacity of a good queen, and about half of
the surplus bees that go to make a swarm or
surplus honey are cut off. If two sections are
used for a brood-chamber, the upper section is
only half filled with brood, and the other half
with honey; and as soon as the queen passes
the swarming climax she is crowded out of the
upper section, with honey; conseqiiently this
upper section must be extracted before all the
brood has hatched; and if a bee-escape is used,
the bees will not leave it. There are many
other things which make it inconvenient, to
say the least, to change this upper section from
a brood-chamber to a super, in the middle of a
honey- fiow. Two eight-frame sections are
about right for capacity; but if we use two sec-
tions for a brood-chamber and two supers, the
shape is not good. It is too high and narrow.
The brood will occupy 12 combs— 6 in each sec-
tion—and its shape will be about 17 inches
high, H)}^ long, and 9 inches wide. Rambler
uses two brood -chambers and one super; and
after the honey -flow commences he changes.

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURK

505

the upper brood-chamber to a super. He
makes a lot of honey in this way; but the
brood gives trouble in using the bee-escapes.
I can not use the bee-escapes with one ten-
frame brood-chamber and one super, because
the brood-chamber will not hold all the bees,
and they will not get out of some supers in
three days. Dadants are successful with the
bee-escape because they use two shallow ex-
tracting-supers and such a large brood-chamber.
I am taking Mr. Root's advice, and trying a
few hives with larger brood-chambers. I have
Increased the depth of the ten-frame L. brood-
■chamber so the frames are 133^ inches deep out-
side. I have also cut a few L. brood-chambers
•down, so the frames are 7 inches deep, outside
measure, and will use two sections for a brood-
xjhamber, and two for a super. I shall expect
these extra large brood-chambers to raise more
"bees, swarm less, and make more honey; but
whether the advantage will be great enough to
justify a change from a standard frame, remains
"to be seen. I think the large frames will pro-
duce a few more bees than the two-story seven-
inch frames; but every other advantage is on
the side of the seven-inch.
Fillmore, Cal.

^ I ^

CALIFORNIA ECHOES.

By Rambler.

Very good idea, Bro. Root— that fellow with
a smoker-head in your advertisements. Why
■not get up a combined hat and smoker, and
work the bellows with the jaw? Men might
not make it work. Women would.

Yes, friend Trego, I shall have to tie to Dr.
M.'s washing-recipe even if he does poke fun at
me. The reason is, that there's always more or
less of a five-gallon can of kerosene in my back
room, while that wash-a-line is far, far away.

That's so, Dr. M. It may be that the old
"black comb has more of an aroma to it. If so.
It probably comes from the young bees' swad-
■dling-clothes that are left in the cell. So if you
swallow a few raw larva3 it may enable you to
^et my theory down.

Mr. Geo. W. Brodbeck is rejoicing over some-
thing of a honey-yield this season, while the
rest of us are having a blue time of it. His
location is at such an elevation that he can
look down upon us in the valley. That eleva-
tion has had more of a rainfall, hence the bet-
ter yield.

Bro. Hutchinson looks very nice in that bee-
veil and immaculate shirt-front, in the last
Revieiv; but let me tell you there are bees in
this country that would slide under that veil
and string by the score. I believe a card proper-
ly adjusted around the neck is safer and sim-
pler.

A well - known Southern California bee-
Iceeper twice attended the mid-winter fair, and

chaperoned, or was chaperoned by his wife and
a schoolma'am. He writes now that he would
not go again, even if his fare is paid both ways.
We can vividly imagine the poor fellow's con-
dition, and further comment is unnecessary.

Mr. C. O. Perrine, the man noted in times
past as a honey-dealer, and who practiced
migratory bee-keeping up the Mississippi River
on H harge, is now a resident and land-owner
in Riverside, Cal.; and though the snows of
many winters whiten his head, he is still an
active business man. At present it is orange-
orchards and not bees.

Migratory bee-keeping is practiced to some
extent this year. Many apiaries have been
moved to the vicinity of Riverside and the
orange orchards. There is a chance that too
many may move in and overstock the pasturage.
Atmospheric conditions are favorable for a
yield of orange honey. Foggy mornings pre-
vail, and that is the right condition.

There is a great amount of maple syrup upon
the California market, in small tin cans. A
taste of it is enough to show that it is maple
only in name. That is where glucose comes in
again to rob an industry of good prices, and
bring discredit upon one of the most healthful
and palatable products of nature. But for all
that we have never heard that the producers
of pure maple products ever made much of a
fuss about it.

TARIFF ON HONEY.

A BOMB FROM A " FREE TRADER ;" AN INTER-
ESTING ARTICLE.

By W. G. Hewes.

On p. 314 your correspondent Mr. Elwood, of
New York, attacks that clause of the Wilson
bill which proposes to lower the duty on honey.
He seems fearful that, stored away in some cor-
ner of the earth, there is an immense amount of
honey only awaiting a reduction or abolition of
our tariff duties, to be dumped upon us in an
overwhelming flood. We are informed by Mr.
Elwood, that California and the South will es-
pecially suffer by this inundation. As to Cali-
fornia, I have noticed that the prices for our
product are governed entirely by our own sup-
ply. The price is bad when the season is good,
and the price is good when the season is bad.

In one respect the abolition of tariff duties on
honey would be a Godsend to many California
apiarists, as the large area in virgin brush on
Mexican soil offers greater promise of success in
bee-keeping than do many of our own localities
where much of the honey-producing flora has
been destroyed in making room for orchards
and wheat-fields. It would be Americans, not
Mexicans, who would make the profits by keep-
ing bees on Mexican soil: for. while we have
many Mexicans in California, it is seldom that

506

(:;leaniis;gs in bee culture.

June 15.

one engages in apiculture. Persons of Sjjanish
descent seem to find it more congenial to mount
a horse, and, with a pair of big spnrs, prod him,
than it is to go into an apiary and have the bees
prod them.

I do not know what the honey resources of
the Central and South American States are;
but be they ever so great, unless Americans or
Europeans go there to develop them, we are not
liable to be drowned in honey from that source.
But should those countries produce a large sur-
plus of honey, London, not New York, would be
its destination; for when any of the countries of
the world have a surplus of any thing for sale,
England takes the bulk of it, whether it be or-
anges or wheat, cattle or cotton, sealskins or
jewels, gasoline or canned kangaroos. It is ei-
ther " mighty are Englishmen," or " great is free
trade," for the whole world seems to be delving
and sweating to supply free-trade Englishmen
with the necessaries and luxuries of life.

If the Vermont State Bee-keepers' Association
know what is good for them, instead of sending
in protests to Congress about the duty on honey
being reduced for fear that Canada may send
into their markets a pound or so now and then,
they will petition that honorable body to place
tinplate and lumber on the free list, as the ex-
cessive duties on those articles under the Mc-
Kinley bill make our honey-cases cost altogether
too much; and if, to avoid that tax, we engage
largely in the production of comb honey in those
years when we have bountiful crops here, Ver-
monters may find their markets flooded with as
fine honey as they can produce, and at only 8 or
10 cents a section.

Rambler informs us (page 372) that one bee-
keeper inVentura Co., Cal.. produced more honey
last season than the whole State of Vermont.
It may be some consolation to the Vermonters
to know that Mr. W. T. Ricbardson (the person
spoken of) is himself a Vermonter; at any rate,
if I am mistaken in this I am sure his better
half is. They are both from New England. By
the way, Mr. Richardson has, I think, during
the past ten years, produced more honey than
any other bee-keeper in the world, during that
space of time.

This talk of mine, of California engaging very
largely in the production of comb honey, is not
altogether idle chatter; for selling extracted
honey at 4}4 cents per lb., and giving away with
each 117 lbs., not a cheap chromo, but a box and
two tins which together cost us, the past sea-
son, 90 cents, has created such dissatisfaction
among bee-keepers that their growls can be
heard rumbling through the hills from San Die-
go to Tehachipi. For my part, the thought
that I am being taxed for the benefit of persons,
some of whom may already have a thousand
dollars where I have ten cents, is more annoy-
ing than the bites of fleas, and it has already
started my buzz-saw to humming as it cuts out
the supers necessary for the production of comb

honey. These " protected " lumbermen, tinplate
manufacturers, and others of their ilk, are the
modern representatives of the knights of old.
The knights, for assistance in war, were privi-
leged by the king to roam the country, stealing
oxen and maidens, and, incidentally, killing
people. The knights of to-day, in payment for
supplying the funds by which the politicians-
hope to keep themselves in office, are privileged
by them to fatten off the people by taxing them.

LITTLE RAIN, AND CALIFOKNIA PROSPECTS
POOR.

Not since 1877 have we had a winter with so
little rain as the one just past. In consequence,
the hay and rain crops are complete failures,
while on a square mile there is not grass enough
to maintain one animal throughout the season.
Horses, cattle, and sheep are being driven from
the country by the thousand to the counties
north of us, where a eood svstem of irrieation
permits of large fields of alfalfa being grown.

It is reported that, out of one band of horses
turned into one alfalfa-field one evening, 80 died
the first night. To reach the alfalfa-fields they
had traveled for several davs with but little to
fill the aching void in their bellies but pure air
and mountain scenerv. The alfalfa tasted so
good after this diet, that the 80 aforesaid ate too
much. Animals passing through these parts
now, and depending for their sustenance upon
the roadside grasses, will have a harder time
than the "Industrial Army" in its late passage
through Iowa.

Bees, of course, are not booming. My honey-
tanks are used now as receptacles for water, and
my extractor rides around on a sled, supplying
liquids to the roots of my fruit-trees. In truth,
our honey prospects are now resolved into the
following mathematical problem : If in 1893,
with 9 inches of rain, we got no honey and lost
more than half of our bees, what proportion of
our bees shall we lose in 1894, when we have had
but .5 inches of rain? The loss will certainly be
very great where feeding is not resorted to, and
many bee-keepers assert positively that they
will not feed — the bees may all die first. As a
neighbor puts it, " I have waited three years for
a CI op of honey, and now I'll be blowed if I feed
it back."

Newhall, Cal.

BEES REMOVING EGGS.

LAYING WOJiKERS. AND HOW THEY ACCOUNT
FOR TIIK PRE.SKNCE OF EGGS IN THE AB-
SENCE OF A liEGULAR QUEEN IN
QUK EN-CELLS.

By WiUieAtchh'ij.

I see Rambler asks where the egg came from
that he found in a super. This question I saw
on page 415, May 15. Well. Mr. Rambler, I am
prepared to tell you that, in my opinion, the
bees never carried that egg there. A few sum-
mers ago this same question was up; and aa

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

507

the apiary has boon my schoolhonse, I thought
I would investigate this thing. I found an egg
in the upper story, the same as Rambler, and
have seen them more or less all through my
apiary work of 12 years. Well, I then believed, as
others, that the bees carried the eggs and plac-
ed them there. To prove or disprove it, as the
case might b(>, I have taken some of those
queen-cells with egss in them, and given them
to queenloss colonies ; and every time that I
succeeded in getting the eggs saved I found they
all hatched drones; and never, in all the cells I
have yet tried, have I seen any thing but
drones hatched from them. " Well," thought
I, '• you surely ought to have more sense than
to select a drone egg (or an egg laid for a drone),
every time, to raise a queen from."

By very careful and close watching I have
found that all such eggs are deposited there by
workers— I mean laid by workers. I know that
almost .the whole bee-keeping world thinks
that workers nel^>er lay while they have a lay-
ing queen present; but I have found this not to
be the case. I also find that the first place a
laying worker wants to lay inis queen-cells or
queen-cell stubs. It might astonish somebody
for me to say right here that I have counted
more than fifty eggs laid in queen-cell stubs by
laying workers ; but it is true, nevertheless.
If there are no queen-cells or queen-cell stubs,
the laying workers will then use the drone
comb first, and, lastly, they will lay in worker
combs; and I have seen eggs so evenly deposited
by laying workers that their work could not be
detected till the larvie were scaled.

Well, I have wandered away from my sub-
ject in talking about laying workers. But if
any one will prove to me that the eggs found
whore no queen has been produce either queens
or workers, then I will give it up. But in the
remark of mine to wliicii Rambler refers, I was
thoroughly satisfied tliat beos never carry eggs
from one cell to another, nor to any part of the
hive, nor anywhere else, for that matter, and
deposit, with the view of raising queens or
workers; and I am now satisfied that such is
not the case, nor are there any oxcipiioiis to
this rule. So, Mr. Rambler, the next lime you
see an egg in the combs, queen cell or not.
where you are .su7'e no queen has bfoii lately,
please take good care to see what kind of in-
sects they make; and if you get a worker- bee
or a queen, then I am fooled. I have often
read whore some poople have been surprised
and troubled to know where the beos got ogg'<
to rear a queen, when no queen, nor egg- from
a queen, had been in their hive for a mi»iit.li.
They did not wait to see what the cell would
deliver, as they probably did not know by the
looks of the cell that it was a drone, and would
affirm that the bees had a queen-cell, etc.
Well, a great many such things come about by
people not thoroughly investigating such mat-
ters, and go the rounds as facts, while the

parties are perfectly honest and conscientious.
It is a mistake, that the bees reared a queen
from such a cell. Remember that one can tell
a cell that is going to hatch a queen, from one
that is going to hatch a drone, by its shape,
etc.. as a drone-cell will be rather smooth (or a
queen-cell with a drone larva in it) ; and I may
add, right here, that the drone as often dies
as hatches, as it seems, at a certain age, he
coils himself just as far from the food as possi-
ble, as though it did not agree with him. This
I notice a day or two before the cell is sealed,
and the drone larva will keep coming up away
from the food, and the bees will keep extending
the cell to cover him, and run out a great long
ugly cell. Such drones do not often hatch.

RAISING QUEENS.

I believe I have somewhere read a request
that I give my improvement on rearing queens
or starting queen-cells by my method. Well, I
will suppose that all read my plans of grafting,
etc., in Gleanings, last year. I have found
that, by careful selection of the larva used, say
about 8 to 12 hours after it hatches from the
egg, or, to make it plainer, just as soon as a
little bit of food can be seen about it, so I can
tell it has hatched, I use it. Then I select a
good strong prosperous colony, take away all
brood and queen, and let them so remain on
combs of honey till they mourn, as soon as the
cover is raised, which is usually 12 to 24 hours,
and show signs of restlessness; then I take the
small larvai as above from my breeder; have
cells all ready ; sit right down by the hive,
graft the cells, and place them on the combs
just under the sealed honey, or, say, half way
down the frame, and give a little extra space.
I have often 19 saved out of 20, and the finest,
evenest lot of queens 1 oversaw, natural cells
not excepted.

Beeville, Tex., June 1.

[You have given us a new theory or solution
of this problem, accounting for the presence of
eggs wIhm) tlien^ is no queen present. From
th.' facis you relate, it would seem you are
right. But siimotimes the best of observers ai'e
led to a wrong conclusion; we should like,
therefore, to hear from our qiioen-breoders on
this question — particularly Iroai Mr. Doolittle.
— EdJ

i^ I ^

CRAMPS IN QUEENS.
feak assigned as the cause.

B)i J. B. Case.

I used to be bothered a good deal by queens
getting the cramps, when caging them. Some-
times they would appear all right when put
into the cage, but would keel over and lie on
their side motionless for several seconds, with-
out showing a sign of life, then begin to move
their legs, and then would drag themselves
around feebly, but would soon be all right
again, and as spry as ever. I was afraid they
might be injured, and returned several to their

508

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June 15.

hives until their eggs hatched and larvae were
well grown. Several times they would be a
long time in recovering, and I had a few. pi^r-
haps three or four, that died. One. at least,
that I returned to the hive never recovered.

I think fear has a good deal to do with the
"cramps," as, in my experience, the queens
that are hard to catch are more liable to the
affliction than others. Queens that are picked
up quietly, and quickly placed in a cage, seldom
if ever show any sign of " cramps,'' while if a
queen is chased around, and frightened, then
held some time before caging, she is quite apt
to show more or less of the symptoms.

As I have caged some 600 queens this spring,
with but one showing any sign of cramp, and
that was owing to my carelessness, as I was in
a great hurry, I will tell how I do. I open the
hive as quietly as I can, when I find the queen,
set the frame so I can pick her up, take the
cage in my left hand, and spring up the wire
cloth with the forefinger, then pick the queen
up by the wings, with th-umb and forefinger of
right hand, bringing the cage close to the
queen as I pick her up and drop her into the
cage quickly and gently. Viery simple, is it
not? But sometimes there is a hitch. Quite
often the frame has to be held with one hand
while the queen is caught, and then while the
other hand is getting the cage ready the queen
gets terribly frightened, and struggles franti-
cally to escape and goes off into a kind of fit.
Under these circumstances, as soon as I have
caught the queen by the wings with thumb and
forefinger I slide the second finger out under
the queen so she can stand on it. When every
thing is "lovely " she has solid bottom under
her, and seems to lose most of her fear at once.
I have carried queens around for some time
when held as above, and have never had one
show a sign of the cramps while caging.

Queens fiy but little, and are seldom out of
the hive. In their normal condition they are
surrounded by a throng of friendly bees, in par-
tial or complete darkness. From this peaceful
state comes a rude awakening; her home trem-
bles as the hive top is wrenched off; smoke
pours in; the comb on which she was peace-
fully and no doubt happily employed is raised
out in the glare of the daylight; amid the con-
fusion she tries to hide, but is chased around,
rudely taken up by her wings, by a master she
has never seen. No wonder fear fills her heart,
as she feels all hope is gone, and "heart fail-
ure" results, or she "swoons," or gets the
"cramps."

There are lots of bees handled in this or a
worse way. I wonder how many people would
die of " heart failure," or " swoon," or have
"cramps," if they were used as ruthlessly and
unnaturally.

My daughter Edna, who assists me in the
apiary, aged 14, caged 2r> queens by half-past
ten, without assistance. Last night was very

cool, so she could not commence until nearly 8
o'clock A. M. Only 10 queens were in hives
marked ready; the others had to be hunted up.

8o far we are having the best season I have
known here. I took 200 gallons from 50 colonies
May 14 and 16, and now they are nearly full, and
ought to be extracted at once, and still are
hard at work. I am suffering from a bilious j
attack to-day, and have to keep out of the sun,
though we are pushed by our work.

Port Orange, Fla., May 22.

HOW TO PREVENT DRONE COMB BEING BUILT.

Question.— In the production of comb honey,
where a first (or prime) swarm is hived on
comb-foundation starters, say two or three
inches in depth, and with sections on top filled
with full sheets of foundation, what is the best
method of preventing the building of drone
comb in the brood -chamber?

Ansiver. — Under such circumstances as the
question describes, prime swarms are not very
apt to build drone comb, as drone comb is very
largely built the first season for store comb. In
other words, bees build very little drone comb
the first season after being hived, only as they
get in advance of the queen in comb-building.
If they build comb faster than the queen can
occupy it with eggs, then they keep on building
comb, the same as they would if she kept eggs
in the cells as fast as built ; but instead of
building worker comb they change the size of
the cells to those which are the most economi-
cal for storing honey, which are of the drone
size. These cells are filled with honey, so do
very little harm the first year; but the next
year, as the honey is consumed from them, the
queen lays in them, and from this comes a horde
of useless drones, or such bees as produce no
honey, but constantly consume it. The above
is applicable to a swarm of bees in box hives or
in trees, where they can do just as nature
prompts. But it will be seen that the question-
er has placed his swarm in a different state
than would be one in a hollow tree, in that he
has put on sections filled with foundation,
which foundation will be drawn into comb as
fast as the bees want room to store honey, as
well as to remove a large part of the bees from
the brood -chamber, and for this reason the bees
will very rarely build comb in the brood-
chamber faster than the queen will fill it with
eggs, if the queen is a good prolific layer, as
she should be; and the result is, sections filled
with honey, with very little, if any, drone comb
in the brood-chamber below ; and, as Bro.
Hutchinson and I believe, the brood -chamber

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTQRE.

509

is filled with comb more clieaply under such
circumstances, and more honey secured in the
sections, than wliere the brood-chamber is tilled
with frames full of foundation. Now, if, in
addition to the above, the brood-nest or brood-
chamber is contracted to two-thirds its usual
size when the swarm is hived, we are almost
certain not to have any drone comb built, for
this gives an additional security against the
bees getting the start of the queen. But sup-
pose a frame or two of drone comb should be
built, this can be removed from the hive the next
spring, and frames of worker comb substituted
for it, when this drone comb can be melted into
wax, or l<ept for the production of extracted
honey, using it in an upper story over a queen-
excluding honey-board. I have practiced this
method for years, and think it pays me better
than to buy foundation. I am well aware that
there are many of our very best bee-keepers who
do not agree with me here, but would say, " Fill
the frames full of foundation every time;" but
when I answer any question, I, of necessity,
must answer it from my own standpoint; and
if any reader thinks other than I do, he has
perfect liberty to follow the plan given; test it
to know that his different way is better, or let
it alone altogether. I have never seen where
there was any occasion to feel hard toward a
brother or sister bee-keeper who honestly dif-
fered with me in opinion, for there is room
enough for all.

BEES EXPELLING WATER FROM SWEETS.

Question. — Some have asserted that bees have
the power of expelling water from diluted
sweets, when on tlie wing, etc. Is there any
truth in this assertion ? and has there been any
gland discovered whose function, resembling
that of the kidneys, seems to be that of sepa-
rating water from honey?

Answer. — I think the assertion is a mistake,
for there is no conmction that lean find be-
tween the honey-stomach of the bee and the in-
testines of the same, except by way of the mouth.
That bees have the power to separate and expel
the watery portion of diluted sweets while in the
honey-sac, is a proposition not supported by
any conclusive evidence, so far as I have* seen.
The discharge in the form of spray, which my-
self and others have seen in the morning sun-
shine, when bees were carrying sweetened water
from feeders in the open air. and when at work
during an excellent honey-fiow, was most prob-
ably caused by a well-tilled honey-sac pressing
on the lower intestines, thus discharging thdr
watery contents. After carefully watching this
matter for years, I can believe this spray to be
only thin excrement : yet I am aware, as was
said by one in the past, •' There are more things
in heaven and earth, Horatio, than are dream-
ed of in your philosophy." Is there any reader
of Gleaxixgs who can tell us more about
this subject?

SHADE FOR HIVES.

Qitcs'fio?),.— What is the best method of shad-
ing hives from the sun ?

Ajiswer. — Various methods have been ad-
vanced, such as grapevines, sunflowers, trees,
shade-boards, etc., each having its own good
points. Trees have one advantage over every
thing else, in that they shade the apiarist as
well as the hives; and what bee-keeper is there
who has not wished for a shield from the sun
for himself when working for hours on a July
or August day when the mercury was up in the
nineties in the shade? While this is so, yet
trees, as a rule, are apt to give too dense a
shade; and I am satisfied, from years of close
observation, that, so far as the bees are con-
cerned, they do much the best right out in the
rays of the sun the whole year round, when the
question is dense shade or no shade. For this
reason I prefer to have a shade where I can go
once in a while when becoming greatly heated,
and either paint the hives white or use a shade-
board for each hive, letting them stand in the
sun. Lately, in making some new hives I have
taken no pains to make the cover water-tight^
but have made a shade-board to project from
two to six inches around the top of the hive,
the six inches being to the south, while the
north side has a four-inch cleat nailed to it,
thus giving a pitch to the south, this causing
the rain to run off easily, while at the same
time it gives a good circulation of air over the
top of the hive, so that the heat never drives
the bees out of the sections or causes the combs
to melt down, with the hives standing in the
full blaze of the sun in the hottest of weather.
Where I formerly covered the tops of my hives
with tin, or made tin-roofed hives, I now cover
this shade-board with tin, and in this way no
water ever touches the top of the hive. After
a use of them for two years I am much pleased
with them. The wood material used for the
shade-board is 34 -inch stuff, thus makfng it
very light to handh; ; and as an insurance
against the wind blowing it off, I put a common
brick on each: and for two years we have had
no winds strong enougli to stir a single one.

J. W. M.. nf Ark., wishes to know whether
the combs in box hives, from which the bees
have died, will be suitable to transfer into
brood-frames, ^l/t.s.— Some of them; but the
majority of them will be crooked, and had bet-
ter be made into wax.

W. F. A., of P(i., desires to know how white
wax is made. ^Ijis'.— Generally by the use of
chemicals. See " Wax " in our A B C book. It

510

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June 15.

may also be bleached by leaving it exposed to
the rays of the sun, so as to be practically
white. If the wax is left in the solar wax-ex-
tractor long enough it will become white.

J. W. B., of Va., writes: " I have some bees;
I do not know what they are. They are very
small. Some of them are as black as coal, and
some have one yellow band." Aiis. — Tlieie
seem to be two kinds of black bees in this coun-
try— one a sort of brownish bee, of good fair
size, and another coal black and smaller. The
bees you have are doubtless of the latter kind,
with a very little Italian blood mixed in, or
what we should call very dark hybrids.

J.W.,of N. F., asks: 1. What is the legal
distance for a hive of bees to stand from a
street or highway ■? 2. How close can the bee-
entrances be for a house-apiary, considering
the welfare of the bees, and economy of space
inside the house? 3. What point of the com-
pass is it best for the entrances to face? 4.
Will a wall of inch boards, two thickness,
with paper between, be any injury to the bees
in summer? A7is. — 1. In most States there is
probably no legal distance. However, there
may be a municipal ordinance regulating the
distance from the highway. 2. Generally not
closer than 3 feet. 3. Toward the east or south.
4. No. Better make a space between the walls,
and pack with sawdust.

J. B. C, of La., wishes to know whether it is
possible to breed a queen whose workers shall
be extra honey-gatherers, by tinkering or doc-
toring with the larvae of said queen before she
hatches. Ans. — Certainly not. This thing has
been brought up several times before, and cer-
tain old-fogy bee-keepers have wisely said they
had the secret of manipulation, which they
said they would sell for a certain sum. Man
can not step in and interfere in this fashion
with the processes of nature. The only way to
get extra honey-gatherers is to breed by selec-
tion— that is. by breeding from queens whose
progeny excel others in the yard; and by this
process, in time, a race of workers more ener-
getic than the average might be secured. For
some reason or other, but little attention has
been paid to bees for business. The whole rage
nowadays seems to be for coior — five bands, etc.
This is all right in its place, but we hope as
much — nay, more — attention will be paid to bees
for energy and longevity — in general, bees for
business, because it is from these that come the
dollars and cents. Extra color alone will not
add another cent to the pocketbook, except —
that of the queen-breeder, who breeds them just
because his customers demand them.

J. AT., of O., inquires what we recommend for
covering sections while the beos are working in
them, and what sort of cover we use over the
brood-frames when the sections are off. Ans.—
With the Dovetail hive, we use no other cover
than the hive-cover itself. This will leave

scant I4 bee-space above the sections. But a
great many— and we believe it is a decided dis-
advantage—put on the sections old carpets, old
cloths, etc. So far as the amount of honey is
concerned, these old cloths do not make any
particular difference either way; but far clean-
er sections, and hence comb honey that will
bring a higher market price than that which is
secured without the use of any carpet or cloths
will be secured, because many bee-men do not
scrape their sections. Wherever the cloth comes
against the sections, the bees will daub a line of
propolis ; and if they can push the cloths up
they will chink in propolis in the crevices, pro-
viding it is less than a bee-space. Practically
the same reasons apply for not using enamel
clo.ths or any thing of the sort over the brood-
frames. The thick top bars have practically
no burr-combs. If hives are properly construct-
ed with bee-spaces, then cloths, old carpet,
enamel cloths, etc., are worse than useless.

CAN SUPERfl BE PUT ON TOO SOON?

I notice in my perusal of Gleanings there is
more or less said about the proper time to put
supers on the hives. Will you kindly inform
me how they could be put on too soon ? That
is, what harm would result from doing so?
Probably this would interest others as well as
myself. E. Bkubaker.

Philadelphia, Pa., Mar. 21.

[The only objection to putting supers on too
soon is, that the bees will unnecessarily soil the
sections by traveling over them, and perhaps
gnawing holes in the foundation. But if the
bee-keeper is in doubt, we presume it would do
no harm to put sections on a week or ti^i days
too soon. and. on the other hand, it might en-
tail considerable loss to put them on too late —
loss of the colony by swarming for want of
room, and loss of the honey that would have
been gathered and stored in the sections. — Ed.]

THE chemical QUALITIES OF GLUCOSE AND
GKAPE SUGAK.

I am glad to see you take such a decided stand
on adulteration. Glucose is not grape sugar,
though it has the same chemical equivalents —
carbon 12, hydrogen 12, oxygen 12. Chemists
determine this by analysis; but no chemist
can determine the arrangement of these equiv-
alents or atoms, nor can he tell the effect the
arrangement has on the article made up of
these atoms; for instance, in true fruit sugar
the placing of the atoms is, hydrogen first, then
oxygen, then carbon; but in glucose it is carbon
first, then oxygen, then hydrogen. Now, the
number of equivalents may be just the same, 12
each; but the reversing of the order may make
a world of difference. As there are limits 10

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

511

human thought beyond which the keenest
minds can not go, so in chemistry there are
limits. No chemist has yet discovered the size
and position of atoms, nor the influence the
position or cliange of position of the atoms
malies in bodies — how sulphuric acid effects
this change of place, and converts starch into
sugar or glucose; and the very fact that the
sweetening properties of glucose are not eciual,
weight for weight, to true grape sugar, ought
to settle in the mind of any man of common
sense, for ever, tlie fact that glucose is not
grape sugar, though the chemical equivalents
are the same. I don"t profess to be an expert
in chemistry, but I iiave paid a good deal of
attention to it. Rev. J. Janeway.

Pawling, Pa., May 8.

THE CONDITION OF BEE-KEEPING IN GERMANY.

In Germany great complaint is made over the
depression of bee culture, and for this the new
tariff law is held responsible. America and
Switzerland send into Germany annually some
one million dollars' worth of honey; and this is
sold at so low a price that, together with the
low protective duty, it renders it out of the
question for the German bee-keepers to hold
their own. So also the price of wax has suffer-
ed tlie important decrease of about .50 per cent
in prici — that is. from 48 to 60 cents it has fallen
to 26 and .30 cents, reckoning a German mark at
24 cents. From this we see there is no longer
any motive for keeping bees in Germany; and,
■worstof all. is the adulteration of honey, against
whicli the law seems to provide no a'iequate de-
fense. Besides, to add to the trouble of those
who live in the Liinenburg heath, and who can
not get even the poorest kind of extracted hon-
ey, large quantities of so-called "Liinenburg
Extracted Honey" are thrown on the market.

Medina, O. Karl R. Mathey.

STINGLESS BEES IN YUCATAN.

The other day. when reading the description
of a tour a German traveler made through Yu-
catan I came across a passage which was some-
what surprising to me. and will, no doubt, be
news to many of your readers too. The writer
f^ays that, a few leagues from ^Merida. at the
hacienda Zucalun, the property of Don F. Leon,
he noticed quite a strange kind of bees he had
never seen before, and did not see afterward
within the tropics. '• They are larger."' he con-
tinues,'" than the Gernian bee, of a brownish-
yellcw color, and stinglos. There were, under
a shelter, over 400 hives in logs, sawed the same
length, hollowed out and laid one above the
other in terrace shape. At both ends they are
closed with wooden plugs. To get the honey,
one looks to see at which end the honey is,
•which is stored in wax pockets of the size of a
regular apple; then, after the hive is hung in a
slanting position, holes are opened in the pock-
ets, and the honey, which is just as good as

ours, is allowed to run out. The brood-cells at
the other end are six-cornered, like those of
our bees." That is what I read, and I mention
it with this caution: I neither believe nor dis-
believe it; but, judging from what else the
writer has to report and describe;, he gives one
the impression of being a perfectly honest man,
who liimself fully Ixslieves wiiat he relates.

Chari-es Norman.
St. Petersburg, Fla., May, 18'j4.

[The stingless bees of Mexico and certain
parts of our own country are a small bee. about
half the size of the ordinary German. We do
not remember to have seen any statement of
any such bees being larger. We, however, ac-
cept the statemiMit with caution, and in the
meantime ask our subscribers to furnish us any
facts that will corroborate or disprove it.— Ed. J

WOOD separators nailed on wide frames

A SUCCESS.

Allow me to disagr 'e with Dr. Miller in re-
gard to wood separators, on [)ag" 378. I have
just finished filling 380i) section holders with
sections, and they all have wood separators
nailed on. I would not have them any other
way. Dr. Miller do( s not say what the thick-
ness of his is; but mine are sawed ,V, and are
the full width of the holder. Some of them
have been in use two years, and show no signs
of moving in any way. I would have them
nailed on because it gives me 2800 less pieces to
handle; by their use the sections do not fall out
sidewise when putting in loiindation by the
melted-wax plan, and four sections can be han-
dled at once. Now, why is it that so often the
same article gives different results with differ-
ent men, and can not be used in the same way ?
I know Dr. Miller's separators warped and
curled when nailed on, because he says so; and
I know mine do not. as any one can see by step-
ping into my bee- house.

A word for tlie holders. I would not tolerate
a wide frame with a top- bar — the holders are
so much easier emptied. With Carnidlans,
propolis is no objection to their use, as none of
my honey was scraped at all, and I got 17 cts.
for it too. H. P. Langdon.

East Constable, N. Y., May 4.

[The separators that Dr. Miller spoke of as
not being satisfactory when nailed on wide
frames were of the sliced sort. He probably
had not tried those that were sawed. These
latter are belter in every way. and almost as
cheap. We have no doubt that, when 's inch
thick, they would work all right, even when
nailed as you say.— Ed.]

SWEET CLOVER AS A TROUBLESOME AVEED.

Mr. Root:— I notice in Dr. Miller's Straws
that he is lamenting a failure of his sweet-
clover seed growing. Now, it seems to me he
ought to feel good over it. It may be he knows
all about sweet clover and what a nuisance it
is. We would just as soon think of sowing
mustard or thistles as sweet clover here in
Wood Co. It may not spread with him, how-

512

GLEANINGS IN KEE CULTURE.

June 15.

ever. Every road here has its accompanying
ditch, and they are lined with the nuisance.
It is of no benefit to anybody, except for honey,
and it grows 6 to 8 ft. high, and half an inch in
^ diameter. It goes to seed, and remains stand-
ing all winter, looking very unsightly, like a
dense growth of underbrush. It will occupy
any uncultivated land, and is a nuisance in
general.

If you wish I will describe my winter cases
made at a cost of 10 cents each besides a little
work. M. C. DiMiCK.

Bowling Green, O., May 7.

[Ye.s, we should like to have the description.

— Ed,]

sweet clovrk on new ground.

Will sweet clover grow in new ground that
has not been broken? I have been thinking
that I would try some. G. W. Ghimes.

Porters, Del., May 14.

[I presume likely sweet clover would grow on
any kind of ground when started. I notice this
spring it is coming up with great luxuriance all
along the banks and cuts in the hard clay soil of
our new railroad. Where no other plant has
thought of growing for the past four years, this
is pushing ahead right in the hard ground with
wonderful luxuriance, and it is getting to be so
thick that the railroad men have to mow it off
and dig it out to keep it from catching fire dur-
ing a dry time and burning the ties. By the
way, I suppose it is well known that bee-keep-
ers are accused almost everywhere of sowing
the seed of sweet clover on railroad ground, as
on other places. I have never heard of a bee-
keeper doing it in our vicinity: but I think the
truth is, it spems to take specially to new ground
—particularly that which is brought up from a
considerable depth. I do not believe there is
any need of manuring at all, nor any kind of fer-
tilizing, for sweet clover. Alfalfa and other
plants that grow down so deen would probably
come under the same rule. This new pea, La-
thyrus sylvestris. seems to be ahead in this line
of forage^plants, from the fact that the tops re-
main uninjurpd during our severest winters.
Sweet clover always dies down to the ground. I
do not believe I would think of putting sweet
clover on any ground that is good for other
crops— at least, not as a rule.— Ed.]

THE VALUE OF HONEY FOR CHILDREN.

[Dr. Bohm, a physician of Schweinfurth, Ger-
many, who has made a special study of the dis-
eases of children, writes in substance as follows
in regard to the value of pure honey for chil-
dren. The matter was furnished us by.our Mr
Mathey.— Ed.]

Childr(>n which grow fast, and, in consequence,
look pale and weak, have special need of sweets.
The trouble arises from a lack of proper nutri-
tive elements in the blood whereby to replenish
the waste of the body. Here the use of saccha-
rine matter becomes nece.ssary, as it supplies
fuel, so to speak, to the animal frame. Nature
now calls for a pure sweet— one containing a
large per cent of grape-sugar, but one which is
almost entirely lacking in nitrogen- that is.
honey. Hence children should have honey free-
ly, and as often as possible. Especially is the
use of milk sweetened with honey, and eaten
with good home-made bread, to be recommend-

ed. That is the most healthful, savory, and di-
gestible breakfast; and especially in winter can
nothing be tound more conducive to the health
of children than such food. While milk and
good bread nourish children very well, the hon-
ey warms the body and strengthens the organs
of respiration. The idea that honey is indigest-
ible, and "remains in the stomach," as many
believe, is a mere prejudice. Honey is indigest-
ible only when taken in large quantities not
combined with nitrogenous food. But good
home-made bread, spread with honey, is more
nutritious for children than whole boxes of bis-
cuits, extracts, and other artificial products.

K. R. M.

^ -mTcntas- '""'^'^^a;-?— _3Si*v5i?.2 PER YEARj

Receive my inslrucHon. and not sUver; and knowledge rath-
er than ctioice gold.— Phov. 8: 10.

We are entirely caught up on orders, and
have now discontinued our night force. The
past week or ten days of cool wet weather cut
down the number and size of the orders.

A SERIES of lessons in practical apiculture,
for beginners, prepared by Mrs. Jennie Atch-
ley, is now running in the American Bee Jour-
nal. So far as we have glanced over them,
they are interesting and practical.

R. L. Taylor has reported, in the last Re-
view, a set of interesting experiments on 34 col-
onies, half of which were fed sugar syrup, and
half honey. The result shows that " the aver-
age consumption of sugar stores was but 33<
lbs., while that of honey was i'iJ4 lbs., or more
than twice as much." Then Mr. Taylor goes
on to say, "This has added importance when
we remember what has been well established,
that granulated-sugar syrup is fully equal to
the best of honey as winter food for bees, and
far safer for that purpose than any inferior
honey."

The jRcrVcfc- or, rather, its editor — says he
finds the Carniolans are great breeders — espe-
cially so in the spring ; yet they " will rear
brood, and swarm, so long as there is a drop of
honey in the hive," and "it makes no difference
if honey is coming in." That is quite in line
with our experience. They will build up faster,
and then swarm. It would be desirable, as Mr.
Hutchinson says, to combine these traits with
the " sense and thrift of the Italians," for these
latter seem to be more provident, and more
watchful for the future, than any other known
race. Possibly a cross would be desirable; but
how are we to distinguish them from ordinary
hybrids?

1894

GLEANiNGS IN BEE CULTURE.

->n

A coRiJKSPONDKNT, referring to the tall ever-
greens around our apiary and tliat of Mr.
Boardman, asks what kind of evergreens ihey
are. Around our own apiary they are only the
ordinary Norway spruce. They are the hardi-
est and most vigorous growing of any of that
kind of trees in our locality, and perhaps for
most localities in the North.

TiiK very thing that we were afraid would
some time happen did hap{)en in our last issue.
A type puli< d up and planted itself lengthwise
over the face of the half-tone engraving on
page 4.').>, and went through the press. The re-
sult was an oblong white spot on the face of
the picture. We mention it here so our readers
may know that it was not an original blemish
in the engraving.

W Z. Hutchinson takes the ground, and
very correctly, that bees ought not to be sent
by the pound, without brood; that bees and
brood are like man and wife— they ought not to
be separated. We have long since abandoned
the selling of bees by the pound, for the very
reason we had so many losses during shipment;
and now when we send them on brood they in-
variably go through in good order.

"Obsekver," in Progressive, hints that the
*' whole Heddon business was a put-up job."
We wonder whether Observer would say this
under his real name, Attacks from a writer
under a noni de plume are like stones thrown
by a man from behind a tree. Well, referring
to the "put-up job," all we have to say is,
that if Observer, or aiuj one else, wW] call at
our office we can furni>ii him plenty of proof
that it was not. We might say a great many
more ihings than we have said; but we forbear
saying more.

PROSPECTS.

We have been receiving reports saying that
bees were starving; others that honey is just
coming in. In all probability this warm spell
of weather had not begun to take effi-ct in lo-
calities of those first mentioned, and we are in
hopes that even they are beginning to find now
that honey is not only beginning to come, but
coming with a rush. No doubt the cause of
the bees starving was due largely if not alto-
gether to the spi'll of cold weather that pre-
vailed thioughout thi' North, iit least, a week
or ten days ago. In our own h cality we were
threatened alnio-^t every night with frost and
we did have it in two or three instances. Dur-
ing the day it was so cold and rainy that the
bees were not evc^n able to fly, and hence it is
that reports bi'gan to come in showing that
bees were starving. Our bees have been work-
ing on clover for three or four days, and tlie
appearance of the ba^swood- blossoms, not yet
opened, gives a good promise of honey from
them.

STATISTICS.

We have just received the following statis-
tical report from the Secretary of the Illinois
State Bee-keepers' Association. We have as
yet prepared no statistics, but the following
will answer for the present. " a" refers to the
number of colonies; *'b"to the prospects of a
crop; "c" to the amount of surplus, and "d"
to the grade or quality.

A. B. Anthonv. CoIet;i 111. a. 26; ti. verv crood; c. none now.

F. X. Arnold, Oii'v Pliiiii PI. a ft; h. ' ery i^ood for spring
(■vp: c none hits in a starving condition.

T R Allen, Slirrup Glove, 111. a. .'i2; b. very poor — no white
clover; c. none.

J. Bertram, Bristol. 111. a. 12, hives crowded; b. poor; white
clover injured by drouth; c. none

M. Bevier. Bradford, III. a. 4"; I). t>ood ; c. none.

S N Black. Cloyton, 111. a. 30; b pour— no white clover; c.
nosnrplns.

F. Bleeka Elp-in. Ill a. 18: b. good — hope; c. bees working
In actions; ri. No. 1.

P Blunier, R'.anoke. 111. a. ."il in Rood condition; b not good
—white clover thin; c. no surplus, but some in brood-nest; d.
good.

D. A. Cadwallader. Prairie du Rocher. Ill a. 22; b. good at
date-white clover a^nndant: c. none yet— bees swarming.

Dadant & Son. Hamilton. 111. n. S-V); b. pro ; c. none.

P Dahl. Granville, III. a. IS8; b. fair; c. no surplus; d. some
honey dew

D. B. Robbins. PTv.son. HI. a .SO: b. very poor- no white clo-
ver; c. enough to keep brood-rea: ing brisk; d. honeydew al-
most entirel.v.

P. J. Enirla'nd Fan"v Prair'e 111 a. 26; h good; c. none yet.

J. D. Everett. Oak Park 111 a. U; h. very i?ood : c. can't tell.

J. W. Finch. Jr. Springfield, 111. a.lS; b. very poor— no white
clover; c. not an^'

E.T.Flanagan BeUeville 111. a. 27S;b onl.v fai- : c. none.

J. A. Green, Ottawa 111. a. 118; b. fa r bees in tirst-rate con-
dition: e. no surplus; d. some honeydew.

N S Hahn. Henderson 111. b. favorable if dry weather keeps
off; c. have examined far enough to know that pollen is plenti-
ful; d. don't know.

J. M. Hambaugh, Spring 111. a. 120; b. very poor; c. no sur-
plus; d don't know.

Rir. W. Hayek. Quiney. III. a. 74; not good — may be half a
crop of white clover: b. no surplus— bee- need it all; c. No. 2.

L. H.vbnrger. Leaf River. III. a. 70; b. fair— white clover cut
short bv last fall's drouth; c. enough to keep brood going.

Wm Little, Marissa. HI. a. 60; b. not good — cold, and bees
starving; c. nine- clover badly injured by late frost.

J. H. Martin. Bloomington. (}al. a. 170: h. prospects are that
there will be but little honey to ship from this part of the
state; c.bees have hardly made a living— are being fed in some
lo'':ilities: d not much io grade.

Dr. C. C. Miller Marengo, 111. a. 201; b. excellent; c. what
are vou talking about?

A. Phelps SoringHeld. 111. a. 30; b.fair: c. can't say; d. No.l.

Jas. Poindevter. Blo'inington. 111. a, l.")fi— majority weak; b.
not good— • lo\er bailly killed: c. no surplus — an average for
brood-rearing; d. not tr"od I think, for time of year, and for
source from whirl) it wa" g.athered.

G. F. Robbins. Mcchaiiicsburg. III. n. /S; b. very poor — clo-
ver all killed out last year; c one thimbleful from fruit-bloom.

A. I. Root. Medina. O a. 1.50; b. good; c. probably 10 lbs. per
colony; d. good ipialit.v.

J. Q Smith. L'ncoln 111. a. 62; b. not any so far — no clover
in sight: c none.

F. A. Snell.Milledgeville Til a. 110; h fair; c. a liberal quan-
titv for hroo ' reaiing: d none -tori d to date.

P. E. Vande'ibu'g .lerseyvil e. III. a 40; b. very poor— have
neirlv stopped breeding: c. haven't a sealed cell*

W. M VanMeter Eia.Tex. a 4; h. irood: c. .iO: d ex eMent.

E. Wbittlese.v Pecatonica, 111. a. 6.5; b. fair— white clover In-
jured by drouth; c. nune.

Jas. a. Stone, Sec.

At the close of the honey-harvest we will
prepare such statistics for the whole United
States, the same as we have done in former
times.

GAIA'ANIZED UTENSIT.S FOR HONEY. AGAIN ; A
STATEMENT FROM PROF. SPENCER.

0\ page 4(14 it will be noted that Mr. Elias
Fox stated he had been in the habit of having
his honey stored in a galvanized vessel, and
that he had never d<'tecied any injury to the
honey. At the lime, he sent us a sample of
honey that had been melted in this galvanized
pan three times: and in our footnote following
we statf d that w(' had forwarded this sample
to the Chief Chemist, at Washingion. The
nature of our let icr lo the chemist will be plain
from the reply fnllowiiig. which we take pleas-
ure in submitting to our read( r^:

514

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June 15.

Mr.A.l. Boo^;— Your letter bearing date May 25,
and accompanying sample of lioney, have been re-
ceived. No zinc could be detected in the honey
sent. The sample was. however, too small to permit
the detection of the presence of much less than .50
parts per million, which would be a comparatively
large quantity of the metal to be in a food.

As to whether honey would attack galvanized iron
used for storage-tanks, etc., that is a matter whicli
would have to be settled by direct experiment.
Foods differ widely in their power of :ittaoking zinc;
and while I am of the opinioa that honey would not
exercise much action on that mttal, my opinion
is subject to revision. It would depend on the
fluidity and acidity of the honey to some extent,
and also on the access of air. Siiould a galvanized
tanK full of highly fluid, acid honey be emptied, and
allowed to stand some time before refilling, the con-
ditions would be favorable to the contamination of
the second lot of honey, if this food does exercise a
solvent action on zinc, as the metal surfaces would
be covered with thin layers of honey freely exposed
to the air. I should not im igine such action would
take place in the case of honey stored in closed cans.

Galvanized iron is frequently used for water ser-
vice and always gives up some zinc to the water,
the amount depending on the length of contact and
on tlie amount of dissolved air. Generally it is very
small.

Nothing definite is known as to the physiological
effect of small doses of zinc frequently repeated.
The metal may tend to accumulate iu the system as
lead does, though there is not much evidence to this
efifect. It is certainly not a desirable thing to have
in food. G. L. Spencer,

Acting Chief of the Division of Cliemistry.

Washington, D. C, June 1.

As the sample was too small to make a satis-
factory lest, we desire our correspondent, Mr.
Fox, or any one else who has honey stored in a
galvanized-iron tank for any length of time,
say two or three years, to express us, at our ex-
panse, a sample of two or three pounds of the
liquid honey taken from such cans. We wish
to have this matter determined detiiiiteiy, as it
is a very important one to be decided. At pres-
ent we do not think that galvanized-iron tanks,
from the fact that many are using such for
storage-tanks, have any injurious effects upon
the honey ; and you will notice that Prof.
Spencer is of the same opinion. The fact is,
tin will rust; iron will do the same; copper too
expensive; and wood will shrink in California
and other hot climates. Galvanized iron is the
only material for tanks that can be used for the
storage of large quantities of honey.

cessful. He was successful, not only in making-
them bring in cash, but in always wintering
them, even when the rest of^us lost heavily;
and the consequence was, through our heavy
sales of bees, nuclei, and queens, to supply
those who had lost, we were obliged to draw
upon our neighbor for new supplies. He always
enjoyed the distinction of furnishing us the
nicest bees on the nicest combs, and at the
highest price. A number of times, other local
bee-keepers have asked why we paid Neighbor
Rice more than any one else. Simply for the
reason that he took pains with his bees, and
was able to furnish us good strong colonies in
spring, when others would bring in poorly
marked hybrids, weak at that, to say nothing
of their being on crooked and unsightly combs.

A. A. RICE.

For many years we have been buying bees of
our old friend whom we have called " Neighbor
Rice," who lived some ten or eleven miles from
the Home of the Honey-bees. Mr. Rice took a
start in bees about the time that Gleanings
was started; and ever since that time he has
been a thorough and successful bee-keeper.
He loved his bees, it was a pleasure for him to
work with them, and no wonder \w was so suc-

A. A. BICE.

Well, we have just bought out his entire
apiary, and for the last time we shall ever buy
of him again — not because the bees are unsat-
isfactory, but because our friend has passed
from this world. He died at his home, west of
Seville, O., Dec. 6, 18'.»3, at the good old age of
73 years. From an obituary notice in a local
paper we extract the following:

He was one of nature's nobleiiuMi in a double sense-
—over six feet tall, heavily built; and in 6J years of
acquaintance with him 1 never saw liim angry nor
heard him utter a profane word, nor drink any
spirituous luiuors, nor use toi);icco in any form.
He had three brothers. One died young; two lived
to manliood; one was in the war of the Rebellion,,
and was shot in the leg. His father was in the war
of 1812, in the Vermont militia, and received a pen-
sion; and his grandfather was an officer in the
Revoluuon, and stationed at New York city. Mr.

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

515

Rice leaves a wife; his only daughter, Mrs. Roxoy
Wilson, of Edinore, Mich.; and one sister, Mrs. A.
V. Eastman, and a host of friiMids, to mourn his
loss.

Years ago, away back in NovonilxM- Glkan-
INOS for ISTC), appeared an engraving siiowing
Mr. Rice's apiary and the honse-apiary; and
togethtM' with it was a short paragraph, both
of which we have decided to place before our
readers at this time.

It was a pleasant day in October when we— the
artist (Mr. Stanhope) and myself— drove up just
by tlie rail fence you see in the foreground, and
took a peep at the surroundings as you see
them above. Friend Rice was found busily engaged
making winter passages for tlie bees, which opera-
tion he performed with a "sharp stick," and we
noted that he got along with it very fast. We soon
went into the house-apiary, and, after we had noted
the tempting displays of comb honey, we were real

The house-apiary seen in the background
was long since discarded, although we believe
he continued to use it as a sort of shop. Tlie
hives shown in the foreground he was using up
to the time of his death, and were still in excel-
lent condition, as was every thing that Mr.
Rice had about his bees. He was not a man
who believed in letting hives rest on the ground,
to rot out the bottoms, nor letting them go un-
painted.

Perhaps many of our readers would like to
know the secret of Mr. Rice's success in winter-
ing. He always put his bees in the cellar, in
the hives you see in the engraving, and always
put over the frames a cushion, and over all a
cap with a wire-cloth screen on top, for the
purpose, as he said, of " letting the bees' sweat
pass off." He did not think it necessary to
have a large entrance, but, on the contrary.

A. A. rice's house -apiary, SEVILLE, OHIO.

glad we came to see him. In the center of the room
we found large tin tanks of both linn and clover
honey; and as we never like to waste any time we
dipped out the lioney, flrst from one can and then
the other, while we talked " bees." You must know
that friend R. gets all his comb honey in small sec-
tions fitted into his large frames, and the sight of
these cakes of honey riglit before the glass division-
boards clear round the room is pretty, we assume
you. May Mrs. R. never lose her genial smile, nor
he the robust strength tliat enables him to carry
those lieavy hives out of the cellar and back, when-
ever a summery day occurs in midwinter; and when
he gets old, may he have an easy-chair in the house-
apiary, and find it (the house-apiary) a complete
success.

Mrs. Rice has still the same genial smile:
but it is a sadder one, through the loss of her
life companion. His robust strength did not
give way till the silken cord, without any
warning, was snapped while he was apparently
in his usual health.

regarded it as very important that the " sweat"
should have perfect freedom to escape through
the thin cushion. The wire cloth was used,
not only to hold the bees in the hives during
the winter, but also during such times as when
he brought the bees up in his bee-wagon to
Medina, to sell them at the Home of the Honey-
bees.

Mr. Rice was one of those bee keepers whose
light did not shine very prominently through
the bee-journals, but he was one of those quiet,
practical ones who make bees pay. He accepted
new theories with caution; and when he found
he could winter his bees successfully, nothing
in the world could induce him to change his
plan one iota. A year ago last spring, after we
had given the scaled covers a thorough test,
with such unsatisfactory results, he said, with
a smile, "I thought you would find out your
mistake. The sweat has got to pass off, and it
can not do it through the sealed cover."

516

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June 15.

how to support a family ox one- fourth
acre; a glimpse of one corner
OF that quarter-acre as it
appeared may ](J.

May be you will think, from the picture ad-
joining, that it is a pretty good-sized " family."
Well, 1 am glad it is; and I am glad, too, that
the pro!;pecls are just now that Ihoy are going
to be supported quite comfortably. Perhaps I
might remark that the greater part of them
are the boys of my Sunday-school class. They
are at work on the last end of a bed of Prize-
taker onion-plants, putting up an order that
came all the way from Minnesota, for 100,000
plants. The price received was $57.5.00, and, as
nearly as I can make out, the 100,000 occupied
just about the space of one of those 50-foot beds
—beds .50 feet long and 0 feet wide. And this
is for a single crop, mind you. The seed was
sown March 14. Of course, there was consider-
able labor in handling the sashes, and there
was the expense of, say, two or three pounds of
Prizetaker onion seed at $2.25 per lb., and the
cost of taking the plants up. The 10 boys you
see in the picture would put up the whole of
them in about 10 hours. This would be at the
rate of 1000 plants an hour for each boy, or 10
bunches of 100 plants each ; (3 minutes for
counting out 100 plants, putting a slip of oiled
paper around the bunch, and a rubber band
over the paper. The boy with a straw hat on,
near the center of the group, has a bunch of 100
in his hands. You can see the white roots—
that is, if the artist gets his half-tone picture
clear enough in detail. I should not forget to
mention that, before we had so much rain,
keeping the plants well watered was quite a
little item of expense. The water is furnished
by the windmill and tank on the hill; and
before going further I want to say that Ernest
succeeded in getting about the brightest and
sharpest — especially sharpest in detail— photo-
graph of garden-plants that I have ever seen.
As I look at the picture my lield of rye stands
out so sharp and clear that almost every head
is visible. Last year I had 40 bushels per acre
on that same ground. You may ask what kind
of farming I am at, in having rye on the same
ground again. Well, there is a crop of clover
down under the rye, that you do not see; and
the reason why we have rye again is that, in
spite of all I could do. enough grain was scat-
tered through the clover to make the stand you
see in the picture. I wanted the clover to grow
another season, so I just let the rye and clover
grow together. In a few days the rye will
come off and the clover will hold sway. Tlio
vacant spot on the right-hand side is where the
former owner started to make an alley through
the lot by letting the townspeople draw away
the dirt. When I got possession I stopped the
alley bu.siness. But they took off the top soil
to such an extent that I have not got the clover
to catch in the hard clay as yet. The beautiful
thrifty foliage just below the rye is our Palmer
raspberries. They are now bending with their
loads of bloom, and the hum of the golden
Italians among the blossoms is indeed inspiring.
This side of the raspberries are four rows of
strawberries; and next to the strawberries are
my dozen rows of rhubarb that I told you about,
mulched with stable manure. Then comes a
row of grapevines; then tomatoes and cucum-
bers, and finally we come to the i)lant-beds. If
you look sharp you will see a load of stable

manure adjoining the roadway. During the
heavy rains the juice from this heap of stable
manure has made the ground dark and rich
along the .ditch at the end of the plant-beds.
The lirst bed contains cabbage-plants on the
right hand, and smaller cabbage-plants, just
put out. on the left-hand end. In the picture
you get a glimpse of three or four large boxes
in different positions. These are slipped over
our piles of sash when the sash are piled up at
the end of the beds. They protect the sash
from the weather, make them secure in case of
hail during the sumnu-r time; also secure from
small boys who might be throwing stones at
such times. The box turned on its side back of
the boys is set up in that way to shade the
plants while they are being packed. Ernest
says it was a big mistake in not having it down
flat when the picture was taken, as it shades
the boys' faces too much. The next bed con-
tains four different kinds of tomato-plants.
These different varieties are separated by strips
of wood. They are ready to send off. Then
comes another bed of cabbage-plants, and then
one of VViiite Victoria onions large enough to
pull for bunch onions. In fact, some of them
are now larger than hens' eggs.

I have not figured up how much money we
get from a bed of bunch onions; but at 5 cts.
for a bunch containing 1 lb. of onions, tops and
all, it foots up pretty well, especially if you
keep pulling out the largest and then waiting a
little for the others to grow. In doing this you
can plant them quite thickly, say rows 4 inches
apart and onions 2 inches apart in the row.

We now come to the bed where the boys are
at work. Of course, with such a crowd there
needs to be a boss; and the young boss you will
see at the left-hand side. Frank has been with
me so long that he has almost grown into the
business. He is so industrious that it is hard
work for me to explain to him that, when he is
looking afternme boys, he should not under-
take to do any other work himself. For in-
stance, the boss should be sure the plants are
kept soaked with water, with the rubber hose
and sprinkler; then he should see that the boys
put up their bundles neatly, without smashing
or wasting the onions; that they should not get
crowded together, trampling their tools, etc.,
under foot. Then he must provide slips of oiled
paper, rubber bands, moss for packing, and
baskets. I tell you. it would keep 7ne busy to
have nine such boys work to the best advan-
tage, and save unnecessary motions. The bed
in the foreground contains small cabbage-plants
at the left end. Next is a cluster of beet-plants
that are getting too large for their territory;
then some more cabbage-plants, and finally a
dozen or more beautiful Dwarf Champion to-
mato-plants, in bloom; and just beyond the
tomato-plants you get a glimpse of a single hill
of potatoes grown in our rich plant-garden soil.
1 iliink very likely all this mass of foliage came
Irom a single volunteer potato. When a frost
threatened night before last, it took one of
those big boxes to cover that single hill of po-
tatoes. Just think of it— a hill of potatoes so
large in the middle of Mav that it takes a box
01^x33.2x2 feet high to cover it! On the extreme
right of the picture you catch a glimpse of our
tile-yard, close by the railroad track; also a
corner of the coal office. Y'es, and there is that
mud-puddle, full of water, that I have been
piling' cobblestones into for two or three years.
The traffic of the heavy loads of tile and coal
keeps cutting into the mud.* Last, but not

*The very spot whei'e those boys are now at work,
and the p round tliiits i.s now covered witli such valu-
al)le crops and luxuriant vt'ficlatioii. was for years
an uiisiKhtlv mud-liolc, occupird with all sorts of
old rubbisli, weeds, tin boilers, old boots and shoes,

518

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June 15.

Ifiast, at the extreme left of the picture you get a
glimpse of one of the 100 basswood- trees I plant-
ed along the street some ten years ago. Ernest
took thi picture from one of the upper windows
of our type-room, and these basswood branches
came out a little in the way.

A word more in regard to ^upPO't ng that
family on a quarter of an acre ^ ou will notice
by the tomato-book (p. 100) that the quarter-
a?re contains just 24 fifty-foot beds. Now, if
tach one of these beds could be so managed
as to give a crop worth *75.00, ^ay once a yea i,
the receipts of our little farm would be $1800
But I expect to make the same bed that gave
that 100,000 onion-plants give us nearlyhair a
dozen crops in the course of the yeai. we
won't figure up six times $1800 just now how-
ever. Alas for the imperfections of tbe bbSt-
managed of human schemes! The whole
Surth-acre may possibly give f 1^00 in a year-
yes, may be twice that; but I presume 1 pay
out for labor, seeds, and manure-to teH the
truth, I do not know how much — piobaoiy
somewhere between $500 and $1000. With the
many other busy cares devolving upon m« be-
sides that plant-garden, it is impossible toi me
to give you accurate figures. lean give you
only glimpses of the possibilities in ihis line ot
work! and every city of 1000 inhabitants or
more should, in my opinion, have at least one
such plaut-garden. „ luti^

Now, before I close let me consider a little
the text I have put at the head of our editorial
page. It does not refer to onion-plaiils— at
least, not particularly; but, O dear friends, it
does refer to that group of boys who are
looking to me, not only for directions in regard
to their work, and for their pay every Saturday
night, but when Sunday comes they are looking
to me and depending upon me for something of
more importance. May God help me to be
faithful to this precious charge. The boys
attend school, of course, five days in a week;
but they are on hand almost every morning
between five and six. Some of them would
come before five if I permitted it. and they
work till the schoolbell rings. When school
closes in the afternoon their arrival is heralded
by pattering footsteps and boyish voices. They
are so glad to get outdoors alter being kept in
the schoolroom that their wayward feet are
likely to go into the mud, and may be on the
plants; but for the most part they work with
such a hearty good will that I should he asham-
ed of myself if I could not overlook their boyish
blunders and mistakes. I do not know whether
they know it or not; but I love them— every
one of them— and it really gives me pain when
other boys come and beg to be taken into this
class, to be obliged to keep refusing th.^m, day
after day. What pay do they get? Well, tbe
youngest ones get 4 cts. an hour; the most of
them 5. and a few of them G. France, the one
who bos-es, commenced just as they did. but lu'
has now got up to 11 cts. an hour. When 1
decided I could a,fford to pay him 11 cts. 1 do
not believe he felt any happier about it than I

There, friends, I have found a good deal of
fault in some of my past writings with these
boys (Jod has given me for helpers; but I feel
rath(M- happy, at the close of Ihls talk, to think
that I have not found any fault at all with any-
body. By the way, I must add that this sort of
drill that these boys are getting i«, without any

etc.; and I confess that I have greatly enjoyed the
work of making this unsightly spot bud and blos-
som; and you, dear reader, can take any hit of
waste ground— tliat is, providing it gets tiie sun-
shine—and do as much. If it is close to the higlnvay
it will do its own advertising: nnri if it is close lo a
town or city, the space will be all the more valuable.

mistake or question, fitting them to be useful
and valuable members of society; and, oh it is
so much better to have them busy, and in love
with this kind of work, than to be roaming
about the streets and learning mischief. May
God help us all in the care of the boys of this
our native land!

" THE NEW CAULIFLOWER CULTURE."

Well, why not? We have had the " New On-
ion Culture" and "New Celery Culture;" and
my experience would indicate that there is more
money in the New Caulifiower Culture— that is,
for intensive gardening — than in either of the
others. Get good strong plants in February or
March, and set them in plant-beds made very
rich. In fact, I think our plant- bed was at
least one-fourth rich old stable manure, and it
was spaded down perhaps a foot and a hall
deep. Now set your plants in these beds, a fool
apart. The spacing-trame described on p. 42(
does this nicely. After the plants get to be weh
rooted, no other covering is needed to proteci
from frost than cotton cloth. 1 did not fee
quite sure the plants would make nice heads sc
close together; but they have made the verj
finest I ever saw. The large leaves filled th(
whole bed completely full, and the heads wen
down in among them so that they were perfect
ly blanched without any tying- up of the leave
at all. In fact, they were regular Snowbal
caulifiower. For the first and finest heads w(
got 25 cts. per lb.; but for the smaller ones, an(
those not quite so handsome, 15 cts., and finall;
we came down to 10. We marketed them al
through May. I have tried Wakefield cabbage
on the same plan, but it was not a perfect sue
cess. My impression is, however, that I did no
give them a full loot of space between eac
plant and its neighbor. I am going to test.th
matter again. Tbe advantage of crowdin
them so close together is, that it is but littl
work to cover them, and no trouble at all t
weed and cultivate.

PROTECTING FROM FROST— TWO SIDES TO TH
MATTER.

And speaking of protecting plants remind
me that, two or three times during the latte
part of May, our Weather Bureau admonishe
us that the conditions were favorable for frost!
At two or three difl:erent times we put on sash
es. and carried potato boxes and squash- boxe;
until I expended from three to five dollars 1
Covering and uncovering. Now, the questio
is would a light frost have done that amount c
daiuiige? I think there is an extreme both way
in LhH matter of covering stuff. Friend Gaul
told me of making a smudge of wet straw, t
shield his early potatoes. He got up at on
o'clock at night, and saw by his thermometf
that there was danger ahead. The straw ha
boon placed in piles the night before. He raise
.. .-moke and fog sufficient to envelop his whol
patch of potatoes, and kept up the smudge uii
til he happened to look overhead and found h
could not see any stars— that is, when he gc
outside of the smoke. Then he noticed a clou
was doing the work for him, and he went bac
to bed again. Our barometer told me, the nigl:
before, that rain was coming, so I did not cove
up any thing this time, and nothing was hartn
ed. Where plants lie in beds so a cloth shet
can be quickly rolled dovvn, the expense is, (
course, nothing; but where you have to carr
bushel boxes or sap-pails, and turn them ovf
tomato-plants or hills of cucumbers, it is cor
siderable expense, liesides, if the ground hap
pens to be damp, as it has been for the past tw
weeks, there is a good deal of tramping that
have begun to think is almost as bad as a ligl
frost.

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

519

SOWING GOOD SEED. ETC.

Pleaso find inclosed tho price of Gleanings
for one year. It was not for the want of funds
that I did not remit earlier, but because of an
interna! commotion within my breast on ac-
count of that Evergreen sweet corn I ordered of
you one year ago. The coin looked so nice and
good I planted without resting, and you may
judge of my surprise, after waiting anxiously
for some time for it to make its appearance, to
find that much less than half ever sprouted,
and I had to replant with another variety,
which made the crop late and very unsatisfac-
tory. You may judge of my feelings when it
came to mature, with such large beautiful ears,
and such a heavy growth of blades and stalks.
Well, I have wanted to say sotne awful big
'•swear words," but I had just signed the
Juvenile Pledge not to sw(^ar or u-^e any other
bad language. I can hardly restrain myself,
even at this late day, from using very expres-
sive language. I have waited and watched
Gleanings for a bad report or good report from
some other lucky or unlucky individual, for I
have been in a miserable state of mind all this
time. I think I shall feel better after freeing
my mind in this somewhat restrained nianner;
in fact, 1 begin to feel better already, after
stating these facts, and forming a firm resolu-
tion to never again plant corn without testing
the seed. H. S. Tuckek.

Freeport, Iowa. May 30.

[Many thanks, friend T., for your very frank
and outspoken way of stating your grievance ;
and I am very glad indeed that you held on — at
least, until you looked at the point in all its
bearings before using the "expressive language"'
you allude to. I do know what a serious matter
it is to lose a crop just because the seed was not
strictly first-class; and I, like yourself, have re-
solved again and again not to offer any thing for
sale until I had first thoroughly tested it my-
self. Every season I am importuned and urged
to olTer for sale this, that, and the other, that is
recommended with the strongest testimonials ;
but I have always replied, "Not until I have
grown the thing on my own grounds.'' This
course makes me behind the rest of the world,
a good many times, on valuable new varie-
ties, say of strawberries and garden-seeds;
but I would rather be behind the times, and be
sure.

Now about that Evergreen corn. Please ob-
serve, we have never advertised nor recommend-
ed Evergreen sweet corn at all. My attention
was called to it on account of the excellent
quality of the canned corn gi'own and put up by
the Lake-shore Canning Factory. So many
wanted seed that would grow corn equal to that
in those cans, that I wrote to friend Cummings
about it. He told me he purchased the seed of
C. F. Clark. VVakeman, Huron Co., Ohio. Ac-
cordingly I purchased four bushels of the very
kind that friend Cummings plants year after
year for his canning factory. I offered it to the
readers of trLEANixGs with the alDOve explana-
tion. There has been l)Ut one complaint besides
your own, friend T.: and if you have written to
me in reference to the matter l^efore, this other
complaint I allude to may have been from your-
self. It is true, our own planting did not come
up well; but neither did any of our sweet corn
last season, planted at the same time. The ex-
cessive wetness just after planting time was, I
supposed, the reason why the seed that was
planted rotted in the ground. This may not be
true, however. If friend Clark sent me exactly
the same kind of seed he furnished to thi; can-
ning-factory, and they had a good stand of corn,
I should be inclined to think the failure due to
some other cause.

At the close of your letter you strike upon a
very important fact— not in corn-growing, how-
ever, but in something far more important. You
say you have been in a '"miserable state of
mind." Who is thei'ewhohas not been through
this same expfrieruM!? And you say, again, "In
fact, I begin to feel better already." 1 presume
many others have also br<'n through this expe-
rience. In fact, I wii-h more of us had. This
seems to be true: So long as you dwell on a
wrong you have iccrived from somebody, and
biood over it, so lung you are miserable. But
when you go to the one who has wronged you,
and in a kind, neighborly way, state the case,
then you begin to feel better right away. I
have a great many limes put it this way: Be-
fore I am harsh or severe. 1 will put the matter
very gently, and see how Mr. So and So takes
it. If, after having put it very mildly, I discov-
er that there are no extenuating circumstances,
then, but not before, I will bring in the " heavy
artillery " that I have had in mind. I suppose
the very "expressive language" you say you
felt like using would be the " heavy artillery"
I had in mind. Well, I hardly need say that
the " heavy artillery " is almost never required
at all when we go about it in this way.

In conclusion, friend T., even though I do
not grow the Evi^rgreen corn, nor advertise it
in our price list, if you feel certain that your
loss was caused by poor seed, I will try to do
what you think would be right and neighborly
in the matter.] A. I. R.

ON THE WHEEL.

" Hello, boys! there comes a locomotive right
off through the lots, and into our berry-patch.
Just lookl"

" Well, now, that is A. I. Root on his wheel,
I'll bet a dollar; for there ain't another man
around who would undertake to run awheel
off through the lots in this style."

By this time I had caught up, and was shak-
ing hands with the man who called me a loco-
motive, and then we had a good laugli. as I
shook hands again with our old friend Uan
White, whom our older readers will recognize
as no small authority on bee culture in years
past. Mr. White is also in love with straw-
berries and other small fruits. In fact, when I
was away back in the road I was speculating
whether 1 had time that morning to go off to
the back end of the farm to see Mr. W.; but
when my eye caught sight of the beautiful
green rows of wondi^fu! luxuriance off on that
gentle slope, I concluded I should have to go
over there for a few minutes any way. The
beautiful crop was strawberries — two rows of
Crescent and tlien one of Jessie, and so on
through the patch. Even though it was only
the 39ih of May, many of the Jessies showed
their red cheeks through the green foliage. I
did not wait to be introdu.ed to the strawber-
ries, nor even to be invited; but I commenced
picking those great big fellows, and biting off
the bright-red side first. I have thought be-
fore that I liked the Jessies better when they
were red on only one side; and that morning I
thought so again. Mr. White says he has
never found a better f(!rtilizer than the Jessie;
and, judging from his stand of plants and show
of berries, I should call the Jessie all that was
ever claimed for it, on his premises. His soil is

520

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June 15.

just perfection for raising strawberries. It is
new land. In fact, these berries are the second
crop since the woods was cleared off; and the
woods dirt has been mixed Ihoroughiy with the
natural sandy loam; and through it all there
is a sprinkling of gravel — just enough to pro-
duce the kind of soil that strawberries revel in.
1 do not know why he sticks to the Crescent
when we have so many other new pistillate
varieties; but I notice that a great many of the
veterans are sticking to the old Wilson and the
Crescent.

Mr. White has been putting in some under-
drains recently; and he was full of enthusiasm,
as well he might be. As we walked along he
told me how he had been thinking for years
that he could not afford tile drains; and in one
place he drew in a hundred loads of soil to till
up a catswamp; but as tliis did not get rid of
the wetness he finally put in tiles; and now he
says he just fooled his time away when he
carted in that dirt. His man (the one who
called me a locomotive) was cultivating the
beriies with the new Planet Jr. twelve-tooth
harrow; and when I began to object that he
was running the outside tooth too deep, so close
to those thrifty young strawberry-plants, he
and his employer both insisted that it did no
harm. Said friend W., "Mr. Root, you (always
plant your strawberries with a spade, do you
not?"

I told him I had used the spade a few times,
but our boys did a good deal better where the
land was marked out so as to make a furrow of
just the right depth so as to spread the roots
and then pull the dirt around ihem. But Mr.
White declared he could set plants ever so
much faster by setting a spade in and then
spreading the roots of the plant out tan-shaped;
and, furthermore, by the latter plan they could
cultivate within an inch of the plant and not
tear any roots, even if they went down to a
considerable depth. I was obliged to own up.
By the way, is it not funny that each man has
a plan or system of his own, and that each one
manages so well by his own fashion of doing
things? At the end of the row of newly set
strawberries were some rows of blackberries.
Now, the mau who was cultivating, instead of
going clear through the blackberries to the end
of the lot, turned around when he had got to
the end of the strawberry rows. 1 do not know
that liis horse stepped on the plants, for he did
nice work with his cultivator; but yet he turn-
ed his horse around in the middle of the lot
when there was more cultivating to be done,
right ahead of the horse. Now, it may be that
people have good reasons for their own methods
of management; but when I looked out of the
car - windows that morning and saw little
patches of fruit and various kinds of garden-
stuff right out in the middle of a lot, I could not
help thinking that, notwithstanding the. multi-
tude of agricultural papers and agricultural
teachers, the mass of our farmers have not yet
seen the figures given so often in regard to the
amount of time it takes to turn n horse around
and go the other way. Why, if you have a
quarter of an acre of strawberries in a square
patch, it takes nioi'e time to tuin your liorse
around than to do the cultivating; and why in
the world do so many persist in having little
square patches wluui they miglit have their
berries and eveiy thing else in long rows the
whole length of the lot? In riding 40 miles
that morning, I do not believe I saw crops of
any kind put in in rows as long as the field
would permit them to be made. In fact, I saw
one man cultivating a patch of potatoes that
was perhaps three times as long as wide, and
he had short rows running croasivise, and was
■cultivating back and forth, and tramping up

ever so much grass at each side where he had
turned around. I confess it looks rather bad
for me to criticise friend White's management
and methods when he has a better showing of
a good many things than I have. But 1 wish
he would tell why he did not plant his rasp-
berries, blackberries, and strawberries, in long
rows instead of having so many square patches,
and not any of them the whole length of his
long Hi'Ids. We had so much to talk about just
then that I did not mention it.

I began to tell him 1 was going over to see
friend Gault's new raspberry; but we had to
look at this thing and then at that thing, and
then questions were to be asked; and just as he
went to hitch up his great stout young hor?e,
that he and I might visit while we went over to
friend Gault's, he told me there was one more
thing 1 must see. It was a patch of American
Wonder peas. I think they were the finest I
ever saw— a perfectly even stand, and very few
"rogues" among them, or tall peas sticking
away up above the dwarf Wonders. He had
such a good-sized patch that I said at once,
" Look here, friend W., you paid out a big lot
of money for that American Wonder sect?, this
year, when it is so high, did you not ? "

" Why, no, I did not, Mr. Root. The high
price did not affect me at all, for I raised the
seed myself."

"And did not have any bugs among them ?"

"1 did not have a buggv pea in the whole
lot."

"Well, what did you do to get rid of the
bugs ? "

'• Well, I didn't do any thing; but I had some
seed that was not buggy, and I planted it about
the first of June, thinking that, if put in so late,
I should probably escape the bugs, and I did.
One reason why 1 wanted to raise my own seed
was, that I wished to see if I could get rid of
those occasional tall peas, by picking those out
and using for the table, letting only the dwarf
Wonders ripen for seed."

Now, friends, what is the use of sending away
off to Canada for our seed peas, in order to get
them free from bugs, and paying $(>.0U a husliel
(as we did this year) in order to get genuine
American Wonders — that is, If we can grow
them in our locality, free from bugs? i believe
we can do it, and 1 for one am going to try it.
Perhaps, if we get the hang of it, it is after the
same fashion that Wilbur Fenn manages to
avoid bugs and blight with potatoes.

I left my wheel at the depot somewhat reluc-
tantly, and we started for friend Gault's.
Neither friend W. nor I had figured on the
amount of time we had spent in visiting until
he asked what time I must be back to get my
train home. I told him I must be back at half-
past two. He pulled up his horse, saying:

"Why, my dear fiiend, it is 7 miles to Mr.
Gault's, and 7 miles back again. My horse,
with these rough roads, would only just about
make it if we did not stop to visit at all, and
you have not had your dinner."

VVe were in a fix, sure; but I told him I could
make it on my wheel, and have tim.e for dinner
and quite a little visit besides. 1 did so in spite
of the bad roads, and stayed an hour and a
quarter at friend Gault's, getting around to the
depot five minutes before :.':.'5(). When 1 got
there, sure enough there was friend White
waiting for me, and as I wheeled up he said:

" Well, now, I felt so sure you could not make
it, even with your wheel, and would miss the
train. I came up with the horse and buggy to
take you back to stay with me over night."

Well, he slipped up on his generous plans for
my comfort and entertainment. But there is a
moral right here. Don't you see, friends, that,
by the aid of this new Aladdin's lamp in the

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

521

shape of the modern bicycle, we are enabled to
make a great many appointments, and to
transact a large amount of biisinoss, besides
getting lots of enjoyment that would he impos-
sible without the wheel ? In fiU't. the modern
wheel gives us more ye;us of lif(^— yes, in two
ways at least. It enables ;i man to accomplish
more work every day. and it gives him strength
and energy to actually '"run away from his
funeral," or, in other words, to push the funeral
off indefinitely. I do not niean to be irreverent,
but I borrowed the phra>:e from one of the
wheel circulars, and it has seemed to me to ex-
press a great truth.

THE GAULT EVEIU5EAHING UASPI?F,KRY.

Friend Gault had giviMi up seeins me that
day. althoush I told him I was coming; but hfi
was very glad notwithstanding: and when I
looked at his old original patch of (Jault rasp-
berries— the ones where the bearing wood stood
up three or four feet high, I did not wonder he
wanted me to see it. There were the greatest
masses of raspberry bloom I ever saw in my
life, and they were humming with bees. And
this, mind you. is the first crop only— the crop
on the old wood of last year's growth. After
this is gone, and the old canes that have borne
the crop are cut out. then comes still another
crop, prolonged continually till frost; and the
last crop on the new growth of wood consists of
finer and larger berries than the first. I do not
know whether the quantity is equal to the first
or not— perhaps not. This old original patch
has been pretty well manured; in fact. I do not
see how such quantities of bloom could be pro-
duced otherwise: but on his new plantation,
where he raised the plants lass year, and is pre-
paring to raise new ones this year, there was
not manure enough so that I could discover
any of the effects of it, nor the manure itself,
in the soil. It was just fair potato ground, and
rows of nice potatoes were already growing
between the rows of raspberries. Well, I look-
ed at the thrifty young plants, admired the
strong sturdy shoots (many of them just burst-
ing through the sandy loam), for about half an
hour, and I asked questions innumerable: but
foi- all that, I confess I do not exactly under-
stand the whole mystery of the habit of this
wonderful plant. One thing is certain: It has
such a pertinacity (if that is the word) in bear-
ing fruit in season and out of season, that
blossoin-buds keep pushing out on the old and
new wood. For instance: Quite a number of
tbe readers of Gleanings have purchased one
or more plants. You put them in the ground,
and in a little while a raspberry-shoot came
up. When a foot or more high, it commenced
to put out blossom-buds. Well, this first shoot
comes from the short stem on the old wood, and
behaves itself like old wood. Two or more of
these stems may push out. having blossom-buds
on them: but after a while the stronger and
ranker shoot will push up from the root itself.
The^e were just pushing out in considerable
numbers; and this is the new wood, or new
growth. The two may be distinguished by the
time of starting, and by the figure and color of
the plant. The new growth is a much stouter
plant, and of rather different color. These
grow around the first shoots, which come from
the old wood; but eventually they, too, proceed
to bear fruit, not only from the tip end of the
central shoot, but on the branches that come
ont all the way down, sometimes clear down to
the ground; and if we have much rainy weath-
er, the many clusters of berries will have to be
mulched with straw, or something of the sort,
to ke<'p thein out of the dirt. I suggested
stretching a wire a foot and a half or two feet

from the ground, and tying up these clusters to
the wire.

Now. if you let the vine bear fruit all it wants
to. you will never get any young plants. It
will just keep bearing fi'uit. and increasing,
until it becomes a gnsat clump of roots and
shoots: but if you wish to tret new plants you
must pick off the blossom-buds: then you can
get now plants by layering. This is the plan
in outline: but sh'Mild you visit friend Gault,
and see how li(^ niiiiKiges. you would find more
queer things corning out here and there than
you expected. Ilis young plants occupy now
about two acres of ground, and he says he is
actually obliged tn do every bit of hoeing in this
patch himscMf. He says he does not know of a
man or boy who would not chop oft' those pre-
cious shoots together with the weeds, when
they were just pushing through the ground
around the hills. And. by the way, I presume
I have lost something in that way already by
letting the boys hoe my bed of Gault raspberries.

Prof. W. J. Green, of the Ohio Experiment
Station, is to visit the place when the first fruit
begins to ripen— probably about the first of
July; and it is to be my privilege to be there
with him.

If thy brother sliall trespass against thee, go and
tell him his fault between thee and him alone; if he
sliatl hear thee, thou has gained tliy brother.— Matt.
18:15.

Dear Mr. Root:— I writt; to let you know how
mucli pleasure your different articles on Christiani-
ty give me every month. There is only one fault
witli them— they are not long enough. I always
liate to come to the end of them, for they are very
instructing to me. Speaking of what you did in
the last Gleanings, May 15, reminds me that I wish
you would some time tell us how a person ought to
feel and do, who has those around him who are
stealing and backbiting. I mean, I suppose you
know, on the Christian side. I h now you have had
papers pretty nearly on sucli a subject, but not
quite in this line. You know how natural it is to
have no heart for any one who is nice and pretty
before your face, but different wlien your face is
somewhere else. Now I should just like to know
wliat a Christian feeling should he toward such a
one as that, and especiallj' if. witli all the rest, they
are actuallj' steaUnn from you. Could you be very
friendly or loving toward a person who does that
way? and how? if so, I should like to know. If you
had ten pages in tliis line in your paper it would
not be anj' too mucli for me; for when I first begin
your articles I keep reading till the end comes, and
am sorry when tl\rough, as I have told j'ou before:
for it speaks ofwiuit people wlio want to be right
should do, and tells liow to do. Annie Bull.

Meriden, Conn., May 18.

My good friend Annie, you pay me a rare com-
pliment in the above kind letter, especially
where you say that these Home Papers and
Neighbor Papers tell what people should do
who want to do right. May God help me do this.
If my many experiences and trials have fitted
me to teach in the line of righteousness, and if
I indeed have a natural gift in this direction,
may God bless and sanctify that gift, and
baptize me with his Holy Spirit, that I may
teach aright! In the first place, my dear young
friend (for I take it for granted you are but a
child comparatively, even though you love
righteousness and hate iniquity), let us be sure
that the prince of darkness has not got into our
own hearts, and persuaded us that people are
worse than they really are. It seems to me the

532

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June 15.

great besetting sin of the world — in other words,
the great stronghold of Satan— is in making us
magnify and enlarge the faults of our neigh-
bors, and inducing us to jump at conclusions.
It is an awful thing to steal from one's neigh-
bors. We ought to be careful how we use the
word "steal," in just the same way that we
should be very careful how wr use the word
" lie," or call people liars. Nothing but the
most extreme and aggravated cases should
authorize us to use these severe words. A great
many times in my life I have decided, " Here is
a clear case of stealing, and nothing else; there
can be no mistake about it." Notwithstanding,
'however, remembering past experiences of
where I jumped at conclusions in such matters.
I decided to commence by being very mild and
gentle. In fact. I have a good many tinips gone
to the bflfender. and chosen my words with such
gentleness that it seemed to me for a time al-
most as if I was making a hypocrite of myself
in not being outspoken and plain, and calling
things by their right names. But later on,
again and again I have been, oh so glad! that
I did not call folks thieves and liars. A case is
right before me now.

Our people here now all get their pay at the
bank. The time-clerk figures up the number
of hours they have worked: and Saturday
night, as they stop work, tliey get their check
on the bank. A young man came to me a few
days ago, saying his envelope and check could
not be found, although the time-clerk knew it
was made out. I told him it was probably
given to somebody else by mistake, and that
we should hear from it in a day or two. Final-
ly he went to the bank, and, sure enough,
there was the check duly paid. It was paid to
another young man. The case seemed to be
very plain a-.d clear. The offender had discov-
ered that two checks were given him instead of
one. He presented them both; but when an
explanation was required, he said the absent
party had desired him to get the cash for him.
As this latter is frequently done — that is, as
one workman frequently goes to the bank and
draws the cash for one or more of his comrades
— nothing would be thought about it. But the
one who lost his wagfs told me that he was not
even acquainted with the boy who drew his
money. As there were over a hundred at work
for us, he did not even know there was such a
person, in fact. Now, I was foolish enough to
forgpt former experiences, and to denounce the
absent friend before I had looked into thp
matter, or had had further pxplanation. I
mentioned the matter to the foreman of the
wood-working rooms. He said right off some-
thing like this:

" Why. Mr. Root, there must be some mistake
about this. This person is a married man. and
in good standing, and he certainly would not
tell such a falsehood for just a few dollars
when he knows the whole thing must.be found
out very quickly."

This seemed reasonable, it is true ; but I
think I must have been in an uncharitable
mood, for I replied:

" Yes, I know it; but people do just such
foolish things in a most unaccountable way,
when the evidence is as plain as daylight that
they would be found out in just a few hours."

Now. I want to make a little confession fur-
ther. As soon as the above charge was made
against the young man I began going back and
recalling every circumstance I could in his
history, to prove that he was vicious and un-
principled. What makes us in such a hurry to
think evil of anybody, especially when circum-
stances seem to be against him? Why, the
plain truth is. it is simply the work of the
prince of darkness, who goes about as a roaring

lion, seeking whom he may devour. At such a
moment he creeps on to us and whispers all the
evil things he can suggest: for it is his whole
business in life to pick at folks, and find faults
in their character — to set neighbor against
neighbor and relative against relative. My
good friend Mr. W.. however, was not disposed
to diop the matter right there. He is almosc as
sharp and keen as a detective in unraveling
mysteries, and he took hold of the clews I had
given him, and commenced reasoning as fol-
lows:

'• Look here, Mr. Root, one of the boys is
named Clare, and the other Carl. These are
their first names. Now, your time-clerk, and
the cashier at the bank, might easily mistake
one for the other. Their second names are
Barker and Rieger. Both end with er; and a
capital B might be easily mistaken for a capi-
tal R. Carl must have drawn Clare's pay; and
as the amounts due both of them were nearly
the same, neither he nor anybody else noticed
the difference. Let us go right in to the time-
clerk and see if Carl's proper envelope and
check are not still there uncalled for."

In a few minutes it was found awaiting its
owner. I have never investigated where the
part the above came from in regard to u hat the
bank clerk said about Carl calling for Clare's
money. It is not worth while, for it is evidently
a mistake, like the other part of it. Nobody had
done any thing wrong in the whole transaction
— in fact, nobody was even thinking evil.

Now, there are thousands of quarrels and
misunderstandings, and perhaps lawsuits, that
come about by an accident like this. Some-
times they are easily unraveled; and at other
times they may. perhaps, always remain a mys-
tery. During the height of the strawberry sea-
son last year, the proceeds of nearly a load of
strawberries were lost, and all our elTorts up to
the present time have been unavailing to de-
tect where the loss came in. I am perfectly
satisfied that my men and boys were entirely
innocent and honest. If there were any pick-
pockets in Medina I might think that one of
these light-fingered gentry picked the money
from one of their pockets.

Once more: Before we adopted this plan of
sending our workmen to the bank to get their
pay, one Saturday night, when toward §1000 in
cash was brought down from the bank, about
$40.(K) had disappeared. It has never yet been
found, nor has any trace of it ever come to
light. The money was all handled by honest,
faithful women, who would not take a copper
any more than I would. And such things do
happen more less in business. The lesson to me
was, that money should not be handled in that
way. Our banks and banking institutions are
the proper places for money. It should go there
whenever the amount gets to be sufficient to
tempt people, and it should stay there till the'
owner calls for it. Since giving our employes
checks on the bank, instead of handling so
much loose money, I do not think we have lostj
a copper.

I have gone into all these details because it
points out that prop(M' methods of doing busi-
ness will not only remov(^ temptation from those!
who might be tempted, but it will greatly lessen;
the chances of mistakes and loss.

In the two cases I have mentioned above, it
would seem quite clear that somebody had been
stealing, and we might decide in our mindsl
Tiretty nearly who the person or persons were.
But even with very plain evidence we might
make a mistake. In fact, a great many times
something, perhaps long afterward, transpires
to show that there had been no stealing at all.
For instance, several months after the loss of
the money during strawberry lime, Mrs. Root

1S04

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

523

found a wad of hills in ono of my pocktHs that I
very seldom use; yes, and when unrolled there
was .*:.'5.00, and I do not know, even to this day,
wliere that money came from. I can not well
see how it could have any connection with the
money received for the straw Ix-rries. hut still it
might have had. The very hest and most care-
ful of i)eople are sometimes taken with lits of
ahsent-mindedness.

Our text tells us to go straight to the person
whom we think has wronged us, and to himself
alone, and talk it over. Oh if people would only
do this, instead of talking the matter over with
some neighbor or somebody else I It may be
well to ask counsel of some Christian person ;
and, in fact. I know by experience that it is a
very safe thing to go to the pastor of your
church. Tell your minister all about it, and
ask his advice. But. above all. go to your
neighbor ?ii//i.sT?/. Why. I have known people
who were really bad — yes, those who had been
tempted to steal — when appealed to in a Chris-
tianlike way, to feel so ashamed of themselves
that they owned up their offense ; and this
shame, to think they had been found out, and
reproved in a kind and Christianlike way. I
verily believe made them more sorry for their
sin than if they had been fined or put in jail. A
detective will tell you to be careful that your
evidence is as strong and clear as you can make
it before you charge the person with the wrong.

A great many times I am told that some of
our people here are doing wrong. Where it is
possible to do so, I always prefer to wait till I
can see the offender committing the offense;
then when I go to him and tell him plainly and
kindly that I know what he has been doing, al-
most the first words are. " Who told you so?"
or. '■ Somebody has a spite against me. and has
been telling you this to get me into trouble."
The offender generally watches me narrowly at
this critical moment to see if he can find out
how much I really know about the matter. If.
however, I am able to say, "Look here, John-
ny, nobody has told me; I came up behind you
when you did not know I was around, and I
purposely let the matter drop until I could see
you by yourself, and talk to you about it — I
have not mentioned the matter to any one, and
nobody knows any thing about it except you
and me," then if a person who has committed a
wrong ever feels really thankful, such offender
at such a time almost always begins to feel glad
that it is only between himself and myself — es-
pecially if I have done my duty as a Christian
so far as to convince him by this time that I am
his/riend and not his eiiciny. And then what
a feeling comes into the heart of the servant of
Christ Jesus — a feeling that seems almost as if
spoken in words. " Well don<^ thou good and
faithful servant"! The reason why this feeling
comes is. that you have fulfilled the command
expressed in our text. "Go and tell him his
fault betwetui thee and him alone."

Now to the main question: How shall we
treat a person whom we have reason to believe
is hypocritical, er if you choose, one who is real-
ly guiltv of the hal)it of stealins? I admit this
is a dillicult (question to answer. Tliere may
be circumstaiues when we shonid not at once
follow the injunction of the text, and tell him

Flainly of his fault. I often meet such ca^es.
■want to see the person alone, and sometimes
it can not be nuinaged without drawing suspi-
cion toward him in a way that 1 do not think
best. I often let the matter pass until an op-
portunity occurs to see him by himself. If a
person is wrongine me in this way. I do not
think it wise or best to refuse to speak to him.
at least in a civil way. Neither is it riglit to
treat him just as cordially a< if notliing of this
kind had happened, for this latter course would

strengthen him in his notion tliat lie was escap-
ing detection, and that he was altogether " too
smart to be caught" There is a golden mean
between these two extremes. I would be civil
and courteous to everybody, and I would, un-
der some firciiinstdnccs, even shake hands with
a man whom I knew Was stealing from me day
by day. But I should not want this state of
aifairs to continu(> very long. If the person in
question should notices that you have not been
as cordial as usual, and sliould ask you for an
explanation, then you have an excelh'Ut oppor-
tunity to speak plainly. If there is a mistake,
or if there are any extenuating cir.-umstances,
he will, if you deal gently with him. usually
state these circumstances fully. Some may
say that there may be no extenuating circum-
stances for stealing. Well, in one sense that
may be true. I think it bad policy to take the
ground that people are excusable for stealing
and lying. I do not like such doctrine. But
often there are extenuating circumstances.
There are reasons why we should "deal gently
with the erring." One of the reasons urged
most frequently is. that sombody has wronged
you, and that the only way you can get your
just dues is to steal it t)ack again. That is
bad philosophy. Neither the laws of our land
nor those of God give any authority for such a
plan for getting your just dues. A good many
people have an idea— especially in these latter
days — that they do not receive adequate pay
for their sevices, and therefore excuse them-
selves for pilfering from their employer; and
the same logic is used toward railroad compan-
ies, or even toward the government of the
United States — but it is Satan's work — the
whole of it.

In regard to this matter of treating people
whom you know to be enemies in sheep's cloth-
ing, I think I have erred in going to both ex-
tr<Mnes. I have been so gentle and kind to
those who were wronging me that it was like
casting pearls before swine. They looked down
upon me. and presumed so tnuch upon my good
nature that finally I decided that forbearance
had ceased to be a virtue, and then I swung
over qtiickly or too far to the other extreme,
and showed them that I could y/y/it as well as
pray for those who persecuted me and said all
manner of evil against me. My conscience
troubled me at first because I had been too easy
with the transgressors, and then at last it
troubled me because I had been tnoJuirsh. The
Bible tells us that we should be as wise as
serpents and harmless as doves; and it is-l?/.-
(7t'ct7. a pretty narrow path to take just the
golden mean. The path to righteousness is
i?i(7eec7 a straight and narrow one, and it takes
more than human strength and wisdom to
swerve neither to the right nor to the left. It
takes help — it needs help from Christ Jesus;
and we may rejoice that we have the promise.
'• Lo. I am with you alway, even to the end of
the world."

Sometimes it seems impossible to decide posi-
tively just whether a person is guilty or not.
I remember of havinir finite a long talk with
two friends of mine. There was guilt and crime
between them. Evidently one of the two was
guilty, and the other was innocent; but each
one was so positives that I gave it up — I could
not decide which was guilty and which was
innocent. Finally I said, " Boys, let us drop
tlie matter right here. Please believe me when
I tell you it is best not to say a word more
about it until some futtire dev<'lo[)monts shall
decide. I will try to regard you both as inno-
cent until circumstances shall determine." One
of the two proved to tic straightforward and
honest, and is now. The other, from that time
forward, began to show by little incongruities

524

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June 15.

and discrepancies that he was not strictly hon-
est. When Satan gets hold of an individual he
never lets go; and one who srcceeds one by
prevarication and falsehood will so( n g -i into
trouble again in the sume way: and his future
conduct often decides the qiie.-tion quiie plain-
ly whether he was guilty or innocent. In view
of this, oh let us strive and work hard! " Bless-
ed are t)ie pure in he u't. for they shall sr-R
God." The one who holds fa-t. throuch all
sorts of trials, to strict honesty nnd intcgiily.
will draw nearer and nearer to th" gnnit God
above; whilf' the oni' who commences by di^-
ciding that falsehood i< sometimes better than
truth, gets further and farther away as the
years pass on, from the God v\ ho made him.

BUSINESSg^

ANAGER

JAPANESE BUCKWHEAT.

We have been able to supply all demands forseed,
though we might have sold more if it were possible
to name a lower price. Those who have seed for
sale are holding for a good price, so we are not able
to offer any better pi'ices than named in our last,
which are, 50c per peck; 85c per half-bushel; $1.50
per bushel; $3>0 for 3 bushels; $13.50 for 10 bushels.
We have it in stock, and available at several points
east and west at these prices.

DECLINE IN BEESWAX.

Since the cold wet weather in May, which seems
to have been quite general, and which has had a
depressing effect on bee-keepers, orders for all
kinds of supplies have dropped to a very small vol-
ume. The demand for foundation has decreased,
and snpi)ly of beeswax more plentiful. We there-
fore mark down the price we will pay for average
wax, dt livered here, to 33c cash, 26 in trade, until
further notice. Selling price of refined yellow wax
in small lots will be 33c per lb. Ordinary market
wax, 30c.

IMPORTED QUEENS.

Some three or four weeks ago we received a con-
signment of Imported queens, all of them extra fine
one-;. They have now been in the apiary a suffi-
ci< nt length of time for us to test them to see
whether their bees are well marked, and also to see
whether the queens themselves are prolific. Price
for the best imported, during June, $0.00; July,
$5.00; fair imported. $1.00 less. The queens as well
as the bees are rather of the leather-colored order.
They are extra honey-gathers, and we have never
seen any stock quite so gentle and easy to handle.
We have taken pains to get our queens from that
portion of Italy where the stock has the above
mentioned qualities as far as possible.

AUGITE STOVE-MAT.

We must surely
have reached the
bottom on stove-
mats this time.
We are now able
to offer them at
10c each; 2 for 15
rts., or 4 for 25i';
fi5c per doz. ; $1.S0
for 3 do/..; 6 doz ,
$3 .50; 13 doz. for
$(;.50. By mail. 5c'
each e.xtra. Hert^
is a chance for
canvassers to
make a nice prof-
it, and bring a
blessing to the
homes where they
sell. We still han-
dle the original

augite mat, wiiich we consider superior to all its
imitators.

STANLEY AUTOMATIC EXTRACTORS.

We still have left of
the Stanley Automafc
extractors 3 four-frame
machines. We got
titese with other stock
when we bought out
E. R Newi'omb some
three years ago. We
had originally some 20
or more machines, and
the stock is now worked
down to 3 fcmr-frame.
The regular price at
which these four-frame
machines sold was $20,
without gear. We offer
these, to close out, at
$10; or for $14 we will
put on the uevel gear
used on our Cowan ma-
chines, or one of that pattern. This machine, with
gear, used to sell for $38.00. Remember, we can not
duplicate these prices when these machines are
sold. If you want one, order at once.

BUSH LIMA BEANS.

Now is the time to plant them; and as we have
yet quite a little stock on hand, we offer them for
the remainder of thR season at about the price of
polelimas; viz., $3.50 per peck. In smaller quanti-
ties we will furnish them at 40 cts. per quart. This
refers to either the Kumerle or Burpee's bush lima.
The Kumerle is no doubt the richest and most
luscious lima bean in exi.stence; but the Rurpee
bush be m is larger, and will, perhaps, give a larger
crop for field culture. Should you order, please
refer to this special offer in Gleanings for June 15.

PLANTING POTATOES DURING THE LAST OF .lUNE.

On a recent visit to Wilbur Fenn's I found that
his large crop of Monroe Seedlings was planted the
Jaxt week in June instead of the fore part. Well,
O'lr Monroe Seedlings are now all sold out, but we
liave yet left about 30 bushels of Freeman potatoes,
and these are still earlier than the Monroe Seed-
lings. I think they would mature a crop nicely if
planted, say, the 4th of July. Until they are closed
out, we offer them for 60 cts. per peck, and this is
just about the price of new potatoes just now. My
impression is, that our old Freemans are nicer for
an eating potato than the greater part of the new
potatoes on the market.

FUNGI AND FUNGICIDES, BY CLARENCE M. WEED.

A beautiful book with the alxive title, from the
O. Judd Co., has just lieen placed on our table. It
considers all fungoid diseases that affect our grain
crops, fruits, and vegetables, and gives directions
for treatment to eradicate tlie trouble so far as our
experiment stations have succeeded up to date in
combatting these enemies of agriculture. Every
fungoid disease that has come to my notice is de-
scribed with excellent illus( rations, and all the
remedies that have been found profitable, fully
considered. Of course, we are not yet able to con-
trol entirely all this fungi— the pear-tree b'ight, for
instance. We are told that, so far. science has fail-
ed with this, but that decidedly beneficial results
are obtained by cutting out the blighted limbs or
twigs, and burning them just as soon as the trouble
appears. Years ago my mother succeedt>d in rais-
ing beautiful pear-trees by the above method.
She said she was not going to have her trees ruined
by that disagreeable-looking blight: and by cutting
itout and putting tlie twigs in the stove just a8
■^ooii as she could discover it. she made our trees
liealthy and productive. Well, the book considei'S
lliis wliolc matter, from the dry rot on the plum-
I ree to t he smut- on the corn, tlie scab on the apple,
tlic .uitliiachauose on the raspberry, the club-foot
of the ca,l)bage and cauliHowef, the strawberry rust,
and even scabby potatoes. Many of these f imgi, I
believe, we have got pretty well in iiand. The Ijook
contains 220 pages and 90 illustrntions. Price,
bound in cloth, $1.00; |)aper, 50 cts. We can mail it
from this office if desired.

HOW TO PHEPAHE AND SHIP COMB HONEY.

The time is neai' when we hope many of our read-
ei's will have a good crop of honey to mai'ket. Your
success in securing a fair price depends very large-

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

525

ly oil lidw you put up your pioduct foi' niarki't. If
it is conib luiiH'j', see tliat tlii' si'ctions arc sciapcd
flcaii if tlu'y have not Ix'cu kept clean in llie liive.
Even with llit> best suiplus aiianycnuMit foi' pi'O-
tectinja' the sections, some sera pi n^i' will he i'e(iuii-i'(l.
Then t he honey should he t-aretiil ly uiaded. K\cn
if >-ou have only a small lot, liiade it. 'i'lii' best will
i)riug' enough !noie toaniplj- pa.\' you for' youi' liou-
l)le. Put it into nice clean cast's, wit h fihiss im one
side. IJetter lay a siieet of porous papei' in first, to
soaiv up anj' drip that mijiht conie from liroken cap-
piuAT or comb. If you are jj-oint;- toshipil .'inj-dis-
tant-e by rail, eillier by e.\pi-ess oi- fieiK'ht, unless by
the carload or larjje lot that will not be transferred,
do not sinp it in tlu' small cases with addilion.il
cratinK- Pack anywhere fiom 10(1 to ~(KI l!)s., as is
most convenient, in a ci'atewith a layer of hay or
straw under it, and handles pro,iectins' to carry it
by. Nine ^4-lb. cases or eifihteen l:Mb. cases nuike
" -ood-sizi'd crate for shipping'. Since ado))tiny- this
metliod of crating', we do not remember a single bad
case of bi-eakafi'e, I'.xceptinfi' one which went by ex-
press, and whicli was not properly put up. We
scai'cely remi'inber of having' shippetl, within the
last few years, a case or two c)f comb honey by ex-
press wiiicl) did not ai'rive at destination wiih more
less broken sections. In the eastern classitica-
tion, comb honey in lx)xes lias I'eceiitly been I'educed
from tli'st to second class ; and as it g'oes more safely
by freight, as well as more cheaplj', we do not ad-
vise shipping Ijy express.

WARRANTED QUEENS.

Why buj' iDitcstcd queens and take your own risk
Df pure mating, when I warrant every one of my
queens to be purely mated ? Look over the ads. and
see how few dare do this. Warranted Golden Ital-
ian queen. $1.00; six for $.5.00, ready about May 1st.
Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed.

S. F. TREGO, Swedona, Illinois.

CONVENTION NOTICES,

The Carolina Bue-keeju-i's' .V.-tsociation will imet at the Court-
hi)U.se, Charlotte, N C, July 19, at 10 a.m. A. L. Bba( il, Sec.

Control Your Swarms, Requeen, &c.

- ."'Jend ::iyr foi' sami)les of

.gS^S West's Pal en I Spiral wire
Qu( en-(cll Protectors, and
Pal. Spiral (,>ueen Hatch-
ing and Inl roduciiig Cage,
also best Uee-Escape, with
circular explaining. 12
Cell-protectors, <il)c; 100, $3.
12 Cages. ^^ 1.1 10; lUO, $6, bv
mail. Circul.'ii' free. Ad-
dress N. D. WEST, Middle-
burgh. Scho. Co., N. Y. Sold
also by all the leading supply-dealers.

I have one of the choicest flocks of

Brown Leghorns in the State.

Keep no other kind. Kfigs, 75c per 1.5; $l.-'5 per 30.

B. G. SCOTHAN, Rogersville, Mich.

I Will Exchange

Burpee

For your name and address, my
pamphlet '• How I Produce Comb
Honey," and catalog of Chaff and
Dovetailed hives, T Supers, Sec-
tions, Foundation, and every thing
needed in the apiary. First-class
goods, and prices reasonable.

Geo. E. Hilton,

Fremont, Mich.

'o Seed Annual for 1894 is well -worth
•5 having. Tell to all who plant seeds

W. Atlee Burpee «& Co., Philadelphia, Pa.

New Cowan Reversible Extractor

Is now indorsed by the best and most extensive
bee=keepers of the country

Some of its Features
are:

Reversing Without Stop=
ping.

Can be done by simply
slowing up the motion.

Gear Beveled.

strong and well made, and
)perated by a good substan-
rial handle.

Mill(=can Handles

ire attached to the can.

Two Coats

t carriage black, and neatly
ettered.

Can of heavy XX Tin

for 2-frame; four and six
frame of galvanized iron.

Bottom

of improved type.

Honey=gate

is rof a new pattern and
of ample capacity, and mal-
leable-iron handle.

Reversing Pockets

braced stronger than ever,
and guaranteed not to
bulge.

Gear and Reversible
Pockets

easily removed by taking
out four screws.

Two-frame extractor, L. size, $10.00; four-frame, L. size, $20.00; six-
'rame, L. size, 120.00. The four and six frame extractors also reverse
vithout stopping. 52-page catalog of Bee-keepers' Supplies free.

A. I. ROOT, Medina, Ohio.

526

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June 15.

0\D you KHOMi

B

EE-KEEPERS' SUPPLIES

IN NEW ENGLAND?

Tliat I have the

LARGEST

STOCK

of

Consisting- of Dovetailed, Simplicity, and otlier styles
of Hives. My brand of XX white thin Founda-
tion, and Poli.slied one-piece Sections, are the
nicest on the marliet.

A full line of every thing needed in the apiary at
prices to suit the times.

Bees, Queens, and Nucleus Colonies of my old re-
liable strain, at prices way down.

Send for 34th Annual Catalogue before you buy
your stocli, remembering the best is alwaj's the
cheapest.

Address W. W. GARY.

4tf COLRAIN. FrANKUIN CO., MaSS.

World's Fair Hedal

Awarded my Foimdation. Send for free
samples. Dealers, write for wholesale prices.
Root's new Polished Sections and other goods
at his prices. Free Illustrated Price List of every
tiling needed in the apiary, li/l H hitm-f
Bell Branch, Mich. ^'*» *•• HUIIL.

TESTED ITALIAN QUEENS, Se^S

ed, $1.50; untested, 65 cts. Two-frame nucleus, with
tested queen, $3.00; with untested queen, $1 50.
Queens ready April 1.

Stewart <fc Cooper, Quebeclc, Tenn.

Bee=keepers' Guide.

New edition, just out. This is conceded to be the
fullest, most scientific, and one of tlie best of our
American bee-books. Everj' liee-keeper sliould
have one of the late editions. Price, by mail, $1.35.
Liberal discount to the trade.

A. J. COOK, Claremont, Cal.

Golden Wyandottes.

E. D.

No better birds in America. Cockerel,
$5 00. Trio, $7.0it. Eggs, $3.00 per setting.
Keeney, Arcade, IV". Y.

If you keep BEBS,
subscribe for tlie Pro=
gressive Bee=keeper, a
joufiial devoted to Bees,
Hcniey, and kindred iu-

dustries. 50 ots. per

year. Sample copy,

also a beautifully illustrated catalogue of Bee-

keepei'S' sutmlies, free. Address

LEAHY MFG. CO., HIGGSINSVILLE, MO.

mv.

ik

TROT 'El

OUT!"

I challenge anyone to sliow up a sti-ain of bees
that are superior to my (ioldcii It nlians. They
have excelled all coiniietitors by practical test.
Gentle, industrious, g()( id <-omb-biiilders, enter tlie
sections readily, are not inclined to swarm, and m'o
perfect beauties. Descriptive eirrular fr6e. Sec-
tions, ^1^. pei- A/. l>ovetai]e(l hives way down.
CHAS. D. DUVALL, Spencerville. Md.

natio^hters of otie of JJoolittle''s very
** hest golden five-handed breeders, mated to the
very clu)ici!St drones fiom Jfennie Jttchley^'s
■5-l)anded strain, thereby securing a direct cross
with tlie best 5 banded stock olitainable. My aim is
to rear notliing but the best, regai'dless of co.st.
Untested, 75c; Vi dozen, U.^r-,; dozen, $8.00. Safe
delivery and satisfaction. Money -order olfiee, Mo-
nongah. P.O. address, \Vortliingtfin,W. Va. Queens
ready May 35. L. H. Robey.

For Sale.

so colonics of Itjilian bees in A. I. Root's eiglit-
frame Dovetailed liives, in good condition. Safe
delivery guaranteed. .TOIJX (.'KAKT.

liatavia, Cleriiioni Co., O.

Beautiful Golden Queens

If you want to see something pretty, send for a
sample of my Golden Italian Bees. Sample and cir-
cular free. J. F. Michael, German, Darke Co., O.

$100 Worth of Bee Supplies

at One- Half Price.

Address for list and information,

F. H. McFARLAND, Hyde Park, Vt.

Look Here, Bee=keeper!

If you are in need of some bee-
supplies, write for catalogue and price list. Every
tiling sold as cheap as WJ T^ C •J_l
the cheapest. W H SmiTn

Kenton, Hardin Co., O. ▼▼• *^» Olllllll.

WILLIAM HEASTMAN, CITRA, FLA.,

Breeder of the celebrated ** Orange-
blossom " Italian Bees and Queens.
Untested, 7.5 ets.

Bees for Sale.

Full colonies and nuclei.
Good stock; Langstroth frames. Write for prices.
H. Lathrop, Browntown, Green Co., Wis.

Attention !

Italian Bees and Queens

Ready in May. Queens, $1.00; bees by the lb., $1.00;
1-frame nucleus, $1.35; 3-f rame, $3.35. Also Barred
P. R. eggs for setting, 15 for il.OO.

Airs. A. A. Simpson, Swarts, Pa.

STRONG, FULL COLONIES

of Pure Italian Bees, in Root's new
Dovetailed hive, after June 1, only
$4.00 each.

N. A. KNAPP, Rochester, Lorain Co., 0.

PATENT WIRED COMB FOUNDATION

Has iVo Sarr in Brood-frames.

Thin Flat - Bottom Foundation \

Has no Fishbone in the Surplus Honey.
Being the cleanest, it is usually worked
the quickest of any foundation made.

J. VAN DEUSEN & SONS,

]3tfdb Sole flanufacturers.

Sprout Brook, Montgomery Co., N. Y.

TME NOTBGE!

C EFORE placing your orders for SUPPLIES, write I
•^ for prices on One-Piece Basswood Sections, Bee-
Hives, Shipping-Crates, Frames, Foundation, Smo-
kers, etc. PAGE & KEITH.
Htfdb New London, Wis.

"DixrA^^c^ Goods at

IVUUl & Roofs Prices.

We have the best shipping-facilities in the North-
west. We can save time and freight by shipping
direct on some 40 (>r more I'ailroads, witiiout change
of cars, which saves handling, and goods are much
less liable to be broken or smashed.

Root's 189:! No. 1 wliite sections, 4Jii'x4J<'x7 to foot,
1 %, and i;S, at |;3.50 per 1000. No. 1 cream, iHx}ix\%
and \\l, $3.00 per 1000.

Write for pi'ice list and what^ you want.

H. G. Acklin, 1024 Mississippi St.,
St. Paul, Minn.

Northwestern Agent for A. \. Root's Bee=keepers'
Supplies.

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

531

Popular Science News,

A monthly illustrated mag-
azine devoted to all popu-
lar scientific topics.
$i.oo per year.

ABLY EDITED.

Articles contributed by
leading and best known
writers throughout the
w^orld. It should be read
by all.
Popular Science News,

72 William St., New York City.

METAL
WHEELS

for your

WAGONS

Any size yoa want, 20
to 56 in high. Tires I
to 8 in. wide— hubs to
fit any axle. JSiives
Cost many times in
a. season to have set
of low wheels to fit
your wagon for hauling
grain, fodder, manure,
hogs, kc. No resetting of
tires Catrg free. Address
EMPIRE MFG. CO.,
Quincy, 111.

ty In responding to this art vertisemeiit iiientlun ulkanings.

WALTER S. POUDER,

162 Usgs. Are. Indiftnapolis, Ind.

Standard Goods— Popular
Prices — Catalogue Free.
" BUSY BEES"

A book telling how to man-
age them-io CIS. in stamps ; or free to
^^j"~»_^those sending names of 5 bee-keepers

BEE^SUPPLIES!
Sfncl f(ir free copy of ILIiUSTRATEO

CATAlifKiUE, describing- every thinu- use-
ful to a BEE-KEEPER. Address
T. <i. Newman, 147 So. Western Ave., Clilcago.

SECTIONS CHEAFi

Until sold, we will sell the sections listed below in
quiinlitics of ndO or more at $1.50 per thousand for
■creams, and $1.00 per thousand for No. 2. AI14J^x
ii( sections, open two sides

41,000 2 inch cream. 37.000 2 inch No. 3.
il.Oii)\% " " 91.000 Iji "

116,0(H)1', " " 2ii,0(i0n8 "

i:i4,U00 7 to ft. " S-.dOO 112 "

2.>?,000 7 to ft. No 2.
PAGE <£ KEITH, NEW LONDON, WIS.

f

33

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B^:^

^^^

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=:

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sM^-,-

;.--><.

>^

"c".^,'(S

i^iii.

^S'^-USSi^S

KJ^S

a'

JMV

«

%S)

DROP A POSTAL IN THE SLOT

of the mail box and draw an answer that will
be of great advantajio. Write on the card
—where you live, how many a<-rosof land you
own, how much live stock, what kind of fence
you have, what it cost i)er rod and how much
new fence you need to make your crops safe
asainst unruly stock from within or without.
Address card to

PAGE WOVEN WIRE FENCE CO., Adrian, Mich.

CF'ln respondins to tlii."* advertisement mention Gleaningsl

Italian

Either 5-banded f|„pp„<2
golden or 3-band- V^UCCIIo.
ed leather-colored. Untested, $1.00 each; one-
half dozen, .S4..50. Tested, #1..50 each. Select
tested. $3..50 each. Extra select tested, fine
breeding queens, $3. .50 each.

E. A. SEELEY, Bloomer, Ark.

Golden Queens JS'T ^^?^^

X^ My bees are bred

for business, beauty, and gentleness. Safe arrival
and satisfaction guaranteed.

216 well-fllled 1-Ib. sections is what I took from
one colony in '93, contiiining a (lueen bought of you.
J. A. Whitakeu, Oak Cliff, Texas.
Warranted queens, $1.00 each.

J. D. GIVENS, Box 3, Lisbon, Texas.

^?"ln responding to lliis iidveiti.-eiiient mention Gleanings.

riother Bees.

If you wish the best of queens, or mother bees,
send me your orders. Untested queens, 3 or 5 band,
75c each; $4.25 for 6, or $8.00 per dozen. Tested 3-
band queens, $1.50 each; fine 3-band breeders,
thoroughly tested, tlie hest, $5.00 each; straight
5-band breeders, faultless (jueens, $10.00 each. Root's
goods. Dadant's foundation, and Bingham smokers.

Jennie Atchley, Beeville, Bee Co., Tex.

5=Banded Bees in Iowa.

All my bees are bred with care by the most ap-
proved methods, and from the bests banded breed-
ers that can be obtained, and positively can not be
excelled for beauty, gentleness, and working qual-
ities. Fifteen years' expeiii-iu-e. Uiitesied. 80 cts •
6 for $4.25; 4 and 5 banded, i2.0(i; straight 5-banded
on application. Sati^fiM-tion guaranteed.

a. E. HAJ^D, Eldora, la.

KKtK ;itulugu

QUEENS

Smokers, Sections ,

Comb Foundation,
And nil .(|iiairan Supplies

E. T. KLAN.\(iAN, Belleville, III.

Dovetailed Hives, Simplicity Hives,

SEOTIONS. EXTRACTORS. ETC.

FULL LINE OF

BEE-KEEPERS' SUPPLIES.

60-PAGE CATALOGUE. Itfdb

J. M. Jenkins, Wetumpka, Alabama,

tyin responding to tlil.s advertisement mention Glkani.ngs.

532

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July 1.

Contents of this Number.

Alslke Clover 653

Apple-blossom Honey 551

Bee-disease. New .541

Burt, Visit to •5.54

California Plants otl

Clovers .551

l)n>nc-KuKS ; .548

Krho.s Ifi nil Rambler .549

Editdr at Terry's and Kent. ..555

Flowers. Why Beautiful 53S

Fraiue-siiacer The Stephens.5.5n

Galvanized Iron 551

Hive, 8 or 10 Frame 648

Hiver, Anderson 548

Hort'iuan Frame .549

Honey-dew, Source of 641

Honey, Apple blossom 551

Incri-ase, To Prevent 547

Inherituiic'O 538

Italian liiiported Stock .546

Italiiiiis, Hands of .553

Mistakes -545

Rambler Packing Hives — 542

Saloons in Iowa 551

Slowell's Everprreen Corn... .560

Rtrawberrv Report 5.58

Swarms First. Leaving 651

Transferrins: from Boxes . ..547

Queens. Virjrin .548

Yield. The Largest 553

CONVENTION NOTICES.

The Carolina Bee-keepers' A. ^sociation will meet at the Court-
house. Charlotte, N. C, July 19,at 10.\.M. A. L. Beach, Sec.

Wants or Exchange Department.

Notices will be inserted under this head at one-half our usu-
al rates. All advertisements intended for this department
must not exceed five lines, and you must say you want your
adv't in this department, or we will not be responsible for er-
rors. You can have the notice as many lines as you please,
but all over five lines will cost you according to our regular
rates. This department is intended only for bona fide ex-
changes. Exchanges for cash or for price lists, or notices of-
fering articles for sale, can not be inserted under this head.
For such ourregularratesof 20 cts. aline will be charged, and
they will be put with the regular advertisements. We can not
be responsible for dissatisfaction arising from these "swaps."

W

ANTED.— To exchanjre several g-ood safety bi-
cycles. Honey wanted. Send sample.

J. A. Green, Ottawa, 111.

W

ANTED.— To exohang-e 200 colonies of beea for
any thing useful on plantation.

Anthony Opp, Helena, Ark.

WANTED.— To exchans:e Root's groods, at his
prices, to be shipped from here or factory, for
while comb honey (crop of '94 preferred* in quan-
tity lots. See ad. in another column of June 1 issue.
B. Walker, Evart, Mich.

W

ANTED.— Reg-istered Poland-China Pigs, Jersey
heifer calves, for .5-banded queens.

J. F. Michael, German, Darlje Co., Ohio.

WANTED.— To exchange four-horse engine and
boiler, upright boiler and horizontal engine;
Ft. Wayne pattern; in good order, with new grates
and sniolte stack, for honey-bees.

W. H. WoRLEY, 7th & Johnson Sts., Keokuk, la.

WANTED.— To cxchsinge for Italian queens, a few
pairs of Cornish Indian Games, or Golden Wy-
andottes. Good stock. Satisfaction guaranteed.
Write. G. A. Matteson, Cridersville, O.

WANTED.— To exchange 1 Marlin rifle (16 shooter,
38 cal.) and 1 Gordon setter, for safety bicycle;
must b(! in good order; will pay casli •difference.
Columbia preferred: must be wiiliiii ;?(10 miles.

F. L. Cash, Cool Well, Va.

«Uju c HONEY
^^^^^^ EXTRACTOR.

Square Glass Honey-Jars,
Tin Buckets, Bee-hives,
Honey Sections, Etc., Etc.
Perfection Cold-blast Smokers.
APPLY TO

CHAS. F. MUTH & SON, Cincinnati, 0.

p. S.— Send 10-ct. stamp for " Practical Hints to Bee-keepers.'
t^*In responding to this advertisemenl vientlon GlhLiVNINos.

Golden Italian Queens.

H doz. untested queens $4 00

1 doz. untested queens 8 00

Fine queens for breeding purposes 3 00
Sample of bees upon application. I
can please you. Send a trial order.

(ierinan, Darke Co., O.

lE^In responding to tlii< nflv..iti.~(.?neiit niHntiim fii^EANiNas,

Italian Queens

From one of Doolittle's best
breeders. Yellow to-tip bee"*;
excellent workers. ITntfStod, 6.5c; 6 for 83.50
Tested, Sl.no. Nice vpHnvx/ viririns, 30c; 6 for
$l.f>0. Satisfaction jCIIUW .^^^l ^.^f^ delivery
guaranteed. H. Q. Quirin, Bellevue. O.

TESTED ITALIAN QUEENS, 75 Cts.

J. C. WHEELER, PLANO, ILL.

^nprifll Offpr ^^ order to introduce our .5-
0[/cciai ^iici. banded golden and 3-bande<1
leather-colored bees in your locality we will sell
queens at the following prices: Untested. 60c: war-
ranted. 75c: tested, $1.00: select tested. $2.00: the
best breeding-queens. IS6. 00. Address all orders to
J^eirtinurer Bro.<«., Pt. Jenningrfi, O.
P. S.— We have two large queen-rearing yards
containing nearly 500 nuclei.

nmiO'flf Prs ^^ ^"^ "^ r>aolitt1e's best .5-band-
L/aU^lllCia ,^f| breeders, mated to the choicesl
drones from .Tennie Atchley's 5-bMnded strain
tliereby securina- a, direct cross with the be.st 5-
banded stock obtainable. If you want the best ai
hardpan prices, send in vour orders. Untested. 6(
cts.; 6 for $3.00; tested. 90c: selected extra yellow
$1.25. Safe delivery and satisfaction. Money-ordei
offlce, Monongah. P. O. address, Worthinsrton, W
Va. U. H. ROBEY.

WANTED. — To sell or exchange one or two hun
dred swarms of bees for land, also two goo(
basswood locations for sale.

De Norris King, P M., Hazleton, Iowa.

Black and Hybrid Queens For Sale.

For the benefit of friends who have black or hvbridoneen
which thev wish to disnose of. wp will insprt notices as below
fivst insertion fiee of cbavo-e \ftci- the "ist in cents ner line
We do this because there is bnrdly vnl'io enontrb in thes
qneens to pay for bnyintr them nji and keenini? them in stocli
and yet it i« oftentinies qnite iin accommodation to those wli-
can not afford hiirher-priced ones.

One vear old mismated Italian queens in Rentor
cages, '50c each. J. C. WHEEr.,ER, Piano, El.

T have about 25 mismated Italian queens, at 40<
each, or 3 for $1.00. Some are almost pure.

M. W. Strickler, York, Pa.

Twelve liybrid queens ready to mail after July 5
at 35c each'

Chas. W. Eden, Amber, Jones Co., Iowa.

About 15 black and hybrid queens. 2.5c each.

P. J. Thomas, Fredonia, Kan.

T have about 100 black and hybrid nueens, wil'
sell as they run at 35c each, 5 for $1.00 Ready aftei
July 10. Wm. a. Selzer, Wyncote, Pa.

Golden Italian queens (mismated) of this season's

rearing at 35 cts. each; 3 for $1.00. These are five

banded queens, and many of their bees are 3 and 4

band. Safe deliverv. Mom^y-order offl«>. Decatur

Cleveland Bros., Stamper, Newton Co., Miss.

T have 50 hybrid queens, ages unknown, that I will
mail for 2.5c each; buyer to take risk in transit, oi
3,5c and guarantee siife arrival, they are high grades
T. P. GiLLHAM, Lincoln, Tonn.

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

533

Honey Column.

CITY MARKETS.

' Chicago.— 77<i//c.i/.—Tlieie is very littk' movement
In liiiiiey of any kind. The new crop is not yet of-
fered in tliis niiirket. and the old is cleaned out.
BeesAvax brings 250 per 11).

R. A. BUKNETT & Co.,

June 19. 163 So. Water St., Cliicag-o, 111.

Dethoit.— Jfojir//.— Tlie lioney market continues
to be dull, strinvheiTies oceupyiiifr tht> attention of
both l)uyers and seUers. Tlu" iiiaiket is ii'aily bare
of all Krades of honey, and the (hMuand will he little
until the ari'ival of the new crop. MesI cnnili (piot'
ed at ]:?®15; dark lots, 10(g)ll. E.vtrarted, 7(?r7X.
Beeswax, 2,h@;iiS. M. H. Hunt.

June 19. Bell Branch, Mich

Boston.— H'l/if J/. —Our maiket on e.vtracted, 5(317,
witli fair demand and liRht sui)ply. Comb, ]:.'@15c,
light demand and fair suiiply. Meeswax, scarce,
and wanted at 27c. E. E. IJi.akk & Co.,

Juneau. Hoston, Mass.

St. Louis.— Honr;/. -Market ))r:ietically iincharifr-
ed. New crop exli-acted is withheld on account of
prevailiiur low i)rices. We iiuote coml) at liifa)14;
extracted, in cans, f@6; in barrels, H@3'/4. Prime
yellow beeswax, 2654.

D. G. TuTT Groceh Co.,

June 20. St. Louis, Mo.

Kansas Citv.— 7/n?ieiy.— No new comb honey in
the market yet, and very little old on hand. Very
g-ood supply of old extracted. We (juote No. 1
white Mb. comb at ]3@14; No. 2, l»'@i:!; No. 1 am-
ber, ]1®J2; No. 2, 8@10; extracted, i(a}/,. Beeswax,
J0@22. Clemons. Mason & Co.,

June20. Kansas City, Mo.

Cleveland.— Hoxpj/.— There is very little demand
for honey this week. No. 1 white is selling- at 13:
No. 2. Ul@ll. Beeswax, 25.

it 25. WiLI I \MS BhOS.,

June 19. 80 & 82 Broadway, Cleveland, O.

Cincinnati.— Honej/.— Demand is slow for all
kinds of honey. The range of prices is 4@6 for ex-
tracted honey, and ]2@14 for best white comb.
There is no sale for dark honey at any price. De-
mand is fair for beeswax at 23(??)25 for good to choice
yellow. Chas. F. Muth & Son,

June 19. Cinciiuiati, Ohio.

Kansas City.— Ho?(ey.— No honey on our market.

Hamblin & Bearss,
June 20. Kansas City, Mo.

San Francisco.— HoKfj/.— Honey firm; crop will
be very light indeed this season, for lack of rains.
We quote extracted honey :it 5'/i@6!4. Comb, 10®
ll>i. Beeswax, 24(0125.

SCHACHT, LeMCKE & StEINKR,

June 11. San Francisco, Cal.

Chicago.— Ho»e{/.—Demand for honey at this .sea-
son of the year restricted. W^e look for an active
iemand for new comb honey that is of good (fuality
md put up in desirable packages. We shall hold
Dur fir.st receipts at 1«c i)er lb., unless otherwise
instructed. Extracted honey selling, depending
upon quality, at 5@t) per lb. Beeswax, 25.

S. T. Fish & Co.,

June 19. 189 South Water St., Chicago, 111.

1894 white -clover honey, comb and extracted.
Please write for prices on same.

J. B. Murray, Ada, Ohio.

Untested Queens »

•:>

From the best Imported and Golden stock,
60 cts. each; $6.00 per dozen. Warranted
queens, 80 cts. each. Tested queens. $1.00
each. Safe arrival and satisfaction guar-
anteed.
I. W. K. Shaw & Co.,

Loreauville, Iberia Par., La.

BUFFALO, N. Y. Unsurpassed Honey Market.
BATTERSQN & CO. Responsible, Reliable,
Commission Merchants. ,»fdb and Prompt.

EDWIN ROBINSON. W. M. GRAY.

ESTABLISHED 1866.

Robinson & Gray,

SUCCESSORS TO

B. F. Southwick & Co.,
Foreign and Domestic Fruits, Canned Goods.

47 & 43 South Market anci 5 & 6 Chatham Streets.

Headquarters for Vermont Shipments

of White=Clover Honey.

It will be the endeavor of the new firm to meet
the wishes of their patrons in the future as the late
firm has in the past.

Thanking you for the many past favors received
by the late ttrm, we hope to be favored with a liberal
share of your patronage in the future.

All orders and iiKiuiries by mail or otherwise will
receive prompt attt'ntion. Verv res|)ectfully,

Boston, April 2, 1894. ROBINSON & GRAY.

Bees and Supplies

Always on hand. Send for circular.
I. J. Strinirhfiin, 705 t'nrU jP/aee, A^ V.

Queens! Queens!

Now ready by return mail.

Bred in full colonies from the best honey-gjither-
ing strains in the country. All queens warranted
purely mated, and safe arrival guaranteed. 1 have
three distinct strain.s— golden yellow and dark
leather-colored Italians, also Albinos.

Tested, each $1..50

Tested, per '/4 doz 7.50

Warranted, each 75

Warranted, per 54 doz 4. 00

AVarranted, i)er doz 7.50

Send for 44-page descriptive catalogue.

W. W. GARY, Colrain, Mass.

tarin respondint? to this odveitiHement mention OLEAKlNas.

Golden Italian Queens + -^ .%

* * ■* » By Return Mail.

Untested, 60 cts. Breeders, the ver^- best, fL.'tO.
These are daughters of one of Doollttle's best
breeders and are very yellow— most of them ve/-
iower than ixohl. Large and i)roliflc. Safe de-
livery. Mone.V-order othce, Decatur.

Cleveland Bros., Stamper, Newton Co., Miss.

Will you please mention Gieanings '/

5=Banded Golden Italian Queens.

Untested. each,7r)C; f. for f4.25. Best only. Try
them and be pleased.

Chas. H. Thies, Steeleville, Illinois.

TO BEE-KEEPERS^:

Send us you I P. O. address and we will
send you (frec^) a sample of a new wrapper
that takes the i)lace of glass on honey-sec-
tions.

Is attractive, light-looking, and consumers
do n(/t think alinut paying for the weight as
tliey do with glass.

Costs about ac a pound, and pays you
double and triple cost in weiglit, when you
sell your honej . The greatest protection in
shipping honey, as it is so constructed that
it keeps the sections from sticking fa.st to
the bottom of the case, and from honey leak-
ing as it conimonlv does.

//. fi. WRIGHT, Albany, N. Y.

534

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July 1.

My

Apiary is now stocked entirely with young
laying- queens of this year's rearing. Some of
tliem have been laying long enough so that
tliev are tested. I will sell the tested ones at
Sl.iiii e.icl). or with Review one year tor $1.75.
For *2 III) the

Queen,

the Review, and the book " Advanced Bee
Culture," will be sent. I am yet receiving
weekly shipment s of young laying queens from
the best breeder^ in the south. Tliese untested
queens I will sell at

75 cts.

each, or Avith the Review one year for $1 50.
For $1.75 I will send the Review a year, one
untested queen, and the book "Advanced Bee
Culture." For

10 cts.

three late but different issues of the Review
will be sent. The May Rkview contains an
article from M. M. Baldridge in which he tells
how to get rid of foul brood with the least pos-
sible labor— no sliaking the bees off the combs,
tliey transfer thcnigdves to a new hive at a time
when their bodies are free from the spores of
the disease. He also tells how to disinfect
hives witli one-fourtli the labor of boiling. B.
Taylor tells how to secure as mucii white cmnh
honey as e.vtrarted.

W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint, Mich.

Sections, Bee= Hives,

and other Bee=

Keepers' Appliances

at Bed=rock Prices.

Best of Goods at Lowest Prices.

Write for free, illustrated catalogue

and Price List.

G. B. Lewis Co., Watertown, Wis.

LAWS' 1;^;

HUSTLERS!

Read what one of the largest bee-keepers of this
country says: "The queens (two dozen) came prompts
ly. They are an extra line lot. The bees are finely
marked, gentle, and /lust/ers when it comes to
iionev. I have no trouble in picking them out
now from over 600 colonies."— W. L. Coggshall,
West Groton, N. Y., Oct. 17. 1>*93.

Prices for queens />rerf for business from above
strain, 5-bfin<J, are. May, $1.00; later, 7'ic; '^ doz..
May and June, $4.0ii; doz.. *7..50. July and later, six
for $3.50; doz., J6.,50. Single queens warranted
purely mated. I i^uarantee all queens to arrive
safely and to be' g-oot/ seri^ieeab/e queens.
Send for free circular. Draw money order on, and
address, J. B. CASE, Port Orange, Fla.

Itnlians svirely take tlie lead.
are now in everj' State in the
and several foreiwn
countries. Fine breeders always on hand; $3 to
$5 each ; untested, each, 7oc ; 6 for f 4.

Also Api les, Ben Davis. Ark. Black, Mam. Black
Twig, letciing varieties, whole root cnlj'; trees, 10c
each; oti orders of 100 I pay the frii^iht.

\V. H. 7^A.\VS, Lavaca, Seb. Co., Jirlc.

IF YOU WANT BEES

That will just ".roll" in the honey, try IHoore's
strain of Itallaus, the result of 15 years'
careful breeding
Mr. Sam. King, Raleigh, N. C, referring to a

queen purchased of me last season, says:

I received queen June 1; introduced heron four frames in the
Simplicity hive; filled out with frame's of foundation. Honey
taken hv July 8, 1.% lbs ; honey taken in September. 197 lbs., and
had plenty to winter on. I never saw such workers; have bees
from twenty breed' rs.

Warranted queens, 80c each; 3 for $3.00. Safe
arrival and satisfaction guaranteed.

Those who have never dealt witli me, I refer to
A. I. Root, who has purchased of me 666 queens.
Circular free. eitf

J. P. MOORE, Morgan, Pendleton Co., Ky.

Italian Queens Cheap.

My queens are as good as the best. Untested, 65c
each; 3 for $1.75; 6 for $3.25. Tested, »1.2.5. Select
tested, yellow to the tips, breeders, f 1..50. Safe ar-
riv.ll guaranteed. G. E. DAWSON, CARLISLE, AEE.

FREE— To New Subscribers, a Choice of these BEE-BOOKS

Kewman's " Bees and Honey." ^ ^^^ f^ " Scientific Queen - Rearing."

This book treats of the management
of an apiary for pleasure and profit, vl
Over 200 psiges, and over 2u0 illus- y\
trations. The book for beginners
or the more advanced. Send $1.00
tor the American Bee Journal 1 ^
year (weekly) and get the book Free, x]
The " Bee Journal " has 32 pMges— vl
established in 1861, Sample Fkee. ^

^ By G. M. Doolittle (portrait shown

tx herewith). Tells bow the very best

-, (^^ Queen-Bees are reared in accord

-^ l^ with Nature's way. 176 pages. $1 00

- »=) (* for this book and "Bee Journal"

- I ■«. one year. Address,

[^ GEORGE W.YORK & CO.

^ 56 Fifth Avenue. - Chicago, Ilij.

MONEY RETURNED l;;.,:^!^.!'^^:^^.^!^.^!^!:!.^^..^?^^^^

Ix'c-keeners everywhere use and hi;4lily reconimend tlu-ni as the best. No others received a.
World's Fair award. Testimonials, etc., free. Prices: Each, postpaid with dire.-tioiis. „() cts.,
per doz., $3.2;"). Order from your dealer, or the mnfrs.. R.&E.C. PORTER, LEWISTOWN, ill.

13 Carloads of Supplies.

This is the amount we have distributed in a single season, of
Foundation, Dov. Hives, Sections, Extractors, etc. Therefore,!!
you have little mouii/ and want that little to go as far as possible,

remember that we are lieadquarters in the west for all goods id

^^^^imZ^^^IZI^Z^^::::^^^ our llne; by doing so great a volume of business we sell gooas
cheap. If you have the mimey, also remember you can make it earn a big interest by availing yourself 01
our discounts for early orders. In either case you should write us and tell what you will likely neea. xi
will pay you. We sell Root's goods at Root's prices, andean save you freiglit. ^ii^ iiirnv

The new polished sectit)ns and all other late improved goods kept in stock, rnn TUt UutxT
, ,, , n t. . , Send for our large iUustrat- Y\}[\ lllL W LO I I

Joseph Nysewander, Des Moines, la, £dy;^\i™h^,:^^^^S?y

^ • DE.VOTE.D:

•andHoNEV-
•MD HOME,

T>UBIi6hED BY(^-l-r\00r'

Vol. xxn.

JULY I, 1894.

No. 13.

S^M^5B^^

.er:

Sweet cloveb showed first bloom June 18.

Tky sweet clover, friend Root, in that hard
clay where you can't get a catch of clover.

Honey sales by county associations with
trade-mark labels is under discussion in Eng-
land.

A delightful visit from .^1. B. J. York,
bringing with him a big rain to break the long
drouth, made us all happy.

Harper's Monthly is an ally to bee-keep-
ers. See "The Welcomes of the Flowers," in
March number.

Cure for burns. Dissolve 1 lb. epsom salts
in 3 qts. water, and hold the burn in it, or bathe
with it. — Med. and Surg. Jour.

I'm with N. D. West (p. 503) in wanting
plenty of room to get out the first frame, and
with the editor in wanting nothing screwed or
wedged tight.

Clover should not be cut for seed, says Carl
Zelenka, in Bienen-Vciter, unless weather was
favorable at blooming time for bees to fly.
Otherwise the yield of seed will not pay.

Gravenhorst mentions a colony that did
not swarm for 29 years, renewing its queens
according to its own notion, and giving a larger
yield than any of its neighbors. I'd like that
strain of bees.

Old hives, to be used again for swarms,
should be well scrubbed with strongest salt
water, says Dr. Hachenberg, in ^, B. J^. He
thinks he has thus stopped the troublesome
desertion of swarms.

The hardest lesson, perhaps, that begin-
ners have to learn is, that number of colonies
doesn't count as much as strength. It takes
backbone for a beginner with 6 colonies to bring
them down to 5 by uniting a weakling with a
stronger one. Yet the 5 stronger colonies will
sooner increase to 100 than the original 6.

Excluders are made by Robert Nitzsche,
Sebniiz, in Saxony, of hardrned pasteboard,
proof against moisture, gnawing, and warping.
Gravenhorst commends them. Strips 4 inches
wide at 5 cts. per running foot.

Queen-excluders of wire are made across
the water. The claim is, that the bees like
them better than the common kind, because
they have no sharp edges. [Don't see how they
can be accurate excluders. — Ed. J

"We formerly used two boxes (or crates) of
shallow frames as a brood-chamber, and, after
exhaustive trials extending over 12 or 15 years,
we gave up the idea, though it was our pet
notion at the time."— Editor B. B. J.

What with fewer frames, closer spacing, and
deeper top-bars, the present Langstroth, or
Dovetail, has now a capacity inside frames of
1540 cubic inches. My first Langstroths, 10-
frame, had 43 per cent greater capacity, or 2200
cubic inches.

Stubborn. I put the queen of 57 over an
excluder in an upper story where the bees were
storing honey. She didn't lay for about 48 hours.
At the end of a week, not an egg was hatched,
when I succumbed and took away the excluder.
No queen-cells were started.

Very stubborn. May 17 I put the queen of
a strong colony. No. 76, over an excluder in a
second story. Forgot about it till I opened the
hive June 14 and found not an egg or brood of
any kind in either story, and the queen digging
for dear life to get down through that excluder.
Queer.

That picture on p. 517 is fine; but isn't it
just an excuse for A. I. to show up his wind-
mill ? [He didn't know it was going to be " took
in " when he asked E. R. to photograph the
boys. Nevertheless, he seemed pleased that
the picture " took in " so much, especially that
rye.— Ed.]

Foul-brood cure. Mr. Carl Schroeter, in
Deutsche linker, reports entire success with
carbolic acid. As generally used, it is a failure,
being too weak if diluted, and driving the bees
out if full strength. He uses full strength, a

536

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July 1.

tablespoonful mixed with as much tar, put
under the frames in a little box, open enough
to allow evaporation, but bee-tight. That's
the whole cure, renewed every three months.

Ramblek goes just a little too far on p. .505,
when be claims that " a card properly adjusted
around the neck " will keep bees out of a veil.
I suppose he has " keep out" written on the
card, and wants us to think the bees can read
it. I don't believe a word of it. [An error— it
should read cord. — Ed.]

The American Bce-kecjjer is hard down on
the use of " friend " and " brother " among bee-
keepers. Thinks it indicates too close famil-
iarity. Isn't it just as familiar to call a man
"dear" sir? It says iht^ terms are never seen
in the journals elsewhere. You're out there.
Read the German bee-juurnals.

The British Bee Journal says that a clipped
queen, when its colony swarms, "being unable
to fly, drops to the ground, where, if discovered,
she is joined by the bees of the swarm." Of
the hundreds of cases I have had, I never knew
a swarm to join a queen on the ground. Aren't
you theorizing, respected B. B. J.f

The foundation in my sections, according
to B. B. J., is all hung the wrong way. In the
picture, the B. B. J. seems right, but the wrong
way works all right with me. Wonder if there's
a kink in the theory. [Wonder if actual tests
would show any preference in favor of having
the foundation hung one way instead of the
other. We never noticed that the wax behaved
better one way than the other. — Ed.]

The brilliant prospect of the middle of
May had a bad setback. Cold set in, and drouth,
and up to June 12 starving and dragging out
brood was only too common. To crown all,
scarcely any clover bloom was in sight. June
16 came a grand rain, and June 20 clover is
blooming, and the bees are having a picnic.
[Glad your bees are having a picnic on clover.
We haven't any white clover here this season,
to speak of. — Ed.]

S. T. Pettit finds blisters of water under the
paint of hives containing bees. That's one
way I " toioTO moisture will go through un-
painted hive-sides" (p. 492). Look here; don't
you know that water will soak into and through
an unpainted pine board ? [It will soak in to a
certain extent; but will it pass through? If
we accept your idea, we surely want paint be-
cause the moisture from without, together with
a baking sun, is what ruins — i. e., checks and
rots boards. Moisture from within is a small
item. Now, then, do you know that bees in
unpainted hives winter better than in those
painted ?— Ed.]

" Honestly, I wish that there were some way
of cleaning one's fingers of honey, so clean that
they vvould not be sticky, without the trouble
of going to the honey -house and washing

them.'''' — Hutchinson. Try my way, W. Z.
Wash them with dirt. Clean soil is ever so
much better than stickiness. [Tlie idea of
washing hands in dirt to clean 'em ! Well, it is
a good one, and, come to think of it, we have
practiced it ourselves. It removes the unpleas-
ant sticky feeling entirely. We have often, in
a similar way, cleaned grease off our hands in
sawdust. When we were working among the
bees every day we kept a pail of water handy;
and whenever we passed that pail in the height
of the honey season we gave those sticky hands
a souse. Perhaps a pail of sawdust smoker-
fuel might be used for a double purpose — wash-
ing hands and filling the smoker. — Ed.]

MORE ABOUT INHERITANCE.

By E. T. Ahhott.

I presume I shall not be misunderstood if I
venture to offer a few suggestions on this sub-
ject, and show where I can not agree with the
article written by my good friend Dr. .Miller. I
am impelled to join issue with some ol Lis con-
clusions, as I think they are founded on false
premises. A brief review of a few of his state-
ments will bring out clearly what I mean.

Dr. M. talks of "inherited characteristics."
Now, I do not think of characteristics as being
inherited. Character is something taken on
from without, and is always post-natal. Inher-
itance is the result of forces operating from
within, and is always pre-natal. Or, to put it
in another form, character is made; inherit-
ance is inbred. However, his expression may be
admissible.

In speaking of the calf, Dr. M. says. " The
germ, when implanted in the womb of that
mother, had no tendency to white." It seems
tome it had no other tendency, so far as the
mother's influence on color extended. As will
be apparent further on. Dr. M. seems to hold
that the germ comes from without; when the
truth of the matter is. it is the product of forces
working within. Oinne vivum ex ouo, "every
animal is produced from an egg," is the law of
birth laid down by Harvey, and, as I think, ful-
ly demonstrated by Agassiz. "All animals,"
says he, "without exception, high or low, of
whatever ultimate complexity or simplicity of
structure, originate from eggs, and from eggs of
the same character."

It follows, then, that whatever predisposition
that calf was to receive or inherit from its
mother was in the egg the moment it was form-
ed, and this was very early in the life of the
mother; for Agassiz has shown that eggs are
sometimes formed in the womb of the anima

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

537

that is yet unborn, jnst as a perfect plant may
be found and seen Willi the naked eye in the
seed of tht^ morning-glory before it is fully ma-
tured and hardened. These are his words:
"Ovarian eggs may be found in animals before
they have reached maturity; before they have
completed their physical growth— nay, ovarian
eggs have even been observed in the embryo
before birth."

It will be necessary, then, to look beyond
what is known as the act of generation for
wliatever inherited tendencies are to come from
the mother. To quote again from our illus-
trious scientist, " Successive generations do not
begin with the birth of new individuals, but
with the formation of the egg from which these
individuals proceed. We must look, then, upon
the egg as the starting-point of the complicated
structure of the adult being. It is, as it were,
a sieve through which the qualities transmitted
by parents to their oflfspring are sifted." What-
ever peculiarity there may be in the new being
has its foundation in the egg. Within these
narrow limits are circumscribed all the condi-
tions of change.

"The egg arises in the maternal organism
without the co-operation of the other sex."

Dr. M. says, "The same germ (egg) planted
in the womb of a red mother might have pro-
duced a red calf." Of course, this is a fallacy;
for germs can not be " planted " in this way;
but if they could, the red mother would not be
able to influence the color of the calf in the
least. It had already received from a white
mother all the maternal bias as to color it could
ever receive, when the germ was formed in the
egg. It might be affected in its characteristics,
or that which comes from without, by its red
mother; but the inherited tendencies, or that
which comes from within, had been unaltera-
bly fixed by a white mother. Of course, these
might be modified by the act of generation, or
the union of the male sperm with the female
cell, as I shall have occasion to show further on.

To quote again from Dr. Miller: "So it
seems pretty clear that the calf received in-
herited traits by means of the food (mark this)
it received before the time it came forth as a
perfect calf." Clear to whom ? It seems pret-
ty clear to me that it did not do any thing of
the kind, as is no doubt apparent from what I
have said above. Then Dr. M. changes his il-
lustration, and says of a hen's egg, " When the
egg was laid, if I am not mistaken, the germ
was there with no characteristics except those
received from the sire." Doctor, I am very
much inclined to think you are seriously "mis-
taken," or, to speak more correctly, you have
made a serious mistake, and founded your en-
tire argument on a false basis. What about the
egg of a queen that never "knew a male"
bee? What kind of "characteristics," inherit-
ed tendencies, are there in that egg, and where
did they come from ?

Hear Agassiz again: "lean not dwell too
emphatically upon the fact that th<! eggs are
produced, and grow without any agency of the
male animal." Again, Dr. M. engages in the
transfer business, and thinks of this germ as
being transferred to a "speckled hen," and says
in that case it might have produced a speckled
chicken. I can understand how he reached this
conclusion, for he says, in the next, sentence,
" If I am correct in this, then the traits of the
mother were received by the germ during the
time of incubation through the nourishment
contained in the egg."

The truth of the matter would seem to be
that neither calf nor chicken received any "in-
herited traits "from the "food it consumed."
Unless I misunderstand all the facts connected
with the law of inheritance, traits are not trans-
mitted in that way. You might just as well
say that a potato-germ receives traits from the
starch, etc., stored up in the potato. But how
is it when you cut the germ out and plant it
alone in the soil '? Do the traits of inheritance
then come from the soil? If so, how would it
be if the germ were cut in four parts, as Terry
says it may be, and each part were planted in a
different kind of soil? Should we have four
different kinds of potatoes? I think not. The
truth is, the formative power is in the germ the
moment it forms in the egg of the female or the
sperm of the male; and if the animal is the
product of the union of two such cells,sperm and
germ, as most animals are, then whatever in-
herited tendencies as to physical organism, such
as color, etc, the new-born animal may receive
from mother or father were latent in these
germs the moment they were formed, and no
after-influence of nourishment will make one
hair or feather white or black. The food or
nutriment does not mold the organism, but the
latent inherent polarity of the organism assim-
ilates, molds, and directs the nutriment. Spen-
cer says the physiological units mold the nutri-
ment into their own type. I would say the psy-
chological formative power takes up the nutri-
ment and gives it form after the type of the in-
dividuals from which the cells originated.

Spencer puts it this way": " The form of each
species of organism is determined by a pecul-
iarity in the constitution of its units." "The
living particles composing one of these frag-
ments have an innate tendency to arrange
themselves into the shape of the organism to
which they belong." "Organic polarity "is
the name he gives to this power. He then goes
on to show that the power does not rest in what
he calls the " chemical ^mits ;'" neither can it
restinwhathe calls the morpholoijical units,
namely, the cells; but we must conceive it as
possessed by certain intermediate units which
he terms ''physiological.'" Why not cut the
Gordian knot by calling this a psychological
unit, or somewhat as I have above?
It seems to me an incontrovertible fact that

538

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July 1.

individualism, or the power to individualize,
can not be explained from the standpoint of
any thing but spirit, or a psychological unit.
It is this that makes a plant a plant, a tree a
tree, a horse a horse, and a man a man, and
gives to each Its various peculiarities. He who
looks in any other direction for an explanation
of the phenomena of the universe is sure to
meet with final disappointment.

I admit that food and surroundings may have
much to do with temperament, with shaping
the acquired habits of animals and men. You
take a child born of white parents, intelligent
and refined, and place it in the arms of an ig-
norant negro nurse, and let it see no one else
until it reaches manhood or womanhood, and it
will talk and act in many respects like a negro,
notwithstanding its inherited tendencies.

There is, however, a wide difference between
acquired habits and inherited tendencies. One
of them, as I have shown, is latent in the cells
from which the organism springs, and the other
impresses itself on the completed organism
through its various susceptibilities; or, to put
it differently, one is the outgrowth of environ-
ment, and the other of cell-formation.

That queens may not imbibe bad traits from
their environment, I am not prepared to say;
but this has nothing to do with bringing out
qualities latent in the germ or sperm cell.
However, as all variations tend to become he-
reditary, that which is imbibed in one genera-
tion may become innate and permanent in re-
mote future generations.

Dr. M. seems to hold that the act of genera-
tion produces the germ, or, in other words, that
the germ is furnished by the male. I do not so
understand it, and can not see how Dr. M. can
hold such a theory, knowing what he does
about the economy of a bee-hive. I know this
is an old theory. Agassiz says, " At one time
physiologists did not doubt that the spermatic
particles were actually the beginning of the
new germ." But I can not see how any one ac-
quainted with the theory of parthogenesis and
the process of germ-development can entertain
such an idea. Darwin says, "The belief that it
is the function of the spermatozoa to communi-
cate life to the ovule seems a strange one, see-
ing that the unlmpregnated ovule is. already
alive, and generally undergoes a certain amount
of independent development." Some very
learned men hold, or have held, that " the life
principle is in the sperm-cell;" but I think
modern science has demonstrated that it is not
any more than it is in the germ-cell.

After all, is not this theory the culmination
of male egotism, which all down the ages has
relegated the female to an inferior place? I am
glad to say that the ant and the bee have plac-
ed the seal of falsehood on this relic of barbar-
ism. The male has nothing to do with the
formation of the germ, and in many cases noth-
ing to do with its perfect development. Where

the animal is the product of the union of two
cells (and most animals are. as I remarked be-
fore), the union of the sperm-cell with the
germ-cell imparts to it a certain vis enolvendi,
power of development; but the germ was there
with all its possibilities and maternal inherited
tendencies before the union took place. As both
cells enter into the composition of the new or-
ganism, it will be more or less influenced by
each of them, varying according to the pre-po-
tency of the cells. Spencer finds the necessity
for this union in the fact that they had reached
a state of equilibrium, whatever that may
mean, and the union breaks it up and growth
begins. Darwin suggests that the union is
made necessary because the cells possess too lit-
tle formative matter for independent develop-
ment.

These will do for working explanations; but
I apprehend there is a reason lying back of all
of these theories, which we do not fully under-
stand.

St. Joseph, Mo.

WHY FLOWERS ARE BEAUTIFUL.

BY THE EDITOR OF POPULAR SCIENCE NEWS.

[We take pleasure in copying th'' fo'lnwing
from the Popular Scieyice News, of New York,
of a recent date. It contains somcihing that
bears more or less directly on our late sympo-
sium on bees and fruit, and we are sure it will
be read with interest. — Ed.]

Every seed is but a crystallized memory of the
past liistory of its kind, and every plant the realiza-
tion in fact and experience of the grandest features
of that memory. That a developing seed could re-
ceive a fitness in its structure for a wet or rocky
soil while grown upon that wliich is dry and loamy
seems impossible. That such fitness should he car-
ried as a message from plants of the same species
miles awaj', and taught to tluit seed before it had
scarcely begun to develop in the parent fiower,
appears as if beyond sane belief. All tliis is never-
theless but a sober statement of what lias been
discovered by actual experiment. Two trees,
shrubs, or herbs, remote from each otlier, can inter-
blend their natures and combine tlicir powers
through the medium of a tiny dust-like particle of
pollen. The seeds and plants derived from the
union possess in large degree the fitnesses of both.
United through its pollen witli others having differ-
ent powers and experiences, a new race is born with
a double capacity of adaptation. Professor Charles
Darwin experimentally proved that crosses between
individuals give vigor in proportion to tlie variety
of conditions to which the parents are subjected,
and not in proportion to remoteness of kin. Pox-
glove (Digitalis purpurea, Lin.), Fig. 1, wlien crossed
from phmts growing near togetlier in similar soil,
shade, and surroundings, nevor gave as good seed
as when crossed with pollen from plants of a remote
neighborhood. ("Cross and Self Fertilization,"
page 447.) Tlie fiower-stems produced in the two
cases were as 100 to 47, and the average height as
100 to 70. Plants near of kin, but raised in remote
regions, when cross-fertiUzed with each other gave

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

539

improved
near each
When we i

stock. Plants remote of kin, but grown
other, when crossed gave inferior results.
)ass tlirougii the woods or {garden and the

FIG. I.

tions that caused unusual strain upon tlicir struc-
tures were tiiose tliat sucli savings and the conse-
quent reserve force benefited most. But tliis saving
of pollen introduced a necessity for some contriv-
ance to carry it in an economical manner from plant
to plant. The method chosen shows the perfection
of !iatural adjustment to a remarkable degree.

Tlie pistils iind tlieir seed-beai'ing ovaries usually
occui)y the center, wliile the stamens, like a circle
of sentinels, stan 1 Kuard around them. This is
seen in the cotton flower. Fig. 3. In this A is the
pi-itil, B the stamens, and C the ovary. Their pro-
duction of pollen is also less, since tlie necessi ty to
sow every inch of the country that perchance a few
grains may strike the stigma (or top of the pistil) of
a kindred plant is now at an end. But how? The
bringing together of both organs in a single blossom
tends to self-fertilization, which has been shown to
injure them. A careful examination of these
flowers will reveal a most wonderful and almost
numberless set of contrivances evidently intended
to keep tlie pollen of the same blossom from reach-
ing its stigma. These are in all degrees of perfec-
tion, from those that allow of free contact to those
that exclude all possible contact. As they would all
most surely perisli witiiout fertilization, and as they
would slowly, but as certainly, deteriorate by self-
fertilization, their winged friends come to their
relief, and with th> gieater certainty the more en-
ticing their forms, fragrance, and color. On any
bright daj' of the summer months, in the forest, on
the prairie, or in the garden, insects can be seen at
work consummating these unions. Butterflies and
moths, hees and humming-birds, lingering around a
bed of flowers are iloing more than enjoying them-

little dust-specks cling to our garments, how many
of us pause to consider that each impalpable parti-
cle we are so desirous of brushing away is a volume
containing more wonderful and more accurately
recorded facts than any man could write ? Viewed
with the microscope, traces of its Ipeauty appear in
every distinct form assumed. Each kind of plant
has a form for itself, and. though borne on the
passing winds miles away fi-om the producing an-
thers, every tiny speck is sufficiently distinct to
recognize its kind. In Fig. 2 is sliown this dust
from fifteen different kinds of plants, and surely no
one coukl. after familiarity, confound them. Here
is pollen from the lily (ai, buttercup (/n, hollyhcck
(c), ench.mters' nightshade (d), wild-balsam apple
(e), mountain laurel (/), bassella {a\ lark pine (h),
evening v)rimrose (i), chiccory (j), white pine (fc>,
musk plant (?), burr cucumber (m), passion flower
(71), and scolyraus I')). These external appearances
are. in their way, remarkable, but they shed no light
on a pollen grain's unfathomable potentiality.

Every grain seems to be husbanded for the per-
petuation of the plant, or in some indirect manner
to aid that perpetuation. P"or a plant to squander
its life force in produeins: a superabundance of
pollen is to lesstn its resisting power against ad-
verse forces in some other direction. In the strug-
gle for life those survived best that were able to get
the largest number of healthy representatives with
a minimum of such expenditure. Every plant that
guined some contrivance to save its pollen from loss
became the parent of more vigorous offspring.
Iiittle changes that aided but slightly were multi-
plied through successive generations until great
changes were the result. Plants occupying posi-

rio.

selves with the fragrance and sipping the lioney
from the nectaries. The apparently trivial act of
one of these in seeking food is fraught with changes

540

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July 1.

of great importance to the floral world. They carry
upon their bodies supplies of pollen which are home
from plant to plant. If you watch a bee as it

beautiful colors when the vitality of a part is low,
and honey and odor frequently can be found upon
them. Tliese were evidently the starting-points for
selection to work upon in leading up to lilies, gera-
niums, and orchids. Those plants tliat displayed
tiie greatest amount of a color pleasing to certain
insects were most often visited and hence best fer-
tilized. The least beautiful, if unable to continue
producing pollen enough for wind fertilization, and
failing- to attract Insects in sufficient numbers, were
slowly extinguished. Every added beauty to a
flower, by increasing its attractiveness, giive it the
advantage in the struggle over its fellows, because
it was made to produce more and better seeds.
Features of color, shade, or odor pleasing to one
kind of insect proved displeasing- or indifferent to
another, so that a large variety of forms resulted.
Dull yellow flowers are evidently obnoxious to
beetles, for we find that they almost entirely avoid
them. Dull purple seems to be the choice color of
the host of minute insects that swarm around
marshes, the margins of lakes, and wet places gen-
erally. White is the favorite color of night-flying
moths. Butterflies and bees choose brilliant reds,
pinks, blues, and violets. By actually counting the
number of Insects visiting various flowers during

FIG. 3.

forces its way down the honey-bearing gland of a
fleur de luce (iris). Fig-. 4, you will observe how it
rubs its pollen-covered back against the stigma, A,
on entering, but on finishing its repast it can not
return without a complete reversal of its body.
This covers its back once more with pollen from B,
which it carries to the next flower. In the moun-
tain laurel (Kalmia latifolia) as it awkwardly tum-
bles among the bent stamens they spring up and
cover it with their yellow dust. Tiiis it bears away
to another plant of the same kind, where, by its
movements, it is rubbed off upon the stigmas.
Upon close inspection it will be found that, as a
rule, the part of the insect bearing the largest
pollen load is the very part it finds it necessary to
turn toward the stigma in honey-bearing flowers
when it seeks their sweet product. In lilacs and
some others the insect first gels its head daubed
with honey and then with pollen, whicli- thus ad-
heres, until, reaching another flower, it rubs past
the stigma, where it is deposited. In many other
flowers the pollen is naturally roug-h or sticky, and
makes itself fa.st to wliatever part of the insect pre-
sents itself. In some it is strung like beads on
threads, in others it is in little packets cohering
together. Sometimes it is projected with force
against the insect so as to facilitate adhesion. In a
few cases it is locked up in little boxes which the
insect's touch opens. In some, hinges and traps
are devised so that the insect can not enter the
flower without throwing the pollen over itself, as
the touching of one part moves as a lever the otlier.
Wind-fertilized plants are frequently fertilized
by insects, and from them it is believed all our
pretty flowers sprang. They occasionally display

L_.

FIG. 4.

tlie course of a day, it is found to be the universal
rule that, wliere other things are equal, those blos-
soms that are most conspicuous are of tenest visited.

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

r,4i

NOTES ON CALIFORNIA HONEY-PLANTS.

THEIR PECULIARITIES; AND THOSE WHICH
YIELD THE MOST HONEY.

ByPritf. A.J. Ciiok.

The California honey flora has two striking
peculiarities which are of exceeding impor-
tance: It is very extensive, and nearly all the
most important honey-plants, like white clover
in the East, are in bloom a long time. I have
kept close watch of the bees on the flowers this
snmmer, and have been glad and surprised at
the long pe'-iod of work. Many plants are in
bloom weeks and even months, and during all
this long period they are visited daily by the
bees. I believe this is why such phenomenal
yields are secured as were reported to me at
the last meeting of the State Association, and
through me to Gleanings, by such men as Wil-
kin, Corey, Mercer, etc. Two weeks is a long
flow for linden in the East, while white sage
— the linden of California — is in bloom for over
two months, and this range is still more broad-
ened by the difference in time of bloom in the
valleys and canyons. Most of the honey-
plants consist of innumerable blossoms which
occur in long racemes, or heads.. The flowers
commence to open below in racemes, and creep
alonff toward the top, which they do not reach
for many days in the famous white sage. In
the ball (or black) '^aees. the same is true. The
lower ball"' rp. n first, and each ball has a cen-
tripetal method of blooming, which still far-
ther prolongs the period of bloom. The citrus-
fruit bloom is similarly interesting. The
orange is in bloom for weeks, while the lemon
bloom is scattering its attractive odor for the
entire year. The periodic drouth which comes
once in two or three years, and the cool winds,
which have been very marked and common
this spring, combine once in about three years
to shut up the nectar- fountains, and destroy
the honey crop and the bee-keeper's profit.

The following are the principal sources of
honey, so far as I have observed this season:

White sage, Andihertia poljistachia.

Ball (or black) sage. Axidibertia stachyoides.

Ball (or black) sage, Audihci'tin Pnlmeri.

Ball (or black) sage, Audihertia Clevelandi.

Blue phacelia, Phacclia tnnacetifoUa.

California clover, Hoxnchla glabra.

Small blue phacelia, Phacelia circinntax.

Wild buckwheat, ErUiormm fasciciilatum.

This last and the sages are the important
honey-plants. They yield enormously, remain
in bloom a very long time, and the honey from
them is unsurpassed in appearance and flavor.

Of course, the fruit-bloom is veiy important.
Much of it comes so early that the bees are not
yet strong enough to secure much surplus from
this source, though fruit honey is not infre-
quent in the California markets, and is far
more important aside from mere stimulation
than is the same in the East.

The above report of flowers is not full, but
contains the most important. I ought to have
included a small strawberry, or blackberry-
like flower, HorkcUa Califomlca, which is con-
stantly visited by bees.

HONEY-DEW A SECRETION FROM APHIDES; A
REPLY BY PROF. COOK.

I was surprised to see the note in Gleanings
for May 15th, from Germany, to the effect that
bees never gather nectarfrom aphides, or plant-
lice. I have known bees to collect the nectar
extensively from aphides, especially the larch
plant-louse and the elm-gall plant-louse. In
several cases, when bees would be swarming on
the trees, collecting this nectar, I have been
able to collect enough in advance of the bees to
test its quality. As I have stated in the bee-
papers and in my Manual. I found the nectar,
and also the honey from it, to be exceedingly
pleasant. I have received twigs of pine from
Oregon and Washington, covered with sugar,
and on the twigs I found many dead plant-lice.
I have little or no doubt that the crystals were
from evaporated honey dew. It would seem
that the assertion from Germany must be an
error, as we are coming to find more and more
that animals and plants behave much the same
in all countries, ospecially in the same latitude;
and it is positively true that bees gather aphis
honey-dew in America, and often store much
honey from this source; and, more, that the
honey is often light-colored and of pleasant
flavor.

The other statement, regarding honey-dew
from bark-lice, or coccids. is also wide of the
mark — at least in America. The honey-dew is
not simply sap. as the taste will quickly show;
nor will pricks or wounds at this season induce
a flow of sap. I have no doubt that the nectar
comes from the lice. This nectar is always, so
far as I have seen, dark in color and rank in
quality, and r'^ver fit for table use. '

THE NEW bee-disease.

The new bee-disease is becoming very serious
in this rf^uion. Mr. R. B. HeiTon, bee-inspect-
or for the county of San Bernardino, called on
me the other day and reported that at least 'lOOO
colonies of bees had been destroyed by this mal-
ady between Claremont and Grapeland — twen-
ty miles east. He said he found none east of
Grapeland.

I have heard of it in at least four counties. I
have examined several colonies, and find in eve-
ry case that not only are the mature bees dy-
ing, but the brood also. The dead brood is
scattered, and does not seem at all like foul
brood. The dead bees are always in shape, and
never in the brown, sticky, ropy mass that we
find in foul-brood cells. I am not sure that the
dying-brood and mature-bee mortality necessa-
rily go together, but I have found them so in
all cases that I have examined. I think Mr.
Herron, who, by the way, is a real scientist, and
one whose opinion would be valuable and au-

543

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July 1.

thoritative, finds that they do not always go to-
gether. The board of supervisors of San Ber-
naidiiioCo. have instructed Mr. Herron to make
a complete study of the subject. I have also
purchased colonies, and shall watch the dis-
ease, and try remedies, in hopes to answer it.

You think the warm climate may favor this
malady. We have never heard that the climate
of France and Italy, which is similar to that of
California, was deleterious to bees. In fact, we
have always supposed that a warm climate was
favorable to the honey-bee. Is it not probable
that this is some epidemic, like "epizootic,"
that attacked the horses in 1872, or like the
grip,which has carried off so many people in the
last few years'? I hope this will prove to be the
case, and that we shall very soon be rid of it.
Even now I see signs that it is disappearing.

Claremont, Cal., June 5. 1894. A. J. Cook.

[Prof. Cook is doubtless correct regarding the
source of honey-dew ; at least, his position is
supported by nearly all the authorities in the
past. We hope he will make further researches,
as we should like to know more about this new
disease,— Ed.]

The top usually came off in several pieces.
The hives being made of extremely splitable
redwood, the ground was soon well covered with
the fragments. If the old adage is true, that
a good workman is known by liis chips, I had
enough chips to claim the title.

RAMBLE 111.

By Rambler.

N the morning
an inventory of
the amount of
work to do re-
vealed that 96
o f those 0 1 d
hives were to be
nailed up, saw-
ed ofT, calked
up, and bur-
laps nailed over
the tops. The
teams would all
be back the
next afternoon.
I therefore had a day and a half in which to
try to do the work. The greater share of the
old doors could be nailed on with but little
trouble; but for any refractory hivjs that
would not with ordinary coaxing come togeth-
er, a large pair of tongs was provided. IJy
clamping across the back of the hive, springing
the handles together, and holding them in
position with a ring, as shown in the cut, the
edges of the hive were squeezed up into proi)er
position to be nailed, liy the time I had given
the bees a dose of smoke, and banged several
nails into their hives, they were somewhat sur-
prised; and they were evidently more so when
I placed the hives horizontally on the ground,
rolling it over as I sawed around it. As the
Harbison frames are fitted into mortises, and
brace-combs are plentiful between the top-bars,
there was no movement of the frames under
such rough treatment.

■IHl{

SAWING AND NAILING HARBISON HIVES BE-
FOKE BEMOVAL.

Before night I had made good progress, and
was getting quite ansious to have the bees all
:!ady to load into the wagons when they re-
airned. Things had gone along very nicely
until toward night, when the clouds gathered
and it commenced to drizzle. I suppose that
nail I was driving was a little wet, and the
hammer ditto. A full blow at it glanced and
landed full on my thumb-nail. Oh how that
did hurt! how I did dance! how I did throw
that hammer! and how I did kick up a row
generally, there all alone, and said things I re-
pented of afterward ! That finished my nailing
hives, and it was a little provoking to tnink it
was the last hive and the last nail on the job,
and then to have driven so many successfully,
and hit the wrong nail at last, and that a
thumb- nail, and utterly ruin it! I ate my
supper with sourness of visage, with twinges of
pain, and under increasing rain.

After building a big camp-fire I retired to the
flat for a rest; but I had not lain long on the
blankets before I made a discovery. ISIy roof
was leaking. ATi examination revealed the
fact that the wind had carried this roof clear
ovrr, and pitched the shakes the wrong way;
and. instead of shedding rain, it was an excel-
lent conductor of rain to the interior. The flat
had to be abandoned; and, making a sort of
chicken-coop arrangement with some boards in
front of the camp-fire, the blankets were moved
in and a passably comfortable night passed,
considering the painful condition of my thumb.

The rain had suspended business in the morn- j
ing. leaving the tempcTatiire cool, and sky still
lowering; and through the day thiTe was now
and then a brief shower, and two or three
actual snowstorms. The snow was the kind
that is don(! up in round packages like homeo-
pathic pills.

In relation to my day's work, suffice it to say

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

543

that the W colonies were all ready to load into
the wagons when they arrived about noon. We
were not many hours in loading, and had some
hours lo drive before nightfall. I was sent
forward with the pony team, and was directed
to push ahead, which I did until I struck
Temecula. about 10 miles from the Oaks. Here
I put up with my host of former acquaintance,
and had a shake roof over me that night that
ran the water in the right direction. A warm
room also abolished shakes in the bed, of which
there were several the previous night.

Owing to their heavy loads and wet roads, I
distanced the other teams, and they stopped
for the night in Via Cetas, five miles behind
me. Sunday morning dawned bright and
beautiful. I was not anxious to di'ive all day
Sunday, and would have preferred a quiet rest.
Mr Wheeler, Powell, and brother, were church-
going men, and they, too, would have preferred
a restful day; but the bees must be transported
as rapidly as possible, and I knew they would
be hustling after me. So at half-past eight I
was on the road again. While I let the ponies
take their own time, I enjoyed the various
phases of nature that met my vision, and was
soberly reliecting upon the various kinds of
JSunday work done here in California. These
rellections were continued for several miles,
and were broken into rather suddenly by seeing
a corralful of cows, and something ttiat resem-
bled the figure of a man walking around among
them. From the appearauce at a distance I
thought I had discovered Darwin's " missing
link," and hastened the ponies along. Yes,
there was the rear prehensile appendage, pro-
truding from beneath his blue jeans jumper.
I was about to shout with exulDerance when a
nearer view revealed a milk-man with a one-

milkiiig-stool is nailed to the far rear of a man,
and the cow inadvertently bites her tongue
while chewing her cud. and. by way of relief,
puts her foot into the pail, the angry man has
no available stool with which to belabor the

'"I SHALL ACCUSE YOU OF BEING RAMBLER."

poor critter. I again reflected that the cow
and the bee, those hand-maidens of nature that
make the land to flow with milk and honey,
both need much work with them on Sunday.

Although I traveled leisurely I arrived in
Elsinore ahead of my companions, and resolved
here to wait for them, as it was getting late in

legged milking-stool nailed to the seat of his
overalls. If I was greatly disappointed over the
missing-link problem, I was greatly amused at
the movements of the stool and the man; or
the man and the stool. It was a case similar
to the dog. The observer didn't know whether
the dog wagged the tail or the tail wtigged the
•dog. I also learned a valuable lesson in the
putting of temptation behind you. When a

the day. I didn't know but we would camp
here before braving the mountainous road
ahead of us.

My hour of waiting was put in by inspecting
the town of Elsinore— as quiet this day as the
most orthodox New Eugland town— admiring
its pretty lake, covered with thousands of mud-
hens, ducks, and other waterfowl. The hot
springs, for which the town is noted, are cen-

544

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July 1.

trally located. I longed to plunge in and bathe
and shave, for it had been ten days since I had
enjoyed such a privilege, and I felt rough, and
looked as rough as I felt. The ponies were tied
near a drugstore. The proprietor soon came
around, and, observing the bee-hives, com-
menced to talk bees. He looked me over so
suspiciously that I thought he had mistaken
me for a stray member of the Industrial Army.
He soon arrived at a point, however, where he
couldn't hold in any longer, and he exclaimed,
" Well, sir, I do not believe there is any person
I ever saw who will answer to the description
of Rambler better than yourself. I shall charge
you with it, any way."

After a laugh at his shrewdness we had a
pleasant chat. I will introduce Dr. Ellis to
you. He is a bee-keeper, and finds running a
drugstore in connection with bees a profitable
business. Our conversation was cut short by
the arrival of the rest of our cavalcade. A halt
was made ; a consultation followed, and,
though black clouds hung over the mountains,
and the shadows were creeping into the can-
yons, George cracked his whip over his big
team. We all fell into line, and moved forward
on the last 12 miles of our journey. It was a
tough pull up those hills, made greasy by the
recent rains: but they were surmounted; and
at ten o'clock, when within two miles of the
prospective location, the darkness was too deep
for the trail, and we were lost — didn't know
which way to go; so we did the next best thing
— camped then and there. A camp-fire was
started; we warmed our noses and toses, for
the night was chilly; ate a brief lunch, rolled
ourselves in our blankets, and went to bed un-
der the wagons. We were lulled to slumber by
the murmur of the bees above us. Before it
was fairly daylight, George started us all by a
series of lusty crowings. It took but a short
time thereafter to get the bees over the remain-
ing two miles, properly located, and released
from their imprisonment. We then had a good
square meal at the hospitable cabin of the
overseer of the Virginia gold-mine. George
and I pushed on to Riverside with the big
teams; and. ere night came, the Rambler sat in
his cosy home, where it seemed necessary that
he should be to repair damages to body.'

An inventory revealed the fact that I had a
powerful sore thumb ; right hand blistered
with much sawing; ankle so near broken as to
make me lame; lame neck, and rheumatics un-
der the shoulder-blade. From such a hustling
time in moving bees in the future, deliver me.

CALIFORNIA ECHOES.

liy lidmhln:

It sounds very good to hear the hopeful pre-
dictions in relation to the prospective eastern
honey-tlow. We like to hear of other people's

prosperity, even if we are temporarily under a
cloud.

Not a few bee-keepers here complained, in the
spring, that their colonies were honey-bound.
It was a good bind this year. Those colonies
will pull through the off year.

I quote from a reliable medical authority:
"Although derived from nutritious food, glu-
cose is in a perverted shape, and to it may be
attributed the rapid spread of Bright's disease."
The same authority says that all beers contain
glucose, and all beer-drinkers are liable to die
of said disease.

Mr. Hasty calls attention to the Britons using
the clamped boards, or gang of boards, for dip-
ping foundation. I would inform friend H. that
the gang plan is an old California invention;
is used now, and has been for several years o^^
this coast, and probably prior to their use in
England. It is, therefore, an American inven-
tion.

Osburn, of Cuba, gives that island a boom in
the A. B. K.; but those moths seem to be a ter-
ror. The bee-moth is not a troublesome factor
in this State, as one might suppose. Cool nights
are probably detrimental to its rapid propaga-
tion. If it were a great destroyer the careless
bee-keepers would own but few bees, and there
would be fewer careless bee-keepers.

It is said that eastern bee-keepers come to
California from reading rosy-hued descriptions
of the country ; and, finding the rose in this
case is not without its thorn, they return with a
depleted pocketbook to their eastern homes.
Their journey will not have been in vain if they
will take the lessons to heart, and boom their
own eastern town with the vim that a Califor-
nian does his. We have heard eastern men ac-
tually denounce their own town as a place ut-
terly unfitted for habitation. We honestly be-
lieve it to be the duty of every householder to
hold the honor of his town next to that of his
family, and never speak ill of it. Enthuse over
it. and that is the way to boom in now and then
a new inhabitant.

Foul-brood Inspector R. B. Herron, of San
Bernardino Co., has found a new bee-disease
near Ontario. He thinks fully .5000 colonies are
affected. The larvffi have a watery and ffrayish
appearance, and it is fully as destructive as
foul brood. Mr. Herron and Prof. Cook are at
work upon the case, and it is hoped that some
remedy will be found to banish the disease.
This malady has made its appearance in the
same locality that has been aftlicted with bee-
paralysis, and may be akin to it. A Mr. Ste-
vens, of Etawanda, claims to have a cure for
paralysis. He cures for 10 cts. per colony, and
will sell the recipe for $10(K). I was intending to
go over and buy it; but our jack-rabbit bounty
dropped off so suddenly that it cut off my re-
sources for ready cash. It would be worth
many thousands of dollars to Southern Califor-

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

545

nia to set a remedy for all the diseases bees are
heirs to in this section.

MISTAKES.

AVHY ITAI.I.VXS IN nAI-Y AKE NOT HY15IUDS;

THK AM'S A rEKFEf-r BAUKIEK TO THE

KLACK KACE.

Dt) W. C. Frazicr.

We all make them. Some of iis make greater
and far more reaching mistakes than others.
All of us are, or should be, willing to have our
mistakes corrected. Some things in bee-keep-
ing literature seem to me to be incorrect, and to
which I should be pleased to call the attention
of bee- keepers. One of these is concerning
Italian bees. Some two or three years since,
when the subject of Italian bees was being dis-
cussed in the bee-papers, an article appeared in
Gleanings on this subject. It was one of
those convincing articles that create no dispute
and require no reply. The logic seemed to be
that there were black bees beyond the Alps.
The Alps were no Chinese wall, therefore there
were black bees in Italy ; and, further, that
the black blood in the Italian bee accounted
for its "sporting." This article quoted Her-
mann as proof, and quoted him incorrectly,
which changed his whole meaning.

While there may be black bees in Italy, and I
know of no reason why there should not be, if
some one there wished to have them sent to
him. yet, at the time Hermann wrote his book,
queens were not to any extent trafficked in.
The proposition was, therefore, a mistake so
far as black bees getting into Italy over the
Alps was concerned, and the writer will have
to look farther for the reason why the bees
■"sport," if, indeed, they do when bred in their
purity. I quote the passage referred to from
Hermann:

"What is not a pure Italian is not Italian at
all. If she is Italian she can produce only
Italians. That which is not genuine, is and re-
mains spurious.

" Where the home of the Italian bee is, by far
the greatest number of queens are dark, almost
chestnut brown; and for all that, there is no
difference in the color of the working bees,
whether they are produced by a light or a dark
colored queen. This circumstance speaks for
itself that the yellow Alp bees have been
through the glaciers* insurmountably separated
from the black bees on this side of the Alps,
and could preserve their race in original purity.
Their seat is the extreme north of Italy ; there
they have preserved their purity. The proofs
of an argument must not be fetched from the
moon."

*"The assertion of many German bee-cultivators,
that tlie Italian bee has German blood, as not even
the Alps, like a Chinese wall, would prevent them
from rni.xin^ with German bees, may sound very
■well and comprehensible on paper."

But the matter would be quite changed if
such a biographer would take the trouble to
make, on the spot, inquiries which would pre-
sent a scientific basis. The last German place
from the .Julier Pass is called Stella, between
which place and Poschiavo (a distance of fifty
miles) there are no bees.

In May, and sometimes to the end of the
month, the road leads from Stella by the Julier
Pass (nine miles), often through snow; then
Oberengadien is passed (where not a single bee
exists), and then through the Bernina Pass,
which demands a march in the snow of about
fifteen miles, and passes are the lowest points
of passage.

Now, I should like to see that swarm of bees
that could take its wedding-flight from Stella
to Poschiavo, over two mountains covered
with snow (for the snow does not melt in June,
and even in July and August the temperature is
so low that every bee would perish), for the
purpose of mating with the nearest borderers
in Poschiavo. The same may be said of the
entire chain of passes. On the Bernhardin,
Gothard, Splugen, Lukmanier, nowhere for
thirty miles round, is a bee to be found, for they
can not exist where, on account of the neigh-
hood of the glaciers, the air is so cold.

There is an end to the insect-world, and we
may be sure that it has not entered into the
mind of an Italian to import a hive from Ger-
man Switzerland, by which German blood may
be brought into Italy.

You see the Chinese-wall business was en-
tirely misquoted, to imply there was no such
barrier, though undoubtedly not intention-
ally.

The article from Mrs. Atchley, in June 1st
Gleanings, concerning queens which are pure
Italians, at one time, and again mating, is
correct and to the point, though good men
have asserted that they knew to the contrary.
I have heard them assert they had purchased
imported queens which gave bees ranging from
pure black to pure yellow; and while they
were no doubt honest in their opinion, yet this
could not be. Possibly the mistake may have
been in the importer. Where an importer re-
ceives a lot of queens together, and is breeding
queens in the same yard, it is not impossible,
nor an infrequent occurrence, for a queen from
her mating-flight to enter the hive where one
is being introduced, and be accepted, and, of
course, supersede the queen being introduced.
I, at least, have never had a queen that was
once fertilized that was ever mated again.
Breeders are making a serious mistake by try-
ing to carry water on both shoulders by trying
to keep both imported and five-banded bees in
the same yard. Their cross is no good; that is,
they are not as good as either if kept pure.
The cross is a violent one (as breeders say),
and does not give good results in any way. As
gatherers of honey they are not equal to either;

546

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

JUIA' 1.

they are not gentle, and they are not up to
either in beauty.

Now. the fact is, there are a great many pur-
chasers (I almost said breeders) of five-banded
bees who never saw a 7'eal flve-batided bee;
and a queen that gives a good per cent of real
five-banded bees is something very remarkable.
The great majority of them give bees that are
yellow three-banded, and whose bees vary in
color quite a good deal. " Golden " is a correct
name for them. If it is money you wish to make,
and can supply a large demand, by return mail,
you want to breed goldens, and goldensonly.
You can sell ten of them to one of imported
stock. But there is nothing to be gained in
any way by mixing them For reasons that
are satisfactory to me, I keep only imported
queens, and their daughters ; but I have no
quarrel to pick with the man who would not
have any thing but the goldens. They simply
suit my climate and range the best ; but do not
go to mixing them.

EIGHT AND TEN FRAME HIVES.

The expression has become almost stereotyp-
ed, that eight Langstroth frames are enough
for an ordinary Italian <iueen. I wish to go on
record as disputing this (though I use eight-
frame hives, and have 2.5 sound ten-frame hives
which I do not use). The point is here: A
colony will do about as well on eight as on ten
Langstroth frames, and I don't know but they
will do better, as a ten-frame colony's brood-
nest is the wrong shape. But make the eight-
frame hive the same capacity as the ten-frame,
by adding iwo inches in depth to the frames,
and they will rear as great a percentage of
brood in it as they did when it was only the
Langstroth depth. You can still further add
depth by making the frame the depth of a
body and super, and still get your percentage
of brood. But you can not get the same results,
as suggested in a footnote, by adding the half-
depth frames (this is one of the cases where it
should be, but the bees say it is not). A brood-
frame this depth, nearly 14 inches, is too deep
for practical work. It's liabfe to break down
and melt, and many other mishaps ; and if
hives are set at the slant and angle we see most
of them vvh( n going over the country, a comb
of this depth would extend across about the
space of three combs. It is, I say. impracticable
for ordinary use. But by way of experiment,
an ordinary Italian queen will use as great a
per cent of comb for brood in a hive of this size
as her ordinary sister will use in an eight-frame
hive; but the man who would make an apiary
of all this size of frames would regret it; and if
the eight-frame hive is reduced in length a
half, making the frames 9i4;x!)i4, percentage of
of brood will be the sanv. There seems to be
some trouble in getting colonies of equal
strength for experimental and othi-r purposes.
This, to me, does not seem very diflicult. Choose
colonies in which you believe the queens to be

equal. Remove the queens and let them alone
two or three days. Then take the colonies to
the honey-house (which has been made bee-
tight); shake all the bees off the combs togeth-
er, and let them cluster. After they are all clus-
tered, have boxes prepared, and a funnel", about
as you do when bees are shipped by the pound.
Set one of the boxes on the scales, and set the
scales at the weight of bees wanted (remember-
ing that bees full of honey, as they will be, will
not be as numerous as the scales indicate; 5 lbs.
will be only 3 to 3K lbs. of bees). By using care
there should be about the same quality of bees in
each box. Set the boxes away for a few hours.
Divide the brood as even as possible. When
evening comes, shake the bees in front of the
hives containing the brood, and release the
queen which you wish to occupy the hive, and
you have colonies as nearly even as they can be
made, and the bees will be from different
queens.
Atlantic, la.. June 11.

[It is indeed true, that the rage seems to be
for yellow color, both in queens and bees. If
they are yellow the customer is satisfied, no mat-
ter what their other characteristics may be.
(See editorials.)

Our imported stock, while dark or leather-
colored, are remarkably uniform in good temper,
prolificness. and good working qualities. Here
is what a subscriber thinks of them:]

THE IMPORTED ITALIAN STOCK.

GOOD WINTERING QUALITIES, ETC.

By Harry Lnthrop

Mr. Roof;— In 1883 I bought an imported Ital-
ian queen of you, paying S>9.00 for her in May.
She was of a fine yellowish cast, very active and
prolific. I Italianized two-thirds of my apiary
of 100 colonies that same season; and during
the cold winter that followed, that same im-
ported blood was quieter during the winter
months, and came oiit stronger, than any oth-
ers, not coming out on the cellar bottom to die,
as the others did in 1884. She proved to be very
l^rolific, and was ready to cast a swarm about
May 20. As they failed to swarm I opened the
hive ten days after, and, behold, there were as
many as 20 large queen-cells, all seaUd up, and
not an egg in the hive. I said. "Good-by. old
queen; " but in looking over the hive I discov-
ered my queen. She had grown very small, and
I saw I must have accidentally hurt her in my
previous overhauling of the hive. I took out
one frame of brood with all the adhering bees
and old queen, and put it away in another hive,
and added more young bees, and brood ready to
hatch. In a few days she began to lay. and the
bees began to build queen-cells; and in duetime |
a fine yellow queen hatched and mated, and
went to laying with the mother-queen, and re-
mained. I took out the young queen, and the
bees built moie cells, and another laying queen

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

547

appeared in due time. This continued through-
out tlie season. I have forgotten how many
queens I removed from the hive. Sept. 20 I
overhauled the hive for tlie last time, and found
a beautiful yellow queen, with plenty of hatch-
ing bees, and the old queen still laying; but she
was in a shriveled condition. Both would ap-
pear on the same frame together. I took a
straw and directed their heads together, but
they ignored each other's presence.

I find it characteristic of the imported blood-
ed Italians for two queens to live in harmony
together, and each generation to grow more
yellow. In the summer of 1884, as fast as I got
a load of new swarms I took them 4K miles
from home to an out-apiary. The next day
after they had been carried away I noticed
that, where the daughters of the imported
queens stood, many bees returned with both
pollen and honey, but not a bee from any other
strain of Italians returned. That was convinc-
ing proof that imported blood is superior to any
other, being stronger and better wingers. They
had been as far, or nearly as far, as the out-
apiary before being carried there. In 1886 I put
on some top stories to extract from, but no
queen-excluder. The old queen laid above, and
the bees built cells above, and in due time
a young queen hatched, went out, mated, and
returned. There was an entrance in the upper
story, for bees to pass through. That queen
was of the imported strain. She remained in
the upper story all summer, and was very pro-
lific, while I found the old queen, which was a
daughter of the imported queen, below, with
any quantity of brood. That colony gave me
more honey than any other two. I always keep
my old queens' wings clipped, therefore I know
the old from the young, even if there were no
dittorence in their appearance. To sum up, I
find that, to introduce imported blood into one's
apiary once in a few years, greatly improves
the bees in prolificness. They are more hardy,
live longer, and, best of all, gather more honey,,
than any other strain of bees I ever had to do
with.

Browntown, Wis.

TRANSFERRING BEES FROM BOX-HIVES.

'Question. — Briefly stated, what is the best
nil hod of transferring bees from box hives'?

Ansu'cr. — The majority of our most practical
bee-keepers of the present time believe that
what is known as the '" Ileddon plan " of trans-
ferring is the best of any so far given. This
plan is as follows: Drive the bees from the box
hive and put them into a hive furnished with
frames of wired foundation, the furnished hive

to be placed on the stand the; colony had occu-
pied up to the present time, while the box hive
with its combs of brood and honey, with the
few adhering bees, is to be ilaced close beside
the new hive. In :.'l days after all the brood
shall have emerged as worker bees, drive the
bees again from the box hive, driving clean this
time, and, after destroying the queen with this
last drive, or the om; in the colony driven be-
fore, according as to which is the most valu-
able, unite the bees with those first driven out,
thus getting the bees all on to nice straight
combs, and in good shape to give a good yield
of surplus honey. The combs are now taken
out of the box hive, the honey extracted from
them, and they are rendered into wax to help
in making more comb foundation.

Now, while the above is probably the best
known plan where the combs in the box hive
are crooked or poor, and the season of the year
that when the bees are securing honey from
the field, yet if the combs in the box hives are
good straight ones of the worker size of cell, or
we do not have the foundation, or we wish to
do this work early in the season, before the
bees are getting honey from the fields so that
they will not draw out the foundation readily,
then, decidedly, the old plan or method given
in nearly all the standard works on bee culture
is the proper one to use. I never could under-
stand the logic that melted up good straight
worker combs, made the wax from them into
foundation, wired the frames to keep that
foundation from sagging, and then '"trans-
ferred " the foundation into those wired frames
with an amount of labor nearly equal to that
required to transfer the original combs, all for
the fun of saying that we used the Heddon
plan. Straight worker comb, properly trans-
ferred into a frame, and fastened by the bees,
makes just as good a frame of comb as is the
one finished from foundation; and a frame
properly filled with comb, without any wires
in it, is just as good for all practical purposes,
including shipping bees across the continent,
as is the one having wire in it; while the wire
is a positive nuisance if, from any reason, holes
get in the combs from moldy pollen, mice, or
any thing of the kind, so that we wish to "put
in a patch" of workf^r comb to keep the bees
from building in drone comb. I have shipped
bees to nearly all parts of the United States
and Canada on combs unwired, and have yet
to hear of the first comb broken in transit. I
do not wish to be considered cranky; but when
a thing savors of more money out than of profits
in I have always felt it a duty as well as a
privilege to enter a mild protest, after which I
am not to blame if any see fit to use any thing
recommended which may result in a financial
loss.

PREVENTION OF INCREASE.

Question. — What is the best way to keep down
increase? The colonies which I now have fur-

548

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July 1.

nish about all the honey my home trade de-
mands, so that I do not want to increase my
number of colonies further than I now have.

Answer. — The surest way is to give plenty of
comb room, and then extract closely. Probably
not one colony in twenty will offer to cast a
swarm treated in this way. In fact, very few
colonies will offer to swarm where tiered up for
extracted honey, and the extracting not done
till the end of the season, providing that empty
comb room is given as fast as needed. But
when working for comb honey the case is dif-
ferent, and the bees are almost sure to swarm,
no matter how much section room is given, or
whether these sections are filled with founda-
tion or not. My way of keeping my apiary at
the original number of colonies while working
for comb honey would be to unite the colonies
about three or four weeks before the honey
harvest, making one colony out of two, prepar-
ing for this in advance by keeping each colony
shut on only half of the combs contained in the
hives I used, and then let them divide by nat-
ural swarming to the original number, keeping
down all afler-swarming. Or you can let them
swarm without uniting before the honey har-
vest, and, after the honey season is over, unite
back to the original number. This accom-
plishes the same object as the former, only it
gives more mouths to feed after the honey har-
vest is over, without any real gain in an in-
creased crop of honey. Dr. C. C. Miller and
myself are waiting, and living in hopes, that
some bright bee-keeper will yet invent some-
thing which will entirely do away with the
swarming desire in bees, so that they will work
all the ■' livelong day," and all the days of the
season, with the vim manifested by a new
swarm, with no such thought as swarming.
What fun there would be then in having out-
apiaries, and piling up the honey — yes, and
home apiaries also !

VIRGIN QUEENS AND DRONE EGGS.

Question. — Does a virgin queen ever lay any
but drone eggs'? Are the drones from these
eggs capable of fertilizing queens ?

Ansiver. — To the first part of the question,
or, more properly, to the first question, I think
it would be perfectly safe to answer no, al-
though one or two cases have been reported
looking a little as if a virgin queen might have
produced a few eggs which matured into
workers; but I think that this can not be other
than a mistake. The second question is one
which has not been settled satisfactorily to all
minds. Some claim that such drones are just
as good as any; and among those claiming this
stand Prof. Cook. Dadant it Son, and others of
nearly equal atithority. On the other hand
come such men as Dr. G. L. Tinker. G. W.
Demaree, etc.. who say that such drones are
not capable of fertilizing queens. Mr. Demaree
citing instances where he has had plenty of

such drones flying, but no queens would get to
laying till drones from a mated queen began to
fly, when they became fertile and made good
mothers. In my own case I have had no experi-
ence, but have always considered drones from a
virgin queen, when reared i n drone comb, as good
as any. Such drones, when reared in worker-
cells, may be virile, but I would not expect a
queen to prove of great value which had mated
a drone reared in a worker-cell. Mrs. Atchley
wrote me, a year or two ago, that, when she
moved to Bee County, she would try experi-
ments to settle these matters, on an island not
far away from Beeville, and yet far enough so
there could be no possible chance of mistake.
How is it, Jennie? are drones from a virgin
queen as good as any ?

THE ANDERSON SWARM-HIVER.

DIRECTIONS FOR USING IT.

By Loids Anderson.

In the spring, or before the swarming season,
prepare a hive-stand similar to the Heddon
stand, large enough to hold two Dovetailed
hives placed side by side, and two inches apart.
Place the colony of bees upon the left end of
the stand, and an empty hive upon the right
(the bee-keeper is supposed to be standing in
front of and facing the hives.

As the swarming season approaches (say from
the first to the tenth of May), reverse the hives,
placing the empty hive on the left and the col-
ony on the right, taking care to have the front
of the hives on a line with each other, and
about two Inches apart; then set the swarm-

ANDERSON S SWARM-HIVER.

hiver upon the alighting-boards, and fasten
with a screw through the blocks on each end of
the hiver. and screw up tight. If the hives
stand upon a line there will now be no outlet
for the bees except through the hiver. Now
close the entrance to the empty hive by placing

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

549

a wood strip large enough for the purpose
against the entrance upon the inside of the
hive, to keep the bees out until they have be-
come accustomed to the hiver, which will be
after the tirst day. As soon as they have be-
come accustomed to the hiver. remove the strip
and put in frames of empty comb or foundation,
and the hive is ready for swarms. A small
alighting-board should be placed from the en-
trance to the ground, for the bees to alight
upon. If the hives are placed well to the front
of the hive-stand when first placed, and well to
the rear when reversed, the entrance to the
hiver will be very near where the entrance to
the colony was before the hives were changed.

OPEUATION OF THR SWARM-HIVEK.

When the swarm issues, the bees and queen
pass out of the chamber in the hiver in front of
the colony, through the wire-cloth cones, into
the chamber in front of the empty hive, and
the queen is there trapped. The swarm, upon
discovering the absence of the queen, returns
to the hive, and, finding the queen at the en-
trance of the hiver, which, being directly in
front of and communicating with the empty
hive, the bees at once enter the empty hive
with the queen and commence work. The
hiver may now be removed by taking out the
two screws, and all queen-cells except one cut
out of the parent hive.

The swarm may be strengthened, if desired,
by removing the hiver in the middle of the day,
when the bees are flying freely, the entrance to
the hiver being in front of the swarm -hive.
After the hiver is removed, the field-bees will
return to the swarm-hive. If the swarm is con-
sidered to be strong enough, the hiver sliould
be removed early in the morning, before the
bees are flying.

WHAT IS CLAIMED FOR THE ANDERSON SWARM-
IIIVER.

1. It will hive large full swarms.

2. To see if the bees have swarmed, it is only
necessary to raise the cover to the empty (or
swarm) hive.

3. Either of the hives can be examined with-
out disturbing the other.

4. If drones clog the entrance to the hiver,
the perforated zinc slide may be withdrawn
and the drones liberated, and the slide return-
ed: and the drones may then be destroyed, in
the evening, at the entrance of the hiver.

"). If a second swarm issues before the hiver
is removed, it will be hived with the first
swarm; in such case the old (or laying) queen
will be accepted by both swarms, and the young
Qu.'(>n balled and destroyed.

<). If the bees do not swarm, the colony gath-
ers honey just as well as without the hiver.
During the season of lS'.i2 the colony that made
the most comb honey in my apiary of 40 colo-
nies had a hiver attached, but did not swarm.

Bloomsbury, N. J.

THE HOFFMAN FRAME AS VIEWED BY A
CORRESPONDENT FROM AUSTRALIA.

THE WHYS AND WHEREFORES EXPLAINKD.

By ir. S. PiiiiJa:

Judging from correspondence appearing in
Gleanings, there seems to be some call for
alterations to the Root- Hoffman frame. To
my mind, the frame with the ly'ijx:'^i^-inch top-
bar and molded comb-guide is almost perfect.
I can see no advantage in altering these sizes,
not even to the new comb-guide that allows of
the top-bar being almost % inch thick. I think
the comb surface is small enough. From my
experience with %-inch-thick top-bars I find
just as many brace-combs between the top-bars
as with those reduced to % inch thick; if the
bar is widened to IV inches, fewer brace-combs
may be present. I have not tried it, but fear
it will tend to increase the difficulty; for I have
observed that, where a top-bar twists so as to
lessen the space between the frames, a larger
number of brace-combs were present. If the
top-bar is made IV inches wide we increase the
difficulty in uncapping the combs; and unless
an alteration is made at the same time in the
end-bars, we weaken the spacing part of the
frame. As to burr-combs, I find a top-bar It^^
wide by M deep absolutely proof against them.
Where I have foun,d burr-combs in using these
frames, I could always trace it to other causes,
such as twisting of top-bar either up, down, or
to one side, or the comb has been built down
over the bottom-bar of the frame above. I
have never had a Ij'iixV top-bar sag through
the weight of honey therein, and I have had
frames of honey weighing over 10 lbs. Don't
you think there is enough wood in a hive with-
out putting more, and the comb surface small
enough without making it smaller? lam of
the opinion that a top-bar Ij^x^ would be
equally burr and brace comb proof as one of
laj-ger size; possibly it might sag when white
pine is used; but could not a stronger timber be
used? The ends on which the frames hang
could be reduced to ;H', which would give plenty
of room for the fingers when handling frames,
and allow of the end-bar being made stronger
where it passes the top-bar.

I notice that the frames you are now making
are only t^^- thick, where the top-bar rests on
the rabbets. I never saw any notice given of
this alteration, and fail to see what advantage
the reduced size has over the old ?h size. Per-
haps you can inform me as to the reason for
this alteration. The bottom-bar, I think, as
now made, %yi%, is too thick and too narrow;
the thickness destroys comb surface, and the
narrowness allows of the bees pasting comb all
over it, which they often coniinu(; down to the
top-bars of the lower set of frames. I do not
call this a burr-comb, but it is as great an evil.
The only use I have seen the bees make of the

550

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July ] ,

comb on the narrow bottom -bars is to bnild
some cells along one side of it. in which honey
is stored, so that, if you wish to reverse
this frame, the projecting cflls at the bottom
will touch the projecting cell-? on the bottom-
bar of the next frame; this, therefore, interferes
with the interchangeableness of the frames.

I will now suggest a bottom -bar. I have not
tried it. nor have my bees, so I can not say that
it will be a success; but, so far as I can see. it
ought to be! Make it ju«t like one of your all-
wood Simplicity-frame top-biirs with comb-
guide, only turn the comb-guide uppermost.
The sizes I think best are — ^| |

Let the comb-guide be bare- I ~~ I s

ly tV thick. If the bees do f

not make a success of it as it i*, the comb-guide
need be put on the frame only until the comb
is built, and then the true bottom put on. The
thin edge of the comb-guide would allow of
comb foundation passing it when stretching,
and would be attached by the liees; the -^^
thickness would not affect the comb built over
it being used for brood. No alteration is needed
to the 8 frame hive, except that a little more
room might be given for the follower; other-
wise it is perfection.

Half-story frames are first class. I have
always had good results from them. Certainly
they are not interchangeable with full-depth
frames; but they have so'iuany advantages
that I am using them largely, having closed in-
stead of Hoffman ends.

There seems to be but little success in land-
ing queens alive from America to Australia.
Where is the trouble? Is it the candy, cages,
changes of temperature, too hot a place on the
steamer for the mails, or what? I received 9
queens alive from Italy, out of 10. These were
six weeks on the road. They came in small
boxes containing small combs of honey and
bottles of water, about 200 bees being in each.
They came by freight. Could not queens be
sent by post with honey and water, as well -as
by freight? I think too much attention is paid
to small cages to save postage. The candy
used is not satisfactory— sometimes too soft and
sometimes too dry. lean indorse what R. H.
Jervis says on page 33. Even candy we make
of powdered sugar fnd honey changes in our
climate. Sometimes the same lump is too soft,
and perhaps next day dry.

W. Maitland, N. S. W.. Australia, May IG.

[Depth of top-bar is not as important as
width; yet the former has accined to have some
bearing on the matter of the exclusion of biirr-
combs. We say " seemed," because we are not
sure; but to be on the safer side W'' decided,
early in the season, to give tlie full >„'-inch
deptii, particularly as some experiments by Dr.
Miller seemed to show more favorable results.
On account of the dit'ticulity that some seem to
experience, of attaching comb foundation to
the new thick tops, perhaps it would be well to
consider the old top-bar^ inch deep: but the
width is surely better 1}£ inches, chietiy on ac-

count of h?-ace-combs ; l^^ inches hardly bars
them out. We should be pleased to hear from
our subscribers.

You will notice that we have already narrow-
ed up the projection to the frame, to give more
finger-room: see page 4<57. We have al^o al-
readv modified the bottom-bar from % inch
square to ^4x54. as you will see by referring to
the same page. The comb-guide for the bot-
tom-bar might be serviceable in sectiring a
comb attachment; but it might be too much of
a good thing.

Why did we reduce the thickness of the pro-
jection? Because the construction of the
Dovetail hive seetried to necessitate it. The top
and bottoiri dovetails are }| inch deep. After
taking out ]\- for tin rabbet, and ^% for projec-
tion, we have just 4^ for bee-space over the
frames. But. you may ask, why not have
these dovetails \^, like the rest? Because that
would make the hive-body 9?^ deep, when the
standard L. frame is 9^-^ inch. The reduction
of the top- bar projection, from ^t^ to ^, was
made some time ago, along when the hive first
came into popularity.

Recently we have not had success in mailing
queens to Australia. We scarcely know where
to locate the trouble. In some cases the candy
was undoubtedly too soft, and in others the
great change of climate from the mountains of
California to the hot dry climate, was enough
to kill the queen. We are sending to day to H.
L. Jones, Goodna, Queensland, Australia, two
queens— one put up in our export cage, with
(iood candy ; and another in a similar cage
with tlie same food, hut with a water-bottle —
the mouth of the bottle stopped with a sponge,
(( la Hutchinson. We will repeat this experi-
ment several times through the season, and
later on will report results.— Ed.]

THE STEVENS FI?AME-SPACER.

In my article in Gleanings. May 15, I think
perhaps there was a little too much prominence
given the fact that my spacers can be attached
to frames already in use. They can be attach-
ed to such frames, but it is a little difficult un-
less the end-bars are of the proper width to fit
the spacers. The end-bars should be exactly
one inch wide, otherwise they would have to be
renewed. If the end-bars already in the hive
are one inch wide, they are all right for my
spacers; it will make no difference about the
thickness. I prefer end -bars % thick. It is
not necessary to change the whole frame unless
it is desired to adopt a different top-bar from
the one already in use. In that case an entire
new frame is better; and then if my spacer is
affixed it will speak for itself. While it may be!
used on old frames, it will work so much better!
on nevv ones made especially to fit it, I feel cer- 1
tain it will pay the apiarist to gradually make,
the change.

You say you like to have your frames stick a
little so as to be always ready for moving.
Theoretically the Stephens spacer will not
stick; but in actual use it will to some extent

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

551

While the bees have no chance to deposit
much propolis, still they will deposit some in
any case— jnst enough lo "stick a little." If
you would try a few hives at the Home of the
Honey-bees, I think your chief objection would
soon vanish into air. The Stephens spacer
strikes a happy medium between too much and
too little "stick." If the bee-master wants a
little propolis on his frames, he gets it— just
enough to keep the frames from rattling while
being moved over rough roads ; and if he
doesn't want any at all, he gets as little as it
is possible to have where any thing touches be-
tween the frames. Geo. W. Stephens.
Denison, la., June 5.

APPLE-BT.OSSOM HONEY OF GOOD FT.AYOR.

I took 10 lbs. of apple- blossom honey from one
hive to-day, in 1-lb. sections, and well capped
over. Those of my friends who have sampled
it pronounce it the most delicious and aromatic
honey they ever tasted. Is that so bad for a
first-year dude bee-keeper? Dr. C. F. Hodge.

Clark University, Mass., May 27.

[Apple-blossom honey used to be considered
rather poor quality: but it is now evident that,
from the number of reports like the foregoing
that have been received since that, we have
misjudged it. To determine the matter beyond
a doubt let us have more reports, because there
was. this season, a fair crop from fruit-bloom, a
large part of which was from apple.— Ed.]

YELLOW SWEET CLOVERS AND OTHER CLOYERS.

I've been watching with much interest the
blooming of the yellow sweet dovpr—Melilntus
cfficlnuUs. It bloomed early in May, and bees
have been working upon it. It appears as if
this plant should be brought more into notice,
as it fills the interim between fruit-bloom and
white clover. There is much sweet clover of
the white variety — 3/'ci'i7ofi<.s allni — In this lo-
cality, of very rank growth, but it shows no
sign of blooming. The yellow sweet clover was
a great favorite of D. A. Jones, who called it
Bokhara clover. Judging from what I have
seen of it, I'm of the opinion that it is richer in
nectar than the white variety — has finer stalks
than the latter named, and is a free bloomer.
"White clover— TrifoZiu)/) alha—\s almost a lost
tribe in this vicinity, which is probably owing
to the severe drouths of past years. The wea-
ther has been quite cool of late, and bees can do
but little. Mrs. L. Harrison.

Peoria, 111., May 30.

[The sweet clover in our vicinity seems to be
principally of the white persuasion. It is more
abundant along waste places this year than
usual.— Ed.]

EVERY THING RUN DRY EXCEPT THE SALOONS.

Iowa is suffering from a severe drouth. The
meadows and pastures are badly dried up, in-
cluding white clover ; and unless basswood
gives a fair yield of honey, Sam Wilson's proph-
ecy will prove true — '"Less honey in Iowa than
last year." Every thing is running dry except

the saloons this year in Iowa. They are run-
ning wet. One saloon in this town is reported
to have taken in ^lOoO in ten days; another to
have sold 17 kegs of beer in one day. It has
been several years since they could go into an
open saloon and drink, in this part of Iowa, and
the novelty of the thing may create a boom. It
doesn't look as if we were seeking first the king-
dom of God and his righteousness very fast— go-
ing back from prohibition to the open saloon.
There should be placed over the door to every
saloon the motto that used to be over the door
to Stormy Jordan's, in Ottumwa — " Road to
Hell." O- B- BARiiOWS.

Marshalltown. la., June 8.

[We hope your good people will wake up soon.
The Devil is not asleep, but many times Chris-
tian people are.— Ed.]

GALVANIZED IRON FOR HONEY UTENSILS.

As your inquiry abo\it galvanized -iron vessels
did not receive as many replies as I expected, I
will throw in my mite to help settle the matter.
I have used galvanized iron for honey-tanks
and extractor for about 10 years, and find that,
when honey is left standing in them for any
length of time, that part next to the metal
acquires a disagreeable taste, but it is not
dangerously poisonous, as no one can eat
enough of it to become poisoned. I have fed
such honey to the bees, without noticeable
effect. I always wax the vessels now by heat-
ing them and rubbing a piece of beeswax over
them, thus giving them a very thin coat of wax,
which makes them all right.

Leslie, Ga, May 26. T. VV. Livingston.

ENCOURAGING FOR FLORIDA.

East Florida has not seen such fine promise
for a heavy crop of honey since 1SS4 as now
makes its bee-keepers smile. The crop from
the orange-blossoms was an unusually good one,
and the saw- palmetto and gallb( rry have not
shown bloom as at present since the above date.
Nearly every one owning bees here is taking
honey by the ton : and the black mangrove,
not yet in bloom, gives promise of being much
earlier than usual, and is lo.'.ded with blossom-
buds. An average colony on scales in my
apiary is bringing in steadily about eight
poundi^ adaij. W. S. Hart.

Hawks Park, Fhi.. May 21.

DO FIRST SWARMS EVER LEAVE BEFORE FIRST
OUEEN-CELLS ARE CAPPED?

In the A B C of Bee Culture, p. 382. Note 207,
Doolittle says: "I do not believe the first
swarm o/f/ic scosofi ever issued until the first
queen-cell was capped over." My experience
this season contradicts this. May 8th I exam-
ined all my 9 hives, and there were no queen-
cells. Next day my first swarm of the season
issued, much to my surprise. The same evening
another swarm issued from the next hive, but
returned, as the queen's wing was damaged,

552

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July 1.

and I did not find her till too late. They issur d
again May 11th. The first queen-cell for the
first hive was capped May lOth, and for the
second hive May 15th. R. F. Ritchie.

Rumford, A''a., June 8.

[Can't we lay it down that first swarms will
not generally come forth without a capped
queen-cell in the hive? — Ed.]

Know ye not .... th.-it ye are not your own ! for ye are
bought with a price.— I. COR. 6; 19. 20.

An exchange says: "If you stop to answer
every fool, you won't have much time to talk
with sages."

Bro. York has made a visit to Dr. C. C. Mil-
ler, and will tell about it in an early issue of
the American Bee Journal. Say, Bro. York,
it is a splendid thing for editors to rub against
bee-keepers. We get inspiration and helpful
suggestions every time we venture out.

One of the oldest, most extensive, and most
practical bee-keepers of the Pacific coast, Mr.
R. Wilkin, of Newhall, Cal., writes: "I am
trying hard to save my bees. Some are letting
them starve." Fi'om various sources we learn
that there will be very little California honey
on the market this year, except last year's
honey, and this will be scarrce.

We have just learned with surprise that the
Bee-keeper's Quarterly, published by James
Heddon, at Dowagiac, Mich., a new paper that
was started last April, is ruled out of the mails
as not being eligible as second-class matter.
Mr. Heddon has sent out a circular letter to
the subscribers of that paper, placing the re-
sponsibility for all this upon " some who recent-
ly have left no stone unturned to do up Hed-
don." And in connection with this he refers to
the "opposition of some supply-dealers," and a
certain "jealous interference." He does not
say in just so many words that supply-dealers
are back of it all, but the inference is that way.
We are sure that no supply-dealer has had any
thing to do with it whatever; certainly we have
not, for we should never have supposed that his
journal could have been rejected on the ground
that it contained too much advertising for its
publisher, or any other ground. The fact is,
the Department at Washington is watching
new publications with extraordinary vigilance,
and many have been thrown out. Burton L.
Sage's first paper, as legitimate a publication, it
seems to us, as was ever issued, the Bee-keep-
er's Enterprise, was rejected.

the JUNE NUMBER OF THE CANADIAN BEE
.JOURNAL

contains quite a picture-gallery. The first
half-tone shows the apiary of the Goold, Shap-
ley & Muir Co., which, we are told, is in Mr.
Holiermann's yard. AVe presume it is here
that all the new-fangled notions are tested and
tried, and where its editor gathers some of his
inspiration and material that graces the pages
of his journal. Over on the next page is a half-
tone portrait of Bro. York, and right beside
him is— well, the associate editor of Gleanings.
Bro. York and ourself sat in the same chair at
the last meeting of the N. A. B. K. A. at Chica-
go, awd Bro. Holtermann sees nothing inappro-
priate in putting our two faces on the same
page, side by side. Well, we always did like to-
be seen in good company.

But what graces the pages of the journal
more than any thing else is a couple of fine-
half-tones showing the editor's family. And
well he may be proud of them.

CONDITIONS FAVORABLE TO THE GROWTH OF
BASSWOOD-TREES

The trees in our bass wood orchard— some
4000 of them on 10 acres— are fairly loaded'
down with bloom — something that has not hap-
pened before in several years. The scarcity of
bloom in the past years was partly owing to the
fact that the ground was a little swampy, and
last spring it was drained out. As it is, these
trees have not done nearly as well in the same
length of time as some other trees on dryer
ground in the forest or in the shade of build-
ings. We have a few handsome basswoods on
the north side of our main building; and al-
though tHey are only ten years old, they are
seven inches in diameter, and as high as the
building. Trees planted at the same time, oa
the same street, in the open, are not nearly as
large and thrifty. We have a few basswoods
"over home," on ground well drained that
were set out some four or five years ago, that
are just beauties. Indeed, they are larger and
more handsome than the majority of trees in
the basswood orchard that have been growing-
for 23 years. Lack of proper shade, such as &
forest affords, and, to a larger extent, lack of
proper drainage, has made this great differ-
ence.

OUR BASSWOOD APIARY— WORKING UNDER
DIFFICULTIES.

We have just located an out-apiary in our
basswood orchard. We selected the poorest-
marked bees in our apiary, including a few hy-
brids, and placed them here away from our gen-
eral queen-rearing yard.

By the way, we had quite a time in getting
those bees down to the orchard. We were
bound they should go last night, in spite of ob-
stacles. The team was not available ; hives
were not ready, and, besides, it looked "awful-
ly " like rain, and a regular downpour at that.

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE,

553

Well, we hustled the boys on the hives, got the
team and wagon, and loaded the bees on, de-
spite the fact that great big thunder-clouds just
back of us threatened to give us a drenching,
and despite the fact that the wagon looked as if
it wouldn't hold up to even get out of the yard.
We told the two yard-men that they need not
go — that we and the teamster would take our
chances, unload the bees if we got there, and
put them where they belonged — one hive just
opposite a basswood-tree. The wagon was so
loaded down that we were afraid the wheels
would break if we got on ; so we mounted the
bicycle. The roads were so muddy from a re-
cent rain that we finally put the wheel in a
barn, and ran on alongside of the team with its
load of bees. It beean to sprinkle. It then be-
gan to come down in big drops. It began to
rain. Then it poured. We had on light calf-
skin shoes, Knickerbocker suit, long stockings,
and white sweater. Well, to make a long story
short, we arrived at the orchard without mis-
hap, unloaded the bees, opened up the en-
trances, and put off for home. Of course, we
were soaked through, including the poor bees,
whose hives had been covered with wire-cloth
screens to give them ventilation; and those
borrowed stockings were a sorry sight, and the
shoes full of feet and water. We did not catch
cold, any of us — not even the horses; and the
bees — well, they are all right.

than to bees for business. On the other hand,
we have reason to believe that some are en-
deavoring to breed for both qualities.

FOUR AND FIVE BANDED ITALIANS.

OuK apiarist reports that some of the colo-
nies of these bees are very vicious — very much
like the Cyprians; and Neighbor H. gives the
same account of them. Still, we have in our
'own apiary one colony that is gentle and good
I workers. Mr. Vernon Burt, of Mallet Creek,
I has several stocks of these yellow fellows, and
I he reports that they are not only gentle, but
1 among the first to go among the supers.

As to wintering qualities, there are not any
of the yellow bees that stand our northern
climate quite so well as the ordinary three-
banded and leather-colored Italians. Mr. Burt
reports that his yellowest bees were the first to
die last winter, and he is very successful in
i wintering his bees too.

Our apiarist, Mr. Spafford, says he has notic-
ed for the last four or five years that these ex-
tra yellow bees are the first to succumb. This
may be partly due to the fact that they are
bird largely in the South.

The above is given as an unprejudiced and
fair statement of the yellow bees as we have
found them in this locality ; but why they
I should vary we can not imagine, unless there is
a little Cyprian blood in some of them. At
first we felt inclined to call a halt on the rear-
ing of these bees, fearing that many might be
disappointed on encountering thplr temper.
We have feared all along that some breeders
Avere a little careless in running to color rather

PROSPECTS FOR THE HONEY-FLOW.

For the last ten days the prospects have
been rather discouraging. Reports seemed to
show that there was very little white clover
anywhere in the country; and in our own lo-
cality scarcely any could be seen in the old
pasture lots, where years before it abounded
freely. It is still early to speak for outside lo-
calities; but in our own. the white clover is
just beginning to make its appearance. Bass-
wood, too, is just opening up. The conditions
for a honey-flow from this source were never
better. The trees are literally full of flower-
buds; and where the blossoms have opened up,
the bees are humming around them as in the
old-fashioned way. and already are beginning
to drop in at the entrances; and as early as the
first break of day there is that roar that sounds
sweeter to the bee-keeper than music. Reports
everywhere speak well of the prospects from
basswood.

ALSIKE CLOVER.

Our neighbors who have been so fortunate as
to be in the vicinity of alsike are harvesting
nice little crops of honey. Neighbor H., about
2 miles to the south, says his hives are full of
honey. Neighbor Chase, some eight or nine
miles to the southwest of us, reports something
like 40 acres near his bees. He is "in clover,"
surely, and we shall expect that he will have
a big crop of honey, especially if basswood
amounts to much. Neighbor Burt, some four
miles to the north of us, also reports a consid-
erable amount of alsike in his vicinity. He
was instrumental in the first place in having it
introduced, and now the farmers put it in of
their own accord, as they do elsewhere, because
they think it pays outside of any benefit that
may accrue to their bee-keeping friends. "We
have had no alsike accessible to our bees; and
as white clover failed to show up, our colonies
have been running short on stores.

SWEET CLOVER.

There is more of it in waste places than ever
before. The railroad embankments and road-
sides are thick with it, and neither we nor any
other bee-keeper scattered it.

THE RECORD BROKEN ON BIG CROPS OF HONEY;
1250 LBS. OF HONEY FROM ONE
HIVE OF BEES.

We have heard before of wonderful yields of
honey in Australia. The following is an extract
which we make from an article that appeared
in the Western Post, published at Mudgee,
near Sydney, Australia:

I had five or six colonies that produced over 1000
lbs. each of honey tliat season, but I have only two
down in my memo, book, whose extracting I put
down every week after they had collected about 400

554

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July 1.

lbs. each. Since then I extracted some weeks as
high as 80 and 90 ll)s. from them during a very long
and good season aiearly six montiis), and tlie result
at the end of tlie season was I'^oO lbs. and 1120 lbs.,
and I am sure two or three other colonies went very
close to it. I put down in my yard-hoolt how many
tins I extract every day, and I always take a low
estimate of the weight. The top-weight hive was a
light hybrid, and swarmed once. The second was a
pure lot, an October swarm, and I deprived them of
a good many combs for queen-rearing. The honey
came in so fast that I had to extract nearly all the
frames in 30-frame hives to give tlie queens room
to lay.

The last season has been very indifferent, and I
got aa average of only b5 lbs. per colony (spring
count), the lowest for the last eig'lit years. Since
Christmas there has been very little chance of col-
lecting honey on account of the windy, rainy, win-
try weatlier. It appears you had a better season in
your district. H. Pbterson.

Nuggetty Hill Bee-Farm, Wattle Flat, Apr. 3, lfc94.

The highest reliable record for this country
vi^as between 500 and 600 ius., by Mr. G. M.
Dooiittle, we believe. A bee-keeper in Texas
was reported to have obtained 7.50 lbs.; but
later Inquiries seemed to show that there was
some mistaiie; so we shall have to acknowledge
that the Australians have just about doubled
our record, and well they may; for they have
honey-flows nearly the year round, we under-
stand.

A BICYCLE VISIT TO THE APIARY OF MR.
VERNON BURT.

Our readers will remember Mr. Burt as one
of the enterprising bee-keepers of Medina Co.,
and one whose apiary is almost in the shadow
of the Home of the Honey-bees, being only four
miles north of us.

As usual he wintered his bees successfully,
and, as usual, he is going lo get a good crop of
honey. His neighbors have always counted
him as being "lucky;" but he insists that it is
not luck, but attention to business, and hard
work.

When we arrived at his apiary this morning,
June 20, we wondered whether we should find
him there as we had always done before. Sure
enough, he was at his post. Three swarms
were in the air; but he was taking things very
coolly, notwithstanding. " Why don't jou get
excited, and run about hither and yon?" we
asked.

"Oh! my queens' wings are all clipped," he
quietly replied.

As we neared where he was standing, the
bees were boiling out of the entrance like hot
shot. He stopped and chatted a little with us,
and then leisurely walked into the honey-house,
brought out a Peet cage, and waited for her
majesty to crawl to the top of a blade of grass.
Yes, there she was. He quietly put the open
mouth of the cage over her, and then, after
carefully pushing the slide in, leaned the cage
against the entrance.

"My! the air is full of bees, and they will
unite," we said.

"I don't care if they do — they will come
back," he said, with quiet assurance.

" But suppose there is a virgin in one of
them."

" Well, I don't suppose there is any, because I
watch my colonies pretty close."

While the bees were flying up in the air, in.
one great black cloud, and making a roar, we
sat down on the hives and chatted about the
honey prospects; and then we looked into a
few of the sti'ong colonies to see what they
were doing in the supers.

" But," said we, after we had looked at sever-
al where they were doing good work, " let us
look into the supers of some of those yellow-
banded fellows."

"Certainly; here is one."

Sure enough, they were piling in the honey,
and building out comb from mere starters.

"These yellow fellows are among the first to
enter the supers," said he, with a little pride as
he looked at their yellow backs as they dropped
in at the entrance.

By this time we began to ask where those
roaring bees were.

"Oh! they are clustered over in that little
tree."

And such a cluster as it was! It seemed to
be about three feet across, and four or five
feet deep, and .>;o large was it that great hand-
fuls of them would drop otf on the ground,
quickly to arise again to join the crowd.

" Well, now, are you going to let those fel-
lows hang there?"

•• Oh : they will go back when they get ready,"
said he, evidently thinking it cheaper for them
to put themselves back than for him to do so,
even if he could. Very soon a few of the bees
began to go into one of the stands from which
one swarm had come forth, and it looked a
little as if they were all going into that one
hive pellmell. At this Mr. Burt leisurely sat
down in front ol the hive and worked the Crane
smoker until some of them began to scatter
toward their own hives, or where they belonged.
In about 2u minutes' time all three swarms had
gone back to their old stands, but not into the
old hive.

Mr. Burt puts a new hive with empty combs
on the old stand while the bees ai'e in the air.
From the old hive he removes the supers and
puts them on the new hive now on the old
stand. The old hive is removed to another
location. As it is, of course, greatly depleted in
numbers, in a day or so he runs another swarm
into it. By this means he k(ieps down increase,
and satisfies the desire to swarm, and— piles up
the honey. Last year he secured four tons, from
a trifle over 100 colonies, most of which was
comb honey. That is not bad, considering it
was in Medina County — a county that does not
boast greatly of its honey resources.

1S94

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

55.-

C)X THE WHEEL; A VISIT TO T. 15. TEKHY S.

All through the month of May I was impa-
tient to get over into Summit Co.; but business,
muddy roads, and one thing after another, pre-
vented until Friday, June S, when I got things
fixed around so I thought I could go; but so
many things needed attention that it was after
dinner before I could get off; then something
more had to be seen to until I was startled to
find that it lacked on]y 20 minutes of .i. a,nd I
must either give it up or make 30 miles before
dark: and a goodly part of the 30 miles was up
and down the tremendous hills bordering on
the Cuyahoga River. I laughingly told my
youngest sister that I would stand in T. B.
Terry's yard before the sun went down, and off
I started. The new light wheel made point
after point, much quicker than the heavier one
of the year before; and I want to say that, if
any of you ever have a chance to take a spin in
the vicinity of the town of Ghent, Summit Co.,
you will agree with me that it is one of the
most beautiful places to be found anywhere.
The road descends with many curves toward
the river, and soft-water springs burst forth
from the hills until they form a stream large
enough to run water-mills, and so we have
milldam after milldam along the roadside, with
the beautiful pure water making many a
■parkling waterfall. I asked a gentleman by
the roadside if it would make much trouble to
gel me a drink of water.

"Oh, no!" said he. " Come in and sit down
and I will bring you some that is fresh."

As he opened the back door I caught a glimpse
of potato- vines under the apple-trees. Said I:

■' Why. my good friend, how did you manage
to have such beautiful large potatoes right out
in the open ground, without protection ? "

■'Oh'." said he, "I have got some even finer
than these. Come this way. please."

As we turned a corner of the house he led me
right through — what do you suppose? Why,
just the prettiest and " busiest " little apiary,
all of chaff bee-hives, you ever saw: and ju«t
beyond them were the Early Ohio potatoes in
such full bloom that it looked like a flower-
garden. I stopped among the bee -hives.
Why," said I. "do you keep bees too?"

"Keep bees too f " said he. interrogatively.
"Why, this is not A. I. Root, is it?"

" Yes. that is just who it is: and I have been
thinking all the while that I ought to know
you."

" Why. to be sure, you should know me, Mr.
Root. I suppose we have both grown gray
somewhat since we used to know each other
quite well. My name is Porter— Dr. Porter."

By the way. it has more than once occurred
to tne that all sorts of garden-stuff are not only
more forward in a sandy and gi'avelly soil, but
that potatoes and garden vegetable-^ generally
have a brighter and more animated look where
soft-water springs abound, than in the hard
•clay soils such as we have around Medina.

How beautifully ray wheel ran down one
little decline and then up and ovt^r another
little hill, curving this way and that to get
around the hills, taking the rider close up to
the door-step of a little vine-clad cottage, then
past a schoolhouse. now close to a mill, surpris-
ing the occupants of one quiet home after an-
other by the speed and noiseless tread of the
rubber tire. When I reached Hammond's Cor-
ners 1 felt a good deal like having supper.

There was no hotel there, but I found friends
in a twinkling.

Down we went those great long twisty hilly
roads. Hying under the covered bridge, over the
raiial and along the edge of the river, until I
I'uund the proper road, winding along another
mountain stream, up toward Terry's home. I
was so animated with the idea of getting there
before sunset that I did not vi'nture to even
look around. I found friend Terry in that
same beautiful dooryard — handsomer, yes. ever
so much handsomer, than it ever looked before,
and I asked him a little anxiously which way I
should look to catch a glimpse of the sun be-
fore it vanished. Yes, there it was through
the trees, a glowing, golden orb; and I had
made my 30 miles in just about an even four
hours, notwithstanding the hills and the
amount of visiting I did while getting my sup-
per. I felt quite anxious to know whether
Terry's wheat would really show that it was a
paying operation to work the soil over so many
times before it was sown, last fall. And I was
glad to notice the finest piece of wheat, perhaps,
1 ever looked upon. His locality, however, is a
very frosty one, and they had be'm having
frosts night after night, even though it was in
the month of June, and he feared his wheat
had suffered somewhat in consequence. It had
also fallen down so as to injure it somewhat.
Notice the difference in just 30 miles. We had
been picking strawberries for a week or ten
days, and yet none of his were ripe. Heavy
mulching, and a location north of an evergreen
hedge, had likely something to do with it.

Friend Terry and his son Robert are enlarg-
ing their farming operations somewhat this
year. Robert is getting to be somewhere near
31 years old. and hi^ father is naturally quite
anxious he should choose for his associates
those who neither drink, smoke, nor swear.
Well, somebody told me, or else I dreamed it,
that the boy has concluded he would be on the
safe side by choosing a nice-looking girl for an
associate — at least, when he goes out riding in
that nice new buggy. You see, a girl would be
quite sure to be free from any of these bad
habits, and I am not a bit surprised if the boy
finds her quite as agreeable, as a companion, as
any of the young men. And now please do not
understand me as casting reflections on the
young men in the vicinity of Hudson, O.

Well, the boy has a farm adjoining his
father's — or at least they two, father and son,
are working at it together. The old fences
have been removed, and new ones — that is,
where any fence was needed — have taken their
place, old trees, big stones and stumps, and
all useless rubbish, have been cleared away,
and the potatoes are already coming up on this
neglected waste. Now, wouldn't it be funny if
those potatO'^s this very first year should con-
clude to behave themselves exactly as they do
over on the father's farm, and bear great crops
from the word go? I went through the fruit-
garden where the raspberries, blackberries, and
currants have not seen a hoe nor cultivator
for the past six years. Mulching with straw
does it all. Friend Terrv thinks it would not
require over two tons of straw per acre where
this amount is put on every year. And this is
all there is to it. The berry-patch always looks
neat and tidy, always bears a prodigious crop,
no matter how dry it is. and all the owner has
to do is to pick the hcrrie'*, each in its season.

Next I whirled into the beautiful town of
Kent, Portage Co.. O. A niece of mine has
recentlv got married. Somebody said she was
a little'bit inclined to be homesick since living
in Kent, and I must call on her. I found her
husband in one of the drygoods stores. He
marched me into the best room of one of the

556

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July 1.

pretty little cottages in Kent, and in a minute
more I heard something like this:

" Millie, there is a man in the other room who
wants to see you."

" Why. who is he, and what does he want ? "

"I don't know. You will have to go in and
talk with him.'

"Oh bother!"

You see. the new wife was deep in the mys-
teries of bread-making — that is, her fingers
were; but when she caught sight of the said
"man," who insisted on seeing the lady of the
house, she just threw up her hands and ejacu-
lated. "Oh Uncle Amosl have you really got
over here?"

I do not know whether any of the flour from
her fingers got on my coat-collar or not; but
there was danger of it. Perhaps I did look
rather fresh and bright for an uncle toward 60
years old; for, about half a mile out of Kent, I
found a pretty watering-trough, with a sort of
annex at one end where the water poured over
into a stone basin, where the dogs could drink
with comfort. I first had a good drink of the
soft water, then I washed my hands in the dog-
trough, and some way or other my head got
down under that cooling stream. If you have
never ridden a wheel you can not imagine the
delicious sensation. So you see my niece found
me with my face washed and hair combed.
After a little we took our wheels (this young
couple are both provided with wheels) and ran
around the town. You see, they did not have
to hitch up nor even pay a cab-driver. I do not
know how it happened, but my wheel turned
up almost of itself in front of an ice-cream
stand. Some beautiful strawberries out on the
walk, right in front, must have had something
to do with it. Millie ordered some strawberries
while I was asking for ice-cream; and — did you
ever try great luscious Bubach strawberries
mashed up in ice-cream, when you were hot
and thirsty? I began wondering who put such
beautiful strawberries on the market so early
in the season: and within an hour I was having
an enthusiastic talk with the very man, my
friend L. B. Pierce, of Tallmadge. O. No one
who reads the agricultural papers of the United
States needs an introduction to friend Pierce.
About a year ago (see page ,534, July 1, 1893) I
told you about his strawberry-plantation out
in the sandy woods, or on ground that had been
woods but a short time before. New ground
just reclaimed from the forest must have some
special fitness for strawberries. It was Satur-
day, and friend Pierce was about as much
astonished as any of us to find that there were
just bushels and bushels of berries ready to
pick. He had picked the afternoon before, and
decided they would do nicely until Monday;
but the beautiful warm weather, after such a
protracted cold rainy spell, had done the busi-
ness. We sampled all the new varieties, and
tasted and tested, and tasted and tested, until
we could not tell a good berry if we saw it. I
insisted that friend Pierce should hunt up his
pickers, and get those berries into market before
night. But he had got his work laid out other-
wise, and could not break up his plans. Per-
haps he crot as much money for his berries the
Monday following, but I felt pretty sure he
would not. Besides, some of them would be
overripe. I said so much about it, that friend
Pierce would have been almost excusable in
saying he knew how to manage his own busi-
ness. He did not know, however, and neither
did I, that my own berry-patch at home was
prftty much in the Same predicament. Wait a
little.

Then I visited my cousin, Wilbur Fenn. He
has ' just got a new potato-planter, and I found
him but in the fields, his group of bright pretty

children all around him as usual. We had ever
so much to talk about. The planter that he
had just purchased does not miss hills. It
leaves the soil fine and mellow underneath, and
all around the potato, and it was just as ac-
curate as planting by hand, or even more so.
In fact, it is hand-planting. We went out into
the field where the potatoes were coming up,
and looked into the matter. A bright littie
girl ten years old was so much interested and
animated in regard to the whole matter that I
very soon discovered she did some of the drop-
ping. She sat behind her papa, on the ma-
chine, and placed the pieces of potato in a
series of little cups arranged in a circle. There
were, perhaps, two dozen of them; and th&
dropper has only to keep a piece of potato in
each of these two dozen cups as they revolve
in a circle. It seems to me that the machine is
a magnificent success. But something else
impressed me during that visit, and it was this:
There is no success with machinery, or any
thing else in the line of progress and civiliza-
tion, to be compared with the success that
attends the man who has his oivn children so
much interested in all his work on the farm
that they find more delight in his companion-
ship than anywhere else. You see, it was va-
cation time, so the children could be with their
father from morning till night. The good
mother told me. while we were eating dinner,
that the little girl kept wishing and hoping
that something would hinder the hired man
from coming the day they were going to plant,
so she could just ride on that machine all day
and put the pieces of potato one by one into
those magic cups. I began making some in-
quiry in regard to the family, as I looked from
one bright little face to another. Cousin Fenn
replied, "There are just five, and the oldest
(the little girl who dropped the potatoes) sits
there feeding the youngest some bread and
milk." You see, she knew how to help h*M
mamma by feeding the baby, just as well as
she knew how to help make that complicated
machine a success in planting potatoes. I told
them I should miss my train unless I were in
Akron by 3 o'clock; but I had to see the pota-
toes down cellar again. And, by the way, that
big crop of Monroe Seedlings was planted the
last week in June, instead of the first, as I havt-
had it some of my writings. When I did get
started I just made the Victor Flyer " fly," foi
sure; but I reached the station ten minutes toe
late. I did not care much, however, for I can
pretty nearly keep up with a good many of oui
branch-railway trains. There was anothei
train two hours later; and I decided that it
would be much more to my liking to spend the
two hours at Fairlawn, Summit Co. I found
my young friend, C. W. Frank, enjoying him-
self among his crops, at high-pressure garden-
ing. We got around to the strawberry- pa tcli
in a little while, and then I ate ever so many
more. Just as I was getting ready to go ovei
to the depot, his sister announced that suppei
was ready, and that I must have some "straw-
berries and cream." I told them that I should
"get left" again, and it was Saturday night
and our boys doubtless needed me sadly to hil]
them wind up their strawberry-picking of tin
day; but friend Frank said he had just ben
over to the station, and the agent said the trail
could not possibly come along sooner than 4."
minutes; but just as we were half through out
merriment with strawberries and cream, th'
whistle blew. I sprang for my wheel; but tht
boys had been riding, and the handle-bar wa^
twisted. I was left again, and I want to fl
you why I got left this time. The station agi'ii
has a clock worth about .50 etS.. and, as a mat
ter of course, he had to keep sun time. Evi-r^

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

557

time a passenger wants to know when the
train leaves, he ciphers the difference out be-
tween sun time ana standard time, and he gcMi-
erally nialves a niisial<e, just as he did in my
3ase. Never mind. I went bacl< and linishcd
my strawberries and visit. Then I rode 1(5
miles up and down some pn^tty hard sand-liills
1 part of the way, in just '.m; minutes. I found
the boys had piclved the berries e.vcept those up
Dy the windmill (see picture on page 517), which
it'cded picliing more tiiaii ail the rest. They
)ioked 111. bushels, and sold them, so they did
iH'tty well, any way; and as they did not see
my thing of the boss at the time he agreed to
•oine, they went home tired, and concluded
liat those great big berries on the clover sod,

I lii Terry, would have tu siand it till Monday.
■^(1 much for having a clock run bv sun time.

/.'(fer.— June •,':!. wiiile trying to ride uphill

II I lie sand. 1 passed a buggy, and thought the
aces looked familiar. It was friend Pierce
uul his wife. After a little talk I said:

• How much did you get for those strawber-
ies that you left on the vines until the next
tl.inday ?"

■Oh: I got lOcts. for those I got into the mar-
:et Monday forenoon: but some of them that
he boys took in Monday night brought only 6.
suppose they were pretty soft in consequence
if being overripe."
There you see it. friends. Had the straw-
ciries been picked Saturday afternoon, and
iished into the market Saturday evening, they
oiild have brought almost twice as much
luney as they did Monday afternoon, when they
eie overripe and everybody else was pushing
lieni into market. A little later, on the same
lorning. I saw a large crop of peas, just right
-1 pick, between the rows of celery, at friend
^wood's celery farm, near Copley. He said
e could not get around to it to market them
liat day, because it was Saturday, and he
uessed they would have to wait till Monday,
ven if some of them were a little past their
rime.

3fo77j;.— When you strive with all your might,
nd leave no stone unturned to get a tine crop
f any thing in advance of the market, do not
't your enthusiasm ooze out at the last mo-
if'ut, when the most critical time of all comes
I turn your product into cash.

Ni t to be ministered unto, but to minister.— Matt.

From reports that are coming continually
iiniigh the papers it would seem that there
ivi-r was a time; before when honest, unselfish
I'll were needed so mucli as they are needed
ijt now— especially men who can be intrusted
I till important olfices. In fact, it would al-
io>t seem as if our republican form of govern-
:' lit was in danger of going to pieces, even at
II ~ late day. unless men can be found who are
■>'■■ from avarice and greed. We pay large
il tries to the police and officers of the law
1 fact, they receive so many thousands that
I' would think that they ought to be .satisfied-
It recent developments in New York city
'■rn to show that large numbers, not content
ith the salaries they are receiving, have been
■cepiiiig bribes and blackmail to let trans-
•essors go free. It is not alone that they were
King money that they had no right to; but

while they are employed to enforce the laws
they make ii their business to see that such
laws are not enfoiced, and spend their time in
aiding trau>gressors to (tvoid the law. Of
course, they rec<Mve large pay for so doing. No
one need tell us what the result of such work
will be. Lookers-on conclude that the only
thing to do is to scramble for the bi'St, regard-
less of how ihey get il; and I am afraid there
are a good many who love iniquity rather than
righteousness, who are beginning to conclude
there is not much to fear from the law or from
the olhcers of the law, after all. I tell you
friends, it is a dangerous thing to let trans-
gressors go, and continue to let them go, un-
punished.

The mayor of the city of Chicago was recent-
y shot down in cold blood. The man who shot
him had not even been misused, so far as we
can find out. The case was a very clear one.
Ihe culprit was tried, found guilty, and con-
demned 10 die. Now, I do not know why he
did not die. I felt troubled and anxious when
I heard that the execution was postponed. It
may be that the man is not of sound mind
ilieii he is uut entirely responsible for the act,
as you and I would be; but the stories of crime
which we read daily if we choose seem to in-
dicate tliat there are tliousands such as he
They are presuming on public sympathy, or
something of that sort, and this incites them to
push forward in this foolhardy way. I may be
wrong; but I fear the cunscqnenees of letting
such startling crimes go unpunished. It looks
to me as if others of like spirit and disposition
would be deterred from giving loose rein to
their evil passions if this man had been prompt-
ly executed. I heard a man say that the reason
why the mayor's assassin was not put to death
was that foolish women seui him bouquets of
flowers, and that he had so many sympathizers
the governor suspended the sentence. Sym-
pathy for a criminal is all right when shown in
a proper way and to a proper extent; but any
sort of sympathy that would seem to say to
this man, and others like him, that he had done
a good thing, is certainly a foolish and silly sort
of sympathy.

Tne scenes of riot, bloodshed, and destruction
of property, that are going on even while I
write, are, 1 fear, largely the result of a foolish,
misguided sympathy.

A few years ago a great complaint came up,
to the effect that *" farming did not pay." But
this expression has gone by, and another is
taking its place; if not in words, we see it in
acts and in conduct. It is to the effect that
hibor does not pay— that is, ordinary labor with
brain and muscle. In other words, a man can
not, by honest day's work, stand any cliance
with the one who gets into office and accepts
bribes, or gets a chance to pilfer from the gov-
ernment or from some railroad corporation, or
to prove dishonest to liis employer. There
seems a pretty large and general disposition to
think that strict honesty does not pay, or that
honesty is nof the be^t policy. This feeling is
encouraged, very likely, because the laws are
not enforced as they once were. And, finally,
there has been a great longing— in fact, almost
a clamoring- perhaps I should say a hungering
and thirsting, for honest mc/i— men who can be
intrusted to any extent, with money belonging
to others or to the government; and the" old
foolish claim, that there is not an honest man
anywhere, has been repeated again and again,
and expressions to tlie effect that "every man
has his price." Where, oh! where are those
who know and acknowledge that they are not
their own— that they have beeu bought by
Christ Jesus, and that they are laboring for
him, and not for self— for him who uttered the

558

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July 1.

words of our text— not to be ministered unto,
but to minister? Oh! I am sure tliere are
thousands who will eventually pj'oue themselves
to be the salt of the earth; thousands who love
God and who love humanity much more than
they love money or houses and lands; thou-
sands who can never be tempted; in fact, who
would never tind any enjoyment or comtort in
that which is not honestly their own, earned by
square and fair honest labor. 1 have been
hoping and praying that these thousands would
come to the relief of our country's needs. 1
know they must be roused and stirred up. sooner
or later They will consent to hold othces— i
am sure they will. Yes, we shall ultimately
have professing Christians for policemen; we
shall have Christian men for sheriffs, and men
who will show Christianity when they entorce
the law. If there are people in our land who
?nust be shot down because they will not yield
to law and order, for God's sake let us have the
shooting done by C^rristittJirneu

I am coming near to fault-finding in this
paper of mine, dear friends; but i must speak
of one more thing that indicates danger— yes,
terrible danger. When ihe sheriffs of our own
State of Ohio had exhausted all their means to
preserve law <ind order, and were unable to
stop the burning of bridges right on ihis very
railroad that runs through our home— when
these scenes of burning bridges and stopping
trains had gone to such an extent that the or-
dinary officers of the law were unable to re-
strain the rioters, the State militia were called
out. First the militia from one county were
called, then from another county, then another,
until ii looked as if all the troops of the State
would be needed. Well, the law-breakers
yielded I believe, to the militia; but while the
militia were standing guard, and preserving
order by their oresence, what did they do?
Well I do not know what they did all along the
line; but in one or two places they went into
the saloons and drank beer. Yes, they played
games, and put up a keg of beer as a stake for
the winners. Some of you will laugh at this.
Some of you will say, " Why, Mr. Root, you are
not posted. Your Medina County, with some
other counties near you, are an exception to
the rest of the State. Dow u here toward the
Ohio River, almost everybody drinks beer.
Even members of the church do when ihey
meet a friend." Well, perhaps I am not posted
in regard to the whole State of Ohio; and yet
I know something about these matters, after
all- and I fear that law and order will never
be permanently restored until more terrible
things happen than we have seen yet.

An officer of the law here in Medina County
once arrested a man for disorderly conduct
while drunk. As they had to ride together
some distance to reach the jail, the officer
got thirsty, went into a saloon and got a drink
of beer, and generously (?) remembered his poor
prisoner, and asked him to drink -some beu'
too. What sort of law is that, and what sort of
an officer was he who arrested a man, and put
him in jail for the sin of intoxication, and then
gave him a glass of intoxicants on the way to
the jail? Is this kind of fashion of enforcing
our laws either sense or reason?

Do some of you think that even A. I. Root
himself is getting discouraged? No, I am not
getting discouraged. The Bible says. " The
way of the transgressor is hard;" and if we, a
nation of people, become transgressors, or, at
least, a great part of us become transgressors,
we shall find our ways hard. They ouijht to he
hard. It is better for us to have them hard.
The wages of sin is death; and if we choose
sin and selfishness, we should not be surprised
when death confronts us. But there are other

Bible promises. There is one that reads, " Tht
meek shall inherit the earth." The meek. th<
honest, the quiet, the sober, the true, are ulii
maitly to have charge ; and the thing tha
troubles me just now is, that the meek are no
found coming forward and accepting their in
heritance.

Our people and our children, I fear, are get
ting the foolish and mistaken idea that tli
happiest man is the one who has many to wai
upon him— the one who has lots of servants
and can sit at his ease, and put on lordly styli
It is not true. It is a great blunder. Th
happiest people in this whole wide land ar
those who have learned the truth of our text-
" not to be ministered unto, but to minister."

There are several bright features to look a
in our land just now. One is, to see the num
ber of people— especially young people— wh
are enjoying themselves riding wheels. Thci
are a few who still sit in tine carriages, an
who seem inclined to look down upon th
wheelers; but they do not succeed very wcl
The boy or girl who rambles at will over hi
and dale, enjoying these June days, is briglu
er and happier, and more to be envied — ever s
much more— than one who rides in a carriag(
The former helps himself; no sweaty overbui
dened horses are required to give him pleasun
He develops lungs and muscle and brain b
helping himself. He laughs not only at fle(
horses, but is in a measure independent of rai
way trains. No matter whether the train !
late, or whether he fails to be on hand at tl
appointed time, he is independent. Peop
talk about the hard times; but just see ho
many people — even quite young people
find the means, in some way, to purchase
wheel! The times are not so very hard, a i
the most of us can get all that is best for us
have, with a little exertion of brain and muscl
Oh I am so glad it is becoming fashionable-
least in certain lines— to cultivate muscle a:
lung capacity!

Now, dear friends, believe me when I tell yi
that getting ahead of your neighbors by que
tionable or dishonest means does not bring ha
piness. VVhy, such kind of pleasure or enjo
ment is an empty bubble. It is a hollow fran
The only real comfort or satisfaction, and t
only thing that can be really called enjoymo
is in earning our bread by the sweat of o
face, and rendering unto Caesar the things th
are Cajsar's, and unto God the things that a
God's.

OUK STRAWBEKKY KKPORT.

If you will look back on page 517 again I ci
show you where we had our biggest strawber
yield. It was just back of that piece of rye
the right of the windmill. It is the highf
ground on our ranch; and after turning und
a piece of heavy clover we planted one re
each of all our six varieties of strawberries, o
year ago last spring. They took right holj
and grew in the mellow soil among the uptur
ed clover roots, to my complete satisfactic
During the summer it was very little work
take care of them. We occasionally ri
through one of those fine-toothed cultivatoj,
and that was about all there was of it. Very f€|
weeds came up. And. by the way, is not lur
ing under a clover sod one of the very bf
plans to get a piece of ground free from weed:

1894

QLEANING8 IN BEE CULTURE.

559

There was such little hoeing done in the patch
that the expense did not seem to amount to
much if any thing. You will remember that
this is Terry's plan of raising strawberries as
well as potatoes. In the fall we took some
pains to place the runners so as to have the
licst matted row. withont having the plants too
close. This plot was intended to be entirely
for frnit. We did not intend to sell plants from
it at all; but during the great call for Jessie
and liubach last spring, we did, for accommo-
daiion, take quite a few plants from these two
varieties. But, weren't the plants just beau-
tics? It seemed too bad to take them up, and
I t lioughl one row of Jessies was thinned out so
Mvcrely that it could hardly produce any kind
of crop of fruit. Along in the middle of June,
however, I began to realize we were going to
have something wonderful up there over the
rye. Some relatives visited me, and I wanted
to show them the possibilities in the way of
high- pressure gardening. They were greatly
delighted in going over the grounds; but when
tiiey came to this show of fruit, their admira-
Tion knew no bounds. All present confessed
not only that they had never seen any thing
like it, but they did not know before that such
a thing was possible. We ate berries, and
talked, until we could eat no more. And now I
want to talk to you something about varieties:

I should be very glad indeed to be able to
submit to you some specimens of those grown
up by the windmill; but you will have to take
my word for it.

if the Jessie always behaved as it did up
there, I should almost want to place it at the
head of strawberries; and with its tremendous
amount of bloom, from early till late, I think I
will any way put it at the head of perfect-
tldwering varieties for fertilizing others. By
till' way, friend Pierce suggested the other day
that we should use the word " pollenizer " in-
stead of "fertilizer " in referring to strawber-
ries. What do our horticultural professors say
in regard to this use of the word ? The strong
points of the Jessie are, that it is exceedingly
early, of large size, and that its red cheeks,
reminding one of a ripe peach, make it bring
till' very highest price. The berry is so sweet
\\ hen perfectly ripe that many like it just as
well (or rather better) when it is white on one
side; and if we pick them at this stage they
are in advance of almost every thing else except
the extra earlies. The Jessie holds on well to
the last. Its disadvantages are, that if the soil
is not just to its liking it gets feeble, and does
not bear much fruit; and its blossoms are like-
ly to be injured by frost.

The Parker Earle has behaved poorly during
the present season. It did not stand the great
amount of sunshine and the extremely hot
days. Every plant on our premises set a very
large amount of fruit — perhaps the largest
amount that I ever saw on any variety of
strawberries. Only the first ripened fully ma-
tured, and those at the close of the season were
deficient in size and flavor. At the Ohio Ex-
I)iTiment Station, which I visited June 31, they
tiild me that, if the ground were made exceed-
ingly rich, and moisture supplied when rains
were lacking, it would perfect all its fruits.
That may be true. When I visited Matthew
Crawford, at Cuyahoga Falls. Summit Co., O.,
.'une 23, I found his Parker Earles behaving
just as mine do.

The Bubach sustains its good reputation, but
it does not give us berries quite as early as the
Ji'ssie, nor quite so late, and it must be placed
near a pollenizer, for it is imperfect.

The Haverland fully sustains its good repu-
tation as a tremendous bearer. I believe the
Haverland has produced more bushels of ber-

ries, for us, than any other strawberry we ever
tried. Its faults are, that tin; berry is watery,
and therefore too soft for shipnuMit. It is also
generally considered rather insipid in llavor
compared toothers. But with an abundance
of sunshine, some of the berries have colored
up and proved to be of a vcrtj tine llavor, whi're
the plants do not stand too thickly. Several
times, when thirsty, and it was quite a pierce to
the spring, I have gone to a d(!nse bed of Haver-
lands and slaked my thirst with great luscious
berries picki d out deep down among the leaves,
where they were still cool from the dews of the
night. The Haverland is all right if you can
hand it to your customers the same afternoon
or the same forenoon that they are picked.
You had better not try to keep it over night
unless the nights are very cool. The Haver-
land gives us berries moderately early, and they
hold out well uniil the last.

The Sterling, we have decided to drop -not
because we have any thing against it, so much
as that another well-known berry has pretty
nearly all its good qualities. I refer lo the
Warfield. We once had it in our catalog, and
dropped it; but this year it has given us such
an abundance of beautiful dark-red berries,
with its sprightly acid flavor, that I have before
spoken of, that I am glad to call it back. By
the way, just go out in the morning to a bed of
Warfields ; and as the rising sun sparkles
among the dewdrops on the strawberry leaves,
just watch the efl'ect as these rays strike the
rich ruby-colored fruit nestling among the
green leaves. At one time in my life I was a
jeweler, and I used to admire garnet clusters.
Well, these Warfield strawberries are vei'itable
clusters of garnet. Friend Terry said he did
not know any thing about wine; but he felt
sure he should find the juice of these well-
ripened berries more luscious to him than the
choicest wines that the vine ever produced.
And there is not any danger of looking upon
these berries "when they are red;" no, there is
not any danger, either, in eating them to your
heart's content, four or five times a day, or
even more; for if any danger ever lurked there,
I should not be as well and strong as I am while
the boys are picking the last of our strawber-
ries this 35th day of June.

Now, there is one more berry that we once
had in our list, and dropped. It has done so
grandly this season that I really feel grateful
to the man who gave it to the world. It is the
Edgar Queen. We had two rows of them,
planted about three years ago. I dro43ped
them, as I told you, because they were of such
a bad shape; but it was in consequence of mv
stupidity in not providing an adequate number
of pollenizing plants near by. Well, this year
these same two rows have again given us
bushels and bushels of tremendous great ber-
ries, and finely colored, and rather firm for
handling and shipping. When I am in a hurry,
and feel hungry for strawberries, I just start
for the Edgar Queen, because these great whop-
pers, that are found in such abundance every-
where, satisfy my appetite in a very little time.
Sometimes I start off with my hands full, and
eat them on the way.

Now, these are the strawberries I have select-
ed to offer you during the coming months. Oh,
yes! I should not forget the Timbrell. I did
not let very many plants produce berries at our
place, but pronounced them very satisfactory;
but at the Experiment Station, both W. J. and
E. C. Green declared that people would object
to them because they were fully ripe before they
were fully red all over. Well, this would not
be a very great objection, for our old friend the
Jessie, as well as the Sharpless. is often mar-
keted with one side almost entirely white. But

560

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July 1.

the Tirabrell has a queer way of showing a
mottled white and red on one side, when the
berry is not perfectly ripe. This may be a
small fault, but it is a fault after all. The
Shaffer's Colossal raspberry has had to take a
backseat just becauseof its mottled appearance.
iSome of our customers were afraid ourspraying
solution had got on to the berries. Many of
you have doubtless heard of or seen advertis-
ed the Marshall strawberry, because the plants
have been held at the enormous price of ?10.00 a
•dozen. I examined the dozen plants at full bear-
ing, at our Experiment Station. The foliage
was beautiful, and of immense luxuriance. The
berries were large, of good shape, nice color,
fine flavor, firm enough to handle well, and it
almost seemed as if the berry were without
fault. Friend Green smilingly remarked, that,
if there wereenour//i of them, it would be hard
to find its equal. Like the beautiful Gandy, it
seems to be a shy bearer. At Matthew Craw-
ford's I found it just the same. I suggested to
friend Green that we always get a large price
for the Gandies.

" Yes, Mr. Root, that is true; but you sit down
and figure it out, comparing your Gandies with
other good varieties, and you will find that you
will have to get not only twice as much per
quart, but perhaps three times, to produce the
Gandies profitably."

This is a thing we should consider, friends.
Now, there are a few other varieties that
promise very fairly; but I have not yet decided
to add them to our list of six. One variety
which I have tested, and which seems very
•desirable, is the Muskingum; also the Beverly
and the Iowa Beauty. We may hear from
these later.

The managers of our Ohio Experiment Sta-
tion have tested almost if not quite every new
strawberry advertised, no matter what the
price. Many of them— in fact, the greater part
-—they find have nothing to recommend them
over other well-known varieties. For instance,
the Shuckless, which has been so widely adver-
tised, is not any more shuckless than the War-
field, and ever so many other kinds. When the
Warfield is well ripened, you can strip off hand-
fuls of berries, having them leave the stem like
raspberries. But few purchasers, I think, will
■want his berries in that way. after trying it. I
tried pulling off berries from a row of Shuck-
less. and then from a row of Warfield; and I
•never should have guessed that the Shuckless
berries were '=huckless unless the label or some-
I)ody had called my attention to it.

stowell's eveegreen sweet corn.

Since the communication on page 519 of our
last issue, we have received the following:

Mr. Root: — You give an account of onion-
plants in " High - pressure Gardening." I
thought I was doing a big thing on sweet-
potato plants. I have sold 4.5. CKX) plants at 2.5c
per 100. on a bed 100 feet long and Ci wide. I
have lots of plants yet. This b^d was full of
onions before sweet potatoes. I also had quite
a trade on onion-plants, tomato, cabbage, and
■so on. Our strawberries are about all gone.
VVe have picked 175 bushels, and one picking
for Saturday yet.

The Stoweli's evergreen sweet corn I got last
year did boss. It all grew. Send me half a
tushel more of the same kind.

J. W, Nicodemus.

Newcomerstown, O., June 21.

Of course, the above does not settle the ques-
tion; but it shows that the same lot of corn
grew well in some localities.

BUSINESS^' :fe;

HONEY WANTED.

We should like to li ear from our readers nearby
who litive clioice comb or extracted honey to otter,
stating how much you have, and the price. We
have a fair trade in honey, and are practically sold
out. We have some ;iOtl lbs. of last year's bucli-
wheat comb honey, wlilch we will close out at 10c
I)erlb.; have also some choice white- sage extract-
ed in 60-lb. cans, 2 in a case, at 8c. We hav^e secured
no new honey yet, tliough we hope to iiave it with-
in a week or two. We wish to iiear from those having'
it for sale; will pay all we can afford to for choice
honey, consistent with present condition of honey
market.

MASON .JARS.

To those of our customers who can not do better,
we are prepared to furnish Mason jars at the fol-
lowing prices until further notice: We have pints,
quarts, and lialf-gallons, all of which take the same
size caps. Pint jars, per box of 1 doz., 60c; per box
oredoz., S3.2,5; quart jars, per box of 1 doz.. 65c;
per box of 8 dozen, $1..')0; half-gal. jars, per box of 1
doz., 85c; per box of 6 dozen, *4. 75. There is prob-
ably no glass jar more universally used for canning
fruits, etc., than tlie Mason, and many use it for
selling extracted honey, because, when emptied, it
is still of use.

NO. 25 JAR.

For a smaller glass jar than the Mason, one to
hold a pound of honey, and self-seal, there is noth-
ing that we find quite so good as the No. 25 jar
shown in our catalog. Our sales of tins jar, and the
testimonials from those who have used it, confirm
our opinion. It is of clear glass, with glass cover
and rubber ring, secured by a nickel-plated rim
which screws on securely, sealing the jar. We
have them packed in two ways. For those who
wish to ship or store honey in the jars, nothing is
better than the partitioned case holding two dozen
of the jars. This may be shipped with the jars flUed
or empty, without any additional packing.

No. 35 "jar. 2 dozen in case, $1.40; 6 cases, $8.00; 30
cnses or more, at $1.25 a case.

No. 25 jar. 1 gross in a bbl., $7.00.

Lots of 5 bbls. or more, $6. .50 per bbl.

POUDER SQUARE .JARS.

Walters. Pouder, of Indianapolis, has gotten out
some new square Hint jars, made by natural gas,
and put up 100 in a crate. They are the same shape
and size as the Muth jars, without the straw liive
on the side, but in its plac^, " Warranted Pure
Honey." The 5 and 8 oz. jars require corks same
«ize. Prices as follows:
.5-oz. jars, no corks, per 100, $1.75; corks, per 100, 20c.

8-.IZ. 2.40; ' 30c.

1-lb. 3.10; 25c.

We can supply them at these pfices; and in lots of
5(10 or more. 5 per cent discount. Shipped direct from
Indiauaptjlis, lud., or from here.

STANLEY AUTOMATIC EXTRACTORS.

We still have left of
the Stanley Autoraat'c
extractors 3 four-frame
machines. We got
these with other stock
when we bought out
E. K. Newcomb .some
three years ago. We
liad originally some 20
I or more machines, and
t he stock is now worked
down to 3 four-frame.
The regul;ir price at
which these fc 'ur'-f niine
machines sold was $20,
without gear. We offer
these, to close out, at
$10; or for $14 we will
put on the bevel gear
used on our Cowiin ma-
chines, or one of that pattern. This machine, with
gear, used to sell for $38.00. Remember, we can not

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

561

duplicate these prices wlien those niacliiiios are
sold. If you want one, order at once.

II.I.USTRATKD PII.OIUMS I'HOORKSS.

AVe ha-e secured sdine of a very tliie Eii>rlisli edi-
ti(in of PilKrii.i's Progress, ill lli^lI:i1ed wit li over a
luiiidrrd very realistic jMct mrs. TIh> book is 16mo,
l)riiitcd on very tine ])a|>t'r, i-ontainintr IW-t pag'es,
and the illustrations are tlie most striking-, and true
to the characters represented, that we havt> ever
seen in the most expensive editions. The binding is
of cloth, richly illuminated in si.x colors, with title
In rich poldleaf on liack and side. There is no paper
wasted in widi' inarg-ine; in fact, tliere is so little
trimming' that some of the leaves have to he cut
apart. It is a hook of such (puility and make-up as
to easilj' bring- fl..")0 at retail a ft w yeais agro. lu
this day of cheap books and low prices it is neces-
sary to close out the last of the edition away below
actual value. We offer these at.50ceacl»; by mail,
10 cents extni. We will grive one free i)ostpaid for
2 new subscriptions to Gleanings, with $2.0U; or
for 1 new subscription and 1 renewal paid in ad-
vance with $2.00, and 10c extra to cover postag-e on
the book. Of course, every one knows what Pil-
Krim's Progress is, as, ne.xt to the Bible, it is the
most widely read book in the English languag-e.

A DOZEN ATTRACTIVE PAMPHLETS.

They are not only attractive, but so valuable and
helpful that they should be read by everj' one who
desires to improve his life, and live happier; and
who does not have such desire? Doubtless many
have read "The Greatest Thing in the World; or.
Love the Supreme Gift," by Drummond; and others
have heard of it. It is something that will do us
good to read often. " Love is the fulfilling of the
law;" and the more of it we can get into our lives,
the better for the world and for us.

These little booklets are 16rao, 32 pages, with
handsome light-blue parchment cover, and nice
clear print. Price Plc each, or 90c per dozen, any
one or assorted books, postpaid or with other goods.
Publisher's price is 20c each.

1. Love, The Supreme Gift: The Greatest Thing
In the World. Bj- Prof. Henry Drummond.

2. The Perfected Life: The Greatest Need of the
World. By Prof. Henry Drummond.

3. How to Learn How. Addresses by Prof. Henry
Drummond, I. Dealing with Doubt. II. Prepara-
tion for Learning.

4. Power from on High: Do we need it? What is
it ? Can we get it ? By Rev. B. Fay Mills.

6. The Message of Jesus to Men of Wealth. A
Tract for the Times. By Rev. George D. Herron.
Introduction bv Rev. Josiah Strong, D. D.

6. The First Thing in the World; or. The Primacy
of Faith. By Rev. A. J. Gordon, D. D.

T. Hope: The Last Thing in the World. Bv Rev.
A. T. Pierson, D. D.

8. The Fight of Faith and Cost of Character. Talks
to Young Men. By Rev. Theodore L. Cuyler, D. D.

9. The Four Men. The Aspect of Man from Four
Standpoints. By Rev. James Stalker, D. D.

10. How to Become a Christian. Five Simple
Talks. By Rev. Lyman Abbott, D. D.

11. The Dew of Thy Youth. A Message to " En-
deavorers." By Rev. J. R. Miller, D. D.

12. Temptation. An Address to Young Men. By
Rev. James Stidker, D. D.

GIVEN AWAY FREE.

To any one who sends us the name of a new sub-
scriber for 6 months, witli 50 cents, we will send any
one of the above pamphlets, your selection, post-
paid. For a new yearly subscription, wiih $1.00, we
will send any three of the above hooks free, post-
paid; or to any present subscriber who sends fl.OO
. to renew liis subscription before the time paid for
Is up, or who, being in airears, will send till back

dues, and also for a .vear in advimce, we will send
free one, jour choice, of thest- booklets.

DRl'.MMONU'S ADDIiKSSKS.

Besides the booklets above wo h;i\(> Prof. Drum-
inonds addresses, () in number, with biographical
sketch, making a 16nio book of 140 p;igi-s, Ixiniid in
board covers, part cloth and ii.irt i>ap('r, in two
shades of blut>. neatly tigured, making a vei-y liatid-
soniL' book. Price only 30c postpaid, or 2.5 if sent
with other goods. Or we will give one free postpaid
for a new subscription to Gleanings, with Sl.UU.

KIND WORDS FROM OUR CUSTOMERS.

The goods, ten l>^-slory chaff hives, I ordered of
you came all O. K., iind nothing missing. I am well
pleased with them. Every thing went together
nicely. S. W. Berry.

New Guilford, O., June 1.

Any one who can not learn to handle and care for
bees with your A B C of Bee Culture in his hands
has not got sense enough to mak^ a success of any
thing. Silas G. Lackey.

Estelle, Tex., June 11.

I have been testing one of the improved Crane
smokers, and will say that thus far I am much
pleased with it; in fact, the alterations made, in my
opinion, double the value of the same.

Evart, Mich., May 7. B. Walker.

Express package received. Every thing is en-
tirely satisfactory. Thank you for such prompt
attention to the order I have had my bees two
seasons before, but h;ive not been able to do any
thing with them until thiS year.

James H. Morrison.

Niagara Falls, N. Y., June 2.

Rl1vn*A'c Seed Anntial for 1894 is well worth
DUr^JCC 0 having. Tell to all who plant seeds
W. Atlee Burpee & Co., Philadelphia, Pa.

I m tariff p»H Carniolans, bred in 1893, $5 each;
llipui ecu tested 1894 Carniolans in June. $2;
bred from imported queens producing only gray
bees. Untested, May, $1. Foreign orders, $6, $3,
and $2. Safe arrival at any postofHce in the world.
UBS. FBAKZ BE1TT0I7, Charlton Heights, Ud.

HURRAH ! 1884 to 1894

Has shown me the best bee for our Northern climate.
Give me tiie dark Italians for wintering, for honey,
and money. Large, hardy, and industrious. Untest-
ed, dark or yellow, $1.00 each. Tested. $1..50.' Send
for price list. MRS. OLIVER COLE, Sherburne,
Chenango Valley Apiary. Chenango Co., N. V.

\ PnlATIU Italian bees in lO-frame Lancrstroth hive,
1 V/UIUIIJ 14.00; tested Italian queen, 7.5c; bees, 70c
per lb.; untested Italian queen. 60c. Address

OTTO ELEINOW, No. 118 Military Are, Detroit, Mich.

Bees and Queens.

I am now prepared to fill all orders on .short notice
at the following low prices:

Untested queen I 7.5

6 untested 4 00

1 1-frame nucleus. 100

1 3-f rame nucleus 2 50

Bees by the jtound 7.5

1 to .5 colonies 6 00

Queens wanted with nucleus, add price.

E. A. EABBIS, Kc. Petersburg, Eesss Co., N. 7.

Tested Queens,

Raised last fall from my choice Italian stock, yel-
low and unsurpassed workers,

75 cts.

Ready to ship now. Hybrids, 25 cts.

J. A. GRl£.B2i. Ottawa, III.

I

563

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July 1.

CALIFORNIA

Woodcliff A No. 1.

In order to introduce my strain of iDeautiful yel-
low Woodcliff Quee/is, wliich are bred from
an imiKirtt'd leatlier-colored Italian crossed with
the best 5-l)aii(k(l stock lean procure by r>ooiit tie
method, I will sell a limited numi^er only of untest-
ed queens at 7o cts. each. As I produce larg-e quan-
tities of comb honey. I breed priacipally for large
honey-gatherers. Apiaries near Philadelphia. Ad-
dress Wm. a. Selser, Wyncote, Pa.

Tested Italian queens, $1..50
each to any part of U. S. or
Canada; else- \\/ A Pr-i^nl North Temescal, near
where, $2.00. ^^ • ^' » • J «*'» San Francisco, Cal.

Do Not Order

Until you have written us for prices on
the "JEJoss" One-jPiece Section.

Also D. T. Hives, Shipping-crates, and oth-
er supplies.

We have just completed a large addition
to our factory, which doubles our floor-
room, and therefore we are in better shape
than ever to fill orders on short notice.
Write for price Ust.

J. FORNCROOK & CO.,

Watertown, Wis., Jan. i, 1894.

l-3-5tfd

BIG DISCOUNT

on Foundation and Sections.

Thin foundation, 50c per lb.;

brood, 40c. No. 1 sections,
12.75 per M. Everv tiling cheap. Price list free.
i-lTeoi E. H. TRUMPER, Bankers. Mich.

OTTUMWA BEE-HIVE FACTORY.

Bee-keepers, look to your interests. Every thing
in the line of bee-supplies constantly on hand.
Price list free. GREGORY BROS. &. SON,
l-23a Ottumwa, la. South side.

World's Fair Hedal

Awarded my I^otinclntion. Send for free
sa«ip7es. Dealers, write for wholesale prices.
Root's new Holished Sections and otlier goods
at his prici'S. P'ree Illustrated Price List of every
thing needed in the apiary. 1\J\ |-| Him-f
Bell Branch, Mich. i^l . I I . I I UII L.

M eaeli:
ecttest-

TESTED ITALIAN QUEENS, i;.

ed, $1.50; untested. fi5 cts T^vo-frjime nucleus, witn
tested queen, $2 00; witli untested queen, $150.
Queens ready April 1.

Stewart * Cooper, Quebeck, Tenn.

Bee=keepers' Guide.

New edition, just out. This is conceded to be the
fullest, most scientific, and one of the best of our
American bee-books. Every bee-keeper should
have one of the late editions. Price, by mail, $1.25.
Liberal discount to the trade.

A. J. COOK, Claremont, Cal.

Golden Wyandottes.

No better birds in America. Cockerel,
$5.00. Trio, $7.0 I. Eggs, $2.00 per setting.
25. D. ICecncy, Arcfide, JV. ~y.

If you keep BEES,
subscribe for the Pro-
gressive Bee-keeper, a
journal devoted to Mees,
Honey, and kindii'd in-

dustries. .'50 ets. /ler

year. Sample copy,
also a beautifully illustrated catalogue of Bee-
keepers' supplies, F»EE. Address
LEAHY MFG. CO., HIGGINSVILLE, MO.

BBB'S!

a

TROT 'ElVI OUT!"

I challenge any one to show up a strain of bees
that are superior to my Golden Italians. They
have excelled all competitors by practical test.
Gentle, industrious, good comb-builders, enter the
sections readily, are not inclined to swarm, and are
perfect beauties. Descriptive circular free. Sec-
tions, ^2. ver Jll. Dovetailed hives way down.
CHAS. D. DUVALL, Spencerville, Md.

I OOk Here, Bee=keeper!

If you are in need of some bee-
supplies, write for catalogue and price list. Every
thing sold as cheap as ff /■ f-J C**«2-i-t.
the cheapest. yy H Omitll.

Kenton, Hardin Co., O. ^^ ' *-" *-"*** ^*«»

Italian Bees and Queens

Ready in May. Queens, $1.00; bees by the lb., $1.00;
1-frame nucleus. $1.25; 2-franie. $2.25. Also Barred
P. R. eggs for setting, 15 for $1.00.

3/rs. ^4.. A.. Si/npson, Swarts, Pa,

STRONG, FULL COLONIES

of Pure Italian Bees, in Root's new
Dovetailed hive, after June 1, only
$4.00 each.

N. A. KNAPP, Rochester, Lorain Co., 0.

PATENT WIRED COMB FOUNDATION

Has JVo SaLir in Brood-frames.

Thin Flat - Bottom Foundation

Has no Fishbone in the Surplus Honey.
Being the cleanest, it is usually worked
the quickest of any foundation made.

J. VAN DEUSEN & SONS,

12tfdb Sole Hanufacturers,

Sprout Brook, Montgomery Co., N. Y.

TME NOTICE!

BEFORE placing your orders for SUPPLIES, write
for prices on One-Piece Basswood Sections, Bee-
Hives, Shipping-Crates, Frames, Foundation, Smo-
kers, etc. PAGE & KEITH,
Srt'db New London, Wis.

Control Your Swarms, Requeen, &c.

i^end 2.5c for ■samples of
^3 West's Patent Spiral wire
Qui en-Cell Protectors, and
Pat. Spiral Queen Hatch-
ing and Introducing Cage,
also best Bee-Escape, with
circular explaining. 12
Cell-protectors. 60c; 100, $3.
12 Cages. $1.C0; 100, $5, by-
mail. Circu'ar free. Ad-
dress H. D. WEST. Middle-
turgh, Scho. Co., N. T. Sold
als6 by all the leading suiiplj-dealers.

I have one of the choicest flocks of

Brown Leghorns in the State.

Keep no other kind. Eggs, 7.5c per 15; $1.25 per 30.

B. G. SCOTHAN, Rogersville, Mich.

I Will Exchange

For your name and address, my
pamphlet " How I Produce Comb
Honey," and catalog of Chaff and
Dovetailed hives, T Supers, Sec-
tions, Foundation, and every thing
needed in the apiary. First-class
goods, and prices reasonable.

Geo. E. Hilton,

Fremont, Mich.

t^'la responding to this advertisement mention Glkakino^

1 S'.)4

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

5C)7

S^"!!! respontllnir to tins a<1veltl^•l•m^■nr menrinn (4l,KANINn>.

TESTED ITALIAN QUEENS, 75 Cts.

J. C. WHEELER. PLANO, ILL.

METAL
WHEELS

for your

WAGONS.

Any size yon want, 20
to 56 in high. Tires 1
to 8 in wide— hubs to
fit any axle. Savt's
Cost many times in
a, season to have set
of low wheels to fit
your wagon for htnling
gram, fodder, mnnnre,
bogs, kc. No resetting of
tires. Catl'g free. Address
EMPIRE BIPG. CO.,
^ulncy, 111.

K^'ln re.-iiK)iniirii; lo this artvpiti

(il.KANINGS.

WALTER S. POUDER,

162 Mags. Are. Indianapolis, Ind.

■■II Standard Goods— Popular
\y\ Prices— Catalogue Free.

A book telling how to man-
age them-iocis. in stamps; or free to
those sending namesof 5 bee-keepers

SECTIONS CHEAP!

Until snld, wf will .■^ell tlie ^ci-tions listed below in
quantifies of .^UO Of inort' . -it $1 50 per thousand for
creams, and $IM0 per thousand for No, 2. Ail 4J^x
iV sections, open Iwo sides.

41,0u0:i inch cream, 37.000 2 inch No. 2.
47.00 IM '• " Ol.dOOlli "

116,000 1% " " )ii\0v0 1% " "

134.000 7 to ft. " H7,000 \\l "

2')3.0(l(l 7 to ft. No. 2.
PAGE <£ KEITH, NEW LONDON. WIS.
CS'"In responding to tins udvenisenuiir mention Uleaninos.,

"All the World Loves a Lover"

no matter how unworthy lie may be, but all
the world HATES a wire fence unless it is
^ood, AWFULl.'W good. This accounts for
the great popularity of the PAGK. Its "an-
.;elic features" are too numerous to mention.
You can't afPord to miss its acquaintance.
Send card.
PAGE WOVEN WIRE FENCE CO., Adrian, IWinh

C9"ln responding to this advertisement mention Gleanings.

Bees and Supplies

Always on hand. Send for circular.
/. J^. Strinirhani, 105 T'eirk Place, N. W

Golden

Queens

Untested 65 cts.

esich; 6forJ3.')0; 13

for *ii .50. Tested.
$1 00 each. Fine in'olitic breeding queens, $2.-50 to
^4 00. To parties who have not tried my strniii of
Italians I will send one golden Italiiin queen for
50 cts. Satisfaction mid safe arrival guaranteed.

E. A. SEELEY, Bloomer, Ark.

njUKrhfpfC of one of Jt»oo/itt7e's best .5-band-
L/aU^lllCia p(] i,,-eeder8, mated to the choicest
droii'.-s from Jennie Atchleys S-banded strain,
thereby securing :i direct cross with the best .5-
banded stock obtainable. If you want the best at
haidpan prices, send in your orders. Untested, 60
cts.: 6 for 13.00; tested, 90c; selected extra yellow,
$125. Safe delivery Hnd satisfaction. Money-order
ortice, Monongah. P. O. address, Worthington, VV.
Va. L. H. ROBEY.

Golden Queens llTJj^^h

for business, beauty, and gentleni ss. Safe arrival
and satisfaction guaranteed.

21G well-flllrd 1-lb sections is what T took from
one colony in '.t3 cotitaining a queen lunight of you.
J. A. Whitaker, Oak (Miff, Te.\as.
^^■ .iranted (jueens, $1.00 each.

J. D. QFv ENS, Box 3, Lisbon, Texas.

lyiii re' iiiit' to tlii> mlveill-K nt niHurion (Ji.EANINDs.

flother Bees.

If you wish the best of queens, or mother bees,
send me your orders. Untested queens, 3 or .5 band,
7.5c each; f4.25 for 6, or $8.00 pt-r dozen. Tested 3-
band queens, $1..50 each; fine 3-band breeders,
thoroughly tested, the />esf, $5 on .vich: straight
.5-bMnd breeders, faultless (|ueens. tlo.td each. Boot's
goods. Dadant's foundation, and Bingham smokers.

Jennie Atchley, Beeville, Bee Co., Tex.

Dovetailed Hives, Simplicity Hives,

SECT/OrJS. EXTRACTORS, ETC.

FULL LINE OF

BEE-KEEPERS' SUPPLIES.

60-PAGE CATALOGUE. Itfdb

J. M. Jenkins, Wetumpka, Alabama.

iS^ln responding to tlil.s adverti.-.emeiu niei<Muii Glka.mm.-..

568

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July 15.

Contents of this Number.

Bees a nd Fruit fl79

Bribes 591

Carniolans as Swarmers 587

Clipping-, Does it Hurt! 587

Dumb-waiters 581

Editor at Grannis' 595

E^ers. Transporting 574

Foul Brood. I'alse 589

Frames. 8 V. 10, Discussed 586
Gaudy Str'l erry Defended 594
Gooseberry, The Industry.. 594

Hive, Dovetailed Chaff b»fi

Hive, 8-trame, for Ladies. . . 583

Hives, Size of 572

Holtermann Family 590

Lime-water .')83

Milk, Plea for 582

Pn ns. Paper 584

Queens Cramping ,580

Queens Changing 586

Queens. Rearing Late 585

Radishes, How Raised 594

Rambler in Rialto, etc .578

Robber-trap 580

Rollers, Fdn,, Grooves in .587

Shallots 59i

Tariff Defended 574

Texas, Hot Wave .587

Tdbacco-dust a Failure 59"i

Workers, Laying 586

CONVENTION NOTICES.

The Quarter Centennial Mei-ting of the North American Bee-
keepers' Association will In- hclil at St. .lostph. JIo., Oct. 16, 17
18. 1894. It is the first convention of the N A. B. K. A. beyond
the western bank of the Missi.-sippi nnd large delegations
from the great We.st will be present. We hope the East, the
North, and the South will gather with them.

Fkank Benton, Sec'.y.

U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

KIND WORDS FROM OUR CUSTOMERS.

Tlie stravvherry-plunts (over four thousand) got
here in good sluipe. The Parker Earles are " dan-
dies." WauzekaMfg, Co.

Wauzelia, Wis., May 8.

The two frame Cowan is a grand success, and will
extract a lot in a day. Ten-frame iiives, 3 stories
liigli, are none too large for this country.

Port Orange, Pla., May 17. J. 15. Case.

I am delighted with uiy hives and the lawn-mower.
The latter is running now, and it does its worlt, I
might say, perfectly. You have my thanlis, and
you will get mv ordeis in bce-flxtures.

Portland, Tenn., May 30. Dr. W. P. Mooke, Sr.

Goods arrived O. K. The Dovetailed hives are the
finest T ever saw. Persons who were watcliing me
unpaclv them said, " Tiie person wlio made and
packed tlio-se hives surely has things down fine;"
and indeed I think so too. J. W. Palmer.

Dudely, Pa., May 24.

My. supplies were received In first-class shape,
May 25, and I am well pleased with the same, espe-
cially the Daisy foundation-fastener. It is a daisy,
sure. I would have written sooner, but I wanted to
te.st it first, I have put in foundation enough for
neighbors to more than pay for it. Isaac Downs.

Premont, O., May 31.

LIKES THE HIVES.

My goods came at last. They were delayed, I sup-
pose, on account of the strike, but they are here,
and I have the hives put togetlier. I think they are
the nicest and best hives I ever saw. They will be a,
good advertisement for your goods in tl'iis part of
the counlry. I like the Hoffman frame.

Brookville, Pa., May 24, F. A. Lashohe.

KIND AVORD FROM AN 83-YEAR-OLD SUBSC4!IBER.

You may send the journal till I stop breathing
and go home to my Savior. I am almost there, for
I was born in 1812, .so you see I am almost home.
Thank God! I can raise bees yet, and have a nice
flower-garden and a nice home to live in— a nice
nealcompaiiion. I tr.y to live for Christ, and have
no will of my own. All for Christ. I am happy all
day. A, Griefbs.

Albion, Mich,, May 12.

THOSE POLISHED SECTIONS A MARVEL.

Allow US to commend you on tlie excellent quali-
ty of goods received from you. The foundation,
both brood and surplus, is perfection; and those
extra polished sections are simply a marvel of what
wood-working ma(;hinery can be made to accom-
plish. We "little ones" will have to set in and
hustle, or we maybe swallowed up in this avalanche
of modern mode of n atness in manufacturing.

Dennison, O., May 7. Chas. L. HillMfg, Co,

Wants or Exchange Department.

Notices will be inserted under this head at one-half our usu-
al rates. All advertisements intended for this department
must not exceed five lines, and you must SAY you want .your
adv't in this department, or we will not be responsible for er-
rors. You can have the notice as many lines as you please,
but all over five lines will cost you according to our regular
rates. This department is intended only for bona fide ex-
changes. Exchanges for cash or for price' lists, or notices of-
fering articles for sale, can not be inserted under this head.
For such ourregular ratesof 20cts. a line will be charged, and
they will be put with the regular advertisements. We can not
be responsible for dissatisfaction arising from these "swaps."

WANTED.— To exchange several good safety bi-
cycles. Honey wanted. Send sample.

J. A, Green, Ottawa, 111.

W

ANTED,— To exchange 200 colonies of bees for
any thing useful on plantation.

Anthony Opp, Helena, Ark.

WANTED.— To exchange for Italian queens, a few
pairs of Cornish Indian Games, or Golden Wy-
andottes. Good stock. Satisfaction guaranteed.
Write. G. A. Matteson, Cridersville, O.

WANTED.— To exchange yellow Italian ijneens, or
nuclei of bees, for foundation or 1-lb, sections.
Mrs, Oliver Cole, Sherburne, Chenango Co.,N. Y.

TO EXCHANGE.— Young canaries in pairs, for
pure Italian queens or bees.

J. Ferris P.\tton, Lawrenceburg, Ind.

WANTED.— To exchange golden queens for rasp-
berr3', blackberry, and strawberry plants.

J. F. Michael, German, Darke Co., O.

WANTED,— To exchange thoroughbred poultry
for Gregg raspberry, and strawberry plants,
good incubator, or offers.

J. C. Provins, Masontown, Pa.

SPECIAL OFFER FOR THE
NEXT SO DAYS.

Untested 5-banded queens, 50 cts. each; six, $3.00;
warranted, each, 60 cts.; six, $3.50; tested, 75 cts.
Reference, A. I. Root.

L,eininii-er Bros., Ft. tJeiininors, O.

I^"ln responding to this advertisement menti<m GLE«_MX<i'S

Warranted Queens, 75c.

Five-band strain, bred for business, six for
.¥3,25; dozen for .$6.00. See former arfs.. and send
for circul.«ir. Safe arrival and satisfaction tj-uai--
antee<l. J. B. CASE, Port Orange, Fla.

FOR SALE.

latest improved.

A Barnes foot-power buzz-saw;

M. S, Jackson,
63 Sixth Avenue, Pittsburg, Pa.

ilJANTED.— Extracted honey (well-iipened clover,
V» mangrove, white sage, raspbeiry, orange, oi-
bassiwood) in exchatige for untested Carniolan
quieiis from choice inii)orted mothers whose own
workers are all gray, thr (jrntlcM hecx knaxcn, and
good gatlierers. Splendid queens bred this year in
full colonies, $10 i)er dozen,

Frank Benton, Charlton Heights, Md.

Woodcliff A No. 1.

In order til introduce my strain of beautiful yel-
low Wcnuiclit't' Queeii.s. which are bred from
an imported leather-colored Italian crossed with
tlie besi 5-baiided stock I can procure by Z>oo7itf7e
method, I will sell li-i/a fan feed purely mated un-
tested (lueens at 75 cts. each. As I produce large
quantities of comb honey. I breed principally for
lai'ge honey-gatherers. A|)iaries near Philadelphi.-i.
Address

WM. A. SELSER, Wyncote, Pa.

t^In responding to tlii.s advertisement mention liLEANINGS.

\

1894 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE

HoNEr Column.

669

CITY MARKETS.

Boston.— Hn)(fj/.— Our mai'kot on t-xtracted. 5(9i".
Willi fair doiiiand and light supply. Comb, l;.'@1.5c,
li^ht doniaiid iiiid fair supply. IJcPSwax, scarci;,
and w;m;od at STc. E. E. Ul.akk & ( O.,

July 1(1. IJostoii, Mass.

CHJf!AG().—W(()ie.i/.— Demand for lioney at this sea-
son of tliu yeiu- restricted. Wo look for an active
demand for new eonil> honey that is .of good quality
and put up in <iesir;ible packag-es. We shall hold
our first receipts at Itir per lb., unless otherwise
iiisirueted. E.\tr:icted honey selling-, depending-
upon quality, at 5@6 per lb. Beeswax, 25.

S. T. Fisn & Co.,

Julv T. 189 South Water St., Chicag-o, 111.

St. Louis.— H()?)Cf/.— Market practically unchang--
ed. Inquiries are more numerous, but active de-
mand light. P) ime beeswax, 26c.

D. G. TUTT Grocer Co.,

July T. - St. Louis, Mo.

Chicago— Hooejy.— We are not getting any of the
crop of honey as ytt, but it would sell at ]5@16c for
choice white como. Extracted, quiet at 5@6c.
Bees-wax, 25c.

R. A BlKNETI &Co.,
July 7. 163 So. Water St., Chicago. 111.

Cl,evei,and. — H'i?ie}y.— Honev is moving- slowly.
No. 1 white. 12!4@13c; No. 2 white. 10c. Beeswax, 2.5c.
WmjI I KMS Bros.,
July ti. 80 & 82 Broadw;iy, Cleveland, O.

Milwaukee.— Hioit;/ —The demmd for honi'y
here is not very urgent, and the old ci-op is nearly
out of sight, and market wilibe ready for the new
shipments, and we hope demand will Improve. The
present narket will warrant the following- quota-
tions: Choice « hite 1-lb. sections, in cases, 13@14c;
fail-, 12@12ysi-; daik. entirely nominal. Choice ex-
tracted, in ill Is. a'. (I keg-s, white, TCgTXc ; fair, 6®
HYiC: dark. :)(<((-.. . B> e>w;ix. 23®25c.

July fi. A. V. Bishop & Co.,

Milwaukee, Wis.

KA^SAS City — J7(;nej/ — The old crop of comb
honey cf 93 is abiiut all cleaned up; a few cases of
new conii) on the market, and selling- at 16c; ihe de-
maud f ir extiacted verj' liglit. Beesivax, 20(g;:;3.
Clemons, Mason ti, Co.,

July 9. Kansas City, Mo.

Albany.— HoHfy.— We have received no new hon-
ey yet, ijui several producers have advised us of
their intentions to forward some in a few days. No
price esiablislnd >"et. Indicai ions are not verj' fa-
voral)k> for a large yield of clover honey in New
York Stall- at present. Chas. McCulloCH,

JulyO. Albany, N. Y.

Dbthoit.— jhf(*iicf/.— No ne-w honey in the market
yet. and but a little of last year's crop. Choice new
comb honey wuuld find a quick sale at 14c. Ex-
tracted, 7@Sc. Beeswax more pletuiful, and prices
lower, now quoted at 25 and 26c. M. H. Hunt.

July 7. Bell Branch, Mich.

Buffalo.— Hcneu. — Very little doing- in honey in
our market at present. Moderate amount of old
on hand, which is moving off very slowly at irregu-
lar prices. Fancy, 12((5l3; choice, lli@ll; common,
8(§)9; to clean up some it has to be sold for less.
Batteuson & Co.,

JulyV. Buffalo, N.Y.

Kansas City.— //oney.— Demand is slow for all
grades and kinds of honey. A few cases of new re-
ceived. The range of prices is 4)^@614c for extract-
ed. Fancy white, 1-lb. comb, 1,5® 16c; amber-, 12@,]3;
dark, 10. Beeswax, 22. HAMBr-iN & Bearss,

July 9. Kansas City, Mo.

30 tested Italian queens, the very
best 3 and 5 banded, at 75c each, by
return maiL

C H. Stewart, Sparta, Tenn.

BUFFALO, N. Y. Unsurpassed Honey Marlet.
BATTERSON & CO. Responsible, Reiiahle,
Commission Merciiants. ,8tr.ib and Prompt.

EDWIN ROBINSON. W. M. GRAY.

ESTABLISHED 1863.

Robinson & Gray,

St/CCE-SSO/?S TO

B. F. Southwick & Co.,
Foreign and Domestic Fruits, Canned Goods.

47 & 13 South Market and 5 & 6 Chatham Streots.

Headquarters for Vermont Shipments

of Wliite=CIover Hooey.

It will be the endeavor of the new firm to meet
the wishes of their patrons in the future as the late
firm has in the past.

Thanking- you for the many past favors received
by the late firm, we hope to be favored with a liberal
share of your patronag-e in the future.

All orders and imiuiries by mail or otherwise will
receive prompt attention. Very respectfully.

Boston. April 3, 1894. ROBINSON & GRAY.

5=Banded Golden Italian Queens.

Untested, e-ich, T.'.c; U for $4 25. Best only. Try
Ihem and be pl.-iised.

Chas. H Thies. Steeleville, Illinois.

By Return Mail. onSH Sre-s*;;;'"

best breeders^yellow to tip. Bees most excellent
workers. Untes < d. 5,5c; 6 for $:^.00: 12 for $5..50.
Tested, $1.00. Mi mated, 3.5c: 3 for $1.00. Safe de-
livery and satisfac-iion s-uarantfcd.

H. Q. QUIRIN, Bellevue, Ohio.

J"|*^ Untested queens from imported Iialian
vUCi mother. W. C. Frazier, Atlantic, Iowa.

MIITH S HONTY
^^^^^^ EXTRACTOR.

Square Glass Honey-Jars,
Tin Buckets, Bee-hives,
Honey Sections, Etc., Etc.
Perfection Cold-blast Smokers.
APPLY TO

CHAS. F. WI'JTH & SON, Cincinnati, 0.

p. S— Send 10-ft uunp for ' PiMcliciil Hints to Bee-tceeper- '

Bia^' and Hybrid Oueens For Sale.

Fortbt^ eiiefit of friends who have black or hybrid queen?
whirh I ey wish to dispose of, we will insurt notices as below,
til St inst-] tion free of chartre. vlter the tirst, 10 cents per line.
We do this lieoause there is hardly value enough in these
queens to pa3' for liuyinp tlutu up and keepini; them in stock,
and yet it i- oftentimes (piite :in aceoiinnodatiun to tliose who
can not afford highfr-piiceil ones.

Extt-a choice young- mismated queens from five-
banded breeder, 25 c Is. each. Pare of them nearly
pure. li. H RoBEV,

Word ling-ton, Mariou.Co., VV. Va.

Black queens for sale at 20c each, or 6 for $100.
Wm. HEYWOpD, Statfofd: Goufisee Co., N. Y,

I have about 60 black and hybrid queens that I
will sell at 15 or 20 cts., according to queens. All
good laying- queens. Safe ;M-r ival guaianteed.

H. C. Mellon, Dixon, Illinois.

Mlsmated daus-hfei's of imporied Carniobms; flue
queens bred this season in full colonies, 40 cts. •each,
3 f or $1. A few hybrids -fineyouno- queens— 25 cts.
eacli. Safe delivery b.N i-eturii mail.

Mus. Frank Hi.n i'on, Charlton Heights, Md.

570

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July 15.

Feeding Back

Honey to secure the completion of unflnshed
sections can be made ^^ery profitable il' rig-litly
managed during the liot weather of July and
Aug-ust. In "ADVANCED BEE CULTURE"
may be found complete instructions rcg-arding'
the selection and preparation of colonies, preparation of the feed, manipulation necessary to secure the
rapid capping of the combs, time for removing the honey, and how to manage if a few sections in a case
are not quite complete; in short, all of tlie " kinljs " that liave been learned from years of experience and
the " feeding hack " of tons of honey.

Price of the book, 50 cts.; the Review one year, and the book, for $1 35; or the Review the remainder
of the year, and the book, for only 76 cts. Stamps taken, either U. S or Canadian.

Q nice tested ones of this year's rearing I can furnish at Sl.OO each, or with the Rfview

Ifl^c^ll^ one ye:ir, for ?! 7.5. Untested queens at 76 cts. each, or one with the Review one year
for $1., 50. Write for prices on larger quantities.

W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint, Mich.

Queens Yellow to the tip o • o

Mated with

• • • Drones Yellow all over.

Queen motliers from an entirely different strain
from the drones, lience a direct cro^s. None liut
selected drones allowed to fly from the most desir-
able colonies. I am 4 or 5 miles from any otlier
Ijees, therefore I can practically control the mating
of my queens. Nine years as a queen specialist,
always taking care to secure direct crosses, liiis
convinced me that the golden Italians have no m-
periors. Queens sent by return mail if requestetl.
Safe arrival guaranteed, and every queen warrant-
ed in every respect. Price 75 u each ; $8 00 per doz.

James Wood, North Prescott, JVIass.

Queens by Return Mail.

AVe can furnish you with hanlv, northern-bred
Gray Carnlolan and Golden Italian Queens, by
return mail.

Untested Queens, each $ .75

Tested " " . 1.50

Don't fail to give the Gray Carniolans a trial;
they will .sitypmc yini. They are the hardiest and
the best of workers, and the uentlest bees in the
world. A full descriptive price list free.

F. A. LOCKHART & CO.,
Lake George, N. Y.

Italian Queens Cheap.

My queens are as good as the best. Untested, 65c
each; 3 for $1.75; 6 for $3.26. Te.sted. *! 3.5. Select
tested, yellow to the tips, breeders, f 1..50. Safe ar-
rival guaranteed. 0. E. DAWSON, CARLISLE, AEK.

I A W/C It''l ans suiely take the lead.
L/\ YY ^ They are now in every State in the
Union and sever;il foreiirn.
countries. Fine breeders a l^va^ s on hand; $2 to
fo eacli; nntested. each, 7.5c; 6 for f4.

Also Apples. Hen Davis. Ark. lUack, Mam. Black
Twig, leading varieties, whole root only; trees, 10c
each; on orders of 100 I pay the frei-'ht.

W. II. I^AWS, Lavaca, Seb. Co., ArU.

IF YOU WANT BEES

That will just "mil" in the honey, try [Tloore's
Mti-aiii «.f It;iliaii8, the result of 15 years'
careful breeding.
Dr. O. S. Brown, Londonderry, O., says:
I bought queens of you in i891. and tliev have shown them-
selves to be of the best for hoiiey-gatliering.

Warranted queens, 80c each ; 3 for $2.00. Tested
queens. $1.00 each. Safe arrival and satisfaction
guaranteed.

Those who have never dealt with me, I refer to
A. I. Root, who hiis purchased of me 666 queens.
Circular free. eitf

J. P. MOORE, Morgan, Pendleton Co., Ky.

PER G£MT PURE

Business Queens.

On account of a few hybrid drones that may be
flying in the air tliis year I will sell my all-golden-io-
tip queens, untested, unwaiTanied. but !im satisfied
90 per cent are purely mated and will produce 4 and
6 1ianded bees, at 50 cts. apiece. t)rder some, test
them, and be c invinced.

WM. A. SELSER, Wyncote, Pa.

Cl^tn rpspotiiltrii,' to this iwlviTi I euu'iii uu'iiiioii •<LliAKlj«<»

FREE— To New Subscribers,
Newman's "Decs and Honey." ^

This book 1 reats of t he mH.nagement "SI
of an apiary for pleasure and profit. ^
Over ','00 p ige-i, and over'iuO illus- >5
trMtions. Tije book for begirtners
or the more advanced. S'-nd $1.00
tor the American Bee Journal 1 x|
year (weekly) and get the book Free. A
The " IJee Journal " has ;J2 p:iges— v]
established in 18tjl. Sample Fkee. A

a Choice of these BEE-BOOKS

i^ " Scientiflc Queen ■ Rearing."

jx' By G. M. Doolittle (portrait shown
\i^ herewith). Tells how the very best
|x Queen-Bees are reaped In aicord
;^ (^ with Nature's way. 17tj pages. $1 00
'^ " fx for this book and "Bee Journal"
J^ one year. Addret-s,

^ GEORGE W.YORK & CO.

IX 56 Fifth Avenue, - CmCACio, Ilu

MONEY RETURNED

to all bnyin- PORTER BEE ESCAPE?

not satisfied afu'i' te.stiii),' tlieni. Pioi.M.iiint
bee-keepers everywhere use and hi.ii;hly recotniiiend thcin as the best. No othiTs received a
World's F;i,if award. Testimonials. "etc.. free. Prices: I'-ach. postiiaid with direct ions. 20 cts.;
ner doz. 3=2 25. Order from your dealer, or the tnnfi-s.. R.<i.i;.C PORTER, lewis rO'ViM. ill.

13 Carloads of Supplies

cheap. If you have (/le //lojicy, also re

our discounts for early orders. In either case you should write us and tell what you will likely
will pay you. W e sell Root's goods at Root's prices, and can save you freight.
The new polished sections and all other late improved goods kept in stock. Tfin TUC IH/CCT
■ I >■ ■•«>■• ■ Send for our large illustrat- rlJn IiIl VVtol.

Joseph Nysewander, Des Moines, la. tS^^^^^^X^^; l^ilLJJl'LJltllL

This is the atnount we have distributed in a single season, of
Foundation, Dov. Hives, Sections, E.xtfactors, etc. Therefore.lf
you have little minicy and want that little to go as far as possible,
remember that we are headquarters in the west for all goods in
our line; by doing So great a volume of business we sell goods
emember you can make it earn a big interest liy availing yourself of

need. It

••fo-BELE.

•ANbHoNE'
•MD HOME,

Vol. XXII.

JULY 15, 1894.

No. 14.

Two M11.T.T0N colonies of bees in Germany,
about one-third with movable combs.

Watching bees working on linden, 1 found
not one in 50 with pollen. Is that usual ?

I HOPE Prof. Cook and those Germans will
3ome to an agreement about honey-dew.

Don't fokget that, independently of any
thing else, we want thick top-bars to make
white sections.

Bee-keepeks' tobacco is one of the special-
ties advertised in German papers. I can't find
it in A. I. Root's catalog.

Sir Benjamin Ward Richardson finds, after
ong experiment and practice, that 64° Fahr. is
the best temperature in which to conduct men-
tal labor.

That golden-queen fad is hard to resist,
the bees look so handsome. I've some beauties
Df Doolittle's stock, but he says they're no bet-
ter than three-banders.

"What proportion of bees less than 16 days
Jld should be in a colony during clover '?" is a
juery in A. B. J. Only lour venture to give a

uess, and they say 20, 50, and 75 per cent.

An international frame " that would be
accepted by all nations "is one of the things
talked about in the foreign bee-journals. I'm
ifraid we'll never reach even a national one in
this country.

Pollen-clogged combs in queenless colo-
aies show how far wrong is the notion that
jueenless bees carry in no pollen. It also shows
tiow large an amount of pollen must be used in
I normal colony.

That Frenchman at Hamilton, III., is still
wailing for an answer to his conundrum, " Why
should a larger hive be used for extracted than
or comb honey?" Can none of us eight-
'ramers answer him ?

For chapped lips, dissolve beeswax in a
small quantity of sweetoil by heating carefully;
apply the salve two or three times a day, and
avoid wetting the lips as much as possible.—
Herald and Presbyter.

Reepen objects to my plan of trying"heredity
from nurse-bees by raising queens from the
same stock in a cross and a gentle colony, that
the influence of the drones would interfere.
You're right, mein Herr.

That picnic on clover that I told about in
last Straws lasted about while I was telling
of it. Now, July, empty combs in all my hives
make me anxiously wonder what price Congress
will make on September sugar.

In an article about bees, in Harper's
Young People, the writer gravely recommends
the use of camphor to keep out moths which
sneak into hives, " just as they sneak into seal-
skin cloaks and woolen garments."

That other Taylor, who runs the private
experiment station in Minnesota, says, in A. B.
J., " What v/e need is not so much an improved
strain of golden Italian bees as an improved
"strain" of practical bee-keepers. [That's
very true. — Ed.]

That stubborn case, in which the queen
stayed 28 days in the upper story without lay-
ing, continued 18 days longer, with the queen
having full run of the hive, but not an egg,
when I found her on the ground, as if having
swarmed, and I killed her.

That vindictive German, Reepen, in Ceri-
tralblntt, replying to the charge of cruelty in
making little children learn such a hard
language as the German, says all the stutterers
in Germany became so by the continued vain
endeavor to sound the English " th."

My .JOKES need labeling sometimes. Speak-
ing of old bee-books, I said none were published
in America before 1492. Now comes a grave
statement in a foreign bee-journal, that the
first bee-book in America was printed in 1492.
1492 isn't so familiar a date across the water as
here.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July 15.

A BEE-SHiKT is a desideratum. Light woolen
is fine to work in, but bees sting it. There
must be no wool, no starch, no dark color, and
no soft or fuzzy surface. Linon would chill.
Some hard preparation of cotton might do.
Here's a field for you, brother Calvert.

Chables Dadant, in Revue, advises against
giving a queen, or brood from which to raise a
queen, to a colony of laying workers, without
first giving a fair proportion of sealed worker
brood. After this hatches, these young bees
will be ready to receive or raise a queen.

Removing wax or bee-glue from clothes.
" Chill the wax that is in the clothes, in ice-cold
water; and while the clothes are in the very
cold water, the wax or glue will crumble out
clean if the wax spots are rubbed or washed
while in the water."— 11^. McEvoy, in A. B. J.

ScHACHiNGEK says his investigations show
that, In a good harvest, for every pound stored
by a colony of 20,000 bees, a colony of 30,000 will
store 3 lbs.; one of 40.000,8 lbs.; and one of
50,000, 12 lbs. According to that, one should
aim to have strong colonies rather than many.
A SAMPLE of the hardened, impregnated
paper queen-excluder is received from Robert
Nitzsche, Germany. It looks nice, lacks the
sharp edge of the zinc, and, although one would
suppose the bees would gnaw it. he says it has
remained perfect after a test of four years. But
it costs twice as much as zinc.

Water FOR BEES. Take a Hve-galloii crock,
or other vessel: lay a piece of burhip over it;
take two or three pieces of rotten wood, 6 to 12
inches longer than the depth of the vessel, and
push the burlap to the bottom with them; fill
up with water and throw in a handful of salt;
and if started in time your bees will not bother
the horse- trough.

GETTING THE HONEY CROP WITH 8 OR 10
FRAMES.

THK ADVANTAGES OF A LAK(iER HIVE.

By C. A. Hatch.

In Gleanings for June 15 the secretary of
our State Association, Harry Lathrop, gives
his reason for preferring 8 frames instead of 10,
because he thinks he can gather the crop of his
field in that hive better than otherwise. Singu-
la»' as it may appear, I know of no better I'ea-
son why he should use the t(>n-frarae. He
closes by asking what I would think of that
phase of the question.

If I did not know Mr. Liitlirop: and also know
that he is one of the best honey-producers of

our State, I would haidly spend time to write-
anotlier article on the hive question; but when
one who makes a success of keeping bees comes-
to a different conclusion than another equally
successful, it either shows that he is wrong in
some of his conclusions or that the skill of both
is what brings success, rather than the hive
they use. I am inclined to the opinion that a
good bee-master would succeed with either S-
or 10 frame hives, other things being equal.
But the amount of honey secured, and the
amount of labor expended to secure it, after all,
is the point.

The product of a given field is such an un-
certain quantity that what would require 100
colonies to gather this year might let 50 starve
so the only true way is for one to get as good a
field as he can, and then manage to have as
large a working force in the field as he can
manage.

Bro. L. says. " Why is it not as well to work
1.50 colonies in 8 frames as to work 125 in IC
frames?" Which will swarm the most, Bro
L.? Does not every swarm make work ? Is i1
not true, that the longer you can keep a colonj
from swarming, up to, say, the beginning o:
basswood bloom, the larger swarms you get
and the more honey, of course? for, more bee;
more workers, more workers more honey,
think no one will dispute the fact that th<
small hive will swarm first, and keep at i
longest.

So far as caring for an eight or ten fram
hive, I could never discover any practical dif
ference. If a little ingenuity is used, there i
but little lilting of full hives to do; so, in add
iiig 25 colonies to your apiary you have adde
one-sixth to the labor of swarming-time, put
ting on sections, etc., while you hav not in
creased your working force at all.

Let us suppose a case. Suppose your fiel
will afford pasturage for 100 colonics in K
frame hives. In the spring you set ihem on
and all are strong enough to occupy the whol
hive, without any division-board or tucUing u
with the quilt. All there will be to do to thei
until about June 10, in our latitude, will be t
clip the queens' and see that there is plenty (
honey in the hive. At the date named abov
swarming will begin; each hive will have
frames full of brood, and plenty of young bee
But how would it be with eight-frame hives
You start with 100 in the same condition, an
at swarming time you will have, instead of
frames full of brood to the hive, only six frame
or a loss of 25 per cent, or 200 frames on tl
whole lot. which will require 33 eiglit-fran
hives to make equal. But. you say, when tl
eight-frame hive needs more room, put anoth*
story on top. and have a two-story broo(
nest. Does not that take time and work? an
can you get the queen to go upstairs over to]
bar. bee-space, and bottom-bar, and yet ket
brood in both hives? If you can, you a

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

573

one trick ahead of me, for I can not. It
is no trick to get lier to go up; but how is it
about coming down? How much real gain
have you made by having the lower hive de-
serted ?

I think one of the greatest failures of the
Heddon hive is this very trouble. In theory,
the small brood-nest to begin with was nice;
but after a three-years' trial the bees continued
to say, " No, we will not,"' and I had to give
them up.

If the above has not convinced Bro. Lathrop,
let him get .")() ten-frame hives, and set them
alongside of .50 of his eight,-frame hives, and
see which takes ihe most time to do all neces-
sary work, and which will give most honey.

Now for your footnote argument. The first
paragraph, and part of the second, about lift-
ing hives and enlarging by tiering up, have
been answered; but as to cost, that is a small
item when we think that a hive will last a
lifetime with proper care; and suppose they do
cost 10 cts. more each; if tliey are better, is not
the money well spent? Economy is not in sav-
ing, but in using well what we have.

The next paragraph, about a ten-frame being
too small for a large colony and too large for a
small one, I do not agree with. We are talking
about the best hive for the brood-nest, and, of
course, a large colony must have surplus I'oom
according to its strength; and if ray queens
keep eight frames full of brood all the time, I
call thera "boomers." Wouldn't you ?

You say bees will fill out sections better di-
rectly over the brood than anywhere else, and
that Italians are apt to store honey in the two
outside frames. Admitted. But will not the
same management that gets brood on the two
outside frames in the eight-frame work as well
in the ten-frame? Are not bees apt to fill, or
leave it if already full, one comb on each side,
just as much in an eight-frame as in a ton-
frame? But if left to themselves to build
their brood-nest, just as the mother-bee wants
it, will you not have eight frames in one hive
against six in the other? and is there not one-
third more brood surface to put sections directly
over than in the other?

I do not know whether I get your real mean-
ing in the next to the last point you make,
about the eight-frame being nearer to the
standard. If you mean by "standard" that
more of them are in use, or| that you sell more
of them, that proves nothing; bocause the
average man would take your word for it, and
not try to prove for himself whether you were
right or not. On this basis, the Simplicity was
at one time the standard, and hence, by this
line of argument, the bi-st. This yon will hard-
ly admit. I think. I believe this question is one
of economy of management rather more than
increase of pfodiiciion.

Ithaca. Wis., June :.'">.

[You are quite right, friend II., in the opin-
ion that a good bee-master would succeed with
either eight or ten-frame hives, other things be-
ing equal; but (/ there isadifference. that same
bee-master would succeed better with one than
with the other, and it is important to know
which is better.

In your supposed case of 100 colonies, you as-
sume that there would be eight frames of brood
in a t(>n-frame hive, and six in the eight.
While we do not Tnean to disf)ute this, we
simp'vask. Is it true? We have just run across
a numHi'r of our colonies in eight-frame hives,
especiallv at our out-yard, among the bass-
woods. th-it have brood in all of the eight
frames. N"\v. we used to run an apiary of ten-
frame hives, and. so far as we can remember,
we do not think we then secured more brood in
the ten-frame than we now do in the eight-
frame hive. But there may be a difference in
localities, and a ditference in bees, and perhaps
a dift'orence in men in the way they look at the
brood -nest.

Now in rpgard to getting the queens to go
upstairs. We have experienced no difficulty if
we drew one frame of brood out of the lower
story and put it above witli o*^^her combs. We
have just been handling, personally, the colo-
nies in our basswood yards. Some of them
have brood in both stories of the eight-frame
liive — yes, as many as 12 to 15 in some cases.

Yes. WB think a ten-frame hive is too small
for a large colony, and too large for a small
one: but it is seldom that wp have a colony
that neods more than IG frames of capacity
room. During a large part of the year, it may
be easily accommodated in one story of eight
frames. In mostof the apiaries we have visited,
whore ten-frame hiv s wero used, we found
a two-inch division board used, not only c?ur-
inq the honey season, but before and after it.
The two-inch division-board is put in so the
boes wouldn't put any surplus below, for eight
frames are enouffh for brood; and, as you say,
when thev are all full of brood the colony is a
boomer. Now. then, when the honey comes in,
it has got to go above — that is. the surplus goes
where we want it. Toward fall we find in
these same apiaries the colonies still on eight
frames, and sometimes less, to conserve the
heat — that is, to give the bees just room enough
without being crowded; and in winter it is
certainly an advantasre to have the brood-nest
no larger than is absolutely necessary. Our
colonies can always be accommodated in win-
tor on eiffht frames, and sometimes on six.
This was true when we were using exclusively
ten-frame hives in our apiary; and even now,
when we are usinsr the eight-frame exclusively,
the same condition sc^ems to exist. Yes. the
hoes do fill otit sections better directly over the
brood; but when we used ten-frame hives and
ten-frame supers, at least one outside row of
soctions was viehind the other rows; and before
w^ adopted the eight-frame hive we put in the
'division-boards and secured better results in
H'lins out sections, using eight-frame supers.
Tho point is here : The ten-frame hives,
so far as we have observed in the apiaries
we have visited, are apt to have two-inch
division-boards in a greater part of the year.
Here is a waste in having the hive too large,
and in the cost of the extra thick division-
board to reduce it down asrain to eight frames.
Tf this capacity is large enough, why not, wlien
we are startins anew, use the smaller hive?

You will nunember that we once used and
strenuously recommended the ten-frame hive;
but the pressure soomed to be so great that we
adopted the eisrht frame. Formerly, with us,
the ten-frame so.omed to be the standard, and
now the eight-frame is; and why? \Ve will

574

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July 15.

admit that one of the reasons is because we
recommended it, and that the majoiiiy do as
we indicate; but in turn we are intluenced by
the preferences of some of the best and most
successful bee-l<eepers for the eight-frame, and
we decided it was better to follow their advice.
Now, we are not prejudiced in favor of one
hive over the other. We desire to be on the
right side, or, more strictly speaking, to rec-
ommend that hive which will suit best the
needs of the mass of bee-keepers with whom we
deal. It is a fact, and we presume it is true
that our customers will follow largely our
recommendation ; and the reponsibility is a
great one, and we therefore desire to view the
matter as candidly and fairly as possible. — Ed.]

EGGS.

DO BEES TRANSPORT THEM ? AN INTERESTING
CA.SE.

By J. A. Golden.

I notice in Gleaning.s, page 50(5, that Willie
Atchley makes an attack on Rambler as well as
on all who advocate the theory that bees do
carry eggs and deposit them in cells for the pur-
pose of rearing queens; and in his argument,
with his close observation, he gives quite a con-
vincing proof that his theory can not be suc-
cessfully disputed; but after he has heard from
quite a number of close observers of bees, who
have observed their peculiar freaks, he perhaps
may come to the conclusion that he is wrong in
speaking with such strong language as he does
when he says that bees never carry eggs from
one cell to another, nor to any part of the hive,
nor anywhere else, for that matter, and depC"!!,
in view of rearing a queen; and to satisfy Wil-
lie that he makes a mistate we will call his at-
tention to this one case:

Three years ago I had two colonies of black
bees. I was introducing Italian queens, having
at the same time a queenless Italian colony
badly infested with fertile workers, which killed
two queens as soon as they liberated them from
the cages. So I concluded I would cage one of
the black queens taken from one that I wa< in-
troducing an Italian queen to, and hang it in
the hive two or three days, and then see if I
could introduce her to the fertile-worker colo-
ny. Having made a hole in the wire cloth over
the cage, so a worker-bee could get in. I sus-
pendi'd the cage between two frames, and cov-
ered the hive up. Some ten or twelve'days aft-
erward Mr. C. C. Eddy called to see me, and we
went into the bee-house. The thought sudden-
ly occurred to me in regard to the queen that
was suspended in the fertile-worker colony,
having entirely forgotten the matter. We then
opened the hive, and, what do you suppose we
found ? Well, Willie, we found two patches of
brood and eggs around that queen-cage, nearly
as large as one's hand, and two queen-cells
nearly ready to cap over; and, on examination,
lots of eggs were observed around the inside of
the cage. The queen was three years old, and
was killed, and queen-cells destroyed, and an

Italian queen introduced and accepted. In due
time the brood hatched that was thus reared,
and were the regular native (or German) bee,
tlie same as the queen. Then when the eggs
from the queen introduced hatched, they proved
to be satisfactorily ihree-banded.

Now, Willie Atchley, please tell us where
those eggs came from, if the bees did not carry
them from the caged queen and place them in
those cells, as above stated. J. A. Golden.

Reinersville, O., June 25.

[If we remember correctly, there have been
reports in Gleanings, saying that bees do ac-
tually move eggs from one part of the hive to
another, and a large amount of circumstantial
evidence to the eft'ect that bees at times, when
queenless. and reduced to the last extremity,
will steal an egg from another colony, with
vvhich to rear a queen; but we do not remem-
ber that we have ever had a report before,
where a queen deposited eggs anywhere else
than in cells of comb. We have sometimes seen
eggs drop from a queen in the height of her
laying season, as she walked over the combs;
we have also seen bees pick them up; but what
they did with them, we do not know. We
shall be glad to receive reports from others,
especially on this point as to whethei- bees will
at times take eggs and put them into queen-
cells. The theory that Willie Atchley advanc-
es may account for some of the phenomena
noticed in the hive; but we do not believe we
can safely say yet that bees do not actually
take the eggs and deposit them in cells under
circumstances, at times, that may seem extra-
ordinary.—Ed.]

^ I ^

THE TARIFF.

WHY THERE SHOULD BE A PROTECTIVE DUT^
ON honey; A STRONG ARTICLE.

By H. F. Moore.

lean not forbear replying to the free-tradt
doctrine advanced by friend W. G. Hewes, or
page .505. of June 15th issue of GLEANi>fGs.
have a most friendly feeling toward all reader;
of Gleanings, and I can not bear to think sue!
ideas should go unchallenged to your 50.00(
ri'aders, many of whom may have no opportu
nity to investigate the matter for themselves.

Friend Hewes takes issue with Mr. Elwoot
in his attack on the proposed reduction of dutj
on honey by the Wilson bill. He says the Cali
fornia prices are governed entirely by the goot
or poor crop in California. As a matter of fact
doesn't Mr. Hewes know that carloads anc
carloads of California honey are shipped U
Chicago, Indianapolis, New York, and othej
cities east? that the price the first carloac
brings furnishes a standard of valuation for th<
next ten carloads furnished"? Does frien(
Hewes know that tons of cheap honey are use(
in Mansfield, Cleveland, and Cincinnati, O., ii
cake-baking? In all these cities in the manu
facture of tobacco? and in Chicago in makinf
bedbug poison? It is well known to all well
informed people that the larger part of thi
value of any given article is composed of wage
of the labor that produced it. This is no les

1S94

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

575

triio of honey than any otlicr product of the
United States. This being true, what protec-
tion have we against the products of nations
where labor receives one-half to two-thirds the
wages paid for similar work in the United
States'? I say we have no protection but the
tariff of 20 cents which the IMcKinley law levies
on every gallon of honey brought over the
border. Friend Ilewes laughs at the idea that
there is lots of honey waiting to be dumped
upon our helpless bee keepers. But this is
nevertheless a fact: Cuba can produce 4 gal-
lons of honey at the cost of one gallon in the
United States, both by reason of more favorable
climate, and cheap and even slave labor; and
even now, with 20 cts. a gallon duty, she sends
shiploads of honey to our shores. In proof of
these ubseivatioiis. let me remind you that, in
the tiscal Y^ar ending June 30. 18'.)4, 97,70(5.29
gallons of honey were imported into the United
States. This honey was valued at §13..590.85, or
4.") CIS. a gallon; add to this a duty of 20 cts. per
gallon, and you have a price of 65 cts. per gal-
lon set you hy foreigners for your honey,
whether you have large or small crops of it in
California. Here, under the McKinhy law,
you see only ►SG3, 133. 10 taken from the laborers
and bee-keepers of our country. This is but a
smull sum to be lost by the large number of
bee-keepers in America: but suppose this duty
of 20 cts. a gallon were reduced to 10 cts. a gal-
lon, as proposed by the Wilson bill; does any
Ottv doubt that the importation of honey would
be increased ten times during the following
12 months, and the loss to American bee-keepers
be half a million dollars yearly? Let us look
thesi' things in the face squarely, and not be
blinded to the facts.

The small number of Americans raising hon-
ey on Mexican soil is not to be considered or
weighed against the large number of resident
citizens of the United States who would be in-
jured irreparably by free trade.

Friend Hewes says that "when any country
produces a large surplus, England and not New
York is its destination." Let us examine the
facts. The New York Tribune is authoiity for
the statement that " the railroads of the United
States in 1889 carried $13,930,587,840 worth of
freight, not mentioning that carried by water.
More than 92 per cent of this was consumed in
the I'nited States." The total vaiue of the
imports of Great Britain and 33 other leading
nations was only §6,0.50,468,409, or less than
half the value of the freight carried on our
own railroads. The leaders in Parliament
have recognized this as a fact, that our market,
the United States, is the best in the world. Mr.
Edward Atkinson, the eminent statistician, in
1890 published figures and tables in Bradstreet's,
which show that, while our home trade
amounts to .50,000.000,000 annually, our foreign
trade amounts to only 1,600,(X)0,0(X), or less than
3J^ per cent of our home trade. Our Newhall

friend seems to lose sight of the main question
in his discussion of free trade. The burning
question of the day is the same as it has been
for the last hundred years; viz., shall Ameri-
can manufactures prosper under protection, or
be destroyed under free trade ? for this is the
declared policy of Great Britain toward our
country, Lord Brougham declaring, in the
House of Commons, in 1816, "It is well worth
while to stifle in the cradle those infant manu-
factures in the United States which the war
has forced into existence, though we may incur
a heavy loss on our first exportations in the
effort so to do." In pursuance of this policy,
England has poured goods into our markets far
below cost; bought and slaughtered great
numbers of sheep; bought our best machinery
and shipped it off to England; hired our best
mechanics, to get them away from us, solely to
hinder and destroy our existing and prospective
manufactures.

Friend Hewes arraigns our manufacturers be-
cause, forsooth, he is taxed to support them.
How contrary this assertion is to the facts!
Free-traders have been using this same phrase
for a hundred years— "The tariff is a lax, and
is paid by the consumer." Under free trade,
steel cost us fl07 a ton. Then when a duty of
^J8.00 a ton was imposed in 1870, according to
our free- trade friends the price should have
been $135 a ton. But as a matter of fact the
price has constantly declined to $30 a ton, or
even less. Take the case of steel nails. In 1883
we manufactured very few steel nails, duty 1
ct. a pound; price 8X cts., all imported. In
1883, duty increased to 4 cts. a pound; price
should be 8X plus 3 =11X cts. a pound, according
to our free- trade friends. As a matter of fact,
the price declined to less than 2 cts. a pound,
and in 1890 we produced 3,900,000 kegs. Wili
friend Hewes tell us what manufacturer he
was taxed to support when he paid 2 cts. to 3
cts. a pound for steel nails, even in small lots,
when, under free trade in 1882, the price'was
8X cts. a pound ?

The English price of calico is 5 to 7 cts. a
yard. The duty is 100 per cent. According to
the free-trade theorists, the cost to the Ameri-
can consumer should be 10 to 14 cts. a yard;
but it is only 5 to 7 cts. a yard here to the con-
sumer, and sometimes less.

Similar illustrations almost innumerable
might be given; but. enough. Many leaders
may desire to know why these things are so.
The principal reasons are as follows:

First, our American market is the largest
and the most diver.-ified of any on earth, and it
is the market the nations of the earth seek to
obtain and control.

Second, under free trade, American capital
fears to invest in great enterprises, employing
thousands of men and paying tens of thousands
of dollars in wages, in view of the fact that
foreign manufacturers will spend dollars like

576

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July 15.

water for the express purpose of destroying
American enterprises; for they have done so in
the past, and such is their publicly avowed
policy toward our country.

But, you say, if the British factories reduce
their prices, will not the American consumer
be benefited? No. for two reasons. 1. The
reduction is only temporary, until American
enterprise is out of the way, when steel, for
in'itance, will go up to f 107 a ton as before, in-
stead of $30, as under protection; 3. The price
we pay for articles of consumption is a small
matter compared to the importance of steady
work for our people at fair wages.

Let me ask friend Hewes why such wide-
spread paralysis of trade, manufactures, and
business occurs in 1894. It is because the /?-cc-
trade party is in power. It is because the peo-
ple know their record; it is because American
manufacturers, fearing free-trade measures
will be enacted by the party now in power,
refuse to run their mills, and put out the fires
in their furnaces all over our land; it is because
our people know that the result of free trade
would be to flood our country with the products
of foreign labor: a suspension of our own man-
ufactures of all kinds; a gradual loss of our
specie, sent to other countries to pay for these
foreign goods; a necessary stoppage of most of
our business for want of circulating medium;
idleness of laborers and artisans; universal
debt: depreciation of real-estate values; in-
ability on the part of nearly everybody to pay
their debts. These results are not mere theo-
ries of a diseased imagination— far from it.
They are the teachings of history. Witness
tbs first free-trade period— that preceding the
adoption of the Constitution, when, during
1771. our imports exceeded our exports by
13,7!>0,000— an enormous sum in those days.

Witness the second free- trade period— 1816-
1824, of which Horace Greeley said, "Our manu-
factures went down like grass before the mow-
er, and our agriculture and labor speedily fol-
lowed; financial prostration was general, and
debt universal."

Witness the third free- trade period, 1833 to
1843, during which money was so scarce that,
in some parts of Pennsylvania, people divided
bank notes into halves, quarters, eighths, etc.,
from necessity, and goods sold at sheriff's sale
for cents, that were worth dollars.

Witness the fourth free-trade period— 1846 to
1861, against which legislation the great Daniel
Webster made one of his greatest speeches,
running through three days— July 25 to 28, 1846,
and said, " You indulge in the luxury of taxing
the poor man and the laborer! That is the
whole tendency, the whole character, the whole
effect of the bill. It is not a bill for the people
or the masses! It is a bill for the relief of the
wealthy classes, and takes away the means of
living from labor everywhere." TheNeiv York
Tribune reports that, in January, 18.55, thou-

sands of people in New York depended on
charity and soup-houses."

Look at the sum of fifteen hundred million
dollars that was paid to labor in 12 years, 1878
to 18t>0, in the steel industry alone, under pro-
tection; look at the wonderful prosperity of
our country from 18(51 to ISUl- the growth of
our manufactures — the hundreds of millions of
money during these 30 years, paid our work-
men, and then say, if you dare, in the light of
history, in the pressure of such facts, that free
trade is good for our country.

Chicago, 111.

BAUBLE 112.

HOME APIARIES.

By Rambler.

In past rambles I have intimated that the
home apiary, even here in California, was more
attractive, oftener visited by the apiarist, and
kept in better condition generally, than the
apiary in the distant foot-hills. There are ex-
ceptions to the rule, however; and many times
the out-apiary is nicely arranged, pleasant to
look upon, and it is a pleasure to work therein,
while not a few of those near the dwelling
have as ragged an appearance as the most
forlorn specimen in the foot-hills; and I find it
makes but little difference where the apiary is
located; for if the owner is an enthusiast at
his calling, his apiary is always in a neat con-
dition; but if the bees are looked upon as so
many factors of the almighty dollar, and are
only hastily visited in order to rob them of
their surplus stores, the apiary is liable to be
grossly neglected, even if located near the
owner's doorstep.

It happens sometimes that the enthusiastic
bee-keeper gets deep into the fruit-growing
industry, and this encroaches so much upon
his time that the bees are neglected; and if
they do not succumb to natural causes, they are
finally sold. The cultivation of fruits also
gives employment all the year round. These
little farms are seldom less than five acres in
extent, and usually not larger than twenty;
but occasionally they are found containing a
hundred acres or over, and the work upon them
requires a large number of workers, both old
and young, male and female.

The would-be fruit-rancher comes to grief
many times through the purchase of his little
upon the credit sytem. While the little trees
are slowly growing toward maturity the inter-
est is also eating into the resources of the pur-
chaser; and, without capital to tide over until
the trees begin to bear, the purchaser may lose
a few years of toil and some of his precious
hard-sought earnings. The fruit-grower suit-
ably situated can keep bees and grow small
fruits, which, with ordinary seasons, give an
income from the siart, and have in many cases

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

577

578

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July J 5.

APIARY OF MR. WILLIAMSON, OF RIALTO, CAL., UNDER ENGLISH -WALNUT TREES.

tided the fruit-grower over many hard corner?.
The loss sustained by many making purchases
without sufficient capital, or a business to back
them up. has led many to remark, with bitter-
ness, that California is no place for a poor man.
Still, there is now and then a poor man here,
and there are perhaps a few poor bee-keepers;
and the chances for the latter for a good start
are better than for the poor man who invests
simply in a fruit-ranch. The bee-keeper is
reasonably sure of returns from his bees at
least three years in five, with at least one heavy
yield in that time.

To give your readers an idea of an embryo
California fruit-ranch I obtained a photo of

over 100 acres of fruits recently planted— peach,
apricot, grapes, almonds, and oranges, owned
by Mr. Walter Choate, of Bloomington. Cal.
For the first few years constant tillage is re-
quired; and in due course of time the beautiful
orchards will cover the whole area. Mr.
Choate. as will be seen in the foreground, wise-
ly continues bee culture with the fruit; besides
which he is purchasing agent for the Cutting
Fruit-cannery, of Colton and San Francisco.
Mr. Choate has a very convenient honey-house,
and is somewhat in advance of his neighbors in
having an air-tight room in the honey-house,
in which to store extracting-combs, and where
they can be sulphured. The absence of this

RIVERSIDE AND ITS ORANGE-GROVES.

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

579

convenience in many other apiaries results in
the destruction of many valuable extracting-
combs by tlie moth-miller, in this semi-tropical
climate.

Another very important element toward suc-
cess that Mr. Choate has added to his home
since the Rambler tirst knew him is a helpmeet;
and very recently a baby's vocal powers re-
sound under the thrifty-growing eucalyptus
and pepper trees that are seen around the cot-
tage and out-buildings. Mr. Cox. who manip-
ulates the team, is also quite expert at the bees;
and when the multitude of cares engross the
thoughts and time of the owner of the ranch,
Mr. Cox is a nevpr-failing remedy.

Another very cosy home apiary is owned by
Mr. Williamson, in the adjoining town of
Rialto. The English walnut is a tree of noble
habit, and the broad-spreading branches of a
large orchard of them make a delightful place
for an apiary— shady for the bees, and for the
highest comfort of the aciarist during the hot
months of his work. Mr. W. believes in paint-
ing his hives in "nearly all the hues of the
rainbow; for what reason, he said not; but it
is to be supposed for the proper guidance of the
bees or the young queen to the proper domicile.
Mr. W. keeps the weeds and grass down to
proper length in his apiary by pasturing in it
his all-work horse. When asked if his horse
ever got stung, he smiled audibly, and remark-
ed, " Laws sakes alive! More thnn forty bees
sting him at once; but he kicks and rolls, and
gets rid of them, making things lively for the
time being." From the way many of the
supers fitted upon the brood-chambers, one
might .iudge that the horse went around and
kicked a great many hives. Mr. W. rented his
apiary for this season to Mr. M. E. Osborn, of
Petersboro, N. H. He put things to rights, and
did much work through the early months of
the season; but when the prospects shut down
with such a gloomy aspect, Mr. O. folded his
best clothes in his trunk, and returned to the
cold hard climate of New Hampshire. Mr.
Osborn. however, had other views concerning
New Hampshire and California. The cool
nights chilled Mr. O. to such an extent that he
often remarked that he was going to leave
semi-tropical California to get warm in old
New Hampshire; but it will not be strange to
see Mr. O. and his family residents of Califor-
nia ere many years go by.

Home apiaries have been on the increase
among the orange-groves of beautiful Riverside.
The poor prospects in the surrounding foot-
hills have caused the owners of apiaries to
move them to their own vine and orange-tree,
and, as a consequence, one might suppose that
the pasturage spread by orange-trees would be
overdone, and probably was: for the very best
colonies secured only one or two cases of honey,
where several should have been secured. Thus
bee-keeping is having its ups and downs in

this State, as well as in others. All is not gold
that glitters in the sand-hill; and though Cal-
ifornia can not be strictly in for a yield of honey
this year, we have still strong hopes for the
future of the industry here. Having a poor
season to contend with, and time to look around
for bettor fields, the Rambler and Mr. Wilder,
at this writing, are setting out upon a trip of
over a thousand miles. Tiiis will be performed
in a camping-outfit, with camera, pencil, and
gun. The results will be duly recorded by the-

Ramhler.

^ I ^

CHEERING NEWS FROM CALIFORNIA.

BEES AND FRUIT— NO FURTHER TROUBLE.
By J. P. M-ael.

Friend Root:— Prof. Cook, in a late number,
asked the opinion of experienced bee-keepers
as to the advisability of producing comb or ex-
tracted honey. He is evidently on the extract-
ed side of the fence, for he speaks of the danger
of shipping the comb and its liability to break
down. I have been producing comb honey
here for twelve years. I have never shipped
any east. I let others take the risk of that. I
never have produced a crop that I did not get
ready sale for at fair prices— cash down. Don't
be afraid to produce nice comb honey — it is
always cash.

A producer in a black-sage country should
by all means produce comb honey, provided he
does not have too far to haul it in a wagon. He
should do this, because all black-sage honey is
white. Where his flora is mixed he can make
no pure white honey, therefore he should ex-
tract.

Prof. Cook is going to be a power for good in
California. Already he has begun to establish
an influence over the fruit-producers. But
fruit-men are getting their eyes opened— open-
ed by sad experience. Negotiations are now go-
ing on in a certain section of Fresno Co., to
plant 1000 acres of black sage. This will be
done by a company, or combination, of large
fruit- producers. This sage will be scattered
along the foothills — about 100 acres in a patch —
five miles apart. Thus you see its benefits will
reach a great many orchards, which in turn
will payback in nectar for the labor of the
bees. These tracks of black sage will be irri-
gated and will yield floods of honey every year.

" How can we manage our bees so that our
neighbors may not be harmed or even annoy-
ed? " asks Prof Cook. The question, plainly
stated, is. " How can the fruit-men dry their
fruit and raisins without annoyance from the
bees? " It is very simple. Let them cover their
fruit tvith ehecsc-cloth. Fruit will dry in half
the time that it will uncovered, and it will be
much brighter in color, and much sweeter. It
is being so long exposed to the sun and air
that turns fruit so dark in color. It will pay

580

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

JuiA' 15.

the fruit-grower to dry under cheese-cloth, if
there were not a bee within a thousand miles of
him. As a protection against the bees, it is a
complete success. Raisin-trays are 2x3 feet.
Run them end to end, and they make a row 3
feet wide. Your cheese-cloth is 3 feet wide,
and you have plenty to tuck under each side of
the trays. Woe unto the bee or yellow-jacket
that gets under that cloth! It dies within
three minutes. This is after the honey season,
and does not injure the bee-keepers.

FRIEND HEWES CORRECTED.

I was astonished at the statement of average
yields of honey, made by friend Hewes, on page
374. He gives 3.5 lbs. as an average yield in
this State. Why, friend Hewes, in 1884 I got
nearly 19 years of your average yields from
each hive — see Gleanings for 1884. There
have been several good seasons since, so that I
have got about 3.5 years of your average yields
in the 12 years that I have been at the business
here. If friend Hewes is entirely too low, the
others are wild the other way. I should say
100 comb and 1.50 lbs. extracted is not very
wide of the mark. There is only one thing I
have against Bro. Hewes. He did not explain
what he meant by a " tenderfoot." Some of
our eastern friends might think it a reflection
on his moral or intellectual character. But it is
nothing of the kind. We only mean that he
doesn't know any thing. I know many kind-
hearted men who keep their cattle in pens of .50
to 500 acres, for fear they might mistake a
tenderfoot coming along the road for a bundle
of green hay.

Escondido, Cal., June 11.

QUEENS CRAMPING.

NOT DUE TO THE CATCHING OF THE FEP^T.

By Wm. Muth-Rasnni!^>ieH .

As this subject is under discussion I will re-
late a case that came under my observation
last year, and which was much more severe
than any other I have ever heard or read about.

About July 1st A. I. Root mailed me a select
tested Italian queen. She arrived late on the
following Friday evening. I did not open the
cage that night, but put a few drops of honey
and water on the wire cloth, so that the bees
could help themselves; and as a precaution
against ants I placed the cage on a saucer in-
verted on a plate tilled with water. Early the
next morning I again fed the bees with honey
and water, and after breakfast I opened the
cage. As soon as liberated, the queen flew in
front of a screen door, showing that she was
all right. I then clipped her in the usual man-
ner, and as I have practiced clipping for years.
I am certain that I did not injure her. I placed
her back on the door-screen, and, while I was
laying the scissors away and reaching for the
cage on an adjoining table, she dropped to the

floor. thought it only a mishap, and, putting
her into the cage without any bees, I started
for the hive prepared for her. I had gone only
a few steps, however, when I saw her tumble
over, like a drunken man. Returning to the
house to ascertain what the trouble was, I
dropped her out in my hand, where she lay on
her back, pawing the air vpith all six legs, and
frequently doubling herself up. I looked par-
ticularly to see if any of her feet were fast any-
where, but they were all free. At times she
would lie quite still, as if dead, and then start
in kicking again, all the time lying on her back
or side. Most of the accompanying bees had
escaped when I opened the door; but, two had
flown 10 the window. I put these into the cage
with the queen, in the hope that they might
help her. She lay thus from breakfast time till
4 o'clock in the afternoon, when she commenced
to straighten out a little. At 5 o'clock she was
able to stand up, but could move only with
difficulty, frequently falling down. Next (Sun-
day) morning she was running around in the
cage, as lively as ever. I then introduced her
to the colony prepared for her, and did not
disturb them for two or three days, when I
found her liberated and laying.

On the doorsill, to which the queen dropped,
was a little insect powder (buhach), which had
been sprinkled there a couple of day* before to
kill ants that were coming into the house. I
presume the queen got the cramps while she
was on the door-screen, and that this caused
her to lose her foothold. Whether the insect-
powder had any effect on her or not is an un-
s^l"ved~quesTion. It generally loses its strength
soon after being exposed to the air. and in this
case had been lying there and tramped over
for a couple of days.

Fearing that the queen might not live, and
desiring to replace a lot of old queens, I sent
immediately for another, which came in due
time, and was clipped and introduced without
any mishap. I reared over forty young queens
from these two. the same summer, and both
are to-day mothers of prosperous colonies.

KOBBER-TRAP.

I was one of those who wrote to friend
Mclntyre about his robber-trap. He kindly
gave me by letter a brief description. To avoid
boring holes in any of my hives I made a little
alteration in the arrangement. A triangular
piece of wire cloth, about 11 inches long on
each side, was folded in such a way as to make
a shallow triangular box, % inch deep, having
two of the sides provided with ?A-inch-wide
flanges, turned out at right angles to the sides.
The third side is open; but a similar flange is
turned out from the bottom edge of the box.
This wire-cloth box I placed upside down in an
empty hive with fast bottom. The open side
covered the entrance, which is six inches wide
in my hives, and the three flanges were fasten-

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

581

ed with tacks to the bottom -board and to the
front of thn liive, over the entrance. In the
corner of the box. opposite the (Mitranee, I made
an opening for the robbers to pass through.
Tlie cover was made similar to Mclntyre's,
except that I hinged it at one side and secured
it with a hool< at the opposite side. I used un-
finished sections from last year as bait. The
trap worked all right.
Iiulp[)i>ndence. Cal.

A KILLING HOT WAVE.

»1KS. ATCHLF.Y LOSES NEARLY A1,L HER NUCLEI.
Jiy Jennir Atthlcy.

Dear Mr. Root:— I have just finished reading
(4r.EAXiN(js for July I ; and after reading your
talk about the condition of the country to sev-
eral persons they exclaimed that we Tieeded a
whole lot more of such men as A. I. Root.

Now I have something sad to report to you.
We have lost nearly all our nuclei, and came
very near losing our lives. It turned so hot last
Monday, the 3d, about 11 o'clock, that water
came very near the boiling-point in the shade.
Our bees were cooked, just as if the hives had
been on fire. All the strong colonies were un-
injured; but the largest part of our nuclei were
badly damaged or killed outright. Shade made
no difference. The more the wind blew, the
hotter it was. The thermometer registered 114°
in the coolest place about the house. Chairs
and all the furniture, and, in fact, every thing,
would burn to touch it. From noon till mid-
night we had to keep the hose running, spray-
ing the house, beds, and furniture, and con-
stnntly giving water to the children and family,
to keep down suffocation. There was no place
to seek refuge from the heat. We did not know
the extent of damage to onr bees till all out-
yards had been visited. The bees were burned ,
and as brittle as could be; the honey boiled, and
the combs melted. The wax and honey, with
the bees, were on the bottom-boards. This, I
know, seems fishy; but it is all true. See this
clipping from the Beeville Bee:

Monday was, perhaps, the hottest day Te.\as has
experienced — at least for several decades, and Bee-
ville was, without a doubt, the liottest place in Tex-
as that day. In many places in different parts of
the State the tliermometer went up to and a little
above 100; but in Beeville, about 3 o'clock, it regis-
tered from 110 to 11.5. Old settlers say it beat any
thing- they ever experienced in their lives. The
wind was from the soutiiwest early in tlie morning,
but gradually varied to the north, and by noon it
was blowing directly from tliat point of the com-
pass. The intensity of the heat hegan to increase
very rapidly then, and lietween 3 and 4 o'clock it
seemed as if the wiiole sphere would ignite from
spontaneous combustion. Water in the shade would
almost blister one s hand, and every thing touched
seemed as though it had been near a furnace. The
gentle zephyrs were apparently turned into tiames
from that region where they say the inhabitants are
never troubled with the laborious task of shoveling
snow. Faces were blistered, and it appeared as

though the green foliage of the trees would be bad-
ly scorched to its autumn color. It was after mid-
night before the atmosphere cooled enough to be
more than barely pereeptil)le. Bv morning, how-
ever, the wind was eoniing from (he southeast; and
while Tuesday was pretty warm, it was noiliing to
compare with Monday, which everybody agrees in
saying was the liottest day in their experience.

We shall try to use our full colonies to start
up our nuclei again as soon as possible. We
have about 100 untested queens left, out of the
whole of three large yards, that we hope to
keep our customers supplied with till we get
more raised. If the next day had been as hot, I
do not think we should have had any bees left;
and probably stock and people would have died,
as people who did not have water facilities to
hold the temperature down had their faces
blistered.

Beeville, Texas. .Inly 9.

[The winds mcniioiu'd in the above are com-
paratively coininrui in California. I did not
know, however, that they occurred in Texas.
In the vicinity of San Jacinto many apiaries
had a tight board fence on the north side in or-
der to cut off the hot winds from the Mojave
Desert. I laughed at them for shading their
hives on the north, when the sun was in the
south. They said these hot winds were far
more to be feared than the sun itself; and that
at times, if this hot wind struck a bee-hive, it
would melt the combs down and (eventually de-
stroy the colony. We sympathize with our
friends at Beevill(\ and trust that such things
do not happen very often. The hottest winds
are said to sweep down from Death Valley, and
it is very likelv the terrible heat that gives this
valley its name.] A. I. R.

THE DUMB-WAITER.

FULL DIRECTIOXS FOR MAKING ONE FOR HOME
PURPOSES.

By Stephen Luther.

Friend Root:—Jn Gleaning.s for 1891, p. 364,
Mr. Stewart describes a dairy well. In your
remarks you say you wonder why somebody
did not invent a dummy, or elevator, to run
provisions into the cellar. In 1890 I built such
an elevator; and it is such a satisfaction to ray
family, and as I am a constant reader of Glean-
ings, and have not seen any thing pertaining
to such an article since, I concluded to send a
description of mine.

To make it I commenced by sawing out a
piece of floor the size I wanted for cupboard
(14x35K inches). I then took 3 pieces of narrow
studding, 14 inches long, and spiked, or toenail-
ed, fast at each end, to the joists under the
floor, placing them X of an inch below the
floor and projecting into the hole ^i of an inch,
for projections that are on upper end of the
cupboard to rest on.

There is a board 8 inches wide nailed to the
under side of the joists at each end of the hole,
in the right place to fasten guides to; also to
hang pulleys to. No. 3 shows upper end of cup-
board, and the way it is constructed. The cup-

582

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July 15.

board is merely a plain box. open on the front
side, having cleats nailed on the insides, at
proper distances apart, for shelves to rest on.

The strips across the sides in the upper corner
of the cupboard (inside) are 3 in. wide (Figs. 3, 3).
These strips are nailed solidly to the sides of
the cupboard, and bolU'd to the top of it; two
iV bolts, 4 inches long, are used in each strip.
This makes a solid joint to stand the jar of
going down suddenly. The end of the board at
the top of the cupboard projects % inch at each
end (Fig 3), and I4 in.oti each side, and the floor-
cut out is replaced, as liiiisliid, on the tup of
the cupboard.

When th(i elevator is down, the floor hardly
shows any division, having bi en cut with a fine
saw. A ring and staple through the center, at
top. serve to pull the cnphoiird up with. Tlie
projecting edges at the top of the cupboard

should be beveled at the lower edges, so as not
to strike the floor. The frame or guide (shown
in No. 1) in the cellar is made by taking 8 strips
of board, 4 of them :i inches wide, and 4 of them
3 inches wide. The wide strips are nailed to
the edges of the niirrow ones, making the V-
shaped or three-cornered trough, the lower end
of which is shown in No. 3. No. 2 shows the
bottom of this frame, which is to keep the
cupboard from swinging out at the bottom. A
board, the size of the hole in which the cup-
board is to slide, should be fastened between
the guides at the bottom, and should be 3 inches
farther from the floor above than the length of
cupboard. This is to make sure that the cup-
l)Oii.id- weight rests on the studding which has
been spiked to joists above. The frame, when
done, should lack 2 feet of reaching the cellar

bottom, to kpep rodents out; or a screen door
may be hung on a frame.

No. 1 shows the cupboard below the floor.
My cupboard is 2:{%xl3^.2 inches, and 7 feet
long, being smaller by 1^ inch one way and J^
the other than the hole it slides in. You see I
have large hay-fork pulleys, and use only one
on each side. But unless the diam(^ter of the
pulley is a little more than ji the diameter of
the weights, you must have two on each side
to prevent the weights from rubbing the ropes
or side of the cupboard. My weights are old
pails of gravel. They mus^ weigh alike or the
cupboard will not run true; and they must be
heavy enough to balance the cupboard and its
contents. My elevator is in my pantry; but
one may be in tlm kitchen or dining-room. The
wonii n-lolks wonder how they kept house
without one, espei-iaily in hot weather. It
saves much running duvn cellar.

Fairview, Pa.

[We have a dumb-waiter in our house, and
during the summer our women-folks tind it a
great convenience. Ours is made on much the
same principle, only we use dumb-waiter pul-
leys such as can bought at the hardware stores.
If the waiter is not too heavy, window-pulleys
such as are used for supporting windows may
be used. — Ed.]

DOCTORING WITHOUT MEDICI17E.

A PLEA FOK MILK. COMING FKOM AWAY UP"F IN
OKLAHOMA.

By an Old Suhscriher.

Dear Friend Root: — I have read Gleanings
since your first number was sent to the public.
I have been greatly interested and benefited by
reading what you have written during these
many years that have gone with all else in the
past; but in your issue for June 1 you let pure
sweet milk fare so badly that I can not longer
remain silent. I reply, however, in a proper
spirit, and harm can not obtain. You are gen-
erally right; but for once you are wrong. Milk
is nature's first food for man, and no physiologist
has yet discovered a place in normal man's jour-
ney through life at or beyond which milk loses
its value in man's diet. Moreover, it is equally
true that we know of no proper substitute for
milk. Milk contains all the elements necessary
for the development of the youth; and if the
adult man is not possessed of a depraved appe-
tite, milk will continue to supply every nook
and cranny in his body with material for the
reparation of the wastes going on. In many in-
stances human life is sustained indefinitely by
the use of milk. If an adult has worshiped at
the shrine (f modern civilization (I siiuuld have
said modern dissipation) until nature has been
forgotten by some of the organs in his being he
will not find so much satisfaction from the con-
tinued use of milk in every instance. The hu-
man body has been analyzed, and the many
simple elements contributing to its normal con-

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

583

dition are known; and when, from any cause,
any number of tliese elements are wanting in
(juantity or quality, the body is diseased, and
we should furnish what is lacking, whether it
is TO be found in a pineapple, a drugstore, or in
a glass of milk. We thus assist nature, while
some one else steps in between nature and na-
ture's work in some other case, and does lasting
injury to generations yet unborn while tres-
passing upon nature's own.

Milk did not make you bilious. You would
liave been bilious without milk, and the pine-
apple would have done you as much good had
you drank milk the same day.

Otoe, Ok., June 8.

[My good friend, I am not going to try to
ai'K'ue against you at all. I hope you are right,
and 1 am trying to believe you are wholly so.
Atler dropping the milk diet, my strength be-
gan to fail, just as I expected it would, and in a
few days 1 resumed the milk again. The bit-
ter, unpleasant laste in my mouth came back ;
but it was right in strawberry time, and I dis-
covered among our luscious berries one that
takes the place of the pineapple beautifully. It
is tlie Wartield. We once discarded tlie VVar-
tield, but this year one; of my old plantations
that I had intended to plow up gave such a
bountiful crop in the early part of the season
that I reversed my decision. The berries this
year are larger and more luscious than ever be-
fore; and, strange to tell. 1 discovered that the
sprightly sub-acid Wartield was just the thing
to make my mouth sweet and pleasant. Now,
I did not go and pick a great lot every time I
felt that taste: but I just took a few nice ones,
say a dozen. This seems to neutralize and ban-
ish the unpleasant taste. If I understand you
correctly, we do not need to abate any of the
milk in our diet; butwewant to tind something
else that nature furnishes (in the shape of lus-
cious fruits, for instance) to go along with the
milk. Just think of it, friends — the latest med-
icine for sweetening the breath is " Wartield
strawberries" 1] A. I. R.

THE USE OF LIME-\VATEK FOR DYSPEPTIC'S.

Dear Friend Root: — I have just finished read-
ing Gi-EANiNGS for June 1. I am more pleased
with each number. We look for it more than
all the other periodicals or papers we take. I
am much interested in your experience writ-
ings, and hope you may live long to continue
them. I too am a dyspeptic, a little nervous,
getting along in years. I almost live on milk,
and find it more agreeable with the addition of
a little lime-water. In fact, I can hardly eat
my evening meal of bread and milk without
about two table-spoonfuls of lime-water.

I feel that I owe you much. Through you I
"keep bees," and am much benefited thereby.
Your sermons in Gleanings are strong and
helpful. May (Jod give you health and strength
to continue them long. A Fkiend.

Abilene, Kan.

[My good friend, I thank you especially for
your suggestion — the more so as it recalls some-
thing 1 have felt ought to be in CJleanings. It
is this: Some years ago a dear friend of mine
had a sudden attack of some difficulty with the
stomach, rendering it impossible for him to take

any kind of food for many days. The best phy-
sicians were summoned, and they feared he
would starve to death in spite of any of the or-
dinary means of affording nourishment. He at
length got some better; but the trouble was
prononnci'd incurabl(% and lie was told that he
had not long to live. However, he slowly re-
covered, and now enjoys tolerably good health.
When I asked him what doctor, or what medi-
cine it was that restored him, he replied that it
was no doctor at all. and the remedy could hard-
ly be called a medicine. It was simply lime-wa-
ter. A lump of quii.'klimeisi)ut into a largeglass
jar of water, and the clear portion is poured
oif from time to time as needed. He says they
keep it constantly on the table, and a spoonful
or two is taken at each meal. This alone has
gradually restored his digestion. He says if he
omits the use of it very long, the old well-known
symptoms begin to come back. I suppose the
remedy is nothing particularly new, for physi-
cians often prescrilje it, and. in fact, you can
purchase lime-water, prepared for medical pur-
poses, of any druggist. It is often given to ba-
bies, I believe, where there is a tendency to fer-
mentation and acidity in digestion.] A. I. R.

THE EIGHT-FRAME HIVE FOR EADIES; WINTER-
ING IN THE cellar; A BEE-APRON, ETC.

I have been an interested reader of the vari-
ous discussions relative to the sizi'. of hives. I
have tried both eight and ten frame hives, and
have arrived at the conclusion that, for several
reasons, the eight-frame hive is preferable
where the honey season is necessarily short; at
least, I have found it so in Northern Wisconsin.
I keep only a few colonies, and have ample
time for observation.

Again, in reading A. A. Rice's plan of winter-
ing bees I tind that he removed the covers and
substituted absorbing cushions; but is it really
necessary to use any thing if the cellar is in the
right condition? I will tell you of my way for
wintering bees, which I have tried for three
successive winters. I have never lost a colony.
I leave the bottom-board on, remove the cov-
ers, and tack a piece of old cotton cloth (usual-
ly a piece of an old sheet) over the top of the
hives. This prevents the bees from escaping,
and at the same time allows the moisture pro-
duced by the bees to escape. My cellar is only
an ordinary one under the kitchen, with a door
opening into the kitchen. I ventilate the cellar
by opening the door ; also the outside kitchen
door. I usually keep a few bushels of potatoes
in the same cellar — not as provender for the
bees, but I find that, while they remain sound
and firm, the bees are in good condition.

I was especially pleased with the article tell-
ing of some one, I could not quite make out
who, that indulged in licking the honey from
his fingers while at work among the bees.

Perhaps some of the ladies who keep bees
will be pleased to know of an apron that does

584

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

JUI.Y 15.

away with soiled hands, and at the same time
is useful as a means of keeping the garments
clean. Takecomraon table oilcloth; cut out an
apron of any size you may desire ; be sure to
have it seamless. Cut notches around the edge,
to save hemming, as that makes it heavy. Now
cut two wide deep pockets; sew them fiat on
the outside of the apron, holding them a little
full so that they will not tear at the corners
when filled. Fasten on two stout strings. Wet
a sponge, or a piece of Turkish crash. Put it
in one pocket; use it to wipe your fingers on.
The remaining pocket is intended for miscella-
neous articles, such as tablet, pencil, a small
file, which I use to pry off covers with. Of
course, this is simply a matter of choice. When
you go out to work among the bees, tie this
apron on; adjust your veil as directed by Miss
Wilson, and you will be (or ought to be) happy,
cheerful, serene — yes, even though the bees
sting your hands, and the playful zephyrs burn
your face to a beautiful red. A. C. N.

Kice Lake, Wis., June :^0.

[We do not know that absorbents over col-
onies in the cellar are absolutely necessary.
Mr. A. A. Rice, however, was successful in
their use. It would be doubtful, if he were
alive, whether he would risk going without
them. Dr. A. B. Mason, who winters most suc-
cessfully in the cellar, uses nothing but thin
cloths over the bees.

The Individual who makes a practice of lick-
ing his fingers when daubed with honey is
Ernest, and he is the chap who always uses
the pronoun we in the footnotes. We have no
doubt that a damp sponge would be cleaner
and nicer. But what a pocketful it must
make ! Somehow or other we find it conven-
ient to get along with as few tools as possible.
A light thin veil, a knife, and a smoker, are
about all the tools we ever use when working
with bees. — Ed.]

PAPER PANS FOR SHIPPING-CASES.

Question.— I understand that you use paper
pans inside of your shipping-cases, to catch the
drip from any section that may chance to
'• bleed " from any reason, thus preventing this
drip from soiling the cases of honey which may
be below it, as it otherwise would, were no
such thing used. What I should like to know
is, how you fold these paper pans. I have a
way of folding them over a sheet of tin, cut to
fit the inside of the case ; but it is rather slow
where hundreds of them have to be prepared in
a single season. It seems to rae that some
simple machine might be devised to do the
folding with one or two motions, without hav-
ing to go over each edge and corner separately.
You would oblige by describing youi' method

in Gl,EANIN(JS.

^?i.sM'er.— This question comes in very op-
portunely, as now is the time we should pre-
pare our honey for market; and I know of no
one thing which helps as much to bring favor
to our goods as do these paper pans in the bot-
tom of each case. While in New York, some
years ago, I saw cases of honey piled ten and
twelve high, and the drip from the upper cases
ran all the way down to the fioor, daubing the
snow-white cases, which had been gotten out
and put up with great pains, not only spoiling
all their beauty, but making them a sticky,
nasty mess to handle. Up to that time I had
not used paper pans; but then resolved that I
would try to fix some way so that my honey
should not appear in market in that condition.
That winter I met Samuel Snow, a quiet bee-
keeper residing in our county, at the New York
Stute Bee-keepers' Convention, and in a private
conversation wUh him he told me that he used
paper pans for the prevention of drip through
shipping-cases, telling minutely how he made
them, kind of paper used, etc. The next sea-
son found me buying manilla paper, of a quali-
ty costing lU cts. per pound, in quantities of
from five to ten pounds, when a piece of board
was fitted to the inside of the case, the board
being J4 inch thick. The paper was now cut
1% larger each way than was this board, so
that, when this paper was folded up evenly all
around it, the sides of the paper pans were just
% deep. The pan was now slipped inside of the
case, and a little strip of wood, just as long as
the case was wide, and K inch wide by ^V thick,
was placed at such distances along the inside
of the paper pan as was necessary, so that the
ends of the sections rested upon it, thus keep-
ing them up ^,i of an inch from the paper, thus
allowing the drip to rest below the sections so
that the outside of the cases was never soiled
while the bottoms of the sections were kept
clean also, if any thing should occur to start
the honey in them to leaking. This, of course,
requires the cases to be made i\. deeper than they
would be were it not for these little strips of
wood; but the keeping of the sections clean is
of fully as much importance as the preventing
of the drip througii the cases. I have kept
leaking honey standing all winter in such
cases with paper pans, and the manilla paper
seemed sufhcient to stand a wetting of honey
that length of time, as none of it soaked through
so as to come through the case any. I am well
aware that, so far, I have not answered the
question ; but I thought that, if I said any
thing on the subject, it should be made plain,
so that any one could make and use the paper
pans who wished. I have no other mode of
folding than that described above, or the one-
by-one method, and think that, by this plan,
with the board, I can fold from 80 to 100 an
hour, so that it is not such a serious job unless
honey is produced up into the tons. However,
if there is a quicker way, or one where several

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

585

pans can be folded at a time. I as well as other
readers of Gleanings should like to know of it.

LEAKING QUEENS AFTER THE SUM.MER HONEY-
FLOW.

Question. — I have some queens which I wish
to supersede with queens of my own raising
after the summer honey-flow, or in the interval
between the summer and fall flow of honey.
Can I raise thorn as late as August, and be sure
•of drones for their fertilization, without any
special provision for drones? In other words,
how late can I reasonably expect queens to be
fertilized in the ordinary drone season ?

Answer. — In this locality drones are usually
■driven out of the hives soon after the summer
honey-flow ceases ; and unless there should
happen to be some queenless colony in the
neighborhood which would keep their drones,
the queens reared at such season of the year
might prove to be drone-layers ; still, as a rule,
some colonv within mating distance of our
•queens is liable to hold or keep their drones so
that little risk is run in having queens prove
•drone-layers if reared in August. But I should
prefer to run no risk, nor would I wish ray
•queens to take their chances of mating inferior
drones, coming from a promiscuous source; and
for this reason I set frames of drone comb in
•one or two of my best colonies for drones about
the middle of the summer honey-flow; and as
soon as the flow is over this drone brood is
massed in a strong colony, which is now made
•queenless, when it will keep these selected
-drones as long as it is kept queenless. If fed
abundantly, this colony will rear fine queens
for you, but little if any inferior to those reared
in. the height of the honey-flow. This massing
■of drone- brood from selected mothers, for fall-
rearing of queens, pays as well, according to
my way of thinking, as any thing any queen-
breeder can do. I firmly believe that, with
many other of our most practical bee-keepers,
more depends on the selection of the drones
than on the selection of the queen we breed
from; yet how few pay any attention to this
matter of the selection of drones ! The one great
hindrance to a rapid improvement of our stock
along the many lines we wish, lies in the fact
that at best we have only very imperfect con-
trol of the drones which our queens mate with.
Nearly every year some one writes me that they
are ready for the S^lOO I once offered for a sure
and simple way of mating an individual queen
to an individual drone, so that we could be as
positive regarding the matter as we were with
the most of our other domestic stock; but when
I come to write for particulars of the matter it
always turns out to be the same as in the past,
that some device has been employed like a
tent, barrel with glass in the top, etc., after
which the queen was put in the hive, and in
four or five days she was laying. Being told
that the queen flew from the hive after being
put in, and that she must have her wing clip-

ped before she leaves the tent, etc., in order to
claim the offer, no one lays claim to it after
such precautions are taken, and I feel justified
in claiming that there has not been a single in-
stance where a queen has produced worker
brood and bees, except as she has flown out in
the open air to seek a partner, free to go where
she desired. I used to believe the controlling
of the mating of our queens was a possibility ;
but my faith is growing weaker every year.

THE 1894 DOVETAILED CHAFF HIVE.

It is not too early yet to be considering meth-
ods of wintering. If you expect to winter out-
doors, as the majority seem to do in this lati-
tude, it is about time you were considering
your double-walled hives, if you have not yet
laid in your supply. Our dovetailed chaff hive
has given good satisfaction, with one exception,
and that was the cover. The wet from the
rains had a fashion of creeping up the perpen-
dicular edges of the water-table, and soaking
the cushions. Accordingly, last winter we
made large telescope covers* — large enough

DOVETAILED CHAFF HIVE.

to telescope over the hive, water-table and all,
and 9 inches deep. This left room for a good -
sized chaff cushion to rest over the brood-nest,
and to extend over the water-table. All that
is necessary in preparing for winter is to put on
the cushion over the Hill device, and slip the
cover over the hive. The accompanying en-
graving will show the arrangement as we use
and recommend it. The water-table remains
the same as it was made several years ago.

*Just tlie s;ime as ust-d on tlie winter case.

586

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July 15.

The raised edge has the same outside dimen-
sions as the eight-frame dovetailed bodies, and
therefore the ordinary eight-frame stories and
supers will fit on this hive. The cushion occu-
pies the space as shown and indicated by the
dotted line. The ends of the Hoffman frames
appear just under the Hill device, that part of
the cover being broken away. The cover will
telescope over the whole an inch or two, de-
pending upon the thickness of the cushion, and
whether or not air-space above said cushion is
desired. In this case, small cleats can be nailed
on inside of the cover, at the right positions, so
that the cleats will rest on the water-table,
and support the cover high enough to leave the
air-space above the cushion; but in actual
practice we find it just as well to let the cover
come in contact with the cushion. The venti-
lator at the ends, just under the ridgeboard,
affords sufficient ventilation for the escape of
moisture.

Our colonies, under such covers and in such
hives, wintered perfectly last winter.

EIGHT V. TEN FRAMES.

I notice by Gleanings that Dr. Miller is " on
the fence "in regard to using the eight- frame
hive instead of the ten-frame. One objection
to the eight-frame hive, as he puts it, is, that
the bees don't like to raise brood in the two
outside frames. My hive is a little larger than
the eight-frame; but the bees of nearly every
hive use one or both of the outside frames for
brood. My frames are paiallel with the en-
trance (not the best way, however), and it is the
exception when I don't find brood next to the
back side of the hive. The secret of it is this, if
it is a secret : Have the same spacing between
the outside frame and the side of the hive that
you have between the frames. I use little
pieces of heavy tin, ^4 in. wide and about 3 in.

long, bent in the shape here shown: /\

My father began using them something over 16
years ago. I use four on each frame, putting
them on diagonally opposite sides — two on the
top-bar about 3 in. from the end, ancJ one on
each bar, about 2}4 in. from the bottom. I nail
four to the hive also. I don't think they are as
good as the Stephens spacer, and I prefer the
Hoffman V edge to either. That could never
dull the honey-knife in extracting.

I have something over 100 hives. Two of
them are eight-frame Dovetailed hives which I
got last year. Both were strong colonies this
spring, and one of the queens — a two-year-old
one — was especially prolific; but in neither was
there any brood in the outside half of the out-
side frame. In my regular hive, ten frames oc-

cupy li% in.; so perhaps strips ^^ in. thick,
nailed to the side of the Dovetailed hive and to
the follower, wouldn't be thick enough to ac-
complish the desired end. Incidentally, such
"olfsets" prevent the bees from gluing the top-
bar to the side of the hive or follower.

John S. Callbreath.
Rock Rift, N. Y., July 3.

QUEENS CHANGING.

Mrs. Atchley's article on page 453 brings to
mind an incident in my early experience with
bees — about eighteen years ago. I had bought
a swaim from a neighbor, and, during the sum-
mer and fall, the queen produced nothing but
nicely marked Italians. The next spring I was
surprised to see a considerable number of hy-
brids in that hive; and when I opened the hive
and found the old queen, which had produced
nothing but nice Italians the preceding year,
had a clear case of a queen changing. The old
queen was marked so that there could be no
doubt that she was the queen which had pro-
duced nice Italians; and there was the host
of hybrids present to prove that she had
changed. A clear case, wasn't it? It proved
conclusively that Quinby, Langstroth, Root,
and the other fellows who wrote bee-books,
didn't know every thing about bees. It was a
good, clear, incontrovertible case of a queen
changing ; but my curiosity led me to open the
hive again in a few days, and that time I found
another queen, liwas a case of mother and
daughter living through the winter in the
same hive, but it ivasn't a case of "queens
changing." In a case like this, Mrs. Atchley's
" mark of identity " would prove a failure.

East Springfield, O. R. M. Reynolds.

LAYING workers; WILLIE ATCHLEY S IDEA IN-
DORSED.

On page 506 Willie Atchley has given Ram-
bler an answer as to where the egg came from
that was found in the super. There is no doubt
that Mr. Atchley is right, and no doubt many
will remember having seen eggs in supers, and
wondered how they came there. I think we
have all read of bees stealing eggs, and many
honestly thought they did so. and possibly in
i-unie cases it has been done. For some years I
have wondered how it came that i could find a
few drones in worker-cells in the supers. Three
years ago I became fully satisfied that it was
the workings of a laying worker. We know
that laying workers are in the hives at all
times, or, at least, during the honey season,
and they will get in their work when we least
expect it. Cyprian bees and their crosses are
much the worst, and I found quite a little
trouble with them because a laying worker
would set up business within a few hours after
the queen went out with a swarm. Then why
should not a worker, when above a queen-ex-
cluder, deposit a few eggs once in a while ? We

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

587

venture the assertion, that no one ever knew
eggs, deposited above the queen -excluder, to
hatch out any thing but drones, unless by
chance the queen got through; and if she did
get through, was sh(! ever known to get back
alone? We believe a queen could pull herself
up through the perforated zinc much easier
than she could dow)i. I believe that, if bee-
keepers would only look for fertile workers or
laying workers — whichever you wish to call
them — they will find them more numerous than
expected. M. W. Shki'iikko.

Rochester, O.. June 30.

A SUGGP:8TI0N for F()UNDATI0N-MII.I,S.

It seems to rae I have struck on a valuable
point in the construction of foundation-ma-
chiues. I inclose a draft that illustrates the
point. It is simply a groove, or depression, in
the rollers, and matched so that, when the
sheet is started in. there will be a bit of the end
that will not be pressed or stuck to the roll.
Thus the end of the sheet can be grasped at
once, and the rolls need not be stopped to pick
the end loose. The rolls would have to be thick
enough so that they would make the longest
sheet with one turn of the roll. A six-inch

diameter in the roll will make a sheet long
enough; and they can be made as short as
wanted, on the same roll. If it runs too hard
for direct power, gear back. Have the groove,
or starting-point, so that it will always stand
open, just ready for the sheet when the crank
is at rest. The idea may be old to you, but it
seemed valuable to me, so I suggest it.

Loveland. Col., March 7. R. C. Aikin.

[The idea is a good one ; but it is not practic-
able to make roils 6 inches in diameter. They
would cost three times as much as the present
mills.— Ed. J

DOES THE ACT OF CMPPIXG A WING HUKT?

Why don't some of those old bee-keepers who
clip queens' wings off get Quinby's old " Mys-
teries of Bee-keeping " and learn how to pre-
vent swarms from putting off to the woods'? It
would save them the cruel practice of cutting
wings. They say it doesn't hurt ; but nobody
with feeling believes it. I suppose dehorning
cattle doesn't hurt. Some say it doesn't. Every-
body knows better. I live surrounded, within
600 yards, of woods on three sides, and my bees

never elope. Quinby's plan is — as soon as
hived, move the hive at once to some other
place, say two rods off. They never leave with
me. Before I read this and practiced it, about
a half cleari'd out. I. Bakfoot.

McClure. (Ja.

[Unless thore are nerves in the wings the
clipping of lliem can give no pain whatever.
The mici'oscope. if we arc correct, shows no
nerves, nor any tiling that corresponds to them.
There are nerves in the hollow of the horn of
cattle, the sam(> as in the human tooth. Hence
the cutting of eitlier causes pain.— En.]

EXCESSIVE SWA15MING OF CARNIOI.ANS.

[The following card will explain itself:]
I wish to ask the Carniolan bee-keepers how
they keep the Carniolan bees in the hive long
enough to get a box of honey put up. I wish
the answer to come through Gleanings.
Emporia, Kan. Chas. Chandler.

[There are a number of Carniolati bee-keep-
ers who can give their experience. Carniolans
with us seem to be more inclined to swarm
than any other bees we have. Still, we have
not had any special difficulty with them.— Ed.]

IMPORTS

Encouragi

Bees are doing nicely on raspberries and
clover, with excellent prospect for basswood.
So far this seems like one of our old-time honey
seasons. A. E. Manu.m.

Bristol, Vt., June 31.

Bees are making us hustle here now. Swarm-
ing has commenced. N. D. West.
Middleburgh, N. Y., June 11.

Honey crop is nearly .50 per cent above an
average, and of good quality. Our honey-flow
is now about over, and we have only to clean
up for the summer. W. J. Drumright.

Sarasota, Fla., June 10.

.^^SifWDlSCOURAMl

I shall not make a pound of surplus. In this
section we iiave to feed our bees now. Cold
spells in March and April ruined everything.
I want to supply my local trade at least.

Glasgow, Ky., June 13. F. G. Railey.

discouraging for MISSOURI.

I have had the poorest honey-flow for 8 years.
Frost came for three nights and killed raspber-
ry-bloom, oak and sumach leaves, till the woods
look as if a fire had passed over them. Bass-
wood buds are killed. If I were able I would put
130 colonies on cars and go to Wisconsin woods.
I shall not put on the sections. No rain for a
month, and grass and clover are burned up.

Hopkins, Mo., June 4. John C. Stewart.

S88

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July 15.

similar to the one that followed his revival
work in the city of Dublin, several years ago,
when more than half of the police force of the
city could b<' dispensed with. A. I. R.

Liiv not up for yourselves treasures upon earth, where moth
and rust doth eorrupt.and where thieves break througrh and
«teal.— Matt. 6: 19.

TiiK portrait-plate showing Bro. Iloltermann,
in another column, came from the office of the
Arnerican Bee Journal.

By error, the article on " Imported (Queens.'"
page .")4G, was credited to Harry Lathrop, when
it should have been J. R. Reed, of Rrowntown,
Wisconsin.

liKo. Hutchinson is making a great success
of the hobby that he rides between times-
photography. Before us lie some beautiful
l)hotographs illustrating various phases of api-
culture.

G. M. DooiJTTi.K has a valuable and season-
able article under " Seasonable Questions," in
this issue. Don't fail to read it, if you are
troubled with honey dripping from one ship-
ping-case to another.

This morning, July 11, the bees have been
roaring on the basswoods stronger than we ever
knew them to do before. Great swarms of them
pour over the tops of the evergreens, and indi-
vidual bees drop down as if they had just
strength enough to get to the entrance.

Mr. Emekson T. Abbott, of St. Joseph, Mo.,
President of the N. A. B. K. A., the date of the
next annual convention having been fixed (Oct.
IG-IS, at St. Joseph), requests that the readers of
•Gleanings, who think of going, send him a
card at once. This will aid him greatly in get-
ting reduced rates.

Although Gi-kanings has the distinction of
loeing an illustrated journal, this one seems to
be especially full of pictures. Fact is. it is
now, or ought to be, a busy time for the bee-
keeper, and he has to review his journal by
glances rather than by extended reading. En-
gravings are great tiqie-savers to tlie reader.

Skverai- days ago I expressed a wish that
the above text might be printed in very large
black letters, and placed on an immense banner
in the city of Chicago, so high up that every
man, woman, and child in that turbulent city
might see it. My suggestion was met by the
remark that most of the law-breakers could
not read it, for they could not speak a word of
English. Then I would have it printed also in
43very man's mother- tongue, and I would beg of
Mr. Moody and his army of workers to go ear-
nestly to work explaining the text to the peo-
ple. Then I should expect a result something

Did it ever occur to you that thick-top bars
are much easier handled, because of their
affording plenty of finger-room along the thick
edges, than the ordinary old thin top-bars? It
is almost impossible to handle the latter, when
filled full of capped honey, without running
the fingers into the honey. Not so with thick-
top bars. We have just been handling the bees
at our out-yard on both kinds of frames, and
we notice that there is a marked difference in
the relative convenience of handling.

At this time of year, propolis has a way of
sticking to the fingers, daubing up smokers,
and sometimes making it difficult to let go of a
tool when we want to. All this may be avoid-
ed, says Alfred Mottaz, of Utica, 111., by smear-
ing the tips of the fingers with a little grease.
Perhaps it would not be a bad idea, just before
starting to work among the bees, to dip the
ends of the fingers in a little vaseline or grease;
and then, for instance when we go back to re-
plenish our smoker, dip the fingers in again.

infer.— After writing this much we conclud-
ed it would be best to put the thing to an actu-
al test; and, procuring a small box of vaseline,
we smeared the tips of the fingers, and so far it
seems to keep the fingers clean of propolis
stains. ^

those tahent colonies.

The following letter, received, will explain
itself:

InGLEANiNos for July 1, pag-e .")54, you give an
interesting- account of a bicycle visit to the apiary
of Ml-. Vernon Burt. Near the close of the iu-ticle,
in describing- Mr. Burt's metliods in hiving- sAvarms,
you say lie, in a day or fwo, runs another swarm
into tlie old liive he liad removed to a new location.
This is a new idea to me, and probahiy is to many of
your readers. Will you kindly describe fully in
Glk..\ninos tlie proper w:iy to go atiout tiiis nietliod
of handling- swarms to keep down increase? Will
tlieynot be inclined to fight ? and should queen-.
cells he removed from tlie old hive ?

Torch. O... July 6. L. PosEV.

We did not desire to convey the impression
that Mr. Burt ran a swarm into every one of
those parent colonies that were set on another
location: only a few of those, comparatively,
were thus treated. As to the queen-cells, he
cuts them out if he has time; otherwise he lets
the bees fix things their own way. As to the
rest of the old colonies, they are allowed to
build up for winter. If they gather any sur-
plus it is in combs for extracted honey. Of
course, this method does not prevent increase-
that is, in numbers — altogether : it simply
checks it. But in Mr. Burt's case he desires

181)4

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

589

some increase, intending to establisli ati oiii-
yard next season, for he now lias 170 colonies in
ilie one location. As to the bees fighting, lie
has no trouble, for they are pure Italians. He
niiglit in rare cases if they were hybrids.

TIIK HOXEY-FLOW FOR 1894.

TiiK honey-tlow, so far as reported, seems to
1)0 \vi lely diHerent in vai'ious localities. So
far in Ohio— at least in onr vicinity — we have
had a good (low from basswood. Certain parts
of Yorl< State and Pennsylvania report the
same. As tiie letters are coming in day by day,
about half report this as being tlie poorest of
tlie poor seasons so far. The other half — espe-
cially those in the basswood regions— an^ .iul)i-
lant over their line crops of honey. In a few
days we expect to send out statistical blanks to
get more accurate information. It is a little
too early yet to judge accurately of the season.
But we know enough already to feel assured
that a very large number of bee-keepers will
get no surplus.

THOSE FIVE-BANDKD BEES, AGAIN.

We have been making some tours among
apiaries a few miles from the Home of the
Honey-bees, for the special purpose of learning
in regard to the qualities of the so-called five-
banded bees. So far as observed, we have
found them to be excellent honey-gatherers,
though we can not say that we consider them
uny better than the ordinary three-banded
bees. They are certainly more nervous — at
least, the average run of them — and the bees of
some colonies of them will shoot like darts at
the apiarist on the slighest provocation. In-
deed, they remind us very much of our old
Cyprians. But it is fair to say that there are
some of these five -banded bees that appear to
be as gentle as any, and equal to the very best,
in working qualities. We hope the breeders of
these bees will he careful to eliminate, so far as
possible, their tendency toward viciousness,
and preserve their good working qualities. To
sum up„the tive-banded bees are beautiful, are
excellent workers, are crosser than the average
Italians, and not as hardy for our northern
winters. This estimate is made upon the yel-
low-banded bees reared by different queen-
breeders, and is as fair as we know how to
make it. As Neighbor H. says, he can rear one
kind of bees as well as another. So can we;
and therefore, from a pecuniary point of view,
we are not biased in our judgment.

THAT peculiar DEAD BROOD; NOT FOUI,
BROOD.

About this time of year we generally receive
samples of brood of what purports to be foul
brood. In fact, it resembles it in general char-
acteristics, lacking two important symptoms:
namely, ropiness and glue-pot odor. It seems
to occur during warm weather; but usually, if

let alone, it will disappear of itself. Two or
three years ago we had a couple of cases of it
in our yard; and it will also be rememijered
that we repoi'ied. at the lime, the same malady
in one of thi; apiaries of our neighbors. Hut it
all disappnariid, causing no trouble. It has re-
appeared this summer in one of our out-yards,
and also in one of Neighbor H.'s. But we feel
very certain that it will go off of itself. Per-
haps some of you may have discovered the
same thing. The appedrdtice of this dead
brood is identical to that of foul-brood— cells
sunken, larvie dead and shriveled up, varying
in color from dark brown to a black; but if you
discover no ropiness in tlie dead mattur, or no
odoi-, you may have no fears. As yet we do not
know the cause of this peculiar disease. The
fact that it comes during hot weather, in the'
midst of a heavy honey -How, may put us on the
track of the cause;.

those 4000 BASSWOODS BLOOMING, ETC.

Bassa'ooi) seems to be still holding out — at
least, it is taking another spurt. In some re-
cent trips south we found the trees were still
ill bloom, and the bees were humming upon
them in great swarms. The bee- business is
one that is rather uncertain nowadays when
the sole dependence is on white clover. The
latter is scarce everywhere this year ; and but
for the basswoods there would be but very lit-
tle white honey to report, we fear. Of course,
alsike has done nobly; but the patches of it are
so limited in extent over the country, that,
while individual apiarists secure quite large
crops from it, all the alsike honey put together
is only as a drop in the bucket in comparison
with other white honey.

Later.— Hince writing the foregoing, the bees
are roaring on the bass woods heavier than
ever. Indeed, in going to and fro in such great
droves, they caused some of our employes to re-
port swarming.

This morning, at .i o'clock, we took a run
down to the' basswood orchard, and there we
found the same kind of roar, but the bees did
not have lo go so far to get the honey. Exam-
ination showed that the nectar was glistening
in tiny drops in many of the blossom?, and the
bees were so wild with excitement that they
apparently did not stop to clean the blossoms
up dry, but simply liunted for big drops, and
let the rest go. But what astonislied us more
than any thing else was, that on the south
side, or on the side toward the home yard, not
a single bee was either going or coming, indi-
cating that the bees from the last-mentioned
place got their honey from a nearer source. It
would appear, then, that the home-yard bees
seldom or never get any honey from the bass-
wood orchard, although not more than 1%
miles from the home yard, in a bee-line; hence
the wisdom of establishing a yard in the or-
chard itself.

590

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July 15.

THE HOLTERMANN FAMILY.

In our last issue, reference was made to a
couple of fine half-tones that appeared in the
May number of the C<inadlan Bee Journal,
showing the members of the editor's family.
Feeling sure that our readers — at least those
who do not tal^e the Journal — would like to
see these same half-tones, we asked for the loan
of the plates, prints of which appear here-
with. Mr. Holtermann, although a compar-
atively young man, is one of the leading and
influential bee-keepers of Canada. He has
been secretary of N. A. B. K. A., and has been
present at several of its meetings on this side of
the line. When we know a man so well it is

MRS. K. F. HOLTERMANN AND CHILD.

always interesting to know how the members
of his family look; and therefore it affords us
great pleasure to introduce them to you, so far
as it is possible to do on paper.

THOSE NAUGHTY SPACING-STRIPS.

Quite a number are asking us why we do not
nail a strip of wood of the right thickness, and
in the right position, on the inside of the Dove-
tailed hive, so as to space the outside frame a
bee-space from said sid(^ We have been writing
to one and all that they will find the strips an
intolerable nuisance, just so sure as they put
them on; and wherever we find a pair of them
on we pull them off with a yank. The fact of
the matter is, the outside frame should be
shoved within a bee-space of the side of the
hive; and this will leave just room enough to
leave a bee-spac^ on each side of the division-
board on the opposite side. Now, then, when
we desire to move a frame, or, better yet, a

11. F. lliiLTEiLMANX, EDITOR CANADIAN I'.EE
.JOURNAL.

division-board, we simply shove the whole set
of frames as far as they will go, over to one
side, crowding the last frame for the time being
clear up against the hive-side. This gives
room enough to remove the division-board with
ease. But suppose those naughty strips of
wood are in. and you have big fingers; then
you may have to worm away a good while be-
fore you can get the division-board out. which,
as a rule, should b(! removed before any of the
frames.

•lUNIOR EDITORS OF THE CANADLVN REE .JOURNAL.

18U4

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

591

Giithor not my soul witli sinners, nor my life witli
bloody moil : in wlio.se liands is mischiof, iuid their
rig-lit iKind is full of bribL's.— Ps. 26:9, 10.

What I shall have to say this morning refers
principally to tho Inst half of the closing sen-
tence of the text above — "Their right hand is
full of bribes." It would seem that receiving
bribes is not a new invention entirely, of mod-
ern days. Selfish men without princijjle have
abounded since the world began; and they
have been the trouble and the lament of all
good m(m during all ages. At the present time
I fear that many good people feel like settling
back with a groan of discouragement, and say-
ing, " Well, we just can't do any thing, any
way." But that is not true. It is a suggestion
of Satan, that we can not help the sin that con-
stantly abounds. We can do a very great deal,
and perhaps some of you know the remedy that
I am going to suggest; and. in fact, it is the
remedy the Bible suggests on almost evew
page — that is, make our own lives upright and
pure; and then if we don't do any thing more,
we shall at least stand a much better chance
with other sinners, or worse sinners, if you
choose. David said. "Then will I teach trans-
gressors thy way, and sinners shall he convert-
ed unto thee." The word the^i refers to the
time when God should have created in David
himself a clean heart, etc.

Now, what shall we do with the bribes and
corruption of our land? Why, in the first
place we must take great care to mend every
thing that has even the appearance of evil iii
our own lives in this very line; for I do believe
a great part of us are at least indirectly en-
courasring this sort of thins. I wish you would
read the whole of this r?()th Psalm, and then
read the one before it. Why! it is really plain-
tive, the intense earnestness with which David
prays that he may be kept out of these things.
He says, " O keep my soul, and deliver me; and
let me not be ashamed." And he says again,
" I will walk in mine integrity; redeem me, and
be merciful unto me."

A little time back I spoke of the gambling
mania. Well, the bribe mania goes hand in
hand with it. Perhaps, however, men accept
bribes in some sort of shape where they do not
think of doing any thins that even savors of
the gambling or bribe mania. Let me illus-
trate. Several times in my experience in hiring
hands 1 have been told something like this: A
man comes to the foreman of a certain room,
and says. "Mr. A., if voii will get Mr. Root to
keep me through the dull season, when others
are let go, I will give you a five-dollar bill."
This man does not even niead his skill or abil-
ity: neither does he claim that it will be for
Mr. Root's interest to retain him and let others
go. The only point before him is ?i(,.s interest —
his .se?/-inte,rest. Other men are poor: other
mpn have large families. He has no thousht
of this at all: he simply wants to (ret ahead
and crowd others bnck; and he ofl'ers the boss
of the room five dollars if he will manage to
give him a steady job. I do not know how he
expects him to do it. but very likely by saying
to his employer, "Mr. Root, when you are
thinking about what men vou will keep, and
what ones you will let eo, I think it would be
to your interest to keep Mr. B." I do not know
how far the boss of the room is expected to go.
Perhaps, in view of the five dollars, he is ex-
pected to say, "Well, I think Mr. B. would

work for your interest, would look after your
property, and you would find it to your advan-
tage to ke((p him rather than any of the
others." If this latter be Irue, and there is no
bribe in the whole affair, the transaction would
be right and proper; but if, on the contrary, it
is Hot true, or the boss of the room is like the
man whom he is pleading for, working only for
the five dollars he has in view, or for .sc//-
interest, why, then It is a terrible state of af-'
fairs. If the proprietor is a good sharp man
there are two things tliat would stand in the
way of the success of such a scheme. The
foreman of a room who would lend himself to
such a plan, or accept a bribe, is unworthy of
his position and trust; and if he has secured
the place of foreman he will probably lose it
before long. You see, I know something about
these things. Again, the man who offers five
dollars or any other sum in this way is, as a
rule, a poor workman; and the employer, if he
is sharp, and looks after his business, would
begin to be suspicious —that is, he would be
suspicious to see a man recommended who, he
was sure, was not deserving. I am sorry to
say that this has been tried several times in
our establishment. But no man ever got a'
l)lace, that I know of, by any such trickery.
He lowered himself, and lowered his money
value, by making such an offer. In some gov-
ernment offices he might succeed; or where the
proprietor was so well ofl:' that he did not need
to look after his business. Should this meet
the eye of the men who tried this sort of way
to get employment. I hope they will believe
me when I assure them that such a course not
only destroys a man's self-respect, but it sinks
him in the estimation of all good men. He can
never prosper by such a course.

Again, a runner for a manufacturer of print-
ins-inks offered the foreman of our prinling-
olfice some five or ten dollars if he would use
his Infiuence to have us buy all our inks of his
house. I do not think he said anything about
the quality — in fact, that was a secondary
matter. He would, if he could, get our trusty
foreman to induce us to use a poor quality of
ink at a high price, providing he was paid for
so doing, just think of it, friends — you hire a
man to look after a certain department of your
business — to use judgment, discretion, and wis-
dom in purchasing supplies. You pay him
extra — that is, more than your other hands —
fordoing this. Suppose he should violate this
trust reposed in him, and, instead of working
for us, he should work against us. provided he
could put money into his ouni pocket. I am
glad to tell you that the boss in our pi'inting-
ofhce promptly informed us of the questionable
way in which this ink-house did business, or
tried to do it. But it is not confined to manu-
facturers alone, this businc^ss of bribes. Sup-
pose one neighbor says to another, " John, if
you will use your infiuence to get Mr. B. to buy
this horse I am trying to sell him, I will give
you five dollars after the sale is made." Why,
this thing is so common that some of you may
smile at my simplicity. But, my good friends,
whenever you do a thing of this kind, you are
accepting a bribe. It is the same thing on a
small scale that is being done by the govern-
ment officers and by the police of our large
cities, that is making such terrible havoc just
now in business circles. If you profess to be
an honest, square man, you lower your standard
every time you become a party to any such
transaction. How can a professing Christian
listen to any such proposal ? Perhaps you say,
"Why, that is all right. You simply /(ire out
to the man who has the horse to sell." You
try to persuade your conscience that you
are helping him along, just as you would help

592

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July 15.

him get in his hay. Not a bit of it. If you
help him out of a tight place in hnying time,
there is nothing about it that needs to be con-
cealed. Suppose you go to the man who wants
to buy the horse: and, after recommending
said horse, and telling of his good qualities,
and none of the bad ones, you add, '" By the
way, neighbor, perhaps I might mention to
you that I am to have five dollars of the money
if I succeed in inducing you to make the pur-
chase." How would that sound ? What would
the would-be purchaser think of both of you if
the truth got out? Shame on the man who
will sell his good name, or a little bit of it. for a
paltrv five dollars! The Bohemian-oat swindle
and thousands of other swindles have been
spread and propagated in just this sort of way.

Perhaps a great part of my readers occupy
some office of some sort. Most of us have a
hand in public affairs. If you are not working
for the government, you are working for your
village or city corporations. You may be road-
ma,ster or school director in the country. The
man who occupies such a place as this will be
solicited, sooner or later, to use the authority
put in his hands to serve self instead of the
great public, or liis neighbors and humanity.
When I was on our schoolboard, an agent
wanted to sell us something new in the way of
blackboards. He had some little blackboards
for family use. They were worth five or ten
dollars apiece; and before he went away he
promised each member of the board one of
these little blackboards, to be used in hi« home,
providing we would give him an order for
blackboards for our union school. One of the
members of our board gav(> him such a scathing
rebuke that it seemed to me as if he ought to
remember it for a long time. And let me say
right here, that, in all my deal with the great
wide world, the men who will accept a bribe
are the exception: and I have seen a manly
and honest refusal to be a party to any such
schemes, a good many times, when I hardly
expected it. There are thousands in our land
who value the good of our people and the good
of our nation so much more than self that a
bribe would be out of the question. But, wait
a bit. We sometimes accept bribes, even the
best of us, without thinking of it. Since our
labor strikes, there has been much said about
the free-ticket system — the free tickets furnish-
ed by railroads to favored ones. I made up
ray mind years ago that I would not ask any
favors of the railroads. Without asking, how-
ever, a pass was given me — a sort of compli-
mentary one, in consideration of the large
amount of business our enterprise had given
the railroad. In one sense it seems a little
hard to say that this was wrong. If a man has
bought strawberries of you right through the
season, paying you a high price when the first
berries ripened, would there be any thing
wrong in making him a present of a basket of
some choice variety, in consideration of the
money he had paid you through the season?
Why. it would be only a pleasant and neighbor-
ly thing unless it might serve to establish a
precedent for such things. It used to be more
customary than it is now, to treat a friend or
relative when he came to see you. We used to
ask him to take a glass of beer. As the beer
disappeared (as I hope it has disappeared all
around you), lemonade or soda took its place;
but I am afraid, friends, that even the treating
to lemonade or soda tends to encourage the
giving and receiving of bribes.

You have all met office-seekers. You know
how they go to work to get your vote and in-
fluence. By the way, I wonder if there is a
place where people are put into office by tlie
voice of their neighbors because they think the

man a fitting one, and not because he has gone
around urging people to help him get said
office. It was said to me recently, that no man
got into office nowadays unless he wnnted\t
and did considerable hard work to get it. Is
this true in your neighborhood? I hope it is
not. It certainly is not the best way. I do not
care if you do say that it is the only way peo-
ple can get office. All public offices should be
tilled by those whom the cominunity at large
decide to be the best person for the place, not
by somebody whose principal recommendation
is that he wants the place.

This is too big a subject for me just now.
But somebody said to me yesterday, that when
a man got a paying office nowadays it costs
him a good deal of time and money; and that,
after he is in office, he nudist have some way of
getting back what he had invested in getting
the office; and the way to do it was to look out
for chances where he could get it back by
favoring somebody else, instead of working for
the people at large who support him and who
pay the taxes. Is this true?

A word about getting office. I was asked
recently to recommend a person for a certain
place. I knew he was competent to till the
place, and there did not seem to be any reason
why I should not favor him. In fact, I was a
little afraid somebody not as competent, and
not as good a man. might get it. My position
happened to be such that, may be, I turned the
scale in his favor. Now, I can not tell whether
it was before this talk or afterward that he
asked me how we were getting along for coal
during the strike. I told him we had a little
left, but that we were beginning to feel con-
siderably uneasy. "Well," said he, "I knew
something about it. and a relation said he
guessed he could get you a car if he managed
the thing a little, and I think the car was sent
along, and will probably be along on your track
this afternoon." In a few hours, there the car
was, right in the nick of time. It is said that
one neighborly act deserves another.

You see, I have given you a glimpse of all
phases of this business of helping somebody
who has helped you, or whom you expect to
help you. Some of the illustrations we could
scarcely call unfair or wrong; others are
grievously wrong, or grievous wrongs grow out
of them. I have told about the book agent
who wanted to give me a book so that he could
put my name at the head of his list. I would
not have any book in that way. It is bribery,
without question; and if a man has influence
in his community, he ought to be all the more
careful how he Icuds that influence to any one.

Let me touch upon something else that, while
it is not exactly bribery, does place selfish in-
terests before the interests of the public at
large. A great luany times, express coinpanies
carry packages in a roundabout way to their
destination in order to "haul" the goods as
far as possible on their own lines. Let me
explain. We have just been getting beautiful
large strawberries from friend Sfelile. of Mari-
etta, O.. before ours were ripe. We had an
arrangement made so they came through in
a few hours, and were bi-ight and fresh, even
during extremely hot weather. The last ship-
ment, however, fell into the hands of another
express company. Of course, friend Stehle ex-
pected they would, at the right point, hand it
over to the other company, so as to make the
shortest cut to Medina. Instead of that, they
carried it away around so as to eo all the way
on their own line, keeping it out over night
besides. The berries were badly jolted, and a
much higher express charge was made out,
simplv that said company might have all the
"hauling," as they terra it. I have raade a

18'. 14

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE

595

protest, hut they have not replied yet. If the
charge I am making against them is unjust I
shall be glad to correct it. Now, is it true that
express atid railroad companies have been in
the habit of doing things like this — damaging
a customer, damaging tlic goods, and then
making a larger price than to have taken the
shortest cut '? Once more:

During these dull times for railroads they
are working hard to get business. They are
sending out agents to securi^ freight over their
respective lines, if they can. Kut suppose one
of these agents should lind out who does the
'■ routing " for a manufacturing establishment.
By the word "routing" I mean the man whose
business it is to decide what line of railway
shall carry the goods. Now, suppose the rail-
road should send a man to this routing clerk,
and offer him, for his individual benefit, a free
ticket to California, or some other place, pro-
viding he will mark all goods over their road
whenever it is possible to do so; and suppose,
in consideration of this free ticket, this routing-
clerk sends goods away off out of the way,
making the customers of the firm extra expense
and delay, simply because he has been bribed
to do this sort of work. I presume there are
some who will excuse such a transaction b^'
saying it is done every day. God forbid! and
God does forbid that a man shall prosper, and
be happy, who damages by extra expense and
delay those who have confidence enough in
him, or the firm which he serves, to intrust
their money and their business to his care. If
it is true that such things are common, then it
follows that there are still better chances for
lionest men, and those who are faithful to their
post, and to the great wide world, no matter
what intluence may be brought to bear. You
may ui'ge that the shipping-clerk who does
this, simply throws a little more expense on
people whom he does not know, and that
everybody who does business must expect to
meet this sort of thing. Just wait a bit right
here. We are under just as much obligation
to be honest and true to the great world whom
we do not know, as to friends and relatives;
and that wonderful passage in the Scriptures,
where the Master said, " Inasmuch as ye have
done it unto one of the least of these my
brethren, ye have done it unto me," declares it;
and the man who swindles or wrongs the great
public whom he does not know is swindling and
wronging Christ Jesus himself; for the Bible
teaches most emphatically that self and selfish
interests are opposed to Christ Jesus. The
Christian loves humanity, even as Christ Jesus
loved it and died for it; and the man who tries
to be right and fair to the great mass of hu-
manity whom he does not know is really being
right and fair to Christ Jesus himself, and to
the great God above: and he who deliberately
and unfeelingly swindles the masses, especially
the poor laboring masses, the widows and
orphans, and those who earn their daily bread
by the sweat of their face — the one who steals
their slight earnings in the ways I have men-
tioned, that he may get a little money himself
— a five-dollar bill or a railroad ticket to Cali-
fornia, or any thing else, is cheating the Lord
Jesus Christ, the Savior of the world: for he
himself has most emphatically so stated it. Pie
is robbing God, and a day of reckoning will
surely come, sooner or later.

Gr.EANiNOS is one of my best friends in bee-keep-
ing. I don't think I could make a success without
it. This has been the liest season for honey that I
have ever known in this locality.

Cat Creek, Ga., June 12. J. B. Giuffin.

m^^^^mr^^mB

Hifip-^

£:;^2

,:/::

AMKHICAN I'KAIII, UNIONS.

We commenced shipping these to Cleveland
in the montb of June. So far they hav(! sold
at a commission house at fl.SO per bushel.
They are put in crates holding a third of a
bushel. We commenced shipping them before
they were fully grown. Wc; find that, by i)ick-
ing out those where the tops have dropped uver,
and laying them in the sun a day or two, they
can be cleaned off so as to be firm and solid,
and very nice looking. Those that seem to be
growing, we let stand. This 7th day of July I
hold in my hand a couple that measure 4 inches
in diameter, and they are about as handsome
as any thing in the shape of an onion can be.
This is the fourth year that we have success-
fully raised these onions. The sets are planted
in September on a piece of ground vacated by
early crops. They commence to grow as soon
as we have fall rains, and make quite a growth
during the fall. Of course, we cultivate them
and keep them free from weeds, and this is
about all there is to it — no mulching of any
sort. When the ground becomes sufficiently
dry in the spring, we run a wheel-hoe through
them and pull out all the weeds that make
their appearance. But the onions soon cover
the ground so that very little attention or care
is needed. For bunch onions, nothing can be
nicer; but it seems almost wicked to pull
onions an inch in diameter, when they would
be three or four inches in diameter if simply
left standing a few weeks longer. The quality
of the onions, I believe, is equal to any; and
they seem to bring the highest price of any
thing in the onion line ever put on the market.
This year we have grown successfully some
beautiful sets by sowing tlie seed in March so
thickly that they can not make large-sized
onions. Some of the sets are dry enough to
harvest now. We have raised the same sort of
onion by setting out onion-plants instead of
onion-sets. The seed for the plants was sown
quite thickly in May and June, giving plants
large enough to set out in September, at the
same time we put out the sets. There were,
however, more failures among the plants. If
you have a firm, well-ripened set to plant out
in September, if dry weather comes on. the sets
keep in the ground firm and solid until it is wet
enough for it to start to grow. An onion-plant,
however, put out in September would not
stand a severe hot dry spell as well as the set.
For this reason, planting out sets seems to be
the safer way. If the sets are much more than
three-fourths of an inch in diameter, they are
apt to send up seed-stalks in tiie spring; but if
these seed -stalks are broken off down close to
the onion, just as soon as you can see them
starting, you will get a nice large onion. Some
of our boys simply broke off the top of the seed-
stalk; but this does not seem to answer as well.
From my standpoint of view, and judging from
my own experience, I do not see why raising
American Pearl onions is not destined to be a
great industry. Perhaps I should say that our
best success has been on our creek- bottom
ground. The most trouble we have ever had
was when the season was so exceedingly wet
that the onions were flooded with water.
While low ground seems to be best for these
onions, great care should be taken to avoid
having them flooded.

MMIITE MUI.TIPLIEKS.

These begin to mature just a little later than

594

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July 15.

the American Pearl. The largest of them will
probably sell in the market at about the same
price, and although they are not as handsome,
because where they crowd each other in the
hill they are more or less pressed out of shape.
But this onion is very easily raised, and I have
never seen any sort of seed-stalk start in any of
them. They simply keep growing nice solid
onions; and I do not know of any onions in the
world that will keep like the White Multiplier,
unless it is the shallots. As nearly as 1 can
understand it, the method of culture is like
this: Gather your crop, and sort out those large
enough for market. The others may be plant-
in September, exactly as we do the sets of the
American Pearl, or you can hold them over
and plant them in the spring. Ours planted in
the fall have done rather better than those
kept over till spring; therefore, where it can be
done 1 should advise fall planting. After har-
vesting, with appropriate sieves sort those too
small for market, in different sizes. The small-
est will probably produce large onions the next
season; but ail large and medium -sized ones
will divide up— one onion making a dozen or
more. If they are to be kept for any length of
time I would store them in a dry loft until
freezing weather comes; then they can be kept
over winter like any other onions, only they ai'e
very much less trouble. You can keep them
through the winter until lime to put them out
in the spring, with scarcely any sending out a
sprout; or they can be kept through the winter
for table use, in the same way. They are so
solid, firm, and dry, that a bushel of multipliers
ought to be worth a good deal mure tlian a
bushel of the ordinary onions more or less soft
and sprouted. They seem to be a pretty safe
thing to have, and a pretty nice thing too. I
fear, however, there will be complaint because
there are so many small ones. An objection
has been made that they do not yield largely.
Now, my experience is that they yield pretty
fairly. One onion, on an average, produces
from 13 to 20 fold. Of course, the small onions
will cost more than planting black seed. But,
wait a bit.

SHALLOTS.

These are almost exactly like the Multipliers,
mentioned above, except that they do send up
seed-stalks and produce seed; that is, some of
the onions send up seed-stalks. They produce
black seed, not sets. I am told that this black
seed will produce sets, and that these sets be-
have themselves like the bottom-sets, or the
smaller shallots. Now, the shallot is still hard-
er and firmer than the Multiplier onion. Why,
they are just little beauties in that respect.
They keep solid, and without sprouting, almost
anywhere. Sending up a seed-stalk and pro-
ducing seed is an advantage, heca,use the ex-
pense of seed per acre will be so much less.
Again, it is a c/isadvantage ; because, if you
want good-sized shallots for market, and not
for seed, you would have to pull off the seed-
stalks. May be I am not quite right in this
thing, because you see it is a little complicated;
but I am studying the habits of these interest-
ing members of the onion family, and I think I
shall know all about it pretty soon. I feel sure
there is money in both shallots and multipliers.
If you are curious in the matter, see the long
article on " English Multipliers," in our issue
for Feb. I.''), 1894; also look up " Shallots " and
'■ Multipliei's " in the index for last year.

THE INDUSTRY GOOSEBEKKY.

We have been picking ours; and as we sell
the ordinary ones at 7 and 8 cts. a quart, I
thought the Industries ought to bring 10. The
first customer who saw them took the whole
crop. Then we felt bad because we did not

charge 15 cts. instead of 10. May be you think
that looks avaricious ; but the berries really
looked more like watermelons than gooseber-
ries. They were not quite as lavije as water-
melons, it is true ; but a good many of them
were like watermelons in shape. They were
oblong, and beautifully mottled. Why in the
world does'not somebody have an acre of Indus-
try gooseberries '? I suppose that one reason is,
that the plants are not as strong and robust as
the other kinds. We have had ours two or
three years; and, with the same treatment we
give the others, they have made comparatively
small growth. But I tell you they are delicious.
By the way, who will tell us more about the
Industry gooseberry ? Who has raised them on
a large scale, and what do they bring in the
market ?

A STOKY WITH A MORAL.

Somebody told me that one of my small boys,
about the size of those you saw in the picture,
had sold $3.40 worth of radishes from a five-
cent paper of Chartier radish seed. I asked
him about it, and he said it was true. He ped-
dled the radishes around town himself. They
were so much nicer than any I had raised that
he sold them without any trouble. I was pret-
ty sure there was an important truth back of
it somewhere, for we have much trouble in
raising nice radishes on our ground that has
been so heavily manured with stable manure.
They are crooked and wormy, and we get very
few tine- looking ones. Yes. we have not had
any nice ones, even on our swamp-muck ground
this present season. Well, the truth I wanted
to get at was this: The radishes were raised on
a piece of ground where an old stable had stood
a good many years. Now, friends, is there any
such place on your premises? or are you " cul-
tivating'an old stable of that sort to enable
the coming generations to raise crops of rad-
ishes, etc.?

THE GANDY STRAWBERRY DEFENDED, ETC.

Friend Root:— 1 have just read "Our Straw-
berry Report'" in Gleanings. The Gandy is
not only a choice but also a very profitable va-
riety with me. A single acre netted me over
$400 last season, and fully as much this. I sold
11.50 worth from this acre yesterday in Jackson,
18 miles distant. Of course, much of the profit
is due to its season. Haverland and Warfield
are extra fine. I am much pleased with Tim-
brel!, Gillespie, Leader, Lovett, Iowa Beauty,
and Middleheld. Bederwood is immense. I
expect great things of the Marshall. It is
large, of extra line flavor. Epping, Bissel. and
Mary, are very promising. 1 set over 40 varie-
ties this spring, but more of the Gandy, Tim-
brell. and Beverley, than of the others. I am
much interested in the new Loudon Red rasp-
berry, and expect to see it at its home, Janes-
ville. Wis., in a few days, if the trains are not
all tied up. I bought a dozen of Mr. Gault's
raspberry last spring, which are doing well.
They could not help it, with such plants and
the care Mr. Gault lakes in packing.

C. N. P^LANSBURGH.

Leslie, Mich., July 4, 1894.

Friend F.. you have given me just the kind of
testimony I wanted to get. Prof. Green, of our
Experiment Station, is a very observing man,
and a very careful one; and that is why I value
his opinion so highly in regard to new fruits ;
but he was evidently a little too severe on the
Gandy. It may be, however, that your locality
is especially favorable; but I do believe, with
the acquaintance I have already had with the
Gandy. that I could make it pay in our locality.
I would put the plants on very rich ground;
thin them out to a pretty good distance, then

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

595

mulch heavily to keep them back, and have the
whole patch on a north hillside, or on the north
side 01 a heavy piece of limber, in order that
xhi'Y might not dry up at the time strawberries
usually dry up. Then when everybody else is
getting small and dried-up berries, I would give
them the finest of the season. If I had received
yciur letter three days sooner I would not have
iilowed under the last of our (landies. Just be-
Un-o we covered them with manure, preparato-
ry to turning them under, I went through the
patch, and found, where the foliage was rank
enough to protect them from the heat, great
handsome berries, of perfect shape and color,
hard and firm to handle; and I really believe
they were the most delicious in flavor of any
strawberry I ever tasted. Unlike the Parker
Earle, it did not undertake to mature more ber-
rii'S than it could manage nicely, and it made a
pi-rfect. finished piece of work of the very last
beiry of the season. Another thing, we could
put out an acre of Gaudies without having any
fuss to have every third or fourth row for pol-
lenizer.

TOKAC'CO-DUST FOR BUGS — AN ADVER.SE KE-
POKT.

I covered the ground in and around my mel-
on-hills with the tobacco-dust, and the bugs
burrowed right through it and destroyed every
one of them. My faith in it is away below par.
E. P. Aldkidge.

Franklin Square, O., June 8.

[Why, friend A., I am greatly astonished at
such a report. It is the first one of the kind we
have ever received. Perhaps the weather is
very dry. and it needs rain to make the tobacco-
dust do its work. Let us hear from you after a
more extended e.xperience.]

ON the wheel.
Perhaps I should explain that I am now rid-
ing a Victor Racer instead of a Victor Flyer, as
I was doing a few weeks ago. As a matter of
course, I find the last wheel a wonderful im-
provement over all its predecessors, and Con-
stance calls me fickle-minded because I am
so ready to drop each wheel, when I thought
there was nothing in the world like it, for each
new purchase. As wheels are getting to be so
common, perhaps it may be worth while to give
my reasons for these changes. The Flyer
weighed 29 lbs., and the Racer only L'4; and I
have been for some time thinking that it was
folly for me to ride a wheel strong enough to
carry a man weighing 200 lbs., when I hardly
weigh 130. You may say the difference of 5
lbs. would hardly be noticed; but when you
come to making trips of 30 or 40 miles in 3 or 4
hours, you will begin to discover that every
ounce counts. Ernest was afraid it would
hardly be safe for a man of my age to ride a
wheel weighing less than about 30 lbs.; but I
have tested pretty thoroughly my 24-lb. wheel,
and I never want any thing heavier after this.
When he told me, a year ago, that I would
eventually discard brake, mud-guards, pack-
age-carrier, and even the tool-box, in my gen-
eral riding, I could hardly believe it, especially
in regard to the brake. I thought I viust have
a brake for going down hill. But now I find
myself going down almost every hill to be
found on any well-traveled road, without any

brake, and, in fact, a good deal of the time I
am urging the wheel /ortoarfZ. instead of holding
it back.

Last week I rode 33 miles, and did not get
started till 30 minutes past 4. In order to reach
home before dark I got into a way of riding
down one hill fast enough to accumulate mo-
mentum to carry me to the top of the next; and
where a hill went down just before the next
one went up, I did this almost invariably; and
in this way I made as good speed up and down
hills, or nearly as good, as on level ground. I
commenced by testing the wheel gradually,
to see what it would stand, and how it behaved.
Very likely this is dangerous business, unless
you have a good strong wheel made upon
honor. In going down at the immense speed
that one accumulates, by the time you reach
the foot of the hill, if any thing should break
so as to throw the rider to the ground, it would
result, likely, in broken bones if nothing worse;
therefore it behooves the rider to examine his
wheel often, and see that ^very thing is tight
and in good repair. I hardly need say that the
clothing worn, like the wheel, should be of such
material as to dispense with every ounce that
is not needed. If you carry a pocket-knife, let
it be a light one, and let your money be paper,
except what is needed to make change. If
riding in hot weather, your cap or hat should
be ventilated ; starched shirts and collars should
be exchanged for a woolen sweater, and light
shoes should take the place of boots; and in
order to save soiling the lower part of the legs
of your trowsers you should either wear knee-
breeches or let your stockings come over your
pants-legs. So much for a preface.

A few days ago a gentleman was looking over
our grounds, and he asked several questions
about ray raspberries. His face seemed famil-
iar, and I felt ashained to ask his name. By the
way, nothing troubles me much more of late
than the way in which I forget the names of
people whom I know quite well. I suppose it
is because visitors are here almost every day.
I remember the face, but I can not call the
name; and sometimes I fear the good fiiends
must feel hurt when I have to explain to them
that I can not for the tninute call them by
name. It was so with this friend. In my talk
witli him I soon discovered that he knew a
good deal more about raspberries than I did;
and when he told me a little more about his
different varieties and different lields at home
I decided to pay him a visit, as he lives only
about ten miles away. Next morning, with
the aid of my wheel, I announced myself at his
beautiful home, before breakfast. In fact, it
was before fj o'clock. I was on my way to our
Ohio Experiment Station; and when he found
it out he expressed a wish to go with me. and
said his horse and buggy were at my service if
I would consent to give up my wheel. As the
day proved to be an exceedingly hot and dusty
one, I felt quite satisfied to do so, especially as
it gave me the privilege of having such a bright
and enthusiastic fruit-grower as Prof. Grannis
for a traveling companion. He is so modest a
man that I did not discover that he was a
"professor" at all until I had ridden by his
side some ten miles or more: and he did not tell
me so, even then. I wish to give you a little of
this friend's history, for it may prove to be
helpful, and on that ground I think he will
excuse me for what I am about to say.

Friend Grannis has taught school all his life,
or, rather, he ha« been principal of an academy
the greater part of his life. He told me that
he and his family lived about as other people
do. year after year, letting expenses take up all
the income, until he was getting to be middle-
aged. He is a Christian man, and, of course.

596

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

JUIA- 15.

wants to make his life count, not only for his
own sake and that of his family, but for his
friends' and neighbors'. At the same time phy-
sicians admonished him that his health would
be broken down if he kept on teaching. What
was to be done? He said he had heard people
speak of A. I. Root, and of what he was doing
in gardening and in growing small fruits. He
visited onr place, and what he saw was .simply
an astonishment to him. He could not under-
stand how it was that other people did not go
to work and get results such as he saw on our
grounds, and on some of the poorest land in
Medina Co. He pondered the matter, and made
a huge resolve that, God helping him, the rest
of his life should show forth something differ-
ent.

While we were talking, the horse was stop-
ped; and we went through a little hit of woods,
and one of those poor worthless hills — that is,
it used to be poor and worthless — was revealed
to my gaze. It was covered from foot to sum-
mit with the most luxuriant growth of rasp-
berries— all the different kinds — that ever met
my eye; and the fruit, which was almost ripe,
was in quantity and size beyond any thing I
had ever beheld. It was indeed an oasis in the
wilderness.*

I shall not have space to-day to tell vou of
my visit to the Experiment Station. On the
way we talked raspberries, you may be sure. I
asked him how much competition he had in the
business, and he said he had almost none at all.

On the way home T happened to look off
across a hill, not very far from his residence,
and T broke forth:

"■ Whv. look here, friend Grannis. you told me
you had almost no competition. If that rasp-
berry-patch over there is not competition
'right smart.' I should like to know what it
is. Why. that man's ranch is taken care of
just as well as your own; and I declare" (this
latter was said as we came a little nearer) "I
am afraid it is a better plantation than even
your own."

He began .laughing at my first remark: and
as my enthusiasm warmed up he laughed still
harder. When I turned around in surprise to
know what he meant he replied, "Whv. Mr.
Root, that aNo is my plantation. Didn't I tell
tell you I had 20 acres of raspberries all togeth-
er? Now, I do not mean to say that I own this
land. It belongs to a relative. But the crop
of berries on it is mine."

A few minutes latei-. as I was preparing to
step out of the buggy and get hold of my be-
loved wheel, he concluded with something like
this:

*At a second visit paid to friend Grannis, I found
tliat, on the 9th of July, lie picked and sold 40 bush-
els at $2.50 per busliel. Sixt.v pickers were at work
at once, and 2.5 bushels were sold to people who
came there with pans and pails from tlie surround-
ing- country. You know how much Terry has urged
that a man should niiike it a, liusiness to have some
certain specialty; and I do believe that the right
man, witli the right sort of soil, will do better to
raise raspberries alone, selling- plants as -well as
berries, than to try to raise and keep posted clear
up to the times on all of the other small fruits.
Friend Grannis has under cultivation almost all the
raspberries promineiit before the world. This g-rav-
elly side-hill is simply Mu astonishment. The rasp-
berry foliage on both the old and new was the
brigiitest, most luxuriMut, and thrifty, ot any thing-
I have seen, and yet he is not using- one particle of
manure. He says that gravelly knoll has been un-
der cultivation thirty or foi-ty years, and has given
fair crops of wheat year after year, without a par-
ticle of stable manure, chemical fertilizers, or even
turning under clover or timothy. How many such
g-ravelly hills are there scattered over our land V
and are they being- utilized? Pi-of. Grannis" ad-
dress is Lodi, Medina, Co., O.

"Mr. Root, this day has been a happy mo-;^
ment that I have for a long time looked for-
ward to. Several years ago I had planned, in
imagination, inviting you to come down to see
my work after I had succeeded; and I had
planned, also, of telling you what lam going
to tell you now. What I have accomplished,
and what you have seen to-day. I owe to yon.
You have been my teacher and my inspii-aiion;
and the best part of it all is, that you did not
know it. I have been around, and, when you
wei'e not busy, I have asked you questions, and
you have courteously given me all the informa-
tion you coiJld. and then — forgot all about it.
I say this for your encouragement. Do not get
weary. Your untiring enthusiasm in cultivat-
ing the soil, in searching out God's gifts, will
bear fruit — in fact, it is bearing fruit in places-
where you know nothing of it; and such teach-
ing as yours, and that of others like you, is to
be the salvation of your country."

.Yesterday. July 10, my wheel and I made a
raid through the onion-farms of Medina Co. I
found that the most if not all of them are
threatened seriously with the onion-midge.
The symptoms are. a chalky, sickly color at the-
tops, with more or less curling up. This whit-
ish color is caused by the surface of the leaves
being gnawed all over by a minute aphis. You
can see tliem with the naked eye, only by
spreading the tops where the new growth starts
and letting the sun shine down in. You will
see them down there at work, so small as to
look like fine grayish powder. .They eat over
the surface of the leaf when it is young and
green. One of the professors in our Experiment
Station has visited the plantations, and they
havt^ decided that the only feasible remedies
are tobacco tea or dilute carbolic acid. They
think the latter will be cheaper — one part of
carbolic acid to 100 parts of water, put on the
onion-tops with the spray-pump. 1 find the
onions in almost every garden, and even on our
own grounds, affected in the same way. We
can not tell yet how great the damage may be.
As is usually the case, where there is a very
strong rank growth the insect has less power to
do serious injury. The enemy is not an entire-
ly new thing, but it has never been so wide-
spread, and in such numbers, as during this
present season. Theinjurvis done to the leaf
when it first starts out of the center of the top.
Onr American Pearl escaped the insect entirely
by being mature, and part of them on the mar-
ket, almost before the midge got to work.

THE BEST THING IN THE WORLD.

At the great national Christian Endeavor
convention held in Cleveland. O., July 11 — 1.5.
Gov. McKinley said something like the follow-
ing: " I love the Endeavorers because they are
building Christian character; and just at this
stage of human progress there is no currency in
the whole wide world in such universal demand
as Christian character." The attendance was
even beyond the most sanguine expectations.
The great building, provided esoecially for the
meeting, was speedily filled. Then the great
tent, holding lO.OOO more, was almost as speedi-
ly packed, with ever so many on the outside
looking through the openings. Then an over-
flow meeting filled one of the largest churches,
and then still another was filled likewise. The
special feature of the meeting was the court
eous. kindly Christian spirit that one met on
every hand. Hundreds of white-capped ushers
were ready to answer any question, and some-
times they would even approach you and say,
"Friend, is there any thing you would like to
know? " or. " Can we direct you anywhere you
want to go?" There was no cigar smoke — at

18')4

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

least, none coming from any who wore- the En-
deavor badge. There were no uncourteous
words ; and while at one time the air in the tent
was iiol, almost to suffocation, it was wonder-
ful to sec people hear it with such smiling good
nature. Where mistakes and misunderstand-
ings happened, there was no grumbling. Beau-
tiful ice-water by the baiiclful stood at every
turn; and a small boy, who belonged to the En-
deavorers. nianipulated the faucet so as to
avoid spattering the nicely dressed girls, and
also to avoid making a mudhole around the
drinking-place. Nice pies, sandwiches, lemon-
ade, and such like refreshments, were on hand
at every lurn. and at very low prices for the
quality. Notwithstanding the great labor-
strike at the lime, not an individual in that
groat crowd had reason to complain that he
lacked: and I did not even hear of exorbitant
prices anywhere. It was worth going a long
way to see a city decorated — stores, residences,
and all public places — as Cleveland was with
the Endeavor colors. I attended only one day,
riding in on my wheel in the morning, and back
home at night, making nearly 60 miles, besides
taking in the convention.

just keep increasing like potatoes; and I am inclin-
ed to think you can get two crops in a sesi-son— one
in the spring and one in tlie fall— tliat is, when we
liave plenty of rain. Ifyouwishto increase your
stock rapidly you can certainly do it by separating
the cluster of onions; and if this is d<inc early
enough so that each sepiiratt; (inion g(ts well root-
ed, 1 feel sure they will stand t he wintei- safely. In
fact, all the above onions mentioned, winter well,
or at least they do in our locality, without any i)ro-
tection and without any injury. We can also fur-
nish white shallots at twice the price of the multipli-
ers. I have never had an opportunity of trying
them over winter, SI) I do not know whether they
are as hardy in our locality as the multipliers or
not. The multipliers and the shalk)1s, I feel sure,
are going to be an acquisition I'or extra nice onions,
with but very little trouble.

BUSHEL BOXES.

BUSIWESSfe^

CHOICH COMB HONEY WANTED.

We have a customer wanting to buy clioiee comb
honey in 1 lb. sections, in large quantities. Those
having it to offer should write at once to this office,
stating abcmtwhat quantity they have to sell, and
the lowest price at which they will sell outright for
casli. already cased and crated for shipment. It
must grade choice to fancj'.

HONEY MARKET.

We are receiving from Medina Co. producers, as
we go to press, a nici' lor of choice lioney, both
comb and e.xtrncted. The flow of basswood honej^
has been abundant here, and most of the honey se-
cured is from that source.

Clioice white extracted, 6T-lb. cans, per lb., 9 cts.

In lots of :i cases or more, " " 8 "

Choice white comb honey, 24 lb. cases, 17 "
" " " ItIO or more, 16 "

White-sage extracted, last year's crop, two 6()-lb.
cans to the case, at 8c per lb. ; 2 cases or more, TXc.

ONION-SETS ItEADY FOR MARKET.

New Egyptian (or Winter) onion-sets ready for
market, per quart, n cts.; peck, 3.5 cts.; bushel, $1.00.
These may be planted now any time where early
crops are taken oft'. The sooner you get them into
the ground, the larger will be your early onions
next spring.

Extra Early American Pearl onion-sets— (juart,
3.T cts.; peck, $2.25. I liave never tried planting
these earlier than the first of September, and I do
not know what the result will be from pbinting
them now. But I am going to try it. If we do
not have rain, the sets would lie in the ground with-
out starting, until rain comes. If we d(J have rain
the.\ might make such a growth this fjill as to
trouble us more by trying to gr.jw seed-.stalks in the
spring. If any of these (uiion-sets aio wanted by
mail, add 10 cts. extra for postage and packing.

Our White Multipli ^rs ;ire also ripe, and ready to
gather. Price, per pint, 10 cts.; quart, 1.5 cts.; peck,
$1.00; bushel, SS.'iO. This is the price of the small
sizes generally used for planting. Larger sizes,
suitable for pickles or table use, half the above
prices. The large sizes, if planted out now, will, if
we luive rain, split up into a great number of small
ones yet. this fall. Please notice, you need not fear
to plant the multipliers now, because they luccr
send up seed-stalks — at least. I have never foimd a
Single seed-stalk in a whole field of them. They

M:

The above cut shows our new-style alJ-slatted
hutihel box. We have two other styles; one has
slatted bottom and sides with solid ends in three
pieces called the slatted Jmshcl box. The other has
solid ends and close bottom and siaes, and is bound
with galvanized iron and called tha (/alvanized bnund
box. These bo.xes were devised by T. B. Terry for
handlintf potatoes, for which purpose nothing could
be handier. The potatoes are picked up into the
boxes in the field and left in them till sold. Other
crops, such as cucumbers, tomatoes, and apples are
being handled in these same boxes. They are of
such a size that two go crosswise in an ordinary
wagon-box. Outside measure is Uij xlH'8Xl2X deep,
and they hold a bushel of potatoes level full so they
can be piled one upon another. The above cut
shows two all-slatted bo.ves nailed up, and a bundle
of 15 alongside; 1!{ of the 15 are in the fiat, packed
inside the other two, and nails of the proper kinds
are included. The slatted and (jahxtuizcd htnuidhoxes
are put up in the same way, except there are only 13
in a package instead of 15. Each puckage weighs
about 85 to 90 lbs.

PRICE LIST.

All-slatted bushel box, per crate of 15 $1 .50

Slatted bushel box, per crate of 12 1 50

Galvanized bound bushel bo.v, per crate of 12 3 10

In lots of ten crates, 5 per cent discount will be
deducted. Price each, n:iiled, 15, 18, and 23 cents,
respectively. A 20-page pamphlet called Handling
Farm Produce, telling all about these boxes, mailed
free on application.

Gash for Beeswax!

Will pay 23c per It), cash, or 26c in trade for any
quantity of good, fair, average beeswax, delivered
at our R. K. station. The same will be sold to those
who wish to purchase, at 30e per lb., or 33c for UpkI
srlrctrd rvitx. Old comlis ivitl not be accepted under
auii cintsideratiiiii.

Unless you put your name on the box, and notify
us by mail of amount sent, I can not hold myself
responsible for mistakes. It will not pai' as a gen-
eral thing to send wax by expre»H.

A. I. ROOT. Medina. Ohio.

598

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

JUT.Y 1."

Queens! Queens!

Now ready by return mail.

Ri-(diii full colonies liom tlie best honoy-giithei'-
iiiy strains in the country. All queens wiirranted
purely mated, an i safe atrival guaranteed. 1 have
three distinct si r.iins— golden yellow and dark
leather-colored li.ilians, also Albinos.

Tested, each $1 .5(1

Tested, per 54 doz 7.50

Warranted, eacii 75

Warranted, per 54 doz 4.00

AVarranted, per doz 7.50

Send tor 4-l-page descriptive catalogue.

W. W. GARY, Colrain, Mass.

Golden Italian Queens -}- -*• »

•Si -*• ■*• -» By Return Mail.

Untested, 60 e»s. Breeders, the very best, $1.50.
These are daughters of one of DoollUle's best
breeders and are very yellow— most of tiiem >-e7-
2o\ver than ut>l<l- liarg" and prolific. Safe de-
livery. Money order ofTice. Decatur.

Cleveland Bros., Stamper, Newton Co., Miss.

Will you please mention (iIK.a.nings ?

'q Seec7 Anniinl for 1J^94 is well worth
'^ having. Tell to all "ho plant .seeds
W. Atlee Burpee & Co., Philadelphia, Pa.

It-i-ir»rk*»-f^H Carniolans, bred in I,s9:{, $'> each;
IlipUrtCU tested lS9t Carnicliiis in Jun-, $-':
bred from imported queetis producing only gray
bees. Untested, May, #1. Foreign orilers, 16, $3,
and S3. Safe arrival at any i>ostoflic(> in the world.
MES. FRANE BENTOiT, CharltoD Heights. Md,

Bees and Queens.

I am now prepared to fill all orders on short notice
at the following low prices:

Untested queen % 75

6 untested 4 00

1 1-frame nucleus. 1 00

1 3-f rame nucleus 3 50

Bees by the pound 75

1 to 5 colonies 0(0

Queens wantiHi with nucleus, add price.

E. A HAEEIS, Nc. Petersbu-g, Eenss Co.. N. 7.

Tested Queens,

Raised last fall from my clioiie Italian stocli, yel-
low and unsui passed workers,

75 cts.

Ready to ship now. Hybrids, 25 cts.

^T. .1. GJKEEJV, Ottawa. 111.

World's Fair Hedal

Awarded my l^untKliititm. Sen<i for free
samples. Dealers, write for wholesale prices.
Root's new l^allshed Sections and other goods
at his prici'S. free Illustrated Price List of every
tiling needed in the ai)iary. W 1-4 |-|«tt^'f
Bell Branch, Mich. ''*• ■'• HUIIL.

TESTED ITALIAN QUEENS, |il?,rttV

ed, $1..5t); untested, 05 cts. Ttvo-frame nucleus, with
tested queen, $2 00; with untested queeu, $150.
Queens ready April 1.

Stewart cVt Cooper, Quebeck, Tenn.

Golden Wyandottes.

No better birds in America. Cockerel,
$5 00. Trio, $7.0'. Eggs. $2.00 per setting.
-K. D. lieeney, A.feade, N. V.

ml /Tt W If you keep BEBS,

}\\ I subscribe for the Pro-
^ I gre.ssive Bee-keeper, a
l\ I .iournal devoted to Bees,
j^_^ J Honey, and kindred in-
^^^^^^_^^^^^__^^^ dustries. 50c'ts. j>er
^^^^^^"^^^^^^"^"^ yenr. Sample copy,
also a beautifully illustrated catalogue of Bee-
keepers'supi>lies, FKKE. Addn^ss
LEAHY MFG. CO., HIGGINSVILLE. MO.

Golden Italian Queens.

X doz. unti'sti^d queens $4 0)

1 doz. untested queens S t)0

Fine queens for breeding- purposes :> O'l
Sample of bees upon application. I
can please you. Send ii trial order.
,7. H. MICHAEr^,

(iermim, Darke Co., O.

TROT 'EM OUT!

»?

I challenge anyone to show up a strain of bees
that are superior to my (ioldeii Italians. They
have excelled all comiietitors by practical test.
Gentle, industrious, g(X)d comb-builders, enter the
sections readily, ai<> not inclined to swai m, and are
perfect beauties. Descriptive circular free. Sec-
tions, ^1?. per ^1/. Dovetailed hives way down.
CHAS. D. DUVALL. Spencerville, Md.

Italian Bees and Queens

Heady in May. Queens, $1.00; bees by the lb., $1.00;
1-frame nucleus. $1.25; 2-frame, $2.25. Also Barred
P. R. eggs for setting, 15 for $1.00.

il7rs. A.. A.. Sitnpsan, Swarts, J*a.

STR3NG, FULL COLONIES

of Pure Italian Bees, in Root's new
Dovetailed hive, after June 1, only

$4,011 each.

N. A. KNAPP, Rochester, Lorain Co., 0.

PATENT WIRED COMB FOUNDATION

Has JVo Say j/i lirood- frames.

Thin Flat - Bottom Foundation

Ha: no Fishbone in the Surplus Honey.
Being the cleanest, it is usually worked
the quickest of any foundation made.

J. VAN DEUSEN & SONS,

12tfdh Sole flanufacturers.

Sprout Brook, Montgomery Co., N. Y.

BEFORE placing your orders for SUPPLIES, write
for prices on One-Piece Basswood Sections, Bee-
Hives, Shipping-Crates, Frames. Foundation, Smo-
kers, etc. PAGE & KEITH,
Stfdb New London. WIp.

Control Your Swarms, Requeen, &c.

.^end ~'5c for samples of

Wtsi's Patent Spiral wire

Qm en-Cell Protectors, an(3

Pat. Spiral Queen Hatch-

^jis-lls^ ing and Introducing Cage,

ir al.'-o best Bee-Escape, with

cir<'ular explaining. 12

Cell-protectors, H0c; 100, $3.

il^ 1- Cages. $l.fO; IdO, $6, by

n niail. Circular free. Ad-

ni dress N. D. WEST, Middle-

turgh. Scho. Co., N. Y. Sold

ilso by all the leading supply-dealei

Read what J. 1. Parent, of

('H.^Ki.TON. N. Y., says — "We
cut with one of your Combined
Machines last winter 50 chaflf
hives with 7-inch cap, 100 honey-
racks, 500 broad frames, 2,000
lioney-boxes, and a great deal of
other work. This winter we
have doubled the amount of bee-
hives, etc., to make, and we ex-
pect to do it all with this saw.
It will do all you say it will."

Catalogue and Price I>ist free. Address W. F. &!

JOHN BARNES, 545 Ruby St., Kockford, 111.
When more convenient, orders for Barnes' Foot-|

Power Machinery may be sent to me. A. I. Root

eoitf Please mention this paper

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

<')03

,\\*^' ^\\0'

.v^'

A-

^^^;sv^-•

..^-^^V^

larin respondlnpr to thlsartvertlsemenr mention i-fi,KANlN««

TESTED ITALIAN QUEENS, 75 Cts.

J. C. WHEELER, PLANO, ILL.

METAL
WHEELS

for your

WAGONS.

Anv size you want, 20
to 56 in high Tires I
tf) 8 in wide— hubs to
fit any axle. Suvcs
('o^st many times in
ti season to have set
of low wheels to fit
your wagon for hauling
grain, fodder, manure,
hogs, kc. No resetting of
tires Catl'g free Address
EMPIRE 3IPG. CO.,
Uulucy, 111.

WALTER S. POUDER,

162 Mass. Ave. Indisnapolis, Ind.
Standard Goods — Popular
Prices— Catalogue Free.
"BUSY BEES"

A book telling how to man-

asre them-iocis. in stamps ; or free to

^i^^^*-,»_^those sending namesof 5 bee-keepers

SECTIONS CHEAP!

Until sold, we will sell the sectiDiis listed helow in
quatniiies of TiOU or mure Ht $1 .50 per tlnnisimd for
cieains. and $1.00 per thousand for No. 2. A1I4J^.\
4V sections, open two sides.

41,0(i02 itK-h cream. IH.OOO '2 inr-li No. 2.
47.0' OlM " " 91,0(10 1{^ "

116,000 1% " " 20,0(0 1% "

l;J4,U00 7to ft. " 87,iit)0 Ug "

2.>i.000 7 to ft. No. 2.
PAGE <£ KEITH, NEW LONDON, WIS.

tSf"!!! responding to tliis advt-i ti.~eiiii]il mention ULKANINOa

THE LATEST PUZZLE- FREE

How can a. wii-c; fenc(^ stand without posts?
"\Vc will send free to any address, a plioto en-
Sra\ iuf^ of a lonpr sect ion of our Park fence,
confining live door and elk, and not a sign
of a post fo bo seen. Everybody knows that
tiie PaK-e ii;is l)cen "out of sight" of all com-
petitors for years, l)ut did not realize that it
could pose as a "postless" fence.

Send for proof.
PAGE WOVEN WIRE FENCE CO., Adrian, Mich.

riother Bees.

If you wish the best of queens, or mother bees,
send me your orders. Untested queens, 3 or 5 band,
7.5c each; *4.25 for 6, or $8.00 per dozen. Tested 3-
band queens, $1..50 each;Hne 3-band breeders,
thoroughly tested, the /jest, $5.00 each; straight
.5-band breeders, faultless (jueens. $10.00 each. Root's
goods, Dadant's foundation, and Bingham smokers.

Jennie Atchley, Beeville, Bee Co., Tex.

C^In resiPoniliiiL' to this .advertisement mention Gleanings.

Bees and Supplies

Always on hand. Send for circular.
/. jr. Strlnorhaxn, lOn ParU Place, X. Y.

Golden

Untested 05 cts.
each;6for$3.50; 12
for ps .50, Tested,

Queens

$1 00 each. Fine jirolific breeding queens. $2..50 to
$4 00. To parties who have not tried my strain of
Italians I will send one golden Italian queen for
.50 cts. Satisfaction and safe arrival guaranteed.

E. A. SEELEY, Bloomer, Ark.

Do Not Order

Until you have written us for prices on
the **l?t)ss" One-Piece Section.

Also D T. Hives, Siiipping-crates, and oth-
er supplies.

We have just completed a large addition
to our factory, which doul)les our tioor-
room, and therefore we are in better shape
than ever to till orders on short notice.
Write for price list,

FORNCROOK & CO.,

Watertown, Wis., Jan. i, 1894.

l-3-.5tfd

Burpee

S' See<l J\.nniiftl for 1894 is well worth
havinjr. Tell to all "ho jtlant seeds

W. Atlee Burpee & Co., Philadelphia, Pa.

Dovetailed Hives, Simplicity Hives,

SECTIO/S/S. EXTRACTORS. ETC.

FULL LINE OF'

BEE-KEEPERS' SUPPLIES.

GO-PAGE CATALOGUE. Itf

J. M. Jenkins, Wetumpka, Alabama.

604

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug. L

Contents of this Number.

Aiiiaiv, H. Lathioirs 608[

Bees anil Trousi-hs t;20

Carniolan Hybrid" 614

Combs. New v. Old 622

Drone Combs in Sections. . 619

Drones from Virg-ins 621 1

Echoes from Ramblei' 612

Editor at Wooster 631 [

Eggs, Bees Moving 61X\

Electropoise 627

Foundation on Bottom-bar 617
Galvanized Honey-vessels. .622

Hive. 8-trame. Favored 622

Honey, Apple-blossom 622

Honey-dew Honey 612

Island. Mrs. Atebley's 623

N urse-bees 623

Paralysis. Bee 62n

Fear. Pollenationof 613

Petition to Congress 621

Pineapple. Use of 622

Rambler and his Outfit 623

Raspljerries 632

Reports. Those California . .623
,Seet ion-former, Townsend's.626

Shade for Bees 620

Swarm of Clipped Queen .. 623

Tariff on Honey 61ii

Trap. Harrison's 626

Veil.Hasty's 623

CONVENTION NOTICES.

TO THE BEE KEEPERS OF NORTH AMERICA.
The North Anierii-an Bee keepers' Assoeiation was organized
in December. 1870. with the avowed object of "pTonioting the
interests of bee culture thi-ongli(>\it North America." All who
are familiar with its work know, and its imldished proceedings
also show, that it has adhered to this puipose, and has con-
tribute<l as niui-h as any similar society in the world to the
spread of a knowledge of practical and scienlilii- :ipicult\ire.
Reviews. tiai'.slat;ons. and citations troni tlic-e prccecdings
apiiear in the ait'iarian Journals of all European countries.
Much has in this way been ilonc by this society toward giving
to the American system of apiculture the recognition which
its great merits justly entitle it to i-eceive.

.M'lCfl.TURK l"RO(il!KSSIN(;, AND T)IF. SOCIETY FI.OUHISIIING.

The associat'on itself was never in a nxm- Ibpiirishiiii; condi-
tion than at present, having readied at tlic last niceliii;; the
highest membership it has ever possessed. But tlic lemarka-
ble progress made by apiculture in the United States an<l
Canada within the memory of many who are still among the
active membeis of this society— in fact the development of
this industry until it has become one of considerable national
importance— makes it certain, when w ■ consider the wide
ticlds vet unoccupied, that still t^i catei- things may be expect-
ed. If all who are interested in this pursuit, and are proud of
the rank whii-li the apicnituie of Ameiica holds, arc williuM' to
assist the objects of this assoi-iation to the cNteiit at least of
becoming members and r<Tainiiig eonlin\cius niemliHrsliip. re-
sults not m' rely gratifying to all, but substantial bciu'tits to
every member will follow. It is not a trade-union nor a so-
cialistic society to promote striken and boycotting, but a
peaceful joining of scattered forces which by numbers, inter-
est, and enthusiasm, shall command respect and recognition
from those whose work in life has not nnide them familiar
with the extent and needs of this industry. The Held is wide
enough for all. and there should be no holding back through
a spirit dictated by a feeling that one's own advancement is
hindered by the well-earm-d progress .>f his fellow-man. Each
should have, instead, a just pride in the knowledge that he has
contributed to the general advancement.

WHAT THE SOCIETY CAN DO.
The North American Bee-keepers' Association might aid in
obtaining National and State legislation favorable to the in-
terests of apiculture, both in securing and promoting atten-
tention to this branch at experiment stations, and in checking
the sale of adulterated apiarian products. Should this body
be composed permanently las it certainly ought to be) of
three fourths or more of the intelligent apiarists of the coun-
try, its opinions, res(dutions. and lequests would carry with
them far more weight and inllueni c than they do at present.
The time lias come, in fact, when aiiieulture. having arrived at
the dignity or a distinct pursiiil , and having enlisted the at-
tention of some Soo.lKio of our citizens, has within itself forces
worthy of much consideration— foices that should lie united
in order to do more etfective work. Every bee-keeper, there-
fore, whose eye falls on these lines is personally requested to
ally himself vvith the members of our society whether he can
be present at the regular meeting or not. The )noceedings,
published in pamphlet form, are sent to all who pay the annu-
al membership fee, and the names of all members appear in
the printed list.

The 1 ext annual convention will be held at Saint .lose|ih.
Mo., I let. 16. 17. 18, IMIl. To avoid confusion at the time of the
meeting, and jnst before, nienibeis or those ubo wish to be
come suidi are requestiil to Corward their due-s,.t;l (in at the
earliest date jiossible. to the treasurer of the ,\s^oci:itiiin. Mr.
George W. York.a6 Fifth Ave.. Chicago. Ill . who will return a
neat meinbeishipcard. Those who attend the convention are
requested to present niembeiship-c.irds and secure badges.
State or local apiarian siK-ietics jiaying an annual nftitiation
fee of .%'j.OO reieive med.ils tn be given to their own meinbeis
as prizes; and delegates aiijiointcd by these societies to attend
the conventions of the North American receive membership-
cards and badges free.
For further information address Frank Benton,

Sec. North American Bee-keepers' Association.
Washington. D. V.

Wants or Exchange Department.

Notices will be Inserted under this head at one-half our usu-
al rates. All advertisements intended for this department
must not exceed five lines, and you must say you want your
adv't in this department, or we will not be responsible for er-
rors. You can have the notice as many lines as you please,
but all over five lines will cost you according to our regular
rates. This department is intended only for bona fide ex-
changes. Exchanges for cash or for price lists, or notices of-
fering articles for sale, can not be inserted under this head.
For such our regular rates of 20 cts, a line will be charged, and
they will be put with the regular advertisements. We can not
be responsible for dissatisfaction arising from these "swaps,"

The Self=Teaching Music Chart

Teat'lies notes, cliDi'ds, iiecoiPii.iiiiint'iits, all aboiit
piano and oig'an ])laying-. so plain tliat any cliilti
can iiiukTstand it. A sreat tliinp- for agfnts. Cir-
cular iree, ./. ^1. HOIi. llnian Citv, IikI.

For Sale or Rent.

Kami containing'
!i6 acres. 4;i under
cultivation; IH acres of strawbi^rries; IX acres of
blackberries; » acres of orcli.ird; tunning' water the
year around; g-oofl liuildinys, and IT.'i colonies of
bees in good cunflition. /fo.x- 4If», /,/tiiji, <>.

W

ANTED,— To exchange several g'ood safety bi-
cycles. Honey wanted. Send sample,

J. A, Green, Ottawa, 111.

WANTED.— To exchange 200 colonies of bees for
any thing useful on pbmtation.

Anthony Opp, Helena, Ark.

WANTED.— To exchang'e yellowltalian queens, or
nuclei of bees, for foundation or 1-lb, sections,
>rRs, Oliver Cole, Sherlmrne, Chenango Co,, N. Y.

ANTED.— To exchange golden queens for rasp-
berry, blackberry, and strawberry plants.

J. F. Michael, German, Darke Co., O.

W

WANTED.— To exchange one registered Poland
China Gilt for one single-shot or repeating
rifle, or offers. W. C, Gathright, Cameron, Tex.

WANTED.— Parties having extracted honey for
sale to send to my address sample and jirice.
Give name of kind of honey. W. T. Zink.

Nichols, Greene Co.. Mo.

WANTED.— To exchange 7 or 8 colonies Italian
bees in Dovetailed hives, empty hives, etc., for
any thing useful. W. S. Dorn Blaser,

Higginsville, Mo.

WANTED.— To exchange one new and several
extra good second-hand bicycles, and .500 60-lb.
screw-cap cans, for choice comb or extracted honey,
Mail sample. J. A. Buchanan & Son,

Holliday's Cove, W. Va.

WANTED.— To exchange Italian bees, nuclei or
full colonies, for clover seed, small-fruit plants,
or farm tools. John Burr, Braceville, 111.

Black and Hybrid Queens For Sale.

For the benefit of friends who have black or hybrid queens
which they wish to dispose of, we will insert notices as below,
first insertion free of charge. After the first, 10 cents per line.
We do this because tin re is hardly value enough in these
queens to pay for buying them up aiid keeping them in stock,
and yet it i- oftintinies (piite an accommodation to those who
can not atford higher-iuiced mies.

Black and hybrid queens for sale at 20 and 35 cts.
each ; ."> for $1.(10. J. W. Bacon,

Waterloo, Seneca Co., N. Y.

Queens by Return Mail.

Hardy Nortlierii-bred Gray Carnioliins and 5-band-
ed Golden Italians, queens bred in separate apiaries,
by return mail, at the following prices:
1 untested queen, 65 I 1 tested queen, - $1.2.'»
t> •' " $3.50 I 1 select tested, - 1.75

Bee-keeping- friends, give our queens :i tritil. We
guarantee them to give satisfaction. Don't fail to
give the Gray Carniolans a trial. With us. they
prove to be the best of workers, tlie hardiest, and
the gentlest bees in the world.
Keferenee, A. I. Boot.

F. A. LOCKHART & CO.,

Lake George, N. Y.

C*^fn responding to this advertl>enient mention Gl.KA.NINOS.

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

<)05

Honey Column.

CITT MARKETS.

Kansas CvvY.—Htitiey.—Dvmimd is slow for all
grades and kinds of lioiiey. A few cases of new re-
oeived. Tlie ranjje of prices is 43^®ti!4e for extract-
ed. Fancy wliite, 1-lb. comb. ir)@lt)c; anil)er. l:i@]3;
dark. 10. Beeswax, 22. Hamblin & Bearss,

July 30. Kansas City, Mo.

Chicago.— Hojiey.— Demand for honey at this sea-
son of the year restricted. We look for an active
demand for new comb honey that is of good quality
and put up in desirable packaji-es. We sliall liold
our first receipts at 16c per lb., unless otherwise
instructed. Extnicted honey selling, depending
upon quality, at .5@fi per lb. Beeswax, 2,5.

S. T. Fish & Co.,

July 19. 189 South Water St., Chic;igo, 111.

Buffalo.— Hcxei/. — It is rather too e:irly to ^hif)
honey to market as yet; there is too much small
fruit for sauce, etc. There is a very small demand
for extra choice honey at 18@14: stray sales at 1.5.
There are various qualities and sizes of packages at
from 9 to 12 cts. When the season starts in i.i ear-
nest, we should be pleased to hear from all our old
friends. Batterson & Co.,

July 18. Buffalo, N. Y.

Detroit.— Ho/iey.— There is no new comb honey
offered yet, and the last year's crop is all sold. We
think there will be a good deniand for the coming-
crop. Market will probably open at l.^ic for best
white. Extracted, 6@7; some new Southern has sold
for 6. Beeswax easier at 2.5@.26. M. H Hunt.

July 19. Bell Branch, Mich.

Albany.— Ho)i('!/.— A number of producers have
written desiring to send us a lot of extracted honey,
but as there is .scarcely any demand for it before
Oct 1st it would only be" in our way if sent now. We
can sell a limited amount of new comb honey in
August. Have received none as yet, consequently
can give no quotations from actual sales.

Chas. McCulloch,

July 30. Albany, N. Y.

San Francisco.— Hodc.i/.— The honey crop is
nea'lyatotal failure In California, and hardly any
extracted honey will be produced at all. We nuote
extracted honey, nominally: Light amber, 6(S),614;
amber, .5(^554. We can not quote white honey at
all. One-lb frame comb scarce at 13@14. Beeswax
scarce at 26@27.

SCHACHT, LEMCKK & STKINER.

July IT. San Francisco, Cal.

St. Louis.— Hrxiej/.— At present there is very little
demand for lioney. Choice white clover comb in
1-lb. sections is selling slowly at 13(®14 Choice ex-
tracted, in cans, in a sm;ill way. 4'/^®'); in barrels,
354®*. Beeswax in good demand at 36M for prime.
Any thing aside from choice honey is impossible to
sell, as no one seems to want goods of this clnss.
Westcott Co>f. Co.,

July 12. St. Louis, Mo.

Cincinnati.— HnHpy. — Demand in general is slow
for all kinds of lioney, but we have made large sales
lately ot choice white comb honej* of last year's
crop, cleaning out our market. We quote 12®14 for
choii-e white comb honey. There is a slow demand
foi' extracted honey at 4@6. Demand is fair for
beeswax at 20@23 for good to choice yellow.

Chas. F. Muth & Son,

July 18. Cincinnati, O.

Boston. — Honey. — We quote you our mai'ket on
1-lb. comb honey at 14@16; extracted honey at 5@(i.
Demand light. Beeswax wanted; none ()n hand.
E. E. Blake & Co.,

July 19. Boston, Mass.

St. Louis.— H(»/if,iy.—Thei'e is very little change.
Inquiries are few. No ch.inge in prices. Prime
beeswax, 2.5. D. G. Tutt Grocer Co.,

July 19. St. Louis, Mo.

Cleveland. —J/onei/.— Honey sales slow; No. 1
white at 12i4@13; No. 2. 10. Buyers are not anxious
at these prices. Beeswax, 2.5.

Williams Bros.,

July IS. 80 & 82 Broadway, Cleveland, O.

Kansas Citv.— 77o*if j/.— Some small shipments of
new comb honey on the market, .selling at 1.5 to 16c
for No. 1 white comb. Not much demand foi' ex-
tracted .\et. Beeswax, 22@25.

Clemons, Mason & Co.,

July 19. Kansas City, Mo.

Chicago.— Ho)iY'/y.— A few little lots of the new
crop have come, and the white comb has sold at
Itic where it was in good order. As yet there is no
surplus. Extracted brings 6@6. Beeswax, yellow,
25: daik. 20. R. A. Burnett & Co.,

July 18. 163 So. Water St., Chicago, III.

For Sale.— We have 10,000 lbs. of the finest of
alfalfa extracted honey that we will sell at 7c, f . o.
b. cars here. Samples by mail.

AiKiN Brothers, Lovelaiid, Colo.

I have .some nice horsemint honey for siile at 6c
by the barrel. W. C. GATHRKiHT, Cameron, Tex.

Alfalfa, honey, very white, "dead ripe," thick and
rich; $8.2.5 for two 60-lb. cans. Address

Oliver Foster, Las Animas, Colo.
(Late of Mt. Vernon, Iowa. )

BUFFALO, N. Y. Unsurpassed Honey Market.
BATTERSON & CO. Responsible. Reliable,
Commission Merchants, igtfdb and Prompt.

EDWIN ROBINSON. W. M. GRAY.

ESTABLISHED 1866.

Robinson & Gray,

SUCCESSORS TO

B. F. Soutliwicit & Co.,
Foreign and Domestic Fruits, Canned Goods.

47 & 43 South Market and 5 & 6 Chatham Streets.

Headquarters for Vermont Shipments

of White=Clover Honey.

It will be the endeavor of the new firm to meet
the wishes of their patrons in the future as the late
firm has in the past.

Thanking you for the many past favors received
by the late Arm, we hope to tie favored with a liberal
share of your patr'onage in the future.

All orders and inquiries by mail or otherwise will
receive prompt attention. Very respectfully,

Boston, April 2, 1894. ROBINSON & GRAY.

l^ln respondint; to this advcjrtiseineiM Mierition Rleaning.>(.

Tested, $1.00; 6 for $5.
Warranted, 75c; 3 far $2.
Breeders, the very best,
$2.00. Straight 5-band, $3. Also apples, Ben Davis,
Mammoth Black Twig, Arkansas Black, all leading
varieties; whole root only; trees lOe each. On or-
ders of 100 I will pny freight.

W. H. I^AWS, Lavnca, Seb. Co.. Jlrli:.

Italian Queens Cheap.

My queens are as good as the best. Untested, 6.5c
each; 3 for $1.75; 6 for $3.25. Tested, »1. 2.5. Select
tested, yellow to the tips, breeders, $1..50. Virgins,
2.5c. Safe arrival guaranteed.

G. E. DAWSON, CARLISLE, ARK.

QUEENS.

Golden Wyandottes.

N(J better birds in America. Cockerel,
$5 00. Trio, $7.on. Eggs, $2.00 per setting.
JS. D. Keenly, Ji.rca(le, 2V. Y.

30 tested Italian queens, the very
best 3 and 5 banded, at 7r)C each, by
return mail.

C. H. Stewart, Sparta. Tenn.

606

aLEANIN(JS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug. 1.

Feeding Back

H(

to secure tlie completion of unflnshrd
sections ciiii 1)8 ni.ide very prodtulile il' rifflitly
nuuiajied during the iiot weMllier of July and
August. Ill '-ADVANCED I5EE CULTURE"
may be found complete instructions regarding-
the selection and preparation of colonies, preparation of tiie feed, manipulation necessary to secure the
rapid capping of tlie combs, time for^ removing tlie lione3% and how to manage it' a few sections in a, case
are not quite complete; in short, all of tlie " kinks " that have been learned from years of experience and
the " feeding back " of tons of honey.

Price of the book, 50 cts.; the Review one year, ;ind the book, for $1 35; or the Review the remainder
of the year, and the book, for only 76 cts. Stamps taken, either U. S. or Canadian.

Qnice tested ones of this year's rearing I can f urnisli at $1.C0 each, or with the Rfview
U ^^Tl 5 one year, for $1 75. Untested queens at 75 cts. each, or one with tlie Review one year
^-^^^ for iM..50. Write for prices on larger quantities.

W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint, Mich.

DmtrrhiafG. "f one of JJoalil tie's best 5-
aU^lllCId banded breeders, mated to the
clioicest drones from Jennie Atcliley's 5-band-
ed strain, tliereby securing a direct cross
with the best 5-banded stock obtainable. Untested,
.50c; 10 or more, 40c; tested, 75c; selected extra yel-
low, $1.00. Safe delivery and satisfaction. Money-
order office, Monongah. P. O. address, Woitliing-
ton, W. Va. L. H. ROBEY.

~rF YOU WANT BEES

That will just "roll" in the honey, try ITIoore's
strain of Italians, the result of 15 years'
careful breeding.
Dr. O. S. Brown, Londonderry, O., says:

I bought queens of you in 1891. and they have shown them-
selves to be of the best for honey-gatheriniJ:.

Warranted queens, 80c each ; 3 for $2.00. Tested
queens, jBI.OO each. Safe arrival and satisfaction
guaranteed.

Those who have never dealt with me. T refer to
A. I. Root, who has i)urcliased of me 6ti6 queens.
Circular free. eitf

J. P. MOORE, Morgan, Pendleton Co., Ky.

90 PER GENT PURE S3

Queens Yellow to the tip

Mated with

Drones Yellow all over.

t^ueen mothers from an entirely different strain
from the drones, hence a direct cross. None but
selected drones allowed to tiy from the most desir-
able colonies. I am 4 or 5 miles from any other
bees, therefore I can practically control the mating
of my queens. Nine }"ears as a queen specialist,
always taking care to secure direct crosses, has
convinced me that the golden Italians have no su-
periors. Queens sent by return mail if requested.
Safe arrival guaranteed, and everj^ queen warrant-
ed in every respect. Price 75 j each ; $8,00 per doz.

James Wood, North Prescott, Mass.

Rv Rpflirn M^il Itallan queens from

I Uy IVClUlll i'lail. ^^neof Dnolittle's very
I best breeders— yellow to tip. Bees most excellent
I workers. Untested, .55c; 6 for $3.00; 12 for $5.60.
! Tested, $1.00. Mismated, 3.5c: 3 for $1.00. Safe de-
I livery and satisfaction guaranteed.

H. G. QUIRIN. Bellevue, Ohio.

each, IMPORTED ITALIAN QUEENS, reared
in '04. Untested from them, 50c each.

W. ('. Fr.\Zii;h, Atlantic. Iowa.

Business Queens.

On account of a few hybrid drones that may be
flying in the air this year I will sell my all-golden-to-
tip queens, untested, unwarranted, but am satisfied
90 per cent are purely mated and will produce 4 and
5 banded bees, at .50 cts. apiece. Order some, test
them, and be convinced.

WM. A. SELSER, Wyncote, Pa.

"TROT 'EM OUT!"

I challenge anyone to show up ji strain of bees
that are superior to my Ciolclen Italians. They
have excelled all competitors by practical test.
Gentle, industrious, good comb-builders, enter the
sections readily, are not inclined to swarm, and are
perfect beauties. Descriptive circular free. Seo-
tiojis, J^;?. per Af. Dovetailed hives way down.
CHAS. D. DUVALL. Spencerville. Md.

FREE— To New Subscribers, a Choice of these BEE-BOOKS

Newman's " Bees and Honey." |

This book treats of the m-dnagement "y*
of an apiary for pleasure and profit, vj
Over 'iOO p:iges, and over '.iOO illus- ^
trations. The book for beginners ^
or the more advanced. Si-nd $1.00 ^
1 or the American Bee Journal 1 ^j
year (weekly) and get the book Free. >j
The " liee Journal" has 32 p:iges— yl
established in 18H1. Sample Fkee. ^

^ " Scientific Queen - Rearing."

^ By G. M. Dooliitle (portrait shown
^ herewith) Tells how the \e >• best
}x Quei'iiBtes aie re<i ed in a> cord
U with Natu'e's way. 17i> ptig<s. $! 00
p? for this book and -'Bee .Journal"
;x one year. Addre.-s.

t GEORGE W.YORK & CO.

Ix 56 Fifth Avenue, - Chicago, III.

MONEY RETURNED ^llX'^.^^l^^lr.^^'^I^^^.^^^^^^

hf'e-ktepcrs every wlieif u-^e and hijilily reconiiiiend theni as the best. No others leciMvrd a,
World's Fa !'■ a ward. Testimonials, etc.. free. I'rices: Each, postpaid wil li directions. ^!0 cts.;
nc- do/, ;53 35 Order frotn your dealer, or the ninfrs.. R, &!£, C. PORTER, LEWiSTOVN. i.i..

13 Carloads of Supplies.

This is tlie amount we have distributed in a single sea.son, of
Foundallon, Dov. Hives, Sections, E.xtractors. etc. Therefore, if
you \i:<vvlilllc iiuiney iind want that lit! U,' to go as far as possible,
^^ renicmber I liat we are headquarters in the wi'St for all goods in
— ■ our line: by doing so great, a volume of business we sell goods
t( member you can make it, earn a big interest by availing yourself of
il her case you should write us and tell what you will likely need. It

cheap. If you have //(c a/khki/, als<

our discounts for eail.v ordei's. In

will pay you. We sell jiool's goods at Boot's prices, and can sav(; you freight.

The new polisln^d sections and all other late improved goods kept in stock.

Send lor our large illuslfat-
(h1 calalogiie. free for every-
body,every where, especial I j-

Joseph Nysewander, Des Moines, la,

FOR THE WEST.

^ • DELVOTL

•ANdHoNEY-
•AHD HOME,

Vol. XXII.

AUG. I, 1894.

No. 15.

That apkon of A. C. N.. p. 584. is good, but
Emma prefers ticking. She tried the oilcloth,
and couldn't stand the smell.

I FANCY I see Doolittle loading his gun when
he reads that tariff article, p. .574. [We fancy
we hear the doctor say, "Sick 'em, Doolittle."
—Ed.]

The American Bee Journal has started a
medical page, " Our Doctor's Hints, by P. L.
Peiro, M. D.'" It's good, and dished up in ex-
cellent style.

If it were not for Ernest chuckling over it,
I'd mention that I find the narrow ends of the
latest Hoflfman frames ever so much nicer to
handle than the old broad ones.

This week, for the first time, I saw in a nor-
mal colony two cells partly filled with pollen,
and an egg laid on the pollen. Good colony,
good queen, and plenty of empty cells. Didn't
suppose such a thing possible.

The Bienen-Vater reports a closely watched
case in which a queen on her wedding-flight
was absent from 3 to 6 o'clock. When her
brood hatched they were half Italians, and the
nearest Italians were 4}4 miles away.

That Holtekmann family, p. 5!iO, is nice.
I'd just like to get hold of those little chicks.
Now let's have the Root family. If you can't
get them on one page, take three pages. [We'll
see what the women-folks say. — En.]

A LIBELOUS EDITOIUAL in A. B. J. gives the
whole of my wearing apparel as " hat, shirt,
overalls, shoes."' Notwithstanding the failure
of the honey crop, I still luxuriate in stockings.
[Perhaps Bro. York was thinking of Sockless
Jerry.— Ei).]

I WAS ANXIOUS about A. I. Root while he
was riding a Flyer, for fear he'd break his neck.

Now that he has given up the Flyer and taken
to a Racer I feel anxious about his morals.
Racing and gambling are likely to go together.
[Yes, he's been racing with good horses— on the
road— and .54 years old at that.— Ed.]

The Illustrlerte Bienenzeitung quotes an
editorial in American Bee Journal about A B
C, and adds, "The book contains every thing
necessary in the science of bee culture, arrang-
ed alphabetically, and is splendidly illustrated
throughout.

Somnambulist, in Progressive, thinks I'm
arguing for loose bottoms on the sly, and quotes
four Straws giving instructions that can be
followed only with loose bottom -boards. Never
thought of it in that light, honest Injun; I
didn't, Sommy.

Sweet clover stands up bravely through
the terrific drouth. While grass is burned
brown as in winter, sweet clover is bright and
green, the bees working on it all day long, ex-
cept iu the morning, when perhaps they work
on cucumbers.

What ails the season? It's always warmer
and earlier at Medina than here; but July 11
you were having a tremendous yield from
linden, an 1 it was all out of bloom here four
days earlier. Did they get through sooner
because so few V

July 17 I was hunting around for a cool spot,
with the thermometer at 103 — just right for
hatching chickens — and thinking I was having
a pretty hot time of it. Gleanivgs came at
noon; and when I read Mrs. Atchley's story on
p. .581 I was glad I lived in a cool place.

"I AM LOOKING forward with pleasant an-
ticipation to the time when my own basswood
orchard of about. 500 trees, planted with my own
hands, will be yielding no the precious sweet
to the hees.''— Allen Pringle, in Practical Bee-
keeper. So there's another man for me to envy
besides A. I. Root.

Sweet clovkk that was cut early, and
sprung up again, seems more fully visited by
the bees than the big stalks that were left un-

608

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug. 1.

touched. Where people persist in cutting it
down on the roadside, leaving all other weeds
standing, it would be a good thing to get it cut
before any sign of blossom.

For years I've gone around during the hon-
ey season with the neck- band of ray shirt black
from my bee-veil. This year the lower edge of
my veil is white for an inch or so, and I don't
have to wear a dirty-looking shirt on :Monday.
[Do you mean to say that you tuck your veil
down between the neck and shirt-band?— Ed.]

President Abrott maintains that bees move
eggs. To a queenless black colony without
ipggs he gave an outside comb of Italian eggs.
In '^ or 4 days these eggs were gone, and a lot of
eggs in center of hive, also a queen-cell from
which an Italian queen issued. He asks,
" Where did they come from, if bees never move
eggs?"

" The REE- business Is one that is rather un-
certain nowadays, when the sole dependence is
white clover."— Gi-EANiNGS, p. 589. I read that
over carefully, read it slowly and sadly, but
could think of no argument in reply. The
saloon business is more certain, but some fea-
tures of it I don't like, so I'll stick to the bees a
while longer.

Friend Root, on p. .59:2 you think, and think
wisely, that an ofifice should be tilled by the
best man, not the man that works hardest for
the place. The question is, which man do you
vote for? When the day comes that good men
vote for none but good men, we shall no longer
have to blush for the rascally way they do
things at Washington.

In repi-y to a query in A. B. J., opinion is
divided between a J^-inch space and somn kind
of cloth as a covering for sections. Manv liave
changed from the cloth to the space. 1 think
few have changed the other way. [The prin-
cipal reason why cloths are used at all is be-
cause the bee-spaces are too large, and the old-
fashioned thin top-bars render them almost a
necessity. With thick top-bars and proper
bee-spaces, or with proper bee-spaces over the
sections, a cloth or quilt is worse than useless.
—Ed.]

I i.AUOHED, Ernest, when I read what you
say on p. 584. I used to lug around a tool-t)ox
with a variety of tools; but nowadays it has
been laid aside, and I seldom have more than
veil, smoker, and sciewdriver. What do you
do with the knife? Pry frames with it? And
is it better than a screwdriver? [The knife-
handle was used to pry between the frames,
and is better than the screwdriver, because
it is ever ready— in the pocket; but now the big
nail spoken of elsewhere is bett«!r, and can be
carried in the leadpencil pocket.— Ed.]

"The division-board, as a rule, should be
removed before any of the frames.'— Glean-
ings, p. .590. Just what I believed and practiced

for years; but I'm getting to think it's easier to
take the frame out first. [Use a ten-penny wire
nail or spike, and then see if the division-
board does not come out easier first. With the
head of this very handy tool, catch hold of the
top rail projecting over the division-board, and
it will come easy. Afterward, use the other
end of the nail to pry apart the frames. Try it
and see how much better it is than a screw-
driver. The nail is cheap; and if you lose it
there are lots more for a few cents. Last week
we blundered on to this handy tool, and now
have abandoned the use of both screwdriver
and knife.— Ed.]

APIARY OF H. LATHROP.

A CHEAP BEE-CELUAR.

Bu H. Latlniip.

Mr. Root:— I send you by this mail two pic-
tures showing a part of my apiary. They were
both taken by Samuel Rockstead, of Albany,
Wis., a master of this kind of work. One was
takpn in April, before the trees came out in
leaf. This one shows my bee-cellar, which was
described some years ago in Gleanings. It is
very much like Doolittle's, except that only
oak timbers and slabs are used in place of
stone. In this picture may also be seen myself
and family, consisting of wife and two chil-
dren.

This apiary is, in some respects, better locat-
ed than any other I have ever seen. It is in a
valley, well sheltered; and early in the spring,
when bees will fiy out at the peril of life to pro-
cure water and pollen, they can get both just
over the fence to the north, among the poplar-
trees. It is very seldom that I have any thing
like a case of spring dwindling, even when the
bees come out of winter quarters in a weak
condition. The trees seen in tlie May picture
are young oaks which grew from sprouts, and
were trimmed up each year. They furnish
just shade enough.

Brovvntown, Wis., .Iiine 10.

[We selected for engraving, as you will see, a
view showing the bee-cellar, which, taken in
connection with the descriptive matter, will
give a pretty fair idea of how to construct a
cheap and serviceable bee-cellar. It might be
well to call attention to th(^ fact that Doolit-
tle's original cellar was covered with slabs and
dirt, the whole covered with boards so laid as
to shed water and keep the dirt dry; but on
account of the slabs supporting the dirt be-
coming rotten in time, he subseciuently adopted
stone llagging. and is using it to-day. We have
no doubt that, for the locality of Mr. Lathrop,
and many others in Wisconsin and Minnesota,
a bee-cellar gives better results in wintering
than double-walled packed hives on their sum-

610

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Arci. 1.

raer stands. That being the case, it is impor-
tant, even at this early date, to know how to
construct a cellar that will give such results as
that of Mr. Lathrop. The view of the apiary
is interesting. It shows that the hives are ev-
idently well painted, and in good repair. We
presume that the little building beside the bee-
house is the shop or honey-house.— Ed.]

HONEY TARIFFS.

INTERNATIONAL AMITY.

By Alle7i Pringle.

In the issue of Gleanings for April 1, pp.
•.iCA-6 and '7, Dr. Miller and Mr. P. H. Elwood
both touch on the above subjects as between
the United States and Canada. Dr. Miller says,
" Canadian bee-keepers are looking with long-
ing eyes in this direction '"—that is, to the
United States, as a honey market. Dr. Miller
might be surprised to learn that, with the tariff-
bars up high on both sides, much more United
States honey is imported into Canada than
Canadian honey into the United States. Dr.
M. further says, that, while wo Canadians are
thus looking over there for a market, " England
is at the same time kicking vigorously against
our" (the United States) "sending any honey
there." Isn't Dr. M. here making the mistake
of calling a few British bee-keepers "Eng-
land "? These few — with rather narrow views,
it must be confessed— have been, it is true,
making a clamor in the British Bee Journal to
have United States honey shut out; but the
Journal itself is making no such clamor, but
has, on the contrary, properly rebuked the
clamor; and the Journal, not the few dissatis-
fied ones, is certainly the proper representative
of British bee-keepers, or "England," if you
like.

The facetious doctor also asseverate-; that
"that altitudinous Canuck, Pringle" (now,
Mr. Editor, I shall call that Stray Straw blower
of yours a short Dutch Yankee, just to match
him), " worked hard to establish a market at
the big show; and if his compatriots can't eat
ail the honey they can raise, I believe in giving
them an open market on tliis side."

Now, that is good — very good. While I find
myself diifering with Dr. Miller every now and
then, I agree with him most heartily' on that
point— not because I personally want or need
the " open market" he is willing to give, as I
can sell my honey at an excellent price at home
and near home; but the principle of the thing
is what I admire, and what I agree with, and
what I have been advocating for years in Can-
ada. The United States has a lot of knavish
politicians and monopolists who are trying to
persuade the people that the way to make
them rich is to tax them— to tax them on what
they sell and what tliey buy, on what they cat,
drink, wear, and read. Canada lias a lot of
knavish politicians and monopolists who are

doing exactly the same thing; and these two
precious lots of knaves (they are not fools) have
built and kept up a high Chinese tariff wall on
both sides of the international line. Both
walls ought to be razed to the ground, with not
a single stone left standing on another 1 And
they icifl be leveled, as sure as time goes on;
for a battle against the laws of nature is sure
to lose in the end. And so long as these com-
mercial barricades remain, in defiance of social
as well as economic law, there can be nothing
like international amity, in the true sense, be-
tween the two nations. Let them, therefore,
be broken down; and the nation that first sets
itself about the work will be leading in the
van of human progress.

It has often been a matter of amazement to
me how intelligent people can be so readily
misled— how the party knave and demagogue
can bamboozle the people on this tariff question,
especially the farmer and other producers who
suffer the most. They slip a penny into one of
his pockets, and that he sees and keeps his eye
on; while out of the other pocket they pick a
pound, and that he never notices. They draw
his particular attention to the first part of the
trick— the penny performance— but knavishly
cover up the latter maneuver— the pound rob-
bery; and the poor fool goes away chuckling
over his penny when his pound is gone! The
average Yankee prides himself on his native
shrewdness; the average Canuck prides him-
self on his native common sense; the tariff
protectionist knave dupes them both.

Mr. P. H. Elwood. in some issue of (Clean-
ings, as indicated above, refers to the proposal
in the Wilson bill to reduce the duty on honey,
and strongly deprecates such a movement
toward tariff reduction. Mr. Elwood is evi-
dently a high-tariff protectionist; and as he is,
I believe, a producer, he must be set down as
one of those dupes above referred to. I regret
to have to make such a classification. But Mr.
Elwood need not feel bad about it. He has a
lot of highly respectable company in his eco-
nomic fallacies. Many good and intelligent
people, no doubt, honestly believe that the self-
ish sophistries of the monopolist and protec-
tionist are gospel truths. Common-sense peo-
ple find it hard to account for such a fact; but
I account for it in the same way that I account
for the anomaly of the learned English judges
(aye, and New England people too) of a cen-
tury or two ago who sat solemnly and sapiently
in their places on the bench and condemned
"witches" to be burned, and Quakers to be
hanged. These judges had been educated that
way; and as they honestly believed in witch-
craft and persecution "in the name of God,"
they thought they were doing just right,
not only in burning so-called witches, but in
hanging Quakers too. than whom there were
no more exemplary citizens. Some people still
believe in witchcraft, though physical science

18i»4

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

611

has chased the specter off the boards; some
still believe in tariff protection, though politi-
cal science lias routed it too.

I take the position tliat the principle of ex-
tending special " protection " to a few citizens
by the state (I care not whether these few citi-
zens be manufacturers, bee-keepers, or what
not), at the expense of the masses of the people,
unjustly discriminating against them, is eco-
nomically false and morally wrong, which no
sopliistry or specious and special pleading can
make right.

One of my inalienable and natural rights as
a citizen is the right to sell whatever useful
thing I produce as the fruit of my labor, where-
ever and whenever I please, without let or
hindrance, and to buy what I need wherever
and of whomsoever I like, without let or hin-
drance— always paying my fair share of taxes
to government to enable it to see that I, with
every other citizen, am protected in the exer-
cise of this and every other civil right. No
government on earth has the right to lay hands
on more of that product of mine than speciiied
for the above purposes, either to put into its
own coffers or into the coffers of its protege, the
specially favored citizen in the shape of a "pro-
tected'" manufacturer, a" bloated monopolist,"
or any other man. If the above right to sell
my products and buy my necessaries is not my
right, and every citizen's right, will some pro-
tectionist kindly tell us why not, and give his
reasons ? And if any government has the right
to lay its hands on more of my goods than above
indicated (and that is what is certainly done
by tariff' protection), will the same wiseacre
tell us why — will some moral philosopher give
us the wherefores '?

Years ago this question was asked me; viz.,
" How is it that you are advocating a principle
against your own interests as a honey-pro-
ducer? for if the duty is taken off' United
States honey coming into Canada, they will
flood our market and you can not then get as
much for your product as you do now." The
anssver was then, and is now, just this: "If
any foreign producer of the United States or
any other country can bring his honey here,
100 or KXK) miles, paying freight, insurance, etc.,
and can afford to sell my neighbors and cus-
tomers pure honey, as good in quality as mine,
at a price lower than I am charging them, then
I say, Well done; welcome, stranger! you are
the people's friend if not mine — you are either
an abler man than I am, or more honest, or per-
haps both.'" And I immediately begin to sus-
pect that I myself am either " a round peg in a
square hole "or I am charging my customers
more for my product than I ought to charge
them. No matter which way it is, the consum-
er ought not to be imposed upon and called
upon to suffer on account either of my incom-
petency or dishonesty. If he ought, will some
rextrictionist again tell us why? If I can not

sell at a living price at liome as low as the
aforesaid competitor, loaded, as he is, with dis-
advantages from which I am free, then I ought
to get right out of the business and get into
somet'hing else I am better fitted for.

There are 100 honey-consumi^rs at least, to
one honey -producer, with the same or a greater
ratio elsewhere; and, I ask, should the hundred
citizens be compelled to pay tribute to the o«e
citizen, as they are compelled to do under the
system of protection? And if they should, give
us your reasons for that, by all means— good or
bad, wise or otherwise, as the case may be. The
logic will have a limp and the ethics a squint ;
but let us have it, or own up like men that you
are wrong.

Mr. El wood concludes his remarks about
Canadian honey and the tariff' as follows: "It
may seem hard to our Canadian brethren to
have a duty imposed upon their products ; but
so long as they consent to have their foreign
volley (war) dictated by rulers over the sea, se-
cret enemies of our institutions, they can hard-
ly expect us to use our resources in such a way
as to develop their strength." (Italics not mine.)
This is hardly fair or fact. In the first place, it
is a mistake to say or suppose that either the
people of England or Canada are either "se-
cret "or oper) enemies of the United States or
her institutions. England, as a commercial
nation, is certainly friendly to the United States
— more so than to Canada; to hear which may
surprise Mr. Elwood. Her capitalists have
millions of money invested there. A portion of
the aristOv.'racy of England may be unfriendly
to the United States; but I must remind Mr.
Elwood that they are not England any more
than the doctor's few bee-keepers. The people
—not the aristocracy, nor even the throne— are
the power in England to-day. The House of
Commons is in fact, if not in form, supreme, and
they represent the people. Goldwin Smith, him-
self a patriotic and loyal Englishman, says, in
the last nuraberof the North American Review,
"The monarchy" (English) "has practically
ceased to exist as a political force, and dwin-
dled to a social apex." That is the true state
of the case. The English people are England,
and they are not enemies of the United States.
Republicanism is coming in England surely,
and not very slowly.

Nor are the Canadian people enemies of the
United States or her institutions. A few rabid
partisan politicians and newspai»ers may be un-
friendly (with more bark than bite, however);
but I must again remind our American friends
that these parties are neither Canada nor the
Canadian people. It looks hardly likely that
the country is your enemy which has a million
of her good citizens among you — not anarch-
ists, fomenting disturbance, like your European
foreign element, but law-abiding, trustworthy,
capable, and industrious. No, we are not your
enemies, but your friends, in the great brother-

613

GLEANINUS IN BEE CULTURE.

Auo. 1.

hood of man in general, and the brotherhood of
the Anglo-Saxon race in particular, cultivating
the arts of peace and good will.

Selby, Ont., Can.

P. S.— With the exception of a passage or
two. the above was written in April last, and
sent to Gleanings; but for some reason it nev-
er reached that office. It has been re-written,
because, when the loss was ascertained, the ed-
itorintimated his desire to have the article, and
I also felt that the nature of the subject would
justify me in going through it again, especially
as I am now here with a little leisure on my
hands in Uncle Sam's dominions, having start-
ed for Mexico, but obligfd to postpone the visit
on account of the excessive heat. A. P.

New York, July 18.

^ I ■

CALIFORNIA ECHOES.

By Hainhhr.

If there were a demand for comb honey only,
thi're would probably be fewer bee-keepers, as
It is so easy to extract, you know.

In some portions of California there are great
areas of mustard. Those localities, I under-
stand, are yielding a modicum of honey.

I recently passed through Saugns, and found
an awful dry country. No wonder bee-keepers
thereabouts have a discouraged tone to their
writings.

To take skunk odor out of clothing, fumigate
thoroughly with burnt coffee. That's the way
Prof. Cook recommends. He has been there
with his Sunday clothes on, and knows.

The efforts to hold an extra session of the
State Association at San Francisco, during the
mid-winter fair, failed, partly from the poor
prospects lor honey, and partly from the sudden
withdrawal of low rates by the railroad.

It is a good thing, perhaps, for us to have an
occasional off year. We shall have no anxiety
over the putting of our product upon a market
where there is no demand. See what Miith
says in relation thereto in a. recent issue of
Gleanings.

We hear now and then prominent bee-keep-
ers, who have heretofore worked their apiaries
only for extracted honey, speaking strongly in
favor of working for comb honey. Perhaps
Harbison was right when he took such a stand
against extracted honey.

Mexico would be an attractive field for the
apiarist but for the duty on honey. Harbison
entertained the idea of organizing a company
to work the field so largely as to send honey by
the shipload to foreign countries. The scheme
is feasible, even at this diiy.

Mr. Searles, of River>ide, increases his colo-
nies by division. A |)iece of burlap is placed
between the extracting-super and brood-cham-
ber of a strong colony. The super is provided

with an entrance; and when the young queen
is hatched, the super is set upon a new stand.

The city fathers of Los Angeles are about to
submit to the people several new city ordi-
nances, among which there is one prohibiting
the keeping of bees in the city limits. There is
some stir among the bee-keepers, who reside in
the city, against it; with what lesult will be
seen later.

HONEY-DEW HONEY.

A PUKE-FOOD law; ANALYSIS OF HONEY-DEW
HONEY.

By Prof. A. J. Conk.

As will be remembered, when I was up at the
Arrowhead Springs apiary in April. Mr. Brod-
beck, the proprietor, told me that he secured
much late honey last fall from a peculiar para-
sitic vine which I at once recognized, as he
showed it to me, to be '• golden-thread." or dod-
der, a species of Cuscuta. This interesting
threadlike plant takes root, like other plants,
runs up, and twines about other plants for a
support, then breaks its connection with the
earth, and lives as a parasite upon its host. It
is very common in Southern California, and is
seen everywhere twining like a tangle of golden
thread about herbs, shrubs, and even trees.
When Mr". Brodbeck told me about his honey I
thought at once of honey-dew. and even said to
him that I supposed dodder bloomed earlier. In
this last opinion I am sustained by facts— at
least, I find dodder now in full bloom, both in
the valleys and canyons. When Mr. Rees Pow-
ell, of Redlands, sent me the suspected honey
which he said was produced in August and
September. I at once thought of Mr. Brod beck's
honey, and sent at once and got a sample. The
two samples were apparently identical. Tliey
are amber colored, rather pleasant, and remind-
ed me at once of honey-dew honey which I have
often sampled in Michigan. Mr. Powell sold
his honey to Mr. B. F. Brooks, of Riverside,
Cal. Mr. Brooks sent it east, and it was con-
demned—or at least suspecLed— as an adulterat-
ed article. Mr. Powell asked me to make a full
investigation, and asked for a n^port in ('LEa.v-
iNGS. This honey was produced near Banning,
in Millard's Canyon. L'p to July 2(i. t893. the
honey was light and excellent; then it changed,
getting worse and woi'se. The bees kept at
work on the honey-dew until Oct. 1. Mr. Pow-
ell says that most of the honey came from oak,
but that many trees, including hc'nilock and
pine, were visited by bees. I am inclined to
think that Mr. Brod beck's bees got their nectar
from the host plants of the dodder, and not
from the golden-thread itself. I am very sure
that aphides were the source of the honey-dew
in every case. It is a matter of much impor-
tance, and in future we must determine the
truth and the whole truth in the matter.

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEli CULTURE.

01:5

1 sent the honey to Dr. Wiley, of Washington,
and have just received the following report :
Serial No. VIVU.

Polarization at 3S° - - - — 3 04
Glucose as dextrose. ... (5(5. .5:.' ■

Total solids, 84 37 '

Water, 1.5 (•)3'

Ash. ].07'

This analysis shows conclusively that this is
no adulteration. The polarization shows that
it could not have been adulterated with com-
mercial elucose. Like No. n.T of the samples I
sent to Washington in 1S'.»2. it will be seen that
the ash is abnormally abundant. One of the im-
portant results of the previous analyses was the
determination of a rule by which honey-dew
honey may be distinguished from honey adul-
terated with glucose. Now that our chemists
can surely detect adulteration, why should we
not all move in a solid body for the passage of a
Tnited Sta»es law. something like that of the
Paddock pure-food bill? and then with the Bee-
keepers' Union as a mighty power to enforce
law, we can surely stop the whole nefarious
work of honey adulteration,
("laremont, Cal.. June 13. A. .1. Cook.

[Yes. indeed. Prof. Cook, we ought to move
in a solid body for the passage of a United
States law— something like that of the Pad-
dock pure-food bill. The Paddock bill would
have gone through but for the moneyed influ-
ence, we fear, of those who are engaged in this
adulterating business — in adulterating foods of
all kinds, and putting a false label upon them.
-EdI

POLLENATION OF PEAR-FLOWERS.

TESTIMONY FROM A FRUIT-l'APEK.

I send by this mail a marked copy of Smith's
Fruit Farmer, containing an article that I
thought might be available for the symposium
on ■■ Bees and Fruit.'" Articles like these, com-
ing from high authorities, who are not particu-
larly interested in bees, I think will have much
more weight than the same article if written by
one interested from a bee-keeper's standpoint.

Bluffton, Mo., July 11. S. E. Millek.

fWe have space foronly the summary, which,
as Mr. Miller says, coming from a source where
there is certainly no partiality toward the bees,
is more valuable. — Ed.]

The following conclusions are, it is tliouglit, fully
warranted from the evidence wliicli has been g-iven,
and doubtless many who read this will recall obser-
vations in practical orcharding which give fiirthor
suppm-t.

1. Many of the common varieties of pears require
cioss-pollenation, being partially or wholly inca-
pable of setting- fruit when limited to their own
pollen.

2. Some varieties are capable of self-fertilization.

3. Cross- pollenation is not acconipllshed by apply-
ing pollen from another tree of tlie same grafted
variety, but is secured by using pollen from one
tree of a distinct horticultural variety; i. e., wlilcli
has grown from a distinct seed. Pollen from an-
other tree of the same variety is no better than from

tlie same tree. This failuic to fruit is due to the
sterility of tlie pollen and not to mechanical causes.

4. The impoti'iicy of the pollen is not due to any
(leficieiicy of its ow'n. but to tlic lack of affinity of
the i)ollen and ovules of the sami- variety.

5. The pollen of two varieties may be alisolutely
self-sterile, and at the same time perfectly cross-
fertile.

ti. The state of nutrition of the tree, and its gen-
eral environment, affect its ability to set fruit either
with its own pollen or with that of another tree.

7. Hees iind other insects are the agents for the
transportation of pollen

H. Bad weathei' during flowering time has a de-
cidedly injurious influence on fruitage by keeping
away insect visitors, and al.so by affecting tlie
fecundation of the flowers; conversely, fine weathei-
favors rross-fertiliz;ition and the setting of fruit.

9. Pears produced by self-fertilization are very
uniform in shape. They differ from cro.sses, not
only in size and shape, but also, in some cases, in
time of maturity and in flavor.

10. Among the crosses the differences were slight
or variable, so that their variations are not to be
ascribed with certainty to the differences in pollen.

11. Self-fecundated pears are deflcient in seed,
usually having only aborted seeds, while the crosses
are well supplied with sound seeds.

12. Even with those varieties which ai-e capable of
self-fecundation, the pollen of another variety is
prepotent; and utdess the entrance of the foreign
pollen be prevented, tlie greater number of fruits
will be affeeted by it, as shown by the study of
Buffum peai-s.

13. The normal typical fruits, and, in most cases,
the largest and finest specimens, either of the self-
sterile or self-fertile sorts, are crosses.

PRAtTICAL CONCLUSIONS.

1. Plant mi.xed orchards, or at least avoid plant-
ing solid blocks of one variety. It is not desirable
to have more than three or four rows of one variety
together, unless experience has shown it to be per-
fectly self-fertile.

2. Where large blocks of one variety which blos-
somed well have failed to fruit for a series of years,
without any apparent reason, it is exceedingly
probable that the failure is due to the lack of cross-
pollenation. The remedy is, to graft in other va-
rieties and supply foreign pollen.

3. Be sure that there are suflficient bees in the
neighborhood, or within two or three miles, to
properly visit the blossoms. When feasible, en-
deavor to favor insects' visits to the blossoms by
selecting sheltered situations or by planting wind-
breaks.

BEES MOVING EGGS — GARNI - ITALIANS.

AX INCIDENT SHOWING THAT BEES DO MOVE
EGGS.

By Kmersoii T. Atihott.

Willie Atchley has a long article on this sub-
ject in Gleanings, in which he claims that
bees never move eggs. The editor says he
would like to hear from the queen-breeders,
especially Doolittle.

Now, I am not a queen-breeder, neither is
my name Doolittle: but I think I have positive

614

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug. 1.

proof that bees have moved ecigs. I am not
prepared to say that they make a business of
it; but the presumption is, that what they have
done once they can and will do again.

Several years ago in Dutchess County, N. Y.,
I obtained a lot of black bees in the fall from
farmers who wanted the honey, but intended
to kill the bees. I put these bees on founda-
tion, and fed them enough sugar syrup to take
them through the winter. As they were all
black bees, I introduced Italian queens as soon
as I could. The black queen of one of these
colonies was killed in some way in making the
transfer; and, as soon as they began to draw
out the foundation, I saw that they had no
queen, and were building queen-cells. There
was not an egg of any kind to be found in the
hive.

Happening about tiiat time to be in the api-
ary of a near neighbor who had Italians, I saw
one of his weak colonies come out of the hive
and leave for the woods. I went to the hive
and found a number of small, white, new
combs, but no honey. On examining these
combs closely, I found that two or three of
them were full of eggs. To try an experiment
I took two of these combs home and put them
in the outside frames of the hive that contained
the bees which had neither queen, brood, nor
eggs.

In three or four days I took the combs out to
examine them, and saw that every egg was
removed from the cells. On further examina-
tion I found a lot of eggs in the center of the
hive, and a cluster of bees around them. I also
found a queen-cell with a larva in it. This was
a new experience to me, and I concluded I must
have overlooked the black queen, and she had
now begun to lay: but I could not account for
the disappearance of the eggs which I had put
in the hive. There was no way to solve the
problem but to await developments, and I did so.

To make a long story short, in due time the
bees had an Italian queen, and every one of the
remaining eggs hatched an Italian bee. Where
did they come from, if bees never move eggs?

CARNIOLAN HYBRID BEES.

In the same number of Gleanings, the ed-
itor, in speaking of Carniolans crossed with
Italians, says:

"Possibly a cross would be desirable; but
how are we to distinguish them from ordinary
hybrids?"

In reply to this I would say they can be dis-
tinguished in the same way that we distinguish
black bees from Italians. The progeny of a
Carniolan queen mated with an Italian drone
does not resemble the bee produced by a cross
of the Italian with the tilacks, any more than a
black bee does an Italian.

In 1886 the writer published a little book in
which he said:

"A Carniolan queen mated with an Italian

drone produces a very fine and desirable bee.
We have a number of such colonies that are
very tine woikers, and easy to manipulate— not
quite so gentle, perhaps, as the pure-bred: but
a single puff of smoke sends them down on the
combs, where they will remain quiet."

More: I want to say that, by breeding out
the silver-gray color, in a few generations we
should have a bee which would show no trace
of the gray blood which is found in the Carni-
olans. I have seen but one Carniolan queen
whose progeny did not show yellow bands, and
I have seen a great, many Carniolan queens
which came direct from Carniola, through Mr.
Benton. I want to say further, that pure Car-
niolan bees bear no resemblance to the blacks.
— Americdii Bee Journal.

[The incident that you have related shows in-
disputably that bees may move eggs from one
comb to another, at least. It seems to us that
other facts equally conclusive have been pre-
sented; but at the time Willie Atchley's article
was published we were not able to turn to
them. Regarding crosses of Carniolans and
Italians, you say that they may be easily dis-
tinguished from the common crosses, but you
do not say liow. We have never been able to
distinguish any difference in the markings;
but perhaps if we had had more experiince in
raising Carniolans we should be able to do so.
But what of the average beginner ?

If there is any yellow in the origiual Carni-
olans it must be due to the Italian blood some
way brought in across the Alps. From what
you say above, we do not presume that you
take the ground with Mr. Alley that the Carni-
olans were the original yellow race. The po-
sition might be tenable provided these bees as
they come from their native climate were al-
most entirely yellow, with an occasional bee
that shows a tendency to black; but the fact is,
the very opposite is true. — Ed.]

RAMBLE 113.

ON THE TH01'SAND-MII,E .JOURNEY.

By Ramhlcr.

Among the various benefits derived from an
off season in honey production is the desire to
turn the attention to other pursuits. A season
with honey production leaves several months in
which the bee-keeper can be profitably employ-
ed at something else ; but with none coming in,
these months are increased in number: and the
bee-keeper, unless a very idle man, must needs
look around for something either pleasurable or
profitable to do. The Mexican sets a very good
example of sitting down and waiting for some-
thing to turn up. The bee-keeper does not fol-
low his example, but. as a general thing, hus-
tles around in his endeavor to " turn up" some-
thing.

Fruit-raising, or the buying and drying of it,
is the readiest avenue to (niter; but in this, as
well as in the gathering, there are many hands
of various degrees, from the Chinaman to the
college-bred youth, and wages are not now
booming on this coast; so the mind naturally

1894

• GLEANINGS IN HEE CULTURE.

(ll.-)

READY TO START.

turns to other avenues. The "Industrial Ar-
my " has taken several hundred laborers from
our State; but bee-keepers do not swarm out in
that way, even if they are this year accustomed
to see starvation swarms.

Just now the desert has an attraction for the
adventurous ; and the search for the yellow
metal is entered into with zest by some of our
well-known bee-keepers. Mr. Segars, an old-
time bee-keeper, is interested in this line: and
Samuel Ferguson has a share in the Red Rock
gold-mine, and does the teaming for the compa-
ny. From late reports from the mining region.

the gold business is on a boom — a nugget weigh-
ing ~'2 ounces having been found.

Mr. George Ferguson and his family are all
away to the San Bernardino Mountains, work-
ing another gold-mine. So it turns out with
bee-keepers this year. The little or much feed-
ing necessary does not hold the bee-keeper leng,
and he is away.

With dreary prospects before us. neighbor
Wilder and I discussed the situation in its vari-
ous aspects. The fruit business seemed alto-
gether too tame and domestic-like; the gold-
hunting somewhat uncertain and full of hard-

■^w-m'^'- ^'^'''' ■'*'* ^"•

i'.

'.'^t

.''KVi^S-r-.

AT KKST IN (AMI'.

GKJ

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug. 1.

ship, as followed by the old prospectors; then
we could see — or, rather, imagined we saw— In
the dim distance, several Eugenias poking their
sharp noses over the Rocky Mountains toward
us; and the prospect of being treed again led
one of us, at least, to entertain any desperate
effort to elude such happenings. We finally
settled upon the plan outlined in the last ram-
ble—that of making a grand panoramic, pho-
tographic, and camping tour of the State. The
idea entertained grew upon us. Our talks by
day and dreams by night were in relation to
outfits, etc. Of all States in our great country,
California presents the most charming aspect to
the camper. From May till September we foar
no rains; the ground is dry, and there are no
fears of rheumatic pains after a night's bivouac
upon it. There is but littledanger from vicious
men or animals, for life is as secure here as in
our most favored States. The camper can live
as cheaply on the road as at home; and, hav-
ing means to make the tour profitable, let's
away and enjoy ourselves.

Mr. Wilder had a pony, Keno, which had
supplanted Vixen, and. possessing a far more
tractable temper, was the more desirable horse
—less circus and more business. After several
days' search, and a few nightmares over the
subject, and some danger of getting horse on
the brain, we found a pony which matched
Keno in size, shape, and gait, but was oti on
color and name. We, however, made the black
match the bay; but the name Jack, applied to
a horse of the female gender, was immediately
changed to Reina* (Spanish for <meen); and
when Reina and Keno were introduced to each
other they becan.e as attached to each other as
two kittens, and the incident augured well for
the continuation of our efforts.

Our search for a proper wagon to carry our
equipments was an arduous one. but was final-
ly crov/ned with success. Wishing to put on a
close top in which to stow our goods, and
which could be used as a dark-room for work-
ing up photographs, we secured the use of
neighbor Clark's shop, on condition that we
were to clean up his shop for the use of it. We
made a thorough cleaning of it, so far as bolts,
screws, nails, etc., were concerned, but left any
amount of shavings and litter. It seemed that
our understanding in relation to cleaning a
shop was different from our neighbor's; no
great harm, however, came from it.

Our wagon, when finished, contained the
most compact and complete camping-outfit
very often found. Folding cots, folding chairs,
folding tent; my photographic outfit; Mr.
Wilder's bird outfit for taxidermy; our guns
and fishing-tackle. Although guns are good
at long range, we expect to bring down more
game with the camera, and give the readers of
Gleanings the benefit to a certain degree.

* Pronounced ra y-ct'-iiah.

On the 7th of June, every thing being in its
proper place in the wagon, I pulled a siring
attached to the shutter of the camera, and thi'
snap shot thus obtained shows us just ready to
depart upon the long journey — our objective
point San Francisco, over .500 miles away.

Our first afternoon drive was to Claremont, 33
miles. Here we called upon Prof. Cook. We
found him as enthusiastic as ever over this
wonderful country, and his interest in bee
culture is unabated. Prof. C. has a few swarms
of bees close to his residence, and was study-
ing a new bee- disease that is quite prevalent in
and about Ontario. Mr. Herron, the San Ber-
nardino foul-brood inspector, was also giving
much attention to it. The dead larviE, instead
of having the black and ropy appearance of
faul brood, retains its shape, but in a shrunken
form, grayish in color, and of a watery consis-
tency. It is probably a disease peculiar to the
peculiar season, and not of a dangerous char-
acter, and may be akin to bee-paralysis, which
is so prevalent in this locality. It is hoped
that the investigators will strike upon a speedy
remedy.

Our journey next day led us through a beau-
tiful fruit-country. The foot-hills were sure to
have their apiaries. At Duarte we found one
of these bee-keepers. Mr. W. W. Bliss. We
climbed a considerable hill to reach his resi-
dence, and found that the little mesa, upon
which his house stood, had a splendid outlook
over the valley, with its great variety of fruit-
orchards. The fruit interests have occupied
Mr. Bliss's attention to such an extent that
bee-keeping has fallen into the background,
and he now has but one colony of bees. He
was, however, busy in the Interests of bee-
keepers, and was making foundation. We im-
mediately wondered who could be getting
honey this dry year, and our curiosity was
gratified by learning that the alfalfa fields of
Bakersfield, and places further north, were
giving some honey. Mr. Bliss is a mechanical
genius, and his work-building is a genuine
curiosity shop — bee-supply business, photog-
raphy, electricity, and various other things.
In the manufacture of foundation Mr. Bliss
believes in keeping his wax hot a long time,
that all impurities may settle; also, when run-
ning foundation, it is handy to have the wax
in a melted state in the morning. For these
ends a furnace is employed in which a subdued
fire is he!d all night; but I believe the fire re-
fused to be subdued, or broke out in a new spot,
one night. The wax boiled over, and there
came near being a conflagration. These un-
certain moods of the fire led Mr. B. to connect
his waxworks electrically with a bell on his
bedpost. An undue rise in the temperature of
the wax in the shop rang the bell, and a calam-
ity was averted. The bell was also connected
in the same way with an incubator; and if a
chicken became uncomfortably hot or cold, the

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

m:

bell rang. We saw a very healthy youngster
around the place, and observt'd that, though
electricity may he good to control melted bees-
wax and hatching chickens, ihc^ youngster was
evidently brought up according to the good old
way— by hand. Mr. Bliss is quite an expert
with the canuira. and had souii' tine view. ■> on
hand.

Our call was not a long one, and \v(> were
again on the move. That night wo, camped
pleasantly upon Baldwin Avenue, among the
pepper and eucalyptus trees. This largt; ranch
is owned by " Lucky Baldwin." Upon this
ranch, in Los Angeles Co., have been bred some
of the horses that have beaten the world's
records, one of them recently winning the
Derby in England. To show you how comfort-
ably we travel in this country, I give you a
glimpse of our first camp, which is a type of all
the rest. Rambler.
^ I ^

JASTENING FOUNDATION TO THE BOTTOM -
BAK.

HOW TO rUT IT IN SO AS TO FILL OUT EVEN

TO THE END-BAKS AND BOTTOM-BAK,

AND YET NOT SO AS TO SAG.

By Br. C. C. Miller.

Having a lot of new frames to be lilled I was
ijuite anxious that they should be built solid to
the frame on all four sides, without any space
between comb and top-bar, bottom-bar, or end-
bar. Of course, there is no trouble about hav-
ing all right at top-bar, and very little at end-
bars. But as a rule there will be a space be-
tween the comb and the bottom-bar, such space
varying from ^s to ^-i inch.

There is more than one objection to this
space. It is any thing but pleasant, when look-
ing for a queen, to have her dodge back and
forth between comb and bottom -bar. The
space is in the way when it comes to shaking
or brushing bees off the comb. The comb is
more solid in the frame if built down solid to
the bottom-bar. In changing from "^a to%in
the thickness of the top-bar we have lost half
an inch in the depth of our comb; and if we
get the comb built down solid we regain that
half-inch. And I know of no advantage what-
ever in having a space over the bottom-bar,
however earnest the bees may be in trying to
secure it.

If the foundation comes so close to the wood
that a bee can not crawl through, whether it be
at the side or the bottom, I think the bees will
generally join it to the wood. So all that is
necessary is to have the foundation come with-
in 3^ inch or less of the wood, and the bees will
leave no space. If foundation would not sag,
nothing further would be needed.

But foundation does sag. If we can know
just how much it will sag, can we not provide
accordingly? Suppose it sags 34^ inch, and we
let the foundation come within .V inch of the

bottom-bar, how's that? Well, that's all right
if we could only get the co-operation of the
bees. But here's what tht^y'll do. If '^ inch
space is left they prefer to have it more, and
commence gnawing away the foundation; and
as fast as it sags they keep it gnawed away so
as to leave a space of nearly half an inch.

Not long ago 1 suggested in (Jleanings that
it migiit work to put a separate strip in the
bottom of the frame, much in the same way
that a bottom starter is put in a section. So I
thought I would try it.

The frames were wired horizontally, and the
bottom wire came about an inch from the
bottom-bar. So I cut a strip of foundation
about l}4 in. wide, fastened it on the bottom
wire, then filled out the frame with a sheet of
foundation that came from the top-bar down to
within ^H inch of the bottom strip. Fastening
the wire in the bottom strip was an awkward
performance, as the strip seemed to want to
wiggle about and do anything but lie still in
the right place. But Emma was experienced
in fastening wires in foundation, and was equal
to the occasion.

Then I put the frame in the brood-nest of a
full colony to see what they would do with it;
or, rather, I put in several, each frame between
two frames of brood. While we are waiting to
see what the bees will do with it, I'll tell you of
another thing I was trying at the same time.

I thought I could improve on the way the
foundation was fastened to the top-bar, so I
had a saw-kerf made in each top-bar. The
top-bars were l>s wide and X thick. The saw-
kerf was ^ wide and V inch deep. The idea is
very old; but in all cases that I had known,
the kerf was much less than -J".,, and it was not
easy to get the foundation in; but ,% would
allow the foundation to go in and to go in
ea.^ily. Another difference was in making a
deeper saw-kerf, a full quarter-inch deep. My
idea was, that, by having it so deep, there
would be no need of fastening — just trust t© the
wires to hold up the foundation till the bees
fastened it; and if it did sag down a little it
would still stay in the saw-kerf, for it would
have to sink U inch before it could get out.

At the end of 24 hours I went to see what
progress liad been made. The bees had fasten-
ed the lower piece of foundation to the bottom -
bar beautifully, and had also fullilled my ex-
pectations by fastening to the top-bar. I judg-
ed from appearance that they had fastened it
to the top-bar without its coming out of place
in the least. They had also made a fine job of
uniting together the upper and the lower strip.

The only fault I could see was that, in some
cases, they had not linished uniting the two
parts of foundation at the outer ends. Indeed,
instead of uniting they had gnawed the foun-
dation so as to make the space between the two
parts about half an inch instead of the eighth I
had left. I think this would not have occurred

618

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug. 1.

if honey had been yielding; but this is a year
of dead failure here, and at such times bees are
liliely 10 gnaw where they should not. I con-
fidently expect such places to be lilled up when
the bees have something to do.

Evidently, however, there was a difference
between the middle and the ends of the foun-
dation. Might I not take advantage of that?
Didn't it sag more in the middle than at the
ends? So I concluded to try having the foun-
dation continuous for about an inch at each
end. By doing this I could also get rid of the
wiggly performance of fastening the bottom
strip on the wire separately. The frame was 8
inches deep in the clear, and, adding to that
the depth of the saw-kerf, allowed foundation
to be put in that was 8>^ inches deep. I made
it tV, inch less than that— S^'^. The foundation
was cut about V inch shorter than the inside
length of the frame. The wires were imbedded,
and then the frame was laid on a board a little
smaller than the inside of the frame, and a
strip of foundation about 'n inch wide was cut
out about half an inch aht,ve the bottom wire,
cutting to about an inch of each end. This, of
course, left the foundation whole without any
space for an inch at each end.

After submitting this to the bees it turned
out an entire success. The work was so per-
fect, that, without close examination, you
would say that a single sheet had been put in
without any cutting, true as a board, and com-
pletely fastened on all four sides. I had ac-
complished all I desired, having no space over
the bottom-bar, and at the same time no bag-
ging-out of the foundation, and it was done
with really no extra amount of work, for cut-
ting out the strip took no more time— yes, pos-
sibly it took a little more time than fastening
the foundation to the top-bar in the usual
manner.

The next question was, whether it would act
in the same manner If a swarm were hived
upon a full set of such frames. I had no swarm
to try, but I did what amounted to about the
same thing. I went to one of my strongest col-
onies, set the hive ofT its stand, put on the
stand a hive having at one side a single frame
of brood, and lilled out with frames of founda-
tion, then brushed into the new hive all the
bees, and put on a feeder.

I rather expected the weight of the bees
would pull the foundation down entirely out of
the saw-kerf (the thermometer was in the
nineties), so I didn't wait any 24 hours, but
made an inspection in two or three hours. My
expectations were realized, at least as to the
three frames next the brood. The foundation
was pulled entirely out of the kerf, and was
hanging over in a most dejected manner.

It was evident that, in some way, the foun-
dation must be fastened to the top-bar. So I
replaced the three frames with three having
the foundation fastened to the top-bar, by

means of the German way, with a beeswax
candle. The instructions are, to make a candle
with a very slender wick, the candle two inches
in diameter, and of uniform dimensions. I was
in a hurry, and didn't go through any such
formality. I picked up a string that had come
from Medina around some frame stuff, took a
single strand of it. and squeezed around it in
no regular order some of the little strips of
foundation I had cut from the sheets. Then I
lighted my candle, held it on one side, and, as
the drops of melted wax fell from it, I let them
fall here and there along the line where the
foundation touched the top-bar on one side. It
was very quickly and easily done, and I like
the plan very much. This time success was
achieved. The bees didn't pull the foundation
out of the kerf, but finished fastening it in.

The foundation was about S feet to the
pound, and the frame next the brood saggf d
more than the eighth of an inch. Indeed, I
tried a frame with a space of X inch, and that
was not enough. But instead of bulging out,
as it would if the frame were filled entirely full
in the ordinary manner, there is simply a buck-
ling of the foundation upon itself — objection-
able, of course, but by no means so bad as the
bulging.

I think whoever wants combs built solid upon
the bottom-bar will like the plan I have given.
Just how much space it is best to leave between
the two parts of the foundation depends on
circumstances, much more being allowed where
a swarm is thrown upon it than where a single
frame is put in an established colony; and in
the latter case there is no need to fasten the
foundation in the saw-kerf. Of course, the
manner of attaching the foundation to the top-
bar is a matter entirely independent of the
lower part of the frame, and I suppose the plan
I have used to get comb built down to the
bottom-bar can be used, no matter how the
top-bar attachment may be; but I earnestly
commend to the powers that be, at Medina, to
try one or more frames with the -Si\}4 saw-kerf;
also the plan of building to bottom -bar, and
report how it succeeds in that loeallty.

Marengo, III.

[Lest some of our readers, in going over the
above, may not clearly understand, as we did
not at lirst, the doctor's plan, we might add
that he cuts his foundation (by his last-men-
tioned plan) the full size of tlie inside of the
frame, and deeper by the depth of a saw-kerf in
the top- bar. Of course, such foundation would
sag when put on horizontal wires; but to pre-
vent this he cuts out a strij) of wax from I4 to
3o' in. wide, l^j in. above the bottom-bar up
\o within an inch of each end and parallel with
the bottom wire. In other words, to .make up
for what the foundation would sag, instead of
cutting the foundation a little short, so as to
leave '4 or,'..' inch space in the bottom of the
foundaiion and the bottom-bar, the doctor
takes out this space ri{iht in tlie founddtion
itself . inst above the bottom wire, leaving an
incli space at each end, however, not cut out.

1894

GLEANINGS IN Bli^E CULTURE.

(519

Since receiving the article, the following has
come to hand, which will explain itself:

You may say that I have tried cutting- out a strip
half an inch wide, and tho l)e(;s made a pei'fect.
job of it. One thing- I might li;ive mentioned:
There is less stretcliing- with my plan, because tiiere
is less to stretch. You see, if the lower strip is 154
inches, then a half-inch space, it leaves the sheet
only ti inches deep. That's quite an item.

C. C. MiLLEK.

We have thought of this matter a good deal;
but at this titne we do not n^aily know whether
we takti kindly to the plan or not. We have
not yet had a chance to try it, but will put a
few frames in the apiary, as soon as possible, on
the doctor's plan. We might say, in passing,
that we have had more trouble with founda-
tion, on horizontal wires, buckling tJiis year
than ever; in fact, we do not remember that
the medium-brood weight ever buckled before
on horizontal wires where at least four such
wires were strung horizontally across the
frame; but this year, on all the frames, the
foundation showed a tendency to bulge a little
between the wires. We think this was largely
owing to the exceedingly hot weather, and to
the fact that we did not allow, in consideration
of this hot weather, sufficient room between
the bottom-bar and the bottom edge of the
foundation. We allowed, as usual, from K to
•}n; and. contrary to our previous experiences,
the foundation sagged c'ear to the bottom-bar.
Had we allowed the full half-inch, as Ur. Mil-
ler suggests in his note just above, we think
there would have been no trouble. On the
other hand, when we allow '.>' inch for ordinary
seasons, the bees will leave too great a space
between the bottom-bar and comb. Accord-
ingly we have tried to compromise matters by
cutting the foundation just a-* wide as pos>ible,
and yet not have it in danger of striking the
bottom-bar and buckling.

Perhaps another thing accounts partially for
the buckling. There seems to be a ilemand for
a softer grade of foundation ; and we have,
therefore, made it sofier by dipping the sheets
thinner, which, of course, would make less
pressure of the wax that went between the
rolls. We have also, this year, taken pains to
refine the wax to a greater degree than ever.
In fact, all our brood foundation is made of the
same wax from which the surplus is made.
The extra-hot summer, and the softer wax,
probably accounted for the buckling.

Now in regard to the doctor's plan. We
think it quite probable that the buckling can
be stopped, and that combs will be built clear
to the bottom-bar; but will there not be an ir-
regular line of cells where the foundation was
cut out? and, after all, does it not entail a
great deal of work ?

If it were not for the extra work of driving
in staples, and the bending-up of the bottom-
bar, to say nothing of threading the wire
through extra holes, we should prefer the per-
pendicular plan of wiring, without diagonal
wires or intersections. On perj)endicular wires
the fouiulation may be put in filled out clear to
the end-bars and clear to the bottom-bar, be-
cause perpendicular wires, of course, prevent
the wax from sagging. It is also possible to
use on such wires a lighter weight of wax.
Notwithstanding all this, the disadvantages of
perpendicular wiring, in our estimation, are so
great that the horizontal wires are to be prefer-
red; and after all it is seldom that there comes
a S(!ason in our locality when foundation on
the last named shows a tendency to buckle.
I'erhaps. taking it all in all. Dr. Miller's plan is
the easiest solution of the whole trouble. Later

experiments, not only by ourselves but others,
will decide the matter.

We have tried putting foundation up into
grooves, as you describti, said grooves being
wider and deeper; but we did not like it, prin-
cipally on account of the difliculty of fastening
the wax; for we knew it would at times sag
out and Hop over. We have not yet tried the
cand;e; but it strikes us that we should prefer
the Hambaugh roller, with an (^ven flat top-bar
— the plan that is used not only by Mr. Ham-
baugh but by the Uadants and others as well,
with great satisfaction. A full description of
this method of fastening foundation to the top-
bars is given in the new Langstroth Revised,
page 37.").— El). J

DRONE COMB IN SECTIONS.

I'Kl'IFEKENCK OF THp: BEES FOR IT, ETC.

lijl Harry L. Dwight.

Can you tell me why the manufacturers of
foundation make only worker size for the sec-
tions? It is a well known fact, that the bees
prefer the drone size for thin surplus, and will
build drone comb if it is left to them. I have
made a few experiments on this line, and find
that, when worker-size foundation is used, V4
or l}'ix4 in., the bees will build down and
change to drone, 87 out of 100; when sheets of
foundation 2>.ix4 are used they will change to
drone 73 out of 100; when just a starter is used,
1x4, they will change <,)1 out of 100.

Two years ago I bought 2 lbs. of drone-
size foundation, and used it in two hives, put-
ting a section containing drone and one con-
taining worker size alternately, using full
sheets of each. I found the bees at work in the
sections containing drone, and they were filled
and capped over four to five days before the
sections containing worker size. It seems to
me that this is quite an important point. Here-
after I intend to use drone size in my sections
entirely, provided I can get it. Do you know
where I can find it?

ADULTEKATION, TO CHECK.

I have an idea by which the adulterating of
honey can in a measure be checked. This plan
is not original, as a similar method is used by
cotton-packers. It is this; Let the Bee-keepers'
Union adopt and copyright a label (on the
same plan as the Cigar-makers' Union), every
member of the Union to be registered and given
a number, and label every package of honey he
sells.

Suppose the jobber to whom he sells his
honey wants to put it up in l,:.',oro lb. packages.
To illustrate, suppose my number is 846. I sell
A., B. & Co., 100 lbs. extracted honey. They
inform me that tliey intend to put this honey
into 1-lb. cans, and I furnish them 100 one-
pound labels. No. 84(i. At the same time I fur-
nish 200 lbs. to C, D. & Co., to be put into 5-lb.
packages; hence I furnisli them 40 five-pound
labels.

Inform the public of this plan, and assure

t)30

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug. 1.

them that all honey bearing "the I nion
label is strictly pure. We must combine and
find some plan to prevent this wholesale adnl-

terating.

When I lived in New York, a young man
lived with me who was employed in one of the
large wholesale grocery houses. He made no
secret of the fact that ihey mixed their honey

with glucose.

My brother, Prof. Charles E. Dwight, at one
time State Chemist of West Virginia, invented
and patented a process for making glucose. A
company was formed, and for four years they
were doing a big business at Wheeling, W. Va.
One firm in New York contracted for all the
- water white " glucose they made. They used
this to adulterate syrup and honey; and in a
letter to my brother they said: '• We consider
your white goods superior to Damlin's, as ii is
almost destitute of any flavor, <r/((J we can in-
corporate a larger percentaije In our goods:'

Extracted honey, or, rather, what is called
extracted honey, can be laid down at our depot
here from New York 31, to 3 cts. cheaper than
I can produce it. If the plan I propose is not
practical, let some one propose another.

It works in other lines of business, and we
can make it succeed if we all put our shoulder
to the wheel. Harky L. Dwight.

Friendship, N. Y., July 14.

[Some eight or ten years ago drone founda-
tion was made and sold quite largely; but llie
bee-keepers of the country at that time decided
emphatically for the worker-not only tor the
brood-nest, but for the surplus-principally be-
cause the queens showed a greater disposition
to go above and lay in the drone-cells, particu-
larly when there was an entire absence of such
K-ells in the brood-nest. The reason for this
was plain. On tlie other hand, when nothing
but worker-cells was above, and the queen
had plenty of the same sort to lay in below she
would let the surplus alone. We furnish drone
fouiidaLion when it is called for.

It is a recogni/.ed fact that bees will usually
build store comb for surplus, no doubt because
they can build it quicker. But rf it is a lact
that bees will enter, build out and lill sections
with drone foundation very much earlier than
in sections of u'o;-/fcr, it may be well for us to
pause and consider. Let us have inore liglu
on this question from a number ot our •• old
timer" couib-honey producers.

Your plan of preventing adulteration was
proposed some two or three years ago. and dis-
cussed pretty thoroughly in the journals; but
for sonif. reason or other it seemed 10 b<^ "u-
practlcable at the time, and so was regarded by
the Manager of the Bee-keepers" I nioii, it we
remember correctly.— EdJ.

Br G.AA.DOOLITTLE.BOROOINO.N.Y

— llllliri.iiiDiiiiiiiiininniiiininniiimiiumi

HOW TO KEEP HK.ES OUT OF WATERING-
THOUGHS.

Apply with a paint-brush any old grease or
butter, with a little coal oil added to it. to the
edge and inside of the trough. This is a very
efl^^ective remedy, and but for this I should
almost have been obliged to give up bee-keep-
ing as my horses could not drink out of the
trough atnoon. Ei)w. Smith.

Carpenter, III.. June:!".).

FEEDING BACK.

QuestkDi. —Hdving some extracted honey on
hand, and as our honey season is about over, I
wish to know if it pays to feed back extracted
honey toqueenless colonies for the purpose of
having them store it in the sections.

Answer.— I do not understand why you say
"queenless colonies,"' for I never knew that
such were used under any circumstances, where
feeding back was done. I should not suppose
that queenless colonies would do any work at
all to amount 10 any thing in this way, for
queenless bees are always very loath to build
comb. I may be wrong in this, however, when
it comes to feeding back, as I never used such
colonies. Is there any reader of Gleanings
who has used queenless colonies in this way?
and if so, what kind of work did they do? The
usual plan is to contract the brood-chamber till
only combs nearly tilled with brood are left, not
more than four or five being used, so that the
work with the feed will all be concentrated on
the combs in the sections. As I should take it,
the question means, though not so worded,
Does it pay to feed back extracted honey for
the purpose of having it stored in sections ? To
this I would reply that I believe it pays to do
so only in having partly finished sections com-
pleted. Many trials have been made at pro-
ducing section honey from the start out of a
feeder; but, unless I have been misinformed,
nearly every one who has tried it reports the
same as not being a paying business. In fact,
with the low price now prevailing for section
honey, I doubt whether it pays to feed back
to finish partly filled sections, as there is much
labor about the matter; the honey is not so
good after being completed, and the colony of
bees thus treated is not left in as good shape
for winter as it would have been if left undis-
turbed, while the partly filled sections are
worth nearly if not quite as much to the bee-
keeper as " bait sections " for the next sea.son
as they are when filled with honey of the kind
gotten by feeding back. Such honey is quite
apt to candy or granulate in the comb before
all is disposed of; and unless great pains are
taken in uncapping the parts of the combs the
bees have sealed during the wane of the honey
harvest, the combs in the sections are uneven
on the surface, making them not desirable as
to appearance.

SHADING BEES, AND SWAK.MING.

(,>»/estJo>(,.— Will bees thst are sheltered from
the sun's rays swarm as early in the season as
those not so shaded ?

Answer. — Probably not, as a rule; yet much
depends upon the kind of shade used. Ifthe

18'.)4

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURK.

fKl

shade is simply a shade-board, wiiich keeps ih(^
sun's rays from striking the iiive from 10 a. m.
to 2 p. M., I think little or no dilTerence will be
made as to the time of th«Mr swarming, as the
sun heats up the hive in the moi'ning hours,
from which it does not cool off much till it
shines on il again in the afternoon, so that
there is all the warmth necessary for rapid
brood-rearing. But where the shade is a dense
one from overhanging trees, the warmth from
the sun can not reach the liive, and thus brood-
rearing is retarded, causing later swarming.
Such dense shade as above spoken of is a thing
to be avoided by the apiarist who would secure
the best results from his bees, in the opinion of
Doolittle. Then, again, it apparejitly depends
on the wants of the bee-keeper: for, seemingly,
when the novice in the business has a great
desire for swarms, the bees will most likely
tarry in the sun or in the shade; and when, in
later years, he has more than he wants, they
will begin to swarm before breakfast, and con-
tinue to do the same till after supper, until he
almost curses the day, which is sweltering
hot, and alive with swarms which ought to
stop their nonsense and go to work in the sec-
tions, as continued swarming and section honey
do not go hand in hand.

ITAMANl/.ING.

Question.— With a view of being least liable
to go wrong, how should a beginner manage to
Italianize ten or twelve colonies of black bees?

^4?i.s(('c/-.— That depends upon whether you
are desirous of doing all the work yourself, and
thus learning all the little kinks of queen-rear-
ing, or whether you simply wish to have all
your bees of the Italian variety as speedily as
possible, with no further attention being paid
to the matter. If the latter, then I would ad-
vise buying untested queens of some reliable
dealer; learn of him how to introduce tiiera
safely: and. when introduced successfully, you
will have solved the matter. If. on the other
hand, you would like to know something of
queen-rearing yourself, then buy a queen of
two different parties, known to be purely mat-
ed, and raise queens from one and drones from
the other. Keep down all black drones by
using only worker combs in the brood-chambers
of the black colonies, except a little piece two
or three inches square in one comb, keeping
that comb in a certain position in each hive so
that once every three weeks you can take these
combs from the hives and shave the heads from
the nearly mature drones. Thus you will have
no black drones; and if your neighbors do not
keep bees, and there are no colonies of black
bees in the timber in any woods not nearer
than three miles from you, you will have little
diliHculty in having the majority of your queens
purely mated, after which your yard will keep
Italian, no matter whether you increase your
bees to :;(X) colonies or allow them to remain at

their present number. But should there be
flying black or hyltrid drones in your neighbor-
hood, your young queens would give, practi-
cally speakiHg, pure Italian drones, so tliat the
next year the most of your queens will mate
with th(^se, when by selection, after you have
seen tlie progeny, you can soon have the whole
apiary stocked with none but Italians.

[A number of years ago the correspondtuits of
Gi.RANiNGs seenuui to generally agree that
fei'iliiig back was not prolitable; we therefore
indorse what IMr. Doolittle has to say. In re-
gard to Italiani/.ing, we also indorse him here
too. IVrhap-; it may well to suggest that un-
tested Italian queens can now be bouglii uiore
cheaply than at any other lime; and just after
the iioney harvest we know of no time when
Iialiaiiizing, or. more generally speaking, chang-
ing the quel ns. can be effected rnoff^ economic-
ally. In the advertising columns of our journal
you will see how cheaply queens can be bought.
We take pleasure in recommending yon to thii
whole of them. for. so far as we know, they are
all careful and conscientious breeders.— Ed.]

^■hccd^^gi/i^^

At the last ineeting of the Ontario Co (N. Y.)
Bee-keepers' Association, the following resolu-
tions were adopted:

W)iere,ax, Tlie U. S. Government has voted many
tliousands of dolliirs for the promotion of science
and arts for the benefit of the few; —

TI7((7eoN. The V . S. Government has voted many
thousands of dollars for the promotion of agricul-
ture, but has never voted a dollar for the promo-
tion of apiculture, upon which rests much of the
success of the agriculturist, horticulturist, and the
prosperity of millions;—

Tlicief(»e resiilccd: We, tiie bee-keepei's of Ontario
Co., N. Y., in convention assembled, would respect-
fully ask and demand that Congress vote a suitable
appropriation, and employ competent parties to
visit Judea and the East Indies, for the purpose of
securing A i)ix diirfiat(t and other races of bees not
now domesticated, and secure their introduction
into the U. S.

Further rcmolvcd. That a copy of these resolutions
be published in the bee-journals, and tliat the bee-
keepers of the U. S be asked to join in petitions to
Congress for the same purpose.

W. F. Marks. )

L. C. Mathek, J- Com.

Bellona, N. Y.

F. D. FaENCH, )
Ruth E. Taylor, Sec'y.

DKONES FROM VIRGIN QUKENS- ARK THEY
GOOD FOR ANY TIlIN«i ?

Are drones from a virgin queen virile ? If so,
I'm right for drones all the year round. This
climate is so mild that I can raise queens all
the year round; and if I can have select drones
in mid-winter I can have my queens fertilized
by them. I clip the wing of one of my most
suitable virgin queens, and after a while she
will commence to lay in worker cells. Of

()22

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug. 1.

course, these eggs would produce only drones;
but when a few days old I transfer them into
drone-cells; and it doesn't take me long to
transfer a few hundred. They are then placed
in a queenless colony, and perfectly developed
drones will come forth. If the virgin queen
could be induced to lay in drone-cells, all this
would be avoided; but she usually can not.
The queenless colony will try to convert some
of the drone larvaj into queens, but not many.

H. L. Jones.
Goodna, Queensland, Aus., May 11.

[The best authorities seem to agree that such
drones, if raised in drone-cells, are as good as
any; it is possible, also, that those from worker
cells are also. No real positive proof has ever
been furnished either way.— Ed.]

DOES NEW COMB HOLD MORE HONEY THAN OI.D ?

I think old combs become more or less coated
with wax and dirt until the cells are made
smaller. If that is true, why wouldn't the
brood be cramped in its growth?

Elbert Archibard.

Stockton, Cal., Jan. 4. 1894.

[This question has been brought up before.
Some hold, as do you. that the cells of old comb
are smaller; but others, that the cast-off co-
coons are removed from time to time. We have
picked out. assisted by a lens, from four to six
cocoons in a cell, but never more. It is possible
that, when the cells, from age of the comb, show
a tendency to become too small, the bees remove
a few cocoons. We confess we do not know
very much about this question. Authorities
seem to be singularly silent.— En.]

ON the use of the pineapple.

On p. 47.5, June 1, you ask any of your readers
who live In the pineapple regions to give you a
little light on the use of the fruit. My lower
place on the St. Lucie River is right in the
principal pineapple section of the State; and
while I am not making any business of growing
the fruit for sale, yet I have some 1.300 apples
this^'year, and expect to increase the number of
plants out each year.

At present we are exceedingly busy with one
of the heaviest flows of honey 1 have ever seen.
and I can not take the time to write uj) the sub-
ject as you wish, but will try to do so as soon as
possible. I have often wondered why our un-
dersized and refuse fruit could not be used up in
some such way as you suggest; and when we go
back below in August I will try some experi-
ments with the canned juice. The practical
dilliculty will be to so can or bottle the juice
that it will keep sweet, and we should be very
glad indeed if you could tell us how it can l)e
done. O. O. Poppi.kton.

Hawks Park, Fla., June 1.').

galvanized honey-vessels.
In the Journal for June 21, p. 244, Mr Wood-
ley, in "Notes by the Way," recommends gal-
vanized vessels for holding honey. I must
caution your readers against them (unless coat-

ed). Several years ago, during the editorship
of the late Mr. Abbott, I found, in packing
over forty stocks for the winter, the combs con-
tained dead sealed brood (whole combs of it).
I forwarded a portion to the Bee Journal
of'lice. and Mr. F. R. Cheshire wrote in reply,
" Erood healthy, well fed. symptoms of poison-
ing; what have you fed the bees with, and in
what vessel was it placed?" I answered: The
vessel was a galvanized one. The food was a
little thin honey standing a month in the ves-
sel, to which was added 1 cwt. of sugar made
into syrup and fed to the bees. It was after-
ward found that the acid in the honey had
acted on the zinc and slightly poisoned the
syrup— not sufficiently so to kill the bees, but
sufficient to kill the whole of the larvtB, and, if
so, it must be a bad thing to store honey in. —
J. R. Truss. Ufford Heath. Stamford, July 2.
— British Bee Journal, July 12.

APPLE-BLOSSOM HONEY IN ILL REPUTE.

Apple-blossom honey is, with us, considered
very poor; in fact, we dislike it very inuch. We
would not eat It, but have given it to those not
experienced, or those who seldom eat honey.
They pronounced it fine. I told them I could
not eat it. They said it was all honey to them
— saw no difference. Hodge might like it, the
same as some like castor oil and quinine.

Atherton. Ind. G. F. Ayres.

APPLE-BLOSSOM HONEY FINELY FLAVORED.

As you ask for reports concerning apple-blos-
som honey. I would say that I consider it one
of the finest-flavored honeys we have. I ex-
tracted over 100 lbs. from an out apiary, a sam-
ple of which I send you.

The honey season has not been as good as ex-
pected, owing to too much rain. Alsike gave
us a nice lot of honey notwithstanding, as we
have induced the .^^owing of it by a judicious
distribution of alsike leaflets.

Charles Stewart.

Sammonsville, N. Y.. July 10.

[The sample was received, and was of a very
fine di'licate flavor. Friend Ayres, above, doe's
not prize it so highly. Perhaps his was not real
apple-blossom honey, for the majority of the
reports speak well of it.— Ed.]

IN favor OF the S FHAME hive ; the IM-
PROVED B.\R NOT LIKED.

In regard to the discussion now current in
Gleanings may I say, first, of the two (eight
or ten frame hives) I much prefer the former?
I think, from luy own (ixperience, and for this
part of the Union, the eight-frame hive is
correct.

Now for the second question. I think your
Dovetailed hives are very nice. The frames
look beautiful, and seemed to be spaced per-
fectly (new goods of 1894); but let me say that,
just under your top-bar (I mean that improved

1894

GLEANINGS IN HEE CULTURE.

023

groove, ridge, or starter, running along the
center for a comb-guide, leaving two ridges on
■either or both sides) does not work with me for
hiving on empty frames. The bees have taken
the outside one frequently. («ive me the for-
mer style, every time, with one unmistakable
comb-guide and a bottom-bar •'.! inch broad,
and a little flexible. Geo. W. Gkasi.kn.

.lessup, Md., July 11.

[There have been other complaints, more
particularly because of the dilliculty of fasten-
ing comb foundation to the comb-guide of the
improved top-bar; and very recently we have
changed the cutter- knives so as to make the
grooves on either side deeper, leaving the comb-
guide more prominent, and more accessible to a
foundation-roller. The new top-bars, while
modilied but slightly, would give you but little
trouble, excfjit, perhaps, to hive a swarm upon
frames eont;iiiiiiig such top-l)ars absolutely
fi'ec. from any comb-guidi^. It Is not a safe
thing to do. usually, to hive on frames strictly
empty. Most bee-keepers fasttm a narrow strip
•of foundation to the comb-guide; and even if it
project down only an eighth of an inch, it will
prevent the bees from building the combs cross-
wise of the frames. Another season we con-
template sending out with hives all complete,
■enough foundation for mere starters. We thus
secure all the advantages of hiving on empty
frames, and at the same time insure the bees
starting right. Our bottom-bars have been
made 5.ix34 inch for two or three months. — Ed.]

THK THEORY THAT NUKSE-UEES TRANSMIT

THEIK CHAKACTEKISTICS TO THEIK

OFFSPKINO DISPJtOVED.

I'm glad to have friend Abbott coi rect me as
lie has done on page .536. But it seems to me he
might have done it in fewer words — something
like this: "Dr. Miller is an old fogy, and still
holds to the theory that was held several years
ago, that the germ is furnished by the male.
Scientists nowadays believe that the new being
does not proceed from the father alone, but
from the union of two cells — one turnished by
the father and one by the mother; therefore
traits resembling those of the mother come
through the original cell, and not. as was for-
merly supposed, through nourishment received
from the mother; hence he has no support
therefrom to prove that trails come from nour-
ishment furnished by the nurse-bees."'

There. Bro. Abbott, haven't I made a better
job of it? You see, I've told in a single para-
graph what you occupied two full pages in
telling. I've just one excuse for my mistake —
ignorance — pure ignorance. The old theory
had remained good the last I knew of it, and,
having held good for ages. I didn't think of its
having been knocked endwise in the last gener-
tion. But, please remember that I am no cham-
pion for the theory of heredity through the
nurse-bees. I'd rather not biilieve in it. Good
men, however, advocate it; and if there is any
thing in it we are wise to look the matter
squarely in the face, and be guided according-
ly; for it has direct practical bearing on queen-
rearing. So I am very glad of friend Abbott's

correction, for it leaves a better chance to be-
lieve that it makes but little difference what
sort of nurse-bf*es rear a queen, providing the
egg comes of good stock. C. ('. Miij.er.

Marengo, 111.

HASTV's UKK-VEIL; A SUGGESTION.

If Mr. Hasty will make his veil as I do, he
can lick his fingcjrs as often as he pleases, and
let out a stray bee without taking out a pin or
unfastening any thing. Tell him to sew the
veil to a yard of broad elastic, allowing a little
fullness for the elastic to stretch; sew the ends
together; take two pieces of the elastic, about
12 inches long, and, with four safety-pins, pin
them on for armholes. You can make them tit
any one by moving the pins; then you can wear
a broad -brimmed hat, and the veil never
touches your n<!ck. A. Gkubb.

THOSE CALIFORNIA KEPOHTS.

Mr. Root:— I supposed the men who gave the
reports of the S. C. B. K. A. were true, as they
were surely best informed. I simply reported
what they gave, and what I took down on the
spot. Personally I have all yet to learn. I
know that this year is almost if not quite a
total failure. This strike shuts us from the
world. I hope it will bring good commensurate
with the cost. A. J. Cook.

Claremont, Cal., July ti.

THE "OKANK" vs. the ".TAW."

In one of Rambler's Echoes, printed June l.>,
he suggests that some one construct a combined
head dress and smoker for bee-men, the smoker
being operated by the jaw of the wearer, add-
ing that men might not work it; women would.
I was ungallant and univlxe enough to read
this Echo to a lady, giving the insinuation its
full force, when she remarked, "Some one
ought to make a smoker to be operated by a
cnmh. Women couldn't work it, but men
couhV- Please tell Rambler.

Jesse W. Newell.

Farmersville, 111.. June 22.

THE SWARM OF A CLIPPED QUEEN.

In your issue for July 1st, page 530, Dr. Miller
takes ihe Britiuli Bee Journal to task for say-
ing that the swarm of a "clipped queen will
join her on the grotnid." Please say to the doc-
tor that I have had only one swaim this year;
and after getting out of sight they returned, and
settled on the ground within ten feet of the
hive, where I soon found one of Trego's clipped
queens, and in lo minutes I had rehived them.

Franklin, Tex., .July (i. J. Mitchell.

THOSE DRONES FROM LAYING WORKERS.

I notice you requested me to report about
drones from laying workers. The island I had
picked out was occupied with sheep under the
the care of an old Mexican, and he was afraid
to let me put bees near him. I am about to

(124

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug. 1.

perfect arrangetnents with the light- house
keeper, 10 miles out at sea, on a small island
near Port Lavaca. Then I shall soon be pre-
pared to answer the question.
Beeville, Tex., July 1(3. Jennik Atchley.

Jo Pages? /JO

95 PER YEAH.-

Behold, I wUl bring: it health and cure, and I will cnre them,
and will reveal unto them the abundance of peace and truth.—
Jkb. 3:5: 6.

We are beginning to think that we had bet-
ter call a halt on the taj'iff question. It has
now been quite well discussed on both sides, so
far as it affects bee-keeping.

The American Bee-Kecper objects to the
practice of having its name indicated by the;
initials alone, and wants the names of all the
journals spelled out in full. The point of order
is well taken, except in such matter as Stray
Straws, for instance, where the names of all the
different bee-journals are used so constantly
that a shorter way of indicating them seems al-
most indispensable. We think such abbrevia-
tions, where numerous, will cause no confusion.

The Annual Report of the Bee-keepers' As-
sociation for the Province of Ontario, 1893. is
before us. It contains a very full and interest-
ing account of the proceedings of the last meet-
ing of the Ontario Bee-keepers' Association,
and was printed by order of the Legislative
Assembly of Ontario. In looking it over we
were struck at once with the evident fullness
and correctness of the report; and. being curi-
ous to know who was secretary, it was with no
little pleasuse that we learned it was the late
S. Corneil, of Lindsay, Ont.

STATISTICAL REPORT CALLED FOH.

We are expecting now to send out in a few
days some statistical blanks. Now, we do not
wish to slight anybody. We should like to
have every bee-keeper, who is interested in
knowing what the crop of honey has. been, to
send us a postal card at once — later will not do
— answering just these two questions: 1. What
has been the honey season in your vicinity, so
far as you can ascertain? 2. What was your
average yield in lioney, both comb and extract-
ed? Now. please do not go and add a whole
lot of particulars; because, when we attempt
to go over hundreds and perhaps thousands of
postal cards, it takes time to tabulate them
properly.

Of course, you fully appreciate tlie necessity
of knowing what the crop has been. If you or
your neighbors have secured good yields, and

you know the yield has been poor througlioul
the country, you will not be in haste to lump it
off at a low price.

ROBBING IN THE WAKE OF BASSVVOOD.

In very many localities in the North there
has been an excellent basswood flow. We pre-
sume that, by this time, it has stopped, and
robbers — oh my 1 — look out ! Be sure that the
entrances to all nuclei are contracted; and if
they get started badly upon any one hive, cram
the entrance loosely with grass— just tight
enough to prevent the entrance of robbers for
the time being. In a very short time— at least
when the bees inside have had a chance to re-
cover themselves — the grass will have willed,
and no smothering will have taken place, as
might be the case were the whole entrance
stopped tight with a stick

By the way. robbing can be checked to a cer-
tain extent by dousing the bees as they pile
over each other pellmell near the entrances of
hives, with sprays of water from the fountain
pump, or even from a watering-pot. It wets
their wings up, wets the grass, disconcerts the
robbers, and gives the bees in the hive a chance
to know " where they are at."

CONDITION OF THE HONEY-YIELD SO FAR AS
reported; BETTER THAN LAST YEAR.

We have had a remarkable flow from bass-
wood. It lasted for us. and for our neighbors
within three or four miles of us, about a month.
Usually we do not get more than about ten or
fifteen days flow. One of our neighbors re-
ports about a fifth of a crop; another, a little
better than a half. Neighbor Chase, instead of
being "in clover," as reported in last Glean-
ings, by reason of the prospect before him of
obtaining a large crop from alsike and bass-
wood, obtained I.t lbs. per colony this year,
against 60 for last year. So far as we can
ascertain, the yield from basswood has been
good in most localities, particularly in Wiscon-
sin. New York, and Pennsylvania. Colorado
reports a good yield, presumably of alfalfa.
Michigan also seems to have done well. Re-
ports show that the season has been an entire
failure in California. The fact that we are
r'-cpiving more offerings, and at a lower price,
seems to indicate that the season generally was
better than last year, east of California.

THE ATCHLEY FIVE-BANDED QUEENS — A GOOD
WORD FOR THEM.

About a year ago Mr. Vernon Burt, of Mal-
let Creek— a name familiar to our readers —
ordered of Mrs. Jennie Atchley, through us. a
dozen five-banded queens, to test them. He
wintered most of them over; and this year, now
that the honey season is over, he reports that
their colonies brought in //lorc honey per colo-
ny than any others he had in the apiary; and
this morning he came down to order a dozen
more of the same kind of queens.

18<»4

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

<)-.'5

Said he, " I shouldirt care— in fact, I siiould
rather prefer to liave every colony in my
apiary of the five-banded sort, if they are going
to pan out Mice this for honey." If the w\t
•dozen shall do as well, his apiary will ultimate-
ly be queened with five-banders.

This may look like a free advertisement for
Mrs. Atchley; but inasmuch as she sustained
great damage through a hot Texas wave, as
mentioned in our last issue, we feel sure that
many of our readers in need of this sort of stock
will be glad to place their orders with her, thus
in a measure helping her to make up the great
loss she has sustained.

The following is a note just received, in line
with the foregoing. We take pleasure in pre-
senting it.

MyJulylStli Gleanings has just arrived, and I
notice In your remurks about ttve-banded bees you
Siiy tliey are crosser than the averag'c Italians.
Now, 1 wish to say that my tlvo-banded bees are the
gentlest I ever saw, and are not disposed to fly from
tlie combs wliiie handling. I never use veil or
smoke in handlinfr them, and have never had a
sting from my breeding colony. 1 have just been
out and gone through the Inve, which is a strong
two-story colonj, and tliere is no lioney coming in
from tlie fields. I used neither veil nor smoke, and
the bees seemed to take no notice of me whatever.
It is almost impossible to make them sting. My
little boy, six years old, will scrape them off the
front of the hive, and carry them around in liis
hand. J. E. Hand.

Eldora, la., July IS.

[We did not say that all our live-banders
were cross.— Ed.]

I5EE-rAKALYSIS — THE DI.SEASE INVESTIGATED

IN au.strai.ia; anothek f the.

It seems that the Dapartment of Agriculture
for the province of New South Wales, Australia
<reference to which is made in another column),
has seen fit to institute a special investigation of
the disease called " bee-paralysis," its cause and
cure. In warm climates this peculiar disease
makes serious havoc; and hitherto, for such
climates, we knewof no certain and satisfactory
cure. Of course, here in the North we think
nothing of it, for the bees seem to be able to
ward off the disease themselves.

Well, it seems that this same disease has been
making havoc in some of the large apiaries in
New South Wales — particularly in that of Mr.
Kitching, of Campbelltowu. The Dripartment
of Agriculture for that province employed Mr.
R. Helmes to study the disease in the apiary of
Mr. Kitching. He did so, and the report is now
before us in the Aijrlcaltuntl (hizettc of New
South Wales. Mr. Helmes' description of bee-
paralysis shows that it is exactly what we have
here in this country: and he also associates
with it another disease which he calls the '• De-
pilating Disease;" but the symptoms are so
nearly alike that we have come to the conclu-
sion ourselves that the two diseases are one and

the same — the last mentioned being a less ag-
gravated form of bee-paraiysis.

Mr. Helmes has concluded that one of the
causes is a diseased or poor (jueen, and that the
removal of the same assists greatly in the cure
of the disease. He further recommends purg-
ing and spraying the bees. At this point we
can do no better than to give his own language
for his method of cure:

Summarizing the methods I recommend for curing
the bee-diseases known as bee-paralysis and depila-
ting disease,* they are in shoi-t as follows:—

Disinfect the stand and hives by lieat; in case of
bee- paralysis, give a purgative, and keep the bees
closed u|) for fourteen to eighteen hours, and then
start them from the hive, and excite them by spray-
ing with diluted oil of cinnamon; spray iu either
case with 54-per-cent solution of carbolic acid evtry
third or fourth day; supersede the queen of the
diseased colonies in both cases as soon as possible
by a prolitie queen from a healthy strain. As a
good honey-How has been observed to lielp material-
ly to eradicate diseases, 1 would advise feeding in all
cases where either of l lie diseases has appeared in a
stock in which tlie supply of food is reduced. It
may not act quite as effectively as the gathering of
nectar, for wnich a greater amount of exercise is
necessary, and the activity displayed by the bees
during this process seems certainly conducive to
keeping the bees in good health; but it is the best
substitute for it, and will keep the individual in-
habitants of the hive strong, and consequently bet-
ter adapted to resist the aggression of contagion.
Moreover, the food thus given can be judiciously
medicated with antiseptics, which would be desir-
able, if not actually necessary.

Regarding the purgatives given by me, I found
that podophyllum or senna acted very beueflf'ially,
without produc'ing any apparent weakening effect;
of the two, podophyllum seemed to me pieferable.
The doses given wei-e: 1 fluid oz.t- of tincture of
po lophyllum to 6 lbs. of honey-food; or 4 fluid oz. of
tincture of senna to 6 lbs. of honey-food, the honey-
tood to consist of tliree parts of ln)ney and one part
water, to be well boiled and skimmed. A little
extra water has to be added to allow for evaporation
during the boiling, the medicine to be added after
tne food has become cool. Three-quarters of a
pound to a pound, according to the strength of the
colony, or less if the same is weak, spread over a
perforated sheet of zinc, as described before, is
about the quantity to be g.ven; but as the number
of bees In each hive is otten very variable, a hard
and fast rule can not be laid down for it. v^s in
manj- other cases, the administration of the medi
cine and the general treatment must be left to the
judgment of the apiarist, who will know best liow
to ciioo-se a suitable lime for it, and who is general-
ly fairly well acquainted with the strength of his
colonies.*

I i.ave not tried Epsom salts, but have liea'rd of
its being admiiustered with good results. Nodoubt
it will purge readily, and it 1-oz. packet to 10 lbs. of
food would produce a strong medicine. A some-
what drastic method of purging seems to be ni ces-
sary to cure bee-paralysis; but the absence of all
stimulating action in Epsom salts induced me to re-
ject it.

It is well known that salt is required by bees,
particularly in spring, before any houey-tlow sets
in, and it probably acts as a nulo purgative upon
their constitution. At any rate, it seems to be a
tonic, so to say, and therefore it must be reconi-
mended to be given at times to the bees, so that
tliey do not have to seek it at offensive pl.ices, .•■uch
as dung-heaps, urinals, or tlie overflow of closets.
It is very desirable that a fewsma I wooden troughs
filled with brine, or, where the atmosphere is not too
ary, a few pieces of rocksalt be kept at every
apiary, to enable tin; bees to get the necessary
supply readily and in a cleiin manner when they
feel Inclined for it.

* This i" more generally known a.s the "hairless" di^^ea8e,
whuh, liowever, sounds .so iiiatioiial that I can not.onae-
(•oun> ot this, adopt the name. It is not the disease that is
hail le^s, l)ut the bees Ijeconie hairless duiiu^ lis progress.

+ 1 lound that an or linary etrtr-cup holds as near as possible
a fluid ounce, and may safely lised in case a tfraduatecf vessel
is not available.

* Dr Cobb advised that, to 10 lbs. of food, 1 oz. of podophyl-
lum or 4 oz. senna be mixe<l, but 1 found this quajitity riot
effeetive enoug'h.

636

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug. 1.

To obviate the offensive smell carbolic acid pos-
sesses to bees, I mix the 54-per-cent solution with
some oil of tliyme. The odor of this, it is well
known, is very agi'eeable to bees, and a dozen or
twenty drops of it to a pint of mixture scent it per-
fectly, and apparently suppress the smell of the
carbolic.

Purging the bees is a rather new idea to us;
but it seems reasonable, inasmuch as the bees
affected with the bee-paralysis have swollen or
distended abdomens. They seem to be unable
to void their faeces, which is of a yellow or wa-
tery color. The sprayings alone, so far as re-
ported to us for this country, seem to have had
but little effect.

Inasmuch as this disease seems to be making
serious havoc in warm climates, it is highly
important that we know more about it; and we
hope some of our friends in the South and in
some parts of California will try the treatment
described by Mr. Helmes, and report the same
through our columns. For Mr. Kitching, in
whose apiary Mr. Helmes operated, a complete
cure was effected. Mr. C. S. Pord,of Columbia,
Mis-!., in this country, has tried every thing we
could suggest. We hope, however, he will try
this purging, together with the sprayings, Dnce
more, and report to us the result. While we
are not overly sanguine, we think those whose
bees are seriously affected with the disease
should give the treatment at least a trial.

townsend's section-former.
A few days ago we received the accompany-
ing electrotype, together with a circular, from
O. H. Townsend, of Alamo, Mich. We had
seen the same thing illustrated in the Bee-
Tieepers' Review previously, but did not believe
there would be power enough to fold the section
satisfactorily. The sample machine that came
to hand with the electrotype was put to the
test, however, and, greatly to our surprise,
sections were folded neatly and nicely. The
Hubbard section-former, with which our readers
are familiar already, has a powerful toggle-
joint for forcing the dovetails of the ..sections
together. This machine, instead of depending
upon mere pressure, drives the corners together
with a sort of blow or sharp thrust from the
hand. The following are the directions sent
out by the manufacturer:

DIRECTIONS FOR USING.

Lay the press flat on a bench, with the large notch
from you, with the end of the level' pointing- to the
right. Secure the press by fastening a cleat to the
bench back of the press.

Now, having dampened tlie sections where they
are to be bent, pick one up, taking hold witli botli
hands, with the lingers on the side having the
grooves on, lioldnig it from tiie lower side; this puis

the section in a position to fold and place in press
with only one motion. Let the ends of section
crowd out in the notch B in the lever; hold the sec-

tion down with the left hand, and give the lever a
light, quick stroke with the right hand, which fin-
ishes it.

For further particulars, correspond with him
as above.

Harrison's improved aixey drone and

QUEEN trap.

It is well-known that the Alley trap, as ar-
ranged by the inventor, was designed to catch
only the drones in the hive. Mr. G. W. Har-
rison, a neighbor living in Copley, O., has ar-
ranged his so it will not only catch the drones
that are in the hive, but the drones without,
that may apply for admission at its entrance.

The engraving above will, we think, make
the idea plain. You will observe there is both
a front and rear view, the last mentioned being
at the bottom. The drones from within the
hive will, after failing to pass the zinc, take
the direction of the arrows, as shown in the
lower figure. Those from without will take
the direction of the arrow — that is, under the
central passageway, and up through the cone.
We believe Mr. Harrison claims that It gives
better ventilation. Mr. Harrison's modification
may or may not be new. We have not looked
it up.

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

<>27

ROBBING SICK PEOPLE.

SflPINCE AND SUrKKSTITION.

By A. I. Roi,t.

It is bad enough to take money from people in
health and well to do: but it is a shameful thing
to rob the sick and the suffering, and the poor
and destitute. Those who are engaged in the
business claim that they do not take anybody's
money without their consent and approval.
But I do not think this makes very much dif-
ference. Obtaining money under false pre-
tenses is recognized as a crime by the laws of
our land; and if you think I am too severe in
the matter, let me explain to you the way in
which money is obtained by false claims and
misrepresentations.

Most of you recollect about how long ago it
was that we commenced tinding articles in the
reading-matter of our home journals and
papers, said articles being only an advertise-
ment, for which the editors are exceedingly
well paid. It has been urged that nobody is
deceived, because every one understands that
it is an advertisement, even if the head-lines do
read, "Almost a Miracle,*' and "Snatched
from the Brink of the Grave," and such like
expressions. If nobody is deceived, let me ask
you why the proprietor pays the editor such a
big sum of money for inserting things of this
kind. Ask the editor of your home paper how
much he receives for these things; and if he is
honest his reply will astonish you. You may
insist, however, that the medicines do do ftome
good: and I confess that, for a time, I thought
there must be some real vii'tue, or else men and
women standing high in society, and often-
times those who are widely known throughout
our land, would not lend their names to such
schemes. But an experience that I have had
of late has been giving me a glimnse of the
truth. I am .sure T am right, dear friends: and
every year T live, the testimony comes home to
me stronger and stronger that few of the medi-
cines so largely and widely advertised have any
effect whatever on the one who buys and takes
them. Now for the proof.

Many of you have doubtless seen an adver-
tisement headed "Electrnpoise." The thing
emanates from the Electrnlibration Co.. New
York. Thev profess to cure disease without
medicine. Some of you may have had some
exnerience with the thing, and may insist that
it has virtue. To which I reply that, if there is
really any virtue in it. it is exactly of the kind
that belongs to an old horseshoe. You have
heard in childhood, if not later, that finding a
horseshoe would bring good luck; and you
have doubtless seen horseshoe« nailed over the
door of the superstitious or ignorant. They
claim that the horseshoe brings good luck,
wards off disease, etc. Well, let us suppose
there is virtue in an old ru«ty horseshoe; and
suppose somebody discovers that, if he attaches
a wire or string to the horseshoe, and then ties
it around the patient's ankle, virtue will ema-
nate from the horseshoe, proceed to the patient,
and cure him of various bodily ills. Suppose,
too. the inventor should tell you he has discov-
ered that, to have the thing work to the best
advantage, the horseshoe must be placed in a
bowl of ice water, or hung out of the window
on a cold day, etc. Perhaps there are people
who might he made to believe this: and if the
belief were strong enough they would doubtless
fepi better, and may be get well, and perhaps
give testimonials to the inventor of the appa-
ratus. Now. Electropoise has just as much
virtue, and is just as scientific, as the arrange-
ment I liave mentioned, and no more. And yet

scores of testimonials are given, and a great
part of them from prominent men or women.
Some may occupy important positions in our
nation, some with "Rev." attached to their
name, and a few who have been entitled " pro-
fessor." More of this anon.

One of the first indications you have of a
downright humbug and swindle is the price
charged. The proprietor of a patent medicine
that costs him but little if any more than sugar
and water, wants $-LM a bottle; and he tries to
make people believe that a dollar would not
pay cost.

A few years ago a company started out mak-
ing a patent fire-annihilator. It was some sort
of liquid in fancy-shaped green or blue bottles.
We wanted some for our factory, so we might
put out a fire very quickly by simply smashing
one of the bottles in the midst of the conflagra-
tion. The agent said the price was $34.00 a
dozen; but in order that he might have our
name to help him make sales he would furnish
them to us for $18.00 per dozen, which was
"only a little above cost." When our ware-
house was burning I tested some of the bottles,
and they we're of no use whatever — that is. they
were of no more use than a pint of salt water
would have been under the circumstances. I
tested the water, and pronounced it simply
salty water. Then I compared its effects on
blazing embers, with salt and water. It behav-
ed exactly the same. Now, these fellows went
to the trouble of making a public exhibition of
their "discovery" for putting out fires. The
whole thing was a put-up job and a fraud; and
they managed it so well that even great rail-
way companies equipped their offices with these
cheap glass bottles, hanging conspicuously in
sight. Two dollars apiece was the price charg-
ed for a five-cent bottle filled with salt water —
one fourth off where prominent individuals
purchased considerable quantities.

Well, the above is the way these swindlers
manage right straight through. The big price
is one of tihe features of the advertisements.
The large size of Electropoise costs only $50.00.
On tlie front there are some levers and buttons,
probably to make people think there is some
sort of current or virtue emanating from the
thing. The pocket instrument costs only -52.1.00.
It is about as large as the nickel-plated handle
of an ordinary bicycle. The machinery inside
is probably about as complicated. Ernest suc-
ceeded in getting the agent to let him take the
thing in his hand. He soon discovered where
there was a screw on one part of the machine,
and was about to take the thing apart to see
what furnished the 625 worth of "virtue."
The agent became alarmed at once, and declar-
ed that the instrument would be spoiled (?) if it
were opened.

The makers declare distinctly that the influ-
ence that comes from this thing is not electricity,
but that it is " something " they have discover-
ed themselves. Let us look at tin's a minute.
There are at present known to science three
imponderable agents — heat, light, and elec-
tricity. Only electricity passes along a wire —
that is, any considerable length of it. If they
have got something else that will run thi-ough
a wire, or on a wire, like electricity, then they
have discovered a new imponderable agent. If
this be true, how does it come that the whole
scientific world has never yet heard of it? and
vet the thing was patented as long ago as 1S91.
By the wav, I wish to call the Patent Office
to order. One of the readers of (tI.eanings,
about a year ago. wanted to get a rtatent on a
living-machine. He went to Washington, but
they told him that he must make his machine
/?)/. before he could have a patent. They ad-
mitted that they used to grant patents on

(528

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug. 1.

things that had never been made to " go," but
they did not do it any more; but yet in ]8'.il
they granted a patent on a thing that did not
"go,'" and does not go yet. A brief quotation
from the circular they send out ought to be
sufficient evidence of the true character of the
thing to any intelligent person. I take the fol-
lowing from paee 2:

With eitlier instrument, the treatment consists in
the absorption of pureoxj'gen from the atmospliere
into the circulation, in consequence of ttie polar
attraction produced on the surface of the body by
the Electropoise, the rapidity of the process being-
Koverned, when using- the pocket instrument, l).v
the tempeiature of tlie polarizer.

Now, if yon are not sufficiently versed in
chemistry and physiology to comprehend the
above, take it to your family physician and
ask him if I am not right about it. If yon
think he is prejudiced against it because it
spoils his business of curing people, show it to
the principal of any school or college where
physiology and chemistry are taught: or sub-
mit it to any teacher, or even a pupil well along
in these studies. Is there either sense or science
in claiming that this charm has any power to
absorb oxygen from the air, and get it into the
circulation of the human system ? What about
the expression " polar attraction produced on
the surface of the body." when they do not
even claim there is any electricity present?

In the room adjoining we have a new paper-
folder. The machine cost *700, and it does its
work beautifully. There is, of course, a multi-
tude of wheels.' levers, cams, arms, etc.; and
there are bits of glittering steel that work like
human fingers, and with much greater precision
and rapidity. Now, suppose the manufacturer
of this beautiful machine had put in a lot of
wheels and levers, and polished machinery,
only to give the thing a taking look, but things
that were of no sort of usp whatever to the
working of the machine. Suppose they were
to put it in as a sort of excuse for asking a big
price. I do not think any manufacturer of
labor-saving machinery was ever guilty of such
folly. They know better. People who buy
machinery expect to use their eyes and ears
and common sense: but the inventors of these
remedies for disease seem to take it for granted
that sick people are a class that never reason.

Now to the main point before us. How about
the testimonials from ministers, and editors of
Christian papers? I am forced to conclude
that these people are careless and thoughtless.
They do not know what they are doing, and,
together with a great lot of suffering humanity,
they have yet to learn that people often get
better without taking any thing or doing any
thing. Nature is untiringly at work in making
good every wronsr or every damage to the
human .system. Nature keeps up this inces-
sant struggle whether you take medicine or
not. It is the old story of bee-sting remedies
over again. More than twenty years ago I
tried to make the world believe that no outward
application whatever for a bee-sting would do
any good, yet thousands of people had rem-
edies; and these remedies were faithfully used,
and handed down from parent to children.
They knew the remedy did good, because the
pain often " stopped instantly " after the appli-
cation, forgetting that the pain of a bee-sting
usually stops instantly any way. Perhaps bee-
keep(^rs have finally decided that I was pretty
nearly right, for we do not hear much about
bee-sting remedies of late.

This is a large subject, friends. It would fill
page after page of this journal were I to give
proofs that have come under my own observa-
tion. A few weeks ago the ScleiiMJir American
gave a case right in this line. Some professor

had made a startling discovery of a new rem-
edy, to be introduced into the circulation by
hypodermic injection. Everybody who was
treated receivt tJ wonderful benefit. The mat-
ter was submitted to an old gray-haired veteran
in the science of medicine. He directed the-
operators to give a part of the patients an in-
jection of clear water, without telling them any
thing of the experiment that was being made.
Those treated with pure water received just as
mtich benefit as those that had the new medi-
cine. In fact, some of them were most em-
phatic in regard to the virtues of the wonder-
ful discovery. Everybody was astonished at
this except the old doctor. We need to recog-
nize that our pains and aches are greatly the-
result of a mental condition.

When I was little more than a boy I used ta
give lectures on chemistry and electricity, and
I sold little steel magnets for experimental
purposes. I was greatly perplexed to find a
large demand for them for curing rheumatism.
Old gray-headed men had chunks of lodestone
they had carried all their lives, to ward off
rheumatism. In fact, money would hardly
buv these innocent lumps of metal; and, in
spite of all I could say. almost every evening
somebody would insist that these little magnets
tvoulxl cure aches and pains. A man whose
arm had been paralyzed and helpless for
months, after receiving several shocks of elec-
tricity lifted up his hand and used it almost as
well as the other. I too might have claimed
" almost a miracle." Put I was satisfied then,
and I am now, that brisk rubbing or pounding
the partially paralyzed limb would have beeti
equally effective. Just look through the
papers; look around in your own neighborhood,
and you will find the vender of almost every
patent medicine, whether he charges 2.t cts. a
bottle or $1..50 a bottle, gets, without any trou-
ble, scores of wonderful testimonials. It may
well make one feel sad when he sees a world of
people giving their hard earnings in exchange
for imaginary good. It seems impossible that
any intelligent p/i.j/S(c/a?j should give an honest
testimonial to Electropoise; and I am firmly
convinced that the one vtho does this is lacking^
either in sense or conscience.*

I wish to say a word in regard to the testi-
monials for patent medicines and similar things
that come from ministers of the (jospel; and
may God give me grace to say what I have to-
say. in a right and proper spirit. I well re-
member the time, years ago, when I had decided
that ministers, take them as a whole, had no
comprehension of practical business or of real
science and scientific truth: and there are a
good many people now— some very good friends
of mine — who declare that, from force of edu-
cation, or something else, the clergy of our
land fail to use good cornmoti sense: or. if the
expression is not too hard, that they seem to-
lack good common sense in many practical
every-day matters. Now, mind you, I have

*So far as I can discover, it is tlie relig-ious press
principally that gives place to this Electropoise
ad\'ertisement. In fact, the only fuU-itage adver-
tisement I have seen was in a religious paper.
Now, is it really true thjit the editors of our re-
ligious papers have less inielligence than tlie editors
of our scientific and asriicult ural papers ? or if tliey
have tlie intelligence, iiave tl\ey less cimscieno'.'
Why, friends, it Is a fearful thing to contemplate,
either wa.v. This cliarge lias been l)i'ought against
the religious press before, that tliey will publish
any thing they are i)aid for. Perhaps 1 should call
atlention to tlie SiDulay-SrliooI Thne.fi, which taltes a
remarkably ditlerent stand in this respect. They
even agree to make good the consequences of an.y
swindle tliat may get into their columns; and many
of the agricultural iiapers absolutely refuse to in-
sert a medicine advertisement of any kind.

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

changed my mind in this tiling; for the best
and truest friends I have on eartli are among
these hard-working servants of (Jod; but yet I
remember my old feelings of hostility toward
them, and it pains me to the bottom of my
heart when I see them heedlessly give unbe-
lievers rcitsoii to think them lacking in percep-
tion in business and scientific matters. 1 do
not know of any thing more damaging to the
cause of the Christian religion than to see a
minister forget his sacred calling so far as to
let his name be paraded in an advertisement
for a fraud. Ministers, as a rule, do have
more or less scientific education. They know
more or less of physiology and chemistry; but,
notwithstanding, they either forget this educa-
tion, or they neglect to notice that the thing
th<'y indorse or recommend is at shameful vari-
ance with all te.vt-books' teachings. It is urged
that this is a progressive age, and that if one
does not look out he is behind the times. Yes,
this is a progressive age; but all i-eal progress
is made along the beaten path of science. Peo-
ple are not progressive in perpetual motion, nor
in regard to the philosopher's stone, nor in the
elixir of life, and suchlike remants of heathen-
ism.

In conclusion, it is a sad reflection on the
clergy as a class; nay, more— it is a sad reflec-
on the intelligence and civilization of this
present age, to see any one who professes to
have a tolerable education accept the idea that
a wire attached to such a bauble may bring
" pure oxygen from the atmosphere into the
circulation.'" Dr. Priestly, the discoverer of
oxygen; Harvey, who discovered the circula-
tion of the blood; and Farady, who made im-
portant discoveries in electricity, might be ex-
pected to groan in their very graves to think
that, at this late date, ministers of the gospel,
and college professors, should indorse such
reasoning, and advise the world at large to in-
vest their money in the " instruments."

God is llglit, and in him is no darkness at all.— I.
John 1:5.

And this is the promise that lie hatli promised us,
even t'ternal life.— I. John 2:25.

Mrs. Root said, a few days ago, that young
people, or people of middle age, might get along
in this world tolerably well without any faith
in an overruling Providence: but as we ap-
proach the decline of life, say after we are
forty or fifty years old, humanity would be sad-
ly off without the sustaining power and grace of
a faith in God and his promises. I believe she
is right. As we pass by youth and middle age,
sooner or later we begin to be conscious of a
failing strength and failing powers. We begin
to look about us for something to lean upon;
and I t(!ll you, friends, we need something
more than the support of a wooden staff. In
studying humanity I have sometimes thought
that we all need a reserve force of cheerfulness
to draw on as occasion may make it conven-
ient. Where I sit dictating I like to look at
the great reservoir of water on the hill. The
water stands within a foot of the ovcirflow-
pipe; and during this intense July heat it is
not only convenient but comforting to realize
that ttiere is something like a reserve fund of
•.'(HK) barrels of water to draw on. There is so
little wind that the mill stands almost idle,
with the thermometer up from (wl to i<8 in the

shade. It is excellent weather for the farmers
to gather their hay and grain, for the thrash-
ing-machines can follow almost immediately
after the modern harvesting a|)pliances. Hut
man and b(»ast constantly fed the need of mois-
ture. The big stone wateiing- trough is con-
tinually patronized. The thirsty hoises begin
to step with more energy as they catch sight of
the well-known trough; and the driver si)rings
from his big hay-rack with alacrity, and grasps
the tin cup as he turns the hydrant. While
the windmill is idle, a pump in the basement is
worked by our steam-engine ; and when no
water is being drawn fom the hydrant, the sur-
plus goes into our water-pipes, and accumulates
in the great reservoir on the hill.

Of late, it is getting to be the fashion to have
reservoirs for a surplus of other things besides
water. .Storage batteries are fttmo.sf, a success;
and you know what I have said about storing
up heat in the depth of winter so you can have
some to draw on the next day. Well, since Mrs.
Root's remarks I have been thinking of a stor-
age battery for cheerfulness. 1 guess it had
better be called faith in God; and my two texts
at the head of this talk tell us why a faith in
(Jod will tide us over times of great trial.
First, we are told, " God is light, and in him is
no darkness at all." Oh, I am glad to find that
passage in the Bible! for what should we do if
there were nothing greater, stronger, and wiser
in the universe than humanity? I have talked
with some unbelievers who tried to make out
that poor weak humanity is all-sufficient. The
other part of our text tells us, "' And this is the
promise that he hath promised us, even eternal
life." We need not be troubled, even if we are
getting old, and if we begin to feel that our
powers are failing, and that strength and ener-
gy are waning. Oh, nol for our faith is in him,
and his promises are all true. The words
"eternal life "do not mean simply living for
over; for if it did it would not be any comfort
at all to the old veteran. One who reads his
Bible knows thateternal life is something more
than existence in this world of ours.

Now a word more about that reservoir of
mine — that reservoir of faith— that storehouse
where we have a great lot of ch(^erfulness put
up for a time of need. Did you ever think
what a boon a bright, cheerful disposition is?
As you go through the world, how everybody
seems to lean upon and take hold of the able
and efflcient man, and the man who is always
cheerful and good-natured— the one who can
set everybody to laughing just when there
seems to be danger of a fight. Dear me! but
haven't we had tights in earnest during this
month of July? I have wondered sometimes
whether these contending parties ever recalled
themselves enough to look pleasant and good-
natured, and be cheerful. One refreshing little
incident occurred right in our own' vicinity.
The coal-miners struck for fio cts. a ton. The
proprietors of the mine were willing to give it,
in order to let the work go on: but the Union
would not allow the owners and workmen to
go ahead, even if they were at an agreement.
Well, when the strike was ended, what did the
owners do? Why, they did all they proposed,
and more too. They said, " You wanted 05 cts.,
and we agreed to give you that much ; now
here is 70 cts., and let's get to work, and be
pleasant and good-natured about it." This is
the kind of .joke I enjoy; and I confess I was
somewhat disappointed that I did not see more
of it. I confess I iJ'nl expect to see both capital
and labor get ashamed of themselves and
ashamed of so much (juarreling: and I expected
to see more exhibitions of the true American
spirit of liberality. But, about that storage
battery for cheerfulness.

630

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug. 1.

My friends, yon have "no doubt attended
funerals. For 24 hours or more you have felt
it incumbent upon you to be sober, and to look
solemn; but. unless I am mistaken, some of you
forsot yourselves after two or three hours of
long faces, and somebody perpetrated a little
innocent joke, and everyone laughed; in fact,
the laugh was bound to come out, and I have
sometimes seen it. even in the funeral proces-
sion. It did not make me feel cross, either. I
feel glad to notice, especially among young
people, a surplus stock of cheerfulness, and
what you might call innocent fun, that could
not be held in check, nor corked up many
hours without bubbling out. Around my old
home there used to be innumerable soft-water
springs bursting out at the base of the gravelly
hills; and" in some of my early experiments I
tried stopping a spring when it came out wliere
I did not vvant it. For a while I thought I had
succeeded; but. sooner or later, out it came,
washing every thing before it. It would not be
stO|)ped. Our United States of America needs
more people bubbling over with good nature in
just this way; and the real foundation for this
cheerful good nature that can not be put out or
upset is a faith In God. In him is no darkness
at all.

My friend, have you ever had any experience
in the way of loss or sickness, when it was hard
work to be pleasant and good-natured? Mav
be you think I do not know any thing aboiit it.
May be you think I am always full of cheerful
enthusiasm— always glad and happv about
something or other. If it were true, I should
have no chan^p to sympathize with some of the
rest of vou. You may remember I have writ-
ten on this matter before — yes. several times.

Some time ago I had something 1:0 say in re-
gard to getting over spells of despondpiicy and
lack of interest in any thing the world had to
offer. The editor of some agricultural paper in
the West wrote me a postal card, asking w^ if,
among my writings, I could recall anv thing
else on the same subject. He said that, if I
had ever before written any thing of the sort,
he wished I would get it for him. He said
he would pav me almost any thing for the
trouble of looking it up. The card was placed
on mv table, waiting till I got time to look over
the Home Papers I havp written. Other re-
quests were laid down with the card. Some-
times I would get at it and answer these kind
letters. Then I would read the card over
asain. Well, it has been getting before me in a
kind of reproachful way for months back.
When I get a glimpse of it, it seems to say,
"Please. Mr. Root, haven't you time to sav
just a word for those who get tired of living?
Don't scold ns; don't tell us we ought to be
ashamed of ourselves. We know all that. We
want you to tell us the secret of being good-
natured and joyous all the time, even in this
terriblv hot weather, when one mu^^t work,
even if he does not feel like it. What shall we
do. if we have not at all times that bright,
assuring faith in the Father above that you
seem to have? What shall we do whon some-
thing (you may call it Satan) seem^ to say to
us that nobody is obliged to live and toil any
longer than he chooses?" Such thoughts
often come up to me. Of course, I reply that
there is nothing in this world that can sustain
a man through all sorts of trial'; except a hum-
ble faith and reliance upon Christ Jesus the
Savior of mankind.

A fevv weeks ago I had an experience that
seemed strange to me. I did not understand at
the time what it meant; but it occurred tome
afterward, that there might have been a provi-
dence in it. For one thing it gave me glimpses
of what others may, perhaps, be called upon to

endure in the way of temptation and trial.
Perhaps I should call it mental suffering. As.
we grow older I think we are correct in saying
that, as a rule, our digestion becomes impaired.
Elderly people have to be more careful of their
eating and drinking; and a deranged digestion,
no doubt, has much to do with fits of despon-
dency. I remember one hot day of going down
through thf creek bottom garden. Some way,
that morning I did not feel very much enthusi-
asm for gardening. The crops were pretty fair,
and prices were reasonably good ; but things
seemed to begetting rather monotonous. Even
the large luscious strawberries did not revive
my spirits. Several things had gone wrong.
One man neglected something, and it threaten-
ed to cause a dead loss; another did the wrong
thing; somebody else was very stupid. Very
likely the small boys were throwing the peas
at each other instead of putting them into the
baskets. I made up my mind that I would
just stop giving them employment, for they did
not seem to appreciate the pains I was taking
to furnish them something to do. As my
thoughts ran on, one thing suggested another,
and I got out of sorts. I was not happy, and
even the thought of a wheel -ride in the after-
noon did not make me feel happy. Before I
knew it I was exceedingly miserable. I did not
dare to say to myself that this world was not a
pleasant one. because I knew I should be re-
flecting on the great God above. I prayed for
grace from on high. It did not seem to come,
however, just then. In fact. I had been strug-
gling with similar feelings for several days,
and this seemed to be the climax. I remember
of thinking T was getting old, and perhaps I
had better be getting rid of some of my cares
and responsihilites. But what then? Very
likelv I should live a good many years: and I
am sure I shall never enjoy life very much un-
less T can he busy. For instance, t remember
of thinking— no. I did not think — the fact came
up before me, but I did not accept it. It was to
the effect that perhaps God did not propose to
let me live very much longer, any way. I did
not add. "The sooner the better." for I did not
dare to do it. I have heard sick people give
voice to such expressions, and in a sort of in-
different way at the same time. God forbid
that I should ever be in a ?iM?Ty to drop life's
duties. I knew I was getting on dangerous
ground. I knew, too. in general terms, where
the trouble was. Within a few feet of me was
a rank, vigorous growth of Country Gentleman
sweet corn. The t»oys and men were far
enough away so they could not overhear me
while I knelt down in that rank-growing corn
and told the Savior my troubles, and asked him
to "create in me a clean heart, and renew
a right spirit within me." I started for the
corn; but somebody just then came in sight
and called for me. I responded to the call,
praving on the way. I proposed at th'> time to
get bv myself a*: speedily as I could, and ask to
be lifted from that Slough of Despond by the
only one in the whole universe who could do it.
The dear Savior seems to have accepted the
will for the deed : for a busy day followed the
event I have recorded; and it was only at night
that I recollected the dismal experience of the
morning; and then I recalled the fact that God
had taken the will for the deed, and that it/i-
uUercd prayer had been answ(>red — yes. several
times. It was not answered, however, until I
had determined to let diitj/. and not feeling and
inclination, rule. An<l here i< one grand secret
of getting over such experiences, or. if you
choose, such dismal spells of despondency — go
right to work and do iimtr duty. Do what you
know vou ouglit to (7o,- be what you ought to
be. If you can not do it with a smiling face,

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

f.31

come as near it as you can. Not self shall rule.
butCiodand humanity.

In the fourth chapter of the book I have
been quoting from, there is much said about
love to humanity along with love to (rod ; and
the chapter closes with tlie words, " He that
loveth God. loveth also his brethren." Spells
of despondency come becausi> you have been
acting .sclftshly — because you have been for
some little time thinking of self and i,irntif]iin(j
self. Such a course will make you miserable
as sure as darkness follows day. We can not
live in this world, and enjoy life and happiness,
without loving those around us. We must love
humanity : yes. we must love unlovable hu-
manity. We must love people even if they
persist in doing stiipid things. We must love
people, even if they are seltish and greedy. We
must love people, even if they are low in their
desires and ways. We must love the sinner
while we hate the sins we see, and we must ask
God dally and /(our/j/ to give us grace to see
the sins and the unlovable traits inouro7('7i
hearts; for we shall never see them unless we
ask God to show them to us. I knoiv, friends,
for I have had experience. Whenever the
faults of others keep coming up before you
constantly and continually, it is a proof that
your heart is bad. Get out of it; don't make a
fuss about every little thing. Remedy the
mischief and the loss, if it can be remedied,
and be plen-snnt about it. If it can not be
remedied, go ahead and let it go. There is
too much useless crying over spilled milk in
this world. If you have any enemies, love
tliein: "do good to them that hate you." and
you will never find yourself whining around be-
cause God has given you a human life to live,
and a good long life too.

ON THE ,vhp;el.

During my visit to the Experiment Station
I particularly desired Prof, (ireen to let me see
just what chemical fertilizers could do and
were doing for farm crops; and then we drove
to a particular part of the farm, with that end
in view. First, there were plats of oat«, or,
perhaps I should say. strips clear through the
field. The first strip was labeled " nothing " —
that is. no fertilizer was applied. Tlie next had
a certain forumlaapplied, consisting principally
of nitrate of soda, sulphate of potash, and dis-
solved boneblack. At the next strip we have
perhaps the same chemicals, but in different
proportions; and after three or four of the fer-
tilized strips there would be one with nothing
at all again, and so on clear through the field.
Not only were the chemicals used in different

Eroportions. but there were strips containing
eavy and light quantities of the chemicals. I
was greatly pleased to see that the chemicnls
did usually, without question, on the hard clay
soil of the J^xperiment Station, show that they
possessed virtue. In almost every case tliere
was a marked improvement where the fertiliz'^r
■was used. Every little while we had a strip
where barnyard manure was used in varying
quantities. These experiments were continued
with ditTerent variations through a very wide
field. Now, there is no question but that these
chemicals, in almost any combination, produce
some increase of crop — at least on the Experi-
ment Farm. Friend Green cautioned me. how-

ever, about jumping at conclusions. He said
an increase of growth did not always necessarily
mean an increase of grain. Again, the fertilized
piece would sometimes make cjuite a show in
advance of the unfertilized, dui'ing the fore
part of the season; but later the unfertilized
would catch up.

I was very anxious to know whether the re-
sult would not be just as favorable with the
potash omitted, anci we very soon came to a
place where tirst one and then the other of the
ingredients was left out, and the result seeined
here at the Station much as on my own grounds
at home. The omission of the sulphate of
potash made little or no change in the result;
and several times the omission of the nitrate of
soda also seemed to make little or no difference,
thus pointing pretty conclusively to the fact
that the dissolved boneblack was really the val-
uable ingredient in the fertilizer— at least, for
this class of clay soils; and I believe this bone-
black constitutes a half or more of the principal
fertilizers now in use.

Another clear fact exhibited itself on the
plots of wheat. In some cases the wheat seem-
ed to be almost equally good where no fertiliz-
er was used at all; but come to look down close
to the ground, and the fertilizer that seemed to
have little or no effect on the irheat had pro-
duced a rank growth of orchard-grass and
various kinds of grassy weeds. The evidence
was very clear and plain; for where no feriiliz-
er was used, this dense undergrowth was
almost entirely wanting. Now, is it possible
that the fertilizer would have produced some
good result on the wheat had the ground been
free from seeds of these various grasses? Is it
not also possible that the chemical fertilizer
may really injure a growth of grain by stimu-
lating other plants among the grain — or, if
you choose, making the grain crop more
weedy ?

I was still more interested in seeing the pota-
to experiments, especially where we had a strip
through the field where different quantities of
potato- fertilizer were used. Nothing, showed
very ordinary potatoes; 200 lbs. per acre gave a
marked and decided advantage, in tops at
least, over the unfertilized; 400 lbs. showed a
still more luxuriant growth, and so on clear up
to half a ton per acre. Why, the difference
had made these potatoes start up so as to make
almost a regular series of stairs.* The more
potato-manure used, the larger the growth of
foliage. There is no mistake about this; and
any farmer in the State of Ohio can go and'look
at it as I did. But we must not be hasty in our
conclusions. A large growth of tops does not
necessarily mean more potatoes, so friend
Green told us. As a general thing it does in-
dicate larger and finer tubers; but even if we
succeed in getting larger and finer tubers, a
serious question confronts us: Are the potatoes
enough better to pay the cost of the fertilizer?
With potatoes at a dollar a bushel, there is a
chance, and a pretty good one. that the fertil-
izer may be a good investment; but with po-
tatoes at 40 cts.. or even les«. the purchase of
fertilizer is a risky business. If I am not wrong,
the potato experiment showed, as did the ex-
periments with oats a-.d wheat, that the dis-
solved boneblack was the principal element
needed in our soil. Dissolved Carolina rock,
or almost any of the pi'inia rations of bone, are
of value, but none of the salts of potash, nor

*It may l)e well to explain tliat each of the test
plots of potatoes consisted of five rows, and each
row a different kind, so the efTect of the fertilizer
could lie seen on more tliiin one variety of potatoes.
All of them responded to tlie potato-manure, and
each responded about alike, so far as I recollect.

633

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug. 1.

even the nitrate of soda, seems to be very much
needed on our Ohio clay soils. Prof. Green, or
somebody else, told me there was potash
enough on our clay farms to meet all demands,
even with constant cropping, for years to come;
and this I have pretty well demonstrated on
ray own ground. Even hard-wood ashes do not
seem to be of much account. On ihelowmucli
lands of Ohio, however, where there is a great
surplus of vegetable humus, the whole thing
seems to be changed, and ashes may be applied
in almost any quantity, with beneficial re-
sults.

I was greatly interested in looking at differ-
ent kindsof newsmall fruits— gooseberries, cur-
rants, raspberries, etc. P'or the first time I saw
some bushes of the Crandall currant loaded
with fruit; but on our ground a clump of bush-
es now higher than my head, and perhaps six
feet across, have never given a handful of
fruit all together in the past five years. Some
of the Crandall currants bear fruit and others
do not. The Success Juneberry was also loaded
with green berries; and we agreed that it was
a " success " indeed. The birds are so fond of
the fruit, when they discover it, that you will
have to tight for your berries. We got just one
picking from our bushes at home before the
birds had a taste of them. They are large and
luscious, and even more beautiful than hucl\ie-
berries; and if we can fence oil' the birds, or
have a plantation large enough so the birds
can not consume all of them, they can surely
be raised as cheaply as currants. There were
many other new fruits that are advertised in
the catalogs; but none that I remember of
that our station is as yet ready to recom-
mend.

Of course, they are testing the Gault rasp-
berry. A dozen plants there looked much like
mine at home, except that mine have made a
much better growth. The Experiment Farm,
you see. does not propose to manure things to
the extent we do on our rich creek-bottom
ground. Since that visit, friend (Ireen and my-
self have paid Mr. Gault a visit. His first crop
of Gault raspberries was wonderfully large and
fine. Prof. Green suggests, however, that the
late crop will probably depend a good deal on
the thorough cultivation and care given by Mr.
Oanlt; and, again, even though one succeeds in
producing a big crop of superior raspberries all
along through the fall, will people care so very
much about them when they have peaches,
pears, grapes, and fruits of all kinds in such
abundance '.' This remains to ha seen.

At this last visit at friend Gault's, when it
was time for the train to leave I was not ready
logo; so I look my chance of riding home on
the wheel. When I was ready to start, it was
;.'() minutes after 4; l)ut I made the 32 miles be-
fore dark, and greatly enjoyed it. Hy the way,
these long trips on the wheel have given me an
excellent opportunity of testing the sustaining
power of different articles of diet; arid I take
pleasure in saying that I still find there is
nothing equal to milk. Much has been saidin
regard to beefsteak. As a test, I paid 35 cts.
for a good-sized porterhouse steak, and man-
aged to consume it all before I started on my
30-mile trip. My strength gave out when only
half way home; and I reinforced it with some
crackers and cheese. At another time I made
30 miles easily with nothing but crackers and
milk, with some nice apple-sauce made from Red
Astrakhan apples. The apple-sauce helped to
make up a '" balanced ration." The crackers I
prefer are what are termed " flakes." (xive me
plenty of these with sauce made of nice apples,
rather tart, and a good-siz^d pitcher of milk,
and I am good for .30 miles or more, whether it
be morning, noon, or night.

KASPBERRIES — A T.ETTER FKOM PKOF. GKANNIS.

Being invited by my friend A. I. Root to give
some of my experience in raspberry culture I
send the following:

About eight years ago I bought 3000 Gregg
plants, and set them on low, black, rich bot-
tom land. The plants grew with great vigor,
but bore no berries. After three years, vainly
hoping and working, the piece was plowed up,
and a humiliating failure recorded; but enough
plants were saved to set a side-hill of poor soil
— clay and gravel mixed — about an acre. When
these were one year old they gave us a crop of
about 1.5 bushels of large, beautiful berries.
We had no trouble to sell them at 8 cts. per
quart. The next year we sold about $U0 worth,
and the third year $130 worth from the one
acre. By this time the neighbors had found
that Gregg raspberries at 8 cts. per quart were
about the cheapest fruit they could buy, and
the demand kept ahead of the supply. In fact,
the greatest trouble we had was to keep the
peace, as there were four times as many buyers
as berries. Being a schoolteacher, and not
used to farming. I had made a failure of almost
every thing, and was getting deeper in debt all
the time. One hundred and thirty dollars from
one acre opened my eyes, and I set two acres
more, and began to experiment with other va-
rieties. As the crop increased, the demand in-
creased; and the number of the disappointed
ones was so great that I vowed I would supply
the home demand or perish in the attempt.
That vow has been faithfully kept, and I now
have K) acres of raspberries set out, and all are
doing well, with hardly a trace of anthracnose
or any other disease. This year we picked and
sold 40 bushels in one day, bringing us nearly
*100. On that day we sold 25 bushels at the
field at $3.50 a bushel, and the rest were sold in
adjoining towns, without any trouble or worry.

I have always had the fear that I could not
sell the berries if I raised them. One of my
neighbors said I was ruining my farm, and he
would prosecute any one who would set his
fields to brambles. He is now harvesting about
40 acres of 48-cent wheat, and says no more
against brambles.

The varieties that do me the most good are,
first, Gregg for late, and Hilborn for early.
The Tyler (or Souhegan) and I'almer are very
much alike, growing low and sprawling, and
are most affected by anthracnose; while th^
Hilborn, with me, is entirely free — a tall, vig-
orous grower, and enormous yielder of berries,
next to the Gregg in firmness.

We picked our first picking from the thi'ee
above-named early varieties on the same day,
although a few Palmer and Tyler berries ripen-
ed a day or two first.

The great question. " Can farming be made
to pay ?'■ is settled for me in the alifirmative;
and the wolves that once howled at the door
have taken their departure. 1 want to state
here, that some of the courage and inspiration
came to me from visiting the home of A. I.
Root, and seeing the success he was having,
and the good he was doing in making work for
so many, and in furnishing fresh, health-giv-
ing fruit to Medina. May his prosperity con-
tinue.

I now have out one acre of strawberries, one
acre of currants, one and a half of blackberries,
and .sixteen of raspberries. The work of caring
for them is very light, and to me, very pleasant.

^'.H

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

(•.:{.•{

It is folly to bp without fruit in its season,
when it is so easily raised. W. R. Gkannis.
Lodi. O.. July r.'.i.

[l^erhaps it is no more than fair to inform
our readers that, wlien the article above was
written, friend (irannis had not seen our last
issue. This would account for some trifling
repetition. — Ed.]

[BUSINESS^

BEESWAX DECLINED.

Until further notice we will pay 23 cents cash, or
2."> cts. in trade, for averag-e beesw'a.x delivered here.
Tins IS a reduction of Ic a lb. from last quotation.
Be sure j'ou put your name and address in ship-
ments of wax sent to us, and advise us by mail at
same time.

CARLOAD SHIPMENTS.

We shipped aTarload of ffoods last week to Colo-
rado, consisting- mostly of honev-cases and canta-
loupe-crates, and some foundation and sections.
There seems to be a fairly jfood crop of honey in
that State this year, judg-inj? from a few reports
received, and the demand for g-oods in that section.

HONEY-CASKS.

While we expected to be shut, down durins- July
and August, we have been oblisred to keep going- on
full time, making up goods required on orders. We
have made many thousand shipping-cases for comb
honey: and, judging from the demand on us for
these, there must not only he a pretty fair crop of
honey, tiut the cases we furnish must meet the bee-
keepers' needs in style, quality, and price. See page
30 of our catalog for full description and prices.

Choice white i-omb, 1-lb. sections. l(5c per lb. in ICO-
Ib. lots. Choice extracted in (iO II). cans, 9c per U*;
~ cans in a case, s(4l'; lots of 2 cases or more, fa.
White-sage honey, ci-op of ISKI?. X c |)er lb. less.
Most of the comb and exti-a(-ied we are able to se-
cure is from basswood, as there was little gathered
from white clover this year.

HONEV-P.\CK.\(iES.

Demand for new honey is opening up (juitc bi-isk-
ly, and we have been siiipping comb about as fast
as received, and we aie sold ahead on extracted.
We handle extracted only in (id-lb. cans; have had
some offers in kegs and barrels, which we could not
accept on account of the package. 1 believe if all
honey-dealers once learned the comfort and con-
verdeiice of handling honey in tj(l-lb. tins they would
not tolerate kegs and barrels. In so far as handling
is concerned, there is no doubt that kegs and barrels
will roll, and thus move about more easily than the
tins boxed. But it is the leakage from kegs and
barrels which makes us constant annoyance and
loss We recently received a sjimple half-birrel of
old hone.v. It arrived without leakage, becavise
candied solid. We set the bari-el in our tulj of
water to heat and liquefy, not noticing that some
of the chimes were broken. Before we discovered
it. and I'efore the honey was fully melted, over ten
per cent had leaked out into the water, and wc had
a swarm of bees after the sweets. We become more
opposed every year, by stmie sucli experience, to
handling honey in kegs. It is true, they cost a little
less tlnin cans; hut 1 will venture to say that more

honey is lost in leakage to pay the dltlerence. We
were chosen umpire in .several cjises of dissatisfac-
tion last .season, where honey had been shii)ped in
barrels, and had reached the consignee Aiore than
half lost by leakage. In one ca.se there was only (.'>
lbs. ol honey left in a large barrel. It is well
enough to put low grades of honey, which are used
in maiuifactures, into barrels if they are well coo-
pn-cd: but to us it .seems foolish to put choice ex-
tracted ho ne.N up in kegs or barrels when the (iO-lb.
cans are .so mu<-h superior. Some one says, " It's all
very well for you to run down kegs atid barrels,
and advocate cans, when you sell t he latter. It is
simply self interest to do so." We say emphatically,
it is ixit self-interest, but our honest convictions^
regardless of the consideration whether we do or do
not sell cans. Por that matter, we sell barrels and
kegs as well, to those who will htive them; and we
have as much margin on their .sale, so that, whether
we f^ell this or that package, has no elfect whatever
on our convictions fornied liy years of experience
with different kinds of |)ac-kages. The experience
of others may difter from ours, and we should be
glad to get tln> views of those who have handled
honey in considerable quantities as to the best
package to use.

The aho%e cut shows oui i)0|)nl ti oil slutted
hiushi I hi)j We ha\e two otlui si\les; one has
si, itted bottom a)id sides with solid ( nds m three
|)H»ces called t\\v ^Itttlnl hu'^lii I Inn The oihei has
solid ends and close bottom ,ind .iicies, and is bound
with galvanized iron and called the galvanized hinutd
ho.r. These boxes were devised b.v T. B. Terry for
handlina- potatoes, for which purpose nothing could
be handier. The potatoes are picked up into the
boxes in the field and left in them till sold. Other
crops, such as cucumbers, tomatoes, and apples are
being- handled in these same boxes. They are of
such a size that two go crosswise in an ordinary
wagon-box. Outside measure is H!ix\ii?ixl2K deep,
and they hold a bushel of potatoes level full so they
can be piled one upon another. The above cut
shows two all-slatted boxes nailed up, and a bundle
o: 15 alongside; 13 of the 1.5 are in the Hat, packed
inside the other two, and nails of the |)ro))er kinds
are included. The xlatted and {lalvaulzrd tmniid boxes
are put up In the same way, e.vcept there are only 12
in a package instead of 1.5. Each package weighs
about 85 to 90 lbs.

eUICE LIST.

All-slatted bushel box, per crate of 15 $1 .50

Slatted bushel box, per crate of 12 1 .50

Galvanized bound bushel box, per crate of 13 3 10

In lots of ten crates, 5 per cent discount will be
deducted. Price each, nailed, 1.5, 18, and 22 cents,
respectively. A 2(i-page pamphlet called Handling-
Farm Produce, telling all about these boxes, mailed
free on application.

FOR <sAI F ^" lots to suit, in good condi-

i \ji\ oriLL,, lion (Italians and hybrids) also

(\(\ CC\\ niVFF<s '"' "f Dovetailed "hives, wax

UU V'ULUi'^IL;^ .,„fi |,o„ey extractors, etc.,

OF RFF^ complete in.side furniture for

\Ji L»u,L,0, all hives. Langstroth frames.

Address BENJ. B. GRISWOLD, Jr.,
Catonsville, Bait. Co., Md.

634

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug. 1.

Queens! Queens!

Now ready by return mail.

Bred in full colonies Irom the best liouey-gather-
ina- strains in the country. All queens warranted
purely mated, and safe arrival g-uaranteed. I have
three distinct strains— g-olden yellow and dark
leather-colored Italians, also Albinos.

Tested, each SL.'jO

Tested, per V2 doz 7.50

Warranted, each 7.5

Warranted, per H doz 4.00

Warranted, per doz 7.50

Send for 44-page descriptive catalog-ue.

W. W. CARY, Colrain, Mass.

5 = Banded Untested Italian Queens

For the balance of the season at .50 cts.; tested, $1.00;
breeding--queens, tlie ^'ery■' hest, $1.50. These
are Doolittle's strain, and are g-olden beauties. Fine
tested, from imported Italian mothers, 7oc. Safede
livery. Money order office, Decatur.

Cleveland Bros., Stamper, Newton Co., Miss.

Will you please mention Gleanings ?

ItYinrtfte^fl Carniolans, bred in 1893, $6 each;

■ iiif^wi Ltu tested 1894 Carniolans in June, $3;
bred from imported queens producing' only gray
bees. Untested, May, $1. Foreig-n orders, $6, $3,
and $3. Safe arrival at any postoffice in the world.

MES. PEANZ BENTON, Charlton Heights, Md.

Bees and Queens.

I am nowprepar.'d lolill all oiderson sliort notice
at the following low prices:

Untested queen ^ 75

6 untested 4 00

1 l-frame nucleus. 100

1 3-frame nucleus 3 fiO

Hees by the pound .. . 75

1 to 5 t'olonies fi 00

Queens wanted with nucleus, add price.

E. A HAEEIS, No. Petarsturg, Eenss Co.. N. 7.

Tested Queens,

Raised last fail from my choice Italian stock, yel-
low and unsurpassed workers,

75 cts.

Keady to ship now. Hybrids, 35 cts.

iJ. ^1. GREEiSr, Ottawa, 111.

World's Fair Hedal

Awarded my t^oiindation. Send for free
sa/n/>/es. Dealers, write for wholesale prices.
Roots new fulished Sections and other goods
at his prici's. I^ree Illustrated Price List of every
thing- needed in the apiary. J|/| 1-4 |-|<m4
Bell Branch, Mich. ^'l« »!• nUllL.

TESTED ITALIAN QUEENS, gjJ^.^S

ed, $1.5 ; untested, fi5 ( ts. T.vo-friimi- hiicleus, with
tested queen, $3 00; with untesu:d queen, $150.
Queens ready A|)ril 1.

Stewart «V? Cooper, Queheclc, Tenn.

TAKE NOTICE!

tEFORE placing your orders for SUPPLIES, write
" for prices on One-Piece HassAvood Sections, Bee-
Hives, Shipj>ing-Crate8, Frames, Foundation, Smo
kers. etc. PAGE & KEITH,

*^tfdb New London, Wis.

BBB'S!

If you keep niiliS,
Subscribe' for ilu> Pro>
gressive Bee=keeper, a

jouni.-il dt'Vdtcd to Bees,

Honey, and kindred in-

__^^ duslries. 50 c-f .s. />er

•\-t'i>i: Sample copy,

illustrate'! r;ir;ilogue of Bee-

\(l.lr. ss

also a beautifully

keepers' supplies, I'm;

LEAHY MFG. CO., HiGtGINSVIL.LE. MO

Woodcliff A No. 1.

In order to introduce my strain of beautiful yel-
low Woocleliff Queens, which are bred from
an imported leather-colored Italian crossed with
the bestS-banded stock I can procure by Uoolittle
method, I will sell u'liat'anteed purely mated un-
tested queens at '75 cts. each. As I produce large
quantities of comb honey, I breed principally for
large honey-gatherers. Apiaries near Philadelphia.
Address

WM. A. SELSER, Wyncote, Pa.

twin respondini; to tliis lutvertl.-eiiieiit iiientlnn (Jlkanings.

Golden Italian Queens.

^ doz. untested queens $4 00

1 doz. untested queens 8 00

Fine queens for breeding- purposes 3 00
Sample of bees upon application. I
can please you. Send a trial order.
,J. P. AIICHAEI^,

(iertnaii, Darke Co., O.
lyin responding to this advertisement mention Glbaninos

OTTUMWA BEE-HIVE FACTORY.

Bee-keepers, look to your interests. Every thlDg-
in the line of bee-supplies constantly on hand.
Price list free. GREGORY BROS. & SON,
l-33o Ottumwa. la. South side.

Warranted Queens, 75c.

Five-band strain, bred for business, six for
$3.35; dozen for $6.00. See former ac/s., and send
for circular. Safe arrival and satisfaction sxiiar-
anteecl. J. B. CASE, Port Orange, Fla.

JWU\ rf.iiionrlinBr to thfs artvertl»siro«}ini mention GLKANINGS

STRONG, FULL COLONIES

of Pure Italian Bees, in Root's new
Hovetailed hive, after June 1, only
$4.00 each.

N. A. KNAPP, Rochester, Lorain Co., 0.

PATENT WIRED COMB FOUNDATION

Has J^o Sau; in Uroocl- frames.

Thin Flat - Bottom Foundation

Has no Fishbone in the Surplus Honey.
Being- the cleanest, it is usually worked
the quickest of any foundation made.

J. VAN DEUSEN & SONS,

]3tfdb Sole Hanufacturers,

Sprout Brook, Montgomery Co., N. Y.

CSrin respondlDg to this advertisement mention Gleanings

SPECIAL OFFER FOR THE
NEXT 60 DAYS.

Untested 5 band^'d (jueens. ,50 cts. each; six, $3.00;
warranted, each, 60 cts. ; six, $3.50; testi'd, 75 cts.
Reference, A. I. Root.

T^eiiiiriix&i' Bros., I't. ./ejining-a, O.

I^"ln responding: to ttiip Bflvertisement mention Oi.BoviNGft

-^^^^^ EXTPACTOR.

Square Glass Honey-Jars,
Tin Buckets, Bee-hives,
Honey Sections, Etc., Etc.
Perfection Cold-blast Smokers.
APPLY TO

CHAS. F. WIUTH & SON, Cincinnati, 0.

1". S. -Stnd 10-ct. .stamp tot- ' I'liiclical Hints to Heekeepers."

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

639

Square Glass

Honey=Jars.

REDUCTION.

Have just received a oiirload of Honey-jars wliich
we offer at a discount of 5 per cent on all orders of
two gross jars or over, and at a discount of Id i)lm-
cent on all oiders of five gross (jr over, off list
prices. Send for catalog-.

CHAS. F. MUTH & SON,

976 & 978 Central Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio.

|^"ln responding to this advertisement mention OLEANlNas,

ETAL
EELS

for your

WAGONS

Any size you want, 20
to 56 in high. Tires i
to 8 in wide — hubs to
fit any axle. fSaves
('(><it many times in
a season to have set
of low wheels to fit
your wagon for hauling
erain. fodder, manure,
hiss, «-c. No reeetting of
ii'os OiU'e free Address
EMPTRE MPO. CO.,
Uuliicy, 111.

tyin ^esI(on^lin^r to this advi

tion fJl.KANlNOS

o<Promptness is What Counts. >o

Honey-jiirs, Sliip])ing'-cases. and eveijvtliine'
that hee-keeiiei's use. Root's Goods at Root's
Prices, and the Best Shipping=point in the
Country. Dealei' in Honey and Beeswax.
Catalog free.

WALTER S. POUDER,

162 Massachusetts Ave., Indianapolis, Ind.

Please mention this paper.

Gash for Beeswax!

Will pay 22c per lb. cash, or 25c in trade fur anj
<5uantity ot g-ood, fair, average be(!Swa.\. delivered
at our K. R. station. The s-itne will be sold to thost
who wish to purchase, at 3Uc iier lb., or S2i- for 'I'-v
,<:dected tvax. Old com7*,s will nut he accepted under
any consideration.

Unless you put your name on the Ixix, and notif.\
us by mail of amoui.t sent, I can not hold mysel'
responsible for mistakes. It will not paj' as a gei -
eral thing to send wax by exprenx.

A. I. ROOT, Medina, Ohio

PAGE FENCE ORDERED OUT.

57 Miles Called for in Liast Two Days,
To Go Into Immediate Service.

.Tuly has heretofore been tlie clnll month
for fence business, but now thai the railroad-;
are takiijf; liold, It soes all the year 'ronnd
A local agent wants 900 rods "(|uick." and
fears he is to have no vacation tliis year. A
hint to the wise is suflScient.

PAGE WOVEN WIRE FENCE CO., Adrian, Mich.

C^ln respoiidinf? to this advertisement mention Glbaninosl

Bees and Supplies

Always on hand. Send for circular.
/. ^. StriniJ-hain, 105 J'nrU F'laae, A\ V.

FOR SALE,

66 COLONIES

OF BEES,

Address

In lots to suit, in good condi-
tion (Italians and hybrids) also
lot of Dovetailed hives, wax
and honey extractors, etc.,
complete inside furniture for
all hives. Langstrolh frames.
BENJ. B. GRISWOLD, Jr.,
Catonsville, Bait. Co., Md.

CARNIOLAW QUEENS<

We have made arrangements wherjby we can
furnish Carniolan qui ens at the same prices as for
Italians; viz.. untested, during' this and the next
two months. 7) cts. Select untested, $1.00. Tested,
$150. Select tested, $3 50. We place our own guar-
antee upon these queens, and feel sure they will
give satisfaction to those who desire the gray Car-
niolan stock. We are also prepared to furnish
untested three-banded Italians and four and five
banded queens at the same prices. We will also
furnish tested Italian queens of last year's raising
at the same price as untested as long "as they last.
Any of the above-mentioned queens, of the plain
untested, or last year's tested, and one new sub-
scription to Gleanings, $1.50.

A. I. ROOT, Medina, Ohio.

FOR SALE!

Second liand shoemakei^'s
totils. 2lt tinishing and
burnishing tools; 21 pairs
hist>; 16 awls, scraiuMS, and gouges; 3 peg scrapers;
2 whetstones; 1 knife; 2 harniuers; 1 cl.^mp; 2 boot
trees; o measurers; 1 iron last; lap stone, lap board,
thread, pegs, and loose awls; 1 work-bench with
drawer and leather seat. Would cost new nearly
$25. If taken within 3(i days will take $7. The first
two items ought to be worth more than price asked
for all. Mks. Mahv Si'EiEK, E. Perry St.,TiHin,0.
CSTln responding to this advertisement mention Gleanings.

Dovetailed H/ves, Simplioity Hives,

SECTIOrJS. EXTRACTORS. ETC.

FUUL LINE OF

BEE-KEEPERS' SUPPLIES.

GO-PAGE CATALOGUE. itfdb

J. M. Jenkins, Wetumpka, Alabama.

ta^lu re.spoiiiiui^' to till;.

Ill IIHI>tloIl GLKAiMMiS.

640

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug. 15.

Contents of this Number.

Bees, Ahnormal ...660

Bees, Handling at Nighr. 660

Beginners' Department 661

Bi cycle as a Dray 660

Bicycles, Women Riding ...663

Brood in Sections 6-")6

Brood, Dead 661

Colony of 12 Bees 662

Comb in Brood-nest 641

Cuba Letter 651

Discussion, Root-Hatch 6 2

Editor at Lakeside 666

Kax.

.6.6

Foul Brood, Phenol Cure 647

Frames, 8 or 10, Ph.n on or.i

Fuel, Smoker.... 6«)i)

Hive, 8 or 10 Frame 6.^3

Hives Small 6,')3

Medicines. Value of 6.'i.5

Onion, Potato, Stalks on. . . .668

Patent Offlee 660

Phenol Cure 647

Pomona College 6.'il

Oueens. Good and Bad 662

Rambler at Spanish .MissionOiO

Reports. Good a nd Bad 8.59

Starvation and Paralysis — 648

Stings, Painful 661

strawberry. Sterling 668

Strawberry, Timbrell ... 664

Sugar for Cages 662

Swarming. Millci's Plan 6.58

CONVENTION NOTICES,

The bee-keeper.s of Utah will hold their semi-annual conven-
tion at Salt Lake City, Oct. 4 1891, J. C SWANKR.Sec.

The Quarter Centennial Meiting of the North American Bee-
keepers' Association will be held at St. .lo-eph. Mo., Oct. 16. 17,
18.1894. It is the first convention ol the N .\. B. K. A. beyond
the western bank of the Mississippi and large delegations
from the great West will be present. We hope the East, the
North, and the South will gather with them,

Frank Bekton, Sec'.y.

U. S. Department of .\griculture, Washington, D. C.

Black and Hybrid Queens For Sale.

For the benefit of friends who have black or hybrid queens
which they wish to dispose of, we will insert notices as below,
first insertion free of charge. After the first, 10 cents per line.
We do this because there is hardly value enough in these
queens to pay for buying them up arid keeping them in stock,
and yet it is oftentimes quite an accommodation to those who
ean not afford higher-priced ones.

Fine young- liybrids and mismated queens from
iiiilural cells, 20 and 30 ct.s. each.

C. Gr. Fenn, Washington, Conn.

Twent.v mismated Italian queens, most of tiiem
three and four bands; they can work red clover;
30ets. each; 4 for $1.00.

G. R. KouT/AHN, Menallen. Adams Co., Pa.

About 10 black and hybrid queens that I traded
for, 35c each; all appear to he good laying- qurens.
P. .7, Thomas, Fiedonla, Kan.

Yellow to tip mismated queens from Doollttle's
best breeder, Soc; 5 for $1.00.

H, G. QuiRiN, Bellevue, Oliio.

Thirteen hybrid and mismated queens of this and
last year's reaiing, at rioc, or 5 for $1 tO. Some have
one wing- clipped.

J. P. F. Smith, Liberty, Clay Co., Mo.

Busisiess ^is33ns.

On account of a few hybrid drones that may be
flying In the air this year 1 will sell my all-golden-to-
tip queens, untested, unwarranted, but am satisfied
90 per cent are purely mated and will produce 4 and
5 banded bees, :it .50 cts. apiece. Order some, test
them, and be convinced.

WM. A. SELSER, Wyncote, Pa.

tS"Inr2sponding to th)« advertisement mention lij^KAND'ufi

California Dried Fruit.

I have for sale over two ton.s of (iiicd Apiicots,
and am peiniittefl to left'r to A. 1. Root in regard to
1 he good qualit.^' of my piothict. I'rice— 8 cts. pei-
11). here; or if yon will write inc whiic you are locat-
ed I will give prices 1)\ IIh' hai id. ilclhcred at \oiii-
station. WM. STli.^^J£,^;sc^N,

SO Orange Grove Ave. J*asadetia, C^nl.

Woodcliff A No. 1.

In order to introduce my strain of beautiful yel-
low Wooclclit'f Queens, which are bred from
an imported leather-colored Italian crossed with
the best5-banded stock I can procure by Doolittle
method, I will sell guaranteed purely mated un-
tested queens at 75 cts. each. As I produce large
quantities of comb honey. I bree^ principally for
laige honey-gatherers. Apiaries near Philadelphia.
Address

WM. A. SELSER, Wyncote, Pa.

Adel Queens and Bees.

A new strain of l)eauliful yellow-banded bees
Queens, each, $1,00,

H. ALLEY, Wenham, Mass.

Colonies Italian Boes'v!^^?^' Cii!:

$:15U, Bees, t50c a lb. Tested Italian (lueens, 60c;
untested queens, 5(lc. ( 'an send :it once. Address
Otto Kleinow, ii8 Military Ave., Detroit, Mich.

Wants or Exchange Department.

Notices will be Inserted under this head at one half our usu-
al rates. All advertisements intended for this department
must not exceed five lines, and you must say you want your
adv't in this department, or we will nor be responsible for er-
rors. You can have the notice as many lines as you please,
but all over five lines will cost you according to our regular
rates. This department is intended only for bona fide ex-
changes. Exchangesfor cash or for price lists, or notices of-
fering articles for sale, ean not be inserted under this head.
For such our regular rates of 20 cts. a line will be charged, and
they will be put with the regular advertisements We can not
be responsible for dissatisfaction arising from these "swaps."

WANTED.— To exchange several good safety bi-
cycles. Honey wanted. Send .sample.

J, A. Gkken, Ottawa, 111.

WANTED.— To exchange 200 colonies of bees for
any thing useful on plantation.

Anthony Opp, Helena, Ark.

WANTED.— To exchange yellow Italian queens, or
nuclei of bees, for fnuiidation or 1-lb. sections.
Mks. Oliver Cole, Sherburne, Chenango Co., N. Y.

WANTED,— Parties having extracted honey for
sale to send to my address sample and imce.
Give name of kind of honey. W. T, Zink.

Nichols, Greene Co., Mo.

Vl/ANTED.— To exchange one new and several
W extra good second hand bicycles, and .500 60-lb.
screw-cap cms, for clioice comb or extracted honey.
Mail sample. J. A Bttchanan & Son.

HoUidays Cove, W. Va.

WANTED.— To exchange for extracted honey one
Simplex incubator and brooder combined, 160
eggs. One Noxa.l brooder, 200 chicks, used only one
season, price $20.00, J. T. Van Petten.

Linn, Kan.

WANTED.— To exchange White and Brown Leg-
horn thoroughbred poultry foranything useful.
John W. Wagner, 3401 S Grand Ave., St. Louis, Mo.

ANTED— To exchange for honey, foundation,
or ott'ers, 75 hives at 30c each. f. o. b. .Toliet.
V. E. Freeman, .loliet. Ills.

W

WANTED. -500 Greenville strawberry-plants or
offers. J. F. Michael, German, Darke Co., O.

W

ANTED.— To buy quantity lots of white comb
and dark extracted honey. B. Walker.

Evart, Mich.

WANTED.— To exchange four-horse engine and
boiler, u))right boiler and iiorizontal engine,
F't. Wayne pattern, ill good order, with new grates
and smokestack, for extracted honey or offers,
W. H, WORLEY. 7th and Johnson St., Keokuk, la.

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

041

Honey Column.

CITY MARKETS.

Boston.— Hojie}/.— We quote you our market on
Mb. comb lioiiey at 14@16; extracted honey at 6@6.
Demand liMbt. Beeswax wanted; mme on hand.
E. E. Blake & Co.,

Aug-. 10. Boston, Mass.

Cleveland. -Hmiey.-Little demand for either
<-omb or extracted honey at tliis time. No. 1 wliite
1 lb. sections aie selling at 13c p.-r lb. Meeswax,
prime, 25c. Williams Bros.,

Aug-, y. 80 & 82 Broadway, Cleveland. O.

St. Louis.— Ho/iey. -Market inactive. Stocks are
hg-ht. We quote comb, 10@14; extracted, in barrels,
oH@4; in cans, .5@.5'^. Primu beeswax, 2,5 Sh.

D. G. TuiT GuoCEit Co..

Aug-. 9. St. Louis, .Mo.

New York.— Ho/iej/.- Our market is well sun-
plied with extracted honey of all kinds, and tmde
remains quiet. White clover and linden, (i@6>^c;
teouthern, .50@6oc per gal., according to quality. A
tew lots of new comb honey arrived, but the trade
lor these goods li;is not i pened up yet. In the next
issiie shall be able tu name pii'jes. Beeswax quiet
and easy at 26^@27c.

HiLDRETH RnoS. & SkGELKEN.

Aug:. 11. 28 & 3(1 West Broadway, N. Y.

K.A.NSAS CiTir.—HoJiey.— Demand is slow for all
grades and kinds of honey. A few cases of new re-
ceived. The range of priors is r.@7c for extracted,
tancy wliite lib. comb, l;.(a,16c: amber, 12@13:
dark, 10. Beeswax, 22c. Hamblin & Bearss,

A iig- 10. Kansas City, Mo.

BuFFALO.-Ho7iey.— As is usually the case at this
tmie of the year, it is too early to encourage ship-
ments of liberal amounts of honev; but we can
place quite a quantity right aloiiK of stiictly fancy
No. lat about 1^@13, atid other grades proportion-
ately lower. There is xw demiind as yet for extract-
ed honey, and very little at anytime of the vear
We can not encourage shipments of extracted
honey at any time, al; hough we can sell it at some
price, of course; and those who can not do better
can forward it. and we will do our best with it We
shall need a great cle..l of faiu-v huiiey durii'g the
season, and will advance two-thirds on it.

Battekson & Co.,

Aug. 9. BnttaU), N. Y.

Chicago.— Hodcy.- Comb honey is coming- for-
ward, and best consignments sell at 15@16 cts. per
lb., with a very .aood demand so far. extracted
ranging- from 5@7, as to kind and quality Bees-
wax, 2;j@25. R. A. Burnett & Co

Aug. 9. 163 So. Water St., Chicago, III.

Milwaukee.— Ho/ity.— The honey trade continues
small; demand for both sections and extracted is
quiet. The supply of old is well cleared off and we
are in good order for new crop; but while so much
fresh fruit takes the taste, honey is not called for-
yet we expect a fair trade to follow. We now quote
Mb. sections, white, in cases. 14@15; 2d best 12@13-
extracted, in barrels and kegs, d)^®?'/,: in cans, 7
■%,h. Besswax, 23@26. A. V. Bishop & Co.,

•^uly '^l- Milwaukee, Wis.

CiNCiNNATi.-Ho)!f{/ —There is a slow demand for 1
extracted honey at 4@6 cts. per lb. on arrival ac- '
i-ording to quality. Demand is g-ood for comb lio.i-
•ey at 13(ail5 in the .iobbing- way for choice whi^e
Arrivals are insutlicient . Beeswax is in fair de- '
mand at 20@23 for good to choice yellow.

, „ Chas. F. Muth & Son,
Aug. 9. Cincinnati, O.

San Francisco.— H(>»ie;/.-Our market is almost
laiv of comb honey, and stocks of extracted are
light; Ijut the trade so far has been mncflir.-.f .^

laie or como noney, and stocks of extracted are
light; but the trade so far has been mostly of a
local nature only. We quote white extracted honey
Ht 6%i; liu-ht amber, 6i4'@6!/2; amber, 5i4@5^' ; with
no tlem:inrl, liowever, for the latter grade Comb

oney, Mb. triime, white, VZ(^V2\: amber. S'«;9.

^ , Schacht, Le.vickk & steiner.

Julv28. «.. ,1 Tj'........jo..„ o„i

Kansas City.— Homcj/.— A few shipments of ir-w
honey in the market. We quote No. 1 white Mb..
1.5@16; No. 2, 13@14; No. 1 amber, 14. Extracted, 5
@7. Beeswax, 22@25. Clemons, Mason & Co.,

Aug 10. Kansas City, Mo.

Detroit.— Honey.— Best new comb honey, 15 cts.,
with very little in sight. Extracted. 6@7. Bees-
wax, 24@25. m. H. Hunt,

Aug. 9. Bell Branch, Mich.

Alfalfa honey, very -white, "dead ripe," thick and
rich; $8.25 for two 60-lb. cans. Address

Oliver Foster, Las Animas, Colo.
(Late of Mt. Vernon, Iowa.)

For Sale.— Choice white-clover comb honey, 14c;
other grades less. A. P. Lawrence,

Hickory Corners, Barry Co., Mich.

Wanted.— Comb and extracted honey. Will pay
cash. Make oflers and state quantity.

Jos. Nysewander, Des Moines, la.

5 tons choice comb honey for sale in 1 and IX lb.
sections at 13 and 11 cts. per lb.; 24 sections in each
(Show) ca.se; good goods in 200-lb. lots, f. o. b.
S. J. Smith's Apiary and Stock-farm,

Padelfords, N. Y.

BUFFALO, N. Y. Unsurpassed Honey Market.
BATTERSON & CO. Responsible. Reliable,
Commission Merchants. ,gtf,u, and Prompt.

EDWIN ROBINSON. \N . M. GRAY.

ESTABLISHED 1866.

Robinson & Gray,

SUCCESSORS TO

B. F. Southwick & Co.,
Foreign and Domestic Fruits, Canned Goods.

47 & 43 South Market and 5 4 6 Chatham Streets.

Headquarters for Vermont Shipments

of White=Clover Honey.

It will be the endeavor of the new firm to meet
the wishes of their patrons in the future as the late
firm has in the pMst.

Thanking you ft)r the many past favors received
by the late firm, we hope to be favored with a liberal
share of your patronage in the future

All orders and inquiries by mail or otherwise will
receive prompt attention. Verv respectfully.

Boston, April 2, 1894. ROBINSON & GRAY.

pW"Tn rn^nnmnnir to III

r;i.KAMN(i«.

San Francisco, Cal.

Hon(>y is lieing offered freely, and we h;ive bought
a number of lots, but liave secured very little so far
except basswood, or that of which basswood forms
the largist part. We have rc-eived one lot of
choice York State comb in cartons, which we offer
at the same price as the rest. We quote choice
white comb honey, 1-lb. .sections, 16c, in case lots or
more; 200-lb. lots or over, 15c per lb. Choice ex-
tracted honey, in 6l>lb. cans, 9c per lb.; 2 cans in a
case, at S14 ; or lots of 2 cases or more, 8c. We have
some 20 gallon kegs of choice Wisconsin honey,
which we otter in keg lots or more, 235 to 240 lbs. to
the keg. at 7<-Ac per lb., f. o. b. here. If your bees
did not gather enough to supply your home market,
let us hear from you. Others have secured more
than the home market leijuiies, and we can help to
even things up a little.

A. I. ROOT. MEDINA, OHIO.

()42

GLEANINGS IN HKE CULTURE.

Aug. 15.

Queens by Return Mail.

I am now caring for a large lot of queens by the Atchley plan of giving each queen three
unHnished sections of honey and a handful of bees. This keeps the q;ieens fresh and healthy.
vet in the best possible condi'tion for sliipraent, while it enables me to hll orders by return mail.
One untested queen 75 cts.; six for $4.00; one tested queen, *1.00; six for f 5.00. Any one buying
a queen can have the R.vikw one year for 75 cts. ^^ ^^ HUTCHINSON, Flint, Mich.

DattrrUiafc <>f one of Doolittle's best 5-
dUglllcrs banded breeders, mated to the
rlioicest drones from Jennie Atchley's 5-band-
ed strain, thereby securing- a direct cross
with tlie best .5-banded stock obtainable. Untested,
50c; 10 or more. 40e; tested, 75c; selected extra yel-
low. |;i.OLi. Safe debvery and satisfaction. Money-
order office, Moiiong-ah. P. O. address, Worthiiig-
ton, W. Va. L. H. ROBEY.

IF YOU WANT BEES

That will just "roll" in the honey, try Moore's
strain of Italians, the result of 15 years'
careful breeding.
Dr. O. S. Brown, Londonderry, O., says:
I bought queens of you in 1891. and they have shown them-
selves to be of the best for honey-frathering.

Warranted queens, 80c each ; 3 for $3.00. Tested
queens. $1.00 each. Safe arrival and satisfaction
g-uaranteed. -r ^ ^

Those who have never dealt with me, 1 refer to
A. I. Root, who has purchased of me 666 queens.
Circular free. Pitf

J. P. MOORE, Morgan, Pendleton Co., Ky.

C^InrHspoM.lint.'to tliisiiilve

<J|.K.ANINI)S

QUEENS.

Tested, $1.00; 6 for f5.
Warranted, "nc\ 3 for $3.
Bnelers. tlie very iiest,
$■>.{)>. Straijila "vliand. $3. Also apples. Ben Davis,
Maitonotli ISlack Twiy, Aikati-as Black, all leading
varieties: wlmle root only: tre s 10^ each. On or-
ders of mo I will nay fieifilit.

\V. H. I^A \l\S, l^ji\','io«. .*<e/). Co.. ArU.

Italian Queens Cheap.

My queens are as {rood as llie best. Untested. 65c
each; 3 for $1.75; 6 for *:?.3.->. Tested, 135 Select
tested, yellow to the tips, breeders, m. 50. Virgins,
2,5c. Safe arrival guaranteed

G. E. DAWSON, CARLISLE, ARK.

Queens Yellow to the tip • • •

Mated with

• • • Drones Yellow all over.

Queen mothers from an entirely different strain
from the drones, hence a direct cross. None but
selected drones allowed to tiy from the most desir-
able coloides. I am 4 or 5 miles from any other
bees, therefore I can practically control the mating
of my queens. Nine years as a queen specialist,
always taking care to secure direct crosses, has
convinced me that the golden ItaUans have no su-
periors. Queens sent by return mail if requested.
Safe arrival guaranteed, and every queen warrant-
ed in every respect. Price 753 each ; $8 00 per doz.

James Wood, North Prescott, Mass.

(^In responamt' to this advertisement mention GLEAUlNoa.

Untested 65 cts.

each; 6for$350;13

for $1)50. Tested,
$1 00 eacli. Fine prolific breeding queens, $2.50 to
$4 00. To parties wlio have not tried my strain of
Italians I will send one golden Italian queen for
.50 cts. Satisfaction and safe arrival guaranteed.

E. A. SEELEY, Bloomer, Ark.

"TROT 'ElVI OUT'."

I challenge anyone to show up a strain of bees
that are superior to my Golden li alinns. They
have e-xcelled all competitors by inactical test.
Gentle, industrious, good comb-builders, enter the
sections readily, are not inclined to swarm, and are
perfect beauties. Descriptive eircular free. Sec-
tions, ^i^. per AI. Dovetfuled hives way down.
CHAS. D. DUVALL. Spencerville, Md.

Golden

Queens

Burpee

C Seet/ A.niiiinl for 1894 is well worth
i^ having. Tell to all who plant seeds

W. Atlee Burpee & Co., Philadelphia, Pa.

09
09

^!f^!SJ!^. ?"l : To the rnbiisiim of immcM Bee Journal

Tills whole Advt
!^ign, and lUall.

t^" Please send me
the American Bee Journiil
each week for Three
Months. At the end
of that time I will re-
mit $1.00 fori year's
subscription, or 25c.
in case I decide to
discontinue.

56 Fiftli Avenue, CHICAGO, ILI..

Name

P. 0.

GO

CD

CD
CD

State

MONEY RETURNED l::.,^'l^j'^^!^^.?^°^j:fif:i ^^.^,.^^^.{^,^^^

l)ee-keeners everywhere use and hi-hly reconnnend tiieni as the best. No others recei yed a
World's Fair tiwaVd. Testimonials, etc.. free. I'riees: Eaeh. postpaid willi direetions. ..() <'ts.,
Derdoz.$2 25. Order from your dealer, or the mnfrs., R. & E. C. PORTER, LEWISTOWN. ill.

13 Carloads of Supplies.

This is tlie amount we have distributed in a single season, of
Foundation. Dov. Hives, Sections, Extractors, etc. Therefore, if
you have Uttir mnun/ and want that little to go as far as possible,
^____^_^^^__^_^____„^^_ remember tliat we are heachpiarlers in the west for all goods in
>ii>_^_^>ii>-^^^— i^— ^— ■— ^^~-i our line; by doing so great a volume of business we Sell goods
cheap. If you have the money, also remember you can make it earn a big interest by availing yourself of
our cuscounts for early orders. In either case you should write us and tell what you will likely need. It
will pay you. We sell Root's goods at Root's prices, andean save you freight. ,.._*» —

The new polished sections and all other late improved goods kept in stork. rflD TUL M/LvT

Send lor our large must rat \-\}};\ |nL W LO I •

Joseph Nysewander, Des Moines, la. «d catalogue, free for every

body, every where, especially

• JoURMAlJ
^ • DELVoT

•To -Be. ^

•andHoNEV-
'AND home:

uBiiiHEDBY^ rnpor-

Vol. XXII.

AUG. 15, 1894.

No. 16.

I'm not so suke about my percolated syrup
remaining free from granulation.

Hasty thinks a tax of 5 cents a ton on honey
would bring down the figures of some of the
big yields.

r.M SORRY H. Lathrop has to break his back
for want of a seat when timber looks so plenti-
ful on p. cm.

Rub the .iuice of an ox-eye daisy on your
hands, and bees will not sting them.— DeutscJie
linker. [Don't believe it would ahcai/.s work.
Ed.]

Jennie Atchley", when she gets her bees 10
miles out at sea, can perhaps settle some of the
questions on which we're all at sea.— [We see,
C. C.-Ed ]

Editor York has a German setting type for
him, so he has adopted the German plan of
mixing funny-graphs among his advertise-
ments. Good idea.

Experimenter Taylor found spring pack-
ing an actual disadvantage; but Hutchinson
thinks it was because the spring was so unusu-
ally warm.— Review.

Lightning struck the bee-house of H. W.
Brice (B. B. /.), and "out of 12 queen-cells
which were going on nicely till the storm, 8 of
the embryo queens were killed outright."

A correspondent of B. B. J. says that, as
sitting hens turn their eggs over, so the workers
from time to time turn the eggs in the cells;
also that the newly hatched larva is not fed till
•-4 or .31) hours old.

Drone comb, aside from objections on p. (520,
is condemned for sections because it doesn't
look as nice as worker. [But do you think bees
will draw out, fill, and cap over drone founda-
tion quicker than worker, even if the objections
mentioned do hold true?— Ed.]

C. W. Daytox thinks bees leave a super in a
regular stampede, and says, " I have seen them
go through a siiigie-exit Porter escape four
abreast and two deep, or at the rate of .500 per
minute."— Reyie 10.

Jennie Atchley, in .4. B. J., protests vigor-
ously against giving up the use of the word
"friend" among bee-keepers. Your head's
level, friend Jennie. [Her article we publish
in another column.— Ed]

The editor uf the British B. J. doesn't take
kindly to the latest improvements in the Bing-
ham smoker, lie calls it an uncanny-looking
affair with the i)elIows " wrong end up." [He
isn't used to it tliat way, perhaps.— Ed.]

Allen Pringle objects to a high Chinese
tariff wall. Hasn't he heard that's what makes
this country prosperous '? We'll get one around
the State, and then we'll all be rich. If we had
one around the county, we'd be millionaires.

A CORRESPONDENT of Deutsche Imker uses
one of the rooms of his dwelling as a bee-room,
dark(!ning all windows but one, through which
the bees fly. While he makes it work for a
numberof colonies, he frankly names objections.

HuTCiiiN'soN says, where the flow is shorl
and abundant there is less need of separators
than where it is slight and long-drawn-out, or
subj(!ct to frequent interruptions. Most likely.
I didn't need any separators this year -nor sec-
tion.> either.

The Well.s plan, having in the same hive
two queens with a queen-excluding perforated
wooden division between them, has created
quite an interest for the past two years in Eng-
land, and now ihey are disputing whether the
occupants of such a hive shall be called one or
two colonies.

Hasty tells in Review how he solders leaky
wash-boilers with propolis. "In applying the
stuff, heat the bottom first, then rub all round
and over the leaky territory with a lump of the
propolis. Put a generous piece of clean tin over
the place so the clothes can not get soiled."
Leaky wash-dishes, etc., likewise.

644

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug. 15.

If I WEKK to be asked what is the best single
point in a good queen-bee, the answer would be,
•'A large, well-developed thorax." The muscles
moving the wings are all located in the chest;
and the larger the chest, the larger these mus-
cles and the stronger the wing-power of every
worker-bee reared from such queens. — Dr.
Tinker, In.A. B. J.

At thk snow of the Royal Agricultural Soci-
ety in England, the cost of hives that took
prizes for •' Best and most complete frame-hive
for general use" was $.5.2.5, $6.00, and f4.C3.
Those taking prizes for "Most complete and
inexpensive frame-hive for cottagers' use " were
priced $3.13 and $3.63. The Cowan Rapid ex-
tractor took first prize.

DooLiTTi.E GIVES in Review his reasons for
concluding that 1000 square inches of comb is
about right for the brood-nest. I'd like to get
him and Dadant shut up together for a day.
[Doolitile's estimate of loOO inches accords
almost exactly with the number in the eight-
frame Liangstroth hive, and yet he has a differ-
ent frame.— Ed.]

Some German societies have a central depot
where the honey of members is sold at a fixed
price agreed upon in July. Each member can
sell his honey privately at any price he pleases.
The label of the producer is a guarantee of
purity, and adulteration subjects a member to
expulsion in some societies, to prosecution in
others.

Those .50 new hivpjs that I said I was going
to try, V-edged Hoffman frame and all, were
ready and waiting in good time. They're wait-
ing yet. Only one is filled with bees, and that
not satisfactorily. I thought I could have
them filled, no matter what the season was.
Not as smart as I thought I was. Not naif.
[Too bad you had an entire failureof the honey
crop. We wanted to show you that the V edge
is still '■ in it."' — Ei>.l

What A QUESTION that is on page 608! No,
sir-ree. If there's any one thing I can't stand,
it's having my neck choked, so I never tuck
veil between neck and shirt-band. I wear my
veil same as Emma, only she pins hers down
when she puis it on, and I generally ift mine
hang loose till a bee gets in and stings ine.
But I sweat the black off the veil on to my
shin in a little while without the white border.
fWe were not sure from that Straw whether
you practiced the neck-choking way or not;
hence that question.— Ed.]

The Standard dictionary, just published,
is preeminently the bee-kevper's dictionary —
the only one, I think, that has made any elfort
at completeness and correctness in bee-keepers'
terms. I suspect much credit for this is due
(iLkanings' editor. Aside from its special
value to bee-kee[)ers, it is a grand work, con-
taining a third more words and terms than even

the expensive six- volume Century dictionary.
[All the credit we can claim is, that we put
the dictionary people on track of Dr. Miller,
requesting them to put apicultnral terms in his
hands. They did so; and although we have
not seen the new dictionary, we expect that the
results will be highly satisfactory.— Ed.]

"WHY SWARMS BUILD IMPERFECT OR DRONE
COMB IN THE BROOD-NEST.

THE IMPORTANCE OF YOUNG QUEENS. AND

PROPER SIZE OF BROOD-NEST FOR THE

SECURING OF ALL WORKER COMB.

Bji W. Z. Hutclmi»(>n.

Ten years ago I was led to believe that
bees would store more surplus comb honey if,
under certain conditions, swarms were allowed
to build their own combs in the brood-nest.
Subsequent experiments proved the correctness
of the theory. It might be well to remark,
parenthetically, that Mr. R. L. Taylor conduct-
ed a series of experiments in this line during
a period of three weeks in the summer of 1893,
in which the swarms furnished with combs or
foundation came out ahead of those biiilding
their own combs; but there is another point in
connection with the matter to which there has
not been attached sufficient importance; viz..
that, while the swarms building their own
combs were outstripped in the beginning of the
race, they soon began to gain upon their oppo-
nents, and continued to do so at an increasing
speed to the end of the allotted time. I have
always regretted that the test was not for a
longer time— say twice three weeks, covering
the whole of white clover and basswood bloom.
I know that it is more profitable for me to hive
swarms on starters only, when working for
comb honey. Briefly stated, I look at the mat-
ter something as follows:

If given combs in the brood-nest, the first
step of the bees is to fill them with honey.
Having done this, there is a halt, a hesitancy
in coTnmencing and continuing work in the
supers. The disposition of bees to do thus and
so, to begin work or not in a new compartment,
is a factor to which not enough attention has
been paid. It is not always the most populous
colony that stores the most surplus. I have
seen a colony of less thiin average strength pile
up super after super of iiom-y, while another
much strongi'r would do but little in the supers
because the conditions were such that the bees
" didn't feel like it;" perhaps they had in some
way be(!n '"snubbed." and were '"sulky" in
consequence. I have heard it said that there
is nothing in this; that, with honey in the

646

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug. 15.

fields, it would be brought in and stored some-
where— if there was no room in the body of the
hive, it would go into the sections. I don't
agree. Let me illustrate: I have sometimes
been so fortunate as to liave, in the spring,
enough drawn, or partly drawn, combs in sec-
tions to enable me to furnish a part of my colo-
nies with a full case each of such sections. Col-
onies so furnished begin storing honey in the sec-
tions at the very beginning of the harvest, and
often have the first case filled with honey, and
work begun in a second case filled with founda-
tion, when colonies simply furnished with
foundation in the first case are just beginning
work in said case. Those clean, dry, empty
combs just above the brood-nest are such a
temptation to the bees that they just pitch in
and fill them. This puts the bees in a mood to
stoie th( Ir honey in the supers, and they keep
on doing so. The colony thus early led to turn
its energy superward is more likely to lay up a
goodly store of surplus. But this is a digression.

If no combs are given in the brood-nest, and
the supers of sections in all stages of com-
pletion are transferred from the old hive to
that of the new swarm, the bees are compelled
to begin storing honey in the supers; and where
they begin, there will they continue.

Another advantage, although I consider it
the least, of allowing the bees to build their
own combs, is in saving the cost of foundation.

Of the many bee-keepers who have tried this
system, I believe all, or nearly all, have secured
more surplus honey as the result; the only ob-
jection to the plan being the exacting condi-
tions necessary to secure the filling of the
frames with perfect worker-comb. Some have
even gone so far as to advocate the folI<'v\ing
of this system though it involved the fori'' g of
the combs in the fall, and the renderii'g into
wax of the imperfect ones. This is not neces-
sary. For the past ten years the majority of my
swarms have built their own combs, n arlyall
of the combs being perfect worker-combs, and
but few words are needed to tell exactly how
suchcombsmay alwa\sbe secured. Havei/oiing.
prolific (luecfts, and contract the brood-nettt.
That i< all there is of it. So long as the queen
keeps pace with the comb builders, all goes
well; but let them get the start of her,- so that
comb is being built to any great extent for the
storing of honey, and at once a change is made
to '• store " (or drone) comb. If the brood-nest
is too large, the first-laid eggs are likely to de-
velop into bees that will emerge from their
cells ere the brood-nest is completely filled with
comb; and it is when the queen deserts the
comb-builders to restock with eggs the centrally
located cells that are being vacated, that drone-
comb is being built. I don't remember having
seen a drone-comb among the fir^t built by a
newly hived swarm; it is the outer combs,
built when the bees have outstripped the queen,

or while she is refilling with eggs the ones first
built, that contain the drone-comb. The reme-
dies are, a queen so prolific that she can keep
pace with the comb builders, and contracting
the brood-nest to such an extent that it will
be filled with comb before the bees from the
first- laid eggs emerge from the cells.

Bulged or crooked combs are also the result of
a large brood-nest. The bees begin comb-build-
ing in the central frames. As a comb is com-
pleted, it is soruetimes sliglitly bulged into the
space between it and tlie adjoining outside
frame — particularly so if the S'cond frame con-
tains no comb, or a comb that is not so far ad-
vanced as the one in the first frame. This
causes the comb in the second frame to be
bulged into the next outside frame, and so on
with an increasing bulge as each succeeding
frame is i-eached. When the last frame is
reached, its space may be so encroached upon
that perhaps no comb, or only a thin, mis-
shapen one. may be built inside it. Proper and
exact spacing will do much to overcome this
state of afTairs; but with a medium or small
swarm in a large brood-nest, something of this
kind may be looked for. In the illustration
given, showing the side of a hive removed, a
swarm a little below the average in size had
been hived three days upon eight L. frames,
the bees also having access to and working in
the supers. It will be seen that the centra]
combs are half or two-thirds completed, while
in the two outer frames work has only been
commenced. Had " dummies " been put in at
the sides, reducing the number of frames to
five, all of the combs would have been com-
menced at the same time, advanced in growth
at about the same rate, been finished nearly all
alike, and there would have been no op/>o;fH-
nity for bulging. A comb is never bulged
when it is built between two o'hers. the growth
of which keejispace with its own.

When I began the practice of hiving swai'tns
upon starters in a contracted brood nest. I was
u«ing the eight-frame Langstroth hive, putting
"dummies" at the sides, and contracting to
five frames; and I secured such straight worker-
combs that those built upon foundation might
almost look upon them with envy; but with
the Heildon hive, unless the swarm is unusual-
ly large, such perfect results, especially in the
one or two outer frames, are not secured. The
trouble is. that the brood nest is compressed
the wrong way. It is not the wrong way so far
as work in the supers is concerned; it is superi-
or in that respect, but it furnishes too large a
surface at the top of the brood-ue-^t; that is,
there are too many frames in which to begin
work. Reduce their nuinber to five, and all of
the combs will grow at the same time, and be
pi'rfect. as has been explained.

Keep young queens, and contract the brood-
nest when hiving swarms on starters only, and

1S94

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE

647

tluM'e will be neither drone nor crooked combs;
il this can't be done, then use full sheets of
fmindation, as permanent success Is most cer-
tainly coujiied with straight, perfect, all-worker
combs in the brood -nest.
Flint, Mich., July 31.

[On page 588 reference was made to the fact
that W. Z. HiiLcliinson was making some beau-
tiful phuiographs illiislrating some of the dif-
ferent pnases of apiculture. One of these pic-
tures was especially line. Wo, wrote to friend
H., requesting the privilege, if he had not made
arrangement to dispose uf it elsewhere, of sub-
mitting it to our readers in half-tuue; and in
case hi! consented, to write an article on why
swarms build imperfect or drone combs in the
brood-nest. We thought he had, perhaps, plan-
ned to have it appear in his own .journal; but
as he had not, he kindly consented' to let us use
the photograph, and sent the article above,
whicli covers jnst what we had in mind.

We regret that the half-tone does not show
all the delicate details of the original photo-
graph; but it does fairly well. The accom-
panying article, we are sure, will be read wiih
inierest, as it boils down in a nutshell the very
information that so many have been seeking of
late— how to get worker comb without founda-
tion. We presume, however, Bro. Hutchinson
would use foundation starters, as tne frames
before appear to have a narrow strip fastened
to the comb-guides.

Although we are foundation-makers, we shall
gladly welcome any plan that will save the
bee-keeper expense, for he needs all the help he
can get. The prices uf honey seem to be tend-
ing downward, and, of course, expenses, where
possible, must be cut down.— Ei>. 1

THE PHENOL CURE FOR FOUL BROOD.

FULL I'AKTICULARS HOW TO PROCEED, ETC.
By H. Stephenxon.

Friend Root:— I was glad to see, in your
issue for Jan. 1st, that my experience with car-
bolic acid as a cure for foul brood was so fully
indorsed. I feel sure tliat, if you give it a
proper trial, should you be unfortunate enough
again to encounter it, you will never try any
thing else.

Cheshire's mode of irocedure fully carried
out leaves nothing to be desired; but no half
measures will succeed ; and before you con-
demn his methods you ought, in all fairness,
to conform to his suggestions. So far as I can
gather, the solution you tried was only one-
tenth of the strength of that he prescribes. If
you will reperuse his article you will discover
that he employs two distinct solutions:

1. For disinfecting— Carbolic acid, l ; water,
50.

2. For remedial treatment.— Carbolic acid, 1 ;
syrup, .")(J(J.

For the benefit of those who may not have
his book I will give a summary of what is, in
my opinion, the most reliable system to adopt.

Alas: I have indeed been " through the mill,"
and can speak feelingly; but now I am glad to

say I am master of the position. Cheshire
has established two most important points:

1. That the ovaries of the queen are frequent-
ly infected— so much so that every egg she lays
will contain the disi^ase in embryo.

3. That the spore of this bacillus will not de-
velop in acid solutions.

Acting on these two axioms, the diseased col-
ony mu>t be re queened; and any syrup fed to
them muM have a distinctly acid reaction.
The acidulation of syrup for bees, we all well
know, is important as a preventive of recrystal-
lization in the cell; but the fact that bacillus
alvei requires an alkaline pabulum for its de-
velopment makes the point doubly important.

I must here add a special note of caution, be-
fore proceeding further, on thu great danger of
spreading the disease; and this being the case,
our mode of procedure must be most sys-
tematically thought out before we undertake
to tight it. I will here give a list of our require-
ments.

Besides the necessary tools and smoker, we
must be prepared with—

Solutions 1 and 2; a small ball syringe; a
bowl of water for washing the hands; a com-
plete hive; one division-board; 4 strips of
gauze for closing entrances; one drone-cage
and a healthy queen, together with a frame of
unsealed brood on which she is to be caged.
The frame selected should contain little or uo
honey but plenty of empty cells. The adherent
bees, of course, are to be swept off in front of
their hive.

While we have the frame in hand, a few
ounces of solution No. 3 are to be carefully in-
jected into the cells adjoining the*brood. The
frame with caged queen is now to be placed in
the new hive, the division-board drawn up to
it, and the quilt adjusted to prevent chilling.
The entrance having been closed with oue of
our strips of gauze, the hive may be placed-in a
convenient position for receiving the bees of the
colony to be operated on.

We next proceed to find and destroy the
queen in the diseased colony. This having
been done, the hive is to be undisturbed till
bees have ceased flying in the evening, except
that we should now take the opportunity of re-
moving all hopelessly bad combs, leaving one
less than the bees can well cover. The remov-
ed combs must be strongly sprayed in solution
No. 1, and put away for rendering. If they
contain honey it can be saved by melting the
comb in an inner vessel surrounded by boiling
water or steam. The wax can be skimmed off
on cooling; and the residual honey, after a
careful scalding, can be fed back with perfect
impunity.

We will now give all our tools a good spray-
ing, and have a general wash-up, using water
to which a little of solution No. 1 has been
added.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

648

We now defer the rest of the operation till
such time in the evening as bees shall have
ceased flying. If the infected colony can be
isolated, so much the better ; otherwise we
must be content to leave them in their original
position after they have been rehived. In this
case, however, the occupied ground must be
carefully watered with carbolic solution, or
carbolate of lime must be scattered around.

Evening having arrived, we will commence
operations by closing the entrance of the ad-
jacent hive on either side, with strips of gauze,
"to prevent risks of entry by our patients
while the process of transferring is pro-
ceeding. We now close the entrance of the in-
fected colony with our remaining strip of
gauze, and remove it. Next, the ground it
occupied must be disinfected, after which the
new hive must be placed there; and a board
leading up to the entrance having been arrang-
ed for the convenience of the bees, the combs of
the infected colony are to be shaken over it.
the division- board and quilt having been re-
moved, so that the bees may be enabled to dis-
cover their new queen. If there is any difficulty
in getting them to enter the new hive, this is
easily removed by placing the comb, on which
the queen is caged, outside, and leaning it
against the entrance, w hi-n the bees will quick-
ly cluster on it. While this is going on, half a
pint or so of thecarbolized syrup may be inject-
ed into the shaken combs of the diseased colony,
after which the frame containing the caged
queen (on which many of the bees will now have
collected) is to be placed in the hive, and the
other combs are to be ranged on either side of
it.

They are now to be contracted into a suitable
space by employing the division-board: the
quilt is replaced, the hive closed, and its en-
trance also, the piece of gauze being again re-
placed. The bees must be closely confined for
48 hours, at the end of which time their new
queen will probably be acceptable; when so, she
is to be released. As soon as the queen com-
mences to lay, the developing brood must be
carefully watched, and each day a few ounces
of carbolized syrup should be injected into the
adjacent cells. The sealed brood will also need
scrutiny, and any unhealthy patches must be
sprayed with solution No. 1. whenever discov-
ed. In a montli's time all should be safe.

The old hive is to be carefully fumigated
with burning sulphur, and next morning it
must be painted externally and internally with
solution No. 1. This should b(i done twice or
thrice, after which it may be put away for fu-
ture use. As this neighborhood has been
heavily visited with foul brood. I find it ad-
visable to medicate spring food. as. before the
honey crop opens, scavenging among diseased
colonies, which lire too often carelessly exposed,
is apt to spread the evil once more.

Aug. ]5

The disinfectant I use with my spring feed i*
that recommended by my old friend Muth, of
Cincinnati : 16 grains salicylic acid and 16
grains soda borax, to each quart of honey or
syrup.

I fear my article has become somewhat
lengthy; but unless minutiae are attended to,
perfect immunity can not be attained.

Inneshannon, Ireland.

[We believe Mr. Frank R. Cheshire to be an
eminent scientist, and one who has done much
— very much — to advance real science in bee
culture; but his conclusions in regard to foul
brood, or Bacillus alvei, strangely disagree
with our experience in one or two particulars.
Out of 60 or 70 colonies which we treated for
foul brood, every one was allowed to have its
own queen after treatment — that is, after put-
ting on frames of foundation in clean hives;
and in none of these cases did the disease devel-
op again. Indeed, we have taken queens from
diseased colonies and put them into healthy
ones, to test this very thing; but foul bruod did
not follow in their wake. If the ovary of the
queen contains the diseased germs, as stated by
Cheshire, they are not transmitted, or were not
in our cases, 13 the brood.

Now with regard to the phenol, or carbolic
acid. As we have related before, Prof. Sar-
gent, at our suggestion, prepared some pure
•• cultures"— that is. test-tubes containing beef
gelatine, that had been sierilizHd of course. Into
these tubes he introduced the virus of foul
brood. Later examination with a microscope
showed that the bacilli grew rapidly ; and a
twelfth-inch objective showed ex. icily the same
microbes that are illustrated in Mr. Cheshire's
work, into these tubes containing the germs
of foul brood he introduced phenol solutions
f-uch as are used for feeding bees, of the strength
recommended by Cheshire; but it did not kill
the germs. Other tubes of gelatine could be in-
oculated from the tubes treated with pheniil,
showing that carbolic acid of the strength pro-
posed by Cheshire, at least in our own case,
failed to kill the germs. This was exactly in
accord with our own experience in spraying
some dozen or so colonies that we had been ex-
perimenting on, but without any satisfactory
results, the disease reappearing after lepeated
sprayings. You suggest, that perhaps the so-
lution used by us was not strong enough. In
some cases we made it so strong that it actual-
ly killed the bees themselves: but did it kill oft
the foul brood? Not a bit. The most we could
ever say for the phenol, or carbolic acid, was,
that it seemed to hold the disease in cli.ck; but
further than this we could discover no effect.
For these reasons we have discouraged the
use of phenol, or carbolic acid, as a waste of
time, and at the same time it is a great risk.

As it is possible that we may have erred in
some of our experiments, and have not give"
the Cheshire treatment a fair trial, we are glad
to place before our readers the article by Mr.
Stephenson.— El).]

STARVATION A CAUSE OF BEE-PAKAI.YSIS.

Mr. Dayton writes me that he thinks starva-
tion causes the" new bee-disease." lirodbeck
is getting honey again from honey-dew. He
-ends me leaves on which I find honey-dew and
aphides, or plant-lice. This dry year in Cali-
fornia is very favorable to both scale and plant
]■^^.f, A. J. Cook.

Claremont, Cal.. July 23.

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

(54!>

BAUBLE 114.

THK Ol.n Ml'ANI.SII .MI.«ISI()X.S, ETC.

By Ranililer.

From our pleasant camp on the "Lucky"
Baldwin ranch we moved on as soon as we had
disposed of onr morning meal, washed our tin
dishes, etc. No fragile crockery is used in this
tonr. The lightest and most substantial cnli-
nary utensils are the best. We found that fif-
teen minutes was snttieient to pack our whole
outfit into the wagon, and we were ready to
take any direction. The direction this time
was toward the San Gabriel Mission, with its
outlying borders flanked by a few Me.xican
adobes.

Tlii'se old missions have a special interest to
the traveler, as they were the pioneer points of
a new era for all of this sunset country. From

KHK) to 1830 these missions were industriously
planted. The Spanish '• Padres " came hereto
subdue the soil and the Indian. The olive and
the vine were planted in the valleys, and thou-
sands of cattle roamed the hills The intract-
able Indian was approached with food in one
hand and the cross in the other. The influence
thus brought to bear upon soil and man was
salutary. The Indian sooa learned that lifting
hair was not the chief end of his existence,
is a fact, however, that, after several hundred
years' effort, the ordinary "greaser" is the
product; and it is questionable whether the
improvement is much bettfr than the original
native. The settlement of Spaniards, and the
extension of their power, has had the far greater
and more lasting influence. The missions have
in a great measure served'their day, and are
now falling to ruins; and but for the hands

put forth by those who love thecquainl and ancient landmarks
their adobe walls would soon crumble to dust, and the world
would know them no more. It is not an unusual sight to see
some old-mission bell hanging to the limb of a decaying tree,
tongueless and mute, while the spot upon which stood the mission
is marked only by an unsightly weed-covered mound.

We reflect, with a tinge of sadness in our minds, that this same
mute bell, in times past, called the worshipers from over the-hills,
and was a potent factor in their daily lives. The old burying-
ground near by, with its wooden crosses, marks the place where
the body has been tolled to its final resting-place, and no doubt
the now mute old bell has lent its musical tones to festal and
marriage scenes.

The more pretentious missions have several bells. They are
tied with rawhide ropes to the beam above, and a hammer strikes
the bell; thus the chimes of the bells are sweet to listen to in the
evening hour. With the artisfs aid I present a photo of r ne of
these decaying landmarks known as the San Fernando Mission,
in San Fernando Valley. Only one small room is now us(d for
religious purposes, while the other rooms are used for the junk
from a large ranch.

From San Gabriel we made a rapid drive to Los Angeles. We,
and especially our team, fresh from the free and untrammeled
air of the country, entered Los Angeles, and tried, as well as we
could with our nondescript outfit, to appear somewhat " cityfied,"'
but it was out of the question; for Reina bolted as though in fear
the tall buildings would fall upon her, and in various ways our
ponies betrayed their country^breeding and Indian blood. The

C50

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug. 1^.

untrammeled Indian, with his squaw and pa-
poose, in like manner, when he lirsl visits a city,
eschews the civilized sidewalk, and promenades
in the center of the street, the observed of all
observers; and from the number of glances
toward us we were too much observed. After
laying in astock of provisions and photographic
supplies we rattled the Los Angeles dust from
our wagon-wheels and made for the Cahuenga
Pass, and passed through it and camped over
Sunday on the banks of the Los Angeles River,
in the shade of the willows. From our points
of view there was but a small amount of bee-
forage in this portion of Los Angeles Co., ex-
cept, perhaps, upon the river bottom. In order
to see the best honey resources of the county,
and find the bee-keepers, it would have been
better to follow out on the Pasadena (or east)
side of the valley; but we got started this way
from the city, and followed it. Our continued
journey across the San Fernando Valley re-
vealed abundant cactus growth, and not a
great amount of sage or other honey-producing
flora; and such flora as we saw was withered
by dryness and obscured by dust.

At San Fernando we found the mission pre-
viously spoken of. A little beyond it we came
to the San Fernando Pass; and, learning from
other travelers of the arduous climb before us,
we camped, preferring to make the ascent with
a fresh team in the morning. Mr. Wilder went
out for a little hunt, and returned with a large
white owl — a subject for taxidermy— and re-
ported the finding of an apiary just over the
hill. I visited it in the morning, and found a
very neatly arranged collection of bee- hives
and honey-houses; and, as a sort of remem-
brance of the place, I shot a rabbit in the
suburbs.

In the morning we addressed ourselves to the
task of getting through the pass. In all of this
California country, in crossing from one valley
to another we have to enter the mouth of a
canyon, and toil up a winding grade, more or
less steep, until we emerge from the tail end of
the canyon. We then pass to the tail end of
another canyon, and have the same sinuous
grade down, and emerge into the valley from
the mouth of the canyon. This was a most
arduous pass, and was made passable only by
making a cut .some sixty feet deep, and barely
wide enough for the wagon to go through,
troing down the other side was quite an ardu-
ous undertaking. We have no brake on our
coach, so Mr. Wilder sawed on the reins, and
hallooed " Whoa!" while the Rambler tied a
rope to the rear axle, and held on; and thus we
safely descended. My strenuous labors in the
rear relieved the pressure on the horses im-
mensely, and saved us from a catastrophe,
perhaps. In thus going down the grade, how-
ever, I felt some like the Irishman who was
clinging to a pole, with another Irishman hang-

ing to his feet. When the strain became great,
upper Irishman shouted to the one grasping
his feet. " Arrah there, Pat! hang to yer hoult
below till I spather me hands above." I did
not "spather '■ my hands, which accounts for
our safe descent.

The mouth of this canyon opens into the
Newhall country. This is quite a center of the
bee-keeping industry, and there are many
apiaries located in the canyons that open into
the valley. We passed one on quite a steep
down grade, and learned afterward that it was
one of Mr. Wilkin's apiaries. Mr. Wilkin also
has another a few miles from this. We pushed
along through Newhall into the Saugus coun-
try. The readers of Gleanings have had more
or less to do with dry and wet towns. Some
rejoice when they hear that a town has gone
dry; others rejoice over the wet aspect. Those
who like the dry towns should move to Saugus.
It is as dry as a bone this year. The dust rolls
up beautifully; even the barbed-wire fences
had a dried, harsh appearance. Ordinarily
this is a great stock country; but there was not
a '■ cattle on a hill." and not a blade of grass to
keep a grasshopper alive. I fell to speculating,
that, if this was the country in which Mr.
Hewes cultivated the honey-bee, there was
good reason for his acrimonious remarks in a
late number of Gleanings. After passing the
Saugus water-tank, which is the chief building
(appropriate for a dry country), I began to feel
a touch of the blues — sort of imaginary sym-
pathy, I suppose, for the bee-keepers in that
vicinity who are feeding bees or losing them
by starvation; for some, I regret to say, are
following the latter alternative. The touch of
blues was, however, dispelled when we struck
the head waters of the Santa Clara River, and
the center of the Newhall ran-ch. Here was a
fertile valley, with hundreds of horses and cat-
tle grazing on the succulent herbage. We
camped on the banks of the winding river; and,
as the saying is, we had a "fly time" here.
Pharaoh might have had a worse time; but
this being a stock-ranch, the flies were numer-
ous enough to be an inconvenience, especially
in the cool of the evening, when they persisted
in taking possession of our tent.

The main episode, as we continued our jour-
ney, was the mistake of getting upon the wrong
road, and another mistake in not continuing
upon the wrong road. The peculiaiity upon
roads in this country, where large stock ranches
are owned, is the frequency of gates upon the
main roads. The Newhall ranch contains
49,000 acres. By placing a gate across the road
it holds the stock on several thousand acres
without the expense of fencing the road. The
supervisors of a county are very obliging to the
big ranchers in this respect, and thus allow the
gates. One of these gates led us to keep on in
an open road, and we were headed direct into a

18S)4

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

(-.51

•canyon nearly opposite the direction in which
we ihonglit we ought to ^o. When about to
cross a little sticam we iieard a festive voice
rising ill musical tones, and. searching a few
rods further down among the trees, we found
some young men camping, and from them
learned that we were headed into the Castail
•Canyon. We turned arotuid and retraced the
lost mile and took the road with a gate across
it. Now, the mistake we made in not follow-
ing up our mistake, was that, just about a mile
•or so up the Castail Canyon, we should have
found Mr. Mercer's apiary, and at that time he
was at work in it, as we afterward learned;
and, not far from the Mercer apiary, Mr. Hewes
holds forth. Had we called upon our friends,
no doubt we should have enjoyed a sort of
picnic. It is, however, too late for regrets, and
we will try to do better next time.

After passing the aforesaid gate we rode at
least ten miles and saw no signs of habitation,
with the exception of a couple of bee-ranches
off to the right in the foot-hills. One of these,
known as the Black apiary, on account of the
dark and weather-beaten appearance of the
hives, is owned by Mr. Moffat, of Los Angeles.
It is in the midst of the best black-sage country
an Los Angeles or Ventura Counties, and has
yielded as much as 400 lbs. to the colony. Mr.
Hewes, being located not far from it, should
exi^rcise a little of his surplus energy, and raise
his average a little. From later information. I
learn that Mr. Moffat always leaves an abun-
dance of stores in the hives for wintering, and
requeens his colonies often, which is the proper
idea entertained by the Ramhi.kr.

POMONA COLLEGE.

AM. ABOUT IT, ETC.

By Prof. A. J. Cook.

Dear Mr. Editor:— I have been requested,
■and even urged by many, to send to you, for
publication, answers to the following questions:
What kind of an institution is Pomona College?
Would you advise any one to make California a
home?

Pomona College is situated in the San Ga-
briel Valley. The mountains compass it about,
and are very high and close on the north. To the
soutli. for forty miles, is a valley of wondrous
fertility and beauty. Thus we look down on
hundreds of acres of orchards, bearing the fruits
of every zone, whose rich verdure gladdens the
eye alike in winter and summer. The climate
is delicious. I doubt whether Italy can boast
of any thing more delightful. What is equally
important, it is as famed for its salubrity as for
its beauty. Health-seekers come here from all
regions of the world. Claremont, the seat of
the college, is situated on the Santa Fe R. R.,
midway between Los Angeles and San Bernar-

dino, the two largest cities of Southern Cali-
fornia, ana is 35 miles from the former place.
The soil is gratiite gravel, and so it is never
muddy about the college. I have ridden on
my wheel every day since I came here, Dec. 39,
and have never had to clean mud from my bi-
cycle, though we have had some very hard
rains. Claremont is yet new, but is rapidly im-
proving, and will soon be one of the most love-
ly places in Southern California.

Pomona, Chino, and Ontario, are all close by,
almost in sight. The people in the whole San
Gabriel Valley, from Los Angeles to Redlands
and Riverside, are exceptionally cultured, in-
telligent, and refined. It is common to find
graduates from all the eastern colleges, culti-
vating their own orange, lemon, or olive groves.
Nearly all are church-going, Christian men
and women. Two of the largest cities in the
valh y, and all the small towns, entirely prohib-
it the saloon. There is probably no country in
the world where the fruit and bee-keeping in-
dustries can be more successfully and profitably
prosecuted than liere. Thus I have said enough
to show that Pomona College is most fortunate
in its location. Scenic beauty and grandeur;
lovely, healthful surroundings ; refined Chris-
tian people, are a trio of circumstances in
which any college would thrive with vigor.

Pomona College is only six years old, and has
just graduated its first class of eleven— a class
of whom all here are justly proud. There are
fourteen in the corps of instruction; and there
have been lUO students in attendance during
the past year. There are two fine buildings,
which were well shown in a recent number of
Gleanings. Notwithstanding the great busi-
ness depression, $50,000 has been raised the past
season, which secured a gift of another $.50,000,
thus giving us an endowment of $100,000. Two
professorships are endowed, and, aside from
the $.50,000, enough has been raised the past
season to pay all current expenses, and., pro-
visionally, the same for five years to come.
Pomona College has a host of friends in the
State, and is confessedly the best college in
Southern California, as she is the largest. She
deserves it all, for she does exceptionally good
work, and is working successfully to develop
grand Christian character. In short, Pomona
College is a Christian college, like Oberlin,
Amherst, Williams, etc., with an able faculty
of earnest Christians, and with a grand lot
of Christian students, loyal to the core. Thus
the spirit and work of the college attracts
all who become acquainted with its influence
and management. It is a safe place to send
young ladies and gentlemen. The studious
and right-minded will find all congenial; the
unchristian and wayward will likely be won by
the spirit of the place, and will fall in to the
general trend of industry and rigiit living.
Our country, and especially California, needs

652

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug. 1.5.

just such grand men and women— bright, cul-
tured. Christian, as Pomona is sending out.

And why am I here? I love and believe in
just such colleges. Besides, the President is a
broad-gauged man, and saw the importance of
the bee-keeping industry, and the economic re-
lation of entomology to fruit culture, and so
wished a zoologist alive to these departments
of study, and 1 was offered the position. L
have already had a class of seventeen in eco-
nomic entomology and apiculture.

Would T recommend anyone to come here?
If such are well and happily located in the East,
no. If impecunious, emphatically no, unless
some position is assured. If a man has a few
thousand dollars, and wishes a more genial
and delightful climate, and especially if im-
paired in health, and finds the winters severe
and trying, then yes; and if he, to all this, is
fond of orcharding or bee-keeping, then de-
cidedly yes. If to these last he has a family to
educate, then surely he could make no mistake
in locating right here at Claremont A small
orchard from three to ten acres, and an apiary
of from 50 to 1.50 colonies, which could be moved
to catch the best, would be profitable and de-
lightful. In this land, where irrigation is
practiced, uncertainty is almost banished in
orcharding, and is no more common in apicul-
ture than in other places.

Claremont, Cal., July 1:2.

[Even if the above does savor somewhat of
an advertisement for Pomona College, it is ad-
vertising of the right sort, and we are glad to
encourage institutions of this kind.— Ed.]

THE ROOT-HATCH DISCUSSION.

DO QUEEN.S LAY IN TWO STORIES, OK DO THEY
PREFER ONLY ONE?

By Dr. C. C. MiUn:

Seldom am I so deeply interested in reading
any thing as I was in reading pages .572 and 573
of Glkanings. In the first place, I am inter-
ested in the subject from a dollar-and-cent
point of view; for, as Ernest says, "if there is
a difference ... it is important to know
which is better." In the second place, the two
sides are argued by men of ability, and, what
is perhaps more important, by men of fairness.
I believe it will be in the interest of our pursuit
if the same two men fight it out to a finish. I
don't mean for them to occupy two pages of
every issue, but to give all the honest argu-
ments they have, each one doing some experi-
menting in both directions, each one offering a
new point as often as he gets one; and although
the finish might not come in two years, it would
be of value when it did come.

As one on the fence, not ready to take sides
with either. I might be asked to keep out of
the fight. But it will hardly be amiss for any
one to mix in if he can do any thing toward

settling any of the points at issue. I had fond-
ly hoped that, by this time, I should have learn-
ed quite a little from my own experience of
this summer as to the different results from the
different-sized hives. But the terribly disas-
trous season put me all out in that respect. I
think not more than five or six of my colonies
made the least start toward working in sections,
and only one of these filled a single section. So
I can't tell what might have been done in a
good season by any one of my perhaps 30 colo-
nies which had more than eight combs, some of
them sixteen.

Bro. Hatch makes a good point in saying
that, in comparing 1.50 colonies in eight-frame
hives with 120 in ten-frame hives— the same
number of frames in each — the same force of
bees will give a greater amount of work for the
bee-keeper with the smaller hives. And yet,
when Bro. Hatch comes to be less rugged and
strong than now, he will admit quite an offset.
Just so far as the swarms are concerned, he can
hold his ground. It's just as much work to
take care of a swarm from an eight-frame hive
as from a ten-frame; and if bees were just as
much inclined to swarm in one hive as the
other, then there would be a fourth more
swarms to care for with the small hives. But
when you take into account the greater ten-
dency to swarming in the small hives, I suspect
it may be safe to say that the labor of swarm-
ing will be four or five times as much with the
150 small as with the 120 large. Even in that,
however, there is an offset. If the old hive is
to be lifted every time of swarming. I'd rather
have more swarms and lighter hives. For a
very strong person there might be little or na
difference. But suppose the lifting of a ten-
frame hive is the limitof my strength— that is, I
can lift it, but that s all. In that case I'd rath-
er lift three eight-frame hives than one ten-
frame hive. And whether the hives are lifted
at swarming time or not. the bee-keeper wha
runs an out-apiary must count on a good deal of
lifting if he hauls his bees back and forth.

If I didn't believe C. A. Hatch to be a thor-
oughly reliable man I should doubt one of his
statements; and I'm puzzled to know what pe-
culiarity makes so much difference between his
experience and mine. He says his queens will
go into an upper story, but will not come down
again into the lower story. In the first place,
it seems lo me I wouldn't give additional brood
room above, but would give it below. For not
only will my queens go back down to the combs
that had brood in. but they'll go from an upper
story down into a lower story that has no brood
in it.

Just now it occurs to me that perhaps the
reason for the difference is, he is talking about
bees in ten-frame hives and I'm talking about
eight-frame hives. Suppose a queen capable
of keeping 11 frames filled is in an eight-frame

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

653

hive. She will feel so crowded that she will go
down; whereas, if she had two more frames
above she would be content with that rather
than go below.

Some years ago I had a lot of combs to be
taken care of, and I put them in hives and set
them nndnr hives containing full colonies.
They were left there till the honey harvest
was on, and a number of them— I can't now tell
how many — had brood in them. There, you
see, was a case in which the queen went from
the second story down to empty combs in the
first story. I've had a good many cases since
•of queens working in two stories, but not al-
ways with empty combs below. Wait just a
minute and I'll go and examine a colony that I
know has been occupying more than one story.

Well, I've been and examined No. 10, and I'll
tell you what I found. First I'll tell you what
shape it was in at my previous visit; for, for
some reason, I put it down in my record-book.
Here's the entry: "July 20, 7 br below, 4 above;
only eg tS: sbr below." Tiiat means there were
7 frames of brood in the lower story and 4
frames of brood in the upper story, and that
there was no unsealed brood in the lower story
— only eggs and sealed brood. There being no
unsealed brood below, the queen must have
spent about five days upstairs on her last visit
there.

To-c'ay, July 25, I find, on looking through
the upper story, four combs crammed with
honey, and four of brood in all stages; but very
few eggs. In the lower story, six frames of
brood in all stages, and eggs abundant; but
very little honey. It seems pretty clear, that,
in this case, the queen goes up and down quite
freely, doesn't it?

You two disputants disagree on one point —
Ernest thinking that a colony having eight
frames of brood in a ten-frame hive will have
the same amount of brood in an eight-frame
hive, while friend Hatch thinks it will have
only six in the smaller hive. According to my
■experience (and on that point it is large), the
truth lies between the two, but not midway,
for it is nearly as friend Hatch says. Bees
seem to prefer to have the two outside frames
without brood, and one or both of them will be
found laigely filled with pollen. In a ten-
frame hive you will often find eight frames
tilled with brood; and while you may find brood
in each of the eight frames of an eight-frame
hive, it would be a remarkable thing to tind
those eight frames tilled.

I feel pretty safe in saying that bees will not
put brood in either of the outside combs except
under pressure. When I had ten -frame hives I
never knew a case in which there were ten
frames of brood, although it seems nothing
unusual to have ten and even eleven and twelve
when plenty of room is present. Occasionally

some brood would be put in the ninth frame of
a ten-frame hive; but I think I never knew it
to be tilled.

I am inclined to the opinion, Ernest, that in
those hives at the basswood apiary, where you
found a hive with brood in eight of the frames,
if the same colony had had eleven frames you
might have found brood in nine frames, and
very likely each one of the nine frames tilled.
Some other points I will touch another time.

Marengo, 111.

[As Dr. Miller has already sent in a second
ariicle, to be printed in our next issue, we will
reserve our own reply till then; but for the
present we may state that our experience, so
far as brood is concerned in two stories, is dif-
ferent from Mr. Hatch's, and quite in line with
Dr. Miller's.— Ed.J

THE EIGHT VERSUS THE TEN FRAME HIVE.
THE EFFECT OF LOCALITY ON THE QUESTION.

By E. S. Alexander.

I am one of that contemptible class of small
bee-keepers, keeping from twenty to forty colo-
nies. I otfer, as an argument in favor of ten-
frame hives as against the eight-frame, for the
South, the following:

My tirst hives were mostly eight-frame, using
only a few ten-frame hives by way of experi-
ment. The increased honey from the ten-frame
hives was not represented by the ratio of 10 to
S, but nearer that of 84 to 24, or, at least, .56 to
24. My swarms from ten-frame hives are
stronger, and commence storing surplus sooner.
As I am keeping bees for money, rather than to
demonstrate theories, this is sufficient reason
for me to prefer the ten-frame hive. I am now
making only the latter, using my old eight-
frame hives to hold weak swarms.

SMALL HIVES THE CAUSE OF BEES CLUSTER-
ING OUT.

Many people have so much of the spi^-it of
scientific inquiry that they will not believe a
fact is a face unless it is substantiated by a
formidable array of more or less plausible theo-
ries; so, here is my theory:

While our maximum summer temperature
here is not so high as in the North, the sultry
part of the day is much longer, giving the heat
a chance to be oppressively penetrating. Asa
small thin- walled house or joom is more un-
comfortable in hot weather, so^is a small hive.
That bees aie susceptible to the heat can be
demonstrated by placing equal amounts of
honey in an open dish and under glass (as in a
Mason jar laid on its side so as to be easily
accessible) on a hot day. In the o\)*:i\ dish only
a few, if any, dead bees will be found in the
evening, while in the glass jar will be almost,
if not quite, as much in bulk of dead bees as
there was of honey in the morning. The only
inference I can draw is, that the bees get sun-

654

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug. 15.

struck in the jar. Swarms often leave an
entire frame on the south side unoccupied, and
often a row of section boxes on the soutii side.
On sultry days, the bees of my small hives are
the first to lay out. We have had a dry hot
summer so far this year. On some hot days
almost all the bees of some. of my small hives
will be clustered on the ouiside of the hives,
leaving little more than a corporal's guard on
the sultry inside, while; the large hives will
have a good supply of bees at work on the in-
side.

We have been having a splendid flow of
honey-dew for the past five weeks. Honey-dew,
by the way, is the staple honey of this section,
and it is a fine honey too. Although this
honey-dew is abundant, there is much com-
plaint of bees hanging out on the outside of
their hives doing nothing. I attribute this to
the heat. I have overcome it in my apiary by
piling up supers on my hives until the bees quit
hanging out, placing as many as three supers
on one hive before any had sealed honey in
them. I do not know how this will affect the
filling-out of section boxes, but it put an end to
loafing in all my hives but one. That one I
divided. All my bees are now working in the
most approved style, and are just piling up the
honey. One of my nearest neighbors has fif-
teen stands of the Kretchmer pattern, about
lOxl:.', inside measure, and 14 to )8 inches high,
with quite small entrances. With their top
boxes they resemble, in pattern, a collection of
thermometers, and are about as susceptible to
heat. In ordinary seasons this neighbor has a
good surplus of honey to market; but this sea-
son his bees are spending their harvest time in
assembling on the outside of their hives. A
committee of ventilation, consisting of the en-
tire house, are giving their owner neither
swarms nor honey.

Last year I put some swarms in hives with
walls two inches thick. They did much better
than those in common hives. They even built
comb and stored honey in ^March last. This
year I am making hives of two-inch oak plank
doubled, making the walls of the hive four
inches thick. I put 43 feet, board measure, of
lumber into one hive. The lumber costs me
only $5.00 per 10(K) feet. If my theory is correct
about the bees requiring a comfortable shop in
which to do the most successful work. I think
my four-inch walls will be a good Investment.

Flowery, Ark., July 26.

TlIK EIGHT AND TF,N FRAME rUSCUSSION; A
MATTER OF LOCALITY.

I am quite interested in your new Dovetailed
eight-frame hive. I think the difTerence be-
tween eight and ten frames is somewhat a
matter of locality — that is, of pasturage. In
Passaic Co., N. J., our pasturage is rather poor
but quite steady, and thns far I have found

that ten frames give the best resnlt; but I
have had good results with smaller hives.
Paterson, N. J., July 30. John Phin.

[You are correct: locality has much to do
with the matter. — Ed.]

■ I ^

BEE-KEEPING IN CUBA.

ITS WONDERFUL RKSOUKCES; A BIG RKCOKI)
FROM A WRITKI! OP THE OLD .JUVE-
NILE GLKANINGS.

Bji Fred L. Cvaycvaft.

Mr. Root.'— Having been here long enough to
form a definite idea of bee culture and its re-
sources on the island, I take this means of an-
swering some of the letters of inquiry that I
receive in regard to bee-keeping in Cuba.

My experience here is that, although the
price of honey is less than in the United States,
one can produce it enough cheaper to offset the
difTerence in price, as the wintering problem is
unknown here, and the advantage of being able
to have 400 or 500 colonies in one apiary greatly
lessens the expense. Another important point
to be considered is the certainty of getting a
reasonably good crop of honey; and the bee-
keeper can count the number of colonies he has,
and be able to tell very nearly the number of
tierces of honey he will get.

I have never heard of the " campanilla," or
bellflower (the chief honey source), being a
failure; and it is not necessary to consult the
rain-gauge to find out what the honey crop is
going to be, as drouths are uncommon here,
and it would take a very severe one to hurt the
campanilla-vine.

During nearly three years' experience here I
have never found it necessary to feed a pound
of honey or sugar; and at the present time the
bees are getting enough to work very well on
comb foundation, although this is considered
the worst season of the year for bees.

My report is as follows: Beginning in Oct.,
1891, with 1<) colonies, all very weak, none of
them having over seven combs, I have increas-
ed them to 3(X» colonies and extracted .58,000 lbs.
of honey. I might have got more last year, but
did not have time to attend to them as I should
have done, and had only about 1(50 colonies
ready for the honey -flow, as I had to superin-
tend the work on a soo-acre farm.

I do wish to say a word in favor of the
leather-colored Italians, as my experience
proves them to be superior to the five-banded
or golden Italians, for they seem to be hardier
and stronger, and the queens remain more
prolific than the others during cool weather,
which is very important here, as the honey-
(low comes during the winter months. I still
have some of the "golden" Italians in the
apiary, but am replacing them as fast as pos-
sible; for the practical honey-producer who
wants to see the most gold at the end of the

1894

GLEANINGS IN BKE CULTURE.

(W)

honey-season must not look for so much gold
on the backs of his bees.

The quality of the honey here is excellent,
the honey of the flower of the campanilla-vine
being of an exceedingly fine, mild flavor. liut
very little of the surplus honey is dark, as
almo'^t the whole crop comes from campanilla,
which commeiu'i'S to blossom the last of No-
vembt-r. and lasts until lhi> end of July.

If the biie-keep(?rs here would put up th<Mr
tine honey in such a manner that it could be
put on the northern markets as a first-class
article, coming as it does when there is no new
honey in the United Slates, it would bring a
good ()rice, and would not interfere in any way
with the American production.

Nearly all tlie honey is bought by dealers in
Havana who pay but little attention to color
or quality, the principal requisite being thick-
ness. Last season the dealers paid only fiom
3 to 3'- cts. per lb., free of package.

The readers of Gi,p:anings would no doubt
be surprised if they knew of the many modern
apiaries springing up all over the island; but
there are so few persons who have had any
practical experience with bees, and the scarcity
of Spanish bee-literature, that some of the
beginners will undoubtedly make a failure.
We need practical, experienced men who are
not afraid lo work; but there are two reasons
that will always deter Americans from coming
to Cuba; namely, the language, and its being
out of Uncle Sam's domain.

In closing, I wish to say to those who think
of coming to Cuba that she has the finest cli-
mate in the world, and many advantages; but,
think twice before jumping.

San Jose de las Gajas, Cuba, July 28.

[Our older readers will perhaps remember
that this same Fred L. Craycrait is one who
used to write, when a mere boy, (juite spicy
and pithy articles for the old JuvknilkGlkan-
INGS. now merged into thi- regular issue of the
l.Tth of the month. Altlnjugh Cuba is no doubt
one of the finest, and perhaps the finest, bee-
countty in the world, friend Craycraft, it
seems to us, has made quite a record — from It)
colonies, very weak, an increase of 284. and
r)8,0(K) lbs. of honey. Such marvelous yields as
this would pay pretty well, even if the honey
did not bring liiore than 3 cts. per lb. Why,
that is better than 10 cts. on a fair crop of 10,()(K)
or l.^.(J<J(J lbs., such as bee-keepers in this coun-
try would couni as a fair yield. We have ask-
ed our friend Mr. Craycraft (we say "Mr.."
because we assume he is now jnan grown) to
let us hear from him again.— Ed.]

THE VALUE OF PATENT MEDICINES.

THAT NEW 15KK - DI8E.VSK IX CALIFOHNI.V ;
STAKVATION THE SUGGESTED CAUSE.

BjiProf. A. J. Cook.

J)e<tr Mr. Editor:— You know it is a wonder
to you and me that people will buy so much
patent medicine. I believe I have the explana-

tion. One feels ill, and, despite the fact that
nature must work the cure, and usually finds it
hard enough without any added embarrass-
ment, lit* drinks in the spirit of the age, which
nrg<\s us to meet pain with medication, and
buys and takes the patented stuff. Usually na-
ture is enough for both disea.se and medicine,
and tlie medicine gets the credit of the cure,
when, more likely, it was nature's handicap.

I purchased several colonies of bees, and pur-
posely selected those with the new bee-disease
and those that were suffering severely. It was
a strange coincidence that those most diseased
were nearest starvation's door. I supposed that
the disease accounted for the paucity of liuney.
Well, the first thing to do was to feed, and so I
could easily medicate. Fortunately, there were
enough cases to use more than one nostrum.
One colony was put into a new hive with notli-
ing but empty frames, ami libi-rally fed with
tine last year's honey. New combs — tine ones —
appeared very quickly, and soon there was an
abundance of brood, pollen, (isn't it strange
that bees can gather liberally of pollen, though
unable to secure any honey?) and stores, but
not a sign of the disease. First cure, transfer
into a aew hive, and feed. No. 2 was simply
fed honey with phenol, and this was likewise
cured. Cure No. 2, phenol. No. 3 had salicylic
acid, and was also cured, and so we have a third
remedy. The others were fed only the pure
honey, and it is certainly true that they too are
all cured.

Now, if I were given to betting I would wager
my best hat that the whole trouble was starva-
tion. I may be wrong, but it looks surprisingly
like it. The story goes, that a penurious man
sought to teach his horse to live without eating.
He was succeeding well; but, unfortunately,
the horse died just before the experiment was
concluded. Have we not been trying a like ex-
periment with our bees? May be 1 am wrong ;
but it does look surprisingly that way to me. I
have recently examined somecolonies quite rich
in last year's honey, and find no signs of the
malady, while others, in the same apiary, desti-
tute of stores, are much diseased. Our friends
Wilder and '• Rambler" saw none of the mortal-
ity in their hives — of course, not. Their bees
are not on the verge of starvation. They are
wise bee-keepers, and as cautious as wise. It
was well in my experiments that I tried a vari-
ety of remedies, else one might have received
undue credit. I wish patent-medicine takers
could try such variety of cures all at once. It
might be an eye-opener, save to them their
money, and, I am sure, nature would have an
easier struggle.

Now, if I am all wrong in the above sugges-
tion I hope I shall be pardoned. It is very im-
portant. It is certainly true that many colonies
of bees in this section must be fed speedily or
they will be lost. If fed, I think the fell disease

656

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug. 15

■will soon disappear. It must be remembered
that, when breeding rapidly, bees need much
honey. When there is but little, some brood
must be ill nourished, and the scattering corpses
in the brood-combs would result. Some bees
might mature and yet be paralyzed, or have a
sort of " St.Vitus dance;" and so it may be true
that the bee-paralysis, in some cases, may have
a like cause. Of this last I am less certain.
Mr. Herron is of the opinion that the two dis-
eases are distinct. Some of my colonies seemed
to have both maladies; but with full rations
both are gone.
Claremont, Cal.

[From the description given by Rambler of
this new bee-disease which has been running
in California, it is possible it is the same thing
that we have had m our own locality, and have
in a few of our colonies at the present time.
As It has done beiore for us and our neighbors,
we think it will 00 again — go utt of itself. If
starvation is the cause, when the affected col-
onies are supplied wiiu a lot of fresh stores, the
disease cures itself, and hence apparently
••goes off of itself." But over against this is
the fact that we had some colonies at our out-
yard that seemed to develop the disease in the
neight of the basswood flow, and in one of the
heaviest honey-Hows we ever had; nor did the
dead brood manifest itself before that time.
For this reason it is barely possible that the
California trouble may be quite ditterent from
ours, although resembling it in outward ap-
pearance, liut your experience with medicine
Illustrates just how one may be led astray.
One less careuil ilian you might have tried
carbolic acia or salicylic acid alone; and if
starvatiun were the cause, the feeding wuuld,
of course, effect a cure, but the iiicdictue would
receive Lhe credit.

Mow, lest some of our friends may be alarmed
at this peculiar malady whicii may appear
among their bees, we wuula state that the uead
brood, while resembling foul brood in color,
and in the perforation of lhe capping, is quite
aifferL'Ut in charactei'. The skin uf the dead
larva is tough and leathery, and the tissue
Uiilky but not ropy; neitlier does it liave the
odor of foul brood; and, moreover, it dues not
appear to be contagious. See editorials. — El). J

FAX.

By EUenj Krum.

Why not kompromise the konlroversy by
settlin' on a 9-frame Dovetailed hive?

Durin' a skeercity of hiinny, and when rob-
bers git plentiful, you kin alius introduce a
queen safely by makin' the colony broodless as
well as qiieenless, replacin' the brood after the
introducti in.

Milkweed bloom comes in purty handy at
the wind-up of the seezin; but it don't take
much to scent up the hull hive with the same
flavor.

It is natural fer hybrids to be born mean; if
you doubt it just give a frame of 'em to a colo-
ny of peaceable Italians, and when they hatch
out every bee in that hive will ketch the taint
of their evil inflooence.

My friends, you ken help suppress adultera-
shun of huiiny by creatin' a lively home mar-
ket with the pure artickle. People out here is
gitliii' edukated to knovvin' what good hunny
is; and when some one imports enny kounterlit
stuff it goes off mily slow.

A thrifty layin" queen don't look into every
cell when alout her work, but gits sort o'
keerless at times and deposits eggs in cells
partly tilled with beebread.

Thay is a fixed and immovable rule by which
the bee is governed, and all a feller has to do to
be successful with 'em is to foller rite in har-
mony with it. You must not expect any in-
venshun to work that is made in opposishun to
that law.

Slum Gum kep" a stand of bees

Underneath the apple trees.

In a box hive, six leet long;

And the bees 'peared awful strong —

Humped themselves until thay made

Lots o' hunny; then they laid

Sort o' lazy in the shade

Of them trees, till Mister Gum,

'Long in October, went plum

Down to the cross-sticks and he

Tuck out hunny, my-oh! three

Dish pans full; but 'long next spring

Wuzn't left a single thing

Of 'em but old combs and dead

Bees; and yit he skratched his head

And said that he felt quite blue

'Cause thay never wintered through!

Br G.A\.DOOLITTLE.BOR00IN0.N.Y,|^

■ iiiiiNiiiyiMiiiiiiiiiiiniriiiiiimiiiiiiiiviinmiio, IIM

BROOD IN THE SECTIONS.

Question. — What is the cause of bees tilling
the sections with brood, and drone brood at
that'.^ What is the remedy for it? I put on
one case of sections some Lime ago, thinking
that the bees were ciowded for room, and per-
haps would be forced to swarm when there was
nu bloom to sustain swarms, and I find the
above result. Would you destroy the drone-
coinb, or shave off the heads of tlie drones in
the cells? Please answer through your •• Sea-
sonable Question" department in Gleanings.

Answer. — The querist seems the more sur-
prised that the brood found in the sections was
drone brood, while if- 1 should find any but
drone brood in sections I should be as surprised
as he; for I have yet to see worker bi'ood in
sections, unless the colony was a new swarm
and commenced housekeeping upstairs, as is
sometimes the case where sections tilled with
foundation are placed on the hive when the
swarm is hived, with nothing but starters or
empty frames below. Where swarms are hived
on empty frames, the sections should not be
put on till the bees get well started at comb-
building below— say in three or four days after
the swarm is hived. But where empty combs

1804

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

fi57

or frames filled with comb foundation are used
below, then the sections can be put on at time
of hiving the swarm if wished. But as to the
cause of the drone brood in the sections, if, as
is usually the case with most bee-keepers of
the present time, the questioner had restricted
the drone comb below, the natural consequence
would be drone brood in the sections, if the
bees were allowed to build their combs in the
sections without the use of foundation, and
especially so with a light flow of honey and
plenty of pollen; for at such times the bees rear
large quantities of brood, and prepare for
swarming by starting as much drone brood
as is possible, the same being limited only by
the amount of drone comb the queen has access
to. I eave up the idea, long ago, of having
hives absolutely free from drone comb; and if
I were to be called to choose between no drone
comb in a hive or one full frame of the same. I
should say the full frame; for the bees will
have some drones any way. and I should pre-
fer a full frame of drone comb, placed in a cer-
tain position in each hive, to having a little
patch of drones here and there all through the
combs and in the sections; for then I know just
where all the drone brood in each hive is. and
can manipulate it just as I wish. Don't under-
stand, however, that it is necessary to have a
full frame of drone comb in each hive: for
where I have things just as I wish them, I
allow about one-fourth of a frameful to each
hive, but have that all in one frame, and the
frame having said drone comb in it. in a certain
place in each and every hive in the apiary.
Wandering a little.

If I am willing that all colonies should pro-
duce drones, no further attention is paid to this
drone comb during the season: but if I do not
wish certain colonies to have any flying drones,
then I open these hives, at the side where this
frame having drone comb is, every 21 days;
take out the frame and shave off the heads of
all the drone brood, using the same knife which
I use in uncapping combs while extracting
honey, for the purpose. I have found this plan
to be more economical, and less troublesome to
the bees, than the use of drone-traps, or, in
fact, any other method advocated for keeping
down undesirable drones in an apiary. Having
given the cause of drone brood in the sections,
we will proceed to the remedy.

There are two ways to remedy this matter:
and the one which I use most is the filling of
the sections with very light section foundation.
This keeps all drone comb out of the sections;
and where there is no drone comb there will be
no drone brood, providing we have a good pro-
lific queen; consequently this trouble with
brood in the sections is remedied by thus using
sections full of foundation having the worker
size of cells. Wandering again.

By thus using sections filled with ivorker

foundation, we have very much nicer section
honey as to appearance, after the sections are
finished by the bees; for the capped combs
having the worker size of cells are much more
beautiful than are those of the drone size of
cells, as all who have compared the two side by
side are free to admit. Besides this, we have
none of that wavy or washboard appearance
in the combs of honey, which we often have
where the bees are allowed to build the combs
in the sections, as the bees start on the whole
surface of the foundation in the sections at
once, and thus bring thi' whole out " bodily," as
it were, so that the slackening or increa-e of
the honey-flow does not result in the shorten-
ing and lengthening of the cells, as is the case
where the combs are built entirely by the bees,
especially where black and hybrid bees are used.

The other plan of keeping the queen from the
sections is by the use of a queen-excluding
honey-board between the sections and the
brood'-ch amber. This will effectually prevent
brood in the sections; but such honey-hoards
are expensive, both in time of putting on and
taking from the hive; room for storage when
not on the hives, and in the money used in
their purchase; or of material from which to
make; while they do not do away with the
undesirable looks of the finished product in the
sections, unless the sections are filled with
foundation; and many claim that they should
not be used in any event, on account of their
lessening the amount of our honey crop on ac-
count of the bees being loath to pass freely
through the perforated metal. Regarding this
latter claim I have my doubts, but consider all
of the others as important.

Having given the remedy, what shall he done
where we find brood in the sections before we
knew of or have applied the remedy or preven-
tive? This all depends upon what stage the
brood is in when we find it. If it is found be-
fore the brood is sealed over, we have" little
waste except our time in taking the sections
from and putting them back on the hive again;
for it is well known, that, if unsealed brood is
taken from the bees and kppt in a cold place
for a week, the same is killed; and such killed
or dead brood will be removed by the bees as
soon as they have access to it. My plan used
to be, before I learned of the prevention as
given above, to take sections, found with eggs
and unsealed larva? in them, to the cellar, and
there leave them for four or five days, when
they were returned to the hives again; and, if
the queen did not deposit more eggs in them,
they were filled with honey; and when finished
were as good as if no brood had been in them.
If the brood in the sections had been sealed
long enough so that the larvte have begun to
spin their cocoons, then the best thing to do is
to cut the comb from the sections; for honey
stored in combs having cocoons in the cells is

658

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug. 15.

not just the thing for table use, unless this
honey is separated from the combs by the use
of the extractor, even though the same be sold
as a second or third grade of comb honey, which
it would have to be if sold at all. on account of
the dark color the cocoons would give to the
combs.

PREVENTION OF SWARMING.

dk. miller invents anothkh non- swarming
attachment; how to make it, etc.

By Dr. C. C. MiUer.

Prevention of swarming is one the liveliest
topics considered by bee-keepers nowadays, and
I was keenly interested in Langdon's non-
swarmer. On trial I found some points about
it that were troublesome. I therefore got up
one of my own, using, however, the principle on
which the Langdon works, throwing all the
bees alternately from one to another of a pair
of hives. Possibly I may never use it again,
but others may like to try it.

The arrangement is quite simple. Two
sticks, two nails, two tacks, and a piece of wire
cloth are the materials needed, and the size of

r

WIRE CLOTH CX'T RK.M»Y TO FOLD.

the Slicks and wire cloth may vary greatly, all
that is necessary being to have a passage from
the hive opening in front of the other hive.
For the sake of being detinite I will give defi-
nite dimensions, and these any one can vary to
suit his own notions.

First a pine slick half an inch shorter than
the width of the hive-entrance, the olhi r di
mensions being 1 inch by }4 inch; then a piece
of wire cloth 8 by 2}4 inches. At one end of
the wire cloth cut two slits IXin- long, the slits
running lengthwise, and 1 in. from each edge.
In order to form the wire cloth into right shape,
a special stick should be made. Take a piece
of stuff }... inch square and 8 or 10 inches long.
On one end lying lengthwise of the stick, nail a
piece X inch sqaure and 1}4 inches long or long-
er. Of course, this may be made of a single
piece by properly s^awing. Now form you wire
cloth on this stick. Bend up at a right angle
the middle tongue of wire cloth made by cut-
ting the slits, and fold the wire cloth around
the stick, crowding the tongue tight up in the
angle that was made by the little piece that was
iiaiUd on. Bend the projecting part of the

tongue down on the stick. Now slip the wire
cloth oft' the tormiug-stick. and push into it one
end of the stick first mentioned. Don't push it
in as far as it will go, but stop short half an
inch, and drive a tack into the end of the
tongue, and also one into the two thicknesses
of wire cloth on the opposite side fiom the
tongue. Tliose two tacks are all that are need-
ed. The stiffness of the wire-cloth will suffice
to keep all in shape.

It is supposed that you have two hives stand-
ing side by side, as close as convenient, say
with an inch of touching. Now put your non-
swarmer at the entrance of one, letting the
tube of wire cloth project in front of the other
hive. The entrance of the first hive is entirely
closed except a place half an inch square where
there is nothing to prevent the bees coming
straight out. Put the end of your finger
against this hole, and the bees can still get out
of the hive by going through the length of the
tube. Standing to hold your finger there be-
comes tiresome, so you may close the hole by
any other means, and may use one that will at
the same time hold the non-swarmer secure in
its place. Take a stick 8 or 10 inches long, and
of almost any dimensions otherwise, say J4
square. An inch or or so from each end of this
stick drive in a wire nail of small size, but it
must be long enough so that you will drive it
clear through thf^ wood and have the point
project about l-i inch. After putting your non-
swarmer agaiu-it the entrance, push this shorter
Slick up against it and push down so as to drive
the two nail-points into the bottom-board. Of
course, it must fit close at the one end so as to
shut entirely the hole that would allow the
bees to come straight out through the wire
cloth, compelling them to pass out through the
tube.

One advantage of this arrangement is. that
the free hive is entirely free— nothing to hinder
its ventilation, and nothing to hinder the bees
going out and in just as freely as though there
were no non-swarmer within a mile.

There is no danger of the e.scape-tube being
clogged. It is no smaller at its outlet, and is
half an inch square throughout its entire
length. I suppose it could just as well be an
inch square if desired, for on account of the

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

f)5a

position of its outlet no bee would tliink of go-
ing back through it.

The position of this outlet in front of the ad-
Joining hive I count quite an important item.
The bees that try to get back into the closed
hive will, of course, make their attempt at the
accustomed place of entrance; but finding that
closed they will not spend much time fussing,
but run along the outside of the tube to the
other hive.

One thing in the deportment of the bees
seemed curious. When a bee came out through
the tube I expected to see it tly off to the field,
possibly stopping to mark its location. Instead
of that, it crawled directly from the outlet of
the tube into the open hive. Possibly, how-
ever, that may not have been the general rule,
for I had not much time to watch them.

I kept two of these non-swarmers in use last
year; and if I wanted to continue that kind of
interference 1 can hardly think of any thing I
should want better in the device unless it would
be to have it a little more substantial; for if a
lot of horses should tramp over it some little
straightening up would be needed before fur-
ther use.

Changing the device from one hive to the
other is a short job, but not so short as with
the Langdon. Mr. Langdon now advises the
change to be made every three or four days.
Perhaps it would not be a bad plan to change
as soon as the bees begin to drag out drone
brood; for when drone brood is dragged out it
is hardly to be supposed that there is any idea
of swarming.

I have seen the fear expressed, that, with the
Langdon non-swarmer, much worker brood
would be starved. I did not find this to be the
case; and, from the bees and brood being kept
alive through a week's confinement, it would
hardly seem that water is so essential as is gen-
erally supposed.

I might have done better with the illustra-
tions before me, but I hope I have m9,de it
clear.

Marengo, III.

[Dr. Miller has, it seems to us, considf rably
simplified the Langdon device. Although we
have not tried it, we see no reason why it would
not do as well as his arrangement. — Ed.]

We have the grandest run of honey that there
has been for years, in quality and quantity.
Pleasant Hill, Ohio, July 1. H. D. Cox.

The honey-yield is great this season. I took
about 148 lbs. per colony (spring count) before
June 1. Quality, very fine. Joel A. Barhkk.

Chuluota, Florida, June 2.

Bees are doing finely on white clover. Bass-
wood just commenced to blossom, with fine
promise of honey. H. M. Ballou.

Calumet Harbor, Wis.. July :J.

The white-honey crop with me has been fair
It will average about .50 lbs. to the colony; 700
lbs. extracted and 8.50 comb will about cover
my crop. D. I. Wagar.

Flat Rock, Mich., July 2.").

BefS are doing well. I had 25 colonies come
through all right, and have had 8 swarms
already; and if it is clear, two or four will
come out to morrow. This is what makes me
want foundation. J. Prichard.

Port Norris, N. J., May 7.

Bees are doing finely now here, and it looks
as though we should have a No. 1 season now.
I have surplus sections all sealed. I was in a
gentleman's yard to-day, and he had quite a
lot that would do to take off by the last of this
week, if we have good weather.

Littleton, N. H.. June 25. T. M. Stevens.

SPLENDIDLY ON BASSWOOD.

Bees have done splendidly on basswood; no
clover before basswood, and I don't expect any
thing after; too dry for clover, and a poor pros-
pect for any fall bloom of any kind here.

Ivickapoo, Wis. G. W. Wilson.

48 LBS. OF COMB HONEY PER COLONY.

Bees are rushing along rapidly yet. It is
getting dry now— a very nice season. They
will get about 48 lbs. per colony, section honey.
I have one colony ihat did not swarm, that will
crowd 100 lbs. pretty close. S. D. Rutherford.

Kerneysville. W. Va.. July, 18.

EPORTSf ^
DlSCOURAGI34i

You can put me in Blasted Hopes this year.
Bees in these parts have done comparatively
nothing. T. E. McLean.

Thompson's Station, Tenn., July 23.

Bees are not doing any thing at present. We
have had no rain for four weeks; white clover
is blooming very poorly, owing to the drouth.
Crops in general are looking well, but need
lain. J. A. Krehbiel.

Donnellson, la., .lune it.

This has been, so far, the poorest year with
us that T ever saw. There seems to be no nec-
tar for the bees. I shall not get 50 lbs. of honey
unless it comes in better. I have sixteen colo-
nies, and all are strong. James Fritz.

Fredonia, Pa.. July 25.

660

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug. 15.

along. But we got used to all such, because —
business Is foremost, and pleasure and conven-
tional ways of doing things secondary.

He that ruleth his spirit is better than he that taketh a city.
-Pro V. 16:32.

BOBBING SICK PEOPLE.

It is exceedingly encouraging to have such
excellent authority as our good friend IVof.
Cook back us up so solidly as he does in his re-
marks on page 65.5 in regard to wasting our
hard earnings in response to traps for the un-
wary, in the shape of enticing newspaper ad-
vertisements of some new patent medicine or
useless trap.

We had no swarms at our out apiary, and
yet the colonies were boiling over with strength.
Why didn't they swarm? Because we gave the
bees and queen unlimited room. Oh, yes! it is
easy enough to control swarming when running
for extracted honey, we know; but when run-
ning for comb honey the problem is entirely
different. There are lots of ways to do it; but
somehow they are either a good deal of trouble
or else fail so often as to be practically good for
nothing; hence most comb -honey producers
will let their bees swarm.

We have just learned from Mr. Francis
Danzenbaker, who is visiting us again from
Washington, on his way to California, and who
has recently obtained letters- patent on a new
hive that he has invented, that the Patent
Office is divided up into departments, and that
each department has its expert who makes a
special study of all inventions coming in said
department. Well, it seems that bee-keeping
was a subject of too small importan'.e to be in
a department by itself, and so it was put with
—what do you think? Tobacco- growing! This
same expert, who has charge of all apicultural
inventions, is also versed in every thing that
has been done in the way of inventions for
n^aking cigars, cigarettes, etc. Said Mr. Dan-
zenbaker, with a sly wink, " The Patent Office
puts bees and tobacco together; but A. I. R.
separates them."

THE BICYCLE AS A DKAY-WAGON.

Yes, we have been using our machine, the
Victor Flyer, for that very purpose. We have
been carrying down upon our back, packsaddle
fashion, two or more hives filled with frames of
foundation, so as to give those basswood bees
more room. (We wish we had to do it just
now.) We managed, on the different trips, to
carry nearly a one-horse wagonload, and with-
out any great inconvenience either, except that
passersby on the road stared at us as if wonder-
ing what sort of "thing" that was, going

HALF DRONE HALF WORKEK.

The accompanying postal card came to hand,
and will explain itself:

Mr. E. R. Root:— J found a curiosity yesterday— a
bee with a worker's head and chest, and a drone's
posterior parts— no sting'; one pollen-l)asket. This
may not be any thing- new to you, but I never saw it
before. I liave read about hermaphrodite bees.
The bee has a crippled wing. You can easily pick
it out from the rest. Willie Atchley.

Beeville, Tex., Aug'. 1.

The cage came before the card. Upon first
examining the bees, we did not notice any thing
remarkable ; but upon reading the card we find
that there is indeed a drone among the bees,
having a worker thorax, the legs of a worker,
and the tongue of a worker. The only feature
that shows he is a drone is the abdomen. It is
no larger than that of the worker-bee; but it is
rounded at tlie end, and shows in every respect
that it is unmistakably a drone abdomen.

AVORKINC4 WITH BEES AFTEE DARK.

The robbers have been so extremely bad of
late, and not having any old combs tilled with
honey, which we desired to empty by the slow-
robbing plan, we thought we would try work-
ing with bees by lantern light. With the aid of
an assistant we got along "swimmingly " for a
while; but in a short time the temperature of
the air began to fall, and the temper of the bees
began to rise; and, oh what nasty stings they
would give usi They had a fashion of crawl-
ing down into the pockets, up the sleeves, etc.,
until we finally gave it up as a bad job — actual-
ly routed from the field. Years ago we worked
with bees by night very successfully; but on
this particular evening it was any thing but a
success toward the last. At first we thought we
should get along nicely, remarking at the time
tliat Doolittle and a few others seemed to have
a great deal of trouble with nightwork — but ive
never did. The words were hardly out of our
mouth before we began to wish we had not said
it, and the result was finally as stated.

SMOKER FUEL — WHAT KIND 18 GENERALLY
USED ?

A CORRESPONDENT of the American Bee
Journal i)refers dry planer shavings for smoker
fuel. Our boys use this fuel when they can not
get the fuzzy kind of sawdust that comes from
sawing out handholes in bee-hives and ship-
ping-cases. This latter we much prefer because
it gives a much denser smoke, and burns longer;
but planer shavings are more available to the
majority of bee-keepers, hence they are more
generally used, perhaps, than any other fuel.
They are easy to light, and can be had for the
asking at any of the mills— yes, bushels and

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

mi

bushels of them. We notice that many farmers
use corncobs: but such fuel is not easy to light
unless one has ready access to live coals; and
-during the summer weather the kitchen stove
is not always going. By the way, don't forget
that a small spring-top oiler, filled with kero-
sene, is one of the handiest things to have about
in lighting a smoker. Fill the smoker with
fuel; send a few S(iuirts of oil upon it; touch a
match, and it is going in a jiffy.

Perhaps we ought to stale that some use and
recommend (among them Mr. Bingham) stove-
wood cut up into short lengths; but we never
liked this as well as planer shavings or "hand-
hole sawdust." for the reason that it does not
:glve as dense a smoke.

THAT DEPARTMENT FOR BEGINNERS.

Very often what ive consider old and com-
mon property, but which we ourselves use
with pleasure and profit, i-* sjmething that
many an old veteran does not know of. Many
a thing contributed for the s-pecial benelit of
bee-keepers is used by the veterans. We won-
der how many of our readers prize the new
•department, " Answers to (Seasonable Ques-
tions," by G. M. Doolitlle. While it was pri-
marily intended for beginners, it seems to have
much of value to the veterans. Well, here is a
sample of what one writer thinks of the de-
partment:

I wonder if you have the least idea how much
help is got by beginners, like ourselves, in bee-keep-
ing, from the " Answer to Seasonable Questions,"
by G. M. Doolittle. J. H. Seward.

Fulford, Que., Can.

We have felt for quite a long time that such a
department was needed; and in December last,
our mind turned involuntarily toward Doolittle
as the right man, because he is such a careful
student of nature — one whose book is the bees
themselves; that is. he will watch for hours to
find out how they do a certain thing instead of
guessing at it. or going to some one else who is
considered authority. His notes began with
the first issue of this year.

DEAD brood; no MORE BEES OR t^UEENS WILL

BE SENT FROM THE HOME OF THE

HONEY-BEES THIS YEAR.

Reference is made in another column to the
fact of our having dead brood in ©iir apiary.
As there stated, we do not have any apprehen-
sions that it will make us any trouble, because
we think it will go off of itself. Inasmuch as
we do not know very much about it, its cause
or its cure, we stopped sending out queens
from our apiary nearly a month ago, all orders
being filled with queens received from the
South, or from Neighbor H.'s apiary, which so
far appears to be en tirelv free from this pecul-
iar malady. One colony, in which the dead
brood first appeared, seems now to be healthy
and all right, and nothing was done but to re-

move the queen and put another one in her
place. The queen from the affected colony
was put into a healthy one, to see whether slie
would carry the disease with her; but so far
\u\r adopted colony seems to be all right, her
brood hatching out as healthy and nice as that
from the previous queen. Peihaps many would
not consider the course we are taking, of not
sending out any more queens from our home
yard, as at all necessary; but we prefer to err
on the safe side, even though it does stop the
revenue coming in from our own yard.

We have been receiving, almost daily, sam-
ples of brood, the senders asking whether it
was real foul brood or this dead brood spoken
of ill the .July l.'ith number of Gleanings, page
■589. Of the two dozen or so samples so far re-
ceived, only one was foul brood. This shows
that the disease is much more prevalent this
year than any year we have known of before.

Now, our theory as to the cause of this dis-
ease is superheating of the brood. We have
had in our locality, and, in fact, all over the
country, as you all know, extremely hot weath-
er.* Those colonies that were well shaded do
not seem to be affected; and in an apiary en-
tirely in a large orchard, no trace of the trouble
appears. Again, we know that the dead-brocd
disease is making havoc in hot climates, while
in the cooler climates, if it appears at all, it
goes off of itself without treatment. And,
again, the disease is much more apt to appear
in very populous colonies, especially if those
colonies have a contracted entrance.

PAINFUL STINGS.

For the first time in many years we have suf-
fered from the effects of a single bee-sting. We
were stung on the tatty portion of the forearm,
a bee having crawled up the sleeve. When we
felt the sharp pain, of course we smashed her
beeship. and thought nothing more about it.
But the arm began to ache. In about two
hours afterward we investigated and found the
sting imbedded in the flesh its full length, and
an empty poison-bag. We drew the sting out,
and thought, of course, the itching pain would
cease. The next day we were lame along the
whole right side; and somehow it was conven-
ient to lie down two or three hours, a dizzy or
heavy feeling taking possession of us, some-
thing akin to that after recovering from a sick-
headache. Had the sting been withdrawn
prorrnMij, possibly none of these effects would
have been noticed. We have since discovered
that we were stung over a vein; we remember
that the pain seemed to be scattered for a few
moments over the whole body. If we had been
an ordinary greenhorn around the bees, we
should not have been surprised; for the fact is,
a sting generally has little or no effect beyond

*The Weather Bureau reports this summer us be-
ing far the hottest in many years.

662

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug. 15.

the first sharp piercing pain ; and as to the hatched out, and still there is the one frame of

swelling, we have had nothing of the sort since brood. Although this queen was young, we did

the lime when we went around barefoot, some not fuss with her any more, but pinched her

twenty years ago. head, and in her place shall be a prolific queen.

A COLONY OF A DOZEN BEES.

A FEW days ago we received a dozen bees of
the five-uanded sort, in a Benton cage, from J.
E. Hand, of Eldora, la. They were sent to us
for our opinion as to their general markings.
We pronounced them to be A No. 1 five- banded
bees, of course; and, feeling sorry for the little
fellows, we pulled back the wire cloth and laid
them on the stone sill of our office window.
This we have done many times before with oth-
er cages of bees; but never before had we known
the little chaps to stay by their cage, and bold
it as ■■ home, svveel home," for so long a time.
Yes, they held it for two weeks, and would
protect ilie mouth of the cage against all in-
truders. A number of times we jarred the cage
to see what tliey would do. They would fiy out
and resent the intrusion as quickly as if from a
strong colony ; and if a roober attempted to
come around smelling of their little store of
Good candy ihey would pounce on said robber
as if they were uefending a home of ufty thou-
sand individuals. Indeed, they would, in all
probability, have been there till now — a month
— had it not been for several dashes of rain that
seemed to wash them out of house and home.
If they had had a queen we should not have
thought so much about it ; but here they were,
trying to keep house, with nothing but a wire
cloth to cover their poor little heads from the
weather— without a queen, without comb, with-
out any thing save a small cage that had been
sent here with a one-cent postage-stamp.

THE DIFFEKENCE BETWEEN A POOK AND A GOOD
yUKEN.

At our basswood yard we had one queen
that seemed to have a laying capacity of only
about one frame of brood at a time, even at tne
height of the honey season. Wlien we first saw
her we concluded, as she was a young queen
she had not had a chance lo lay in mure than
one comb. On a second visit, a couple of weeks
afterward, she still had the equivalent of one
comb of brood, although basswood honey was
still coming in. We had a numbi-r of other
queens in the yard, which would not only nil
out their own hives with brood, but would lay
in extra combs as fast as we gave them. We
gave these frames of brood to weak stocks that
needed a little stimulating and encouragement.
•• Well," thought we, •' we will see what we can
can do with this one-frame of-brood queen.
Perhaps we can encourage her to do better."
So we went to one of the colonies of the good
queens, took out four five frames of brood in all
stages of growth, and gave them lo the colony
in question. The bees set up a hum of delight.
Three weeks have since elapsed; the brood is all

SHALL WE GO BACK TO GRANULATED SUGAK
FOK A QUEEN-CAGE CANDY?

We have referred a number of times in this
department to the fact that we were, three or
four years ago, uniformly successful in sending
queens to Australia, and that now we quite
uniformly meet with failure. So far as we
know, we have used the same kind of candy,
made in exactly the same way. Why the dif-
ference in results when the cage is identically
the same, and the seasons, as they go by,
average up about alike? Well, we begin to
think it is in the sugar. Our candy that gave
such excellent results some three or four years
ago was made of what is known on the market
as "confectioners' sugar" — a sugar tliat is used
largely for frosting on cakes by the women-
folks. Having had such good results, when
this barrel ran out we ordered another just like
it; but the queens sent on this candy almost
all died on arrival at destination. We changed
the candy again, with the same result, using
the same grade. We have been wondering of
late whether this confectioners' sugar was al-
ways made in the same way. We have reason
to believe it is composed somewhat of starch,
from its tendency to turn to lump, and perhaps
in some lots they get in too much starch, and,
mayhap, sometuing else. Two or three have
written us that granulated sugar, from the
fact that it is absolutely pure, and can not be
adulterated, gives uniformly good results. We
are on the eve of trying it again; but meanwhile
have received a letter written to Mrs. Atch-
ley by our old friend and correspondent Ph. J.
Baldensperger, who, it seems, sent Mrs. A. a
couple of queens which arrived in perfect con-
dition. The nature of her letter will be evident
from his reply.

Mm. Jennie Atchley:— Yours of the 29th June is at
hjiid. 1 am glad the cage and bees arrived all right.
The way ot making my caudy is most simple. I
took common beet sugar; pounded it as line as pos-
sible, then dropped in cold extracted lioney till the
dough was so tlrm it would hardly tlatlen down
wlieu made into a ball. Don't you think the double
^.uuipartment of cage is very good, and, together
Willi tlie candy, is one of the seciets of success?
This is just what I did. Of course, I picked out
young bees to accompany, and some full of honey.

Nice, Fiance, July !«. I'h. J. Baldenspekgeh.

We would explain that the cage referred to is
a sort of double Benton, of the larger sizes.
Two cages were put together, a small hole con-
necting them. Mr. B. attributed a part of his
success to this cage. The secret of success, in
our estimation, is in the candy; for with good
candy— that is, one that is perfectly made of
the right material— there would be good results
in almost any cage.

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE..

r)()3

SHALL WOMEN EIDE WHEELS 1

A. I. KOOT IS ASKED TO «IVE HIS OPINION.

Mr. Root.-— What is your opinion in regard to
women riding wheels? Is there any thing un-
lady lilve about it? In some localities many
think a woman should not ride a wheel; but I
say, if not, why not ? A Whkei.er.

[My good friend, perhaps you have come to
the wrong one to answer your question. Two
of my daughters ride wheels, and my son's
wife rides one; and Mrs. Root expects to ride
as soon as she can learn how. She complains
that the weather is too hot in the month of
July; and if you want my opinion further, it is
this: The advantages of the wheel are so great
I do not see how women can be debarred from
riding. Our daughters have both been greatly
improved in health by riding the wheel. They
are independent of horses and buggies, stage
coaches, and. to some extent, the railroads.
While they are gaining in health they do
a dozen little errands for themselves, their
mother, or friends. Nobody has to hitch up
a horse nor put it away; no expense for oats,
hay, etc. I know that some say it is well
enough for girls, but that for married women
it is not the thing. I frequently meet my
daughter-in-law about town, making pur-
chases. Sometimes I go with her to the cem-
etery, where she puts fresh flowers over her
mother's and father's remains. The cemetery
is fully a mile away. With the aid of a wheel
she goes over eveninas any time when she
feels so disposed. When it is necessary she
can visit friends on her wheel, even 20 miles
away: and if you want my opinion in regard to
how it looks. I answer that I never saw her
look more like a picture of health, and what a
Avoman should be, than when on her wheel.
As she is rather heavier than our daughters,
she was longer in learning how; and some of
her friends feared at first she would never
learn to ride; but now she gets off and on her
wheel easily, and. perhaps I may say. grace-
fully, and is perfectly at home in the manage-
ment of it. I do not think she has had a fall
since she first commenced while she was learn-
ing, and no accident of any kind.

It seems to me that women rnuKt ride wheels.
There is not any need of arguing the matter,
for the wheel itself is rapidly settling the ques-
tion. If it should transpire that this one thing
of wheelriding shall of itself result in banish-
ing the foolish fashion of skirts that sweep
into all the filth on the sidewalk, then I shall
think the wheel has done another good thing
in the way of a reform in dress as well as a re-
form in health.

Please pardon me for saying a word more in
regard to the benefits of wheelriding to myself.
"During this hot July weather I am tempted to
think, a good many times, that I am too old to
he of much more use in the world: l)ut the
wheel cures me of all such notions every time.
Yesterday I rode 2'i'^{ miles before dinner. The
last 71.2' miles, over a graveled road, I made in
T<() minutes. I aro.se in the morning between
four and five: had no bi'eakfast but crackers
and milk, and my favorite apple-sauce. I did
not have any nap before dinner — didn't feel the
need of any, and, in fact, was not particularly
hungry, even though the dinner wa>< a little
after my usual time. In the afternoon I rode
nearly as manv miles more, and came home
feoling unusually well, not even feeling tired
and sleepy before half-past nine. This fore-
Tioon T have felt strong, vigorous, and well —
more like riding another 30 miles than doing

any thing else. Instead of feeling the need of
any sort of medicine or doctor's stuff, or even
stimulants, I have a healthy appetite for plain
food atid nothing else; and when thirsty, all I
want is pure water, or perhaps, when I feel
faint, a gla.ss of milk in place of the water.

Now, the wheel has produced equally aston-
ishing results with thousands of other people,
as you may perhaps know, besides saving them
money by such a cheap method of travel. AH
this being true, can anybody think of saying
that women must be debarred flora the use of
this new gift that I think came right from the
good Father above? The only ob.iection that
can be raised is, that some people think it is
not ladylike. Oh, yes 1 perhaps I should add
that Mrs. Root says it is hard on women's
clothing. This may be true where either a
man or woman rides, say, 20 miles a day — that
is, if they insist on being well dressed according
to the prevailing fashion. If fashion should
change, however, so that it becomes fashion-
able for both men and women to dress espe-
cially for, or with the end in view of, facilitat-
ing wheelriding, then the last objection will
disappear. I do not know what the outcome is
going to be. I am waiting and watching, not
only hopefully but joyously.

How can one enter into a strong man's liouse,
and spoil his goods, except lie first bind tlie strong
man ? and then he will spoil his house. — Matt. 12: 29.

Perhaps I should say, in the commencement,
that the passage above was presented to my
attention by our pastor, in a brief little sermon-
ette to the children, just before his regular
sermon. He told the children that the figure
of the house meant each one of us ourselves —
not only our bodies, but our dispositions, our
characters, our standing in the community — all
these represent the house that it is our business
to protect. It takes hard work and a good
many years to establish a reputation— a good
name, as it is usually termed. Now, there are
enemies constantly at work to destroy this
house of ours— this human habitation. The
enemy is Satan. His work is to spoil and tram-
ple in the dust; to ruin; to degrade; and'wher-
ever he can find a human being who does not
keep watch, or act as a sentinel over the house,
he will destroy it. The strong man is the soul
—the immortal part that never dies. This soul,
conscience, or principle, is watching and de-
fending, and continually protecting the reputa-
tion, the good name, the purity, from the at-
tacks of Satan.

The readers of Gleanings are doubtless all
familiar with the way in which the sentinels
of a bee- hive protect the stores within from
robber-bees. Since the basswood season has
closed, and little or no honey is to be found in
the fields, every hive is tested and tried. If the
entrance is a large one. robbers will be dodging
up the whole length of it; and if there are not
sentinels enough along its whole length to hold
the fort, down goes the work of the industrious
little colony and tho commonwealth. Most of
you have seen the d<'vastation and ruin that
robbers make in just a few hours if the senti-
nels become overpowered, or if they become
disheartened, or heedless and shiftless. They
seldom do the latter, however, while there is a
fertile queen in the hive. They seem to know

(i64

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug. 15.

instinctively that there is no need of fighting
unless there is a queen to keep their numbers
constantly replenished. The welfare of the
colony — in fact, the life of it — depends upon
vigorous young bees coming on the stage con-
tinually to back up the veterans. Sometimes,
when there is a robbing mania in the apiary,
and we have not got a laying queen to put in
each hive, we are obliged to substitute, instead
of a fertile queen, combs containing eggs and
very young brood. Tliese will give a weak
colony new courage; and I have seen them
within fifteen minutes change from restless in-
diiTerence to vigorous and effective warfare
against invaders, just because every bee in the
colony had been informed of the glad news that
there were eggs and young brood to replenish
and back up the corps of defenders of the hive.
Well, I have seen boys and girls fight against
the enemy a good deal in the same way; yes,
and I am sorry to say I have seen them give up
and let the enemy march right in, and ruin and
devastate every thing most holy and sacred in
that house. Just think of it, friends — every
human being — every boy and girl — must sooner
or later begin to protect themselves and drive
out invaders. Robbers are all about us. It is
just like the bee-hive. If they discover a hu-
man being who seems stupid, who does not
know better, or who does not care, they march
right in upon him at once. I read in a paper of
some little boys who could not sleep because it
would be Fourth of July next morning. They
urged so hard to get up real early, and go out
to see the firing, that their good mother finally
consented to let them try going out in the
world. Almost as soon as they came in sight,
some bad boys discovered that they were un-
used to the streets, and one of these bad boys
grabbed a painted tin horn, just because he was
bigger than the little fellow who carried it. In
a little time they were robbed of all their trea-
sures, and went home with a tearful confession
to mamma, saying that she was right and they
were wrong. In this case the little friends were
too small to stand up for their rights. They
were not yet ready to go out into the world
without mamma, some older brother, or a
proper guardian. A good deal of the ruin of
human character comes about in this way.
Boys and girls are permitted to visit question-
able places, before the strong man within has
been sufficiently established to protect them
from harm.

Let us now look at the matter with grown-up
people. Evil men frequently plan to get a per-
son intoxicated if they wish to rob him. Only
last week the papers told of a boy from the
country, who sold a load of garden-stuflf in the
great city of Cleveland. Somebody spied him,
and guessed that he was not sharp enough to
take care of himself. In a little time he was
robbed of all his money and every thing else he
had about him that was worth any thing. He
told the police, with tears in his eyes, 'that he
drank only two glasses of beer that somebody
gave him. In that case the strong man did
not do his duty. One need not go to the cities,
however, to meet the enemy. He is lurking
everywhere. A visit to our jails and peniten-
tiaries will reveal pitiful stories and experiences
of how the strong man was bound, first by some
pretext or another. Sometimes, like Samson of
old. the strong man is led away from his post
of duty, and securely bound, by a designing
woman. Sadder still, sometimes even womun,
herself forgets to keep guard, or voluntarily
suffers the strong man to be bound. The ene-
my marches in ruthlessly; and, oh what ruin
follows then! The very qualities that would
make woman and motherhood the protector of
innocence, are dragged in the dust.

In my wheel rides I occasionally pass a great
tall chimney in a little country plac<^. For
years this great tall chimney poured forth
volumes of smoke; and busy workmen have
had work day after day for years past. During
the last year, however, that whole factory has
stood grim and silent. I watch in vain for the
smoke over that chimney-top. The whole com-
munity suffers. The busy workmen have gone
away to find work elsewhere if they can. Do-
you suggest that they had nothing to do?'
Why, they had plenty to do. Orders were on
hand when the factory shut down, and the
business was in a prosperous condition. It was
shut down almost without a moment's notice.
One of the principal owners was a woman.
She had managed well and wisely, and her
character was above reproach. Reports, how-
ever, had got abroad that this woman was more
intimate with the husband of another woman
than was necessary. She had been held in such
high esteem, however, that nobody believed it
until all at once the neighborhood and commu-
nity were startled by a terrible scandal. There
was no evading it this time. The ollicers of
the law had entrapped the guilty parties. One
piece of iniquity and crime after another was
unfolded; things speedily became complicated;
and although the factory had been well man-
aged, and every thing was in trim to go on with
a profitable business, it had to be shut down.
Its customers went elsewhere, and the expen-
sive machinery is left to rust and decay for
want of care. All this comes just because one
woman had suffered herself to be bound by th?
snares of Satan.

Years ago there was a shameful bank failure,
and a string of criminal defalcations was
brought to light. The bank was all sound, and
wa« doins a good business until the principal
officer fell into dissolute ways. I was but a boy
then, hut I happened to be an eavesdropper one
day when I could not well avoid it or get away^
from the voices near me. Somebody was up-
braiding this officer of the bank. I often think
of his words. He said something like this, iii
reply to what was said to him : " I fully realize
that my reputation is gone. Yes, I fully com-
prehend that I have proved traitor to my best
friends. I am no more worthy of the respect
which my wife and her relatives still extend to
me. My name is but a by word and a disgrace
to the community round about; and I lost it;
yes. I bartered it all for a sillv thing 1 ought to
he ashamed of, and that 1 am ashamed of. If
no one suffered but myself, I shouldn't care so
much; but it pains me to the bottom of ray
heart to see the innocent ones suffer — to see
those who have been kind to me, and who have
befriended me. suffer. I did not; mean to bring
all this upon me: I never dreamed such disaster
could come just because of this folly." His.
companion spoke lower, and I could not catch
what he said; but the guiltyjone replied: "Yes,
I have one of the best women in the world for
a wife. I have a pleasant home, and have, or
have had. the best people in the world for my
friends. There was no reason iu the world why
I should not have behaved myself and been a
man. The best thing you can do is to kick me-
out of sight, and forget me as soon as possi-
ble."

I have reason to think that this man soon
committed another crime — a worse one than all
that had gone before — a crime that he intended
should be murder. He nearly lost his life in
the attempt, and died not very long after, suf-
fering terrible agonies, both of body and mind.
And those who suffered by his downfall are
scattered throughout our community even yet.
All this came alwut by giving way to tempta-
tion— by permitting the strong man of the

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

6C5

house to be bound and rendered helpless by
letting impulse and passion rule instead of
conscience and manhood.

Perhaps, friends, some of you may think I do
not know. what it is to be tempted. Maybe
you think I do not have desires and impulses,
iike the rest of you. It is not true.

A few days ago, in traveling over that nice
graveled road between Cuyahoga Falls and
Hudson, O.. I made 1)4 miles in 'M minutes,
with my new 24-lb. wheel. That is not very
much for one of the 6oi/.<*, I know, but I felt
rather proud of it. After paying friend Terry
a visit I started back. The wind was at my
back, I had just had a good dinner, and felt
very much like making speed. Just ahead of
me was a smart young horse. The weather
was very dry and hot, and even on this gravel-
ed road the horse and buggy stirred up a little
dust. I started to go by, as 1 usually do, but
the driver accosted me something like this:
" See here, my friend, may be you can go by us
and may be you can't. But let's be fair about
it. Here, I will give you the smoothest part of
the road, and I will not get in your way. Now,
sir. go ahead and put in your best licks." He
seemed so pleasant and fair about it that it did
not occur to me at first that I should be racing.
You know how I have stood out, both in teach-
ing and practice, against any thing in the line
of racing or gambling. Yes, even when Hubcr
urged me to go to the wheel -races to see him
rid-', I preferred to be excused. As his mother
thought it was an almost harmless amusement,
in the way it was conducted, I consented that
Huber should go if he chose: but I felt that I
could not conscientiously go, even with the
boys, to the fairground, where they were to test
their wheels and muscles.* Let us now go
back to the graveled road.

I was so sure I could get ahead of the young
horse that I did not try very much; but I grad-
ually gained on him till I got ahead and then
slacked up. as it seemed to be only a pleasant,
good-natured test of what a modern wheel could
do. He was not satisfied, but wanted to try it
again. The horse was now getting warmed up
to business, and it took a little more muscle to
get ahead: but I finally left him far behind. I
slacked up again; but I gathered from his
manner that he was a little put out, perhaps to
think that an old gray -haired man like myself
should outrun his horse. He seemed to be try-
ing to do something to that horse — I could not
exactly understand what. But very soon the
horse started to pass me on a gallop. I had
heard the boys say that very few wheelmen
could distance a hofse on a dead run; but I had
gone by so easily before, I thought I would just
try it. I had work before me now in dead
earnest. The horse kept going faster and fast-
er, till he was bounding like a runaway. The
strokes of my feet on the pedals were also get-
ting faster and faster, and the light steel 24-lb.
racer was quivering and twisting with the
force of these heavy strokes like a willow whip.
I was getting somewhat near to the limit of my
strength; but I felt pretty sure that, if I would
make one more desperate offort, I could beat
the horse, even on a run. We were going at a
speed that was terrific — at least, it was terrific

♦Perhaps I mig-lit add thiit Huber did come out
ahead in two contests amonfi- boys of his own age-
one for fast riding and the other for slow riding.
By my advice, however, he refused to accept any
prizes. I told him that, if I were in liis place, I
"Would not accept of even a doughnut or a stick of
candy. Suppose, liowever, some of the spectators
should chncise to bet on the boy's strength and skill.
Here is the trouble, friends. If you engage in any
contest, you may, without knowing it, encourage
tJie gambling and racing mania.

SO far as my experience went. The man was
evidently vexed because I had beaten him
twice, and he was urging his horse on at a mad
rate. Of course, I was excited. Any one who
has Root blood in his veins will tell you that a
Root would die before he would be beaten —
that is, if he were to let impulse and pdssion
rule. Just here conscience began a remon-
strance. It seemed as if I could hear the voices
of both Ernest and Mrs. Root saying something
like this: "' () father! tatherl what are you
thinking of? and do you realize what you are
doing?" I slacked up and let the man go by.
May be he would have gone by any way. I
was not very much tired, and my strength was
not exhausted. A dozen times I meditated even
yet showing him what I could do. But I knew
it was not right. If we had been going through
a town where spectators were along the road,
it would have been the most natural thing in
the world for bets to be started. Some would
bet on the horse, and some on your humble ser-
vant. God forbid! Nobody shall ever bet on
me. or on any gift of brain or muscle that God
has given, if I can prevent it. Had any thing
broken about my wheel, or had even a screw
come loose, it would have been broken bones or
death. In fact, several deaths have resulted
already from some accident in wheel-riding in
this way. But that is not the point just now.
It is the gambling anu racing mania that we
need to consider a little; or, if you choose, in
the language of our text, it is the matter of
letting passion and the racing-craze bind the
strong man so that the poor victim really does
not realize what he is doing, or, may be, is
hardly responsible after he gets started. It is
the same with all other kinds of sin. We get
into it mconsciously. Again, I am not only a
professor of religion, but I am a deacon in the
church; and yet, there I had been straining
every nerve in my body for — what? To get
ahead of a man — a brother! Why. he toa may
be a deacon, for aught I know. Probably not,
however. You see, I am condemning myself by
my own actions. Well, I was quivering in
every nerve to get ahead — to get ahead of my
neighbor — ahead of that stout young horse
trained for racing. I really do not know much
about such matters, so I may be mistaken; but
this spirit of wanting to get ahead of others —
of your neighbors — what sort of spirit is it?
How does it harmonize with that text I have so
fondly repeated and quoted — "not to be minis-
tered unto, but to minister"? How does it
harmonize with the spirit our Savior taught
among the poor and lowly ? I hardly neea tell
you that this whole matter of racing, gambling,
prizefighting (and it all hangs together, dear
friends), is about as far off from the real spirit
of Christianity as any thing can well be. The
gambler, instead of following the injunction.
" Do good, and lend, hoping for nothing again,"
grabs from his neighbor without giving him
a/iy .sorf of equivalent; without conscience or
scruple he takes a poor man's hard earnings —
the hard earnings that are needed to furnish
his wife and children with bread and clothing,
and he appropriates the same to himself. His
whole aim in life is to get ahead of his fellows
— to get above them by crowding them down
and back. If God has given him strength of
muscle, he uses that strength to wrest the hard
earnings from the weak and defenseless, and
yet he grows into this state of heart by easy
steps. The whole attitude of the people engag-
ed in our recent strikes has been so far off, and
so far from the spirit of Christ, and seemingly
so oblivious of the fact that Christianity is in
our land at all, that one may wonder whether
they ever heard of the Bible or Christian teach-
ings. Such is the result of letting this world

6(56

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug. 15.

and worldly things bind the strong man or still
the voice of conscience.

In the same chapter from which I take my
text there is a beautiful verse describing the
character of Christ Jesus; and it should also,
dear friends, describe the actuating spirit of
his followers. Let us read it: "He shall not
strive nor cry, neither shall any man hear his
voice in the streets." Perhaps some may think
I am making too much of a little matter. They
may say it is right and proper to test the speed
of horses or of wheels. Well, I agree, provid-
ing the matter can be managed good-naturedly
and without strife. In the contest above, I
think my friend lost his temper when I came
out ahead. Of course, I was pleasant and good-
natured while I was the victor. It is easy
enough for the man who ivins, to look pleas-
ant. When the circumstances were changed,
however, and the horse ran ahead of me, I tell
you it was a pretty hard tussle for me to give
up. I was relating the circumstance to a lady.
She is a cousin of mine, and has the Root blood
in her veins. She too is a professing Christian.
When I told her about it she declared that, if
she had been in my place, she would have gone
ahead of that horse if it had been a possible
thing; and as I go over the matter and think
of it. my blood yet tingles, and one part of my-
self seems to feel sorry that I gave up: but the
better part— the ma?) /ly part and the ClirlstUtn
part— says most emphatically, "Get thee be-
hind me, Satan."

ON THE WAY TO LAKESIDE.

In riding a wheel we need not go over the
same ground unless we choose— that is. at a
season of the year like this, when the roads are
all passable: arid I always make it a point to
go one way and return another, in order to
study the country and see more of God's gifts
to his children. As there is an electric railway
from Norwalk to Sandusky, I decided to run
directly from Medina to Norwalk, and then, if
tired, I could ride a portion of the way. By
consulting my pocket-map I discovered that
East Townsend, where H. R. Boardman resides,
is a little north of Medina; therefore I took a,
diagonal bearing northward until I reached a
point directly east of East Townsend. Then I
selected an east and west road and followed it
straight ahead for about 30 miles, and was
pleased to find myself right before friend
Boardman's door. By consulting the parallels
on the map you can follow an east and west
road pretty accurately; and I was pleased to
find that a cheap pocket-map of Ohio was
accurate enough for the purpose, and to find also
that our east and west roads are laid out ex-
actly east and west. I started at 7 o'clock, and
had made something over 40 miles just as friend
B. and his people were sitting down to dinner.
His pretty home looks just as neat and tidy
during our intense drouth as it does at any
other time of year; and although he has but
little basswood, comparatively, in his locality,
he has, as usual, a crop of something over two
tons of beautiful basswood honey. His bees
were fed as usual, so as to have every colony
full and strong when the honey flow opened.
As the day was very hot, the bees were exceed-
ingly busy taking water from a feeder of his
own invention. He uses it for giving them

pure water, or forgiving them sugar syrup or
anv thing else he chooses. They are made of
half-gallon fruit-jars, on the atmospheric prin-
ciple. But he has an arrangement so that he
can lift anyone up to be replenished, and put
it back, without injuring a bee. He also uses
it as an entrance feeder, without having any
unpleasantness, even though he was feeding
thick sugar syrup right during the middle of
that hot August day. His crop of honey hangs
overhead in the room where he winters his
bees. The room, although above ground, is as
cool as a cellar, during the heated months of
July and August.

After chatting until nearly time for the elec-
tric train to leave Norwalk, I started ahead.
On reaching there I was informed that the
electric car would not receive my wheel unless
it happened to be one that had a freight car
along with it. I asked what speed they made,
and found I could pretty nearly equal it with
my wheel, make a sure thing of my passage,
and save my money. In all such cases, the
simplicity of a wheel commends itself. In com-
ing home on the same route I was informed at
the office in wSandusky that it would be an hour
and a half before any cars would leave Nor-
walk; and as 10 miles is not a big ride for that
length of time. I found I could make the trip
while I was waiting for the car.

Up toward the lakeshore we meet with a
serious obstacle to wheeling, in the dry loose
sand. By a piece of thoughtlessness I took in
a strip of this soft sand for about two miles;
and had it not been for the experience and
drill that I told you of a year ago in coming
from Akron after dark. Saturday night, I fear
1 should have had to walk the whole distance.
And, by the way. when I tried hard that night
to remember the Sabbath day to keep it holy, I
made a big investment that 1 did not know of,
in learning to ride through sand. One who has
had little experience would declare the thing
to be impossible; but I think I could manage
to get through almost the worst piece of sandy
road we have here in Ohio, without getting off
my wheel; but it is hard work, and it does not
pay unless you happen to get caught. Inquire
ahead, and avoid sandy roads where possible.

I reached Sandusky just as the evening boat
was preparing to leave the wharf, making (>(>
miles in about 7 hours, that being the longest
ride I had ever made in one day. I wanted to
make Port Clinton before going to Lakeside;
therefore I purchased a ticket to the nearest
point to Port Clinton, leaving the clerk to de-
cide what point that should be. They landed
me on Catawba Island. For a time I was some-
what concerned; for what can one do on a
wheel on an island? Somebody kindly informed
me, however, that Catawba Island is attached
to the main land by a bridge. Catawba Island
is at present the center of the great peach in-
dustry. When I arose next morning at the
peep of day a sight met my eyes that was worth
the whole trip. Beautiful luxuriant peach-
trees were growing everywhere. The leaves
were not curled, and the trees did not have
gum oozing out of worm -holes. In fact, the
trees were all healthy and sound, and models
of thrifty luxuriance. Some of the trunks were
as large in diameter as fair-sized apple-trees,
and the heads are usually trained so as to be
about evenly balanced. Each trip the steamer
makes, it carries away great loads of baskets of
beautiful peaches.

Catawba does not seem to be a town — at
least, there were no houses except great board-
ing-houses. They are not hotels, for there is
no sign out — at least, I did not see any; and I
understand they are mainly for visitors, who
use it as a pleasure-resort. There were former-

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

6()7

ly great quantities of Catawba grapes raised
here; but they are now cutting them out and
putting in peach-trees instead. The trees are
planted between the rows of grapes, and the
latter removed when the trees begin to bear.
One of the passengers asked me wtiat I supposed
they called those peach orchards worth an
acre. I guessed two or three hundred dollars.
He said the orchards along the lakeshore. in
full bearing, were valued at from two to three
thousand dollars per acre. Surely, farming
does pay— at least, some kinds of farming.
Even away back from the coast, he said, the
orchards were frequently sold for from five
hundred to ten hundred dollars per acre. I
supposed that we should, of coi;rse, have
peaches on the bill of fare: but one of the guests
told me they would have no peaches while they
were so high-priced as at present, fine early
ones bringing *:3.00 and upward per bushel by
the wholesale. I greatly enjoyed ray ride
tlirough the great peach-groves, some of them
comprising sev^eral thousand trees, and so on
through to Port Clinton.

It was at the latter place that I had a pleas-
ant visit with our friend Julius Johannsen,
who has written somewhat for these pages.
The drouth has been unusually severe in his lo-
cality; in fact, great cracks or fissures showed
themselves in the rich black ground comprising
his garden. He had an opinion that it was not
of much use to cultivate while the weather
was so very dry; but I felt quite certain he
could stop the ground from cracking and get
tolerable crops by keeping two or three inches
of the surface soil stirred constantly, and kept
fine and mellow. This is the secret of their
raising crops without irrigation, in California;
and. in fact, the finest peach-orchards on Ca-
tawba Island are cultivated so constantly that
the ground was as fine and mellow as a posy-
bed, and not a weed was to be seen.

Of course, there is not any honey when
months pass without any rain. If I am correct,
friend Johannsen has not yet taken a pound
from his hives. Hi-^ ground is nicely under-
drained, and he is getting small fruits well
started. His Uuid is a little oiitsidi! of the
peach locality; but plums do beautifully, and
he has something like 200 as handsome and
thrifty trees as I ever saw. His plum-orchard
is well-cultivated, and the earth is kept tine
and loose.

A beautiful graveled road runs from Port
Clinton to Lakeside. Just a woi'd here about
graveled roads. Through the sandy regions of
the northern part of the Stats of Ohio I have
been delighted to find some of the Hnest roads
for wheeling that can be made. In fact, one
can make better speed on them than he could
on a road made of planks, paving-stones, or
even sawed flagging. None of these can be
laid so that there is not an unpleasant vibra-
tion as the wheel goes over the joint. With
the graveled road, however, there is no break
and no jar. It may be undulating a little, but
these undulations are like the waves of the sea;
and one feels, while riding at high speed, as
if he were on the water. I have found the fin-
est roads in Marion County. There they have
also a soft dirt road at the side of the graveled
road; and in stimmertime some of the teams —
sometimes all of them— take the dirt road in
preference to the hard gravel; this leaves the
well-built and expensive road entirely for the
wheelmen. As the surface of the road is made
crowning, the summer rains wash off all soil,
dust, and trash, and the rubber tires strike
nothing but the smooth, unyielding graveled
surface. One day, after plowing through sand
and dust I struck one of these graveled pikes,
with a pretty good wind at my back. It seem-

ed like flying; and I pretty soon discovered
that my rate of speed frightened the teams in
the adjoining dirt road, and therefore I had to
slow up in passing. I once had an opportuni-
ty, however, of nuining four miles without any
thing to hinder; and as 1 looked at my watch
it showed that I made the four miles in ten
minutes. 1 do not think this can be, however.
I must have made a mistake of about five min-
utes in looking at my watch. In making these
fast runs, the chickens from the farmhouses
are a great annoyance — not so much those that
happen to be in the way, but those that get
frightened by such an unusual sweeping ap-
parition. I don't know what ails chickens'
sense. Instead of running out of danger, they
seem bent on running ixto it. They will man-
age to get right before your wheel, even if they
have to run several feet in order to get there;
and they will squall, and make the gravel fly
with both legs and wings, in an insane attempt,
apparently, to beat the wheel in a straight run.
Of course, we do not want to hurt them; and I
hope no wheelman is guilty of running over
chickens when it can be avoided. If it can
not, I think he had better offer to pay a reason-
able price for the damage done.

By the way, where there is not a graveled
road, there is now scarcely a road in Northern
Ohio where the wheelmen have not apparently
chosen a path on either one side of the road or
the other. After one wheelman selects a fair
runway, all the rest seem to follow by general
consent ; and the more the wheel-track is used,
the firmer and smoother it becomes. Where
the roads are very sandy, in a little time a very
good path (a very ndrrow one) will be made
right through the grass on the roadside. Such
a path is not hurt at all by foot-passengers. In
fact, the more it is used by the barefooted boys
and girls on their way to school, the nicer it be-
comes. It is a great mistake, however, to let
horses get into the wheelmen's path. I judge
that something will soon be done for the pro-
tection and encouragement of a way expressly
for wheels, where they will not interfere with
other travel, and where other travel will not
interfei-e with them.

In our next issue I will tell you something
about my exceedingly pleasant visit at Lake-
side; but I wish to mention one little incident
right here. At one point on my ride I saw a
fellow beating a poor old horse unmercifully.
Without thinking of the consequence. I turned
my wheel into his barnyard and was standing
by his side so quick that he hardly knew where
I came from. I asked him to stop whipping his
horse. He was mad at my sudden intrusion,
and refused. When I got out my pencil, how-
ever, and told him to please give me his name,
he cooled off a little. He said the horse came
very near running over his little girl, and he
was going to teach it not to do it again. I told
him I was a Christian man. but I believed in
fair as well as gospel, and that, unless he would
give me his promise not to whip the horse any
more, I would feel obliged to teach him some-
thing about the law. He finally promised, and.
to make sure he would keep his promise, I told
him I would ask a neighbor to keep watch of
him; and if he whipped any more horses in
that way he would be called to account. The
neighbor told me that this man had been fined,
several months before, for whipping the same
horse. Now, here is a suggestion: Have such
men put under this kind of bonds for good
behavior. It may be best for several of the
neighbors to join hands, in some cases.

Every tiling: is O. K. That Crane smoker is a dan-
dy. ~ Thos. Myers.
"Carsonville, Mich., May 22.

()68

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug. 1.1.

THE STERLING .STKAWBERRY, ETC.

Mr. Root: — I do not know what to think of
you, aftiT the praise you bestowed on the Ster-
ling strawberry, in former issues, espcL-ially
those very delicious ones you have so much en-
joyed at friend Terry's, and then have you in
your July 1st issue announce that you had con-
cluded to drop it from your list, and would re-
instate a former <Uscardcd variety which had
about ail the ^ood points of the Sterling. It
would look as though the Sterling wasn't much
of a berry after all, even though you had so
praised Mrs. Terry's canned ones. Perhaps
others, like myself, have been influenced by
the praise you iformerly bestowed on Mrs. Ter-
ry's canned Sterlings, and concluded that it was
the berry for them to plant. How is it, friend
Root — were you deceived, or were you almost
too lavish of your praise? A. D. P. Young.

Ashtabula, O., July 16.

I hardly feel like pleading guilty to either
charge, friend Y. The Sterling is an excellent
berry, and it seems like parting with one of
ray children, almost, to give it up: but there
are altogether too many strawberries recom-
mended. I saw a ciitaloff recently where one
man ofTered sometliing like loO different varie-
ties. It is trespassing on good nature and on a
suflfering public to inflict so many on them,
even if all are good. IMattlunv Crawford origi-
nated the Sterling a good many years ago. It
gave considerable promise, and he sold it for
quite a little sum of money. Either it did not
seem to please generally, or else the new owner
did not push it ; because, for some reason or
other, it fell back out of sight. But Terry got
hold of it; and as it suited him exactly for a
berry to can. he gave it prominence. After our
strawberry book was out I discovered that this
berry was very little known ; and I also found
that it was in many respects much like the
Warfield. The latter is generally known and
widely disseminated ; and after I had dropped
it I discovered that it seemed to be a general fa-
vorite all over the land, although, as E. C.
Green told me to-day (we were out on a wheel-
ride together, looking at the nice gardens and
farms of Medina County), the Warlii»ld does not
seem to do its best every year. Now, the point
is this: The Warfield is already well known,
and is in the hands of most of the strawberry-
growers. This is true to such an extent that
the Ohio Experiment Station, in a recent bulle-
tin where they gave a list of old '^ort« to be rec-
ommended, mentioned the Warfield first of all!
In view of this. I think itwa« unwise to drop it.
Now. as the Sterling has hardly been- intro-
duced, and is very little known, was it not wise
on my part to make the exchange I did? By
the way, I should be very glad indeed to get a
report from those who have purchased Ster-
lings. It is too sour a berry for most people,
unless they want one specially for canning;
and it is not nearly as productive, if I am cor-
rect, as the Warfield. I may add this much in
its favor: While visiting at Mr. L. B. Pierce's I
asked him what he thought of the Sterling;
and. if I remember correctly, he said it was one
of the best berries in the world: and then he
showed me a row of them, larger and finer than
any I have ever grown on my own ground, up
at one side of that strawhfM-rv- patch, on the
edge of the woods. We tiinxt sift our great
number of varieties, and choose a few of the

best. Of course, anybody who has a special
fancy for it can hold on to it as long as he
chooses. Let me quote what the Ohio Experi-
ment Station says in regard to old varieties:

'■ The best of the old varieties are W^arfiekl,
Bubach. Crescent, and Haverland; and no va-
riety seems to have been found that is likely to
supersede them."

THE TIMBKEI.L STRAAVBERRY.

In my recent review of strawberries, after it
was in "print I feared I had been a little too se-
vere on the Timbrell. A report from our good
friend Crawford, of Cuyahoga Falls, gives an
explanation to the white tip during this pres-
ent season; and as there are several other val-
uable points, we give the report below:

It has fruited here twice, and I am glad to re-
port that the plant is all that can be desired for
health, vigor, and productiveness; and it is cer-
tainly the latest of all so far. The fruit is very
large, usually of good shape, and of excellent fla-
vor. This season it failed to ripen uniformly witli
me, remaining white on the under side when red
above. I think this was owing mainly to the ex-
treme heat, and perhaps In some measure to the
fact that tlie soil was sandy, and no mulch was ap-
plied. A grower a few miles from here says that
his colored up all rlgiit. In this connection It is
but fair to say that the fruit Is of fine quality be-
fore it colors all over.

I have received reports from various quarters, ex-
tending over a wide area, and some of tliem place
It at the head of the list. A correspondent in Colo-
rado tells of ten berries that made a heaping quart,
and weighed 21 ounces. Anotlier in New Jersey,
who has had it several years, considers It the most
valuable variety ever iniroduced.

We also extract from friend Crawford's July
report the following excellent suggestions in
regard to planting strawbejTies generally, in
the fall:

FALL PLANTING.

The soil for strawberries should always be rich,
and this is especially necessary for fall-set plants,
as they can not send their roots to a great distance
In search of food In the short time in which they
have to grow. Old, well decomposed stable manure
Is excellent, and plenty of it should be used. It Is
well to apply it after the land is plowed, and then
harrow it until the horses have stepped on every
square toot. If the bed be small, the manure can
be worked in with the hoe. The soil should be
made firm before the plants are set. This will help
keep them from being thrown out by the frost. If
one is planting a large patch, which is seldom done
In the fall, it Is well to roll the soil. This not only
makes the bed firm and smooth, but also enables
one to see just where the surface Is, and to set tlie
plants at the proper depth. In planting a small
bed, my plan Is, to stretch the line where the row Is
to be, and spat it down with the back of a spade.
This gives a smooHi surface, with the Impression of
the line for a guide. If the soil be dry. I cover the
surface around the plants with a mulch of some
kind, and give one thorough watering. An excel-
lent plan Is to cut some grass when It s short and
green, and scatter it all over the plants. This gives
them sliade just when they need It; and as the
grass drlts up they become strong enough to do
without shade.

AN ONION ITEM FOR MR. ROOT.

My potato onions, which were badlv frozen
at Easter, made a very good crop. and. besides.
made an efTort upward as well; to wit. four or
five of the sets sent up stalks, •^ach bearing
about five little onions. Though I have grown
the potato onions a good many years, this is
the first instance of that kind that has occurred,
or that I know of. In each case it was one of a
bunch of sets, and not a large onion, that did
this. The«e little top onions were not ripe
when I had to take up the onions; but I ara
sorry that I did not try to ripen them and see
what th(>y would produce, as T may never have
another chance. M.S. Percivai..

Rugby. Tenn.

1S94

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

669

[Friend P.. I have never seen the potato onion
nor a muitipiier send np a seedstaik; and I
have been glad to thinli that we liave one
variety that we could feel sure would not
bother in that way; therefoit; 1 do not believe I
would encourage very much such a heterodox
proceeding. Our white-top onion-sots, a few of
them, sent up seed-stalks and produced sets.
Whether it was the large-sized ones that did
this or not, I can not tell.]

BUSINESS^^

ANAGER

thousands of plants, to be put out in tlie liot nionttis.
of July and August. Of course, during-^a severe
flroutli' you will liavo' to Avatur them a little when
tlrst put out; or pi'actice on a f ew at a time until
you know just what is necessary to make them live,
and then pl;int more largely as you gain ex|>erience.
Our experience is, that, if you are going to plant in
the fail at all, the sooner you can get >our plants
started, the better. Not- only every month t)ut ev-
ery week counts. Strawbeiries are a hardy plant;
and the cool weather of fall, even clear up into Oc-
tober and November, seems to be the most favora-
ble time for growth.

BUSHEI^ BOXES.

DOVETAILED CHAFF HTVE.

In Trade Notes for July 15 we described this hive
witli the new deep telescope cover overlapping the
rim. Some may want to secure these hives to put
theii' bees in for winter. The price of the liive-
body and telescope cm'er, without any inside furni-
tine or chaff to pack with, in Hat, including nails to
nail up with, in lots of r> or more, $1.01) each— 30
?.ents for the cover and TO for the hi\e without
eover. In next issue we will give a new list of
prices on these hives and others, including inside
furniture. Less than .'>, add 1.5 cents each extra;
and if nailed, painted, and chaff-packed, add 50
cents each.

DOVETAILED WINTER CASES.

These are show-n on page 24 of our catalog. They
consist of a body 17x23 inches inside, 11 !4 deep, with
padded sticks for the lower edge— a large telescope
cover about 7 inches deep overlapping the body.
This gives ample room for packing and cushioQ.
Price of these cases complete, in flat, including
nails to nail them up, 65 cts. each; lots of 10, $6.00.
Nailed and painted, 15c each extra, in same quanti-
ties. These cases, while designed especially for the
Ji-f rame Dovetailed hive, are plenty large enough
to go over a 10-frame L. hive of any style which
does not have a portico or other similar projection
from the outside.

60-LB. SQUARE TIN CANS.

We are prepared to furnish these from St. Louis.
Mo.. Conneaut. O.. or fioni here, at T.^c per box of 3
cans, with lV4-inch screws; $7 00 for 10 boxes. L)ts
of .50 or more boxes at 65c. The same can, with a
4 inch cap in addition. 10c pei- box exti'a. Pack- d
one can in a box. at 50c per box ; •?t.20 for 10. or 40c
each in lots of £0 or more; .5c extra if the 4-inch cap
is wanted. Screw-cap honey ga'es, to fit l>^-inch
cap. for regulating the How of honey from these
cans, 15c each If you order these gates at a differ-
ent time from the cans, .send a cap like the one you
want to tit; or say when and where you got the
cans. The screw caps vary a little in size from dif-
feient factories.

STRAWBERRY-PLANTS IX AUGUST.

We are now prepared to furnish Jessie. Parker
F.arle, Micliel's Early. Bubach, Edgar Queen, and
Haverland, at the unifoi m price of 15 cts. tor 10; 75
CIS. per IOj, or .J6 00 per icOii. If wanted by niail.
add 5 cts. for 10, or 25 cts. per 100. for postage. Post-
•Aue to Canada will be double the above prices.
The first three are perfect varieties; the remainin.tr
four are imperfect. Michel's Early we recommend
as a fertilizer tor all of the extra early varieties
We can also furnish Timbrell, nice strong plants,
at three times the above prices. Tlie Timurell is
also imperfect; and were it ijot for the fact of its
mottled appearance on the tip when it is ripe, it
would probably be one of the leading s rawberii< s
of ihi^ present time. Another season may decide
how much of an objection this is to the plant.
Those who have not had experience in fall jilant-
iny. had, perhaps, better oider a few at a time, un-
til they are sure they can maUe tliem jrrow. We
feel certain that fall planting— that is, the plan of
putting in strawberries on all your rich ground as
soon as it is vsicited — is getting to be more and
more of a .success; for we are filling oi'ders, not
only for tens, but for hundreds, and, with some, for

The above cut shows our popular all- slatted
hiishel hox. We have two other styles; one has
slatted bottom and sides with solid ends in three
pieces called the .sZ/i/^ci/ ?(i(,s//ff ?»a-. The other has
solid ends and close bottom and siaes, and is bt)und
with galvanized iron and called the golvanizedlxnmd
hox. These boxes were devised by T. B. Terry for
handlimf potatoes, for wiiich purpose nothing could
be handier. The potatoes are picked up into the
boxes in the field and left in them till sold. Other
crops, such as cucumbers, tomatoes, and apples are
being handled in these same boxes. They are of
such a size that two go crosswise in an ordinar.v
wagon-box. Outside meHSure is 14Vxl6%xl2X deep,
and they hold a bushel of potatoes level full so they
can be piled one upon another. The above cut
shows two all-nlatted boxes nailed up, and a bundle
o*' 15 alongside; 111 of the 15 are in the flat, packed
inside the other two, and nails of the proper kinds
are im-luded. The slatted and galvanized hound boxes
are put up in the same way, except there are only 12
in a package instead of 15. Each package weighs
about 85 to 90 lbs.

PRICE LIST.

All-slatted bushel box, per crate of 15 _ $1 .50

Slatted bushel box, per crate of 12 1 50

Galvanized bound bushel box, per crate of 12 — 2 10

In lots of ten crates, 6 per cent discount will be
deducted. Price each, nailed, 15. 18, and 22 cents,
respectively. A 2li-i)age pamphlet called Handling-
Farm Produce, telling all about these boxes, mailed
free on application.

KIKD WORDS FROM OUR CUSTOMERS.

Gleanings beats them all for advertising.
Bristol, Vt., June 21. A. E. Manum.

I .am usins: your make of hives and sections this
season. Thev are the best and finest I ever saw.
Orchard, Col., July 2ti. J. W. Hackney.

Over a year ago I purchased a 7 drawer sewing-
machine from you, and it has been in use ever since;
and I wish to say that we are pleased with it. My
wife says she can not recommend it too highly, and
can cheerfully recommend it to any one wishing a
flrst-class machine at a moderate price. I can sai'
the same about the mower.

Northville, Mich., July 7. Samuel Wilkinson.

670

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug. 15.

Queens! Queens!

Now ready by return mail.

Bred in full colonies liom tlie best lioney-gather-
inp strains in the country. All queens warranted
purely mated, and safe arrival guaranteed. 1 have
three distinct strains— golden yellow and dark
leather-colored Italians, also Albinos.

Tested, each $1-5(1

Tested, per Vi doz 7. .50

Warranted, each 75

Warranted, per H doz 4.00

Warranted, per doz 7.50

Send for 44-page descriptive catalogue.

W. W. GARY, Colrain, Mass.

5 = Banded Untested Italian Queens

For the balance of th"? season at 50 cts. ; tested, $1.00;
breeding-queens, the very best, $1.50. These
are Doolittle's strnin, and are golden beauties. Fine
tested, fromimported Italian mothers, 75c. Safede
livery. Money order office, Decatur.

Cleveland Bros., Stamper, Newton Co., Miss.

Will you please mention Gleanings ?

STRONG, FULL COLONIES

of Pure Italian Bees, in Root's new
Dovetailed hive, after June 1, only
$4.00 each.

N. A. KNAPP, Rochester, Lorain Co., 0.

Bees and Queens.

I am now prepared to fill all orders on short notice
at the following low prices:

Untested queen $ 75

6 untested 4 00

1 1-frame nucleus. 1 00

1 3-f rame nucleus ^50

Bees by the pound 75

1 to 5 colonies fi 00

Queens wanted with nucleus, add price.

E. A HAEKIS, Nc. Petersburg, Eenss Co., N. 7.

Tested Queens,

Kaised last fall from my choice Italian stock, yel-
low and unsurpassed workers,

75 cts.

Keady to ship now. Hybrids, 25 cts.

jr. A. a RE EjV, Ottawa, 111.

World's Fair Hedal

Awarded my Foundation. Send for free
samp/es. Dealers, write for wholesale prices.
Root's new Polisliecl Sections and other goods
at his prices. Free Illustrated Price List of every
thing needed in the apiary. JVI H Hiiirf
Bell Branch, Mich. ^''« •*• iiU»»l-.

TESTED ITALIAN QUEENS, f^^:^

ed, 81.50; untested, 65 cts. Two-frame nucleus, with
tested queen, $3.00; with untested queen, $1 50.
Queens ready April 1.

Stewart tfc Coopex-, Queheelc, Tenn.

TAKE NOTICE

BEFORE placing your orders for SUPPLIES, write
for prices on One-Piece Basswood Sections, Bee-
Hives, Shipping-Crates, Frames, Foundation, Smo-
kery, etc. PAGE & KEITH,
Stt'db New London. Wis.

BBB'S!

Golden Italian Queens.

X doz. untested queens $4 00

1 doz. untested queens 8 00

Fine queens for breeding purposes 3 00
Sample of bees upon application. I
can please you. Send a trial order.
,T. F. MIOIIA.EI.,

Ciennnn, Darke Co., O.
^?°In responding to this advertisement mention Gleanings.

riother Bees.

If you wish the best of queens, or mother bees,
send" me your orders. Untested queens, 3 or 5 band,
75c each; $4.25 for 6, or $8.00 per dozen. Tested 3-
band queens, $1.-50 each; fine 3-band breeders,
thoroughly tested, the hest, $5.00 each; straight
5-band breeders, faultless queens, $10.00 each. Root's
goods, Dadant's foundation, and Bingham smokers.

Jennie Atchley, Beeville, Bee Co., Tex.

t^"In respondinc to this ailvertiseinent mention (iLEANlNQB.

if you keep liEBS,
Subscribe for the Pro-
gressive Bee-keeper, a

journal devoted to Bees,
Honey, and kindred in-
^^^^^^^^^^^^^_^ dusti'ies. 50 ets. per
year. Sample copy,
also a beautifully illustrafed catalogue of Bee-
keepers' supplies, FUEE. Addri ss
LEAHY MFG. CO., H/GGINSV/LLE, MO.

Warranted Queens, 75c.

Five-band strain, bred for business, six for
$3.25; dozen for $6.00. See former atis., and send
for circular. Safe arrival and satisfaction iritar-
anteetl. J. B. CASE, Port Orange, Fla.

iSrin responding to this advertisement mention Qleajonos

PATENT WIRED COMB FOUNDATION

Has 2^0 Sag- in Brood-frames.

Thin Flat -Bottom Foundation

Has no Fishlsone in the Surplus Honey.
Being the cleanest, it is usually worked
the quickest of any foundation made.

J. VAN DEUSEN & SONS,

12tfdb Sole nanufacturers,
Sprout Brook, Montgomery Co., N. Y.

larin responding to this advertisement mention GLBANiNGa

SPECIAL OFFER FOR THE
NEXT SO DAYS.

Untested 5-banded queens. 50 cts. each ; six, $3.00;
warranted, each, 60 cts.; six, $3.50; tested, 75 ots.
Reference, A. I. Root.

J^eiTiinger Bros., -Ft. ,Tenninsrs, O.
|9*In responding to this advertisement mention GLEANiNa»

MUTHS

HONEY
EXTPACTOP.

Square Glass Honey-Jars,
Tin Buckets, Bee-hives,
Honey Sections. Etc., Etc.
Perfection Cold-blast Smokers.
APPLY TO

CHAS. F. MUTH & SON, Cincinnati, 0.

V. S— Send 10-ct. stamp for " Praetioal Hints to Bee keepers."

Read what J. 1. Parent, of
Chaklton, N. Y., says— "We
cut with one of your Combined
Machines last winter 50 chafif
hives with 7-inch cap, 100 honey-
racks, 500 broad frames. 2.0<)0
honey-boxes, and a great deal of
other work. This winter w e
have doubled the amount of bee-
^ hives, etc., to make, and we ex-
pect to do it all with this saw.
It will do all you say it will."

Catalogue and Price List free. Address W. F. &

JOHN BARNES, 545 Ruby St., Rockford, 111.
When more convenient, orders for Barnes' Footr

Power Machinery may be sent to me. A. I. Root.

eiotf Please mention this paper

1894

CLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

675

Square Glass

Honey=Jars.

REDUCTION.

Have just received a carload of Honey-jars wliicli
we offer at a discount of 5 per cent on all orders of
two gross jars or over, and at a discount of 10 pe7'
cent on all orders of five gi'oss or over, otl list
prices. Send for catalog.

CHAS. F. MUTH & SON,

& 978Central Ave., Cincinnati, Oliio.

tSfln responding to this advertisement mention Gleanings,

METAL
WHEELS

for your

WAGONS.

Any size yon want, 20
to 56 in high. Tires 1
to 8 in wide— hubs to
fit any axle. Siavee
Cost many times in
a season tu have set
of low wheels to fit
your wagon for hauling
grain, fodder, manure,
bogs. A-c. No resetting of
tires Citl'g free Address
JEMPIRE MFG. CO.,

Q,ulncy, 111.

C^ln res|)OiuiinK to liiis aiiverti-cnifni i... ,,iiun (^i.kanings

o<Promptness is What Counts. >o

Honey-jars, Sliipping-eascs, a"d e\ery tiling
that bee-l\eev)ers use. Root's Goods at Root's
Prices, and the Best Shipping=point in the
Country. Dealer in Honey ami ISeeswax.
Catalog free.

WALTER S. POUDER,

162 Massachusetts Ave., Indianapolis, Ind.

Hlease mention this paper

Gash for Beeswax!

Will paj' T2c per lb. cash, or S.^jc in trade for anj
quantity of good, fair, average beeswax, delivered
at our K. R. station. The same will be sold to thost
wlio wish to purchase, at 30c per lb., or 33e for 'i>'k'
firlectcd irit.r. O/d C(>mh>i will not be accepted U7u1er
any coiisidrratinu.

Unless you put your name nn the hox, and notify
us by mail of amount sent, I can not hold mysel'
responsible for mistakes. It will not pay as a gei -
eral thing to send wax by ex\yres».

A. I. ROOT, Medina. Oliio

STATE imm^ AGYLISM,

Austin, Texas, Aug, 3d, 1894.
Pa<je Woven Wire Fence Co., Adrian, Mich.

Gcnt'.emen:— Replying to yours of 21 ult. I
beg xo iiiiO' m yoa t.iixt the Tools we-e shipi-ed
to-day. 1 lie fence is giving entire satis-
faction, .nnd I consider it the best wire fence
I have seen. KusiXictfully,

F. S. WHITE, Supt.

The above testimonial was given after
two years trial.

PAGE WOVEPJ VJl^.": rZWE CO., Adrian, Wich.

t^iii rfspoiidintr to this advertisement mention Gleanings.

Bees and Supplies

Always on hand. Send for circular.

I. kT. Strinijrham, 105 PurU Place, A% V.

g^"In responding to this advertisement mention Gle.\ning8.

We have made ari'angements whereby we can
furnish Carniolan queens at the same prices as for
Italians; viz.. untested, during this and the next
two month.s. 75 cts. Select untested, il.UO. Tested,
$1 5' I. Select tested, ^2 50. We place our own guar-
antee upon these queens, and feel sure they will
give satisfaction to those who desire the gray Car-
niolan stock. We are also prepared to furnish
untested three-lianded Italians and four and five
banded queens at the same prices. We will also
furnish tested Italian queens of last year's raising
at the same price as untested as long as they last.
Any of the above-mentioned queens, of the plain
untested, or last year's tested, and one new sub-
scription to Gleanings, Sl.riO.

A. I. ROOT, Medina, Ohio.
Do Not Order

Until you liave written us for prices on
the "iJoss" One-Piece Section.

Also D T. Hives, Shipping-crates, and oth-
er supi)lies.

We have just completed a large addition
to our factory, which doubles our tloor-
room, and therefore we are in better shape
than ever to fill orders on short notice.
Write for price list.

J. FORNCROOK & CO.,

Watertown, Wis., Jan. 1, 1894. l-3-.5tfd

I^"In responding to this advertisement mention Glevkings.

Dovetailed Hives, Simplicity Hives,

SECT/0/\/S. EXTRACTORS. ETC.

FULL LINE OF

BEE-KEEPERS' SUPPLIES.

6O-PAGE CATALOGUE. Itfdb

J. M. Jenkins, Wetumpka, Alabama.

67()

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Skpt. 1.

Contents of this Number.

Advertisinsr. ( 'ontinuous 697

Alley's Improved Trap 696

Arundell's Apiary 683

Bees Carryinsr Egrgs 686

Brood-nest, Size of. 6X7

Candy for Cages 694

Eggs. Bees Moving 686

Feitilizing in Confinement.. 695

Hives, Small, for Queens 69'

H.ybrids. Disagreeable ....698

Jones, H. L 698

Lakeside 699

N. A. B. K. A 680

Ontario Association 68.t

Propolis 69S

Queens. Hybrid. Finding... 698

Queens, Reaiing 69.)

Rambler at M.-Iniyre's 681

Raspberries, Grannis on.. 702

Root E. R 690

Salt in Candy 689

Sections Over Dummies 6X7

Sick, Robbing the 68.5

Souvenir. St. Joseph 697

Statistics, Honey 693

Stenographic Reports dS^

Stiawberries, Monim's Card.703

Tillage. Excessive 703

Trap, Alley, Imj)roved 696

Yields, California 685

CONVENTION NOTICES.

The bee-keepers of Utali will hold their semi-annual conven-
tion at Salt Lake City, Oct. 1, 1891. J. C. Swaner, Sec.

CHANGE OK DATE - IMPORTANT NOTICE.

In order to let all bee-keepei's who can. take advantage of

the Harvest Excursion rates which will br t^iven Oct. 9th. we

have concluded to change the date of tin- meeting to Oct. 10th,

11th, 12th. The rate will be half fare iilus $2.00. These rates

apply east of the Missouri River only. Ask your railroad

agent about them. Special rates of lli fare will no doubt be

secured in the territory coveied by the Western Passenger

Association. These will be announced later, it secured.

St. Joseph, Mo., Aug. 25. E. T. Abbott, Pres,

Agricultural papers will please note the change above.

Black and Hybrid Queens For Sale.

For the benefit of friends who have black or hybrid queens
which they wish to dispone of, we will insert notices as below,
first insertion free of charge. After the first, 10 cents per line.
We do this because there is hardly value enough in these
queens to pay for buying them up arid keeping them in stock,
and .vet it i- oftentimes quite an accommodation to those who
can hot afford higher-priced ones.

About ten nice yellow misrriMted Italian queens
for sale at 2.') cents each, or r> for #1.0(1. Tlioy are all
young- and piolifir.

W. F. Stuart, Bex 439, Ottawa, Kas.

Woodcliff A No. 1.

In order to introduce my strain of l)eaiitiful yel-
low Woodclit'f Queens, wiiicli are brid from
an imported leather rolored Italian crossed with
tlie best 5-banded slock I can procure l)j- Uoolittlc
method, I will sell iviia'"inf eed purel.v mated un-
tested uueens at 7.") cts. each. As I produce iarffe
quantilies of comb lioney. I breed prlncipiiUy for
lai'ffe honey-gal lierers. Apiaries near Philadelphia.
Address

WM. A. SELSER, Wyncote, Pa.

Adel Queens and Bees.

A new strain of liciutiful .xt'lhiw-ba nded bees
QiU'eii and Am. Apiculturist one > ea , . $1 (in.

H. A. LEY, Wenham, ltf!as^.

FOR THOROUGHBRED HrilTMn*^

SALE. * ENGLISH BEAGLE • •^^^'^*-'*^'

Best Dogs in the WORLD for Rabbits.

.Tames An^/rews, - Hed House, A''. "!'•

FOR SALE, 37 COLONIES OF BEES.

One Hundred Dollars will buy the lot

if taken liere. No foul br(jod. Address

C. E. COOK, Starrville, Mich.
500 YOUNG FERRETS

Now ready to shii)atonly *:!.00
a pair. Price list of Iteesand
Ferrets fie">. N. A. Knapp, _ ^

Rochester, Lorain Co.,0. "^^ . ,;":j^^

iCS^In respond mg to Ui-.-~ u.n ,Tii.-ei.., ... '■m-ntioii (Jl,^..\^l^

CHAS. ISRAEL & BROS., 110 Hudson St., N. Y.

HONEY

WHOLESALE

DEALEBS &

COMMISSION

MEKOHAHTS.

Established

1875.

BEESWAX.

LIBEEAL
ADVANCES.
MADE
ON

ooNsiau-

MENTS.

BUFFALO, N. Y. Unsurpassed Honey Market.
BATTERSON & CO. Responsible, Reliable,
Commission Merchants, tgttdb and Prompt.

Wants or Exchange Department.

Notices will be inserted under this head at one ha If our usu-
al rates. .\1I advertisements intended tor this department
mu<t not exceed five lines, and you must say you want your
adv't in this department, or we will not be responsible for er-
rors. Toucan have the notice as many lines as you please,
but all over Ave lines will cost you according to our regular
rates. This department is intended only for bona fide ex-
changes. Exchanges for cash or for price lists, or notices of-
fering articles for sale, can not be inserted under this head.
For such ourregular ratesof 20cts. a line will be charged, and
they will be put with the regular advertisements. We can not
be responsible for dissatisfaction arising from these "swaps."

WANTED.— To exchange several good safety bi-
cycles. Honey wanted. Send sample.

J. A. Green, Ottawa, 111.

WANTED.— To exchang-e 200 colonies of bees for
any thing useful on plantation.

Anthony Opp, Helena, Ark.

WANTED.— To exchange extracted honey, good
quality and flavor, for supplies, sections, ship-
ping-crates, etc. Low freight rates.

R. L. Tucker, Wewahitchka, Fla.

ANTED.— To exchange complete Business Col-
lege t)utflt, for bee or apiarian supplies.

J. A. BowEN, HoUister, Cal.

W

WANTED.— By willing young man of twenty-
three, employment during the winter or longer,
not particular. Best of references. Tr.y me.

Address Wm. J. Manlev', Yale, Mich.

ANTED. — An apiarv on shares in any Southern
State. A. Cauper, Hebron. Boone Co., Kj-.

w

VI7ANTED.— A situation to work at bees in Cuba
Vt the coming winter; have liad experience.
Address R. T. Stinnett,

West Groton, Tompkins Co., N. Y.
Kef., W. L. Cogg.shaU, West Groton, N. V.

WANTED.— To exchange one electric motor and
8-in. fan and pulleys, valued at $18; seven one-
gal, jars and batteries, valued at $21; wires and
two small electric lights, valued at $4, for bees, new
bee supplies, etc.

Dr. Ball, Moose Meadow, Conn.

W

ANTED.— To exchange blackberry-plants, for
foot-power sawing-machine or bicycle.
E. P. Churchill, Haliowell, Kennebec Co., Me.

WANTED.— To exchange line youngltalian queens
for alsike clover seed. Those having seed please
wi'lte and state price.

Thos. E. El.'VM, Mulberry Grove, Bond Co., 111.

A RARE CHANCE ! For lung or catarrh trouble,
with $20110. Wanted.— To exciiange 130 acres of a
nice River Front Home, and young orange grove,
for the keeping of man and wife, or work.

Address Box 77, Manatee, Fla.

1894

(JLKANINCiS IN BEE CULTURE.

Honey Column.

CITT MARKETS.
HoSTON. — Koney.—Ouv market remsiins l.liesiimo
;ls lust mouth. Liglit deinaiid and a fair supply.
Comb honey in 1-lb. sections, lt@lG; extracted, fi(gi6.

E. E. iJLAKK & Co.,

Aug. 20. Boston, Mass.

CLKVELAND.—HoJiejy.— Honey is very slow sale at
present. No. 1 white is selling: at 13; No. 3, 11. liees-
wa.x. :i3@25. Williams Bkos.,

Aug. 18. 80 & 82 Broadway, Cleveland, O.

St. Louis.— Ho/iey.— There are no changes to date.
Honey is in liglit demand at former quotaiions,
leceipts of new arriving slowly. Prime beeswax, ~6
D. G. TuTT Grocer Co..

Aug. 21. St. Louis, Mo.

Kansas Citv.— Ho/icy.— Eeceipts very light. De-
mand for comb improving. We quote No. 1 while
1-11).. ir)@16; No. :.', 13@14r; No. 1 amber, 14. Extract-
I'd, 5®;. Beeswax, 22@25.

Hamblin & Bearss,

Aug. 20. Kansas City, Mo.

St. Louis.— Honej/.— Choice white-clover honey in
1-lb. sections, 34 to 32 lb. cases, is in fair demand at
about 14 cts. per lb. Inferior comb honey not
wanted. Extracted honey, as to quality and pack-
age, is worth from 3 to 5 cts.— the outside price for
choice stock in cans, while inferior goods in barrels
are worth from 3@3X, and choice 4@4'/^. Bt-eswax
is in good demand. Prime stock, 20; grease wax
and burnt, half-pr ce. The movement in lioney in
ihis market has been very liglit for the past six
months, but if we can rely upcm reports from the
country, the crop of honey in this section will be
very short this season on account of dry weather.
Westcott Co.M. Co.,

Aug. 20. St. Louis, Mo.

New Vork.— HoHCiy.- We have had a few inquiries
for new comb honey; also some small shipments of
new crop. Demand is as yet limiied, but we expect
a good opening. The weather is too warm yet, and
the consumption hardly begun. Piices now ruling
would not be a criterion of what they will be when
the season has fairly op^'ned. Clover, 1 lb sections,
fancy. 14; fair, 1--'@13; mixed. 1U@11. Extracted
honey is in beiti-r demand for manufacturing pur-
poses. Southern, 50 to tiO cts. per gallon; Northern,
.5@7 per lb. Beeswax, 2.i@28.

Chas Israel & Bros ,

Aug. 23. 110 Hudson St., New York, N. Y.

Kansas City.— Ho?iej/.— New comb honey is com-
ing In; selling at ]r)@lfi for No. 1 white 1-lb. comb;
No. 2. 13{S),14; No. 1 amber, 12@13; No. 2, I0@12; ex-
tracted, 5@T. Beeswax, 22(§>25.

Clemons, Mason & Co.,

Aug 20. Kansas City, Mo.

Detroit.— Houejy.— White comb honey, ]r)@16 cts.
in 12-lb. cases No dark offered. Extracted, (j(S>".
Beeswax. 23@24. M. H. Hunt,

Aug. 20. Bell Branch, Mich.

Albany.— Honcj/.— Receipts as large as usual at
this si'ason of the year, but customers are not dis-
posed lo buy until a little later iti the season, and
there is no established market pi ice yet. We think
prices will be about 1 he same or a little better than
last season. Indications are that i he crop will not
be as large. Chas. McCui.loih & Co..

Aug. 21. 393, 393, & 397 Broadway, Albany, N. Y.

Alfalfa honey, very white, "dead ripe," thick and
rich; $6.2.5 ftir two tju-lb. cans. Address

Oliver Foster, Las Animas, Colo.
(Late of Mt. Vernon, Iowa.) eoitf

For Sale.— Choice white-clover comb honey, 14c;
other grades less. A. P. Lawrence,

Hickory Corners, Barry Co., Mich.

Wanted.— Comb and extracted honey. Will pay
cash. Make offers and state quantity.

Jos. Nysewander, Des Moines, la.

5 tons choice comb honey for sale in 1 and IX lb.
sections at iz and 11 cts. per lb.; 24 sections in each
(Show) case; good goods in 2(j0-lb. lots, f. o. b.
S. J. S.MiTH's Apiary and Stock-farm,

^Padelfords, N. Y.

lOOO lbs. thick lione>-. mostly basswood, for sale at
8 cts. here. W. H. S. Grout, Kennedy, N. Y.

A carload of flue extrac!ted alfalfa honey, well
ripened, in 60-lb. square cans, at 7c, f . o. b. cars here.
Samples by mail. Alkin Bitoo., Loveland. Col.

Comb and extracted honey wanted, in large or
small lots. Consignments solicited. Reference, A.
I. Root, or Union National Bank, Denver.

R. K. & J. C. Frisbee, Dc'uver, Col.

4000 lbs. nice extracted honey for sale.

W. C. Gathright, Cameron, Tex.

Buffalo.— Ho/iey.— Strictly fancy honey at about
13(a'14; .selling somewhat better. We will advance
about 10 per cent per lb. upon several tons of strict-
Ij' fancy honey for the ensuing season. Common
honey is sel.iiig all the way lower, as to conditii-n,
etc. We can place it to as good advantsige as it can
be sold anywhere. Batterson & Co.,

Aug. 18. Buffalo, N. Y.

CHICAOO.—J7o)(cy.— Consignments of comb honey
are more frequent, and some little accumulation is
noticed. Sales of best grades are made at 1.5(iS]6.
E.xtracled, 5@i7, according to kind and quality.
Beeswax. 23@25. R. A. Burnett & Co.,

Aug. 18. 163 So. Water St., Chicago, III.

Milwaukee. — Honeij. — This market olfers as good
inducements to sliippers of choice honey as any. and
the best qualities of either comb or extracted are
appreciated. The demand for new in sections is
very small now. Extracted is coming to us qubc
liberally, isof very fine quality, and is mo(>ting (juite
ready sale. Any one wlio has choice extracted lo
sell will please write us, as we buy, and will now
quote, for choice white 1-lb. secti(ms, new crop, 1.5(rtj
16. White extracted, in good p;ick;itres. IGol^; dark,
in good packages, 5@6. Beeswax, •.'()(?;.2r).

A. V. liiSHOi' & Co.,

Aug. 22. Milwaukee, Wis.

Cincinnati.— Hoiifiy-Di'mand is slow for all
kinds of honey. We quote extracted honey at 4(g,6
cts. per lb. on arrival. Comb honey jit 13(«>Ui for be^t
white. There is a fair demand for beeswax at 2U®23
lor good to choice jellow.

Chas. F. Mi^th & Son,

Aug. 20. Cincinnati, O.

For Sale —Alfalfa honey, comb and extracted.
j Prices to suit the hard times. Charles Adams,

Greeley, Col.

For Sale.— TOGO lbs. of fine, ripe, extracted bass-
wood honey, highest offer takes it. Also Italian
Bees and Fo.x-hound pups,
eift Elias Fox, Hillsboro, AVis.

Wanted.— To buy quantity lots of Avhite comii
and dark extracted honey.

B. Walker, Evart, Mich.

EDWIN ROBINSON. W . M. GRAY.

ESTABLISHED 1866.

Robinson & Gray,

SUCCESSORS TO

B. F. Southwick & Co.,
Foreign and Domestic Fruits, Canned Goods.

47 4 43 South Market and 5 & 5 Ohathsm Streets.

Headquarters for Vermont Shipments

of White=Clover Honey.

It will be the endeavor of the new firm to meet
the wishes of their patrons in the future as the late
firm has in the past.

Thanking you for the many past favors received
by the late tlrni, we hope to be favored with a liberal
share of your patronage in the future.

All orders and inquiries by mail or otherwise will
receive prompt attention. Verv respectfully.

Boston, April 2, 1894. ROBINSON & GRAY.

Srin responUinK to tlimituvertlseiiieiit nifiition liLEANlNGa,

678

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept. 1.

Queens by Return Mail.

I am now caring for a large lot of queens by the Atchley plan of giving each queen three
unfinished sections of honey and a handful of bees. This keeps the queens fresh and healthy,
yet in the best possible condition for sliipraent, while it enables me to fill orders by return mail.
One untested queen, 75 cts.; six for f4.(X); one tested queen, $1.00; six for 15.00. Any one buying
a queen can have the Review one year for 75 cts.

W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint, Mich.

JS^PgLZEj IF YOU WANT BEES

Divided into 4 It prizes ot jSl.iO
each, and 4 2(! prizes iil .Jl<><> each
will lie m\ en for I. est desit,'nsfor

Send 2c. for complete detail information. Design.'! must
be entejed before Nov. 15, 189i. Designs not awarded
prizes will l)e returned, or bought at private sale.

No matter wliere you live, don't pay retail prices for
Avall paper. We make a specialty of the mail order
liusiness and sell direct to consumers at factory prices.

SPECIAL FALL PRXES: {Jr.a%'>:*;'c%^rc: ri "^:

At these prices you can paper a small room for 50c.

Send lite for i)Ostage on samples of onr new fall paper
and our book "How to Paper and Economy In Home
Oecoration," will l)e sent at once, showing how to get $50

effect for $5 investment. Send to nt-arefit tiddress.

ALFRED PEATS, dept. 90.

30-32 W. i:ith St., 136-138 W. Madison St.,

NEW YORK. CUICAGO.

ik

TROT 'EM OUT!

»»

I challenge anyone to show up a strain of bees
tliat are superior to my Golden Italians, They
liave excelled all competitoi's by practical test.
Gentle, industrious, pood comb-builders, enter the
sections readily, are not iiiclineti to swaim, and are
perfect beauties. Descriptive '"irciilar free. Seo-
tions, i^'J. Iter Al. Dovetailefl hives w;iy down.
CHAS. D. DUVALL. Spencerville. Md.

Italian Queens Cheap.

Mv queens Hre as sood as the l)esl. Untested, fi-'ic
each; 3 for $1.75; 6 for «;:?.2.5. Testerl. 1 2i. Select
tested, yellow to the tips, breeders, $1.50. Virgins,
25c. Safe arrival gu;ir;inteed

G. E. DAWSON, CARLISLE, ARK.

That will just "roll" in the honey, try Moore's
strain of Italians, the result of 15 years'
careful Ijreeding.

Dr. H. B. Lung, Lexington. Ky., says: " I have had the plea-
sure of seeing many tine strains of bees, yet I have never seen
such industrious, energetic bees. 1 must express my admira-
tion for your success as a bee-propagator."

Warranted queens, 80c each; 3 for $3.00. Select
Warranted queens, $1.00 each. Safe arrival and
satisfaction guaranteed.

Those who have never dealt with me, I refer to
A. I. Root, who has purchased of me 666 queens.
Circular free. eitf

J. P. MOORE, Morgan, Pendleton Co., Ky.

^"In r<""">'i.|.. •• f.. ti.i -..i^-. ■ ,.i,,.>'t t itiim (.Ji.kamsom.

Tested, $1.00; 6 for $5.
Warranted, 75c; 3 for $2.
Breeders, tlie very best,
S2.0). Straiglit 5-band, $3. Also apples, Ren Davis,
Mammoth Black Twig, Arkansas Black, all leading
varieties; whole root only; trees 10c each. On or-
ders of 100 I will pny freight.

W. H. LAWS, Lavaca, Seb. Co., Ark.

QUEENS.

Golden

Untested 66 cts.
ea< h; 6 for$3 50; 12
for *b 50. Tested,

Queens

$1 00 each. Fine prolific breeding queens, $2..50 to
$4 00. To parties who have not tried my strain of
Italians I will send one golden Italian" queen for
50 cts. Satisfaction and safe arrival guaranteed.

E. A. SEELEY, Bloomer, Ark.

World's Fair Hedal ~

Awarded my foundation. Send for free
samples. Dealers, write for wholesale prices.
Root's new r'olished Sect ions and other goods
at his priC'S. F^ree Illustrated Price List of every
thing needed in ihe apiary. JVI H Htirfi-
Bell Branch, Mich. ^'*' ■*• ilUIIL.

O

E

CO

Please Cut Out

Tliis \vliole Advt.
!^ign, and niall.

i^W Please send me
the Ameriiaii Bee .lournsl
each week for Three
Months. At the end
of that time I will re-
mit $1.00 for 1 year's
subscription, or 25c.
in case I decide to
discontinue.

To the Pnlilisliers of Aniftrlfail BCC JOIimal,

56 Fiftn Avenue, CHICAGO, ILI..

Name

P. O.

CO
CO

03
CO
CO
C/9

eo

CO

State

MONEY RETURNED l::,t:'ll.['^ff

PORTER BEE ESCAPES

after testing them. ProtJiintnt
bee-keepers every wIkmc use iitid hi;,'hly leconiinend them as the best. No others received a
World's Fair ii wMi'd. Testiniotiials. etc.. free. Prices: Eacli, postpaid witli directions. '20 cts.;
uer doz.. •?2.25. Order from your dealer, or the mnfrs., R.&E.C. PORTER, LEWISTO'VN, ill.

13 Carloads of Supplies.

This is the amount we have distributed in a single season, of

Foundalion. D(»v. Hives, Sect ion.s, E.vtraetors, etc. Therefore, if

^^^^^^__^^__^_— ^.— _..>..rr,...^__ ^"^^ \\Hve J iUle nio)icii und w.iMl that liti le to go as far as possible,

^^^^^^IZT""" ™r rememlier 1 liat we are hendquarters in the west for all goods in

^—^^^^^^■^ our line; by doing so great a volume of business we sell goods

clieap. If you have tlic inninfj, also icinember you can make il earn a big interest by uvjiiling yourself of
our discounts for early orders. In eii her case you should write us and tell what you will likely need. It
will pay you. \\ e sell Roofs goods at Rool 's prices, and can save you fi eight.

The new polished sections and all other late improved goods kept in stoi-k. rflD TUT \l/C!OT
I L ti J n 11 • I Send for our large illustnit- fllK I Mr VftOli

Joseph Nysewander, Des Moines, la. s?,S'v'c;?;».X!£,SX -

• DElVoT

•■fo'BE. ^

•andHoNEY-
•TUIDHOMEL

UBLli^ED BY (^-l -rvO Or

^PperVeai^^ \©) r^EDINAOHlO

Vol. XXII.

SEPT. I, 1894.

No. 17.

"Top swarm " is a common iiamo in England
for a prime swarm.

My percolator was startpd running Aug. 9.
Some of my bees shall be n-ady for winter.

J. A. Grekn is mentioned in the Chicago
papers in connection with a bicycle robbei-y.

A GOOD prcTURE of Hon. Eugene Secor. as
also an articlo from his pen, appears in The
MifJland Mohlhhj.

The lime, or linden, in England, the D. B. J.
says, is "a precarious and uncertain source of
supply at the best.'"

A HAPPY DISPOSITION, Dr. Peiro says in A.
B. J., is one of the best things to dispel disease.
I'm going to get one.

Sweet clover seems to have a new use.
Mrs. Dunkin. in A. B. J., says it will keep
moths out of woolen goods.

Queens are quietly superseded after the close
of the honey season much oftener than one who
never clips his queens would thitik.

One pound vs. two pound sections. Re-
plies in A. B. J. agree that very little more
honey can be obtained in two-pounds than one-
pounds.

Pollen seems to be gathered, not in exact
proportion to nectar. My bees have combs
empty of honey, but are laying up a good stock
of pollen.

SoMETi.MES I've had queens lay in worker-
combs in sections when there was no excuse for
it, but not often enough to make it worth while
to use excluders.

Mk. Editor, please don't let Prof. Cook write
any more pieces like that on p. 6.51. I don't
want to become discontented with the place
where I'm now living.

Evidently the editor (see bottom of p. (iGl)
doesn't want to be considered "an ordinary
greenhorn around the bees." And yet he'd be
mad if you called him an extraordinary one.

Doolittle figures, in A. B. J., that a good
queen during her lifetime lays on an average
about 739.00(3 eggs. He had one that averaged
more than 4000 daily for two months.

No. indeed! You're fooled if you think only
beginners read that department of Doolittle's.
I don't dare to skip a \\ ord of it for fear he gives
some kink that I don't know.

Porches entirely inclosed with wire cloth
are coming into fashion. Make a nice place to
sit. free from flies and mosquitoes. Wouldn't
it be as good a« a bee-tent to manipulate bees ?

When comp.s have become old and black,
they are not worth melting for wax. — British
B.J. Wonder if they have real good sun-ex-
tractors over th(M'e, or doesn't the sun shine
enough ?

C A. Hatch thinks that prolificness of queen
is of jess consequence than vitality of offspring,
and that crowding the queen beyond her nat-
ural wont, by spreading the brood, may be at
the expense of that vitality.

"Insomnia," says Dr. Peiro, "sounds very
distinguished; but when a person can not en-
joy good rest there is usually something the
matter not exactly to his credit." I don't think
much of York's doctor.

The Russian Church, backed by the gov-
ernment, has decreed that hereafter only pure
beeswax shall be used in church candles. That
mean-< a higher price for foundation, for enor-
mous quantities of candles are used.

The young queen, says Troetzmueller in
Btenen-Vater, at3 days old, comes to the en-
trance and takes a look around without flying.
Next day she takes a flight to mark the loca-
tion. Not till the following day does she fly to
meet the drone.

Mrs. Atchley says, in A. B. J., that if ever
Doolittle and I get non-swarming bees they're
likely to be worthless. Now I know what's
the matter with ray honey crop this year. My
bees haven't swarmed once, and so I haven't
got any honey.

To a question in A. B. J., the veterans reply
almost unanimously that bees secrete wax
when fed on sugar syrup about as well as when

080

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

SKPr. L

fed on honey. That doesn't agree very well
with the theory that bees get wax directly from
the outside covering of pollen.

To STOP A FELON, stick the finger into a bot-
tle of tincture of iodine for a minute, night and
morning, and begin as soon as you hurt your-
self.— Dr. Peiro, i?i A. B. J. Scalding hot
water's good too.

That doctrine, " where bees commence to
store, there they will continue," is sometimes
crowded too far. Don't bees always commence
storing in the brood-chamber? Did you ever
know them to store in sections with no honey
in the brood-combs?

That Texas stoky about tinding honey in a
petrified tree has crossed the sea, and that
stubborn German, Reepen, refuses to credit it
because petrifaction takes thousands of years,
and bees have been here only 200 years. The
idea of objecting for a little thing like that!

Thk.ouy is one thing, practice sometimes an-
other. A worker cell is I of an inch across, so I
thought that, by cutting out a strip of founda-
tion I of an inch wide the cut parts would just
fit together. Actually measurinff, I find it re-
quires a strip nearly twice as wide— .3.55 of an
inch.

Lock your bicycle when leaving it stand-
ing. A regular system of bicycle robberies is
being carried on. The thief mounts a bicycle
standing on the sidewalk, or hires one for a
short time from an agent, runs to the next
station and ships it to Chicago, then disappears.
J. A. Green was victimized, as mentioned above,
but got back his wheel.

Dandruff comes from irritation by sharp-
toothed combs. To cure, apply vaseline, best
with a sponge, every third day for about four
times. Men use a brush, women a wide- tooth
comb ground very dull. When dandr.iff is
pretty well gone, wash head daily in clear cold
water, and rub scalp briskly with finger-ends,
not nails.— Dr. Peiro in A. B. J.

THE NORTH AMERICAN.

THE OLD QUESTION OF AFFILIATION; HOW A

LARGE ATTENDANCE MAY IJE SECURED

AT THE NEXT MEETING.

Btj Pi en. E. T. Ahhott.

The articles of incorporation of this Associa-
tion (which it would not be a bad idea for all
the bee-papers to publish in full), adopted at
Keokuk, say: "This Association shall consist
of its officers, life members, delegates from
affiliated local as>uciations, and ex-presidents."

They then set forth the conditions on which
bee-keepers may become life and annual mem-
bers, and say that "delegates from affiliated
local associations shall be admitted free." It
is further stated that any " State, District, Ter-
ritory, or Province in North America may be-
come affiliated upon the annual payment of
$.5.U0, which shall be due on the first day of
January in each year, in advance."

I should like to learn how many there are of
these " affiliated " associations at the present
time. I see a list of eight is given in the
report of the meeting at Keokuk; but I find
nothing in the last annual report to indicate
that there were any " affiliated " associations at
that time. If not, why not? Then, again,
what benefit is to be derived from becoming
"affiliated"? These are merely questions
thrown out to provoke an expression of opinion,
if possible, on the part of our leading bee-
keepers.

It is a truth which no one can gainsay, that
it is human nature not to remain "affiliated "
very long when no benefit of any kind is to be
derived from the affiliation. I can see how
every individual who attends a meeting of the
North American can be greatly benefited; but I
confess I do not see where the benefit is to
accrue to those who are only "affiliated " and
never attend any of the meetings. It seems to
me that it ought to be possible to identify the
interest of all local societies more closely than
they are at present with that of the national.
I do not know just how this can be done; but I
want to suggest a plan by which I think it
could be brought about at our next meeting in
October. I should like very much to see this
the largest meeting that was ever held in the
interest of apiculture on this continent. This
can be done with very little efl'ort, if we all set
about it at once in the right way.

1 would suggest, first, that every county in
the LTnited States, where there is a sufficient
number of bee-keepers, organize at once a local
society. Let each member pay in a fee of 50
cts., and then proceed to elect a delegate to the
North American, and equip him with money
enough to pay his expenses, and the Jl.OO for
the annual membership-fee. Discuss thor-
oughly what you would like to have him pre-
sent to tlie North American, and send him out
instructed to vote every time for the thing
that comes nearest representing what the local
society desires. As part pay for the benefit
this delegate is to derive personally fi'om at-
tending the North American, he should be re-
quired lo write up fully the entire trip and the
doings of the North American, and pr.^sent
this to the next meeting of the local society.
Our Canadian friends should do the same in
every province in Canada. In this way we
could secure a very large attendance and create
sufficient enthusiasm to put the North Ameri-
can in a way to be a power in ihe land. \Viiat

1894

GLEAINNGS IN BEE CULTURE.

681

say you ? What county or province will be the
first to respond to this proposition ?

I am making local arrangements for a big
crowd and a good time generally. The Com-
mercial Club, of the city, has come to the front
and tendered me the use of their rooms in
which to liold our meetings, and they are doing
all they can to help. secure reduced rates on the
railroads. Just as soon as the matter of rates
is settled, it will be published; but I trust no
one will wait for this before making up his or
her mind to come. The Commercial Club has
one of the finest rooms in the city, centrally
located, and near to good hotels which have
made me liberal rates for our meeting.

We have been promised papers from some of
the leading bee-keepers of the world. Mr.
Benton is working hard to prepare a good pro-
gram—one that will be both entertaining and
profitable. Dr. Miller, and a host of othei's who
are a whole convention in themselves, will be
here, and the meeting can not fail to be bene-
ficial to all who may attend. If you have but
one colony, come and learn how to care for
more.

Friend Stilson struck the right key in the
last Xebraska Bee-keeper. He says, " Let's
make up a carload or more and start from
Lincoln." That's the way to talk. Come on
with your carloads, and this city of the " wild
and woolly We*t" will try to do her part.

I have received a number of letters and cards
from those who expect to be here, but still there
is room for more. Let them come, and come
fast! Every one counts, and helps to swell the
swarm of bee-keepers that will be buzzing in
the air in onr fair city Oct. 16. 17, and 18, 1894.
■We will furnish the hive if the people will only
swarm.

St. Joseph, Mo.

[The present constitution of the North Amer-
ican was drawn up by Thomas G. Newman as
chairman of a committee appointed for that
purpose: and. if we are correct, it was modeled
by him after the constitution of the very suc-
cessful national association in England. The
instrument was adopted without discussion at
the meeting in Columbus. O., somewhat to the
disappointment of Mr. Newman, who felt that
so important a matter as a constitution should
be carefully gone over in open convention be-
fore actual adoption. But we all thought then,
that what had been a working success in Eng-
land ought to be largely so in the United
States; but we did not then contemplate the
vast area of our own land compared with that
of the mother country; and while it was quite
feasible and possible to send delegates from
affiliated associations to the national associa-
tion, in Great Britain, it was an altogether dif-
ferent matter in the United States. Bee-keep-
ers, in order to attend their national associa-
tion, are obliged to go 100 miles here where
those in England go one to attend their own;
hence many of the advantages that would
accrue from affiliation proved in the light of
the past to be almost a dead letter in this
country. For instance, one benefit to an aftili-
atf^d society was in sending a delegate, said
delegate having the privilege of a vote; but the

affiliated association, besides paying the ?5.no
fee, found it to be quite a burden to pay this
amount on top of the delegate's traveling ex-
penses. Another benefit was the awarding of
medals on ilie part of tlu; North American, on
honey exhibited by a member or members of
an affiliated association, and at th(( same time
the appointment of a judge. But here, again,
the large miU'age prevented the judge from
making his appearance. Indeed, we can not
remember whether a judge was ever appointed.

These matters have been brought up before;
and it would seem that the constitution should
be amended, making fees for affiliation at a
nominal sum of, say, 50 cts. or $1.00; and that
the benefits that are supposed to accrue from
affiliation, and are inoperative, either be strick-
en out, or so modified in the constitution as not
to be a dead letter.

We are heartily in accord with Pres. Abbott's
scheme for securing a large attendance; but
somehow our faith is not very strong that such
attendance will be secured this year. The
scheme is all right, and we sincerely hope the
various associations will avail themselves of
the plan.

All other national associations are in some
way connected with local associations; and it
is usually customary lur the latter to pay the
expenses of a delegate to the national meeting.
This would secure, as Mr. Abbott points out. a
large attendance at the national meeting;
would divide the expense, and a goot? delegate
would bring back plenty of enthusiasm and lots
of information to the members of his local asso-
ciation. Here, indeed, would be substantial
benefit; and, with only a nominal sum as an
affiliation-fee, there would be a large number
of affiliated societies, and a good representation
at the meetings of the N. A. B. K. A.

We are glad I'res. Abbott has brought this
subject up. and hope it may be further discuss-
ed, and particnhirly would we like to hear from
Bro. Thos. G. Newman.— Ed.]

RAMBLE 115,

AT M'INTYRE'S, etc.

By Ramhler.

About noon, one balmy day in June, the med-
itations of friend J. F. Mclntyre. of Fillmore,
were interrupted by the Rambler suddenly ap-
pearing before the gentleman's study-window,
where he was busy writing or studying the bug
and scale, I forget which. He was evidently
surprised a trifle, and Mrs. Mclntyre evidently
shared the same feeling as she advanced from
a rear room.

I had left Mr. Wilder in the road beyond the
barn, with our outfit, while I prospected ahead.
Mr. and Mrs. Mclntyre opened their door wide,
and invited me in; but I said, "Oh, no! you
must come out here and see what an outfit I
have. lam but a small portion of it." It just
happened that, while I was at the house con-
versing with Mr. and Mrs. Mclntyre, a wagon
drove up to the big gate beyond the house, and
eight large healtliy women of various ages dis-
embarked and came marching through the
gate just in time to meet us. Mrs. Mclntyre
had been advising the Rambler, on various
occasions in the past, in relation to the loneli-
ness of the bachelor life; and now to meet eight

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept. 1.

women, and be in danger of having them mis-
taken for ray outfit, was a little too much. I
frantically shouted to Mr. Wilder to drive in,
and that explained what our real outfit con-
sisted of, and no women aboard of it. I found
that, during the two and a half years that had
elapsed since my visit to the Sespe bee-ranch,
there had been many improvements. The pep-
per-trees up the Sespe Avenue had grown to
good height. New orchards have been plant-
ed, and new and elegant residences built, new
oil-wells sunk, and prosperity seemed to smile
upon the good people of Fillmore.

MR. AND MK8. M IM'YRE AND FAMILY.

The Sespe apiary seemed to be in a flourish-
ing condition. The orange- trees were loaded
with fruit, which was being disposed of to
various customers who called for it (tint is
what the outfit of eight women were ;titer).
The various other fruits on the place wen' get-
ting ready for the harvest. The only unpro-
ductive thing this year was the apiary, and a
feeder now and then on a hive showed that
there were some colonies that were getting
short of stores; but our friend hoped that the
apiary would pull through without a general
feeding. Mr. Mclntyre still has a greater por-
tion of his last season's crop all packed in a new
fire-proof honey-storehouse. The dread of fire
and the cost of insurance are banished, and the
precious sweets that cost so much toil from
both man and bee are safe. Mr. Mclntyre's
home sales of honey are quite large. His repu-
tation for a good article leads many small
dealers to place their orders with him.

The honey-extractor devised by Mr. Mcln-
tyre, and described in a past issue of Glean-
ings, has done its work well, the little water-
motor causing it to spin like a top, and save
much hard labor.

The great honey-plant of this region is the
purple sagp. Ft dJiTcrs from the common black
sage in having laigrr boils, and the foliage is

nearly white, while the black sage is dark-
green. The purple sage covers the great moun-
tains to their very tips; but without rain there
is no honey nor fragrance to call the honey-bee
to its accustomed task. We found that the
disease recently spoken of by Prof. Cook, and
which in some respects resembles foul brood,
has been known here for some time, and is not
considered a dangerous disease. Bee-paralysis
is quite troublesome in some apiaries, and Mr.
Mclntyre attributes it in a measure to the col-
ony getting weakened at some period in the
winter, so that the queen gets slightly chilled.
Uniting an affected colony with a strong one,
and thus warming them up. usually cured the
disease. Bees kept in shady or moist places
were also more affected than in sunny locations.
Experiments in this line are worthy of trial.
From accounts of the widespread prevalence of
the disease, and its virulence in some localties,
it would be well for apiarists to note the condi-
tion of their colonies in the early spring months,
when cool nights are prevalent.

The next day after our arrival we attached
our ponies to Mr. INIcIntyre's family wagon,
and Mr. and Mrs. Mclntyre and the four girls,
with Mr. Wilder and myself, made a lively
picnic load. We all journeyed up the Pole
Creek Canyon to the residence of T. F. Arun-
del 1, another of the noted bee-keepers of Fill-
more. It would delight any reader of Glean-
ings to make the trip here, as well as in the
.Sespe Canyon; for a like boldness of the scenery
is most inspiring. As we wind along from the
mouth toward the tail end of the canyon, final-
ly, after a sharp climb, we find ourselves at the
I'esidence of our friend, which is sublimely lo-
cated upon a little mesa, right among the
towering mountains. The photo will give the
reader a very good idea of the situation of
mountain after mountain, canyon and precipice
commingled Although Mr. Arundell has the
usual sized farm of KiO acres, or thereabouts,
his stock has the range of all of those vast
mountains; and though some of the pasture-
lands hang up edgewise, like a picture upon
the wall. Mr. Arundell and his boys and his 36
horses can climb them as nimbly as a deer.
Tlies(> alpine climbs give great expansion to
the lungs, and sickness is unknown in the
Arundell family; and when all together there
is quite a swarm of youngsters clustering
around the parents — four boys and two girls.
The two older boys mount the old pet horse,
and dash down the steep winding grades of the
canyon, at a rate that would make an ordinary
fellow's head swim. The cows are hunted.
The musical ding-dong of the covvbell directs
them to the herd, and they are soon in the cor-
ral near the house.

I'ole Creek Canyon is so named from the
number of tall sycamore poles found there.
Owing to the perpendicular and even over-
lianging sides of the canyon, trees have to

1894

GLEANIN(JS IN BEE CULTURE.

(583

684

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept. 1.

grow to a great height in order to get much of
the sunlight. The same waterfall, over 60 feet
in height, wliich Mr. ]loot described some two
and a half years ago. still plung<*s down, and is
forming fossil leaves, etc., by depositing mincir-
al matter from its impregnated waters. There
is water running, even in a dry season, to run a
dynamo, and Mr. Arundell is studying the me-

WATKKFALI,, Vul.K CHKKK CANYON.

chanics of changing his water powi r into
electric energy; and we have no doubt his house
will be electrically lighted, and the honey-
extractor run by the same power, ere long.
The steepness of thi^ grades upon Mr. Arun-
dell's ranch necessitates much sh' I work in get-
ting the various products to the vicinity of the
house. The honey-house can be discerned in
the upper left side of the photo, and here is

located the home apiary. In the honey-house,
at the time of our visit, there was stored 12 tons
of the 1894 crop. This, in proper time, will
have to be sledded down the steep grade that
ends near the house. Besides the home apiary
there are two out-apiaries, located in excellent
honey-districts. The bees in the home apiary
were working vigorously upon the various
plants in the canyon. A peculiar bush,
called the coffee-berry, was in profuse
bloom, and the bees were reveling upon
the blossoms. There was a prospect,
however, that the bees would require
feeding before the dry season comes to
an end.

Mr. Arundell called our attention to
his seven-ton tank; also to a large
quantity of jumped wax. All the cap-
pings, and odds and ends of comb in
the apiaries, are put into a large can,
and compressed into the smallest pos-
sible space by jumping it down with
the feet. It becomes so solid that it is
miller- proof. Mr. A. uses a yucca
brush; but instead of those little affairs
that seem to content some bee-keepers
he uses a brush long enough lo brush
the whole side of an L. comb with one
sweep. Several pieces of yucca are
placed between two wooden strips.
Wire nails were driven through and
clinched, holding the yucca, and a
brush of any length can be made. Mr.
Wilder makes the same sort of brush,
but uses manilla rope instead of yucca.
In speaking of these almost inacces-
sible mountains, and the desirability of
( siablishing apiaries even further back
in them, Mr. A. cited an instance of a
donkey apiary; i. e., the only way to
get to it was over a donkey-trail. The
bee keeper operating it would load six-
teen donkeys with the sweet itroduct,
and drive them out to civilization.

Deer are found quite plentifully in
the mountains; but, as shown in the
half-tone, it is something of a labo-
rious task to hunt them. A hunter
brought out some fine venison and
wanted thirty cents a pound for it.
The purchaser demurred. '-The price
is too steep," said he. "Steep!" said
the hunter, " why. sir, the price is not
half as steep as the place where I shot
the deer."
A hint in relation to deer-hunting was enough
to hold Mr. Wilder over another day. An early
morning hunt was indulged in; and the result
of a long and arduous climb was only a futile
shot at long range. The Rambler prefers to
hunt rabbits and quail. There is more certain-
ty of game, and less steepness to it.

After several days with our friends we start-
ed upon our journey; and it seemed so much

1894

GLEANINtlS IN BEE CUI.Tl'RE.

685

like leaving home again that we resolved to
stop not so long again. As we hauled out of
Fillmore we mutually exclaimed, "May the
shadows of the Mclntyres and Arundells never
grow less!*' As between the two there are ten
children, there is not much danger of lessening
shadows.

^mm — » — ^

THE REPORT OF THE ONTARIO BEE-KEEP-
ERS' ASSOCIATION.

ROBBING SICK PEOPLE. AGAIN.

By Allen Pringle.

Mr. Root:— In the August 1st Issue of Glean-
ings, notice is made of the Annual Report of
the Ontario Bee-keepers' Association; and in
looking it over you were "struck at once with
the evident fullness and correctness of the re-
port." Allow me to say here, that, at our last
meeting, we made a new departure in order to
secure a full and correct report of our annual
meeting. We engaged a professional stenog-
rapher to take a verbatim report of the whole
proceedings. The credit of that move is due
Mr. R. McKnight, of Owen Sound, who argued
that, as our association is under the patronage
of the Ontario Government, we ought at least
to present a full and creditable report for publi-
cation. The writer seconded Mr. McKnight
in this, and the meeting sanctioned it. It seems
to me that the North American and other im-
portant apiarian associations might profit by
this precedent.

Before closing this note, allow me, Mr. Ed-
itor, to fully indorse what you say in the same
issue, under the head of " Robbing Sick People
— Science and Superstition." If you will devote
a portion of your journal to extraneous subjects
(and you have a perfect right to, so long as you
duly announce it on your title-page), that is a
kind of preaching of exceeding value and vital
importance to such of your readers as need it;
and the great majority of people everywhere
need such admonition and instruction. What
still further enhances the value of the expose is
the fact that, as nearly the whole newspaper
press, without exception (religious as well as
secular), and also, I am sorry to say, the agri-
cultural and other journals, hold their columns
open to be bought by these conscienceless
frauds and sharks, the same columns are shut
against the expose of the evil. And this is
really one of the greatest evils of modern civ-
ilization. To think that, for the sake of the
almighty dollar, the press of the country (yours,
ours, and others') will knowingly allow the
leeches and vampires of society to thus prey
upon the ignorance and credulity of the people!
As an individual I can not withhold my thanks
from you for your brave and timely condemna-
tion of the gigantic evil. Why, the thing is
coming to such a pass that you can not open a
paper without being confronted on every page

of it (editorial, business, news, etc.), with the
flaming falsehoods of these mountebanks who
artfully resort to every device and trick to
catch the attention of the reader, and rake in
the hard-earned money of the poor, the sick,
and the unfortunate.
Selby, Ontario.

[As we stated editorially, the report bore
evidence of having been fully and accurately
reported. We wish that the North American
had funds enough so that its reports might be
prepared in a similar way. It is much more
satisfactory to condense afterward from a full
stenographic report made on the spot than to
try to get down in longhand all the good things
that were said and done. As it is, there are
apt to be many important omissions, and some-
times a little coloring favoring certain views.
If the North American could have the funds of
the Illinois State Bee-keepers' Association, or
those of the Ontario, it could do many things
that it can not do now.

We are glad to place the credit of that excel-
lent report upon the right persons, and there-
fore accept the correction.

If more of our religious and agricultural
papers would look less to the dollars and cents,
and more to the greatest good to the greatest
number, they would be more careful about ac-
cepting certain lines of advertisements. — Ed.]

THOSE CALIFORNIA HONEY-YIELDS, AGAIN.

WHAT AN OLD CALIFORNIA VETERAN HAS TO
SAY OF THEM.

By R. Wilkin.

I am quite in sympathy with the statements
of W. G. Hewes, in Gleanings of May 1, re-
garding the average yield of be.-s in California.
I refer, as I think he does, to Southern, not
Middle or Northern, California. Only when he
spoke of prevaricators among the sage rush,
by which, of course, he meant bee-keepers being
as plentiful as ticks, I felt like saying, " Not so
fast, friend Hewes." But when I reflected that,
in all my ramblings among the brush, I had
very rarely got a tick on me, I concluded he
was right. He only meant that they were very
scarce.

At the State bee-keepers' convention at Los
Angeles last winter it was interesting to ob-
serve how Prof. Cook's eyes brightened up as
the best of evidence, the personal reports for a
series of years by good bee-keepers, came in
thick and fast, corroborating his already high
estimate of California's possibilities. Of course,
Martin and others caught the enthusiasm; for
who is it that does not like to hear of grand
successes? My own pride in our State, and in
my own reputation as a successful bee-keeper,
prevented my speaking out real loud against
the danger of exaggerated notions, and I only
modestly remarked that I thought a consider-
able discount should be allowed from these
reports to make them correspond with the act-
ual experience of all.

During my first thirteen years in California,

686

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept. 1.

commencing with 1876. I kept a record of the
yields of all the leading spiaries in Ventura
Co., and found that they averaged about as
well as my own, which was 7.5 pounds to the
hive. The next six years, including the present
one, for we shall get no honey this year, my
apiary averaged only 35 lbs., which reduces the
average for the past nineteen years to (j2>h lbs.
per hive, spring count, and extracted honey.
So great have our yields been at times, that our
expectations will hardly allow us to think the
average as low as it is.
Ventura, Cal.

DO BEES TRANSPORT EGGS 1

A COUPLE OF WELI.-AUTHENTICATED CASES
PROVING THAT THEY DO.

By John PJiin.

Editor Oleanings: — In regard to the dis-
cussion as to whether or not bees ever trans-
port eggs from one cell to another, it may be
well to note that a single well-authenticated
case is amply sufficient to prove the positive,
but that a hundred well-explained cases on the
negative side still leave the question open. In
Langstroth's work, "The Hive and Honey-
bee," third ed., page 319, we find the following:
" I have, in several instances, known them to
carry worker eggs into royal cells. Mr. Wag-
ner put some queenless bees, brought from a
distance, into empty combs that had lain for
two years in his garret. When supplied with
brood they raised their queen in this old comb!
Mr. Richard Colvin, of Baltimore, and other
apiarian friends, have communicated lo me
instances almost as striking."

This passage I have failed to find in Dadant's
book. Unless we impeach Mr. Wagner's ve-
racity, I do not see how this case can be ex-
plained. Wagner certainly knew a queen from
a drone.

New York, July 24.

[Thanks. We did not think to consult the
old Langstroth on the Honey-bee, and are,
therefore, obliged to you. Samuel Wagner
was one of the keenest and brightest men
the bee-keeping world ever knew. No man,
except Langsfoth and Quinby, did more for
the advancement of bee culture in the early
days than this same " lamented Wagner." His
testimony, together with the facts presented by
others more recently, proves conclusively that
bees may and do transport eggs.— Ed.]

DO BEES REMOVE EGGS T

MOKE EVIDENCE.

By A. (1. Mitchell.
The discussion on the above question is, to
say the least, interesting. While Willie Atch-
ley is positively certain they never do. Bro.
Golden is equally certain that they do. Strange
how widely we differ on matters apicullurai!
but while we are compelled to rely on circum-

stantial evidence to the extent that we are in
the apiary, and while we view the same things
from different standpoints and different lines of
work, different beliefs will exist, although we
are all equally honest.

Some twelve years ago a visiting bee-keeper
told me that hopelessly queenless colonies
would frequently steal eggs from other colonies
for the purpose of raising a queen. Of course,
I regarded the story as fishy; but having at
times found queenless colonies with freshly
started cells having eggs in them while there
was no sign of eggs or brood in any other part
of the hive, I decided to test the matter at the
first chance, which came in a very few days.
As I had. some time previously, divided quite a
number of colonies for increase, putting five
frames of brood and honey in each hive, and
allowing the queenless halves to rear queens,
in looking them over aboat the time the young
queens should have commenced laying I found
one with three queen-cells started, and with
from two to five fresh eggs in each cell, but not
an egg or particle of brood in any other part of
the hive. Now, instead of giving them a
queen or queen-cell, as I had always done be-
fore in such cases, I covered the hive up and
left them to work out their own destiny. Well,
the result was, that, in about 1.5 days. I found a
perfect queen walking over the combs, one cell
cut open on the end and the other two on the
side, in the regulation way. Not wishing to
let one test decide it, and really not wanting to
believe it at all, I tested it in the same way,
and in the most careful manner the next sea-
son, and also the next, making three tests, all
with the same results. I then let the matter
rest until last season, as I was satisfied; but
seeing an editorial in the ^picuWitrist, stating
that such a thing never occurred in the world,
and that the idea was only the imaginings of a
cranky brain. I tested it again with a full col-
ony that had been queenless 28 days, and with
the very same result; and that queen is a very
fair one, and bosses that same colony to day.
How the eggs got there is the question. I can
see no other way for it than that the bees car-
ried them from some other hive.

Now, where we have laying workers in a
queenless colony, they will, as friend .\tchley
says, pile the eggs into the queen-cells that are
in process of construction, but they don't stop
at that, but go on in cell-stubs, drone comb,
and even lay the worker comb full at times,
but never allow the queen-cells they have laid
in to mature, but cut them down as fast as the
workers complete them. No doubt, if the
queen-cells were introduced to queenless colo-
nies they would produce drones. I'll find out,
the next chance I have, even if it costs me a
colony of bees to do it. I sometimes find a dead
drone in a queen-cell where the other cells,
built at the same time, all produce perfect
queens.

1894

GLEANING IN BEE CULTURE.

687

I should like some light on that point, as I
can't get up even a respectable theory as to the
cause of it.

I vote yes on the picture of the Root family,
and good large ones at that, even if it takes a
whole number of Gleanings to do it.

En held, III., Aug. (5.

[Since publishing what we have in recent
nunibi-rs, to the effect that bees do move eggs,
we have received a large amount of corres-
pondence corroborating the fact enough so that
we think we can definitely and positively say
that bees do at times move eggs from one part
of the hive to another, and even deposit them
in queen-cells. If we had room we would pub-
lish all the matter on this subject. But the
gist of the whole of it is given above — Ed.]

THE HATCH-ROOT DISCUSSION.

THE RIGHT SIZE OF RIJIKin NEST; SECTIONS
OVER DUMMIES.

liU Dr. C. C. Miller.

And now I've something more to say about
that Hatch-Root controversy, p. .573. Ernest,
you've rudely knocked from under me one of
my props without a word of warning. All along
I've cherished the hope that in some way it
might turn out that there was never any need
of having more than eight frames: and now
you say a ten-frame hive is too small for a
large colony. Are you going to climb the fence
to the other side?

I«n't there something loose-jointed in the
working gear of your mind, that will allow you
to say that a ten-frame hive is too small for a
large colony, and that you found as many as 13
to I.') frames of brood in some colonies, and then
in the face of that to say that you don't think
you secured more brood in ten-frame hives than
in eight-frame? Now shut one eye and take
a square look at these two questions. Firstly,
don't you think a colony for which a ten-frame
hive is too small will have more brood in a ten-
frame hive than in an eight-frame one? Sec-
ondly, don't you think one of those colonies in
which you found 13 to 15 frames of brood would
have more brood in a ten-frame hive than in an
eight-frame one ?

Leaving that for the present. I note that you
both agree that the queen will readily go to
work in a story added above, at least if a frame
of brood be put in the upper story. I should
think sol Why, lots of bee-keepers use queen-
excluders to keep the queen from going up, and
there's no need of a brood-comb as bait either.
But I'm a little puzzled to know whether there's
any reason for adding the second story (ihove, if
there's good reason for adding a second story at
all. I'm not experienced in that sort of thing;
but it seems to me there are at least some
reasons for putting it below. As Doolittle
would say, it seems to me more according to
nature.

A colony starts its combs above, and works

downward. It lengthens its combs downward,
and the brood keeps gradually working down.
1 can't imagine bees in a hollow tree working
their brood down a certain distance, thv-^n
making a fresh start at a higher point. But you
say our bees are not in hollow trees. I admit
it, and come back to the hive. I suppose the
time when you would add the second story is
when the bees first begin to be a little crowded,
and, likely, that would be in the spring, or be-
fore the harvest. Now, at that time you're
doing all you can to develop the strength of
the colony, and it's considered important to
preserve as much as possible the heat. I'ut a
second story above, and the bees have twice as
much room to keep warm as they had before,
for the heat rises into the new story. Put a
second story below, and the bees have no more
to keep warm than they had before, unless
they work down into the new story, and then
they have to keep warm only so much as they
occupy, while the empty story above must all
be kept warm whether they occupy it or not.

I don't know whether you would contemplate
putting on sections while the colony had these
two stories; but if you should, I feel pretty
sure the bees would not touch the sections till
the upper story was filled ; whereas, if the
second story was added below I am inclined to
the opinion that there might be some work
done in sections before the lower story was fill-
ed.

To go back to that comparison of the 150
eight-frames with the 130 ten-frames, there's a
point that I rather wonder friend Hatch didn't
make. The claim is quite generally made, and
I believe I never saw it contradicted, that colo-
nies do not store honey in exact proportion to
their strength, but that strong colonies gather
proportionally more honey than weak ones.
That is, a colony weighing 8 lbs. will store
more than twice as much honey as one weigh-
ing 4 lbs.; hnd if we add one-fourth to the
strength of a colony we will add more than a
fourth to its surplus. According to that, al-
though 130 ten-frame hives may be supposed to
have only as many bees as 1.50 eight-frames,
yet they ought to give more surplus.

You both seem to agree that bees fill out sec-
tions belter over an outside frame of, brood
than over one of hcney. I very much doubt it.
Over empty combs or over an empty space they
make poor work ; but if the outside comb is
occupied and filled I could never see that brood
in it made any material difference. You say,
Ernest, " When we used ten-frame hives and
ten-frame supers, at least one outside row of
sections was behind the other rows." Thai
agrees precisely with my experience; but if
you mean to have the inference drawn that the
thing is different with eight-frame hives, then
your bees don't woik like mine. I don't think
I ever knew a case, either with eight-frames or
ten-frames, in which the outside rows of sec-

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept. 1.

tions were finished as soon as the others. In
the A B C it is claimed as an advantage of
section-holders, that the outside rows can be
shifted to the center. What's the need of
shifting them if the rows are all finished alike?
The fact is, that bees are slower about finishing
the outside sections just because they are out-
side, independently of what may be under
them.

While it was a straight fight between a ten-
frame hive and an eight-frame, I could keep
track of it pretty well; but now you're getting
me all mixed up by talking as if eight-frames
were, part of the time, not enough, and you let
it leak out that you're running bees in two
stories in the linden apiary. Now, look here;
no hiding things. If you've been learning any
thing new, tell. What were you using two
stories for? Were you raising bees or honey ?
If honey, was it comb or extracted ? Was there
any gain in having the two stories? What
time did you give the second story ? When did
you take it away? Just own up all about it.
Here I've been trusting you to remain loyal to
the eight-frame hive, single story, all the year
round, and you've deserted and deceived me by
running two stories, and, for aught I know, five
stories, on the sly.

Now I'll tell you what I'd like. I'd like to be
convinced that it is the most profitable thing to
confine bees to eight frames all the year round;
and. by the way, your head's very level when
you insist that an eight-frame hive is better
than a ten-frame with two dummies; and then
if it must be admitted that that won't do in all
cases, if you have any scheme by which the
eight-frame can be held most of the year, and
a second story added part of the time, I'm
inclined to believe I'd rather submit to that
than to go back to the larger hive.

Now please tell us just where you do stand,
Ernest, at latest advices. Do you think a
strong colony should be confined to an eight-
frame hive all the year round— particularly if
working for comb honey ? and if not, just what
would your procedure be? or are you like me,
so uncertain and wiggly you don't know just
where you do stand ?

Marengo, 111.

[As you have addressed me personally, I
conclude it will serve my purpose better to
come out from under the editorial " we ^' and
use the singular pronoun.

To begin with, you have proposed some rather
naughty knotty questions, and it hioTix as if the
working-gear of my mind were rather " loose-
jointed;" but by supplying some particulars,
licrhaps I can redeem that function of my
anatbmy.

In the first place, I ran the basswood yard for
hccs, and. incidentally, for extracted honey.
There were two reasons for doing this: (1) I
knew that, if I ran it for comb honey, they
would swarm, and that would require an at-
tendant. (3) I did not care so much for comb
or extracted honey as for bees. In selling bees
in the form of nuclei, we run short every fall.

and the following spring we are obliged to buy-
up more or less poorly marked bees on crooked
combs; and as it takes a couple of months to
Italianize them, they are not suitable for filling
orders till along in the season; hence you see
the securing of bees was the prime object at the
basswood yai'd. There being a heavy flow at
this place, as soon as one story began to be
crowded for brood and room for honey. I put on
an upper story, putting one or two frames of
brood in the same, and filling up the space be-
low with frames of foundation. The upper
story was then filled out with foundation.
This, of course, would result in more brood and
no swarming : and the consequence was, we
had quite a few colonies having two upper
stories with brood and honey scattered more or
less in both; and there were three colonies that
had three each, with brood in all the stories.
Now that the season is over we have rousing
big colonies, and a large number of combs con-
taining more or less sealed honey. We may ex-
tract these, or we may reserve them to supply
some colonies this fall that are short of stores.
Now, then, having given you the situation, I
will take up the questions in your second para-
graph.

No, I do not think we did secure more brood
in the ten-frame hive than in the eight-frame.
If the ten-frame hives did not contain dummies-
there was a couple of fi-ames of honey which
we would rather have had in sections above. I
may be mistaken: but I feel quite certain that
we now rear as much brood in the single-story
eight-frame as we formerly had in the single-
story ten -frame hive.

Now, others may not agree with me, but I
can get, I think, more brood in a tall chamber
than in a shallow one spread out horizontally.
In other words. I can get more brood easier in
ten or twelve L. frames by having them piled
up in two tiers of five and six frames respective-
ly; because I always notice that the bees show
a disposition to work upward or downward
rather than laterally. According to this, if the
broodinff-chambers are in two stories the eight-
frame body is plenty large, to say nothing of
the ten and twelve-frame stories. But suppose
the bees would work out laterally; and suppose
they would fill out a twelve-frame Dovetail
hive with brood, all of said frames in one tier.
The hive would be too heavy to handle; and
even a ten-frame hive is rather heavy for the
average man to handle when it is filled with
bees, brood, and honey; therefore, in consider-
ation of the fact that bees like a tall rather
than a horizontal chamber in which to rear
brood; and with that other fact that it is han-
dier to have that tall chamber in two sections. I
should prefer the eight-fiame to the ten-frame.
The same logic might call for a smaller than an
eiirht-frame, but it would not be standard.

The eight-frame chamber is large enough, at
least ten months in the vear, for ordinary hon-
ey production. If brood-rearing has been car-
ried on two or three months in the year prior to
the honey-flow, there will, according to Doo-
little, on this lOon square inches of comb, be a
large enough force of bees to get the crop, pro-
viding there is one. Then the necessary room
can bi> obtained by adding supers.

But you will say I want to run for comb hon-
ey, and others desire to run for extracted, and
that you can not. in one story of the eight-frame,
get more than eight frames of brood, (xranted.
But in most localities, if that eight-frame ca-
pacity is kept booming from May 1. we will
say. until the middle of June, or about the time
when the first white honey begins to come, you
will have a large force of bees. Manifestly,
after this time, if honey is the object, more
brood is not wanted; because the bees, when

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CrLTlRE.

689

they hatch from said brood, will be consumers
after the hoiify-harvest; hence theeij^ht frame,
for the production of comb and exuacled
honey, in localities where the wliite honey
comes on by tlie middle of June, and lasts any-
where from a month to six weeks, is laige
•enough for breeding-purposes, and just small
•enough to make the tiees force nearly all their
white honey into the supers — jusi where we
want it.

Now, I think I have answered your questions
in the next to the last paragraph, and we nuiy
now consider whether the putting-on of tiie
extra stories gives the bees just so much extra
room to warm up. Well, to a certain extent it
doe.s: but we always make a practice of using
division-boards ; and. where convt-nient, use
enamel cloth or something to lie over the lower
set of frames on the cover. Perhaps you think
this a nuisance; but it pays; but in the case of
comb or extracted honey it is not necessary to
add more than half an upper story at a time.
In the case of the former, one tier of .-"PCtions
will not give a good c.ilony too much ruom to
ket'p warm. In tlie c.isi- of the laitni. a half-
story with extract ing-frames, (( la Uadant, can
be iidded in a similar way wiili ^iIuilar results.

lint the advocates of shallow brood-chambers
will claitu. perhaps, right here, that it is better
to have all the brood chaml)ers divisible, and
then the cap iciiy of the hive can be increased
more gradually, and that those who desire
■eight and ten fratnes of brood capacity can be
accommodated by using two or three brood -
chambers of the shallow sort. There may be a
good deal in this. That being the case, if de-
siring to make a change I certaitily should
preler to reduce the size of the brood- nest,
something after the style of the Heddon, rather
than to increase the eight-fratne to ten or
twelve frame capacity.

And now as to the l.iO eight-fr ime or 120 ten-
frame hives. You and Mr. Hatch seem to r(.s--
^uiiic that the ten-fratue colonies will be pro-
portionally stronger than tlie eight- frame.
With the right sort of manipulation I some-
what question this. Uut suppose they are. I
should rather lift individually — that is, at 150
different times — 150 eight-frame hives — that is,
to lift them into a wagon or carry them into
the cellar — than 130 ten- frame hives, full of
bees, at 130 different times.

My views, as above stated, are subject to re-
vision. I am quite willing to change to the
ten or twelve fratnes; or. to go the other way.
to shallow brood-chambers, if the logic of
events shall in time demonstrate the wisdom of
such a change in either direction.— Euxest.1

SALT FOR QUEEN-CAGE CANDY.

FOKMIXG SMALL NUCLEI.

By W. A. Pryal.

Has any queen-breeder tried salt in the sugar
used to make the shipping-candy he sends out
with his queens? I find that a small quantity
of salt in the candy makes it soft at a time
when it would otherwise be hard. This is
something that we have all been striving for
for some lime. Should others' experience
prove the same as mine, then I think we shall
have solved one of the most difficult problems
in shipping queens long distances.

The way I came to try this plan was, that I
had made up some candy out of very fine
sugar, which I had previously heated, and hot

honey. Both were well mixed; and when they
were set aside as finished, the mixture became
as hard as stone after it had become cool. It
remained in this condition for some days; but
as the outside began to absorb the moisture
from the air, it became soft. In time the whole
mass " melted " down, and was almost as liquid
as the honey was that I had used originally in
the manufacture of the ■' candy." I attributed
the rapid softening of my candy to the large
amount of salt that the air in this part of the
State is qharged with. The cause of lead paint
on buildings being so soon ruined here is said
to be due to the saltiness of the atmosphere.

This knowledge led me to believe that it
would be safe to make the candy quite hard
for cages that were to be sent on a sea-voyage.
The candy would soften about as fast as it was
necessary. Had salt been added to the candy
before the cage was shipped, the candy would
have become too soft; should the candy have
been of a soft composition ere the cage is sent
off, the candy would also become too soft as
soon as it was well on the salt water. For
cages that were to be shipped altogether by
laud, especially through a hot country, the
candy could be salted as much as necessary.
Of course, the quantity of salt required for a
single cage is comparatively small; but it has
a wonderful effect in keeping the candy soft.
Owing to the dry season in this State, or more
especially in the southern part of the State, I
did not have as many calls for queens as I
otherwise should, hence I did not have an op-
portunity to test this plan of shipping as much
as I could have desired. Still, I have tested it
sufficiently to satisfy me that it is a great help
to queen-breeders.

During the past season I have experimented
with the Doolittle plan of rearing queens. The
result of my experience has been such as to
cause me to abandon the plan altogether. I
tried his cell-cups and transplanted larviB in
the way he describes in his interesting book on
queen-rearing; but in no case could I get the
bees to accept any of them. I carried on these
experiments at a time of the year when the
bees would be the most likely to accept them.
I even tried them after I had removed the
queen-cells from the hives that the bees had
already started themselves. Possibly, if I
were to try this method another year I might
be able to get better results. Still, as there
was plenty of honey coming in at the times
that I devoted to this line of experiments, I am
inclined to think I can not achieve any better
success another year than I experienced the
past season.

In the many years that I have raised queens
for my own use or for commercial purposes, I
have never had so good results in getting fine
good queens as I have when I have tried the
plan mentioned by Simmins, in his " Modern
Bee-farm," page 144. It is far easier than any

690

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept. 1.

of the artificial-cell methods, and, I am sure,
no finer queens could be produced by any other
method.

SMALL HIVES FOR QUEEN-REARING.

Some writers during the present year have
mentioned the matter of small hives for rearing
queens in. Several of these writers have re-
ferred to the subject in the pages of Glean-
ings. It is generally conceded that the small
hives are unsatisfactory ; my experience is,
that they should not be the chief hive used for
this purpose. I find that a hive about the size
of that used by Mr. Doolittleist,he one that suits
me best. Still, as they require so much comb
space, and as I consiier the combs too valuable
for use in an apiary run principally for extract-
ed honey, I devised a modification of the Doo-
little plan.

During the height of the honey-flow, which is
about the time when the bees commence to
swarm, a very small hive can be used to advan-
tage. From this on to about the time that the
bees commence to drive the drones out of the
hives, which here is usually about the middle
of July, these hives can be kept in use. After
that time they should be broken up. The way
I have done to form these small hives is to di-
vide one of the section-supers of a Dovetailed
hive in two by putting a division-board across
the super the short way thereof. I fill this
super with small frames that hang on rabbets.
Comb foundation should be placed in these
frames so that the bees may the more quickly
draw them out. Being placed upon a hive
that is ready to store surplus honey, one will
soon have a lot of nice combs, some of which
should be filled with honey, while some should
be only about half drawn out.

Three or four of these combs are placed in
small hives made to take such a sized comb.
As soon as a swarm has issued I get some of
my small hives ready by taking as many frames
as T require out of a super, and place them in
my hives. They are now set where I intend
the hives to remain while rearing queens. I
next take a queen that has just hatched out,
and cage her and leave her in a shaded place
alongside of the nucleus hive that I am about
to form. I then take half a pint of bees from the
swarm that has clustered upon a tree near by.
and dump them either upon the frames of the
little hive or at the entrance. T prefer to
empty them right into the hive if I know that
they have not a queen with them; otherwise it
is safer to turn them out at the entrance and
watch them as they run into the hive, so that,
if a queen is with them, she should be removed,
and the queen that is in the cage near by re-
leased and allowed to run in with the bees.
This young queen should be liberated at the
time the bees are introduced at the top of the
frames if the bees are thus placed in the nu-
cleus.

I have found this a much easier way of form-

ing nuclei than any other way that I have
tried. Should one have sufficient young queens,
a number of these small hives can be made up
out of a large swarm. One can get very fine
queens by taking the cells from a hive of one of
his best Italian colonies that has just thrown
oflf its second swarm, and using them for pulled
queens. I have tried this way several times to
my entire satisfaction. I could not wish for a
more desirable way of raising queens.

These small hives should be treated in the
same way, so far as the management is con-
cerned, as the larger hives should. The only
thing one has to look out for is. that they be
well provisioned with honey. When they are
found to be short, all one has to do is to take a
frame of honey from the super where the small
frames are drawn out. and exchange it for one
of the frames in the nucleus that is short of
stores. Sometimes it may be necessary to add
a frame of brood to one of these hives so as to
keep up its strength. This is an easy matter
to do ; for, by allowing the queen in the hive,
where the aforesaid combs are prepared, to
have access to them, she will fill some of them
with eggs, and consequently it will be neces-
sary to remove only one of these frames of
brood to the nucleus requiring brood.

Toward the end of the season, or about the
time that the bees begin todrive out the drones,
as I have already stated, it will be time to
break up these nuolei, as about this time it is
probable that robbers will be preying upon
them. These small hives are also useful for
keeping surplus queens in when the queen-rais-
er desires to use the larger hive for other pur-
poses.

The use of these little hives will be found a
great saving in many ways besides the cheap-
ness of their manufacture, to the queen-breed-
er. It seems to me that no yard, especially in
this State, could well afford to be without them.

North Temescal. Cal., July 30.

EENEST R. ROOT.

THE MANAGING EDITOR'S CAREER AS SKETCH-

EU BY DR. C. C. MILLER FOR THE

AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL.

As announced editorially, the managing ed-
itor and subject of this sketch is making a tour
on his wheel through Michigan, Wisconsin, and
Illinois. He has doubtless made an unexpected
appearance at the door of a goodly number of
bee keepers, and I have no doubt that, without
exception, he has received a cordial reception.
Notwithstanding there have been repeated re-
quests for his picture in Gleanings, he has
been too modest to accede, and it is without his
permission that we gratify the wish of a host
of readers in reproducing a picture, and sketch
of his career, from the pen of his very warm
friend Dr. C. C. Miller, which appeared in the

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

(591

American Bee Journal some time ago. While
we do nol have his sanction, we feel sure that
this will be quite as agreeable to the naajority
of the readers of Gleanings as his visit to the
homes of those bee-keepers who are fortunate
enough to be in the path of his wheel. While
we may be taking unfair advantage of him in
his absence, and perliaps seem to have tran-
scended the proi)rieties, this general and oft-
repeated desire for a look into the face of the
editor is our only e.vcuse for their insertion
here and now . The writer, who holds Ernest
in high esteem, being his big brother-in-law,
with broad shoulders, will risk incurring his
displeasure. Without further introduction we
reproduce the sketch entire, with picture, as it
appeared. j 'p q

It is not often that a periodical is so favored
as IS the Bee Jour/iat, with the opportunity to
present to us readers, in a biographical sketch
and by portrait, one who has come into well-
earned prominence with such rapidity and per-
manency as Mr. Ernest R. Root. Though we
have not met him face to face, we feel that we
have in him a sympathetic brother and friend.
If we may judge from the exceedingly pleasant
and profitable correspondence that has passed
between iis.

Dr. Miller, who has known Mr. Root since
his twelfth year, tells, as onlv the doctor can,
how he has grown up into his present noble
manhood and enviable position of usefulness as
fu 1°^^*?^ "lovely Gleanings." Let us all hope
that Mr. Root may long be spared to bless the
held of apiarian literature with his graceful
pen, and more graceful and earnest elTorts in
behair of the whole bee-keeping world.
■ P<'r,'"i.t "s now to invite you to a careful read-
ing of the following interesting life-story of our
friend and brother-editor:

Somewhere about twenty-four years ag-o I visited
Medina, Ohio, for the first time, going- by stage, as
there was then no railroad. Among the thing-s I
there saw was a boy, perhaps iu his twelfth year (he
was b(irn June 23, 1862). His name was Ernest R.
Root; and in spite of the three decades that have
passed over his head, be is still called "Ernest,"
both at home and abroad, much oftener than " Mr.
Root." I don't know just wby this is; certainly
not for want of respect Perhaps because his
pleasantly cordial manner, both in writing- and
conversation, makes every one think of him as a
familiar friend. 1 hope it may be always so If he
should ever get to be " Mr. Root " with me. I don't
think I should like him as well as I do " Ernest."

The principal thing that I remember about him
on that first visit is, that I do not recall that, during
the 24 hours I was there, he was engaged in killing
;ats or tying tin cans to dogs' tails. So I don't sup-
pose he was worse than the majority of boys. In-
leed, 1 suppose he was too busy in other directions
to have much time for such things. His father was
A.. 1. Root. That's equivalent to saying he was a
lobbyist-a born hobbyist. I am told that at a very
iarly age he showed an extreme fondness for pic-
■ures— A. I.'s son, you see.

As a boy, one hobby was machinery, and to him a
veil-rigged water-wheel or windmill was tlie sum
)f earthly happiness. Later on, singly or combined
(long with other hobbies, rume mechanics, elec-

tricity, microscopy, bees, photograpliy, and bicy-
cles.

In electricity he thought he found himself the
discoverer and inventor of many things of real
value, but on informing liimself more fully was
somewhat chagrined to find that he was neither
an inventor nor discoverer, for all his new things
were old. In spite of that, he still retains a fondness
for every thing connected with electricity.

The use of the microscope, notwithstanding its
injury to a pair of eyes none the best fitted for it
was pursued with zeal; and among other micro-
scopic studies, he took up the anatomy of the bee,
going so far as to publish two or three articles
thereon, when the appearance of the magnificent
work of Cheshire made him again feel that lie was
only working over old ground.

ERNEST R. ROOT.

To go back. In the year '81 he entered the prepai--
atory department of Oberlin College, and left at the
end of four years without graduating, being oblig-
ed to go home and take part of the burden that had
become too heavy for his father's shoulders. That
settled him in one direction, and shortly after he
was settled in another direction, when he capitu-
lated to a pair of black eyes, with properly accom-
panying charms of mind and body, possessed by
Miss Elizabeth Humphrey. After some opportunity
for observation, lam glad to believe that in her
Ernest h.as a very worthy wife. She has a rival
in his affections in the person of their two-year-old
son, Leland Ives— a rialry that she seems to bear
not only meekly but cheerfully.

Like his father, a rider of liobbies, I think Ernest
is the better horseman of the two. Once fairly
seated on a hobby, A. I. gives free rein; and if, in
the chase, liis liat is blown off, he only fiings his
arms the higher, and enjoys the fun. Ernest keeps
a steady hand on the rein; and if the speed is too

692

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTrRE.

Sept. 1.

great, or the direction not to his mind, with a sharp
pull he brings tlie hobby under control, or else de-
liberately dismounts. ,

Few have had the cliance for editoriul traimng
that Ernest has had, and few have so well protited
by it Probably no one could tell when he became
editor of Gleanings in Kke Culture. I doubt if
at any point of time there was any formal transfer
of the position of editor from father to son. The
fact is, he grew into the place. Very likely not
many of the readers of Gleanings know how tuUy
under the control of the son are its columns. Ex-
cept the home and gaiden departments, it i am not
mistaken, unless you tind the initials "A. i. K.' at-
tached, you may be suro that every thing- has felt
the editorial iutluence of Ernest. Tl.at the journal
has lost nothing- by the change of censorship, in the
minds of its supporters, is evidenced by the fact
that, within hve years from the time Ernest took
hold, the subscripuon list increased from tive to ten
thousand.

How much of the ability to control within proper
limits his natural inclination to hobby-riding- comes
■ irom a balance-wheel inherited from his mother,
lean not say. lam quite inclined to creuit that
ability largely to the father. With a matured judg-
ment coming from a wide experience, so long as it
was needed, he kept a close watch lest any false
step was taken, and very likely Ernest was saVeU
irom coming to grief more tuan once by listening
to the advice of ni» more experienced father.

Being both independent thinkers, it is hardly to
be expected that the father and son snould aiwaye
hold the same views. Indeed, they are very lar
from doing so. But to me it has always been very
interesting to notice the readiness to concede on the
pirt of each, and to view with respect the opinions
of the other. Fortunately for the best use of the
position he holds, in any question having an impor-
tant bearing on the general interestsof bee-keepers,
Ernest never liesitates to seek counsel Horn those
on whose expeiience he can rely, and in any impor-
tant departure as to the manufacture or use of
•ippliances he asks the opinions of a number whom
he considers experts, seconded by his immediate
cabinet of advisers-his father, his brother-in-law,
J. T. Calvert, and the foreman of wood-work, J. S.

Warner.

It is also fortunate that Ernest has given up, or
sent to the background, his bent for invention. As
an inventor his field would be more limited. He
operates in a wider field, and is always on the look-
out for improvements, come they from what source
they may, new or old. And no pains are spared to
get at the truth of the matter, or to bring it to pub-
lic notice, if found wortliy. Immediately njonnected
with an immense manufacturing establishment,
Gleanings nolds a position as leader in largely
deciding what shall and shall not be popularly used
among bee-keepers-a position that it could not
long hold if its leadings were not always carefully
made in the direction of the best interests of all

concerned. , . , x, ^ ^

I quote here from a sketch published about two
years ago in the Review, written by the principal
stenographer and proof-reader in the office of
Gleanings:

'• In manners, Ernest is very open and friendly.
In fact, one knows him about as well after an hour's
talk as he ever will. But this friendly urbanity

does not prevent liim from seeing the quack iinrt
impostor in an instant, so he is seldcm, if ever, im-
posed upon. He is uttci ly destitute of selfishness;
and his library, his camera, microscope, gun, or
whatever he has, is entirely lor the benefit of any
who can be benefited thereby His picture shows
phrenologically an even balance of temper, wliich
is well known to us here; for it is just as safe to ask
a favor of him before dinner as after, which is not
the case with most men.

"In speech, our junior editor is very rapid, with
frequent interruptions, or going back to get a bet-
ter word. In this respect he is j ust the opposite of
his father, who seldom changes a word in dictating
even two pages of "Our Homes," containing 3000
words. A. I. has all his editorials fully matured
and ready to put together, like the stones in Sol-
omon's temple, while Ernest goes more on the cut-
and-try plan.

"But the best thing I can say about Ernest is the
unchanging attention which he pays to his father
and mother. With him, nothing must stand in the
way of their convenience and pleasure."

"In speech," used by the writer quoted above,
evidently refers to dictation for publication, for in
convention, although perhaps a little rapid, he is
easily followed, and I do not recall any hesitation
or going back for a better word. He is a pleasant
and easy conversationalist, with a certain inquiring
expression that always suggests to me an interroga-
tion-point—a never ceasing watch for what may be
new or true.

I can hardly say as much for his writing as his
speech. 1 have little faith in the ability to read
character from handwriting; and if I were called to
pass a night for the first time in a room with Ernest,
with no other knowledge of him than seeing some
of his handwriting, I should surely want to put my
walch under my pillow. Perhaps if I had the priv-
ilege of a stenographer and phonograph, nuj chi-
rography might be no better than his.

The word in the German language that means
"earnest" is "eriist," and changing the first letter
to a capital it becomes the proper name Ernst,
which in English is changed to Ernest; so there
might seem something prophetic in his christening,
for if any one characteristic stands out prominent
in Ernest's make-up it is his intense earnestness
I remember being quite amused at a bee-keepers
convention at seeing him carrying about with bin
a piece of a frame, in which he was at that timt
much interested; and wherever you saw Ernest
there you saw that piece of siick to which he wa!
solemnly holding on, apparently determined thai
he must make others see In it the merits he saw
And he did.

As mentioned in the quotation given, anotlie
characteristic is evenness. Whether at the factory
at church, at convention, at iiis house, he alway
has seemed to me alike, the same earnest Ernest
As might be expected, he is active in the chuid
and Cliristian Endeavor Society, and has been elect
ed for the third time as superintendent of th
Sunday-school.

Among the many bee-keepers with whom I ai
proud to claim acquaintance, none appear to m
more like a brother. He seems more nearly my ow
age (most of the others seem older), and somehow
can get closer to him. Probably others feel muc
the same toward him.

1894

(JLEANIN(;S IN BEE Cl'LTUKE.

603

HONEY STATISTICS.

ONE OF THE POOREST CROPS ON KECOHD.

Three weeks ago we sent out about two hun-
dred return postal cards on which were printed
these questions: 1. What has been the honey
Reason in your vicinity, so far as you know?
~. V\ hat was your average yield per colony
in hj.iiey, both comb and extracted'.' Space
was lett for a brief answer under each, and for
name and address of reporter. The replies and
reports received from others are compiled by
States. •'

Briefly stated, the honey crop seems to have
been most abundant in central and lowei' Flor-
ida; good in Texas: fairly good in spots, in
Kern and Inyo Counties, Cal.: in Oregon. Utah,
Loloriulo, Mi)inesota, Wisconsin. Ohio, Michi-
gan, Is e\v ^ cirk. and New England; very poor
in other portions of most of these States and
others, and a total failure in the most of Cali-
fornia, Nebraska, Iowa, Illinois. Missouri, Ken-
tucky. Tennessee, Mississippi, North Carolina,
South Carolina, and Georgia. The general im-
pression given by the reports for the whole
country is not flattering.

One peculiar thing we have noted from re-
ports is the uneven distribution. Of two bee-
keepers but a few miles apart, one would get a
fairly good crop, while the other's bees would
be starving. On this account these reports
may not fairly represent many localities, as the
reports received will not average more than Ave
or six to each State. If your locality is not fair-
ly reported in this summary, let us hear from
you briefly on a postal, by earliest mail. Don't
put It off, but sit right down and write as soon
as you read this report, if it does not do justice
to your sec1;ion and place. Do not write about
any thing else on the same card.

Reports so far received and condensed for
each State are as follows:

Alabama.— Poor; no comb; 30 lbs. ex'd
Arkansas. -Poor; 30 lbs. extracted, 15 comb.
Ciibfornia.-iive report very poor; feeding; fair
in Kern CO.; failure as a whole. «.i'>.i'

:omb!?u0°el^d'^° '"''*'"''* ^''''■' ^"^^ average; 75 lbs.
Cqnnecticut.-Six report as follows: Medium. 10

^n \^r}^^?± ^^"■' ^? ^'^^- '-■°°''^: '■"^'"^f al^o^'e average,
.0 to ^o lbs.; early How good, 35 lbs.; comb above
iverage, 40lbs. coml); good, -'o lbs

Florida.— Six report like this: "Best ever known ;-

extra good," etc. W S. Harfs neighborhood will
have about 300 tons. His own average is 344^ lbs.;
h^\^Z '•^P^^t^ 5^*^ l'^«- from one colony, but not
v^J. V. i*^- ^- Case averages 36u lbs. extra'd, 9 tons
rom ;jO colonies. Florida is " in it," this ye:ir

&iurgia.-8ix report: Total failure, poorest sea-
son t«r years, no honey, etc. Nothing encouraging

1 hnuis.-'len report. Dr. C. C. Milljr says " Bad
)ad.very bad Yield, average, 16 oz.- l^hat fells
be story tor llliutMS. tliougl. Mis. Axtell reports 9%
bs per colony Dadant gets " notbing," and wiU
lext folum "" ^"^"''' '^^'"^ ^'""^ illi"Ois, see

ludiaua.-Five report })oor; one, better than for
^ears; two, trom 30 to 40 per cent of average crop;
)ne, -ir, lbs. comb lioi.ey. ^

Iowa. -Nine report. "Absolute failure;" " worst
\;er known," etc.. is the tenor of all

ann'.'I'i'n^.T.:;^',^'"' '■'"P"'^' ^^howing a complete
ailuie in mat btaie; noi an encouraging word
U)ui.^iana.-One report-medium sea.son; 30' lbs

Mlssouri.-Two report poor; one, 50 lbs. per hive-
another 10 to 40 ex'd-comb, '« less; S, E. Miller
reports basswood as doing well.

Mississippi. -Dr. Ulanton gays; "The worst sea-
son known in twenty years." ^"^

Nehraska.-Five report "very poor"- no surplus

Nevada -E. A Moore reports. "The woi-st in 12
ye:u-s. 1 general y get 100 lbs. to the hive; this ve-ir-
not 3i). J ■"''■•

New Hampshire.— One reports, a little below aver-
chfvergood^'"'^' ^*'"''' °"*'' ^^'"^ '^''"^ °"®' '"^'^''

New Jersey.— One reports "about 40 lbs comb-
one, poor. i,uiuu.

New York.— Seventeen report as follows: Bass-
wood medium; =.'crop,40 lbs. comb; poore.st ever
known; .30 lbs. comb in St. Lawrence Co.; Doolittle
lias half a crop, ,5u lbs. comb, no ex'd; Cayuea Co
very good; Coggshall has Js of a basswood crop";
Langdoii. less than half; poor— very poor at Che-
nango Bridge; Greiner. 30 lbs. comb. 50 exd- El-
wood gets h;ilf a crop of white; good in Seneca Co •
of3^lbs"afBeide^'"= fair in Sullivan Co.; average

N.irth Carolina.— Poorest known.

Ohio —Poor; very poor; comparative failure etc
is tlie verdict of I, in reporters

Oregon.— fair.

Pennsylvania.— One reports very good; four very
poor; One. half a ci. p; one, 25 lbs. cmb; one wors't
seiuson in seven years.

Rhode Island — Two re port half a crop.

South Carolina.— Two report "oneof the poorest "

lennessee-I-onr report a complete failure; one
gels ^o lbs. comb, 35 ex'd: one. poor; one. 30 lbs. per
hive from 50: one. nnicli hoi e\-dew.

Texas.— One reports. " Continued flow from May
1; IK) telling when it will stop." J. E. Lay reports

good, 1 wo more, later, " ver.\ good."

Utah.— G. N. Dow reports "very good," with 60
lbs per colony, ex'd. at Salt Lake City.

\ ermont.— Three rei>ort an average crop. J E
Crane gets 37 lbs. per hive; A. E. Manum, 35; three
report " poor:" two, "the best in several years "

V irginia.-Two import poor; one gets 15 lbs. comb.

West Virginia.-Poor, very good, extra fair, is what
three reporters say; average of about 30 lbs. honey

Wis -onsin -Two report very poor; C. Grimm. 20
lbs comb, 50 ex'd, per colony; P. p. Best ,50 lbs
?,^n ■; ^^ ^*^'^- i^'omb; Frank McNay. 50 lbs. ; M.' A. Gill'
110 lbs. per colony. Later, two report good

THE HONEY YIELD IN ILLINOIS.

The following is the July report of prospects
of honey from the members of the Illinois State
Bee-keepers' Association. The questions and
answers correspond in number.

1. How many colonies have you?

3. What are the prospects of a honey crop "^

3. How much honey gathered to date'>

4. Is the honey gathered No. 1 or not ''

Maine-Four report "fair," "excellent" etc
nih a yield ol from 25 to .50 Ujs ^^^>^ni, etc.,

Maryland-Two report " fairly good."
Alassachusetts.— Three repori " very poor "
Michigan -Seven report as follows: Good from
a.sswood; 13.t colonies gave 5 lbs.; very poor- JiC of
n average yield; pjor; poor, not to exceed I'j lbs •
ery poor is reported by K. L. Taylor.
Minnesota.-Four report: Fair to good; two
oor; H. G. Acklin gets 27K, lbs. per colony vvTth
ood reports from those near basswood '

Allen Thos. B., Stirrup Grove. Macoupin Co.-L
31: 2. Poorest ever known; 3. Not auy-haveonot
even put on sections.

Anthony. A. B.. Coleta, White-side Co.— 1 27- 2
No more for this unusually dry season; 3. 200 lbs.
comb lOU ll)s. extracted; 4. Ba.sswood. and No. 1 for
the kind.

Arnold, Frank H.. Deer Plain. Calhoun Co.— 1 9.t-
2 Very poor; 3. About 1100 lbs; 4. No. 1 of Its kind
(honey-dew).

Beall. C. M.. Clayton, Adams Co.— 1. 8; 2 Some
buckwheat sown from which they will probably aet
honey enough to winter on; 3. None. I ptit on
no supers, as the white clover was all killed and
there is no basswood in this vicinity

Uevier. M., Bradford. Stark Co.— I. 40; 2 Poor- 3
None. ' ■

Bla<-k. S. N.. Clayton, Adams Co. — 1.35; 2 No
honty; 3. None.

Blunier, Peter, Koanoke, Woodford Co.— 1 51 in
spring; 2. Very poor; 3. About 200 lbs. so far- 4
good quality.

Cadwallader, D. A., Prairie du Kocher. Randolph
Co.-l. 27; 2. Medium; ;}. .510 lbs. estimated; 4. Yes
clover and basswood.

Cole. G. \\'., Canton. Fulton Co.— 1. 24- 2 Verv
poor: 3. About 60 lbs.; 4. No. 1. I saved one swarm
—two went on a strike.

694

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept. 1.

Covell, C, Buda. Bureau Co.-l. 3o. and have the
care of others; 3. Not good, very dry, and little
prospects of fall bloom; 3. Not any. on an average
enough for winter stores; 4. Is bassvvood.

Dadant & Son, Hamilton, Hancock Co.— 1. 3,50, 'i.
None; 3. None; 4. V\ ill have to feed for winter.

Dale Peter, Granville, Putnam Co. — 1. 135; 3.
Very slim; 3. About 50 lbs.; 4. Yes.

England, P. J., Fancy Pi airie, Menard Co.-l. 36;
3 Poor; 3. 25 lbs. extraded; 4. No. 1.

Everett, J. D., Oak Park, Cook Co.-l. 34; 3. Fair;
3. 168 lbs.; 4. No.

Flanagan, E. T., Belleville, St, Clair Co.-l i50; 3.
Poor; 3 None;

Hambauah, J. M., Spring, Brown Co.— 1. 130; i.
ExctSllngfyslim; 3. 3500 lbs.; 4. /. dark, % better,
but not No. 1. ri 1 0-. •>

Hayek, Bernard W., Quincy, Adams Co.-l. 3., 3.
N(7t good; 3. So far not enough to winter my bees

on; 4. Not No. 1. ^ , r. , en. •>

Highbarger. Leroy, Leaf River, Ogle Co.-l. 80. -.
Very poor The worst drouth ever known; pas-
tures all burned up; 3. 100 lbs. clover, basswood and
honey-dew. Bees are doing nothing now; 4. Clover
and linden. No. 1. ^ or. a -c

Little. Wm.. Marissa, St. Clair Co.-l. 60; 2. For
fall crops, fair if rains fall; 3. My crop ruined by
honey-dew; 4. Good for nothing but bee-feed.

Miller. Dr. C. C, Marengo, McHeniy Co.-l. 303;

2. Nil; 3. Nary a drop. ., xt .

Phelps. Adam. Springfleld.-l. 28; 3. Poor; .3. Not

a drop; bees on a strike. ^ .,, ^ , on.,

Poindexter. Geo.. Kenney. Dewitt Co.-l. 90. i.

Very poor; 3. 50; 4. Not No. 1.

Poindexter, Jas.. Bloomington.-l. 50 and 30 nu-
clei; 3. Think will get the bees summered safely; 6.
No surplus; 4. Basswood mostly.

Bobbins, Geo. F., Mech inicsburg, Sangamon Co.—
1 7n- 3 Nt)ne so far; 3. No surplus, only enough to
fl'll brood-nest; 4. No. Chiefly honey-dew.

Smith. J. Q., Lincoln, Logan Co.-l. 63; 3. Poor; 3.
200 lbs. alsike clover; 4. No. 1. „ ^ , ,,„ .,

Snell. F. A., Milledgeville, Carroll Co.— L 112; ~.
Not very flattering; 3. About 600 lbs.; 4. No. 1.

Vandenljurg. P E., Jerseyville, .Tersey Co.-l. 38;
2. Poor-no surplus; 3. Not any surplus; 4. Don t

know. „, , o o XT t

Van Meter, W. M.. Era. Cook Co , Tex. -1. 8: 2. Not

good on account of drouth; 3. About 100; 4. Very

good. 1 r. o ir

Vibert F. C. Hockanum. Conn.— 1. iX 2. Veiy
poor— the severest drouth ever known is the cau.se;
3 24 s-'Ciions from two colonies taken July 1st: 4.
No. 1 As fine as I ever i-aw.

Whiitlesey, E.. Pecatonica. Winnebago Co -1. .1;
3 Very poor; 3. None in sections; *■. M>> white hon-
ey—clover, linden, and honey-dew mixtd. No No. 1
honey in this part of the country.

Bradfordton, III. Jas. A. Stone, &fc.

CANDY FOR ftUEEN- CAGES.

SOMETHING IN KKGARD TO ITS USE IN AUS
TKAIJA.

BU H. L. JiitlfS.

I have noticed several articles in Gi-eanings
recently, regarding the effect of dry climales on
queen-cage candy, and it now seems to be the
general belief that the loss in shipping queens
long distances is due mainly to the behavior of
the candy. I will give you a little of my expe-
rience in importing queens from America dur-
ing the present season.

From one breeder I received 12 queens; but
only one came through alive, and she was the
only surviving inmate of the cage. With this
consignment I'm sure the condition of the candy
had little to do with the loss, as it was still

moist and in good condition. To test the mat-
ter still further 1 used what remained of it to
provision cages in sending off a distant consign-
ment of queens, and it fulfilled its purpose ad-
mirably. I received also a number of queens
from other dealers; but with one exception all
were dead. With these, too, the candy was in
most if not all cases all right. The majority of
queens were put up in large three-hole cases,
and the loss in many instances was distinctly
traceable to the fact that some bees had got
stuck in the candy, and thus cut off supplies. A
cage of this kind is not at all adapted for suc-
cessful shipment. The candy (the weight) be-
ing all at one end, the cage will, on being tum-
bled into the mail-bag, in most cases settle with
this end down, and thus on a three-weeks' trip
across the ocean the bees, as they die off, will
drop straight into the candy, and communica-
tion with the food is soon cut off. A shallow
six or eight hole cage, one side ventilated and
one side not. with at least two entrances to the
candy, also some kind of guard to make it al-
most impossible for dead bees to roll into the
candy, will give much better success. Of course,
the candy could be placed at both ends of the
cage, but this would necessitate a double sup-
ply and a larger cage.

To give you some idea of the condition of the
candy after passing through various climates, I
send you to-day a queen in a cage of my own de-
sign. If she comes through all right, score out
for the cage; but I hardly think she will at this
time of the year, as her vitality will be prettj
well exhausted by the time she reaches lh(
United States; and the cold weather you wil
still be having will probably finish her off.

1 aho send you a sample of my Australasiai
mailing-cage, which is a slight modification o
the old-style Benton; but I can assure you it i
far more nearly infallible. Out of nearly .50'
queens sent in it to all parts of Australasia al
ready this season, I have not yet had a singl
loss. I have also sent out a number in you
eight-hole long-distance cages, also several oth
er kinds of cage-;, but not with the same sue
cess. You will notice that the passageway
connecting the larger holes are cut clean awaj
and not simply bored, as with your old Benton
and in this lies the advantage. With the sma
bored passageway, one bee stuck in the cand
is suf'ticient to block up the hole and cut o
communication with the food ; but with th
entrances cut clean away, when a bee gei
hurled into the candy by any sudden jerk thei
is still sufficient room for a bee to reach th
candy, and usually the bogged bee is release
before it dies. Now, don't say this cage is tc
large, as it goes anywhere for a penny (3 cents
and this is our lowest rate of postage.

I make my candy of best icing sugar (It) cen
per lb.): warm the honey, and mix up as yc
have so often described. H. L. .Jones

Goodna, Queen'd, Australia, Feb., 1894.

1894

GLEANINGS IN HEE CULTURE.

095

FERTILIZING (^UEKNS IN CONFINEMENT.

Question.— What is the best plan of fertilizing
queens in confinement?

^?(sr<)cr.— So far as I know, there is no prac-
tical method of fertilizing queens except to
allow them to have their own way, as they
have had ever since God placed the little busy
bee on the earth. And, furthermore, I do not
believe that any successful plan has yet been
discovered. After trying faithfully all the
plans ever given, only to fail, I feel that I am
excusable in saying that I doubt the truth of
anyone having a queen fertilized in confine-
ment, and believe that those who claim to have
succeeded have either deceived others or are
deceiving themselves by careless experiments.
They may think that they have succeeded in
having queens fertilized in that way; but for
all that, the chances are that the queen was
fertilized as all queens are, when not known by
the experimenter. Nature, for various reasons,
has provided that the queen should meet the
drone in the air, unrestricted by any thing;
and they insist on doing as nature has provided'
or in not mating with the drone at all. lam'
often surprised at the amount of money thrown
away on plans which were thoroughly tried
and proved to be an entire failure years ago.
One man wrote me some time ago that he was
ready for the money I offered for a really prac-
tical plan by which queen-bees could be mated
to any desired individual drone, with no more
work than was necessary with our domesticated
animals, for he had a plan that would fill the
bill. I wrote him that, before I parted with
my money, I should require that he give me a
brief outline of his plan, so that I might judge
of the practicability of it, and whether it would
come under the specifications regarding the
amount of work required. When the ''reply
came, his plan that would " fill the bill " was
no more nor less than the one tried by Bro.
Root years ago; namely, that of building a
large glass house or greenhouse, and setting
the hives having the queen and desired drones
inside for a few days, when they were to be set
out and another set in its place. "In this
way," said he, " I have had several queens be-
come fertile and go to laying." When I wrote
him that his plan was an old one, and that, in
all probability, his queens went out to meet the
drone either before he set them in the green-
house, or else after he took them out, he wrote
back denouncing me in any thing but gentle
terms, and claiming that I did not mean to give
any thing for any plan. Another writes me
that he has a new plan which he is going to
put into operation next year; and when asked

to outline the same a little he very reluctantly
gives, enjoining the greatest secrecy, the oldest
and most tried plan of any— that of a large tent
or house made of wire cloth, in which to set
any colony having the desired queen and
drones. When written to that his " new " plan
was one of the oldest, and had been tried by
scores, only to fail, he can not think it possible,
and says he is still inclined to doubt the truth
of my statement, and will rig a wire-cloth house
and try it, in any event. Of course, if any in-
sist on trying such a thing, after being caution-
ed, there is no law of the land to hinder their
doing so. I find that the persons who believe
success just ahead of them along this line are
beginners; and the reason for noticing this
query at all in this department is with the hope
of saving some from throwing away their
money on plans for fertilizing queens in con-
finement, which do not have even a shadow of
success in them.

KEAKING (QUEENS.

Question.~J have decided that every colony
that is intended to be run for comb honey next
year must contain a queen of this year's rear-
ing. I desire good queens, that my stock may
not deteriorate. In view of the foregoing, what
plan can I follow in order to produce the best
results for a series of years ?

Answer.— I can not conceive what line of
argument could have been used to bring the
questioner to a decision that he would not
allow a queen over a year old in his apiary
which was to be run for comb honey, and can
not help thinking that, when his experience
accumulates, he will find that his decision is
not well founded; for queens which are in their
second year do fully as good work as younger
ones, where the colony is worked for comb
honey, and often are equally good the third and
fourth year. Besides, I find, as a rule, that the
bees will supersede their own queens as soon as
they begin to fail to any appreciable extent;
and when the bees undertake this work jt is
done much more satisfactorily, all things con-
sidered, than it is when the apiarist attempts
to say, " This shall be," or, " This shall not be."
But if you think you must have your own
way, then there is probably no better plan than
to follow Willie Atchley's way, as has been
given in (Jleanings during the past year or
two. If you think this too much bother, or
consider it '• fussy," as some claim, then you
can rear pretty good (|ueens in this way: Kill
the old queen and let each colony rear one from
her brood. In five days from the time you
killed the old queen, open the hives and look
for queen-cells. In doing this it is well to
shake the bees off the combs so that the cells
can be easily discovered. If any are found cap-
ped at this time they should be destroyed, as
they will contain larvie that are too old' to
make good queens. H.-cs do not cap over a cell
containing a good queen larva, as a rule, in less

696

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept. 1.

than six days from the time the mother- queen
is removed. The reason for this lies in tlie fact
that bees rarely miss their queen to a sufficient
extent to start cells in less than two and a half
days after her removal; and if you find cells
sealed over on the fifth day after the removal
of the old (or mother) queen, yon may know
that the larva in said capped cell must have
been three and a half days old when the bees
undertook to change it to a queen. All queen-
rearers agree that larv:v two days old and un-
der give the best queens, and that a larva older
than three days should never be used under
any circumstances, if we would have queens
which can be to any extent called good. Of
course, the colony is to be well fed, if no honey
is coming in from the fields, until the sixth day,
or till the cells are capped over.

The first traps sent out in 1883 had a perforat-
ed slide in the top. Then that had to be dis-
carded, as bees would enter the trap in that
way, and could not find their way out for a
long time. I do not consider the arrangement
to catch drones going into the hive of any
practical value, or even needed in the trap, to
say nothing about its being an improvement.
If the trap catches drones when they attempt
to leave the hive, of what use is it to have an
arrangement to catch them the other way? If
such circumstances should ever occur that one
would like to catch drones entering a hive,
then the thing to do is to reverse the position of
the trap, and the thing can be done as well as
if not better than by the Harrison arrangement.

But Mr. Harrison says his device gives better
ventilation to the hive than my trap. It seems

THAT IMPROVEMENT OF THE ALLEY TRAP.
By Henry Alley.

About the first thing that met my eye on
opening Gleanings of Aug. 1 was the article
describing an alleged improvement of the Alley
trap. The editor has an idea that Mr. Har-
rison's " improvement " is original. »So far as
catching drones on entering the hive, it is new;
but so far as covering the front of the trap with
metal, it is not new. Not less than fifty bee-
keepers have made this same improvement
since the trap was devised. When I pointed
out to them the objections to such an arrange-
ment they saw at once that the improvement
was not much of an improvement after all. I
have a trap in my office that has been in my
possession about seven years, just the same
thing as Harrison's, except the part of catching
drones from the outside. The man who left
the trap with me had just come from Washing-
ton where he had been to get his improvement
patented. He was told that another man had
a patent on the same thing. And that was the
last I ever heard from that particular' improv-
ed trap.

Well, now, the objection to a trap arranged
as Mr. Harrison's is— that is, with the front
covered with perforated metal— is this: When
the bees return from the Held they enter the
trap instead of going through the metal at the
en-trance and direct into the hive. There they
lose much time in trying to find their way out.
Now, this same arrangement of covering the
front of the trap has been suggested by a hun-
dred bee-keepers. Of course, I had tested the
same thing long before any one else had
thought of it.

to me that he has not seen our Improved trap,
such as we have been sending out for the last
two years, or he would make no such claim as
he does. Not only is the front part of the im-
proved trap covered by metal, but a part of the
back as well. If bees enter the trap as now
made they do not spend any time in trying to
find their way out, but pass directly through
the trap into the hive.

Then, again, the bees can leave the hive by
passing through the upper part of the trap as
well as by the regular entrance. The improved
trap not only admits of all the above advan-
tages, but makes it impossible to so place the
trap on the hive that the bees can not find their
way out. But if I understand the Harrison ar-
rangement, it has the same defect the old-style
Alley trap had. That is, unless care were used
in adjusting the trap to the hive, the colony
would be closed in and soon smothered. This
can not be done with the improved trap. As
thousands of the readers of Gleanings have
the old-style trap in use, I will instruct them
how to apply the improvements above stated.

Saw out of the back of the trap about a third
of the wood, say a piece 6 inches by 33.<. Gov-

1894

GLEANINCJS IN BEE CLLTIRE.

(»97

er the aperture with Root's metal. Nail it to
the inside of tlie trap, as by so doing there will
be a good large bee-space for the bees to pass up
between the front of the hive and the back of
the trap. The front of the trap should also be
covered with metal. Now, if you have any
traps on hand not nailed up, put in three of the
wire tubes instead of one. All our improved
traps have three tubes; and so sure as a drone
attempts to leave the hive, he finds himself in
the trap before he knows it.

I shall send one of the improved (old-style)
traps to the editor, and may be he can illustrate
the improvements so that ail will better under-
stand them.

Wenham, Mass.

(til the time. This is a matter worth thinking about.
Heed the lesson tauglit by that intelligent coiiib-
fduiidatioM firm, Clias. Dadaiit & Son, and also
others, wliose advertisements are found in ecny
ttionlxr of tlie liec Jouinal, witiiout a single miss.

•IHTERLSTS-

Anil there shall be no night there; and thev need no candle,
neither lisrht of the Min; for the Lord Uod giveth them ligtit:
And they shall reijrn for ever and ever. — Rkv. Hi : 5.

We got such an onslaught of articles on the
tariff question, that we found it absolutely
necessary to bring the discussion to a close.
The snbject is too redhot for our columns;
and, besides, it is quite apt to run into politics
only, with no reference to bees, and, we are
sorry to say, bitter feelings toward those who
hold opposite views are apt to be engendered.

It may not be amiss to remind you who are
using the Hoflfman frames for the first season,
that propolis, during this time of year, acts the
worst it ever will; and that, after the frames
have been in use for two years, and the edges
■covered with old propolis, iieiv propolis, of the
disagreeable, sticky kind, will not be deposited
so freely. In fact, the two-year-old Hoffman
frames work nicer than the first year, along in
the fall.

CONTINUOUS ADVKHTISING.

We find the following good advice in the
American Bee Journal; and if you have an
advertisement that does not pay, please read
carefully what Editor York has to say. Possi-
bly it may e.xplain the trouble:

Continuous advertising, even if it be only a small
announcement, pays the advertiser the best in ilie
long run. Spasmodic advertising, like "spasms"
•of any kind, is unsatisfactory. To secure tlie very
best results, year in and year out, you must keep
.your name and busmess before the public. Only by
so doing can you hope to keep from bL'ing forgotten
when the time comes that your would-be customers
wish to purcliase what they want.

Besides, in the fall of the year more agricultural
papers send out large numbers of sample copies,
^nd the advertiser fails to get the advantage of
reaching the thousands who get the free sample
•copies, unless he keeps his advertisement running

ANOTIIEK BICYCLE TOUR.

It is not to be, but is already partly a thing
of the past. Why didn't we give notice? We
could not tell exactly when we could get away
best, or what route we would take. Briefly,
this is the one so far taken: Mounted on the
Victor Flyer, we halted, after a few miles' ride,
at the apiary of Vernon Burt. Again resuming
the saddle we hung to ii till we reached Board-
man's, at East Townsend, near Norwalk. We
stayed so long here that we had to take the
train for the last 30 miles, en route for Toledo.
Nevertheless we covered on the wheel, besides
the stops, 75 miles. We stayed at Dr. Mason's
over night, and the next morning wheeled to
Detroit, stopping on tne way to hunt up certain
obscure bee-keepers. This day's run was 70 or
SO miles. Next day found us at Bell Branch,
the home of M. H. Hunt. We lost the way,
and ran needlessly some seven or eight miles
out of the road. Again we are In the saddle,
with M. H. Hunt for a pilot, to see that we get
started right this time. We then left him and
reached Flint — the last part of the journey
having to be completed on the cars by reason of
the impassablenebs of the roads lor sand. This
latter article was so plentiful for the rest of the
way that we took the train for Lapeer. We
now start from Manistee to Chicago by boat;
and from this point we shall resume the use of
the wheel— for what points we shall learn later,
for we don't know yet. We shall never — no,
never — attempt on the wheel to ride over sandy
country again.

We have picked up on the way many inter-
esting things, and later on will try to give them
to you under Notes of Bicycle Travel.

We hnd so far on the route that the honey
season, while better than last, has been rarther
poor. Every thing, except the lakes, seemed to
be parched in drouth. As a consequence, smoke
and fire are getting in some of their work.

THE ST. .JOSEPH SOUVENIR.

Welu, what is that? Imagine that you have
in your hands a book 1.5 inches long, sidewise,
and 11 inches from top to bottom, containing
about 1.50 pag(!s, and you will have an idea of
the outward appearance of this work. How
about the inside? That consists partly of ele-
gantly printed half-tone views of the principal
buildings and other points of interest in that
stirring city known as St. Joseph. The title-
page is a view of the city itself, 35 inches in
length. As no camera would take so large a
view, the wonder is how it was done. Five
consecutive "shots" were taken, each time
pointing the camera a little further to one side,
taking in the whole range of view. These neg-

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept. 1.

atives were then half-toned, and the plates
fastened side by side and printed. This gives a
most comprehensive view of the city, and the
eides of the picture are as clearly printed as the
middle. Besides all this we have a multitude
of half tones showing the repre-^entative men
of that city, with short biographies of each. We
know of no city of its size that has taken so
much pains to give to the outer world an idea of
its appearance as St. Joseph. It is in every
sense creditable to the city and to the project-
ors of the work, and can not fail to be of great
interest to all who contemplate taking in the
convention next month. Judging from the pic-
ture, we think St. Joseph will be a capital place
to hie to during October — the finest month of
the year. We do not know the price of the
book; but it can be obtained of the News Pub-
lishing Co., St. Joseph, Mo.

PROPOI.IS; HOFFMAN FRAMES IN THE FALL;

DISAGREEABI^E HYBRIDS; A SCHEME FOR

FINDING HYBRID QUEENS, THAT DID

NOT FULLY MATERIALIZE.

At our basswood yard we have three very
Strong hybrid colonies, each occupying three
eight-frame stories. The bees are very cross;
but after the honey-flow we decided to change
the queens. When we came to hunt them up
we found we had a job on our hands indeed.
Like simon-pure hybrids— if, indeed, hybrids
can be called pure — they stung, boiled all over
the frames and over the sides of the hives, and
the queens, of course, could not be found with-
out spending more time than we cared to take.
We concluded that, In all three of the colonies,
the queens must be in the two upper stories.
Accordingly, after lifting those off from one of
the colonies (myl but they were heavy with
honey), we put on the bottom story, perforated
zinc honey-board, and the Porter bee-escape.
This we did with the other two. " Now," said
we. "if the bees will only desert their brood,
and go through this bee-escape, the queen will,
of course, go too. When past the bee-escape
she will be in tlie space between the honey -
board and the escape- board, and trapped for
easy execution. We had some misgivings; and
accordingly, in 24 hours, we went down to see
how things worked. The upper stories were
thinned out some, but not enough to Justify us
in hauling them over again in what might be a
fruitless attempt to find the queens. Forty-
eight hours more elapsed. As we had not time
to go down we sent our apiarist. There were
still some left in both upper stories; and the
bees in the lower story broodless and queen-
less, and nearly starving, were howling mad.
There now being fewer bees in the way, the
queens were captured and executed according
to the decree, but were not neatly and auto-
matically imprisoned, as we had planned in
the first place. Even if the hybrids were as
gentle as flies, they propolize things so that it

is exceedingly disagreeable to work with them.
Why. it was all we could do to pull apart one
story from another; and there were no burr-
comb attachments between them either; and
as to removing the cover, it takes nearly the
full main strength of a good average man.
" Oh, yes I " you say, " I would use enamel
cloth." But your covers would blow off, and
then you have that much extra expense in the
useless cloth. The best solution of the trouble
is to keep pure Italians or Carniolans.

H. L. .lONES, GOODNA, QUEENSLAND, AUSTRALIA.

For the last ten years, with increasing fre-
quency, the name of H. L. Jones has appeared
in this journal as one of the rising lights in
apiculture in that far-away land where they
have their hot days in December. Thirteen
years ago friend Jones was not worth a penny,
in a finmcial sense; but, being possessed of
pluck and perseverance, he resolved to see
what he could do with bees for a livelihood.
At this time he was only fifteen years old. He
has now one of the largest and most successful
trades in bees, etc., in the southern hemisphere.
Without borrowing a cent of capital, friend
Jones has now a business worth several thou-
sand dollars, and his trade is constantly in-
creasing. We have always found him to be a
prompt business man, and our good opinion of
him, which we had at the first, has increased
as we have known more about him. We are
glad to present his picture to our readers.

1894

GLEANIN(iS I]\ BEE CULTURE.

699

I.AKESIDK.

And there shall in no wise cuter into the city any
thinff that deflleth, neither whatsoever worketh
aljomi nation, or niaketh a lie; but they which are
written in the Lamb's book of life.— Kev. 31: 27.

The gate leading into the Lakeside grounds
is on a sidehill; and it is so wide that I did not
notice the inclosure at all. It is true, a young
man stood by the side of the way, and as I
passed him on ray wheel I noticed that he
raised his hand. I regarded this as a sort of
salutation, and touched my cap to him as I
passed by. Pretty soon it began to be evident,
however, that I was inside the grounds. Had
it not been downhill I should have stopped a
little sooner; but, the light wheels nowadays do
not have brakes. I finally fetched up, and
walked back to where the young man stood,
and asked him if he wanted me. He said he
simply wished to ask me if I had a ticket. Said
L " fkit, my good friend, suppose 1 did not have
any ticket. Do you let everybody go in free
who does not turn back as I did ?"

" Well, people who come here do not, as a
rule, want to go in without a ticket, even if
they can. I did not feel at all troubled, for I
was sure you would come back."

That was the first glimpse of the way things
are done at Lakeside, and to me it was a rev-
elation. Iran around the grounds for a little
while in order to see what Lakeside is like, and
then I turned up by the VV. C. T. LT. headquar-
ters, and made inquiries in regard to board and
lodging. The rooms were pretty well taken
up; but a very pleasant, motherly woman soon
showed me a room I could have for as cents a
day. Of course, we did not get much style for
such a small sum. There was a clean comfort-
able bed, mosquito-netting over the windows
and door, and, in short, all that was needed for
a sleeping-apartment at this season. In order
to have it cool and airy during the sultry Au-
gust weather, the rooms were all open overhead.
There were partitions that did not go up high-
er than one could well reach. I remarked to
ray attendant, that, if anybody were disposed
to " break through and steal," he would find
very little hindrance. She replied that so few
vicious people ever carae on to their grounds,
or wanted to be in such a place, that they left
their clothing and even valuables wherever it
seemed handiest, and it was very rare indeed
to hear of any thing being stolen. I noticed
afterward that rocking-chairs, hamraocks, and
various articles of apparel, were left outdoors
all night. Nobody seeraed to be troubled about
missing any thing.* Services were being held
at the time in the Auditorium, and I looked
around for a place to put my wheel while I
went to meeting. All around the Auditorium
are little shops and stores. For instance, there
is a bakery, general office, meat-market, gro-
cery, dry-goods store, shoe-shop, etc.; and all
those things that are likely to be needed are
ilose at hand. Among them I noticed a good-

*At the time of the conversation above, the state
)f Mtfairs at Lakeside was about as my companion
itated; but the morning- I left I found some one
lad taken a valuable hamuKx'k during- the night.
The tliieves were heard, and they went in the direc-
tion of the broken fence, mentioned hereafter; so
t would seem that, even if property does seem safe
It sucli places, it is well to keep the inclosure in
ro(>d lepair. We should be careful how we invite
hieving by any slipshod or unthrifty habits.

sized room where parcels could be checked. I
asked them if they could lake charge of my
wheel. "Oh, yes!" said the young man who
was in charge. " Just set it back there and it
will be perfectly safe." However, I felt a little
anxious, and asked him if he could not put on
a check. He said he could, and did so. The
charge was only a ?uV;/<:c/. When I told him I
raight wish to leave it a couple of days ]w said
it would make no difference. Moilera le charges
for every accoramodation seems to be the rule
all over Lakeside. In t assing a locomotive,
just before I arrived at tlie grounds, a piece of
cinder flew into my eye, and it became so pain-
ful that I Hnally called at a doctor's office. He
removed it. and applied some eye- water to al-
lay the irritation; he also looked after the eye
that day and the following; but the charge
was only 2.5 cts. Very good meals may be had
for2()cts.; or you cai go to the bakery and
buy what you choose, taking nothing and pay-
ing for nothing that you do not wish. Or if
you desire to live cheaper still with a little
coal-oil stove, you can buy whatever you need
at the butcher-shop, fish-market, bakery, etc.,
and live about as cheaply as you can at home.
Corae to think of it. you can have many things
even cheaper than you can get them at home.
I greatly enjoyed having an abundance of ex-
cellent fresh fish during ray stay on the
grounds. Right near the Auditorium are three
tanks of ice water. A pipe runs away out into
the lake, and a steam-engine pumps up water,
which is distributed all over the grounds
through appropriate pipes. As these pleasure-
grounds are in use only during the summer
time, the pipes lie on top of the ground. These
pipes sometimes become very warm in the sun,
especially those that are not draw"n upon suffi-
ciently to keep the water raoving; and there
were quite a few jokes about having hot water
at Lakeside free of charge; whereas, if you
want cold water you must either go to the pub-
lic drinking-places or purchase ice. I happened
to want a piece of ice before I retired at night.
After riding the wheel all day I usually become
very thirsty. The keeper of the restaurant
gave me a piece as large as a sraall pitcher.
When I offered him a nickel for it he refused to
take any thing, saying that ice was very cheap
around there.

In the Auditorium they have the very best
talent to deliver the addresses, on a great vari -
ety of subjects. But the :.'") cents a day you pay
at the gate covers the admission to all meet-
ings, concerts, etc. During the first evening a
concert with quite a long program was held.
We first had music by an excellent band, in the
open air; then we had various kinds of instru-
mental music in the Auditorium; a celebrated
lady singer from Boston; a violinist of much
repute; the .Eolian Quartette, from Delaware.
()., and many others. I raention these things to
show the general spirit of the place. On m.y
wheel-rides, especially when I visit places of
suraraer resort, I become so accustomed to ex-
tortion and greed that I have begun to take it
as a matter of course. Here at Lakeside there
was such a marked difference that it really
seemed like a glirapse of heavenly things here
on earth. Let me digress a little to explain my
meaning.

One day last week I visited a celebrated re-
sort on the banks of a beautiful lake. After
ray wheel-ride I thought I would enjoy a good
full dinner. Besides. I felt as if I ought to pat-
ronize the people who had taken so much pains
to put up an attractive-looking hotel. I went
up to the desk and asked the clerk where I
could leave my wheel while I took dinner. He
opened the gate and suggested that, for safety,
I just push it inside. 1 thought this very kind

TOO

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept. 1.

of him. and thanked him. Then he quietly re-
marked he guessed he hart belter give me a
check. T told him that, as It would not stand
there more than fifteen or twenty minute's. 1
did not think he need to take the trouble.
However, he put on his paper check; and then
as he extended to me a bit of pasteboard, with
the usual insinuating smile, he said, "Ten
cents, please." I qu<>stion right here whether
a hotel -keeper has a right to charge you for
checking your wheel any more than he has for
checking your overcoat. Never mind. Ten
cents is only a small matter, after all. But I
paid .50 cents for a 2.'5-cent dinner: and I could
not get even the 3.T-cent dinner witliout repeat-
edly urging the waiters to bring me this. that,
and the other. At first they did not see me at
all. Then they had a habit of forgetting what
they went for. There, there! I think I have
found fault enough. I feel a little ashamed of
myself after saving what I have said. But I
wish you to notice the great contrast between
the way they do things at Lakeside and the
way they do them where the only inspiring
motive is to get as much money as possible
with the least expense and exertion possible.
There, I have put my foot in it again in ihat
last sentence. I fear. The si)ench is not Chi'i<-
tianlike. and it is somewhat of an exaffgeration.
Well. I think I have got through, at least for
the present, finding fault with such accommo-
dations as we find in traveling.

At Lakeside they have a great hotel also. It
is an immense building, and it has all the con-
veniences of hotels that charge three or four
dollars a day. I say a?7 the "conveniences."
I mean, so far as I am concerned. There was
not any bar for liquors attached. There was
not any case of cigars close to the desk. There
were no nasty spittoon*, and there ^yere no
loafers chewing and spitting, and puffing to-
bacco smoke in your face. The office was a
clean and tidy place, with lots of pure air. and
a general atmosphere of purity that to me was
indeed refreshing. Not only was there no to-
bacco smoke, but I did not hear a single vile or
uncourteous word during my stay. When we
approached the dining-room, even though there
were large crowds, a pleasant woman directed
each one to a place at the table: and she did it
with an air of refinement and cheerful hospi-
tality siich as you might find if you were to go
and visit your own sister whom you had not
seen for year?. Then another young woman,
of equal refinement and gentility, either waited
on you at once or informed you she would be at
leisure pretty soon. Every thing on the bill of
fare was exactly what 1t purported to be: and
the cooking was like home cookinsr. I do not
know whether all the waiters and clerks at
Lakeside Hotel are professing Christians or
not: but to my mind they came very near being
Christians in" their behavior, even if it should
transpire that they do not belong to any
church.

One thing that pleased me at Lakeside ^\■as,
the little cards told you beforehand what every
thing cost; and nowhere did we find any ex-
cuses made for charging more than the price
agreed on. There was also a pleasant socia-
bility that I greatly enjoyed. People bantered
each other pleasantly, who were perfect stran-
gers, even though there were three thousand or
more on the grounds at the time I was there.
There were old gray-headed people sitting in
their arm-chairs, and enjoying the lake breezes,
while they talked over old times, etc. There
were great numbers of children paddling like
ducks on the «andy beach, playing all over the
grounds, and I did not hear any quarreling or
hard words. It seemed to be the fashion at
fjakeside to be pleasant and good-natured.

There was lots of fun and merriment — in fact,
all kinds of games and pastimes were going on
— tliat is, all soMs of innocent games. A good
many of the small boys were dressed so that
they could live like the frogs— in the water or
out of it as the spirit moved; and a favorite
joke down on the pier was, to pretend that one
ofiheboys had been pushed overboard, espe-
cially when one of the large steamboats was
unloading passengers. After a chill had gone
through the crowd to think somebody had fall-
en oflf into the deep water, a mischievous ur-
chin's face would emerge from the depths be-
side the pier. You could see the grin on his
face before he came to the surface. One boy
liapppiied to go down head first; and when he
strui'k the water his head pushed out the
crow n of his hat. This forced the brim dow n
on his shoulders, so when became up his eyes
were just twinkling above his hat where the
crown used to be fastened on.

I now wish to explain that my mission to
Lakt'side was to meet with the Ohio Anti-
saloon League. We had stirring addresses
from the representative speakers of all the
temperance societies in our land; and these
addresses, characterized by the same courteous
bearing toward all. made me feel that Lake-
side was quite different from the rest of the
world. I have not space here to give even a
summary of those talks. But I wish to give a
few sentences from an address by the Rev.
James Brand, of Oberlin. For many years of
his life he has been an active, stirring exponent
of temperance: but he belonged to the Repub-
lican party. He said, during the years when
he was a Republican he was greatly pained by
the harsh and unkind speeches that were madf
because of his politics. Those belonging tc
other parties told him that he did not vote as
he prayed: and some went so far as to intimate
that he could not be a Christian and vote a Re
publican ticket. Afterstudying and praying
over the matter for si^veral long years, and aft
er being for quite a length of time "on th(
fence." as politicians term it, he finally decide(
to support the Prohibition party. He said h(
thought he had been unkinJly treated before
because he did not see things exactly as other
did; but when it first came out that he hac
united with the Prohibition party, one of th(
nearest and dearest friends he had on eartl
said to him. " Mr. Brand, you are a pig-headed
consummate fool." The point he made wa
this: There seems to be no escnping thesi
harsh, uncharitable flings. No matter n^ha
party a man belongs to. he must meet them
Isth'isriffht? Is it brotherly ? Is it Christian
like? With the progress that is being madi
everywhere else, ought we not to rise abovi
such' foolish, narrow-minded, harsh judgments
The whole tenor of the addresses seemed final
ly to run in this line. People from all politica
parties, and great leaders from all temperanc'
societies, united in a determination to worl
against the saloon without questioning a man'
individual convictions, or asking what politica
party he supports. It seemed to me as if Lake
side "was just the place to encourage such sen
timents.

Before closing I wish to mention a little con
versation I had with one of our former pastor
who was spending his vacation, and recruiting
at Lakeside. I happened to remark that th
fence surrounding the eround was in man;
places in very poor condition. Pickets wer
off, and one could, if he chose, get in withou
going to the gate and paying 3,5 cts. Rev. Mi
Plass, my companion, suggested something lik
this: " lirother Root, does not this point out ilji
significant fact? If somebody should succeent
in getting in here by crawling through th w,

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

701

fence, would he I'eel at
Would he not tind the com
that he would very soon
the same way he got in?
thought give us a glimpse
heaven will be like? Is it
is a class of hiinuinlty that
Bed with heaven? Tiiey
30ngenial. and they would
they should by chance get

home, or satisfied ?

pany so uncongenial

be sneaking out in

And may not this

of something what

not true that there

would not be salis-

would find nothing

want to get away if

In."

And tlieie shiill in no wise enter into the city any
' hing' tliat detilctli, neitlier wiiatsoever worketli
ibniiiination, or inaketh a lie; but they wliicli are
.vritien in tlie Lamb's bookc of life.— Rev. 21:27.

homp: from lakeside.
The steamer dropped me at Sandusky about
o'clock in the morning. You may remember
hat. on my way up, I got into Sandusky just
s the steamer was about to leave the wharf;
nd, although I did not have any time to spare,
ay eye caught sight of some exceedingly beau-
iful foliage plants on the public square of
andusky, besides some dainty little beds of
olor down near the steamboat-landing. The
ay was exceedingly hot, dry, and dusty; but
hese little bits of green lawn, with ornamental
oliage plants, with their beautiful colors,
resh. bright, thrifty, and luxuriant, seemed to
le like bright oases in the desert. Well, on
his, my return trip, I had more leisure to ex-
mlne them. I do not know the names of all
f those plants, but there was a little low bor-
er of bright red; then some beautiful speci-
lens of coleus, and the whole was set off by
ome brilliant tufts of what we used to call
prince's feather." We have all seen these
efore; but in Sandusky they have them ar-
anged with an artistic effect that gave me a
hrill of delight as I looked upon them. One
rouble in having these foliage-beds, or ribbon-
eds, in private homes is, that they must have
onstant watering through the sultry months;
nd unless somebody is employed to see to this,
hey are very apt to be neglected. May be I
ad become wearied in looking at the vvonder-
ul things at the World's Fair; but, so far as I
an recollect, there was not a piece of work
here to compare with, these little bits of artis-
c beauty in the city of Sandusky.
My first point was Castalia, Erie Co. The
3ad is very fair (most of the way over a stone
ikt-), except that the loose stones were so
umerous that it took nearly all my time to
eep my wheel clear of them; so I did not have
luch time to enjoy the views of the surround-
ig country. I remembered one of the old bee-
•iends at Castalia: but they told me he was
iree or four miles out in the country, off from
ly road. As I wished to make a train in the
fti-rnoon. I went through rather hurriedly, i
oticed a millpond full of water, which looked a
ttle singular when every thing else was so
ried up; but I did not stop to inquire about it
ery much.

In almost all the little towns I pass, I find a
•owd of men in front of some corner grocery,
presume I ought not to tind fault, as these
"owds of men are very convenient, and are
jite willing to answer all my questions in
gard to routes, etc. I told them I wanted to
J to Green Springs, and I wished to avoid the
i.nd as much as possible. After some dis-

cussion they decided that I m.ight take any one
of three ways: but they said that, whichever
way I took, I would be sorry I did not take one
of the others, especially on account of the sand.
It was at my tongue's (uid to ask if there were
any remarkable springs in the vicinity; but I
finally thought I would not, and rode on. They
were I'ight about the sand: it was just fearful:
and the road twisted in unaccountable ways
around the hills until I lost all idea of the
points of the compass. As a matter of course,
1 became very thirsty. But the water at the
wells was all exceedingly hard, and I knew
from the taste that it would make m>^ sick.
How I did long for a i-pring of soft water, or a
spring of any sort, for that matter! I have
always found running water to be more whole-
some than any thing from the wells, as a rule —
that is, where I can tind the water running just
as it comes from the ground.

Clyde is a very pretty town indeed; and just
in the outskirts, on the road to Green Springs,
I saw about the prettiest garden that ever
revealed itself to my gaze. The remarkable
thing about it was, it was absolutely free from
weeds, and the ground all looked as if it had
been stirred that very day. During a time of
severe drouth, such sights are refreshing in-
deed. The only person at work was an elderly
woman. Very likely she had charge of the
garden, and that was why it was so neat and
tidy. Quite a spacious greenhouse adjoined it.
But my time was too limited to stop. A little
further, and the great sanitarium in a beauti-
ful grove on a gentle hill revealed itself to my
view. I wheeled in and coursed through the
walks and drives, and finally brought up before
the wonderful spring that has given the locali-
ty and the town their name. In a little notch
between the hills was a miniature pond of
water, transparent as crystal, but the trans-
parency was an emerald green. In the deepest
portion a crevice was visible in the rock, from
which issued a considerable stream of water.
The rate and volume of the current were evi-
dent from the sticks and weeds near the ori-
fice where the water issued. Although the
water above the crevice was said to be 17 feet
deep, I think a pin could easily have been seen
at that depth. The most beautiful thing about
this wonderful spring is, that a sort of mossy
vegetation that covers the bottom^^Cncrusted
with a mineral matter, shading ffom Oliver to
gold. It looks like hoar frost of varying shades.
One does not realize how rapidly the water is
moving, however, until he looks at the outlet,
where a good-sized stream pours forth. In
fact, I am told this stream, a little lower down,
turns a gristmill day after day; and the volume
is sutficient to do it without the intervention of
any pond or i-eservoir whatever. I had a great
curiosity to taste these wonderful waters.
There is a strong sulphur flavor, it is true; but
to me it was very pleasant, especially on ac-
count of its delicious coolness. The more I
tasted it, the better I liked it; and when the
clerk at the sanitarium assured me that (uiy-
body could drink just as much as he pleased,
under any circumstances, without danger, I
ventured to drink a little more than I should
have done otherwise. This water is said to
have wonderful curative properties. I could
readily believe this to be the case where some-
body happens to need a good dose of the miner-
als contained in the water. In fact, I am
pretty sure I should find lots of health and en-
joyment in staying there a week, and drinking
and bathing in those wonderfullly medicated
waters — medicine from (iod's own laboratory.
I found, however, I had fully 30 miles to make
to reach the station to enable me to get home
that night.

702

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Skpt. 1.

Bpfnre I left tho town of Grefn Spring*, how-
ever. T was lold that, almost on my routp, was
a similar spring not more than a mile or two
away from the one I had visited. I found it,
out "in the fields, beneath the branches of a
spreading white-oak. One could scarcely be-
lieve that such a beautiful spring was to be
found in that fiild; but just as you pass the
oak-tree the ground dips down suddenly, and a
dark-green pool with a swift-running stream
meets your gaze. I knelt down on some rails
placed over the spring, and dipped the water
up with mv hand, and drank again and again.
I am afraid T drank still another " again," come
to think of it. Then I hustled off for my sta-
tion. I passed through the towns of Republic
and Bloomville. Seneca Co., and reached Lykens
just at the time the local freight was due. I
"had ridden fullv .50 miles without having had a
particle of lunch of any sort, unless you mifiht
call the water of Green Springs a lunch. Some
wav I did not feel very hungry, neither did I
feel tired. I had enjoved every mile of the
whole fiftv— yes, even the worst sandy mile-i.
1 arranged to have some dinner at a house
near bv the station, the agent kindly agreeing
to notify me when the train was heard coming.
Well. I not onlv got mv dinner, but I sat on the
platform and waited three hours because the
local freight wa« behind ume. It \va« 65 miles
to mv home. While sitting on the platform I
could have made fully half the distance on the
wheel: hut I expected to get home that night,
providing the train was on time. Fifty miles
and 65 miles make 115. I calculated that, if the
railroad company would give me a lift of about
35 mil"'< in the middle of my ride, I should
make if easily. I did not get home, however,
until the forenoon of the next day. and then I
lay ahed a part of two days as a result of hav-
ing drank too deeplv of the waters of— not
Lethe, but from the matter-of-fact Gr^en
Springs. Mav be T am blaming Green Springs
morf than thev deserve. Perhaps it was the

imestone water T drank while so very thir«tv.
and mav be it was the consequence of riding .50
miles without food. Still again, it might have
beon eating too many luscious pears that a good
lady was kind enough to offer me when I could
not drink the well water because it was so
hard, nor the cistern water because it was so
bad-tasting. N^ver mind. Could I have had
an abundance of ^joft spring water all along my
route. T think I should not have been sick at
all. By the wav. the clerk at Green Springs
told me theirs was not the largest spring in the
State of Ohio: for he said that, at CaMalia,
Erie Co., the verv town I had passed through,
there was an immense spring of remarkably
pure soft water— so fine, in fact, that a large
company is utilizing its cool pure waters for
raising trout, and for carrying on extensive
trout-fisheries, and yet I did not know any thing
about it.

Is there not a wonderful chance to do temper-
ance work along the line of ptire water and
drinking-nlaces. and utilizing to the fullest ex-
tent God's gifrs along that line? Surely nil
temperance organizations can unite in this.
See the following from a recent Cleveland daily:

Tlie drinkin^-fountaln placed at the corner of
AVilson and Euclid Avenues liy Miss Anna Edwards,
is d:iil\ proving its usefulness during: the warm
weather. It is doing: very good work, and, from
figures furnished by the police, it appears that at
least lOOfl persons drink from it during- every warm
day. The remark is frequently lieard from the men
wlio stop to drink, and who are largely working-
men, tliat they have saved five cents which would
otliciwise luive gone to the saloon, and which they
can take home to tlieir families.

tii.laor: can wr overdo the matt^-r of

WORKING 0T:R GKOUNt) THOROUGH IA-
IN DRY WEATHER. BEFORE PUT-
TING IN THE CROP?

Our readers may remember that, about a vear
ago, I spoke of the very thorough preparation
friend Terry was giving his wheat-ground.
In fact, when the ground seemed to me almost
perfectly pulverized and firmed, he was still
going over it with the teams, making it finer j
and smoother. I ventured the suggestion that
he was overdoing the matter, especially as a
farmir in our county said he got better wheat
with ordinary preparation than where he made
tho ground so excpcdingly fine and soft. Well,
I have been watchinT that wheat ever since,
and just now friend Terry gives me his report
after thrashing.

That wiieat yon looked at yiolrled an even .50 bush-
els per acre. Nortli lot. onr poorest land, over 44r
Mveraffe over 47. possibly near 4S. when wp get
cleaned up. Did T "overdo the tillage" ?^9 or 10
bushels more than I ever raised before!

Hudson, O., Aug. 14. T. B. Terry.

The above is an important fact, and has a
special bearing on this matter of preparing the
ground for crops even now. In fact, we are
just now preparing the ground for strawberries,
pearl and multiplier onion-sets, spinach, winter
radishes, etc. How much shall we work the
ground during this dry weather? My opinion
is that, where teams have nothing else to do. it
will pay us to keep them going until their feet
have been set on almost everv inch of the soil.^
The ground will show the advantage of it next
season. I know from experience. When everj
himp has been mash-^d up. then the little roots
can thoroughly explore every bit of the soil
and appropriate all the food they need that ii
in the soil. Besides, what a pleasure it is tc
put out plants or put seeds into ground that ii
fine, soft, smooth, level, and firm!

RAISING AND PROPAGATING RASPBERRIES.

The soil should be a rich light loam; bu
raspberries seem to do well on well-drainec
clay. Plow and drag as for corn or potatoes
Mark out 7 ft. one wav and 3 the other. Fur
row out with a big plow so as to give a leve
place for the roots. If you u«e a shovel-plow o
marker onlv. the ends of the roots are apt t(
stick up. Make the mark from 4 to 6 in. deep
S >t the plants in the check row. and cove
about one inch deep. The plants are easil:
smothered at first. I have lost many by greet
hands covering too deep. When tie plant
come up you can cultivate the mellow earth ii
and around them until the furrows are full
This will make the plants «tand un. If the:
are set too shallow you will be continually an
noyed bv their falling down, especially whei
loaded with fruit. We put beans or potatoe
between the ro« s the fir-^t year. Keep thi
ground clean and mellow all summer, as thi
plants do mo«t of their growing in August anc
September. If you are anxious to grow sets
pull out the crown when about a foot high
also pull off the ends of the strongest lateral
when about a foot long: these in turn wil
branch and make many tips. Last week wi

*Of course, this won't do at all where the gronm
is the least bit wet. In the sprinar of the year I liav
done harm by this very e.xcessive tramping whei
the ground was not suflBciently dry to bear it.

1894

(rLEANIN(iS IN BEE CL'LTURE.

703

)ut one horse to the big plow, and turned a
urrow up to each row, and broke up the mid-
lle with a donble-sliovei plow. This buried
he weeds, and put the ground in excellent con-

ition for layering tips.

Although the ground is very dry we began
ettiug tips Aug. 14. We us( d to cover the ends
vith a hoe, but had much trouble with the
nds growing out. We now take a spade, set it
n straight, press forward, put the tip in be-
lind, withdraw the spade, and firm the earth
/ith the foot. It is a waste of time to pull
own and cover tips that have not yet reached
he ground, as the wind soon works them loose.
;'he old canes and weak new canes have all
>een cut out and burned. When all the tips
re set, no more attention is needed until
pring. This gives the berry-grower time to

0 something else 7 months in the year.

I teach school, as I have been doing for 30
ears. Berries rest me from teaching, and
caching rests me from berries. Both are
leasant and profitable. I love the work; but

uth compels me to say that the inspiration
aries largely with the cash income.

The fruit-grower in general owes much to
tich men as my friend A. I. Root, who spares
either time, money, nor his whep], in findiri
lit and testing the newest varieties, and dis-
irding. probably, nine tenths of all varieties
ivestigated: offers to all the results of his
ibor at prices far less, often, than he paid for
)rts that proved worthless. A person of limit-

1 means need make few mi^^takes in getting a
art in fruit-growing, if he will only read.

In the spring we take up «ets as early as pos-
ble: trim back the lateral^ from (i in. to 2 ft.,
icording to size and vigor of cane; plow down
le furrow we threw up for winter protection;
iltivate thoroughly until the berries are near-
' ripe. The fruit is less likelv to hp sandpd if
n more cultivation is siven until after pickinor.
The first crop is always much damaged by
le low bushes being beaten into the dirt, and
le berries becoming sanded. This vear we
>ld sandy berries at 2 cts. ppr quart less. Yon
m wash them, but thev ni ver look so well,
n this account, and because we never get
lore than a third of a crop the first vear. I
onld never think of dolus as Mr. L. B.Pierce
le^ests: Raise only one cron and then plow
I'der. W. R. Graxnis.

Lodi, O., Aug. 1.5.

tIE STERLING, TIMRRFLT,, AND OTHER STRAW-
BERRIES, ETC.

Friend Root:— On page GGS. Aug. in, you say
3U would like to hear from parties growing the
terling strawberry. I purchased of you the
terling, which, I am sure, is true to name,
rowing side by side with a herrv here called
hampion. which is largely grown in this nejgh-
irliood, I find they are the same berry in fruit,
)lor. leaf, and flavor, under differeht names,
had them examined by a representative of
eter Henderson \- Co. and Mr. E. Durand. an
iginatorof many new varieties of strawber-
^s. The Champion was originated from Soto

years ago. Mr. Durand came to the same
inclusion as myself. I find they do excellently
ith me in rich heavv soil.

About the Timbrell. I have this to say: Thev
e perfect in every respect hut the color, which

worse than any berry I have, and T siow
ore than thirty varieties. I took a crate of
e verv hp<t. went to New York city, and tried

sell them by their flavor; but every one con-
•mned them before they tried them. Our
ncy berries are sold by their looks. The
imbrell mieht do verv well for private use.
'e raised our Timbrel Is in heavy .'^oil. very
lavily manured, and mulched with salt hay,

so that the ground is not at fault. This has
been a very bad season for growing plants.
W(> liave not had rain of any account ^ince last
May. We practice fall planting almost ex-
clusively, from about Aug. 1.5 to Sept. 1:5, and
can see little difference in the yield the next
season. The spring-set plants may have a few
more berries, but the fall-set plants have better
size. In fall we plant in double rows about a
foot apart each way. and always take the
plants from the plantings of the previous fall.
In that way we always manage to get stronger
plants than spring set beds. If we are short of
space we plow up an old bed after fruiting, put
on fresh manure, and plant new strawberries
on the same ground. There are some straw-
berry-beds around here where there have been
nothing but strawberri''S for the last 20 years.
This may not pay in localities where land is
cheap; but land here is worth from 1.500 to SIOOO
an acre.

I read your favorable report of the Industry
gooseberry. We grow Industry, Triumph.
Downing, and Smith's Improved, side by side,
but we like Triumph and a seedling of our own
best. Thev have a smoother surface, and just
as large a berry as the Industry. ]\Iost of'our
gooseberries are sold wliPii green, and we never
succepd in ripening the Industry naturallv. as
they all fall from the bush before being fully
ripe, while the other-;, just as large, hang on
until ripe. We sold large gooseberries, green,
last year, at 20 cts. per quart by the crate, while
ihis year the best brought only 14 cts.

We always read with interest your bicvcle
tours, and what you have to sav on fruit and
plant rai.sing. Chas. Mo.mm.

Irvington, N. J., Aug. 19.

AKAGER

WHAT SHALL WE PLANT IN SEPTEMBKR?

I presume tlie very jrencral extremel.v dry weatlier
has made erardeners as a rule a, little disheartened;
but it would not he stranjre at all if those who keep
up their couraa-e. and ffo rig-ht on plantiner a.s if the
weather were favorable, should prove to he the ones
that reach large profits. Let us see. We can put in
Eclipse beets now that will be just right for table
use bi'fore they are killed by frost. In a couple
of weeks more it will be time to sow seed for cfCh-
bage-planis tliat are to winter over in cold-frames.
Better have the ground ready, and have it near
where there is plenty of water, so as to keep tlie
plants watered if it does not rain.

Veiy large celerj'-plants can still be put out if
you liave rich ground, and water to keep them
going. In fact, we have an order for ICOf) plants on
hand now. to be shipped Monday, Aug. 27.

Corn .salad may be sown now; anri as it is very
hardy it will grow nice salad through the fall, far
into the winter, almost without proteetion.

Now is the time to sow your Grand Kapids lettuce
seed in order lo have it ready to market bj' Tlianks-
giving time. Start your seed where it can be kept
going liy plenty of water. The sub-irrigation plan,
as u«ed by the Ohio Experiment Station, works
grandly willi lettuce

All kinds of radislies will jiroduce a nice crop if
sown now; but the Chinese Ruse Winter is gener-
ally consideicd the finest for lato sowing.

Siiinach can be sown iill tliirui;li the niontli. If
you can mannge to get it almost ready to run up to
seed bi'fore enid weather i'onie.«, it will keep grow-
ing larger during the cool chilly weather, and post-
pone sending np seedsliilks until spring. If you
can hit it just right, you may have spinacli almost
all winter, almost witlmnt protection.

Purple-top White Globe turnip will .some'imrs
make turm'ps large enough for table use, if sown
ou good ground the first of Sei)tember.

704

GLEANINCS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept. 1.

seems to promise wonderful things for the farmer.
Sonieof the ajiTieultural papers state that, if it is
sown on fair soil during either August or Septem-
ber. 10 to 1.5 lbs. to tlie acre, it will make growth
enousi-h to stand the winter safely, and will be worth
for plowing under, and nothing else, as much as
several tons of manure next spring. And all this
great boon is coming with little or no reference to
it as a honey-plant. I have been watching anxious-
ly its development until it seems ;it';pretty well
settled fact that it is certainly very valuable. The
boom has had the effect of putting seed on the mar-
ket till the prices are very low. A favorite method
is to sow it broadcast among the corn, just at the
last cultivating. Or vou can put it on any ground
tliat has been vacated by any sort of crop; or sow
it among your raspberries, blackberries, etc., and
turn it under by plowing a furrow or two up against
the plants, when it gets rank enough in the sprnig
We are prepared to ship the seed promptly at tlu
following greatly reduced prices: By mail, post
paid, 1 lb., 2.5 cts.; 10 lbs., by express, $1.50; 1 busli
el, 60 lbs., by freight or express, $4.50; 1 bag, :.'!■:
bushels, by freight or express, $10.00.

THE HONEY MARKET.

Last, but not least, now is the time to plant out

all kinds of onion-sets. Since we have had such fine

success with the American Pearl and the English

White Multiplier, we have made experiments with

other kinds of onion-sets, and some of them stand

the winter nicely. We have on hand the following

differentkindsof onion sets for September planting.

These sets are of our own growing, and very care-
fully and thoroughly cured, and will reach our cus-
tomers in excellent condition:
Winter (or Egyptian) onion-sets. The hardiest

onion known. Qt., Sets.; peck, 35; bushel. $1.00.
American Extra Early Pearl. The finest early

onion in the world, and perhaps the first large nice

onion to ripen. Qt., 35 cts.; peck, $3.35; bushel,

$«.0O. At present writing, no other grower has pub-
lished prices, so far as I can determine; but If any
leliable seedsman offers the genuine American

Pearl at less prices than the above, I will make our
prices to correspond.

White Multiplier. Pint, 10 cts.; quart, 15; bushel,
$3.50. We liave now grown this three seasons, from
sets planted in September, and have had no failure.
Kemember. the above prices are for small onions.
These small onions produce big ones next season,
like the Pearl, though some of them may split up
and divide. If you wish to raise small onions or sets Comparing the reports of the season's honey croi
for sale, you will need to plant the large Multiplier; .^^j^jj ^dp market report of prices gives a vivid pic
and we offer the large ones at just half the above ture of the very depressing effect on prices of thi
prices. Our sets are all carefully graded by means (.lo.se times through which we have been passing
of appropriate sieves. In addition to the above Notwithstanding a very short crop, judging fron
white onion-sets we have the White Victoria. These reports, we have never known prices to be lower S'
are much like the American Pearl, except that they early in the season, Last year those who got the!
are round instead of flat, and grow rather larger, boney to market early secured the best prices, as
and bear a little later. We are not as sure they will j.yig jf times improve from now on, as we hop
winter over safely as we are of the Pearl. they will, the demand for honey, and price, mus

Yellow English Multipliers, or Potato- onions, ^iso improve in view of the short crop. Do not b
These are like the White Multipliers, except that j,., haste to sell at ruinously low prices what littl
they are yellow instead of white. Prices will be ^oney you have secured, but help to tone up th
just half those of the White Multinliers. Please market by a little more independence in asking
notice, this brings the prices of the large-sizpd yel- jg^jj. p,.iee for your product. With our present su)
low Multipliers at only 88 cts. per bushel. Is not piy^ ^^^^i ^^e limited demand, we can not buy an
that cheap enough ? The above prices are only for Q^oj-g of either comb or extracted for the presen
orders received before our stock is exhausted. -yVe have over two tons of very thick and choice e;
When we are compelled to buy from other parties we tj'acted, in 60-lb. cans, which is clover and basswoc
can not agree to make the above low prices, espe- mixed, claimed by shippers to be more tlmn ha
cially on tlie Multipliers.

Yellow Danvers onion-sets. Qt., 30 cts.; peck,
$1.50; busliel, $5.00. These are very hard and firm,
screened from chaff, and nicely sorted in sizes. All
the onion-sets mentioned above will be half price if
over ?i inch in diameter, or about that. The bellow
Danvers will winter over safelv in some localities

clover. Price for single can, 9c; per box of 2 can
814. Lots of 3 cases. 8c per lb.

Fancy white comb honey, mostly basswood, wii
or without cartons, 1-lb. sections, 24-lb. cases, K
for less than a nine-case lot. By the crate of 9 cast
16c per lb. Those wanting larger lots will do well

write us, as we know of lots in the handsof shippe

and on some kinds of soil. Where you want very .^yi,ich we could have shipped direct, thus savii
early bunch onions they are sometimes planted in Qjje freight and the attendant risk in handling.
September— that is, in localities where they have
tried September planting, and know it succeeds.
Perhaps you ask. " Whv not wait till sprinar with all
of them?" First, because they are very much fur-
ther advanced where they are in the ground over
winter; secondly, most people have much more
time to prepare the ground thorona-hly. and do the
work nicely, in the fall. Perhaps the irintn- onion

MORE ABOUT BARRELS FOR SHIPPING.

We received a large barrel of honey from Loui
ana, which reached us leaking. As the shipper d
not give exact weight we could not tell how nun
was lost, but probably over 60 lbs. We cooper
the barrel, putting on one new hoop. It stood

eed eveni- our building several days without further leakiii

postage. ^ , -,„,!,

Sow seven-top turnip this month. Seed. 10 lbs.,

1,5c per lb.; 1 lb., 30c; oz., 5c; mail. 10c per lb. extra.
Winter rye. for fall sowing, 6,5c per bushel; extra

for sack to ship it in.

strong enoug -.. , , - ,

uses to which barrels are put that make siicli
heavy strain on their strength as shipping hon»
which is almost 50 per cent heavier than wati'r |
other similar liquids. If you must use barrels

While this severe and extended drouth prevails, it ship honey in be sure tliey are strong e^^^^^^^^^^

or us to ship any straw- well coopered, and waxed inside, to prevent leaKu

will be out of the question for us to ship
berry-plants except the Timbrell. which are in our
plant-beds, and kept growing by watering.

CRIMSON CLOVER.

It is a little fiiimv that this plant has been among
our listof honev-piants for perlia|is ten years past
or more. It has been called Italian or sc:irlet clover.
Seven or eight yt^ars ago I had a patch of it near
the road, and it grew so rank and thritty that farm-
ers stopped to look at it, making many inquiries;
and some of tliem insisted that it must lie valuable
for feed and for turning under; but somehow
everybody seemed to be slow in testing it until
within the past two or three j ears; and it just now

STURWOLD SHOW-CASES.

We have just made up a new lot of these cas
which you will find on page 30 of our catalog. ^
will find them a great- help in working up a dema
for honey in vour home market, if placed in a c<
spiciious place in one of the leading grocery stor

Price of the case conipU'te. finished, plain srla
$4 (HI. With front glass lettered with your name a
address, .">(! cts. extra. Cases shipped with glass '
place, or |)acked separately, as you prefer Ca:.
in the fiat, not finished, without glass, *1..50; w|
glass, $3.50. Upper and lower frames nailed ■
glued together at this price.

1S'.I4

(JIvEANlNlJ.S IX HHE (1 LTl'KE.

705

EVERY DAY REt.ICION.

Tliis is a lator work by tlio auilior of The Clifis-
iaii's Sfci'i t of a Unpp.v Lifi'. >[aiiv of our rt'ii(UM-.s
,re familiar with lli.it work, wc haviiijr sold up
■'ard of two thousand of thcin. This later work
I'ill l)t' appreciated fully as niueii. The .secondary
itle is. The Common-Sense Teachiiij!- of the Uihie.
t is a nu)St prai'tical work which should lie read by
verj- earnest Christinn. It is in clolh coveis, has
)0 pag-es, ai^ will he sent postpaid for ilOc; refiular
rieo $1.00. Tvith other jfoods b.v express or fi-eijiht,
t 8"ic. Given free postpaid for 2 new suliscrihers
1 1; LEANINGS with your own renewal and #3.00.

(ilVEN AWAV FREE.

ILLUSTRATED t'lt.GRIM'S PROORESS.

We have secured some of a \eiy dno Eng-lish edi-
ion of Pilji-rim's Projiress, illustrated with over a
undred very realistic jiiclures The book is 16mo,
rinted on very tine imper, eontaininj?- 3.S4 pajres,
nd the illustrations are the most striking', and true
> the characters represented, that we have ever
■en in the most expcnslA e editions. The binding- is
f clolh. richly illununated in six colors, with title
1 rich g-oldleaf on back and side. There is no paper
a.sted in wide margrins; in fact, there is so little
imfning- that some of the leaves have to be cut
3art. It is a book of such qnaliiy and make-up as
I easily bring- fl.W at retail a few years ag-o. In
lis day of cheap books and low prices it is neces-
iry to close out the la.st of the edition awaw below
tual value. We otter these at 50c each; by mail,
e extra. We will giv<" one free postpaid for two
w subscriptions to Glkanings, with #:i 00; or foi-
le new subscription and one renewal paid in ad-
ince with $2.00, and 10c extra to cover postage on
e book. Of course, every one knows what Pil-
im's Progress i.s. as. next to the Uible. it is the
est widely read book in the Eng-lish language.

A DOZEN ATTRACTIVE PAMPHLETS.

riu'y are not only attractive, but so valuable and
ll>ful ttiat they should be read by every one who
sires to improve his li e, and live happier; and
lo does not have such desired Doubtless many
ve read "The Greatest Thing in the World; or,

)ve theSupreme Gift," by Uriimmond; and ethers

ive heard of it. It is something that will do us

lod to read often. '- Lt)ve is the fulfilling of the
" and the more of it we can get into our lives,
)etter for the world and for us.

riiese little booklets are Ifimo, 32 pages, with
ndsome light-blue parchment cover, and nice

>a!- print. Price 10c each, or 90c per dozen, any
e or assorted books, postpaid or with other goods.

iblislier's price is 20c each.

. Love, The Supreme Gift: The Greatest Thing
the World. By Prof. Henry Diummond.
. The Perfected Life: The Greatest Need of the
irld. By Prof. Henry Drummond.

{ How to Learn How. Addresses by Prof. Henry
uiiiniond, I. Dealing with Doubt. II. Prepara-

ni for Learning.

1. Power from on High: Do we need it? What is
Can we get it? By Rev. B. Fay Mills.

'). The Message of Jesus to Men of Wealth. A
K-t for the Times. By Rev. George D. Herron.

triiduction by Rev. Josiah Strong.-D. D.

. The' First Thing in the World; or. The Primacy

Ftiith. By Rev. A. J. Gordon. D. D.

. Hnpe: The Last Thing in the World. By Rev.

T. Pierson, D. I).

. Tlie Fight of Faith and Cost of Character. Talks

Young Men. By Rev. Theodore L. Cuyler, D. D.

». The Four Men. The Aspect of Man from Four

findpoints By Rev. James Stalker. D. D.

0. How to Become a Christian. Five Simple
Iks. Bv Rev. Lvman Abbott, D. D.

1. The Dew of Thv Youth. A Message to " En-
ii voters. " By Rev. J. R. Miller, D. D.

2. Temptation. An Address to Young Men. By
■v. James Stalker, D. D.

To ;iny one who sends us the ntime of a new siil)-
scriber for 6 nioiilhs, with 50 cents, we will si-ud any
one of the al.ove i)amplilel s, N'oiir select ion. |)ost-
Iiaid. For a new yearly suhscription, wiili $1.00, we
will send any thiee of the aliove hcioks free, post-
paid; or to any present subscriber who .sends $1.00
to renew his subseri|)tion /yr/o/c the time paid for
is 111), or who, being in ai-rears. will send ;ill hack
dues, and also for a year in adv:in(,-e. we will .send
free one, your choice, of these booklets.

DRUMMONDS ADDRESSES.

Besides the booklets above we h!i\i^ Prof. Drum-
mend's addresses, (i in numlier, wiih biographical
skeu-h milking a 16nio book of 140 pagi's, bound in
board covers, part cloth and p,ii-t paper, in two
shades of blue, netitly figured, making a very hand-
some book. Price only 30c post paid, or 25 if sent
with other goods. Or we will give one free postpaid
for a new suI)scrlption to Gleanings, with $1.00.

KIND WORDS FROM OUR CUSTOMERS.

Gleanings is the best advertising medium we
have ever seen. August Goetze c& Son.

Wheeling, W. Va., Aug. 1.

Oh. my! hut your bei--;npiil es work nic-" voii
sent me. Tlie 25 pieces 'oi- tops are .just the i iiing,
so nice ;ind well seasoni d. M. N. Simon.

IJIoomdale, O.

Goods came all right in nice shape. The polished
sections cant be beat. Maple sugar was very nice:
onlv fault, there wasn't enough. R. M. Lewis.

Omaha, Neb., April 28.

The hives, etc., you shipped June 26 were received
July 27, all in good shape. I am well pleased with
every thing. These frames — well, there is some
sense to them; and now if the bees will like the
1 Ives as well as I think I shall, I shall want more of
tliem. Henry Huntsinger.

Star Valley, Kan., Aug. 4.

WHY the home of THE HONEY-BEES WAS RUN-
NING NIGHT AND DAY.

I got a lot of your dovetailed hives of Jos Nyse-
Wiinder. The quality of the goods tells whv your
factory was running night and day—best goods I
ever saw. Want more next year O. H. Hyatt.

Shenandoah, Iowa, July 12.

The goods I ordered May 4, shipped May 11, were
received yesterday, and opened to da.v. The.v are all
right. Freight ciiarges are satisfactory. On the
whole I am well pleased. The sections are perfect
beauties, cut from nice wliite wood, very smootli,
and the size and lengths are correctl.v measured.

Flintstone, Md., May 26. Ephraim Lee.

It affords iis great pleasure to find that we
are not the only editors of bee journals who
enjoy cycling. The following pleasant notice
comes from the Auwricaii Bee-keeper for
August:

We notice with pleasure the enthusiasm of A. I.
Root on bicycle matters; and his descriptions of his
trips on his wheel interest us very much. We have
never mentioned the fact, but both members of our
firm are enthusiastic wheelmen, the writer being a
"century rider." The senior member rides ii Victor,
while the writer now mounts a 22-pouiid Rambler.
He li.'id a now Moiiiirch stolen from him on the
Street a few days ago. and no t nice of the thief or
wheel can be found. It was a Monarch wlieel. No.
.S306, with :i new cyclometer on it. By the way, Bro.
Root, by all means put on a cyclometer, if you have
not already done so. Y'ou will enjoy your riding
much more, as you can then measure the distances
exactly.

706

CLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept. 1.

Careful attention Riven to the piosecution of
business b<fo>e the U. S. Patent Otfii-e. All badness
treated as j!frif»yro?i/i((f/iha;. No eharg-e made for
services in pmseinititiK ajiplication, vmtil tlie pat-
ent is allowed. Send for -'Inventor's GuiuE.
FRA'^KLIN H. HOUGH.
925 F STREET, WASHINGTON, D. C,
i^"In respondingr to tins advertisement mention GLEAN1NG&

Every Farmer

Ought to read the Rural New= Yorker.

(I'liblislied weekly. I

Tt is the business faimer's paper, and a most i-e-
liable authority <in agricultural and hortirumiral
subjects. Frauds ami liumbugs tear it. ONLi H
A YEAR, t^end lor sample copy to
THE KI'lCAli \K\V-YOK»» Krt. New Yorlc.

We hiive made ananjfements so tliat we can send
it and Gt.K.\NiNGs lor sfl.T") a year.

I|3"liiresi)<iiiuimr lo mis advertisement mention GLEANINGa

eO PER CENT PURE

Business Queens.

On account of a few hybrid drones that may h
tiyinji' in tlie air tids year I will sell my all-g-olden-ic
li'p qu«-etis, untested, unwarranted, but am satisfie
90 per cent are purely mated and will produce 4 an
5 banded bees, at .50 cts. apiece. OrAr some, tes
them, and be convinced. •

WM. A. SELSER, Wyncote, Pa.

l^ln rwiiondiiiy to tins urtvettisement. mention Gleanu G

California Dried Fruit.

I have for sale over two tons (^f dried Apricot
and am permitted to refer to A. 1. Root in regard 1
the good (lualitv of my livoduct. Price— 8 cts. pt
lb liere; or if von will write me where you areloca
ed I will give inices bv t he bairel, delivered at yoi
station. At ill. ST1£\ILJSSCH^, _ ^

80 Orange Grove Ave.

fasadena, Oa2.

CAPITAL.

Bee, Stock, & Poultry Farm.

W. D. SOPER & SON, Proprietors.

Bleeder of Pure Italian Bees, Toulon Geese. $2.00; Pekin
Dueks. Sl.CO each; Golden VVyandottes. Poland-China Swine
Barred Plymouth Rocks, S C Brown Leghorns, elc. Bees in

new L. hives, $3.r.();ui(l *t 0) pnr colony. Chicks, $1.00 apiece.
Kges in season, :> cts .Lpic. c except gee-<e. which will be 1.) cts.

Reference, Inidu Uank.

W. D. SOPER & SON, Jackson, Mich.

Farm Range. Rox MTH.

I^rin responding to this advertisement mention GLEANINGS.

<attfrhit^fc of o°e of JJaolittl&'s best 5-
kctUglUClS banded breeders, mated to the

choicest dron'JS from Jennie Atchley's .5-band-
ed strain, thereby securing a direct cross
with the best .5-banded stock obtainable. Untested,
1 to 100,.50c e:ich; warranted, fi5c each, Safedelivery
and satisfaction. Money-order office, Monongah.
P. O., VVorthington, W. Va. L. H. ROBEY.

TESTED ITALIAN QUEENS, Kcuel

ed $1.50; untested, 6.5 cts. Two-frame nucleus, wii
tested queen, $3.00; with untested queen, $1 E
Queens ready April 1.

Stewart * Cooper, Quebecfc. Tenn.

Hother Bees.

If you wish the best of queens, or mother bet
send me your orders. Untested queens, 3 or 5 bar
75c each; $4.35 for 6, or $8.00 per dozen. Tested
band queens, $1.50 each; fine 3-band breede
thoroughly tested, the best, $.5.00 each; straig
5-band breeders, faultless queens. $10.00 each. Roo
goods. Dadant's foundation, and Bingham smoke

Jennie Atchley, Beeville, Bee Co., Tex.

RTln resTH.ndinj.- to this ;Hlvcrfi-cMic

ition (iLKANlNG

Burpee

'n .See</ Annual for 1894 is well worth

liaving. Tell to all who plant seeds
W. Atlee Burpee & Co., Philadelphia, Pa.

5 = Banded Untested Italian Queens

For tlie 1/alanceof th'^ season at .50 cts.; tested, $1.00;
breeding-queens, tlie ^'e^x l>€-^t. $1.50. These
are Doolitile s strain, and nre golden beauties. Fine
tested, ficmimported Italian motliers, 7oc. Safede
livery. Mone.y order otHce, Decatur.

Cleveland Bros., Stamper, Newton Co., Miss.

Will ^(1U please mention Gieanings V

Bee-keepers, look to your interests. E\ery thing
in the line of bee-suiiplies constantly on hand.
Price list free. GREGORY BROS. & SON,
1-230 Ottumwa. la. South side.

Warranted Queens, 75c.

Five-band strain, bred for business, six
$335- dozen for $6.00. See former at/s.. and se
for circular. Sate arrival and sutisfaction i.-jia
anteed. J- B. CASE, Port Orange, Fla

BEFORE placing your orders lor SUPPLIES, write
for prices on One-Pieee Basswood Sections, Bee-
Hives, Shipping-Crates, Frames. Foundation, Smo-
kers, etc. PAGE & KEITH.
8tfdb New Loudon. Wis.

PATENT WIRED COMB FOUNDATIC

lias No Sair in Hrood- frames

Thin Flat -Bottom Foundati

Has no Fishbone in the Surplus Honey.
Being- the cleanest, it is usually woil
the quickest of any foundation made.
J. VAN DEUSEN & SONS,

IStfdb Sole rianufacturers,
Sprout Brook, Montgomery Co., N. V

C^-In respondlpg to this advertisement mention Glkanini

SPECIAL OFFER FOR TH
NEXT 60 DAYS.

Untested 5-banded queens, ,50 cts. each; six, $3.
warranted, each, 60 cts.; si,\, *3.50; tested, 75 cts.
Reference, A. I. Root.

Leininirer Bros., Ft. .Jennings, O.
I^In responding to this advertisement mention Gi,k-..mk

if you keep HHTiS,
subscribe for the Pro-
gressive Bee-keeper, a

journal devoted to Bees,
Honey, and kindred in-

^ dustries. .'JO t-ts. j>er

—^——^^^—^— -v'o«r. Sample copy,
also a beautifully illustrateri .-Mtalogue of Bee-
keepers'supplies, p''f:k. \<\iU- ss
LEAHY MFG. CO., HIGGINSVIL.LE, MO.

BBB'S!

MIITHS

HONEY
EXTRACTOR.

Square Glass Honey-Jars,
Tin Buckets, Bee-hives,
Honey Sections, Etc., Etc.
Perfection Cold-blast Smokei
APPLY TO

CHAS. F. MUTH & SON, Cincinnati, 0.

V. S.— Send 10-ct. stanip for ■■ Fiactioal Hints to Bee-keepe

1S04

(JLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURIl.

Square Glass

Honey=Jars.

REDUCTION.

Have just received a Ciirload of Honey-jars which
we offer at a discount of 5 per cent on all orders nf
two gross jars nr over, and at a discount of ](' pi'i'
cent on all orders of five gross or over, off list
'prices. Send for cataloa-.

CHAS. F. MUTH & SON,

976 & 978 Central Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio.

C^ln responding to tins advertisenienf mention Gleanings.

METAL
WHEELS

for your

WAGONS

Anv size you want, 20
to 56 m high Tires I
ti) S in wide— hubs to
tit any axle. Saves
< ■«»!»t many times in
a season t^ have set
of low wheels to fit
your wagon for hanling
grain, fodder, manure,
h'lgs. X-n. No resetting of
tlr°s OitlV free Address
teMPTHE MFG. CO.,
Quiiicy, 111<

rWln i-'-siioMiiintr to lii

Promptness is What Counts.

Honey-jars, Sliippiiio--cast's, atui e\ei y thinu-
that bee-keepers use. Root's Goods at Root's
Prices, and the Best Shipping-point in the
Country. Dealer in Honey and Beeswax.
Catalog free.

WALTER S. POUDER,
162 Massachusetts Ave., Indianapolis, Ind. ^l.iiMJJril

Hlease mention thii- paper

Gash for Beeswax!

I Will pay ~3o per lb. cash, or 2.'>c in trade fur an>
quantity ol sfood, fair, average beeswax, delixered
at our K, K. station. The same will be sold Ui ttmst
who wish to purchase, at 3(lc per li).. or ',i2c for 'ifi'
tidectcd wax. Old combs will not be nccepled undei
any cotn<ideration.

Unless you put your name on the /<oa;, and notlf;
us by mail of amoui.t sent. T can not liold mysel

I responsible for mistakes. It will not pay as a get -

I •eral thing to send wax by exprexx.

A. I. KOOT, Medina. Ohio

Oansiifa

Ira use im \he Page.

A Canadian farnuT was in need of a I''<»ot
BrKJite and the Pane aRont was ccjual to the
emergency. A live; ft. fence for the bottom
and thiceft. fort lie sidesst retched over KiDft.
span pi()\ cs a Ljra iid success. Wit li four men in
the nuddlc it. sa.tv.L^ed only 10 in., cominf:; rijjht
up to place when I'elieved. t)\viier is so well
Iileased, he tears down 80 rods of good board
fence to make rooiii for Page.
PAGE WOVEN WIRE FENCE CO., Adrian, Mich.

Bees and Supplies

Always on hand. Send for circular.

I. a. Strinii-hain, 105 ParU I'lace, A". Y.

<yin respondinff to this advertiwenient mention Gleanings.

We have made arrangements wherebj- we can
furnish Carnioiaii qut ens ai the same prices as for
Italians; viz.. untesied, during this and the next
two months. 7) cts. Select nute.sted, $1,00. Tested,
$1 .")ii. Select tested, $2 50. We place our own guar-
antee upon these queens, and fuel sure they will
give satisfaction to those who desire the gray Car-
niolan slock. We are also prepared to furnish
untested three-bandt d Italians and four and five
banded queens at the same prices. We will also
furnish tested lialian (pieens of last year's raisiug-
at the same price as untested as long as they last.
Any of the above-mentioned queens, of the plain
untested, or last year's tested, and one new sub-
scription to Gleanings, $1,50,

A. I. ROOT, Medina, Ohio.

fie VERY
»^ BEST

. A^JD

TO BE

Punt

of nnalittle's best

jaUghterS bjuuled breeders, mated to the

L/ choicest dronvs from Jennie Atchley's .i-band-
ed strain. thtM-eby securing- a direct cross
ivith the best Ji-hauded slock obtainable. Untested,
1 to 100. .")0c eacli: warranted, t55c each, Safedelivery
and satisfaction. Money-order office, Monon<rah.
P, O., Worthington, W. Va. L. H. ROBEY,

Dovetailed Hives, Simplicity Hives,

SECTIONS, EXTRACTORS. ETC.

FULL LINE Of=

BEE-KEEPERS' SUPPLIES.

eO-PAGE CATALOGUE. Itfdb

J. M. Jenkins, Wetumpka, Alabama.

712

GLEANIiNGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept. 15.

Contents of this Number.

Boes and Fruit 719

Bpps. Stintless 731

Hvace-enmbs 732

Rvoort, Deifl 731

Rroo 1. Deail, Cured T'2

Rnmb1e-bees on Flowers 732

Cel -cups. Atchlpy-s . 730 731

CcniPO^'on from Momui 73'>

Cuban Honev 717

Ernest's Trip 726,733

Feeding- Simplified 7''3

Fruit without Bee^ 719

Gardening in Drouth 737

Honey, Bees Transferring. . .730

Honev in Cuba 716

Moths. BeeswA\- 733

Onion-sets Planting 739

Pelham Mill 731

Peroolating on Hive 724

Queens To Find 723

Queens. t-Vedina: 79

Queens. Ren "ins 729

Ranihler in Santa Paula 717

Ra-i>beiTv Gault 739

Tariff in Cuba 716

Tohnc'co t'olumn 739

Wheeling '^"6

Work in Apiary 720

HoNEr Column.

CITY MARKETS.

Denver. — Hotieij.—Owr market so fHi- has been
supplied by home producers, but we have a lara-e
mouiitHin trade that requires a No. 1 grade, which
we have not been able to ffet or produce this season.
Best consignments of No. 1 comb honey, in 1 lb.
sections, put up in 24-lb. cases, suitable for putting-
in cartons, sell readily at VZXd. Second grade, in
cases, at 10c. No. 1 extracted honey, in 60 1b cans,
7: No. 3, fi. Beeswax, 25. We can handle to advan-
tage during the season a larg-e quantity of fancy
comb and extracted honev.

R, K. & J. C. Frisbee.

Sept. 8. Denver, Col.

Chicago.— Hoiicy.— Choice lots of white comb sell
at ir,c per lb. It is a little early for active sales, but
a good time for forwarding, as there is usually less
breakage r>t this time of the year than Inter. Ex-
tracted. 5@7; white, in cans," selling at top price.
Beeswax, 35. K A. Burnett & Co..

Sept. 7. 163 So. Water St., Chicago, III.

BtiFFVLO.— Hojiej/.— The demand for honey is as
yet moderate, owing- to the liberal supplies of fruit,
etc , and the warm weather. As soon as these early
fall fruits are done and the weather has become
considerably cooler, we anticinate quite an improve
ment and a nice demand for hone.v. A few sales of
fan^y No. 1 comb are being made. mosMy at 12c, oc-
casionally 1f!(??il4, We can handle quite a large
quantity right alona- for all that it can be made to
realize in any market. We will advance 10 per cent
per lb. on almost any amount of fnncy honey, and
proportionately on other grades. We advise ship-
ping it only by freight. Batterson A- Co..

Sept. 7. Buffalo, N. Y.

Cincinnati. — Hmiey. — Demand has been fair of
late for extracted honey at 4(?/>6 cts. on arrival.
There is a good demand for comb honey at 14(??i16 cts.
for choice white in the lobbing way. Snpnly good.
It is unwise counsel to bee-keepers "to hold on " to
their hone.v. Our experience of the past is ample
proof that comb hone.y brings the best prices from
Se])tember on while the market is not yet over-
stocked. The reverse was alwa.ys the case about
Christmas time. Our experience of the past will
repeat itself this year, as usual. Bees'<vax is in good
demand at 20@25 for g-ood to choif^e yellow.

Chas. F. Mttth & Son.

Sept. H. Cincinnrati, O.

Albany.— R'l"''?/ — We have received un to date
400 cases of comb, and IS packages of extracted,
hone.v. This is about the same as receipts last .sea-
son, although the quality does not average as good.

We have sold 1.50 cases already, at prices ranp-ina-
ft;om 1^(fh^t'■> cts., according to style and quality.
N'.t much de"ia,"d for extracted vet. We onoto:
White comb. 18(^15; No. 2, 11(f|12: buckwlu^at, 10@11.
Evti acted, (5^8 Chas. McPulIjOch & Co..

Sept. 8. 393, 395, & 397 Broadway, Albany, N. Y.

New York. — Hosier/.- New corah hnney is now
arriving freely, and the demand is fairly s'ood. We
quote: Fancv white. 1-lbs.. 15; 2-lbs., J3: fair white,
Mbs.l3: a-lhs., 11: buckwheat, 1-lbs , 11; 2-lbs., 10.
The market on extracted remains quiet, with plenty
of stock on hand. Basswood and white clover, 6'3i,
6Vi : southern, .50(a60 per gallon. Beeswax, easy at
26fi^27. Hildbeth B'os & Seoet.kfn,

Sept. 10. 38 & 30 Broadway, New York.

Boston.— /'o^ev— We ou(rte you our market on
comb honey, in 1-lb. sections, at 14@15 cts., with a.
llglit demand as yet. Extracted, 5@6. Cooier
weather will naturally open up a demand.

E. E. Blake & Co.,

Sept. 8. Bo.ston, Mass.

Detroit.— HoJi^M. —Best white comb, 15: dark lots,
12®13. Supply not large. Extracted, !^v^(ai^. Bees-
wax, 24@25. M. H Hpnt.

Sept. 6 Bell Branch, Mich.

Kansas City.— Hmiey— The receipts of comb are
more liberal: demand fair. No. 1 white Mb. comb,
15: No. 2. 13@14. No. 1 amber, 13@14; No. 2, 10@11.
Extracted, b@6Y2.

Clemonf, Mason & Co.,

Sept. 8. Kansas City, Mo.

Kansas Citv.— Woriey.— The supply of comb and
extracted is very light, with only a fair demand.
We quote you pound fancv white. 15(®.16; amber, 11
@12; dark, 10. Extiacted. white, 6H@7; amber, 6@
B'/s; dark, 4ii@oX. Beeswax. 22.

Hamblin & Bearss,

Sept. 8. Kansas City, Mo.

Cleveland. -Ho?iei/.—Honey-buyeis are feeling
the market at present, and, while they are not mak-
ing pnrchiises, their inquiries iniicate firmer prices
from this on. We are placing No. 1 white at ]3@14;
No. 2 white, 11@12. Beeswax, 25.

Williams B'ios.,

Sept. 7. 80 & 83 Broadway, Cleveland. O.

St. Louis.— Hofieiy.— There are no changes lo date.
H(5ney is in light demand at former quotations,
receipts of new arriving slowly. Prime beeswax, 26.
D. G. TUTT Grocer Co.,

Sei t. 8. St. Louis, Mo.

Linn honey by the 50 lb. pail, or in liarrels. 1894
crop. Prices given on application. Address

J. B. Murray, Ada, O.

A carload of flue extracted alfalfa honey, well
ripened, in 60-lb, square cans, at 7c, f . o, b. cars here.
Samples by mall. Aikin Bros., Loveland. Col.

For Sale —Alfalfa honey, comb and extracted.
Prices to suit the hard times. Charles Adams.

Greeley, Col.

Wanted.— To buy quantity lots of white comb
and dark extracted hone.v.

B. Walker, Evart, Mich.

For Sale.— Choice white-clover comb honey, 14c:
othpr grades less. A. P. Lawrence,

16-23ei Hickory Corners, Barry Co., Mich.

Comb and extracted honey waited, in large or
small lots. Consignments solicitrd Reference, A.
I. Root, or Union National Rank. Denver,
eitf B. K. & J. C. Frisbee, Denver, Col.

For Sale.— 7000 lbs. of fine, ripe, extracted bass-
wood h-^ney, highest offer takes it. Also Italian
Bees and Fox-hound puns,
eift Elias Fox, Hillsboro, Wis.

Wanted.— To buy for cai<h. 10.000 lbs. of extracted
honev (Cheap aualityi. Wanted to buy for cash
30.000 lbs. fancv comb' honey.

S. T. Fish &Co., 189 South Water St., Chicag-o, 111.

CHAS. ISRAEL & BROS., 110 Hudson St., N. Y.

HONEY

WHOLESALE

DEALERS &

C0MMI3C!I0H

MEECHANT3

Estitlished

1875.

BEESWAX.

LIBERAL

ADVANCES

MADE

ON

CONSIUN-

MENTS.

BUFFALO, N. Y. Unsurpassed Honey Market.
BATTERSQN & CO. Responsible, Reliable,
Commission Merchants, igttdb and Prompt.

Burpee's

Seec/ JX^iimml for 1894 is well worth
having. Tell to all who plant seeds
W. Atlee Burpee & Co., Philadelphia, Pa.

1894

r.LEANINCS IN BEE CULTURZl.

713

Premium for October.

Offer good only till
November 1st.

Promptness reward
ed by a present.

I

CiVEN FREE TO SUBSCRjBERS

who send their renewal before the time is up for
whicli their subscription is paid. If you are in
arrears you must pay up to Jan. 1, 189'), and for
a year in advance in order to secure free post-
paid one of these AUCITE STOVE-MATS.

Although these mats are cheaper and better
known now than when we first introduced them
two j^ears ago, they are still just as great a
blessing in the home. If those who do the cook-
ing at your house have never used one of these
mats they have suffered much inconvenience and
discomfort unnecessarily. The mat prevents
whatever you cook on it from burning or boil-
ing over.

If j'ou will get a new subscriber to Gleanings, to send
wltli your renewal togetlier with $2.00, we will send you three
mats instead'of one, iind will send Gleanings to the new

^^aTtS

1892.

Seize upon the opportunity while it lasts. We send the mat free
postpaid when above conditions are complied with.

A. I. ROOT,

Medina, 0.

714

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept. 15.

At Fifty Cents Each.

1^^ m ^ m. ^ B. B IL ("^I~K ■ I ,^^J I have the above number of fine young

m y ^'^ >^ ^fw^ -HB^ -^^ M. m.m^^ laying Itah'an queens that I will sell at the

^"^ ^^^ above prire. They are strictly flrst-class, and

the low price is made that they may move off at once and allow me to unite the nuclei and get the bees in
shape for winter. I have plenty ot tested queens of this season's rearing that I can supijly at $1 Ou each
or six for f. 5.00. If you have oid queens in your apiary, you can not spend money to better advantage
than by putting sonie of these young queens in theii' places.

W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint, Mich.

in PRIZES IF YOU WAMT BEES

Piviiled into 4 Ist prizes ot $1.50
each, and 4 2d piize.s of ;Bl(»0 each
will be given for Ijest desigrns tor

WALL PAPER

Send -ic. for complete detail Infonnation. Desitrns must
)>fe entered before Nov. 15, 1894. Designs not awarded
prizes will be returned, or bought at private sale.

No matter where you live, don't pay retail prices for
wall paper. We make a specialty of the mail order
Imsiness and sell direct to ooiisuiiierH at factory prices.

SPECIAL FALL PRICES: liCld%^ap^eV'l?.r.^SS:

At these prices you can paper a small room for 50c.

SendlOc for postage on samples of o\ir new fall paper
and our boolv "How to Paper ai><J Economy In Hoine
Oecoratioii." will be sent at once, showing how to get *oO
effect fur $5 investment. Send to nearc>it address.

ALFRED PEATS, dept. 90,

30.32 VV. mth St., 136-138 W. Madison St.,

NEW YORK. CHICAUO.

S'"ln responding to this advHrtiseincnt mention CtLEANTNGS

SPECIAL OFFER FOR THE
NEXT GO DAYS.

Untested .5 banded queens, .50 cts. each; siv, $3.00;
warranted, eacli, BO cts.; six, $3 .■>0; tosled. 7.i cts.
Kefeience, A. 1. Root.

I^einiiiir<-'i' Brofi., Ft. <Jenniii<£-s, O.

Itaiian Queers C?ie^n.

My queens are as good as tlic iicsi . TTntostod. fi.'ic
each; 3 for $1.7.5: (5 for $3 -,'5. Tested. 1 2". Select
tested, yellow to the tips, breeders, $l.M. Virgins,
2.5c. Safe arrival g>iar:ni<eed

G. £. DAWSON. CARLfSLE, ^RK.

QUEENS.

That will just "roll" in the honey, try JTIoore's
strain of It'ilians, the result of 15 years'
CJireful breeding.

Dr. H. B. Lung, Lexington. Ky.. says: " 1 have had the plea-
sure ot seeing many fine strains of bees, .yet I have never .~een
such industrious, energetic bees. I must express my admira-
tion fur your success as a bee-propagaror "

Warranted queens, 80c each; 3 for $2.00. Select
Wiirranted queens, $1.00 each. Safe arrival and
satisfaction guaranteed.

Tliose who have never dealt with me. I refer to
A. I. Root, who has purchased of me 666 queens.
Circular free. eitf

J. P. MOORE, Morgan, Pendleton Co., Ky.

Tested, $1.00; 6 for $.5.
Wan-anted, 7.5e: 3 for $2.
Bri e.'lers, the very best,
^2 0). Straight 5-band, $3. Also apples. Hen Davis.
Mammoth Rlack Twig, Arkansas Black, all leading
varieties; whole root only; trees lOu each. On or-
ders of 100 I will pay freight. i
VV. //. /vAW'S. Lavaea, Seb. Co., JXrk.

Untested 6.5 cts. /^
each; 6 for $3 50; 12 I SlIPPIlS
for*.. 50. Tested, V"^*^"^
$1 00 each. Fine prolific breeding queens, $2..50 to
$4 00. To parties who have not tried my strain of
Italians I will send one golden Ttalitm queen for
50 CIS. Satisfaction and safe arrival gtiaranteed.

E. A. 5EELEY, Bloomer, Ark.

jSIoney-order oliice. Lavaca, Ark.

World's Fair Hedal

Awarded my l*oiiiid(itian. Send for free
sa/iip7e.s. Dealers, write for wholesale piices,
Root's new I^alished Seet/ojis and other goods
at his prices. Free Illustrated Price List of every
thing needed in the apiary. JVI H Hiin^-
Bell Branch, Mich. ^''* •'• IIUIIL.

Golden

03
03

U

OS

C3.

E
re
09

Please Cut Out

TBiis vvliole Advt.
i:*»l^u, uiid Mall.

B;S~ Please send me
the Aiiieriiau Bn JiiuriiHl
each week for Three
Months. At the end
of that^ time I will re-
mit $1 .00 for 1 year's
subscription, or 25c.
in case I decide to
discontinue.

To the Piibiisiiers of American Bee Journal,

56 Fiftli Avenue. CHICACiO, ILI..

N<nne

P. U.

CO

CO

ft)

(£3

n

CO

CD
CO

State

MONEY RETURNED

t.. all buying PORTER BEE ESCAPES

not satistied after lestin,^' thcin. Pfoniinent
bee-keepers everywhere use and highly I'econiinend thtMji as the best. No others received a
World's Fair award. Testimonials, etc.. free. Prices: Each, post|)aid willi directions. 20 cts,;
oer doz. .^22:1. Order from your dealer, or the lunfrs.. R.&E.C. PORTER, LEWISTO'VN, ILL.

13 Carloads of Suppiies.

This is the amount we have distributed in a single season, of
Foundation, Dov. Hi\es, Sections, E.vtiacturs, etc. Therefore, if
ytjii have little moiirii and wiiiit th;it litt le to go as far as possible,
remember tliat we are liead<iuartcrs in the west for all goods in

"■ ■■■ iiiii»ir.i..— -Ill, I JI.1IMI. our line: bj- doing SO great a volume of business we sell goods

If you have tlie iniDiei), also remember you can make it earn a big interest by availing yourself of
In either case vou should write us and tell what you will likely need. It

cheap „ „,

our discounts for early orders.

will pay you. We .sell Root's goods at Root's prices, and can save you freight
The new polished sections and all other late improved goods kept in stock,
, , ,, !»»»«■ I Send for our large illustrat-

Joseph Nysewander, Des Moines, la, E',,-,'»lsS'S-,,'i'SSe"ay

FOR THE WEST.

• delvoted;.

•andHoNEV-"?
•AND home:- <i

•lNTE.f^EST.S

UBlliHEDBY(^l-r\OOr

Vol. XXII.

SEPT. 15, 1894.

No. 18,

Only three weeks till the conventicii at
!St. Jo — excuse me, brother Abbott— soph.

In Gkkmany they have a convention of bee-
keepers as is a convention— from Siipt. 1 to Sept.
16!

The stixg-tkowel theory, that Rev. W. F.
Clarke first gave out as a fact, he now holds
only as a supposition.

Fruit gathe];ixg time has come, and we
find these boxes just capital that come from
Medina with sections.

My bees seem to empty the feeders faster
in daytime than at nij^ht, although the nights
are warm, and bees fly well all day.

To prevent second swarms, says Ruchcr
BcJrjc. run a laying queen in at the entrance on
the day of first swarming, smoking before and
after.

I SECOND that motion, on p. 081, to reduce the
N. A. B. K. A. aflfiiiatlon fee; at least, to let
alSiiating societies have full value for their
money.

Qui;?:x cells, when you cut them out to use,
are often daubed with honey. Lay them on
top of the frames or at the hive-entrance, and
the bees will clean them off.

TiiK Britisli B. J. says no greater mistake
could be made than to extract from the brood -
nest in the fall, to replace with sugar syrup.
Your head's level, Mr. Britisher.

A NEW CLOVER, THfoJiuin incarnatiuu nistl-
ciDii, is highly spoken of in Germany. I think
it is an improved Italian or scarlet clover, and
it is said to grow three feet high.

A POINTER that W. R Grannis didn't give on
p. 702 is. that raspberries don't suffer as much
as oher things from bi'ing in partial shade.
I've had good crops betwi-eu apple-trees.

We all like to tell a big story about our
honey-yields, but my report on p. 693 is exag-
gerated a little too much. The omission of a
decimal point makes my average Hi oz. It

should have been just one-tenth that. My
entire crop came from one colony.

"Does an old queen pipe?" Reepen an-
swers in Centmlblatt in the affirmative. No
doubt about it. I've both heard and seen an
old clipped queen piping.

Several say that the way to manage sticky
fingers is to carry a wet towel along, some hav-
ing a pocket for that purpose. If it weren't for
the trouble, a wash-dish would be a good addi-
tion.

GiiAVENHORST, the able editor of DeiiUclie
lllustrierte Bieiienzeitumj, has prepared a
paper for the N. A. B. K. A. convention, giving
interesting details as to apistical matters in
Germany.

" If A COLONY has a virgin queen, also un-
sealed queen-cills, is there any danger of
swarming?" is a query in A. B. J., and the
veterans are all mixed up in their replies. I'd
like to know the true answer.

I'd have given two spools and a potato pop-
gun to see the real face when Ernest opentd on
the counterfeit, p. 691. [Yes, you knew all
aboi.t it whim I was at Marengo, and kept
miiiu. How could you ? — Ed. J

Propolis Is recommended in Revue as a cure
for corns. Use as a plaster. Why wouldn't
propolis make a good adhesive plaster for gen-
eral US'' ? [If there should be a general demand
for it. we can spare a little. — Ed.]

Ouserver, in Progressive, says when frames
of brood are given to colonies having laying
workers, nine times out of ten "if adhering
bees are given with the brood, a cell or a queen
can be given at the same time if other condi-
tions are favorable."'

That wiDE-AWAKK drea'ner. Soinnami)ulist,
in Progressive, bears, testimony to the eflicacy
of bee-stings in rlieumatisni, from personal ex-
perience. But it looks almost like a case of real
somnambulism when he says he didn't feel the
stings — only saw the bees prodding him.

Wm. McEvov, in A. B J., indorses Prof.
Cook's view, that bi'e-paralysis is caused by
starvation, and says there will never be trouble
if bees have plenty of unsealed stores while

ri6

(ILEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept. 15.

brood-rearing is going on. [I have seen bee-
paralysis in several instances where there were
plenty of unsealed stores.— Ed.]

The American Bee-keeper says there are
several candidates for president of the N. A. B.
K. A., and announces its own. First time I
ever heard of a candidate in advance of the
meeting, and I doubt the wisdom of prejudicing
any one's chances in that way. [So do 1.— Ed]

Asked whether it was better to reduce the
room in a 10-frame hive by putting in two dum-
mies or two combs filled solid with honey, 11
replied in A. B. J. in favor of the combs of
honey; 7 preferred dummies, and 3 were non-
committal. Large-hive men will claim that as
an argument on their side.

No CONVENTION did I ever enjoy more than
the last one I attended. It was at our house,
Aug. 23. The discussions were earnest, but the
order wasn't always the best, two speakers
often occupying the floor at the same time.
Ernest wanted to talk more than his share.
[Don't you believe the doctor. 'Twas the other
way.— Ed.]

I'm glad to know that the younger Root is
not given to stimulants. He takes coffee as
weak as I do; and when I said, " Will you have
some pepper?" he left the table. [Yes, and
nearly choked to death over the very idea of
it. Don't believe it? It's a fact, and Dr. M.
could a tale unfold, but I guess he'd better not.
—Ed.]

One oujection to those solid yellow bees is
the difKculty of finding the queen— workers and
queen looking so much alike. [And another
objection to them is, that the majority of them
seem to be bad stingers. The finger holding
this pen is smarting from a sting just rec'ived
from one of the yellow ones ; but, as 1 Jiave
said before, not all these yellow bees are t ross.
—Ed.]

On the night of Aug. 32 I was awakened by
a tramp and a bicycle who wanted a bowl of
milk. I mean the man, not the bicycle, wanted
the milk. After a heavy coating of dust was
removed, he turned out to be a Medina editor.
[Tramp? That about describes the way I felt;
but all the same I was fed well and bedded
well. I'll tell the rest of the craft to call that
way.— Ed. J

Bkace and burr combs have been merciless-
ly fought by nearly all. Doolittle comes to
their defense in A. B. J., saying the bees need
them for ladders, and that their great value
consists in the fact that with them bees com-
mence so much sooner in supers. [My own
observation in scores of apiaries, and the reports
that I have read, all go to show that, when
the bee-spaces are correct, burr-combs have no
effect either way. Doolittle is almost always
right, but in this case I think he would change
his mind if he were to travel among bee-keep-
ers as I have done. See Editorials— Ed.]

THOSE SHIPLOADS OF CUBAN HONEY.

CUBA AND THE HONEY TARIFF; THE DARK
SIDE OF CUBAN BEE-KEEPING.

By Fred O. Somcrford.

I notice in Gleanings of July 1.5th an article
from Mr. H. F Moore, on page 574. in which he
seems to be particularly aggressive against
Cuba and her honey-pioducers. While I ad-
mit that friend Moore's article was an able one
(for the protectionist), yet with the utmost cor-
diality, and with malice toward none, I can not
refrain from questioning the ground of his
insinuations about Cuba. In the first place, he
intimates that we bee-keepers this side of the
Gulf can produce honey for almost nothing — a
statement that is more or less generally believ-
ed by our Northern brothers; and to those In
the business here it sounds " fishy " in the ex-
treme. As one of Cuba's bee-keepers who has
produced something like 200,000 lbs. of honey in
the last few years, I am in a position to know
the realities that are in the business; for it
must be remembered that, in starting apiaries
here, every thing has to be imported; and as
freights and duties are so high, the first cost of
an apiary here is generally very great, to say
the least; and when the additional high cost
of living, caused by Spanish importation duties,
is taken into consideration, also the dearer cost
of land, rent, etc., all having a tendency to
make the conditions far different from those
generally supposed to exist in the " Queen of
the Antilles." and after some years in the busi-
ness here, I have gradually, and, I dare say,
truthfully, come to the conclusion that, unless
we get as much as 35 cts. per gallon for extract-
ed honey there is very little margin left for the
producer to glory over. It must also be remem-
bered that we are occupied twelve months in
the apiary here, instead of six, as is generally
the case in America.

I was somewhat surprised at friend Moore's
assertion about " cheap and even slave labor."
Cheap labor in Cuba is, and has for some time
been, remembered as a thing of the past; for
the sugar-cane industry here, with its numer-
ous costly factories, has assimilated all the
cheap and idle labor in the production of
1,000,000 tons of sugar annually, and wages
have advanced until the laborer no longer
receives as his reward a European pittance,
but is paid nearly as well as his more fortunate
comrades in America; and if Spain would only
tear down the Chinese wall she has built around
her subjects here through her custom- house —
emancipate them, as it were — the island would
no longer be considered an inferior place for
developing the highest traits of manhood.

legi

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

IVi

As for friend Moore's slaves, I am happy to
say they exist only as a " protectionist's fabri-
cation," for political winvpullers to mislead
the public, as slavery has been abolished a
great many years. There is very little Cuban
honey sent to America to be sold, as the com-
mission men here depend mostly on European
markets. Even if the duty were lowered to 10
cts. per gallon, it is hardly possible that much
honey from here would be sold in American
markets; but it might be favorable to Cuba by
making American markets open to Cuban
honey, thus stimulating competition with the
buyers of Europe; but it is impossible that the
importations increase a large amount in Amer-
ica, as there are only about ten movable-frame
apiaries on the island, and they are owned by
Americans, with but few exceptions. There
are, however, numerous box-hive apiaries that
receive but little attention, and give corres-
ponding results. And as for those " shiploads"
of honey ready to be dumped on American
markets as soon as we have favorable tariff
legislation, that, too, exists only as a supposi-
tion, for in reality there is not honey enough on
the island now to furnish ballast for one ocean
steamer.

That America has competitors in nearly
every manufactured article exported is not to
be doubted; neither is it to be questioned that,
in all Latin-American countries, her fabrics
are most sought after; but that Cuba, as it
exists to-day, will become her competitor in the
production of honey, and entail a lossof half a
million dollars a year to American bee-keepers,
will hardly be indorsed by an intelligent people
—much less entertained for a moment by the
writer.

San Miguel, Cuba, Aug. 33.

[Notwithstanding our purpo^^e, as already
stated, to drop the tariflf discussion, it is no
more than fair that a resident of Cuba have a
chance to state the facts so far as they really
exist on that island: for by reason of the dis-
tance he has not had an opportunity hitherto
to state his side. Quite a number of bee-keep-
ers, to our certain knowledge, were expecting
to move to Cuba: and it is certainly very im-
portant that the dark as well as th^ bright side
should be presented. When beekeepers ask
our advice regarding the advisability of emi-
grating to some more favorable clime, we gen-
erally say, "Stay where you are," All loca-
tions have their bright as well as dark sides;
and. too oftpu. the •* dark side" has been dis-
covered after a long exniMi^ive trip, and an en-
tire failure of honev. — Ei>.l

BAMBLE 116.
5AXTA PAULA AND VENTURA.

B}i Raiiihler.

The next honest bee-keeper we clasped hands
with was Mr. R. Touchton. of Santa Paula.
Mr. T. regulates the affairs of his city by hold-
ing the office and performing the functions of

justice of the peace. In other words, he is a
sort of queen-bee of the city. The city was
evidently behaving itself in a proper manner,
for we found the justice's office locked, and he
was about other business. We were welcomed
at the house by Mrs. Touchton, and, soon after,
the worthy esquire put in an appearance, and
we discussed bees and a good dinner for an
hour or so. Mr. T. is not largely engaged in
honey-production at present, but has enough
work in that line to keep him busy some weeks.
His wife is as much interested in the pets as
himself, and is a willing helper during the
honey season. We find that nearly all bee-
keepers' wives are thus interested in their hus-
bands' management of the bees, and think it
next to a picnic to get out to the bee-ranch for
a season. It seems to relieve the monotony of
the every-day home life.

Mr. Corey's residence is but a short distance
away, but he was out on his bee-ranch in
the Newhall region. We regretted to mis>
seeing this veteran in our industry. His face
and voice are always so prominent in our con-
ventions, and the Messrs. Corey. Touchton. and
Richardson, all of Santa Paula, are such help-
ers upon such occasions, that it s a pleasure to
meet them; and it is to be regretted that there
are not more like them to take an interest in
such matters. Mr. Richardson was also out of
town. He works the trade of architect in with
bee-keeping; a'^d during this off season, when
his tons of honev will not be so numerous as
they were last year (64 tons), he is plying his
trade in the Ojai iOhl) Valley.

Mr. Touchton had the same story to rehearse
as the rest— no honey, and a good prospect for
feeding. Santa Paula had also grown since our
last visit, and still continued to be the center of
the coal-oil industry, the pipes leading out
from here to the many wells in various locali-
ties miles away. Our stop with Mr. Touchton
was for only a few hours, and we were oh the
road again.

Soon after leaving Santa Paula we enter the
great bt-an-belt of Ventura Co. The largest
bean-v:inch, 1(5,000 acres, and all to beans, is
owned by Dixie Thompson. The withholding
of winter rains was having its effect upon the
bean, and the output will be several score car-
loads less than usual.

We entered Ventura near evening, and. hav-
ing learned from Mr. Mclntyre that Messrs.
Wilkin. Mercer, and Mendelson, were out to
their apiaries, we concluded that our stop would
be short in Ventura, and camped that nigiit
near the river, with the intention of pushing
along again the next morning. When that
time arrived we resolved ti have some repairs
made upon our wagon; and, unloading our
movables into our tent, Mr. Wilder went off
calmly to superintend the repairs, while I re-
mained in camp to answer several letters which
I had just received in Ventura. A budget- of

718

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept. 15.

letters and papers always gives new interest
and new life. I was in the midst of my writing
— in fact, right in the middle of a letter — when
Mr. Wilder, who went away so calmly, came
up at a tearing rate, with only Keno, on a light
wagon. We had resolved to make a short sea-
voyage out to the islands if we had the oppor-
tunity. Wilder had just learned that a tishing-
smack would start in just half an hour. It
took me about a minute to focus my mind from
letters to sea-voyages, and then we tumbled
things into the wagon and were off; but disap-
pointment awaited us. The smack took the
first favorable breeze, and left befo/e the half-
hour was up. While sadly contemplating the
vicissitudes of this life from the door of the
blacksmith's shop, where our camping-outfit
was scattered pellmell around us, whom should
I see but Mr. Mendelson driving by on his cart!
The recognition was mutual. He reined his

ttSsJ_

'p.

'• THE ship's gone, SUIiE ! "

Steed up short, sympathized with us about the
sail to the islands, and wound up by saying
that, if we would stay over, he would go with
us when we could get the boat. We went out
to Mendelson's bee-ranch, and camped in his
door-yard.

We found that Mr. Mercer was also at home,
and he also seemed willing to go to the islands.
Then Mr. Crampton, his neighbor, and also a
bee-keeper, thought he would also like to go;
so upon the whole we stopped regretting our
first disappointment, and were glad that the
change happened: for now we should have
several happy bee-keepers with ns. The fisher-
men would not be back for at least two days,
and meanwhile Mr. Mercer and wife and sons,
Mr. Mendelson and wife and daughter, Mr.
Crampton, wife, and daughter, and the Ram-

bler, spent a very pleasant day in the Ojai Val-
ley. Mr. Crampton owns an apiary up one of
the canyons, which ordinarily yields good prof-
its. The valley is devoted largely to fruit, and
of excellent quality. We were pleased to meet
Mr. Richardson, of Santa Paula, who was busy
erecting a large and elegant mansion for some
eastern capitalist who evidently thought the
Ojai Valley, with its surrounding mountains, a
very paradise in which to escape from the rigors
of the eastern winters.

We were on hand early the next morning for
the boat; but it did not arrive, and we returned
to Mr. Mendelson's. Mr. M. is making im-
provements on his ranch, and, having in con-
templation the erection of a new building, Mr.
Wilder and I offered to help. The Rambler,
with square and scratch-awl, laid out the archi-
tectural plan. The building was three feet six
inches long, three feet three inches wide, and

six and a half feet front eleva-

__, tion. We all hammered, sawed,

'I and talked, at a great rate.

l'^ There was a large knot-hole in

iji, I ; one of the boards. Said I, '"Mr.

M., shall I nail a piece of tin

over this? "'

"Oh, no!" said he: "leave
that for ventilation."

The board at the gable end
lacked an inch or two. " How
is this, Mr. M.'? Shall I put a
piece biasing over that?"

"Oh, no! let it go for ventila-
tion."

Our boards for the door lacked
about six inches at the bottom.

"Shall I put a thin board over
that?" said L

"Oh. no! let it go for ventila-
tion."

These little short cuts for ven-
tilation shortened our work ma-
terially; and before sunset the
building was completed, and is
an ornament to the grounds.

Mr. M. is a lover of the rose, of which he has
70 varieties in his apiary. I have no doubt the
new building will be hidden under one of those
climbing varieties, excepting, perhaps, those
places left for ventilation.

It will be remembered that a description of
Mr. M.'s apiary, and a half-tone of himself,
appeared in Gi^eaninos. page 4G2. 1802. Mr. M.
lived for several years in California, a more or
less happy bachelor; but last winter a diflFerent
spirit entered his dreams, and his friends were
suddenly surprised to hear tl)at he was married.
He seems to live just as happily as before, and
his house shows that deft hands are there to
make things more homelike. Mrs. M. came
from Denver, and this is the first of her life on
a California bee-ranch; and, considering the

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

719

lonesome and secluded plact^ occupied, she
takes hold of the situation bravely. When we
crossed Mi'. M.'s path in Ventura he was in-
dulging in dreams of bean honey. Every year
he moves an apiary into tho-^e great bean-fields.
An eighty-acre grove of those tall gum-trees
gives shelter, and makes a beautiful place in
which to plant an apiary. Mr. M. calls this
his movable apiary. Every thing is fitted for
moving in the shortest space of time in prepar-
ation. The extracting-house is so constucted
that it can be taken apart in sections, and fold-
ed into a small space. The upper half is sur-
rounded with wire-cloth screen; through this
the swarming operation can be watched, and it

neighbors, has several times paid quite liberal
damages. No method. It seem«i, can be devised
to prevent the bees working on fruit. To cover
with screens is too expensive; to shut the bees
in thiiir hives is also expensive, and trouble-
some and dangerous to the bees. It might be
asked why the apricot-grower does not dry by
artificial heat. While it is done for .''oine fruits,
it is evidently cheaper to dry by the natural
heat of the sun, for it is sure to shine every day
for months.

Mr. Mendelson is an enthusiast in the bee-
business, and, for the sake of continuing in it,
he has thrown many mercantile chances over
his shoulder, and does not seem to regret it.

MENDELSON S MOVABLE BEAN-FIELD APIARY.

also serves the gentleman's hobby of thorough
ventilation. The twelve-step step-ladder and
Manum swarm-catcher, Mr. M. thinks, are in-
valuable aids where the bees persist in getting
to the top of those tall trees.

The bean-field apiary is usually worked with
200 colonies; and, being located three miles
from water, the fluid is hauled to them in one
of those big sixteen-barrel tanks so common in
this region.

Mr. M. has had much experience with out-
apiaries, having at one time four upon his
hands. He thinks he can work two to better
advantage than he can a greater number. The
greater number requires more helpers and more
expense.

Fruit-drying interferes with bee-keeping in
this valley. Thousands of apricot-trees dot the
landscape. The fruit is dried largely, and bees
will work much upon ihn drying fruit. Mr.
M., in order to live in ppace with his fruit-

There is one point in Mr. M.'s management
that shows his business qualities; and that is,
he usually gets a good price for his honey, or a
little better than the rest of us. With that re-
mark I will leave Mr. M. until our next.

THE PERFECTION OF FRUIT GRO'WN ON AN
ISLAND WHERE NO BEES ARE KEPT.

BEES DO NOT IN.IURE GRAPES: SOME INTER-

E.STING OBSERVATIONS FROM AN OLD

SUBSCRIBER.

7??/ Thailileu.s Smith.

A week ago I spent several days at Sandusky,
Put-in-Bay, and Middle Bass Island, my ob-
jective point being Mr. George M. High's, on
the latter island, to see what success was made
this year in growing fruit where bees do not
visit. On ray return home I found Gleanings,
with your account of your visit to Catawba
Island, etc. It would have been a great plea-

720

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept. 15.

sure to me to meet you and taken you to see
Mr. High's fruit. You would have found his
peach-orchard cultivated with the same care
that you found on Catawba Island, and loaded
with like beautiful fruit; and, in addition to
peaches, you would have found splendid ap-
ples, pears, and plums, to say nothing of a
beautiful well-loaded vineyard with some hun-
dred or more varieties of grapes. And these
were grown without the aid of bees or other
insects to fertilize the bloom.

When Mr. High's attention was called to the
discussion of this matter of fei tilization he be-
came quite interested in the subject, and
watched the bloom upon his fruit-trees very
closely to see if lie could discover any insects
upon them. Bees, he knew, never visited his
island. He made it a point to examine his
peach-trees three times a day, but could not
find any insects of any kind on the bloom. He
thinks that, if you should visit his trees when
in bloom, as you suggest you would be willing
to do, you would have to bring more powerful
magnifying-glasses than your spectacles, to
tind any insects.

Did you think to inquire whether bees were
kept on Catawba Island? But even if they
were, we know that there are no bees on some
of the other islands where fruit is grown in the
same perfection as on Catawba Island. Mr.
High's evidence shows that other insects had
but little to do with the matter. But Prof.
Cook, long ago, in his zeal to show that bees
are necessary, gave this " otlier insect" theory
a black eye by showing that there are compar-
atively very few or no insects flying as early in
the season as early fruit-bloom, in a northern
country like this.

It is very hard to convince some people
against their will or their interest. I have long
since decided, by close observation and careful
experiment, that bees do not injure perfectly
sound fruit, particularly grapes, which are my
specialty. I made a visit to my old home in
Kentucky this spring, where I met an old friend
— a bank cashier, but an amateur grape-grower
and gardener. His grapes, of several varieties,
were beautifully cared for, and bore well; but
he said that he could get but little good of
them, as the bees ate them all up. Of course, I
look issue with him, and we had quite a dis-
cussion over the matter. " Why," said he,
"don't I know? When I covered the grapes
.with netting I saved them from the bees ! "

"My friend," said 1, "don't you know that,
when you covered your grapes, you kept the
birds and wasps from them also?"

I had endeavored to show him that the
grapes were punctured by birds or wasps before
the bees visited them; but no arguments or
facts could convince him that the bees were
not the real depredators, and he even went so
far as to believe ihat he was justified in de-
stroying them.

Like this friend, some are saying, "Don't
I know that bees are necessary to fertilize
fruit? because, the season that we had a cold
wet spell during fruit-bloom the bees could not
fly, and we had no fruit that year!" — forget-
ting the fact that every intelligent fruit-grower
ought to know, that cold wet weather prevents
pollen from being disseminated in the natural
way. We jump at conclusions without giving
due weight to all the facts and evidence in the
case. The evidence in favor of the bees is en-
tirely of a negative character, while there are
many positive facts to show that fruit has been
produced, plentifully and good, where there
were no bees. But it is was not my intention
to discuss this matter. I started out only to
call attention to the fruit oa islands where
there are no b» es.

You kindly mentioned in Gleanings, that I
was a reader of it when printed by wind power.
Yes, my interest in you and your writings goes
still further back — to the days when "Novice"
wrote for the old American Bee Journal. You
remember the exciting discussions we used to
have on the " hive question." I remember the
interest I felt in your account of the abscond-
ing swarm with the queen called the"GUnt-
ess," etc. I have read your writings fi urn them
up to the present time, so closely that i feel
not only that 1 was acquainted with you, but
that you were an old friend, and that I knew
all the family.

Pelee Island, Ont., Can., Aug. 3.5.

^ I ^

WORK IN THE APIARY.

A PEKFECT SYSTEM OF KEEPING TRACK OF IT.

By Win. Muth-Rasmu><scn.

When a bee-keeper has many colonies to at-
tend to, it will not dj to go by guesswork or to
trust to memory; neither does it pay to spend
time examining colonies that do not at present
need any attention. The bee-keeper should at
all times know the condition of each colony, its
special requirements, and the exact time when
It ought to be attended to.

I formerly used slates on the hives; but as my
colonies increased in number I found the slates
unsatisfactory for this purpo>e. I now use
them only on the supers, simply writing the
date of the last emptying or examination on the
slate, while its position on the hive-cover indi-
cates what I want to remember. To prevent it
from being moved by the wind or other acci-
dent, I drive a one-inch wire nail through the
hole in the slate. The nail is easily moved,
when required, with a little magnetic lack-
hanimer. I write the date on both sides of the
slate, for fear that a shower may obliterate the
writing on the upper side. It is quickly done;
as, for instance, " { " means J uly 1.

Having had, during the last two years, to
requeen a large number of colonies, I liave de-

1894

GLEANINGS IN P.EE CT^LTTRE.

7:?1

vised and perfected a system of record which
gives me entire satisfaction. The nearest I
have seen to it is in occasional hints in articles
from Dr. Miller and Miss Wilson, bnt never
any thing very definite, so far as I remember.
In the hope that my system may be of use t.o
others, I give it herewith.

I use a small note-book, which I carry with
me, when at work, and a memorandum-calen-
dar. In order to find quickly the page I am
using, I slip a spring-clothespin over the oppo-
site leaf, the rest of the leaves, and the cover
on that side of the book. The pages in my
note-book are ruled from top to bottom into
seven columns — one wide column in the middle
and three narrow ones on each side. In the
first column, at the left, I designate by a (any)
letter those colonies that require the same at-
tention or are in the same condition; for in-
stance, all in which queen-cells should be found
hatched may be indicated by the letter "a;"
all in which young queens should be found lay-
ing, by ■' b," etc. The second column contains
the numbers of such colonies as require atten-
tion on a certain date. The third column gives
the date of last examination. The fourth
(wide) column is for items. If I knovv before-
hand what is to be done with a certain colony
I enter it here; and when it is done I check it
off in the fifth column. If the colony should be
found in a certain condition — for instance, hav-
ing a young queen bpginning to lay, it is enter-
ed (in abbreviation) in the fourth column, with
an interrogation-point; and if found as expect-
ed, the mark is crossed out. If, for any reason,
it is necessary to review previous record, I write
" vd." (see) in the fourth column. For economy
of space, and quickness of writing, I use abbre-
viations as much as possible in these items.
One or two letters are suflHcient to indicate
what I wish to record. Sometimes signs are
used. For instance, "q" for queen, "hy" for
honey, '" ncl " for nucleus. " Oj' " for cell in queen-
cell protector, " t " for dead, "'x" for clipped.
In the sixth column is noted the dale when
each colony will again require attention. When
I am through with my day's work I enter in
the memorandum-calendar, under the respec-
tive dates, the numbers of colonies to be at-
tended to on each date, and add to each num-
ber the date of last examination, found at the
head of the page in the note-book (not the pre-
vious date in the third column). As soon as
entered in the calendar it is checked off in the
seventh column. Thus I avoid missing any.
Now for the practical application:

On the morning of any day when the calendar
shows that there is work to be done in the
apiary — or perhaps on the preceding evening —
I write the date at the head of a page in my
note-book, and then copy the numbers and
dates from that date in the calendar into the
note- book, each number being given one or two
lines for its special items. Under date of July

3 I find this: 104, 38— 1(5, 1— 7:3,:^— (and perhaps
many more). This means that colony No. 104
was last examined on June 38; No. 16 on July
1, and No. 73 July 3, etc. Nos. 104. 16, and 73,
are now written in the second column of the
note-book on separate lines underneath each
other, wliile the dates, 38, 1. and 3, are added in
the third column opposite their respective hive-
numbers. As fast as entered in the note-book
they are crossed out in the calendar. I now
look back to the previous date for each number;
and if I find, for instance, that I gave No. 104 a
queen-cell in cell-protector, I write in the fourth
column, opposite 104, (r' h'?, which means that
I expect to find the cell hatched. Take No. 2
for an example, and let us follow it from date
to date:

July :'.
I 73 I I Blacks; unqueen and start cs. | K | 3 | ►'

July 3.
! 72 I 2 I Took away q. and all brood. | / | 4 | /

July 4.
I 72 i 3 I Gave It. bd. from 195. j ,' | 12 | .'

July 12.
I 72 I 4 I Cut out qcs. left one. | / | 20 1 /

July 20.
a ; 72 I 12 I c liatclied; gave brood. | t' | 28 | »^

July 28.
b I 73 I 20 I Laying, clipped, and recorded. | / j — | —

On July 3. I see, by looking back to the pre-
vious date, I found it to be a good strong colony
of black bees, and determined to set them to
raising Italian queens. I therefore take away
the queen and all unsealed brood; note this in
the book, and write "4" in the sixth column as
the date for next attention. On the next day
(the fourth) I give them brood from a choice
queen, and mark them for examination on the
12th, when I expect to find queen-cells capped
and ready to cut out. July 13 1 cut out all the
cells except one, and dispose of them by dis-
tributing them among queenless colonies, or by
placing them in separate cages in a queen-
nursery for future use. July 30, according to
previous record, I find the cell, which I left in
No. 72, hatched. I remove the cell -protector,
if such has been used, and give a comb with
eggs (or a small square of comb from one of my
breeding-queens, inserted in one of the old
combs); "28" is marked in the sixth column as
the date when I expect to find the queen laying.
Now if, on that day, I find good queen-cells on
this comb (given on the 20th), I know that the
queen has been lost; but if such queen-cells
have been destroyed I know that she is all
right, even if I do not see her; and if I find no
eggs yet, I conclude that she has not begun lay-
ing, and make a new date, three or four days
later, for further examination. If, however,
the bees had started cells on a piece of comb
(or a whole one) from one of my breeding-
queens, the loss would not be so serious, as in
all probability they would soon have another

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

723

young queen, as good as the first one. But if
every thing has gone as at first expected, I find
the original young queen laying. I now clip
her wing, and enter in a separate record-book,
the "Apiary Register," for instance, the time
when she was raised and clipped, the number
of colony in which her mother is found, or some
special mark indicating the strain to which she
belongs, besides her size and color. Later I will
add how her workers turn out in regard to
purity, etc. As there is nothing more to do
with No. 73, the space for future examination
(in sixth column) is crossed out, and that colo-
ny is dropped from further attention, at least
for the present.

This system may, on first reading, seem com-
plicated, as it takes so many words to explain
it; but it is, in reality, very simple when one
gets used to it. In fact. I do not see how I could
manage an apiary of over 200 colonies, and at-
tend to requeening and other matters at the
proper time, without it. Nothing is forgotten
or omitted which ought to be done, and every
thing is done at the right time. If it is not
possible or convenient to attend to a colony
marked for a certain date, it is transferred to
the next day and attended to in preference to
any thing else.

On separate leaves in my note-book I keep a
record of colonies that need requeening, so that,
when I have a surplus of queen-cells, I know
exactly where they may be disposed of to ad-
vantage. On other leaves I mark colonies
needing brood or having brood to spare; need-
ing honey, or having honey to spare, etc.

Those who have had occasion to kill queens
for supersedure, and have used their fingers for
this purpose, know that the fingers acquire a
strong scent of the queen, and that bees will be
constantly running over the finger-tips, at-
tracted by this scent, and that one is in constant
danger of pinching bees and getting stung
while the fingers retain the scent. I now use a
common three-pronged table-fork to catch and
kill queens with, thereby doing away with the
necessity of handling them at all.

AN AID IN FINDING QUEENS.

In hunting up queens for removal or clipping,
I use a small board, a little thicker than the
height, and a little longer than the width of
the entrance. The width of the board is imma-
terial—two or three inches will do. This board
is beveled oft" on the ends and on the shortest
edge, so that it can be easily pushed into the
entrance before removing the hive-cover. It
prevents the bees from boiling out at the en-
trance when the hive is opened, and does away
with a great deal of the excitement frequently
occuring at this operation, and particularly
when the front comb, next to the entrance, is
removed. As a rule, that comb, when the
frames run parallel to the front of the hive,
should be left to the very last, as its removal
causes great excitement among the bees; but

this is almost entirely done away with by the
use of the entrance-stopper. The bees may
boil up over the frames, but will quiet down by
the use of a little smoke. The queen will fre-
quently be found on this front comb, to which
she gradually retires as the other combs are
lifted out; but if she is not seen on any of the
combs she will be pretty sure to be in one of the
front corners, next to the entrance.

In conclusion, I will only give this warning
(with a big W): Do not forget to remove the
stopper when you close up the hive, or you may
smother a good colony.

N. B. — I haven't smothered any yet, but I
have several times forgotten the stopper for a
few minutes, or until I needed it the next time.

Independence, Cal., Aug. 1.5.

FEEDING SIMPLIFIED.

A BIG IMPROVEMENT— ONE THAT PROMISES TO
SAVE IJEE-KEEPERS MUCH; A VALUA-
BLE ARTICLE.

Bji Dr. C. C. Miller.

I've been having lots of fun trying difterent
ways of feeding. It seemed that, to do all the
feeding I should want to do this year, the per-
colator I had would make too slow work. Yet
after trying it, and finding how little work it
was, I was loath to go back to the old plan of
boiling syrup. I might make additional perco-
lators, or a larger percolator; but while I was
about it I thought I might as well try to have a
plan by which the percolating would be done
on the hives. If I could just carry the dry
sugar to a hive, also the water, it would save a
good deal of work, as well as annoyance from
robbers. Especially would this be desirable
with the out-apiaries, for only the sugar would
have to be taken there, the water being readily
at hand.

Another point of advantage would be, that,
to each colony, I could more easily give just
the amount I thought desirable; fof with syr-
up it isn't so easy. You may have a measure
that is exact; but with the dripping stuff there
is likely to be some variation, and there may
be some variation in the strength of the syrup.
But the dry sugar is uniform in strength, and
easily measured to a quarter of a pound. Be-
fore trying the thing on any large scale, I tried
small quantities; and in this I think I struck
on what might be very satisfactory for those
who want to practice

Sl'LMULATlVE FEEDING.

First, I tried letting the bees directly on the
sugar. In England a damp quality of sugar is
used, and what is called dry feeding is much
practiced. I thought I would vary that by tak-
ing granulated sugar and wetting it. I nailed
a bottom on a T super, and made an inch hole
in the bottom for the bees to come up through.
Remember, this was hot weather in August,

724

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept. 15.

and it took no baiting to get the bees to come
up. In the super I set a saucer, poured gran-
ulated sugar into it, then poureji on water.
The bees promptly went to work at it, worked
out all the moisture, and left the greater part
as dry sugar. Of course, by pouring on more
water more feed would be taken; and I can
easily see that, for stimulative feeding, where
fresh feed must be given every day or every
other day, here was an excellent plan. Just
put into a super prepared as I have mentiom^d,
or into any box on top of the hive, a tin dish
containing 5 lbs. of sugar. I*our water on. but
not enough to have any standing on top. Next
day it will be m orked dry, and you will put on
a little more water. The less water put on. of
course the slower the feeding will be. You will
see that this stimulative feeding will be simply
giving a little water each day.

I tried putting on more water at the first, so
as to have it wet enough for the bees to carry
it all down without any second filling, but I
failed. To have enough water on to dissolve
all the sugar. I left the water standing on the
top with so little sweet in it that the bees didn't
care for it, and with the chance of drowning if
they did work on it. Then I thought I would
try

PEKCOLATING ON THE HIVE.

First, on a small scale. I took a tumbler,
filled it half full or more with water, then filled
it up with granulated sugar. I laid over the
tumbler a piece of flannel large enough to com-
pletely cover it. and over this I turned a saucer
upside down. Then taking hold of the saucer
with one hand, and the tumbler with the other,
I quickly reversed the whole business. I put
this into the super over the hive that I have
already mentioned, and in about 48 hours it
was empty. This would also do well for stim-
ulating, and I'm not sure but it would be well
to have the tumbler two-thirds full of water
before filling up with sugar. No unusual ma-
chinery is needed; cups and saucers are always
on hand, and any cloth, cotton or woolen, will
answer. Several tumblers can be used on a
hive at a time, or a fruit-can or other larger
vessel can be used, in the case of feeding up for
winter.

I tried a jelly-tumbler with a tin cover. The
bees couldn't get any thing out of it. Then I
bent the cover open a trifle at onr spot so the
bees could get a very little, and it took about
two weeks for them to empty it. So the matter
can be gauged for fast or slow feeding.

Then I studied on a plan for something larg-
er. A percolator like the one I had been using,
only larger, could be arranged to operate on
the hive; but to have a number of these would
make troublesome storing, to say nothing of
the expense. Would a percolator work if it
were shallow instead of deep? Was it necessa-
ry to have a thickness of several inches of cot-
ton for the syrup to percolate through? The

\\ orking of the tumblers seemed to show that
it was not; and, really, all that I could see to
be necessary was for the syrup to be allowed to
come through slowly and at the bottom. A lit-
tle crack in the board would be all right if
small enough. It must be at the bottom; for if
at the top, only water would come through.

I could easily try the thing with a Miller
feeder. I took one of the oiiginal pattern,
stuffed cotton rags under the board where the
syrup passes through, put a mixture of hot
rosin and betswax in the corners so nothing
could get through except at the bottom, put it
on a hive, poured in sugar, then water, at the
rate of five quarts of sugar to four of water, and
found it " all my fancy painted it."

Having a goodly number of Miller feeders. I
didn't need to get up any other feeder; but
with what experience I had had I felt I wanted
to make at least one feeder such as I would
now make if I had none. I made one a little
simpler than either the original Miller feeder
or the one with Wan e "'s improvement, but on
the same principle. The old Miller feeder had
two feeding pi aces for the bees, one on each
side; the new one has two feeding-places in
the middle. The percolating feeder has only
one feeding-place, and that is at one end.
This allows, by having the hive tip a trifle, a
full supply at the feeding-place just as long as
any feed is left, and I find one end gives room
for the bees, without crowding.

Those who are fa-
miliar with the Miller
feeder will need no
further description.
Others may under-
A stand it from the dia-
gram showing a trans-
verse section of one
end of the feeder, the
only end where any
^ E feeding is done. Take

a T super, or a box that will nicely fit over the
hive, with a bottom '^^ inch short, leaving the
passageway E for the bees to get up through;
?n inch from the end A of the super put in an-
other wall, B, extending to within f^y inch of
the cover H. and fitting tight at the bottom. A.
third wall, C, with a ^s space between it and B,
comes clear to the top and down to the bottom;
b It in putting it in, two thicUnesses of flannel
are put under It, or between it and the bottom.
G.

When the feeder is put on the hive, the mix-
ture of sugar and water is put into the main,
compartment; it soaks through the cloth at
the point I) into the small compartment F,
where the bees get it, coming up from the hive
through the opening at K.

On the very night after I had finished mak-
ing this feeder I had a visit from tlie junior
editor of Gleanings. In the morning we went
out and put it on a hive. I carried the sugar,.

H

B

c

F

J

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

r25

and he carried the water and a quart cup. I
put in 10 lbs. of sugar, and said to him, " Now
put in four quarts of water."

"Why not put in live quarts'?" said he.
" II. R. Boardnian has come to the belief that
it is better to use equal parts of sugar and wa-
ter in feeding."'

" All right." said I. " Five quarts it is. H. R.
Boardnian is a pretty solid sort of man to fol-
low. Very likely he is right."

I had thought I was pretty radical to use, for
every 5 lbs. of sugar, 4 lbs. of water instead of
two, the orthodox quantity; but it seems to
work all right with equal quantities, and, as
Doolittle would say. it's more according to na-
ture, for nectar is pretty thin stuff.

I was anxious to have that feeder show off in
good shape while Ernest was here; but the
bees didn't touch the feed till I baited them in.
Then they worked it in good shape, and in
about 4S hours it was dry. I wish I had 40 like
it. But I'll stuff in rags and make the old Mil-
ler feeders do.

Marengo, 111.

[In my opinion, Dr. Miller has made what
j>romiscs to be one of the most important im-
provements, in the way of feeding, that has
been made for many a year. Of course, the idea
of using dry sugar, and pouring just simply
water on it, to make bee-feed, is old. Years
and years ago, the senior editor of this journal
experimented a good deal, but he did not suc-
ceed in attaining satisfactory results. In all
his experiments the sweetened water would be
taken up by the bees, leaving the dry sugar to
stick to the feeder. In order to get the bees to
take up all the sugar, it required constant
moistening with water. This took so much
time and bother that he concluded it was bet-
ter to pour boiling water on the sugar and
make an actual syrup, the same to be poured
into the feeders from a syrup-can. But Dr.
Miller has taken a long step in advance, in
what apparently is a success. That being the
case, all he has to do is to carry the dry sugar
and a pail of water; pour an equal quantity of
each into the feeder, close the hive, and the
work is done. You will observe he has simply
adapted the percolator idea to the feeder; and
herein lies the success of the plan.

We have been trying the plan outlined above
by Dr. Miller, and so far we are pleased with it.

Although I saw the plan working successful-
ly at Marengo on my recent bicycle-trip, when
I got home one of the first things I asked our
apiarist to do was to try this new way of feed-
ing. I was in such a hurry that I could not
wait to get common flannel, but asked him to
go to the book-binding room and get some com-
mon cheese-cloih and poke it under the inside
partition of the ordinary Miller feeder, as we
make and use it. That you may understand a
little better, I herewith show a cross-section of
the feeder in question. The cloth was cram-

med in under the boards B, right where the
arrows are coming out into the larger compart-
ment; and it was crammed in tight enough
so as to make the syrup percolate through
It, in order to get into those narrow passage-

ways under A on either side. Well, what was
the result? ••All that my fancy painted it," in
the lauguag<^ of Dr. Miller, where the cloth
stuflfing was properly put in. Where we failed
to crowd the cloth in tight enough, some of the
water escaped before it had incorporated very
much sugar; but in all other cases the bees
used up all the sugar syrup.

I forgot to tell you that we put into the feed-
ers equal parts of sugar and water, and, of
course, the syrup, as the bees got it. was thin-
ner than they ordinarily get it— more like the
nectar from the field.

As Mr. Boardman says in another column,
this syrup will never granulate, because the
bees ripen it; and right here I ought to credit
Mr. Boardman with the idea of making the
syrup of sugar and water, half and half. The
fact that Dr. Miller was leaning the same way,
only shows that great minds sometimes run in
the same channel.

Without percolation, the water would not
have time to take up the sugar sufficiently be-
fore the bees would have it taken down into
the brood nest. Well, when there is not enough
water to take up the sugar, the latter simply
dries, because the bees will take away the for-
mer in very short order. The cloth seems to
prevent the water from escaping before it has
had time to take up all the sugar; now, then,
by putting in an excessive amount of water —
that is. perhaps twice as much as is necessary
for actual saturation, the sugar is more apt to
dissolve, and, when dissolved, to percolate
slowly through the cloth.

I had intended to prepare some illustrations;
but the matter seems to be so very important
that it ought to be given to our readers at once
for what it is worth, and after all I think they
will be able to catch on to the idea.

Perhaps the majority have not already in
use the Miller feeder. Well, as Dr. Miller in-
timates above, you can secure the results by
the use of a tumbler, a piece of cloth, and a
saucer. But suppose you desire to feed faster,
you have plenty of upper stories that you can
put on to the hi vis. The same plan, perhaps,
can be secured by using a gallon crock inverted
over a piece of flannel, the whole set on a plate
or large tin pan.

-Later.— Since writing the foregoing we have
tried three one-gallon crock feeders, inverted
over several thicknesses of cheese-cloth on
plates. So far as I can judge, the experiment
seems to be a success; but instead of using
flannel we used on one plate four thicknesses
of cheese-cloth; on another six, and on another
eight. The last mentioned seems to give the
best results. In each crock was, of course, put
an equal quantity of sugar and water by mea-
sure; and in 48 hours, when they were exam-
ined, the syrup was all taken out of two of
them, and in the third a little yet remained.
In what is regularly the bottom of the crocks
was a slight residue of sugar still clinging.
The water had probably settled away from it.
This would make no trouble, because the
crocks can be used on other colonies, or the
same one if more feed is required, putting in
more sugar nnd water as before. The slight
i-esidue of sugar still in the crock would make
no trouble with a fresh supply. I hope others
will try this experiment and report results. In
the meantime we shall continue the experi-
ments on a larger scale.

This plan of feeding by percolator feeders is a
little slower — that is, it takes the bees about
twice as long to get the same amount of feed as
by the old plan, when syrup is given to them;
but this is rather an advantage; the syrup, be-
ing thinner in the first place, is taken down
more slowly, and will be ripened better. — Ed.]

26

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept. 15.

NOTES OF BICYCLE TRAVEL.

By Enuisit R. Root.

For my bicycle-trip I adopted the ordinary
bicycle-suit— knee-pant.«, long stockings, and
sweater— in preference to the suit of the ordi-
nary civilian. While it made me look (or,
rather. /eef) a little odd in the presence of well-
dressed people, you say. wiih nie, that it was
simply the exercise of good sense lo dress for
comfort and easy action rather than for looks.
Well, in the writing of these notes I have felt
that, possibly, the conventional cloak designed
to cover up individuality, as well as a multitude
of sins, and sometimes called the "editorial
we." was awkward for easy action here. So,
in order to -'sling myself," or. rather, not feel
hampered, 1 have decided to adopt, under this
heading, the easy " bike suit," or. what may be
more properly termed here, the singular pro-
noun I. So much for preface.

On the morning of the 15th of August I left
home for an extended bicycle-tour among the
bee-keepers of Western Ohio and Northern
Michigan, Northern Illinois and Southern Wis-
consin. After a run of an hour and a half I
found myself 20 miles on the way; and another
hour brought me to the home of H. R. Board-
man, some l;.' or 15 miles further. I had sent a
letter to friend B., at East Townsend, stating
that I would be there on the morning of the
15th, but it seems 1 got there before the letter.
However, I found him sitting in his hammock
beside his apiary, apparently waiting for "some-
thing to turn up:" and it did indeed in the
shape of a wheel-tramp, or crank-pusher, from
Rootviile. As usual, he was glad to see me,
and we walked into the house. We each re-
sumed easy seats, and then I explained that I
was out to find, if possible, the right size of t)ee-
hive— whether, indeed, the eight-frame capaci-
ty was sufficiently large for the average bee-
keeper in the average locality, or whether it
would be desirable to have a larger brood-
chamber divided into sections, a In Heddon.
Mr. Boardman smiled a little. Said he, "I
doubt whether you will get a satisfactory an-
swer to your question."

"What do you think?" said I. Well, he
did not know; but the Boardman hive, con-
taining 9 frames, and a little larger than a foot
square, answered his requirements.*

As if unable to settle this question for me, he
turned quickly to the subject of feeding bees,
along which he has experimented to a consider-
able extent. A year ago he had mentioned
some experiments that he contemplated mak-
ing; and now, twelve months having elapsed,

*I forgot to say at tlie outset, t-liat T stopped a
few minul.i'S ubout four miles out, at the iipiary of
Vrriion Bint. I put these same qut'stioiis to liiiii.
Altliovifjli lie wiis using- botli tlie eight iiml ten frynio
Laiig'st rotli liivi's, lie was leather of the opinion that
tlie latter grave liliii more bees and more honey per
colony.— E. U.

he was prepared to give me some interesting
results. Said he, "Some tell us, that, to make
syrup for bee-feed, sugar and water should be
used in the pi-oportion of 20 lbs. of the former
to a gallon of the latter. Others say, mix in
the proportion of two parts of sugar to one of
water; but after experimenting 'along this
line,' as Doolittle would say," giving me a com-
ical wink, " I canity to the conclusion that the
amount of water was too small; and now I
make a syrup of equal parts of water and
sugar."

" Equal parts by weight or measure '? " said I.

'• It does not make any difterence," he replied.
" Weight and measure are practically the same
in this case." Continuing he said, " I learned
that syrup made in this proportion, fed to bees,
would not granulate. Of course, it makes a
thinner syrup, which the bees thicken to the
right consistency, or, if you please, ripen it;
and I neve/ saw any of this kind of syrup that
would granulate. Now, they used to tell us,"
he continued, " that we must boil the syrup a
long while in order to make sure that the sugar
is thoroughly incorporated in the water; but I
do not even do this. I just pour the water
right on the sugai-. and place the feeders at the
entrance, as you saw on the hives as you came
in. Again, some recommend putting in vin-
egar, and others honey, to prevent granulating.
I never, with the ordinary thick syrup, could
see that it did any good."

I do not remember whether he regards it
necessary to heat the water; but, if I remember
correctly, he considered It of but little impor-
tance either way. Perhaps I may as well in-
terpolate right here, that Dr. Miller had also
been experimenting "along this line," entirely
ignorant of what Mr. Boardman was doing;
and, strangely enough, he had arrived at about
the same conclusion; but he put in fotir mea-
sures of water to five of sugar. He had found
it was not necessary to even heat the water.
He poured the sugar into the feeder, and then
the water, and that was all there was of it. He
found that, by making the syrup thinner, as
did Mr. Boardman, the bees would ripen it
better, and nuike a winter feed that would not
granulate; and, secondly, it was much more
convenient to prepare a syrup in this way. I
will not, say nioif of Dr. Miller's feeding, be-
cause, un hi- Ills own siuniature, in another
olumn. \ou will lind he has moi-e to say on this,
and I will i-eler our readers to that.

" I have learned another thing," said Mr.
Boai-dman, "'and that is.it pays to feed; that
it pays to give the bees a large amount of stores
for winter, and then in the spring feed them
enougii to keep brood-rearing going at a lively
rate. Yes," said he, " I feed clear up to the
honey-flow. If the crop is to be a short one,
the brood-nest will be full of bt-ood and syrup;
and just the very day that honey is first stor-ed.
it will be crowded into the sections, just where

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

i want it. As the result of this I got a crop of
honey while my neighbors all around me se-
cured absolutely nothing. They took the
ground that it was folly to waste so much
money for sugar for feeding the bees when they
brought no returns last year, lint I took my
chances, and. as a result, the sugar has been
paid for several times over."

The syrup cost him, we will say, perhaps
three or four cents a pound; and the honey he
will sell will probably bring thirteen or four-
teen. His neighbors' bees, probably, bee for
bee, gathered just as much honey as his: but
it all went into brood-rearing and the brood-
nest. Mr. Hoardrnan's all went into sections;
and not only that, he had more bees as the
result of the sugar-feeding, to gather the crop
when it did come.

All of this was interesting to me; and. so to
speak, I sat at the feet of Boardman as he went
on to tell some more interesting observations.
Said he, turning the subject slightly, "A good
deal has been said 'along the line,' to quote
Doolittle again, of bees gathering honey from
only one source at a time. I believe there is a
good deal in this. When food of any sort comes
into the hive, especially if it is fed to them, the
tield-bees at once try to find in the fields the
peculiar scent of this food. If bassvvood honey
comes in, they will abandon the clover and
hunt for the strong minty flavor of the linden.
Why." said he, " at one time I put a little vine-
gar into my sugar syrup, in my earlier experi-
ments, to prevent its granulating. This syrup
I fed to the bees, and shortly the bees pour-
ed out from their hives pellmell for the bung-
hole of my vinegar-barrel, which was empty.
They never before had shown a strong liking
for that barrel. I was somewhat astonished,
but at that time I did not know how to account
for it. At, another time, to prevent the wooden
part of my feeders from becoming atlected by
the weather I dipped them in linseed oil. When
th^y were dry I fed the bees from them as usual
with ordinary syrup. At this time I was paint-
ing my house, and, quite to my astonishment,
the bees showed a wonderful liking for the
paint on the house — something they had not
done previously, although painting had been
going on prior to the time of soaking the feeders
in linseed oil. The fact is." said he, *' the syrup
rrobably incorporated a slight flavor of linseed
oil from the wood of the feeders. As soon as
food was given to them they rushed out, as
they always do when fed, to find the source of
that peculiar flavor; and, of course, they found
it on the freshly painted sides of the house."

It was now dinner-time, and I was given an
opportunity to wash up after my dusty ride.
While in the wash-room I lieard Mrs. Board -
man say, "Dear mel you will talk Mr. Root to
death."

Mr. B. laughed, and repeated to me what
his wife had said.

•• Why," said I, " that is just what I came for;
and Mr. Boardman seems to be so full of prac-
tical e.xperience that I xvdiit lo hear him talk."

"Yes." said she, smilingly; "but when he
gets a going he does not know when to stop "

"Well." said Mr. Boardman. apologetically,
"it is not often I have a chance to talk bei'-;
and when one from Rootville comes I feel like
letting him have ail he wants."

At the table the subject turned to foundation-
making, and I asked him if they had had any
dithculty in making it. and how they managed
to cleave the sheets from the rolls after they
were run through; for beginners, and those
who make foundation. in a small way. generally
have a gooi deal of trouble "along this line."

" We have no particular trouble. We simply
cut olt a little narrow strip, run it into the mill
backward— that is, turn the mill backward-
feeding the sheet in at the front side. This
little strip is run in just far enough to leave
about an inch sticking out. Into the bac^ side
we run a full-length sheet, turning the mill in
the right direction. The end of this sheet
sticks to the little sheet run in backward; and
as it comes out on the other side an attendant
pulls on the edge of the strip not embossed, and
pulls out not only the little strip but the long
sheet adhering to it, practically free from the
rolls. In this way we run through all the
sheets. I discarded the long laborious job of
picking the sheets, to say nothing of scratching
the faces of the cells."

Perhaps I might remark, in passing, that, as
foundation - makers, we have no particular
trouble. Our mills are all geared to power,
and, of course, they can not be run backward
very well. The sheets are run in in the u-ual
manner: and if every thing is in right shape,
the temperature of the water right, from which
the sheets are taken, and the mill right, the
sheets will cleave with very little trouble; but
I have given that little kink of the trade, not
because it is particularly new. but because it
may be valuable to many who are making
foundation in a small way.

After dinner we went to the apiary, where
Mr. Boardman explained the construction of
his feeder. He feeds almo>st entirely from the
entrance, and very successfully too. Although
there was no honf^y coming in from the field,
the bees were very quiet and peaceable; for
Mr. Boardman was still feeding slowly for win-
ter use. I do not know whether he is ready to
describe his feeder or not; but I have asked
him to explain it when he feels that he has it
fully perfected. As an entrance feeder I believe
it is the best one I have ever seen. It certainly
works beautifully in Mr. B.'s home yard.

" Here," said Mr. B., advancing toward the
end of his winter repository, "is where I feed
the bees water— just clear water. This eff'ectu-
ally disposes of the trouble of bees drinking at
troughs and annoying horses."

728

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept. lo.

On a large shelf was quite a row of his feeders
containing nothing but water, and the bees
were patronizing them in great shape indeed.

" Now," said Mr. Boardraan, " I want to show
you how my bees are building comb, for I see
you have illustrated comb-building, by Mr.
Hutchinson. I can show you the same thing
right here."

So saying, he proceeded to light the Crane
smoker.

" By the way," said I, " how do you like it ? "

'*It is a splendid smoker. At first I thought
it a great awkward thing, and did not believe
it would suit me at all; but now I like it better
than any thing else I have seen. It has the
capacity and the blast."

I then asked him if the rubber, the flexible
part of the bellows, gave him any trouble.

'• Not at all."

" We have had one or two complaints,'" I said,
" and I am interested in knowing how it is doing.
The use of rubber in place of leather is quite an
innovation, and we used it because it was rec-
ommended to us by a bee-keeper who had used
it for four or five years. It is more flexible,
more impervious to air, and is less affected by
dampness or water."

" Yes," said he, removing one side of one of
his hives, "you will notice I do not have to
handle a single frame. The bees have done all
that comb-building within the last two days,
and all under the stimulus of syrup-feeding, as
you see."

Yes, indeed, there was a fine lot of combs
building, and all worker too.

"Oh, say!" said I; " I ought to be going; but
I want to know whether you have been using
fixed distances."

" Yes, sir, I have— that is, I have been nailing
strips on the sides of my ordinary brood-frames,
making them something like the Hoffman.
But I yanked them off. No, I must say I do not
like fixed spacing for me."

" Well, how about the burr- comb question? "
said 1, putting another one at him.

"Well, I am not bothered very badly with
them, and 1 get rid of their nuisance largely in
this way: I space the frames closer together."

"What spacing does that make?"

" Somewhere about 1)4 from center tp center.
That, you see, is slightly less than l%."

He showed me that there was a decrease of
burr-comb building on hives where close spac-
ing was practiced, as against those where the
ordinary IH or 1% spacing was used.

" Say ! I must be going," said I. " How far is
it to Toledo?"

"Sixty-five miles."

" Whew!" said I; " I have got to make it to-
night." And then I mounted the wheel. Mrs.
B. looked a little doubtful. I had previously
lold Mr. B. that I could not stay more than an
hour or so; but his talk was so interesting and
profitable, and dinner smelled so good in the

other room, I could not well resist; and after
dinner there were so many interesting things
that he had to tell me, that I stayed longer
than I expected. I finally mounted the wheel,
feeling that I had had a profitable visit. I
made a rush for Norwalk. I arrived there in
fair time. Another spurt of five miles brought
me to Monroeville; and another spurt made me
feel pretty much like silting down, for I had
struck quite a little sand. I was sweating and
puffing away, and at my left I saw a wheelman
fussing with his wheel. Evidently something
was wrong or broken.

" Sand rather bad," said I, and passed on. As
I did so I felt as if I was not acting the part of
the good Samaritan in helping a brother-wheel-
ma,n out of his trouble; but I had not gone far
when he catight up, puffing like a steam-engine,
and telling me his wheel ran hard.

"My!" said I, "any wheel will run hard in
this sand."

" Well, that may account for it."

In a moment more I heard his chain going
clickety-clack.

"Here," said I, feeling more like the good
Samaritan, " let me fix that."

I quickly unbuckled my bicycle-satchel and
drew forth a package of chain-lubricant and
rubbed it on, and, presto! how much better it
did run!

" Now," said I to my friend, " go ahead a lit-
tle and I will trail and see whether your chain,
or, rather, sprocket-wheels, are out of line."
Yes. sure enough, they were.

Again the good Samaritan dismounted and
helped his friend to change the adjustment on
one side of the wheel.

"There," said he, after we had resumed our
journey, " the wheel runs a hundred per cent
better— thanks to you. Who are you, and where
are you from ? " said he.

" My name is Root, from Medina. Where are
you from ?" I said.

"Oberlin."

I soon found that my friend knew some of the

old professors under whom I had studied; and

we fell to talking about Oberlin, about this and

that teacher, this and that building, and before,

we knew it we were at Fremont, where my'

friend stopped. It was getting toward dark,

and I was told it was 3,"> miles to Toledo yet,

and there was a good deal of sand to get over.

That being the case, I decided to take the train.

Fortunately one would be in in about an hour.

I sat down at the depot, mopping off the sweat.

and wondering whether or not Dr. Mason would

be at home.

Continued In our next.

We have enjoyed a flying visit from Mr. S. T.
Pettit, of Belmont. Ont.. one of Canada's veter-
an bee-keepers. He is fortunate in beiwg grand-
pa to the Holtermann quartette, the rising jun-
ior editors of theCanadian Bee Journal, whose
pictures appeared recently in this journal.

1894

(Jl.EANINliS IN HEE ClI/rUllE.

739

l|il'i. II lli.M-^nr

ANSWERS TO

BY G.M.DOOLITTL&.BOROOINO.N.Y.

J I in |i L nil iJ iM. I III II im III I ' 1 III n n 111 II in; II ml I II II I 111 ^

^^

KEAI^ING QUKEKS IN l.AKGE BROOD-CHAMBF.H.

Qt(c>tti<in.—l use a largii onn-siory liive hold-
ing 18 frames, riiiiiiiiig parallel with thf^ en-
tranc'^. so I can not very well raise queens in an
upper story by the plan given in your book.
How would you proceed to rear queens in such
a hive as the one spoken of above ?

An^irer. — Your hive i-; very similar to the
one which 1 used when the plan of rearing
queens in a hive liaving a laying queen in the
same came to my virion. I had made four
hives on the ''long-idea" plan, which was
brought to public notice some years ago by D.
L. Adair, of Kentucky. These liives were used
a few years for extracted honey, and laid aside,
inasmuch as I found that it was easier to pro-
duce e.xtracted honey by the tiering-up plan.
Soon after, D. A. Jones, of Canada, came out
with his new plan of raising comb honey, as I
gave in (rLEAXiNGsa few months ago; and these
long-idea hives proved to be just the thing to
try thi^ Jones experiment with. I changed the
combs and bees from my regular hives back
into these hives again, put in the two queen-
excluding division-boards, so as to shut the
queen on five frames in the middle of the hive,
according to the plan, when the first thing
which came to my notice in opening the hive a
week later was sealed queen-cells wherever
there was any unsealed brood left which the
queen did not have access to. These I carefully
removed, till there came a time when work
crowded so that the removing of these cells
was neglected till they hatched, went out of
the hive, and were fertilized and commenced to
lay, so that I had two laying queens in these
hives. It will be remembered, from what I
wrote a few months ago, that there were wide
frames of sections between the combs where
these cells were reared and the queen-excluding
division-boards which kept the young queen in
her place, and these wide frames had separators
on them which tended to keep the young queen
from going to the perforated zinc and quarrel-
ing through it with the old queen. As I soon
became disgusted with the whole plan of long-
idea hives, eitlier for the production of comb or
extracted honey, the upper-story plan was used
as given in my book. But I have found, from
long experience, that, wherever there is un-
sealed brood on which the bees cluster, but
from which the queen is excluded by means of
perforated zinc, enameled cloth with a hole or
two in it, or a division-board with a crack in
the same, the bees will build queen-cells on
these combs; and if it is so that the young
queen hatching from these cells can not "touch
noses "with the old queen, and if there is a

place of exit from the part of the hive in which
this (jiieen hatched, she will in due time become
fertile, and go to laying, the same as she would
if there were no other queen in the hive.
Hence to rear queens in such a hive as our cor-
respondent uses, all we have to do is to fix ilie
sam(^ so that two or three combs of brood ciin
be set in one end of the hivt;; and betwe. u
these combs of brood and the apartment having
the laying (^ueen. put two queen-excluding
division boards, these latter ijeing half an inch
or more apart, so tliat the queens can not touch
each other. From past experience, my way of
fixing such a hive would be to keep the laying
queen in the rear end, on as many combs as I
wisiied her to occupy, placing next her apart-
ment a queen -excluding division - board. I
would now place two empty combs next this
division-board, and immediately in front of
these put in another queen excluder. I would
now fill out the remaining space between the
last excluder and the front end of the hive, or
entrance, with combs of brood and honey, and
raise queen- cells there, and have them fertiliz-
ed from the same, as I gave in my book. Now,
while I have told what I would do when using
such a hive as the correspondent says he is
using, yet I feel it is my duty to say that, in a
locality like Central New York, such a hive is
not the one for the practical bee-keeper to use
if he wishes to produce the most honey with
the least capital and labor.

FEEDING WHEN BEARING QUEENS.

Qrt estion.— When you rear queens in the fall
of the year, or at any other time when the bees
are not getting honey from the fields, how
much do you feed each day. and how do you
feed '?

Answer. — I feed about a pint a day, or enough
so that the bees will store considerable in the
combs and start to comb-building, which will
be shown by the bees beginning to lengthen
unsealed cells, the same as they do when honey
is coming in moderately from the fieldsJor a
few days. All should know that comb-building
does not start at once, as soon as the bees are
fed, or as soon as they begin to get honey from
the fields; but in three or four days after
sweets are obtained, wax secretion begins, and
the combs begin to show the same. If the col-
ony is very strong in numbers, more should be
fed; for a pint of feed would be hardly suflHcient
for all hands to obtain a taste were there from
60,000 to 80,0(K) bees in the hive.

For feed, I make it the same as for winter
feeding; namely, 15 lbs. of water put into a
suitable vessel, and set over the fire till it boils;
then slowly stir in 30 lbs. of granulated sugar,
so that it shall not settle to the bottom of the
vessel and burn (as granulated sugar is quite
apt to do if not stirred) while pouring in, and
the whole brought to a boil again. Now set
from the fire and stir in ^> lbs. of extracted
honey; or honey in the comb will do ju»t as

730

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept. 15.

well, but it is more expensive, and you will be
to the trouble of removing the wax, else it will
not work well in pouring into the feeder. This
is for winter feed, and I always make it this
way, as this will keep the year round without
souring or candying or crystallizing. Now
take of the feed the amount you require for one
feeding, and add a third in bulk of cold water,
stirring a little to mix, when it is of the right
temperature and of the right consistency to feed
for queen-rearing. Each time after this, when
the feed is cold, you will take the same amount
of hot water, stirring this in to the amount
needed for one feed, thus giving the right tem-
perature and consistency again. When I say
that thin warm feed gives the greatest possible
stimulus to bees for brood-rearing, while such
feed will soon sour if left standing in a dish, it
will readily be seen why the advice above is
given, without further multiplication of words.
For a feeder I use a division-board feeder, the
same as I described in Gt.eanings a few years
ago, and the same as is described in my book;
but the illustration given in my book is that of
Prof. Cook's feeder, and does not correspond
with the description at all. If you make a
feeder according to the directions given, paying
no attention to the illustration, you will have
just such a feeder as I use. But this matter of
feeders is not at all important. Any dish or
feeder from which the bees can take the feed
without being drowned or enticing robbers will
answer all practical purposes.

THE WIIXIE ATCHLEY CELL-CUP PLAN.

I see by Gleanings that Mr. Doolittle does
not make a success of my way of grafting
queen-cells. I send you by this mail two cells
that queens have hatched from. See the old
cocoons still there. If he will make his colonies
broodless and queenless for 48 hours, then put
in wax cells, he will find a great difference. I
can not succeed in getting all good queens by
any other method. If larv* two to ten hours
old are used, and good strong colonies when
honey is coming in, or feeding, it is bound to
succeed. Willie Atchlky.

Beeville, Tex.

THE N. A. B. K. A. ON THE WEST SIDE OF THE

MISSISSIPPI; FKEQUENT SHOWERS IN

ILLINOIS.

Didn't we have a session of the N. A. B. K. A.
at Keokuk, Iowa ? and is it not on the west
side of the Mississippi River? I think- Mr. Ben-
ton was not there. Don't you remember that
the business men of Hamilton sent carriages to
bring us across the river to the Dadants?

The bees are not going to send me to repre-

sent them at St. Joseph this year. This is the
fourth poor year for honey, and they can not
aft'ord it. Last Friday night, Aug. ^!4, the bees
held a grand concert, the first one of the seasoM,
and have continued them since. There have
been frequent showers during the last fort-
night, and the fall flowers in the Illinois River
bottoms are blooming. The lands along the
river, subject to overflow, are very rich, and
Spanish needles, asters, polygonum, and other
fall flowers, grow luxuriantly.
Peoria, 111. Mhs. L. Harrison.

[Yes, we had several sessions on the west side
of the ^Mississippi, and this fall we hope to have
several more at St. Joseph; moreover, I hope
those naughty bees, oi', if you prefer, naughty
seasons, will not keep you away from a good
convention which we expect in Missouri.

When I was in the northern part of your
State on that recent '"bike tour," I saw not a
drop of rain nor any signs of any having fallen
for weeks. If I could have been convinced
that you had good roads and lots of rain, and
could have known, as I now know, of the
poor roads in Southern Wisconsin, I verily be-
lieve I should have turned that wheel south-
ward. However. I do not regret the hard
hill-climbs of that State when I think of the
kind reception received in the homes of a few
of the Wisconsin bee-keepers. — Ed.]

A CORRECTION.

On page 703, line 12, column 1, you have " The
Champion was originated from Soto 30 years
ago." Please correct. It should read, " The
Champion was originated from '.'O to 30 years
ago." The mistake is probably due to my bad
writing. Chas. Momm.

Irvington, N. J., Sept. 4.

[The mistake was due to the fact that the
writer ran the two words together so as to look
exactly like a name. The matter was submit-
ted to our best readers, who concluded that
"Soto" was meant. This matter of running
words together in writing causes an endless
amount of difficulty in reading manuscript.
Another common fault is to separate words,
causing the syllables to look like words. We
take great pains with every line we print; but
sometimes the ingenuity of a bad writer is too
much for us. As a whole, friend Momm's writ-
ing is much better than the average; but as he
did not make a good 20, nor lift his pen when
he made a bad one, a blunder was occasioned.
—Ed.]

do worker- bees transfer honey to young

BEES?

Some time ago I read how bees gave up their
honey to the young ones that were too young
to fly. I can not think it is correct — at least,
not always. First, why siiould the Creator of
all overlook the first principle which is contrary
to all our domestic creatures? They all either
idle away their young days or else play. Now,
if bees do go to the trouble and time of using
the nectar twice, how is it with a new swarm
of all old flying bees, which always work with
such vim ? I have always noticed, as I remove
quilts from sections or extracting-combs, that
almost every bee is an old one— scarcely any

1894

(xI.EANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

"31

young there. But on frames of brood there are
always many. If I am in error I wish to be
converted to the right side. We are all easily
led into error— at least I am.
Hallowell, Me., Aug. 24. E. P. Churchill.

[I refer this question to Mr. Doolittle, who
is one of those who hold that the field-bees
transfer their loads of nectar to the young bees.
-Eu.]

StICCESS WITH THE WILLIE ATCHI-EY CELL-
CUPS.

In Gleanings, April l.i, p. 330, G. M. Doo-
little wonders how many have made a success
of Willie Atchley's plan of raising queens. I
have made a success of it, but I tried a good
many times before I did so; and, like Mr. Doo-
little, I had them rolled to the entrance. I was
pretty near giving up in despair. I think that
making the cell-cup stick just right has a good
bit to do with it. 1 made mine by Willie Atch-
ley's directions, but I made the worker-cell a
trifle larger; but if any one goes by his stick he
will not be far out. I find that, the older I get
the comb, the better the little cups will lift out.
I tried combs that were not very old; but they
stick too tight, and tear. I have raised a few
tine-looking queens by this plan, and hope to
raise more next summer.

I should like to ask Mr. Doolittle this ques-
tion: Can a five-banded queen be bred, or a
queen whose bees are five-banded, from pure
Italian queens? F. Low.

McLaren Vale, South Australia. June 33.

A GOOD AVORD FOR THE PELIIAM MILL.

Referring to the suggestion of R. C. Aikin,
July IT), to obviate the inconvenience caused by
the end of the sheet adhering to the dies of the
roller in making foundation, I would say the
Pelham mill "gets over" the whole difficulty
by means of a very ingenious and highly satis-
factory device; and while the mill is sold at a
low price, a thorough test of hundreds of pounds
of Pelham foundation has given the utmost
satisfaction — the only precaution necessary
being to wire full sheets to prevent sagging.
This, however, is imperative, owing to the
unique construction of the septum.

Titusville, Pa., July 30. H. E. Hill.

DEAD BROOD ; ITS CAUSE AND CURE.

I have had several cases of the new brood
disease, which at first I decided was foul brood.
For some cause one colony that was affected
superseded its queen, and I found every thing
cleaned up in nice shape before the young
queen commenced to lay. I then made the
Other affected colonies queenless, and returned
the queens as soon as the bees had cleaned up
nicely, which they did in every case.

NATURAL-COMi; BUILDING.

I tried having the bees build combs in wired
frames with inch starters, and had very good

success. I think that, where we want to give
only starters, the wires will prevent combs
from being bulged. I have had very nice combs
built that way. J. Lawrence.

Dallas, Tex.. Aug. 35.

[Removing the queens in the case of dead
brood may or may not effect a cure. In a large
number of cases the disease, if such it be, went
off of itself without any thing being done.
Again, we have tried taking (|ueens from colo-
nies having a few cells of dead brood, and the
disease not only went away from the affected
colony, but the one to which the queen was
given remained healthy. Prof. Cook thinks
feeding cures; but if he had done absolutely
nothing, I believe the disease would have dis-
appeared itself .just the same. So far I in-
cline to the opinion more than ever, that over-
heating is the cause.— Ed.]

STINGINESS BEES IN COSTA RICA.

I beg to add the following statement to the
remarks of Mr. Chas. Norman, in Gleanings,
p. .511. on stingless bees:

In Costa Rica there are about five known
kinds of stingless bees; but only two of them
are valued for their honey, and are kept for
that purpose in rough logs hung down along-
side the verandas. One sort, called "jicote"
(heco-tay), is a handsome bee, nearly of the
size of a German bee. Its color is a brilliant
black, with five very narrow golden bands,
which, to be discovered, need close attention;
hence its general appearance, which at first
seems to be a brownish yellow, as compared
with the bee of Yucatan, which probably is
nothing but the same jicote, common all over
Central America. The jicotes build circular
combs, with small hexagonal cells for the
brood, and large pockets of a blackish wax for
the honey, which is taken off once every year.
I always keep some logs with jicotes in the
midst of my apiary of Italians; but all my
trials to get them to work in a more civilized
fashion in my Dovetailed hives proved useless;
neither have I much hope that some day, hy-
brids may result, as the queen of the jicotes is
very distinct from her majesties of other races,
her abdomen being a large snow-white ball,
full of eggs.

The other sort of stingless bees, called " mari-
aseca." is rather scarce, but celebrated here for
its delicious honey, although to my taste it
rather resembles Italian honey mixed with
some syrup and plenty of water. The mariase-
ca bee is exeeedingly small — scarcely larger
than the head of an Italian drone, and it is
leather-colored. Although in appearance the
maria^eca seems to be very distinct from the
jicote, its way of building brood-combs and
honey-bags is nearly identical, except that the
wax is leather-colored, and that every thing
has much smaller proportions.

Richard Pfau.

San Jose. Costa Rica, C. A.

[I am glad to get this, because it is evident
friend P. knows whereof he is writing.— Ed.]

733

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept. 15.

Thk M-nior editor expects to be at the St.
Joseph convention, Oct. 10, 11, 13.

The last Issue of the Canadian Bee Journal
gives a picture of President E. L. Goold. of the
Goold, Shapley & Mulr Co., Ltd.. of Brantford,
Ontario. We are glad to see the face of the
head man of the largest manufacturing con-
cern of bee-keepers' supplies aiross the bo der.

The American Bee Journal keeps on improv-
ing. This time the new feature consists in put-
ting the department of contributed articles
into double-column leaded matter. As such it
is very readable, and looks well. The other
matter, and shorter items, still appear in two
columns to the p ige as usual.

There was a young miss up in Michigan (if
she is not alieady a bee-keeper I think she will
be) for whom I formed a strong attachment;
and that attachment seemed to be reciprocated
on her part. Who was it? you ask. Why, it
was baby Fern, of the Eeview office. Perhaps
I will tell you more about her at another time.

I AM glad to tell you that Dr. Peiro, who
writes those interesting talks, entitled " Doc-
tor's Hints," in the Arnerican Bee Journal, is
veritable flesh and blood, and is writing under
his own name, and not under a norn de plume.
as many have imagined. He is a neighbor of
Bro. York, and, like him, one whom it is a
pleasure to know. Dr. P. and Dr. Miller are a
good deal alike in some respects, and it would
be fun to see them at convention together some
time; for Dr. P., if you must know it, is becom-
ing interested in bees. More anon.

The following is an editorial that appears in
the Bee-keepers' Review and we indorse it most
heartily. If we are going to give credit, why
not give it in full ?

Full credit is the thing to give when copying- an
article, or even reproducing an idea, that has ap-
peared in anotlier journal. I have more resj ect for
the man who has tlie audacity ancl effrontery io
steal an article right out ancl out, and palm it of!' as
his own, tlian lor one wlio will slyly label liis quota-
tions, "An Excliange." "A Western Journal," "An
American Journal," and so fortli, tlius avoiding
giving credit to a rival journal. If an article or
idea isn't wortli giving full credit for, it isn't worth
copying.

Prof. Cook writes that he has destroyed
every vestige of the new bee-disease (dead
brood), simply by feeding. In case the feeding
has any thing to do with it, I should be in-
clined to believe that probably it was not so
much due to starvation as to improper food or
food slightly poisonous. In our own case, the
disease appeared at its worst during a heavy

flow from basswood. It is possible that the
bees were gathering at the same time some-
thing that disagreed with the larvae, and in
some cases caused them to die, resulting in what
we have seen in some apiaries— dead brood.

"A Masquerade of Stamens" i^ the title of
an article in the September Cosmopolitan, in
which the writer, Mr. W. H. Gibson, speaks
thus of the relations of the bumble-bee and red
clover: "This bumble-bee is as necessary a
part of the plant's life as are its leaves and
petals. The flower has decked itself in beauty
and fragrance for his coming, and blushes for
him alone. Its nectar is provided with sole
thought of him, and its pink portals are framed
to welcome him. above all other insects." And
the red clover is but an example, he says, "of
this law of vital communion and interdepend-
ence between the flower and the insect." The
whole article is delightfully written, and makes
capital reading for those who are interested in
knowing the part played by insects in the fer-
tilization of flowers (or fruits).

THAT EDITORIAL " WE."

I AM mad— yes, as mad as can be. What
about ■? Why, under that editorial " we " I find
that A. I. R. is being clubbed for some of my
editorial sins; and I am madder still because
he also gets credit for some editorial felicities
that once in a while escape my lips or from the
point of my well-worn pencil that I push some.
I am going to put my full name at the head of
this department hereafter; and when A. I. R.
writes any thing under this heading it will be,
as heretofore, signed by him. As I said else-
where, the editorial "we "covers up a multi-
tude of sins, and that multitude is heaped on
the senior editor, who is not to blame at all.

It may be a little hard for me to drop the
conventional "we;" so if you see it stuck in
editorials hereafter, promiscuously along with
the singular pronoun, don't be surprised.

Say. Dr. Miller, you remember you gave Mr.
Hutchinson, of the Review, a pound of figs for
dropping " we " to " I."

" BRACE- COMI?S AND THEIR ADVANTAGES."

The above is the subject of an extended ar-
'Vle by G. M. Doolittle, in the American Bee
Journal for Aug. ."^O. He holds that bees need
them as ladders to the supers. Why, he would
not have thick top-bars for .50 cts. a hive; and
yet there are thousands of bee-keepers who
would be willing to pay 50 cts. per hive to have
them, to dispense with the nuisance of these
same burr-combs. In the very next number of
the American Bee Journal there is a well-
written article from Mr. H. E. Hill, telling of
his disagreeable experience! with burr-combs,
of bee-killing by the thousands, of dripping
honey, and the difficulty of removing a lot of
supers from hives within thin and narrow top-
bars. After speaking of the large amount of

1894

(JLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

733

unnecessary lime occupied in removing those
supers, he says, "' Narrow, thin, and V-shaped
top-bars are still in use in some of the large
apiaries, for some unaccountable reason, though
I know of no one of experience who is making
additions to his grief by extending the number
already in nse." There are plenty of apiarists,
we think, who would be willing to testify that
they see no difference in the readiness with
which bees enter supers over non-burr-comb
frames, or supers over thin top-bars with burr-
■combs, providing, in the case of the first men-
tioned, small bee-spaces of )4, inch are used.
For such spaces I can not imagine why bees
should want " ladders" to climb into the sec-
tions, any more than the good wife wants a
ladder to get into the pantry. This same
Mr. Hill, above mentioned, in telling of his ex-
perience in removing SOO or 900 comb-honey
supers, tells of the warping and sagging of the
top-bars % inch thick, and how the supers
'• clung to the top-bars with a deathlike grip,"
so that a "small crowbar was necessary to start
them," and how "each one dragged with it
from one to ten brood-frames." And further
on he says, "Bees were killed by the thousands
by forcing uneven and bulged combs up with
the supers. Every thing was drabbled with
honey, even the wheelbarrow, and bushels of
brace-combs were scraped from the frames and
super-slats." This is only the experience of
thousands of others. On my recent visit to Dr.
Miller's he told me that, if for no other reason,
he must have thick top-bars because of the
cleaner honey which they give.

I don't like to take issue with ray friend Mr.
Doolittle; but he is recognized as such good
authority that many, I fear, would follow his
teachings, and only be led into the experience
as above given.

THAT BICYCLE -TRIP.

Fi'.OM Manistee, Mich., 1 went to Lake One-
kama, where I met Walter Harmer, formerly
of Manistee, the one famed for his small sec-
tions of honey, ranging from one to two ounces
in weight. From that point I went by steamer
to Chicago; called on Bro. York, of the Ameri-
can Bee Jouriuil, and after a visit of two or
three hours I pushed the wheel to Marengo,
getting lost on the way, and making over 80
miles in the afternoon and part of the evening.
The actual distance was only 6.5>2 miles. From
Dr. Miller's I pushed the wheel again westward
and northward, finally arriving at Browntown,
something over 100 miles. Here I met J. R.
Reed and Harry Lathrop, both of whom have
written at various times for these pages. From
Browntown I took the train for about 40 miles
to E. France it Son's. It was so very hilly and
sandy in spots that I was tired out. From
France's I came back to Chicago by train,
having had enough of the hilly and sandy roads
of Southern Wisconsin. Again I met Bro.

York, continuing the visit of the previous week.
Now that I have arrived home I can not refrain
from giving the last paragrai)h of a private
letter just n^ceived, which I feel sure my friend
"(leorge " will not object to having appear in
print right here. Such chunks of friendship
ought not to be hid under a bushel.

I've been so g-Iad that you came to see us! I've
told Dr. Miller that he fati't have ymi. all to himself
any more, for /'/)! going' to claini at least a part of
you for myself, " and dun't you foiget it " —

"By Geokge."

After leaving York's I took a train for Toledo.
From that point I resumed the wheel to Medina
— the last day making 110 miles in 9 hours.

Now, then, you have an outline of my visit.
The first installment of Bicycle Notes is given
in this issue, and will be continued until I have
told you of all the good things I picked up on
the way.

Perhaps it may be well for me to state right
here that I felt greatly honored by the cordial
and hearty welcome I received at the homes of
the bee-keepers where I stopped. I have re-
ceived so many courtesies that I do not know
how it will be possible for me to ever repay
them. I meet with a great many classes of
people; but I do not believe there are any nicer
folks in the world than bee-keepers. Their
study of the works of Nature (and Nature is
God) seems to ennoble them, in my humble
estimation, above the average of their fellows.
I am well aware that I have had to skip the
homes of many bee-keepers who would have
made my visit just as pleasant and profitable
as those where I stopped. But limited time is
my only excuse for not stopping at all places on
the route; and there are quite a numijer of
" leading lights " I had to pass by entirely.

bee-moth; its ravages; not a serious en-
emy IN the united states.

We have received several copies of the Agn-
rultural Gdzette, published by the Department
of Agriculture of New S. Wales. Those that
have come to our office have contained much
of practical value to the farmer. In the April
number there is an excellent article on bees-
wax-moths, by Sidney Olliff, Government En-
tomologist for New South Wales. Along with
this is a beautiful lithograph plate showing
the work of the moths upon the comb, their
larvte, and the moths themselves, etc. As the
lithograph was the finest and the truest to na-
ture of any thing I had ever seen I had it
reproduced in half-tone, and take pleasure in
presenting herewith the result together with
a part of the article referred to above.

I find that authorities in this country refer
to two kinds of bee-moths — the large and the
small. As the scientific names are the same as
those above mentioned I feel sure that our
own bee-keepers will recognize their "old
friend the enemy," in the plate. Of course,

734

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept. If).

you will not forget to observe that the draw-
ings are greatly enlarged. The horizontal lines
ju?t oppo-«iie give the life size, which, so far
as I remember, corresponds to the size of the
same species in this country.

The Iruliaiis are so thoroughly disseminated
in this cduiiiry that the wax-moth, so far from
being au enemy, may be regarded more as a
curiosity; and at the present time it bids fair
to become extinct. In Europe, and especially
in England, I believe black bees predominate,
and hence bee-keepers across the water have
more trouble with the bee-moth, and are more
concerned with methods of exterminating tliese
pests than we are. Italians are making I'apid
headway in Australia, and we naturally ex-
pect that they will soon cause the bee-moths
to become a thing of the past, as they are prac-
tically in this country.

It is not safe, liowever. even here to leave
combs exposed for any great length of time
from the bees. If we have any left over dur-
ing the season they are kept in a tight box or
room, said box or room having been subjected
to a temperature near the zero-point during
the previous winter lor a considerable length
of time; for long and severe cold kills the eggs
and larvaj; and if the compartment in which
the combs are is kept tight thereafter, there will
be no danger of wax- moths.

The bee-motbs, or beeswax moths, of whicii tiiere
are two distinct kinds commonly found iu Auslra-
ha, are so well known, and have been so frequently
figured and described, that it will not be necessary
to give very detailed or technical descriptions of
tliem here. A considerable number of inquiries
have been received during- tlie past two years re-
garding these destructive moths, cliieHy from ama-
teur bee-keepers; and it may, therefore, be useful
to puljlish a few notes concerning: the liabits and
seasonnl appearance of these insects in Australia,
more especiallj' as 1 am able to add some ni forma-
tion regarding- remedial and preventive measures
for tlie suppression of the pests, wliicii have been
found saiisfactory bj- experienced bee-keepers.
The larger of tlie lieeswax-moths —properly known
as Oallei ia tnelldin.Uit, Linn., but someiinies called
by the name (j<(//('/ (■(( (•(/('((/ki, Fabr. -appears to be
by far the more destructive of the two insects. It
is a very widely distribut< d species, being- found
throug-hout Europe and North America, in India,
and even in the cold regions of Northern tjiberia;
indeed, it appears to have a lange that is cc-exLtn-
sive with that of the bee-hive itself. In warm
countries it is much more abundant, and therefore
desti-uctive, than in temperate or cold climates, a
faet wliii'h is probably accoiuiied for Viy the varying
numbei- of broods or generations which occ.ui- in :i,
season under ditferent climatic conditions. Wi h
us in New Soutli Wales the first l)rt)od of moth ap-
l>ears in the early spring- from caterpillars which
liave passed tlie winter in a semi-dormant condi-
tion, within the walls of their silken covering's, and
only turned to pnpae or chrys;ilids upon the ap-
proach cjf warm weather. These winter (or hiber-
nating-) caterpillars feed very little, and usually
confine their wandering's to the silken channels
which they have made for themselves before the
cool weather sets in. Upon the leturn of the de-
sired warmth the caterpillars spin a complete co-
coon for themselves and turn to the chrysalis stag-e,
and in from ten days to a fortnigfht tlie perfect
motli appears. The moth then lays eggs in any
conveiuent spot, such as the sides atid bottom of
the frames, on the walls of the hive itself, or t)n the
comb, in each case 1 have had an opportunity of
observing the process, the moth cho--e the sides of
the frames, as near to the l)rood-conib as possible,
the young larvae having a decided preferen«e for

this comb. The larva? having once made their ap'
peaiance, whicli they usually do in from eight tn
ten days after tlie laying of the eggs, their growt^h
is exceedingly rapid, the avtn-age time before they
are ready to assume the chi'ysalis stage being only
some thirty days. The average duration of the
chrysalis period is aljout a fortnight, so it can easily
be seen with what great capabilities for rapid re-
production we have to deal. As we have said, the
number of generations, oi- broods, which develop iu
a season, i. e , between early spring and late au-
tumn, varies with locality and climate, but it may
be worth while to record that, in my opinion, we
have sutHcient evidence to prove the existence of
four bioodsiuihe Sydney district under ordinary
circum^tances. 1 have myself bred three genera-
tions, or broods, fiom a comb receive;! in early
spring from the Richmond Kiver; and 1 am con-
\iiiced that a fourth might have been bred from
tlie same stick but tor an unfortunate accident to
the eggs oijtained from my third brood. Upon hrst
hatching, the larvae is pdi yell j\v in color, with a
slightly daruened liead; and, wnen full grown, it is
of a dull grayish flesh color, with a uark rtddish-
brown head. lis average length is about an incii,
and, like the majority of the cateip. liars of moths,
it has si.Kteen legs. Tne chrysalis of the larger
beeswax-moth is of the oidiuary t^pe, and it is in-
closed in a very compact cocoon oi tough white
silk, usually span up in one of the silken channels
or galleries uiade by the larva which we have pre-
viously referied to. The perfect insect, or moth,
has reddish brown-gray forewings, which are dis-
tinctly lighter in color toward the outer or hinder
margins. The se.xes may readi y be distinguished
by the outline ot the wings, as will readily ije seen
by a glance at the plate accompany iiig this article.

Tlie second spjcies of beeswax-moth is known as
Avhraa i//)*T//t<, Fabr., the lesser beeswax-moth, or
hone.\ -moth, etc. Although not nearly so destruct-
ive as the larger kind, it does considerable djmage
in old and neglected liives. The moth is much
smaller than Gulkria meUoiieUa, -with which, by the
way, I have found it associated in the same hive on
more than one occasion. It is of a dead gray color,
with a yellow head. This species is not nearly so
particular in clloo^ingits food as the former kind
(G. metUiurUit), and may frequently be found feeding
on the dehrig which commonly collects on the bot-
tom of a neglected hive.

It is a well-known fact, that the beeswax-motlis do
not attack the Italian (Ligurian) bee to any serious
extent; indeed, tlie> are rarely attacked at all. It
is the ordinary black bee or hive-bee that suffers
so greatly.

In conclusion I would express my thanks, among
other kind correspondents, to Dr. Dagnell Clark,
the Rev. Jolm Ayling, and Messrs. Abram & Riddel,
who have been kind enough to forwaid to the De-
partment specimens or informatioh.

So far as 1 am aware, very few recogniz.ible fig-
ures of the bee-moths have been published, so that
tlie plate attached, from the pencil of Mr. E. M.
Grosse. will doubtless prove very acceptable. With
the (exception of an excellent wood-cut in Dr. Tascli-
enbergs "Die Insecten " (Brehm's Thierleben, Vol.
IX., p. 433) of the larger species, I luive not been
able to find a figure showing the stages or habits of
these motlis.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE.

BEESWAX-MOTHS.

T'^ig. 1.— Lai va or caterpillar of Larger Beeswax-
moth {Gnlleria melliDiella, Linn.), tide view
(much enlarged).

Fig. 2.— The sjime viewed from above (much en-
larged).

Fig. ;5.— Cocoon of same, extracted from bee-comb
(enlarged).

Fig. 4.— Larger Beeswax-moth (Galleria melloneMa,
Liiin.', male (much enlarged).

Fig. 5.— Forewiiig Of same, female.

Fig. H.— Larva or caterpillar of Lesser Beeswax
moth (Arhra-a (//■i'.s<'//a, Fabr.), side view
(much enlarged).

Fig. 7.— Pupa or Chrysalis of same (much enlarged).

Fig. 8.— Lesser Beeswa.x - moth (Achioea grigella,
Fabr.), (much enlarged).
In the background, above, a comb from a frame-
hive is represented, showing brood-comb tunneled

by the larviP of the Ljirger Beeswax-moth (GaUeria

mellomila, Linn.).
The naiural sizes of the insects are indicated by

hair-line.

1894

GLEANIN(;S IN BEE CULTURE.

7:55

I will have mercj', and not sacrifice.— Matt. 9:13.

In a recent issue (p, 557) I alluded to the fact
that, a good deal of the time, our laws are not
enforced— that transgressors are beginning to
presume that they can escape penalty, espe-
cially if they have money to back them; and
that, after a man is convicted and put into
prison, if he has money his friends can get him
pardoned. Well, there are a good many people
wlio are just now demanding that our laws lie
enfoiced. They say that, when a man is found
guilty, he should be punished' to the full letter
and extent of the law; and that the great rea-
son why crime is on the increase is because of a
foolish weakness on the part of so many of our
people, leading them to believe ttiat the law is
too severe or too hard; and that, after a crimi-
nal has been punished ju-^t a little while, he
should be pardoned out. ' Of course, there are
abuses along this line, and very likely there is
a good deal of foolishness or foolish sentiment
in taking the part of criminals, and screpning
them from justice; but we should bear this in
mind — circumstances alter cases. I mentioned
the fact that it was said that foolish women
sent bouquets of flowers to the assassin of the
mayor of Chicaco. Now. there are those who
go so far in their condemnation of this thing
as to say that the whole matter of visiting
prisoners in jail should be stopped. A i)art of
their punishment is to shut them up without
companionship. The way of the transgressor
sliould be made hard. etc. This class of people
are very likely to say that, whpu a man com-
mits a crime, and gets i)unished, it is good
enough for him; and the sooner the whole
world learns that punishment i?icvWaif;ri/ folhnvs
crime, the better for all concerned. Now, that
is all very right and proper, providing we do
not push it too far. As I have said, circum-
■•^tnnces alter cases. A good and wise judge
and jury consider the circumstances care-
fully in rendering their decision. For in-
stance. " Is this the prisoner's first offense, or is
he an old and hardened criminal ?" The crime
committed may be the same in both cases, but
we should CdrefnUy considi^r the circutustances.

Yi'ars aso. on th^se pngps I told you of a
young man I found in our county jail. He had
been in the penitentiary once, and was on his
way ther*^ again for the same offense. Through
(Jod"s mercy, however, he l^ecame converted. I
had visited him in jail foi' several months, and
had become intimately acquainted with him.
Throngli my advice he not only pleaded guiltv,
but he confessed his crime so honestly, and in
such a manly way. that even the judge himself
was moved. It was years ago. so I can not
remember exactly what he said: but it was in
substance something like this:

"Gentlemen of the jury, we send boys to the
penitentiary because we think it will be the
Vst thing for them— because it will be the only
thing that will teach them to do differently.
I am satisfied that this voung man will lead a
different life, even if he is not sent to prison at
all."

The judge overhauled the law, and in a little
while decided that the prisoner need not be sent
to prison at all. In a few days his prison door
swung open wide. True to his promise he held
fast to his new-found Savior. He commenced
at once going to Sunday-School and studying
his Bible. In a few weeks he was taken into
the church, and in just a few months he was

superintendent of a Sunday-school, standing
up before his audience, reading God's holy
word, and heading the school in prayer. Had
he been sent to prison. I tirrnly believe he would
have held fast to his religion: but was it not a
wise decision of that judge that this young
man did not need to be sent to prison? His
frank and manly confession of his crime, and
his willingness torec<'ive whatever punishment
the law decided to inflict, had the iiue ring.
The oiflcers of the law and the jury showed
good sense in letting rnejY.'iy influence them in
their decision.

Last week there was an account in the dailies
something as follows: A thrifty farmer had
raised a nice patch of watermelons. As usual,
or as very often happens, perhaps I should say,
he was much annoyed by the depredations of
the neighborhood boys. He expostulated and
threaten-d; and finally, becoming desperate,
he put poison into some of the finest ones. The
next morning he found three young boys dead
in his melon-patch. Now, soiue of the friends
who are vehement in declaring that the way of
the transgressor should be made hard may say
that it was all right; if the hoys had let the
melons alone they would not have got into trou-
ble. But. wait a" bit. One of the three boys
was the fariuer's oivn son. Of course, he never
dreamed that one of his own children was a
party to the thieving. We do not know about
it, but it would seem likely that the father had
been so choice of his melons that he did not
give his own children as many as they wanted.
A good many of the readers of Gleanings are
melon-growers, as I happen to know. They
have enjoyed protecting the plants from frost,
bugs, and weeds; they have worked hard to
make a success. When the luscious fruit be-
gins to ripen and reward them for their dili-
gence, they enjoy seeing it grow. Friiuid Terry
says in regard to that piece of ground where he
had 50 bushels of wheat to the acre, he used to
look at the wheat every night to ^ee how much
it had improved during the day: and when he
looked out in the morning, the first thing he
did was to notice how much improvement it
had made during the night. You all know
about these things. Now. let us imagine that
melon-grower as he stood in his melon-patch
on that terrible morning. Three boys dead,
and one of them his ovvnl Do you think he
cared to look at the melons then? Perhaps
there was not a weed in the whole field. May
be the foliage presented as handsome an ap-
pearance, with the drops of dew resting on it,
as it did other mornings; but what attraction
was there to liini then in all these things?
What were his thoughts? We can not begin
to comprehend hmv he groaned in anguish of
spirit, "Ohl I would give all the melons in the
world— I would give millions of money if it
were mine— I would give the whole world — nay,
I would give my (nvn life itself, if I could but
be back where I was before I put that poison
into the melons! Ohl why was I such an idiot?
Why did I not recognize that the Hnest melons
that the world ever produced are but froth and
foam— but bubbles — empty chaff — compared
with the life of even one of these boys?" We
do not know whether he said, "May God have
mercy on such a wretch as I."' or not. But,
dear friends, I have not yet told all of that sad
story. While he was standing there in that
melon-patch, struck dumhby the consequences
of his foolish act. the father of one of the boys
had found out what was done. The evil spirit
was contagious. It was in the heart of the
neighbor as he looked upon his murdered boy.
Without a word he leveled his gun. and in a
moment more the melon-grower himself was a
corpse beside his victims. What a change in

736

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept. 1.5.

that neigliborhood in one short day! Of cour-p.
this was not law. It was taking the law inio
their own hands. Perhaps this poor man did
not know that the laws of our land forbid nsing
poison. Yon can not even poison your neigh-
bor's dog or chickt'iis. no matter how much they
annoy you. Our laws are very strict in this
matter. If you have been annoyed and dam-
aged, you can I'ccover damages if you go aliout
it in the proper way; but you have no right to
undertake to administer justice yourself. The
illustration above shows you wht-re it leads;
and who can say where the end will be?

A great many people become impatient at
the slow process of the law. When President
Carnot, of France, was stabbed in broad day-
light, a good many people wondered that the
authorities waited to go through the formality
of a trial. Of course, nobody questioned the
guilt of the assassin. He iiimself did not deny
it, and yet all the formalities and delays of the
law had to be observed. It was wiser and bet-
ter, because of the example it set before the
world. The element of fairness commended
itself to everybody.

I can remember, when I was a boy, of hearing
a man make objection to the Christian religion
because it permits a man to be the veriest ras-
cal all his days, provided he repents before he
dies. This man said, that such a sinner was to
be received right into the fellowship of the
saints just the same as if he had been a good
man all his life. The speaker did not recom-
mend mercy. He probably recoinmended pun-
ishing a man all the same, no matter whether
he was sorry for his wicked acts or not. Per-
haps I should say lirst. that the Bible does not
teach this at all, if I am correct. Sin or sin-
ful lives will leave their scars; and the sinner
who is truly converted will feel remorse all the
days of his life for the sins he committed while
he was an ungodly man. It seems to me that
that judge was very much in the right when
he said we wanted to do that which was best
for our criminals. If the penitentiary will do
them the most good, then by all meanslet them
go there and stay there. Whenever it becomes
evident, however, that they will be good, or
turn to better lives, without the discipline of
the penitentiary, then let us use mercy.* The
experienced judge or officer of the law can tell
pretty quickly from the attitude and behavior
of a criminal whether his penitence is genuine
sorrow or not for his sinful course. Since I
have grown older I am getting to see these
things in a different light from what I did: and
it pains me to the heart to hear so much fault
found with the way in which the law is admin-
istered. The //•ie/ifZs of the accused, of course,
complain of the severity of the law and of its
officers. On the other hand, those who know
nothing of the circumstances, or perhaps those
who su if ere I from the sinful acts of the guilty
one, demand punishment ivithoiU viei'r.y, and
are not backward about accusing the officers of
being bribed to let the guilty one get off easy.

Most of you who read the'-papers have seen
more or less of the serious charges brought
against the Sugar Trust; and several ministers
have taken the matter up in their sermons,
giving figures and scathing denunciations
against these "wholesale robbers" as they
term them. In a recent issue of the ^mcrierwi,
Grocer, one divine in the city of New York has
been called to order. The periodical above
copied the figures the preacher gave in his ser-

* Along- in tliis line I may mention the recent plan
of letting criminals out on parole, or good hchiu ior
—especially intemperate ones. So long ;is tlu'v al)-
stain from drink, they are free men; biil as .soon as
they get on anotlier spree tliey are sent back to
prison to serve out the full time of their sentence.

mon, and gave, as it seems to me, ample evi-
dence to show that these figures were greatly
exaggerated. The speaker probably obtained
them from the dailies. The American Grocei\
in closing, said something like this: Nowadays
it is customary for each industry or class of
people to appoint a committee to have their
industry properly presented before Congress, in
order that it may have the recognition it de-
serves. Even the bee-keepers have done as^
much as tiiis. The latter expression is my own,
not from the Grocer. Well, the Oroccr goes on
to say that the sugar-refiners have done this,
like other class organizations. Having large
capital, tht'v have, perhaps, been able to do
things on a larger scale than most other indus-
tries. Then they add something which I sin-
cerely hope is true. They say they do not be-
lieve that any member of Congress has been
hrlbccL to the extent of a dollar, to favor theiu
by any underhanded or unlawful means. Per-
haps the truth lies somewhere between the ex-
aggerated accounts of our political newspapers
and the statement made by the Grocer: but in
leaning to the side of the latter, I am reminded
of the statements made only a short time ago,
in these very same political dailies, about man-
ufactured comb honey.

There are many dangers threatening us just
now as a people; and I can not help thinking
that one of them is the disposition to believe so
readily that all men are rascals, and then rec-
ommend that they be punished without mercy
to the full extent of the law; and when the law
is slow they take the matter into their own
hands, and shoot down the thieves and rascals,
or, if you choose, the apparent thieves and ras-
cals. A movement is already on foot to have
something done to prevent lynching: and mob
law — to prevent hanging a man before we are
really sure he is the guilty party. O dear
friends, does it not behoove us to be careful?
Ii is impossible to irame laws that will fit all
cases indiscriminately. In view of this, shall
we not get intimately acquainted with the of-
fender, and get at the lull facts of the case?
and then when we condemn him to prison or to
death, let us do it with a gentle and loving
hand if such a thing be possible.

ON THE WHEEL.

One of the boys said the other day, that one
could start out nov; and go anywhere without
any fear of being hindered by rain. You are
likely to be hindered in another way — by dust;
but we can manage the dust pretty well. By
the way, I wish to call attention to the social
element that the wheel develops. The boy or
girl who rides a wheel sees more people, gets
around among folks more, and knows what is
going on a great deal better than one could
very well witiiout a wheel. The wiieelman
soon gets to be known and recognized for miles
around in every direction. He sees how other
folks do things; his ideas are broadened; and
on general principles he is a more valuable
member of society. It is true, that, where he
is disposed to be vicious, it gives him extra op-
portunities to get among the vicious classes.
But we have to meet this at every turn. Even
education itself helps a bad man to be a worse
one; but we can not, even if that be true, dis-
courage the education of the people.

1S94

<;leanin(;.s in p.ee culture.

i37

This is the season of fovers; and I believo
severe drouths are productive of fevers. If I
do not ride ten miles or more almost every day,
I iuive twinges of my old malarial chills unless
I stick to my heavy clothing and fur cap. La*t
evening I was feeling especially miserable — no
inclination to move around or do much besides
lying on the lounge and sleeping. I knew,
however, from former expeiienee, where I could
find life, enthusiasm, and enjoyment; so I
pushed off through the deep dust. It covered
the roads and tilled the air; but I plowed
ilirongh it. The first two or three miles the
chills did not let up; but after I began to sweat
a little I began to feel myself "boss." even of
malaria. I went out to see a spring a neighbor
was opening ui). I did not get started until
Uf-arly night; and by mistake I went almost a
mile back into the field. Hy the way, you can
run a wheel through pasture-lots nmr with the
greatest ease. The ground was hard; the grass
was gnawed down and dried up, so there was
scarcely an impediment. If you can get on to
a sheep-path you will have one of the finest
tracks. I went off through the fields, up hill
and down, back into the ravines, and I verily
believe I never enjoyed a ride out in the coun-
try more in my life. Just as it was getting
dark I got track of the spring. It has been
furnishing plenty of water for the sheep and
other stock: but the owner has to pnll it up
four or five feet with a pail. He thought that,
if he could run a pipe from the surface of the
water to ground that was four or five feet low-
er down, he would have a running spring. I
told him I feared the water would all run
away, and he would not have any; but as it
has be( n rising every day just as fast as he
draws it out with pails, he felt sure he could
make a success of it. I will report later in re-
gard to it.

It was after dark when I finished ray inves-
tigations. The dust was so deep in the path
of the wagon-wheels that it was almost as bad
as sand to plow through, and it was getting too
dark to keep the horses" path. I soon found,
however, that, by watching for the droppings
of the horses, as they lay in the light yellow
dust. I could, even after dark, keep the center
of the beaten path pretty well ; and I finished
my ten-mile trip through the dust and dark-
ness with as much henlih. enthusiasm, and
enjoyment, as any mortal could reasonably ask
for.

Yesterday, in going through a piece of
wheat-stubble, where some blackberry-bushes
had been cut oft' with the wheat, my tire was
iiunctured by a sharp dried-up berry-stubble.
While it was being repaired I was obliged to do
considerable walking over the grounds. First,
I hnd to go down to the creek bottom, then up
to thi^ windmill, and then ov^r to the swamp
garden, all on foot: and by the lime the wheel
was mended I had one of ray old-fashioned
backaches as a consequence of standing on ray
fnet too ranch. Well, the ten-mile ride I have
just told you about was just after this. I have
got so used up in walking about and looking
i after things, climbing stairs, etc.. that I pre-
' sume I shall never get over it. Going about
I and attending to business on foot is far more
j tiresome than a straight trarap along a good
I road. Walking rapidly seems to employ a dif-
ferent set of muscles, and is more like wheel-
riding; but it is not to be compared with it
either in speed or enjoynK'ut. Well, when you
are tired out with ijusiness. standing around,
the very minute you get into the seat on your
wheel you feel rested; and the rauscles that
furnish the propelling power seera almost as if
they had remained unused since childhood;
therefore they are in full vigor. Day before

yesterday, Aug. :w, Ernest rode from Toledo to
Medina, a distance of 110 miles, in 9 hours.
Now. such feats as the al)Ove, instead of using
him up, seem, on the contrary, to toughen and
harden and invigorate hira for any sort of work
or business. In a recent trial of what could be
done on wheels by means of relays, a raessage
was carried from Washington. D. ('., to Denver.
Col., in a period of time Ijut little more than
twice that reqtiired by our railway trains. The
trains have an expensive track to run on: iuit
the wheelman has nothing but ordinary roads,
and at a season of the year wiien a great part
of the roads are in a fearful condition from
sand and dust.

Now, then, with a track or narrow pathway
that need not cost more than a tenth part as
much as a railway-track does, what do yott
suppose could be done on a wheel? It is not
necessary that the wheel-track be on a dead
level. In fact, I believe I rather prefer a path
that is a little up and down hill. The moraen-
tura one gains or accuraulates in going down
hill carries him nearly to the top of the next;
and with a good hard path undrr the wheel,
without any short bumps or undulations, and
where the hills are not too high or steep, one
goes — I was going to say. with the speed of the
wind; but even I myself can leave any ordina-
ry wind away behind; and I believe the whole
wide world has never yet dared to claim that
any method of travel gives any thing like the
enjoyment that riding a wheel does.

HIGH PRESSURE GARDENING DURING DRY
WEATHER; WHAT SHALL WE DO?

The natural answer to this question would
be, IiTigate. That is, construct reservoirs,
save up the water in winter and spring, and
use it during the drouth. Well, this mav be all
right, and to ascertain extent water is the very
thing to have during a drouth. But it costs
lots of raoney. and it is expensive business to
apply it after you have got it; and I feel cer-
tain there is something else to be done first. A
few days ago a young man whom I have known
for years brought in some very fine peaches.
He said he grew them himself on his clay farm
right here in Medina Co., and I was a good
deal surprised to hear it. That very evening I
took ray wheel and paid him a visit. Eight
back of his hou^e were three acres of fruit-
orchard, mostly peaches; and if some of the
trees and fruit were not entirely equal to any
thing I saw on Catawba Island, they carae
pretty near it. How did he manage to raise
beautiful peaches, without flaw or blemish, on
our Medina clay soil right during the most se-
vere drouth we have ever experienced ?

Now. there is a wonderful point right here,
and it is really a glimpse of sunshine to farmers
and fruit-growers. It is the same thing I have
raet a good raany tiraes before. Briefly, this
young raan has a brother-in-law who is a peach-
grower near Catawba l^land. It is his business,
and he knows just how to succeed. Well, he
visited our M(>dina friend some years ago. and
in looking over his farm he told him he thought
he could raise nice peaches even here, if he
would go about it as they do up on the lake-
shore; and our friend "Milo' posted himself
up on the business of raising peaches, and went
about it. He planted his trees 18 feet apart,
over three acres of ground. Then he laid a line

r38

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sei't. 15.

of tiles botwcon overy other row. The result is,
thatevnry peach iiee in the orchard is within
9 feiH of a line of tiling. Tlien he put out his
trees. vvorl<ed ilie giound up tine and soft,
planted corn, and then t()Oi< care of the corn
nicfly. He niannsred exactly as Terry practices
and teaches. With tine-tuuth culiivaiors tie
broke the crust after every rain, and t<i'ptout
all the weeds, (^f course, the trees took hold
and grew. I suggested that he must have
manured the ground heavily; but he said hfdid
not. He put on iiardly enough to get a good
crop of corn. It was tillage and noi manure
that did the business. No hard ground was
ever to be found in that peach-orchard, neither
around the trees nor among the corn. The
corn did not amount to very much as the trees
became large and thrifty, it is true; bub it
shaded the ground, and furnished fodder
enough to pay the cost of cultivation. His
ground is almost level; in fact, it was hard
work to get fall enough for laying the tiles as
they ought to be; and ono spring he noticed
water standing along one row of trees. A line
of tile near them had gotstopped up. He open-
ed it and let the water off immediately; but
that row of trees shows the injury they receiv-
ed, even though the stoppage of the tiles was
two years ago or more. The ground had be-
come water soaked, the roots of th(i trees be-
came poisoned, and he has not been able to get
them over it. Peach-trees die because of too
much wetness— seldom from drouth. He has
tried waterinff some of his trees to see if it
would pay. Keeping the ground tine, soft, and
mellow seems to answer just as well or better.
Is it not a simple thing, first having the ground
thoroughly uiiderdrained, and then keeping
the surface soft, fine, and mellow, so that it
never becomes hard and baked on the surface?
The leaves of the trees looked green and
thrifty. Some of the young growth had grown
IS inches or 2 feet. The wood was smooth and
clean, and the trees were nicely shaped. He
has been testing almost all the standard vari-
eties, and he is succeeding witli every one of
them. In fact, I never tasted more luscious
peaches in my life anywhere. The sight of
that fruit-orchard was just wonderful to me;
and then it is the old, old story. In California
they do this very thing. They keep running
the cultivators until the ground is just beauti-
ful, it is .so soft and tine.

Just at the beginning of the drouth I turned
over some old strawberry-vines. For some rea-
son or other I did not put on any manurei The
ground was dry, so we had no trouble about
working it over tine and soft down to quite a
depth. I planted kidney wax beans and Free-
man potatoes. The latter were not planted
until the 10th of July. To-day, Aug. .31, both
beans and jjotatoes are a mass of luxuriance;
and altiiougli the beans have come up and
grown almost without a drop of rain, they are
ahead of any thing I have been able to produce
by the use of irrigation. The potato-vines do
not show a particle of blight, and not a bug has
ever been seen on the patch.

There is something a little funny about this
plan of making garden in dry dust, without
any rain. Some time during the fore part of
August we prepared another strip of ground
where onions had been gathered, and sowed
turnips, radishes, spinach, and peas. Some of
these seeds came up, but a good many more
have not germinated yet. If the ground had
been firmed right over the seed very thorough-
ly, I think all would have germinated; but I
was away when it was done, and I forgot to
tell the boys to roll the ground hard after sow-
ing the seed. By the way. what an easy mat-
ter it is to keep ground free from weeds during

a time of drouth I The wax beans and potatoes
I have spoken of are cultivated with a tine-
tooth cultivator about once a week. Then the
boys go over the whole patch very quickly
with their hoes. A little purslane will start,
and some such hot-weather weeds; but just a
touch of the hoe, and the weeds are destroyed,
and the ground is nicely mellowed. Several
visitors have called recently— among them Mr.
S. T. Pettit, of Belmont, Ontario; Mr. Chris-
tian Weckesser. of Niagara Falls, N. Y., and
Mr. W. M. Kellogg, of Pleasant Hill, Mo.
Friend Kellogg especially wanted to see what
success I had had with irrigation. Well, I
could not show him much success; but I took
him down to the creek bottom, and showed him
the beans, potatoes, and other tilings, with
their bright, green, thrifty luxuriance. Then I
took my foot and kicked down into the soil, and
showed him that it was almost like road dust,
only it was damp as I got down an inch or two.
By the way, this creek bottom, the most of it,
has a gravelly subsoil, and in this gravel there
is almost always more or less water. The
ground was overflowed in the spring, and the
moisture has not all got out of the subsoil even
yet. Perhaps this has something to do with
the success of my gardening during times of
drouth; but not altogether, for we have straw-
berries up by the windmill, thrifty and green,
on the highest grotind anywhere in the neigh-
borhood. They are on clover sod, and the
grouiul is soft and fine, like that on the creek
bottom. The strawberries, however, are not
making well rooted runners, without rain. But
they are growing rapidly, putting out lots of
runners, which we are covering at each bud;
and with the advent of rain we shall have an
abundance of plants in a very short time.

It is not easy getting this very fine dust be-
tween and all around your plants, with crops
in. in the spring; but after you have I'emoved
early crops you can plow the ground and work
it fine and deep way down; then set out your
plants, or plant your seeds, and then it is an
easy mattei' to keep the ground soft by simply
working the crust or stirring the surface, if
you do not have rain. With raspberries, black-
berries, and even peach-trees, it is not quite so
easy. However, if you have your ground well
uiiderdrained, then finely worked up before the
trees or bushes are planted, by being very thor-
ough you can keep it soft and fine the year
round — that is, whenever it is not too wet; and
if thoroughly underdrained it should almost
never be too wet to work. Now, then, before
investing money in windmills, engines, and
reservoirs. I would test thoroughly this matter
of thorough tillage.

GAKDENIKG DUKING DROUTH.

The kidney wax beans referred to elsewhere
are now giving us the finest crop of wax beans
we ever grew. There is not a bean with a speck
of rust on it in a whole bushel. Very likely
this is because there has been no rain, and wax
beans on soil like that which I have described,
well cultivated, I should say are better off with-
out rain. I do not think I ever saw a better
crop under any circumstances. The two large
bu'*h limas — the Kumerle and Burpee — are also
doing splendidly; but the Burpee is giving us
the largest crop, because the pods are larger;
there are more beans in a pod. and the beans
themselves are larger. One of the boys said, a
few days ago. that he could gather a peck in
ten minutes. They were planted in some very
poor ground — in fact, on a piece that I rented;
therefore I did not go to the expense of under-
draining or very heavy manuring. There is,
perhaps, an eigiith of an acre; and while the
yield may not be quite equal to the same amount

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

730

of g:roiind with pole beans, it is going to come
protly near it. They wpre planted with the
rows only 30 inches apart, plants about a foot
apart in the row. They cover the ground now;
and although they were not planted until well
along in June, the crop is going to mature nice-
ly Ix'fon^ frost. In fact, a good many of the
pods are dry now, Sept. >S. The Burpee bush
lima is a decided success. There is not a bit of
trouble, so far as I can see. in raising them by
till' acre, and then we can successfully com-
pete with the California limas. The high price
of the seed has been the great obstacle hereto-
fore. The Kumerle is pretty nearly up to the
liurpee in yield, and I should pronounce it quite
a little aliead in quality. In fact, it is to me
thi^ most delicious of any thing ever known or
ever grown, in the bean family. I do not be-
lieve we shall ever again fuss with bean-poles.

TlIK GAUI/r UASPBEKRY UP TO DATE, SKPT. IL

These plants, you may remember, were set
out in our rich creek-bottom ground some time
ill April. When the roots were received from
friend oault there was not any thing visible
above ground, unless it was an inch or two of
old wood. Well, at present writing many of
till' plants need a space of about ten feet across
to accommodate the new growth. If palled out
in a straight line, I think there are single
branches nearly if not quite as long as a ten-
foot pole. Our hundred plants were put in
two rows. One row had the ends of the
branches nipped oi? when tliey were about two
feet along. The other row was allowed to
grow. Both rows are at present pretty well
covered with fruit, all the way from the blos-
som up to the ripe berry. The principal part
of the crop will ripen, however, during this
month, perhaps just befoie frost. My impres-
sion is. I shall not get as much fruit on our
very rich grounds as friend Gault does on his
clay soil with but little manure. We shall,
however, get a great number of young plants.
The man who put them down reporti'd that he
got '2i tips on one singli^ plant. The friends
who hav<' one or mure of these plants will i(v
member that just nofv is the time to bury the
lips.

PLANTING ONION-SETS. INSTEAD OF SETTING
TUEM.

People of old, and many of this day, call
small onions '• onion-scis." Why so? I sup-
pose it is because they have to kneel down, or
go stooping along at a very slow rate to plant
them, setting them in the irround one at a
time, top up and root down. I have done this
until I thought my bark would In-ak. and my
helpers complained likewise. So I marked off
a few furrows and dropped them along about
the same distance I would have set them, and
covered them slightly: and when u|) 1 treated
them just the same as those set in: and when
harvest time came, to my astonishment they
made just as good a giowth. and were as plump
and straight, as those set in the old way; and
the time required to plant this way is only
about a third the old way. This plan, with me,
is original. Have you evei' heard of it?

Jessup, Md., Aug. 31. (;i;o. \V. (;kasi,kx.

[Yes, sir, I have heard of it. If you will look
in our seed catalog you will tind thai wr have.
for many years t)ack. directed that winter (or
Egyptian) onion-sets should be " sprinkled in a
drill, about as we would peas, say from 3 to.")
inches apart:" and others have planted their
onion-sets in the same way. There have been,
however, some differences of opinion as to
whether it would answer just a-^ well: and
therefore I am very glad indeed of your testi-

monial. Let me suggest, that, after covering
the sets quite shallow, as you say, when they
get nj) through the ground, say two inches
high, you throw a little more dirt over them.
This will not hurt the little onions, but it will
kill all of the small weeds. I am sure this will
answer every purpose for onion-.-^ets that are to
be put in during this month of September.
Make the drills a little deeper, with the idea
of doing the last covering after they are pretty
well up. If you want to be sure to have a per-
fect stand, you can till in the missing ones just
before you do this last covering.]

Tobacco Column.

CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH WK GIVE SMOKERS TO PERSONS WHO
STOP USING TOBACCO.

First, the candidate must be one of those who have given
up Dobacco in consequence of what he has seen and read in
tliis department. Second, he promises to pay for the smoker
should he ever resume the use of tobacco in "any form, after
receiving the smolier. Third, he must be a subscriber to
Gleanings. Any subscriber may, however, have smokers sent
to neighbors or personal acquaintances whom he has labored
with on the matter of tobacco-using, providing he give us his
pledge that, if the one who receives the smoker ever uses to-
bacco again, he (the subscriber) will pay forthe smokpr The
one who receives the smoker in this case need not be a sub-
scriber to Gleanings, though we greatly prefer that he be one
because we think he woutd be str-^ngthened by reading the
testimonials from time to time in regard to this matter. The
full name and address of every one who makes the promise
must be furnished for publicatibn.

TO CUJJE THE TOBACCO HABIT.

[A subscriber thinks the following, which he
clipped from the Golden Rule, ought to be
given in Gleanings, and we think so too; so.
here it is:]

From time to time I have noticed Inquiries in the
Giikleii Rule as to liow to overcome tlie tobacco
haliit. Tlie remedy that 1 will prescribe is infallible,
and costs nothing' liut self-surrender.

I was an immoderate user of tobacco for more
than thirty years, nnd had made many efforts to
quit b.T means of so-called antidotes, will power,
etc.. but without avail until finally I realized tliat
Paul had struck tlie key-note to all success when
lie said. "I can do all thing's througrh Clirist which
streng-thenetli me." Tliat little word "all," how
comprehensive, although small!

The remedy is very simple: viz., prayer for help.
Going' to my room, I told the Lord tliat I was a cap-
tive to a sinful and filthy liabit; that I liadmo power
of myself to break the chain; that 1 was very an.x-
ious to be free fi'oni a habit that was defiling my
bt)ciy, which should be a temple of the Holy Ghost.
T asked him to take away the terrible appetites but,
if he saw tit to lest me by not taking away the crav-
ing, thetvto give me the streng'th and grace to re-
sist, that t might finally overcome.

Thanks be to his name for ever, the appetite was
instantly and completely taken away, and has never
returned. Twenty-two months liave passed since he
so marvelously manifested his power to sa"e from
evil habits. How true it is th:it Jesus saves from all
sin if we will let him I

If any Endeavorer is enchained by tiiis filthy
liabit. I he'^eecli him to try the only remedy that
will never fail. We should trust .Tesus to make us
every whit clean. If we have clean hearts and right
spirits within us. these useless and filthy liabits will
never obtain lodgment in us.

Please s*»nd to me, for Mr. Frank E. Frey. a
Clark smoker, as he has promised me he will
quit the use of tobacco. If he ever again uses
the filthv stuff' I will pay for the smoker.

Wavirly, i'a. A. D. Fuet.ek.

D. F. White, a bee-keeper, has used tobacco
for over 15 year*. He quit chewing about two
years ago. and smoking last fall. He says he
is entitled to a smoker. If he ever uses the
weed again he will pay you for the smoker.
Please send as soon as possible.

Mechanicstown, <). W. S. Stevens.

740

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept. 15.

Please send a smoker to my address for M. E.
Washburn. He said he would discoiiiinue the
use of tobacco. If he ever uses it again I will
pay for the smoker. H. A. Hakdek.

Annin Creek, Pa., April 38.

Mr. Wesley Hubbard, of English, Ind., has
quit chewing tobacco; and if >ou send hiui a
bee-smoker 1 will pay for ii if he goes to chew-
ing again. K. O. Jojje.s.

Temple, Ind., May 9.

S. L. Payne has quit the use of tobacco, on
account of your otter. If you see tit you can
send him a smoker. He is honorable, and will
pay for the smoker if he uses tobacco any more.
He takes Gleanings wiih me.

Westfall, Or. James Scott.

After having read your Tobacco Column, I
concluded to quit using tobacco. If you think
me entitled to a smoker, please send me one. I
promise to pay tor the same if I should ever use
the weed again. J. A. Kkehbiel.

Donnellson, la., Nov. .5.

Please forward to my address one smoker for
Mr. L. M. Potter, who has quit the use of to-
bacco, partly through the influence of Glean-
ings. If he should relapse I will see that you
are paid for the smoker. 1 loy Potter.

Silver Creek, Mich.

Mr. John Yates, of Hartfoid, Mo., has been
persuaded to quit the u.-e of tobacco (through
Gleanings); and if you think him entitleu to
a smoker, please forv\ ard it to his address, and
1 will go his security. C. A. Dickjiann.

Gehm, Mo., May S.

Mr. J. C. Layman, of Trinity, Va., seeing
your otter of a smoker to any one who quits
using tobacco, decided to quit; and, thinKing
the smoker would be a good reminder of his
resolution, 1 should be glad if you would send
him one. I am sure he will never use tobacco
again. C. E. Layman.

Troutville, Va., Jan. 3<).

I have noticed in Gleanings that you will
give a smoker lo anyone who stops using to-
bacco. My neighbor, George Campbell, has
quit it, and says if you wish to send him one he
will pay for it should he ever use tobacco
again; and mosquitoes will not tempt him
either. I will see that it is paid if he uses it
again. J. L. Zeller.

Barron, Wis.

My father, after seeing your offer in your
journal, which he always reads, has quit chew-
ing tobacco, and wishes you to send hipi one of
your smokers, according to your agreement.
He has quit for about three or four weeks, and
says he feels much better, and has improved in
health since quitting. I am sure he will never
use tobacco again in any shape. If he does I
pledge myself to pay you lor the smoker.

Branchville, Ind- T. H. Frakes.

I have used tobacco for 20 years; and since I
have been a subscriber to Gleanings I have
been induced to discontinue tlie nasty habit;
hence I now claim a smoker. I also told one of
my neighbors, Mr. John W. Senetf, of your
liberal offer, and he also promised to quit the
use of tobacco entirely, if you will give him a
smoker; and if either one or both of us ever
use the weed again I will see ihat the smokers
are promptly paid for. G. J. Sturm.

Mt. Erie, ill.. May 16.

RESUMES THE USE OF TOBACCO, BUT PAYS FOR
THE SMOKER.

About a year ago I got a smoker from you to
quit using tobacco. I am sorry to say that I
have been using it again in a mild form on ac-
count of my teeth, so I think you are entitled
to pay for the smoker, as I promised. Inclosed
please find money order for the same.

Mayfield, Ky., Nov. 27. R. H. Humphries.

CONVENTION NOTICES.

The bee-keepers of Utah will hold their semi-annual conven-
tion at Salt Lake City, Oct. i, 189i. J. C. Swanke, Sec.

CHANGE OK DATE — IMPORTANT NOTICE.

In order to let all hee-keepers who can, take advantage of
the Harvc-t Excursi.in rat(■^ which will be given Oct. Ktn, we
have coiK-lndcil tc. chaii^ic tin- date of the meeting to Oct. 10th,
llth.l'^th. The rate will be half fare plus $2.00. These rates
apply east of the Missouri River only. Ask your railroad
agent about them. Special rates of 1^ fare will no doubt be
secured in the territory coveied by the Western Pa>senger
Association. These will be announced later, if secured.

St. Joseph, Mo., Aug. 25. E. T. Abbott, Pres.

Agrictiliural papers will please note the change above.

REDUCED RAILWAY F.ARES TO ATTEND THE NORTH

AMERICAN BEE KEEPEKS' ASSOCIATION AT

ST. .lOSEt'H, MO., OCT. 10, II, 13, 1894.

The Western Passenger Association, under the
conditions named below, will grant reduced railway
fare to those who travel over their roads and attend
the meeting of the North American Bee-keepers'
Association at St. Joseph, Mo., October 10-13.

C(m(tUi<))is.~Vuh fare will be charged going. Re-
turn tickets will be issued at oiie-lhinl tJte legular
fctre, provided the purchaser presents a certiHcate
from the agent of whom he obtained his ticket, and
provided, also, at least 100 such certificates shall be
jjresenied. There can be little doubt on this point,
especially as special round-trip excursion tickets,
even sucli as are issued to parties of ten, twenty-
live, or more, traveling in a body, will count toward
the loo, piovided each purchaserls careful to secure
a certiticaie of purchase from the ticket agent who
sells him the ticket, and to present this certificate
at the couvenlion. to be countersigned by the Sec-
retary of the Association. Therefoi-e du imt fail to
><ecme a certificate wJien you purchase your ticket,
whether single or round-trip, and no matier whether
you intend to take advantage of the reduced fare
or not. Itmayaiii otliers in obtaining the reduction.

Time of Ti'tTit^.s.— Valid October 6th to October
1.5th; that is, they may be purchased three days
(not counting Sunday) before the flr.st day of the
meeting, and the return ticket may be obtained
any time up to tlie night of October 15th.

Raihdads.—The following are the roads included
in this reduction: Burlington, Cedar Kapids & Nor.
Kailway; Chicago & Alton; Chicago & Northwest-
ern; Cnicago, Burlington & Northern; Chicago,
Burlington «& Quincy; Chicago & Great Western;
Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul; Chicago, Rock Is-
land & Pacific; Chicago, St. Paul, Minn., A: Omaha;
Hannibal & St. Joseph; Kansas City, St. Jo.seph &
Council Blutts; St. Louis, Keokuk & Northwestern;
Illinois Central; Iowa Cenlral; Minneapolis & St..
Louis; Missouri I'aciflc ; Rock Island & Ptoria ;
Si(ju.\ City iV Pacific; Wabash; Wis. Central lines.

Wlien necessary to puss over more tlmn one line,
and in case ;i through ticket with a certificate can
not be obtained, it will be necessary to obtain a cer-
tificate from each agent from whom a ticket is pur-
chased, in order to entitle the holder to the reduc-
tion on retui'n ticket.

Those who do not live within tlie territory covered
by these lines should, wherever practicable, pur-
chase a local or a round-trip ticket to the nearest
line named above, and secure there a ticket to St.
Joseph, with cerf iflcate of purchase.

Further notice will be given in case other railway
lines grant reduced rates.

H(irc<)<t JB.rcu/\s/(/)i.— Some maj' be able to take ad-
vantage ol the " Harvest E.vcursion " rates (one-half
fare plus $3 00) given Octobjr9tli. full particulars of
whicli can be obtained of local agents.

CJiauge of Date.— Note the change, as announced
by President Abbott, in the date of the meeting,
from the middle of the mon'h to October 10th. 11th,
and 13th. Frank Benton.

Sec'y N. A. B. K. A., U. S. Dept. Agr.,
Washington, D. C.

18',t4

(;li<:anin(JS in bee cuLTrRE.

741

BUSINESSa^^

REVISED PRICES ON HIVES.

We jiromNed in Aufrust issue to give a revised
list of jirices (HI liives in the next issue, bnt luive
been prevented by vHi-ious causes. Tiie complete
revised table of prices •vyill appear in October 1st
number.

HONEY MARKET.

AVe are receiving' some few small orders for ex-
tracted honey, and havp sold several large lots, but
we receive very few orders for comb honey. Though
we have had an a>iiindance offered us. PTi'esin
the market generallj- seem very low considering
the short crop almost everywhere. Prices ni\ist
get no worse, and we think must improve. Our
prices remain unchanged.

DEDUCTION IN THE PRICE OF ONION-SETS.

Just after we went to piess with our last issue, a
fnll (\italog came from Johnson & Stokes, of Phila-
delphia, giving very low prices on onion-sets for
orders received dui-inff the month of Septembpr.
Until further notice we will match these very low
prices :)s given below:

Yellow Danvers, quart. I.'ic: peck. $l.nO; bushel,
fS.nn. Prizetaker, nuart, 25c: peck, !B1..50: bushel.
$.5.00. American Extrn Earlv Pearl, quart. 30p ;
peck, ^l.lo; bushel. $6 00. New White Multiplier,
fiunrt. 1.5c: neck, $1.00: bushel. $3.50. Yellow Eng-
lish Multipliers or Potato onions, quart. 10c; peck.
.Wc; bushel. $1.75. On Egyptian Winter onion our
prii'es are already away below those of any other
sepdsman we know of. In fact, Johnson & Stokes
ask $3 00 a bushel for the same where we charge
only fl. 00.

All of above onion-sets half-price where they run
larger than one inch in diameter; 10c per quart ex-
tra when sent by mail.

ABUNDANCE OF RAIN; STRAWBERRY-PLANTS.

It' anybody had told me. a week aero, that 1 shoiild
be hopinsr, on the 10th of September, that it would
stop raining. I would scRrcely have believed it. But
so it WHS. We have had heavy rains, first in suc-
cession and then continuously, until the ground
seems saturated, and the nnderdrains are pouring
forth as in spring. Yes. the water ran down the
streets, and finally flooded one of our basements;
and it seems likely we slnill have nf> drouth to trou-
ble us durinB'1894. All orders for strawbei'ry-plants
have been filled, and evory thing in that line is
booming. Many of the friends fenr it is rnthei' bite
to get the plants well rooted. In onr locality we set
out plants through Septenibor nnd October, and sel-
dom have them thrown out bv frost. Yes, we have
done considerable successful planting in November.
I think, however, it will bp well for each one to test
his location and soil, and perhaps his own skill, bv
some exnerinipnts on a small scale before venturing
to plant largely this season.

GLEANINGS FULL OF GOOD CHEER; HOFFMAN
FRAMES PERFECT.

Gleanings comes to me as a welcome friend, al-
ways full <if good cheer. Long live Dr. Miller and
the Rambler. Don't be afraid of too many foot-
notes. They add a charm to it all. Your plan of
tiering-up to set strong (polonies worked perfectly;
only one swarmed so treated, and the yield fi-om
linden w;is tine. There is no better wjiy to wo>'k for
extracted honej'— give plenty of combs early, so
Mie iiueen will not be crowded. I have used the
Hotfman frame long enouah now to say that, for
tlii< loCMlity. it is perfect; al.-^o the Dovetailed chaff
hive. Eiglit frames are enough for me, and the
bees s;iy so too, except when the flow is good, then
tier "'p. As a hive to winter in the cellar, the Dove-
tailed chaff suits me. No loss at all, and bees are in
fine shape. I tier these hives up, ;ind do not change
a t' ing. Wm. E. L. Mills.

Lac qui Parle, Minn., July 28.

EDWIN ROBINSON. W. M. GRAY ,

ESTABLISHEO 1866.

Robinson & Gray,

SUCCESSORS TO

B. F. Southwick & Co.,
Foreign and Domestic Fruits, Canned Goods.

47 k 43 South Market and 5 & 6 Chatham Streets.

Headquarters for Vermont Shipments

of White=Clover Hooey.

It will be the endeavor of tlie new firm to meet
the wishes of their patrons in the future as the late
firm has in the past.

Thanking you for the many past favors received
by the late tirm, we hope to be favored with a liberal
share of your patroTiage in the future.

All orders and in(|uiries by mail or otherwise will
receive promi)t attention. Verv resiiectfuUy.

Boston, April 2. 1894. ROBINSON & GRAY.

500 YOUNG FERRETS

Now ready to ship at only $3.00
a pair. Price list of Bees and
Ferrets fref. N. A. Knapp,

Rochester, Lorain Co., O.

Wants or Exchange Department,

Notices will be inserted under this head at one-half our usu-
al rates. All advertisements intended for this department
must not exceed five lines, and you must sat you want your
adv't in this department, or we will not be responsible for er-
rors. You can have the notice as many lines as you please,
but all over five lines will cost you according to our regular
rates. This department is Intended only for bona fide ex-
changes. Exchangres for cash or for price lists, or notices of-
ferinpr articles for sale, can not be inserted under this hei'd.
For such ourregular ratesof 20cts.aline will be charged, and
they will be put with the regular advertisements We can not
be responsible for dissatisfaction arising from these "swans "

W

ANTED.— To exchange several good safety bi-
cycles. Honey wanted. Send sample.

J. A. Green, Ottawa, 111.

W

ANTED —To exchange 200 colonies of bees for
any thing useful on jilantation.

Anthony 0pp. Helena, Ark.

ANTED. —By willing young man of twenty-
three, emplovment during the winter or longer,
not particular. Best of references. Try me.

Address Wm. J. Manley, Yale, Mich.

w

\X7ANTED — To excliane-e for any thing useful.
V» White Leghorn and Lt. Brahma cockerels and
pullets, also a few B. P. Rock cockerels; tlie.se birds
are fll for any show and of fin^ laying strains

JAS. M. Davis, Ligonier, Pa.

WANTED.— To exchange a NoxhI 200-pgg incuba-
toi. comb foundalion and honey, for T supers,
biood-frames, and zinc slat honey-boards all cut 10
order. If you have any thing else to exchange,
write me. R. C. Aikin. Loveland. Colo.

WANTED.— Situation with a bee-keeper, of whom
I can learn the business thoroughly— one who
innki s hives in winter. Have had some experience.
John W. Horton, 137 Early St., Providence, R. I.

Black and Hybrid Queens For

For the benefit of friends who have black or hybrid queen?
which thev v:\A\ to dispose of, we will insert notices as lielow,
first insertion free of charge. After the first, 10 cents per line.
We do this because there is hardly value enough in these
queens to pay for buying them up ami keeping them in stock,
and yet it U oftentimes quite an accommodation to those who
can not afford higher-priced ones.

Ten Italian and Carniolan crossed queens, some
one year old and some clipped, as they come, for 25
cts. each. C. Bkown, Zimmerman, Ohio.

743

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept. 1.5.

Peach Trees

PLANT IN THE FALL.

Peacli-trees. all the well known Uinds, liy mail
postage paid, 10, 60 cts. KG, i y expr.ss or lieiglit,
5f4.00. Ahondance phimtrt es, (•iiiL-iiiiC)-|)iGt)f, by
mail, 5, 60 ets. ICO, by express or Iruii; hr, *l".(iO.
Burbanli plum-trees, same pricj as A.ljondam-e.
These are .iuiie-burkk'd biies, 16 lo 20 liiL-iies lijjiii,
laig^ I'oois, and ture to jji-ow. 'I'lie second .xar
after plantinji-, I iuir y iinvl li will beso viyonaia as to
come I uliy up in size to t'mse wlii. Ii were ;£ to 4 I'let
when plaiitid. Ti-ees will be forwarded through
October and N(iVfml)er.

CcDAR CROV£ FARM,

John Cadualf.adkh, Propiietor,
North Mad, son, Ind,

By permission, 1 refer to the First National Bank,
Madison, Ind., A. I. Koot, Medina, O.

John C((dw(iUader, Dear Sir:— I received those
trees to-day. Was very well pleased witli them. I
thoufilit them veiy nice trees. They were in good
condition. John B. Pierce,

Boston P. O., Aile. Co., Pa.

iWln rp-:nn?)(linir to th's a'?v«;r»-,jssroi«!nt ro«nti'>»? (3i,KA.viNyg

PATENTS

Careful attention given to the prosecution of
business before tiie U. S. Patent Office. All business
xveHteA a.s stricUy ri)iifldential. No charge made for
services in piosecu ling apphcation. unill the pat-
ent is allowed. Send for ■■ Inven roKs Oliioe."
FRANKLIN H. HOUGH.
925 F STREET, WASHINGTON, D. C,
STIn responding to this aiivertiseiiiiTit mention Gleanings

Woodcliff A No. 1.

In order to introduce mysliain of lieautiful yel-
low WoiiOaliff Queens, vvhicli are \ivv{\ fiom
an imported leather-colored lialian crossed with
tlie best5-banded stock 1 can prt)i'nre by Unolittle
method, I will sell sritaranteed purely mated un-
tested (lueens at 76 cts. each. As I pnjduce large
quantities of comb honey. I breed principally for
large honej'-gatherers. Apiaries near Philadelphia.
Address

WM. A. SELSER, Wyncote, Pa.

MIITH^ HONEY

Square Glass Honey-Jars,
Tin Buckets, Bee-hives,
Honey Sections, Etc.. Etc.

Perfection Cold-blast Smokers.
APPLY TO

CHAS. F. MUTH & SON, Cincinnati, 0.

p. S— Send 10-ct. stamp for • Practical Hints to Bef keepers.

rEFORE placing your orders for SUPPLIES, write
" for prices on One-Piece Basswood Sections, Bee-
Hives, Shipping-Crates, Frames. Foundation, Smo-
kers, etc. PAGE & KEITH,
^tfdb New London. Wis.

BBB'S!

If you keep BEHS,
subscribe for tlie Pro-
gressive Bee=keeper, a

journal devoted to Bees,
Honey, and kindred in-

dusti'ies. 50 et.s. per

Xff'f. Sample copy,
also a beautiftiUy illustrated 'Mtalogne of Bee-
keepers'supplies, F'fKK. .Adilr' ss
LEAHY MFG. CO., HIGGINSVILLE. MO.

90 PER GENT PURE

Busiiiess Quesns.

On account or a few hybrid diones that may be
Hying in the aii' tins year I will sell my all-golden-io-
tip queens. uniest( d, unwarranted, but am satisfied
90 per cent are purt-ly mated and will produce 4 and
6 banded bees, at .50 cts. apiece. Order some, test
them, and be convinced.

WM. A. SELSER, Wyncote, Pa.

t^ln r-sl.onilll.i/ to IIji.- ,..1w-io .ineril iii.-i.Uuli <-...h,y(\u (.«

flother Bees.

If you wish the best of queens, or mother bees,
send me your orders. Untested queens, 3 or 5 band,
75c each; *4.25 for 6, t>r JiS.OO per dozen. Tested 3-
band (lueens, $1.50 eacli; fine 3-band breeders,
thoroughly tested, the li&st, $5.00 each; straight
.5-band breeders, faultless (lueens, $10.00 each. Root's
goods, Dadant's foundation, and Bingham smokers.

Jennie Atchley, Beeville, Bee Co., Tex.

C^In re>

llinlrtothi-il(l^

It mention (ii.EANINGS

Warranted Queens, 75c.

Five-band strain, bred for hiisiness, six for
S3.25; dozen for $0.00. See former ac/s.. and send
for circular. Safe arrival and satisfaction u'lmf-
anteed. J. B. CASE, Port Orange, Fla.

PATENT WIRED COMB FOUNDATION

Iliis A'o Say- ill Jiroorf-l'rawies.

Thin Flat - Bottom Foundation

Has no Fishbone in the Surplus Honey.
Being the cleanest, it is usually worked
the quickest of any foundation made.

J. VAN DEUSEN & SONS,

latfdb Sole rianufacturers.

Sprout Brook, Montgomery Co., N. Y.

iMTIn respondipg to this advertisement mention Gleaxings

SECOND-HAND TYPE.

We offer for sale the samples of job type shown
below. It is practically as good as new.

BUCKEYE LOCK

Great Primer Concave, 12 A, $1.50.

Pica Fashion.

Great Primer Fashion. 8.A, 10a, $3.ri0.

Large Type.

Dbl. Small Pica Fashion, 5A, Oa. $3.00.

This TYPE for Sale. L. P.

Long Primer Fashion, I5A, 23a, $2.00.

This is a Pretty Face

Pica Condensed Fashion, 18A, 22a. $2.00.

PIC;^ GlilPTIC. 1254567890

Pica, Glyi)tic, 31A, f2.75.

AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABB BB

Pica Condensed Conca\e. 2IA. .'fl.25.

1*lilsi ist £:!:3E.t;ezicl.cc3.

Nonp Antique, 2(1.^, 30a, $1.5u.

HENRY E. BLISS

Lons Primer Concave. 2(iA, $].till.

THISIS APE'VR'- LETTER

Peail (iothic, lOA. $1.00.

A. I. ROOT, Medina, Ohio.

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

747

Square Glass

Honey=Jars.

REDUCTION.

Have just received a carload of Honey-jars which
we offer at a discount of 5 per cent on all orders of
two gross jars or over, and at a discount of 10 per
3ent on all orders of five gross or over, ofl' list
prices. Send for catalog-.

CHAS. F. MUTH & SON,

m & 978 Central Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio.

tyin responding to this advertisement mention GLKANiNGa.

METAL
WHEELS

for your

WAGONS

Any size yon want, 20
to 56 in high. Tires I
to S in wide— hubs to
fit any axle. .Saves
<'ost many times in
a season to have set
of low wheels to fit
ymir wagon for hauling
grain, fodder, manure,
hogs, fee. No resetting of
tir^s OitlV free. Address
teMPIRE MFG. CO.,
duincy, 111.

t^In resporuHny to this ailv.

lii/ll (5LEANINGS

Promptness is What Counts.

Honey-jars, Shipping--pases, and every thing-
hat bee-keepers use. Root's Goods at Root's
Vices, and the Best Shipping-point in the
Country. Dealers in Honey and iSeeswax.
Jatalog- free.

WALTER S. POUDER,

62 Massachusetts Ave., Indianapolis, Ind.

Hlease mention this p.vper

eswax!

Will pay 22c per lb. cash, or 3.5c in trade for anj
.uantity of good, fair, average beeswax, delivered
,t our R. R. station. The s-tuie will be sold tu those
f^ho wish to purchase, at 30c per lb., or 33c for bput
elected wax. Old comhii will not he accepted under
ny cnnxidenition.

Unless you put your name on the box, and notify
18 by mall of amout.t sent, I can not hold mysell
esponsible for mistakes. It will not pay as a gec-
ral thing to send wax by erv'''''''*-

A. I. ROOT, Medina. Ohio

AN EDITOR ON THE STAND.

"A Florida "long horn" was disportinj?
herself in an oiange grove -when she i-;in
phmibintoa Page Fence. Iler tail made
a whisk at the clouds and for one second she
was as completely wrong end up as if bung
on the windla.ss in a butcher shop, then
measured lier length on the ground. She was
unhurt and gave her usual mess of milk right
along. I saw this myself." Thus writes
Stephen Powers, Editor of Farmer and Fruit
Grower, .lack.sonville, Fla.

PAGE WOVEN WIRE FENCE CO., Adrian, Mich.

Bees and Supplies

Always on liand. Send for circular.

/. .7. String^ham, 105 Park Place, JV. Y,

U^'ln responding to this advertisement mention Glkaninos.

GARNIOUN QUEENS<

We have made arrangements whereby we can
furnish Carniolan quteus at the game prices as for
Italians; viz.. untested, during this and the next
two months. 7.5 cts. Select untested, Sl.UO. Tested,
$1 .50. Select tested, $2 50. We place our own guar-
antee upon ihese queens, and feel suie they will
give satisfaction to those who desire the gray Car-
niolan stock. We are also prepared to furnish
untested three-baiidod Itahans and four and five
banded queens at the same prices. AVe will also
furnish tested Jialian qtieens of last year's raising
at tlie same pri<-e as untested as long as they last.
Any of the Mbove-mentioned queens, of the plain
untested, or la.st year's tested, and one new sub-
scription to Gleanings, $1.50.

A. I. ROOT, Medina, Ohio.

kailO"hfPl*« '^^ °°^ °^ Doolittl&'s best 5-
|au^iii&is banded breeders, mated to the

M^ choicest drones from Jennie Atchley's 5-band
ed strain, thereby securing a direct cross
with the best .5-banded stock obtainable. Untested,
1 to 100, .500 eacli; warranted, 65c each. Safe delivery
and s-itisfaction. Monpv-order office, Monona-ah.
P. O., Woi'thington, W. Va. L. H ROBEY

Dovetailed Hives, Simplicity Hives,

SECTIONS. EXTRACTORS. ETC.

FULL LINE OF

BEE-KEEPERS' SUPPLIES.

6O-RAGE CATALOGUE. Itfdb

J. M. Jenkins, Wetumpka, Alabama.

twin responding' to tliis advei tisenieiu niei'i ion ULKANI.Mis.

748

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct. 1.

Honey Column.

CITY MARKETS.
MiLWAUKEE.-Honcy.-This market is now in good
order and offers inducements favorable to slnppers
of comb lioney in 1-lb. sections, put up in nice glass
front cases, 13 to 25 lbs eacli. Will quote for choice
quaMty white Mb. sections, 15@16;. other than
choice entirely nominal. Extracted, in barrels or
?eg"'white, 6^1@T; amber^4@5.^Beeswax. 30@25.

Sept. 19. Milwaukee, Wis.

New yoBK.— Honey.— The demand for comb honey
Is increasing, in a jobbing way, in spite of the con-
tinued warm weather. Honey is arriving freely,
both comb and extracted. We are quoting fancy
1-bseSions. clover. 13@15; white, 12@13; fair 10®
12; buckwheat, 10@11. Extracted, clover and bass^
wood &mV2\ buckwheat, 5@.5X ; southern, 45@60
cts per gallon, according to quality. Beeswax, »5(@
27 ^ Chas. Israel & Bros.,

Sept. 20. 110 Hudson St., New York, N. Y.

Buffalo.- HoTiey.^Honey shows some improve-
ment in demand; nothing particularly positive
about increased values. Small sales of strictly
fancy 1-lb. comb at 13, and occasionally 14. with
larger sfiles at about 12, common grades ranging
proportionately lower, from 10c downward. The
only wav to test our market intelligibly and fairly
is to send a small consignment here iind let us show
what can be done with it. We will advance, as
usual, 10 cents per lb. on any amount of strictly
No 1 1-lb. comb, and do all that can be d(Tne with it

hprV BATTEKSON & Co.,

sipt. 18. Buffalo, N. Y.

CHiCAGO.-Hoiiey.-Market is steady; volume of
business not large. White comb selling at 15. Some
lots showing travel stains, not well-filled sections
or crooked combs, at 14. Extracted, witlionl special
change; white, in 60-lb. tin cans, sells readily at 7c,
while dark and amber bring .5@6 in barrels, and bVi
@6!/2 in cans. Beeswax, ordinary run. 2.5.

R. A Burnett & Co.,

Sept. 19. IfiS So. Water St., Chicago, III.

Chicag-^ —Rrinci/.— We have sold thus far this
season over 1000 cases of comb honey, raneing in
price from 15 to 16 cts. in a small way, while we
wholesale it at 14 cts. We can dispose of all receipts
promptly, and advise shipments to market early.
We will make liberal advances on consignments.
Extracted honey is selling at fie. We are trying
hard to crowd the market to 7c for new crop of
clover and basswood. Beeswax, 28.

S. T. FisH&f'o.,

Sept. 31. 189 South Water St., Chicago, III.

Denver.— Ho/in/.— Our market so far has been
supplied by home producers, but we have a large
mountain trade that requires a No. 1 grade, which
we have not been able to get or produce this ,scas(jii.
Best consignments of No. 1 comb honey, in 1 lb
sections, put up in 24-lb. cases, suitnble for putting
in cartons, sell readily at ]2>^c. Second grade, in
cases, at 10c. No. 1 extracted honey, m 60 lb cans,
7;No. 3, 6. Beeswax, 35. We can handle to advan-
tage during the season a large quantity of fancy
comb and extracted honey.

R. K. & J. C. Frtsbee,

Sept. 24. Denver, Col.

New YoRic— Homcw.— Comb honey is arriving
freely and our receipts up to date number .5394
crates. We quote fancy white 1-lbs., 14@15: 2-lbs..
12@13: fair, 1-lbs., 12(3113; 2-lbs., 11; buckwheat, 1-
Ibs 10@11; 2-lbs.. 9. The market on extracted re-
mains quiet. Supply large, and demand limited.
We quote clover and basswood, fi@6^4; southern,
50 to 60 cts. per gallon, according to quality. Bees-
wax firm at 26@37.

HiLDRETH RROS. &SEGEI,KEN,

Sept. 25, 28 & 30 Broadway, New York.

Boston —Fonery.— Demand for comb honey is
still light, with a good supply. Prices rang-e from
14 to 15 for comb, and 5 to 6 for extracted. No bees-
wax on hand, wil-h a fair denui rid.

E. E. Bt.ake & Co.,

Sept. 19. Boston, Mass.

CiNCiNNATi.-Hofifr/.-Tliere is a fair demand for
extracted honey at 4@fi cts. on arrival. Demand
for C(mib honey is good at 14@16 in the jobbing waj
for choice white. Beeswax is in good demand at
33@26 for good to choice yellow on arrival.

Chas. F. Muth & Son,

Sept. 18. . Cincinnati, O.

St. Louis.— Ho7iey. -Market unchanged Sales,
slow. Comb, 11@14. Extracted, in cans, 6@6; i:
barrels, 8^4 ©414. Prime beeswax, 26.

D. G. Tutt Grocer Co.,

Sept. 19. St. Louis, Mo.

CLEVET.AND.-HrtJicy.-Our honey market is doing
much better than it has for some time, and indica-
tions are that prices will advance very soon. No. 1
white, new stock, is worth 16c; No. 3, 14 There are
more calls, both for comb and extracted, than we
have had the past eight months, and every tlung
points toward higher prices from this on. Beeswax,
.5J. Williams Bros.,

" Sept. 18. 80 & 83 Broadway, gieveland, O.

' Kansas City.— Honew.— Comb and extracted hon-
evin good demand. White 1-lb. comb, 16; amber.
14- dark 12. Extracted, white, 7; amber, 6; dark
4'/;®6. Beeswax, 22. hamblin & Bearss,

Sept. 19. Kansas City, Mo.

Kansas CiTY.-Ho?ieM.-The receipts of coml
honey a re not large. The demand is fair- We ^^f '
No. 1 white 1-lb. comb. 1.5@16; No. 3, 13@14; >,o.
amber 14; No. 2, 10@12. Extracted, Wi@1. Beee
wax 22@25. C. C. Clemons & Co.,

Septri9 Kansas City, Mo.

DETROiT.-Ho?)ev.— Best white comb honey, ]4@15
no dark offered this week. Extracted, 5'/2®7. Beei
wnx 24(3)25 ^- H- HUNT,

Sept 20 Bell Branch, Mich.

A carload of fine extracted alfalfa honey, we
ripened, in 60-lb. square cans, at 6c, f . o. b. cars hen
Small lots, 7c. Samples by mail. , a n ^

AiKiN Bros., Loveland. Col.

Alfalfa honey, very white, "dead ripe," thick an
rich; $8.25 for two 60-lb. cans. Address

Oliver Foster, Las Animas, Colo.
(Late of Mt. Vernon, Iowa.) eoi

Extracted honey in 60-lb. cans at 7 cents

M. ISBELL, Norwich, N. 1.

Having secured a fine quantity of buckwheat e;
traded honey I now offer it in lots to suit purcha
er 210-lb. kegs at 6/,c f. o. b.; also 2000 lbs. of has
wood and clover. W. Larlvr C(^GGSHALL

eitf West Groton, Tompkins Co., N. 1 .

Wanted.— To buy quantity lots of white con
and dark extracted honey. * „• ,

B. Walker, Evart, Mich.

For Sale.— Choice white-clover comb honey, 14

othorsrradesless. ^- ^J' '^"n ^'^ui,.h

16-23ei Hickory Corners, Ban y Co., Mich.

Comb and extracted honey wanted, in large ■
small lots. Consignments solicited. Reference, .
I Root, or Union National H:ink, Denver,
eitf R. K. & J. C. Frisbee, Denver, CoL

For Sale.— TOOO lbs. of tine, ripe, extracted has
wood honey, highest offer takes it. Also Italii
Bees and Fox-hound pups,
eift Elias Fox, HiUsboro, \\i&

BUFFALO, N. Y. Unsurpassed Honey Wlarki
BATTERSON & CO. Responsible, Reliable,
Commission Merchants, igtfdb and Promi

50o~youisgTerrets

Now ready to ship at only iS.OO
a pair. Price list of Bees and
Ferrets freo. N. A. Knapp,

Rochester, Lorain Co., O.

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

749

Contents of this Number.

<^^^^,^''!™ ^"^^v^^D-.v "6" '•'i"'i>'l"ti"ii.Kl;,l-l,ottomecI 765

•ConstItutl..nof^.A.B K. A 7C8 Fi.inies, Kij^lii ..iTcn 7fl6

Cuban Apiary 752 Hives. Fo.i ircn frame 766

fcchues .. 7511 l.itli.viis Sviv.stris 775

EauorinXema 770 MuHipli.i s. To K.iise 775

Efe'g-s Drone. 7BI :(.>,Ufn rrlls, Two Kinds 7:.9

huH'^t at Mason s 762 i.iu.ons I'assi.ij.' K.vciuder. . .766

Ft^eiers Percolator 7fi!l IjMnil.Iei- on i l)e Oeean 753

Foundation in Top-bars . . . .765. Smokers. Abuse ol. 7.58

F/ie»(; /^oo^•-I am advised to-day by the C. H. &
u. K K. Co. tliat till" rate of fare for bee-keepers
froni Cinciiiriat-i, to St. Joseph and return, will be 1
and ij fare (one and one-third).

Cincinnati, O., Sept. 26. Chas. F. Muth.

CONVENTION NOTICES.

The bee-keepers of Utah will hold their !emi-annual conven-
tion at Salt Lake City, Oct. 1, 1891. j. o. Swankk, Hec

CHANGE OF DATE — IMPORTANT NOTICE.

In order to let all bee-keepeis « ho can. take advantage of
the Harvest E-\cuisiou rates which will be given Oct. 'Jth we
,,^J '■,oV!"^''"t?.'''' '" change the date of the meeting to Oct. lilth,
nth. 12Ui. The rate will be half fare plus $2.00. These iiucs
apply east of the Missouri River only. Ask your railroad
agent about them. Special rates of l}^ fare will no doubt be
secured in the territory coveied by tlie Western Passenger
Association. These will be announced later, if secured

St. Joseph, Mo., Aug. 25. E. T. Afbott, Pies.

AgriciiJtural papers will please note the change i.bove

Wants or Exchange Department.

W

JANTED.-To exchange several good safety bi-
cycles. Honey wanted. Send sample.

J. A. Green, Ottawa, III.

WANTED -To e.Ychang-e 200 colonies of bees for
any thing useful on plantation.
Anthony Opp, Helena, Ark.

KEDUCED RAILWAY FAKES TO ATTEND THE NORTH

A.MtRlC.^N BEE-KKEPEHS' ASSOCIATION AT

ST. JOSEPH, MO., OCT. 10, 11, 12, lo94.

The Western Passenger Association, under the
conditions named below, will grant reduced railwav
fare to those who travel over iheir roads and attend
the meeting ot the North American Bee-keeuers'
Association at St. Joseph, Mo., October 10-13

Comlitioius.—Fuh fare will be charged going Re-
turn tickets will be issued at one-third the reaular
fare, provided the purchaser presents a certificate
from the agent of whom he obtained his ticket, and
provided also, at least lOU such certificates shall be
presented. There can be little doubt on this point
especially as special round-trip excursion tickets'
even such as are issued to parties of ten, tweiitv-
?.^Tn^f more, traveling in a body, will count loward
thelUO piovided each purcia.eris careful to secure
i certiticaie ot purclia»e irum ihe ticket a^ent who
sells him the ticket, and to present this ceniflcate
It the coijveiuion, to be countersigned by the Sec-
■etaryof the Association. Therefoie do not fail to
■.ecure a certificate when you purchase uoiir ticket
vhether single or round trip, and no mati er whether
i-ou intend lu take advantage of tlie n duced fare
)r not. Itmay aiu oiliers in obtaining the reduction

Tune of Tickcts.-Valid October 6th to October
oth; that is, they may be purchased t'lree davs
not counting Sundayi before the first day of the
neeting, and the return ticket may be obtained
my time up to the night of October 1,5th

Kadroad«.-The following are the roads included
u this reduction: Builiiigion, Cedar Rapids & Mor
tailway; Chicago & Alion; Chicago & Northwe.st-
irn; Chicago, Burlington & Northern; Chicago
Juihngton & Quincy; Chicago & Great Western:'
-hicago Milwaukee & St. Paul; Chicago, Rock Is-
aud & Pacitic; Chicago, St. Paul, Minn., & Omaha;
lannibal ic St. Joseph; Kansas Citv. St. Joseph &
,0Lncil Blufl:s; St. Louis, Keokuk & Northwestern;
Uiuois Central; Iowa Central; Minneapolis & St
.ouis ; Missouri 1 acific ; Rock Island & Pi ori-i •
loux City .^ Pacific; Wabash; Wis. Central lines. '

When necessary to pass over more tlian one line
nd in case a tiirougli ticket with a ceriiH'-aie carl

W ^.^J R-"^ ■ 1 ''^^^i^^g^U ^^^ ''"J"«'y "■• offers, two
JL P.^"'' ^'^'T '■'''' l'"i''n Giime-i. one pen English
Red Laps, and one pen S. S. Hamburgs. The above
1.S select bleeding stock at hard-time prices WriI.e

iitonce. YOCKKY «ROS.,

North Washington, We.-tmd Co., Pa.

lU ANTED.— To exchange Italian bees for 28-inch
n;!.ia/^.!."^''"^f. "^•J;'^le, Barnes saw, foot-lathe for
melal, or any thing I can use.
M. W. Shepherd, Rochester, Ohio.

WANTED.-To exchange leading photo, studio in
flourishing city of 10,000, for apiary in Florida
bees, or desirable southeastern Florida property
Correspondence solicited.
Corell & Son, Titusville, Pa.

WANTED.-To exchange extracted honey, for a
12-in. foundation-mill.
I.J. String HAM, 105 Park Place, New York City.

WANIED.-To exchange a No.xal 300-egg incuba-
tor, used 3 settings, at $15, comb foundation at
market price, and extracted honey at 8c, for honev
boards, supers, and brond-frames, cut to order.

R. C. AiKiN, Lovelaud, Col.

Black and Hybrid Queens For Sale.

I have a few large yellow hybrid queens at .30 cts.
?T^i'- „/'^.*'^J^'''^^l guaranteed anywhere in the
U. b. W. A. Sanders, Oak Bower, Hart Co., 6a.

Seven young hybrid queens for 2.-)C each, or $1..50
for the bunch. C. G. Marsh, Belden, N. Y.

OTTUMWA BEE-HIVE FACTORY.

Bee-keepers, look to your interests. Every thine-
in the line of bee-supplies constantly on" hand
Price list free. GREGORY BROS. & SON,
'"■^o Oilumwa. la. South side.

EDWIN ROBINSON.

m

It iie obtained, it will be neci.ssary to obtain a cei-

te from each agent from whom a ticket is pur-

.. rt, m order to entitle the holder to the red uc-

I ' 11 return ticket.
'. M '-e who do not live within the territory covered
hi-se lines should, wherever practicable iiur-
a local or a round-trip ticket to ilie nearest
named above, and secure there a ticket to St
li. with certificate of purchase.
I iier notice will be given in case other railwav
-rant reduced rates.
Jl':r,rst ErrioviV))!.— Some may be able to take ad-
I lit ;,g.- of the" Harvest E.vcu-sion" rates (one-half
lit plus $:i DO) given Octob ^rSHh. full particulars of
111 -li can be obtained of local agents.
' // i/<(7/?.,/D(fe.-Note the change, as announced
^ t i.-ident .Abbott. Ill the dat.- of the meeting-
■111 the middle of the mon'h to Octniicr Kith, llth'
'" '-^'>- Frank Hk.n-ion

Secy N. A. B. K. A., IT. S Dnpi. Agr.,
Washington, 'b.'c.

W. M. GRAY.

ESTABLISHED 1866.

Robinson 6: Gray,

SUCC£-SSO/?S TO

B. F. Southwick & Co.,
Foreign and Domestic Fruits, Canned Goods.

47 & 43 South Market lad 5 4 6 Chatham Streets.

Headquarters for Vermont Shipments

of White=Clover Honey.

It will be the endeavor of the new firm to meet
the wi-hes of their patrons in the future as the late
firm has in the past.

Thanking you for the many past favors received
by the late firm, we hope to be favored with a libenil
share of youi- patronage^ in the future

All orders and iiKiuiries by m.-dl or otherwise will
rei'oive pri>m|it attention. Verv respectfullv

Boston, April 2, 1894. ROBINSON & GRAY.

^50 • GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Oct. L

/^..^^rtc Are all sold, but I can still furnish
The SO=Cent l^UeenS tested queens of this years I'earin^
at 11.00 ?ach. One queen and the R---V from now u^n^tU^^^^^

for $1.75.

Breeding^Oueens Cheap IF YOU WANT BEES

DreCUIIIg VUV.W1I I- ^^^^ ^.^^ j,3t •Toll" in the honey, try Moc

We have got 60 fine youn^ select tested Gray
Carniolan queens that we will close out at the

^"^ow's ySuV^'chiice to get a floe young breeding-
Qiieen of this wonderful race of bees very cheap.
^Sly wni sell for $3,50 each quick next spring
Satmcti^ «.am^e^<yj^e|e«.nce^A^l^Root. ^

Lake George, A^. V.
»-In responding to this advertisement mention glkaningj.

They hop. skip, jump, dance, turn somer-
.«...^...„saulte almost incessantly from August
11 r.. 2 to May. Wonderful product of a ior-
fl E A N S e^n tree. Greatest curiosity to draw
Crowds wherever shown, on streets, in shop win-
^owt etc' Ju'st imported. EveiTbody want^one^
Full history of Tree and sample Jumping »««»
to Agents or Streetmen 25 ceiUs, PO«tP^^»d; 3 60c
6 $1-12 $1.50; 100, $10. Rush order and be first Sell
quantities to your'merchants for window at ract^ons
and then sell to others Quick sales. Try 100. Bf Money
Aleuts' HERAL.I>, No. 709, J. B., Pliil., fa.

»-In responding to this advertisement mention GLKANDJGa.

Jumping

That will lust "roll" in the honey, try Moore's
stmin of Italians, the result of 15 years
careful breeding.

n,. H R Time- Lexington, Ky., says: "I have had the plea-

^'ra;rlntedTui:ns?r0c"eTcf"3 for 12.00. Select
Warranted queens, $1.00 each. Safe arrival and!
satisfaction guaranteed.

Those who have never dealt wit'i me. I reter to
A. I. Root, who has purchased of me 6b6 QU^en*-

Circular free. ji_*_„ n« v„

J. P. MOORE, Morgan, Pendleton Co., K.y.

FOR SAL.E.^^^^ ^.^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^ machinery
for making Pelham's Automatic Comb
Foundation Mills.

■Vi^ C. PELHAJML, Maysville, Jiiy.

SPECIAL OFFER FOR THE
NEXT 60 DAYS.

Untested 5-banded queens. 50 cts. each; six, $3.00;
warranted, each, 60 cts. ; six, $3.50; tested, 7o cts.
Reference, A. I. Root.
Leininiier Bros., Ft. Jenninos. O.

QUEENS.

Tested, $1.00; 6 for |5.
Warranted, 75c; 3 for $2.
Breeders, the very best,.
«2 00 Straight 5-band, $3. Also apples, Ben Davis,
Kmoth B?ack Twig, Arkansas Black a leading
varieties; whole root only; trees 10c each. On or-
ders of 100 I will pay freight. „ . ^^ .^j.
\V. H. LAWS, Lavaca, Seb. Co., Ark.

Warranted Queens, 75c.

Five-band strain, bred for business, six for
$4 00- dozen for $7. .50. See former ads., and sena
for circular Safe arrival and satisfaction o-««x-
anteed. J- B. CASE, Port Orange, Fla.

FOR SALE. _„^

75 HIVES OF BEES.

INQUIRE OF

AUG. LEY\ RAX, Fianois. Flu.

Italian Queens Cheap.

My queens are as good as the best. Untested 6.5c
each; 3 for $1.75; 6 for $3.36. Tested, q 2.. Se ect
ttsted, yellow to the tips, breeders, $1..50. Virgins,
25c. Safe arrival guaranteed^

G. £ DAWSON, CARLISLE, ARK.

CAPITAL

Bee, Stock, & Poultry Farm.

W. D. SOPER & SON, Proprietors.

Eggs in seasin, .5 cts. apiece, except geese, which will be U ets.

Reference. Unionj^ank^ & SON, Jackson. Mich.

Farm Range. Box 1473.

j^In respouauiiJ: to this advertisement mention GLEAMlNOa.

World^s^airTiedal

Awarded my Foundation. Send for free
samples. Dealers, write for wholesa e prices.
Roots new Foi/shed Sections and other goods
at his pl^es. Free Illustrated Price L^t of every
thing needed injhe apiary. ^^ J^^ Munt.

Bell Branch, Mich.

« Please Cut Out

o

03

E

€9
CO

Tills whole Advt.
!Si^n, and Mail.

1^" Please send me
the American Bee Journal
each week for Three
Months. At the end
of that time I will re-
mit $1.00 fori year's
pubscription. or 2oc.
in case I decide to
discontinue.

To the Publishers of Amftrjcaii Bcc Jouriial,

56 Fifth Avenue, CHICAGO, II^Iv.

Ndine

p. o.

ea

State_

This is the amount we have distributed in a single season o;
Foundation Dov. Hives, Sections, Extractors, etc. iherelore,!
y u 1, ve /"We rmu.eM and want that little to MO as far as possible

»-^^-f-:a;(yorde;:^: In el^r^-s^^ '

S^^^^isi^^iii^^^M^-^^^^^ POR THE WEST,

ed catalogue, free for everv- -

body,every where, especially "

13 Carloads of

Joseph Nysewander, Des Moines, la.

JOURHAIJ
^ • DELVOT

•ANdHoNI
•AIID HOME.

$I°-°PE^EA(^ \@) ^\EDI^IAOHlO

Vol. XXII.

OCT. I, 1894.

No. 19.

.SMeErt^^

If QUEENS LIVE on an average three years,
then a third of them are superseded every year.
Those whose queens are clipped recognize it.

Be charitable, brother A. I. Don't be too
hard on those who think evil of the sugar trust
and the Senate. They can't all shut their eyes.

Prof. Budd, of Iowa Agricultural College,
says that soaking pine wood in a strong solution
of salt and lime makes it last well in making
caves.

Alsike stands foremost as the honey-plant
that pays best to raise, taking into considera-
tion its value for other purposes, according to
replies in A. B. J.

Stimulative feeding can be nicely done, I
think, in this way: Put on a percolating feeder
with ,5 or 10 pounds of dry sugar, and add a gill
or more of water daily.

A LITTLE SALT is recommended by W. Wood-
ley, B. B. J., to be fed in sugar syrup. He
doesn't say why. Possibly because bees like
salt. It may prevent granulation.

The American Bee Journal now allows its
contributors to spread across a whole page in-
stead of dividing them into two columns as
heretofore. They'll feel less hampered. Hur-
rah for the freedom of the press!

The editoh of C. B. J. gets propolis off his
hands by rubbing kerosene into it, then wash-
ing with soap and water. I've always used
butter— that is, when I didn't let the propolis
stay on my hands. Emma likes scourene.

Cotton cloth seems to do just as well as
woolen for percolating feeders, with the ad-
vantage that moths don't eat cotton. [That's
a point that we hadn't tested. lam glad to
know that either gives good results.— En.]

Horseradish leaves are much use 1, wilted
in hot vinegar, for aches and pains, as a kind
of plaster; but I never heard before of a way
to have them in winter. Dr. Peiro, in A. B. J.,

says dry them in the shade between sheets of
greased wrapping-paper, to preserve the essen-
tial oil, and press in a big book.

"A pint's a pound
The world around,"
but it doesn't hold good with granulated sugar.
A pint of the kind I use weighs 13% ounces.
[In the case in question, it seems to be near
enough.— Ed.]

Prof. Cook's theory that bee-paralysis is
caused by starvation is opposed by a number
reported in A. B. J., as saying that the disease
has been observed where stores were plentiful.
[If it visits us at all, it is when new stores are
the most plentiful.— Ed.]

The Crane SNroKER, after a full season's use,
stands higher than ever at our houre. I appre-
ciate, as I did not at first, that hinge that sends
the nozzle to the right spot every time. The
fact that the nozzle can't be lost is quite an
item with one as careless as I.

Drouth and flood are the things for which
1894 will long be remembered. In the three
summer months the total rainfall here was 3.86
inches. That has been exceeded more than
once since by the daily fall. Sept. 7 the U. S.
gauge showed 9.08 inches of rain in 24 hours!

An impkovement in super-clearers, by Mr.
Meadows, is reported in B. B. J. Beside the
usual escape there is a hole in the board which
lets the bees up to the wet combs, to be cleaned
after extracting; then in the morning this hole
is closed by a slide, and the regular escape does
its work.

White clover not only yieldod no honey this
year, but it seemed to be utterly killed by the
terrible drouth, leaving the chances slim for
next year. The heavy rains, however, that
came Sept. .5, brought up fresh growth from
the apparently dead old roots, and, as usual,
we'll begin to bank on next year.

"Make A firm impression in the minds of
the many, that Hritish honey is best!" says a
correspondent of B. B. J. In the same way,
some Californians want it believed that Cali-
fornia honey is best; Canadians, that Canadian
honey is best, and soon. All of which can not

752

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct. 1.

be true. Better be honest with the public.
[Yes, yes. In York State, some think buck-
whtatisthe best. There is no such thing as
" a best honey " for every one.— Ed.]

Hearty congratulations on the death of
the editorial " we." All right about the figs,
Ernest. Wheel up to the writer's house any
day. and he'll receive you with our best bow as
I make the presentation speech. [And a bowl
of milk besides? I think I'll have to make an-
other trip. Say! ask York whether he likes
figs.— Ed.]

After reading on page 735 about the one-
gallon-crock-and-plate feeder, I started a two-
gallon crock over a dripping-pan. I don't pro-
pose to be outdone by any young upstart in
Medina. [The apiarist was just in, and he re-
ports that this crock feeder is the best and
handiest of any thing he ever tried. We shall
put a lot of them into use this fall.— Ed.]

C. W. Post, the most extensive bee-keeper in
Canada, running 400 colonies, says, in C. B. J.,
that in double-walled hives, some distance from
Lake Ontario, bees winter perfectly outside;
but close to the lake he is obliged to cellar
them. [Here is an interesting fact that proves
that the method is largely a matter of locality.
How foolish, to assert that cellaring or outdoor
packing will give equally good results every-
where!—Ed.]

I SET hens' eggs in a super over a colony of
bees Aug. 2. Aug. 23 Ernest helped examine,
when we found a small blood-spot in the eggs.
Possibly they might have hatched by Christmas.
Ernest wanted me then to feed the eggs to the
bees, and I tried dumping one in front of a
hive; but it didn't seem healthy for bees— killed
four right before our eyes. [But the fun was
in seeing the bees walk on lip-toe throusr' the
stuff, like a cat across a muddy road.— Ei> ]

Somehow we dnn't always get the right idea
at a distance. Thm-'s W. B. Webster, an in-
telligent writer in British B. J., who objects to
American honey-boards, and says, "I am
rather of opinion that bees would winter very
much better with wood covers, well cleated
together, and a bee-space on the under side."
Friend W., that's exactly the way the thou-
sands of Dovetailed hives are used, -and no
frame is ever pulled up with the cover. Honey-
boards are a thing of the past.

BEE-PARAI.YSIS has many cures reported;
but all of the cures seem to fail in the hands of
others. The disease disappears of itself, then
the cure has the credit. Here's the thing to do:
Report something like this: I had ten colonies
affected; on five I tried the cure, and the other
five were left to themselves. The five treated
got well in such a time, and the five not treated
kept on with the disease. [There has been so
much guesswork on the cause and cure of this
disease that we really know no more about it
than at first. Ifs too bad.— Ed. J

SAN MIGUEL APIARY, CUBA.

A VISIT TO IT.

By Fred L. Cmycmft.

Having for some time been intending to make
a visit to Mr. Fred O. Somerford, at San Mig-
uel, I saddled my horse a few mornings ago
and determined to risk the chance of getting
lost in the mountains. San Miguel is about
twelve miles northeast of here, on the Havana
& Matanzas railroad, and about six miles from
the coast. There is a range of mountains be-
tween here and San Miguel, and the only way
of crossing is by an almost impassable trail.
But one is amply recompensed by the beautiful
views that can be had; and at one place on the
road the whole coast line from Havana almost
to Matanzas can be seen on the north, and
beautiful valleys on the south, extending al-
most to the south coast.

The country below, with its quiet villages
nestled in among the palm-groves; the sugar-
mills, surrounded by the green fields of cane;
the puffing locomotive, which is the only thing
that denotes any sign of activity, and the ocean
for a background, dotted with sails, and the
dark line of smoke from a distant vessel, form
such a beautiful panoramic view that no one
upon seeing it for the first time can keep from
exclaiming. "Que hermosa ! " (Spanish for
''how benutifnl .'")

Arriving at last at the San Miguel apiary,
owned by the Casanova Bros., and managed by
friend Somerford. I was greeted by the familiar
hum of the bees; but the only occupant of the
house was a solitary cat; but after tying my
horse I began to investigate, and was informed
by a senorita (girl) across the way that " Don
Fredorico" had gone up on the mountain-side
to get some spring water. A few minutes aft-
erward Mr. Somerford arrived, and we pro-
ceeded to hold a regular bee-convention, dis-
cussing bee culture in all its phases.

The San Miguel apiary was started several
years ago under the management of Messrs..
Osburn and King, and was increased at one
time to nearly TOO hives, but became infected
with foul brood. During the past four seasons
that Mr. Somerford has been there he has got
very good crops; and, if I remember rightly, he
has taken the largest crop ever produced by
any one apiarist in Cuba. Mr. Somerford de-
serves great credit for sticking to it in the he-
roic manner that he has done, as last year
seemed to be an exceptional oin? for the devel-
opment of foul brood; and in melting down
the combs, transferring and putting the bees
through the curing process, he has lost a large
per cent of them, but expects to have them in

894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

*753

shape to spcurft a very good crop of honey the
coming season.

San Miguel is situated in the hilly " arroya "
country ((trroyd means creek or small stream),
where there an^ large quantities of campanilla
along the creek- banks, and ac, the same time
the bees have access to the flowers on the
mountains, which is a great help during the
summer.

After spending a pleasant day and night
with friend Somerford, talking over our expe-
rience and recollections of boyhood days in our
distant homes, and the "pleasures of life's
merry morn," I bade him good-by, and in a
few hours was back within the .„ , i of the
contented hum of the bees, where I found ev-
ery thing all right after my two days' absence.

Bees are doing well at present, although we
had but one little shower during August, and
the whole summer through has been the dry-

we rested that night with clear consciences.
We were aroused, however, at an unseasonable
hour, somewhere toward morning, by Mr.
Mendleson. lie was so enthusiastic over that
sail to the islands that the big team was again,
at an early hour, speeding toward Ventura.
The schooner had returned, and the owner was
very accommodating in iiis arrangements, and
sent his brother out with us as captain.

The owner. Capt. P'azzio, an Italian, had
walked the deck of many vessels, and, with a
well earned reputation as a successful navigat-
or, was now living a semi-retired life as a fish-
monger and saloon -keepi^r. Capt. Fazzio was a
short and rotund body. His girth, I have no
doubt, equaled his height.

When we went out upon the long wharf we
found Messrs. Mercer and Crampton, with well-
filled lunch-baskets, blankets, fishing-tackle,
etc., all ready and anxious to join us. All told,

"A life on the ocean wave"— the fellow who wrote it was green;
To sea he had never been, and a storm he liad never seen.
Cliorus: Oh for the solid land again I " etc.

est I ever saw in Cuba. The September rains
have commenced now, and the bees are whit-
ening the combs in a manner that augurs well
for the coming season. I wish to correct a
mistake in my last article, where I said the
campanilla-blossom lasted from November un-
til the end of July. I do not know whether it
was my fault or the typo's; but it should have
been, from November till the end of February.
San Jose de las Lajas, Cuba, Sept. 4.
■ I ^

RAMBLE 117.

o'ek the deep blue sea.

By Rdmhirr.

After putting our hands at other work, and
thus splicing out the time to good advantage.

there were five of us bee-keepers, and three
sailors^ Capt. Fazzio, a young Italian who
could utter scarcely a word of English, pilot
Sebastian Ventura, a gray- haired Spaniard
who had roamed the seas for sixty years. Then
there was a young Spaniard ready to act as a
sort of under-officer to pull in fish-lines, and
pass around the spittoon and slop-bucket when
necessary.

The small row-boat danced merrily over the
waves, and, after two trips, landed us and all
of our effects upon the schooner, which was
secured to a buoy some distance from the wharf.
We all walked the deck with firm and elastic
step, and shouted to each other, " Now for a
sail o'er the dancing billows!" "Oh for a taste
of the salt, salt seas!" "Oh! who wouldn't be a
mariner?" Bro. Wilder came near dancing a

754

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct. 1.

hornpipe on the stern of the vessel, and we were
all fantastically exuberant.

The distance to the islands was 25 miles. We
were all on board, and anxious to start at 9:30
A. M. The sails were set, and flapped lazily in
the slight breeze. Sebastian assured us that,
in a short time, a fine wind would waft us over
the waters; and surely the breeze did come up,
but it was nearly a head wind. Much tacking
had to be resorted to. The sail was changed
from larboard to starboard; belaying-pins were
used freely; the mizzen-sail was run up; the
jib-boom fixed; the bowsprit unhampered; the
scuppers cleared; the log was rolled to its prop-
er position; the captain and pilot took a frater-
nal drink from a wicker-covered bottle; the
latter grasped the helm, while the former

a long time with decided sang froid. At this
time our schooner was riding the waves in fine
style, rising on a wave, and then pitching
recklessly between them. I was filled with en-
thusiasm, and was just about to make fitting
remarks upon the subject, when Bro. Crampton
seemed to have a revulsion of feeling, and bent
gracefully over the larboard rail, and the
breakfast his wife had prepared with so much
care was all deposited into the depths of the
ocean. Those good potatoes, that savory roast
beef, and other fixings that Mrs. C. can so
skillfully prepare, all had to go and serve as
food for the unappreciaiive fishes. After this
episode Mr. Crampton crawled up on the deck
with his blanket, and reclined with the rest of
my companions.

Crampton. Wilder.

bee-keepers' camp on ana capa islands.

chucked himself into a bunk in the cabin and
went to sleep.

The swells of old ocean allowed us to rise and
fall gently; but after a while the wind Increas-
ed, and began to brush up the white caps. Mr.
Mercer then gave us instructions to prevent
sea-sickness. He said that, by reclining on the
back on the deck, and looking aloft with a
fearless heart, the peculiar sensations would be
averted. So he spread his blanket, and reclin-
ed. Mr. Mendleson agreed with him, and also
reclined; but instead of closing both eyes, like
Mr. Mercer, he kept his starboard eye open and
his head well ventilated. Bro. Wilder put his
arm lovingly aroung the mast. The wind blew
through his mustache as he attempted to sing
"O'er the Ocean Wave." Mr. Crampton and I
sat on the larboard quarter, and talked bees for

Partner Wilder had been quiet for some time.
He had taken Mr. Mercer's advice, and was re-
clining; but his supine condition was suddenly
interrupted. Your readers have all heard that
old chestnut about the fellow who was so sick
that he threw up every thing but his boots.
Well, that was Partner Wilder's fix. " Why,"
said I, " Bro. Wilder, are you seasick?"

" No— oh, no," said he. "'Tis only a little
bile on my stomach."

Then he biled over again. The bile troubled
him several times; but— oh, no! he was not
seasick.

Mr. Mendleson made a dead failure of his
starboard eye and ventilation plan; and the
breakfast, so carefully prepared by Mrs. M.,
went by the board with a regretful groan. Mr.
Mercer held out well on his look-aloft plan.

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

755

but I think he kept his eyes too closely shut;
and when a man's eyes are too closely shut, his
mind naturally reflects upon internal matters.
Let the case be as it may, Mr. Mercer's dia-
phram kerflummuxed suddenly, and he took his
turn at feeding the fishes. I have no doubt the
different families of fish down below the boiling
waves thought there was a opportune out-
pouring of hash above for their special benefit.
My four companions were comfortably sick,
and took their turns over the rail several times.
I had been so busy sympathizing with them
that I had not had time to be seasick; and,
though this was my first voyage on the ocean
in a schooner, and over rough seas, my old habit
of providing for the wants of the inner man
asserted itself about noon, and I obtained from
our lunch-basket some doughnuts and cheese,

The next morning all were able to partake of
food sparingly, and were able to tramp around
the island. The Ana Capa Islands are a group
of three rather barren rocky projections from
ocean depths, and their formation shows vol-
canic origin. The wash of the waves has made
many indentations, natural bridges, and caves
around the rocky sides. Our camp was pitched
among the rocks upon the barren shore. It is
said these islands are claimed by Mexico. It
would be no big claim for any government to
wish to own them. Schooners run out here for
fishing, for pleasure (like ours), and for seal-
hunting. The latter are hunted and driven
away until there are but few, where formerly
there were thousands. We found a camp of
seal-hunters, with their apparatus for render-
ing oil, etc.; and I should judge it to be any

sealer's camp on ana capa islands.

and sat down near the cabin hatchway near my
companions, and ate my allowance. They did
not appreciate my kindness in offering them a
morsel; but I imagined that there were malign
looks darting from their half-closed eyes. I
have no doubt I ought to have been seasick
with the rest: but I escaped entirely. When I
had stowed away my doughnuts and cheese,
Sebastian the pilot handed me a large wicker-
covered bottle. I raised it to my mouth to find
out whether it was water; but, no! it was wine.
I desisted there; but the action met with Se-
bastian's approval, and he approvingly remark-
ed, "Good sailor!" and it was a good thing
there was one good sailor along; for when we
landed it needed a well man to put up the tent,
get some tea, and get the rest to bed or rolled
in their blankets as soon as possible.

thing but a pleasant occupation. A large herd
of sheep were roaming the islands, and the
herbage was so scanty that the poor things
would get down a cliff upon a mere shelf of
rock, and, being unable to either climb up the
way they came down, or to get out any other
way, they would miserably perish or tumble off
into the waves below. While rowing around
the island we saw several thus situated. There
are no sheep-herders on the island. The owners
merely stocked the island, allowing them to
run wild, and to survive or perish.

These islands, and the larger islands of Santa
Cruz and Santa Rosa, have been suggested as
good locations to breed % pure strain of bees;
but, owing to fogs and cool nights, it would
probably be a hazardous venture. Then the
isolation would be an important factor. But

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

756

few boats visit the islands, and no regular boats
touch here; and the person living alone here
would become a virtual exile or voluntary
prisoner for the time being. The scheme has
been tried on the Santa Cruz Island. A person
otfered $5.00 per day to any expert who would
stay on the island in the capacity of queen-
breeder; but the $5.00 was no lemptation. The
bees that were put on the island swarmed, and
are now living in rocks and in inaccessible
places. I think the Ana Capa Islands would
not support bees, owing to their lack of honey-
producing vegetation. The isolation is so great
on these islands that even a Chinaman, who is
supposed to adapt himself to all circumstances,
could not be induced to stay; and in his frantic
efforts to get away, his employer, in a moment
of anger, shot him. The murderer escaped his
just penalty through the venality of a judge.

These cliffs on the Ana Capa are the home of
the sea-gull. Thousands of them flock to these
islands, and we found their nests in abundance
upon the cliffs, well stocked with eggs and the
young.

When we were ready to return I heard ill
remarks in relation to our schooner. It was
called an old tub. "Yes," said Mr. Me/cer,
"we would walk home, wouldn't we, Mr.
Crampton? if we could, rather than ride in
that thing. I hate the sight of it." But as the
"old tub" was the only link between the is-
lands and Ventura, it had to be taken. The
old reclining position was taken, and, though
the starboard rail sometimes ran into the water,
and the spray dashed over the decks, we all
reached main land without further sickness.
Mr. Mendleson was alert enough to put out his
line and troll for barracoda— a long lish resem-
bling the eastern pickerel or muscalong. One
was caught, which made us all happy.

On the whole I enjoyed the ocean sail im-
mensely, and I have no doubt that my compan-
ions will remember for a long time the hours
they spent in riding the crests of the waves
with the Rambler.

Oct. L

TEN FRAMES VS. EIGHT.

THE EXTRA-WEIGHT QUESTION; TWO STOKIES
VS. ONE I.ARGE STOHY FOR BREEDING-
ROOM, ETC.

By C. A. Hatch.

When Gleanings for Aug. 15th came to
hand, and I saw that both the editor and Dr.
Miller had themselves ready for another "set-
to," I thought it best to reserve my fire until
the heaviest of the combat was over; and well
it is that I did so, for Dr. M. has hit some
"licks "in so much belter style than I could
that I rejoice in having so good a helper. Now,
Dr. M., after you have written thus on the
subject you have got to come off the fence, for
we ten-framers will claim you any way; and.

"honest," wouldn't you spread those eight-
frame hives of yours out just two frames if you
could without any expense?

As to queens going down after going up into
a second story, I can not take back one thing
said there. I have had experience by the hun-
dred colonies, right in that line, and it must be
the number of frames that makes the differ-
ence. I am running fifty colonies this year,
with no queen-excluder between the two stories;
and when they commenced on basswood we
went over the whole lot; and. as is my custom,
I put all the brood below, so as to give the bees
empty combs above for honey; and I do not
think there was young brood in both hives in
one out of ten.

In this three-cornered discussion there seems
to be an agreement that a certain number of
frames of brood is needed to make a good col-
ony. Ernest and the eight-frame advocates
say, "Put them above." Dr. M. says, "Put
them below;" and your humble servant says,
"Let them be side by side." Let me answer
Dr. M. first. As I ran 40 colonies right in this
line one year, it ought to prove something.
The 40 were in an apiary three miles from
home. I did not want any swarms, so I ran
them on what I have since found to be the
Simmins non-swarming plan; viz., put a hive
under each, with partly filled frauus. They
were put there at the commencement of clover
bloom, and remained until one extracting of
basswood had been made, then they weie used
above the brood-nest. Out of the 40 colonies,
I do not remember a single instance where the
queen used these lower combs. The frames
were partly full of foundation, and frames half
full of combs. In no case was the foundation
used over four inches wide. When removed to
the top, most of the combs had more or less
honey in them, but no brood. As a non-swarm-
er, it was a grand success. I got liOOO lbs. of
honey and one swarm; and did it not prove the
preference for upward growth instead of down-
ward? If a queen-excluder had been used, the
result might have been different; but would it
have shown the bees' preference any better?
We can force bees to do things nature does not
incline them to, but not always to our advan-
tage.

Let us now look at the plan above. I think
Dr. M. has hit you a good one in his idea of the
bees losing heat by adding the room above; and
it is this following-up of the heat to the top
hive which frequently takes the queen up there.
Your reply to his point is lame when 'labor-
saving is what you want, not extra manipula-
tion with enamel cloth, division-boards, half-
stories, etc. We have admitted, long ago, that,
by proper management, almost as many bees
can be raised in an eight as in a ten frame; but
it is this very management we want to save.
Talk about lifting hives, when you go and pile
another on top that must be lifted off every

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

time you want to see how your queen is doing!
Is that easier than lifting olT a cover and lool<-
ing at a frame or two? You may say I do not,
as a rule, lift the top hive. How do you know
the queen uses both hives then? Can you got
the queen to go into supers until the second
story is full? How does a queen naturally
want her brood-nest? Is it lil<o a long-drawn-
out cylinder or like a globe? Which would
economize heat most? You say. use half-story
hives, and save heat, and have something light
to handle. Suppose you have your colony in
four half-story hives, equal to two whole hives;
is it easier to lift ofT half a hive three times
than to take out a few frames? No. I have
tried that. You have to go clear down to the
bottom frames before yo>i can really lenow just
how your colony is doing; and that is one rea-
son for condemning the Fleddon hive.

You make an objection to ten frames for an
out-apiary on account of the extra weight of
hives and frames to haul and handle. Let us
see about that. Suppose you iiave to haul
them to the out-yard in the spring, and back in
the fall. This makes two handlings. IIow
much would it cost to hire a man of good strong
muscle to do this? Suppose you have 100 to
move, and it takes two days to move them.
You can hire such a man for i^LS.') to $1..50 per
day; and is $3.00 worth considering when one
colony might mak(^ that up ? And think of the
work saved at swarm ing-ti me.

There is one point urged in favor of an eight-
frame hive, viz., that it is better for comb
honey, which I have not seen answered, whicii
it seems to me is one of the most important
that concerns bee-keepers. Now really, friiMid
Root, if you were a comb-honey producer
wouldn't you rejoice to get one of those large
"boomer" swarms to put your comb honey
supers over? and how are you going to g(!t that
extra room just over combs full of brood by pil-
ing them one over the other?

Doolittle has given his reason for a hive hav-
ing only KKK) inches of comb surface; but he
does not say how he gets around the tiering-up
to get the number of frames of brood recjuired.
Let me quote something from his own pen that
gives me strong argument against it, found on
page 293 of the A'lnerlrdu Bee Journal: "Then,
again, these thick top-bars, which are used to
do away with these brace-combs, place a har-
rier between the brood -combs below and the
sections above." If a barrier to the bees, how
much more to the queen! for where the queen
leads, no bee fears to follow. The italics are
mine.

Ithaca, Wis.

fl had expected, on mv last bicycle-tour, to
plan my route so as to get to C. A. Hatch's;
but I was delayed on my way by various causes,
and the country so hilly and sandy, that I was
obliged, against my inclination, "to pass him
by. I had hoped that, inasmuch as we had
argued the matter through the pages of

Gleanings,, I could ''talk it out"\vith him
face to face. Howevcn-, I am glad that the dis-
cussion can b(i carried on furtlicr, even on pa-
per, even if I do appc^ar to get the worst of it,
for truth is what I want. 'I'luit friend Hatch,
or any one else, may g(^t stronger colonies in a
ten-frame hive than in an (>ightframe, we may
hav(^ to admit; but 1 think Ik^ will also have to
admit that we can get stronger colonies in a
tw<>lve-fiame hive than in a t(Mi frame. The
fact is, friend Hatch, as I hav(^ said hcd'ore, I am
afraid the (>ight-frame body alone is not large
enough for a good (^xtracting-colony at its best;
and I feel almost as sure that the ten -frame
is still deficient, though perhaps to a less ex-
tent. For the purpose of extracting, I am
coming to believe that the Dadants. in their
advocacy of large hives, or a brood-nest not
less than twelve frames, \j. size, are not far
from right. IJy th(Mr fruits y{\ shall know
them. Now. a single (Mght-franu^ bidy is as
much as I want to lift personally; and I am
sure that two (iight-frame bodies will contain as
large a colony as can be worked to advantage.
So much for extracting.

In the production of coinh honey, I am not
sure thai the tMghtframe brood-nest standing
alone is too small. Indeed. I know of viM-y
many who have changcnl from the t(Mi-frame
down to the eight-frame ; but very few do I
know who have clianged th(^ oth<ir way.
Again, by their fruits ye shall know them; for
then^ are a Iar2<> number of bee-keepers who
secure large crops of comb honey from eight-
fram(» hives. Fn looking over th(i whole field
I think, if I could make the change as easily as
not. without expense, I would hesitate, a good
whil(^ bef(>r(> I would jump to a ten-frames
body. I might l)e cont,ent to accept the twelve-
frame for extracting were it not for its extra
weight; hut its weight — there you have it.
For the production of (extracted honey, I am
becon\ing more and more convinc(>d that th(^
two stories of eierht-frame hives gives about
the right capacity. Indeed, no less an author-
ity than E. France himself concurs in this. I
had come to the same conclusion ix^fore I went
to his |)lace; and when he incidentally remarked
that two eitrht-frame bodies were just about
right for holding his colonies, I was quite ready
to believe him.

There, now, fri(md Hatch, you sen I not only
believe what you say in regard to the advantage
of a larger colony, but I would csven go two or
three steps further; and those " steps further "
bring us back again to the eight-frameliive;
so in one sense I agree with you, and yet in an-
other I am a long way from doing so.

I hav(^ never tried 'welve Langstroth frames
all in one iirood-nest. I have tried the ten-
frame hive, and think that, whf're I desire to
go in for strong colonies and an <sxtra amount
of t)rood-rearing. I can do better in the two
horizontal tic'rs than in one brood-nest long
spn^ad out. If I were to have a large brood-
nest all in one hive-body, I would adopt the
Quinby frame, a la Dadant; i)ut her(\ again,
whenever I wiuit to moves hiv(>s I do not wish
to be under the necessity of hiring an extra
man, or k(se])ing him around. I do not know of
any way how / can manag(> bees for extracting
without iM'inff under the necessity of doing
considerable lifting: and that beinu the case, I
want huKe hives, but in such shape that I can
lift them in iialves. You may b(s able. for|i3.00,
to g(>t all thr> heavy lifting: but it is the (x.'fta-
shnial lifting as well as thts last straw that
breaks tlie camisl's back. It (loesri't j)ay to
hire a man to do occasional lifting. If I want
to get a heavy super oir a hive I do it myself,
and eight coml)s f\ill of honey is all I care t»
handle.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

758

Some of your questions, evidently leveled at
me must be relating to something Dr. Miller
has said. You refer to me as saying I "do not
as a rule lift the top hive." I can't find that I
said that. If I did not. then the questions im-
mediately following require no answer.

As I have said before, I am only seeking
light. I am willing to " flop " at any moment
to the ten -frame as soon as I can be thoroughly
convinced that it is the right size ; but this
"flopping business" is terribly expensive, and
should not be indulged in very often except for
the best of reasons— reasons supported by the
great majority of the fraternity.

I may say, incidentally, right here, that we
have been experimenting on a small scale with
half-depth Langstroih brood-cbambers. but
with results that were not altogether satisfac-
tory. The bees will rear brood very nicely in
one section, and then it requires a big i}ressure
to induce them to go into the next one; but I
do not find this to be true of the eight-frame
full-depth bodies. So far I am not so much
pleased with the half-depth as I once was.—
Ed.]

USE AND ABUSE OF SMOKERS.

A PLEA FOR THE MUCH-ABUSED BEES; HOW
TO GET ALONG WITH LESS SMOKE.

By R. K. Mttotauhtcn.

When one of those great fires, which seem
the almost necessary concomitant of civilization
in our larger towns, occurs, we hear sometimes
of men being killed by the mere process of suf-
focation. The actual flames have not reached
them, but the volumes of smoke which a great
conflagration necessarily causes have been
enough, first of all, to deprive them of con-
sciousness and then of life itself. The smoke
from the burning debris, and that alone, has in
fact been sufficient to stay the vital process
altogether. Even on a small scale there are
none of us, probably, who do not know how
unpleasant the effects of a smoky chimney may
be; and yet, notwithstanding the obvious un-
pleasantness and inconvenience of smoke,
when we are dealing with bees we seem to will-
fully lay aside what common (I might almost
say every-day) experience has taught us, and,
accordingly, to talk about bees being "pacified "
with smoke has become an almost stereotyped
phrase among bee-keepers.

Now, I should like to ask, on what possible
basis of fact or experience docs this theory of
bees being "pacified" by smoke rest? No
doubt you can drive angry bees away with
smoke, just as, in a battle, you could drive
away a swarm of assailants with a Maxim
gun; but it seems to me just as reasonable to
apply the word " pacifying" to the one as to
the other process. It would, in fact, be just as
reasonable to suppose that you could pacify an
angry man by deluging him with a volume of
smoke, such as issues from the ordinary smoker,
as to suppose that there can be any thing really
pacifying in using your smoker to an ordinary
hive.
If we may argue from analogy, there are only

Oct. 1.

two effects which can possibly follow from us-
ing the smoker in the case of bees. The first is,
to drive them away, just as a volume of smoke
would sptedily empty a room of its inhabitants;
and the second is, to partially or wliolly stupefy
them, just as human beings are stupefied by
the smoke of a large conflagration. I have
heard it advanced, as a reply to this argument,
that, because men who smoke like loliacco-
smoke, theiefore bees can equally tolerate the
fumes from a smoker. Now, I use tobacco my-
self (I hope in moderation), but I have never
found for that reason that I can stand, say, a
smoky chimney better than other people.

It must not be su[)posed that I am decrying
the use of the smoker altogether. On the con-
trary, I regard a smoker as a necessary adjunct
to every bee-keeper's paraphernalia; V^ut at
the same time, I would say that it is one of those
things which should be used as little as possi-
ble, and only when it is absolutely inn-essary.
Medicine, no doubt, is a good thing in times of
sickness; but just as no sane and healthy man
would think of drugging himself without a
cause, so I submit that the smoker should be
used only in cases of absolute necessity. I
doubt, for instance, whether it can ever be really
necessary to use a smoker, merely for the sake
of examining a hive. Turning my trousers in-
side my socks, and using a straw hat and a
good home-made veil, I am myself never stung,
nor do I see how any one who takes these rea-
sonable precautions could well be stung; for is
he not armed for his own particular purpose as
completely as were ever the knights of the
Middle Ages in their panoply of mail ? And,
if I may judge from my own experience, I am
almost inclined to think that bees are much
less aggressive when no smoke has been ap-
plied to the hive than when they haive. nulentes
volentes, had to submit to the so-called process
of pacification. When you are taking honey,
it is, of course, a different matter. The bees
cling, as it were by in?tinct, to their combs;
and to dislodge them I see nothing for it but to
use the smoker, as sparingly as possible, al- I
ways remembering that its effect, so far as the
bees are concerned, can not be of a beneficial
character.

Let me conclude by giving one example
which may serve to clearly illustrate my mean-
ing. The other day I had occasion to take
some honey, and one of my neighbors had got
the smoker which I had been using. There
was, however, a fire of brush rubbish burning a
short distance off; so I accordingly took the
frames, from which I wished to dislodge the
bees, and. as there was a pretty fresh breeze
blowing, I held them so that the smoke from
the burning rubbish passed right among them.
The frames were very soon cleared of bees;
but such was the effect of the sniol\e that a
good many fell stupefied to the ground, in a
state which I can describe only as that uf par-

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

759

tial suffocation. Now, the smoke which was
produced by this fire was very similar to that
which issues from the mouth of an ordinary
smoker, especially when it is filled with dry
bark, and I can not help thinking that, from a
physiological point of view, the effect of the
one on the bees must be very nearly as bad
as the effect of the other.

It is a very difficult thing to estimate at all
what amount of mortality is caused among
bees by the injudicious use of the smoker; but
could it be accurately arrived at, I dare say a
good many bee-keepers would be surprised to
find what havoc they had caused among the
inhabitants of their apiaries by the injudicious
and indiscriminate use of even a cold-blast smo-
ker.

Port Esperance, Tasmania.

CALIFORNIA ECHOES.
By Rambler.

Wanted, some cheap and sure way to keep
bees at home during the fruit-drying season, or
a mechanical protection for the fruit. There
are millions in it for the lucky inventor, as well
as peace between the two classes of producers.

We find in our travels, that, no matter how
dry and parched a section of country may be,
and not a habitation forjniles, a blooming
flower of the honey -producing; kind will have
upnn it a busy representative from a colony of
wild bees.

Lake County is not to be despised as a honey-
producing county. One man reports a yield of
900 lbs. from one colony. Later details will be
given in a Ramble. In the same locality, gnats
are produced at the rate of a million to the
square foot (estimate).

Yellow-jackets are also more numerous and
troublesome than bees. They trouble fruit,
and meat hung up to dry will be nearly all car-
ried off by them. Our venison was troubled in
this way several times. Between hogs and
hornets, Bro. Wilder had a hard time to pre-
serve the results of his hard-earned chase.

Bee-keeping in a limited way is indulged in
around Oakland. One occasionally meets bees
in old box hives, and the owner speaks of rob-
bing so much honey from them by the cutting-
out process. Though this primitive way is
practiced, there are a few who have their half-
dozen hives in proper shape, and secure a good
amount of honey.

Mr. Mendleson, of Ventura, thinks it requires
some experience and skill to place a decoy hive
so that bees will occupy it. It must be so placed
that spiders will not weave their webs over the
entrance, and not too much in the direct rays
of the sun, neither in too dense a shade. Mr.
M. pointed out several decoy hives in trees in
Xhe canyon that leads to his apiary. Nearly all

had bees in them, which shows that Mr. M. has
the requisite skill to place decoy hives success-
fully.

That's a good idea in the Canadian Bee
Journal, about a revolution in the handling of
beeswax. In this State, really good wax is
produced by means of the solar wax-extractor;
but we have seen good wax spoiled by being
melted up in some old dirty kettle. Old combs
can be rendered, with care, into good wax; but
old rusty tin cans or tubs are used, and the re-
sult in this case is an off-colored wax. Let us
use care and clean receptacles, and the value of
our product will be greatly increased.

aUEEN-CELLS OF TWO KINDS,

THKIR NAMES. AND HOW THEY MAY BE DIS-
TINCiUISHED: HOAV TO TVAAj WHEN A
COLONY 18 TKY'ING TO SUPER-
SEDE ITS QUEEN.

nil Dr. C. C. MiUer.

Not many days ago I was talking with a bee-
keeper who is 'way up in matters pertaining to
our pursuit, and in the course of our conversa-
tion I happened to say something about post-
construrted queen-cells. His face has a trick
of becoming an interrogation-point, and just
then it assumed that expression. " What do
you mean by post-constructed ? " said he.

Then it was my turn to become an interroga-
tion-point. " Do you mean to say," said I, " that
you have never met the terms pre constructed
and post-constructed f ""

" Never read or heard any thing of the kind."

" Why, they are terms in common use, I have
always supposed, and I'm sure I've seen them
in print years and years ago."

He seemed skeptical, but dropped the subject
with something like a challenge for me to refer
to book and page.

To-day I spent a considerable time in looking
over a good many bee-books. I had a strong
impression that I should find the words.in the
first volume of the American Bee Journal, but
was surprised to find them neither there nor in
any of the text-books. In Dzierzon's " Rational
Bee-keeping," page 10, I found two classes of
queen-cells mentioned — swarm-cells and sup-
plementary cells, the same thing under a dif-
ferent name. In Cheshire's book, "Bees and
Bee-keeping," Vol. 2. page 387, he pictures the
two kinds, calling the one normal ({ueen-cell,
the other emergence queen-cell. Finding no
mention of any thing of the kind in any of the
other books, I went back to the first volume of
Amei'ican Bee Journal, and, instead of going
by the index, as I had done before, I commenced
carefully scanning each page, beginning at the
first. At page .54 I struck this passage: "She
usually leaves the cell on the 17th day after the
egg was laid, if hatched in what the Germans
call a pre-co?istrj/cto7 cell; but will issue from
what they call a post-constructed cell, some-

760

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct. 1.

times as early as on the 11th, though more
commonly on the 12th day after the bees began
to transform the worker-cell in which the egg
was hatched."

In spite of my impression to the contrary, it is
possible that I never saw the terms in any other
place, and, strangely enough, no word is here
given to tell what the two different kinds of
cells are. Dzierzon says, " A common worker-
bee cell containing an egg or a larva is changed
and widened into a royal cell." and that he
calls a supplementary cell, although I question
a little whether the bees ever widen a cell so
long as it contains only an egg.

Cheshire's term, emenjency. is better than
suppleuientary ; but it seems to me post-con-
structed is better than either, for it is descrip-
tive. A pre-coiistructed cell is one constructed
Jiefore the egg is laid in it. A post-constructed
cell is constructed into a queen-cell after the
egg is laid.

Cheshire says: "When queen-cells are built
in the absence of a queen, it is clear that either
an egg or larva must undergo removal, or that
the base of the cell upon which the egg is
placed, and to which it is fixed, must have ex-
isted before the queen's departure

Under these circumstances the worker-cell is,
of necessity, transformed into a queen-cell. To
this end, three surrounding cells are obliterated
in order to supply foundation-room for the
heavy waxen supports the pendulous extension
will need, while many worker-cells beneath are
cut back, and. for the time, rendered useless by
pittings and cross-webbings, to give the new
structure firm fixings. Such cells have been
accurately called emergency queen-cells, and
are produced by bees, without external inter-
ference, when they determine to supersede
their queen on account of growing infirmity.
From this it would appear that the queen is a
party to the project of leaving with a swarm,
although she is not invited to take steps for her
own deposition— she, in the former case, laying,
at the suggestion of her children, what may be
conveniently called a queen-egg; while, in the
latter, they transform into a queen what she
intended to be a worker."

It would seem strange that so able a man as
Cheshire should make a mistake about a mat-
ter so easily determined, and I dare not say
that he never saw a post-constructed cell, such
as he describes; but I do say that I have
seen a great many, and I have no recollection
of ever seeing one in which the bottom of
the cell was made of four contiguous cells,
as he describes. Hold before you a piece of
worker comb, and you will see that any cell,
together with "three surrounding cells," will
hardly look like a proper base for a queen-cell.
Moreover, in the many cases in which I have
torn down such cells, there is no obliteration of
cell*;, and it is very easy to see at the base the
oi'iginal worker-cell of normal size. If I am

not mistaken, Doolittle has called attention to
the fact that, in the case of a post-constructed
cell, the bees fill up the worker cell with jelly,
the larva swimming out to the surface, so to
speak, the enlargement beginning only at the
mouth of the worker-cell. Such being the case,
it would hardly seem necessary that adjacent
cells should be " cut back." I am not prepared
to say that such is never the case, but I have
found fully matured worker-bees in cells below
the queen-cells, and covered by them, there be-
ing no cutting back.

In the passage I have quoted, Cheshire
teaches that post-constructed cells are erected
in case of supersedure of a queen. I am quite
sure this is not always the case. I have had
many cases of supersedure, and have often been
puzzled, when finding queen-cells, to decide
whether it was a case of supersedure or prepar-
ation for swarming. I should not have been
troubled to decide if different cells were built
in the two cases, as it is easy to distinguish
them, especially in their incipient stages.

I think I am correct in saying that pre-con-
strucled cells are made when a queen is present
and at liberty in a hive, whether swarming or
supersedure is contemplated, and that post-
constructed cells are made in case of the re-
moval or confinement of a queen. An exception
occurs when the bees become alarmed for the
safety of their queen. Two cases of this kind
occurred with me this year. A number of for-
eign bees entered the hive, and doubtless the
bees felt there was danger of their queen being
killed, so took immediate steps to rear a suc-
cessor, making post-constructed cells. The
cells were destroyed when it was found that
the old queen was all right. Perhaps this
ought not to be called an exception, for I doubt
whether the queen was at liberty when the
cells were started. More likely she was balled.

For the benefit of beginners, perhaps I ought
to say that the base of a pre-constructed cell is
larger than a drone-cell, and has no angles in
it, while a post-construcied cell has for its base
an ordinary worker-cell, with six sides and
angles.

Marengo, 111.

[I suppose I shall have to confess that the
bee-keeper whom Dr. Miller refers to in the
article above, whose face assumed an interroga-
tion-point, was your humhlf servant. I do not
know about his being "away up in matters
pertaining to our industry."

Now, then, about those terms. After coming
home I consulted nearly all the authorities, or
as many as I had time to look over, and I have
at my disposal quite an extensive library on
bees; but I failed to find them. You see, it is
this way: Dr. Miller and the member of his
family have been using the terras so often
among themselves that they supposed all the
world knevv them. The source from which the
doctor found the terms shows that their use
then was long " before my day." On consulting^
with A. I. R., he informs me that they were
used years ago, particularly by the English, in
the Britisli Bee Journal ; but it seems they

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

761

■have become obsolete in our f)resent bee-litera-
ture.

I may say, in partial defense, that I was
aware that there are two kinds of cells built in
the hive — those constructed under the swarm-
ing impulse, and those in case of emergency,
like, for instance, a sudden disappearance of a
•queen. I also knew that cells built when
supersedure seemed to be the object were con-
strucU'd like those first mentioned. But, so far
as I iim acquainted with bee-llKM-ature, the
only distinction that has been made is in the use
■of "swarming-cells" as designating those built
■wher.- natural increase was under way; super-
sedure-cells for what the name indicates, and
simply '"cells" to indicate those built under
other circumstances.

I am glad to know that my face assumed
that "interrogation-point, ' because it is impor-
tant that we have differences between the two
classes of cells clearly defined; for, as you will
see, there is a practical bearing in the matter.
For instance, if the novice or veteran is able to
recognize supersedure-cells from cells built be-
cause of the sudden disappearance of the
■queen, he will at a glance be able to recognize
the condition in the hive, since it is evident
that bees are able to detect the failing of an
■old queen before the apiarist. He can say to
himself. " Here is a case where a queen is fail-
ing, although I had not discovered it before. I
will just let them go on in their own sweet
way; and if it is a fact that swarm or super-
sedure cells are better than other cells, I will
save out all but one, to be used in other colo-
nies." But suppose he does not make this dis-
tinction. He sees eggs in the hive, and brood —
■every thing going on apparently regularly. It
is toward the close of the season, and he will
say something like this: " Cells? how is this?
I do not believe the bees know what they want.
I will just tear them all down, because every
thing seems to be in its normal conditio i."
Perhaps the next visit he will dn the same —
thus thwarting the bees in accomplishing what
is for the best good of the colony. No queens
will, of course, be reared that fail. The b»'es go
into winter quarters; the old queen dies, and in
all probability the colony dies also: whereas if
•our apiarist had been sharp enough to recog-
nize supersedure-cells, he would have saved a
colony of bees.

I do not know that I like the terms " pre-
constructed " and "post-constructed" as well
as "swarm-cells," "supersedure-cells," and
"emergency-cells;" and while I was drilled in
Latin, to the extent of some eighteen terms of
schooling. I am rather op[josed to the use of
Latin prefixes in the coinage of new words,
that could not be understood by the general
reading public.

Dr. Miller and Cheshire do not seem to agree
exactly; so I am going to ask him and others
to send in tons samples of the two classes of
■cells, if they can be obtained yet: and I will
have careful cross-sectional drawings made,
showing the differences; and at the same time
J will I'eproduce the picture in Cheshire's work,
so that we can tell definitely whether Cheshire
is wrong, or whether he and Dr. Miller are
both right. — Ed.I

HOW THEY MAKE PINE BOARDS IN NORTH-
ERN MICHIGAN.

KEPORTED BY ONE OF THE YOUNGER MEMBERS
OF THE ROOT FAMILY.

Yesterday my cousin, Mr. Newark, took us
through the two largest sawmills in Cadillac,
and that means the largest in Michigan; and

as Michigan is one of the greatest lumber re-
gions in tlie world, we have probably seen some
of the greatest sawmills in the world.

We went first to the place where the logs
were being taken out of the lake. There was
an endless chain, with great hooks on it, run-
ning up a sort of toboggan-slide into the mill.
A man stood at the foot of this, heading the
logs into it with a pole. When a hook of the
chain caught a log it went sailing up the tobog-
gan-slide and disappeared in the mill. About
half way up the slide a water-pipe formed an
arch and sent numbers of little streams on the
log as it passed under. The water struck the
log with such force that it loosened the bark in
places, and cleaned it perfectly.

After watching this awhile we went up into
the mill to see what became of the logs. A man
stood at the top of the slide with a long pole,
and pushed them off' the chain so that they
rolled down an incline on either side, where
there was already a pile of logs waiting for the
saw. On each side of the mill was a car long
enough to hold the longest log. This was run
by an immense piston-rod in the floor, and went
back and forth past a band-saw. A log from
the pile rolled on to the car with a jar that
shook the mill, and then a great iron arm
sprang out of the floor and turned it into place.
Just as soon as the log was in place, the car
glided past the saw, and in a moment a slice of
the bark was off. Then the car rushed back,
and the great iron arm, which is called the
" nigger," leaped up and turned it over, so that
another side was toward the saw. This was
repeated until all the bark had been trimmed
off, leaving a great smooth white block to be
sliced into planks. Then every time the car
glided past the saw it left a perfect plank at
the end until the whole log was sliced into
planks, right before our eyes. Three men on
the car worked the levers to gauge the thickness
of the plank, and to regulate the speed of the
car; but every thing else is done automatically.
I don't believe it was much more than five min-
utes from the time the log rolled on to the car
until it was all sawed into planks. A man stood
ready to receive each plank, and start it
througli machines which planed it and cut it
into the required lengths for use. The smaller
and imperfect slices were made into small
boards, ami the yet smaller pieces were cut into
lath. All sawdust, and pieces too small for
other purposes, are used for fuel. We saw a
blow-pipe half a mile long, for blowing the
sawdust to the furnaces.

It is a great sight just to walk through the
lumber- yards. Our lumber-piles, and all the
others in Medina, would make but a drop in
the bucket compared with these. They have
whole lumber-yards under cover, and, of course,
have to take every precaution to prevent fire.
Sprinklers are all over the mills, just as we
have at home, and they have an immense

1&2

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct. L

waterworks of their own. All they have to do
to get water is to pump it out of the big lake.
When we were walking along the tramways
outside we saw something that looked like a
mounted telescope. It could be aimed at any
point of the compass, and raised or lowered.
This could throw a stream of water the size of
a man's arm to an immense distance. We met
one of the partners, and he kindly turned on
the water to show us the volume, but, of course,
he did not show the force of it. He pointed to
a large lumber-pile standing near, and said he
could tear it all to pieces by turning the whole
force of the water on it. I think one of these
arrangements would cover our whole lumber-
yard. They had enough to reach all points of
their yards.

It was refreshing to see the exquisite neatness
and order everywhere. Every little hit of grass
between lumber-piles was just a bit of green
lawn, and there was not a stick out of place.

As we were walking through the yards to
the farthest mill we noticed two or three boards
broken in the tramway. When we came back,
ten minutes later, every broken board had been
replaced by a new one. Mr. Newark says they
have a wonderful system of foremen and super-
intendents. The man who founded this great
business is a millionaire several times over, and
he had nothing to start on but brains.

NOTES OF BICYCLE TRAVEL.

Bu Ernest R. Rout.

I arrived at Toledo on the evening of the 1,5th,
and it did not take me long to make my way on
the wheel over those beautiful asphaltum
pavements to that part of the city known as
Auburndale. Passing by the great Wagon-
works manufactory, I soon recognized the fa-
miliar street on which Dr. Mason lives, and in
a few minutes more I was enjoying a good visit
with the Mason family. The doctor had just
been recovering from sickness, and was begin-
ning to feel like himself again. In the course
of our conversation I told him I was out on a
trip to learn, if possible, the exact right size of
brood-chamber, or whether said brood-chamber
should be made into divisible halves. The
doctor laughed, and, like H. R. Boardman, he
very much doubted whether I would get a sat-
isfactory answer; but as for him, he wanted
nothing larger nor smaller than the eight-
frame Langstroth hive. For his locality, he
was sure it was best. Being a little tired, and
having a "game" ankle, I retired at a season-
able hour — something I do not ordinarly do at
the home of a bee-keeper. During the trip
that day it seemed as if the right ankle vvas
going to give out, for it was slightly swollen,
and was unwilling to respond promptly in its
usual way. Under the instructions of the doc-
tor I bathed it well in camphor. As the doctor

poured out the camphor he remarked, "I sup-
pose your father would not think this would
amount to much, because it comes out of a
bottle; but I know," said he, with a look of de-
cided assurance, "that it will do that ankle
good," and it did, for it helped pedal nearly 90
miles the next day.

After breakfast we looked over the Mason
bees. As usual, the doctor would not stop to fus&
with a smoker, but opened up the bees that
morning bareheaded (he is baldheaded, you
know), without veil or smoker.

" Yes," said I, " you are at your old tricks
again, but I think I will put on my veil."

" Here," said the doctor, after he had remov-
ed one hive-cover, " is the way I keep my
records."

He then produced from under the cover one
of the pieces of a broken one-piece 414 section.
On it was written in lead pencil - briefly the
record of the queen and the colony — its strength
at the beginning of the season, when it began to
store surplus, etc. In the home of almost
every bee-keeper there will be a surplus num-
ber of broken pieces from 414 one-piece sections
to go on everv colony. These record tablets,
of course, are 414 inches long, and the width of
the section, whatever that is — probably 1J4
inches. As almost every bee-keeper has his
own method of abbreviating records, it is possi-
ble to get on this the whole year's history of the
colony. But perhaps some may object to put-
ting the tablet in under the hive-cover, espe-
cially if they do not use a quilt or enamel cloth,
A small wire nail through the middle at one
end will hold it securely on the cover; and
each time the colony is examined, the record
can be attached to the section -piece fast to the
cover itself. The next year a new section-piece
or tablet may be used.

The season had not been an extra good one
with the doctor; but still he would get some
surplus. On some of the hives there were full-
depth Langstroth extracting-supers that were
waiting to be extracted. On others I noticed
half-depth extracting-supers.

"Hello!" said I; " are you using half-depth
brood -chambers ? "

" No, sir; beee do not breed right in the half-
depth brood-chambers, for me."

" Well, what are you using them for on full-
depth brood-chambers?"

" Why, look here," said he, turning to his
record, "This colony, you see, was not very
strong at the beginning of the season, and I did
not care to give them a full-depth extracting-
super when they showed they were ready to
store some surplus; and. having these half-
depths, I put one of them on the hive."

" But over there," said I, " you have one hive
with two half-depth chambers."

"Well, that colony did better than I expect-
ed, and so I simply gave them another one. If
I had known at the ontset that they would

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

7G3

have tilled eight full-depth Langstroth frames,
I would have given them a full -depth super."

"But «'/iy don't you like these half-depth ex-
traeting-supers ? "

" Because it is so much more work getting
honey out of them. I can handle." said he, " a
full-depth Langstroth frame as quickly as a
half-depth. You see. this entails just so much
more unnecessary work."

"You are not using any IIofTman frames,"
said I, turning the subject.

" No, sir. and I don't want them. The loose-
spacing thick-top frames are good enough for
me."

Looking at my watch I told the doctor I must
be off. I had to get to Detroit that day, and,
besides, hunt up a bee-keeper who was afraid
he had got a disease in a nucleus he purchased
of us. Of course, I felt anxious to investigate,
and spend enough time to make a thorough ex-
amination, and instruct our customer what to
do.

" What is the man's name ? " said the doctor.

" William Kidder, of Wyandot, Wayne Co.,
Mich."

In a few minutes more we were walking up
the street, and finally, came to the turn that
would lead me on my way toward Detroit. I
had been over the same route a year before on
the bicycle, and felt as if I knew where I was
going. Usually I am going over roads that
are entirely new to me, and I have to go cau-
tiously lest I get on the wrong road. A spin of
about sixty-five miles brought me to Wyandot.
Here I made diligent inquiry for Mr. Kidder.
No one but the postmaster knew any thing
about him: and even he said that Mr. K. came
for his mail only once a month. After a fruit-
less inquiry for about an hour and a half. I
addressed anotlier note, expressing my regret
that I could not call upon him, not being able
to find bis whereabouts. I felt greatly disap-
pointed, because, if it were a case of foul brood,
I wanted an opportunity to see it, and treat it
or destroy it entirely. If it were only a case of
dead brood, or something entirely harmless, I
wanted to assure our friend of that fact; but
as the sequel proved, after corresponding in
regard to the matter, it was not a case of foul
brood: and even if it were, our friend did not
attach any blame to us. By making various
inquiries along the way. I was assured of what
I had previously known, that foul brood is rag-
ing pretty badly in Wayne Co., Mich. There
are but very few bee-keepers whose apiaries, I
understand, are entirely free from it, and the
owners of these are fearful that it may get a
foothold in their yards at any time.

Well, I mounted the wheel again, and by
about five o'clock I was wheeling through the
streets of Detroit. I asked wheelmen along the
way if they could tell me the best route out of
the city te Bell Branch. None of them had
ever heard of such a place. Bell Branch, as

you know, is the place where M. H. Hunt lives.
"Well," thought I, " there is a class of indi-
viduals (hotel clerks) who know every thing,
or are supposed to, and I can get the desired
information of one of them." I wheeled up to
one of tlie finest hotels, and fired the same ques-
tion at the clerk, but with the same result as
with the wheelmen. Inquiry at several of the
hotels elicited no further Information. I final-
ly found by the map that Bell Branch was
directly west of Detroit. Approaching the
nearest policeman, I said, " Wliat street runs
the nearest west out of the city?"

I was referred to Michigan Avenue.

" Now," thought I, •' if I but wheel clear out
of the city, and then make inquiries concerning
Bell Branch, I shall find somebody who knows
about the place."

But it was then late, as I had spent nearly
two hours in trying to get the desired informa-
tion. I accordingly put up at the hotel. The
next morning I was on the outskirts of the city
bright and early, and, sure enough, somebody
did know something about Bell Branch; but I
was, of course, on the wrong road. I ought to
have gone out on Grand River Avenue, and the
only way to get there was to go back to the
city three or four miles, and out again on the
right road. Well, to make a long story short,
by taking cross-roads, and making inquiry of
every one I met, I finally readied Bell Branch;
but I had gone some sixteen miles out of my
way, and through a lot of sand at that.

While I was wandering over the road, and
especially when I learned that I might have
taken a shorter cut had I gone some other way,
I realized v/hat a mistake I had made in not
writing to Mr. Hunt beforehand, asking the
route I should have taken out of the city. But
I got it into my head that Bell Branch was
almost a suburb of Detroit, and that every one
would know the route. It is bad enough to
wheel in the sand; but it is simply ow/wi to
plow through that article knowing you have
gone out of your way, and were doing all that
work for nothing, besides wasting valuable
time.

I found friend Hunt at home, ready to receive
me, as I had written I would be there the day
previous; and I would have been there had I
taken the right route. Yes, there was the gas-
well that had been giving Mr. Hunt comfort
and delight — plenty of heat for the cook-stove,
and beautiful bright gaslights, all for nothing
— absolutely nothing — except the cost of boring
some 80 feet and piping it. This part was done
by Mr. Hunt and son more for the /an than for
the expense saved. As if nature had not done
enough, his farm was supplying him with a
flowing well of water that actually came to the
surface of the ground, and soft water at that.
But this flowing well is in a valley, and Mr.
Hunt had just put up a windmill to bring this
water up to the house.

764

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct. 1.

Every thing about Mr. Hunt's place showed
■evidence of skill, thrift, and enterprise; for
vi'hatever he undertakes, he is sure to do thor-
oughly. He has built up a fine foundation
business, besides a trade in bee-keepers' sup-
plies. He has a beautiful farm; and during
the short time I was there he gave me a look at
some of his fine crops. He began to explain the
different varieties of strawberries, raspberries,
etc., as if I knew all about it. I had to confess
that I knew little or nothing on the subject,
thatdepartmentof our journal being conducted
wholly by A. I. R.

Mr. Hunt has secured some honey, but it was
a rather light crop after all. His apiary looked
very much as I had seen it some ten years be-
fore— neat and clean. He had no foul brood
that he knew of; but its general prevalence in
the neighborhood had caused him to give up
the business of selling bees, for fear that he
mig/it get it and give to his customers an un-
welcome legacy.

In the afternoon Mr. Hunt kindly piloted me
out on my road to Flint, the home of VV. Z.
Hutchinson. For a mile or so out of Bel!
Branch the sand was simply awful to an Ohio
boy. Mr. H. has learned the art of riding
through it, however. Why, he simply had to.
He led off, and I trailed. It was rather humil-
iating to one who had ridden so many miles, to
find that another one who does not pretend to
do much on the bicycle could run away from
him, even if it was in the sand. First, the
wind blew my hat off; next I fell off. But Mr.
H. kept on pedaling right along through the
weeds and sand; but when we struck a hard
clay road I knew then I had things my own
way. Mr. H. rode far enough with me to start
me on the right road, and then I leaned over
and scorched. I arrived in Pontiac in good
season, and there I was told that the road to
Flint, some 40 miles — was all sand, and that the
wheelmen's road-book advised all wheelmen to
take the train. I had previously ridden some
40 odd miles, and concluded I had better take
good advice. I did so, and arrived at Flint on
the evening of the 17th.

To be continued.

SECUKING DRONE EGGS; HOW TO HAVE OUU

QUEENS MATED TO HAND-PICKED

DKONES.

Question. — I wish to rear some queens nearly
every fall, but when I get ready to do so I find
I have no drones. Can I get a queen to lay
■drone eggs by putting a frame of drone comb in
the middle of the brood-chamber of a strong
colony during the fall months?

Answer. — The above subject is one which
has puzzled many a queen-breeder, and is one
on which I have spent much thought and con-
ducted many experiments, the result of which
has' proven that, in my case, the trying to rear
drones after the middle of August, in an aver-
age season, is an entire failure. Prof. Cook,
the Dadants, and others, say that drones can
be so reared, especially if the colony is fed
diluted sweets when honey is not coming in from
the fields; but in all my experiments in this line
I have failed almost entirely. Nature seems to
tell the bees that, as winter draws on apace,
drones are not needed, as swarming is over for
the season; and, feed as much as I would,
nothing but worker brood was the result, even
where the bees were confined wholly to drone
comb. This season I have had drone comb
after drone comb with worker bees hatching
out of them, to an extent greater than all I ever
had before in ail of my lifj years of apicultural
life; and so much so that I have almost come
to the conclusion that the presence of drone
comb in a hive gave no real assurance that I
would get any drones at all. With one colony,
such was the case at least. I gave them three
full frames of drone combs just before the bass-
wood-honey harvest commenced, as I wished
only drones from this queen for fall use; and
when 1 came to go after them I thought the
capped brood looked queer for drones, and so it
was; for I soon saw workers emerging from the
cells. I now uncapped several cells, finding
only worker-bees as occupants of these cells of
di'one size. The only sure way which 1 know
of to have drones during September and Octo-
ber is to mass what drone brood can be found
immediately after the basswood-honey flow
(the same being from the desired queen or
queens), in a large hive which will accommo-
date them, making the colony contained by this
hive queenless, so they will keep these drones
as long as you wish them, which they will do,
providing no queen is allowed to hatch in the
hive. Worker brood must be given every ten
days, in order to keep up the strength of the
colony, else they arc liable to be robbed when
an entire scarcity of honey occurs in the fall.
This hive must also contain a large amount of
honey, as a hive of drones consumes much hon-
ey, and, if not properly fed, drones are of no
value. As our bassvvood keeps in bloom till
nearly August, the drones which are in the egg
form, when the combs are massed, will not
wear out because of old age before the middle
of October, which is as late as queens can be
reared in this locality. After all other drones
are killed off, this hive of drones should be gone
over some day when it is cloudy, and the mer-
cury stands at about 50 to 55°, at which temper-
ature the drones are not likely to stampede off
the combs, and all the undersized and inferior
drones culled out and killed, after which we
can be almost sure that our queens will mate

1S94

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

765

with the desired drones. This hand-picking of
drones is quite a tedious job, but pays well
where we have the object of the improvement
of stock in view. I have practiced the above
plan every year for the past six years, so am
not entirely ignorant in the matter, and am
quite sure I liave made much advancement as
regards my bees by so doing.

FI.AT-BOTTOMED FOUNDATION NOT AS LIABLE

TO HAVE FISH-BONE IN THE COMB, BUT

NOT AS ACCEPTABLE TO THE BEES.

Question. — I have always used foundation
having a natural septum,or base, but am think-
ing of using the flat-bottomed next season. Do
the bees change the base of this foundation
before drawing it out? or, after drawing it out,
will they till out the corners with wax, or let it
remain with a flat base?

Answer. — Bees never leave the base of the
cells as they come from a foundation-mill mak-
ing foundation with flat-bottomed cells. This
is one reason why there is never a base of yellovv
wax apparent with flat-bottomed foundation,
where such is used in producing comb honey.
With foundation having the natural-shaped
base, the bees often, in times of an excessive
honey-flow, add their own wax right on to the
raised part of the foundation, so that this added
part can be scraped ofl! with the honey, the
foundation washed, and the same be nearly
or quite as perfect as when given to the bees.
This gave rise to the "fish-bone" center in
comb honey, complained of when comb founda-
tion was first used for sections, and the flat-
bottomed process of making foundation was in-
vented especially to overcome this " fish-bone,"
if I am correctly informed. When bees are
given the flat-bottomed foundation, the first
thing they do is to go to work to change the
base; and in doi-ng this the side walls are ma-
nipulated also, but just how this work is ac-
complished I have never been able to tell after
all the close looking I have been enabled to do;
for. when the work is being done, the bee has
its head in the cell; hence the vision of curious
eyes is cut oflf so long as it is at work. While I
prefer this foundation to all other makes for
section honey, it has two drawbacks, which
are, that this manipulation of the base of the
cells takes time, so that sections filled with
such foundation are not completed quite as
quickly as is the case where the natural-shaped
base is used; and where the sections are placed
on the hive before the honey-flow is fully on,
the bees will mischievously work at it far more
than they will that with the natural base,
often biting and tearing it all down, where the
honey- flow we expected does not come, so that
it is necessary to look after the sections to see
that they are all right when the bees are about
to enter them to fill with honey, after they have
been on the hives during a season or period of
scarcity. I have had hundreds of sections
which were filled with this foundation, and

which had been on the hives during a |)oriod of
scarcity of honey, the foundation of which was
eaten or gnawed away so that only a neck of
foundation, of from a quarter to half iin inch
wide remained next to the tops of the sections,
while the lower half of the foundation remained
as when put in. When honey commenced to
come in from the fields, and the bees began to
work on the foundtion, as all good bees should,
it would twist about so that it would touch the
separators, and be fastened there; and when I
expected to take ott" nice comb honey, the whole
thing would be spoiled by the tearing necessary
in getting the separators off. This is tiie worst
trouble I have with the flat- bottomed founda-
tion; and were it not for this, I would never
think of using any other make in the sections.
For the brood -frames I can not see where the
flat-bottomed has any advantage over that
having the natural base, while it has the dis-
advantage of taking the bees longer to manip-
ulate it; consequently I prefer the other makes
of foundation to this for brood-frames.

[I had always supposed with the rest that
drones could be reared out of season at the de-
sire of the apiarist, the same as workers; but
Doolittle is probably right. If any one has ac-
tually succeeded, let him report, giving the
method. Mr. D.'s experience with flat-bottom
foundation is quite in line with our own. If I
am not mistaken, Mr. R. L. Taylor will have
soon some interesting results on this subject in
the Review. Excuse me Bro. T., for "telling
tales out of school."— Ed. J

FASTENING FOUNDATION TO TOP-BARS.

If Dr. Miller would make the grooves in his
brood -frames wider and deeper, and then fas-
ten the foundation in with wooden wedges I
think he would like it better than the German
way. Either one full length, or severaJ small
wedges, can be used. If the doctor uses small
wedges he might get his friend Jake Smith to
make them with that jack-knife. Dr. Miller
may succeed (with a lot of trouble) in getting
his bees to fasten foundation on 1:0 the bottom-
bar, but they will surely cut it out again. Last
year I made some frames in which the bottom-
bar was composed of two pieces tVxJ'a inch.
These I nailed in the end-bars edgewise, ^ of
an inch apart, and I let the foundation hang
down between them. With these frames I ex-
pected to get some very strong combs; but in
handling them this summer I found that the
bees were enjoying the benefit of a half-inch
space between the comb and bottom-bar. I
am making some frames now with just three
pieces — that is, without bottom-bars, and I
think they are stronger than the old-style
frame with thin top-bars. .John Galvin.

East Sherbrooke, Que., Can., Aug. 20.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct. 1.

FOURTEEN-FKAME HIVES ; THE PROPOLIS QUES-
TION.

My bees have done nicely on sumac, which
seems to be the best honey-plant that we have
in this section, and the honey is better than
clover, if any thing. It has given me a good
chance to try the Hoffman frames. I find one
trouble with them; and that is. they stick so
you can not manipulate them quick enough, or
as easily as you should. I have been interested
lately in reading the various discussions in re-
gard to the size of hive, and would say, for the
benefit of those who use ten-frame hives, that I
use those that will take 13 Hoffman frames in
the lower story and 14 in the upper; and that
the queen will use all of the frames in the low-
er story, except the outside of the two outside
ones. Of course, I use division-boards, and do
not let the bees occupy all of the room except
when I want to build them up for the honey
season. I do not find my hives as handy as I
wish in the honey season, but they are good to
winter with. I contract, and pack with leaves
on the sides and in back. I have used over 50
such hives for over ten years, and have been
very successful in wintering and springing. I
use in the upper story a fine feed-bag filled with
leaves. I am of the opinion that the ten-frame
Dovetailed hive with two division-boards and a
winter-case like the one for the eight-frame
hive, and that can be knocked apart and packed
up in summer, out of the way, using the covers
for shade-boards, would be about the thing. Of
course, I use dummies when tiering up.

Pomfret Landing, Cl., Aug. 1. J. L. Hyde.

[Propolis-sticking of the Hoffman frames will
be the worst the first season when the propolis
is new; and it will give more trouble in late
summer and early fall than at other times.
After the first season's use. or when the old pro-
polis is well smeared over, the ?(cw' propolis
will give little if any trouble. — Ed.]

DO QUEENS GET BACK THROUGH THE EXCLUDER?

On page 587 M. W. Shepherd asks, '• Was a
queen ever known to get back (through the ex-
cluder) alone?" Yes, most decidedly. On June
21st I hived a swarm on full sheets of founda-
tion, with queen-excluder and full-depth ex-
tracting-super above. On looking over that
colony three weeks later, I found one frame in
the brood-chamber, with a few eggs and the
queen on it, the other seven empty, so far as
brood or eggs were concerned. On opening the
super there were three frames full of brood,
with patches in three more ; also two sealed
queen -cells. That hive was not opened from
the time I saw the queen go into the entrance
until the time mentioned above.

Another case somewhat similar, were it but
known to your readers, might save some novice
like myself a dollar, besides a little vexation.
The biggest-looking queen in the yard had got
into the super — whether through the excluder
or not is uncertain; but the colony was pro-

nounced queenless, and a fine queen introduced.
Three days later she was found dead. On look-
ing " upstairs" I found the old queen, and the
super full of brood. Wm. Russell.

Minnehaha Falls, Minn., July 21.

[Yes, queens have been known to go through
excluders of the very best makes. It is not
possible to make the metal exclude all queens,
else it would hinder greatly the passage of the
workers. But there is not one queen in a hun-
dred that succeeds in getting through. As the
metal as now made practically excludes, the
rare instances in which a queen does succeed in
passing are not worth considering. You will
find this subject very fully covered on page 830,
Nov. 1st, and 888 for Dec. 1st. 1893.— Ed.]

We (the apiarist and I) have been using the
Cornell smoker, with much satisfaction. It
seems to have nearly as strong a blast as the
Crane— perhaps strong enough for all practical
purposes. It is used largely in Canada, I un-
derstand.

Dr. Peiro has written a valuable article,
under " Our Doctor's Hints," in the American
Bee Journal, entitled "Something about Kiss-
ing." It is not trashy or sentimental, but good
sound advice that every mother, and, in fact,
every one, might do well to heed. He points
out how insidious diseases are conveyed from
one to another by this indiscriminate social
custom.

Recent experiments are confirming my im-
pressions, expressed a short time ago, to the
effect that I thought it was quite probable that
we would have to go back to the old-fashioned
plain granulated sugar in order to get a satis-
factory food for queen-cages— one that would
not behave so irregularly. Our bee-candy is
now made of the best granulated sugar and
honey, with a very little pulverized sugar added
in order to help solidify the dough.

Quite a pressure was brought to bear upon
your humble servant when it was learned that
he was not expecting to attend the St. Joseph
convention. But I have felt for some time that
my big brother-in-law Calvert ought to get out
and be known a little better by the bee-keepers
at large; so he will go in my place, and I will
stay at home and " keep house." He has been
doing this for me, while I was away, and I see
no reason why I should not return the compli-
ment.

Elsewhere I refer to the fact that we are
now using granulated sugar for bee-candy. We
have been testing some of the confectioners'
sugar lately used for making queen-cage candy

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

767

in cake-making ovor at the house. Let it be
remembered that it was with this very sugar
that we had such bad results in sending queens
to a distance. Well, in cake-making this sugar
was not satisfactory, because the frosting
would not harden. Perhaps there was adulter-
.ation in it that spoiled it, not only for bees, but
for culinary purposes also. We have had good
results with some frosting sugars; but it seems
they are liable to be adulterated.

noys them. We are very glad indeed to get
this much in the kingbird's favor. A. I. K.

In some quarters I see it slyly hinted that
there is a " mutual-admiration society " among
bee-keepers. I don't know whether I am a
member of that society or not. If I have, in a
public way. expressed my admiration for some
■of the friends and editors of rival bee-journals
I have met recently, it is because I like them,
and because I admire their writings or the
service they have and are rendering bee-keep-
ers; but, dear me! I don't expect them to return
the compliment. Among other rival trade-
journals we see the outcropping of petty jeal-
ousies and the usual wrangling among editors;
in short, one would think that they had formed
a "mutual-wrangling society." I am glad
that, in the line of bee-keeping, for the most
part there is a marked exception.

There seems to be a sort of impression
among the farmers in our own vicinity, that
extra yellow bees must be extra pure Italians.
Judging by the way the orders have run for
the yellow stock, this impression must be gen-
eral; but every practical queen-breeder knows
that is a mistake. The five-banders are sim-
ply sports, selected for color, from Italian stock
— that is all. And by the way some of them
sting, it would almost seem as if they had
" sported " a little from Cyprian stock. We
have quite a large number of colonies of extra
yellow bees in our yard, and our apiary has
never had crosser bees, or bees more inclined to
rob, than this year. They bred like Cyprians,
and then stopped long before the ordinary
Italians. We shall get them all out of our
yard another season, unless iheir temper and
robbing tendencies improve.

THE KINGBIRD NOT ALWAYS GUILTV OF DE-
STROYING BEES.

W. H. MoRKELi>, of Chatham Center, Medina
Co., O., furnishes the following: One day he
noticed a kingbird flying back and forth, and
darling around in front of one of his bee-hives.
Presuming that the bird was, of course, eating
bees, he shot it, opened its crop, and found no
bees at all, but quite a quantity of black ants.
He then went back and examined the hive, and
found the ants quite thick, crawling all over
the front and around the entrance of the hive.
The bird had simply been picking up, if not an
enemy of the bees, an insect that greatly an-

THE COMING NORTH AMERICAN CONVENTION
AT ST. .JOSEI'II.

As before mentioned, I expect to be on hand
promptly at the opening of the first session,
and stay there till its close. My son-in-law,
Mr. J. T. Calvert, will also probably be present.
As he is the business manager of our establish-
ment, he will be able to answer many questions
from the kind friends whom we expect to meet,
better than 1 could do it myself. Our good
friend Pres. Abbott is leaving no stone unturn-
ed to make the meeting a success. See the
following from him, just at hand:

TOO GOOD TO KEEP.

1 am just in receipt of a letter from Editor Stil-
son, in which he i^ays: "Our present urvang-ements
are, to leave Lincoln on tiie morning' of the 10th,
making- a daylig-ht run, reaching St. Joseph about
4 p.m. We shall liave a special car on the Missouri
Pacific, retaining the same for a recepiion, either
the evening: of the lOlh or some time on the 11th.
Our mark is for an attendance of 40 or niore."

This sounds like business; but those who know
tlie bee-kt epers of Nebraska as well as I do will not
be surprised, for this Is ju.st like them; they do not
do things by lialves. Now, who will be next ? Can
not the other States that are as near to St. Joseph
do as well ? Let us make tliis mi eiing a grand suc-
cess, in spite of the fact that the honey crop has
been very poor in many localities.

We have secured reduced rates east of the river,
and I am sure we can get the same rates west of the
Missouri River. Emekson T. Abbott.

St. Joseph, Mo., Sept. 20.

At the close of the convention I expect to
make a raid through the central part of Mis-
souri. Of couise, I shall take my wheel; and
if the roads and weather permit, I propose to
take a wheelride from Kansas Citv to Lebanon,
Laclede Co. You can tell, by looking at your
maps, about what my route will be; and any of
the friends who would like me to call, who ai'e
situated along this line, or pretty near it, might
drop me a postal at the convention, or, better
still, come yourself, and give me the invitation
personally. I can not promise to accept all of
these invitations; but weather and roads may
make it quite convenient for me to do so. To
tell the truth, I am almost counting the days
until it is time to start — that is, so far as it is
right for a professing Christian to do such a
thing. We ought to try to make a good use
of ercriy day, and not be in haste to have the
days come and go: but it makes my heart fairly
bound, as in schooldays of yore, when I think
of a wheelride of three or four weeks through
the State of Missouri. You see, I am going
into what the map calls the Ozark Mountains.
If I should not be able to climb them, I pre-
sume I shall find some bee-friend who will
kindly help me out. — A. I. R.

768

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct. L

PliES. E. T. ABBOTT.

If any president ever worked hard for the
success of a convention of the North American,
it is Pros. Abbott. If real genuine enthusiasm
and hard work mean any thing, there will be a
big convention west of the Mississippi. As but
few of our readers will have a chance of meet-
ing Mr. Abbott at the convention, I take plea-
sure in introducing him to you.

PRES. E. T. ABBOTT.

Mr. Abbott was born in Brown Co., O., March
19, 1847, his mother dying when he was six years
old. His father traveled most of the time, his
son seeing him but seldom. At the age of 11 he
moved to Clermont Co., O. During his stay
there he joined the Christian church— that
branch sometimes falsely called New Lights.
He was an enthusiastic worker in the church
and in the cause of temperance, joining the
Good Templars in 1868. Resolving to enter the
Christian ministry he attended the Western
Indiana Conference of the Christian church.
Here he met Rev. Thomas Holmes, who urged
him to prepare further for the ministry. Before
finishing his course he had a call to preach at
Enon, O. He afterward moved to Eddytown,
N. Y., to preach. Here he was married to Miss
Emma Ingoldsby. His next charge was Knox-
ville, Pa. Here, during the Murphy move, he
was attacked by a druggist, knocked down
three times in the street, and two teeth knock-
ed out. The druggist paid him $300 to settle
without prosecution. While preaching at
Schultzville, N. Y., he fell under Unitarian in-
fluence. His next charge was an independent
church at Union Springs, N. Y. Here his
health broke down, and his voice failed entire-

ly. At this time he and his brother became in-
terested in the subject of bees. He spent one
winter in Georgia. His brother, who was now
a preacher in St. Joseph, urged him to go there,
which he did in the fall of 1883. conducting the
subscription-book business for Harper Brothers.
He and some friends bought 200 colonies of bees.
In two years more he bought out his partners,
and now owns what is known as the St. Joseph
Apiary Co. Since that time Mr. Abbott has
been an extensive writer on bees, and has also
delivered lectures on apiculture. Politically he
is a Cleveland Democrat.

AN IMPORTANT MATTER FOR THE ST. JOSEPH
CONVENTION TO CONSIDER.

Now that it is definitely settled that I shall
not be present at the St. Joseph convention, I
wish to call the attention of the association to
the advisability of so amending the present
constitution that the articles which are now a
dead letter, and therefore a reproach to the
association, may be either stricken out or some-
thing put in their place. This subject has
been brought up before, and especially by Pres,
Abbott on page 680.

Art. Y., on affiliation, requires an annual
payment of f.5.00 from any society, district, or
province desiring to be affiliated with the
North American. The payment of this $5.00
is supposed to secure to the affiliated society
something in return; but in actual practice it
fails to do this. Art. IX. of the by-laws specifies
certain benefits that are an actual dead letter in
nearly all of its features. It provides, among
other things, that the affiliated society shall be
entitled to receive two silver medals, to be offer-
ed as prizes for honey. Nothin^r better than
bronze medals has ever been offered, and, so
far as I know, there has scarcely been any call
for them. Again, the members of affiliated
societies are said to be entitled to the facilities
which may be provided from time to time by
the Honey Company— something that never
materialized. Again, each affiliated society is
entitled to the services of a judge; but, so far
as I am aware, the services of this judge were
never called for, for the reason that his rail-
road expenses and hotel bills would have to be
paid by the society calling for him. Art. VIII.
of the by-laws specifies that a committee of five
may be elected, who shall have power to organ-
ize itself into a honey-company. This company
was never organized; and those of the same
character that were put into existence in Eng-
land proved to be big failures; in fact, I do not
believe that any such company can exist under
the wing of any organization.

The other articles of the constitution are
right as they stand; and I sincerely hope that,
if the next convention does not actually amend,
it will appoint a committee of one to report at
the next annual meeting. I say one. because,
on account of the great geographical distances,

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

7(59

it will be a little dil'liL-ult for three members to
-get together. Abetter way still would be to
appoint a committee of three at the first ses-
-sion, with the request that they report at the
last session such amendments as in their judg-
ment would improve the existing condition of
things.

Now, with regard to the affiliation fee, I
might throw out, as a suggestion, that only the
nominal sum of one dollar be required, and that
this dollar entitle the delegate to vote, and that
other "rights and privileges," if we can not
oiTer any, be left out entirely. Until we can
receive an annual grant from the national
government, we can not. as I see, offer any
great benefits from affiliation. But I like the
idea of affiliation, even if it simply amounts to
that in name only; for the name only would
signify a brotherhood.

The Ontario Bee-keepers' Association paid
^5 00 once or twice, and, failing to secure the
" benefits," protested — and rightly too. No
wonder no societies are affiliated now.

In making these criticisms 1 do not wish in
any sense to cast any reflections on the good
work performed by Thomas (t. Newman, the
framer of this constitution. Without these
objectionable features it would be an admira-
ble instrument; and if there is any blame to be
attached to any one for these objectionable
features, it should be thrown on the inuividual
members who voted for its adoption, and not
upon Mr. Newman, who felt greatly disap-
pointed that it was not properly discussed at
the Columbus convention, where it was adopt-
ed without a dissenting vote.

THOSE NEW PERCOLATOR FEEDEHS, ON AN
EXTENSIVE TRIAL, A SUCCESS.

As announced in our last issue, we have
been making some quite extensive experiments
in the line of feeding, on the percolator idea. I
am happy to announce that it is a success; but
we get altogether the best results with the
crock, a few foldsof cheese-cloth, and the plate.
We have fed a good many colonies by the gal-
lon-crock plan. Into each crock, by measure,
we put equal parts of granulated sugar and
cold water. The mixture is then stirred, after
which several folds of cheese-cloth are laid
over the mouth of the crock. A dinner-plate is
seton top and the wholeis inverted, and setover
the colony. At first the bees show a disposi-
tion to take the feed down slowly; but after a
little they " catch on," and will empty out a
crock in from 2i to 48 hours; but in nearly
every instance there will be a very slight resi-
due of sugar clinging to the bottom of the
crock. This does no harm on the subsequent
feeding; for more sugar and water are put in,
and the operation is repeated as before. If you
desire to have every particle of the sugar used
up in one feed, put the requisite quantity of
sugar itself into a cheese-cloth bag, tie its

mouth, drop it into the crock, and fill it with
water. In a day or two, both the sack and the
crock will be empty; and not only that, but
nice, clean, and dry.

We have been trying the Miller feeders by
pushing folds of cheese-cloth up under the
partitions. But we find it is difficult to get the
cloth properly tucked in so that in all cases the
sugar and water will percolate properly. Al-
though we have fed a good many colonies with
Miller feeders on the percolator plan, we very
much prefer the crock. I am rather glad that
the crock gives the better results. It may
spoil the supi>ly-dealer\s demand for feeders;
but every bee-keeper wiU have in the house just
the very articles that will make the best feed-
ers in the world, without a cent outlay of ex-
pense.

Now that we have given the percolator feed-
ers a good trial, I do not hesitate lo say that
Dr. Miller has contributed one of the most val-
uable ideas, in the line of feeding, that have
been proposed for many a year. It will save
daubing up the good wife's stove, the handling
of dripping feeder-cans, and the carrying of
water, incorporated in the old-fashioned syrup,
to out-yards. By the new idea, during the
worst robbing time it is possible to carry a bar-
rel of granulated sugar out into the center of
the apiary, and give colonies their doses of food,
made up of sugar and cold water, right in the
middle of the day. There will be no robbers to
speak of. Before the syrup has actually been
made, it is inclosed in the feeders, in the hives.
Then, too. this percolator syrup, if good author-
ities are correct, will not crystallize.

But it seems the idea of using sugar and
water, half and half, is not new. Here is a
letter from F. A. Salisbury, which will explain
itself:

Mr. Ri)0t:—1 liave just read Dr. Miller's article on
feeding. I have used water and sug:ar, equal
we i(j] its, for three years, and have j'et to find the
syrup granulated in tlie combs. Tbe percolator
may be all rig-ht, but I can feed with a gre'at deal
less bother by using an extractor for dissolving the
sugar. The way I do it is: Place in the extractor
lOU lbs. of granulated sugar; then turn on it 100 lbs.
of water. Turn the basket as tliougli yuu were ex-
tracting, and in ten minutes you will have syrup.
The water can be used right from the well. Tliere
Is no need of its being hot. If at first the basket of
the extractor turns hard, jou could, tlie next time,
place the water in first, and then pour in the gran-
ulated sugar, turning the l)asket at the same time.
Try i'.

Syracuse, N. Y., Sept. 19. F. A. Samsboky.

I have tried this plan, but can not get the
sugar and water to mix thoroughly. It has
got to stand a considerable length of time. I
think it would be better to feed the mixture by
percolator feeders than to give it to the bees
through the ordinary feeders.

We have just received a lot of fine imported
Italian queens. Price for best selected this
fall, $4.00 each; next spring, $7.00.

770

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct. 1.

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ON THE WHEEL.

When we were boys learning to swim, we
used to wade away from the shore as far as we
could out into the deep water, and then swim
for the bank. You see, that was a great deal
safer than starting from the shore and swim-
ming out beyond ourdepth: and I have thought
for some time that I should like to make a trip
on the wheel in something the same way — go
away a hundred miles or more on the cars, and
then try wheeling it home. A good many
horses go better, you know, when they get their
heads turned loward home; and 1 did not know
but my wheel might be somewhat inclined the
same way. Accordingly, on thel2rh of Septem-
ber I found myself in the city of Xenia, Greene
Co., O. Before starting home, my nephew pro-
posed to take me around to see the people and
Soints of interest. One of our subscribers, Mr.
[iram Budge, is starting in bees and small
fruits. Their ground is a gravelly loam, just
right for gardening, and the gravelly sub-
soil gives an almost perfect natural under-
drainage. This was very plainly understood
by an excavation on their premises, where they
had been taking out building-sand. Three or
four feet below the surface was a stratum of
porous gravel — so porous that the water from
the heaviest rains is out of sight almost as fast
as it falls. Down still deeper there is a sub-
terranean flow of water. This he found by
sinking wells; and it was further evident by
going over to a hillside, perhaps half a mile
away, where this underground vein of water
came out in the form of a magnificent spring of
beautiful soft water, in sufficient quantity to
water a small town; and delicious watercress
was scattered all along down the hillside where
the spring water flowed. Our friend told us
that it was sold in market to some extent in
the spring of the year; but I found it most ex-
cellent, and just right for use, so it seemed to
me, even in the fall.

HOW THEY MAKE ROPES.

Xenia is celebrated for its rope-manufactories,
or rope-walks, as I believe they are called.
The raw material comes in large bales. It
looks like coarse tow or flax. My companion
said it was either hemp, sisal, or jute, he could
not say which; and as we were in a hurry we
did not find out. Some of the readers of this
can tell us more about it, perhaps. I was much
interested in this process of straightening out
this tangled-up fiber so as to make a smooth,
even, soft, endless line or tape. The operation
is something like combing out thesnartein a
schoolboy's hair. The fiber, when it goes into
the machine, seems to be all snarled and twisted
up, and it has to be combed out. The teeth,
which are firmly fastened in a leather belt, are
like long slender spines of tempered and polish-
ed steel. In fact, they look like long delicate
thorns, such as we see on some varieties of
thorn-trees. First a belt, moving comparative-
ly slow, takes up a lot of this fiber. Then the
same kind of belt, moving at a higher rate of
speed, pulls the fiber from the first bflt. Its
more rapid motion has the eff'ect of pulling out
the tangle, or, in other words, drawing each
strand of the fibers out straight, ready to be
made into a rope. This operation is repeated,
each spine-covered belt moving faster and fast-
er until the big soft rope, the size of your arm,
gets gradually attenuated down to the size of

your little finger; or, for binder's twine, it comes
down still smaller, it seems a little strange
that the final work of these machines should be
to make this soft untwisted rope or cord so per-
fectly even and regular in size, and with the
fibers so straight and true that one can hardly
believe that each individual thread does not
run from one end of the rope to the other.
After this rope of fibers is straightened through,
then the twisting and braiding machines get
hold of it; and, oh my! how they did just make
the work fly as they piled up the coils of beau-
tiful rope! In this way every thing is made,
from the size of common binder's twine to the
great ropes used in the oil-fields to handle drills
weighing tons, and which are let away down
into the earth a quarter of a mile or more.

VISIT TO A CANNING-FACTORY IN XENIA, O.

We next visited the tomato-canning factory.
The weather was exceedingly warm, and the
tomatoes had been ripening tremendously. Be-
fore we got near the factory we found the
streets filled with teams loaded down and piled
up with bushel boxes filled with tomatoes. At
Xenia they do not take any particular pains to
shut out visitors. In fact, they are so crowded
with business, to take care of the tomatoes
before they spoil, that they have pushed their
works almost out into the open air. Let me try
to follow the process all through.

As the farmers come in with their loads, a
boy with checks in his hand gives each new
comer his appropriate number, that he may
unload and go home in his proper turn, so as to
have no rivalry or crowding past each other.
Sometimes these teamsters have to stay in the
streets all night, waiting their turn, especially
when the wi-ather happens to rush the toma-
toes. Well, the next load is called for, and the
boxes are lifted out of the wagon, and weighed,
the owner receiving some sort of check for his
product. Close by the platform where they are
lifted from the wagon is a huge perforated
boiler. Into it the tomatoes are tumbled, with-
out any washing or sorting either, so far as I
could discover. In fact, the whole establish-
ment was rushing things at such a rate that
there was hardly time for any thing of the sort.
By means of appropriate steam -pipes the
wagonload of tomatoes was brought up to the
boiling-point, or pretty near it, in a twinkling;
then by means of appropriate machinery the
perforated boiler was lifted from the water,
and its steaming contents turned into a large
tray or vat. Inside of a great ii^losure, more
than a hundred women were at work peeling
tomatoes. They get three cents a bucketful for
this operation; and the wagonload was passed
into the buckets, held up to receive the scalded
fruit, just about as fast as they were unloaded
from the wagons outside. Each one carried
her bucketful to her own appropriate stand or
tn'ile; and as she peeled them the inside was
diopped into another similar bucket. These
women and girls get to be very expert. With
almost one cut of a knife the peel is remov-
ed and the tough part around the stem cut
off. In fact, they work so rapidly that a good
many times there must be a good deal of the
tomato wasted. The peelings are dumped into
great wheelbarrows. These go out along a
platform, and are dumped into a sort of pit, or
pond, excavated in the soil. As this stuff soon
ferments, a quantity of lime is sprinkled on it
as the material accumulates. I do not know
what the city of Xenia thinks of this way of
managing; but unless this material is carried
off and plowed into the ground, I should be
afraid of the consequences. It seems to me this
refuse must be worth something to feed to pigs,
provided one could gather up pigs enough to
take care of it all. I believe Cummins draws

1891

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

771

his refuse directly out to the fields, and has it
plowed under. Let us now go back among the
women-folks.

The peeled tomatoes are poured into a large
hopper. Under this hopper an automatic ma-
chine for filling cans puts just the right quanti-
ty into each can; and some quick-fingered girls
lift the cans out of the vvay as fast as they come
out of the machine. The empty cans are fed
into the machine through a long shoot, or
trough, that seems to go away up into the attic.
After the cans are filled, the grooves for the
solder are carefully wiped out by more girls.
Then another lot put on the caps. Each can is
then placed on a revolving table, and the prop-
er amount of powdered rosin is sprinkled on
while it revolves. Then a gang of expert tin-
ners, with a hot iron in one hand and a bar of
solder in the other, fill the groove with solder.
Some more women pick up the soldered-up cans
from the revolving table, and then they are put
into wire- cloth casres, or trays, perhaps two
dozen in a tray. These trays have a sort of
bail made of four chains. When this chain bail
is not in use it lies down on the can-tops so they
can be tiered up. They do not get tiered up
very high, however, for some smart muscular
colored boys grab them with a sort of revolving
crane, swing aloft in air, and then lower each
cage into a vai of boiling water. The water is
boiled by means of a steam-pipe. When the
tomatoes are boiled long enough, they are
yanked out and placed under a shower bath of
cold water. When cool enough so they can be
handled they are wheeled out into an open yard
outdoors, and stacked up to dry. Out in this
yard we not only found carloads but trainloads
of canned tomatoes right in the open air. I
asked them what they were going to do if a
shower should happen to come up. They said
they tried to get them under shelter somewhere
before they were kept wet very long.

Now, somewhere in the process I think some-
body pricked a hole in the cans when boiling
hot, to let out the air and steam; but in think-
ing about it afterward I could not see where
this was done. I did see one man mending the
cans that had burst by the pressure of the
steam; but the whole operation was rushed
forward with such rapidity that one could
hardly tell what was being done. Why, I really
believe that a load of tomatoes standing in the
street might be put into can>i, and soldered up
ready for market, inside of half an hour. I
asked my companion if they had a set of farm-
ers around Xenia who are so conscientious that
they never bring a rotten toiuato to market.
He said he did not quite know how they man-
aged that part of it; but I have been told that,
if the least bit of decayed tomato goes into any
can, that can will commence immediately to
ferment, and the can will bulge out so that it
can be easily sortrd out from the lot; and we
saw in that same dumping-ground quite a few
bulged cans. I would suggest that, if an\ t)ody
is going to buy that sort of compost for manure,
he does not want any tin e<ms to plow under in
his garden. I know from experience that tin
cans are not valuable as a fertilizer.

Where a contract was made for the tomatoes,
the price was, if I am correct, 24 cts. a bushel;
but to others, who brought them in where there
was no contract, they paid only 18 cts. After
one has visited such an estaiilishment, and
noted the rapidity with which each operation
is pushed along, where almost all of the work
is done by the piece, he generally concludes he
can not compete with these cannins factories
by doing the work on a small scale. I hav(? had
some experience in this line. My impression is,
one had better sell his surplus tomatoes for
what he can get, or let them rot on the ground.

unless he makes a business of it. It costs quite
a sum of money to rig up; and when once start-
ed, unless a considerable amount of business is
done it can not pay expenses. Drummers are
offering the new crop of 1894 already, as low as
90 cts. per dozen cans. This, you see, is only lli
cts. each at wholesale. Of course, it is all right
for each family to put up what they want for
their own use in glass cans, using the same
cans year after year, and thus cut off the ex-
pense of cans to hold the product.

soldiers' and sailors' orphans' home.

After I visited the canning- factory I had a
limited time to pass through the grounds of
the home mentioned above. Jt is a most beau-
tiful place; and the way in which every thing
has been done that money could furnish to
make it pleasant and comfortable for the chil-
dren is indeed wonderful. Instead of having
them all in one great building, their sleeping-
rooms, if I am correct, are in small substantial
structures scattered over the beautiful lawns.
Covered pathways, however (that reminded
me of those we have between our different fac-
tories here), enable the children to go out lo
and from their meals, probably even during
wet and stormy weather. The beautiful walks
and drives, and the gorgeous display of flowers
and foliage plants, are equal to any thing I
ever saw. Only one thing seemed to be lack-
ing—mothers for the motherless boys. Very
likely kind motherly women are employed to
look after them. In fact, there must be some-
thing of the sort, for I am quite vv'ell acquaint-
ed with several boys who have been brought
up mainly in this institution. In fact, some of
them are now in my employ; and during vaca-
tion time, when they come home, I often get
quite a little information from them in regard
to this beautiful spot. As I saw them scattered
over the ground at work and at play, an invol-
untary'■ thank God" rose up many times, to
think that our State of Ohio has had the pru-
dence and forethought to provide this home for
these little unfortunates.

I expected to start for Dayton, sixteen miles
away, in time to reach there before dark. At
just about starting-time i found out that a
young married couple, particular friends of
mine, had, for some reason, given up going to
church of late. The husband was formerly a
church-member in another town, and he had
not as yet procured and presented a letter to
any of the churches in Xenia. His reasons for
holding aloof from bodies of Christian 'people
were, that there were so many in the church
who are '• professors and not possessors." I
plead with them long and earnestly. The hus-
band was acquainted with the pastor of the
denomination to which he belonged, and he
admitted that this pastor was a good man-
yes, a grand good man. Why, dear friends,
the pastors of almost any of our churches are
grand good men. Now, suppose one of these
young ministers — one who is good and wise,
and full of (}od"s spirit, should happen to have
— well, say in an extreme case he had a good
many in his church who are not as good Chris-
tians week days as they are on Sunday. What
is to be done? Let him fight the battle alone?
God forbid ! Suppose bad boys go to your
school. Will you keep your children out on
that account? Certainly not. Rally round
your pastor. If hypocrites have got into the
church, get in yourself and crowd them out —
or. better still, makk good men of them.

My exhortations gave me a wheelride in a
strange country partly after dark; but they
made me very happv. When I began inquiring
in the streets of Dayton, well along in the
evening, for the home of L. L. Langstroth, it

772

gleanijngs in bee culture.

Oct 1.

seemed to me T never met so many kind and
pleasant people. Do you know why ? VVell.it
was because that little bit of work had brought
the spirit of Christ Jesus into my own heart.
When he commissioned his disciples to go
abroad throughout the world he bade them
first " go rather to the lost sheep of the house
of Israel;" and there seems to be a special
blessing resting on every little effort that is
made to bring back to the fold backsliding
Christians. As friend Langstroth's daughter,
with whom he is living, had recently moved, it
was well along in the evening before I stood
before their pleasant home. Mrs. Cowan has a
beautiful family of seven children— four boys
and three girls. The father of this little flock
was called away some two years ago, and now
the charge— at least the greater part of it — of
looking after the seven children and the aged
father falls on Mrs. Cowan. As I was intro-
duced to the different members of the family it
seemed to me that I never saw a more beauti-
ful household. The grown-up son and daugh-
ter were about such children as you might
expect with such a mother; and the mother
was just such a lady of culture and refinement
as you might expect to find the daughter of
L. L. Langstroth. Two little girls, of ten or
twelve years, made the house bright with their
childish voices and pretty ways. One of them
is already showing a great inclination to be a
teacher. Teaching school seemed to All all her
childish thoughts and aspirations. Come to
think of it, has our nation produced many
greater teachers than father Langstroth? and
is it at all strange that even his grandchildren
should show a bent in that direction ? Our old
friend had started to retire; but when he was
told that A. I. Root was in th>^, house, he made
haste to come down. I was rejoiced to find
him feeling so well. One little incident that
occurred shortly after my arrival greatly pleased
me. Friend L. and I were having a very pleas-
ant talk, but I thought I noticed that Mrs.
Cowan had something on her mind. Finally
she said to me, in a most kindly way, that it
was the night for their regular prayer-meeting,
and that, although she knew beforehand it
would afford me great pleasure to go with
them, she was inclined to think duty called me
for once in another direction. The old father
caught on to the suggestion at once. Said he,
"Yes, yes; you go to meeting, all of you, and
let Tne have Mr. Root just this time."

Now. I tell you. friends, there is something of
importance in this little incident. I once heard
of a great and good man who always attended
the weekly prayer-meeting. If he had visitors
he would inform them promptly of his regular
habit, and either take them along with him or
arrange for their entertainment elsewhere.
"Seek ye first the kingdom of (iod, and his
righteousness,'" no matter who your guest is.
A little after, in our conversation, some.thing
called up a beautiful text from our old friend.
If you have never heard him repeat scripture
promises, you can form but little idea of the
inimitable way, peculiarly his own, with which
he brings out and unfolds their wondrous
truths. I can not exactly remember, but I
think that, in answer to some of my inquiries,
he was telling me of the burden of care that
had fallen upoiuhis daughter by the death of
her husband. Hut there is a blight hopeful
look on that beautiful face, that makes one feel
she has some hidden sustaining power to lift
her over life's trials; and then comes, this text:

Be careful for nothing; but in every thing 1iy
prayer and supplication witii thanksgiving" let your
requests be niailc l<ni)\vn unto Goil. And the peace
of God, which passi-th all iinderstaiuling, shall keep
yoiu' beartsand minds througli Christ Jesus.— Phil.
4:6, 7.

As he repeated the words. I noticed a partic-
ular emphasis on the word "thanksgiving."
Now, friends, when we make our requests-
known unto tnid. is that element of thanksgiv-
ing always in our hearts'? and when he repeat-
ed the words, " the peace of God, which pa'J-'eth
all understanding," it reminded me of my ex-
perience in riding the wheel that evening in
the dark. I had forgotten there were words of
scripture to so exactly describe it.
~ The next forenoon it was my privilege tO'
visit the Soldiers' Home at Dayton. All I have
said in regard to the Orphans' Home at Xenia
will apply to this; but the Soldiers' Home is on
a more extended scale. The lakes, the water-
fall, the fountains, the springs, the flowers, not
forgetting the aquatic plants in a little pond,
warmed by steam when the weather demands
it, were beyond any thing I ever saw anywhere
else. The World's Fair was nothing compared
with it; neither did I see any thing in San
P'raricisco, New Orleans, New York, or Boston,
equal to it. There had been recent showers to-
beautify every thing; and with friend Lang-
stroth near by I was in an especial frame of
mind to enjoy every thing. I soon suggested
to my friend that I feared the occupants of
this beautiful home were not furnished with
work when they preferred to work. I was told,
however, that every one could have all the
work he wished, and reasonable pay, and that
pretty much every thing done there on the
grounds was done by the old soldiers — of course,,
under competent and skilled directors. A good
many of them were getting well along in years,
and deaths in the hospital are quite frequent.
As I could spare only about an hour, I did not
by any means see every thing on the grounds,
for it would require a day or more to look
through all the buildings.

It seems almost out of place right here to find
fault with the United States government after
it has done so much; but a letter that has been
for several months on my desk kept recurring
to me. I finally asked Mr. Langstroth if it
were true that these veterans of the war were
furnished intoxicating drinks on these beauti-
ful grounds. He admitted that it was, and
expressed much regret. The government has
some logic in defending the custom. They say
that, if the old soldiers could not get drink on
the grounds they could find it in Dayton or
elsewhere; and should they get off on a spree
they could be much better cared for on the
grounds than to find them off somewhere in
some low doggery. You see, as it is now, they
do not have to visit low doggeries at all, for
they can get a glass of beer right at home.
Notwithstanding this fact, I noticed, however,
gorgeous beer- palaces all along the road to the
grounds, some of them quite near the entrance,
^lay be I am getting a little extravagant. The
proprietors evidently tried to have these places
'"gorgeous." but they did not strike me that
way. There was one thing about them, how-
ever, that I enjoyed. It was. that the most of
them seemed to be rather run down, as if they
were having a rather dull time of it so far as
business was concerned. The paint originally
put on was a rather cheap sort, and other things
were of like character. Jf the hard times has
been the cause of making them look rather
dilapidated, then I forone shall feel like thank-
ing (iod for the hard times. While on this
matter of temperance, permit me to say that,
while in Xenia. I learned that Mr. Howard H.
Russell had just been giving a series of tem-
perance meetings there. He succeeded in mak-
ing his way into every one of their nineteen
saloons before the saloon-keepers woke out of
their stupidity to know enough to tell who was
among them. Then in a rousing speech the

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

evening following, he told the citizens of Xenia
just what he had found in the sakions in their
own town. A number of arrests followed at
once, one saloon-keeper being fined ?100 or more.
Now. let ns not only pray that God may spare
the life of our intrepid " hustler " in the tem-
perance work, but let us keep watch when he
comes to our uart of the State of Ohio, and
spring forward to lend hiiu a helping hand.
Keep your eyes open, and be on hand to give
the movement a lift, when you hear that the
work of the Anti-saloon League of tlie State of
Ohio has commenced in your neighborhood.

The waterworks of Dayton are supplied by a
very deep artesian well. Friend Langstroth
told me that they nu>t a queer phenomenon,
which no scientist has yet been able to explain;
namely, the water from this artesia-i well
comes so near the freezing-point that at times
the temperature is down lo 34. Can any of our
readers tell me more about this? I do not pro-
fess to be a scientist, but I offer this explana-
tion: The hot-water springs in California and
other regions were formerly supposed to derive
their heat from volcanic agency, or the natural
heat of the globe. It is pretty well settled now,
however, that it is due to chemical action. A
subterranean spring, in its course through the
rocks, dissolves certain minerals. Another
stream is impregnated with some other mineral.
When the two unite, heat is evolved. This is a
familiar experiment in chemistry. We also
produce a low temperature by mixing different
solutions. Any work on chemistry will tell
you about it; and I would suggest that the low
temperature of the water at Dayton is owing to
the mixture of two or more waters charged
with different chemicals as they come up out of
the well. Perhaps one stream comes out hun-
dreds of feet below the other. It is true, the
waters of Dayton are remarkably pure; but a
very small quantity of these minerals in solu-
tion would serve to lower the temperature of
the water to the point mentioned. Now, if this
i< not orthod(3x chemistry, will somebody please
straighten me up?

On the afternoon of Thursday. Sept. 13, I
started on my homeward trip, my longest con-
tinuous journey on the wheel. I felt anxious
to know how I should stand it when followed
up day after day. The country between Day-
ton and Ludlow Falls is some of the finest I
•ever passed through. Notwithstanding the
■excessive drouth, the fields of corn which lined
the way seemed bending lieneath the weight of
the enormous ears that hung straight down.
With corn worth more than wheat, these
Montgomery and Miami County farmers ought
to feel liappy. Ludlow Falls vvas all right
-except the lack of water. Ai Pleasant Hill I
was admonished that no wheelmen were allow-
■ed on the sidewalks. Just a word in regard to
this town or city ordinance. It is all right for
any town or village to deci'le that it does not
want wheels on the walks; but it certainly is
not Christianlike nor United States like to fine
a man ?5.00 for riding on the walk before any-
body has informed him that it is contrary to
the rules of tlie town. I did not get lined, mind
you. for somebody was kind enough to tell me;
but I wa>< informed that, in this town, and oth-
er towns, it is a frequent occurrence to make a
wheelman pay the fine, even though he be a
stranger, and in the town for the first time in
his life. In one place I was told they had quite
a lot of wheels in the pound becausi^ the riders
had not the S").()0 with which to pay the tine. I
soon learned to inquire, on approaching a town,
whether wheels were permitted on the \^'alks
when the roads were impassable. In nine out
of ten places there vvas no objection. At Pleas-
ant Hill the roads were so muddy from one

curbstone to the other that it would be impossi-
ble for anybody to keep on a wheel unless he
had been ihrough such a training as I have on
sandy roads, etc. At Wapakoneta, Auglaize
Co., one long street was completely torn u[) in
order to make repairs; and yet if a wheelman
should innocently ride a single rod on the
broad pavement he was fined without notice or
warning. There may be a, few who would be
contrary and stubborn when informed of cor-
poration rules, but not many. At one place
I was informed they got quite a little sum of
money by these fines, to help repair the roads
and walks. I hope this is a mistake. It savors
of a kind of tyranny and injustice that it seems
hard to believe exists among the good people of
our State of Ohio.

By the way, all through Miami Co. I found
most beautiful graveled roads; and I found
this kind of roads in approaching Pleasant Hill,
and going out; but right ihrough the main
street of the town, the mud was abominable. I
presume, however, they are just now making
the needed repairs, for everybody in town
seemed to be busy fixing up sidewalks.

I reached Covington just at dusk. I knew
there were quite a few bee-keepeis who receiv-
ed Gleanings at that ot'tice; but on inquiry I
found them too far out of town for me to make
them a call. It seems a little strange that, aft-
er riding the wheel day after day, 1 rarely feel
any inclination for my regular nap brfore din-
ner and supper; but as I came into this place
rather late in the evening. I felt much more
like going to bed than doing any thing else;
and I questioned just a little as to whether it
was really my duty to hunt up the Christian
people and see if there were prayer-meetings
somewhere there during this, our regular
prayer-meeting night. Thursday evening. I
heard a bell ringing, and. without stopping to
inquire what denomination it was. I went in.
I was a little early, and I found only one person
there before me. He explained lo me that it
was |the night for their chuir-meeting, but said
there was a prayer-meeting at the church
across the corner, and he kindly walknd over
with me. The meeting had not yet commenc-
ed, so he beckoned to the leader as he sat at his
desk. Then my friend explained:

" Bro. , here is a stranger in our town, in-
quiring for a prayer meeting."

You can imagine how the yoimg pastor's face
beamed as he took me among the congregation.
Before the meeting was closed I was invited to
speak; and after closing I was surrounded by
Christian friends. The prayers I heard at that
little gathering, and the testimonies for Christ
Jesus, some of them, will follow me, I hope,
through life. Oh how it did thrill my heart to
find that one could go into almost any little
town in the State of Ohio, ami spend a few
minutes among those who love rishteonsness
and hate iniquity! One gray- haired brother
said, at the close of the meeting, that he had a
slight attack of bee fever a few years ago. He
took Gleanings about two years; and this
gave him sufficient acquaintance so that he
introduced me to all who were present. I had
quite a chat with the women, about temper-
ance and godliness in their little town. Oh
how glad I was that I did not yield to the temp-
tation to eo to bed and rest, instead of going to
meeting!* I slept soundly, and awoke early in
the morning to a nice breakfast prepared by
special request, that I might start out on my

* By the time tlie meeting- cloSed I had forg-otteu
all about being tired andweaiy; and tliis experi-
ence was only one of man}' similar ones. Is it not
Satfui wlio suggests soofien tliatwe are "too tired "
to think of Moing- to prajer-meetiiig, and that it is
really a " Cliristiaii (UUy " to stay at home ?

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct. 1.

journey by sunrise. I shall never forget the
inspiration that came over me as I sped on the
wings of the wind over the beautiful graveled
roads of Miami and Shelby Counties. The text
that father Langstroth gave me came up with
wonderful vividness and beauty — "the peace of
God, which pass^eth all understanding." Yes,
indeed, nothing can express it as does that pas-
sage of scripture. I thought at the time, of
only a few weeks ago, when I was feeling a
little touch of the blues. At that time I prayed
earnestly over the matter. This morning I felt
the answer to the prayer had come; and as I
was out in the country, and nobody near, it was
a wonderful privilege to thank t.od out loud
for the gift of that precious hour. And then
the words of a beautiful hymn from one of the
later editions of the Gospel Hymns burst in
upon my understanding with a flood of glory;
and I sang out loud alone by myself — no, not
alone, for God's holy angels were my compan-
ions. Let me give you just a few lines of that
hymn:

To liim that overcomes the foe,

White raiment shall be given;
Before the angels he shall know

His name confessed in heaven.
Then onward from the hills of light.

Our hearts with love iiHame;
We'll vanquish all the hosts of night

In .Tesus' conquering name.
Faith is the victory! faith is the victory!
Oh glorious victory that overcome s the world !

At Berlin I found St. Michael's church— a
structure that cost over ?50,000. Attached to it
Is a tower 230 feet high. From this there is
said to be a magnificent view of the whole sur-
rounding country. As I rode up I saw a notice,
"Church not open to-day."' Notwithstanding
this, I made an unsuccessful eff'ort lo have the
rules suspended for just that time.

As I approached St. Mary's I began to see
evidences that I was getting near the great oil
region; and I found I was also in the vicinity
of the great reservoir of Mercer Co. This is
the largest artificial reservoir of water on the
face of the earth; and as there is a fair road-
way clear around it, I turned out of my way to
travel a few miles along its shores. I found
the water quite low; but yet it was a wonder-
ful sight to see an artificial lake H) miles long
and 7 miles wide. Before reaching the reser-
voir I passed hundreds of oil-wells, most of
them being pumped by a set of levers and con-
necting-rods that were both curious and won-
derful to me. In order to avoid the danger of
setting the gas on fire, the furnace and boiler
were some little distance from any well. The
steam is carried along the ground in pipes, to
the engine. Then this one engine does the
pumping for a large number of wells, through
the connecting-rods I have mentioned. In fact,
I was told that one engine had worked as many
as 55 different wells, situated close together.
The gas and oil go away in appropriate -pipes,
so that nobody comes near the greater part of
the wells, perhaps for days at a time. Where
oil is so plentiful, one would suppose every
thing would be well lubricated; but in many
localities the creaking and groaning from these
walking-beams and oscillating-rods would, it
seems to me, keep the people awake nights in
the adjoining farmhouses.

At one point a little south of the reservoir I
saw a small army of workmen laying an eight-
inch gas-pipe from Indiana to Ohio. The parts
were screwed together by means of a traction
engine. This wonderful machine took hold of
the different lengths of the great iron pipes,
and screwed them up gas-tight, with a speed
and precision that seemed almost like fairy-
tales of old. When I asked who owned all that
property, and who paid those great gangs of

workmen, the answer was. " The Standard Oil!
Co." I was told, too, that they paid excellent-
wages for competent men. I followed them
along with my wheel, being careful to keep out
of the way, and I could not help admiring the
system, skill, and excellent training that were-
exhibited all along the work. While the pon-
derous machinery was doing its work, and men
were fairly jumping that there might not be
any unnecessary delay where so manv were-
awaiting the m,otions of the machinery, I heard
no profane words and no overbearing language
from the bosses of the different gangs, chj

As I came near the great reservoir, the num-
ber of derricks kept increasing; and then down
through the swamp of mud, oil, and water,
where one could scarcely find a footing, except
on the high banks of the reservoir, even there
oil-wells are planted so thickly that one is lost
in wonder and surprise. I was told afterward
that at one time this seemed to be the center of
the excitement in regard to oil and gas. There
is also a good deal of fishing going on here with
a peculiar kind of net or trap for fish. This in-
dustry goes on fully ten months in the year.

While I was wending my way along on the
top of the reservoir, alone in the wilderness,
except for the creaking of the pumping ma-
chinery, I began to feel thirsty. The waters of
the reservoir, on account of their lowness, were,
of course, not fit to drink; and those in the
swamp, on the other side of the embankment^
were still more forbidding on account of the oil
that seemed to cover the surface of the water
and every thing else. A little further along,
my inquiring gaze rested on something down
through the bushes in the swamp, that looked
like a beautiful fountain. I at first was inclined
to think my imagination had been playing me a
trick, and I thought of the mirages in the des-
ert. I stood my wheel against a log, and, like
Moses, decided to stop and inquire into the
strange thing. There was no myth about it.
Before my eyes was the most beautiful crystal
fountain that I ever saw anywhere. The beau-
tiful sparkling water came up through an
eight-inch pipe, perhaps three feet above th&
surface of the oily water in the swamp. Then
it poured over on all sides so as to form a beau-
tiful inverted bowl or globe, rivaling any thing-
ever made by glass- workers. It seemed as
if it could not be real, and I pushed my finger
through the sheet of water as it came down.
It was deliciously cool to my touch. Then I
leaned over and touched it with my lips.
Surely it could not be the water from the great
reservoir. It tasted so delicious I felt sure it
could not be hurtful. Just at this point mem-
ory seemed to be groping backward in the past.
What was it that this reminded me of? I could
not tell; but I kept on drinking the delicious
water. When I was finally satisfied I stopped
a little and began to be sensible of a sul-
phury taste in my month, and then memory
made a suggestion that made me speak out
loud: "Green Springs, as sure as you live!"
Just then I heard footsteps on the embankment
above. Remembering my wheel standing there
alone I climbed to the top, and a dialogue en-
sued :

" Look here, stranger, can you tell me where
that beautiful water down there comes from?
Surely it has no connection with this great res-
ervoir, has it? "

" Why, bless you, no. That water comes
from 2300 feet down in the bosom of the earth.
They drilled a hole for oil; but instead of oil
they got that spring of mineral water."

"Mineral water!'" said I, remembering the
great quantity I had just imbibed.

"Yes; don't you taste the sulphur? Come
to think of it, it was about a minute after you

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

took your last swallow before the taste came,
was it not? "

Then I laughingly told him he had described
it exactly.

No unpleasant effect followed, even if I did
drink so lavishly.

Off to the northwest of the reservoir, the
derricks seemed still thicker; but although the
wells were all being pumped, the quantity of
oil secured is nothing to what it was a year or
two ago when this locality was first developed.
They get gas enough usually to run the engines,
sometimes supplementing it with crude oil, so
that there is no expense for fuel; and one engi-
neer not only pumps a great number of wells,
but he goes away and leaves his boilers and
engines for hours at a time. In fact, I saw ma-
chinery running at different points, where I
could not find anybody anywhere around.
They have an automatic feeding arrangement
for the water, so it becomes impossible for it to
get below the flues. Another automatic ar-
rangement shuts off the gas when the steam
pressure gets beyond a certain point. Some-
times one engine pumps one set of wells in the
forenoon and another set in the opposite direc-
tion in the afternoon, the managers having
found by experience that in this way they gpt
just as much oil and gas as where the wells are
pulled on continuously.

To be Continued.

LATHYRIS SILVESTRIS, ETC.

Perhaps some of you are wondering whether
my enthusiasm was really so short-lived in
regard to this plant. Well, I have been waiting
to find out more about it. From what I had
read in regard toil. I confess I expected it to
make a little better headway during the severe
drouth: but perhaps I should have waited until
my plants were older and better established.
They grew some all through the drouth; but
since the abundant rains they have been doing
wonderfully. They are now so much crowded
in the seed-bed they ought to be planted out in
the field: but I am afraid they would hardly
make root enough to stand the frosts of winter;
therefore I propose to let them stand in the
seed-bed unprotected, and then put them out in
the field in the spring. I shall watch the plants
with much interest, tn see how they stand up
under zero freezes. By the way, is anybody
going to be able to furnish us one-year-old
plants next spring? Several new forage-plants
are coming forward, and I am watching scarlet
clover, that has b^en sown at different dates
during thi' fall, with much anxiety as to how it
will stand the winter,

OUR POTATO CROP FOR 1894.

Well, we have not dug them all; but a quar-
ter-acre the boys dug and put into the cellar
while I was off' on my wheel gave a little over
80 bushels. Considering the season. I feol pretty
well satisfied with th(^ result, especially since
visiting Chamberlain. Terry, and Wjlbur Fenn.
Not one of them has succeeded in getting any
thing near the yield, neither did any of them
ever put the quantity of stable manure on to so
small a piece of ground as I used. WpII, I have
received good pay for my manure. The pota-
toes were Early Puritan and Lee's Favorite.
By the way. I wonder if it is generally known
that some varieties are much more given to

scab than others. The Early Ohio, for instance,
is terrible in this respect. Cousin Fenn says he
has always found it so: but the Rural New-
Yorker No. 2 is very seldom scabby, even when
other potatoes on the same ground are hadly
affected. Well, the Puritans are almost clean
and perfect; but Lee's Favorite are scabbed
quite badly. One row of Rural New-Yorkers,
right through the middle of the field, is also
almost entirely clean. To be honest, there is
one other thing I ought to say about getting
this big crop during such a poor season. I
planted whole potatoes, and many pretty good-
sized ones at tliat. I think I mentioned before
that these potatoes were cultivated only twice,
and never hoed at all — at least, I do not remem-
ber that they were ever hoed; but we went
over the ground with a smoothing-harrow
before they were up, once just as they were
coming up, and another time when they were
so high that it seemed as if it would tear them
all to pieces. Before planting them we turned
under a heavy growth of clover and timothy,
after covering the ground with manure besides.

FREEMAN POTATOES.

I planted one barrel of Freeman potatoes, a
few being frosted, which I got from you last
spring. After one of the dryest seasons ever
known in this section I harvested 109>^ bushels
of nice potatoes. I also planted some American
Wonder, which are still better.

C. D. SWEATI.AND.

Fredericktown, O., Sept. 2.

AMERICAN PEARL ONIONS, ETC.

The American Pearl has wintered through
with a loss of about ten per cent, and I consider
them to be next to the Evergreen in hardiness
and standing the weather. In an ordinary
winter I do not think there would be a loss of
one per cent. Silver Kings, planted the same
time, all winter-killed. I have tried English
Multipliers, potato and white-top set onions,
and I found it cost too much to grow the seed
to make anv profit from growing them. In the
future I will plant only the Pearl and Prize-
takers. Both are first-class, A No. 1.

Eugene Davi.s.

Grand Rapids, Mich., Apr. 30.

a valuable hint in regard TO MULTIPLI-
ER ONIONS.

We clip the following from the Practical
Farmer:

HOW WE GROW WHITE MULTIPLIER ONIONS.

We ])lant tlie onions in row.s 8 inclies apart, and 2
inciies apart in tlie rows, in Soiitpmhor and cover
lisrlitly over winter. By the middle of Marcli tliey
will he 3 or 3 indies liig-h, and ahont as thick as a
lead pencil, with a hiar buncli of roots. Then we dig-
tliem. knock otf the dirt, divide the plants, and set
them sinfrly, in rows 14 inches apart, 4 inches apart
in the row. Every onion will make a g-ood larg-e
salable hulb. Wp thus g'ain a year's time, and
g-row large bulbs instead of small ones that are fit
only for T)ickles. We can use ours for bundling-
very early. Minnie Uttebage.

Evansville, Ind.

From what experience I have had with the
White Multipliers during the pa«t year. I feel
sure that the above will prove to be a valuable
suggestion. I tried planting a few in our
greenhou-e. and tln^y soon divided up, making
a large number of onion-plants from a single
onion. These were then planted out in the
open air, and they made good-sized onions. In
this way one could increase the stock very
rapidly.

776

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct. 1.

BUSIWESS^^s^^

PRESENT PRICES ON ONION-SETS, POTATOES, ETC.

Until further notice, tlie price of onion-sets and
potatoes Mill be as below. Price of onion-sets here
given are to be taken instead of those in our
catalog.

Yellow Danvers, quart, 15c; peck, $1.00; bushel,
$3.00. Prizetaker, quart, 25c; peck, $1.50; bushel,
$5.00. American E.Ytra Early Pearl, quart, 30c;
peck, «1.75; bushel, $6.00. New White Multiplier,
quart, 15c; peck, $1.00; bushel, $3.50. Yellow Eng-
lish Multipliers or Potato onions, quart, 10c; peck,
60c; bushel, $1.75. On Egyptian Winter onion our
prices are already away below those of any other
seedsman we know of.

White Victoria onions, same price as Prizetaker.

All of above onion-sets half-price where they run
larger tlian one inch in diameter; 10c per quart ex-
tra when sent by mail.

PRICES ON POTATOES FOR SEED THIS FALL.

Until further notice we offer potatoes for next
year's planting at the following low prices. As
heretofore the prices will probably be much higher
next spring. Of course, orders tins fall should be
sent in before there is danger from frost. To be
perfectly safe, it had better be before Nov. 1.

Price of Early Ohio, Early Puritan, Lee's Favor-
ite, and Rural New Yorker potatoes: Peck, H6c; }i
bush , 60c; busliel, $1; one bbl. of 11 pecks, $3..50.

Freeman potatoes, one peck, 40c; H bush., 75c; 1
bushel, fl.25; one bbl. of 11 pecks, $3.00.

One pound of any of above by mail, 20c; 3 lbs., 45c.

Any of the above potatoes, second size, half the
above prices.

STRAWBERRY-PLANTS.

In addition to those mentioned in the catalog, we
can furnish Michel's Early and Timbrell. Michel's
Early, .so far as our experience goes, ui) to the pres-
ent time, is the earliest berry that bears enough to
be profitable. It is also an excellent fertilizer.
Price as per catalog. The limbrell, at present
writing, would be, perhaps, the leading strawberry
were it not for the fact that it does not color up as
well, especially at the tip, as some others when
fully ripe.

Price of Timbrell, 25c for 10 plants; $2.00 per 100;
$15.00 per ICOO.

NEW LIST OF PRICES ON HIVES.

A good many customers, in buying complete hives,
have l)tMri disappointed in not finding, among the
mateiial sent, nails to put the hives together; while
others have expected also foundation-starters for
the frames as well as for the sections; and this,
notwithstanding the fact that our list plainly states
that neither nails nor starters for broud-f rames are
included with any of our hives at the prices quoted.
There are good reasons why complete hives should
Include both these items. The required nails to put
up all hives shipped in tlie fiat must be supplied,
and very few have the necessary kinds and sizes,
except as they buy them, and very often they can
not be had in your hardware store. As we buy
them in large quantities, and from long experience
know what sizes and kinds are best suited t^o the
various parts of the hive, it seems most appropriate
that we Hiclude nails with all hives sent out.

With regard to foundation-starters for the brood-
frames, the case is not quite as clear; and yet there
:ire more reasons for including than for leaving
them out. Veiy many use full slieets of founda-
tion; and, to d I this, would have to order an extra
supply; but the same can be said of starters fur-
sections. Pruhiibly more use full sheets in sections
than in brood-frames, while we furnish suthcii'iil
for only a one-inch starter, and that is all we pro-
pose to include for the brood-friimi'S. In either
case, the foundation is sent in full siu ets, to be so
used if desired, or to be cut up into starters if the
pnrcliaser does not use any moi-e than ^^ e send.
Very many, especially beginners who do not appre-
ciate the value of comb foundation eii<)ugh to oi'der
it sepaiately, would be led to nse it, and to And out
what a help it is in securing sitaiyht even combs,
and learn the nuiny otluM' ath ; ntajies gained from
its use.

The addition of nails and foundation-starters for
frames requires a revision of prices. In making
the new list of pricts we have made a few other
changes. The sale of hives with T supers has been
so small that we deem it best to drop them out of
the list. These hives were numbered 3 and 4, and 13
and 14. We have applied these same numbers to
the hives we have been listing as Nos. 8, 9, 18, and
19, so as to liave the hives numbered consecutively.
We are also, for the first time, ottering the hives for
extracted honey furnished in two ways, similar to
the comb-honey hives. For instance, Nos. 3, 4, and
5, 13, 14, and 15, will include, besides frames and
division-boards, as formerly, nails, foundation-
starters for frames above and below, and a queen-
excluding honey-board; while the same numbers,
with E affixed, will omit the foundation-starters and
honey-boards.

All Dovetailed chaff liives at list price include the
telescope cover, because it is scarcely a satisfactory
wintering hive without it. Those desiring the flat
or gable cover instead, can have either at a reduc-
tion of 25 cts. per hive, as will be seen by the table.
We will change our method of packing, so that deal-
ers wlio keep our hives will not have to keep so
large a variety. Extra supers with furniture will
be put up in packages by themselves. If you do
not know what proportion of 1% and 2 story hives
to order, we pack tliem all as 1^ story; and what
2-story you want are made by e.Yti-a supers with
furniture. If, for instance, you want .500 hives, 300
IV^-story, or No. 1, and 200 2 story, or No. 2, we ship
500 No. 1 with 200 extra supers complete packed in
5 and 10 lots. Then if your sales of No. 1 should
overrun 300, you will have no repacking to do, and
you can, if you wish, sell extra supers to those wlio
liave bought IH-story hives, and desire later to
make them 2-stori'.

DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF DOVETAILED HIVES.

No. 1 Dovetailed hive, 8-frame,
complete, a l>^-8tory hive for comb
honey, as shown. Fig. 74, includes
bottom- board and cover ; a body with
eight improved Hoffman thick-top
frames and plain division-board; one
supei- with a follower and wedge; 6
section-holders with slotted separa-
KiG. (4. tors, sections, and foundation starts
ers for frames and sections, and nails.

No. lE is the same hive leaving out sections and
starters; everything else mentioned is included.

No. 2 Dovetailed hive, 8-frame com-
plete, includes a bottom and cover,
a body witli 8 Hoffman thick-top
frames, division-board, 2 supers with
followers and wedges, 12 section-
holders, with sections, separators,
and foundation-starters for frames
. and sections; also nails; making a
2-story hive for comb honey, as
FIG. 75. shown. Fig. 7.5.

No. 2e is No. 2. with sections and starters omitted.
No. 3 Dovetailed hive, 8-frame complete, a l^^-stoi-y
hive for extracted honey, as shown in Fis:. 74, in-
cludes bottom, covei', and body, with 8 Hoffman
full-depth frames and division-lioai'd; 1 super with
8 shallow Hoffman frames and follower, including
nails, foundation-starters for both sets of frames,
and No. 13 zinc honey-board.

No. 3e is the same hive leaving out foundation-
starters and honey-board.

No. 4 is a 2-story hive, furnished like No. 3, with
one more super and contents added to each hive, as
shown in Fig. 75.

No. 4k is the same as No. 4, leaving out starters
and honey-board.

No. 5 Dovetailed hive, 8-frame, com-
plete, is a 2-story hi\ e for extractor,
and includes bottom and cover, two
liodlcswith 16 Hottman fiames and
two (li\ ision-boards: nails, founda-
tion-staitets for frames, and No. 13
zinc honey-board.

No. bE is the same as No. 5, with
starters and honey-botird omitted.
,-,. No. 6 is the same as No. 1 except

*"'• '"■ that it has 4 D eases with 24 sections
and staiters for same (no separators) instead of
section-holders.
No. 6e is No. 6 with spctions and starters omitted.
No. 7 is the s;ime as No. 6, e.xcept that it has 8 D
ciises complete, and one exti-a super.
No. 7e is No. 7 with sections and starters omitted.

1894

GLEANINGS IN KEE CULTURE.

PRICE LIST OF DOVETAILED HIVES.

(irdrr hij niniihir mid rarrj/ out the prirr.

[Nailed and Painted In flat.
Number aiul Name. each. 1 10

No. 1 Dov.
No. lE "
No. :-'
No. 2e "
No. 3
No. ;iK "
No. 4

No. 4e ••
No. r,
No. r>E
No. 6
No. 6e
No. 7
No. 7e "

hive complete
emiity...

" complete
empty. ..
complete
amply ..

" comi)lete
empty...
conii)lele
empty .
complete
empty...
complete
empty...

1.70
1.40

2.:io

I 8(1
1.60
1.40
2.10
l.SO
2.00
l.fi.-)

].:o

1.40
2.30
1.80

1.:?o
1 10

1.7(1

1.30

1.10
1 tiO
1.35
1.50
1.25
1.30
1 10
1.70
1.35

W's-ht
of 10.

,00 280 lbs.

.00 270 "

,00 3.50 "

,.501330 "

,00 '270 "

,00 2(i0 "

,00340 "

.50320 "

,00340 "

50 320 "

280
270
3.50
330

Wi-ite for prices on larg'er quantities.
Five hives furnished at the sanje rate as ten.
Any of above hives furnished with frames pierced,
and wire included without extra charge if soordercd.
If wanted, add P. W. to the number in ordering-.

Honey-boards may be added at
price in table of honey-boards.

Hives fuinished with gable covers
(Fig-. 77) instead of flat cover same
price (7 i^o ordered. If wanted, add G
_^ to tlie number in ordeiing'.
' Hives with tinned covers, .5c each
extra. We can not recommend thOTu.
no. 77. The tin ordered se)):iratcl>-, Kiceacli.

We will make the Dovetniled hive lO-lraine instead
of 8-frame, in any of the above numbcis, as follows:
Nailed and painted, complete. 30c each extra.
In flat, complete. 2.5c each extra.
In flat, empty, 20c per hive extra.

PRICE LIST OF 8-FRAME DOV. HIVE PARTS.

[Nailed & painted. In flat.
Name and Description. one one 10

Bottom-board

Cover, flat or p-able

Body, empty, with rablicts...
Body, fraiTics and div. l)()ard..
Body with trunies, starters,

and division-board

Super with flat tins only

No. 2e, 4e, or 7e, super, empty
No. 2 or No. 7. super complete
No. 4 super conip. with start's
Body with frs. filled with fdn.
No. 4 super with fi-ames filled

with foundation

No. 2 or 7 super with sections

filled with foundation

.15

20
.40

.t!5

.75
.20
40
.60

..50j
501

.80 .70
.75! ,fin

12.00

65 lbs.
80 lbs.

No. 2e super incUides section-holders, separators,
follower and wed<;e, !i lid No. 2 the same with sec-
tions and starters added.

No. 4e super includes shallow Hott'. frames, with
follower; and No. 4 the same with s'artei-s added.

No. 7e super includes D. cases, and No. 7 the same
with sections and starters.

Nails included with all parts of hives, as well as
with complete hives.

Teii-fraiiie-liivc parts a<lvance 20 per cent.

DOVETAILED CHAFE HIVE.

DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF DOV. CHAFF HIVE.

No. 11 Dov. chaff hive, 8-fr.
complete, as shown Fig-. 79. is
a 1^-story hive for comb
' honey, with body and tele-
sco)H' cover and super cover,
8 Iloffiiiaii frames and divi-
sinn-tioard, one super with
follower and wedgcH section-
holders, 5 slotted separatoi-s.
sections, foundjition starters
for frames and sections, and
nails.

No. He is No. 11 with sec-
tions and starters omitted.

-- No. 12 Dov. chaff hive is

No. 11 with another super (No. 2) added.

No. 12e is No. 12 with sections and starters omitted.

No. 13 Dov. chaff hive is a l^-slorv hive for i'.\-

tractorshown Fljr. 79. It includes 8 lull-depth Hotl-

maii frames and division-board; a super with 8 shal-

YUi. 79.

low Hoffman frames and follower; starters for both
sets of frames, No. 13 zinc honey-lioard, and nails.

No. i3e is No. 13 with fdn. starters and honey-
board omitted.

No. 14 Dov. chaff' hive is No. 13 with another super
(No. 4) added.

No. 14e is No. 14 with starters and honey-board
omitted.

No. 15 Dov. chaff hive, 8-frame complete, is a 2-
story hive for extractoi', with Dov. body for upper
story; l(i Hoffman frames, 2 division-boards, fdn.
starters, and No. 13 zinc honey-board, and nails.

No. 15e is No. 15 with fdn. starters and lioney-
boaid omitted.

No. 16 Dov. chaff hive is same as No. 11, with four
I), cases for supei- instead of section-holders, and
with sections, starters, and nails, but no separators.

No. ItiEis No. 16 with sections and starters omitted.

No. 17 Dov. chaff' hive is No. 16 with another super
(No. 7) added.

No. 17k is No. 17 with sections and starters omitted.

PRICE LIST OF DOVETAILED CHAFF HIVES.

Order by immhcr and carry out the price.

[Nailed & painted,! In flat. Weight
Number and Name. lone onel 10 of 10.

No. 11 Dov. chaff hive, coniii.. 2

No. He
No. 12
No. 12e
No. 13
No. 13e
No. 14
No. 14e
No. 15
No. 15e
No. 16
No. 16e
No. 17
No. 17e

em lit, \-
comp.
euiiity
com]),
empty
coiiin.
empty
coiup.
emjity
conip.
empty!
comp.
emptyl

70 2
40 1
3(1 2

i.l

4(1 1
(I 2

80 2

.(i.-> 1
.70 2
.4(1 I
..302

.80i2

.0(1 18

.80 k;
.4(i;.'2

.(15 18,
(Id 18,
.80 1(-.,
.3(121.
.(W 18.
.2(i 2(1.
.95 17.

,(l() IS.
.80 16,
.40122.
,05ll8.

00.360
(l()':!.')0
00 (30
.50 410
00,3.')0
00 340
00 420
.50 4(1!)

lo't.-.'o

.50 -100

00 :ii;o
(l()|3.5()
00 430
.50I4IO

lbs.
lbs.
lbs.
lbs.
lbs.
lbs.
lbs.
Ills,
lbs.
lbs.
I bs.
lbs.
lbs.
lbs.

Five hives furnished at the same rate as ten.
Any above numbers with flat or gable cover, in-
stead of telescope and super cover, 25 cents per
hive fcs.s, when so oi-dei-ed.

Telescope covers are so large that the addition of
tin will cost 10c each. The tin ordered separately,
20c each cover.
Ten-frame hives are furnished at an advance of
40c per hive, nailed and painted, complete.
30c per hive, in flat, complete.
25c per hive, in flat, empty.

PRICE LIST OF DOV. CHAFF-HIVE PARTS.

[Nailed and painted. In flat. . Weight
Name and description. one one 10 of 10.

Dovetailed telescope cover

Sitper cover, tin bound

Dov. chaff hive, body only

Outside body, or winter case..

Hims for Dov. chaff hive

Inside body and bottom

Outside bottom & tarred paper,

1.20
.40

3.(10
1.00
7.00

.30 3.00

1.0.)
2.00
1.0(+

90 lbs.
10 lbs.
200 lbs.
70 lbs.
20 11)8.
.50 lbs.
40 lbs.

Ten7fiame-hive pai-ts, 2(1 per cent advance.

You will observe that the Dovetailed chaff hives
are furnished in all the same combinations as the
Dovetailed hive, and the numbers are the .same with
10 added. The extra price is $1.00 on each hive
nailed, jiainted, and stuffed with chaff'; 70c on each
hive in the flat, and (iOc each extra in lots of ten.
You will notice that this dift'erence in price is made
in the liive body and cover; the super and all inside
fixtures being the same throughout each list of
hives.

On hives with two supers the telescope cover does
not reach down to (lie rim by 3 inches. We will fur-
nish ext la-ileep telescope covers, 4 inches deeper, at
10 cts. each extra, if any prefer.

CHAS. ISRAEL & BROS., 110 Hudson St., N. Y.

HONEY

WHOLrS.UE

DEALERS &

COMMISSION

MERCHANTS.

Estaljlished

1875.

BEESWAX.

LIBES.IL

ADVANCES

MADE

ON

C0NSI3N-

MENTS.

Burpee's

1894 is well worth
having. Tell to all who plant seeds
W. Atlee Burpee & Co., Philadelphia, Pa.

778

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct. 1.

Peach

All the well-known varieties, including- Champion
and Croshy. By mail, lU, 60c; by freight or express,
lUO, $4.00.

JAPAN PLUMS.

Abondanne, Bur bank, and Satsuma. By mail, 6,
60c; by freight or expie.ss, 100. $10. uu.

CEDAR GROVE FARM,

John (Jadwali^adkh, Proprietor,
North Madison, Ind

By permission, 1 refei- to the First National Bank,
Madi-iou, Ind., A. I. Root, Medina, O.

Jiihn Caclwallader, Dear Sir: — I received tliose
tiies to-day. Was very well plensed with them. I
thouglit tliem very nice trees. They were in good
condition. John B Pierce,

Boston P. O., AUe. Co., Pa.

Claremont, Va., Sept. 10, 1894.
Dear Sir;— 1 bought a few trees of you last spring,
and as they liave done all right I should like a few
more this fall. Please quote me prices on trees by
mail, as it is too far to ship an}' other way.

Yours truiy, A. F. Ames.

Feagaville. Md., April 30, 1894.
Mr. Cadwalladrr, Dear Sir :— Since sending the pos-
tal of Silt urdiiy tlie trees have come to hand In good
condition, excev>t tlie tops somewhat broken; tliey
have fine roots, and I am much pleased with them.
Many tlianks. Kesp'y, Mrs. C. E. Derr.

PATENTS

Careful attention given to the prosecution of
business iDpfore the IJ. S. Patent OflBce. All business
treated as strictly confidential. No charge made for
services in prosecuting application, until the pat-
ent is allowed. Send for "Inventor's Guide."

FRANKLIN H. HOUGH.
925 F STREET, WASHINGTON, D. C,

un\

M,|TH c HONEY
-^^^^ EXTRACTOR,

Square Glass Honey- Jars,

Tin Buckets, Bee-hives,

Honey Sections, Etc., Etc.

Perfection Cold-blast Smokers.
APPLY TO

CHAS. F. MUTH & SON, Cincinnati, 0.

p. S.— Send 10-ct. stamp for " Practical Hints to Bee-keepers."

If you keep BEES,
subscribe for the Pro-
gressive Bee=keeper, a
journal devoted to Bees,
Honey, and kindred in-

dustries. 50 ets. per

■yenf. Sample copy,
also a beautifully illustrated catalogue of* Bee-
keepers' supplies, FREE. Address
LEAHY MFG. CO.. HIGGINSVILLE, MO.

Read what J. 1. Parent, of
Charlton, N. Y., says— "We
rut with one of your Combined
Machines last winter 50 chatf
hives with 7-inch cap, 100 honey-
ra 'ks, .500 bro;id frames. 3,000
iioncy-boxes, and a great deal of
otiier work. This winter w e
have doubled the amount of bee-
, hives, etc., to make, and we ex-
' pect to do it all with this saw.
It will do all you say it will."
Catalogue and price List free. Address W. F. &
JOHN BARNES, 545 Ruby St., Rockford, 111.

When more convenient, orders for Barnes* Foot-
Power Machinery may be s<nt to me. A. I. Root.

eiotf Please nienlion iliis paper

Every Farmer

Ought to read the Rural New= Yorker.

(I'ubllshed weekly.)
It is the business farmer's paper, and a most re-
liable authority on agricultural and horticultural
subjects. Frauds and humbugs fear it. ONLY $1
A YEAR. Send for sample copv to
THU KURAIj NEW-YOKKKR.New York.
We have made arrangements so that we can send
it and Gleanings for $1.75 a year.

Please mention this paper.

riother Bees.

If you wish the best of queens, or mother bees,
send me your orders. Untested queens, 3 or 5 band,
75c each; S4.25 for 6, or $8.00 per dozen. Tested 3-
band queens, $1.50 each; fine 3-band breeders,
thoroughly tested, the />est, $5.00 each; straight
5-band breeders, faultless queens, $10.00 each. Root's
goods, Dadant's foundation, and Bingham smokers.

Jennie Atchley, Beeville, Bee Co., Tex.

PATENT WIRED COMB FOUNDATION

//as jVo Sag- in Brood-frames.

Thin Fiat - Bottom Foundation

Has no Fishlioce in the Surplus Honey.
Being the cleanest, it is usually worked
the quickest of any foundation made.

J. VAN DEUSEN & SONS,

12tfdb Sole nanufacturers,

Sprout Brook, Montgomery Co., N. Y.

(^"In responding to this advertisement mention GLKANiNGa

BEFORE placing your orders for SUPPLIES, write
for prices on One-Piece Basswood Sections, Bee-
Hives, Shipping-Crates, Frames, Foundation, Smo-
kers, etc. PAGE & KEITH,
8tfdb New London, Wis.

SECOND-HAND TYPE.

We offer for sale the samples of job type shown
below. It is practically as good as new.

BUCKEYE LOCK

Great Primer Concave, 13 A, $1.50.

Pica Fashion.

Great Primer Fashion. 8A, 10a, $2.50.

Large Type.

Dbl. Small Pica Fashion, 5A, 9a, $3.00.

This TYPE for Sale. L. P.

Long Primer Fashion, 15A, 33a, $3.00.

This is a Pretty Face

Pica Condensed Fashion, 18A, 33a, $2.00.

PIC;^ GlilPTIC. 1^34567^90

Pica Glyptic, 31A, f3.7.").

AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABB BB

Pica Coiuicnscd Concave, 31A, *1.35.
'X'lo.liS is( XIJSE.'toxa.cl.ocl.

Noiii" Antique, 20A, 36a, $1.5ii.

HENRY E. BLISS

Long Primer Concave, 3(IA, $1.0t».

THISIS APE'XRl letter

Pcail Gothic, lOA, $1.00.

A. I. ROOT, Medina, Ohio.

1S94

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

783

PATENTS

Careful attention g-iven to the prosecution of
Tjusiness before tlie U. S. Patent Office. All business
treated lis strict! ji c(i)ifi(le»tial. No cliarg-e made for
-services in prosecutiiij!- application, until tiie pat-
•ent is allowed. Send for " Invkntor's Guioe."
FRANKLIN H. HOUGH.
925 F STREET, WASHINGTON. D. C,
1»"In respondinir to this adveititiement nioiition Gleanings

Promptness Is What Counts.

Hone.y-.1ars, Shipping-cases, and every tliina-
-th;it l)ee-keepers use. Root's Goods at Root's i
Prices, and the Best Shipping-point in the
Country. Dealers in Honey and Ueeswax
Catalog- free.

WALTER S. POUDER,

162 Massachusetts Ave., Indianapolis, Ind.

Please mention this paper.

METAL
WHEELS

for your

WAGONS

Any size you want, 20
to 56 in high. Tires 1
to 8 in wide— hubs to
fit any axle. .Sav«"s
Cost many times in
a season to have set
of low wheels to fit
your wagon for hauling
<rrain, fodder, manure,
bogs, ,<'c. No resetting of
^res Catl'g free. Address
EMPIRE 3IPG. CO.,
Q,ulncy, 111.

t^"In responding to this advertlspnieut

tioii Gleanings

■EDWIN ROBINSON. w. M. GRAY.

ESTABLISHED 1866,

Robinson & Gray,

SUCCESSORS TO

B. F. Southwick & Co.,
Foreign and Domestic Fruits, Canned Goods.

47 4 43 South Market and 5 & S Chatham Streets.

Headquarters for Vermont Shipments

of Whlte=Clover Honey.

It will be tlie endeavor of the new firm to meet
the wi'^hes of their patrons in the future as the late
nrm has in the past.

Thanking you for the many past favors received
ny the late lirm, we hope to be favored with a liberal
share of your patronage in the future.

All orders and inquiries by mail or otherwise will
■receive promjit attention. Very resitectfullv

Boston, April 2, 1894. ROBINSON & GRAY.

twin r?sponding to this advertisement mention GLKANifToa

'MS THIS mi ENOUGH FOR YOU?"

Asked licrt ]\Ii,ss .Tersey of gruff old Mr Dur-
ham. "No, it is not," answered he, "I have
been honing to see that 'blamed' Coiled Spring
fence wilt down a.s other wire fences always
do. "You never will experience that degree
of heat until you reach the rendering tank,
where the 'Chicago dairy-maids' wnjngfully
a.ssisi, your sex to compete with ours in the
production of gilt-edged Jersey butter."
1 hat heifer believes in good lenceis and
piire butter.

PAGE WOVEN WIRE FENCE CO., Adrian, Mich.

Bees and Supplies

Always on liand. Send for circular.
I. jr. Strinii-ham, 105 JParli I^lace, A". V.

Syin responding to this advertisement mention Gleanings.

MiiTHX HONEY
^^^^^ EXTRACTOR.

Square Glass Honey-Jars,
Tin Buckets, Bee-hives,
Honey Sections, Etc., Etc.
APPLY TO Perfection Cold-blast Smokers.

CHAS. F. MUTH & SON, Cincinnati, 0.

p. S.-Send 10-et. stamp for " Practical Hints to Bee-keepers.'

BBB'S!

If you keep BEES,
subscribe for the Pro-
gressive Bee=keeper, a
journal devoted to Bees,
Honey, and kindred in-
dustries. 50 cf s. per
>'ear. Sample copy,
also a beautifully illustrated catalogue of Bee-
keepers'supplies, FREE. Address
LEAHY MFG. CO., HIGGINSVILLE, MO.

^?"ln res| .iiiiti to Ii,i.s udveitisenient mention (tLEanings.

Read what J. 1. Parent, of
Charlton, N. Y., says— "We
cut with one of your Combined
Machines last winter 50 chaff
hives with 7-inch cap, 100 honey-
ra.'ks, 500 broad frames, 2,000
honey-boxes, and a great deal of
other work. This winter we
have doubled the amount of bee-
,^ hives, etc., to make, and we ex-
pect to do it all with this saw.
It will do all you say it will."
Catalogue and Price List free. Address W. F. &
JOHN BARNES, 545 Ruby St., Rockford, 111.

When more convenient, orders tor Barnes' Foot-
Power Machinery may be sent to me. A. I. Root.
eiotf Please mention this paper

Dovetailed Hives, Simplicity Hives,

SECT/ONS, EXTRACTORS. ETC.

FULL LINE OF

BEE-KEEPERS' SUPPLIES.

GO-PAGE CATALOGUE. Itfdb

J. M, Jenkins, Wetumpka, Alabama.

iSrin respoiidinff to tlils a<lvt.iti.-.enitiii mention Olisaningb.

784

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct. )n.

Honey Column.

CITY MARKETS.
Kansas City.— Ho7ie7/.— Comb and extn'cted lion-
ey in jfood demand. White 1-lb. comb, Ifi: amber,
li; dark. 12. E.xtracted, white, 7; amber, 6; dark,
4i4@r). Beeswax, 32.

Hambt^in & Bearsp,
Oct. 8. Kansas City, Mo.

Chicago.— Ho»e)y.— Honey tliat is wliite and in
good condition brings IJic per lb., and sales aie of
fair proportions; that wliich does not grade as fine
sells more slowly. Receipts are quite liberal from
sections that have had fair to g-ood yields. Extract-
ed sells at 5. 6. and 7 cts. Beeswax brings 27@28c;
very little of it on the market. Prices are quite
firm, for there is a general impression that there is
a limited supply. R. A. Burnett & Co..

Oct. 8. ' 163 So. Water St.. Chicago, 111.

BvyvxTjO.— Honey. — The demand in market for
fancy No. 1-lb. combs has increased cnnsideral)ly,
and i3@14c continues the prevailing ptice. seconds
and thirds selling from 10 downward. Tt is impossi-
ble to more closely quote tlmn this. Those desir-
ing to test the market should send a sample ship-
ment and see what it will do. We quicklv sell ;ind
remit, showing you just what has be^n done, thus
enabling you to .iudge whether it is policy to contin-
ue or not. We will advance 10c per lb. on any quan-
tity of strictly fancy, possibly a little more in some
instances. Batterson & Co..

Oct. 8. Bufifalo. N. Y.

Detroit.— ffo»)ej/.— Best white comb honey in
good demand at 14(?7),1.">; dark, ]1@13 Extracted,
Wi<3>1. Beeswax, 24@2.5. M. H Hf'nt.

Oct. 8. Bell Branch, Mich.

Cincinnati.— Hniirj/ — Bemitnd is fair for extract-
ed honey at 4@7. There is a good demand for comb
lioney at 14@15c a lb. in the jobbing way for choice
white. Beeswax in good demand at 22@27c a lb. for
good to choice yellow.

' Chas. F. Mttth & Son.

0(-t. 9. Cincinnati, O.

St. Louis.— IfoJfey.— Market fairly active; more
inquiries We qiiote comb. 10@]3: extracted, in
barrels, 3^4 @4 1/4 ; in cans, o^^^e^i Prime beeswax,
26. D. G.Tutt Grocer Co.,

Oct. 8. St. Louis, Mo.

CleveijAnd.— Hone?/.— Our honey market is very
active, and we are placing No. 1 white-clover at WYt
@lTc; No. 2,14. Extracted, white, 8. Old stock is
cleaned out of the market, and as cold weather ap-
proaches parties are inquiring for the new. Bees-
wax, 35. Williams Bros.,

Oct. 8. 80 & 83 Broadway, Cleveland, O.

Kansas City. — W"1)6)/.— The receipts of comb are
fair, and the demand is fair. Receipts of extracted
are liglit. We quote l-lli. comb. No. 1 white, 15: No.
2, 14: No. 1 amber. 13; No. 2, 10@12. Extracted, 5(5),
7. Beeswax, 22@25. C. C. Clemons & Co.,

Oct. 1(1. Kansas City. Mo.

Milwaukee.— /fojiei/.— This market is now all
right for new crop honey; the old crop is all out of
sight, and the choice new 1-lb. sections sell readily
at 15(g>16. Extracted white, choice, 6'/i(S7H. Ship
us your honey now. Beeswax. 25.

A. V. Bishop & Co..

Oct. 4. Milwaukee, Wis.

Bf)STON.— Ho)ic?^— Our market continues steady
at 14(§iI5c for comb honf^y, witli good supply and
liglit demand. Very little inquiry after extracted
honey; prices same as last— 5(3)6.

E. E. Blake & Co.,

Oct. 9. Boston, Miiss.

Alhany.— Hone?/.— We have received up to date
about 1000 cases of comb honey, and nearly 100
pac'kages of e.xtracted. This is almost exact ly tin'
same as receipts last season up to same date. Prices
also range about the same as last year. Wliite clo-
ver, 13@15c; No. 2, V2@\'.i; mixed and buckwheat, 10
@llc. Very fancy stock will exceed these prices.
Extracted moving slowly at 6@7c. There is demand
for clover put up in small glass jars.

Chas. McCulloch & Co..

Oct. 11. Albany, N. Y.

PHiLADEr.PHiA.—7fnne.i/.— Honey is about 13@ltc-
in this market. Good yellow wax. 24@:.'6: ready sale.
Shoemakkr & .McElrov,
Oct. 8. 30 So. Water St.. Philadelphia, Pa.

For Sale.— 5 kegs buckwheat. 3 kegs amberie.x-
tracted honey; kegs liold about l-'iO Ib'^. each. Hon-
ey well ripened. J. I. Parent.

Birchton. Saratoga Co., N. Y.

For Sale.— Ten tons of choice basswood extract-
ed honej' in barrels, about 325 lbs. each. Price 7c;:
5 pel- cent off on ton lots. Frank McNay.

Mauston, Wis.

For Sale —1000 11)s. of extracted honey on board'
cars 6c per lb.; splendid flavor.

W. S. Douglass, Lexington, Lee Co., Tex.

For Sale.— 1000 lbs. of bitter honey, splendid for-
feeding bees, 4c per lb. on board the cars.

W. S. Douglass. Lexington, Lee Co., Tex.

Linn honey, e.xtracted. in .50-lb. pails, 7c per lb.;
In. 300 to 500 lb. bbls.. 6Mc. per lb. Comb honey. Mb.
boxes. 24 in a case, 16c per- lb. f. o. b. cars here. The-
above honey is strictly No. 1. J. B. Murray,

Ada, O.

For Sale.— Eight tons fine extracted honey, put
up in squar-e 60-lb. cans, two in case. at 5!^ and6cts.
Five or more cases, Xc less. F O. R. here.

J. B. Case, Port Orange, Fla.

For Sale.— 10,000 Ib.s. extra nice honey gathered'
from smartweed and other autumn tloweis about
one-half comli and one-haif extracted,
eitf J no. A. Thornton, Lima, 111.

For Sale. -1000 lbs. of buckwheat comb honey.
30-31 D. F. Lashier. Hooper, Br-oome Co., N. Y.

For Sale.— Choice alfalfa honey in 60-lb. square-
cans. Prices to suit the hard times.

Charles Adams, Greeley, Col.

For Sale.— About 15 cans of honey, clover and
basswood mi.xed. Will take 7c for it.
It H. Van Vranken, Union City, Mich.

Waited. — Large quantity light amber -colored
lioney in liulk. containing mostly clover and fruit-
blooni. but must not have any sage, buckwheat, or
basswood. Mail sample with price to
It Wm. a. Selser, Wyncote, Pa.

A carload of fine extracted alfalfa honey, well
ripened, in 60-lb. squar-e cans, at 6c, f . o. b. cars here-
Small lots, 7c. Samples by mail.

AiKiN Bros., Loveiand. Col.

Extracted honej' in 601b. cans at 7 cents.

M. ISBELL. Norwich, N. Y.

Having secured a tine quantity of buckwheat ex-
tracted lion< y 1 now offer it in lots to suit purchas-
er, 210-lb. kegs at 6J4c f. o. b.; also 2000 lbs. of bass-
wood and clover. W. Lamau Coggshail.

eitf West Groton, Tompkins Co., N. Y.

Wanted.- To buy quantity lots of white comb-
and dar-k extracted honey.

B. Walker, Evart, Mich.

For Sale.— Choice white-clover comb honey, 14cr
other grades less. A. P. Lawrence,

16-23ei Hickory Corners, Barry Co., Mich.

Comb and extracted honey wanted, in lar-ge or
small lots. Cfinsiynments solicited. Hefei-ence, A.
I. Root, or Union National Bank. Denver,
eitf R. K. & J. C. Frisbee, Denver, Col.

For Sale.— 7000 lbs. of flue, ripe, extr-acted bass-
wood lioney. highest offer takes it. Also Italian^
Bees and Fox-hound pups,
eift Elias Fox, Hillsboio. Wlsi.

BUFFALO, N. Y. Unsurpassed Honey Market.
BATTERSON & CO. Responsible, Reliable,
Commission Merchants, igtfdb and Prompt

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE

Contents of this Number.

liaskets, How Made 8iy Hives, Numbering 793

Bees. Cioss 79:), Hives, Size of 79J

Bicycles to Ride W« Honey, a Bi.nel per C'olonv.796

CastaliaS|ivinprs, The 807 Xcctar.Kipeni'd or Digested 797

Diuys tor K.ml Brood 7SR drtavio I'.tv IciTpinR 803

Editor in Lniia. 81)(1 I', acli lives Irrigating >09

Krncst in Jlicliig-an 798 rcivolalor Feoilers 803

Kfiii Hiitrluiison 79S,(,)uccns, KcupinR '. 801

1-oul Hi-ood an.lDrusrs 788, Uaniljler at Mercer's. . 790

toundation. (iivt-n Pressed 804:Sia,tistics. Additional 802

Hives vs. Hncs 791| Syrup, Cold-water 803

BEFORE placing- your orders for SUPPLIES, write
" for prices on One-Piece Basswood Sections, Bee-
Hives, Shipping-Crates, Frames, Foundation, Smo
kers. etc. PAGE & KEITH,

^tfdb New London, Wip.

FOE SALE.— 50 colonies of bees in good f ondition, very
cheap. Marcus Zeh, Central Bridge, N. Y.

Rnrnfifi'<s ,'S«'<?<^ -Annual for 1894 is well worth
UUli;OD D having-. Tell to all wlio plant seeds
W. Atlee Burpee & Co., Philadelphia, Pa.

Wants or Exchange Department.

Notices will be inserted under this head at one-half our usu-
al rates. All advertisements intended for this department
must not exceed five lines, and you must say you want your
adv t in this department, or we will not be responsible for er
Tors. Youcan have the notice as many lines as you please.
but all over five lines will cost you according to bur regular
rates. This department is intended only for bona fide ex
changes. Exchanges for cash or for price"lists, or notices of
rering articles for sale, can not be inserted under this head.
For such our regular rates of 20 cts. a line will be charged, and
they will be put with the regular advertisements. We can not
be responsible for dissatisfaction arising from these "swaps "

WANTED.— To exchang-e supplies and other goods
for honey. O. H. Hyatt, Shenandoah, Iowa. 30tf

WANTED.— A situation to work in a supply fac-
tory the coming- winter. Write at once. Kef
^given. RussEi,L, T. Stinnett, West Grotoii, N Y '

WANTED.— To exchange mountain ash and ever-
green trees, for bee-veil and medium comb
foundation. M. L. Williams, Nimrod, Minn.

WANTED.-To exchange extracted honey, for a
12-in. foundation-mill.
I. J. Stringham, 1U.5 Park Place, New York City.

WANTED.-To exchange a Noxal 200-egg incuba-
tor, used 3 settings, at $15, comb foundation at
market price, and extracted lioney at 8c, for honey
boards, supers, and brood-frames, cut to order.

R. C. AiKiN, Loveland, Col.

WANTED.-
cycles.

-To exchange several good safety bi-
Honey wanted. Send sample.

J. A. Green, Ottawa, 111.

W

ANTED.— To exchange 200 colonies of bees for
any thing useful on plantation.

Anthony Ot'p, Helena, Ark.

GRAND BAPIDS LETTUCE SEED FOR GREENHOUSES
AND COLD-FRAMES.

We have ju,st received a nice lot of the above seed
from the originator, Eugene Davis. It costs us
however, almost four times as much as some Grand
Kapids lettuce seed bought of one of the large seed-
groweis. We have not had an opportunity, how-
ever, of deciding which kind is best. That from
trieiid Davis we can not sell for less than 30 els. per
ounce, or $2.,50 per lb. You can have the other for 5
cts. per oz., or tiO cts. per lb. I do wish our experi-
ment .stations would lielp us to decide whether we
had better purchase the higli-priced seed, wlien seeds-
men offer us two different l^inds. as in the above.
We are going to sow some of each, and carefully
note the diflferencc— if any.

WANTED.— To exchange good country store
(stocked) and P.O., with 8 first-class livin"--rooms
annexed, 50 colonies bees, good honey-house and
barn, for village property of some kind.

A. Cartkr, Walton, Mich.

WANTED.-To exchange Given foundation-press,
" L. frame, or Lamb knitting-macliine, for
Bcrew-cuttiiig lathe.

L. Heine, Bellmore, Queens Co., N. Y.

WANTED.-To exchange heading photo, studio in
tlounsliiiig city of 10,000, for apiary in Florida
Jees, or desirable southeastern Florida property
^ori-espondence solicited.

Corell & Son, Titusville, Pa.

the GAULT RASPBERRY.

So many are asking for plants this fall, I li.-ive
consulted friend Gault particularly in regard to clie
matter. Is it advisable to set out this raspberry in
the fall ? He says, decidedly not, in northern local-
ities. Further soutli, where there is no danger of
their being heaved out by frost, it will probably be
all right. Of course, the plants may be mulched;
and in the hands of one wh i understands tlie mat-
ter, and in particular soils, it may be a success.
We now have a very large stock of finely rooted
plants, and you may have them this fall, if you are
willing to take you chances, with the above expla-
nation. The price is 60 cts. each, or $5.00 per dozen.
We are not at liberty to make any better prices
tlian the above -that is, I have promised friend
Gault that I would not. T am, however, at liberty to
make the following offer to our subscribers: Any one
who sends a dollar for Gleanings, besides paying
up back dues, may have one Gault raspberry-plant
for 2o cts. ; or it any old subscriber, after paying up
back dues, will subscribe himself, and send us one
new subscription, he may have a plant free of
charge; and it will be shipped any time you order
it, either sjiring or fall. We are now (Oct. 8.) gath-
ering clusters of jet-black raspberries, larger than
any thing we ever saw in the «hape of a raspberry,
and, I think, more delicious. There is not a very
big yield on our rich ground, but enough to show
the possibilities of so short a time, for our young
plants were planted in the spring.

corrugated bread-knife.

Ipiesume all who have tried it agree that, for
cutting bread, especially fr'^sh bread and cake,
nothing is equal to a knife with corrugated (or saw-
tooth) edge. The Christy a-id Clauss knives have
had a large sale. Both of these have a straight
blade with corrugated edge, and it is not so easily
sharpened as a straight edge. The knife we offer
overcomes this difficulty and still retains the cor-
rugated edge. Because the blade is corrugated
wlien it is ground with a straiglit bevel on one side,
it makes the cutting edge corrugated, and accom-
plishes the desired result. We are also able to offer
these knives for less than the others. We will give
one free for one new subscriber to Gleanings, with
$1.00. and 5 cts. to pay postage, and you may offer
the rest of this year free to the new subscriber. If
you send your own renewa' also, you may omit the
o cts. postage, and we will send you also postpaid

AN ALUMINUM THIMBLE.

This is .something that will not
rust or tarnish. It is so light .you
■^xould not know it was on your fin-
ger by its weight. It is very tough,
and will wear almost indefinitely.
Notliing (ould he more desirable
to give to wife or daughter, or your
best girl. We will sell the thimble
at 6c postpaid, or .ic with other
goods, 50c per dozen. The bread-
knife at 2.5c postpaid; or with other
goods, 30c each ; $3.00 per dozen.

786

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct. 1.^.

The 50=cent Queens

at 11.00 each,
for 11.75.

Are all sold, but I can still furnish,
tested queens of this year's rearing-
One queen and the Review from now until the end of 1895

W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint, Mich.

FOR SALE.

"Elmwood"— Improved farm of 60 acres on mac-
adamized ri)ad, 2!4 miles from center of city of
Raleigh, N. C, population 16.000. Land well adanted
to poultry, bees, fruit, and truck. Will sell whole
or one-half interest to a practical poultry and fruit
man. Price only $30 per acre, one-half cash. Rare
bargain and chance for a good man. Enclose stamp
for reply. Address

aiiRALD McCarthy,

Secretary N. C. Horticultural Society,

RaJeig'/i, IS. C.

flother Bees.

If you wish the best of queens, or mother bees,
send me j'our orders. Untested queens, 3 or 5 band,
75c each; $4.25 for 6, or $8.00 per dozen. Tested 3-
band queens, $1.50 each; fine 3-band breeders,
thoroughly tested, the hest, $5.00 each; straight
5-band breeders, faultless queens, $10.00 each. Root's
goods, Dadant's foundation, and Bingham smokers.

Jennie Atchley, Beeville, Bee Co., Tex.

PATENT WIRED COMB FOUNDATION

Has Ho Sag- in Brood-frames.

Thin Flat- Bottom Foundation

Has no Fishbone in the Surplus Honey.
Being the cleanest, it is usually worked
the quickest of any foundation made.

J. VAN DEUSEN & SONS,

12tfdb Sole Hanufacturers,

Sprout Brook, Montgomery Co., N. Y.

ADDRESS

Al Root 11,

MEDlNAf

OHIO

tNj <ro c-^ i«

to (O CO Vv]

FOR S^XT^H.

75 HiVES OF BEES.

INQUIRE OF

AUG. LEYVRAX, Frnncis, Fin.

IF YOU WANT BEES

That will just "roll" in the honej', try Moore's-
strain or Italians, the result of 15 years'
careful breeding.

Dr. H. B. Lung, Lexington, Ky., says: "I have had the plea-
sure ot seeing many tine strains of bees, yet I have never seen
such industrious, energetic bees. I must express my admira-
tion for your success as a bee-propagator."

Warranted queens, 80o each; 3 for $2.00. Select
Warranted queens, $1.00 each. Safe arrival and
satisfaction guaranteed.

Those who have never dealt with me, I refer to
A. I. Root, who has purchased of me 666 queens.
Circular free. eitf

J. P. MOORE, Morgan, Pendleton Co., Ky.

Warranted Queens, 75c.

Five-band strain, bred for business, six for
S4.00; dozen for $T.. 50. See former ads., and send
for circular. Sate arrival and satisfaction o^uar-
anteec/. . J. B. CASE, Port Orange, Fla.

OCTOBEt? OHllV.

I have a few extra-fine Hreeders producing
uniformly marked, all straight 5 banded bees. I
will deliver, express prepaid, at $3.00 each. Tliese-
queens in the spring will be worth $5 each. Safe
arrival and satisfaction g-jaranteed.

W. H. I^AWS, Lavaca, Sett. Co., Ark.

AUSTRALIA.

Bees, Queens, and Bee keepers' Supplies, 32-page
illustrated catalog free on application.

W. S. PENDEB, Apiarist, E L. PENDEE Manufacturer,

20-21 West Maitland, New South Wales.

500 YOUNG FERRETS

Now ready to ship at only $3.00
a pair. Price list of Bees and

Ferrets free. N. A. Knapp,

Rochester, Lorain Co., O. ""*==^

World's Fair Hedal

Awarded my Foundation. Send for free
samjtles. Dealers, write for wholesale prices.
Root's new Polished Sections and other goods
at his prices. Free Illustrated Price List of every
thing needed in the apiary. JVI H |-ff««^-f
Bell Branch, Mich. ^'^« ••• HUIIL.

09

03

CO
CO

Please Cut Out

This whole Advt.
»ij$u, and ITlail.

!^^ Please send me
the American Bee Journal
each weels for Three
Months. At the end
of that time I will re-
mit $1.00 fori year's
subscript ion, or 25c.
in case I decide to
discontinue.

To the rnbiisiicrs of Anip,ri<^fl,n Bee Journal,

56 Kiftli Avenue, CHICAGO, ILI..

Ndmc

P. o.

Ca>

CO

&}

CO
CA

suite

13 Carloads of Supplies,

This is the amount w(? have distributed in a single season, of
Foundation, Dov. Hives, Sfctions, Extractors, etc. Therefore, if
you have little nionni :in(l want that little to go as far as possible,
.^^^^_^^^_^B^^_^^^.^^__ remember that we aif headquarters in the west for all goods in
^^"^^^^^■— ^^^— ■^^^^— ^^^"^^ our line; by doing so great a volume of business we sell goods-
cheap. If you have t)ie matteii, also remember you can make it earn a big interest by availing j'ourself of
our discounts for early orders. In either case you should write us and tell what you will likely need. It
will pay you. W e sell Boot's goods at Root's prices, and can save you freight. 1

The new polished sections and all other late improved goods kept in stock. rOn TUC \A/CCT
I I ti ■(«■>• • Send for our large illustrat- rlln lilt Wt^l.

Joseph Nysewander, Des Moines, ia. ^^^S^^^^^i^-^ iiloui

JOURHAlJ
• delvote:_d]

•ANdHoNLV-
•AND HOME,

Vol. XXII.

OCT. 15, 1894.

No. 20.

For diarkikka. Pfarrer Kneipp says take
pure yellow beeswax, the size of a pea, once an
hour.

My two-gallon crock feeder worked first-
class. Don't know but it's best of all. [Yes,
sirl— Ed.J

" Honey-plant " is a common terra in this
country, and " bee-flower " stands for the same
thing in England.

What's best to make water-tight the inside
corners of a feeder — white lead, beeswax and
rosin, pure beeswax, or what?

M. M. Baldridge mentions, in A. B. J., a
man who sowed 80 acres of sweet clover. He
keeps no bees, but sowed it for hay and pasture,
and to enrich the soil.

In shipping bees, C. Dadant says, in Revue,
he would give no water, no pollen, no brood,
only sealed honey. All this to avoid having
the bees' intestines distended.

To SHAKE bees off a heavy comb, hold the
frame with both hands; if the comb is light,
better hold it with the left hand, and pound
with the right fist on the left.

A lively round, that, 'twixt the light-
weight and heavy-weight on page 7.57. Sick
'eml [Yes, sick "em. Come off that fence,
and try a round yourself. — Kd.J

Tobacco I don't use; but I use 13i-inch to-
bacco staples, and like them the best kind to
fasten covers and bottoms on hives. [I've
tried the same things; they are good.— Ed.J

Kissing is tabooed by Dr. Peiro, in -4. C J.—
at least, indiscriminate kissing, especially of
babies, on the score of health. The blessed
babies will all want to kiss Dr. Peiro for com-
ing to their rescue.

'Ti^n't fair, Bro. Hatch, for you to take
hold of my leg and pull. Let me alone on the
fence till I see on which side is the best landing,

and then I'll jump on that side. [You can even
things up a little, Bro. H., by pushing that
leg on to my side. The doctor has been on the
fence long enough. — Ed.]

Gerstung says extracting during fruit-
bloom is good, as returning the extracted combs
to be cleaned up excites brood-rearing, but the
same thing is not advisable in the main har-
vest, as it excites swarming.

Replies in A. B.J. leave the impression that
absence of drones is no security against swarm-
ing. [Say! is there any thing that is a security
against swarming in the production of comb
honey, in the case of a normal colony during
the swarming season '? — Ed.]

Gravenhorst says that American lindens
planted in Germany give far greater yields
than European. [Of course, he doesn't mean
Canadian lindens. They are not as good, you
know, as the linden on this side.— Ed.]

The heavy rains following the terrible
drouth have fooled vegetation into thinking it
is spring. I never knew grass so bright green
in the fall, and dandelions are blooming by the
hundred. [Just so here at Medina.- Ed.]

Le Rucher, Amiens, France, illustratesand
describes the Simplicity, portico, and chaff
hives as three American hives. They tvere
prominent American hives, respected Rucher,
but have now given place to the Dovetail hive.

A percolating feeder isn't fit for late
feeding. Feed too thin. But then no feeding
ought to be done late. [Yes; and if late feed-
ing must be practiced, the old thick syrup (2 of
sugar and 1 of water) should be fed in the old
way.— Ed.]

Eggs, 20()0 daily, is only an average for a
good queen. Before the development of her
ovaries she weighs .2 gram; 2000 eggs weigh .42
gram, so she lays more than twice her own
weight of eggs daily. But the workers digest
her food for her.

A WRITER in Schweizerlsche Bienenzeitung
says bees don't propolize their hives for
warmth, but as protection against the bee-moth,
closing the cracks where eggs might be

788

GLEANIIsGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct 15.

laid. [I hope he is right; then we will turn
our attention toward getting the bee-moth ex-
tinct.—Ed. J

I WAS HEADING in the French bee-journal,
Le Rucher, an interesting article on the an-
ger of bees, and something about ii, seemed
strangely familiar. After reading two or three
pages I glanced at the end, and there saw
*' translated from Root's A B C."

The chief honey-pi.ant being asked for in
A. B. J., 14 mention white clover: 11 lin-
den; 3 heartsease; 2 Spanish needle; and
the following are each mentioned once: Poplar,
white sage, wild buckwheat, locust, alsike,
catclaw, horsemint, mesquite, fruit-bloom, and
goldenrod.

Carbolic acid, painted over cracks where
robbers are at work, seems effective. Why
mightn't it be good at the entrance of a robbed
hive? [I've tried it. It is too much of a good
thing. It disconcerts the inmates of the hive
as well as the robbers; and after a little the
latter seem to take advantage of the situation.
—Ed.]

To AVOID CRACKS in cakes of wax, don't let
the outside cool rapidly. Cover a cloth and
board over the dish while cooling, or let it
stand in a stove oven while the fire dies out
over night. [But what harm do cracks in large
cakes do, any way? We cake the wax the
handiest and quickest way. cracks or no cracks.
—Ed.]

A BALLED QUEEN, we are told to release by
blowing smoke on the ball. But there's a right
and a wrong way. Hold the nozzle of the
smoker close to the ball, and blow hot smoke
on them, and you might about as well step on
the ball. Hold your smoker at a distance and
blow cold smoke on the bees, and all will be
lovely.

Remember, when robbers are troublesome,
do any thing, any thing, rather than take out
of their way the thing they are robbing, with-
out leaving something in its place. Outside
appearances must remain unchanged. [This
looks like bad advice; but I am coming to be-
lieve it is all right, notwithstanding A. I. R.
thinks it is all wrong.— Ed.]

" Fegling " is the German name for a kind
of artificial swarm originating with Graven-
horst, and indorsed by Gerstung as coming
nearest to a natural swarm. From a strong
colony, take one frame of brood, with adhering
bees and queen; put in empty hive on a new
stand; fill out with partly built combs; brush
into it all the bees, and trust old bees to return
to old stand and raise a queen. Hardly looks
right, does it ? But remember Gravenhorst is
no spring chicken.

John Galvin, p. 765, says if the bees build
foundation to the bottom-bar they'll surely cut
it out again, and my assistant has been en-

couraging me by the same dismal prophecy.
Well, the bees have cut out some, in one case
leaving a space of 1,^3 inches between founda-
tion and bottom-bar, but I don't believe they'll
be so naughty in a gopd season, and I don't
expect them to disturb it after they have pulled
out cells full depth.

^^^

THE

TREATMENT OF FOUL
DRUGS.

BROOD WITH

A SUCCESS IN FRANCE.

Bij Charlrs Norman.

It were a mistake for us to suppose that, in
this country of ours, there are no bee-keepers
who believe in the treatment of foul brood with
drugs, or, as the scientific expression is, the
antiseptic treatment. There are some, no
doubt, but at the present time they evidently
take a back seat since our leaders unanimously
denounce said treatment as a failure. I'rof.
Cook, the Roots, Mr. R. L. Taylor, Dr. Howard
in his work on foul brood, and others, differing
solely in regard to some details, practice and
advocate '• that sure and reliable method, trans-
ferring, as first announced by Mr. M. Quinby,
and, later, recommended by D. A. Jones.'' Not
so in France and Switzerland. There lie before
me several of the latest numbers of Revue In-
termttionale d'Ajnculture (International Ite-
view of Apiculture), edited in French by Mr.
Edouard Bertrand. at Nyon, Switzerland. On
pages I'S- 30 he relates, for the benefit of those
of his readers who might not have succeeded
by the use of disinfectants, an extract from Mr.
R. L. Taylor's article on foul brood, which had
appeared in the February number of Mr.
Hutchinson's i?t'iiicK'. According to Mr. Ber-
trand's opinion, however, the transferring plan
has by no means always given satisfactory re-
sults ; is too troublesome, is connected with
the destruction of the frames, and arrests the
development of the brood for some time. In
conclusion, mentioning Mr. Taylor's assertion
that, though trying the use of carbolic as well
as salicylic acid, in quite a number of cases, he
never saw even a sign of improvement through
them, "Sir. Bertrand says: "This assertion is
somewhat surprising to us, for, as several times
we had an opportunity to tell, we have person-
ally received a radical cure of 37 colonies by
the use of salicylic acid." Quite a dilemma,
the solution of which can be found only in the
fact that Mr. Bertrand must have followed a
method entirely different from Mr. Taylor's;
for it would not do to say that perhaps those
cases Mr. Bertrand speaks of had not been the
real foul brood. Every page of Mr. Bertrand"s

18M

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

789

Revue proves that he is a bee-keeper ; and
when he says that he has cured foul brood he
Jias done it.

On pages US and 1H» Mr. Charles Vielle-Schilt
reports two cases of foul brood wliich he cured
by the antiseptic treatment. I remark, how-
ever, that, in both of them, the disease was in
just its incipient stages. In the first case, he
commenced with cutting out every particle of
sick brood, leaving of the cells whatever could
be saved, and cleaning them well. Then, after
brushing off the bees, he put these cleaned
frames, as well as those which contained only
honey, into an empty hive, where he exposed
them to the vapors of sulphur for several days;
this hive was to receive the colony afterward.
As to the other, in the affected hive he killed
the queen and confined the bees to the frames
which contained healthy brood. Then he fed
them an antiseptic food, a treatment that has
to be continued for a long time— at least, till
the bees hatch from a new queen. The food
consisted of two kinds of syrup, which were
given alternately, every other day each.
The first mixture consisted of a litre of sugar
or honey syrup, to which a gramme of naphtol
dissolved in rectified spirits of wine had been
added. For the second mixture, instead of the
naphtol a little stronger dose of camphorated
alcohol was used. The second mixture has to
be administered because the bees, "on account
of the remedy, have pains" to take the first.
At the same time, pieces of camphor, enveloped
in cloth, were placed under the frames. The
same precaution was also taken with the hives
near the diseased one. For twelve days the
colony was left undisturbed, when an open
queen-cell was found, and all the others were
destroyed. On the 21st day the colony was
transferred into that hive which contained
those sulphured frames, and which had previ-
ously been exposed to the air to remove the
odor of the sulphur. Having a better queen
than the one reared by the colony, the latter
queen was killed and the other one introduced
in a cage. How long 1>he colony-was fed with
those mixtures is not stated; but Mr. Vielle-
Schilt asserts that the colony, as well as its
stores, increased fast; that the bees, when put
into winter-quarters, did not show any signs of
the disease, and that in spring they prospered
and were in fine condition.

The other case, found in a straw hive in fall,
at the end of September, was treated different-
ly. All the brood that could possibly have
been diseased was cut out and destroyed, and
pieces of camphor, enveloped in cloth, were
placed in that part of the hive where no combs
were. The colony rect'ived no other care. In
April the smell of the camphor was still per-
ceptible ; some fine brood was to be seen in
newly constructed cells, and the disease had en-
tirely vanished.

On pages 70 and 71 a correspondent reports

that, on the 18th or 19th of July, when opening
a hive he noticed that the colony had foul
brood. He directly administered a dozen pieces
of naphthaline. Four days later the disease
h:td increased, for all the four combs that con-
tained brood were attacked and all cells burst.
He then removed the naphthaline and gave a
mixture of syrup and eucalyptus tincture, the
latter consisting of one part of essence of euca-
lyptus and nine parts of pure alcohol. At the
commencement he used one teaspoonful of
tincture to a litre of syrup: then he gave
two teaspoonfuls, then three. After eight
days of this treatment the middle of the diseas-
ed frames was clear, and filled with eggs; and,
besides the original four frames of brood and
eggs, two more frames of eggs were seen. A
fortnight later, the colony had ten frames of
perfectly healthy brood, and eggs (the frames
were small, only six decimeters square*); on
only one of those four originally diseased combs
a few larvifi were doubtful. A week later the
foul brood had entirely disappeared, the hive
contained considerable honey, the colony was
active, and wintered splendidly. Some cam-
phor was placed in all the other hives, and a
teaspoonful of eucalyptus tincture added to the
winter food of each. A neighbor of the corres-
pondent also used eucalyptus tincture with the
same good result. In April the same corres-
pondent reports that said colony wintered best
of all his colonies, and that it was one of his
very strongest. He adds that he had forgotten
to mention that, before treating the colony, he
removed it from its hive and washed the latter
in boiling chlor.. after which he returned the
colony to the hive. His neighbor had washed
his hive with sublimate. Mr. Bertrand re-
marks in a footnote, that said treatment is the
one introduced by Messrs. Bauverd, Delay,
and Auberson, and recommended in his (Mr.
Bertrand's) book, " Conduite " (Management),
and that, on account of its " pronounced "
savor, the dose of eucalyptus tincture (like
phenyl, naphtol, etc.) has to be augmented
gradually.

On pages 35—27, Mr. Ulv. Gubler writes about
formic acid. "It is," he says, " perhaps the
most powerful antiseptic known. Thanks to it,
the honey preserves itself indefinitely. There
has been found at Dresden, in the eaves of an
old house, some well-preserved honey, dating
bacl\ to the fifteenth century!" Thanks to the
formic acid, with which the air of the hives is
always saturated, the frames, the pollen, and
the nourishment of the larvie, keep without fer-
menting. Mr. de Planta relates an experience
of Prof. Erlenmeyer. at Munich, who put a
little formic acid, which had been well diluted
in water, into a certain quantity of beer in full
fermentation. It immediately arrested the fer-
mentation. It is quite natural that the apicul-
turists said to themselves, " If the formic acid

*That is not very small— 23'/8x:J3.'8.— Ed.

790

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct. 15.

is powerful enough to kill the ferment of the
bee, would it not likewise annihilate the germs
of foul brood?" And, really, many practition-
ers pretend that it is the best means to arrest
and cure that terrible disease of the brood.

The Schweizerische Bicnenzeitung (Swiss
Bee Gazette) cites some experiments which
have been successful. One proceeds thus: "The
bees of a diseased colony are, as much as possi-
ble, contracted on some frames. All the other
frames are set aside. In a frame with empty
combs, there is let drop from a certain height,
in a thin stream, 100 grammes of formic acid at
20 per cent, and then it is placed in the middle
of the infected colony. If the weather is fine,
and permits the bees to fly. all the attacked
brood will be abandoned in eight days, the cells
will be cleaned, and all bad smells will have
disappeared. Seldom is one obliged to rep'^at
the operation. To preserve the other colonies,
it is well to place in them a small bottle with
the acid, corked lightly with a little cotton.
To hasten the cure, one can, without fear, mix
the remedy with the food of the bees, a tea-
spoonful to the litre." Three of our friends, in
whose apiaries the foul brood had appeared,
have applied the remedy with success. When
we visited them we noticed a good deal of
brood in a state of complete putrefaction, while,
a few days later, these colonies were already
better. When they had to be put into winter
quarters they were strong and in good condi-
tion. After this, Mr. Gubler speaks of the
origin of the formic acid, and says that, accord-
ing to Mr. de Planta's scientific and irrefutable
researches and analyses, it is neither contained
in the nectar of the flowers nor does it come
from the air in the hives; but its origin is to be
found in the blood of the bees.

St. Petersburg, Fla., Aug. 31.

[As Mr. Norman truly states, we in this
country do not take much stock in the antisep-
tic or medicine treatment; but Mr. Bertrand is
one whose opinion should be given some
weight. It is with pleasure that I give place
to the above for what it is worth; for if a suc-
cessful antiseptic may be discovered, it would
save a large expense. This is the first of a
series of articles from our foreign exchanges. —
Ed.]

RAMBLE 118.

THE MERCER FAMILY, ETC.

By Rambler.

In this ramble I wish to place Mr. Mercer in
a little different role from that in which he was
a prominent actor in our last. It is hardly
necessary for me to introduce him to your
readers, and especially the readers of Glean-
ings on this coast. Mr. Mercer is widely
known here as an extensive and successful bee-
keeper. He was an enthusiastic bee-keeper
many years ago, away back in Iowa, and for at

least thirty years he has had an interest in bees
and bee-literature. His married life dates
back that number of years, and, from his happy
surroundings, it would seem that His honey-
moon has never waned. Mr. Mercer has four
apiaries, and a total of 700 colonies. Last year,
1893, from 300 colonies, spring count, he obtain-
ed 24 tons of honey, and increased to 600 col-
onies. This year, from 7.50, spring count. Mr.
Mercer writes me that his yield is represented
by a string of ciphers, with a decrease of .50
colonies.

In connection with the bee-business, Mr. M.
runs a general wood-working establishment,
making bee-keepers' supplies, house-fittings,
and water-tanks. In fact, the factory can turn
out any thing in the wood -working line except
boats. Boats can be made, of course, as easily
as a water-tank; but Mr. M. has a slight aver-
sion to boating, and that department is left out
of the establishment.

Mr. Mercer is aided, in his various operations,
by four stalwart sons, and it is a pleasure for
me to introduce the whole family to the readers
of Gleanings. Mr. and Mrs. M. are seated.
The oldest son, Wm. Edward, stands behind
Mr. M. The next oldest son, Herbert, is seated
at the extremf^ left. Harry J. stands next to
Edward; and Fred, the youngest, also stands
with his hand upon his mother's shoulder.
The boys have all had more or less to do with
the bees; but Wm. Edward, having taken to
himself a helpmeet, and being especially pro-
ficient as a builder, devotes his time to his
trade, and some of the finest residences in Ven-
tura bear the marks of his skill. Herbert runs
the factory, aided by the others when necessary.
Harry J. is something of a photographer, while
Fred, as Mr. Mercer puts it, is an all-round
bee-keeper, and can handle more bees than any
man he ever had in his apiaries. Mrs. Mercer,
of course, lends a helping hand to all of the
operations of husband and sons.

It will be observed that Mr. Mercer looks
about as young as his boys, and it causes no
little amusement in the family circle to have
the " old man " often taken for one of the boys.

Mr. Mercer has made some fine exhibits at
various fairs, and for a long time has had on
exhibition in the Chamber of Commerce, at Los
Angeles, a single comb (I estimate the size from
memory) four feet in length by over one foot
deep, with the name Mercer in large raised
letters on the side of the comb, all made by the
bees. This comb was also a prominent feature
in Mr. Mercer's fine exhibit at the midwinter
fair, where, I believe, he and Mr. Mendleson
took the first premiums. Take it all in all. Mr.
M. is an all-round man except in the matter of
navigation.

It may interest your readers to learn that
those large water-tanks manufactured by the
Mercers are in common use in Ventura Co.
They are made to contain sixteen barrels of

792

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct. 15.

water, and are used for drawing water for do-
mestic use, for irrigating fruit-trees— the whole
tankful being put around one tree. The
drenching supplies the needs of the tree for a
long time. Mr. Mendleson uses one of these
tanks, with his big team ahead of it, to draw
water to his apiaries. The one recently illus-
trated among the eucalyptus-trees has a loca-
tion several miles from water. Ventura Co.
has a fine system of road-sprinkling, and that
is where these tanks come in to bless the travel-
er, and no less the beast that aids him. Water-
pipes run out 15 miles from town, and the water
is taken from large stationary tanks located at
proper distances, and the otherwise intolerable
dust (so common in California) is subdued.
Bro. Wilder and 1 were pleased with al 1 we

fruit-ranches, the trees loaded with fruit, and
the environments of the dwellings blooming
with flowers. We pass Carpenterea and Sum-
merland, the latter town founded and support-
ed by spiritualists. The location has a fine
outlook upon the ocean, and a barren rear look
upon the dry hills; and a conspicuous feature
was the number of cottages for sale. Altogeth-
er, Summerland is better to read about than it
is to witness. It is one of those towns that
look well on paper; but a square look in the
face of it dispels many of the anticipated pleas-
ant features. We camped not far beyond Sum-
merland, and the foliage of an old neglected
olive-orchard protected us. The bees were
merrily humming upon the trees in the early
morning. It would seem that this would be a

FLOWER FESTIVAL, SANTA BARBARA, CAL.

saw in Ventura Co. The people are wide-
awake and progressive, and none are more so
than the bee-keepers. Ventura Co. bee-men
are the most staunch supporters of our con-
ventions, and, other counties doing as well,
there would be more accomplished for the ben-
efit of the fraternity at large. Several of the
prominent bee-keepers were out to their api-
aries— Mr. Wilkin, and the Rapp Bros. It
would have been a pleasure to the Rambler to
meet them again, and to test their sea- going
qualities.

Our pleasures and adventures in Ventura,
however, came to an end, and on June 2.5th we
attached our ponies to the outfit, and, bidding
good -by to our good friends, went on toward
Santa Barbara through the beautiful Casitas
(kah-se-tas) Pass. We enjoyed an ideal day
and a delightful road, shaded with oak and
sycamore, every little valley occupied with

good bee-country: but it seems that there are
but few domestic bees in this vicinity.

We spent a few hours during the day upon
the streets of Santa Barbara; viewed the peo-
ple, the Old Mission, and the elegant flower-
bedecked and behidden private residences,
giving hints of wealth and ease. Santa Bar-
bara is not much of a center for honey interests;
but it is a center for the beautiful flowers,
amongst whose petals the bee loves to revel.
Annually Santa Barbara convenes for several
days of pleasure in a flower festival. Flowered
arches spring across the street; flowers bedeck
man, beast, and vehicle; the scent of fragrant
flowers is in the air, and all business is dropped
for the pleasures of the day. The great festi-
val had transpired many weeks previous to our
visit; but to know that Santa Barbara is a
devotee of the flower, as well as the busy bee,
is a pleasure to the Rambler.

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

793

LARGE VS. SMALL HIVES.

SHALL WE DISCARD THE EIGHT-FKAME FOR A
TWELVE FRAME LANGSTROTH ?

By Dr. C. C. Miller.

It seems I am not to be allowed to sit com-
fortably " on the fence " In the matter of small
vs. large hives. Here comes M. D. Andes, of
Bristol, Tenn., prodding me with a sharp stick,
to make me get down on the side of large hives.
While conceding that every locality may have
its own laws, he seems settled as to what is
right in his locality. His bees are Italians, and
he works for comb honey exclusively. After a
success with ten-frame hives, he changed to
eight-frames, and, after two years, with not so
much success, he changed half his colonies
back to ten-frame hives to compare results.
About the same time he purchased 7 colonies
in twelve-frame hives, and concluded to test
them with the rest. The management of each
was the same, only there was a little difference
in surplus arrangements. Root's dovetail super
was used on the eight-frame hives, as also on
part of the ten-frames, while the remainder of
the ten-frame hives and all the twelve-frame
had wide frames holding eight one-pound sec-
tions.

He writes that the ten-frame hives gave him
a third more surplus than the smaller ones, and
the twelve- frame twice as much. He says,
"This has been the worst season we have had
for many years, and but for my ten and twelve
frame hives my crop would have been 12 lbs. of
comb honey from 20 colonies in eight-frame
hives, while I got 30 and 70 lbs. from the best of
the ten and twelve-frame hives. . . . Another
I'cri/ important thing. An eight-frame colony
will swarm twice to a ten-frame's once, and
the twelve frame colonies won't swarm at all.
Of the 7 twelve-frame colonies, only one has
swarmed in three years."

Now. it would be bad enough to give up the
comfortable eight-framers for ten-frame hives;
but, to think of having to lug around twelve-
frame hives I Horrible!

What has been asked for is the actual results
after fairly testing the two side by side. So
far. only those have reported who have done
better with the larger hives. At least, I don't
remember any others. Now, won't some one
give me comfort by sending in a different re-
port— something like this? " For three years I
have carefully tested, side by side, 1.5 colonies
in eight-frame hives, 1.5 in ten-frame hives, and
15 in twelve-frames, and the average yield from
the smaller hives has fully equaled that from
the larger."

NUMBERING HIVES.

I have my hives numbered straight along in
rows. If no numbers are on them, I can tell
quite readily the correct number by noticing
the place in the row. But I like to see the
numbers on the hives; and when hives are put

in the cellar it's absolutely necessary to have
numbers on them if any track of their history
is to be kept.

During the summer, hives are often changed
from one stand to another, but it's the stand
that holds the number; and if a hive changes
its stand, it must change its number also. On
setting out in the spring it is often desirable to
set a hive on a stand different from the one it
occupied in the fall. So the numbers on the
hives must be changed. During the past sum-
mer the bees did so little that there wasn't any
need of watching the numbers closely; so, many
of them remained unchanged till fall. But
they'll go into the cellar rightly numbered, and
a good bee-keeper wouldn't like to leave them
in such a slovenly shape through the summer.
Most years I keep the numbers straight all the
time.

As the numbers are changed so often, it is
important to have an easy plan for it. I have
pieces of tin 3Kx2 inches, painted white, then
the figures in black. A hole is punched near
the top to drive in a half-inch wire nail. You
will see that it's an easy thing to take one of
these tags oft' a hive. Just slip a screwdriver
under the tag close to the nail and pry it off.
A light hammer can be used to drive in the
nails, but I generally use a screwdriver. I
don't drive in the nails — just push them In.
Hold the nail between the thumb and finger of
left hand; push the edge of the screwdriver
between the same thumb and finger against the
head of the nail, and, while pushing hard
against the nail, keep the thumb and finger
holding tight to the nail, so it can't turn to one
side or the other. You'll find it isn't hard work
to push the nail in, and you'll not make the
bees cross, as you will by hammering.

CROSS BEES.

Speaking of making bees cross, my bees were
very cross two or three years ago. I hardly
know why. This year they're very goo_d-na-
tured. I hardly know why. It must be in the
bees themselves, for this is one of the poorest
honey years I ever knew, the time of all times
when bees ought to be cross. The only reason
I can think of is, that I have made it a practice
for the past few years to kill the queen of any
colony that showed too much bad temper. In
an apiary of a hundred colonies, two or three
cross colonies will furnish enough stings to
make it appear that every colony in the yard is
savage. I am just a little inclined to the opin-
ion that a queen has an influence upon the tem-
per of a colony, independently of the kind of
bees she produces. When I've killed the queen
of a cross colony, I've noticed that I didn't have
to wait till there was time for all the bees to be
changed, but that the bees were good-natured
before the new generation came on the stage —
at least it seemed that way. We know very
well that a queenless colony is generally cross-
er for its queenlessness. When it receives a

794

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct. 1.5.

queen it becomes good-natured. That seems
to teach that the presence of the queen makes a
difference in the temper of the bees. Is it al-
together unreasonable to suppose that one
queen will not make exactly the same differ-
ence as another ?
Marengo, III.

[Perhaps some of our readers are becoming
tired of this hive question; but I think it is an
exceedingly important one, and I do not believe
we can afford to drop it just yet. What we
want is more facts. Let us hear from both
classes of bee-keepers — those who find they can
produce more honey with a larger hive, and
those who can do better with smaller hives — at
least, secure just as much honey with less labor
in lifting. It seems to me that A. F. Brown, in
the article on page 79() did pretty well with
the eight-frame hive — that is, two eight-frame
bodies, one on top of the other, when he pro-
duced 52,000 lbs. of honey from 193 colonies, or
an average of over 269 lbs. It is true, there are
larger averages from other bee-keepers, in the
same locality, and it is possible that they used
a larger hive. I wish Mr. Brown had told us
the size and style of hive used by each in his
enumeration of the large yields of the different
bee-keepers. But after all, suppose it should
turn out that some of those who secured larger
averages used larger hives; does that necessa-
rily prove that they produced 100 lbs. of honey
with less labor, if we consider the fun of han-
dling—that is, the lifting of twelve-frame hives
and Long-Idea hives?

I have a sort of feeling myself, however, that
the larger hives will produce larger averages
(and they ought to, surely) per colony; and I
presume that, when we get up as high as the
twelve-frame size, swarming will be reduced to
a minimum, and here indeed must be a saving
of considerable labor. But T will stick to it
yet, that I do not want to lift twelve-frame
hives full of bees and honey. I would rather
lift it half at a time. If a twelve-frame is bet-
ter than a ten-frame hive, is not a sixtf^en-
frame better than a twelve-frame? and if a
sixteen-frame capacity is right, then the eight-
frame is all right as it is. Two hive-bodies
would be far easier to handle than one twelve-
frame.— Ed.]

HIVES VS. HIVES.

THE IMPORTANCE OF A BROOD-NKST SUITET) TO

THE season; a well-written article.

By C. W. Dayton.

Editor Oleanings :—Jn regard to this hive
discussion which has been going on, I would
say that it may not be so much holding upon
the amount of brood there is as upon how
much brood there is not; or, how well the bees
work at honey-gathering.

I took a trip along the San Bernardino range
of mountains after sage bloom. In one apiary,
near Calabassas, one colony in an apiary of 140
had stored two supers of comb honey, while the
rest had done hardly any thing. Near San
Fernando, 12 miles farther east, two or three
colonies stored their supers full for extraction,
probably 40 lbs., while the rest of the apiary
had done nothing. Ten miles farther east, only
half a dozen filled their hives for winter, out of

an apiary of 200. Six miles farther comes to a
part of my apiary where 56 colonies gave two
21-lb. supers of faultless sections, and a 20-lb.
super for extraction— not a variation of 10 lbs.
in the whole batch.

A friend, who secured 150 lbs. to the hive in
1888, knowing that I sometimes write for the
bee-papers, said, " Now, I can make a big re-
port as well as you." I asked him to find one
of my reports, either big or little— I should like
to see it. It seems that, with all his reading,
he did very little thinking.

There is no mistake that this has been a far
worse season than common. In such seasons,
even the instincts of the bees seem to change.
Before sage bloomed they received so little out-
side encouragement that they became low-
spirited and disheartened, but, through force
of habit, kept up a small supply of brood at the
expense of old stores. Then when sage bloom-
ed they occupied two weeks at little more than
gathering courage, and then used the remain-
der of the harvest in extensive brood-rearing.
The flow of honey was so light that, with plenty
of space, there could be used up in brood the
next four weeks of gathering. Bees are like
shoemakers, printers, and railroaders — prefer
to stay at their old occupation. If they are
slightly attracted from it they eventually get
back again. So the principal drift of energy
this year was brood-rearing. The queens knew
nothing of the scarcity of rainfall last winter.
Their business was egg-laying, and it devolved
upon the bees to care for them. The first as-
piration of bees being brood-rearing, they lay
up a winter store with no more design than
cattle move forward to pastures green — a thing
they seldom do until present pastures fail.
The reason pollen or honey accumulates in the
combs at any time is because a large proportion
of bees are too old for nurses, and have culti-
vated the gathering habit. In seasons of scarci-
ty, brood may consume all they gather until
the latter end of the flow, when there comes
a superabundance of old bees, or more than the
queen could keep occupied caring for brood.
This may depend upon how long the flow last-
ed, or how weak the colony was at first, and
how large it became at the end. About this
time the bees conclude that, if the queen's
wants are supplied, they will be content. There
is many a man who would accumulate a fortune
if he could scrape up the dollars by the measure-
ful; but when it comes to delving for a "cop-
per " here and there, he takes readily to the
corner dry-goods box. If the habit of delving
for coppers were cultivated, it might grow
upon him.

It is not so much matter as to how many tons
some one has received, as why these individual
colonies so far outstrip the rest of the apiary.
And, even in their case, might not their condi-
tion be varied so that they would have done
even better? When we are able to produce

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

795

individual colonies we may then have individ-
ual apiaries.

Mathematically, the ten-frame Langstroth
hive has capacity equal to the capacity of the
queen, and 30 lbs. of honey. In my hive the
honey is left oflf by making the frames 414
inches shorter, or 93ixl3}.2. These are strictly
brood frames. At the beginning of this season
it was determined that, if there was no honey
stored, there should be very little brood reared.
Accordingly I prepared to go to an extreme
•measure by transferring the colonies into brood-
•chambers exactly fg^ the size of the standard
ten-frame L., just about half the space the
average queen will occupy with brood. They
were kept in prosperous condition by feeding,
and gotten as strong as possible in as short a
time as possible, and transferred as near the
commencement of the sage-bloom as could be
determined. This is contraction and expansion;
but the adoption of any certain hive for all
•seasons, some of which are very good and others
•correspondingly poor, is tramplike, because
tramps stick heedlessly to the railroad, around
curves, thick and thin; but the intelligent
traveler secures many shorter across-the-coun-
try cuts: and when the long way around is the
•easiest, he takes it. This year, colonies which
attained a rousing strength in large hives were
too late for the harvest, for the simple reason
that there was no encouragement to build on
except the harvest. Then when strong, honey
did not accumulate, because it was hard to get.
But there was enough gathered for the brood.
They would give their dear lives to save the
brood, and they will also give nearly as much
to extend the comb-space to suit the laying
■capacity of a good young queen. There is said
to be much energy in a newly hived swarm.
In the case of a swarm it is unsteady and short,
and all the more so if the swarm has an old
queen; but in the old colony, with young queen,
striving for breeding-space, the energy clings
with steady, everlasting grip so long as the
new combs are removed, making the brood-
space incomplete. Honey was so scarce this
year, that, to deprive the bees of their brood or
deprive the brood of the old bees, was destruc-
tion to both parts. Out of 20 or 30 swarms
hived, only four were a success, and these were
fed before and after s'^varming. Where they
did not abscond they eventually played out.
So in beginning the season with 133, and having
over 90 swarms, I ended with 135 colonies, then
increased 35 artificially.

Before the harvest I sold a neighbor 25 colo-
nies, the best he could pick out. He enlarged
the hives one-half, and transferred the bees
about the time I reduced my hives one-half.
He got no surplus, but increased, by natural
swarming, to 45 colonies. Then he felt jubi-
lant. Since then he has lost, by starvation and
absconding, 22 colonies, with bright prospects
'Of losing more. This was three miles away.

Another, who has taken as much as 35 tons
in a single season, said he thought I -was "off
on the contraction of hives in California." He
was located one mile away. We visited forth
and back, and, as he came once in about ten
days, I removed a super from a number of the
contracted colonies until he saw four 21-pound
supers taken from each, and more empty sec-
tions put on. He had been particularly bent
against section honey. The last time I was at
his apiary, seeing a quantity of sections, supers,
separators, foundation, Daisy fastener, and
Danzenbaker boxes, I asked if he was going to
enter the supply-business. He said, "I am
going to try your contraction." And this, right
on the tail of the harvest!

Thirteen bee-keepers out of a dozen care very
little whether their hives are adapted to the
requirements of the one-pound section; but it
is amusing to see the pieces of plank, boards,
shingles, shakes, shavings, and newspapers
they will utilize to conform their hives at times.

Still another remarked: " Why, it would not
matter what kind of queens a contractionist
had, with such small hives."

Yes, sir. I want just as prolific queens as can
be reared. The more space the queen wants,
the more I can intrude upon her domains with
my section-boxes. The bees know a prolific
queen better than we, and manifest such knowl-
edge by supersedure and building worker comb,
even when the queen is not "on the spot" to
deposit worker eggs. Therefore ' the bees will
extend their energetic work farther from the
brood. Although the combs are built for brood,
the queens were excluded and the combs were
slowly filled with honey as an instinctive re-
course. When the combs are removed it threw
them back as much in want as at first; and as
the outside row of sections were seldom finish-
ed they were placed in the new super as a start-
er or bait.

Too large or too small a hive would decrease
the yield by increasing the brood or failing to
put a new force of workers upon the stage of
action as rapidly as the old ones went oflf.

It is one thing to get a hive full of brood, but
a different matter to make bees work. They
are more than willing to rear brood; but to
store honey beyond the wants of the brood is
not a part of their ambition. That they are
able to gather far more honey than they do is
plain to be seen. For instance, take a swarm
weighing 5 lbs. A bee weighs a grain and a
quarter, and carries a grain of honey. Then
one trip for honey equals 4 lbs. Eight trips a
day equals 32 lbs., and for a forty-days' yield, as
we had this year and last, they should carry
over 1200 lbs., not to speak of those bountiful
seasons when six blossoms yield a load, and a
trip takes only a few minutes. A prevailing
idea is, that in these dry seasons the sage-blos-
soms contain no honey. This is disproved by
the fact that some colonies do well. Again,

796

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct. 15.

there was a rank sage growth, though not so
numerous a growth of shoots as in the more
favorable seasons. It does not seem reasonable
that a plant could make a thrifty six-foot
growth and yet fail in furnishing a most minute
drop of nectar. Last season the honey, when
first gathered, was thick ; this season, thin
and watery, showing that there was moisture,
at least; and a grain of honey could be dipped
from white sage, by hand, in less than an hour.
Florence, Cal.

[The article by Mr. Dayton is exceedingly
well and carefully written. I would empha-
size especially the point he makes regarding
the desirability of the right size of brood-nest
for the kind of season. He shows very plainly
that too large a brood-nest for some seasons is
a waste; for he says that " this year, colonies
which attained a rousing strength in large
hives were too late for the harvest;" and fur-
ther he says, "Too large or too small a hive
would decrease the yield by increasing the
brood or failing to put a new force of workers
on the stage of action as rapidly as the old
ones went off."" Therefore we must consider
the fact that localities vary, and seasons also
vary in those localites. Of course, the advo-
cates of large hives will claim that their hives
can be reduced, (xranted; but there is a lot of
extra wood and extra weight, extra cover, di-
vision-board, and what not. that iiiiist be han-
dled with this small colony. Now. it seems to
me that eight frames is as small as most bee-
keepers care to have a brood-nest; and twice
eight frames, or one on top of the other, is as
large as unusual seasons or unusual localities
will require for brooding. Then there is the
attendant advantage of handling a small hive
when only a medium-sized colony Is wanted. —
Ed.]

AVERAGING A BARREL OF HONEY PER
COLONY.

SOME TREMENDOUS YIELDS FROM THE STATE
OF FLORIDA.

Bii A. F. Brown.

Friend Root: — In compliance with your re-
(juest I herewith hand you my report for the
past spring and summer.

My total crop is a trifle over :.'() tons, from 193
colonies in yard. Of this 26 tons, 4}o was comb
honey, principally in l.'.'-oz. sections. Five tons
of this crop was "orauge" honey, secured at
Glenwood, Fla., during March; the remainder,
21 tons, from palmetto and mangrove, secured
by moving the apiary :>0 miles to the eas-t coast,
upon what is known as the "Mosquito Inlet'"
belt of black mangrove. This belt of mangrove
represents an area of country about three by
fifteen miles in extent, and there were about
2000 colonies upon the range this year, the total
crop being not far fi'om 150 tons.

A few of the heaviest yields are: Harry
Mitchell, of Hawk's Park, ,56 colonies. .52 bbls. —
an average of 380 lbs. per colony; W. S. Hart,
of Hawk's Park, 116 colonies, 344 lbs. per colony;
John Olson, New Smyrna, 38 colonies, 25 bbls. —
about 275 lbs. per colony; Mrs. E. A. Marsh, of
Oak Hill, 98 colonies, 305 lbs. per colony; T. M.

Adams, Oak Hill, 70 colonies, 340 lbs. per colony;-
E. O. Clinton, Oak Hill, 80 colonies, 40 bbls.—
550 lbs. each; about 275 lbs. per colony; Johr»
Y. Detwiler, New Smyrna, 13 colonies, 200 gal-
lons, and heavy increase (in justice to Mr. Det-
wiler I should add that his colonies were hardly-^
more than mere nuclei at the commencement
of the season); E. M. Storer, Hawk's Park, 275^
colonies, 90 bbls., and about 2000 lbs. of comb-
honey; John Abbott, Eldora, 2i) colonies, 10-
bbls.; J. P. Turner, Eldora, 17 colonies, 2}4
bbls., and increase to .50. Messrs. O. O. Popple-
ton, R. S. Sheldon, S. A. Galbreath, and many
others, secured good crops; but I have not the-
exact figures to give in this.

The apiaries in reach of both palmetto and
mangrove are the ones which gave the biggest
yields; but those in reach of only one source-
did well for that, but do not count in the ag-
gregates. Again, some men use only a two-
story eight-frame hive, whereas others used-
three-story ten-frame hives ; still others, the-
" Long-idea " hive.

Some allowed their honey to remain upon the
hive until all sealed and thoroughly ripened by
the bees, while others ran their extractor
twice a week, and harvested " sweetened'
water " instead of good No. 1 honey. This is
very noticeable with those who secured the
"big" yields.

Again, some extracted so close that their bees
will regain a good share of it back before they
will meet with any more coming in. Others
left 50, 75, or 100 lbs. in their hives. All these
items figure in. and materially change the
face of many of the yields.

Summed up as a whole, I think 200 lbs. per
colony, and ample stores left within the hive, to-
be about correct for average good colonies. I
have no record of the largest yield of extracted
from one single colony; but I had several col-
onies that gave me from 290 to 312 lbs. per col-
ony, of comb honey in 12-oz. sections. Mr. E.
M. Store and myself are the only ones who-
worked for any comb honey. All others ran
for extracted.

I might add, that I used a two-story eight-
frame hive, my frames being the original
Hoft'man, as invented and used by Julius HoflF-
man. I used no division-boards; the inside
width of my hives being 11,^ in., frames are I^h
in. spacing. Propolis does not interfere with
rapid work; on the contrary, it is quite valu-
able when migration is followed.

With honey oft' the hives, and in the extract-
ing-room, I have, with one assistant to help, un-
capped and extracted five 45-gallon barrels in
4>.2 hours, using one of your two-frame Cowan
extractors. All my honey remains upon the
hive until sealed. I use two Bingham knives,
heated, for uncapping.

This is my third year following migration,
and my sixteenth move, covering distances-
from 5 to 300 miles, with from 100 to 300 colo^

1894

(JLEANINGS IN BEE CLLTURE.

797

lilies. Since the close of the mangrove season I
have moved my apiary to this place, a distance
•of 75 miles, and placed it in reach of some (K),-
'000 acres of swamp, and 2i)00 acres of orange-
groves, ready for winter and spring f^ows. I
•am well acquainted with every nook and cor-
ner of East, Middle, and South Florida, and
the honey resources all over the btate, having
compiled the State Reports for three years. I
have visited and investigated Cuba and her
honey resources, and could add several items to
Fred O. Sommerford's article in Sept. I5th
•Gleanings, but space forbids.
San Mateo, Fla., Supt. "^3.

[When A. I. R. was visiting at Mr. Lang-
stroth's, in Dayton, the latter told him that he
had received a report fiom a bee-keeper in
Florida who had averaged a barrel of honey
per colony for his whole apiary. When the
Senior editor came home he wanted to know if
1 had received reports of any such yields.
■■ Why, yes," 1 said. Our Huney Statistics had
.given an inkling of something of the kind, but
•did not put it exactly that svay. He thought
we ought, to find out more about it at once.
But 1 suggested that these big yields were
sometimes misleading, and that we must not
make too much of them. But Mr. Brown has
written the matter up in such a way that 1 do
.not tliink there will be any wrong idea convey-
ed. We must remember that yields per colony
in the South (and that includes Cuba) are much
.larger than those in the North; so we must
uiaKe due allowance for locality. While most
bee-keepers ot the North have been reporting
-a rather poor seasun 1 am sure they will all
rejoice with tlieir bee-keeping friends in Flori-
•da who have produced such enormous yields,
•«ven aggregating a barrel per colony, if we
consider the bairel as one of standard size — 31
gallons. Larger honey barrels are unwieldy
to handle, so the smaller sizes are usually
meant when spoken of. ,

1 have been a little tearful that the Hoffman
frame might not be satisfactory in the extreme
•South, where the propolis is deposited more
freely; but it seems that, if one will throw
aside his old-time prejudice, and really open
his eyes to something b tter, he may handle
these frames to belter advantage than the loose
■unspaced style.

1 scarcely know what is a big record for ex-
tracting— that is, the largest number of pounds
taken out m a given time; but 1 am rather of
the opinion that five 4r)-gallon barrelfuls, or
•3.500 lbs., in 4;'.2' hours, is a record-breaking feat
for a two-frame extractor. Here is a pointer
for those who are using the non reversible ma-
chines.

The rest of my footnote will be found attached
to the article of Dr. Miller's, p. 7".i3, and to whicli
friend Brown is referred. I hope he will not
only give us the information called for. but the
"several items'" in reference to Mr. Sommer-
.ford's article in Gleanings for Sept. 15.— Ed.]

RIPENED OR DIGESTED NECTAR.

CHOS.S (V) OF f AI.IFOKNIA.

By Prof. A. J. Cook.

I read last (tle.ynings with sincere pleasure.
The new ideas regarding feeding by percola-
tion, from Dr. Miller and Mr. Boardman, pleas-
■ed me much, as I am working on the same line.

I am free, and rejoice to say that they are
ahead of me. I was amused to hear of Mr.
Boardman's experience, that it did not granu-
late as the " bees ripen it." We usually speak
of ripening as a thickening process, and we all
know that, the thicker cane syrup is, the more
readily it crystallizes. Why not speak the
truth, and say the bees digest it, or convert it
into honey — a glucose sugar ? Mr. Muth says
it is cane sugar stored. Why, then, does it not
granulate or crystallize?

I did not say in my article that the so-called
paralysis was caused by too little stores. 1 see
no reason to change my mind regarding the new-
bee disease.

We have heard much of cross bees in Califor-
nia, or, rather, that the California bees are pecul-
iarly ill-natured. My present bees are hybrids,
between blacks and Italians, with black blood
in the ascendency. This season has been a very
poor one. Such a combination in Michigan I
used to dread, in case 1 had to work with the
bees. I have not been troubled at all here. I
have worked not a little with no veil, and often
with no smoker.

People are often annoyed by having their
shade-trees injured. Horses are hitched to the
trees, and soon girdle and destroy them. I
have a magnificent oak in my yard. It is im-
mense, and its shade and beauty are our con-
stant joy. Well, 1 have no sign up, and yet no
one hitches to this mighty monarch. 1 believe
the bees enjoy it as much as I do. It shades
the bees, and me while I work with them, and I
have little fear that horses will be tied to it.

i have been through Ventura Co. twice late-
ly; but time would not stop nor listen to my
stopping, so I passed Fillmore, Santa Paula,
and Ventura, with great longings to visit
Mclntyre and our other friends. My regrets
were renewed as I read Rambler's account of
his and our good friend Wilder "s visit in that
region.

Claremont, Cal., Sept. 26.

[I do not think we can successfully deny that
bees dodo sumething to nectar or thin syrup
after they get hold of it. Chemical analysis
shows a bliglit change; and when honey or
syrup is fed thin enough they ripen it or digest
it, or do something to it that changes it some-
what. When syrup is fed thick, or in the old
proportion of two of sugar to one of water, less
change necessarily take.s place — perhaps none
at all in some cases; but when it is fed thin —
half sugar and half water, after the bees have
stored \i in the combs it seems to have under-
gone a change. It looks a little different, and
it tastes a little different. You seem to prefer
the word "'digest."* If there is a change, I
should prefer the word "ripen." It seems to
me it is more palatable to the consumer to
think of it as such; but whether this ripening

*It seems incorrect to use the word "digest " in
connection with nectar or honey until it lias been
acted upon by tiie true stomach for food. Not until
then does it begin to disintegrate and start to build
up tliat which is continually wearing away, by con-
verting, in the language of Cowan, the nutrient
particles of the food into blood. Nectar is held in

7;»8

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct. 15.

of thin sugar makes it really and truly honey
in every sense of the word, is something I
can not quite admit. Prof. Wiley's definition
of honey seems to me to be correct w hen he
says that it is nectar gathered from flowers,
and stored by the bees; and chemically, if I am
correct, it does not have all the qualities of
honey from flowers; yet I am quite willing to
admit that thin sugar syrup, if fed to the bees,
and stored, will taste very much like ordinary
honey; but I am opposed to calling it honey,
for it has not gone through the legitimate pro-
cess of being gathered from flowers. — Ed.]

NOTES OF BICYCLE TRAVEL.

By Ernest R. Root.

At the depot at Flint I inquired where W. Z.
Hutchinson lived.

" Do you mean the editor of the Review .^"

" Yes, sir," I said.

A small boy started me up the street, and ere
long I was before the home of the Review. It
was now dark; but after passing through the
gateway I saw that some girls were swinging
in the hammock under some broad-spreading
trees. These proved to be the Review twins.
One of them started for her father, and very
soon a tall, stalwart figure, as straight as an
arrow, dressed in work-clothes, appeared from
around the house; and before he could see me
distinctly he held out his hand with a cordial
" How do you do, P>nest?"

He is one of those professional men who are
not afraid to put on overalls, and to get right
down to honest, hard day's work; neither is he
ashamed to appear in his work-clothes.

We went into the house, and I was soon mak-
ing the acquaintance of baby Fern. No won-
der Bro. H. is proud of her. I had intended at
this time to present here a nice picture of her;
but I am sorry to say that the half-tone here
shown doesn't half do her justice. It is suffi-
cient to say that I took a " great shine " to her,
and she to " that man," as she called me. The
flutchinson home was happy before she came;
but it is doubly so now, I should judge.

Mr. Hutchinson and I soon fell to talking
about photography— a hobby that we both
pursue at times, with a great deal of enjoyment.
The talk that followed for the next few min-
utes, regarding negatives, snap shots, and time
exposures, probably would not be particularly
interesting at a bee-convention, nor even here,
and so I'll not repeat it. But while we were
thus engaged, it seems that baby Fern did not
care to go to sleep, in spite of the efl'orts of her
mother. Finally papa was called upon to per-
form the task — something he did with entire
success. Mrs. Hutchinson explained that, inas-
much as her husband had hisoi'flce in the house,
he had taken a good deal of the care of Fern.

tho lioney-sac, not for the purpose of present diges-
tion, but poHsihti/ to render it l^etter for preserva-
tion, in order that it may be digested wlien the bee
needs actual food iii the true stomach to supply
waste.

and sometimes she seemed to think that her
papa was a little bit better than her mamma.*
The case is otherwise at our home.

Next morning Bro. H. and I visited for awhile
in the i?euici« sanctum. He showed me some of
the photographs he had taken illustrating the
different phases of apiculture. In the produc-
tion of clear, wpll-deflned, sharp photos, illus-
trating bee-keeping, he certainly will carry off
the palm.

As my stay was to be brief, we next repaired
to the Review apiary. This. I saw, was made-
up of Heddon-Langstroth and Heddon divisi-
ble-brood-chamber hives.

As to the size of hives, Mr. H. did not express-
himself very positively; but seemed to think
that the eight-frame capacity was large
enough for his locality. As to dead brood, he-

BAUY FERN.

had seen nothing of the kind in his apiary, but
thought Mr. Taylor might be able to show me
some. After taking a look at some of the
Atchley five-banders, we turned our attention
to the Atchley plan of keeping the surplus
queens in small nuclei. In Mr. Hutchinson's
hands it certainly was a grand success. There
was no robbing and no killing of queens, and
all were just as fresh as when taken from the
hive in which they were reared; and if there is
any thing in the statement that it is bad to

* Some time ago Mr. Hutchinson gave expression
tlirougli his paper to the idea th;it, however well we
Diiglit know our friends as bee-keepers, we like to
know sometliing of their home life, or how they
live. I hope, therefore, I m;iy l>e excused for giving
tliis little peep into that m;)st sacred of all places, a
home. I shall give other peeps, perhaps.

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

799

take queens from the hive in the height of egg -
laying, they are in better shape because their
laying capacity is limited to the surface of two
ordinary sections.

This plan was given in Gleanings for May
15, 1894, page 407; and in the August Review
Mr. Hutchinson writes of it as used in his
apiary, as follows:

Queens in large numbers are now being kept in
the Rcrii'w apiary bi' means of tlie Atchley plan.
An old-style Heddon super is divided into eight
compartments, three untlnished sections and a cag-
ed queen placed in eacii compartment, and the
super placed over a queenless colony. The bees
rush up and cluster around the queen and between
the sections. Just at dusk the super is placed upon
a bottom-board having a raised rim around the out-
side, also strips across the center to correspond
with the divisions in tlie case, and carried to a new
stand in some shady secluded spot. Each little
compartment is furnished with an entrance cut
through the rim around the outside of the bottom-
board. A piece of queen-excluding metal, with a
single opening, is phicei in each entrance. Each
little hive is furnished with a separate cover, and
over all is laid a flat board cover. The next day at
dusk the queens are released. 1 have yet to have a
queen killed in one of these little clusters. Robbers
give no trouble whatever. It isn't that they do not
find the hives, as I often see them "snooping"
around them, but tliey seem to hesitate about
crawling through tlie perforated metal when there
is any opposition back of it. This plan keeps the
queens in the best possible condition for shipment,
and enables me to keep a stock of queens on hand
all ready for immediate shipment.

I was very enthusiastic over this new method
of keeping queens, and determined to put it in-
to practice as soon as I arrived home, but
somehow I did not get around to it; but it
shall be tried ne.Kt year — not to determine
whether it will work, for lam satisfied of that
already.

I might say, by way of parenthesis, that A. I.
R. tried these small nuclei many years ago;
but he was continually bothered by their being
either robbed out, or else by their swarming
out of their own will. But you see the Atchleys
have overcome both difficulties by reducing
the entrance to the size of a single hole of ex-
cluder zinc. This is large enough for the
workers to pass in and out, but just small
enough to make it risky for robbers to try to
get through and get out alive. Well, suppose
the little colony, or, better, little nucleus, de-
cides to swarm. All right— let it swarm. The
queen can not pass the metal, and they will
come back. But even if they should fail to do
this, there will be bees enough left to take care
of the queen.

After talking over some of our experiences in
the line of getting out bee-journals we repaired
to the barn, where I had left my wheel, and
prepared for another run. Lapeer, the home of
R. L. Taylor, was about .'O miles due east; but

it was over a road of Michigan sand. As soon
as I heard this I decided to take a train, and
wisely too. On arriving at Lapeer I found I
had only two hours between trains, for it was
necessary for me to go back to Flint in order
that I might take another train that would
carry me over the ocean of sand to Manistee,
Mich. Mr. Taylor lives about a mile from the
depot, I should judge. It did not take me long
to find his home, a handsome residence near
the outskirts of the town. I wheeled into the
yard, and there I met Mr. Taylor reading his
morning paper, comfortably seated in an easy-
chair on the lawn.

I explained that there were only two hours be-
tween the trains. Grasping the situation at
once, he proceeded to make the best of the time
at my disposal. So, just before dinner we took
a ramble over his fruit-farm. I was surprised
to note the extent, variety, and perfection of
the fruit that he was growing. How often we
know bee-keepers as bee-keepers, but are en-
tirely ignorant of the fact that they have made
successes in other lines of rural industries! So
in this case, I think our readers will be glad to
know that Mr. Taylor is not only well up on
the subject of bees, but in fruit-growing— that
is, if I may judge from the old rule, " By their
fruits ye shall know them."

Well, after we had taken a stroll over the
farm, my eyes rested on some queer sort of pits
in a side-hill in a little grove. " What do those
pits mean?" Mr. Taylor smiled a little, and
remarked that the previous owner was a spir-
itualist, and that he had been informed by the
spirits that a quantity of treasure was buried
somewhere in this hill-slope. The numerous
pits that had been dug here and there, only to
be abandoned, plainly attested that the digger
fully believed that the spirits had told him the
truth. But Mr. Taylor, it seems, instead of
going crazy over the same idea, when he came
into possession of the land, dug the wealth out
of the soil by a far more rational method; i. e.,
in the production of fine crops by the "sweat of
the brow."

After dinner we employed the short time that
was left us, in the bee-shop and apiary. In the
former, Mr. Taylor showed me crates of honey,
individual sections of which contained various
kinds of foundation. The object of the experi-
ment was to determine what make and what
weight would give the most honey per section
or per crate. It was plainly evident that the
Given, as could be seen from the bulged combs
which had been built from that foundation,
was ahead, and that the combs from the Van
Deusen flat-bottom was quite a little behind
the other grades. This was shown by the fact
that the combs in the last named were scarcely
ever built out even to the face of the sections.
" Why," said I, " Mr. Taylor, this is worthy of
being carefully photographed, because a photo-
graph can not be prejudiced, nor can it mis-

800

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct. 1.5.

represent the facts." Mr. Taylor seems to have
followed the suggestion, for & picture appears
in the Bee-keepers' Review for September.
Further reference will be made to this experi-
ment, editorially, elsewhere.

We next turned our attention to foundation-
fasteners and other fixings used in the apiary.
Every thing about the shop betokened careful
thought as to how labor in performing the
various operations might be the most economi-
cally employed. He finally look his Bingham
smoker and a large screwdriver, and was soon
ready to look over the divisible-brood-chamber
hives, the manipulation of which by Mr. T. I
was very anxious to see.

As our readers know, he is a strong advocate
of a capacity of eight frames— at least, for the
Langstroth size; and when I fired the question
at him again, he expressed himself as perfectly
well satisfied with that size of brood-nest for
the Langstroth frame. A glance over the
apiary showed that there were a few old-style
eight-frame Heddon hives still in use; but the
great majority were of the divisible-brood-
chamber type.

I then asked him whether he had seen any
cases of dead brood in his yard. Yes, he had,
and he very soon showed me some. We were
speculating somewhat upon the difference be-
tween the dead brood that had visited some
of the apiaries of late, and the ordinary viru-
lent type of foul brood, when Mr. Taylor re-
marked:

" I think perhaps I have a sample of foul
brood that we can look at."

" But." said I, "are you not afraid to open
up the hives, now that the honey season is over,
in the middle of the day?"

Foul brood had no terrors for him. He would
just as soon have one or two cases in his yard,
in order that he might study it. As he sells
nothing in the way of bees or queens, the dis-
ease is not likely to get beyond his yard, nor,
indeed, into the honey, considering the care
with which he does every thing in the yard.
Well, the marked difference between the foul
brood and dead brood was, that the former was
decidedly ropy. The latter looked very much
like it, but lacked this one characteristic of
ropiness— that is, that tenacious, sticky quality,
that would cause the maturated mass, when
perforated with a spear of grass, to adhere to
the end of it as it is drawn out slowly, making
a stringlike filament that breaks when drawn
out an inch or so.

Mr. Taylor then showed me a hive that had
shown traces of foul brood about a year ago.
This he had left to its own devices to see what
it would do. The disease would appear and
then at times disappear. At the time of our
inspection we found one or two diseased cells.
This was an interesting case, as it illustrates
how some colonies will resist the disease, with-
out any serious effects.

Well, how about those Heddon divisible-
brood-chamber hives? He handled them very
expeditiously and easily, although they had
been in use several seasons, I believe. After
removing the cover, his next operation was to
loosen as many frames as he cared to remove,
by prying between the frames with the large
screwdriver. Then the operation of withdraw-
ing the frames was easy, and was done without
any disturbance on the part of the bees: nor
was there any bee killing, that I could discov-
er. Mr. Taylor is not one of those who bubble
all over with enthusiasm when he is pleased
with any thing; but in his quiet way he seem-
ed to be perfectly satisfied with the Heddon
hive.

I forgot to ask him whether he had any diffi-
culty, as some of us have had, in getting the
bees to breed properly in two shallow brood-
chambers— i. e., from one to the other. My own
experience with shallow chambers, as well as
that of some other bee-men whom I saw on this
trip, who had tried similar arrangements, seem-
ed 10 indicate that, while ihe bees would breed
all right in one section, it required pressure
and considerable coaxing to get them to enter
the next one, either above or below. I remem-
ber, when Mr. Taylor removed the frames, that
there seemed to be brood distributed in both
sections of the hives. That being the case,
perhaps he can tell why he has no trouble
along that line, or how it may be obviated.
Perhaps something may be due to the race of
bees used. And that brings me to the Taylor
bees. I was surprised to see how well-behaved
they were, despite the fact that, in one instance
(I believe for a test of their temper), he remov-
ed the cover with a snap ; yet they did not
seem to resent particularly this intrusion.
" Why," said I, '• Mr. Taylor, you can not do
that with some of our hybrids, much less those
that are nearly black." I am glad to know
that they are well-behaved. But the principal
reason why they are preferred, I believe, is be-
cause they shake readily from between the
combs of the shallow brood-chamber, and thus
render more feasible certain operations with
this sort of hive.

The five-banders were about the meanest bees
in point of temper and robbing disposition he
had, or, I believe, ever had had. All the time
that I was in the yard the yellow fellows were
following us about; and even while we were at
a considerable distance from the apiary, looking
over the fruit-farm, an occasional five-bander
would buzz about our heads.

While thus pleasantly engag^^d in the apiary,
I noticed that I had only six or seven minutes
to gHt to the depot. I was soon on the bicycle,
and in a few minutes more was on the train
again for Flint, there to change cars (for it was
Saturday afternoon) for Manistee, Mich., the
home of an aunt.

To be continued.

1894

GLEANIN(;S IN BEE CULTURE.

801

BY G./^.DOOLITTLE.BOROOINO.N.Y.

KEEPIN(i QUEENS.

Questinti. — What is the best method of keep-
ing laying queens while not in use in colonies ?

Ansiver. — There are only two reasons which
I know of, why a laying queen should be kept
outside of a colony of bees, except in the case
of shipping them, when' sold to a customer, or
transporting them from one apiary to another.
This exception is covered quite thoroughly in
all of our bee-papers, for there is scarcely a
month goes by but that some one has some-
thing to say in regard to sending queens in the
mails, etc.. telling of the best cage, the best
candy to use, the right number of bees to put
with the queen, and so on. With me, I use the
small lienton cages for the month of June,
July, and August, where the queens do not
have to go over 1000 miles, and invariably give
each queen ten bees to accompany her. In all
cages I use the Good candy, no matter where
sent. For spring and fall, and where queens
are going more than 1000 miles, but not farther
away than the United States or Canada, I use a
cage of the Benton pattern, but about three
times as deep, and with the queen I send six-
teen workers as companions. These workers
are bees from six to ten days old, or those
which have had their first cleansing flight, as
bees which have not flown to empty themselves
of the accumulations collecting through their
larval period are not in condition to endure
confinement to the best advantage. Worker-
bees are best caught and selected when they
have their heads in the cells taking honey, and
bees of the age spoken of above are far more
likely to take honey when the hive is being
disturbed than are those either older or young-
er, so if the operator takes the bees that have
their heads in the cells, loading with honey,
upon the removal of the frames from the hive,
he is not liable to be far out of the way in his
selection of bees to ship as companions with
a queen. Besides, such bees as have their sacs
well filled with honey seem to stand the jour-
ney much better than bees taken with empty
honey-sacs, as I have proven during the past
ten or twelve years. My way of accounting
for this is, that this honev taken with them
helps them to moisten the sugar in the candy,
so the candy is more readily used than where
they have no honey to moisten it with; for it is
a well-known fact with those who have fed
candy to bees for wintering purposes, that, so
long as honey remained in the hive, the candy
would be moistened and used; but when the
supply of honey gave out, the bees would often
starve with plenty of candy within easy reach.
Since I learned this fact, that bees filled witii

honey, when put into the shipping-cage, were
more likely to go through in better shape than
were a promiscuous selection, I have lost very
few queens; and the past season has been one
of unusual success, as only one queen out of
every lt)4 sent out has been lost, so far as reports
have come in. For shipping to foreign coun-
tries, I am still "at sea " regarding just what
the cage should be. This year I have been
placing a piece of dry worker-comb in each
cage, from the fact that more queens are lost
by being drowned or daubed, with the feed
getting thin and running all over the inside of
the cage and occupants, than from any other
reason. This seems to come about by the
dampness which accumulates on the candy
while on the ocean, the mail -bags being crowd-
ed in some damp part of the ship. We all
know that, where the bees are " at home " in
their hives, they always store any sweet liquid
found loose anywhere about the hive, in the
combs; and as the queen and accompanying
bees soon establish a " home " in the shipping-
cage they are confined in, this dry comb will
give them a place to store the liquid produced
from the moisture coming in contact with their
candy. More than this, it will allow the bees
which have their saCs full of honey when put
into the cage, to store that honey in this comb,
instead of holding it in their sacs, and thus
they are placed in as nearly a natural condition
as possible while en route for foreign countries.
I put in 30 bees to accompany the queen to
foreign countries. But perhaps I have dwelt
too long on the exception part of this matter;
yet I did not see where to stop, and yet have it
plain to the beginner. One of the other reasons
for desiring to keep queens outside of the hive
is, where we wish to take the reigning queen
from a hive in order to introduce another, or
take one fi'om a nucleus to make room for cells
which must be taken care of before they hatch.
It is always well to preserve the old queen
when we are trying to introduce another in her
stead; for, should it happen that the queen
which we are desirous should supplant the old
one is lost in introducing, then we shall not be
obliged to leave the colony queenless, as we
have the old one on hand to give back to them;
or we can give one of those taken from the
nucleus, if preferred, to take the place of the
lost one, if all these have not been sent off to
customers. To keep such queens as last spo-
ken of, I use two methods. One is, to put them
in cages with accompanying bees, the same as
for shipment, placing the cage where a tem-
perature of from 60 to 70° can be maintained,
as nearly as possible, for this temperature is
conducive to the longest life of bees while in
confinement in a cage outside of a hive; and
the second is, to place the queen in a provision-
ed cage without any worker-bees with her,
placing the cage over the frames of a nursing
colony; or, where several are thus caged, by

802

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct. 15.

placing these cages in a frame made to fit a
certain number, said frame to take the place of
one of the frames in the hive. The one cage
can be placed in a frame if it is thought better
for the queen to be down among the bees, by
making blank cages to fill the frame. Make as
many blanks as your frame will take cages,
and then when you have queens to put in, re-
move as inany blanks as you have cages with
■queens in. and you are prepared at all times to
accommodate as many or as few as may be de-
sired. The nursing colonies are made up of
five or six frames of hatching brood, and are
kept well stocked with young bees, which are
not permitted to have a laying queen while
used as a nursing colony. My advice would be,
not to keep any queen away from the bees or
combs, where she can lay, for more than three
weeks; for I believe longer confinement tends
to the injury of the queen. The last reason for
desiring to keep queens outside the hive is, the
prevention of increase while securing a crop of
comb. A large increase of bees and a crop of
comb honey do not go together; and for this
reason many of our best bee-keepers practice
the removing of queens from the hives when
the swarming season arrives, and in nine or
ten days destroy all queen-cells and return the
queens, when the bees are said to go at once
into the sections, and no trouble with swarm-
ing results. While I do not fully indorse this
plan, yet I have had the best of success in this
way some years. In others the bees would
contract the swarming fever later, and swarm-
ing became a source of annoyance to me.
Where queens are to be kept for this purpose, I
consider it best to take her out with a frame of
bees and hatching brood, putting the frame of
brood into a nucleus hive above or close beside
the old hive till wanted back, when she is easi-
ly replaced by setting the frame back.

[One of the best methods of keeping a queen
while out of the hive is the Atchley plan of
using very small nuclei, containing one or two
sectioniJ. with an entrance consisting of only
one perforation of excluder zinc. The plan is
dfscriberl in full in another column in Notes of
Bicycle Travel.— Ed.]

A CORRECTION.

In my article in Gleanings for Sept. 15, on
" Work in the Apiary," I find a couple of errors,
the correction of which will give a better un-
derstanding of my meaning. P. 721, 2d column,
15th line, "No. 2" should be No. 72. In the
concluding paragraph you make me say ....
"I have several times forgotten the stopper for
a few minutes, or until I needed it the next
time." In the " copy " I wrote " or until I

needed it at the next hive. " " The next hive "
may be only a few steps away. "The next
time"7(U(y be next day or next week, which
would prove rather disastrous to the colony
where the entrance-stopper was left.

Wm. Muth-Rasmussen.
Independence, Cal., Sept. 28.

statistics.

Alabama.—" Sorry."

Arizona. — Very good. Mr. Gregg gets 2.'),980 lbs.,
2(K) colonies.

California. — New Rosedale, e.xtraordinary; one
apiary of Si^O colonies averages 1.50 lbs. ; good in Sier-
ra Co. ; at IndeiJendence, very poor.

Coloiado.— Very favorable at Las Animas, 85 colo-
nies giving 5000 lbs., 3000 of it comli; at Port Mor-
gan, Aug. 27, tliere was a biff crop, and still coming.

Florida. — Very good at Vero, ,50 colonies giving
]0,000 lbs., one colony giving 4.50 lbs. extracted; poor
at Wewahitclika.

Georgia.— Very good in the northwest part.

Illinois. — Favorable at Osage; bees "down" at
Jersej'ville.

Iowa.— August reports are ail bad; much better
in September.

Kansas.— Fiiilure.

Maine. — " Best we ever knew," etc.

Maryland.— Very good in Garrett Co.; poor in
Queen Anne's Co.

Michigan. --Very poor in Hillsdale Co.

Minnesota. — Two report good, one bad.

Mississippi.— One bad report.

Missonri —Aug. 20, very poor.

New Mexico.— First failure in 12 years.

Npw York.— Five report favorable, two not. Julius
Hoffman reports " poor in quantity and quality."

Ohio.— Both extremes are reported.

Pennsylvania.— Good from buckwheat in Juniata
Co.. Aug. 21.

Texas.— Two report good, one bad.

Ftah.— Very unfavorable.

Virginia.— "Poorest season in 20 years," one re-
ports.

Washington.— Best in 15 years at Elherton; very
poor at Mossy Rock; fair at Port Angeles.

Wisconsin.— Two good reports, but generally
rather liad.

[As the reports above were written somewhat
later than those given Sept. 1. we see a decided
improvement after the drouth was broken the
first week in September. In some respects it
has been a year of great extremes in regard to
rain. and. consequently, as aff'ecting the flow of
nectar.— Ed.]

RIDING A bicycle; SOME QUESTIONS FROM

PROF. LAZENBY. OF THE OHIO STATE

UNIVERSITY.

Mr. Root: — I read with equal pleasure and
profit your notes in Gleanings, especially your
reports of long-distance rides on the bicycle.
I should like to ask you a few questions.

1. Does riding a wheel demand so much at-
tention that one can not observe with satisfac-
tion, or follow a continuous line of thought?

2. How does the use of the bicycle affect your
walking? Does it lessen your inclination or
pleasure in this exercise?

^. Do you sit perfectly upright on your
wheel, or do you adopt the common spider or
racing position? If you use low handle-bars,
and bend forward, do you regard it as injuri-
ous? Do the advantages of such a position
overbalance the disadvantages?

I have never used a wheel, but am thinking
of doing so. Before bc^ginning I desire more
light on the above points. I believe I realize
the advantages of the bicycle. They are many

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

803

•und evident. The disadvantages are not so
evident, and I should like to know what they
are. William R. Lazenby.

Columbus, O., Sept. 3.

[1. While learning to ride, it usually takes
about all the beginner's attention to keep his
seat and stay in the road; but in a very little
time it becomes a sort of involuntary work, like
walking; and the most of my work for Glean-
ings is planned while riding. In fact, I some-
times go into a deep study over some problem,
and ride miles without noticing very much of
the country 1 am going through, unless some-
thing unusual wakes me up.

2. The use of tlie wheel certainly makes one
feel more like walking; and I often enjoy walk-
ing beside my wheel, up a long hill, as a change.
When I overtake a friend who goes along with
me for a piece. I usually walk, for it is difficult
to ride the wheel slow enough to keep pace
with one on foot. I enjoy walking for a change,
and afterward I enjoy the wheel again for a
change.

3. I always sit upright, unless it is during a
high wind or when climbing a long steep hill.
While the bent-over position is certainly very
much of a notion, there are some circumstances
in favor of it when one wishes to make the
greatest speed possible. The principal one is
that to which I have already alluded, offering
less resistance to the air. especially when the
wind is against you. I do not know how any
one can, from choice, adopt a bent-over posture
any more in riding than he would in walking
or sitting down. So far as my observation goes,
it is mostly the boys who ride bent over, and
those who seem to ride only to make great
speed. Where one rides for the pleasure of it,
to see the country and to study nature, as I do.
he certainly will prefer to sit upright.— A. I. R.]

Since I have discarded that editorial " we,"
somehow I feel more natural.

It is reported that foul brood is raging badly
in Hunterdon Co., N. J. By the way, localities
where foul brood is prevalent should be known,
it seems to me.

Reports are beginning to agree that the
most effective remedy for the cure of bee-paral-
ysis is the removal of the queen. In the worst
cases, nothing seems to do any good.

bee-keeping in ONTARIO.

For at least once, the bee-keepers have a fair
show at the hands of the press. The Toronto
Globe for Aug. 2.") devotes about two pages to
honey and bees, illustrated by over a dozen
large and fine views. Among those represent-
ing bee-men we notice those of A. Pickett, R.
F. Holtermann, Wm. Mch^voy, Wm. Couse, and
Martin Emigh. The subject-matter treats of
the number of hives in Canada and other coun-
tries; honey— its source and peculiarities; how
to secure it; hives and their construction, etc.

The remarks on fertilization, with illustrations,
are excellent. I am glad to see this new de-
parture, not only in journalism, but on the part
of the bee-keepers themselves, in rendering
such matter available to our large dailies. Are
not the bee-men themselves to blame in not
furnishing more apicultural facts to their local
papers instead of confining them to the bee-
journals? Let the good work goon; and I am
not at all sorry that our Canadian friends have
"set the initiative."

PERCOLATOR FEEDERS; MAKING SYRUP IN

LARGE PERCOLATOR CANS, SYRUP TO BE

FED IN THI-; ORDINARY WAY.

We have been continuing in the use of the
crock percolator, as described on page 769.
They are still working nicely; but to test this
plan further, we have been trying it with dif-
ferent kinds of receptacles. Where we desire
to feed the colony up with one feed, or. at most,
with two, the two-gallon crock is a little too
large and unwieldy to be handled easily, for
the crock itself forms no inconsiderable part of
the weight. Looking over our counter store,
my eyes lit upon some sap-pails.* "There."
said I. " here is just the thing." These were
filled with sugar and water, half and half, and
then a shallow cake-pan was set over, with
three or four thicknesses of cheese-cloth be-
tween. The whole was then inverted. But
the flaring edge of the cake-pan fitted so close
to the rim of the pail that it took the bees five
or six days to get the feed out. This would be
all right ordinarily; but as it was getting to be
a little late we desired to feed a little more
rapidly. Instead of the cake-pan we finally
substituted square pine board's X thick, just
large enough to cover the pail. These would
warp enough to let the air through the cloth,
and consequently the feed would run out the
more rapidly. These the bees empty in from
one to two days, and are then ready for an-
other feed. The fact that the board is warped
a trifle does no harm: but it should be 'stated
that the crocks or pails, whichever are used
should be filled level full of sugar and water,
otherwise the slight amount of air will allow
some of the water to run out before it has in-
corporated the requisite amount of sugar.

COLD-WATER SYRUP; B. TAYL0R"S PLAN.

Well, it was getting so late that we thought
it inadvisable to continue the percolator feed-
ers on the hives much longer, inasmuch as the
syrup as fed was in the proportion of half
sugar and half water— too thin for late feeding.
Disliking to make syrup in the old-fashioned
way (heating it and stirring it an hour or two
to get the sugar thoroughly dissolved), I
thought I would try the percolator plan, as it
was said this syrup would not granulate, and
would be of the proper consistency for late

*0f course, those witli holes near the top rim for
the sap-spile will not answer.

804

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct. 15.

feeding in ordinary Miller feeders. Our neigh-
bor, Vernon Hurt, told me that he had used the
plan described by R. L. Taylor, with entire suc-
ce-s: that his whole apiary of 180 colonie-i had
been fed without heating an ounce of syrup.
The plan that R. L. Taylor described was giv-
en in Gleanings, page 49fi.

Briefly stated, it consisted of an ordinary
Dadant uncapping- can. As most of you know,
it is simply one can set on top of another— the
top can having a false bottom of wire cloth,
and properly stayed to hold up the center.
Over this false bottom INTr. Taylor laid over
three thicknesses of old bed-blanket, carefully
tucking it around the edges. On to this he
poured the sugar and water, and, in his own
language, the result was all he could desire;
for all he had to do was to keep the top can
supplied, and draw off the clear limpid syrup
from the can below. Of course, I naturally
concluded that, if Mr. Burt and Mr. Taylor
could make a success of this, we could. In the
first place, flannel is rather expensive, so I told
our apiarist to take six or eight thicknesses of
cheese-cloth and put them into the bottom of
the can. The sugar and water were put into
the top can, and I eagerly awaited results,
when, much to my disappointment, the syrup
drained through but little better than sweeten-
ed water, and five pailfuls in only two hours.
It ought to have taken about ten. It was
drained off, and returned to the top can. The
result was nearly the same, except that the
syrup was a little thicker. Well, thought I,
the trouble lies in the cheese-cloth. The sugar
was taken out, and over this were put three
thicknesses of new flannel. Again the results
were not much more satisfactory. Three thick-
nesses of heavy white felt were then substitut-
ed, and still the syrup was too thin. At last,
in desperation I went down to Mr. Burt's, and
asked him where my trouble was. He could
not tell. He had used o?»7 flannel, and got good
thick syrup. Well, I have not yet found the
" nigger in the woodpile," unless there is some-
thing in the fact that old flannel, which has
been used, is more fuzzy, and consequently more
impervious to the rapid escape of the syrup.
As a last resort, we cleaned out all the sugar,
leaving nothing but the felt. Over thjs was
deposited very evenly cotton batting, about an
inch thick, and over all one thickness of muslin.
We then poured in the sugar and water as
before, and next morning I had the satisfaction
of seeing good thick syrup— that which regis-
tered 4.5 on the hydrometer scale used by maple-
syrup makers to determine when the syrup is
thick enough; but after drawing off the first
pailful or two the syrup became thinner; and,
to cap it all, the thing wouldn't percolate at all.
We finally removed the felt, spread over the
bottom a thickness of muslin; over this an
inch of cotton batting, and then covered it with
another thickness of muslin. Results: This

combination is working finely: and, although
we haven't found the " nigger" in the flannel,
we have something better.

I have gone into details to prevent others,
from making the same mistakes we did.

I may explain to our readers that a hydrome-
ter is a delicate instrument of blown glass, with
a graduated scale. It is a very convenient im-
plement for showing the thickness of honey or
syrup for feeding. Maple- syrup makers tell
me that the scale that they use is .33. This
makes about 11 lbs. to the gallon, or about the
usual thickness of ordinary extracted honey.
They can be had at almost any hardware store;-
or if you can not get them near home we can
furnish them for 3.5 cts.; postage 3 cts.

Later. — Since writing the foregoing I have
learned from Mrs. E. R. that new unwashed
flannel will let water go though it like a sieve;
but after it has been used a while the woof, or
web, becomes more dense. I asked her how she
knew. She hesitated a minute, and said that
new baby-diapers, unwashed, are not very
serviceable until they have been through the
laundrying process a few times. Our readers^
will pardon this allusion, for nothing but false-
modesty would object to it. The illustration
is a good one, and explains why I had trouble
with new cotton flannel letting the syrup
through too fast, and why B. Taylor and Mr.
Burt, using old flannel and old bed-blankets,
had entire success. The " nigger" is found at
last.

ROLLED VS. GIVEN PHERSED FOUNDATION;

FLAT-BOTTOM FOUNDATION; HEAVY

CELL -WALLS AND FAT COMBS.

Reference is made in Bicycle Notes, in an-
other column, to the experiment of R. L. Tay-
lor, as reported and illustrated by a half-tone
engraving in the Bee-keepers'' Review for Sep-
tember. We have been experimenting a little
with different weights of foundation during the
past summer, and perhaps I can throw a little
light on some of the results. Well, these re-
sults show that the "fattest" combs, if I may
use the expression, were built from Given foun-
dation; that the next fattest were from wax
sheets sheeted for roller mills, but actually
embossed or worked in the Given press. The
next in order seems to be the Hunt foundation
made on a Root mill. The rest of the results I
have been unable to compare, any more than
to state that the VanDeusen shows the " lean-
est " combs, to carry out the analogy, of all the
foundations used. Mr. Taylor, concluding, says,
first, that the quality of the wax in its original
characteristics, or in the method of its manipu-
lation, cuts a considerable figure; and, second-
ly, that either the kind of machine used in
making foundation greatly affects its value;
or. thirdly, that heavy foundation has a decided
advantage over light. Mr. Taylor's third and
last supposition, I think, is nearer the truth
than the second, as I shall presently try to show.

.1894

(.LEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

805

Now, the various foundations above mention-
•ed vary (lullc a little in the number of feet per
pound. The VanDouseu (and this gives the
leanest combs) was a triHe the lightest, being
14.22 feet per lb. The Dadant stood 14.21 feet
per lb.; the Root, 13.75; the (Jiven, only 9.iil;
while the Given-Hunt — Hunt sheets worked on
a Given press— was 9.37. Now, if you will look
again over these figures you will see that the
Given and Given-Hunt, both made on the
■Given press, were quite a little the heaviest
foundation used; and it was these sheets that
gave the fattest combs. The fatness of the
comb in the case of the other makes of founda-
tion, in like manner, seems to vary somewhat
according to the weights ; that is, the lighter
the foundation the leaner the comb, and vice
versa. The figures do not show this to be
strictly so, but strongly enough to show which
way the wind blows.

A few months ago reports were given show-
ing that the Given foundation seemed to be
more readily accepted by the bees— in fact, very
largely substantiating the facts above given;
but it should be understood that the Given
foundation, made between two fiat plates, was
a heavier grade — not heavier foundation septa,
or bases, but far heavier foundation walls. I
did not realize there was so great a difi'erence
between the cell-walls of the Given-press foun-
dation and that made on the rolls until a Given
press was sent us for experimental purposes.
In fact, the walls were so heavy that the foun-
dation looked more like sheets of wax with
small hexagonal holes dented in equally dis-
tant from each other. It then occurred to me
for the first time that it was not so much the
)nethod of embossing the sheets as it was the
kind of dies, or punches, used in making the
eell-tcalls.

I took a sample of the Given press foundation
to our Mr. Washburn, and asked him to make
punches that would make roller foundation
like the sample, or very near it. He did so,
and the foundation in every respect .secmcf? to
be as soft as that made on the Given. A test
in the hive also seemed to show that bees re-
garded it in like manner. Of course, the foun-
dation with heavy side-walls, with the same
bases, or septa, will be heavier; and, also, the
wax in these walls, not having been subjected
to the same pressure as the wax in thinner
walls, will be softer; therefore it follows that it
will be worked by the bees the quickest; and
such combs, being started first, will maintain
their advantage, and be fattest in the end.

But right here it seems to me we run against
a stump — or, at least, I fear there is danger of
it. Will not those combs built from the heavy
foundation, or, rather, that having heavy side-
walls, show very objectionable "fishbone"?
The VanDeusen foundation, which seems to
have the poorest showing in the hive, may,
when actually in the mouth of the consumer,

have the best showing. The VanDeusens have
advertised, as a special feature of their wax,
that it had no " fishbone." How far this is
true. I do not know from experience; but I do
do know that there is no perceptible fishbone in
the very light grades of foundation used by the
Dadants, Hunt, and ourselves. If manufac-
turers should agree uniformly to make their
surplus foundation with heavier walls— that
which has given, according to the experiments
of Mr. Taylor, fatter combs— consumers would
object to it as not being like the honey of their
fathers, and in time they would refuse to buy
it, on the false assumption that it was manu-
factured, and therefore not real honey. As
foundation-makers, we prefer to make our thin
surplus just as it has been made.

In conclusion, let me say that I do not ques-
tion the correctness of Mr. Taylor's experiments
in the least. I accept them as actual facts, for
I saw the combs myself v/hile at his place this
summer.

DEATH OF CHESHIKE.

Just as we go to press we are pained to learn,
through the British Bee Journal, of the death
of Frank R. Cheshire, one of the most brilliant
bee-keepers that England, or, indeed, the world,
has ever produced. His work, "'Bees and Bee-
keeping," in two volumes, will stand as a mon-
ument to his memory long after his death.
Probably there has never been any thing print-
ed in the English language, in the way of scien-
tific bee-literature at least, that is the equal of
them. The evidence of painstaking research
and careful study on the part of the author
shines forth on every page. The presswork and
the beautiful engravings, many of them from
hand- drawings by Mr. Cheshire, and hence their
correctness, are works of art. Friend C. was
severe in some of his criticisms — perhaps un-
justly so in a few instances; but, taking his
works as a whole, bee-keepers for years to come
will hold his name in grateful remembrance for
throwing new light upon many subjects upon
which there had been gross ignorance or mis-
conception. It seems that he "died on the 16th
of September, while undergoing an operation
for a painful internal malady from which he
had suffered for some time." We all unite most
heartily with the British Bee Journal in "ten-
dering to his widow and family our warmest
sympathy in their bereavement." We may be
able to give a further biographical sketch, ac-
companied by a portrait, later on.

CONVENTION NOTICES.

The County Bee Association will meet at the Taibel House.
Mont^o^e. Pa., Oct. 2.^, at 10 a.m., for tlie election of offlcers. and
any other l)usine^^s that may come before the meeting. All
interested are invited. H. M. Srkley, Sec., Harford, Pa.

The Ulinois State Bee-Ueepers' -Association will hold its reg-
ular annual meeting at the Statehouse, Springfield, Nov. 13 and
14. 1894. This change in the time has been made in order to se-
cure reduced railroad rates of 1'4 fare for the round trip. The
National and State Gr-iniro borh meet at the same time and
I)lace, and arrangenuiils are made for the same person to sign
all the certiticatcs. which must be asked for when the ticket is
purchased. Hotel rates will also be secured.

J.\s. A. Sto.vk, Sec, Bradfordton, 111.

806

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct. 15.

ON THE WHEEL— CONTINUKD FROM LAST ISSUE.

When near Lima I saw some pumping-wells
very close lo the graveled road, and 1 stopped
to investigate a little. As I started to go near
the tanks, where the well was being pumped, 1
saw a man at a distance walking toward me.
Thinking that, perhaps, they did not like to
have visitors around unattended, I turned my
wheel and ran uown to meet him. He said
they were quite willing to receive visitors, and
show them around; but he felt a little anxious
about having strangers go around alone. Only
a week before, while standing on the top of a
tank watching the oil and gas as they came
together out of the pipe, a visitor, before he
knew it, took a match out of his pocket, and
proceeded to scratch it to light his cigar, iiotli
the smell and peculiar vapor indicated that gas
was all around them, and a terrible explosion
would have ensued. What does ail people lo
make them so stupid? No wonder that men
who have this kind of pioperty in charge get
short and crusty. After a very pleasant visit,
just as 1 was going I learned there was a bee-
keeper in the neighboring town of Cridersville
wlio would give almost anything to see A. L
Root. 1 had passed the town, however, and it
was considerably off the road, so 1 decided I
could not go back. When 1 came near to the
city of Lima I was almost speechless with as-
tonishment and wonder at the vast iron tanks
scattered thickly for miles in every direction.
Why, it seemed to me as if all the world could
not use so much oil. Around each tank was an
embankment of earth to hold the oil in case the
tank should burst. I finally became so curious
that I asked a workman, who was doing some-
thing to one of the tanks close to the road, if he
had time to answer a few Yankee questions.
He replied, "No, sir; I have not a minute to
spare."

" But you can surely tell me about how much
each of these large tanks holds."

'• 1 do not know how much they hold."

" Well, excuse me, my good friend, in asking
one more question, and then I will go away.
What caused this terrible wreck and blackened
remains just across the way ?"

"Two of the tanks got atire."

Now, I wanted awfully to ask what set them
atire, but I thought 1 would let him see I was
true to my promise, even if I was a Yankee.
As I wheeled along I said to myself, "' Well, I
will just go and hunt up a bee-keeper some-
where in this city; and if he will not tell me all
I want to know, it will be funny indeed."

I wheeled into the suburbs of the town, and
found a man beside the street, talking t-o one
in a buggy. I turned up, sprang off my wheel,
and commenced:

"Gentlemen, can either of you tell me where
I can find a man who keeps bees or produces
honey, anywhere in this neighborhood ?"

The man in the buggy looked a little curious
as he replied:

" Well, stranger, I think you have hit me ex-
actly."

"And what is your name '? " said I.

" G. A. Maiteson, of Cridersville, O."

Then it was my turn to smile, and I said, "I
am A. I. Root, of Medina."

You should have seen him start at the name.

"Well, I declare! is it possible, Mr. Root,
that you have actually come on your wheel so
near my own liome? I do not know how many
times I have longed to see you and have a visit."

Friend Matteson not only answered all my
questions about the tanks and wells, but he-
took his horse and buggy, and carried me over
lo a well that was just being drilled. The
tanks that were burned up had been struck by
lightning a few weeks before. The great light
given by this huge bonfire was visible after
dark for 100 miles in every direction. In order
to save the valuable material composing the
tank they tired cannon-balls through its iron
sides down near the bottom, and let the oil
burn up inside of the dam that I have mention-
ed before. You see, these dams are absolutely
essential in order to prevent the tire from run-
ning from one lank to the next; and the tanks
are placed just far enough apart so that one
can burn up without endangering its neighbor.
Eacli tank holds aboui .')5,000 barrels, and there
are probably 500 or more of these huge reser-
voirs in the vicinity of Lima. They aie the
property of the Standard Oil Co.

As it was coming on night, I inquired my way
to Blutfton, the nearest station on one of the
railroads passing through Medina. Friend
Matteson called to somebody he knew, to direct
me where to take the right road out of the city.
This individual happened to be one of the kind
wlio can not tell any thing witliout getting in
a good many hard words. A bystander pre-
sumed to dispute his ability to direct, and then
the strong adjectives just boiled out from his
mouth. 1 tola him, as pleasantly as 1 could,
that i would rather get lost than to hear so
much bad talk. It wound him up suddenly,
and 1 feared 1 had offended him. The rest be-
gan laughing at his discomfiture, and he was
silent for a moment. I fell anxious, for I feared
he might turn on them and swear worse; but
lo my surprise he spoke something like this:

■■ Look here, boys, the road is a crooked one;
and a stranger, especially so near night, when
he is in a liurry, might find difficulty in getting
on the right track. 1 am going along with him
to show nim the way."

You see, lie was a wheelman as well as my-
self. We chatted pleasantly on the way, and
there was no more rude talk, I assure you.
Then the words of the chorus of that beautiful
hymn burst forth in my mind once more:

Oh glorious victory, that overcomes the world !

l*retty soon I was riding again after dark, in
a strange country. Worse still, the recent rains
had made quite a few bad mud-holes and mud-
dy places. 1 found my little bell of much ser-
vice, especially when 1 came up behind vehicles
and passed them. It is only of late that I have
used a bell; but I think I siiall never want to
ride much again without one. 1 never use it
to ask folks to get out of my way, or in a way
that they might think it was my intention;
but when going up behind a team, a light touch
of the bell admonishes the driver to gather up
his lines and hold his liorses from shying, as
they might do if a wheelman should pass at
any tolerable speed.

Between seven and eight o'clock I found a
little town where my conauclor told me I had
better stop over night. The bell was ringing
at the little church, and 1 soon found myself
among a lot of Sunday-school children. They
had met to practice for a coming entertain-
ment. At the hotel whore I stopped I was
greatly pleased to hear the landlord ask a bless-
ing before the morning meal. As there were
quite a number of children in the family, they
had their own breakfast in an apartment sep-
arate from the dining-room for the guests;
but I could hear the words of the father,
even through the closed door; and it rejoiced
my heart to know that there are at least a few
hotel -keepers who liold fast to the good old
custom of acknowledging the great God above.

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

S07

before the whole family, when commencing the
duties of the day.

At Uluffton I had a most excellent visit with
our friend Frank Eaton, known to many of the
readers of Gleanings. He has a store in the
town, where he sells and repairs wheels; so we
had many things in common to talk over while
we visited one of the oil-wells in the vicinity,
where thev have recently commenced pumping.
Right in the town I noticed a well where many
people were coming continually for a drink of
water. Friend Eaton told me that it was an
artesian well, drilled at considerable expense
hv a brother of his who is a Prohibitionist.
The water has a slightly sulphurous taste, and
reminded me of the beautiful fountain near the
reservoir, and of the water at Green Sprinars.
The people find it very wholesome, and agree-
able to the taste, and it is largely and continu-
ally patronized. Now, friends, we have here a
kind of terap<^rance sentiment that bears prac-
tical fruit. It will always be a pleasure for me
to clasp hands with any man or woman, no
matter what creed or profession. Sf) long as
that belief runs into such practical wnrk as
furnishing convenient drinking-places for thirs-
ty people.

Before I close I wish to savthnt the day I
rodp from Covington to Beaver Dam. a di-^tance
of 70 miles, the longest ride I evor made in one
day. was one of the happiest days of mv life.
I really do not remember a dnv in my bovhood
so brimful of enjoyment and thanksgiving to
Ood as this one day: and it came about — at
least a good deal — in starting out right. Had I
not attended that prayer-meeting in Coving-
ton the evening before. I should not have felt
so full of thanksgiving and praise — so full of
''peace on earth, good will to men." Bv the
way, this thought brines to mind one of the
little cards that we have been furnishing free
of charge for man'^ years past, and exnect to
for years to come. Now, this little card would
be esnecially anpropriate to the wheel-riders of
the prpsent dav — that is. if none of them will
take offense if I should hand it to them. It
reads:

A Sabhatli well spent brings a week of content,
And strens-tb for the work of to-morrow;
But a Sabbath profaned, wbat'er may be gained,
Is a certain forerunner of sorrow.

THE WONDERFUL SPRINGS OF CASTAIJA, ERIE
CO., OHIO.

On the 2Bth of September the boys kindly
granted your humble servant another leave of
absence, and I was soon flying westward. As
H. R. Boardman's lay right on ray route I made
first for his place, making 37 miles in three
hours and a half. Poinding he was in attend-
ance at the Norwalk street-fair I followed on.
I wish, however, to mention one little circum-
stance that happened on the trip. I overtook a
man driving a pretty fast horse; but as the
speed that I was making was a little more than
his own. and it was a little dusty, I passed him.
He seemed displeased at this, and made frantic
•efforts to overtake me. As usual, however, he
soon decided that he would have to give it up.
About this time a man with a sulky overtook
bim. The latter horse was probably a trotter.
The two talked together a little, and then the
trotter came up behind me at a pretty good
speed. When I heard a horse's hoofs behind me
I increased my speed a little more, for there
was no good reason why I shotild follow behind
"him in the dust. He seemed determined, how-
ever, to get ahead, and T)retty soon his horse
was in a gallop, and puffing and foaming. I
,iust began to decide, that, as a member of the
Humane Society, I had no right to be cruel to
the poor horse, and was going to let him pass;

but then I discovered I was only half a mile
from friend Boardman's. and I tJiought his
horse would stand it for half a mile, any way;
so we came into the little town of East Town-
send a Hying. When I swung up among the
bee-hives he seemed a li.tle astonished. May
be he thought I was crowded so hard I took
refuge by making believe I wanted to stop
there. As nearly as I can gather, horsemen
are feeling a little jealous of the wheels; and
perhaps farmers who raise blooded stock, as a
natural ''onsequence look upon wheels with dis-
favor. Liverymen may feel, in the same way,
that it is cutting off their gains. I am sorry
for this, and I think we wheelmen should do
al-l in our power to discourage it. May be it is
a Christian dutv to ride in the dust sometimes:
but it seems a little hard when the wheel itself
ordinarily makes no dust, or next to none, and
no horse and buggy is ever hindered in speed
because of a wheel just ahead of them. lam
sorry for this unpleasant feeling, and I think
we "should do all in our power to avoid it.
Frank H. Eaton mentioned the matter, and he
said he had known farmers who seemed so bit-
ter against wheels that they would crowd them
out of the road whenever a chance offered.
Later on, however, when this same farmer's
7)0)/ got a wheel of his own, it made a wonder-
ful difference in things.

This street-fair that I mentioned seems to be
something new. The principal streets of the
town are. for the time being, vacated— swept
up beautifully clean, and fenced off' — that is. so
far as vehicles are concerned. Then the busi-
ness men of the town erect booths, and make
a display of their goods, right out in the middle
of thesireet. Of course, such fairs are held
only in towns having paved streets. As there
is no admission fee, a very large crowd gathers.
There is no horse-racing whatever; and this
fact, together with no admittance fee, is strong-
ly urged as a reason why people should attend.
In the afternoon, and perhaps evening also, a
procession passes through the street — the bar-
ricade being for the time removed. The pro-
cession in Norwalk was about half a mile long.
It vvas something after the fashion of the
Marcli Orris in New Orleans. Every trade, in-
dustry, and manufacture in the town is mount-
ed on wheels. A hardware man made a very
pretty display with chain pumps, the galvan-
ized iron chain furnishing the trimmings. A
drygoods man exhibited a little schooner drawn
bv horses. The sails of the schooner were made
of talile-spreads. bed -spreads, etc. The'whole
thing was beautifullv decorated with napkins
daintily pinned on. It looked like a great white
bird with wings spread. A printing-office, with
compositors at work, and pressmen printing
circulars, which were scattered in the crowd,
was another feature. A baker with all his help
made bread and cakes as his establishment
passed along through the streets, and so on
with all the other industries. So far the whole
thing seemed to be a pleasant social and edu-
cational arrangement. Please pardon me. how-
ever, if I mention some things that it seemed to
me were not educational in the right direction.
A cigar-maker also exhibited his industry, and
cigars were twisted up and tossed out to boys
or men. or whoever might chance to get them
first, and the work was done by women at that I
A tobacco-dealer, in like manner, tossed out
small samples of tobacco. Friend Boardman
asked the question whether, if these schoolboys
who ran for the samples of tobacco and cigars
thereby learned to use the weed, there would
not be here a flagrant transgression of the laws
of the State of Ohio, and that right out in open
day, at a public gathering. Let me digress a
minute. Friend Boardman once used tobacco

808

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE

Oct. 15.

himself. Yes, he was such a slave to it that
his hands trembled so it was difficult for him to
even write his own name without having the
jagged lines exhibit the terrible raid the poison
was making on bis system. That was 25 years
ago, however. Friend B. debated the matter
alone. As the tempter drew the chains strong-
er and tighter, he questioned: '"Is it I who
decide these matters, or is it an artificial appe-
tite that has enslaved me for the rest of my
life?'" He marched to the door and gave his
tobacco a fierce fling, and declared he would be
free. He fought the good fight, and came out
victorious; and as he told the story he held out
his hand to show me that his nerves were as
firm and steady as cast iron, and yet he is now
a little past 60 years of age.

As the sun began to decline I told the friends
I would have to hurry on. as I wished to reach
Castalia before night. With the aid of beauti-
ful fine graveled roads. I reached the place be-
tween four and five. All the way, you may be
sure, I was studying the lay of the land, etc.
For miles around Castalia the ground is thick-
ly strewn with thin flat stones. In fact, these
were picked up and piled up so as to make a
smooth solid wall; and these walls, in many
places, take the place of fences. Before the
ground can be worked, these flat stones must
be picked out and carried out of the way; and
this material when pounded up makes the most
beautiful roads, providing the last finish on top
is made of fine gravel, which is to be found oc-
casionally.

Right around the Castalia springs, in addi-
tion to these flat stones, we have a queer for-
mation that looks a good deal like a sponge.
It is limestone, and it is supposed that these
strange springs have something to do with it.
The spongy limestone is gathered up and ship-
ped off on the cars. There is also quite an
industry in digging out marl for the manufac-
ture of cement. This marl is found perhaps
two or three feet below the surface. The
spongy limestone is used by blastfurnaces in
refining iron, and it is also used in paper-mills
in some way in the manufacture of paper. You
may remember I passed through the town once
before. I 'crossed what I called a little mill-
pond, covered over with thick green scum.
Had I looked at the water right over the side
of the bridge, I should never have passed
through Castalia as I did. Between ihe frag-
ments of this green scum or moss is the purest
and most beautiful spring water to be found on
the face of the earth. Every pebble can be
seen clear to the bottom, even if that bottom be
thirty or forty feet deep. There is no discolor-
ation of the water anywhere. The stones and
pebbles that line the side of the pond never
look muddy and chalky from sediment left by
evaporation. Every thine is changed here at
Castalia. It makes one think of that first verse
in the last chapter of the Bible:

And lie showed me a pure river of water of life,
clear as crystal, proceeding out of the throne of
God and of the Lamb.

What at first seems to be a green scum on
this little pond or lake that reaches clear
through the town of Castalia, is, on close in-
spection, found to be a queer sort of vegeta-
tion, or broken fragments of a kind of seaweed.
The crystal waters of this pond emanate from
four immense springs. These springs unitedly
form what might be called a rapidly moving
millrace; and, in fact, mills have, in former
times, been carried by just the water from
these springs. Right on the edge of this crys-
tal pond is the home of >rr. Robert Barrell, and
toward a hundred hives stand almost on the
water's edge. I shall always be greatly in-
debted to Mr. B. and his family for the courte-

sies extended to me. We took a boat and^
pushed right through the moss, over the waters-
of the pond. If you look straight down over
the side of the boat there seems to be quite a
depth of water; but as you look off obliquely,
the refraction makes it seem as if the boat
stood over a deep pit. the bottom rising up all •
around you; but this bottom is almost every-
where pretty well covered with this strange
seaweed, or moss. As these great springs keep'
a temperature at almost the same point, winter
and summer, the vegetation seems to go on un-
interruptedly. Near the springs, however, the
plants seem to change some — probably owing
to the great coolness of the water. Each spring
is a deep pit with steep sloping sides. During
the lapse of ages, different things have been'
thrown into these springs; but in each one of
them one can see away down in the depths the
mouth, or " crater," I should call it, from which
the water issues. Soundings have been taken
by letting down weights attached to a line, as
deep as 70 feet, and some sav much deeper,,
without striking any bottom. It seems strange
that the water-passage should be straight down
in the earth to such an extent that a line can
be dropped this distance. The bottom is much
like that in Green Springs. The mosses, and
perhaps the influences of chemicals, have dec-
orated the rocks and soil with bright manv-
hued colors; and right around the springs the
moss in some places looks like beautiful silky
auburn hair. The scum on the top of the pond
is probably caused by bits of moss breaking off
and floating to the surface. Friend Barrel!
says that, in the spring, before natural pollen,
the bees pack large quantities of this substance
on their legs, like pollen, and carry it to their
hives for brood -rearing. Below the pond the
water is conducted in a swift-moving stream
close to the main street or corners of the town.
Here it flows over a pebbly bed made mostly of
broken limestone. If you have any fondness
for babbling brooks of crystal purity it will pay
you to go a hundred miles to visit Castalia.
The sight of that stream of water, right in the-
heart of the town, rippling over its gravelly
bed, seems like enchantment. One stops tO'
wonder how it can be possible that this water
can be so clear and pure and clean, with dusty
streets so near by. In fact, it has a look as if
there were something supernatural about it.

Perhaps I should explain here, that a com-
pany of anglers have formed a club, and pur-
chased not only the springs, but the land ad-
joining the stream for several miles — in fact,
from Castalia clear to where the waters enter
Lake Erie. The whole stream has been beau-
tified and fitted up with green banks, beautifuf
lawns, shading-places, or bridges, for the fish to
dart under; and last, but not least, the waters
have been stocked with speckled trout from
awav down east. The spring water suits thenv
to a T. One can see them by the hundreds,
darting about almost with the swiftness of
light, moving under these shades, or bridges, as
spectators come near. Of course, this rich com-
pany monopolizes the fishing. Not a schoolboy
in the town of Castalia dares throw a " pin
hook" into the stream or into the pond. Mr.
Barrell says that, if lie should stand in his own
dooryard. and toss a line out into the water, he
would suffer fine and perhaps imprisonment, so-
strictly are the laws enforced by this club. One
is inclined to remonstrate at this state of affairs;
but this company of fishers paid the price of the-
land, and it is ail their oroperty. even the pond
right in the middle of the town, as much as
your farm or dooryard is your own property.
There are a dozen or more springs in and
around Castalia: and some of them are fitted
up in most beautiful shape by the angling com-

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

SOU

pany. The fine grounds are plainly visible to
travelers in passing through Castalia on either
of their two railroads— Cleveland. Cincinnati,
•Chicago tt St. Louis, or the Lake Erie &
Western. The water is deliciously cool, and
one would almost call it pure soft water, judg-
ing by the taste. I am told, however, that it
contains some chemicals that prevent it from
making suds with soap; but it seems as if one
could scarcely ask for finer or colder drinking-
water. As this location is considerably above
the waters of Lake Erie, it has always been a
mystery as to where the water starts. A trav-
eling man told me. however, that on some very
high ground near Eellevue, ().. there was a
place where a considerable stream of water ran
into a hole in the ground and disappeared.
This, of course, is many miles away from Cas-
talia. If this is the same water, nature has
managed to filter and purify it. and cool it. in a
way that man might be glad to imitate if
money could be made to do it.

The Castalian springs were pretty well looked
over before dark, on the day I left home. Next
day friend Barrell kindly took me with his
buggy to the borders of Lake Erie, about four
miles from Castalia, on to a piece of rising
:ground which has been called, for inany vears.
Mu«tcash. A grape-grower by the name of
C. Q. Martin has established a beautiful peach-
orchard and vineyard on this hill. An opening
near where his home stands enabled him to
discover crevices in the rocks, whereby he
could go down about thirty or forty feet. At
this depth he discovered water having the
same crystalline transparency as the Castalian
waters, and, besides that, being almost perfect-
ly pure. This water will form a suds, and wash
beautifully. The tempi'rature is 44 degrees —
about 6 degrees lower than the water of any
Avells or springs to be found elsewhere in the
United States. The water stands at a uniform
•depth all through the hill. If it could be pump-
ed out. there would probably be more caverns
to explore. The waters have obtained such a
reputation, that, two or three years ago. a com-
pany was formed, and a large shaft was sunk
from the top of the hill clear down to the water.
A beautiful engine, 40 H. P.. is placed at the bot-
tom of this shaft; and the steam-pump sends a
■constant stream of water through a six-inch
pipe to the city of Sandusky, about seven miles
away. The water is then carried about the
•streets of Sandusky dally, and sold fnrdrinking-
purposes, at two cents a gallon. Oh that we
could have such water as this in every home in
•our land I I honestly believe it would do more
to save doctors' bills than almost any other one
thing in the world.

I had a great curiosity to explore these cav-
erns, and to figure out. at least to my own sat-
isfaction, what caused them. I do not know
what scientific men have done in this direc-
tion; but my conviction is. that earthquake or
volcanic action ha** at some time in the past
made an upheaval, forming the rocky hills
along the shores of Lake Erie. This upheaval
ip this locality probably dropped back a little:
but in dropping back, the stones and rocks that
were rent did not exactly come ba'M\ in place,
leaving these broken openings. The caverns
are entirely different from those of the Mam-
moth Cave, for the latter were cutout by water;
but the water seems to have little or no effect
•on the rocks in these caverns; in fact, the
stones above the water-line are so dry that I
squeezed through openings upon my hands and
knees, all about among them, and scarcely
•soiled my clothing. In fact, this wonderful
spring seems to be entirely sheltered, even from
the rain water. As everybody goes in and out
as they choose, all of the best specimens of rock

crystal have been chipped out with hammer
and chisel. Almost every one suggests that the
waters come from Lake Erie. But, hold on,
friend. They are up perhaps twenty or thirty
feet liujhcr than Lake Erie. At one place at
the side of the hill there is a running spring;
and friend Martin tells me that one day he was
greatly astonished to find the water in a shal-
low well had suddenly risen two or three feet.
Investigation showed that the waters in the
cavern had risen correspondingly. After he
had wondered what convulsion of nature had
suddenly changed the dead level that had been
so constant for so many years, he found that
his neighbor, who owned the spring, had made
a dam at the outlet, so as to make the water
deep enough to wash his sheep. This caused a
sudden rise all over the locality. Well, now, one
would think that this six-inch pipe, operated
by a powerful engine, with its constant pull,
would lower the water in the caverns; but so
far it has not done so, even to the extent of the
fraction of an inch. Its depth is said to be
unknown, " as soundings to 200 and 300 feet have
in some places failed to reveal it." When you
go to Sandusky, be sure you get a taste of the
famous Crystal Rock spring water— that is, if
you never tasted it.

In closing, permit me to say a word about
grape-growing along the lakes. Friend Martin
tells me that his finest grapes grow on his poor-
est soil, without the application of a particle of
manure. In fact, the most beautiful crop of
grapes I ever saw in my life — grapes of all va-
rieties—are on just such soil. All he is doing
or all he has done for years past is lo kill the
weeds, trim the vines, and gather the grapes.
He says they are very much more free from dis-
ease, and the quality is much finer, where there
is no sort of fertilizing done. Friend lioardman
told me that it was exactly his experience, and
he is somewhat of a grape-grower.

IRRIGATION FOR PEACH-TREES.

While at the Castalia caverns, I noticed such
beautiful peaches on the grounds of friend Mar-
tin that I purchased a dozen baskets, and had
them sent home. Afterward, however. I found
some much finer near the shaft that goes down
into the caverns. Friend Martin told me, how-
ever, that these were not yet ripe. He said
they were irrigated with the spring water; and
it not only had the effect of making them
much larger, but of making them later. The
trees were a wonderful sight in the way of lux-
uriance, and the peaches the largest and. finest
lever saw anywhere. The difference in size
between them and those I had already pur-
chased was doubtless owing entirely to irriga-
tion, as they were of the same variety. And
here is one straight piece of evidence that it
will pay to irrigate peaches during a dry season
where water is handy. I engaged a dozen bas-
kets of these at .50 cts. per peck basket. They
are the largest and finest peaches I ever saw
this side of California.

HOW BASKETS, ETC., ARE MADE.

When I called at friend Boardman's on my
return home he was just ready to "'go fishing,"
and urged me to go along; and when he declar-
ed he would go out on Lake Erie, and fish for
rock bass all by himself, if nobody would go
with him. it was more than I could stand. I
can not stop to tell you of the pleasant time
we had, but will mention that, on our way
home, we visited the Berlin Heights fruit box
manufactory. They are well known to many
of our readers as manufacturers of bee-supplies
also. Just at the time of my call, however, all
hands were busy at work on baskets for peaches
and grapes. Did you ever wonder how it is
possible to make a nice, neat, light, handy half-
bushel basket so it could be sold for a nickel.

810

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct. 15.

or a little less than four cents by the quantity '?
Well, this is the way they do it: They take
green logs, about four feet long. These are
put into a big turning-lathe, with the requisiie
machinery, to pare off a thin veneer of wood,
much in the way your mother pares a long
potato. The log keeps rolling in the lathe,
while the sharp keen blade works closer and
closer toward the center. The shaving that
comes off is about like a roll of wall-paper. In
fact, the whole operation is like pulling off the
end of a strip of wall-paper so as to unroll a big
roll. Then these big sheets of wood, like unto
paper or thin pasteboard, are cut into strips or
basket splints by machinery. Expert women
weave these splints together so as to make the
bottom of the basket. Then a boy takes this
bottom, with the splints sticking straight out
all around, and pushes it into a form so that
the splints stand straight up — or, rather,
straight up oft' on a diagonal. Then he winds a
piece of heavier stuff around the basket, so as
maKe the hoop that goes around the edge.
This is all done with such lightning-like rapid-
ity that you can hardly see the motions of his
hands. Before commencing he tills his mouth
with tacks. It made me think of the boy I
have read of, who, while tisliing, carried the
bait in his mouth, so as to have it handy and in
good condition. I wondered if the sharp tacks
did not prick his tongue. He looked very
pleasant and good-natured about it, if it did.
But the most wonderful part of it all was
to see those tacks get out of his mouib and
into the rim of the basket, just in time to catch
the quick strokes of the light hammer he held
in his hand. Why, before you could say "Jack
Robinson" every nail was in its place, and
clinched down at that. Then he tossed the
basket over to a man with a great big sharp
buzz-saw. The basket was crowded into a
square box, and pushed against the saw until
allthe splints sticking out, and a little of the
rim, were nicely trimmed. Then the buzz-saw
man tossed the basket over his head, and it dis-
appeared somewhere in the upper air. After-
ward we found a person in the loft above who
caught the basket as it came up through the
hole in the floor, and handed it to some women
who nailed on the handle. There is your bas-
ket— labor, tacks, and timber, thrown in, all for
less than four cents. As these baskets are very
bulky and unwieldy to ship, at the same time
being of very small value for the space they
occupy, it seems almost necessary that they be
made right in the fruit-regions, so the fruit-
grower can back his wagon up at the door and
take his baskets straight to the peach-orchards
to be filled.

The fishing and the baskets made me so late
that I decided to take a ride home after night.
.Just as I had begun to feel the exhilaration of
drawing in great breaths of fog-laden air as I
passed through the low lands (you know 1 have
mentioned this to you before), I came up out of
the valley and saw a farmer and his wife going
somewhere by the light of a lantern. It made
me think of my father and mother, away back
on the old farm. I decided that they must be
going to meeting. Pretty soon a little church
with a lighted lantern in front proved my sur-
mises to be correct. Quite an audience had
gathered, and they were singing one of my
favorite hymns. Although I did not know the
name of the town, nor what denomination these
people belonged to, it was a real pleasure to
join with them in worship. I had been away
from home three days in the middle of the
week, and found a prayer-meeting or preaching
each evening. The good pastor noticed a
stranger among his people, and it was my priv-
ilege to give my testimony with the rest. Now,

dear friends, so long as it is true that Christian'
people are gathering together all over our land,,
in every little town, and on almost every day of
the week, to worship God and to ask his guid-
ance, our country is not so very far gone in
wickedness and iniquity. " Ye are the salt of
the earth." " Ye are the light of the world."

And be ye kind one to another, forgiving- each,
other, even as God also in Christ forgave you. —
Eph. 4:32.

I have many times felt sad to think that it is-
not possible for me to look over all of our cor-
respondence and business deal, and give direc-
tions for its management, as I used to in years-
gone by. We have plenty of willing helpers,
providing they knew just exactly what 1 want-
ed done, or what I would have done under spe-
cial or peculiar circumstances. A little trans-
a,ction that came up a few days ago has induc-
ed me to take up the subject which our
beautiful little text above covers somewhat.
I'erhaps I may remark that a certain class of
letters, espiecially if complaining letters, usual-
ly come directly to me. The one below is of
that class. We give only the initials instead of
the full name, because we would not willingly
hurt any brother's feelings, or give him pain:

Mr. itoof:— Yours of the lOtli inst. is received. As
I stated before, I will send the tliree doliiirs just as
soon as 1 can, whicli will be after I gather my crop
— not because it is justly due you, but because class
laws will g-ive you the privilege of collecting: it.

U. H. W.

1'. S.— Head the flfth chapter of James.

In the first place we try to have it distinctly
understood that our establishment never wants
a copper from anybody unless it is justly due;
and, as a rule, we would not want any thing
unless the debtor also agreed that it was justly
our due. I do not know just exactly what
friend W. means by "class law;" but his post-
script, where he directs me to the fifth chapter
of James, would indicate that he stands with
quite a large class of people who have recently
got into a way of laying all the troubles that
beset our nation at the present time to the fact
— or at least they call it a fact — that the rich,
or the men of capital, if you choose, monopo-
lize not only the property, but make our laws.
I have not time nor space here to enter into a
discussion of this matter. If friend W. would
pay me a visit I think he would be satisfied
that my dress, appearance, and habits do not
indicate that I belong to the class alluded to in
the tirst verse of the fifth chapter of James.
My clothing is never expensive, and very often
it is so untidy-looking that business men would
look all over our establishment before they
would think of calling me A. I. Koot. I do not
know that my course is just right in this; but
while I *am around home I am so often called
upon to go down into the basements to look
after the sanitary drainage, water-pipes, or
machinery, that it seems almost folly for me tO'
put on expensive or new clothing for my daily
work. I have never had a gold watch nor a

fold chain in my life, but constantly use a
Vaterbury for a timepiece; neither do I ride
in a fine carriage. I presume I may be excused
from saying any thing further on this point. It
is true, I do have the management of a consid-
erable amount of capital; but this capital is all
u^ed in giving work to or otherwise benefiting

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

811

Diy fellow-man — not that I may put on fine
style, or that any of the members of my family
may do so. We are all humble, moderate, hard-
working people. My good wife does her own
housework, and has done so for years.

Just a word or two more in this line, and
then I am done with this part of mv subject.
There are in our neighborhood certain people
who say that farming does not pay: and of late
they are getting into a way of insisting that
nothing pays unless a man is rich; and if they
do not say it right out, they seem to imply that
no man gf ts rfch except by fraud and sharp
dealing. The Bible tells us, " By their fruits
ye shall know them." And along this line let
us inquire what is the result on the man. his
farming, or his business, when he falls into line
with this sort of people. I need not answer that
question. You see it in your own neighbor-
hood. Some two or three years ago one of these
men told me that it was only a question of time
—we were all going into bankruptcy sooner or
later, and that my turn would come with all
the rest— perhaps a little later. This is an ex-
treme case. I know. The man who said it I
regard as a very good man: and I rather think
he takes a more hopeful view of things noiv
than he did then— at least, he has, so far as I
know, abandoned that line of politics, and is
now hard at work. Now, friends, do not feel
hurt, any of you. on account of what I have
said. I profess to be a Christian, and as such I
have a ri(//*f to be hopeful; and if I did not
have faith in God and humanity T should not
be a very good follower of Christ Jesus. I know
there are wrongs and injustice: I know that
men of capital are often overbearing and self-
ish: but I think I know also that there is a
good prospect ahead for honest and hard-work-
ing men.

After I had looked at the letter a little I said
to the clerk. " Hasn't this man been embittered
toward us by some business transaction '?" The
book-keeper replied that hp had not. so far as
he knew. Finally I said, " IMease bring me all
the correspondence from him you can find."
Pretty soon my heart was rejoiced to find the
following old letter:

Mr. Root, licar B) other hi Chrifit :— In c\ose A please
find ;i postal note for ^3.48. for wliich please send
me First Steps for Lirtle Feet, ihree copies, $1.10;
Christian's Secret of a Happy Life, one. 36 cts. ;
back dues on Gleanings, SI. 00. Total, 82.48.

Dec. 1890. U. H. W.

The part that made me feel happy was the
opening sentence. The letter, you see, dates
away back to 1890; and the books that he or-
ders are none but those that a Christian man
would be likely to buy. After a little careful
examination I decided I had found at least one
clew to this great change in his attitude toward
our establishment, and it pained me to the
heart when I saw it. The retail price of thp
little book. First Steps, is .50 cts. Our good
brother wanted three of these books, and he
carried out the price at ^1.10. I remember that,
when we got these books of Charles Foster, he
objected to letting us sell them at the very close
margins we ordinarily sell our goods. He said
the established price was .50 cts., and that we
must not sell a single book at a less figure. He
consented, however, to letting us make two or
more books at such a price as we thought fit;
so we advertispd one book at .W cts.. or two at
7.5 cts. Now. friend W. reasoned that, if we
sold two books at 75 cts., we might do still bet-
ter, or at least a ?ift?e better, on three. Three
at 371. cts. would be $1,121.;. ^^ took the lib-
erty of putting it $1.10. There is nothing in
our price list to indicate to the clerk or custom-
er how low we could sell three books. I have,
however, again and again assured the clerks

in our establishment, and often with much em-
phasis, that, whci-e a man has secured a low
rate on any article by buying in ten or dozen
lots, all additions to such an order, making the
quantity purchased still larger, should certain-
ly be at the same rate— not any higher, surely,
but. if any thing, a little lower. In order to
know how much lower, they usually consult
our business manager, Mr. Calvert, who makes
all our purchases. Now going back to the let-
ter: The clerk who filled the order drew his
pen across the $1.10, and wrote above it, in ink
of a different color, $1.25. He reasoned thus:
Two books at the advertised price. 75 cts., and
one book at the advertised price, 50 cts., makes
$1.25. I can not discover, however, that any
explanation was ever made. In any such mat-
ter, any one feels a great deal better about it to
have the whole thing explained. I know I
sliould. Of course, friend W. was asked for the
difference. He, however, takes it in very good
grace, as would seem from the letter below:

Mr. Roof .-—Inclosed please tlnd postal note for
balance due on books; yet I can't see why you
charge $1.35 for three Fir.st Steps for Little Feet,
when you advertise two for 76 cts. Please accept
thanks for sending the books without the full
amount. U. H. W.

It may have been a rather hard matter for
him to reconcile sucli a transaction from his
valued and trusted friend A. I. Root; but he
concludes, perhaps, that it is a small matter,
and he will let it go. If I am correct, however,
the matter is not easilv dropped. Afterward,
in reading the Home Papers, the whole effect
woiald be spoiled because he had lost confidence
in the man whom he had formerly looked up to
as teacher. Surely it would seem that some
explanation should have been given on receipt
of the above: but all I can find is written on
the letter below — "I think that is correct,"
with the signature of the clerk who attended
to that department.

As I am supposed to be the offender in this
case. I think I may be excused if I speak pretty
severely in regard to such matters. There are
a good many business places where you can get
low figures providing you make a bargain first
as to what the price will be; but if you make
your order ^/".s^ without saying any thing about
the price, there will be a vast sight of differ-
ence. They seem to put on all they think a
customer will bear. Ir, is true with some people
when they get the money in their hands, they
seem inclined to hold on to every copper they
can. If they can not give a consistent reason
for keeping all or pretty nearly all of it, they
give some reason that is ?io£ consistent. I do
not know of any thing else in this world that
so vexes people — especially well-meaning, hard-
working people. It makes them bitter toward
the world, and bitter toward humanity. They
lose faith in every thine; and they get so they
imagine fraud and evil at every step. O dear
friends, if I have any influence over you, please
believe me when I tell you this thing is one of
the grievous troubles with Christianity. A pro-
fessing Christian sends out advertisements, and
tries hard to get customers: but as soon as he
gets a customer, and begins to get things into
his own hands, he lets that leading sin of all
sins, selfishness, creep into his heart, and vexes
and angers both friend and foe by his littleness
and stinginess and selfishness in deal. May
God help us to think as much of our neighbor's
pocketbook as we do of our own.

An incident of but a few minutes ago illus-
trates the point I wish to emphasize. A rela-
tive of mine has been here on a visit. She was
just going home, and wanted to take a barrel of
fruit. I asked the question at the office, where
our book-keepers are at work, whether the bar-

312

GLEANINGS IN BBB CULTURE.

Oct. 1.5.

rel of fruit could be checked as baggage. The
answer came, that, if I put it into a box with
handles, or made it look like a trunk, then it
could be classed as baggage. Said 1: "But,
look here, good friends, it is fruit, and not
baggage, we wish to send. If the fruit is to be
covered up, and made to look like something
else, so there will be even a little deception in
the matter, I should much prefer to send it in
the usual way. and pay the freight."

One of the girls in the office said that she had
often sent fruit in that way; and Mr. Calvert
suggested that it was not deception — it was
simply fixing the fruit so it could be as easily
handled as trunks and ordinary freight. Now,
I have not yet found out who is right or wrong
in the matter. The real point comes next.
Just then I remembered something else that
was on my mind, and I remarked: "Oh I say,
John, those American Pearl onion-sets from
Johnson i<: Stokes got here yesterday, and Mr.
W. says the freight all the way from Philadel-
phia was only 3.5 cts. Isn't there some mistake
about such a small price?" One of the girls
here suggested, with a twinkle in her eye, that
doubtless there was some "deception" about
it; and one of the others said that, if the price
was too low. why not keep quiet, and not say
any tiling. The clerks all knew ray disposition
in such matters, and they were rather running
on me, and having a little fun at my expense.
Now, then, nobody ever feels hard when the
charges for carrying stuff are surprlniiidly Imv.
Nobody ever suggests that the railroad compa-
ny is guilty of dcrcption when they make a
mistake, and put the charge too low. But why
not? If it were not for this sin of selfishness,
we should be just as anxious to have the mat-
ter riffhted when the railroads have charged
too little, as when they have charged too much.
What an idea ! charging the company with
fraud because they brought your goods too
cheap ! May God help me to be just as anxious
to have the mistakes corrected when it is too
little, as when it is too much — even with a rail-
road company.

You will notice that the last letter is dated
Jan., 1891. In Dec, 1893, comes the following :

Mr. Boo/:— Please slop my Gf.eaninos, for T have
not g-ot a dollar to pay on what I owe you now. but
will ptiy as soon as 1 can. U. H. W.

Perhaps friend W. has had reverses in bee
culture, like the rest of us. May be he has lost
his enthusiasm, and does not take very much
care of his bees. But aside from that, there is
no question that he has lost his faith in A. I.
Root; and it may be, dear friends, that, in los-
ing faith in me. he has lost faith in (iod. Such
things do happen. I tell you, we who profess
to be followers of Christ can not be too careful.
Of course, the Christian should not be stumbled
by what any man may do. He should look
straight past humanity to Christ Jesus. But it
takes a veteran to do this. You know liow it
is your'si'lf. Once, under great provocation. I
said, " If it really transpires that this man has
been stealing money intrusted to his care, I am
afraid I can never have faith acrain in humani-
ty.'' A loss of faith in humanity comes i)rettv
near a loss of faith in God; and we should look
out. and be very careful how we even speak or
think in this way. It turned otit. however,
that the man in question was strictly honest.
He was unwise and very can^less; but he was
honest before (Jod. and is honest and straight
to-day. One who has just started out in the
Christian life is more liable to be stumbled.
?Ie has not been through the battles, and seen
<iod and righteousness triumph over evil. A
jiew convert is especially likely to be discour-
aged, and turn back when he sees a man act
hypocritically.

Several times the readers of Gi.kantngs have
made oljjection to such expressions as "Broth-
er in Christ;" and I have sometimes felt as if
they were unwise and dangerous. When some-
body writes to me a letter, and tells me how my
writings have helped him, and how he looks to
me monthly for faith and strength to hold out
in the Christian warfare, I often feel like writ-
ing back to him, "Dear brother, do not place
too much faith and confidence in me. I am
poor, weak, and sinful. If you really have
faith in rae— if you really have been helped by
my writings, please save up a big lot of charity
to tide you over when I shall do something
that looks on the face of it selfish and grasping.
Save up enough of this kind of charity to hold
fast your faith in me until something trans-
pires", or until you can write me for an explana-
tion." It just now occurs to me that our good
brother VV. did write for an explanation.
When he inclosed the balance on those three
books. First Steps,* he said he could not see
why we should charge him more just because
he ordered three copies (i4dozen) instead of two
copies: and he honestly supposed that A. I.
Root, his old and tried friend, answered coldly.
" I think that is correct." Perhaps some of
you may suggest that this clerk was not fit for
the place. But I beg of you, dear friends, to
remember that clerks are but human. Some of
them do very queer things without thinking
they have done any thing wrong. Right here
permit me to say that our clerks, in such mat-
ters, are always loyal to the business. Some-
how they will get it into their heads that, when
there is a question, our establishment should
have the J)es:t side of the bargain, or the best
construction on any matter of prices where it is
not clear. I do not want this. Our business
was not built up in that way. Where there is
a question as to what is right and wrong, I
would always be courteous enough to a cus-
tomer to give him the benefit of any question
there might be in opinion— yes, even though we
might lose some money by so doing. Make
your advertisements so they do not promise
very much, or make your prices so there is a
respectable margin; then, instead of failing to
live up to your agreements, try to do a little
better, if any thing. Remember, it is not sim-
ply a matter of building up a reputation, but it
is honoring Christ Jesus. It is glorifying the
great (Jod above, who created you in his own
image. It is Satan who prompts us to be little
and mean, and close and stingy. It is he who
prompts us to cheat, and wiggle out of a selfish
transaction, without owning it up and making
reparation. I do hope that everv clerk in my
employ — and I wonder if they will be offended
if I say every " brother and sister" in our em-
ploy— will read this Home Paper, and will com-
prehend that onr business is not conducted to
make money altogether. It is to honor Christ
Jesus — to glorify God, and to bring out the bet-
ter part in every human being. May the great
Father above help us to make mankind better
instead of wnrse. May he help us to make
every transaction so fair and honest that we
shall never be afraid of investigation ; and
may he help us to avoid all temptations in the
way of being short or important or overbearing
with our customers. In short, may he help us
to be " kind to one another, tender-hearted,
forgiving each other, even as God also in Christ
forgave you."

*Chfating about anything is bad business; but
the idea of exhibiting: a seltisli and grasping: spirit
1o a customer who ordered such a bookas"Kirst
Steps," seems really awful in its inconsistency. I
wrote to friend W. as soon as I discovered it. and
made the bill an even dollar for the three.

18M

GLEANINCiS IN BEE CULTURE.

813

We have .just thrashed our rye. and all hands
were surprised to find 158 bushels when we ex-
pected ©nly a hundred or a little more. I can
not tell exactly the amount of ground, but I
think it was not altogether much if any more
than three acres. Some of it came from self-
seeding in the clover, and it was put in all
along after other crops were removed. Of
course, rye is not much of a crop for high-pres-
sure gardening, except that it occupies the
ground during the winter, and helps us to get
in clover. Just now, however, there is a good
prospect that crimson clover may take the
place of rye. All that we sowed during the
month of September is doing finely. There is
one little trouble that I have seen mentioned in
the papers elsewhere. When it is putting out
its third leaf, some sort of insect eats out a
portion or all of these third and fourth leaves.
The plant manages to grow in spite of this:
but it must be quite a drawback, this sort of
mutilation of the tender leaves. I have not
yet been able to discover what does it.

I wish to mention an incident that occurred
while we were having the thrashers thrash the
rve. We wanted them to plant the machine on
the bridge of the bank barn, in order to put all
of the straw under cover in the mow and over
the tool-house. This arrangement, blocking
up one end of the separator, etc., took nearly
an extra hour with their four men. teams, and
expensive new machinery. Besides this, there
was a load or two of stubble, etc., that I
thought had grain enough to pav for thrashing.
The rye was so tall it was difticult to reap it
without setting the machine very high up. and
then cutting the stubble afterward with a
mower, and raking it up with a horse-rake.
The agreement was, to thrash it for three cents
a bushel, the same as they charge for wheat.
Other thrashers wanted four cents. The lot of
stubble, etc., yielded them only two or three
bushels of grain. It was a blunder of mine
having it put through. When we came to set-
tle, their bill was only 3 cents per bushel for 1.58
bushels. 14.74. When I told them to put in
what was right for the extra trouble of setting
up, and my blunder on the stubble, they laugh-
ed at me. One of them said good-naturedly,
" Why. Mr. Root, that is all right. It is true,
there was some extra bother and expense on
your job; but the next .job will probably be
enough better to make it all up. Where we
thrash by the bushel we have to take these
things as they come. There is no extra charge,
but we are very much obliged to you for your
liberal offer."

This transaction occurred just after having
dictated my Home Paper in this issue; and I
do not know but my own sermon was ringing
in my own ears, so I insisted on paying them a
little something for the unusual bother I had
made them, although they would not consent
to take very much. But perhaps I hear some
one say, " That is all right, friend Root, when
you have plenty of money, to be liberal; but
were you pinched to make both ends mei't, and
were absolutely obliged to save every copper, it
would not be so easy a thing to do.'" ]\Iy reply
is, that the one who does business in this way
will have the wherewith to do it. "To him
that hath, shall be given;" " (Jive, and it shall
be given unto you, good measure, pressed down,
shaken together, and running over." And still
again, "Do good again, and lend, hoping for

nothing again." May be you think the above
is away from the subject of high-pres«rure gar-
dening; but I am sure it is not. If you once
get a reputation for looking out keenly in re-
gard to the interests of those with whom you
deal, it will be worth morn than money in the
bank. When people discover that you wish to
pay for every blunder you make — that you are
careful, conscientious, and tender, in regard to
encroaching on the rights of others, in a little
time those who know you will be stirred by a
spirit of fairness and justice to do likewise, and
other people will be looking out for your inter-
ests as well as their own. Where it is clearly
apparent that you have, by a blunder or by
your peculiar needs encroached on the time or
property of another, show yourself a man— a
man created'in ( Jod's own image — by stepping
forward with cheerfulness and alacrity to make
good the loss to your neighbor.

Cabbage seems to be plentiful everywhere,
the recent rains having pushed it forward so as
to develop the heads and cause many of them
to burst. Worse still, the early crop was held
back by the drouth, and it has pushed in all at
once along with the later crop. Everywhere I
go on my wheelrides. cabbage is offered at a
very low figure. Muskmelons are also very
plentiful and cheap. In some of the towns I
passed through. I saw them as low as a cent
apiece— great fine luscious nutmegs; and quite
good-sized watermelons were offered, two for a
nickel or five for a dime. Perhaps some of you
may say that nobody can live at such prices.
Well, in one sense it is pretty hard; but I think
it is better to sell at the above prices than to
leave them to rot on the ground. I have often
seen farmers sell wagonloads of pumpkins at a
penny apiece. Now, a wagonload of melons
would bring a great deal more than a load of
pumpkins: and on suitable soil it might not
cost much more to raise them.

We just now have some very fine Premium
Gem peas: but the dry weather held them back
so that we have not nearly as many as I wish
we had.

There is quite a little complaint that the
Freeman potato is not a good yielder. I con-
fess it has not been very good during the two
past dry seasons. We have, however, secured
something like 200 bushels to the acre, many of
them of very fair size, and they are surely the
best table potatoes in the market. The later
potatoes, however, that kept along until the
fall rains, are doing, or are going to do, very
much better. Our late Freemans are ju«t now
growing grandly.

We have had no frost to do any harm up to
the present writing, Oct. 8.

While cabbage is so cheap, one would hardly
think that people would care for spinach; yet
nice spinach sells readily at 5 cents per pound,
where the best cabbage brings only one cent;
and bursted heads are offered at half a cent a
pound. Hubbard squashes are also bringing a
good price, even though sweet potatoes are
about as cheap as Irish potatoes.

If you have not already got Grand Rapids
lettuce under way, now is the time to do it.
l^lants will not need any heat for a month or
more, and it is a very easy matter indeed to
have a good supply of nice lettuce on hand for
Thanksgiving.

CHAS. ISRAEL & BROS., 110 Hudson St., N. Y

HONEY

WHOLESALE

DEALEBS &

COMMISSION

MEKOHAHTS,

Established

1875.

BEESWAX.

LIBEEAL

ADVANCES

MADE

ON

C0N3ION-

MENTS.

814

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE,

Oct. 15.

Books, for Bee- Keepers and others.

Anyoft'. ese books on which postage is not given will be
forwarded by mail, postpaid, on receipt of price.

In buying books, as every thing else, we are liable to disap-
pointment if we make a purchase without seeing tlie article.
Admitting that tlie bookseller could read all the books he
offers, as ne has them for sale, it were hardly to be expected
he would be the one to mention all the faults, as well as good
things about a book. I very much desire that those who favor
me with their patronage shall not be disappointed, and there-
fore I am going to try to prevent it by mentioning all the
faults, so far as 1 can, that the purchaser may know what he
is getting. In the following list, books tliat I approve I have
marked with a • ; those I especially approve, ** ; those that
are not up to times, t ; books that contain but little matter for
the price, large type, and much space between the lines,t;
foreign, §. The bee-books are all good.

BIBLES, HYMN-BOOKS, AND OTHER GOOD BOOKS.

As many of the bee-books are sent with other goods by
freight or express, incurring no postage, we give prices sepa-
rately. You will notice, that you can Judge of the size of
the books very well by the amount requined for postage
on each.

8 I Bible, good print, neatly bound 20

10 I Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress** 30

20 I Illustrated Pilgrim's Progress** 75

Tills is a large book of 425 pages and 175 illustrations, and
would usually be called a $2.00 book. A splendid book to pre-
sent to children. Sold in gilt edge for 25c more.

6 I First Steps for Little Feet. By the author of

the Story of the Bible. A better book for young children can
not be found in the whole round of literature, and at the same
time there can hardly be found a more attractive book. Beau-
titully bound, and fully illustrated. Price 50 c. Two copies
will be sold for 75 cents. Postage six cents each.

5 I Harmony of the Gospels 35

3 I John Ploughman's Talks and Pictures, by

Rev. C. H. Spurgeon* 10

1 1 Gospel Hymns, consolidated Nos. 1,2, 3, and

4, words only, cloth, 10 c ; paper 05

2 I Same, board covers 20

5 I Same, words and music, small type, board

covers 46

10 I Same, words and music, board covers 76

3 I New Testament in pretty flexible covers. . . 05
5 I New Testament, new version, pai)er covers. lu
5 I Kobinson Crusoe, paper cover 10

4 I Stepping Heavenward** 18

16 I Story of the Bible** 1 00

A large book of 700 pages, and 274 illustrations. Will be read
by almost every child.

The Christian's Secret of a Happy Life** 36

Same in cloth binding 50

" The Life of Trust," by Geo. Muller** 1 25

1 Ten Nights in a Bar-Room, T. S. Arthur*.. 06

5 Tobacco Manual** 45

This is a nice book th.at will be sure to be read, if left around

where the boys get hold of it, and any boy that reads it will
be pietty safe from the tobacco habit.

BOOKS ESPECIALLY FOR BEE-KEEPERS.
Postage fl'rice without postage.
16 I A BCof Bee Culture. Cloth 1 10

6 A Year Among the Bees, by C. C. Miller. . . 45
I Advanced Bee Culture, by W. Z. Hutchinson 5(i

3 i Amateur Bee-keeper, by J. W. Rouse 22

14 I Bees and Bee-keeping, by Frank Cheshire,

England, Vol. I.§ 2 36

31 I Same, Vol. II.§ r 2 79

or, $6.26 for the two, postpaid.

I Bees and Honey, by T. G. Newman 1 00

10 I Cook's New Manual. Cloth 90

5 I Doo little on Queen-Rearing 95

2 I Dzierzon Theory 10

3 I Foul Brood; Its Natural History and Ra-

tional Treatment 22

1 I Honey as Food and Medicine . 06

16 I Langstroth Revised by Ch. Dadant & Son'. . 1 25

10 i Quinby's New Bee-Keeping 140

I Thirty Years Among the Bees, by H. Alley 60

4 I Success in Bee Culture, by James Heddon 46
I Handling Bees, by Langstroth. Revised

by Dadant 08

I Bee-keeping for Profit, by Dr. G. L. Tinker 26

5 1 The Honey Bee, by Tlios. William Cowan. . 95
I British Bee-Keeper's Guide Book, by Thos.

William Cowan, Eiighiiidg 40

3 I Merrybaiiks and His Neiglibor, l)y A.I. Boot 15

4 I Winter Problem in Bee-keeping, by Pierce 46

MISCELLANEOUS HAND-BOOKS.

3 I A B C of Potato Culture, ** New Edition .... 35

This is T. B. Terry's first and most masterly work . The book
has had an enormous sale, and has been reprinted in foreign
languages. When we are thoroughly conversant with friend
Terry's system of raising potatoes, we shall be )-eady to han
die almost any farm crop successfully. It has 122 pages and 37
illustrations.

35

5 I A B C of Carp Culture, by Geo. Finley .

5 I A B C of Strawberry Culture** 35

The above book by T. B. Terry, with some additional re-
marks by A. I. Root, is, at the present time, creating an en-
thusiasm and interest in strawberry culture never known
before. It is a book of 144 pages and 32 engravings, and it is
fully up to Che times.

6 I An Egg-Fiirm, Stoddard** 45

I Amateur Photographer's Hand-book** 70

Barn Plans and Out-Buildings* 1 .50

I Canary Birds. Paper 50

2 I Celery for Profit, by T. Greiner** 25

The first really full and complete book on celery culture, at
■a moderate price, that we h.ave had. It is full of pictures,
and the whole thing is made so plain that a schoolboy ought
to be able to grow paying crops at once, without any assis-
tance except from the book.

I Draining for Profit and Health, Warring.. 1 50
10 I Fuller's Grape Culturist** 140

I Farming For Boys* 75

This is one of Joseph Harris' happiest productions, and it
seems to me that it ought to make farm-life fascinating to any
boy who has any sort of taste for gardening.

7 I Farm, Gardening, and Seed-Growing** 90

This is by Francis Brill, the veteran seed-grower, and is the

only book on gardening that I am aware of that tells how
ma'rketrgardeners and seed-growers raise and harvest their
own seeds. It has 166 pages

12 I Gardening for Pleasure, Henderson* 1 85

While " Gardening for Proflt "is written with a view of mak-
ing gardening pay, it touches a good deal on the pleasure part ;
and "Gardening for Pleasure " takes up this matter of beauti-
fying your homes and improving your grounds without the
special point in view of making money out of it. I think most
of you will need this if you get " Gardening for Proflt." This
work has 404 pages and 203 illustrations.

12 I Gardening for Proflt, new edition** 1 85

This is a late revision of Peter Henderson's celebrated work.
Nothing that has ever before been put in print has done so
much toward making market-gardening a science and a fasci-
nating industry. Peter Henderson stands at the head, without
question, although we have many other books on these rural
employments. If you can get 'but one book, let it be the
above. It has 376 pages and 138 cuts.

I Gardening for Young and Old, Harris** 1 26

This is Joseph Harris' best and happiest effort. Although it
goes over the same ground occupied by Peter Henderson, it
particularly emphasizes thorough cultivation of the soil in
preparing your ground; and this matter of adapting it to
young people as well as old is brought out in a most happy
vein. If your children have any sort of fancy foi gardening it
will pay you to make them a present of this book. It has 187
pages and 46 engravings.

10 I Garden and Farm Topics, Henderson** 75

I Gray's School and Field Book of Botany. . . 1 80

5 I Gregory on Cabl):iges ; paper* 25

6 I Gregory on Squashes; paper* 25

5 I Gregory on Onions; paper* 25

The above three books, by our friend Gregory, are all val-
uable. The book on squashes especially is good reading for
almost anybod v, whether they raise squashes or not. It strikes
at the very foundation of success in almost any kind of
business.
10 I Greenhouse Construction** 1 40

This book, by Prof. Taft, is ju^t out, and is as full and com-
plete in regard to the building of all glass structures as is the
next book in regard to their management. Any one who
builds even a fmall structure for plant-growing under glas.s
will save the value of the book by leading it <!arefully.

15 I How to Make the Garden Pay.** 1 35

By T. Greiner. This is si new IidoU, just out, and it gives the
most explicit and full directions tor guidening under glass of
any book in the world Those wlui are interested in hot-beds,
cold-frames, cold-greenhouses, hot-houses or glass structures
of any kind for the growth of plants, can not afford to be with-
out the book.

I Handbook for Lumbermen

10

1 40

16

25

10 Houseliold Conveniences
2 How to Propagate and Grow Fruit, Green*

2 Injurious Insects, Cook

10 I Irrigation for the Farm, Garden, and Or-
chard, Stewart* 140

This book, so far as I am informed, is almost the only work
on this matter that is attracting so much interest, especially
recently. Using water from springs, brooks, or windmills, to
take the place of rain, during our great droughts, is the great
problem before us at the present day. The book has 274 pages
and 142 cuts.

5 I Manures; How to Make and How to Vse

them; in paper covers 45

6 I The same in cloth covers 65

Covering the whole matter, and discussing every thing to be
found on the farm, refuse from factories, mineral fertilizers
from mines, etc. It is a complete summing-up of the whole
matter. It is written by F. W. Sempers.

7 I Market-giirdening and Farm Notes, by

Burnett Landreth 90

The Landreths arc the pioneer seedsmen of America; and
the book is worth fully as much as we might expect it to be. I
think I received hints from it worth the price, before jit had
been in my bands tiftecn minutes. It is exceedingly practical,
and tells what has been done and what is BiciNG done, more
than it discourses on theory.

5 I Tile Drainage, Ijy W. I. Chamberlain 35

Full.v illustrated, containing every thing of importance
clear iip to the present date.

A. I. ROOT, MEDINA, O.

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

819

PATENTS

Careful attention Riven to the prosecution of
'business before tlie U. S. Patent Office. All business
tTeated as strictly confident ua. No cliarg-e made for
■services in prosecuting- application, until the pat-
ent is allowed. Send for "Inventor's Guide."
FRANKLIN H. HOUGH,
925 F STREET, WASHINGTON, D. C,
twin responding to this advertisement mention GLKANrNoa

Promptness is What Counts.

Hone.v-jars, Shipping-cases, and eveiy tliinji-
that bee-keepers use. Root's Goods at Root's
Prices, and the Best Shippingf-point in the
Country. Dealers in Honey and Beeswax
Catalog: free.

WALTER S. POUDER,

i62 Massachusetts Ave., Indianapolis, Ind.

Please mention tliis paper.

METAL
WHEELS

for your

WAGONS^

Any size yon want. 20
to 56 m high. Tires I
to 8 in wide— hubs to
fit any axle. ^^Jlves
Cost many times in
ft season to have set
of low wheels to fit
your wagon for hauling
(Train, fodder, manure,
hogs, ,Vc. No resetting of
*>res Catl'g free. Address

Empire mpg. co.,

(iuiiicy, 111.

t^"Iu responuiny to lliis ailverti

BDVJIN ROBINSON.

W. M. GRAY.

ESTABLISHEO 1866.

Robinson Sn Gray,

SUCCESSORS TO

B. F. Southwick & Co.,
Foreign and Domestic Fruits, Canned Goods.

47 & 43 South Market and 5 & 6 Chatham Stroets.

Headquarters for Vermont Shipments

of White=Clover Honey.

It will be the endeavor of the new firm to meet
tttie wishes of their patrons in the future as the late
firm has in the past.

! Thanking you for the many past favors received
ny the late firm, we hope to be favored with a liberal
isnare of your patronag-e in the future.

All orders and imiuiries by mail or otherwise will
receive prompt attention. Verv respectfully

Boston, April 2, 1894. ROBINSON & GRAY.

lyin r?sponding to this adverti.sement mention GLEANiKa.9

it"'iziZj

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p.,_^ ^

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3iS'j-?^,.v«!x>^':jjr:'.'i

Ei5?!;wrass5i>'.33i"w?

v^;i^£^2!m:^

^'^

fit

"We are Advertised
by our Loving Friends."

At the Michigan State Fair a man wanted a
bill of fence, but objected to our price, as he
was told he could do better Later, he came
back and bought freely, then stated the rea-
son thusly: "I went the rounds of all the
fence e.xhibits, and each and every one as-
sured me that his was 'just as good as the
PAGE ' and cost only % or H or 1/2 as much.
The Page seemed to be the STANDAKD,
and in buying it I take no chances."

PAGE WOVEN WIRE FENCE CO., Adrian, Mich.

Bees and Supplies

Always on hand. Send for circular.
J. fJ. String^ham, 105 Park Place, JS'. Y.

^^^^^^ EXTPACTOP.

Square Glass Honey-Jars,

Tin Buckets, Bee-hives,

Honey Sections, Etc., Etc.

^ r,T,T ,r ^^ Perfection Cold-blast Smokers.
APPLY TO

CHAS. F. JVIUTH & SOM, Cincinnati, 0.

p. S.-Send 10-ct. stamp for •' Praotioal Hints to Bee-keepers."

HATCH CHICKENS BY STEAM

^,^^^.WITH THE MODEL

EXCE^LSIOR [NCUBATOR.

Hatcber made.

1 lioiis:iiid!4 in Suc-
cesstul Operation.

SIMPLE, PERFECT and

SELF.PEG UlA TING
Guaranteed to hatcha
larger percentage of

tertileeggs, at less cost,
than any other Incubator
Send 6c. for Illus.Oatalog.

Circulars i-'ree,

ftEO.ir.STAlIL."ll4tolo3 8.6U.stouinovll.

Every Farmer

Ought to read the Rural New= Yorker.

(Published weekly.)

It is the business faimer's paper, and a most re-
liable authDiity (in agricultural and horticultural
'l"^'^^*??^ Ir.-iuds ;ni,l humbugs fear it. ONLY $1
A i EAR. tSend for sample copy to
THE KUKAIj NKW-YIIKKKR.New York.

\\ e have made arrangements so that we can send
it and Gle.a.nings lor $1.75 u year.

I'lease mention this paper.

DOVETAfLED HiVES, SIMPLICITY HiVES,

SECTIONS. EXTRACTORS. ETC.

FULL LINE OF

BEE-KEEPERS' SUPPLIES.

6O-PAGE CATALOGUE. Itfdb

J. M. Jenkins, Wetumpka, Alabama.

iWln responding to this adverti.-eiiieiii ii.eMlun Ulkamnlk.

820

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov. 1.

Honey Column.

CITY MARKETS.

Chicago.— Horjejy.— A steady, quiet trade is no-
ticeable all along- tlie honey market. White comb
continues to bring 15 cts. per lb., while in other re-
spects desirable off -grades of dark are slow sale at
10@13. Extracted is selling at 5, 6, and 7. All white
honey brings 6@6i4, and in the 60-1 b. can, 7; some
fine white clover brought 7V4. The demand is mod-
erate. Beeswa.\ is scarce, and some lots have sold
at 27@28— a little fancy yellow at 30.

R. A. Burnett & Co.,

Oct. 18. 163 So. Water St., Chicago, 111.

Chicago.— HoNc;/.— We quote comb lioney that
is fancy white and in one-pound sections, at 15c;
No. 2, 13c; buckwheat honey at 10c. With cooler
weather, demand improving, and our stock on hand
at the present time is extremely light. Extracted
honey is selling at 5^@7 cents per pound, depending
upon quality and style of package. Beeswax, 28c.
We will make liberal advances on consignments,
and render prompt sales. S. T. Fish & Co.,

Sept. 21. 189 South Water St., Chicago, 111.

Denver.— H'mcj/.— There is not much change in
our market. Best consignments of No. 1 white
comb lioney in 1-lb. sections, put up in 24-lb. cases
suitable for putting in cartons, 12Xc; lower grades,
10i4. No. 1 white extracted honey, in 60-lb. cans,
7c. We can still handle a quantity of No. 1 comb to
advantage. R. K. & J. C. Frisbee,

Oct. 22. Denver, Col.

New York.— Honei/.— Comb honey continues to
arrive quite freely, our receipts up to date num-
bering 10,119 crates. The demand is fair, at prices
ruling as follows: Fancy white, 1 lbs., 14c.: dark
white. 12c; buckwheat, 10c; 2 lbs., l@2c per lb. less
according to quality. Tliere is no activity in the
market on extracted, with plenty of supply. We
quote basswood and white clover, 6@6^c. South-
ern, 50@.^.5c per gallon Beeswax scarce, and in
STOod demand at 29c per lb.

Hildreth Bros. & Segei.ken,

Oct. 25. 28 & 30 Broadway, New York.

Clevet/AND.— flfwc?/.— No. 1 white honey is mov-
ing more rapidly than last week at from 16 to 17 cts.
There is very little call tor the No. 2 grades at 14
cts. Extracted white sells at from 6 to 8 cts. Bees-
wax, 25@27. Williams Bros.,

Oct. 18. 80 & 82 Broadway, Cleveland, O.

St. Louis.— HwiC,!/.— Inquiries more abundant,
receipts fairly ffood. Quotations unch;inged. Prime
beeswax, 26@26^/^.

D. G. TuTT Grocer Co.,

Oct. 8. St. Louis, Mo.

Albany.— Hoiiei/.— Comb honey is selling very
briskly, while our receipts are about the same as
last season. Up to this date »)ur sales are far in
advance, and our stock is comparatively light at
present for this season of the year. No change in
prices. We quote white clover, fancy, 14@15; No. 1,
13; No. 2, 12; mixed and buckwheat, 10@11. Ex-
tracted, dull at 5X@7.

CHAS. McCULIiOCH & Co.,

Oct. 20. Albany, N. Y.

Cincinnati.— Honejy.— There is a good demand for
choice white comb honey at 14®15. Demand is fair
for extracted honey at 4@7 on arrival, according to
quality. Bee.swax is in good demand at 22@27 on
arrival, for good to choice yellow.

Chas. F. Muth & Son,

Oct. 19. Cincinnati, O.

Philadelphia.— HoTiey.— No. 1 white, 1-lb. comb,
10@12; No. 2 white. 1-lb. comb, 8@9 Wax, Western
and Southern choice yellow, 26@27; Western and
Southern, common or dark, 22@24. Honey market
easy; wa.x market firm.

Shoemaker & McElroy,

Oct. 18. 30 So. Water St., Philadelphia, Pa.

Boston.— Ho?iej/.— We take pleasure in quoting
you our market, but regret to slate that the de-
mand is only fair while the supply is good. Comb
honey. 14@,l"6; extracted, .5@B. Beeswax, none in
the market, with a demand at 27@28.

E. E. Blake & Co.,

Oct. 20. Boston, Mass.

Kansas City.— Honey.— The receipts of lioney
large, market well supplied. Fancy white, 1-lb.
comb.s, 15 cts.: Jimber, 12@13. Receipts of extracted
light; white, 7 cts.; amber, 5V^@6 cts.; Southern
honey, 4i4@5. Beeswax, 22 cts.

Hamblin & Bearss,

Oct. 19. Kansas City, Mo.

Kansas City.- Ho7)r7/ — The demand fjor comb is
fair, receipts fair. We quote No. 1 white, Mb.
comb, 16; No. 2 white, 1-lb. comb. 13; No. 1 amber,
13@14; No. 2 amber, 1-lb. comb, 10@12; exti'acted, 5
@7. Beeswax, 22@25. C. C. Clemons & Co.,

Oct. 19. Kansas City, Mo.

Buffalo.— Hnriey.-Honey is beginning to move
well on our market— Fancy, 14(g),15; choice, 12@13.
Stock is comparatively light. We would advise
shipments. Buckwheat, 9@I1 ; strained honey,
mostly 6@7. We look for satisfactory winter trade,
and should be pleased to hear from those who have
not yet disposed of their honey. It would be to
1 heir advantage to write us.

Battebson &Co.,

Oct. 8. Buffalo, N. Y.

Detroit.— Ho7)c?/.—Best while comb honey. I4@15.
Other grades, 12@13; extracted 6H@7. Beeswax, 24
@25. M. H. Hunt,

Oct. 18. Bell Branch, Mich.

Alfalfa honey, very white, "dead ripe," thick and
rich; $8.25 for two 60-lb. cans. Address

Oliver Foster, Las Animas, Colo.
(Late of Mt. Vernon, Iowa.) eoitf

For Sale.— Eight tons fine extracted honey, put
up in square 60-lb. cans, two in case, at 'tH and 6 cts.
Five or more cases, Xc less. F O. B. here.

J. B. Case, Port Orange, Fla.

For Sale.— 10,000 lbs. extra nice honey gathered
from smartweed and other autumn flowers, about
one-half comb and one-half extracted,
eitf J NO. A. Thornton, Lima, 111.

For Sale.— 1800 lbs. honey in 60-lb. square cans,
price 7 and cts , f. o. b. cars here. Sample by mail.
R. H. Bailey, Ausable Forks, N. Y. Box 81.

Only a part of that car of honey left, but we still
have plenty to fill orders at $7.80 per box.

AiKiN Bros., Loveland. Col.

Having secured a fine quantity of buckwheat ex-
tracted honey I now offei' it in lots to suit purchas-
er, 210-lb. kegs at 6!/2C f. o. b.; also 2000 lbs. of bass-
wood and clover. W. Lamar Coggshall.

eitf West Groton, Tompkins Co., N. i .

Wanted.— To buy quantity lots of white comb
and dark extracted honey. ^ „• .

B. Walker, Evart, Mich.

For Sale.— Choice white-clover comb honey, 14c;
othpr grades less. A. P. Lawrence,

16-23ei Hickory Corners, Barry Co., Mich.

Comb and extracted honey wanted, in large oi
small lots. ConslKunieiits .solicited. Reference, A
I. Root, or Union National Bank, Denver,
eitf R. K. & J. C. Frisbee, Denver, Col.

For Sale.— 7000 lbs. of fine, ripe, extracted bass-
wood honey, highest offer takes it. Also Italiai
Bees and Fo.x-hound pups,
eift Elias Fox, Hillsboro, \\ is.

For Sale.— Two tons of white-clover honey (just
bought). Will also buv for a small commission
(sample crates forwarded). If you want comb honey
nicely crated write me. „ ^ ,.„ i xt v

Smith's Apiary & Stock Farm, Padelfords, N. Y

Buckwheat extracted honey at 6V^c, f. o. b. Qual
ity A No. 1. „ XT tr

F. A. Alexandf.r, Esperance, N. Y.

Burpee

'c Seed A^nnttal for 1894 is well wort!
r -- i* having. Tell to all who plant seeds
W. Atlee Burpee & Co., Philadelphia, Pa.

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

821

Contents of this Number.

Bees and Fniitnien SISiHivt-s fur Cuba

Bt'fdisciisf or Calit'ornia. ...K'JX, Ilivrs for 18!).'. ...

Biaci' (oml.s KKhlaiice of 837 Ih.nev, Hr.s Tirnsferriiit'.

Brood III Sliallow Chaiiibers.8:W lloncv, Sillinif, York on

Cell-cup .\trliif.v',-< 84^1 K i iijiliirds

<)onvfntion at St. Joseph.. ..84fiNiw Voik.The Poor in
•Convention Calvert's Rep't.8:« giieins Tliroiijrh Excluder!-
" '■'-■" - H.'iiiililcr at Hilton's

Kohbiiin- To Stop

Section lovnier, Improved.

SinokeiFucl

SiKuiish Kiimily

Sw aiiiiiiitj. Preventinj?

Sw.iniiinf.' a Habit

Taxiderin\-

Topolobainpo

Covers for 1895

84fi

Kohoes

8:i:i

Editor's Travels

. ...8<(i

Efrgs. Transporting

824

Ernest's Travels

831

Feeding' at .Miller's

837

Florida for Health

843

I ranic. rhenlcie

8 <1

Hilton's Pump

826

'hi:'M^^f^-

IMPORTED ITALIAN QUEENS.

Just as the last form was goino' to press a month
ago -we received t-R^euty-six fine tjueens by express
from Italy. We had room for only a three-line no-
tice calling attention to them. We have iust now
received seven more alive by mail. It is' not too
late in the season yet to introduce iiueens safely.
To reduce our surplus we will continue October
prices on queens for two weeks, or until Nov. 15th,
giving any an opportunity to get a fine breeding-
queen at a low price, ready for early breeding in
the spring. This Avill apply to tested as well as im-
ported Italian queens.

EARLY-ORDEK DISCOUNT.

Those who arc in the habit of taking advantage of
•early-order disi'ounts, and securing the supplies
needed the following spring, early in the fall and
winter, should remember tliat this is the last month
111 which the largest discount (6 per cent) is allowed.
Dec. 1 the per cent drops to i. Many more would
take advantage of these discounts if thev appreci-
ated all the advantages gained in so doing. In ad-
dition to the saving in price (sufficient, in many
cases, to pay the freight), you have ample time dur-
ing the long winter evening.s to get hives and crates
put up ready for use -when wanted.

CARLOAD OF ALFALFA HONEY.

Just as we go to press we are dally idoking for the
arrival of a carload of comb and ext racted alfalfa
honey from Reno, Nev. Tiiere is about six tons of
each kind; and, judging from former shipments
from the same place, there is no finer honey pro-
duced anywhere. At the international convention
at St. Joseph, Mo., it was agreed, by those who had

tested alfalfa honey, that there was no honey su-
perior to it in body, Havor, and color, and every
other qiialirtcation that goes to make up a superior
honey.

We already have orders booked for several thou-
sand pounds, wliich will be shipped out as quick as
car arrives. Our prices are, for extracted, in 60-lb.
cans, 9c per lb. for single can; 8i4c per 11). for a,
case of 3 cans, or 8c per lb. for 3 cases or more.

Comb honey, less than 100 lbs., 16c; 1(0 lbs. or
more, crated to carry safely by freight, ir.c.

If you haven't sufficient choice honey to supply
your home market, order some of this, and your
customers will be greatly i leased with it.

Later.— T\w car has just arrived.

iISHING MITTEN.

Tliere are very few house-
keepers who do not have a
stove to black, and many take
pride in making it shine. One
of the best implements for this
purpose IS the polish ing-mitten
shown herewith. This is a wo-
man's Invention, and a good
one too, as you might know.
It consists of a mitten of oil-
cloth, faced with sheep or
lamb's skin tanned with the wool on. The mitten is
accompanied by a dauber, also of wool on the hide.
Those who have tried the mitten are loud in its
praise. They are usually sold for 35 cts. postpaid.
We can furnish them for 35 cts. postpaid, or, with
other goods, not postpaid, 3(1 cts. each, or $1.80 per
doz.; 3 doz., $4.50. We will send one free, poslpaid,
for one new subscription to Gleanings at Sl.OO.

Kind Words From Our Customers,

T have received every copy of Gleanings since I
have been a subscriber. I don't think I could keep
house without it. Each number comes promptly on
time. I can not estimate the value it is to me. I
prize it above all of my other journals, for it is al-
ways full of good things, and is prompt.

Dove Park, Ark., Aug. 6. J. W. Morris.

more than pleased with the GOODS.

My supplies arrived in ten days from shipment,
in good condition. I am more than pleased with
the Crane smoker. I would not take ten dollars for
it if I could not get another like it. Your one-piece
sections I like well. Tliey look the best and neatest
of any we have ever liad in this section. I have
many of them filled with basswood honey; some
were finished in ei^ht days after putting them on.
The basswood How was good, lasting ten days. T
shall get about 700 lbs. of comb and 300 of extracted,
from IT colonies. Frank Champeon.

Exeter, Me., Aug. 13.

Costel low's Egg=Box.

This is an invention of great value to poultrymen in gen-
eral, and to those who ship eggs for hatching in particular.
The box is complete in itself, nothing in the way of pack-
ing being required. It is only necessary to place the eggs
in the box, and fasten the cover down; they are securely
held in place by lia-ht springs, which allow no play in any
direction, but which hold them suspended in the center of
the box, where they are secure from all jar, thumping, or
breakage

The springs are so constructed that they will lu)ld with
equal security and ease any size of hen's egg. The single
box will successfully carry any number of eggs from one
to fifteen, and the double box any number from one to

— thirty. The cover is secured by metal fastenings on each

end, not shown in the engraving. It is well adapted to

rning the box over every few days, eggs in it will keep sound and

PRICES.

Sample. Per doz. 5 doz.

lo-eggbox $ 26 $180 $8 35

30-eggbox 3,5 3(10 14 oo

is'bcjx'^^isSv i;^'ib": •t'nrtt^iji^i^fari" f" "^^ "*'' '''""' '"''*^' ^^ "^^ '"' ""'"'^ ^'^"'^•""■- '^•^^

A. I. ROOT. MEDINA. OHIO.

keepi

good

iier prices, as, by tu
or more.

822

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov. 1.

CONVENTION PHOTOGRAPHS.

The members of the St. Joseph convention gathered upon the court-liousi^ steps and were photo^raphec}
in a body The size of the picture is 8x10 inclies, and is excellent for a group of tins ciiaracter. iliere is-
not a face that would not be instantly recognized. Eacli person wears a number, and most of these num-
bers show, and a printed list accompanying tlie picture g-ives both the name« and the numbers. If you
would like a peep at the leading bee-keepers of the country, particularly those of the West, also to see
seven editors standing in a line, send 75 cts., and the picture will be sent securely packed, postage paid,
and if you are not oilinJu satixficdwithit you may send it back and the money will be refunded. J^or
$1 50 this picture will be furnished and the Review sent from now to the end of 189o.

W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint, Mich.

PURE

5UQAR=CANE

SYRUP.

For table use and for bees it has no equal. I put
this syrup up in barrels holding 26 and 53 gal-
lons each, and in kegs holding 10 gals. See
F. D. Woolver's letter in Jan. 1 Glean-
ings with editor's foot-note, for fur-
ther information. 31-23

J. H. ELLIS, Kentwood, Louisiana.

I^In. responding to this adverti.sement mention Gleanings.

PATENT WIRED COMB FOUNDATION

Has IVo Sfig- in Brood-frames.

Thin Flat - Bottom Foundation

Has no Fishtone in the Surplus Honey.
Being the cleanest, it is usually worked
the quickest of any foundation made.

J. VAN DEUSEN & SONS,

12tfdb Sole rianufacturers.

Sprout Brook, Montgomery Co., N. Y.

ly In responding to tMs advertisement mention Gleanings

FOR SALE.

75 HIVES OF BEES.

INQUIRE OF
AUG. LEYA^RAX, Francis, Fla.

Why Not?

Bottles.
Jelly= Glasses.

Supply your nearest grocer with honey in
bottles or glass; it will pay you to do so.
Square (tlint glass) bottle holding exactly
one pound of honey, six-dozen case, in-
cluding corks and labels, with blank space
on label for writing your name, $3.75.

Tin-top jelly-glass, holding 11 oz. of
honey, six-doz. box, $2.00, or 20-doz. barrel
for $550. This includes labels with blank
space for writing your name.

Bright yellow beeswax taken in ex-
change at 37c per pound. 21-23

Tweed & Pritchard, |>'ii?sfcu''rrpa^*'
Warranted Queens, 75c.

Five-band strain, bred for business, six for
S4.00; dozen for $7..50. See former ads., and send
for circular. Safe arrival and satisfaction g-iiar-
anteecl. J. B. CASE, Port Orange, Fla.

AUSTRALIA-

Bees, Queens, and Beekeepers' Supplies, 33-page
illustrated catalog free on application.

W. S. PENDEE, Apiarist, E- L. PENDEE, Manufacturer,

30-31 West Maitland, New South Wales.

onSODaysTrial

I Easy, durable and

jclieap. A radical

cure effected. Keiid for sealed catalogue.
KUULESTUN IKl'SS CO., JlasuDio Temple, Chioago, 111.

World's Fair Hedal

Awarded my Foundation. Send for free
saniTiles. Dealers, write for wholesale prices.
Root's new Polished Sections and other goods
at his prices. Free Illustrated Price List of every
thing needed in the apiary. JM l-I f-fnt^-f
Bell Branch, Mich. ^'*' '•• llUlIt.

09

09

CO
CO

Please Cut Out

This wliole Advt.
iSi^^ii, and mall.

8^" Please send me
the American Bee Jouniiil
each week for Three
.vionths. At the end
of i,bat time I will re-
mit $1.00 ft)r 1 year's
subscription, or 25c.
in case I decide to
discontinue.

To tiie Pnbiisiim of Aniftrjf.an Bee Journal,

56 Kiftli Avenue, CHICAGO, ILI..

Ndme

P. O.

CO

CD

State

13 Carloads of Supplies.

Tills is the amount we liave distributed in a single season, of
Foundation, Dov. Hives, Sections, Extractors, etc. Therefore, if
you have little money iind want that little to go as far as possible,
'Z^^^^^^^^^^^^i^^^^^^^^^^Za^^ remember that we are headquarters in the west for all goods in
^^^-^^^^■^-^^^— ^^— ^^^^^ our line; by doing so great a volume of business we sell g-oods
cheap. If you have tlie money, also remember you can make it earn a big interest by availing yourself of
our discounts for early orders. In either case you should write us and tell what you will likely need. It
will pay you. \\ e sell Root's goods at Root's prices, and can save you f reig-ht.
The new polisiied sections and all other late improved goods kept in stock.
, 1 »» »« i Send for our large illustrat-

Joseph Nysewander, Des Moines, la. s^X"™fywi,';sSjlSf;

FOR THE WEST.

Jour

• DELVOTE

•To'BE.E._ ^
•ANdHoNEY-
•MD HOME.

li^fip^EAi^ \6) Medina Ohio

Vol. XXH.

NOV. I, 1894.

No. 21.

Caknioi.ans, says E. France, in Review, are
the best bees for extracted honey.

Reports are coming in that white clover is
starting nicely. We'll hope for next year.

In Russia, bees seem to be held as sacred — a
thief who steals them being transported to
Siberia.

My home apiary isn't as strong in bees as
the other two. Neighboring cider-mills may
have something to do with it.

A Russian authority has discovered that the
bee is warm-blooded— its body 85 to 95°, and the
cluster in winter from 50 to 53° F.

" We ake considerably out of pocket by
clinging to golden bees as long as we have." —
Editor Qukiley. [Yes, I think so too.— Ed.]

M. Bertrand, the able editor of Revue In-
ternationale, has observed that laying com-
mences sooner in colonies weak in numbers.

In spite of the assertion that drugs do no
good in foul brood, cures ihat appear credible
are reported in Revue Internationale by the
use of formic acid.

Bees seem to be partial to Given foundation,
according to experiments reported in Review;
but what kind of foundation is the Hunt that
beats the Given?

Somnambulist thinks an apron with capa-
cious pockets for carrying scissors, knife, etc., is
a good thing in an apiary. I have one in my
apiary. Emma wears it.

C. W. D.VYTON describes a new escape, "the
Stampede," in Review, which he says will pass
1000 bees per minute. I got one by mail, but
didn't know where it came from.

An experiment reported by Doolittle, in
Progressive, showed that a colony of 4000 bees
working on apple-bloom would store a pound
of nectar per hour; but by next morning the
weight was reduced more than half.

E. France indorses R. C. Aikin's view, that
the energy of a newly hived swarm is more ap-
parent than real. What's gained in the swarm
is lost in the parent coIouy.— Review.

Experimenter Taylor {Review) thinks bees
prefer sections not wider than l%—\%, with
separator. Thafs an argument in favor of the
narrower sections used by Canadians.

Reviewer Hasty says, " No matter how
solidly I get combs built down to the bottom-
bar, they'll not stay so many years." Can't you
keep quiet, Hasty ? I hear that enough at home.

A revolution has taken place in the views
of bee-keepers as to what will prevent burr-
combs. In replies in A. B. J., 21 think correct
spacing will do it, while only 3 think a honey-
board necessary.

Raising watermelons is suggested by Som-
nambulist, in Progressive, as a good business
to go with bee-keeping, as the raising and mar-
keting of them comes before and after the
busiest time with the bees.

Dr. Von Planta says the ages of nurse-bees
correspond with the ages of the larva? they
feed, the youngest nurses feeding the youngest
]arv;e Drone larvae, needing the stronger
food, are fed by older nurses from the start.

Observer, in Prog^-csswe, thinks bee-keeping
is more like gambling than any other legitimate
occupation — the bee-keeper's always hoping to
win next time. I don't like to be called a gam-
bler, but there's no denying the uncertainties.

C. W. Dayton says, in Progressive, that he
has given up alighting-boards, preferring the
old-fashioned fly-hole in the center of the front
of the hive. I don't know whether such fly-
holes are good for bees, but I'm sure they like
them.

Hutchinson quotes Doolittle, and discusses
the advantages of brace-combs, and ends up
with "but, advantage or no advantage, brace-
combs built against the sections or the recepta-
cle in which they are placed can never be tol-
erated."

S. E. Miller, in Progressive, raises the query
whether nurse-bees eat eggs when rearing

824

GLEANIINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov. 1.

queens. I don't know about that; but I know
eggs disappear sometimes when a colony be-
comes queenless. Don't think they do if queens
are being raised for swarming.

A BEE-SPACE— what is it? 3g of an inch will
be answered; -^, 3i, and scant 3i. Perhaps a
better answer would be, that space in which
bees are least likely to put burr-combs or pro-
polis. It used to be considered %, but gradual-
ly it has become less, and now ^{ has the major-
ity, I think. [That's right.— Ed.]

Last month I spent a night with a bee-keep-
er at Lawrence, 111., who made me feel uncom-
fortable. He keeps bees in old-fashioned ten-
frame Langstroths, fusses less with his bees
than I do, and I don't believe he knows more
about bees. But he gets more honey than I.
Low lands give him annually as much buck-
wheat as white honey, while I get none; but he
beats me on white honey. Is it the location, the
hives, or the management?

Herk Reepen doesn't agree with the view
Gleanings takes of the raking motion of bees
— "dancing" the Germans call it. He says
German bee-keepers in general consider it a
mark of great prosperity, and readiness for
swarming. D. A. Jones held it as a sign of
swarming, I think within 24 or 48 hours, but I
think no one else confirmed it. I think I saw
only one or two colonies at it this year, and I
don't think they were in condition to swarm.
But my bees talk English, not German. [I have
seen weak colonies in our apiary going through
this washboard act. They were too weak to
swarm. — Ed.]

DO BEES TRANSPORT EGGS 1

evidence that they do.

By E. France.

At the time of the war I ordered an Italian
queen of Martin Metcalf. He sent me a notice
that he would send me the queen at a given
date. About a week before the time named, I
took the queen out of the hive that I intended
to introduce her to. In just two weeks after, I
received the queen. I put her into a wire cage,
and then put the cage with the queen into the
queenless colony. On the third day after, I
opened the hive with the intention of liberating
the queen. I looked the combs over again for
queen-cells. I discovered a cell just started,
with an egg in it. I made up my mind that
the egg came from the queen that was then in
the cage in the same hive. I took the queen
out of the hive, to see what would come from
that egg. It matured all right, and hatched

out a good Italian queen. There could be no
mistake about it. That one queen was the
only Italian I had. Whether the bees put the
egg into an embryo cell, or had made the cell
around the egg, I can not say. The egg could
not have come from a fertile worker, as the
colony consisted of black bees, and the egg
hatched an Italian queen.

fertile workers, and how I GOT RID
OF THEM.

Last spring I had two queenless colonies. I
gave both of them cards of young brood and
eggs, expecting them to raise a queen for them-
selves. Neither of them did it; but the fertile
workers kept laying right along. I gave each
of them brood enough to make a good colony,
and still they were "no good." I finally got
mad, and concluded to kill or cure. Then I
loaded up my smoker with tobacco stems, early
in the morning, when all were at home, and
smoked them all drunk. Not a bee could fly.
Then I took out all the bees and combs, and
filled the hives up with another set of combs
from other hives— brood and honey— the same
as I would have done to make a new colony^
but I did not give them any hatched bees.
Then I took all the bees that were in the hives,
or that had been in the hives, and carried them
away several rods, and scattered them over the
ground. As soon as they got over their drunk
they came home, and the next day I gave each
a virgin queen. These were accepted in all
cases. What became of the laying workers, I
don't know. I don't think they ever found
their way back, so I think those laying work-
ers are bees that don't go out, and perhaps
never did, and so don't know the way back. I
was pretty sure that that treatment would cure
them. But as I had been putting in good
brood from other hives, there were more or
less of young bees in the hives, that had never
been out, and, of course, they would not know
the way back home. So I tried to cure them
without, so as to save the young bees. But I
will never do it again. As soon as I find I have
a laying worker I will take the bees all out,
and carry them off several rods, and throw
them away. All the bees that have been flying
will come back; then give them a queen, or
brood from which to raise one; and if they are
not strong, give them brood to strengthen
them up; but if the colony is very weak, the
best way is to use up the combs in other col-
onies, unless, as in my case, we are short of
hives, and want to occupy that location; in
that case, treat them as I have described. All
that can be saved is the few worker-bees that
are present with the laying workers, and quite
likely these are few, and not worth much.

SMOKER FUEL.

After trying about all the different kinds rec-
ommended, we have settled down to straw and
tobacco-stems— about half of each. We get the

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

825

tobacco stoms at the cigar - factories. They
cost nothing — in fact, we haul them on the
place for fertilizers. The factory-men are glad
to have them taken away. Straw and tobacco-
st"m* make plenty of smoke, hold fire well, and
the tobacco just takes the fight right out of
the bees.

HOW WE STOP THE ROBI5ERS.

We have never failed to stop the worst case
of robbing we ever had, providing the colony
being robbed was strong enough to be worth
saving. This fall, in taking off my three sto-
ries one morning I worked a little too long;
and as I smoked the bees down with tobacco I
got one colony pretty drunk. Like other
drunken beasts they could not defend them-
selves. It happened that I went to town after
working with the bees, and was gone two
hours. When I got home the yard was terribly
excited, all trying to find where the honey was.
The bees were swarming about one quadruple
hive, and were tearing away at three of the
colonies in the hive just as fast as they could
get in and out. In a case of that kind, some-
thing must be done, and done quickly, if we
save the colonies that are being robbed. I had
a large asparagus-bed. I took my scythe and
cut a couple of armsful and banked up the
hive-entrance with the tops, and then took ray
sprinkler and wet the tops of the asparagus
with cold water, and kept it wet for an hour.
By that time the robbers had quit trying to get
in. I left them banked up for another hour,
and then took away the asparagus-tops. Then
the robbing was done, and the robbers never
offered to trouble them again. I examined the
robbed colonies about sundown the next day,
and found that fully half of their honey had
been taken out of their combs, so I exchanged
their honey-combs for full ones and now they
are all right.

I have fought robbers in this way a good
many times, and always with succes's. They
can not get in throueh wet stuff. The bees
belonging there think it is a wet time, and stay
at home. In the spring, before we get the as-
paragus-tops, I use straw. It is not so good,
but will do.

Platteville, Wis., Oct. 1.

[While I was at France's recently, I believe
he used the straw only, as the tobacco-stems
did not seem to be on hand then. I was surpris-
ed to see it give such good smoke, and last so
well. I should prefer to dispense with the
tobacco, as it " scents " every thing up so.

Your method of stopping robbing I know will
work, because we have tried it. Our plan is, to
pull up a lot of long gras-*. strew it against the
entrance, and sprinkle it, with water. Wet
asparagus, grass, or any thing of a bushy na-
ture, dripping with water, seems to dampen the
ardor of the robbers: for a wet bee is in any
thing but a normal condition to fight. The
inmates of the hive do not. of cour.«e, venture
out. and are ready to tackle their antagonists—
the latter at quite a disadvantage.— Ed.]

RAMBLE 119.

SANTA BARBAKA TO LOS ALAMOS.

By Rambler.

From Santa Barbara we roamed along the
sea-coast for over 40 miles, passing now and
then the dried and whitened skeleton of a boom
town. The town of Naples in particular had
an uncanny appearance. All there was of it
was a ghastly sign, "Naples," silhouetted in
immense open letters against the seaward sky.
For several miles the vision haunted us, but
not to such a degree, probably, as those were
haunted who had buried money there under the
name of town lots.

At El Capitan we found a famous camping-
place — a lonely canyon, noble oak-trees, a rip-
pling stream. We retired here for a day, bath-
ed the dust of travel from our bodies, wrote
letters, and fixed up generally for our further
progress. Fish were plentiful in the ocean at
this point; in fact, much more plentiful there
than on our table. We, however, did get a
smack of them on our plates. Mr. Wilder
brought out all of his fishing-tackle — great
hooks and small hooks, and his rifle. With the
latter he is exceedingly careless, as you will
hereafter learn. This time, while hauling ia
his throw-line with a red-finned fish at the end
of it, a seal, or sea-lion, so called— the kind that
inhabit the Ana Capa Islands, and all the iso-
lated rocks of this coast— bobbed its head above
the breakers to get a new supply of air; but
before he could bob it back again Bro. Wilder
had carelessly fired a bullet through its head.
That settled Mr. Seal to the bottom of the
ocean. The peculiarity of seal-shooting, we
learned, on Ana Capa Island, is that, when shot
in deep water, they sink to the bottom of the
ocean like so much lead. This one performed
that same trick, to the chagrin of the shooter,
and "me too." I didnt care so much for the
seal as to see the manifest happiness of the
shooter. All we could do, however, was to
watch the crimson spot out there in the tossing
breakers, and to hope for better luck upon our
next specimen of big game. We seal-hunters
find there is something startling, too, in behold-
ing a seal's head bob out of the waters. The
head and face have something of a human
look, and one is liable to think he is in the
presence of a genuine mermaid; but we seal-
hunters get used to those things after a few
shots, and mind it not.

In our strolls among the big trees we found
evidences of bee-trees, and one had been recent-
ly cut and robbed, the bees still clinging to their
no longer sweet home. The fact that it paid to
cut a bee-tree for its sweetness showed that
some honey was gathered here; but the flora
visible would lead one to think that bees would
ordinarily starve. While thinking of the bees
and their product, at our next repast we brought

826

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov. 1.

out a fine jar of honey that Bro. Mendleson
had given us with his blessing, when we left
him; and as spoonful after spoonful disappear-
ed alternately at each end of our table, said I,
in heartfelt tones, " May the shadow of Mendle-
son never grow less." "^me7i.'" said Bro.
Wilder, in a loud and heartfelter tone.

After leaving El Capitan our drive was some-
what monotonous; our surroundings and the
hills had a dry and parched aspect, while, on
the other hand, the ocean appeared exceeding-
ly wet. To wed these two extremes, and to
make the land bloom (poetical license) with
milk and honey, was a problem we studied upon
for many miles.

" Why," said I, " Wilder, just think what a
revolution that would make on all this coast —
pump the water of the Pacific Ocean away
back into the dry interior, and irrigate."

the moisture of the ocean slightly interrupted.
At Gainotta Landing, which is also on the
edge of the ocean, we turned an abrupt angle,
and left the ocean behind us. We here ap-
proach the mountains, and find our way into
the interior through the Gainotta Pass. Some'
time ago nature must have rent the mountains
in twain here, for the pass is narrow, and im-
mense masses of rock overhang the road in
many places. Much could be written about
this pass and its earlier history, but I can only
mention that Fremont had an experience here
with the Mexicans, but came out the victor.

The next obstacle in our way was the Santa
Ynez (pronounced Nez here, or Een-yaith by
Spaniards) Mountains, over which we climbed
easily, crossed the Santa Ynez River, which is
one of those bottom-up rivers — no water in
sight; passed the old Santa Ynez Mission, in-

MK. IIILTO.N I'LMriXG WATEll, AND lUKlG ATINU SUUAi; UKKTS.

As I cast my eye as far as I could cast it in
the distance, and could see no end to the water,
"Why," said I, again, "we could irrigate all
California ten feet deep, and it wouldn't take
half the water in sight."

" Yes," says Wilder, " that's so; but what are
you going to do with the salt? "

"Eliminate her," says I. That's the great
problem. We did not have the necessary appa-
ratus to make an exhaustive study of the mat-
ter, so we leave the problem with the bee-
keeping public. There's "millions in it."
Wilder and I have the tide-pumping engines
all completed— in our eyes. All we want now
to make the Golden State more golden is the
eliminator.

There, now, I will get down to terra-cotta
again, and go on with the original theme which

terviewed its ruined walls with the cameia,
and then passed into the great barley and stock
country. The dry weather, however, had
pinched the stock out into other fields, and tlie
barley was a light crop except in a few favored
localities. It was so short in Los Olivos that
we could get none for our ponies, and for the
first time on our journey they had short rations
for their noonday meal. There is no bee-keep-
ing here over a wide stretch of country. Cattle-
ranches prevail, containing ten to fifteen thou-
sand acres each. These large land-holdings
are considered a detriment to the country.
The owners will not sell into small holdings,
and the chance for the increase of population
is small. Disintegration comes, however, in
many cases, when the original owner dies
and leaves a dissipated son or family to man-

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

8^7

age it. It soon dissipates under mortgages,
then there is a chance for the small farmer to
step in.

At Los Olivos we encountered the whistle of
the locomotive again, and followed the course
of the rails and telegraph-poles more or less for
a greater portion of a day, until we entered the
town of Los Alamos. We had this town in
mind for several days, for, among the few per-
sons who are scattered here and there as bee-
keepers in Santa Barbara Co. is Mr. Joel Hil-
ton. ]Mrs. Hilton's name had appeared fre-
quently in Gleanings and various agricultural
papers, as a writer upon bee-keeping topics,
and I was quite anxious to meet her as well as
Mr. Hilton. After camping near our friend
the blacksmith, inquiries revealed the fact that
Mr. H. lived only half a mile from camp, and I
hastened to hunt him up. Mr. H. being a
Gleanings man, of course he knew the Ram-
bler, and gave a cordial welcome. Mr. H. was
irrigating his field of beets, and, after showing
me how it was done with his honest old horse
and home-made pumping arrangement, tank,
dog. children, etc., I inquired for Mrs. Hilton,
and I was pained to learn that she had crossed
the boundary into the great future only a few
weeks previously, leaving Mr. H. and his four
children in mourning. The pall had not lifted
from the home; and, as we find in so many
cases, when a loved mother and adviser is taken
away it is many, many months before the sun-
shine again lightens the home.

outside of this there would be but little bee-
forage for several miles. Mr. H. has 300 colo-
nies of bees, in three separate apiaries; and,
though the yields are not ever so great as in
our southland, they are more certain every
year. He had never had his bees starve during
a dry season. This dry year he did not expect
to get much honey, but he was sure they would
get enough to carry them through, and possibly
he would get a little surplus. An examination
of a few of his hives showed that he was cor-
rect in his diagnosis, for we found new honey
in the combs. As a sample of what bees can do
here, Mr. H. had at one time increased from 40
to 78 colonies, and taken (5000 lbs. of honey. In
1893 his honey crop was 24,000 lbs., from 100 col-
onies, spring count; increased to 170.

Mr. Hilton expressed himself as always a
lover of the bees, and to the bees he owes a debt
of gratitude for causing him to move from Iowa
to this delightful country. His bees have been
more profitable, considering the money and
time invested, than his wheat-raising. In the
latter crop a drouth might cause a total failure;
the owner would be out many days of hard
labor, with team, etc., also many bushels of
seed; but in a drouth in the bee-business there
are no outs — not even starved swarms, In his
locality.

After our ride and talk with Mr. H. we set-
tled down to business among the good people of
Los Alamos. Over half of said good people are
Spaniards of all degrees of color. Our duty

MUSICAL SPANISH FAMILY.

From observation as we entered the Los Ala-
mos country, we pronounced it not a good
honey locality. But a ride with Mr. H. one
morning into the back country, away from the
highways, brought us into a fine sage district,
where the black and the purple sage seemed to
thrive. Mr. H. informed us that, in this por-
tion of Santa Barbara Co.. the sages seemed to
thrive in certain di.'^tricts. Several square miles
would sustain several hundred colonies, while

was, to take photographs of these dark people
and make them look " alle-samee" white folks.
We had a hard time of it, as will be seen further
along. There were a few resident Castilian
Spaniards, as white as Americans. Such a
family of musicians we introduced to our cam-
era, and they show such a phase of life among
these musical people, in this country of bloom-
ing flowers and buzzing bees, that the artist
will give the readers a wee bit of a picture of it.

828

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov. 1.

THE NEW BEE -DISEASE OF CALIFORNIA.

starvation, and the difference between

"well-sui'plied" and "'constantly

fed" colonies.

By C. W. Dayton.

I have watched, since early spring, 2.50 or
more colonies having this disease, and, like
others, I find it in sopie well-supplied colonies,
but I do not find it to continue in constantly
fed colonies. It was understood that Prof. Cook's
cure was by constant feeding, so that the bees
would be carrying honey about the hive every
day; but where colonies are fed ten pounds
to-day, and then no more for ten days or more,
in six hours the feed will be deposited in the
cells; and some colonies seem to be so miserly
as not to remove it, even to save brood from
starvation; or else such a method of feeding
fails to cure them of their disheartened condi-
tion. But it seems to me possible to bring on a
second attack, as hereafter suggested.

It is my opinion, that the larvaj do not always
die because there is 7io honey to feed with, but
because the bees neglect to feed it. They ap-
pear to be lazy or disheartened. It is plainly
apparent, that, after a larva dies, the cell is not
cleaned as it should be; but the dead larva
dries down and remains in the cell, and, possi-
bly, is the cause of the death of the next larva
reared in that particular cell. It is noticeable
that the larvae live while there is plenty of
food In the cell, but die about the time the food
is exhausted— causing them to straighten out
a little prematurely. In industrious colonies it
disappeared when a flow of honey came; but in
others, which were averse to storing honey
under any circumstances, the disease existed in
full force throughout the season. The ex-
change of brood-combs, with the industrious
and the less industrious colonies, did not spread
the disease. In giving a diseased (and at the
same time a scantily fed or supplied) colony a
new comb, in the first filling with brood many
dead larviB appeared. Then in feeding suffi-
ciently to produce new combs, no dead brood
appeared in the new comb, although it was
situated between two old combs which contain-
ed a dead and rotten mass. There appeared to
be this difference in the fed and unfed and new
and old comb, and at difl'erent times.

Again, several queens of industrious colonies
were exchanged for queens of the most diseased
colonies; and now, after four months (time to
change the bees), the disease is transferred— the
diseased are now healthy, and the formerly
healthy have become diseased. In other years
I have known colonies to starve by the score;
but while only one colony starved outright this
season, T.') colonies lived ',I0 days with scarcely
six ounces of honey in any hive at any one time.

BEE-PARALYSIS IN CALIFORNIA HEREDITARY
FROM THE QUEEN.

Mr. McEvoy's advice, a short time ago, to

keep honey uncapped as a cure for the disease,
accords with my observation and practice; but
I do not agree that starvation is also the cause
of paralysis. Neither do I think phenol a cure
for either disease. A neighbor having 104 col-
onies afillcted with the new disease tried phenol
in various ways, with no perceptible effect. I
assisted in the operation. By this I do not
mean that I visited his apiary and saw phenol
used once, but I was there from a half to a
whole day, for about 25 different times. It is
sometimes remarked of horses that they lack or
possess "horse sense;" likewise, I ascribe the
cause of this new disease to the bees lacking
bee sense. During all the season there have
been colonies which were strong in number of
bees, and in apparent good condition for storing
honey; and, though I opened their hives often,
they had not a pound of honey at any time,
while other colonies near by stored above 100
lbs. in 1-lb. sections. It was wondered that
they would swarm or rear queens at all, but
they did both. Queens reared by such colonies
invariably produced bees which tolerated the
disease. A set of 12 queens, reared by such a
colony by the Doolittle method, by the side
of 14 reared by an industrious colony, are a
shade darker in color. Some are perfect dupli-
cates of the five-banded mother, while the oth-
ers are exceedingly pale yellow, with a bluish
tinge.

My neighbor has kept bees in California 25
years — 5 years with Harbison — and "canned
up" honey (as Californians put it) by the car-
load, and he tells me that, in some apiaries,
even in good years, he has seen from one- third
to one-half of the colonies of this sluggish, un-
available kind of bees. I have thought, that
often the large yields we hear of may have been
due to the accidental gathering-together of a
number of particularly good working colonies,
instead of locality or management; and if there
is such a vast difference in good seasons, how
much difference must there be in starvation
years like the present!

Then, again, suppose an apiary should hap-
en to be all of such poor working bees. Such an
apiary would not be worth the time taken to
count the hives. As well accept a herd of
lame, blind, poor, and old horses while fodder
is ?25 per ton; and the prospective and inexperi-
enced apiarist buys them up and thinks he has
a bonanza.

Several of Ifarbison's old assistants tell me
that paralysis existed here early in the '70"s,
and that their cure was to change the old queen
for a new one.

Florence, Cal., Sept. 2.5.

[Your explanation of the difference between
well-supplied and constantly fed colonies seems
to explain why starvation may not apparently
but in reality be the cause of this dead brood.
I hope it is the solution of the mystery, and
why Prof. Cook's experience should be different
from ours. With regard to bee-paralysis, I

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

829

think there is no question but that the queen
is the primary cause. Hut it seems that, after
it once gets started in some colonies and in
some localities, her removal does not work fa-
vorably.—En.]

THE PHENICIE SELF-SPACING FRAME.

FASTENING FOUNDATION, ETC.

By C. E. Phrnicic.

Mr. Root:— After reading Dr. Miller's article
in Gleanings, Aug. 1, headed "Fastening
Foundation to the Bottom-bar," I concluded to
mail you each one of my self-spacing frames.
The tin spacer should be heavier than the one
I have mailed you; but my machine will not
bend any heavier tin, as it is one that I made
in a hurry, just as an experiment, and does not
bend them very accurately, but will show the
principle.

My claim for them is, that they space the
same throughout the entire hive. I must raise
objection to any spacer that projects half the
space on either side of the frame, as the two
outside spaces will be only half the width un-
less you tack pieces on the inside of the hive

PHENICIE FRAME AND SPACER.

and on the division-board, which does not ap-
pear to prove satisfactory. I raise two objec-
tions to the half or eighth inch space. First,
should the queen be on the outside of the frame,
near the top- bar. where there is generally a
little sealed honey, she is liable to be crushed,
as it crowds her into an eighth-inch space; but
if she is down near the center or bottom of the
comb, she will be all right.

Second, the bees will build brace-comb in
this narrow space; then when this frame is
placed between two other frames, the bees, in-
stead of tearing them down, will continue them
to the next frame: and those remaining on the
side of the hive will be treated likewi.'-e. These
spacers require no extra nailing, as the same
nails fasten the frame also.

THE TOP BAR.

The doctor speaks of grooving the top-bar.
You will notice that mine is grooved also; but
instead of the groove being square in the bar,
it is on a bevel. The foundation, when being
bent against the wires, binds on the edge of the
groove, thus holding it secure. This is ranch
easier and quicker than with the roller, and
will not slip out and lap over, as I have been

troubled a great deal when sticking them on,
and it always hangs in the center of the frame.
I tried one without foundation, and the bees
accepted the groove as a comb-guide all right;
yet I can not say any thing about that, as I do
not consider it a sufficient trial.

THE BOTTOM-BAR.

My bottom-bar consists of two bars, as there
are two pieces I4 inch square, with about i^-
inch space between them. I have not tried the
bottom-bars at all, as the thing occurred to me
after it was too late to put any of them in; so I
shall have to talk theory on this. But I have
tried the top-bar and spacers quite extensively,
and find them very satisfactory. My idea of
having the two bottom-bars is, to let the foun-
dation hang loose between them, and the bees
are to fasten it there. As it hangs between the
bars, it is always down to them, yet can not
settle down on them and wrinkle, whether it
stretches little or much.

Now, this is what I should like to have the
bees do, and think it no more than right that
they should do; but whether they will or not,
is to be decided. I should like the opinion of
some older heads on this frame.

Tacoma, Wash., Sept. 6.

[The objections that you urge do not hold
true in practice. We do not find it necessary
to tack pieces on the outside of the hive or
division-boards, as you seem to think; and I do
not remember that a queen was ever killed in
our yard, nor have I heard of one being so
killed. I have no doubt your metal spacers,
however, will work very nicely; and perhaps
in places where propolis is very bad they would
separate more easily than the Hoffman widened
end-bars. I hardly think your double bottom-
bar, with a partition passing between, will
work satisfactorily. The bees would fasten the
wax to one or both the bars before much sag-
ging would take place, I think, and bucklins
the result.— Ed.]

FAX.

Bi/ Elltry Knnn.

Caged four queens together by way of 'sper-
iment. and the first one died in two hours; at
the end of fifteen hours wuzen't left a single
one alive.

Wuz transferrin' larvte the other day and
came 'crost two grubs growin' in the same cell.
The biggest one wuz nearly three days old.

Hest place to put cell cups is whare the bees
put theirs— on the edges of the combs; and
when you dip 'era mold the base to a sharp
pint and it haint no trouble fixin' 'em in the
comb.

Feed your bees airly as possible and make the
sirup purty thin. If the bees git it capped over
before it shows enny signs of granulashun it
will keep as nice as hunny. I have a sample
left over frum last yeer and it is good yit.

Two pounds of fine beeswax is the way my
unfinished sectshuns turn out to the hundred.
I'd ruther turn 'em into foundashun and gain

830

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov. 1.

more in the long run than to sell hunny in tuff
combs next yeer at a reduced price.

Nineteen out of twenty-three in the A. B. J.
favered home market, and only one found it
best to wholesale it. That's ezzactly my no-
shun.

Put it on reckord that a queen will lay her
first egg sometimes in a queen-cell; also for the
first few days before matin' she often helps
'bout other work. I seen one help a worker,
that wuz havin' sum diffikulty in hatchin,'
with as much koncern as a mother takes keer
of her children.

You kin raze queens by the Doolittle plan
without enny perforated zink as foHers: — put a
sheet of enameled cloth between the upper and
lower stories, leavin' the cloth pulled back a
little bit at one of the fur corners, placin' the
frames at the opposite side. I have queens
hatchin' now razed this way. and no surplus
hunny comin' in either. Hy the way, this ar-
rangement makes as nigh an independent col-
ony " up stairs " as you can git it and still have
kommunikashun with the lower story.

Physical defects, as a rule, is not transmitted
to the offspring; this is why your fine breedin'
queen might have bin mated to the scrawniest,
skimpiest drone in the hull apiary fer all you
know.

Some of us has come to think
Burr-combs is a useful link
Jinin' super to the hive.
And that we should not kontrive
Enny patent to prevent
Buildin' of 'em, but kontent
Our minds while the bizzy bees
Boost themselves with better ease
Up these ladders made of wax
And save time; but it's a fax
Bees build burr-combs jost because
We have fixtures full of flaws
That infringe on natural laws —
But thanks ! thick-top bars at last
Konsigns burr-combs to the past.

Alexandria, Ind.

^ I ■■

LAKGE VS. SMALL HIVES.

SMALL HIVES PREFEKKED FOR CUBANS ; WHY.

By Fred L. Craycraft.

Since reading the articles on the hive discus-
sion now going on in Gleanings, and. having
received inquiries from persons thinking of es-
tablishing apiaries in Cuba as to the size of hive
and frame best suited to this climate, I will
give the result of my observations, although I
do not claim it to be the best for the North,
where the conditions are so different.

It would naturally be supposed that a large
hive would be best for the production of ex-
tracted honey, where we have such a warm cli-
mate and the honey season lasts so long ; but it
is just the other way, and I have come to the
conclusion that a frame 91.; x 14, with 9 frames
in the brood -chamber, and seven above for ex-
tracting, is about the right size. The brood-

chamber, being nearer square, is more economi-
cal of heat ; and the frames, being slightly
deeper, and not so long as the Langstroth. more
nearly approach the natural instincts of the
bees in building a circular brood-comb.

In most sections of the United States the flow
of honey lasts only a few weeks; and brood
reared after the honey-flow commences is of
little value for honey-gathering; but here the
honey season lasts almost three months contin-
uously, making it necessary to keep the queens
laying all they will ; and as the honey-flow
comes during the coldest weather, with the
thermometer often hovering around the fifties,
and good strong colonies sometimes carrying in
eight or ten pounds of honey per day, it is a dif-
ficult matter to keep the queens from being
crowded out, thereby greatly decreasing the
working force toward the end of the season.

The above size of brood-chamber is as large
as any good queen will keep stocked with brood;
and, being small, it will preserve the warmth of
the bees and thus stimulate the queens to lay
more ; while in a larger brood-chamber the
heat would be unnecessarily expended in warm-
ing a lot of ends of combs filled with honey.

By using queen- excluders over the brood-
chamber, another advantage is gained, as breed-
ing is restricted during the summer, and the
bees will fill the upper combs with honey after
the extracting season is over, which greatly di-
minshes the work of feeding during September
and October.

I am much interested in the "'eight and ten
frame hive" discussion, but I should like to
hear what some of the "big guns" have to say
as to the best size of frame ; and has it been
proved that the size and shape of the Lang-
stroth frame is the best? I think there is plen-
ty of ground for discussion upon that subject.

The hurricane which swept over this island
on the 23d, 24th, and 25th of September, did
great damage to the fruit-trees ; and nearly all
banana-trees, large enough to bloom, were blown
down. And, again, from the 2d of October to
the 6ih the island was visited by an unprece-
dented rainstorm; and in all we had two weeks
of high winds and rainstorms, which made it
impossible for the bees to do any thing: and for
the first time I have found it necessary to feed,
as the bees were running short of stores.

As I also have charge of an apiary of sting-
less bees, consisting of nine hives, I have been
making some experiments with the view of civ-
ilizing them ; but I have not made much head-
way, although I have succeeded in increasing
them artificially. I do not think they can ever
be " elevated " enough to work in modern hives,
as the brood-combs are built horizontally, and
supported one above another by little columns
of wax or resin, and the honey is stored in large
cups or cells around the brood, as described by
Mr. Pfau, p. 731, Gleanings for Sept. 15. The
honey has a slightly different taste from that

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

831

•of the honey-bee ; and this taste, I think, is de-
rived from the resinous wax in which it is
stored. The bees are about half the !>ize of the
Italians. Their abdomens are black, with five
narrow yellow bauds crossing the back. They
•are a very pretty bee. but will never be valua-
ble as honey-gatherers.
San Jose de las Gajas, Cuba, Oct. 1(3.

[I had always supposed that a large hive was
better for a climaie like that of Cuba ; but for
the sake of btandard size 1 should be glad to
think otherwi>e. Regarding the size of frame,
the Langstroth, in nine ty-nine cases out of one
hundred at least, seems to give as good re-
sults as any other. While it seems to be as
good, its particular shape gives it some peculiar
advantages. Hut suppose we say it is no bet-
ter ; the mere fact that it is accepted as stand-
ard by common consent for nearly the whole of
the United Slates, Canada, and Australia, is
good reason why it should be adopted by begin-
ners and others who are undecided. If other
sizes or shapes of frames have decided advan-
tages for certain localities, our columns are
■open for their discussion. After all, 1 have a
feeling that, if you were to try the same capaci-
ty of hive in Langstroth frames, to the extent
■of nO alongside of 50 of your own, you would not
be able to detect any ditference.— Ed.]

NOTES OF BICYCLE TRAVEL.

By Ernest R. Root.

On arriving at Manistee I found that my rel-
atives had all gone to Lake Onekama, some
nine miles further north, and thither I went.
This is a beautiful pleasure-resort — a lake in a
"valley, connecting with Lake Michigan. It

"SCOKCHING."

•was here also that I had the pleasure of meet-
ing for the first time Walter Harmer, formerly
■of Manistee — the one who, some years ago, in-
troduced the small sections of comb honey —
those that I believe he retailed at from one to
two cents apiece. Our older readers will re-
member that these sections were made of thin
shavings, cut with a jack-plane, oft' the edge of
an inch board. These were nicely folded to-
gether in little squares, and of such a size that
about 24 of them would go into an ordinary
Langstroth brood-frame. The sections were
filled with starters, and then placed in a hive
:and filled out with honey.

Mr. Harmer and a number of others were
successful in producing these small sections;
and the honey when retailed, if I remember
correctly, netted something like 40 cts. per lb.,
as against 15 or 20 for ordinary comb-honey
sections. At the time of my visit at Mr. Har-
mer's he was not using these small sections.
He found difficulty in getting the bees to
always fill them out properly, for much depended
upon the strength of the honey-flow to induce
the bees to occupy such exceedingly small
squares. We tried some of them at the Home
of the Honey-bees, and met a similar difficulty.

Mr. Harmer is now, or was at the time of my
visit, associated with his brother in growing
fruit on a beautiful hillside overlooking the
lake. There is scarcely a finer view to be found
anywhere in Michigan, or in any of the other
States, than this one at the Harmer fruit-farm.
It was here that Walter had his apiary, and
here he was experimenting with various new
fixings. He was using the eight-frame Lang-
stroth hive quite similar to our Dovetail hive.
He finds that size of brood-nest large enough
for his locality. He was not using self-spacing
frames, but a self-spacing device advertised a
few years ago by Dr. Wilcox, of Manistee.
This device is simply a coarse wooden comb, or,
rather, a rake, as long as the inside width of
the hive, the teeth of said rake being justK
inch square. P'or the purpose of moving, these
rakes, or spacing-devices, are set down between
the frames, one at each end, and directly over
the end-bars. Mr. Harmer left these on during
the winter and part of early summer, when
they were removed, because he found they
interfered with the easy manipulation of the
frames; but in the fall they were replaced—
first, because he thought they helped to con-
serve the heat by closing up the space between
the end-bars near the top; and, secondly, be-
cause the bees with the frames thus fastened
would be ready for moving at any time.

Mr. Harmer had not produced a large eropof
honey, but still a fair one; and what he did
secure was of excellent quality, as was attested
by some samples he had in a little portable
workshop. This latter was so constructed that
it could be easily taken down and used at any
point where the apiary might be located; for it
seems he does not always have his bees in the
same place. After looking over some of his
five-banders we took a stroll over the fruit-
farm, where, as everywhere else I visited, the
bee-keeper was making a success of that de-
partment.

Mr. Harmer— or, rather, his brother, who
owns the farm— has a peat-swamp on top of a
hill, and in the center of this is a pond. From
this he draws his water through an iron pipe;
and for the purpose of irrigating, a home-made
hose is made out of canvas, made as used by H.
A. March, and described by A. I. R. in Glean-
ings some time ago. It consists simply of

833

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov. 1.

strips of canvas, folded, and sewed on a sewing-
machine on one edge, making, as it were, a
long tube about two inches in diameter. This
was sewn to another tube of the same descrip-
tion until the required length of hose was se-
cured. The whole is then soaked in linseed oil,
when it is ready for use. Ordinary hose pipe
of this capacity is very expensive; but for the
purpose of irrigating, this home-made article is
as good as any, and vastly cheaper.

By the way, I must not forget to mention
that Mr. Walter Harraer has deserted the bach-
elor ranks, and taken unto himself a helpmeet.
She seems to enter thoroughly into all his plans,
and I have not the least bit of doubt that Mr.
H. has done wisely in deserting bachelorhood.

Of course, I had a delightful time at this
pleasure-resort during the short time I was
there, stopping at the cottage of my uncle.

From Lake Onekama I went back to Manis-
tee, and there took the steamer to Chicago.
Although riding on a bicycle over Michigan
sand is bad. it is not to be compared to feeling
not quite seasick, but so near it as to have no
appetite. I made up my mind that next time I
would either use the wheel or cars.

On arriving at Chicago late in the evening I
stopped at a hotel just opposite one of those
sky-scrapers, at the top of which the American
Bee Journal is issued. Next morning I found
myself a little bit the worse for Chicago water.
I do not wonder that it is bad. considering the
fact that the Chicago River pours right into
the lake. You will remember how the Rambler
characterized it on page 129 of this journal for
1892. It is simply an open sewer right in the
heart of one of the greatest business centers of
the world. I am glad to know that there is a
movement on foot for carrying the sewage some
other way.

Well, the next morning I called upon Bro.
York. He was in the midst of his work, get-
ting ready for the next issue of his journal.
Notwithstanding this, he dropped every thing,
and we had a delightful chat about the bee-
publishing business in general, during which
we were joined by Mrs. York. When I told
friend Y. that I could not stay more than three
or four hours, he would not have it so; and it
was only by giving him a vague promise that I
would come back on my return and make a
longer stay that he would let me go; ancl T did.
Tjater on I will tell you of the York bees. Dr.
Peiro, etc.

After a brief chat, and dinner at a restaurant.
I started on the wheel en route for Dr. Miller's.
Mr. York had told me that it was exactly 6.5}^
miles from Dr. Miller's place to the city; and
as it was then one o'clock, and not having
fully recovered from Chicago water, I felt as if
it were a little doubtful whether I could make
the run in the afternoon. I was wheeling rap-
idly out of the city when suddenly I came be-
fore a statue of a policeman holding up his

hands in silent protest. This proved to be non<^
other than the one erected on the spot where
that terrible Hayinarket riot of May, 188(5, oc-
curred.

Neither Bro. York nor 1 knew the exact route
out of the city to Marengo; but I made up my
mind that I should find some one who would
know the way; and, sure enough, I was fortu-
nate enough to find a wheelman who was going
out my way. He was the business manager of
a large concern in Chicago, and was out for
recreation. He had not expected to take more
than a run on one of the boulevards, but he
very kindly offered to pilot me out on the road
that would lead me to Elgin, some 45 miles out.
This, he explained, was a part of the celebrated
century-road course taken by the wheelmen of
the city, and, of course, it was just- the one I
wanted to take.

It is sufficient to say, that I got into Elgin in
good time. But now the fun was in getting to
Marengo. The wheelmen seemed to have con-
flicting ideas as to which was the best route.
In fact, everybody I met along the way would
say, after I had taken one way, that I ought to
have taken the other. From the best informa-
tion that I could get, I finally, at dusk, got
within 12 miles of Marengo, knowing thai I had
still gone enough miles, if I had taken the right
road, to have carried me to the home of Dr.
Miller. Very fortunately, I found a friend who
outlined for me very carefully the road I should
take. He told me that I should follow that road
and take the second turn to the right; pass two
four-corners, and take the second road at the
left at the next five-points. After I had gone
on a distance I inquired of a farmer the road to
Marengo. He told me that I should pass by
the second turn and take the third, and with
such assurance that it seemed to me he must
know what he was talking about. Of course,
it was my luck that I followed the advice of the
wrong man, and took the wrong turn; but the
road proved to be so bad that I knew it could
not lead to a town of any considerable size. I
retraced my course, and finally went back to
the second turn, and then anxiously looked
along the road to see a light; but everybody
had gone to bed. I finally met a man who told
me that, in his opinion, I ought to have taken
another road. I finally began to be disgusted
with all human nature, and particularly with
my own. The night ride was exceedingly un-
pleasant; and an occasional yelp of a dog,
rushing out as if it were going to tear me to
pieces, did not add to my pleasure. But I pur-
sued the road, and made up my mind that I
would bunk myself in a haystack all night,
when, lo! came the four-corners, and in a little
while after the second four-corners, and finally
five-corners. Arriving here it was a conundrum
which road I should take; but fortunately I
took the right one, and somewhere about 10
o'clock at night I was trying to gain admission

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

833

to the home of Dr. Miller, having gone, as near-
ly as I could figure it, over 80 instead of 05}.;
miles.

I must not forget to give a " good one " on Dr.
Miller. When I reached Marengo I was a little
turned around, and had to inquire the way to
the doctor's. Approaching a small boy I said,
" Can you direct me to the home of Dr. C. C.
Miller?" "Oh I yes, sir," he replied. "You
go down this road, pass over two hills, and then
you'll come to a great big overgrown hedge-
fence and a whole lot of weeds and things. This
is the place. The house is back from the road,
and the yard is all full of stuff. You can't miss
.it."

To be continued.

CALIFORNIA ECHOES.

By Till Rambler.

Glad to see progress on the sting-trowel the-
ory. It now reaches the stage of supposition;
next stage, 0.

What Mr. Pfau writes about Costa Rica gives
me a desire to ramble in that country. Sting-
.less bees and wax production, and various other
things, seem to be fascinating subjects.

That is a dangerous subject you are touching
.upon now in Gleanings in relation to feeding
sugar upon the absorption plan. It much sim-
.plities the steps toward sugar comb honey.

Mr. Editor, Jr., that's a very true observation
of yours about the openheartedness of bee-
keepers, or something to that effect. Now try
California on the wheel, and you will find the
-social frame of mind of the Californians un-
equaled by any.

Those who are investigating the house-apiary
plan can find such house-apiaries made accord-
ing to nature's plan, and large enough to ac-
•commodate a large number of colonies. A hol-
low redwood, some twelve or fifteen feet in di-
ameter, would fill the bill.

We shall soon discovoi- who Somnambulist is.

He came near giving himself away in the last
Progressive. He says he chews his cud. Now,

cows, sheep, and goats do that very thing.
•Just one more slip like that, and he will give

himself away. I bet he is a goat.

One advantage derived from a failure of the
South California honey crop is, that it is a
splendid opportunity to try the relative merits
of the different feeders. If inventors have any
thing new in that line, send samples to any
bee-raan. They all want to use them here.

Mr. Rasmussen must be a very systematic
man to carry around all of those things he
makes use of in the apiary, and be able to lay his
hand on them any minute. Let's see — magnet-
ic tack-hammer, spring clothespins, three-tined

table-forks, and a board that might be termed
his anti-boiler, smoker, jack-knife, etc.

1 note that some one has discovered that the
cuiting-off of the stings of two or more queens
will cause said two or more to live in harmony
in the same hive, and lay eggs all the day long.
Well, that's no new discovery after all. The
Rambler mentioned the point— I don't say fact
—somewhat over a year ago. The idea came
from Mr. Williamsou, a live bee-keeper of Red-
lands, Cal.

The Rambler came near having a wheel craze
before starting on his tour of the State; but
that squelched it for a while. As I near home
again the craze seems to come on. But there is
one insuperable obstacle, it seems. You who
are expert can perhaps explain it away. How
can I carry my 6hx8K camera and tripod,
plates, etc.? I must carry that camera. I
guess the wheel must go.

We have heard many yarns about the im-
mense amounts of honey found in caves in Cal-
ifornia; but it seems that the inventor of yarns
has never investigated the redwood capabili-
ties. There are hollow trees among the im-
mense redwoods that would house immense
colonies, and an immense amount of honey;
but, of course, such colonies are not found here.
The bees lake to the little hollows.

Bloomington, Cal.

THE NORTH AMERICAN BEE-KEEPERS' AS-
SOCIATION ; QUARTER-CENTENNIAL
MEETING AT ST. JOSEPH, MO.

A PKOFITABLE AND SUCCESSFUL MEETING.

Bu J. T. Calvert.

A goodly number of bee-keepers were present
when the opening session of the convention
was called to order by Pres. Abbott. Among
the number might be seen the editors of the
American Bee Journal, Canadian Bee Jour-
nal, Review, and Gleanings: and at the later
session, editoi-s Leahy, of the Progressive, and
Stilson, of the Nebraska Bee-keeper; Christo-
pher Grimm, brother of Adam Grimm, who
were both veterans in bee-keeping; the re-
doubtable Straw-gatherer, C. C. Miller; J. Van
Deusen, of Sprout Brook, N. Y., maker of flat-
bottom foundation. Certainly we had the ele-
ments of a good bee-convention already.

The first thing on the program was the call-
ing of the roll of members. As each name was
called a response was expected, telling where
he was from, how many bees kept, how much
honey secured, and what other business he fol-
lowed in connection with bee-keeping. The
answers revealed a rather scanty crop of honey.
Those having the big crops of honey were
either too far away or too busy taking care of
their crops to attend the convention. The

834

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov. 1.

States nearest the place of meeting seemed to
have the least honey. This, doubtless, accounts
for the comparatively small local attendance.
There were not more than about seventy per-
sons present during the convention.

Not the least profitable and enjoyable part of
the convention was spent between the sessions,
meeting face to face those whose names had
become familiar, renewing old acquaintance,
and making new ones. Right here let me say
that, if any one stays at home from these con-
ventions thinking he can get the full report in
print, he makes a great mistake. The personal
contact with other bee-keepers, and the inter-
change of thought and personality, face to
face, is worth vastly more than the mere re-
port of proceedings with full report of papers
read.

Some practical and valuable suggestions
were brought out in a discussion of questions
from the question-box, which was taken up at
nearly every session. On the question of what
race or strain of bees were the most profitable
as honey -gatherers, the extra yellow (or five-
banded) bees were pretty generally scored.
They had very few advocates. There seemed
to be a marked difference between extra yellow
bees produced by crossing with Cyprian blood
and those reared from sports of the Italian
race. The former were better honey-gatherers,
and, as a rule, not so gentle; while the latter,
being a mere sport, were not stable in any
thing, and were not to be relied on.

"The latest information on bee-paralysis"
called out various testimony. Different ones
had tried various remedies, with indifferent
success; the majority having had experience
with it, agreed that changing the queen was
the surest cure. From the testimony gathered,
there seems to be more than one malady with
somewhat similar symptoms, or more than one
phase of the same malady. It was generally
agreed that we don't know very much about
the disease and its proper treatment.

How to feed bees which are found with in-
sufficient stores in winter, or too late to feed by
ordinary methods, called forth from Pres. Ab-
bott his method of feeding, which, he says, has
never failed with him. Simply make a cake of
sugar candy from granulated sugar, j«st as
you would make maple sugar, and place it over
the cluster on top of the frames, and under the
quilt and packing. It is the purest sweet in
the best form and the right place, and insures
a perfectly healthy feed in the most accessible
place. He said he had used this method every
year for many years, and never knew it to fail.

How to winter bees to prevent spring dwin-
dling was answered by Pres. Abbott, by saying,
" Feed as I do, with sugar candy." E. Whit-
comb, of Friend, Neb., gave a cause and cure
for spring dwindling that may be new to many.
He said that, when brood-rearing begins early
in the spring, a great deal of water is needed to

prepare the food for the larvie. The bees are
generally located in a warm nook where they
get the sun's rays, and, when the hives warm
up, the bees fiy out for water. If they have to
go and hunt for it wherever they can find it,
which is usually the case, they are likely to en-
counter cold winds which chill them so they
can not return to the hive, and they perish; or
the cold water they find may also chill them
and prevent their return. Flying bees at this
juncture are of the utmost importance, and
this heavy loss of flying bees from being chill-
ed in search of water is the prime cause of
spring dwindling. The remedy is, to provide
drinking-places for the bees, just as carefully as
you provide for other stock. It is just as need-
ful.. Take a board about six inches square;
cut grooves in the form of a cross, reaching*
nearly to each corner, and crossing in the cen-
ter. Prepare a level rest for this board in a
sunny place near or among the hives. Fill a
one or two quart Mason jar with water, a little
sweetened, for the first few days, till the bees
get used to coming to the place. With cap re-
moved, lay the board on the mouth of the jar
with grooves next the jar. Then invert the
whole quickly, and set the board on the rest
provided, with the jar upside down on top of
it. The bees sip the water from the grooves,
which will be kept supplied from the jar as
needpd. The sun will warm up the jar of
water as soon as the hives are warmed so the
bees can fly out. They haven't far to go for
their supply of water, and it is not cold enough
to chill them, so they can return to the hive,
and spring dwindling will be prevented. Mr.
Whitcomb said he had been using this plan for
several years, and has had no spring dwindling.
He has also stopped the ravages of that mala-
dy in other apiaries which were rapidly failing,
and they had had no trace of the trouble since.
You will be astonished, he says, to find how
much water the bees will use in a day. This
water should be given fresh at least every
other day. It is just as essential to provide
water for your bees as for your horses, cattle,
sheep, and other domestic animals.

'■ The best honey-packages for retailing ex-
tracted honey" called forth various opinions
and preferences. What was liked best in one
place would not do at all in another. It was
largely a matter of education of the trade and
consumer. Many used the Mason jars, pints
and quarts; others, the Muth square jar;
others, tin pails. A package that has value
for other uses in the home, when emptied,
seemed to be the most popular in many places,
and the Mason jar rather took the lead on this
account.

There were a number of valuable papers,
prepared at the request of Pres. Abbott and
Sec. Benton, on bee-keeping in various other
honey-producing countries, as Canada, trer-
many, France, Australia, Cuba, etc. Most of

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

835

these were read at the convention, and all are
to be published in full in the report of the
meeting.

The constitution of the North American was
taken in hand by a committee of five, and
thoroughly revised and simplified. The old by-
laws were entirely eliminated, the new consti-
tution incorporating every thing that it was
thought of sufficient importance to retain. A
movement was inaugurated to increase the
membership of the N. A. B. K. A. by offering
something besides membership for the one
dollar annual dues. A resolution was adopted
looking to this end.

There were four applications for the next
meeting— one from Lincoln, Neb., supported by
various documents from the city organizations.
A telegram from Denver, Col., signed by vari-
ons commercial interests; an urgent invitation
for Buffalo, from Vice-pres. O. L. Hershiser;
and a strong plea for Toronto, Ont. As the
last-named place had a partial promise of the
convention at Chicago last year, it was decided
to go there during the Toronto Industrial Fair,
in September, when low rates of travel prevail,
and a large attendance assured.

The officers elected for the coming year were:
President, R. F. Holtermann, Brantford, Ont.,
editor Canadian Bee Journal: Vice-president,
L. D. Stiison, York, Neb., editor Nebraska Bee-
keeper; Secretary, W. Z. Hutchinson, Flint,
Mich., editor Review; and Treasurer, J. T. Cal-
vert, Medina, O.

As has usually happened in the past, when
we have depended on the certificate plan for
reduced railroad rates, we failed in having suf-
ficient certificates to secure the reduction.
Notwithstanding the repeated requests of the
president and secretary, not a few omitted to
secure the certificates, and only forty-eight
were presented.

One point was several times emphasized dur-
ing the convention; and that was, the necessity
of encouraging in every way the consumption
of honey, especially by working the home mar-
ket. Offer your customers only a choice article
of honey, and ask a good living price. Explain
the advantage of healthful honey over other
sweets usually used, and enforce your point by
leaving a sample to try, even if you don't get
pay for it. You will very often be rewarded
for such effort by gaining permanent regular
customers. Never get out of choice honey. If
your bees don't gather all you need for your
local trade, obtain a supply from other produc-
ers which you know to be pure, and which you
can guarantee as you do yonr own. As bearing
on this subject, we give in full in the next col-
umn the paper read by Mr. George W. York,
editor of the American Bee Journal, on the
subject, " Disposing of the Honey Crop."

This brief report of the convention has been
hastily written from memory. I did not expect
that the necessity of my making a report would

arise, and did not take notes with that end in
view. A brief report from the senior editor
was expected, and may still reach us in time
for publication in this issue. I have not at-
tempted any thing like a full report, but have
simply tri<-d to give the main points of interest,
and items which impressed me as being im por-
tant.

In conclusion, let me urge those within reach
of Toronto to begin now to plan to be present
at the next meeting in September, 1895.

DISPOSING OF THE HONEY CROP.

AN ARTICLE READ BRPOKE THE ST. JOSEPH
CONVEXTION,

By Oeorye W. York.

Page upon page has been written on the sub-
ject of marketing honey; for all realize that,
unless it is well sold, there is no profit or just
remuneration for the labor and skill involved
in its production.

A successful marketing of honey presupposes
its good quality, and suitable condition for
proper and satisfactory handling. Possessing
these two very important factors, the honey is
then ready to seek the much-desired customer.

Upon what market shall it be placed ? Aye,
that's the question! Shall it be disposed of in
the home market— probably among the produc-
er's friends and neighbors— or shall it be ship-
ped to the nearest large city to find purchasers ?
Both ways have their advantages as well as
disadvantages. So much depends upon the
producer himself, that what might be best for
one bee-keeper would be all wrong for another
equally successful in honey-production.

Each producer, of course, desires to realize
the most money possible for his crop. Upon
that point all will agree. But how about the
city market for such an object? The city
honey commission merchant, as a rule, if he
does any business at all, is an overworked or
overcrowded man. Imagine, if you please, 100
different lots of honey being shipped to him
from various parts of the country, in different
conditions, and all coming so as to be in stock
at the same time. Now, it will be utterly im-
possible for him to give to each shipment equal
attention, and some of them must of necessity
be neglected, or await their turns. In the
meantime, some of the shippers may notify him
to hold their honey for a certain price. Then,
of course, the honey of those who do not give
any definite instructions as to price will be sold
first, and probably at a lower figure. By that
time the market is practically supplied, a;id
the rest of the honey in the commission mer-
chant's hands must be held, or the price lower-
ed in order to at all effect sales. Thus it will
be readily seen that, at best, selling through a
city commission firm must often be quite un-
satisfactory, especially as there is so much to
risk in shipping honey lest the combs be broken

836

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov. 1.

down and thus be ruined, or the extracted-
honey packages may leak, and in that way
cause loss.

I fully believe that the best solution of the
question will be found in the home market,
where the producer can personally look after
the details of the work; and, although unable
to do the actual retailing himself, he can so
supervise it as to realize the largest proceeds
from the sale of his crop of honey.

Of course, it requires a good talker to sell
honey, as well as any thing else that has merit
which needs to be shown to the desired pur-
chasers. But as nearly everybody likes to eat
honey, it should not be such a difficult task to
dispose of some in nearly every home visited.

As to the price to be asked, certainly the city
market quotations should not govern; for, as I
have shown, that market may have become
overstocked, and for the time being the price
lowered to such an extent that there could be
no profit whatever to the producer.

It has been suggested that, unless a good price
be asked, it will not be secured. And there is
more truth than poetry in that him, though,
if the price asked be too high, there will also
be fewer sales, and consequently less money ob-
tained, but more honey left on the producer's
hands. It seems to me that comb honey, in
mosi home markets, should bring not less than
20 cts. per single section, or six sections for $1.
Extracted honey should retail, per single pound,
at 15 cts., or 8 pounds for $1. These prices cer-
tainly are not high, and yet probably large
enough to sufficiently reward any reasonable
producer in a fair honey season.

There is much in education in this matter of
the price of honey, as well as to its constant
use in the family. By starting out rightly, a
better price can be secured and maintained,
and also more sales be made"; while if there is a
wrong beginning, it will be well nigh impossi-
ble to correct it later on. By all means, study
the consumer's ability to pay; supply a pure
article of honey, put up in an attractive form,
and there will be little trouble about future
orders after the first purchase is made and used.

I think that bee-keepers who have a home
market well worked up often make a very great
mistake when they allow themselves to get out
of honey for sale at any time of the year; for if
a regular customer can get no more honey from
the producer who has been supplying him, he
will likely apply at the grocery store, where he
may be supplied with a mixed article at a less
price, and also correspondingly inferior in qual-
ity, though it may, after a time, give partial
satisfaction. The result will be, that, the next
time the honest producer wishes to sell that
customer more honey, he will expect to furnish
it at very nearly "store prices," for a superior
article. To avoid such an unfortunate condi-
tion of things, I would always have honey on
hand, even if it be necessary to get it from a

bee-keeper at a distance, but always being as-
sured of his honesty and reliability.

I am sure that the home market for honey
has undreamed-of possibilities for successful
development; and the wide-awake, progressive
twentieth-century honey-producers will find in
it a veritable gold-mine in exchange for their
pure golden honey — nectar fit for the gods, and
hungry humanity's best food and medicine.

KINGBIRDS.

THEY EAT DRONES KATHER THAN WORKERS.

By C. ir. Daytoji.

Referring to your editorial about kingbirds,
on page 767, I would say that none appeared in
my locality until about the first of April, and
then they came in numbers almost equal to
blackbirds, and began a raid upon the drones
and kept it up until about the 15th of July. I
shot two or three hundred; and in examining a
dozen or more I found drones in their crops
every time, but no workers. But I found that
they took workers occasionally from the flowers
a distance from the apiary. About the middle
of July they ceased catching bees entirely, and
only bugs were found in their crops, although
drones were flying at the same time. The Cal-
ifornia kingbird is about the same size as in the
East, but is of an entirely different color, and
has a very different song. They were here a
month before I recognized them as old compet-
itors in the bee-business. They seem to depend
upon bees for a living here more than in the
East, probably because of the dryer climate
and consequent scarcity of other insects.

QUEENS GETTING THROUGH EXCLUDERS.

Regarding queens getting through excluders
(page 7(56), I would mention the rearing of sev-
eral batches by the DoolittleAtchley method,
with 18 to 20 queens in a batch. Although the
cells were very regular and uniform in size,
nearly always there were from one to four
queens which were small and slim. After fer-
tilization, their bodies became fully as long as
any of the others, but preserved their original
slimness. These queens are excellent layers,
but I have my doubts as to their holding out to
long usefulness.

BROOD IN SHALLOW CHAMBERS.

I also notice what you say on page 758 about
difficulty in rearing brood in shallow chambers.
That has been my experience — takes pressure
to induce them to occupy the second one. I
give each colony a full-depth storv. and also
have one or more half-depth stories. In the
spring, give the full story for brood-nest, and at
the opening of the harvest raise the full story
for surplus, and confine the queen to the half-
depth story below. This does well in working
for extracted honey, but for comb honey it is
not so favorable. It pays me best to work for
both comb and extracted honey. In a long

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

837

slow yield I can obtain as much or more comb
than extracted. Such years as this the comb
brings 10 cts. and the extracted 5 cts. per lb.
Using full-depth story below, all the harvest,
would give more extracted; but with shallow
contracted brood-nest it gave more in combs.
In fact, full story below, all through the pres-
ent season, gave very little surplus of any kind.
This was proven in my own apiary and neigh-
bors*.
Florence, Cal.

FEEDING AT DR. MILLER'S.

HOW THE .JOB WAS SIMPLIFIED.

By Emma WiJmn.

Usually I have dreaded the time to come
when I knew we should have to feed our bees.
Nearly every thing about the house would be
sticky, doorknobs included, to say nothing
about the amount of work involved. But this
year it has just been fun — not one bit of muss
about the house. I have thought so many
times, while we were feeding this year, "Oh
how much extra work we have made for our-
selves in former years, all for not knowing
howl" Then I wondered if we were doing as
much hard work in other directions just be-
cause we did not know how, and if that were
the reason that bee-keeping was such hard
work.

I'm going to tell just what we did this year.
About the first of September we visited each
apiary, and weighed each hive to find out just
how much feed each colony would need for
winter. .Just the hive and contents with cover
were weighed, without the bottom-board. Un-
der the record of each hive in the record-book
the weight was put down. These weights
varied from '2i\ to 6'3 pounds. Some colonies had
more than one story, but only the weight of
the upper story was taken.

If a colony weighed 47 lbs., it passed muster
without feeding; but if it weighed less than 47
lbs., it was given sugar enough so that, when
the sugar was brought to the consistency of
honey, the total weight was brought to .50 lbs.,
figuring on the basis that .) lbs. of sugar make
7 lbs. of syrup of the consistency of honey.
That is, 5 lbs. of sugar were given for every 7
lbs. the colony lacked of weighing .50 lbs. For
example, a colony that weighed 3(5 lbs. had 10
lbs. of sugar given it.

We next brought out our Miller feeders, and
stuffed the opening where the feed goes
through (which in the original Miller feeder is }4
inch or more), wiih cotton cloth. Old pieces of
cotton flannel and part of an old bed-spread

were what we happened to have handy to use
for the purpose; and, when propiu'ly packed,
they worked tip-top. I was the one who did
the packing; and, when the most of them were
packed. Dr. Miller thought I was packing them
too tight. So I packed the rest much looser.

We fed the Hastings apiary first. We took
along ;24 feeders and 3 bags of sugar weighing
100 lbs. each. We also took along a tin pail
holding 11 lbs. of sugar, another holding 4 lbs.,
a can holding 3 lbs., and another holding 1 lb.
With these we could quickly measure the
right quantity of sugar for each colony.

The first thing after reaching the apiary, we
put on the feeders, leaving the covers off; and
into each feeder the proper amount of dry
sugar was put, the feeders being still left un-
covered. After all the feeders were supplied
with sugar, we poured 'On a pint of water to
each pound of sugar, put the covers on, and
came home.

The ones that were packed first were all
right, with the exception of one or two which,
after being used for a while, swelled so that
the syrup would not pass through. The second
lot — those that were not packed so tightly — let
the water through too fast, and left dry sugar,
and more water had to be added two or three
times, so that some of them had two or three
pints of water for every pound of sugar.

We fed in all about 1.500 lbs. of sugar; and I
can hardly realize that we have fed it, it has
been so easily done. Just try it for yourselves,
and see how nicely it works.

Marengo, 111.

[Yes, indeed, the new way of feeding is a
great convenience as well as a great saving of
labor; but we could not make the Miller feed-
ers work nearly as well as the inverted crocks.
The trouble was, we could not get the cloth
stuffed just right every time. — Ed.]

THE RIDDANCE OF BURR AND BRACE COMBS.

SEVEN-EIGHTHS THICKNESS OF TOP-BAK AN

ITNNECESSARY EXTREME; PUTTING

IN FOUNDATION.

By A. B. AnthiDiy.

I sent you by freight a machine for putting
foundation into brood and extracting frames.
To use, it takes three lamps to heat the plate,
and the back feet should press against the wall
to keep the machine from sliding away when
pushing the foot lever.

Yourself and Dr. Miller have quite a good
deal to say in Aug. 1st Gleanings about top-
bars, and the way to fasten foundation to them.
The only true way to fasten foundation to either
sections or frames is on the melted-wax plan.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov. 1.

You know that, and you ought also to know
that not only for cheapness but for the bees and
the bee-keeper, a top-bar should be flat on
•every side. You recommend a top-bar % inch
thick, to prevent brace-combs. I, at least,
think that is why you make bars so thick,
iirace-combs give me but little trouble. It's
the ibur?--combs that are so troublesome; and a
13s width of top-bar and i^-inch space between
stories practically fixes them. There's a limit
to every thing. Frames were made to hold
combs of brood and honey; and when we have
gone beyond the requisite strength necessary,
■we have gone beyond the limits. If a top-bar
Is ^ inch thicker than necessary, it means that
much waste on each and every frame, hive-
ends, and hive-sides; lower story and upper
<when extracting), or enough useless lumber to
make a board, and binding for a bee-escape.

Dr. Miller thinks he wants a thick top-bar
for the bees to wipe their feet on. If he's will-
ing to pay for lumber for that purpose, he needs
to be told that he had better put it on the under
side of the sections, and let it support them.
Also that, in a couple of years, a top-bar will be
too dirty to wipe feet on. It gels dirty in the
hive, never outside, and it is in a hive 365 days
In a year, while if it is in the super it need not
be on the hive a tenth that long. To recom-
mend a top-bar X thick for the L. frame is as
bad as the advice the Dadants gave us when
they told us to nail a second board on the back
side of hives to keep the cold northwest winds
off. Why didn't they tell us to make that part
•of the hive out of plank? It would have been
Just as well, and better, on account of rotting!
But then the Dadants are all right, for you know
they told us in the back part of their book,
that, from all the advice and information we
received, we should always try to sift the grain
from the chaff' — their own included.

I have always felt and held it as a right, that,
if one gets up a useful implement, and it is
manufactured and used by many, the inventor
should have some compensation. But I'm go-
ing to say that, if this or any of the other ma-
chines I have sent you in the past should suit
you, and you felt that you would like to manu-
facture them, do so; and if you meet with many
sales, and then feel that you can pay something,
all right and well. But if you should not feel
that way, and should sell many machines, all
would be well also. In this last machine sent
you, you'll find that three lamps heat the plate
none too hot. A gasoline-burner, made express-
ly for the purpose, would be better; but for my-
self I made the lamps do nicely in putting in
nearly 100 lbs. of foundation. I could make a
better machine than this, especially with a
burner, but it would not be so simple and cheap.

Coleta, III., Aug. 1.5.

[The principle of the machine sent by Mr.
Anthony will be understood when I say that it
Is the same as our Daisy foundation-fastener.

shown on page 19 of our catalog, or those fas-
teners that make use of a heated plate, with
this difference, that it is cotisiructed on a larger
scale. The plate is as wide o*" as long as the
edge of the foundation to be fastened to the
brood-frame top-bar, and for this reason re-
quires three lamps to heat the plate along its
entire edge. I did not try the machine, fori
was satisfied that it would work; but I do not
think it could ever come into general use, on
account of its expense and the trouble with
fussing with three kerosene-lamps. It would
cost, when placed upon the market, not much
short of $."^.00; it is bulky, and I doubt whether
it will do the work faster than the little foun-
dation-rollers costing only 15 cts., and which
are small enough to be put into the pocket.
No, friend A., if some have gone to extremes in
the depth of top-bars, you have gone to ex-
tremes in the construction of so elaborate a
machine.

But I like your style of talking out plain,
even if you do tread on my toes some. If I
thought you were right I would not hesitate to
recommend the change to a thinner bar. Per-
haps the logic of time may demonstrate the
wisdom of striking a " happy medium," or. say,
%_ inch thick instead of K: but. so far as I can
discover, the last-named dispenses with brace-
combs, while the other does not.

I am sure we all appreciate your generous
desire to contribute to the fraternity whatever
may be found to be of value, and hope the man-
ufacturer will be equally generous on his part.
We have endeavored to do so here at the Home
of the Honey-bees, as our books will show.— Ed.]

AN IMPROVEMENT ON THE TOWNSEND SECTION-
FORMER.

I have used for the last three years a section-
former like the one described in Gleanings,
and can say that it is about perfect. I put
mine on a bench vertically, and work it with a
pedal, leaving both hands free to handle the
sections. A hickory spring is attached to the
lever, and brings it back into position. The

whole thing cost me only 25 cts. Put the sec-
tions in front of the block, groove up, and see
how fast you can fold them. You will be
astonished. G. Gross.

Milford, Wis., Aug. 13.

[Since I gave a cut and description of the
Townsend former, two others, including friend
G., write that they have been using this prin-

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

839

■cipleforthe last threp years. I am sure that
the foot lever and spring will greatly increase
the effectiveness of the machine. It is so sim-
ple that almost any one can work it. — Ed.]

DO FIELD VFORKER-BEKS TRANSFER HONEY TO
YOUNG BEES?

On page 731 of Gleanings for September 15th
I find two questions referred to and asked of
Doolittle; and, with the permission of the edi-
tor, I will answer them In this department,
instead of using questions sent in, for this num-
iDer of Gleanings.

The first is the one referred to me, instead of
the editor's answering Mr. Churchill. Mr. C.
says, "Some time ago I read how bees gave
honey to the young ones that were too young
to fly." I hardly think Mr. C. read accurately
enough, for I have never known of any one who
believed that bees too young to fly were of any
service in the hive, unless straightening out
-and taking honey to help them do so could be
called service. A bee can fly when from 13 to
*20 hours old; and if a bee under this age ever
enters into any of the work of the hive, I have
never discovered it. The claim put forth, and
the one to which Mr. C. alludes, I presume, is
this: Except in times of abundant yields of
honey, the field-bee, on arriving inside the
hive, gives its load of nectar to some nurse-bee,
rather than disposing of this load by depositing
it directly in the cells of the comb. That this
claim is correct, I have verified time and time
again by laying beside a single-comb observa-
tory hive, hours enough, when put together,
to make days. If I mistake not, Elisha Gallup
was the one who put forth or discovered this
fact first, and the same can be found in the
early volumes of the American Bee Journal.
As I have told all of the minutiae of this matter
several times in the bee-papers, I will not go
into them here, except to say that, as soon as a
loaded bee enters the hive from the Held, it
hunts around among the nurse-bees to find one
which will take its load, putting out its tongue
with nectar upon it to determine who will take
it. If the nurse-bee who is thus approached
does not have its honey-sac full already, we
immediately see the nectar passing from the
field-bee to the nurse-bee by way of the tongues
of both. After a little resting, the field-bee
goes forth to the field again, never as much as
putting its head into or near a cell of the comb
all the while it was in the hive. This nurse-
bee may be anywhere from two to sixteen days
old; and while of this age it is termed a young
bee, although I have the impression, from my
many observations, that the bees which do the

most of the evaporating of nectar are from six
to fifteen days old.

Again, Mr. Churchill errs, or is not accurate
enough, when he assumes that a new swarm is
composed of old bees; for the truth is. bees of
all ages go out to make up the swarm, as is very
easily ascertained by any one who will use his
eyes with the view of finding out about this
matter. I have seen the ground in front of a
hive that was casting a prime swarm, covered
with hundreds of bees under 12 hours old, which
tried to accompany the swarm, but were not
able to fly, so they ran out on foot; and on hiv-
ing tlie swarm, a little inspection showed that
it was composed of bees of all ages, from those
30 hours old, or the bees just barely able to fly,
to those with ragged wings, just ready to die of
old age. In this, as in all nature. God made no
mistake when he showed bees how those of all
ages should accompany the swarm when they
heeded the mandate, "Go forth, multiply, and
replenish the earth."

Once more: Mr. C. says, "I have always
noticed, as I remove quilts from sections or
extracting-combs, that almost every bee is an
old one." I should like to know how he knows
they are "old ones." If he will try the experi-
ment of changing a black queen for an Italian
about the 20th of June some year, noting the
time the first Italian bee hatches, and on the
forenoon of the 14th day from that time looking
at the entrance of the hive, he will find none
but black bees issuing from the entrance; while
if he removes the quilt from the surplus-ar-
rangement he will find nearly all the bees there
to be Italian. If he does not so find it, his ex-
periment will prove different from any I have
ever tried, and I have tried such experiments
several times. All the experiments which I
have tried along these lines have proved Gallup
to be correct when he gave this to be the rule
in these things: "Three days in the egg form,
six days in the larval form, and twelve days in
the chrysalis form, making a period of twenty-
one days from the egg to the perfect bee. Very
warm weather will hasten the matter, while
very cool weather will retard. The hatched
bee does nothing but feed itself for the first day
or two after hatching, when it commences to
become a nurse-bee, preparing chyme for the
larva?, evaporating nectar, secreting wax, build-
ing comb, etc., till it is 14 to 16 days old. With
a colony in normal condition, the young bee
takes its first flight or playspell, marking its
location, voiding its excrement, etc., when six
days old, if the weather is favorable, doing this
from 13 to 3 p. m., and continues these playspells
occasionally till it is from 14 to 16 days old,
when it goes out into the fields as a field-worker,
does no more of the inside work of the hive
after becoming a field-worker, unless forced to
by a lack of nurse-bees from some reason, aad
dies of old age at from six to eight weeks from
time of hatching, very few bees ever seeing

840

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov. 1.

seven weeks of age during the working season."
In the above, I may not have given the exact
wording of Mr. Gallup, but have the substance,
as I quote from memory, not having the time
to hunt up the letter containing it, which he
wrote me in the sixties. No beginner, or older
apiarist, should be without the knowledge con-
tained in the above from Gallup, for upon it
hangs much that goes toward making the man-
agement of an apiary successful.

PURE ITALIAN BEES AND THE FIVE-BANDED
STOCK .

The other question asked is by Mr. Low, and
immediately follows Mr. Churchill's article,
and reads as follows: " I should like to ask Mr.
Doolittle this question: Can a five-banded
queen be bred, or a queen whose bees are five-
banded, from pure Italian queens?"

I unhesitatingly answer no, for the simple
reason that there is no such thing as a pxire
Italian bee or queen, when viewed in the sense
of a pure race or variety, as the German or
black bee is pure. At best, the Italian bee is
only a thoroughbred; arrd that these five-band-
ed bees have been produced from what was
originally only three-banded leather-colored
bees is a good pi oof that the above assertion is
correct. Perhaps it may be well for me to give
right here a bit of history, which I have hesi-
tated for a long time about giving, as I never
wish to have a seeming dpsire to take away the
laurels from any one. The history is this: In
the early seventies, H. A. King, then of Nevada,
Ohio, and Jos. M. Brooks, of Columbus, Ind.,
were breeding for yellower bees than the aver-
age importations of Italians showed. In 1873 I
procured some of Mr. King's stock, and contin-
ued to improve them till near the eighties, the
apicultural world having lost sight of Mr. King
meanwhile. At that time, by exchange, I pro-
cured queens of Mr. Brooks, and afterward, by
purchase, got the last of his very best stock, he
going out of the business. In the early eighties
I sold one of the very best queens I could raise,
along the yellow line, to L. L. Hearn, Oakvale,
W. Va.. and he and myself have been breeding
and exchanging "blood" more or less ever
since. So far as I am aware, all of the so-called
five-banded bees, of Italian origin, which are in
the world to-day, came directly or indirectly
from either Mr. Hearn or myself. Mr. Swinson,
of North Carolina, produced five-banded bees,
but did so by a promiscuous crossing of Cyprian,
Syrian, Italian, etc.; but in the King-Brooks-
Hearn-Doolittle bees the Italian side has been
strictly adhered to.

[Some five-banded ibees are gentle, and in
every respect as good as the ordinary Italians;
while others display all the characteristics of
the vicious Eastern bees. Either some breed-
ers are careless, or ignorant of the real source
of their "five-banders." The Doolittle and
Hearn stocks are gentle, so far as I know.
After having had quite an experience with
Cyprians and Holy Land bees I think I see in

some of the five-banders nearly all the bad
qualities of their probable Eastern progenitors.
It is those Eastern five-banders that are giving
all the five- banders a bad reputation. See con-
vention report elsewhere. — Ed.]

C. H., of la., inquires whether it will pre-
vent swarming to introduce a young queen.
Ans. — No; but colonies with young queens are
not quite so liable to swarm as those with older
ones. See answer to L. W.

P. W., of New York, asks if drones are ever
raised in worker comb. Ans. — Yes, very fre-
quently, particularly if there is no drone comb
available. Drones from fertile workers or
drone-laying queens, are raised, as a general
thing, in worker-cells.

S. A. S., of N. H., is bothered with an excess
of drones and drone comb, and asks for a reme-
dy. Ans. — Use foundation in full sheets for
the brood-nest, and cut out or dispose of all
your drone comb. Very few drones will be
reared from a normal queen if nothing but
worker comb is given the bees.

D. S. J., of Colo., asks how many pounds of
honey there is in one of beeswax. Ans. — It
varies in different localities, and during diflfer-
ent seasons of the year. If I remember correct-
ly, half an ounce of comb, on the average, will
hold a pound of honey. When this comb is
made from foundation, the weight is increased
according to the weight of the foundation used,
because the bees, it seems, do not do very much
thinning-down of the septum.

L. W., of Va., asks whether bees can be kept
from swarming by cutting out queen-cells.
Ans.— The cutting of queen-cells only discour-
ages swarming. For normal colonies run for
comb honey, I know of no method that will
absolutely prevent swarming invariably. For
extracted, the matter is far easier. Giving lots
of room, both to the queen for brood-rearing,
and to the bees for the storage of honey, will
generally prevent swarming.

J. L., of Kan., would like to know whether
the drones of a pure Italian queen are all yellow,
or whether there is an occasional one with a
black band, ^ns.— Drones of a queen produc-
ing the ordinary normal three-banded Italians
are rather dark-colored, with a very little yel-
low. There is usually not so much yellow
showing on them as on the workers from the
same queen. Drones from the so-called five-
banded Italian stock, in some instances, are
nearly all yellow.

J. D. B., of Mich., wants to know if he can
use percolator feeders as late as December, as
described by Dr. Miller and E. R. R., in a recent

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

841

issue. Ans.—'No. The mere fact that the
syrup is made of sugar and water, half and
half, makes the syrup so thin that the bees
have got to thicken it, and this they can not do
in cold weather. The syrup should be made in
the old way, and fed thick, in the proportion of
two of sugar to one of water. Better still, feed
early— not later than the middle of October.

U. E., of Ariz., says he has a colony that
reared a queen, and, after she had been laying
in the hive nicely for seven days, the bees ball-
ed and killed her. He says that there was no
robbing going on at this time, and that the
bees were gathering alfalfa honey. He asks
why the bees killed her. ^?is.— There was
probably something wrong with the queen.
The bees can sometimes detect weaknesses or
undesirable qualities in the queen sooner than
the apiarist. If robbing had been going on we
might surmise that a few of the outsiders were
at the bottom of the trouble.

D. J. P., of New Mex., having purchased an
Alley trap, says the drones, as soon as trapped,
■die very fast in it, and wishes to know if this is
as it ought to be. Ans. — Yes. The drones will
not live more than a few hours after being
trapped, according to our experience. They
will worry themselves trying to pass the metal,
■or, what is probably true, starve to death. The
trap is generally used for trapping out undesir-
•able drones ; and if undesirable, their early
demise is not much to be regretted. If desiring
to capture select drones for an out-yard, they
should be fed and taken care of at once.

F. C, of Mich., asks when is the best time to
double up to get the most surplus. He does
not wish to keep over 2.5 colonies, and these he
would increase every summer to .50, uniting
down again to 2,5 for the honey -flow. Ans. —
I hardly know how to answer this question.
Better keep down increase in the first place.
If you mjt.st unite, I suppose you will have to
•do it just before thG honey-flow; but, dear me!
you will make them swarm fearfully if it is
any thing of a honey-flow and you are running
for comb honey. Of course, a good deal de-
pends upon the size of your hive, and whether
you will produce comb or extracted honey.
The usual practice is, to let the bees alone, so
far as uniting is concerned, until along toward
fall — that is, providing the colonies are normal.
If they are only half strength, of course it pays
to unite in summer, providing you can do it
without too much loss of bees, and this surely
would be one trouble just before the honey-
flow. Uniting can not usually be practiced
satisfactorily except in the fall, when the days
are too cool for the bees to fly much.

0. B. K., of Me., is greatly troubled with rob-
bing. He has about 30 colonies, and has lost
five already. What is he to do? ylns.— First
get the A B C of Bee Culture, or any other text-
book, and study up on the subject of robbing.

But I may suggest right here that there are a
few important things to be observed. See that
the hive-covers fit tightly; that the hives are
well made, and the joints tight-fitting— or, at
least, bee-proof. After the honey season, if the
colony is not of normal strength the entrance
should be contracted. It should be contracted
any way if robbing is progressing. If the bees
get started badly on a colony, close the en-
trance nearly tight with grass. After a while,
when robbing has quieted down, the grass will
have wilted away and fallen out of the en-
trance. It is usually best not to close the en-
trance up entirely with blocks of wood. Even
if you do not forget to take them away after
robbing has quieted down, the bees are liable
to smother. If you are careless about letting
the bees help themselves to your honey-tank,
you will have robbing all the season. Every
thing containing honey should be made abso-
lutely bee-proof. When you see bees buzzing
around, and increasing in numbers around a
can of honey or case of comb honey, do not be
too sure that they can not get at it. If they
continue to buzz around, you may rest assured
that they are getting honey; and the only way
to stop them is to find the place where they are
getting in.

O. P. B., of Ark., asks the following ques-
tions: 1. Is it ever necessary to extract from
the brood-chamber to give the queen room
to lay? 2. Will bees winter on buckwheat
honey entirely, and rear healthy brood in the
spring? 3. Is sorghum syrup a good feed for
bees? 4. Will a populous colony store honey
without a queen or brood ? Ans.—\. Not gen-
erally, but sometimes it may be advisable. A
better way is, to take out the combs of honey
entirely, store them away for winter feeding or
some future extracting, and put empty combs
or frames of foundation in their places. 2. Yes,
generally. Buckwheat honey was once con-
sidered unwholesome for bees; and whil-e it is
generally admitted that It is not as good as
white honey, or, better still, sugar syrup, as a
general rule the bees will go through on it in
good shape. 3. In the South, sorghum syrup
may answer; but as a general thing bee-keep-
ers in the North prefer something else for a
winter feed. 4. Yes; but bees usually have
more vim when they have a good thrifty queen
with them; but in order to prevent swarming,
some bee-keepers remove the queen entirely
during the height of the honey-flow— first, to
prevent swarming, and, secondarily, to prevent
the raising of a lot of bees that, later on, will
be consumers. These bee-keepers are reported
to get pretty good crops of honey.

My honey report for 1894 is as follows: Spring
count, 140, poor and good; increased to 210, and
have harvested 14,5(X) lbs. of extracted honey-
half light and half dark. I live 16 miles from
W. L. Coggshall. S. J. Snydkr.

Venice Center, N. Y., Oct. 9.

843

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov. 1.

I^^^^^^^^R

rods of my bees, and I was not interfered with
at all. W. F. Bragg.

Topolobampo, Mex., Sept. 10.

WINTER case; the ADVANTAGE OF PROTEC-
TION.

Four colonies in Dovetail hives, without any
protection, consumed last winter from 12 to 13
pounds of honey each. One colony, protected
with winter case, consumed 5 lbs. only. All
colonies were about equal. A swarm from a
protected hive has now tilled 4 supers (96 lbs.).
None of the others have filled two supers. I
should like to hear, through Gleanings, from
those who have experimented on this line.

Rum ford, Va. R. F. Ritchie.

a bee keeper's heaven.

This is the bee-keeper's heaven. I will state
that I am a member of an American colony
located on Topolobampo Bay, which is 300 miles
south of Arizona, and on the eastern shore of
the Gulf of California. I was in the bee-busi-
ness in Southwest Missouri and Arkansas for
15 years; but this country excels any thing I
have ever seen or heard of. There are no bees
kept by the natives, so we have the field all to
ourselves. We shipped our Italian bees from
the States; and such rapid increase I never
heard of before. I commenced last spring with
seven colonies, and up to date I have taken 4,50
lbs. of extracted and 100 lbs. of comb honey;
and up to this writing 1 have an increase of 30
colonies — 37 in all — and they are still swarming.
I expect to obtain 400 or .500 lbs. yet this season.

As there is bloom here every day in the year,
I can extract all the honey they have the latter
part of November, and they will gather enough
to take them through the winter, and be strong
to gather the cactus and mesquite honey, which
excels any I ever saw before. In fact, all the
honey that I have so far is of a superior quality.

Extracted honey sells here readily for 35 cts.
per lb., and comb 30 to 40.

I can not help feeling sorry for persons in
your cold climate, where you have to winter
your bees in cellars, and often feed a great deal
of syrup to get them started up in the spring,
while here all we have to do is to keep our bees
well shaded, and nine months of the year they
are producing a surplus, and the other three
they are self-sustaining, without any of your
chati' cushions or any thing else.

The bee-pasturage here is almost unlimited.
There are seven species of cactus (all honey-
producing), and some of them are in bloom nine
months of the year. One variety, designated
acho, which grows to be quite a large tree, and
the mesquite-trees, furnish more honey than
any other two varieties. There is such a con-
stant flow of honey that we are not troubled
with robbers; in fact, all the extracting I have
done so far has been in an open shed within two

SWARMING a habit; BREEDING OUT THE.
MANIA.

Perhaps the facts I wish to relate in this com-
munication will be interesting to your readers.
I am a strong believer that almost any natural
trait, or even physical structure in the animal
or insect world can be changed after a few
generations. That is, cows may be dehorned
until their calves will all come hornless; dogs
'"detailed" until puppies all come tailless;
bees prevented from swarming until they
cease swarming entirely, etc. I have a practi-
cal illustration in this line this season in my
bees. I have been in the habit for the past
eight or ten years, with the few colonies I keep,
of preventing spring swarming; and in August,
after the spring flow of honey, to " divide up "
or artificially swarm them. My bees have al-
most ceased their attempts to swarm in spring.
This year only about two attempts were made
in 30 colonies. The honey season being a total
failure, I concluded not to increase this Aug-
ust; and being busy with my farm work, I paid
no attention to my bees, supposing they were
all right, as I had built them up very strong.
I could hear of swarms now and then since
August 1st, hanging out on trees near my
apiary, but thought little of it, as I would
glance through my colonies every day or two,
and find all stands occupied. Finally last week
a fisherman came where I was at work and
reported two swarms on the creek-bank, hang-
ing on bushes. I went as promptly as possible,
expecting to find a "poverty " swarm or two,
and. hastily looking through the apiary, I
found bees in every hive. I was completely
puzzled. One swarm had flown to parts un-
known before I arrived. I hived the other,
and it is doing well, apparently. I see now
clearly I have lost many swarms, and they are
still swarming, or trying to. How else can
this late swarming be accounted for, except as
above stated ? H. A. Hai.bert.

Colenaan, Tex., Aug. 36.

[We do not know about dehorning cows and
detailing dogs, and what the probable conse-
quence would be; but we have faith in the
possibility of breeding out the swarming mania
to a very great extent. James Heddon and
others are sanguine of good results in this di-
rection, and, indeed, something has already
been accomplished. — Ed.]

wii,i>iE atchley's cell-cup plan a success

AGAIN.

With Willie Atchley's cell-cup plan I have
had some success. When I was nearly through
rearing what queens I needed this summer. I
concluded to give Willie's plan a trial. Liko
Mr. F. Low (p. 731) I made a stick by Willie's
directions, except that the worker-cell was a
little larger. I gave to a colony which had a

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

843

laying queen, six cocoons (in ihe proper part of
the hive, of course), and four of them were ac-
cepted and finished. Perhaps all of them
would have been accepted had I cut out a piece
of comb, a la Willie Atchley (1893, p. (JOO); but
hating to mutilate a fine brood-comb I pared
down a square inch or over of cells on the comb,
and, when I pulled the cocoons out with those
tweezers I bought of you, the rims were too
high. So I had afterward to cut and fix the
single cocoons as well as I could; but there-
suit was not very satisfactory, the rims being
more or less uneven; and some of them, no
doubt, too high. Had I practiced this cutting
a little before, I should havfi done better, of
course; and Mrs. Atchley, indeed, writes to me
that it is not necessary to cut out pieces of
comb. Mr. Low says that, in his opinion, the
shape and size of the cell-cup stick is quite im-
portant. Well, after I had made the above
trial I sent Willie what I thought it was worth,
and in return he forwarded me a stick of his
own make. So for next season's trial I am in
possession of the stick.

Willie, in Gleanings of 1893, as well as Mrs.
Atchley in an article in the American Bee
Journal, says that, on an average, two-thirds
of their cells are accepted. In a letter to Mrs.
Atchley I remarked that Mr. Doolittle's aver-
ages were higher, and that perhaps Willie's
way of leaving a colony queenlessand broodless
only " till the bees mourn," instead of, like Mr.
Doolittle. having them queenless for three full
days (72 hours), had something to do with it.
In her answer, Mrs. Atchley says that it is bet-
ter, indeed, to wait three days. I see now that
Willie, on page 730 of Gleanings, recommends
having the colony queenless and broodless for
48 hours — a day, or a day and a half longer than
he formerly advised, but a day less than Mr.
Doolittle, Mrs. Atchley, and others think to be
best. Charles Norman.

St. Petersburg, Fla., Sept. 24.

SOMETHING OF INTEREST TO HEALTH-SEEKERS;
FLORIDA'S HONEY RESOURCES.

In Gleanings for June 15, 1893, in the de-
partment of Wants, a subscriber from Gehm,
Mo., wishes information as to the whereabouts
of a climate with effects beneficial to throat
and lung ailments; also to obtain employment
in said climate. I will answer all inquiries
with the greatest of pleasure. Wife, daughter,
and I came here ten years ago on account of
our health. My wife and daughter have not
seen a sick day, and we have had no reason to
call a doctor.

During the four years when the army ofllcers
watched the thermometer on the east coast of
Florida, the highest point reached was 9.5, the
lowest 35. The weather here in winter is de-
lightful— about like our Indian summers in the
]North. We tried to keep a few bees when we

lived in Massachusetts ; but what were not
killed outright by the cold winters came out
looking as though they had been soaked in a
swill-barrel all winter. When we started for
Florida we had just one colony left. We
brought it with us. Last spring we had 95,
spring count. We have taken out this season
31.500 lbs. of very fine honey, and increased to
150 colonies. The bees are flying almost every
day in the year. E. A. Marsh.

Oak Hill, Fla., Sept. 35.

PROF. COOK AND THE FRUIT-MEN.

Please find inclosed a few clippings from the
Los Angeles Times. It is very interesting to
know with what interest Prof. Cook is coping
with apicultural work; yet the reporter says
this paper aroused a deep interest, and a gener-
al discussion followed. While all acknowledg-
ed bees an important factor in cross-polleniza-
tion, an argument was raised against them, as
they are known to be destructive to ripe fruit,
notably the pear, apricot, and grapes, frequent-
ly destroying whole crops. The assertion is
emphatically a mistake— yes, it's that old-time
mistake which is still limping about like a
crippled hopper. I am not entirely ignorant of
the fact that a few would still have bee-men
understand that bees do puncture grapes, cut
holes through bee-hives, enlarge their en-
trances, and that they are capable of perform-
ing a great variety of other tricks. Bees do
not destroy ripe fruit, unless some fruit-men
are too careless or slothful in business; conse-
quently the responsibility is thrown upon the
shoulders of bee-keepers. Nor do the bees mo-
lest the fruit unless the fruit is overripe, cut
into, and mutilated by our fruit-destroying
birds, the linnets, wasps, yellow-jackets, etc.
The linnets are certainly very annoying, and
destructive to our apricots, figs, etc., and I have
found them very destructive to our late crops
of raisins. Why not petition the State to offer
a bounty on the linnets, and give the boys
something to do ? Albert Unterkircher.

Redlands, Cal., May 15.

[The foregoing, as will be seen by the date,
was overlooked. Having now come across it I
take pleasure in presenting it, even at this late
date, for the valuable facts it gives.— Ed. J

BEES HAA^E done FINELY.

Bees have done finely; 1400 lbs. from 26 colo-
nies, spring count; 16 new swarms, good for
winter. So far as heard from, it has been thus
all over Delaware Co. Some hives have 80 lbs.

Groton, N. Y., Oct. 3. K. M. Kellogg.

You say in the ABC book you would be glad
to tell where bees get propolis. They get it
here from the sweet-gum tree, as a few min-
utes' chewing will prove. .1. W. Lanier.

( Jrenada, Miss., Sept. 14.

844

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE

Nov. 1.

The indications are, that the bicycle will be
cheaper another year. That will stinaulate the
out-apiary business.

When J. T. C. came home, one of the first
questions I asked him was what the convention
did about the constitution. They revised it,
striking out the objectionable features, and in-
corporating some new and valuable ones. It is
a pleasure to know that there are no dead-letter
features now in the constitution.

We have been having remarkably pleasant
weather in our locality for the past three or
four weeks. Indeed, a pear-tree in our back
yard does not know any better than to bud and
bloom. Half the bees in our apiary are rear-
ing brood, a good deal as in an open warm
spring. If the cold season should come on
gradually, this weather will be all right; other-
wise it may prove to be a serious setback to the
bees.

The statement is going the rounds of the
press, as though it were something positively
wonderful, and never before heard of, to the
effect that two queens were actually living to-
gether in harmony, in an observatory hive on
exhibition at an apicultural show in Vienna,
and that thousands of visitors can attest the
proof of it. We don't doubt it at all. This
same clipping desires bee-journals to take par-
ticular notice of it. Of course, our readers
know that it is not an extraordinary thing to
find two queens in a hive, both performing
their regular duties.

OuiJ bees are all in winter quarters; and
those In the home apiary, at least, have been
fed six barrels of sugar. After our honey-flow,
scarcely a drop of nectar came in. What was
in the hives was consumed in brood-rearing;
and the result was, we had to feed nearly all
our colonies, many of them full feeds. All the
syrup fed went either through percolator feed-
ers or through a percolator uncapping-can,
which was afterward fed in the usual Way as
thick syrup. This syrup in the combs is very
nice. I have not the least doubt it will be en-
tirely free from all traces of granulation.

I have before me a beautiful photograph,
8x10, showing the members of the North Amer-
ican Convention, as they had assembled on the
court-house steps in St. Joseph. In point of
clearness, good focus, and good likenesses of the
members themselves, I think no picture here-
tofore taken of the members of this society is
quite the equal of it. Each member of the con-
vention has a number-tag attached to the coat

or dress, as the case may be. At the bottom of
the picture is the name of each person, the
number corresponding to the one in the pic-
ture. Mr. W. Z. Hutchinson, editor of the Bce-
lieepers'' Review, Flint, Mich., has the pictures
for sale, for 75 cts.

The marriage of Edith Osband and John H.
Larrabee took place on the 30th of last month
at Lansing, where the groom has been living
for some time. Mr. L. was formerly of Larra-
bee's Point, Vt., where he carried on bee-keep-
ing very successfully. He was one of the lead-
ing bee-keepers of his State, and was several
times chosen secretary for the Vermont Bee-
keepers' Association. Although I had formed
a high idea of him from his various bee-writ-
ings, it was not until I met him on my first
bicycle-tour in 1890, at Lake George, that I
understood what a good fellow he was. When
the government apicultural station was insti-
tuted at Lansing, my opinion of the best and
most available man for the place was asked.
I recommended John H. Larrabee. and it was
not long after that I learned he was awarded
the appointment. That he filled the position
well and faithfully, we all know; but it seems
that a kind Providence had something more in.
store for him at Lansing— the wooing and win-
ning of a "best girl in the world." I con-
gratulate you, Bro. John, on your good fortune.

prevention of swarming, and large
colonies.

I am coming more and more to believe in the
prevention of swarming by the use of large
hives, or two eight-frame stories as one hive.
At our out-yard those colonies whose queens
were allowed their freedom in both upper and
lower story stored considerably more honey in
proportion than those confined to a single story.
None of the former n^quired feeding for winter.,
while all the rest did: and none of these big
colonies swarmed or showed the least indication
of it. They just kept right on piling in the
honey during the unusually heavy flow from
basswood. At present I incline toward twO'
eight-frame bodies instead of one large brood-
nest all in one large body, for this reasan — that
there are some localities and some seasons when
a single eight-frame hive-body would be quite
large enough.

Now, I may be wrong; but from present indi-
cations the straws seem to be blowing this way;
and I hope our readers will experiment along
this line, and report results for next season.
Or if you have had experience this season^
speak out.

DO BURK-COMBS AFFECT THE AMOUNT OF
HONEY '?

Hutchinson, in the Review, referring to the
statement of Doolittle that burr-combs were
worth 50 cts. per colony for honey, mention*
an experiment that rather offsets it. He at one-

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

845

time ran out of slat honey-boards during a
honey-ttow; but nevertheless he put on the
supers and let the bees build their burr-combs.
As between those colonies with honey-boards
and no burr-combs against the sections, and
those without the boards and the burr-combs,
he says he could see no difference in the amount
of honey produced; but a big difference in the
trouble in getting off the supers from the last
named. He concludes that burr-combs can not
be tolerated. When the thick top-bars were
being gradually introduced into many apiaries
several years ago, there was a splendid oppor-
tunity for comparison on this burr-comb ques-
tion right in the same apiary. Reports were
not wanting at the time, that, while there were
practically no burr-combs built over the thick
bars, their presence did not interfere with the
amount of honey produced. Well, now let
these same persons, or others who have had op-
portunity for comparison, report.

tional run of honey will cause no trouble;
therefore for the year 189.') our thick top-bars
will be % instead of %, with the same guide-
edge as we liad on our frames of last season,
herewith shown. The frames will be idenlical-

THIS NUMBER GOTTEX OUT UNDEIt DIFFICUL-
TIES.

La grippe has been holding me down for a
few days, and it " gripped " a hold of me in a
way that it never did before; but between the
doctor, good wife, and me, we have made it re-
lease its hold, and now I am rapidly building
up again, and I hope I shall be none the worse
for the " fun." Our little four-year-old boy
had, almost simultaneously, an attack of con-
gestion of the lungs; but, by the general noise
and clatter and scattered playthings in an
adjoining room, it is evident that he now is
quite himself again. What would we do with-
out these wives and mothers sometimes?
Well, much of the matter for this number has
been prepared while on my back, or half re-
clining in an easy-chair, "over home." lam
still making my headquarters at the aforesaid
place, with Gleanings copy and general cor-
respondence scattered around that easy-chair.
By the aid of a telephone to the office, the oc-
casional visit of one of the stenographers, and
of some of our helpers, I get along very nicely.
At the present rate I shall be in the office in a
few days.

improvements in bee-hive constructton
FOR 189.5.
On another page, in the department of Trade
Notes, will be found a valuable criticism from
A. B. Anthony, on the subject of thick top-
bars. Since writing the footnote, which was
some time ago, as you will see by the date of
the article, we (John and I) have concluded,
from letters received from other sources, and
careful inquiries that I have made at various
apiaries I have visited, that % inch is thick
enough for all practical purposes, and that top-
bars of that thickness, l^^g or \% inches wide,
come so near barring out burr and brace combs
that the occasional spurs built during an e.xcep-

5 '^"iminiu

iiii^^

ly the same, with the exception that the ends
of the top-bars will be notched, to afford more
tinger room, as on the X-deep top-bars of this
season.

the flat cover, and its warping tenden-
cies.

When Mr. Calvert visited the l^eahy Manu-
facturing Co., at Higginsvile, Mo., he was so
favorably impressed with what is called the
Higginsville hive- cover, that, on his arrival
home, he proposed that we adopt it in prefer-
ence to the flat. After he had explained its
construction — that is. its latest form — I felt
pleased with it, as I know every one else will
be. It is too late to get out illustrations for
this number ; but it is made like the one illus-
trated and described on page 406 of last year's
volume, with this difference, that the ends of
the gable-boards are rabbeted to % inch and let
into a corresponding groove of the cover-cleat.
We have quite fully decided to make it the
leader for another year ; and I understand that
the W. T. Falconer Mfg. Co. have decided upon
the same course. So far as we and the latter
company are concerned, it will be made under
royalty. There is no patent on it; but the
Leahy Mfg. Co. really deserve to be remunerat-
ed for bringing out something that is even bet-
ter than the flat cover, and that is saying a
great deal. In most northern localities, certain-
ly in our own. there is but little trouble from
this (the flat cover) warping and winding ; but
in hot climates, and in all of the South, it has
been found that it will wind a little, and. in
some cases, check. The Higginsville is made
of two pieces of wood; and being a gable cover,
flat on the under side, it will be far better; and,
if I am correct, where it has been tested in the
most severe climates it has stood the test well.

Of course, there are those who will prefer the
flat cover; but I do not know of a single advan-
tage it has over the Higginsville model. But
all of our customers can have the option of the
flat cover if they desire.

846

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov. 1.

ON THE AVHEEL.

Tuesday, Oct. 9, finally came to hand; and
after the hurry and planning for an absence of
a month or more, I settled down on the seat in
the car with a real relish for a little rest. The
autumn tints on the foliage of the forests seem-
ed especially soothing, as they reminded me of
a holiday away back in boyhood, and I was
now off for a holiday indeed — yes, a holiday of a
whole month.

I enjoy traveling in almost any shape; and
while one does not get the same kind of exhil-
aration on the cars as on the wheel, yet I al-
ways enjoy looking over our native land and
catching even the passing glimpses of such
scenes rushing past, the passing glimpses of
" our homes," the homes of the great masses.

At Crestline, O., I saw a sign decorating the
window of a saloon, that should make every
man and woman in Ohio blush; yes, the whole
United States ought to ftel ashamed to think
that such a thing should disgrace our land.
Right close to the depot, where every passen-
ger on the train has it in full view, we see in
large, plain, glaring letters — " A Good Drink of
Whiskey, only 5 cts." The man who is so low
down as to have the above painted on his large
glass windows has some sort of a feeble ex-
cuse that he does it to make money; but is
there another in the whole wide country who
has the hardihood to comment on such a thing?
I am astonished that Crestline has not before
this held an indignation meeting, and declar-
ed the thing should not be, exactly as if some
one persisted in having the smallpox right in
the center of the town.

I left the cars at East St. Louis, and took my
wheel, with my baggage all strapped on it, and,
after quite a little ride in the cool of the morn-
ing, came to the great bridge across the Missis-
sippi. Foot passengers go back and forth free;
but you have to pay 15 cts. for taking a wheel
across, even if you walk by its side. 1 presume
this is because they have decided a wheel to be
a "vehicle." It is true, the rubber tires do not
" wear out '' a bridge to any very great extent;
but you see somebody must help pay for it, and
perhaps owners of wheels can do it as well as
anybody.

One reason Jor riding over on the wheel was,
that I wanted to stop and look the bridge over
to my full satisfaction. It is a wonderful piece
of work, and is a credit to the engineering
skill of any age. When I got my first glimpse
of the new Union Depot of St. Ijouis, I was
more astonished than at the bridge. It.covers
four city blocks, if I am correct, and cost
!|!ij,.500.000. Don't be startled, and don't think
the printer has made a mistake in the figures.
I really didn't know there was any thing like
it on the face of the earth; but there it is, and
it is really a great blessing to the throngs of
humanity that are constantly going in and out.
Not only is every thing clean, neat, and tidy,
but the architectural beauty is just wonderful;
in fact, I am told that it is the finest and most
perfect railroad depot on the face of the earth.
Courteous officials are everywhere, and a trav-
eler can hardly go wrong or miss his train,
even if he were ever so stupid. Do you say,
"Oh! this is all very fine for those who have
plenty of money, etc.?" Not so. The regular
price of dinner in this great fine dining-room
is only 35 cents, and a very plain placard so an-
nounces it to everybody. I felt like saying, and

say now, "Thank God for the example they are
setting our pioph"." In all my travels during
the past weeks, 1 have only once paid inure than
50 cents for my uinner. This once was at a din-
ing-station at BellefOntaiue, Ohio. There the
price was 75 cents, and they piled around one"s
plate a great lot of expensive dishes — more than
any one ought to eat. A runner told me it re-
ally seemed wicked, and made him feel guilty,
to see the food wasted that was paid for evei y
day, and couldn't be made any use of. Enough
is wasted right along to feed almost all the hun-
gry—at least all the deservuKj hungry. When
I first reached the town of Lebanon, where I am
now staying, I got an excellent supper at a ho-
tel, and the price was on]y 20 cents. The pro-
prietor said he wanted to make his price corre-
spond with the low prices of corn, wheat, etc.
The farmers' institute is now in session, and at
the above price the farmer who attends needn't
feel guilty if he goes and buys his dinner instead
of fussing to take it with him.

Just before night, John and I stopped off at
Pleasant Hill, Mo., where we found George M.
Kellogg awaiting us. Friend K. has 25 large
greenhouses devoted entirely to cut flowers, and
he markets them in almost every large city in
Missouri. His immense plant is the growth of
an enthusiasm of only a few years past, in this
direction. He has 60,000 feet of glass, and per-
haps the largest plant of the kind west of the^
Mississippi. Some of our readers may remem-
ber him as a writer for the bee-journals in for-
mer times, and, in fact, he keeps some bees at
present; but, of course, they can not receive
much attention with this other great enterprise
on his hands. At least a dozen large houses are
devoted to roses and nothing else. I want to
call attention to a fact of much importance to-
greenhouse men and gardeners. Friend K. sup-
ports all his beds and all his glass structures on
stakes and posts made of the osage-orange
hedge-plants. It never rots, even when driven
into damp warm earth; and. unlike the iron
pipes I have advised, you can hew, saw, or drive
nails into it. Abundance of the material can
be taken from overgrown hedges scattered (oft-
times to our sorrow) all over our land. Anoth-
er thing, a hen and chickens are a perfect rem-
edy for snails in a greenhouse or anywhere else
among your plants.

THE NORTH AMERTCAK BEE-KEEPERS' CONVEN-
TION DURING THE FIRST DAY.

So far (Oct. 11) we have had a very pleasant
time. Pres. Abbott, with Benton, Dr. Miller,
" W. Z. H.." York, Holtermann, Christopher
Grimm, Dadant, and others are making things-
lively. T. B. Terry got in late in the evening,
but Pres. Abbott found time enough for him to-
give the bee-keepers a brief resum6 of one of
his clover talks. Dr. Miller gave us a song and
one of his " select " readings; a gentleman and
lady of the city each also favored us with a
song, closing with a couple of fiie pieces by a
celebrated violinist. The Missouri bee-keep-
ers are not out as we should like to see them,
but more may come to day. Kansas and Ne-
braska are pretty well represented. Quite a
few old friends who have taken CtLeanings al-
most ever since it was printed by the windmill
are on hand with warm greetings. Six differ-
ent bee- journals are represented by their re-
spective editors. The city of St. Joseph has
given us, free of charge, the use of the finest
hall, beautifully seated, that was ever tender-
ed the N. A. B. K. A. since its inauguration.
Every one of the audience is furnished a richly
cushioned arm chair. Porters in constant at-
tendance are free. The hall comes from the-
Commercial Club, of the city.

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

847

A NEW USE FOR TAXIDERMY.

It is a little funny that so many bee-keepers
are devotees of natural science, and especially
in the line of natural history. Boardman and
France have each of them collections of stuffed
birds and animals that might honor a museum:
but a little incident aroused me to the utility of
this science while visiting the first-mentioned
gentleman. We had just returned from the
fishing-trip I mentioned in my last; and as his
nice young team brought the easy carriage
round up to the porch, I noticed a chicken-
hawk standing out in the yard, where his poul-
try were standing off at a safe distance and
scolding and expressing their indignation at
having their born enemy so near.

" Why, friend B., what is that hawk doing
there in your dooryard?"

"That hawk? Why, he is keeping the
chickens off the porch and the stone walks.
He is the cheapest help I can possibly get to do
the work.'"

Then he had a good laugh, to see that I at
first took his handiwork to be a real live hawk.
I took in at a glance the possibilities of his in-
vention, and went on.

"Why, look here! that bird would keep
chickens and all feathered thieves from your
cherries, strawberries, or any thing else, and
would save his value over and over. Have you
not tried him for this purpose?"

" Why, 10 be sure I have; and that is one of
the things I kept forgetting to tell you about.
He has been out in the sun and rain now for
two years past; during the warm weather, and
during strawberry time, it would have delight-
ed you to see the big 'indignation meeting'
held day after day by all the birds in the
neighborho'od. They never get a berry of
mine, from the fact that they spend all their
time quarreling with him. He, however, takes
it very philosophically, never fighting back,
even though they go so far sometimes as to
pluck the feathers from his back."

I wondered that the chickens around the
house did not in time discover the fraud; but,
even if they did, they seemed to think best to
give him a wide berth.

Now, then, friends, here is a wonderful dis-
covery. If you don't realize it. just purchase
for your wife a stuffed hawk, set it on a cast-
iron base, so he won't blow over, and show her
that she can keep chickens off the walks and
porches, without the trouble of fencing them
off and keeping gates shut. Now, this doesn't
end here. The taxidermist can furnish the
natural enemy of any of the animal kingdom;
and who knows but that a great enterprise
may be builded up in the "scarecrow " busi-
ness? When you shoot hawks and owls, don't
throw them away, but turn them over to some
boy who has a fondness for the business. With
the aid of the propei' books, one can soon learn
how to put them up so they will be durable.
Prepared skins of hawks may also be purchas-
ed at low prices in many of our large cities.

LIFE AMONG THE POOR IN NEW YORK.
A rVARNING TO COUNTRY BOYS.

Bii Rev. W. T, Elsing.

[The first two paragraphs of the following
Tvill explain why this very interesting article
n this subject appears in our columns. The
flocking of the masses from the country to the
great cities and large centers is getting to be a
serious matter indeed, and I trust this article

will be read carefully, by the boys at least.
The colony referred to was sent along last sum-
mer, and it is to be hoped that it will help to
carry light and life to some portions of " Dark-
est New York.'" — Ed.]

It may interest the readers of Gleanings to
learn how a city missionary comes to write an
article for a bee-journal. Ever since I have
been a missionary I have been trying to show
the people among whom I live something
besides brick walls, stone sidewalks, and dirty
streets. I have, once a month, given a lecture
or sermon about some object in nature. Among
other things I have preached about ants and
bees. My readings about bees made me curious
to see the inside of a hive. At the World's
Fair I visited the corner in the gallery of Agri-
cultural Hall, where the bee-supplies were lo-
cated. I made the acquaintance of some farm-
ers; and when I was tired out sight-seeing I
enjoyed talking with the bee-keepers. When
the.>e good men learned that I was a minister
in the most crowded part of New York, and in-
terested in bees, they were always ready to
give me points. Every one with whom I talked
said. "If you want to know about bees and bee-
keepers you must get Root's ABC book and
Gleanings in Bee Culture." So many peo-
ple spoke about " Bro. Root" that I became
desirous to meet him, and called several times,
but never had the pleasure of seeing him. I
met Dr. Mason, and he informed me that Bro.
Root was always glad to send Gleanings to
ministers and missionaries.

On returning to New York I received the
magazine, and my interest in bees increased.
I wanted a colony of real live bees, so that I
might see them at work, and take some of them
to my church when I gave the next lecture;
but when I thought of the suffering around me,
and listened daily to appeals for aid. when I
heard women and children crying for bread, I
did not feel that it was right to spend money
for any thing which I did not absolutely need.
I wanted the bees, but did not feel like spending
the money. I wrote to Bro. Root about my
difficulty, and proposed that we " swap " a short
article on tenement-house life for a colony of
bees.

The terms were agreeable, and this is how it
comes about that a city missionary writes for a
bee-journal. I propose to give the readers of
Gleanings some account of life among the low-
ly in a great city.

The great tenement houses remind me of
bee-hives. Probably most of the readers of
Gleanings have supposed that London is the
most crowded city in the world, and they will
be astonished to learn that in some parts of
New Y^ork the population is more than twice
as dense as in London. In the most crowded
part of London there are 170.000 people to the
square mile; but in the most crowded part of
New York there are 345,000 to the square mile.
The graves of the silent dead in the cemetery
are not more closely crowded together than the
active moving bodies of the living. When a
fire breaks out, or some excitement occurs in
lower New Y^ork, the people pour out of these
human hives in vast multitudes, and blacken
the streets as far as the eye can see. It seems
as if every brick in the wall and every cobble-
stone in the pavement had suddenly become
a living, moving, restless human being. If all
the people in the tenement-house districts were
suddenly to become possessed with the desire
to swing their arms in the air they would not
have elbow room, but would strike each other
in the face.

I have recently gone through one of these
immense hives, 200 by 60 feet, and found, by

848

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov. 1.

actual count, two hundred families; or, count-
ing five to a family, 1000 persons living in one
house.

For the past ten years I have daily gone in
and out of these homes. I have seen enough
sin and misery to make my heart sick. I have
also found in these homes a good deal of sun-
shine. On the slopes of the high mountains in
.Switzerland I have found beautiful flowers
growing right On the edge of perpetual snow-
fields, and in these great tenement houses I
have found some of the rarest and choicest
virtues.

The ordinary tenement house contains five
stories. Four families live on a floor. Each
occupant usually has a kitchen and two dark
bedrooms. For the three rooms they pay from
$10 to S12 per month. So far as the exterior is
concerned, the tenements are often as much
alike as the bee-hives in a large apiary; but
when you leave the hall and enter the apart-
ments the difference is very great. In one room
you may find dirt and dinginess, and bad odors
enough to sicken you; while right across the
hall you may find a little home which is a
model of neatness. A great many of these
people live in tenement houses from necessity
rather than choice.

New York is hemmed in on all sides by water.
Manhattan Island is long and narrow. There
is no room to spread as in Philadelphia and
Chicago. The only direction in which men can
build is heavenward, and each year the houses
are built higher. If there were no law to pre-
vent it, the tenement houses would be fifteen or
twenty stories high, instead of five and a base-
ment. A vast number of workingmen prefer to
travel au hour every morning and evening on
the ferry-boats, street-cars, and elevated trains,
to living in this crowded condition; but where
there are two or three children working for
small wages, they can not afford the necessary
traveling expenses.

It is literally true, that there are thousands
of poor children in lower New York who have
never seen a tree or a blade of green grass. The
only possible way to get a sight of nature is by
going to The parks.

When poor widow women are sewing shirts
and overalls for 39 cents per dozen, and are
obliged .to work ten or twelve hours for 2.5 cents,
it is impossible to pay street-car fare so as to
reach the parks. Through the Tribune Fresh-
air Fund several thousand children are each
year sent into the country; but a far larger
number do not leave the dark courts and alleys
during the entire year. The average earnings
of unskilled laborers are from ten to twelve
dollars per week. This may seem like big
wages to men in the country: but at least one-
fourth of a workingman's wages goes for rent.
Every thing the family eats must be bought —
no one has a little garden; and if occasionally
some lover of poultry tries to keep a few chick-
ens in the back yard, he will first have to kill
chanticleer; and although no neighbors are
awakenend by the prophet of the morning, if
the Board of Health should hear that a quiet
flock of biddies live in some secluded back vard.
a veto is soon put on such proceedings. There
are so many expenses that it is utterly impossi-
ble for an unskilled laborer to get ahead in a
large city. I know several good, faithful, sober,
hard-working men who are just as poor as they
were ten years ago. When the ordinary income
is cut off. through sickness or want of work,
hunger and an urgent landlord stare the work-
ingman in the face.

The only hope for poor but thrifty working
people lies in their children. The boys, who
are educated in the public schools, and who
often get places in stores and offices, sometimes

have fine opportunities to rise in the world.
The girls are at a decided disadvantage. Shop
life is the curse of many a poor young woman.
Our city girls would rather work in a box or
tobacco factory, or even in a rag-shop, than
take places as domestic servants in good fami-
lies. The balls and theaters are generally run-
ning full blast, and there the shop-girl often
meets her company. I have seen girls leave
the shop the day before their marriage, bright,
pretty, and full of life. They took up the care
of a house without knowing even the first prin-
ciples of housekeeping, and in three or four
years they degenerated into slatternly, slovenly,
middle-aged women.

The efforts now being made to give industrial
training, and to teach the art of housekeeping,
in the public schools, will confer vast benefits
on the homes of the future.

The evils of life in a great city are so numer-
ous that a host of organizations are constantly
at work among the densely populated tenement
hous-s to elevate, civilize, and Christianize, or
humanity would fester and rot in the densely
crowded parts of the town. The saloons, the
gambling-houses, the policy-shops, the dens of
vice, the low theater and dance-hall, are drag-
ging thousands down to destruction every year.
The churches, Sunday-schools, city missions,
children's aid societies, girls' friendly societies,
young men's Christian associations, college
settlements, free reading-rooms and libraries,
are saving thousands. The work of destruction
and salvation are prosecuted with equal intens-
ity. In the city you have the worst and the
best men. The most hellish and most heavenly
work constantly, going side by side.

One remarkable peculiarity about life in New
York is the way in which various nationalities
flock together. We have Italian. Chinese,
Syrian, French, Jewish. Irish, and Bohemian
quarters. In the neighborhood of my church
we have a vast multitude of Jews. The Jewish
invasion is quite recent. Ten years ago we
saw a Jewish sign or Jewish face occcasionally:
but now we see almost nothing bat Jews. I
opened a service for Jews in my church four
years ago, and every Saturday afternoon we
have from four to five hundred men present.
We usually have to close the doors, because we
can not accommodate all who come.

The distress in New York at present is fright-
ful. In ordinary times the poor help each
other, and in ten years a case of starvation has
not come under my observation. This fall,
however, it is different. A few days aeo one of
our missionaries found a poor Italian family in
an awful condition. The children were lying
on the floor, moaning for food. The poor father,
in despair, was crying. He was unable to
speak English. He had sought in vain for
work, and was longing for death to end his
misery. Our beef tea and provisions worked
wonders for three of the children ; but o)ie poor
little child was so exhausted that it could take
no nourishment, and died two days after the
food came. I sent an Italian doctor To the
home, and he said the child had died of starva-
tion.

A short time aeo I called at the home of a
widow. I was afraid she was suffering, and
said. " I do not want to be curious, but I should
like to know what you are going To have for
dinner. Will you let me see what you are cook-
ing?"

She took the lid from a small dish which con-
tained one .solitary pototo! She said, "I was
afraid I might have to go hungry to-day; but
God is good To me. and my neighbor has just
brought me this potato."

To relieve The present distress, a few workers
in the tenement-house district organized a

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

849

work relief society. Our object is, to give
relief by work. We commenced in November,
setting fourteen men at work on the streets.
At present we have eight hundred men clean-
ing the streets. We have also opened five tai-
loring shops, and recently started a whitewash
brigade. At present two hundred men are em-
ployed at whitewashing dark alley cellars and
dirty courts. Thirteen hundred heads of fami-
lies are in this way receiving $1.(K) per day.
This is infinitely better than giving them
charity.

I believe that, if the young men who are
earning a comfortable living on the farm un-
derstood even a small part of the hardships and
misery the poor have to put up with in the
cities, they would think twice before they ex-
changed a rural for an urban life. My great
desire is, to open a farm-school where city boys,
too old to learn a trade, might be taught the
first principles of practical farming, and thus
get them out of the overcrowded city into the
better and more independent life of the country.
I wish that all the young men in the country,
who are eagerly planning to leave the farm,
could go up and down the Bowery with me and
see the eight thousand men who sleep in the
cheap lodging-houses every night. They find
it absolutely impossible to secure work at pres-
ent. Hundreds have not even fifteen or twenty
cents to pay for a night's lodging. I called on
the superintendent of the Bowery branch of
the Young Glen's Christian Association a few
days ago. to consult with him about opening
my church at night, as a shelter for homeless
men. He immediately asked me about our
bathing facilities. I informed him we had no
baths connected with the church. He said,
" Unless you can fumigate the men's clothing
every night, and give every man a bath, your
church will soon be alive with vermin." That
plainly shows the fearful condition which many
of these poor fellows are in. A few weeks ago
we found a young German nobleman, who had
diplomas from three universities, in one of these
Bowery lodging-houses.

My advice to all young men is, let well enough
alone. If you have a rich uncle or good friend
in the city who will give you a chance in his
establishment, well and good; if not, stick to
your farm and take care of your bees.

GERMAIN OR BELGIAN HARES

NOW READY FOR
BREEDERS.

EASILY RAISED IN
HUTCHES.

SPLENDID MEAT.

Write me for prices,
how to breed, and what
to feed.

G. J. FLANSBURGH,
So. Bethlehem, - N. Y.

larin responding to this advertisement mention Gleanings.

Attention, Bee-keepers!

/

Keniember Jennie Atchley will mail you
untt'sted (jueens any day in tlie year for
$1.00. Slie is now preparing to fill your
ordei's t'oi' (pieens and l)ees in 1895.

.Iaimiir\- to .liine prices: Untested, $l.tX),
(i for tri.oii, *(».(H) per doz. Tested. 3-banded,
$1.5(1; r)-l);i tided, f~'.50. Tested Carniolans.
k~.M. 1 will rear the leatlier-colored Ital's.
or 3-banded; silver-gray Carniolans, and .">-
banded, in separate yards at safe distance.
Bees by the pound. Si. 00. Nuclei, per
frame, $1.00. This is one of my specialties.

Write me for i)rices on large lots and to
the trade. Catalog ready Jan. 1.

J have been at this business long enough
to know how to ship, and please customers.

All Bee Supplies. Dovetailed Hives,
Root's Goods, and Dadant's Foundation.
Figiu-e out what you want, and write ior
estimate.

Jennie Atchley,
Bee Co. Beeville, Tex.

500 YOUNG FERRETS

Now ready to ship at only $3.00
^ , , a pair. Price list of Bees and
^\ Ferrets free. N. A. Knapp,

Rochester, Lorain Co., O.

Wants or Exchange Department.

Notices win be inserted under tliis head at one-half our usu-
al rates. All advertisements intended for this department
must not exceed five lines, and you must sat you want your
adv't in this department, or we will not be responsible for er-
rors. You can have the notice as many lines as you please,
but all over five lines will cost you according to oiir re^lar
rates. This department is intended only for bona flde ex-
chanpres. Exchanges for cash or for price lists, or notices of-
teringr articles for sale, can not be inserted under this head.
For such our regular rates of 20 cts. a line will be charged, and
they will be put with the regular advertisements. We can not
be responsible for dissatisfaction arising from these "swaps."

WANTED.— To e.vchange supplies and other goods
for honey. O. H. Hyatt, Shenandoah, Iowa. 20tf

WANTED.— To exchange a Noxal 300-egg incuba-
tor, used 3 settings, at $15, comb foundation at
market price, and e.vtracted honey at 8c, for honey
boards, supers, and Dro' id-frames, cut to order.

B. C. AiKiN, Loveland, Col.

ANTED.— To exchange several good saf.ety bi-
cycles. Honey wanted. Send sample.

J. A. Green, Ottawa, 111.

ANTED— To exchange 200 colonies of bees for
any thing useful on plantation.

Anthony Opp, Helena, Ark.

WANTED.— To exchange good country store
(Stocked) and P.O., with 8 first-class living-rooms
annexed, 50 colonies bees, good honey-house and
barn, for village property of some kind.

A. Carter, Walton, Mich.

CHAS. ISRAEL & BROS., 110 Hudson St., N. Y.

HONEY

WHOLESALE

LEALEKS b

COMMISSION

MEECHANTS.

Established

1S75.

LIBERAL
ADVANCES
MADE
ON

Choice evaporated or dried peaches
Mail small sample if you can
furnish any cheap.

N. E. DOANE, Breckenridge, Gratiot Co., Mich.

HAT have you got to exchange for new extract-
or, never used? Ed. Weidner, Earlville, 111.

WANTED.-
and apricots.

W

BEESWAX. ""="''

MENTS.

BUFFALO, N. Y. Unsurpassed Honey Market
BATTERSON & CO. Responsible, Reliable,
Commission Merchants, mfdh and Prompt.

WANTED.— To exchange 18 volumes of Gleanings
in Bee Culture, from 1875 to 1895; 6 of the vols.
lacking a few Nos.; 7 vols, of Bee-keepers' Review,
1888 to 1895; 2 vols, of Bee-keepers' Exchange, lack-
ing 3 Nos.; 2 vols., V.. VI., Bee-keepers' Magazine;
4 vols., from 1883 to 1887, of the lllustrierte Bienen-
zeitung, for honey.

Henry Otto, Independence, Iowa.

850

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov. 1.

CONVENTION NOTICES.

The Western Washington Bee-keepers' Association will hold
its next session in the Horticultural Rooms, City Hall, Taco-
ma, Wash., Nov. 12. ti. D. LlTTOOY, Sec, Tacoma,

The Southwestern Wisconsin Bee-keepers' Association will
meet in the Opera House, Monttori, Wis., Nov. H, 1.5, 1894.

A. A. Arms, Sec.

The next regular meeting of the Central California Bee-
keepeis' Association will be on the tirst WeOnesday in Decem-
ber, at Hantoid, Cal. J. F. Flory, Sec, Lemooie.Cal.

Let everybody come to the Midwinter bee-meeting, Beeville,
Tex., Dec. ^7 anu 28. Halt tare on all railroads. No liotel bills.
The meeting will be ai Mrs. Jennie Atchley's apiary, two miles
north of Beeville. Jennie Atchlky.

The next annual convention of the Vermont Bee keepers' As-
sociation will be held in Middlebury, Vt., Jan. 30, 31, 1S95. Pro-
grams will be prepared and mailed later. Let everj- bee-keep-
er, whether Veimonter oi- not, begin now to lay his plans lo at-
tend this meeting. H. W. Scott, Sec, Baire, Vt.

The Indiana State Bee-keepers' Association will hold its l.'ith
annual iiieeiing at the Statehouse, Indianapolis, Jan. 9th, 1S95.
Tiieie will be ihiee sessions. Several other associations will
convene heie at the same lime, thus securing 13<) tare for the
round trip; but a ceititlcate must be asked lor when buying
your ticket. Vi ograius w ill be ready in December.

Walter S. Foider, Fies., Indianapolis.

The Illinois State Bee-keepers' Association will hold its reg-
iilar annual meeting at the Statehouse, Springfield, Nov. 13 and
14, 1891. Tins change in the time has been made in order to se-
cure reduced railroad rates of ijg faie foi- the lound trip. The
National and State Granges both meet at the same time and
place, and ariangements aie made for the same person to sign
all the certificates, which must be asked tor when the ticket is
purchased. Hotel rates will also be secured.

J.4S. A. Stone, Sec, Bradfordton, 111.

KIND WORDS FROM OUR CUSTOMERS.

The Burpee bush limu was far ahead of expecta-
tiotis. E. E. Edwards.

Alexandiia, Ind., Sept. 12.

The goods I ordered from you have been duly re-
ceived, and I am pleased lo t5iaie 111 at 1 am much
satistled with lUem, and wih always give you my
patronage. A. ti. Gkovks.

bash, Jamaica, W. T., Aug-. 20.

I received the hibels all right, and I must say I
was more tliau pleased wuii them. I like your
style, ta.ste, and design in putting' them up. 1
would say to all who wish nice tasty labels, that
they had better give Bro. Kooc a chance at them. 1
will guarantee tliey will lie more than pleased with
them. G. W. Ream.

Franklin, Tenn., Sept. 13.

root's goods.

1 took a tlyingr visit to M. H. Hunt's, July 31. 1
found Mr. H. a good g-enial fellow. He soon took
his departure on business, leaving his guest in
charge of Cliester Thompson, who, by the way, is a
kind fellow wiio likes to show up Root's goods, and
talk on the subject of bees. Well, 1 saw every thing
needed in an apiary. Those polished sections are
beautiful; the Crane smoker is immense; Hottnian
frames are equally handy. Chester has every tiling
nicely arranged— all handy to show. He says Koot's
goods are the best, and he ought lo know, l;or he is
threescore and len— hale, sound, and hearty. But
that is not all Chester can do. He raises bush lima
beans. Thej' look Hue— as well as the rest of the
garden. Chas. Bieky.

Northville, Mich., Aug. 7.

AN EXCEEDINGLY KIND CRITICISM.

Mr. Roof .'-In Gleanings for Sept. 1, page 700,
you class all persons who use tobacco as hjafers.
Now, Mr. Root, you say a great deal. Is not your
mantle of charity a little on -sided? I know a
great many good honest business men, and 1 think
good Christians, who use the tilthy weed— men who
are openhearttd in charities. I have been a reader
of Gleanings for many years, and could not well
get along without It; and 1 like to read your ex-
hortations and sermons; and, in fact, I peruse the
whole of it very carefully, and find many good
things in it. But when you raise your a.v to strike,
you must keep very close to the line. Let the good

Master be our judge, not feeble and selfish man.
I will not give you my name at this time. But I
will remind you of this when I see you again. May
God speed you in the right line of duty.

A Friend.

[Dear unknown friend, the man who could not
take such a very kind and friendly criticism un
yours must be stubborn indeed; and before I go
any further 1 wish to thank you for your very kind-
ly warning When I turn to page 70d, however, all I
can find is the following: "There were no nasly
spittoons, and there were no loafers chewing and
spitting, and puffing tobacco smoke in your face."
I am sure this di^es not by any means say that all
tobacco-users are loafers. In fact, 1 had no such
thought in mind, for I know better; but I still
think that smoking and chewing tobacco is the in-
evitable adjunct of a loafer, it not his marked pe-
culiarity, home of my very best friends are users
of the weed, and I should be exceedingly sorry to
hurt their feelings by any thing unfriendly or un-
courteous. Nearly all of tiiem admit, however, that
tobacco-using is not a, thing to be commended or
encouraged. In fact, I never knew a good man who
waiited his boy to use it. Many contracted the
habit years ago, perhaps in youth, and IJnd it just
now very difficult and inconvenient to break off.
What I had in mind was this: In traveling 1 go into
many tine hotels. I admire the arrangements tor
the comfort of traveling people who are obliged to
be away from home. Ot coinse, the use of tobacco
is not permitted in all the rooms of these tine ho-
tels; but it seems to be permitted and encouraged
in the hotel office. In tact, the fine hotel at Lake-
side was, so far as I can remember, i he only real
nice liotel where there was not a case ot cigars near
by the desk. Since you remind me of it. I admit
that the quotation I made above was a little severe
and sweeping; for in our best hotels the real loafer
is not, as a rule, tolerated. Those who smoke are
often, as you say, exceedingly busy men, and very
often men of great ability — not, however, /jpcuMse
of tobacco, but in spite of its awful effects. I will
try. dear brother, to be more careful, and to let God
be our judge. Your closing kind words, coming as
they do after your kind rebuke, fairly touch my
heart.] A. I R.

TAKE NOTICE!

DEFORE placing your orders for SUPPLIES, write
" for prices on One-Piece Basswood Sections, Bee-
Hives, Shipping-Crates, Frames, Foundation, Smo-
kers, etc. PAGE & KEITH,
Htfdb New London, Wis.

BBB'S!

If you keep BEES,
subscribe for the Pro=
gressive Bee=keeper, a
journal devoted to Bees,
Honey, and kindred in-
dustries. 50 of s. per
vear. Sample copy,
also a beautifully illustrated catalogue of Bee-
keepers' supjilies, FREE. Address
LEAHY MFG. CO., HIGGINSVILLE, MO.

OTTUMWA BEE-HIVE FACTORY^

Bee-keepers, look to your interests. Every thing
in the line of bee-supplies constantly on hand.
Price list free. GREGORY BROS. & SON,

l-23a Ottumwa, la. South side.

Gash for Beeswax!

Will pay 22c per lb. cash, or 2.")C in trade for any
quantity of good, fair, average beeswax, delivered
at our R. R. station. The s'ime will be sold to those
who wish to purchase, at 30c per lb., or 33c for hcft
sriectfd wax. Old combs will nut be accepted under
anil ci)n.-<ideratii)n.

Unless you put your name on the box. and notify
us by mail of amount sent, I can not hold myself
responsible for mistakes. It will not pay as a gen-
eral thing to send wax by express.

A. I. BOOT, Medina.Ohio.

1894

(;leanin(;s in bee culture.

855

PATENTS

Careful attention griveri to the |)i'oseouti()ii of
T)usiness l)efore tlie U. S. Patent Office. All business
trenied iis strictlji cintfiik'titidl. No chai'g-e made for
•services in prosecuting- appli<-ation, until tlie pat-
«nt is allowed. Send for " Inventor's Guiuk."
FRANKLIN H. HOUGH.
925 F STREET, WASHINGTON. D. C,
l^°In respondintr to this advertisement mention Gleanings.

Beeswax Wanted.

Will pay 2Sc cash.

A full line of Supplies always on baud.

I. ,7. Strinifham, lOo Park flace, A\ Y.

MnTHc HONEY
^^^^^^ EXTPACTOP.

Square Glass Honey- Jars,

Tin Buckets, Bee-hives,

Honey Sections, Etc., Etc.

Perfection Cold-blast Smokers.
APPLY TO

CHAS. F. MUTH & SON, Cincinnati, 0.

¥. S.— Send 10-ct. stamp for •' Practical Hints to Beekeepers."

SVIETAL
WHEELS

for your

WAGONS

Any size yon want, 20
to 56 in high. Tires 1
to 8 in wide — hubs to
fit any axle. JSaves
<'ost many times in
* season to have set
of low wheels to fit
your wagon for hauling
grain, fodder, manure,
bogs, kc. No resetting of
tires Catl'g free. Address
EMPIRE MFG. CO.,
Ctulncy, 111.

For Sale,
Berry Farm
of 7 Acres.

(idod lionse and barn; orchard of
:!.") apple, lu cherry, and otliei' large
fi-uit: 1 acre of blackberries, o'^
acres of raspberries, \ acre straw-
berries. l{icb second-bottom laud,
tile drained. Tools, household goods,
and bee-tlxtures; I', miles from village, with good
churches, high school, etc. ; 10 minutes' walk from
Valley K. R. Station and district school.

(iood home market; l:i miles from CI -veland city
limits, (iood honey location; fine well walei'. Price
f iWki. easy terms. Write for particulais.

L. B. BELL, Brecksville, Ohio.

How to make a Good Wire Fence.

Take equal parts of STRENGTH and
EliASTK'ITY, don't think of omitting
the laiter as you might as well try to
make good bread without leavening; a
heavy, "soggy" pioduct would be the j-esult
in lx)th ca.ses. Now, liaving your ingredients
of the best <|uality, mix tlio roughly .so that
they come in contact at every point. The
good bread maker never tucks tlie yeast
m one end of the loaf. Stretch on durable
posts, as it will last a life time. You can buy
it "ready made" of
PAGE WOVEN WIRE FENCE CO., Adrian, Mich.

Promptness is What Counts.

Hone.v-jars, Shipping--cases, and every thing
that bee-keepers use. Root's Goods at Root's i
Prices, and the Best Shipping^point in the
Country. Dealers in Honey and Beeswax.
Catalog free.

WALTER S. POUDER,

162 Massachusetts Ave., Indianapolis, Ind.

Please mention this paper.

Attention, Bee-keepers!

/

Remember Jennie Atchley will mail vou
luitested queens any day in the year "for
*1.(M. She is now preparing to "fill vour
orders foi- <iueens and bees in 189").

January to June prices. Unte.sted. .ILdO,
(5 for $5011. *9 (Ki per doz. Tested, 3-banded,
S1.50; 5-ba tided. .«:;' 511. Tested Carniolans,
4*3.50. T will rear the leather-colored Ital'.s.
or :? banded; silver-gray Carniolans. and .5-
banded, in .separate yards at safe distance.
Bei's by the pound, Jl.OJ. Nuclei, per
fr;mie, $1.00. This is one of u\\ specialties.

Write me for prices on large" lot> and to
the trade. Catalog- ready Jan. 1.

I have been at this business long- enoug-h
to know how to sliip, and please citstomers.

All Bee Supplies. DoveUiiled Hives,
Root's Goods, and Dadant's Foundation.
Figiuv out what you want, and write' for
esliniMte.

Jennie Atchley,
Bee Co. Beeville, Tex.

t^*ln responding to this advertisement mention Gleanings.

BBB'S!

It you keep BEES.
subscribe for the Pro-
gressive Bee-keeper, a

journal devoted to Bees,
Honey, and kindred in-
dustries. 50 c*s. per
Xear. Sample copj'.

also a beautifully illustrated catalog-ue of Bee

keepers' supplies, free. Address

LEAHY MFG. CO.. HIGGINSVILLE, MO

Dovetailed Hives, Simplicity Hives,

SECTIONS, EXTRACTORS, ETC.

FULL LINE OF

BEE-KEEPERS' SUPPLIES.

GO-PAGE CATALOGUE. Itfdb

J. M. Jenkins, Wetumpka, Alabama.

iSriii responding li} tlli^ a<lverti>t'ni

iiiei'lion Glkamm,

856

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov. 15.

Honey Column.

CITY MARKETS.

San Francisco.— Hoxeiy.— Honey is firmly held,
and stocks are light. We quote e.\tr:icted bV^OTVi
for lig-ht amber and white, respectively. 1-lb
frame comb honey, 9@llc according- to quality.
Beeswax in good demand at 24@'26c.

SCHACHT, LEMCKE & STEINEK,

Oct. 26. San Francisco. Cal.

St. Louis.— BTojiey.— Demand for honey increas-
ing. We quote choice white comb, 12'/4@13; amber,
11@12; choice white extracted in cans, 6X@7i4; bbls.,
5@5?4; amber, in cans, 5i/2@6; bbls., 4@4!4. Prime
yellow beeswax, 2H@26X.

D. G. TuTT Grocer Co.,
Nov. s. St. Louis, Mo.

Albany.— H(me!/.— Owing to tlie political excite-
ment attending the recent election, business has
been almost at a statidstill, and honey moving very
slowly; but now that the contest is ended we hope
foi' a revival of trade. We have a good stock of
buckwheat comb honey on hand, but not much
white clover coming forward. Prices are not quite
so firm, as tlie trade is now prettv well supplied.
We quote white, 13@U; No. 3. n(§il2: mixed and
buckwheat, 9y»@W; extracted dull at 6@7.

ChAS. McCULIiOCH & Co.,

Nov. 10. Albany, N. Y.

New York..— Honey. —The market for comb and
extracted honey is good, and the supply equals tlie
demand. Fancy clover and buckwheat are selling
tlie best; off grades are not quite as salable; 3-lb.
sections are very little called for. We quote to-day,
as follows: Fancv clover, Mb. comb, 13®14; ditto,
3-lb. comb, 13i/4@,13; wliite ditto, l-lb. comb, 13@124;
ditto, 2-lb. comb, 13; fair, lib. comb, 1C(3)11; ditto, 3-
Ib. comb, 10@11 ; buckwheat, i-lb. comb, 10@11 ;
ditto, 2-lb. comb, it^lO; extracted, clover and bass-
wood. 6@6M; buckwheat, F@.5^ ; southern, per gal.,
.5{i@fiO. Beeswax scarce, and in good demand at 39@
3nc. Chas. ISRAEt. & Bros.,

Nov. 10. 110 Hudson St., New York, N. Y.

Chicago.— H'Uiei/.— Offerings are chiefly confined
1o the better grade, and a steady trade is oliserved
on the market. Fancy white eomh sells at l.')c. ;
dark, in@13; extracted selling at 6@7, according to
qualitv. color, and flavor. Beeswax scaic3 at 27@28
for yellow; sells on arrival.

R A. Burnett & Co.,

Nov. 7. 163 So. Water St.. Chicago, III.

Kansas City.— Ho?iej/.— The receipts of honey
large, market well supplied Fancy white. 1-lb.
combs, 15 cts.: amber, 12@13. Receipts of extracted-
light; white, 7 cts.; amber, 5^@6 cts.; Southern
honey. 4V4@5. Beeswax, 23 cts.

Hambuin & Bearss,

Nov. S. Kansas City, Mo.

Cincinnati.— Ho»(ety.— Demand is fair for extract-
ed honey at 4@7c. There is a good demand for
comb honey at 14(a-16c a lb. tor choice white. De-
mand lor beeswax is good at 23@37 for good to-
choice yellow. Chas. F. Muth & Son,

Nov. ^i. Cincinnati, O.

Boston.— Wo^ey.— We quote our market on best
1-lb. comb honey at 14c, and on extracted, 5@.6; sup-
ply is ample, and demand continues light.

E. E. Blake & Co.,

Oct. 13. Boston, Mass.

For Sale.— Eight tons fine extracted honey, put
up in square 60-lb. cans, two in case, at '^H and 6 cts.
Five or more cases, 'Ac less. F O. B. here.

J. B. Case, Port Orange, Pla.

BuFF.-VLO.— H"»(^-;/.— No material change in lioney
market. We quote fanc.v, 14@.15 ; choice 1-lb. sec-
tions, 13@13; buckwheat and other grades, 9@11.
Stock in market is very light, and no doubt very
excellent trade will continue through the winter
season, from present indiciitions.

Batterson & Co.,

Oct. 8. Buffalo, N. Y^

Detroit.— Ho/iCf/. — Comb honey is more plentiful
on the market than it has been for years, still
the price remains unchanged. Best while comb,
14@1.5; other grades, 12@13; extracted. 6ri^7 with fair
demand. Beeswax, 34@2,5. M. H. Hitnt.

Nov. 7. Bell Branch, Mich.

Milwaukee.— ifo7)e;/.— The demand for honey has
been very good considering the general condition
of trade.' The supply of cht)ice section honey is not
large, and for the past few days the demand has
dropped off some; yet we are looking for a fair
trade and at fair values. We now quote choice
white 1-lb. sections, 16@18; any thing not t-hoice
varies from 12X®1f>; extracted, best quality, in
bbls. or kegs, 6H@7; ditto, in pails, 7X@8; dark in
bbls. or kegs, 5@6. Beeswax wanted; will pay for
choice pure 2.5c cash. A. V. Bishop & Co..

Nov. 3. Milwaukee, Wis.

Cleveland.— Hone)/.— Strictly fancy white comli
honey put up in cases of 1-lb. sections is selling
from 14 to 16c. Receipts are heavier than last week
and the demand good. There is little call tor ex-
tracted at 6c. Beeswax moving at 35®37c.

Williams Bros.,

Nov. 7. 80 & 83 Broadway, Cleveland, O.

For Sale.— 1800 lbs. honey in 60-lb. square cans.,
price 7 and 8 c, f. o. b. cars here. Sample by mail..
R. H. Bailev, Ausable Forks, N. Y. Box 81.

Only a part of that car of honey left, but we stil!)
have plenty to fill orders at $7.80 per box.

AiKiN Bros., Loveland. Col.

Having secured a fine quantity of buckwheat ex-
tracted honey I now offer it in lots to suit purchas-
er 310-lb. kegs at W^c, f. o b.; also 3000 lbs. of bass-
wood and clover. W. Lamar Coggshall. ^

eitf West Groton, Tompkins Co., N. 1 .

Wanted.— To buy quantity lots of white comb
and dark extracted honey.

B. Walker, Evart, Mich.

Comb and extracted honey wanted, in large or
small lots. Consignments solicited. Reference, A.
1. Root, or Union National Bank. Denver,
eitf R. K. C& J. C. Frisbee, Denver, Col.

For Sale.— 7000 lbs. of fine, ripe, extracted bass-
wood honey, higliest offer takes it. Also Italian
Bees and Fox-hound pups,
eift Elias Fox, Hillsboro, Wis.

For Sale— Two tons of white-clover honey (just
bought). Will also buy for a small commission
(sample crates forwarded). If you want comb honey
nicely crated write me. „ ^ ,, , „ ^-

Smith's Apiary & Stock Farm, Padelfords, N. \ .

Buckwheat extracted honey at 5Hc, f. o. b. Qual-
ity A No. 1. T. XT V
F. A. Alexander, Esperance, N. Y.

For Sai,e.— Honey, both one-pound boxes and
extracted, basswood. A No. 1 article; cheap as the
cheapest. Please furnish a trial order.

J. B. Murray, Ada, Ohi).

FOR SALE.— Japanese Buckwheat, $1.50 per 100
lbs. Bees, Peach Trees, Raspberry and Black=
berry Plants.

HicUor^' Corners, Alich.

CHAS.

WHOLESALE

DEALEES &

COMMISSION

MEECHANTS.

Estalilislisd

1875.

ISRAEL & BROS., 110 Hudson St., N. Y.

HONEY

LIBEBAL
ADVANCES
UADE
ON

BEESWAX, ffif-

BUFFALO, N. Y. Unsurpassed Honey Market.
BATTERSON & CO. Responsible, Reliable,
Commission Merchants, istfdb and Promptj

i^^in respondiiiij to this advf itiseiiieiit mention Gleanings.

181)4

(JLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

85";

Local Supply Dealers,

I am fjvtting- out ii circular tliat will be of speciulinterest to you. Send me your address and when
tiie circular IS out I will send j'ou a copy. Never mind if you sell supplies ouly to vour bee-keepinsr
neiKlitiors, you are tlie very man to whom I wish to talk, and 1 liave something- to say— a'plan to unfold-
that will be of mutual benefit.

W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint, Mich.

Contents of this Number.

Advertising-. Irregular 876

Bees, Yellow. Tender ST.S

Bees. Five-banded 877

•Cabbage .Seed. March's 886

Cocoons in Cells STii

■i'olonies, Large 876

Dadant on Given Founda'n.877

Deer. Wilder's 868

Kchoes 869

Editor in Missouri 878

Kscape. Stampede 870

Florida Honev 861, 86'3

Foul Brood in Wax 876

Foundation (.ii ven 877

Foundation. Value of 87."i|

-Galvanized Iron for Vessel. .874,

Hai-es, (ierman 875

Hives, Symposium on SfiO'

Hives. Size of 861-

Honey. Floiida, Defended

Kiiijrbinls. Plea for

Onidu Smut

( iiit;ii-io Keport

Paralysis of Bees

Pi opolis tor Warmth

Queen-breeders. Notp to

Rambler at Zaca Lake

Sassafras

Seed, Government

Separators. Gain in

Statistics. Illinois

Svmpo'ium on Hives

Tarfor Fceder.s

Walker. B

Wa.>;. F.ml Brood in

Yield, The Lai-gest

863
876
867
870
.883
874
872
861
874
866
.876
866

WANT work with bees in Cuba, by a man wh
knows how to do it
Fkank Curl, Key West, Florida.

WANTED.-Toexchaiig-eSo-lb. aluminutn Bicycle,
and 3)-lb. steel bicycle, tor foot-power saw,
turning-lathe, etc.

Robert B. Gedye, La Salle, Illinois.

w

Wants or Exchange Department.

Notices w-ill be inserted under this head at one-half our usu-
al rates. AI! advertisements intended for this department
must not exceed five lines, and you must say you want vour
adv't in this department, or we will not be responsible for er-
rors. You can have the notice as many lines as you please,
but all over five lines will cost you according to bur regular
rates. This department is intended only for bona fide ex-
changes. Exchanges for cash or for price' lists, or notices of-
•fering articles for sale, can not be inserted under this head.
For such our regular rates of 20 cts. a line will be charged, and
they will be put with the regular advertisements. We can not
be responsible for dissatisfaction arising from these "swaps."

w

ANTED.— To e.Ychange supplies and other goods
for honey. O. H. Hyatt, Shenandoah, Iowa. 20tf

WANTED.— To exchange a Noxal 200-egg incuba-
tor, used 3 settings, at $15, comb foundation at
market price, and extracted honey at 8c, for honey-
boards, supers, and brood-frames, cut to order.

R. C. AiKiN, Loveland, Col.

ANTED.— To exchange several good safety bi-
cycles. Honey wanted. Send sample.

J. A. Green, Ottawa, III.

ANTED.— To exchange 300 colonies of bees for
any thing useful on plantation.

Anthony Opp, Helena, Ark.

W

W

WANTED. — Home with refined party; knows
cooking, makes pastry, cake, and bonbons;
does plain and ornamental sewing, cutting, fitting;
knits and crochets; could care for and educate
young cliildren; music, French; cheerful compan-
ion. Could advise in apiary, or lecture on l)ee-
keeping. Persons agreeably situated, apply to
Junior Editor of this journal.

WANTF^D.— Two or three Scotch Collie or New-
foundland dogs. Address with price, i

W. D. Allen, Kosse. Texas.

CONVENTION NOTICES.

The next regular meeting of the Central California Bee-
keepers' Association will be on the first Wednesday in Decem-
ber, at Hanford, Cal. J. F. Flory, Sec, Len'ioore, Cal.

Let everybody come to the Midwinter bee-meeting. Beeville,
Tex., Dec. --7 and 28. Half fai e on all lailroads. No hotel bills.
The meeting will he at Mrs. Jennie Atchley's apiai-y, two miles
north of Beeville. Jennie Atciilkv.

The next annual < oiiven' ion of the Vermont Bee keepers' As-
sociation will Le I eld in .Middleburv. Vt.. Jan. 30, 31. 189.i. Pro-
grams will be preiiared and niailed'laler. Let every bee-keep-
er, whether Vei monter or not. begin now to lav his plans I o at-
tend this ii.eeting. H. W . Scott, Sec, Barre. Vt.

The Indiana State Bee keepers' Association will hold its l.">th
annual meeting at the Statehou.se, >ndianapoIis, Jan. 9th. 1895.
Tliere will be thiee sessions. Several other associations will
convene hei e at the same time, thus securing I'A fai e for the
round trip; but a certiticate must be asked lor \\ hen buying
your ticket. Programs will be ready in December.

Walter S. PorbER. Pies., Indianapolis.

The annual meeting of the Nortliern Illinois Bee-keepers'
.\ssociation win be held in the supervisor's room of the court-
house, in Rockfoi-d, ill., Dec. 18 19. 1894.

B Kennedy, Sec, New Milford. 111.

WANTED.— To exchange new goods, including
Hand Seed -Drills and Cultivators, selection
from 1300 Standard Books in IH languages, and Bi-
bles, from 4.")C to $60. for 3 good second-hand job
printing-presses; also honey.

W. H. Gardner, Allegan, Mich.

WANTED.— To exchange pure-bred English Bea-
gle hounds, pups or trained dogs, male or fe-
male, choice stock and sure hunters, for Winchester
•shotgun, or double gun of modern style.

D. S. Hall. So. Cabot, Vt.

W

ANTED.— To exchange for Barnes buzz-saw, 2
Wilson's handmills, 1 Planet Jr. garden-drill.
G. A. Lunde, Stoughton, Dane Co., Wis.

WANTED at once, 100 or more queens in exchange
for good first-class wliite extracted honey. Will
give 110 lbs. honey for each dozen Italian or Carnio-
lan queens, and 60 lbs. per dozen for Hybrids. None
over 1 year old.

A. F. Brown, San Mateo, Putnam Co., Fla.

WANTED. — To exchange No. 1 extracted linn
honey, for h(jme-made cheese, full cream, 8 to

15 lbs. each.

Please mail prices.

J. B. Murray, Ada, Ohio.

The Northeastern Ohio and Xorthwesiern Penns.vlvania Bee-
keepers'.-issociation will hold its regular annual ineeling in
the parlors of Hotel St. Nichiiias. Corry, Pa.. Nov. -Jl. -w, 1894.
A good progiam is arranued. IMng questions for the ijues-
tion-box. Hotel rates,. $1.00 to delegates. All are invited, es-
pecially the ladies. Geo. Spitler. Mosiertown, Pa.. Sec.

FINEST LOT OF SUPPLIES EVER BOUGHT.

I The goods .you sent me some time ago were receiv-
I ed in good shape, and they were all first-class. It
was the finest lot of bee-sujiplies I ever bought.
Defiance, O., May 33. Wm. L. Hire.

OUR DOVETAILED WORK.

I have to supply most of the farmers around liere
with hives and sections. 1 got a g.iod man.y hives
from another party last season (the Dovetailedi. I
got them some cheaper, but I found that they were
dearer in the long run, as they were not as neatly
finished as yours, so 1 want no'more of them.

Poneto, Ind., May 14. J. W. Cook.

Goods all received in flne condition. T thank you
for promptness, and the good manner of packing.
1 now have some over a hundred young laying
queens, daughters of the last imported queen re-
ceived from you. It is too late in the season to re-
port them, but can say they are starting in right,
and fill the Langstroth frames from end to end with
eggs. I will give them a chance to hustle next sea-
son. C. Klock.

Pearsall, Texas, Oct. 31.

858

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov. 1.5.

SIMPLEX HATCHER &

BROODER Combined.

.^F^.-nr^^^^ THE IMO^ST PERFECT
ftSiiT^FCJ-^-^ •^I''<''''''!itor :»l!Mle. Hutches
' %-, f^^t\t;iv etrg that a hen coulrl
*^l liatch; Resiilatfs itself auto-
matically; Reduces the cost Of
jjoultry raishii; t(i a niiiiimum.
j _ iSend for lUusl rated Catalogue,
k? 1 «0 E«s size SI 6.00.
SIMPLEX MANF'G. CO.. Quincy. III.

Burpee

w.

'n Seed Anniml for 1894 is well worth
^ luiviiig'. Tell to all who pliiiit seeds
Atlee Burpee & Co., Philadelphia, Pa.

PURE

SUQAR=CANE

SYRUP.

For table use and for bees it has no equal. I put
this syrup up in biiirels holding' 26 and .ji k;i1-
ious each, and in keM's holding' 10 g'als. See
F. D. Wooher's letter in Jan. 1 Glean-
ings with editor's foot-note, for fur-
ther information. 21-23

J. H. ELLIS, Kentwood, Louisiana.

|^"Iii respoiiuiiii-' to this adveitisenient nn'iitlon Glranings

PATE/\/T WIRED COMB FOUNDATmi

lifts ^o Sajr ill Broocl-t'rajnes.

Thin Flat - Bottom Foundation

Has no Fislii:o£e in the Surplus Honey.
Being the cleanest, it is usually worked
the quickest of any foundation made.

J. VAN DEUSEN & SONS,

12tfdb Sole Hanufacturers,

Sprout Brook, Montgomery Co., N. Y.

«#"ln responding to this advertisement mention Glkanings

FOR SALE.

75 HiVES OF BEES.

INQUIRE OF-

A.i:a. LE\'\'^RAX, Francis. Flu.

HATCH CHICKENS BY STEAM

WITH THE MODEL

EXCELSIOR INCUBATOR.

Tlioii!«aii<l!4 in .Suc-
ces.«jlul Uperatioii.

SIMI'LE, PERFECT, „nd

SELF.REG VLA TING.
<iiiarantef «1 tohatcha
larger percentage of
fertile eggs, at It's.s cost,
than any other Incubator.
Send 6c. for lUus.Oiitalog.
Cireulars Free.
eEO. I[. .STAIIL,114to13SS.4;niSt.,Qiiiiicv.III.

Hatcher made.

Why Not?

Bottles.
Jelly= Glasses.

Supply your nearest grocer with honey in
bottles or glass; it will pay you lo do so.
Square (flint glassi bottle holdiiig exactly
one pound of honey, si.v-dnzen case, in-
cluding corks and lai)els, with blank spaet-
on label for wi-iting' your name, $3.7.5.

Tin-top jelly-glass, holding 11 oz. of
honi'j', six-doz. box, $2.00. or 20 d' z. barrel
for *5 .50. This im'ludes labels with blank
space for writing your name.

Rriglit yellow beeswax ttiken in ex-
change at 27c per pound. 21-22

Tweed & Pritchard, l>?tisb«''rg.*pa^

St.

(SS'ln respo

Warranted Queens, 75c.

Five-band strain, bred for business, six for
$4.00; dozen for $7. ,50. See former «c/s., and send
for circular. Safe arrival and Siitisfaction witar-
anteed. J. B. CASE, Port Orange, Fla.

For Sale, An Apiary of 76 Colonies of Bees,

In No. I hives, located in a s|)lcndid ii'aee for bee-
keeping, and also poult ry-raislng. Write for par-
ticttlars. Wm. L. Backensto, Ft. Logan, Col.

I Kasy. durable a:

;'ap. A ladieil

■lire eflected. Send for sealed cataIos;iie.
JitJlJLESTOS IKLSS t'()., Masunie Temple, Chicagn, lU.

World's Fair Hedal

Awarded my Foiiiidution. Send for free
samples. Dealers, write for wholesale prices.
Root's new Folished Sections and otlier goods
at his prices. Free Illustrated Price List of every
thing needed in the apiary. JVl H |-|«<t^-f
Bell Branch, iVlich. ^'»« »•• ilUllL.

8 Numbers for Only 10 cents.

Yes, we will mail to anv 1\'EW IMAITIK tlie last H numbers of the AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL.

for IWtl for "nly 10 cents istanins oi- silver); or, if you will send us .$1.1 0, we will credit your subscription
till Jan. 1, 1896, and ALSO m:iilyou KREE a co|)y of Newman's " IJees and Honey"— a 160-page bee-
book, having over V<{) engravinys. 'i'HlNK OE IT -60 copies of the "American Bee Journal " and a
160-page bee-book— all for $1,001 Take the 8 numbeis for 10 cents first, it' yon prefer, and then by Jan. 1,
1895, .send in the remaining 90 cents, and we will mail you the book and the "Bee Journal " for 1895. The
8 numbers can he ordered anv time during No\ ember and December. Single sample copy free. Address
OEUROt. W. VORK .S^ €0 , A6 EIFTH AVE., CHICAGO, IL,L..

13 Carloads of Supplies.

cheap. If you have the money, also reme;
our discounts for early orders. In either
will pay you. We sell Root's goods at Roci
The new polished sections and all other

This is the amount we have distributed in a sing'le season, of

Foundation, Dov. Hives, Sections, Extractors, etc. Therefore, if

you liave little money and want that little to g'o as far as possible,

remember that we are headquarters in tlie west for all g-oods in

our line; by doing so great a volume of business we sell goods

'mber you can make it earn a big interest by availing yourself of

case jou should write us and tell what you will likely need. It

it's prices, and can save you freight.

late improved goods kept in stock.

, , ,, I « »i • ■ Send for our large illustrat-

Joseph Nysewander, Des Moines, la. «it"t«i»Kiio,treetorevery

FOR THE WEST.

body,every where, especially

JourHaiJ
^ • DEIV0TE.D:

•ANdHoNEV-
•MD HOME,

1>ubii6hed by^;^ l-npOl'

Vol. XXII.

NOV. 15, 1894.

No. 22.

Some nice men use tobacco. If they didn't
use it they would be nicer.

Every farmer's boy who wants to go to the
city ought to read page 848.

An advertisement. This is to give notice
that I have no honey to sell.

That photograph of bee-keepers taken by
Hutchinson at St. Jo is a gem.

When begins the bee-year proper? Certain-
ly not with Jan. 1. Is it October, November, or
when ?

Honey imported in the British Isles in 1891
to the value of $172,000; 1893, $318,000; 1893,
$14.5,000.— B. B. J.

Hauled home last bees from out apiaries
Nov. 3. [I supposed ycur climate would require
earlier hauling. — Ed.]

Glossometers, or instruments for measuring
bees' tongues, are being worked up by the
French. Some are quite complicated.

Turnip-patches and greenhouses must be
scarce about St. Joseph. A. I. Root wasn't
absent from a single session of the convention.

Dreary winter is coming, and I wouldn't
be without a growing plant in the window,
even if I could get nothing better than a turnip.

Dandelions have sent out a third swarm
this season. Oct. 35 the blossoms were as thick
in my pasture as in spring, and bees were quite
busy on them.

(Jravenhorst thinks that, instead of only a
few laying workers being in a colony, the ma-
jority of them become such. [I am inclined to
think he is right.— Ed. J

Tooth-wash. Put 8 or 10 drops of carbolic
acid in a glass of water. Wet your brush and
rinse your mouth with it, and see how sweet it
will leave your mouth.

When I read on page 848 about 300 families
living in one house, ray wife said, with a look
half of awe on her face. " We've lots of room!"

Nov. .5, BEES that had been hauled home Nov.
3 flew at 40°, while those of the home apiary
remained quiet in their hives. The hauling
made a flight necessary.

Abbe Baffert, in L'Aplculteur, says that,
when a cloud comes up. bees at a distance
hurry home, while those near by keep on at
work. Cunning creatures 1

Henry W. Brice, B. B. J., in queen-rearing,
uses wax cups on the Doolittle plan; but before
putting larva' in them he submits them to the
bees for 24 hours to see if they accept them.

So y'ou're going to send out top- bars -^^ thick
in 189.5. Sorry. I'm afraid they're not so good
as %. [Practically, I think you will see but lit-
tle if any dilTerence should you try them on a
larger scale.— Ed.]

Hutchinson, in A. B. J., objects to having
the time of a convention taken up with essays
that could just as well be read in the bee- jour-
nals. He's had a spirit level on his head. [Yes,
I think so too.— Ed.]

In moving bees short distances. Abbe Baf-
fert found them troubled by a removal of 30
inches the first day, but after that they seemed
to learn the trick, and found the hive sooner
although moved farther.

The Hatch-Root controversy seems to be
shifting in this direction: Will bees do as well
in two stories as with the same amount of room
in one story ? [Yes. let that phase of it be dis-
cussed. It is important. See Mr. tJill's article,
this issue— Ed.]

Friend Anthony, where did you get the
idea that I want a thick top-bar "for the bees
to wipe their feet on " ? I'm not anxious about
their feet; it's theirjait'.s I want to stop from
carrying black wax up into the super.

A BIG point in favor of the Higginsville cov-
er is the thin edge. It will not curl up as doeS
the X thickness. Then it can hardly twist like

860

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov. l.j.

a single board. [Yes, one board will help to off-
set the naughtiness of the other.— Ed.]

Robbers. That way of fighting them, men-
tioned on p. 83.5, I've practiced successfully for
years, using grass, hay, or straw. But don't
use half-way measures. Pile up to the top of
the hive, and then pour on water by the pail-
ful, and keep it poured on.

One reason, perhaps, that queens went up
and down from one story to another for me
more than for C. A. Hatch was, that I had %
inch of burr-combs and honey between the two
stories. [I had thick-top frames and no burr-
combs, and the queen went up " all 'e samee."—
Ed.]

Laying workers, according to Herr Duerr,
in Gravenhorst's Bierienzeitunq , come about in
this way: When the colony becomes queenless,
the nurse-bees, having nothing to feed, have
themselves the benefit of the extra nourish-
ment they would have fed to larvie, and thus
are stimulated to laying.

In Germany, beginners applying to the sec-
retary of the Schleswig-Holstein Association
can have a suitable person sent to instruct and
assist in putting bees in winter quarters or in
taking them out. Charges, 12K cents for an
apiary, or 2}.^ cents per colony if there are more
than five colonies in the apiary.

Those small, frames mentioned on page 789
were certainly not very small — about 2 ft.
square— but it should have read "<i square
decimeters,"' or something like 9x10 inches.
" Six decimeters carres" is not "six decimeters
square," but "six square decimeters."— [You
are doubtless right, but we had no way of know-
ing any thing about it aside from what Mr.
Norman wrote.— Ed.]

"Weeds and things" is my "best holt,"
Ernest. I lose less money on them than on any
other crop I can put in, aside from their use to
" mark the locality." See p. 833. [Your yard
was no worse in point of weeds than the yards
of most bee-keepers I have visited. The fact is,
many of them furnish either pollen or a little
honey. Sweet clover grows rank and thick
about most bee-keepers' homes. But, say, the
way that small boy "marked your locality"
was a joke too good to keep.— Ed.]

In Russia, Tseselsky reports the average
consumption of honey from Nov. 15th to April
1st thus: In single-wall hives, 11.68 lbs.; in
double-wall hives, 8.93 lbs.; in a cave with
temperature varying from 33 to .50°, 4.63 lbs.; in
a dark room kept steadily at 64°, 4.56 lbs.;
buried in the earth, temperature 46°, 4.52 lbs.
This was in a mild winter, the thermometer
never going below 3° above 0, Fahr. I've al-
ways thought of Russian winters as colder than
that. [Here indeed are some valuable data.
They are not far from right, because they agree
essentially with some experiments in this coun-
try.—Ed.J

Our Symposium.
LARGE OR^MALL HIVES.

The Effect of Locality, Season, and Size of Colony ;
The Hives that Averaged those Barrels of
Honey in Florida ; Misconceptions Corrected,
and a Little Pepper and Salt thrown in ; Tend-
ency of Swarming in Small Hives; Valuable
Testimony from Some of the Brightest and
Most Extensive Honey - Producers in the
World.

that "sweetened water;" eight - fkamk

HIVES three stories HIGH PREFERRED To
THE TEN-FRAME TWO-STORY.

By H. IT'. MitclifU.

In Gleanings for Oct. 15 I find an interesting
article by A. F. Brown, giving statistics of the
honey crop in this location that are, in the
main, correct. But he makes a grave charge
when he states that " some harvested sweet-
ened water instead of good No. 1 honey— notice-
ably those who had secured the big yields."

Friend Brown would certainly not publish a
charge of such import unless he were absolute-
ly sure of his facts: so, as one of the bee-keep-
ers who must plead guilty to having a "big
yield" this season I call on him for facts and
names; and even if it works injury to one or
two bee- keepers, that surely would be the less-
er of two evils; for, as the statement now
stands, it will injure every bee-keeper in this
section (excepting Mr. Brown, whose honey is
presumably good No. 1), inasmuch as it will in-
jure the sale of their product; for no buyer can
be certain that he is not dealing with one of
the bee-keepers who have been putting up
"sweetened water." "Those who secured the
big yields" is rather too sweeping a classifica-
tion; for if, as Mr. Brown asserts, "200 lbs.
would be about the correct average," then
about all the bee-keepers mentioned in his ar-
ticle would come under the head of " big yields,"
for they obtained considerably more than the
" correct average."

I am inclined to think that friend Brown has
either gone too far in what he states, or not far
enough.

In footnote on page 794. you express a desire '
to know more in regard to the size of hive used,
etc. I use the eight- frame Dovetailed hive,
three stories high, exclusively, in my own api-
ary. For several years I used the two-story
ten-frame hive, but greatly prefer the eight-
frame three stories high, as it enables me to
gain all the advantages of a large hive without!
having to do any heavy lifting. I use seven
frames in the two upper stories, for extracting'
from, and practice tiering up to thoroughly
ripen my honey; at the same time I give the|
bees plenty of room to store.

I extract from the upper story, then lift up
the second one, and place the extracted one
underneath. This placing of seven emptyj
combs right in the middle of hive seems to in-

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

801

cite the bees to do their best to fill that empty
space: for the way they will pile the honey in
there is astonishing. In the meantime the full
combs in the npper story, being in the warmest
part of the hive, are thoroughly ripened and
capped over ready for extracting by the time
the second story is full enough to be lifted up.
I claim by this method to obtain more well-
ripened honey than would be possible with a
two-story hive.

Equally good results could be obtained with
the ten-frame hive worked in the same manner,
but it is too heavy to handle: but I find I can
handle the eight-frame body, with seven frames
of honey, without any great muscular effort,
although I am any thing but a Hercules.

Having three stories entails some extra han-
dling to lift the second story off, put the empty
one in place, and the full one on top again; but
to offset that, a little smoke puffed into a third
story of capped honey depopulates it of bees to
such an extent that the brushing-ofl is a small
matter compared to the same operation with a
two-story hive. Then there is less trouble
with swarming, less hanging out, and making
increase is as easy as falling off a log. I merely
lift off the third story, see that it has a frame
of brood in all stages; move the two lower
stories to a new location, leaving the single
story in the old. The bees already on the
combs, reinforced by the field-bees, give me a
strong colony that never fails to raise a good
lot of queen-cells.

In extracting I run honey from the extractor
through cheese-cloth into a large tank holding
about 1()00 lbs., where it stays until I need more
room, whi^n I draw it off from the bottom into
barrels, for shipment. I have used the two-
frame Cowan the past season, and like it better
than any other extractor I ever used.

Hawk's Park, Fla.

[Immediately on receipt of this I forwarded
it to friend Brown, stating that I was sure he
did not intend to convey a wrong impression,
and thus do any one of his bee-keeping friends
an in.iustice: that I should be glad to have him
reply for print: adding that I was sure there
must be some mistake or slip of the pen. His
answer will fully exonerate him in the eyes of
his friends.— Ei).]

THAT " SWEETENED -water" HONEY IN ITS
APPLICATION— A SLIP OF THE PEN.

By A. F. Bnnvii.

Friend Root;— Certainly a reply and explana-
tion is due fi-om me in correcting the wrong im-
pression and injustice my recent article seemed
to give as it reads therein. I assure you I was
quite surprised myself when my eyes reached
the two paragraphs in question, and I at once
wrote you, on the 2.3d of Oct., correcting the
two errors, and also replying, in a measure, to
your footnote. Evidently you have not re-

ceived my letter, and I will again restate the er-
rors. They are, first, in fourth paragraph, sev-
enth line. It should read "two-story ten-frame
hive," and not " three-story," as given. Again,
in fifth paragraph, sixth line, it should read,
"With soyne of those," etc.. and not "ivith
those.''' The words " some of " apply quite a
different reading to the paragraph.

I write very rapidly, and no doubt the error
and omission are errors of mine. I certainly
would not knowingly do an injustice to any
one: on the contrary, I try to give all full
measure and credit, and in the case of Mr.
Mitchell, who happens to be the man who pro-
duced the largest yield per colony, I can not do
less than to say that no man produces a better
grade of honey than he produces under his
management, as set forth in his article, and I
commend this method to every honey-producer
on the East Coast, and I am sure that neither
I nor any other man will have any occasiom
to refer to unripe, thin, and inferior honey, if all
would follow out the method of allowing the
bees to fully ripen the honey before removing
it from the hives.

Mr. \V. S. Hart, the second heaviest yielder,
wrote me a personal letter, saying he thought I
had not done his honey justice. Very true, as
the article appeared: but as corrected 1 believe
justice is done to all. Mr. Hart runs his honey
through an "evaporator." and reduces it all to
a uniform thickness and quality,. and nothing
can be said against the quality.

There is no need of my setting myself up as a
target in the way of repeating or making a list
of names, and going into details as to the spe-
cial qualities of the honey produced by a score
or more men. But any one who will attempt
to buy up honey from any and all, as I have,
will not be long in finding out that there is
much honfy far below the standard,- and
which could not be called much less than
sweetened water— honey that would not weigh
even 10 to lOKj lbs. per gallon.
San Mateo, Fla., Nov. 1.

[The letter of the 33d referred to does not
seem to have come to hand, as a search through
our office fails to reveal it. A comparison of the
original manuscript of the article to which
friends Mitchell and Hart refer shows that it
was printed according to copy. But such slips
of the pen are easily made, and in this case cer-
tainly seem pardonable; but so far as I am
concerned I am glad in one sense that it was
made ; for it has been the means of calling
forth a couple of very valuable articles that we
probably should not have received otherwise.
" All is well that ends well."

If a few have been extracting honey little
better than "sweetened water, a little caution
will do no harm. Mr. Brown did mention the
name of one bee-keepor whom he had especial-
ly in mind; but we have suppressed the name.
He alludes indirectly to some others, but they
do not appear to be among the progressive and
prominent b(e-keepers, and hence all reference
to the matter was omitted.— Ed].

862

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov. 15.

THAT "SWEETKNED WATER;" THE SPECIFIC
GRAVITY, AND HOW DETERMINED OF FLOR-
IDA honey; TWO-STORY TEN-FRAME HIVES;
AN ARRAY OF VALUABLE STATISTICS ON
FLORIDA DURING THE PAST SEASON.

By W. S. Hart.

After reading Mr. A. F. Brown's letter, on
page 796, wherein I find some remarkably
sweeping statements that, uncorrected, are cal-
culated to give the world the impression that
the greater portion of the honey from this
section is but " sweetened water," from being
extracted before it should be, and that the ma-
jority of the apiarists are either knaves or
fools, with Mr. H. W. Mitchell and myself at
the head of the procession, I loaded up my big-
gest gun, metaphorically speaking, with a
charge that would pepper that letter, from
address to signature, so full of holes that it
would not hold oranges if used for a wrapper.
This charge would have blackened the face of
three pages, at least, of your journal, and was
made up of statements of facts and figui'es and
essays on proper size of hives for this section,
curing honey, winter stores, migratory bee-
keeping, and stimulative feeding — the sum-
ming-up of the most valuable lessons learned
in 18 years of study, experience, and observa-
tion, of exceptionally successful bee-keeping.
Having a soft spot in my heart for friend
Brown, however, and not desiring to "shoot to
kill," I gave him notice that something was
going to happen, in consequence of his stric-
tures, so that he might shelter himself and get
hurt as little as possible by the fusillade. In re-
ply I got a letter from him, thanking me for
the notice

[Mr. Hart here gave extracts from Mr. Brown's
letter; but as it is in substance like what he lias
written in reply to Mr. Mitchell above I omit it here
to avoid repetition.— Ed,]

Well, after getting this letter, which so care-
fully disclaims all evil intent, and at the same
time sets myself and some others partly right, I
rolled up my MS., and for the present, at least,
its valuable contents is lost to the bee-keeping
world. I have not the time to give to the dis-
cussion and correspondence that it would call
out. I may at some future time give the parts
that treat of curing honev, and the secrets of
obtaining large crops of extracted, for I am
egotist enough to think that they contain
methods that, if adopted, would add very large-
ly to the income of many of the apiaries of
America, and at the same time furnish as good
(or a better) quality of honey.

There are a few points in Mr. Brown's letter,
however, that I will touch upon before I leave
it.

My orange crop kept my men and myself
busy picking, packing, and shipping, almost
constantly from Dec. 9, 1893, up to April 14. 1894,
except that I was called away about the middle
of March, and kept from home a month, at
just the time of all others that my bees needed

me. I had been so busy for over four months
that ray bees had been examined but twice in
that time— once by myself and once by a novice
at the business. No stimulative feeding was
done in April, as is my custom. The result
was, I went into the summer flow with about
twelve very poor or queenless colonies, 116 in
all. I came out of the flow with 116 colonies in
fine shape, a little over 41,000 lbs. of honey, and
300 to 400 lbs. of wax, nearly all from cappings,
that can not be excelled. This gives me an
average, right through, of 3.53}^ lbs. of honey
per colony, instead of 344, as Mr. Brown gave
it. A colony that has been kept on scales for
three years past, but has had no extra atten-
tion of any kind, except its weight being often
taken, yielded 534V4 lbs., carefully weighed. I
had considerably more than that from a few
hives, and I am satisfied that two or three gave
me 600 lbs. each. I am glad to say I tested the
specific gravity of this honey with my hygrome-
ter, and Messrs. Brown and Storer'sas well, and
I have them as well as other witnesses to testify
that it tests fully as high as theirs, and ten
and twelve degrees, according to kind, higher
than the " usual thickness of ordinary extract-
ed honey," as given on page 408 of same issue
of Gleanings (I think you, Mr. Editor, must
have made an error of ten degrees there).

[I tind that tlie scales vary on the different makes
of liygTometeis. Perhaps yours is a different make,
and lience the different readings. — Ed.]

As to extracting twice a week, I will confess
that I could not do that, as I am not up to ex-
tracting 2500 lbs. of fully capped honey in 41.2
hours, even if it is all at hand, and I have an
assistant. It takes me 3>.2 days to make a
round of extracting, with one man to help, and
I have other business to attend to ouside of my
apiary. I made one round a week most of the
season, but not as often toward the last. My
hives are two-story ten-frame, with but nine
frames in the top story. I extract only from
these nine frames. Mr. Mitchell's eight-frame
hives were mostly tiered three high.

Mr. Brown says, in his published letter,
" Again, some extracted so close that their bees
will regain a good share of it back before they
will meet any more coming in." "Others left
.50, 75, or 100 lbs. in their hives. All these items
figure in and materially change the face of
many of the yields."

I hope no one will commit the error of count-
ing me as one among the first. My hives will
average now, after the August and September
drouth, about .50 lbs., and honey is coming in
faster than it is used. Nor do I want to be
counted still more foolishly at the other ex-
treme, crowding my queens with a full hive of
our choicest white honey wiiile the field-bees
mix it with the dark fall crop by tucking the
latter into what few available empty cells they
can find here and there, or else lie idle for want
of room for it. I hardly think Mr. Brown

18M

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

803

would leave his hivos In this shape either, as
he has " migrated " enough to learn the evils
of moving bees 75 miles overland, with 75 to 100
lbs. of honey in them.

I give below the statistics of most of the
apiaries in the territory covered by this letter,
but extending some five; miles further north
than that covered by Mr. Brown's. These will
be found to vary somewhat from those given
by him: but they are as correct as careful
attention in collecting could make them. It
will be seen by these that the narrow strip,
nearly all lying between the J., St. A. & I. R.
R. R. and the ocean, with Port Orange on the
north and Oak Hill at the south, produced this
year about 200 tons o honey.
Cols, in spring.

100
70
78
19
10

38

E. A. Marsh
Tom Adams
E. O. Clinton
Mr. Hii.sky
J. Dial
H. S. Harkei'
E. G. Heweit
John Olson
C. VV. Barber
O. O. Pt)ppleton
Mr. Moore 57

John Abbott
E. M. Storer 375
A. F. Brown 308
W. P. Wilkinson 19
W. S. Hart 116

. H. W. iVlitchell 57
J. P. Turner
A. S. Brown
Chas. A Id en
K. S. Slieldon
J. Y. Betwiler 15
H. Luthge 18

T. G.Lindberg 6
H. H. Robinson 60
J. B. Case 50

P. Johnson 78

C. Jones

increased to 150

14

3(X10 lbs. comb honey
9ao01bs. comb honey

incresi-sed to .50

run for honey, many nu
clei for queen-breeding-.

31„560

24,U0J

33,U00

4,U()0

1,863

610

4,455

13,150

15,000

33,0U0

13,1 iH I

9.300

43,000

43,000

6,300

41.0J0

31,600

1,336

300

750

3,2.50

3,3o0

5,000

573

13,000

19,000

16,000
lu,400

45 .300 lbs. comb honey
Hawk's Park, Fla., Oct. :i9.

[We should be very glad to get that article, or
one like it, on your method of curing honey,
and, incidentally, your ideas on the size and
shape of hives. — Ed.]

PKOPOLi.s FOR warmth; foundation: the

LONG - IDEA HIVE PREFERRED TO ONE OR
MORE STORIES OF THE EIGHT - FRAME
HIVES; THE LIFTING QUESTION NOT A SE-
RIOUS ONE WITH LARGE HIVES; IMPOR-
TANCE OF A HIVE REGULATED TO THE
SEASON AND TO THE COLONY; A COMPAR-
ATIVE .STUDY OF LARGE AND SMALL HIVES
VALUELESS.

lilt O. O. Popplelim.

The reading of Gleanings for October 1.5
suggests a few notes.

Ask Dr. Miller why, if bees do not propolize
for warmth (see Straw on first page), they do
so much more of it late in the season, when the
weather is growing colder, than early, when it
is growing warmer.

I think Mr. Galvin and Ur. M.'s assistant are
needlessly alarmed (Straw on page 788), about
bees cutting out foundation that is fastened to
the bottom-bar; at least, my bees aren't so
naughty. Possibly, shape of bottom-bar has

something to do with it. Mine are very narrow
— Vb' inch.

On p. 794, in your footnotes discussing small
vs. large hives, you speak of the fun of han-
dling—that is, lifting 13-frame hives and long
single-story hives. Why, bless- you, friend R.,
this very question of lifting the upper stories of
hives is why I long ago discarded all forms of
double-story hives, and adopted the long single-
story hive, such as I use exclusively. Of course,
there were other reasons; but that is the prin-
cipal one why I stick to that style. My general
health is so poor that it would be practically
impossible for me to handle a fair-sized apiary
if I had to handle hives. I doubt whether, in
the ordinary management of an apiary, I lift
any, certainly not half a dozen, large hives con-
taining bees, combs, and honey, in any one
season.

On the same page, Mr. Dayton calls attention
to the Importance of having the size of brood-
nests regulated to the season; and /would add,
to the colony. I called the attention of your
readers to this point a dozen years ago, while
giving a few of the advantages of single over
double story hives, it would be a good thing
if your readers' attention could be called to
that idea quite often by such articles as Mr.
Dayton's. Good things will bear a good deal
of repetition.

So far as large single-story hives are concern-
ed, I think the latter half of your footnotes on
p. 796 do not apply. Except for extra frames
of comb, a large single-story hive uses exactly
the same number of pieces, covers, division-
boards, etc., whether it contains a large or small
colony; and there are no extra pieces to store
away when necessary to reduce any colony to a
small brood-nest.

On the same page Mr. Brown gives partial
statistics from the Mosquito Inlet honey-flelds
which are, I think, fairly correct, and within
bounds. In saying a barrel of honey, we usual-
ly mean about 400 lbs.; but reports should al-
ways be made in something having a fixed and
definite value, as pounds or tons.

All who may hear of our large yield of honey
this year should understand that the yield has
been a phenomenal one— very much so too— and
is confined to one or at most a few localities.
Not long ago Mr. Hart allowed me to examine
his honey-records for nearly 30 years past; and
this year's record excels the best of any previous
one by about 40 per ceut. I do not expect to
see another sea.son its equal; but this Is pure
speculation, of course.

In your footnotes on p. 794 you suggest the
study of our reports this year relative to the
comparative value of large or small hives. In
my opinion such a study would be absolutely
valueless, because the other conditions In each
apiary have been so different from any others.
Thus, four of us, Capt. Webster, Mr. Stover,
Mr. Brown, and myself, practice migratory

864

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov. 15.

bee-keeping, and all four of us this year had a
lighter yield than did nearly all who kept their
bees in the same locality all the time. This
differs from our experience during the four pre-
ceding seasons. Of course, our yields can not
be compared with the stay-at-homes, so far as
the influence of certain hives is concerned. A
comparison of the yields of us four migratory
folks proves nothing in that same line, as no
one of us occupied a locality similar to the one
occupied by either of the others. Part of the
mangrove field was much more congested with
bees than were other parts, there being in the
immediate vicinity of Hawk's Park some three
times as many colonies to the same space as
were in other localities. Conditions in each
apiary differed from conditions in other api-
aries. Thus, one apiary was as large as the
owner wanted, and nearly all colonies were old
ones, and strong early in the season. Another
was the reverse of this, but had all young
queens as an offset. Another bee-keeper was
sick during part of the early harvest, and was
forced to neglect his bees at an important time,
etc.

You say you hardly know what is a big record
for extracting. While in Cuba we had a native
Cuban do our extracting, and his average work
was about 250 lbs. per hour. He did all the un-
capping, extracting, and cleaning burr-combs
off' the top of the frames, using a six-frame non-
reversible extractor. This is about the same
as Mr. Brown did; but I hate to think that a
young active American, like Mr. Brown, can
equal only one unskilled Cuban in such work.

Potsdam, Fla.

[The record of the Cuban was accomplished
with a six-frame non - reversible extractor,
while Mr. Brown's was performed with only a
ttwo-frame machine. True, it was a reversible,
but here is the secret of the rapid work. A
small machine starts and stops quicker, is easi-
er handled in every way, and when it is made
reversible it will equal the work of a six-frame
non-reversible and a six-footer Cuban. Mr.
Brown is not a large man, and that Cuban was
probably his equal if not superior in strength.
Therefore I think our American, Brown, really
holds the record.

A comparative study of the sizes of hives may
not be entirely satisfactory, but I think some
facts may be gleaned nevertheless, and hence
I'd like to see an attempt at it. Regarding the
Long-idea vs. the two and three story 8-frame
hives, let me refer you to the article of M. A.
Gill, just following.— Ed.]

THE TIERING -UP PRINCIPLE OF THE EIGHT-
FRAME HIVE ; THE "EIGHT AND TEN FRAME
TRIED SIDE BY SIDE, WITH RESULTS IN FA-
VOR OF THE FORMER, AND WHY.

By M. A. Gill.

What has become of the tiering-up principle
of the movable-comb bee-hive? It seems to
have become one of the lost arts to at least
some bee-keepers, for they have forgotten that
they can tier up and thus meet the requirements

of an increasing colony, but are taking up the
old "long idea" plan, not back of the brood-
nest with the Adair or Gallup frame, but off
sidewise with the Langstroth frame.

Where one writer suggests from eight to ten,
another from ten to twelve, and another sug-
gests fourteen frames, what is it but the old
" long idea," and that off sidewise, as though
they had forgotten both principles— that of tier-
ing up, and the true long idea. I have not been
without both eight and ten frame Langstroth
hives side by side for the past ten years; and I
must say I decidedly prefer the eight-frame
hive for my locality, and I live less than thirty
miles from Bro. Hatch; but I am aware that
our forage is somewhat different. My surplus
comes from basswood, having only three times
in eighteen years secured a small crop of clover
honey, but nearly always enough to build up
on, ready for the basswood flow.

Now, if any ten or twelve frame advocate
were in my location, and would agree to use no
dummies in the spring, and only one super in
the harvest, I think I could convince him that
his hive was too large in the spring and too
small during the harvest. Our spring seasons
are usually cold and backward, and bees do not
build up fast until after May 30. That leaves
us only three weeks to secure our basswood-
workers. Like Doolittle, I do not want them
any sooner, for there is nothing for them to do
but consume; and I have always noticed that
a colony whose queen has exhausted herself
early in the season comes up to the honey sea-
son much behind the colony that has reserved its
force until the proper time; and bees in ten-
frame hives are not so provident in early breed-
ing, on account of the extra honey the hive
will contain. I find that, in any size of hive
containing L. frames, after bees have six or
seven frames well filled with brood, they would
much rather occupy two frames directly over
the seven than one at each side of the seven.
Heat rises, as any one can see by watching a
burning brush-pile. One will notice, too, that
the heat will seem to come to a point at a lim-
ited distance, the outside heat being drawn to
the center by its intensity. To illustrate, go
out some morning when the hives are covered
with frost, and look at the size of the melted
spot on a one-story, two-story, and three-story
hive. My bees, at least, much prefer to econ-
omize this heat for breeding-purposes than to
warm up more room at the side.

Candidly, it seems to me that eight frames is
the "happy medium" between too much and
too little; and with that splendid feature added
(tiering up), all that could be asked in a bee-
hive is obtained.

Right here I wish to go on record as saying
that I do not consider any colony in prime con-
dition for the basswood flow with less than 24
L. frames. Going farther, I know that the
same colony will gather as much surplus in five

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

86.1

to six days, when given two sets of comb, as
will take it eight days on one set.

Hold on! I have got to fix up the fence a little
(not Dr. Miller's), or Bro. Hatch will sharpen
this point 1 have made, and ruthlessly stick
me with it by saying, "There, Gill, you are ad-
mitting your hive is too small." I plead guilty.
It is too small when I want a large hive; but I
can tier it up till I need guy-ropes, if necessary;
but your hive is too big when I want a small
hive, and too small when I want a big hive;
for you will certainly admit that it would be
no fun lifting off any thing more than one
super holding ten frames.

Viola, Wis.

[It is natural for us to indorse the opinions
of one whose experience has been in line with
our own; and so I agree with friend Gill, be-
cause his experience has been mine. I can't
understand why friend Hatch should find that
queens are loath to enter the top story, espe-
cially as he is only 30 miles from you. Then
there is E. France, who finds brood in two sto-
ries of eight-frame bodies, and he is not much
over 100 miles away. About 100 miles south of
Mr. Hatch is Mr. Harry Lathrop, a strong ad-
vocate of the eight- frame size, and his crop of
honey this season was large. I said I couldn't
understand why there should be this difference;
but upon second thought, ten miles, as we all
know, sometimes makes a big difference in the
locality. — Ed.]

L. COGGSHAI.L ON EIGHT VS. TEN FRAME
HIVES; A FEW INTERESTING FACTS AND FIG-
URES, IN WHICH THE EIGHT-FRAME COMES
OUT A '• LEETLE " BIT AHEAD OF THE TEN-
FRAME HIVE.

By Harry S. Howe.

During a recent visit to Mr. W. L. Coggshall,
the subject of Dr. Miller and the fence came
up. At my request, Mr. Coggshall referred to
his complete honey-house record to see whether
or not he had any thing which would help the
doctor down from his seat on the top rail of the
eight vs. ten frame fence.

Smith's
Pine Woods

V aina
Bacon's

h;nis
Lansing
Brown's
Etna
Forest Home

Totals

<i:

1 -

1 ■

6

s

i ^

be
c
'V,

c

a)

C

c

o

o

Is?

5^

|1

>
Si

2
i

c«
2,

id
a

50

18

68

3200

64

Kidder 8

vr

95

"

2:t

90

X200

son
(8c-oIs.>

128

L. 8

4

V)

t"

411

lao

g6IH)

9-.M

L. 8

10

4'?

m

lb

9b

3.301)

1300

t30 cols. )

66

S. 10

6

50

m

11

V8

6;)oo

89U

L. 8

13

17

72

7500

VH'/,

L. 8

Q

■?o

M

6()00

12(1

Eclectic 10

(I

50

■u 11

lb

12011

35K

L. 8

10

•>o

12 15

bV

4500

107

L. 8

12

tiO

.HO

l.iO

69.)

483O0

1800

Just a word here in regard to those records.
They consist of pieces of smooth boards, nailed
up in each honey-house, on which are written
all items of importance regarding the yard as a
whole, such as date of unpacking, amount of
honey, etc. From the copy of these records
kept at home, the above analysis of the re-

sults of the yards is compiled. The yards are
numbered in the order in which they were
established. The honey is largely buckwheat,
and very fine.

From the above table it would seem that lo-
cation makes more difference than any thing
else. The two ten-frame yards averaged 93 lbs.
of extracted honey. The seven eight-frame
yards averaged m% lbs. This would lead me
to think that, so far as extracted honey is con-
cerned, the fence is the place yet awhile.

There are some things not shown by the
table, which may have some influence upon the
results. The colonies run for extracted in num-
ber four were, perhaps, a trifle weaker than
those run for comb; but to balance that, is the
fact that there was no increase in number sev-
en, as there was no winter loss. In fact, there
has not been over one per cent of loss there
since the yard was established. Yard number
four also seems to winter very nicely. The dif-
ference is probably partly due to the difference
in location, as there was considerable variation
in chat respect in yards which were apparently
just the same last fall. The yards all received
nearly the same attention. There is no home
yard and no pet yard to get extra work. Hoff-
man frames were used in the Eclectic hive.

The conclusion reached by Mr. Coggshall
was that, so far as extracted honey is concern-
ed, there is no material difference. They win-
ter slightly better in the ten-frame hives.
There are two more combs to handle in each
hive to get the same honey in extracting, and
the ten-frame hives are not so apt to swarm.

Kings Ferry, N. Y.

[Coggshall's table of figures is interesting and
valuable because it is evident that it was not
fixed up to prove that either the eight or ten
frame was the better size; but it does show
pretty clearly that the smaller hive holds its
own against the larger. The table shows^ also,
that it was a no one or two hive record, but one
that is made up from over .500 colonies. Cogg-
shall is and has been one of the successful ones.
He doesn't write much, but he knows much
about getting big crops of honey.— Ed.]

EIGHT AND TEN FRAMES; A COMPARATIVE

TEST, WITH THE DIFFERENCE IN FAVOR

OF THE LARGE Iin'E.

By S. (\ Goiwhi.

Two-Story brood eight-frame hives won't
work. I started 10 years ago here in Florida,
with 3."> two-story Simplicity hives, with 7 wide
frames for comb honey. A few years after you
brought out the T super I made 20 hives, taking
9 frames and a T holding 34 one-pound sections.
Soon after, I got 30 hives, 8-frame. I ran these
one season for comb honey, using one story and
T supers. At the end of the season my crop
from those hives convinced me that eight frames
was too small. The next season, when the
lower story was full of brood, I gave a second

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov. 15.

story to enlarge the brood-chamber. I soon
found the queens in the upper stories, and later
I found that the queens occupied only five or
six frames in the lower story, and about the
same in the upper. The following spring the
queens had left the lower story without brood,
and were occupying the upper story, requiring
the raising of the lower stories (lots of work),
and gave me only 10, or in some cases 11, frames
of brood and 5 frames of honey, which should
have been in sections. I have got in our api-
ary, with the same attention, more comb honey
from Simplicity hives with 7 wide frames than
I have ever got from a two-story eight- frame
or nine or eight frame brood-chamber with T
supers. I am now running my eight-frame
hives three and four story for extracted honey.
This is in answer to a footnote, page 794, Oct. 15.
Sarasota, Fla., Oct. 24.

[These are facts that we want: but don't stop
jiere— we want more of ihcm. The question of
the size of hives is a very important one.— Ed.]

THE TEN FRAME COLONIES AHEAD OF THE
EIOHT-FRAME.

I have been using the eight and ten frame
hives side by side, half of each. I have kept
record for three years, and my ten-frame hives
are ahead. Three of my best ten-frame colo-
nies gave me 100 lbs. each this year; three best
eight-frame, only <iO lbs. The ten -frames have
ten frames full below, and the others only
eight. I use half-depth frames on all my hives
for extracted honey. I put them on early in
the spring, then when well started I raise
them up and put sections under. This is the
only method by which I can secure any honey.
This has been a great year for swarming here,
yet I have had only six swarms from 30 colo-
nies by this plan. C. S. Nevins.

Wagstaff, Kan., Oct. (>.

[This is the kind of evidence we want. It is
these comparative tests that are worth bushels
of theory.— Ed. J

THAT BIGGEST BEE KEEPER IN MICHIGAN.

CROP THIS YEAR 30,000 LBS., AND NOT A POOR
SEASON IN 18 YEARS.

By B. Walher.

I want to tell you I have been very much in-
terested in the accounts given by the junior
editor of Gleanings of his visits to some of the
loading bee-keepers of our State. I have en-
joyed them all the more as they are all personal
friends of mine, and none the less if they have
not cut much figure as honey- producers of late
years.

That description of the biggest sawmill in
the State wasn't so bad, either, for a mere boy;
but then, big sawmills are so numerous here in
Northern Michigan, and big bee-keepers so
scarce, that I did not care so much for that;
but just the same we have one big bee-keeper

here — the biggest one in the State, if I am cor-
rect, who keeps nearly 3.50 colonies in seven dif-
ferent yards, and who raised over 20.000 lbs. of
honey this season, and who has not failed of
getting a good crop for IS years past. This
chap lives not far south of Cadillac, at a place
called Evart, on the direct route from Flint to
Manistee: and as his apiaries are located chief-
ly at different stations close by the depots, his
home yard being but a few rods from the station
at Evart, the junior editor no doubt had less
trouble in finding him than he did friend Hunt.
Of course, I have been waiting with no little
impatience for an account of his visit to this
man, and a description of some of the apiaries
and. methods of this biggest bee-keeper— in
fact, I can hardly wait for the next number of
Gleanings.
Evart, Mich., Oct. 24.

[Now look here; you didn't give his name.
On our subscription-list we find at that point
B.Walker. Is it he? I did not know there was
a bee-keeper anywhere in the State who was
engaged so extensively in the business. I cer-
tainly should have called upon him, as I went
right through the place. Well, now, I want to
know more about him— anyhow his hive, his
methods, and himself.

The writer of the sawmill article was a
younger sister (not a boy), who wrote home an
account of her visit to the mill, without any
expectation that it would be published. When
A. I. R. said he wanted it, she protested, but
finally consented, with the understanding that
her name should be omitted. — Ed.]

ANOTHER TREMENDOUSLY LARGE HONEY-
YIELD.

AN AVERAGE OF 750 LBS. PER COLONY FROM
()3, SPRING COUNT.

By H. Petersen.

Mr. Root: — Seeing that you mention my large
yield of over 1200 lbs. for one hive in a single
season, in July 1st Gleanings, I will give you
my returns for the same season, 1891-'92— a very
long and favorable one. Started in spring with
63 colonies; increased to 120, and extracted a
little over 48,000 lbs. of honey — an average of
7.50 lbs. per colony, spring count. This is the
highest average record in New South Wales,
Australia. Has it been exceeded in any country
where Gleanings circulates? My bees are
Italians and hybrids, in 20-frame '" long-idea"
hives.

Wattle Flat, N. S. W., Aus., Sept. 8.

[This yield is indeed enormous, and. if I am
correct, quite outstrips any other records. The
figures, to those of us who have for a series of
years had almost failures and small averages
of ten and twenty-five pounds, seem incredible;
and yet I have learned not to be surprised at
any thing coming from a reliable source (as in
this case) in warm climates, when modern
methods and modern intelligence are applied.
Now, I am sure there must have been other
large yields — perhaps not so large— in your
country, and we all of us in this country want
to know more about it— the kind of hive used;

894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

8«7

frames, etc.— not that we wish to emigrate to
that favored paradise for the bee-keeper, but
that we like to know what has been and can be
done under the most favorable circumstances
in the best season, in tlie most favored locality.
It may be well to mention that Mr. Pender,
•of Australia, who attended the World's Fair,
reported at the North American, which he at-
tended, some very large yields. In the light of
these the report above may not seem so impos-
sible of attainment after all, especially when
we remember that, in some places in Australia,
honey comes in the year round.— Ed.]

RAMBLE 120.

IN THE ZAf A MOUNTAINS.

Till Rdinbln:

If I were to divide the people of Los Alamos
off into squads I would put one-fourth down as
Americans, Dutch, etc.; one-fourth .Spaniards,
and one- half babies. It may seem remarkable
that so many babies should be there to make up

over their heads, and then he would laugh and
shout, " More babies I " A further look on my
part in the opposite direction would reveal an-
other squad and more babies. It is needless to
say, that my dreams for several nights were of
red mouths, fists, and feet, all in juxtaposition.
I could see no sense in Wilder's spatting his
hands, and laughing about it, when it was such
downright sober business. It was, therefore, a
downright relief when Brother Hilton (may his
shadow never grow less) proposed that we spend
a day or two prospecting the honey capabilities
of the Zaca Mountains. Mr. H. aroused our im-
aginations, and visions of elysian fields of hon-
ey-flora floated through our minds; and one
morning, soon after the 4th of .July, our ponies
were attached to Mr. Hilton's wagon, and, with
our camp-e(iuipage, guns, etc., we set forth.
Our party consisted of Mr. Hilton and his sev-
en-year-old daughter Frances; Mr. Wilder, and
myself. The three peaks of the Zaca Moun-

ZACA LAKK.

the population ; but when a big .Spaniard and
his wife present themselves and point with
pride to their family of 24 children, and some of
these older children married and emulating the
example of their parents, the problem is not re-
markable. When it became generally known
that a photographic ontlit was located near our
friend the blacksmith we were besieged with
much work, and enlivened with the squalls
and wry faces of Spanish babies, some black
and some white, and some of a mongrel hue.
While the Rambler, with tired and befuddled
brain, would try to focus the camera on one of
the aforesaid urchins, of less than a week's
growth, WMlder would catch a glimpse of anoth-
er squad of dark-skinned women with towels

tains loomed up against the sky in the blue dis-
tance, about twenty miles ahead of us. During
our journey Mr. H. amused himself by pointing
out the various things of interest on the way,
and we discoursed fraternally in relation to bee
culture and its delights. All along the route,
whenever we passed through oak-groves we
found the busy bees at work amid their branch-
es in great numbers. We were curious to find
out what they could find in oak-trees at that
time of the year, and proceeded, as a committee
of the whole, to investigate. Our examination
revealed the source of honey. The little acorns
that were just forming had been stung or punc-
tured by some kind of insect, an egg deposited,
a little worm hatched, and a sweet juice exud-

868

GLEANI^GS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov. 1.').

ed from the wound, and this was what the bees
were so busily at work upon. As it exuded
enough to drop upon the leaves, I suppose the
liquid must be called honey-dew, or something
akin to it. Mr. H. assured us that the bees
gathered much honey from this source, and
thatitv/as not of a bad quality. No civilized
bees were kept in the wild country through
which we were passing. The multitude of bees,
therefore, were from the trees and rocks.

The canyon we soon entered, and through
which we wound our way, was wild and hem-
med in by tall mountains; but not more so. per-
haps, than what we had seen in other places,
and especially in the Sespe region.

time, however, we reached our destination —
Zaca Lake — a fine sheet of water several acres^
in extent, just under those three peaks, and
several thousand feet above the level of the sea>
This little lake, perched so high above the sur-
rounding country, is considered a great curiosi-
ty in the region, and is becoming quite a sum-
mer resort, in spite of the rugged climb to get
to it. We found here the lone cabin of a frog-
eating Frenchman. I do not say " frog-eating'"
out of any disrespect to the French, but because
Mr. H. said that this man did eat frogs : and
the remains of many of the succulent Silurian
monsters were visible around the cabin. It
seemed to be a healthful climate for frogs, ex-

HII/rON AND WILDER BRINGING IN THE GAME.

Our load weighed rather heavily upon our po-
nies; and when we came to the final two-mile
grade, about as steep as the roof of a gothic
house, we camped for the night. PYances was
tucked up warmly in one corner of the tent:
Mr. Wilder rolled himself in his blanket, under
a tree, whilt Mr. H. and I sought the remain-
ing corner? of the tent.

The next morning, leaving our ponies tether-
ed in a little spot of wild oats, which are plenti-
ful here, we climbed the steep grade. Frances
partly climbed and partly clung to her papa ;
and, on account of the heat, we often rested. In

cept when the Frenchman was around, for we
saw some of aldermanic size. A ramble around
the lake, a photograph or two. a sail on its pla-
cid waters, and a peep into its clear and un-
fathomed depths, and we were ready to return
to camp. Frances enjoyed a ride down on her
papa's shoulders, and, owing to the uncertain
foothold, we occasionally made ourselves into
sleds in an undignified way, much against our
wills, and that's the way we and Frances came
down.

We found much honey flora that was new to
us, and plenty of bees at work. Mr. H. spent a

1894

GLEANINdS IN BEE CULTURE.

860

•short timo trying to find a bee-tree, but did not
succeed, though they must be plentiful here.

Mr. Hilton had been telling me that he knew
of a good bee and honey range that would just
suit me; and here in this wild spot, with moun-
tains rising upon all sides of us, Mr. H. enthusi-
astically exclaimed, " Here, Mr. Rambler, is the
place for you." It was certainly retired enough,
and the bees would have an easy flight to the
hives. All they would have to do would be to
fold their wings and drop ; but the purling
stream I was looking for was not large enough,
and I told Mr. H. that I would look further.

In the early morning, while Mr. H., Frances,
and I, were climbing to the lake, Mr. Wilder
went on a deer-hunt, but returned, as usual,
empty-handed, saying that he saw only signs.
I began to have a downright disrespect for his
deer-hunting qualities: and he had come in so
many times from an arduous early-morning
climb, with his signs story, that I had a private
smile up my sleeve every time.

We concluded that the journey for our ponies
would be much easier if we moved our camp
toward the mouth of the canyon, and we ac-
cordingly traveled down several miles and
•camped again under one of those noble broad-
spreading live-oaks. Mr. Wilder rolled himself
in his blanket again, and slept under the wag-
ou, while the rest of us sought the tent. In the
"wee sma' hours" of the night the sharp re-
port of a rifle aroused us, and, upon inquiry, Mr.
Wilder informed us that a fox had tried to ap-
propriate our provisions. The fox escaped, and
left the usual " signs "' of being around.

Mr. Wilder's mind, however, on deer was
bent ; and ere the morning gray had streaked
the east, a hasty morsel of food he snatched,
and was away to the mountains. Mr. Hilton,
Frances, and the rest of us. arose when so in-
clined, and prepared our breakfast of good
things. While we were stowing it away we
heard the sharp report of the rifle, far up the
mountain. Soon another bang, then another.

■■ Signs of deer," said I, with a sardonic grin.

•■ Yes," said Mr. H., "signs of deer."

In the course of an hour Mr. Wilder returned
to camp, calm and collected.

" Signs of deer ? " said I.

"Yes," said he, "'signs of deer."

He sat down and filled the inner man, and
then invited us to help him bring in his game —
a deer.

'• Why, Wilder, you're joking. It was only
«igns. wasn't it? "

"Mr. Rambler," said he, "it is a deer this
time."

I believed him immediately, for he said it
with a sort of oeorge Washington I-can't-lie
manner that carried conviction. Mr. H. and I
followed him about half a mile up the canyon,
and there was the defunct deer, sure enough.
My sardonic smile up the sleeve did not fit that
morning, and I threw it away, and have not in-

dulged in one since. The deer was duly photo-
graphed, and all parties concerned are true to
life. It was duly dressed, and taken to town;
and for several days we lived on venison. My
partner rose several degrees, as a deer- hunter,
in the estimation of Mr. H. and the Rambler.

CALIFORNIA ECHOES.

By Ramhlcr.

Mr. J. Hilton, of Los Alamos, has an apiary
for sale. He also mentions Spanish seuori-
tas. Please excuse the Rambler, Mr. Hilton.
I will turn the field over to some gushing ten-
derfoot. Those senoritas are very pretty,
though.

Which have the longest tongues— Carniolans
or Italians'? Mr. Wilder says the Italians have.
His experience is first-class, for he has had
more picture talk with Italian women than
any other person of my acquaintance. Their
tongues were always too much for him.

" The bees of Brazil hang their combs outside
on branches of trees, at the very summit, and
at the ends of slender twigs, to be out of the
way of monkeys, which are very fond of hon-
ey." The above is a clear case of education in
the race of bees, where some claim there is
none.

There is also a good round story about a
Florida colony securing .wO lbs. of honey in one
season. I believe it. But when we hear that
a colony has produced 1000 lbs. in one season,
our credulity is stretched as tight as a fiddle-
string. If the fellow had added just one pound
more I would have jumped up and shouted,
"It's a lie."

The California woodpecker may be called an
educated bird. He first drills a hole in the
bark of a tree, large enough to accommodate
an acorn. He then gets his acorn, always a de-
fective one, or one in which is an embryo grub,
and inserts it in the hole. In due lime the
grub becomes a luscious morsel, and the wood- ■
pecker is on hand for his feast.

Now, editor Ernest, when you are out on a
wheel again, and want to find Bell Branch or
the other town, don't inquire of a dude hotel
clerk. They know but little outside the four
walls of their little office. Just ask my friend
the blacksmith. He will set you right every
time. The next best place is a livery-stable
keeper. Here in California my friend the
blacksmith is posted on roads for a hundred
miles in all directions.

A writer in the A. B. J. says bees get fat and
lazy, and that, too, during a dearth Of honey.
A California man told me that his bees become
poor, scrawny, and lazy, just like his cattle,
when the feed was short. The latter doctor,
whose opinion is opposed to the former, could
neither read nor write. His wife was obliged

870

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov. 1.').

to help him in those accomplishments. I put
but little faith in his assertion, and in like man-
ner whether the A. B. J. correspondent does
his writing himself or by proxy. I don't be-
lieve his assertion. I don't believe bees ever
get fat or poor.

M I ^

THE STAMPEDE BEE-ESCAPE,

BuC. ir. Dautdii.

[The following is from th^i Bee-keepers' Review
for September. My own comments appear at
the end.— Ed.]

Friend H.:— I send you by this mail a model of
my bee-escape. No. 1 is a section of the escape-
board proper. No. 2 is a g-ate of wire cloth liing-ed
at its upper edge, and under which the bees pass
in their efforts to reach the opening- (4). toward
which they are drawn by tlie light coming in. By
the time they reach the screen through which the
light comes, they discover a more satisfactory
route (No. 3) to the brood-nest. No. 5 Is the raised
rim around the escape-board. No. 6 is the esciape
proper, made of tin, a portion of which is cut away
to show openings 3 and 4.

THE STAMPEDE 15EEES(A1»E.

The escape rests on the t(jp side of tlie escape-
board, instead of being let down into it. This ren-
ders the screened window discernible from all
points of the board, however distant. In my exper-
iments I have found that they go through the es-
cape rather than an open outside exit. In the
case of an outside exit the first uneasy bees, after
coming to the outside, return inside again, and it is
not until they become vviy uneasy that tliey dare
take wing or course down to the entrance on the
outside surface of super and hive. The first at-
tempt to reach the window results in such bee be-
ing tiuiipnl out of the super, and obliged to proceed
toward the brood-chamber. Thus in this escape it
is iiap lirst and strai ge passage afterwaid, instead
of strange passage first and trap last. After secur-
ing it to the board, adjust the points of wires so as
to nearly admit a bee by bending a wire, at the rear
part of tlie gate, against the roof. As the floor is
uneven it makes no difference if returning bees
climb on top of the gate. I have cleared 200 supers
this season with this escape.

Having the exit partially open is the turning-
point in the success or failure of all escapes, and in
the neglect of which many cast escapes aside. If
you wish tlie escape to operate very tine, ravel out
front lateral wii-es to within two wires of spindle
wire. It requires about as much experience to op-
erate escapes as it does in the spreading of brood.
An escape with a window to admit outside light
will operate the liest from morning until about
three or four o'clock in the afternoon. But toward

nightfall, bees will retreat from the light, so that,,
to do the most rapid work, the exit ought to be-
farthest from the window. This i)oint was sug-
gested and found true from the hiving of swarms-
with a lantern or by moonlight. If the empty hive
be placed on the moon side, as the bees are placed
before it, they do well if they do not leave it entire-
ly and retreat away toward the darkness. Place-
the hive on the dark side, and they retreat from
the moon light into it. So the moon exerts an in-
fluence on the hiving of bees, and. possibly, the
operation of escapes, so to say.

With the gate at tlie inside end of inclosed dark
passage, robbers will not be caught. Tliis season,
even in the height of the harvest, I found a band of
robbers prying around supers after the bees went
out. I removed the super, but allowed escape and
board to remain on the hive. When a robber ap-
proached tlie gate, and, seeing tlie light at the other
end, it thoufiht it had discovered plunder, and in-
stantly jumped under gate. Result, dead robbers
dragged out at entrance of hive below.

Oil. yes ! my advertisement states that 1010 bees
per minute may go through. These are three inches
long, agate on each side of the auger-hole. The-
cap:icity of escape I send is .500 to 700. After ad-
justing escape, spread carbolized cloth (prepared
a la Woodley) over top of frames, and put cover-
down upon it. They will stum^ede.

Florence, Cal. C. W. Dayton.

[Mr. Dayton's escape, theoretically, looks
like a good one. It combines very nicely the
flood-gate principle of the old original that Mr.
Pouder introduced some ten or twelve years
ago, and the going-toward-the-light idea of the-
Boa»'dman, also introduced at an early date.
The first mentioned consisted of a sort of gate,
or rake, the teeth of which were common pins,
the whole hinged at the top so that the bees
could pass under the pin-points one way but not
the other. Mr. Boardmaii, as some of our
readers know, has long used a cone bee-escape;
but instead of having it placed between the
super and brood chamber, he insists that the
proper place is in front of the super on the out-
side, and just over the lilve-en trance. The
bees go toward the light, pass outdoors, and. if
there are any young bees, they will crawl down
the hive-front into the entrance. As thus situ-
ated, Mr. Boardman claims that it is much
more rapid in its operation. In the mainte-
nance of this position he has stood practically
alone. But Mr. Dayton, independently and
without this knowledge, as I judge, of Board-
man's escape, or, rather, its position, has gotten
hold of the same idea (toward the light) and so.
arranged the escape that it lets the bees into
the hive. Occasionally robbers, Mr. Boardman
says, would bother the outside escapes.

i should like to see reports from others who-
may have tried the Dayton, as to how fast it
works compared to others. — Ed.]

SASSAFBAS AS A VEEMIFUGE.

WILI- IT KEEP ANTS AWAY FHOM HONEY, ETC.?"

By A. P. ir.

Some years ago I dried a (inantity of straw-
berries in sugar, and, after putting them away
with the greatest care, my disgust was extreme
when, upon opening them, I found worms here
and there among them. At first, I regarded the
case as hopeless; but having seen it asserted,.

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

871

over and over again in print, that tlie bark of
sassafras root would keep worms out of dried
fruit, and living, at the time, in Southern Xew
Jersey, where sassafras is, to say the least,
abundant, I determined to try it. Having care-
fully picked over the fruit, heated it again in
the oven, and divided it into two separate lots,
into one I put sassafras bark, mixing it through
the fruit here and there; but into the other I
did not put any. To all appearances both lots
were exactly alike when I put them away as
carefully as before. The one with the bark in
it remained perfectly free from worms until
all used; but the other lot, in a little while,
became infested again, and was finally destroy-
ed. Since then I have repeatedly used sassa-
fras bark, and think 1 am safe in saying that
the little moth that lays the eggs from which
the worms come will not go where sassafras is.
Now, since I have been a Gleanings reader,
and have seen so much about the troublesome
worms in honey-comb, I have wondered if there
could not be a way devised to use it to advan-
tage in protecting comb from the visits of the
bee-moth. Since my experiment with the fruit
I have come to live where it is not easy to ob-
tain sassafras bark, so I now use the oil, which
is cheap, and to be had at all drugstores. I
know bees do not dislike the odor of the oil,
because, two years ago, we put it on a hive in
various places, front and back, to drive out
large ants that were troubling one colony, and
the bees paid no attention to it. Large ants
seem to have a great aversion to it, and I have
three times, in the last ten years, routed them
from my pantry and kitchen cupboard with it.
Little red ants, and small black ones too. flee
from it. If the little red ants that are some-
times so troublesome make their appearance,
I droj) a little sassafras oil on bits of muslin,
and lay it wherever they are, and they leave.
Cinnamon oil. or ground cinnamon, if it is pure,
has the same etTect.

THK KINGBIRD A DKONE-EATEK.

I was glad to see the note in defense of the
kingbird in Gleanings for Oct. 1, and your
remarks upon it. About a year ago a writer
told of killing the kingbirds and redbirds be-
cause, as he said, they destroyed his bees, and
lived exclusively upon that kind of diet. I had
been watching those two kinds of birds for
some time, and had failed to see them catch a
single bee, even when they had every opijortu-
nity; and then, too, I knew that the redbirds
were .seef?-eaters, as we had family after family
of them reared in our house yard, where they
fed their young on melon- seeds thrown out for
them, and on the oats left by my daughter's
pet chickens.

[Sassafras may have been before suggested
for the riddance of insect pests, but I do not
now remember of it. I should be glad to get
reports from others who have been similarly
annoyed.— Ed.]

BEE PARALYSIS.

A WOKSE Sf'OUUOE IN SOME LOCALITIES THAN
FOUL BHOOD; all curios TRIED. A.\D ALL

A failukk; the only remedy where

I r IS KI'IDKMIC IS complete DESTRlf-
TION OF THE WHOLE COLONS'.

By T. S. Ford.

The idea that we both had. of killing oflf the
black shiny bees in the hives aflFected by bee-
paralysis, has been thoroughly tried by me this
summer, and it has gone the way of the sulphur
and the salt, and the requeening and the sali-
cylic acid— the limbo of exploded remedies for
this disease. I can not really believe that there
is any cure of the disease, except spontaneous
ones somehow worked out by nature's own
processes, if it can be truthfully asserted that
there are cures at all. I have seen some of my
colonies, that were decimated in the spring,
apparently get well when summer came on;
but the shiny bees are now beginning to reap-
pear in them all, even among those requeened
with queens from the North, which I once
thought could resist the disease.

In the light of what has lately been publish-
ed as to Cheshire's discovery of the bacillus
Gaytoni as being the origin of the malady, it
seems doubtful whether there is any hope of
cure. I know the infection is borne about on
the body of the bee itself, as I have seen an ap-
parently healthy queen from an infected hive
carry the disease into an apiary hitherto wholly
free from the trouble; and as I have seen the
malady spread from an infected hive to all
those close by in a short time. Now, foul brood
can, it appears, be eliminated, because the
bacillus develops only in the larvte; and when
the infected honey and infected combs and
hives are gotten rid of, and the bees put into
clean hives and on clean combs, the bacilli are
all gotten rid of. and the malady eradicated, as
appears from what is said of the methods of
treatment that have been reported as success-
ful. But reasoning on principle, what is to be
expected of a disease propagated by mere con-
tact, and where, after you have transferred the
bees to clean combs and clean hives, as I have
done, and fed them on sugar syrup for a while,
and then transferred them again, yet after all
there are the seeds of the disease in the shape
of the bacillus lurking in the body of an infect-
ed bee or queen, that, under favorable condi-
tions, propagates the infection anew?

It seems that we need the scientist, with his
microscope, to take the matter in hand, and
hunt the bacillus down thoroughly, and tell us
whether the spores of this organism are pre-
served in the honey, and thus carried into the
stomachs of the larvie; also to let us know
whether it lurks in the combs and on the walls
of the hives. Then, and not till then, can the
disease be treated scientifically.

But. after all, for one I utterly despair of any

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov. 1."

means that will exterminate the disease. Be-
yond all doubt it is infectious. My own exper-
iments have satisfied me that it is infectious,
and that the contagion is carried on the body
•of the insect. Now, granting that it is infec-
tious, how can we get rid of the bacillus by any
method short of the destruction of the individ-
ual that carries it about, and perhaps of his
hive, honey, and combs, if they too contain
spores of the bacillus?

Our doctors stop the spread of yellow fever
by drawing a cordon of quarantine around the
infected city. This being done, they do not
physic the whole city at once, nor do they ad-
minister remedies to kill the yellow-fever germ
in the sick person, because they know that any
remedy that will kill the germ will kill the
patient. May not this be true in the economy
of the hive? We can not quarantine the in-
fected bee against his fellows, of course, nor
can we quarantine the infected colony against
the robbers from other colonies, which, just at
the time when the disease is most virulent, and
has overpowered the sick community, rush in
-and sweep away the poison into their own
homes.

The two articles of Mr. Getaz, of Tennessee,
published in the American Bee Journal this
year, and lately reproduced in the Bee-keepers''
Review, have been read with great interest by
me, as showing that bee-paralysis has become
endemic in the neighborhood where he lives,
•doubtless by the very process above indicated.
The same thing has happened, it appears, in
California, I believe in San Bernardino Co.,
where it has destroyed thousands of colonies,
according to the statement of Rambler, in
iiLEANiNGS. Whatever may be the result of
bee-paralysis in the North, it is in this climate
a disease that is destructive to all prospects of
honey production for profit; and it is my con-
viction that the only method of dealing with it
is to promptly destroy every colony that shows
infection, and thus stamp it out.

1 have a criticism on the name that has been
given to this disease, that I wish to submit.
Bee-paralysis seems rather a misnomer to one
who sees the disease in its last and most viru-
lent stage, when the sick are seen cr?iwllng
about with their bellies enormously distended.
It looks then more like a dropsy; and when the
subject voids an enormous quantity of thin
yellow feces on the alighting- board, it looks as
much like a diarrhea. That rare malady in
the human subject once called " bronzed skin,"
when scientifically investigated, and traced to
a degeneration of the suprarenal capsules, by
Dr. Addison, was properly named Addison's
disease. Chronic degeneration of the tissues of
the kidneys, producing a multitude of symp-
toms, ending in death, is a disease that was in-
vestigated, and its true nature shown, by Dr.
Bright, and very appropriately it has been
termed Bright's disease. So I submit, that.

because Miss Gayton called Cheshire's atten-
tion to the bacillus that caused our '* nameless
bee-disease," it might with more propriety be
termed Gayton's disease.

For the benefit of those who buy queens, I
think that the note of warning should be
sounded, and that often, against buying of any
breeder who has this disease in his apiary.
How are the inexperienced to be protected
against this danger?

Columbia, Miss.. Oct. 27.

[Mr. Ford has been having a very large, not
to say trying, experience with this trouble. 1
have had considerable correspondence with
him, suggesting every thing that might in the
least abate the malady. J. A. Golden, as well
as Mr. Henry Alley, both felt sanguine that the
salt remedy, if properly applied, would etfect a
cure, and at one time I was in hopes it would
help him out; but if any one has tried salt
faithfully, and found it wanting, I am sure Mr.
Ford has. Nothing is able to stay its progress
among his bees ; but it should not be forgotten
that the virulence of the disease is largely a
matter of locality. While it was fearfully de-
structive— far more so than foul brood — in Mr.
Ford's locality, in parts of California and other
warm climates, it is as nothing in the North or
colder climates. But its very insignificance in
the North makes it insidious and dangerous for
the South. Why? The Northern queen-breed-
er, 1 am afraid, does not always realize how
dangerous a mild case of palsied or swelled bees
may be when the queen of said bees is sent to
the South. No (lueen-brceder, at least who ad-
vertises and sells <iaeens, should allow a case
of bee-ijaraiysis to remain in his yaixl one day
after its discovery. The bees ought to be entire-
ly destroyed, even though tJie case will appar-
ently cureitself, which in many cases it wUl do
in his own yard.

It is positively settled now, that the queen can
and does transmit the disease; yes, she can car-
ry it several thousand miles, from a locality
where it can do no harm, to one where it will
do fearful mischief in an apiary.

Mr. Ford suggests the inappropriateness of
"Bee Paralysis" as designating this peculiar
disease. It is far better than "nameless bee-
disease," and, in some of the symptoms, paraly-
sis seems to cover it fairly. 1 should question
the wisdom of trying to change the name after
the hard time we had in trying to introduce its
present name. It was suggested by Prof. Cook,
and was by us and others subsequently adopted.
Miss Gayton did not first call attention to the
disease. We had it in our apiary as early as
1877, and this was long before Cheshire knew
much about bees.

Dr. Howard, the one who wrote that admira-
ble work on foul brood, and a scientist of no
mean order, and a microscopist, is about to turn
his attention to it. 1 shall await his investiga-
gations with interest. — Ed. J

ILLINOIS STATISTICS.

REPORT FOR SRl'TEMBER AND OCTOBER OF THE
MEMBERS OF THK ILI.INOI.S .STATE BEE-
KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION, SO FAR AS
HEARD FROM TO DATE.

The answers given correspond to the follow-
ing questions by number:

1. How many colonies have you ?

2. What are the prospects for a honey crop?

1S!)4

(JLEANINCS IN BEE CULTURE.

873-.

3. How much honey gathered to date?

4. Is the honey gathered No. 1 or not ?

Thos. B. Allen. Stirrup Grove, 111. 1. 31; 2. No
white clover; not good; ;>. About ;36 Ib.s.; 4. Not
very jrood.

A. B. Anthony, Coleta, 111. 1. 26: 2. All right for
ne.\-t year; 3. 300 lbs. comb, 400 lbs. extracted; 4.
No. 1.

F. X, Arnold, Deer Plain, 111. 1, 102; 2. The croj)
is over; 3. About 3300; 4. ', honey-dew, the remain-
der from fall flowers.

C. M. Beall. Clayton. 111. 1. 8; 3. Enough to win-
ter on : 3. None.

Peter Blunier, Roanoke, 111. 1. .52; 3. With me
the season i.s past; 3. No surplus; about enough to
winter on; i. Katherdark.

Jas. Bertrand, Bristol, 111. 1. 12; 3. Fair for next
year; 3. 180 lbs.; average 1.5 lbs. per colony; 4. No.
1; amber, mostly sweet clover and alsike.

M. Bevier, Bradford, 111. 1. 40; 3. Very poor; 3.
Total 90 lbs. ; 4. Dark.

5. N. BhH-k, Clayton, III. 1. 30; 3. Bees will re-
quire foed for winter; 3. No honey gathered.

C. Covell. Buda, 111. 1. 35; 2. Fair, as the red rlo-
ver furnished honey this season; 3. Nearly 1.500 lbs.
surplus: 4. Very good; amber, being basswood and
red clover mixed.

Dadant \- Son, Hamilton. 111. 1. 3.50: 2. None; 3.
None; 4. Have not harvested enough to make up
for feed that we have to give.

Peter Dahl, Granville, 111. 1, 135; 2. None; .3. 300
or 400 lbs.; 4. No. 1.

I'. J. England, Fancy Prairie, 111. 1. 28; 2. Bees
adriina- slowly to their stores; 3. 600 lbs. .extracted;
4. A shadf below No. 1.

.T. D. Everett, Oak Park, 111. 1. 30; 2. Good; 3.
!>ilO lbs. : 4. Vfs.

E. T. FlanMB-an. Belleville, 111. ]. 2.50; 3. None-
all over now: 3. 3.509; 4. No. 1 fall.

J. M. Hambaush. Spring. 111. 1. 120; 2. Honey
crop all in for this year; 3. Will be in the region of
7.500 lbs., 4 I3 poor; balance fair: no gilt edge.

B. W. Hayek, Quincy. 111. 1. 97; 2. Fall .season so
far. Sept. 37. good; 3. 2.5001bs., expect 1000 lbs. more;
4. No. 1, amber.

Wm. Litrlp, Marissa. 111. 1. 60; 2. Spason past; 3.
600 lbs.; 4. Have abundant stores to winter on.

Dr. C C. Miller, Marengo, 111. 1. About 200; 2
Nix: 3. 30: 4. No.

Adam Phelps. Springfield, III. 1. 10; 3. None at
all; 3. None; 4. Answered above.

Gpo. Poindexter. Kennev, 111. 1. 73; 3. About I4;
3. 3.50 lbs. heartsease; 4. No. 1.

Jas. Poindexter, Blooniington, 111. 1. 160; 3. All
vanished: 3. No surplus; enough bv strong colonies
to winter on: 4. No. 1: heartsease mostly.

Daniel E. Bobbins, Payson. 111. 1. 30: 3. None; 3.
325 lbs. ba.sswood; 4. Verv nice, as I left the honey-
dew in the hives.

Geo. F. Bobhin.s, Mechanicsburg, 111. 1. 64; 2.
Rather late to prospect; 3. Get out! 4. What! the
only complete failure I have ever known in my 13
years of bee-keeping.

F. A. Snell. Milledgeville, 111. 1. 113; 2. Honey-
flow over; 3. 1.50<ilbs.: 4. Very good.

P. E. Vandenburg. Jerseyvllle. III. 1. 37; 2 Very
poor: 3. About 100 lbs. extracted; 4. No, not what I
call No. 1.

Walter M. VanMeter, Era, Tex. 1. 7; 2. Prospects
light; 3. .50 lbs.; 4. Honey very good.

F. C. Vibert, Hockanum, Conn. 1. 7; 2. Poor;
reasons given in July report; 3. 38 lbs.; 4. No. 1.

E. Whittlesey, Pecatonica. 111. 1. 70; 2. The sea-
son is past; 3. 100 lbs. all told; 4. Third grade.

Bradfordton, 111., Oct. 30.

VEI.I.OW BKKS TOO TENDER.

I have given a fair test, side by side with my
dark Italians, and I am well satisfied that they
are too tender for our climate, latitude 43
They mav be all right farther south.

Allen, Mich., May 10. C. H. Austin

iiriiiiiniiimm

HALF-T>EPTH FRAMES FOR EXTRACTING.

Question.— I worked two colonies of bees the
past season, for extracted honey, using the full-
depth Langstroth frame in the upper stories.
These frames were filled half full of light honey
and half with dark honey, the light being in
the upper part of each frame and the dark in
the lower part. What I wish to know is, if I
were to use half-depth frames could I secure
the light honey in the upper set and the dark
in the lower ones'? If so, it would save mixing
the honey when extracting, as was the case the
past season, for I could not extract the light
honey without having the dark all mixed with
it.

A7iswer.—l very much doubt your ever hav-
ing an experience again similar to the one out-
lined above, as seasons vary so much. Indeed,
I hardly see how you could have had such a
result this year; for in all my experience I
never saw a whole set of frames that were even-
ly half filled with white and dark honey. It is
no rare occurrence to have one or two frames
filled so that, practically speaking, they would
be half filled with white honey and half with
dark; but to have the whole upper story thus
filled is something that does not happen more
than once in a lifetime. Half-depth frames ar.e
recommended by some of our most practical
bee-keepers for upper stories for extracting;
but I never heard any claim as coming from
them that the light and dark honey could be
kept separate by using such frames. Some
years we have a large yield of white honey
with little if any dark honey; other years just
the reverse of this is the case; hence it will be
seen that the supposition hinted at by the
questioner could not possibly come to pass in
such years; for when white honey was abun-
dant the bees would use nearly all the room
furnished, in storing white honey, finishing out
the very bottom parts of the combs with dark.
When there was a light yield of white honey
with a good yield of dark, just the reverse
would be the case; namely, there would be a
small quantity of white honey in the upper
part of the upper half-depth frames, while the
rest of said frames would be filled with dark
honey, and all of the lower ones. The only
way that I know of to avoid mixed honey is, to
either extract all of the white honey as soon as
the white-honey harvest is over, putting back
the frames of comb for the bees to use during
the dark-honey flow, or take away the frames
of white honey at the end of the white-honey
flow, and substitute other frames in their
places. Where one has the time that can be
spared for extracting in the summer, the for-

874

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov. 1-3.

mer is the preferable plan, as it requires a less
investment in frames of comb, together with
less storage room and handling of frames; but
where time is of great value during the summer
months, and of little value at other times, it
may pay to adopt the latter plan. In either
case the white honey should be left on the hive
as long as possible, taking it off just as the dark
honey is beginning to appear, so that it may be
as thoroughly ripened as possible without being
mixed with the dark.

WINTERING BEES WHERE SNOW DRIFTS.

Question.— We have twenty colonies of bees
in chaff hives which stand where the snow
■drifts badly. Would it do to put them in a
room during winter? or could we fix a shelter
over them where they are, moving them togeth-
er under this shelter? or could we set up a
shelter in front of each hive and let the snow
drift over hive, shelter, and all ?

Answer.— If the room spoken of in the first
question is an underground room or cellar, then
I should say move the bees into this cellar dur-
ing winter, providing an even temperature of
from 42 to 48° could be maintained; for I have
the best of success in wintering bees in my bee-
cellar, and in this the temperature stands at
from 43 to 45°. A part of my bees are in chaff
hives and a part in single-walled hives, and I
find that the chaff hives winter fully as well in
the cellar as do the others. The only disadvan-
tage chaff hives have for cellar wintering lies
in their extra weight and the room they take
up in the cellar; but these disadvantages are
more than overcome by the advantage they
possess during the cool and cold weather com-
ing in the fall before they are set in the cellar,
and in the spring after they are set on their
stands. A spring wheelbarrow overcomes the
difficulty of carrying chaff hives, while the
packing of one hive on top of the other to the
ceiling of the cellar overcomes the lack of room,
in a measure.

If the room spoken of is to be a room above
ground, with no special provision made so the
temperature can be controlled at about 4.5°,
then I should say try almost any other way of
wintering than in a room with an ungovern-
able temperature; for where the temperature
in any room goes below the freezing-point, and
remains thus for weeks, and during a warm
spell rises to 50° or more, bees are almost sure to
perish before spring arrives. Moving the bees
together under a shelter might answer, provid-
ing they can have a chance to fly during warm
<lays in winter; still, there is much work to
this process, and, worse still, many bees are
liable to he lost or become badly mixed up when
the hives are placed back where they are want-
ed during the summer, after having been thus
wintered. The plan of having a shelter over
the entrance of each hive, and letting shelter
and hive drift over, I have tried several times;
but with me it is not a success. Several of our

best apiarists claim that this plan is a success
with them, and advise the svintering of bees in
this way; but I have yet to see the colony of
bees, over which the snow has been drifted
three months, that has not become uneasy,
gone to breeding, contracted the diarrhea, and
exhausted its vitality to an extent sufficient to
cause a bad case of spring dwindling, or a loss
of the colony altogether. After a process of
time the bees seem to become too warm, break
the cluster, commence brood -rearing to replace
the bees dying of exhausted vitality, run to the
entrance, and fan there as in summer, the com-
motion thawing the snow all about the hive
till a cat or small dog could run all around the
lower part of the hive, this causing them to
consume their stores of honey and pollen very
rapidly, which consumption brings on diarrhea
and death, unless the bees have a chance to fly
about the time brood-rearing commences, and
even then the colony is so weakened that it is
of little use the following season. Where the
snow stays about the hives only a few weeks at
a time, it will do no particular harm; but other-
wise I would advise carrying the bees to some
higher ground, where the snow does not drift,
or else fix an underground cellar to winter in.

COAI. TAR FOR MAKING FEEDERS TIGHT.

Dr. Miller, in Stray Straws, wishes to know
what is best to make water-tight the inside
corners of f eders. Well, doctor, try coal-tar
boiled down a half, and poured in hot. If that
doesn't do it, I will send you a lump of our
adobe mud, which is warranted to stick.

Oakland, Cal., Oct. 33. P. L. Norton.

GALVANIZED -IRON UTENSILS ALL RIGHT FOR
HONEY AND OTHER PURPOSES.

You ask about the experience of those using
galvanized iron. I have used buckets, also
cans, that would hold 20 gallons. I have two
water-buckets that have been in use 15 years.
When new the water tastes slightly of the zinc.
The utensils are very handy about sorghum-
making. I left some partly boiled juice in a
bucket a few days. It fermented, and ate the
zinc oft' from the inside. So you see it will not
do to leave acid in it. J. P. Morey.

Neosho, Kan.

HOW MUCH (iAIN IS THERE IN USING SEPARA-
TORS ?

Dr. C. C. Miller would be a good man to ans-
wer this, as I am using the same T super he is,
but without separators, as I find my sections are
spread out the full thickness of the sections,
making II4 lbs. in some. My T supersare made
to hold just 24 sections without separators; and

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

875

if I use separators I shall have to make a change
as much wider as five separators are.

W. L. Richmond.
Lexington, Ky., Aug. 7. 18ti4.

[[ submitted the matter to Dr. Miller, who
replies:]

You yourself mention one of the best reasons
for having separators — with them your sections
will be more nearly uniform in weight. If you
pack for shipping, separators give you sections
that will fit anywhere. Most markets prefer
sections under a pound. My supers are proba-
bly the same size as yours. I now use 1% sec-
lions with separators, a ?ft-inch follower, and a
stick }., X 34 to wedge up with. I think you
would like it. C. C. M.

•COCOONS IN A cell; the thickening at the

BOTTOM.

In the August 1st issue you say that you
never saw more than from 4 to ti cocoons in a
•cell. I presume that is about all that can be
ound at the sides; but I should like to know
what the solid body found in the bottoms of
the cells is if not an accumulation of these
cocoons. I inclose a sample from old comb one
inch thick. O. H. Townsend.

Alamo, Mich., Aug. 13.

[The extra thickening at the bottom of the
cells is partly made up of cast-off larva-skins,
and dried food covered up by the skins, if I am
correct. — Ed.]

GERMAN, OR BEI-GIAN, HARES.

These differ from the common English rab-
bits, having tough skins and erect long ears.
Their meat is white, and of a nutty flavor, and
preferred by many to chicken. Their color is a
silver gray. They are easily raised in hutches
about three feet square, and, in fact, do well in
confinement. They thrive well in summer on
almost any green feed, such as clover, dandelion,
dock, lettuce, beet-tops, turnip, cabbage, etc.
They will fatten on stale bread, crackers, and
all kinds of grain. Their principal feed in win-
ter is clover hay. They breed every six weeks,
having from seven to eleven at a litter. One
doe and one buck will produce more pounds of
meat in one season than one ewe, allowing her
to have twins. Bee-keepers as well as others
can do well raising them for market, as they
sell readily in the game season.

G. J. Flansburgh.
South Bethlehem, N. Y.

THE ENLARGED REPORT OF THE ONTARIO
BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION.

Having seen various versions in connection
with the last report of the Ontario Bee-keep-
ers' Association, permit me to state the facts of
the case in justice to all. A number were dis-
satisfied about the meager retort of the associ-
ation. Compared with the government report
of other organizations it was a reflection, and
gave the impression that the bee-keeping in-
dustry was a very small affair. Mr. S. T. Pet-

tit, Belmont, Ontario, took care to compare the
size with that of other associations, and in-
tended to bring the matter before the associa-
tion, insisting upon arrangements in that di-
rection. Mr. Pettit, after careful reflection,
thought he would mention his plans to others,
and secure their cooperation, to avoid un-
pleasantness of any kind. This gentleman, in-
stead of allowing Mr. Pettit to carry out the
work which he had taken in hand, took advan-
tage of the first opportunity and made the ne-
cessary proposition without giving Mr. Pettit
any credit. In justice to all, kindly make the
correction, and give credit where credit is due.
Brantford. Out. R. F. Hoi-termann.

WHEREIN THE CHIEF VALUE OF FOUNDATION
LIES.

As the use and kind of foundation is up for
discussion, I will give my view of it. My
theory is, that the cJiief value of foundation
does not lie in the fact that it saves the bees
the expenditure necessary to produce the
amount of wax in foundation, but in the fact
that it furnishes <tU hands with standing njom
to work into comb the wax scales already />re.s-
ent in abundance. If as many bees could
work in building the septum, where no founda-
tion is given, as can work in building the side-
ivalls where foundation is given, the advan-
tage of using full sheets of foundation would,
in an average honey-flow, be very largely re-
duced. But as, at the very start, only a few
bees can work at the septum, compared with
the number that can go to work at once on the
side walls, where full sheets of foundation are
used, the advantage of such full sheets ought
to be apparent. John S. Callbreath.

Rock Rift, N. Y.

A CORRECTION.

In my article on foul brood, Oct. 15, I notice
some errors, two of which call for correction.
On p. 789, second column, the compositor makes
me say that at Dresden some very old well-
preserved honey had been found in the eaves
of an old house, while I wrote " in the caves."'
In the same column, on p. 790, the same man
lets the Swiss apiculturists say to themselves,
" If the formic acid is powerful enough to kill
the ferment of the bee, would it not? "etc.,
while I wrote " of the beer." Chas. Norman.

St. Petersburg, Fla., Oct. 2*].

[We are as glad to make these corrections as
we are sorry the mistakes occurred. As we never
heard of a cave to a house, we thought it must
be eaves. Doubtless, if we could cut off the tail
end of beer, or convert it to an s, the country
would be better off. In next issue we give the
first of three articles from Mr. Norman, and we
shall do our utmost to have the wording correct.
Sometimes a type breaks on the press, and thus
changes the meaning. Some time ago a paper
informed us that the Russian general Raki-
noffikowsky was" found dead with a long word
in his throat." The pressman had made word
of sword by battering down the s.— Ed.J

870)

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov. 15.

Ox account of having a large amount of mat-
ter left over from last issue, I find it necessary
to omit my own Bicycle Notes in this number.

The editors of the other bee-journals are
having considerable sport at A. I. R.'s expense
over what he saw at the St. Joseph museum.
That is all right. May be he will have a chance
to get even at some future convention.

MANAfiEMENT VS. LOCATION.

It was decided at the St. Joseph convention
that there is more in management than in races
of bees or location. Obviously, bee-journals
can not improve location. They may do a little
in the way of betterment of races; but they
can do very much in suggesting new and better
manangement; hence no bee-keeper who keeps
even but few colonies can afford to be without
at least one good bee-journal.

A CORRECTION.

On page 846 of our last issue, about half
way down the first column, there is a line that
reads, " has the hardihood to comment on such
a thing." It should read. " has the hardihood to
tommend such a thing.'" I did not mean, dear
friends, to brag about my courage, you see.
By referring to my manuscript I find I wrote
comment very plainly, and the printers con-
cluded I had omitted the word on, and supplied
it themselves. A. I. R.

Bro. York is getting up quite a reputation
as a punster; but he is quite independent, and
at the same time is quite willing to let other
people have their own preferences. Here is
what he has to say on the editorial we and I:

Editor E. R. Root says in Gi.eanings: "Since I
have discarded .that editorial ' we,' somehow I feel
more natural." Now, tlie "we" seems more " nat-
ural" to us. How futniy it would be to use tlie
"editorial I" in the American Btc Jmn-iml! "I" is
sometimes egotistical, but " we " Isn't. Now, there's
a fine sentence— "I is" and "we Isn't." But it's
correct. Guess we'll stick to "we"— but Ipt the
"I's" have it, if tliey want it.

FOUL brood in wax.

In the Review for October 10, R. L. Taylor
discusses the question as to whether foul brood
can be transmitted through wax. He is confi-
dent that, if the wax be heated to a tempera-
ture of 212 degrees, all germs will be killed;
but the trouble is, wax is melted and refined at
a much lower degree of heat than that, and
hence it may preserve its objectionable features.
This season he made some foundation out of
wax that was foul-broody last year, and put it
into two hives on the 2()th and 2,'Sth of July
respectively. The colonies were examined fre-
quently, but no sign of foul brood was found

till the 8th of Oct., when one single cell of ap-
parently foul-broody matter was found in each.
If it does prove to be the real foul brood, it will
disprove all theories to the contrary. In one
hive the disease diminished greatly, without
assistance; and Mr. Taylor is not sure but bees
may recover from it unaided.

A note to queen-bkeeders.
I would call the special attention of queen-
breeders to the article of T. S. Ford, in this
number. It seems to me that all sensible and
reliable queen-breeders will agree with the
sentiment expressed in italic,in the footnote.
Indeed, I should like to see a show of hands of"
those who will agree to destroy the first case of
bee-paralysis that appears in their yard— hive,,
bees, and all, as soon as it is discovered. We
will publish a short announcement of everyone
of you, to that effect; and if you can conscien-
tiously say that you have never had bee-paraly-
sis in your yard, say that also. If you really do
not know what it is, while you are fortunate in
never having had it you are laboring under the
disadvantage of not knowing just exactly what
it is, should it ever come.

irregular advertising.
There has been a good deal written in regard
to advertising, but I think there is one point
which has not as yet been fully emphasized ;
viz., that the advertiser must not be disappoint-
ed, nor blame any one, if he gets no return from
one insertion of an advertisement, especially if
he is a new man. We will say that Mr. A, for
instance, orders one insertion of an advertise-
ment, offering queens. He is a new man. and
is apt to expect that, within four or five days
after the appearance of his card, he will get a
large number of responses; but he forgets that
Mr. B., a well-known queen-breeder, offers
queens just ascheap, just as good, and is knoirn
to be reliable. It is the most natural thing in
the world for bee-keepers to buy of those who-
are well known. I do not mean to discourage
one-insertion advertisements, but usually they
do not pay unless some special inducement is
offered in the way of extra quality, extra low
price, or something novel, that everybody wants
to see and get. But even then a plurality of
insertions is far more liable to get better returns
for the money invested.

WHY large colonies; have we been shut-
ting OUR EYES to facts '?

I can't help believing that the Dadants are
right in their advocacy of large colonies, and
that such colonies, as a general rule, will se-
cure the most honey, will swarm but little, and
require little if any feeding in the fall. But I
don't think it necessarily follows that such a
colony shall be all in one large hive, or, speak-
ing more exactly, in one large single chamber,
and on frames large enough to reach clear to the-
bottom and across said chamber. So far as I

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

,;in remember now, the large-colony bee-keep-
<Ts are more liable to get the honey, if there is
any. ihan their neighbors with tlieir small col-
onies. Witness, for example, the Dadants, the
Frances, the Axtells. Ehvood, Helherington,
HofFman— large and successful bee-keepers, all
with large colonies, but not all of them having
ihose colonies in large single chambers. The
Frances, besides their " shot-tower" hives, use
three eight- frame Langsti'oth bodies for a col-
ony. The senior France prefers the latter, be-
cause he can handle "em in sections. Well, we
often hear of the small-colony bee-keepers
getting little or no honey; but do we hear of
the other class being so often unfortunate?
I tell you, brethren, if these are facts we
are fools if we shut our eyes to 'em. I have
read hundreds of reports that I haven't room to
publish: I have visited many apiaries, as you
know, over the country; I have watched the
reports in other journals, and I have seen the
better work of large colonies in our own yard,
And I can't dodge the issue.

THE FIVE- BANDED STOCK AND ITS ORIGIN; IS
THE TIDE TURNING AGAINST IT?

Editor Quigley, in the Progressive, says
that five-banded bees can not be produced from
pure Italian queens; that the so-called five-
banders come from a mixture of Cyprian and
Italian blood, and then adds:

This craze for yellow bees is ruining: our industry,
•and the sooner It is stopped the better. We have
been asked, " Who is to blame ? " We say queen-
breeders are, because they wanted to outdo their
•competitors by selling- beautiful bees with more
good qualities than their less colored sisters; but
the more color, the more worthless they prove to
be. Many of the breeders advertising- flve-banded
l)ees have not a half-dozen colonies in their yard;
;and one breeder we know had but one colony, and
shipped bees from the South each spring- to com-
mence with.

Mr. Doolittle and Mr. L. Hearn, I believe,
both claim that their bees were bred from pure
Italian stock. The question may arise, How
do they knoiv this to be true ? I do not mean
to say that it is not true; but I simply raise the
point, that a very little Cyprian blood in Ital-
ian stock may not be apparent, and the bees
would pass for pure Italians. Mr. Doolittle
•especially, it is to be assumed, would not make
this mistake, and yet there is a possibility of it.
At all events, the tide now seems to De turning
rather against the five-banders. Too many of
this stock have proved to be vicious, lacking in
hardiness for winter, and are no better for
honey-gathering than ordinary Italians. In-
cidentally, it may be remarked that these yel-
low bees were condemned at the St. Joseph
convention.

It is true, some of them have shown their
ability to gather honey; but individual colonies
of almost any race of bees may be picked out
that will be far ahead of the stocks around
them.

the dadants ON THE FOUNDATION QUESTION.

As will be seen from the following, I wrote to
the Messrs. Dadant, asking for their opinion on
the Taylor Experiments, knowing that they
had studied the question years ago very thor-
oughly. Here is what C. P. says:

FiiOKl /-y'/no-^-— It is with some reluctance that!
respond to your request for my opinion on the Tay-
lor experiments in favor of Given foundation, for I
dislike any thing that looks like ax-grinding. The
remarks that we had made on the Taylor experi-
ment coincided with yours, and my father liad call-
ed my attention to the fact that Taylor's tests
agreed with tests made by us long ago; that is to
say, that, the heavier the foundation furnished to
the bees, the more readily they fill it with honey.
This is very natural. The bees are always in a
hurry when the crop is good, and thej find it much
handler to stretch out the cells which contain a
great surplus of wax than to wait on the wax secre-
tions of the wax-builders to finish up the rudiments
of cells already begun. But one result, that we all
know, of this fact, is, that the combs thus built con-
tain too much wax to be pleasant to eat. But if we
owe the heavier Imneycombs to the heavier founda-
tion, does it follow that we should use heavy foun-
dation for surplus honey ? and does not the better
quality of the comb honey produced on light foun-
dation make up for the less weight ? Undoubtedly,
If lighter combs are produced, more of them -will be
filled, and this will also make up for the diflference.

The idea of friend Taylor, that the difference In
the filling of the combs is due to the difference in
quality of the wax, is not admissible. Aside from
the fact that the samples on which he experlmenttMj
came from experienced men, who surely know as
well as he does how to render wax, the fact that the
greatest difference exists among the combs bnilt on
Given foundation is sufficient to show that it is to
the irregularity in the amount of wax in those sheets,
and to nothing else, that the differences are due. It is
evident, from this also, that the Given foundation
is the least regular of all the grades tested.

Why is it so irregular ? Because, instead of being
rolled, it is pressed, and none of the imperfections
of the sheet are laminated out. When the first
praises of the Given press were puWished, we se-
cured samples, and wrote over and over again to
the manufacturer. Never did we see a full-size
sample that could be called fair. The lubricant
used, whatevei- it be, must of necessity remain on
the sheet, and is an objection. The sheets made are
always brittle, and, unless used at once, can not be
handled without breaking. The shipping of this
foundation, without its being more or less broken,
is out of the question. When it was first invented,
the press was lauded to the skies Ijy Heddon and
others; but they did not use it long. Why? They
said it was because they could not get the founda-
tion made right. Aye, there is the rub. An ama-
teur can make a few pounds that will prove satis-
factory; but show me the man who has made it in
any large quantity and has given satisfaction.
Hundreds of Given presses have been sold; and
to-day, in spite of the praise the Given foundation
has received, you can count its friends on your fin-
gers. C. P. Dadaxt.

Hamilton, 111.

It seems that C. P. quite agrees with what I
say on page 799, on the same question.

878

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE

Nov. 15.

THE NORTH AMERICAN BEE-KEEPERS CONVEN-
TION.

St. Joseph (of about .50,000 population) is not
only a *" city set on a hill," but on a succession
of hills. It is a very clean, beautiful city; but
many of the hills are so steep that, even though
the streets are nicely paved, it is pretty hard
work to run a wheel up some of them. Presi-
dent Abbott, true to his promise, gave us a very
fine large hall. The attendence was not quite
what we expected, especially of Missouri bee-
keepers, but was altogether a very pleasant
and profitable gathering. How could it be
otherwise, with Dr. Miller, Hutchinson, York,
Holtermann, Frank Benton, Dadant, Christo-
pher Grimm, and others, including the repre-
sentative editors of six different bee-journals?
Pretty much all present reported either small
crops or entire failure, in consequence of the
severe drought that has been so widespread
and general.

A good part of the first day was occupied in
remodeling the constitution, a work that has
long needed attention. A full report of the
proceedings will be found in the American Bee
Jouriutl, and .vill also be furnished in pam-
phlet form by its editor, so I will not take space
for it here. This session, like all its predeces-
sors, has convinced me still more strongly of the
great importance of keeping it up, and of mak-
ing a considerable effort to attend. Even
though the attendance be largely local, it is of
great moment that such an organization be
kept alive. At every session, matters of vast
importance to the bee-keeping world are
brought up and acted on, and work is done
that could be done only by such a body as this.
Old acquaintance was renewed, and new form-
ed; and by meeting face to face we not only
learned to understand each other better, but to
mutually grow in faith, hope, and charity. I
krioiv that, in some cases, unkind feelings were
swept away; and some who had been almost
enemies bade each other adieu with feelings
that had ripened, during those three days, into
something very near to an abiding friendship.
May the grace of God rest on and perfect the
work that was started in St. Joseph. President
Abbott proved a very efficient man. and his
brief bursts of oratory, delivered in his own
peculiar comic originality, will long be remem-
bered by all who were present.

The mayor of the city, with the president of
the Chamber of Commerce (who gave us the
nice room free of charge), made speeches that
were responded to by Dr. Miller and Mr. Hol-
termann; and dur-ing the evening sessions we
were entertained l)y an address by T. B. Terry
(who is employed by the State to give lectures
at farmers' institutes), by various vocal and
instrumental pieces from local talent; and last,
but not least, the whole company were invited
across the way to attend, /Vee of charge, an ex-
hibition of trained animals, including the talk-
ing seal, followed by a concert. Some of the
boys indulged in a good deal of merriment be-
cause Dr. Miller, A. I. Root, and others were
present at a concert in atJieater. Well, boys,
both the doctor and I would have been much
better pleased had the beautiful woman who
sang " sweet Marie" been attired in woman's
dress, rather than in the fancy costume she
chose. And the man who danced and kicked
his heels so high, in womaiVs attire, we would
have rather seen in the garb of his own sex.

We are glad, however, it was a man, and not
a woman who came before an audience to dance
a " highland fling." Had we known the whole
program beforehand, we should have excused
ourselves before the finishing part. To tell the
truth, however, we very much dislike to en-
courage, by our example, a fashion already too
common, of running out and in during any
kind of public exercises. Since that entertain-
ment I have b^en a number of days with Terry,
Abbott, and others, appointed by the State of
Missouri, to conduct farmers' institutes; and
the prevailing fashion of going out just be-
cause you don't like what is going on at the
time is certainly one that should not be en-
couraged.

At the Bacon House, where most of the bee-
keepers stopped in order to get reduced races,
we "doubled up;" and Dr. Miller. Hutchinson,
York, and myself were all assigned to one room
containing two beds. We had been having
considerable sport, and kept it up, not only
after we were in bed, but until we should have
been asleep: and I laughed until the tears ran
down my cheeks, and until I really felt sore.
Now, it is a little singular; but, to tell the truth,
it is only at these conventions, once a year,
that I get to really feeling like a boy again.
Again and again we all declared we must go to
sleep; but Dr. Miller had learned to mimic the
talking seal to such perfection that, just as we
were losing consciousness, his "go out" would
set us going again until we made our respective
beds shake.

At the close of the convention some one re-
marked that we had the promise of a song
from Dr. Miller, and we weren't going to dis-
band without it. At this the president, with
the utmost gravity, began, in the well-remem-
bered language of the seal-trainer of the night,
before. Said he:

"Gentlemen and ladies, this wonderful seal
has not yet been trained to obey always right
off, but he usually does if we give him a little
time."

This joke was received with a burst of ap-
plause; and when some one added, " Make him
say "go out,' " the audience just roared. Friend
Abbott hereupon said, "Dr. Miller, stand up
and say " go out.'" When the doctor did so,
mimicking the seal to perfection, the applause
and laughter brought down the house. Let me
explain that the talking seal speaks only the
above two words. Some of you may remember
the seals Mrs. Root and I saw climbing the
rocks near San Francisco, and that they bark-
ed and played like a lot of puppies. Well,
when they are at play they utter a peculiar
double bark that might easily be imagined
to be "go out." The manager explains to
his listeners that the seal has no tongue, and
can not speak as distinctly as we do; then he
says:

"Now. Polly, sit up and tell the people what
they will all do when our entertainment is
over."

Polly winks her soft human-like eyes, looks
very knowing, and, ivith the above preface
from her keeper, everybody hears her say very
distinctly. " Go out." Of course, there is a little
tricking about the talking part; but aside from
this, the intelligence of the animal is really
wonderful. The manager says she has been
taught entirely by kindness — no punishment
and no scolding. He told us he had studied
seals and other animals all his life, just as we
bee-keepers had studied the habits of bees.
Polly had just learned to play with a rubber
ball; and when we came in, her keeper said:

"Come up here. Polly, and get acquainted
with these friends."

1894

(JLEANINtJS IN BEE CULTURE.

879

She came part way, then stretched herself
■out in a lazy, indifferent sort of way.

"O Polly! what makes you so lazy? Come!
■come clear up here to me."

Now, a seal on dry land has very little power
of locomotion ; but the dumpy fat creature,

fierhaps three or four feet long, and nearly a
oot through, by a peculiar bobbing motion
came a little further.

"Oh! you don't half try. Come! You can
get right up here if you try."

Polly winked her eyes in a lazy sort of way.
and finally rolled herself over until her head
came clear up against his hand; then she look-
ed round at the visitors, and one could easily
imagine a comical sort of smile on her face,
such as a child might have when he had obey-
ed orders in letter but not in sinrlt. Heals are
migratory, so we were told; and the great mass
of fat they accumulate in the feeding season is
to last them while they swim a thousand miles
or more, entirely without food.

Kansas City, of nearly 1.50,000 population,
was an astonishment to me. I did not know a
city of such business, wealth, and progress, ex-
isted anywhere in the West. I was greatly
astonished at their immense stores, with their
hundreds of clerks; but when I found their
little cash girls, from 8 to 12 years old. were
kept there the year round, and did not go to
school at aZ?. I felt like making a protest. If
the State of Missouri does not soon have some
laws, such as we have in Ohio, making the
education of her children compulsor'y she will
surely regret it.

Saturday morning, Oct. 13, I expressed for-
ward my extra clothing and started on my
wheel- trip that I had so long looked forward
10. Just as I had got well into my second
wind, while about 10 miles out in the country
■climbing a hill, I heard an explosion like an old
musket. I was so scared I nearly fell off the
wheel: but when I got steady I found my back
wheel running on its wooden rim. The tire
had burst, both inner and outer tube, and I was
forced to walk back to the street-car line. The
■driver said he would have to charge an " extra
nickel" for carrying my wheel into Kansas
City. What an illustration of the advantages
of cooperation, or combining capital and labor!
A farmer would want a couple of dollars, cer-
tain, to take me und my wheel into the city.
The street-cars do it, and make it pay. for only
lOcts. They told me in the city that my 3-'-lb.
racer was too light for the stony hills of Mis-
souri; but they thought that, with a heavier
tire on the back wheel, that takes most of my
weight. I might make it go. .

As the new tire had better not be used until
Monday I prepared to gn to La Cygne, Kan.,
by rail. At the ticket-office in the city they
*aid there was a train out at 5 p.m. When I
arrived as the depot, however, they said Satur-
day night was an exception, and that no train
started until y o'clock. Four hours to wait for
a train! I just couldn't jtand the thought of
it. My new tire seemed all right, and I
thought I would ride a little way while I
studied the matter over. The farther I rode,
the better I liked it. Darkness came on, and I
was in a strange land on an unknown road;
but after awhile the moon came up. and then I
made very good time. Ernest gave me very
strong cautions about riding after night in
Missouri and Kansas, where robbers and high-
waymen were common; but I kept on. In the
first place, my money was about all spent; my
watch was only a Waterbury, and "Jesse
James " or one of the " Dalton gang " would be
sure to hand it back, saying. " Poor fellow." if
they should overhaul me. Furthermore, how

could anybody catch me unless he had a wheel
too?

The worst encounter I had in my whole 25-
mile ride by moonlight was a young lady, also
riding a wheel. As she might be afraid of me,
I said "good evening" in my most winning
and assuring tones; and when she returned the
salutation in a sweet, feminine, girlish voice,
I breathed a long breath of relief, and very
likely she did also.

At Olathe, Kansas, I had a grand good sup-
per for only 1.5 cts. I noticed on the bill of
fare, " Two eggs, cooked in any style. .5 cts." I
thought this wonderfully low; but when they
brought me three eggs for the 5 cts., instead of
two, I asked the proprietor how he could be so
liberal. His reply embraced a grand sermon,
even though it was given in a few simple
words. Here it is, so far as I can remember:

" Well, stranger, eggs are pretty low here
just now, and I have always found it better in
business to give a little mure than you adver-
tise, rather than a little less."

Dear friends, this number of Gi-eantngs does
not contain any " Homes " or any " Neighbors;"
but I think the grand truth given in by that
humble shopman in Olathe will do for both.
" A good name is rather to be chosen than
great riches."

When a man has a reputation of always do-
ing all he agrees, and sometimes a little more,
if he isn't rich he is better off than to be rich.

When I stepped off the train at La Cygne,
Kan., one of the first things that attracted my
attention was a boy so intoxicated that it took
two other boys to hold him up. I asked them
if that was the way they did things in Kansas,
where. I understood, they did not have saloons.
One of the three replied, " Why. you see. stran-
ger, we are only eight miles from the Missouri
line, and this young man goes over there on his
wheel and gets his drink."

"But you don't mean, boys, that he came
from Missouri, eight miles away, on a wheel, in
this condition?"

•' Well, he probably brought some of it along,
and • got full ' after he got here. But he has
learned the trade so he can run the wheel
while he is pretty well ' set up.' "

If the above statement is true, it is not so bad
a showing for Kansas, after all. When we can
oblige a man to go eight miles for his drinks, or
any other similar distance, we are greatly less-
ening the chances of his becoming a sot; and
the incident is really a recommendation for the
Kansas liquor-law, if it is true that the boys
have to go over the Missouri line to get drunk.
And now, then, can't our Missouri frienas brace
up and drive this kind of vice to some other
State?

The town of La Cygne had quite a boon a
few yeai's ago, and real estate was a good deal
higher than it is now. It is a splendid farming
country all along the line between Kansas and
Missouri; and in former years fruit has been
raised in such quantities that it could hardly
be disposed of. The frost last spring, however,
cut off the greater part of the fruit in all this
region. The damage was much greater than
in Ohio, because the fruit was further along
when frost came. At La Cygne, and all
through Missouri, we found beautiful persim-
mons in great abundance. The trees hang so
full they are really a sight to behold. The
fruit has never been utilized very much, how-
ever, unless it is to make persimmon butter.
When people want to boom the town of La
Cygne they explain to you that the name is
French, and that it means "a swan;" but if
somebody gets mad. and wants to run the place
down, he changes the translation to goose, go-

S80

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov. 15.

ing from the sublime to the ridiculous in one
short " jump."

At the Sunday-school I was introduced to the
superintendent, and I thought he seemed ex-
ceedingly cordial: and the young lady who led
the Endeavor meeting seemed also to treat me
as if I were an old acquaintance or an old
friend. The superintendent finally explained
matters by saying he formerly lived in York
State, and for several years he assisted Mr.
.John H. Martin, then of Hartford, N. Y. While
in friend Martin's employ he read Gleanings,
and became quite well acquainted with A. I.
Root. And this is to inform Rambler that one
of his old helpers in his former home has found
an abiding-place away down in La Cygne, Kan.

Monday morning I started off on my wheel
for P. M. Francis, a bee-keeper who lives near
Mulberry, Bates Co.. Mo. Near the Kansas line
I found considerable coal-mining operated by
horse power. The horse was attached to a long
sweep; and on the shaft, right over the horse,
was a very large drum, around which a rope is
coiled. This rope raises and lowers cars of coal
from the mine. When the miners want to go
down into the shaft, the horse goes one way;
and when he pulls up a load of coal or work-
men he turns around and goes the other way.
By means of this cheap apparatus a great deal
of coal-mining is done in this region, and. I
should think, at a low rate, for I noticed shin-
gles up by the roadside, reading, " Good coal at
this mine, only .5 cts.,'" etc. I did not find out,
however, how much was furnished for the low
sum of five or six cents. Friend Francis has
quite a plantation. 60 acres of apple-orchard,
all kinds of stock, including thoroughbred
horses, etc. When I got there the family were
all away except the hired girl. Afterward a
young lady called. I commenced trying to in-
troduce myself, but she replied. "Ohl I know
you. Mr. Root. I heard you talk at the En-
deavor Society last evening."

I began to think that she had mistaken me
for somebody else, but she explained, "Ohl I
just came from La Cygne. I passed by you
when you were mending your wheel, with a
whole crowd of schoolchildren all around you."

It is true, I was obliged to stop about half
way on my trip, to put a heavier tube in my
back wheel. After that the tire stood up all
right for more than 200 miles of stony, flinty,
mountainous road through Missouri. Friend
Francis has a foundation -mill, quite a stock of
implements, and does something in the way
of furnishing supplies, but, like most of the
rest of the Missourians, he has done very little
in the way of getting honey during the past
season. Some time in the afternoon I started
out again, and reached the pretty town of
Archie, Cass Co., just about dusk. At the ho-
tel I asked for water to drink and water to
wash. I took a drink first, and found the wa-
ter to be exceedingly hard, with a slight pecul-
iar salty taste. I concluded that such water
would not be very good to wash up with, and
turned inquiringly to the boy.

"Ohl that water is all right to wash with,
even if it i.v hard. You just try it."

I filled the basin, and took a piece of soap in
my hand a little incredulously. To my great
astonishment it made a beautiful suds, and re-
moved the grease and oil on my fingers as well
as any washing-fluid could have done. The
water came from a well about 50 feet deep,
right in the center of the town; and I was as-
sured afterward, even by the women-folks, that
this hard well water was better to wash with
than the purest rain water. The mineral it
contains seems to be something of the nature
of borax. It really assists the soap to make the
suds. The water has quite a reputation for its

medicinal virtues, and has been sent off in bot-
tles and barrels.

After I was washed up I made inquiries in
regard to the farmers' institute to be held at
Harrisonville. Cass Co. (10 miles off), next day.
I went to all the stores, but there were no pro-
grams up, and nobody knew any thing about it.
Then I went to the postoffice, with the
same result. The postmaster and I looked
over three weekly Harrisonville papers, but
no mention was to be found of the institute.
Then I hunted up the editor of the little paper
published in Archie. He did not know any
thing about it, but said he guessed he could
find out in some of his exchanges. After dili-
gent search we found a three-line paragraph,
saying that the institute would not open until
next day in the afternoon. Now just a word
here. Friend Abbott Informed me that the
State of Missouri paid out something like $50.00'
a day to the institute men and for their travel-
ing expenses, to teach Missouri farmers better
methods of farming. But there seemed to be a
general inditterence in regard to the whole
matter. Friend Abbot gives a talk one even-
ing at each place on apiculture. • Still, but few
of the bee-keepers seemed to know any thing
about it, and those that do know do not go.

During my trip I invited quite a number of
farmers and bee-keepers to come to the insti-
tute. I was told by some of them that there
were matters of more importance going on in
Missouri just then than farmers" institutes.
This may be true; but sad will be the affairs of
any State when farming and kindred branches
of agriculture are neglected. The single item
of prevention of diseases of domestic animals,
as it was there presented by the Missouri State
Veterinarian, may be worth hundreds of dollars-
to almost any farmer. It is the business of
these teachers to correct the superstition and
nonsense that pass so current among a large
part of the farming class. After I had got
through my inquiries in regard to the farmers'^
institute I asked if there were any bee-keepers
in the vicinity. The editor told me there was
a man engaged quite extensively in that line
right in town; and as it was a beautiful moon-
light night, I walked over. Sure enough, there
was an ideal apiary — at least, it looked so in
the moonlight. More than a hundred hives,,
nicely painted, were grouped under the fruit-
trees. A little girl told me her papa was out in
the apiary, and she proposed to call him.

"No, no!" said I; "let me hunt him up."

J*retty soon I found some one among the hives
and trees, and I commenced:

" Look here, neighbor, may be you know me
better than I know you. and may be you don't.
My name is Root, and I live in Ohio."

" Why, you don't mean to say that this is A.
I. Root himself, right here in my apiary ? "

"Yes, sir. I am A. I. Root, and no one else.
But what do you know about A. I. Root, any-
how ? "

I soon found that friend W. E. Leonard has-
been for several years a most enthusiastic
reader of the ABC book and Gleanings. I
had to go indoors and astonish the wife and
family by my presence. Friend Leonard would
make many of the old veterans smile just be-
cause he is now in the high tide of enthusiasm.
He is just where you and I at one period of our
lives stood, years ago. He has raised queens,
divided his colonies, and increased until he
now has toward 150 colonies right in his door-
yard. He has honey to sell during this season
of severe drouth, but he will have to buy more
sugar to feed his bees, I fear, than he will get
for his honey. Never mind. When a good
season comes, as it will come sooner or later^

1894

(} LEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

881

he is going to have all his dishes right side up
to catch the (low.

The apiary lool<ed very neat and tidy by
moonlight, and I praised it so much that the
good wife said she almost believed I had better
not come around in the morning and see it by
daylight at all, for the clear light of day would
reveal much rubbish and confusion that I had
not seen. By the way, peach-trees seem to
grow with remarkable thrift and luxuriance all
along the Kansas and .Missouri line. At friend
Leonard's there was a large peach-tree with
such wide-spreading branches that I took a tape-
line and measured one of the limbs. It extend-
ed out from the trunk of the tree 20 feet and 9
inches. Doesn't this almost match the story
from our California friend in another column ?

What is life without a home? If some of my
bachelor friends could catch such glimpses as I
do of home life, with all the children as much
interested as the father and mother in the bees.
garden, and fruits. I do not see how they could
stand it to live alone any longer. Not only
were these children interested in all that inter-
ested the father and mother, but the father and
mother seemed interested in all the studies and
juvenile pursuits of the children. Long live
the home I

Next morning I visited Lee Emorick, of Ijone
Tree, Cass Co., Mo. He was not intending to
go to the farmers' institute, but at my urgent
solicitation he did so. He lives on a hill, or
high mound, such as they have in that part of
Missouri. In fact, in some directions one can
see away over into Kansas, for more than 40
miles, from a point right in his apiary. The
ground is so high he escaped most of the frost
last spring, and has secured something like two
tons of honey from forty or tifty colonies. He
has also the finest orchard, with tr^es all bend-
ing with beautiful luscious apples, that I think
I ever saw in my life. When I expressed fear
that it would not do for me to eat so many raw
apples, he took me to a tree of ramboes that
were just dead ripe, and declared that anybody
could eat as many ramljoes as he pleased, with-
out any injury. I was thirsty, and just hungry
for nice apples, after my long wheelrides. and I
tried the experiment of eating nice mellow
ramboes to my heart's content. They did not
hurt me a particle. In fact, they did not pro-
duce any eflfect except to make me feel well
and strong.

Friend Emerick insisted on my looking at his
carp-ponds. There are five large ones — one
below another, besides some smaller ones on
different parts of his farm. He has been build-
ing them for several years, and now he has
water enough and tish enough. When I asked
him if he could afford to give so much good
land to be simply covered with water, he in-
formed me that he had about 600 acres, and
some of it might as well be under water as to
be devoted to any other use.

Harrisonville is a very pretty Missouri county-
seat; but Cass Co. ought to have furnished at
least several hundred farmers who could profit-
ably attend the institute. I am afraid, how-
ever, there were less than half a hundred. Of
course, the attendance was larger during the
evening sessions; but these were largely made
up of the people from the town. Friend Abbott
gave his inimitable poultry talk. When it was
announced beforehand, I feared I should not be
very much interested in hearing how to keep
poultry; but Abbott's talk was a wonderful
surprise. He has the knack of combining good
sound sense and fun. I believe, in a larger de-
cree than any other speaker I ever heard; and
some of his sallies broke forth into some pretty
bright scintillations of oratory. His talk on
diseases of poultry ought to be worth large

sums of luoney to such a .State as Missouri,
where poultry cuts such a figure among their
industries and commerce.

Just before going to press we extract the fol-
lowing from Colman's /tural World, Oct. 25:

Mr. Abljott's talk on "Poultry," as usual, was in-
structive and interesting', perliaps made more so by
Mr. Aljbott's eloquence. One of tiie greatest factors
in the success of this meeting' was the presence of
Mr. Root, of Ohio, who is an active and energetic
gentleman as tiorist and apiarist, and a man of vim
and vigor, wliose very presence inspires an audi-
ence His lecture on agriculture as related to api-
culture, and the need of advancement and progress,
was received in a manner most complimentary to
the speaker.

I feel all the more thankful to get the above
kind notice because it comes from Dr. Ramsey,
whom I have before alluded to as giving such
valuable talks on the diseases of domestic ani-
mals. I think Dr. Ramsey must be a particular
friend of mine, and this accounts for his ex-
travagant words of praise. I presume the
word "florist" got in because I spoke about
growing crops under glass; and, if I am correct,
some one complained that I scarcely mentioned
bee culture at all. Friend Kellogg, from his
magnificent greenhouses at Pleasant Hill, pre-
sented the institute with an enormous bouquet,
perhaps the finest I ever saw in my life.

C. J. Hostetter, of East Lynn, Mo., has a
windmill 2.5 feet across, which he uses for grind-
ing grain. It is not put up in the air as high as
it ought to be for his location; but, notwith-
standing, he says it has been quite a well-pay-
ing investment. It is true, he can not grind
unless the wind blows; but there are very few
days when he does not do more or less grinding.
He is at no expense whatever for an engineer:
and with his elevators and capacious grain-
bins he can leave it so as to grind alone when
the wind blows; and he often finds a wind has
sprung up in the night time, so that a grist is
ground, ready to be taken care of, when he
gets up in the morning. You may remember
that grinding grain by wind power is an old
hobby of mine, and I was very glad indeed to
find one man who has made a success of it. Of
course, the windmill must have some care.
One who is inclined to neglect his machinery,
leaving his mowing-machine and other tools in
the fence-corners during winter, had better not
invest in a windmill; but one who takes the
wind as one of God's precious gifts, and likes to
keep machinery in nice order, and every thing
slicked up in neat trim, will certainly find wind
power a very valuable thing where he has spare
time on his hands.

Friend Hostetter is also something of a gar-
dener; and one of his ventures during the past
season was to raise onion-sets. He succeeded
so well that he has, or had on hand when I was
there, about 200 bushels. Now, I want you to
listen while I tell you of a mistake he made.
He had had no previous experience in raising
onion-sets at all, but launched out into a crop
of 200 bushels for his first venture; and from
his statement I am inclined to think that he
would have made a big success of it had he
harvested his crop before the fall rains set
in. The sets were of fair size, but many of
them were green and growing. He kept wait-
ing for the tops to die down on all of them, as
they had already done on a part of them, and
at this stage the rains came; and those that
were matured, and hard and firm, started again
and sent out new roots. When he saw what
they were doing he hustled them out of the
ground and spread them out on trays to dry.
But they had got started on a second growth,
and they seemed determined to grow in spite of
him. He will, however, by a good deal of la-
borious sorting, and spreading them out in

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov. 15'.

the sun, to be carried in again at night, get
enough good sets, probably, to pay him for
his time and trouble — at least, I hope he will.
By leaving them so late, a good many of them
were too large; and he has 75 or 100 bushels of
pickling onions. Unfortunately a great part of
them are red. and the demand for pickling
onions is for white.

After the above was in type we received the
following from friend IL, indicating that his
venture has not turned out such a bad one,
after all:

Mr. R(i(it:—1 liave sold mv red onion-sets. I have
some 1200 to 1500 lbs. of Vellow Danvers sets, flrst-
class, left, that I will deliver f. o. b. at 10 cts. per
lb., provided it is not any further than Medina.

East Lynne, Mo., Nov. 9. C. J. Hostetler.

At just about this crisis on my journey I dis-
covered I should have between .50 and (50 miles
a day to make to reach Lebanon, Laclede Co.,
by Saturday night. At the above place Mrs.
Root has a brother; and the arrangement was
for her to meet me at her brother's. Saturday
night. Fifty miles a day would be an easy job
with graveled roads such as we have in Ohio,
or even good dirt roads; but as I approached
the vicinity of Hickory and other counties in
that neighborhood, everybody told me of the
terrible hills covered with sharp flinty rocks,
with roads so bad that a team could hardlv get
through with an empty lumber wagon. These
statements did not trouble me any— at least,
.not much, for I rather like obstacle.';, especially
in the way of hills, rocks, etc. They told me.
also, there were great rivers without any
bridges over them: but the weather was so
exceedingly hot and dry that I felt sure I should
be able to get across the rivers by some hook or
crook. This was Wednesday night, so I had
only Thursday, PYiday, and Saturday, to make
my destination. In spite of friend Hostetter's
urgent invitation to remain with him over
night. I told him I thought I would go on to
friend Yoder's. of Garden City. With moon-
light I should have made the trip all right; but
I did not like the idea of sitting down and
waiting for the moon's slow motions in coming
up, so I pushed ahead in the dark. I got along
very well until I nearly reached friend Yoder's.
when a round stone in my path, on a side hill
at that, gave me quite a tumble and some
bruises. I came up on the pordh just as the
family were sitting down to supper. When I
told them my name was Root, and that I came
from Ohio, you ought to have seen them scatter
around and make me welcome, with a good
place at their well -filled table. Friend Yoder
is also an onion-grower: but he grows Prize-
takers started under glass. I think he had
toward 100 bushels of onions that looked very
much like the Spanish onions on the market.
Said I:

"Why, friend Yoder, you could get $1..50 a
bushel for these. I verily believe."

"Oh!" replied he, " I am going to get more
than that. I expect to keep them till spring,
and if I have good luck I may get 12.00 a bush-
el."

" Why, where did you raise plants to get
these big onions? I have not seen any hot-
beds or sashes."

"Why, Mr. Root, I just pulled the windows
all out of my shop, and with them I grew
onion-plants enough to produce this crop."

Friend Yoder has some beautiful apples, and
some tremendously rich soil for gardening or
for any thing else. He has also secured quite
a handsome crop of honey, in spite of the gen-
eral drouth. Before we retired at night he
brought out the family Bible, gave me the old
arm-chair, and asked me to conduct the evening
devotions. I said to him laughingly, " Why,

look here, friend Yoder, you people are Men-
nonites and I nm a Congregationalist. How dO'
you know I shall conduct the services accord-
ing to your ideas of things? Hadn't you better-
take the Bible, and go on in your usual way?"

"Mr. Root, it does not make a bit of differ-
ence, even if we are Mennonites. We can unite
most heartily with you."

I then mentioned to him that friend Hostetler
told me that my religious teachings in Glean-
ings came as near the Mennonite faith as could
well be, and not be Mennonite entirely. Now.
there is a comforting thought right here. I
have been told this same thing by members of
other denominations; and does it not indicate
that, in the great essentials in all the real im-
portant part of the worship of God, we of these
different denominations are not so very far
apart after all ? Some good brother once said
at a union meeting, that, even if there were
division-walls between us, the walls were so low
that we could easily reach across them, and
shake hands all around.

I expressed a wish to call on Mrs. H. Wagner,
at Dayton, not very far distant from Garden
City, and friond Yoder at once offered to go
with me. We managed to strap the wheel
across the back end of his buggy, so we could
visit on the way. Mrs. Wagner had only re-
cently taken entire charge of their apiary. Our
good brother (her husband) was taken away by
death something over a year ago. Notwith-
standing this, she has secured perhaps the best
crop of honey of any one for miles around.
Well, this is not the first time a woman has
succeeded better than any of the men-folks in
getting a crop of honey. A good many of the
friends in Missouri are neglecting their bees ta
such an extent that their apiaries are getting^
to be all common bees. Mrs. Wagner was very
emphatic in regard to the advantage of the
Italians. She told me that pretty much all the
honey she had secured came from the Italian
colonies, and she pointed out one hive to me of
beautiful yellow Italians that had given her
over 100 well -filled sections during the months
of September and October. When she mention-
ed that these bees came from one of Ti ego's
queens, I gave a little exclamation of surprise.

" Why, my good friend, I was afraid these
very handsome yellow bees would not produce
as much honey as the others."

She said that had not been her experience at
all— at least, not with queens she got from
Trego. Perhaps I am giving friend T. a pretty
good advertisement right here: but I am al-
ways glad to find in my travels words of praise^
for our extensive advertisers.

Although it was thrashing-day, and every-
body was exceedingly busy, and I too was in a
big hurry (to tackle those flinty hills), Mrs. W.
insisted on calling the children to see me. She
said it had never occurred to her that A. I.
Root would visit their home. All over the
house and all over the place were things that
came from us. The children wanted me to ex-
plain a little more about their barometer; and
at parting my good friend said to me something
like this:

" Mr. Root, my dear husband, when he was
alive, was one of your most ardent friends and
admirers. He died full of peace, and faith in^
the Savior you have taught us about; and,
through all our joys and sorrows, through the
great trials and affliction I have passed through,
your little prayer has been my prayer. And I
do not know how I should have gone through
it all had it not been for the many answers to
that little petition in my sudden and great
trial — ' Lord, help.' "

Can you wonder, dear friends, that my trip
through Missouri was a happy one when I met

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

883

with encouraging words like the above, every
now and then, on my way ?

I.OW-I'KICED ONION SEED AND ONION SMUT.

^f^. Root: — I wish to call your attention to
the dollar onion seed, and to warn you against
it. You may remember I wrote you some time
ago that it had given me a nice crop. Well, so
I thought at the time; but it did not turn out
so. I told you I had one piece that had smut
in it, and laid It to the land; but it was the
seed. Only one piece showed it while growing;
but when we came to rake them out and pick
them up, oh dear! we had to throw away bush-
els and bushels of great large ones that were so
affected with smut that we could do nothing
with them, and they are a dead loss. It will
take at least $30 in cash out of me, and I am.
little alaie to lose it. This is why we knowit7Hit.st
be the seed. Many acres of onions are raised
about us, and no one else had smut this year,
or ever had it. I sold one man some of the seed,
and he had it in his; but he never had it before,
and has raised them for years. One field has
had onions on it for the past 18 years, and it
was never known before. Another had been
sowed only three years, and all are affected alike.
We fertilized this year, as we have years be-
fore. As no one else had smut, and we never
had it before, we know it must be in the seed.
We feel the loss greatly. These are hard times,
and we think the man who sold you diseased
seed ought to be made to stand at least a half of
our loss. Will you kindly see if something can
not be done to help us out in that direction?

Montague, Mass., Oct. 3. Fked ('. Fuli.ek.

[On receipt of the above I wrote friend F.
that I felt certain it was not because he bought
seed at a low price, for nearly all seedsmen, be-
fore the planting season was over, came down
in their prices to about a dollar a pound; and
although the evidence he gives seems almost
conclusive, I told him we had better submit his
statement to the Ohio I<]xperiment Station be-
fore deciding where the trouble lay. I submit-
ted the above to W. J. Green, Professor of Hor-
ticulture at the Ohio Experiment Station, and
below is the reply:]

A. I. Root: — Yours of the 8th, concerning
onion smut, is at hand. The probability is,
that your customer is wrong in his conclusions;
but there is also a possibility that smut may be
carried on the seed. This matter has been
pretty carefully studied at some of the station*;
and those who are best able to give an opinion
say that seed-onions are never affected with
smut, nor are sets and tr^splanted onions.
On the latter I have some evidence, and think
that it is true that the smut never attacks
transplanted onions, provided they are started
in soil free from the disease. Moreover, it is
believed that infection takes place only at the
time of germination, and that the disease is not
communicated from plant to plant after that.
Now, then, if these views are correct there
seems to be but little chance of the seed carry-
ing the disease, and yet it might be done. One
must stretch his imagination somewhatin order
to suppose a case, however. It might chance
that some smutty soil would get in the seed, or
the seed might be cured in a shed where there
were smutty onions; but no case that I can

suppose seems to me sufficient. lean see how
the smut could get a start in a field in that
manner, but it would talce it several seasons to
develop to dangerous proportions, for, as above
stated, it does not spread from one plant to an-
other the same season, but remains in the
ground and attacks the young plants the next
year just as they are germinating.

The probability is, that there was a little
smut in the fields the year before, but not
enough to attract attention, and last year was
the first real outbreak. I repeat, that smut may
be introduced with the seed; but an outbreak of
the disease can be caused oHly by smutty soil,
and the smut may be present in the soil one or
two seasons before it is observed— particularly
if one has had no experience with it, and is not
looking for it.

A few words about remedies. There seems
to be nothing known which is perfectly effectual
in preventing the disease, if applied to the soil.
Sulphur and sulphate of iron seem to be of
some use, but are not thoroughly effectual.
Transplanting is effectual, and, having tried it
thoroughly, I am convinced that it adds noth-
ing to the cost of onion growing if one is pre-
pared for it.

I should have been glad if it were possible to
take the other side in this question, and lay the
blame on the seedsman; for if any thing de-
serves condemnation it is the practice of send-
ing out inferior and dirty seeds. Seeds that
will not grow are bad; but weedy seeds are
worse. Smut is a weed; and if any one know-
ingly sends out any kind of smut he ought to be
published, particularly the onion smut, for it is
distributed only through the grossest careless-
ness. W. J. (iKEEN.

Wooster, O., Oct. 10.

[Perhaps I may add that we have never had
onion smut on our land, and 1 have never yet
seen a case of it, that I know of; but from what
experience I have had with other similar crops,
I feel sure that Prof. Green is right. In regard
to dirty seeds, all we purchased at a low price
was remarkably pure, clean, and nice. The
reason why i express myself so decidedly is,
that 1 expected the low-priced seed to be in-
ferior in some respects — that is, when we
first had it offered so we could sell it for a dol-
lar; therefore I examined it very critically,
and found it fully equal to that which cost
nearly twice as much. Again, we sowed some
of the seed twice to test its germinating -quali-
ties, and we have grown the onions on our own
grounds. Furthermore, if this cheap seed pro-
duced smut in other cases, we should certainly
hear more of it. Friend Fuller's report is the
only one received up to date. The seed was
probably furnished us by a large seed-growing
firm in Chicago; but as soon as they came out
with the low prices, others also offered us seed
as low as theirs, or lower, therefore we pur-
chased from different reliable seedsmen. I
should like to know what onion-growers of long
experience have decided in regard to this mat-
ter. Is it possible for smut to be introduced
through seed?]

SEEDS FURNISHED By THE GOVERNMENT, ETC.

Friend Root:— I noticed in Gleanings for
Oct. 15 that you speak of two grades of Grand
Rapids lettuce seed being offered for sale, and
would like to have the experiment stations help
decide which is the better. I have had some
experience which may help a little. Last spring
several packages of Grand Rapids lettuce seed
were received from the Department of Agricul-
ture, Washington ; and this fall, when I began
the sowing for the winter crop, not having a
large quantity of the seed which I knew was

884

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov. ir,.

good, I sowed quite a lot of the seed from the
Department, and now the crop is getting to be
large enough to see what it is. I can say that,
in all my experience in lettuce-growing and
testing of varieties, I never saw a more good-
for-nothing, worthless sort of lettuce. Not over
ten per cent of it even resembles the Grand
Rapids, and the ninety per cent is a sort of mon-
grel variety which resembles the Yellow Dock
as much as any thing. The crop we have
grown from this seed will be almost worthless.
If Uncle yam makes a practice of sending out
such seed as this, it is no wonder the people are
finding fault with* the Seed Department. If the
second quality of seed sold by the seedsmen is
any thing like the Department seed, it would
be costly seed at any price; while the seed that
cost more, if as good as what Mr. Davis has
«ent out. would pay for itself in greenhouse
work at the price you originally paid for the
Grand Rapids.

By the way, I have some of the plants grow-
ing side by side with the Department seed, from
seed which came from you last winter, and it is
as good Grand Rapids as one could expect to
grow in a greenhouse at this season of the year.

The Grand Rapids lettuce always sports a
little. The half-pound of seed from which we
grew about .5000 lbs. of lettuce last winter shows
■on an average about one poor plant to the hun-
dred, or not any more than that.

We have a pound of new seed from you this
fall, and I must look up the bill: and if it is the
cheap seed I will not sow any more, but will
have some of the better seed ordered, for T have
just finished the first transplanting of about
3000 plants from the new seed, and that is sufti-
cient to try it. If you would like to have the
seed tested, please send some, although it will
take two or three months to tell.

Wooster, O., Oct. is. E. C. Green.

[I wish every agricultural and rural paper in
the land would copy what Prof. Green has to
say above in regard to Grand Rapids let-
tuce seed which the government has been send-
ing out. I first gave the Grand Rapids lettuce
seed to the world six years ago. After all this
time the government has finally woke up to the
fact that this lettuce seed is getting to be a
staple, and thereupon it sends out such stuff as
Prof. Green tested. It would be interesting to
find out where this seed was purchased, and
how it got into the hands of the government
seed department. Can anybody help us? Are
there some "Tammany Ring" transactions
that need holding up to daylight in this matter
of purchasing seeds for the government?]

else), until July 10th. Now, if I had good seed
I believe I could make a good thing raising
Freeman potatoes planted in July. Of course, I
might take new potatoes, growing two crops in
a season; but there is much difficulty in get-
ting the new potatoes to sprout and secure an
even stand. Sprouting them flrst, and plant-
ing only those that have started, would make a
sure thing of it. These potatoes, dug this late,
will, of course, keep very much belter than
those taken out of the ground two months or
more earlier.

A PEBIODICAI. ON SI AKKET-GARDENING.

I am rejoiced to know that we have finally a
periodical devoted exclusively to the interests
of the market-gardener and trucker. Price
fl.OO per year. Published monthly by the Mar-
ket Garden Co., Minneapolis, Minn. The single
specimen copy we have received is a bright and
handsome sheet, and promises to be full of
items of interest to this special class of people.
For years I have looked through our agricul-
tural papers, our periodicals for florists, as well
as those devoted to gardening, just to glean out
what I could find here and there from practical
market-gardeners, and those who raise garden-
stuff by the acre for the markets of our great
cities. I have been expecting, year after year,
that we should find a periodical devoted entire-
ly to this class of people. We hope it may have
a generous support. We take the liberty of
offering it with a club for (Ji.eanings for #1.7.5
for the two.

OUR LATE-PLANTED FKEEMANS.

Those planted the lOth of July, that I have
told you about, were killed by frost Tuesday
night, Oct. 0. After the vines had got dry, so
that the substance had all gone into the pota-
toes so far as it would, the boys dug them and
got about 40 bushels of the finest Freemans we
•ever raised; and they were on our rich market-
garden ground, so that they had been heavily
dosed with manure, and yet there was not a bit
of scab or blemish, scarcely, on one of them.
The potatoes came right up, and the vines
grew bright and green, without any mutilation
by bugs, flea-beetles, blight, or any thing of the
sort. A basketful of the large ones were about
the finest I ever saw. A part of the ground
was where I raised those great White Pearl
onions, and the other part was where straw-
berries were turned under. There would have
been a much larger yield, but the seed was very
poor, and nearly half of it failed to come up.
You see, it is a pretty hard matter to keep po-
tatoes in good order for planting (or any thing

BUSINESS^

ANACER

Only 3 weeks moi'e in wliich to secure the 5 per
cent eiirly order discount.

FLOKIDA BKANCH.

Bee-keepers in Florida will be interested in know-
ing that we have made arrangements with A. F.
Brown, San Mateo, Fla., to keep quite a full line of
bee-keepers' supplies needed in that sec-tion. We
expect, soon after this number is mailed, to stait the
first carload. This will be followed a few weeks
later by a second cai'. We will mail circulars, with
full particulars and list of goods in stock, witliin a
week or ten days, to all addresses we have of Florida
bee-keepers.

NEV.\DA HONEY.

Of the carload of alfalfa honey from Bene, Nev.,
which had just arrived as we went to press with
last issue, we have left less than 35 cases of extract-
ed, and some over li;ilf of t lie comb. We are able,
alst), to otler t-Atracted elover and basswood honey,
if any prefer, at the same price, which was as fol
lows: Extracted, in 60-lb. cans, 9c per lb. for single
can; 8'/4c per lb. for a case of 3 cans, or 8c per lb.
for 3 cases or more. Comb honey, less than 100 lbs.,
16c; 100 lbs. or more, crated to carry safely by
freight, 15c.

AlKUTE STOVE-MATS AT 5 CENTS.

Since the stove-mat was introduced, a little over
two years ago, it has had a wonderful sale, and no
wonder; for if every one who has any thing to do on
a cook-stove knew what !i blessing these mats are,
the sale would have been still more wonderful. No
one who has used them enough to learn their ad-
vantage would think of being without. We have
thovight that the bottom liad been reached in price
several times; but it seems we were mistaken. We
are sure of it this time, however. The augite mat
which we have always handled is the original, and,
so far as our experiments have gone, it has contin-
ued to be by far the best mat made. The asbestos
used is much whiter, and superior in quality. It is
hard to convince dealers, however, that it is worth

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

885

nioro tlian some Imitation tiiey could buy for a
tritie less money. The manufacturer, of the au-
gite mat has decided that he would not make an
inferior mat to compete with the cheaper grades
made, and that it wasn't worth his while to continue
making- the superior article at tlie present prices.
We have secured the remainder of his stock, 50
gross, at a price which enables us to sell them at a
price as clieap as the cheapest. We guarantee they
will go no lower than these prices, 5 cents each; 5()c
per do/..; t> doz., $2.70, or $ij.tK) per gross. By mail,
10c each; $1.00 per doz., postpaid.

To any of our readers who will renew in advance
for Gi<KA.MN<;s we will send postpaid one of these
mats, ("/ i/oi/ axk for it. If you are in arrears you
must pay up tt) January, 1S95, and for one year from
that date, if you would be entitled to the mat. If
you secure a new subscription, and send with your
renewal, paid in advance, we will send you 3 mats
instead of one, and the new name will get Glean-
ings till the end of 18S'5. If you have your premium
.sent with other goods by f reight or e.vpress, so we
have no postage to pay, we will send ;i mats for re-
newal, or 6 for a new name with renewal. We want
to see one or more mats go into the home of every
reader of Gleanings, as we believe it will be a
much appreciated help to the one who does the
cooking. If you will also spend a little effort in in-
troducing tliem to your neishbors you will t^e doing
good work, and botli will be well repaid. We could
give hundreds of testimonials speaking in the high-
est praise of the mats, but we have already said
enough. Get one and trj- it for yourself.

HOT-BED SASH AT LOW PRICES.

We had omitted to say earlier, that we still fur
nish the low-priced hot-bed sash that we sent out
so extensively a year ago; and as the price of glass
is still lower, we can give you a bargain on glass for
immediate orders. Price of sash, one in the fiat»
for sample, ().5 cts.; r> in tlie flat, 60 cts. each; 10. in
the flat, .55 cts. each. If you want screws to put
them together, add 5 cts. for each sash. The holes
are all bored, so you know just where the screws
are to go. Glass, SxlO, just right for the above,
$2.tK) per box of 90 lights; 5 boxes, $1.90 per box; W
boxes, $1.8 I per box. We can put up sash all ready
to use, glazed and painted, in lots of 5, $1.75 each. I
would not advise sliipping a less number than five;
but if you take my advice you will have all your
glass sash shipped in the fiat. In this case they go
as fourth- class freight; whereas, all complete they
will have to go as flr.stelass, and .some roads rate
them as double first-class.

LOWEK PRICES ON WIRE- NETTING.

We liave just made a new contract for our supply
of wiiv netting and fencing for the coming year;
and liy it are able to make much lower prices than
ever before. Instead of the table of prices on the
inside of back cover of oiii' catalog, tlie following
will apply from now on till further notice. You
will see by this that prices are nearly 30 per cent
lower, the 2-in. No. 19. 4 ft. wide, being now only
$3.00 per roll, 1.50 feet long, with furtlier discount
for nuantity, and other sizes in like proportion.

fuller's grape culturist.
After the above book has been a standard author-
ity on grape culture for a period of thirty years, the
author, A. S. Fuller, has just put out a new revised
and enlarged edition, published by the O. Judd Co.
I hardly need add that the new edition is fully up
to the times, both in new varieties and modes of
training. No matter what system a culturist pur-
sues it will well repay the grower to have " Fuller
on the Grape." The author makes grape-growing a
regular science and system, like mathematics. If
you read the book once through carefully, you will
know just what to do to make your vines do their
best. This book and the Concord grape have, in
my opinion, had very much to do with the fact
that beautiful luscious grapes are now to be had alt
over the United States for only four or five cents
pound, and sometimes vt'ry much lower. The price
of the new edition is SI. 40; postpaid by mail, 1.50.
We keep it constantly in siock.

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1 69

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3 36

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3 75

4 69

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7 50

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If) ,50

TWO NEW INDUSTRIAL BOOKS.

The enterprising editors of the Philadelphia Fonit
Jou/doMiave given us two beautiful little books—
the Biggie Horse-book and tlie Biggie B«'rry-book.
Both are full of important hints, put into few words,
and both are interspersed with pictures illustrating-
the subject. The lierry-book especially contains a
series of colored plates representing sixty straw-
ben ies. in shape, size, and color, inside and outside.
The special feature of the berry-book is, that it em-
braces a sort of symposium of the opinions of thirty
or fortv prominent berry-growers of the present
time, in fact, all of these writers and growers
have answered a series of questions propounded by
Judge Biggie, the author. These little books are
not only full of information, but they are hand-
i^ome enough to grace the center-table of the parlor.
The price is 50 cts. each, postpaid. They are offered
considerably cheaper, iiowever, when clubbed with
the Farm jnurnnl. T suppo.se our readers are so
well acquainted with this latter periodical that re-
mark is unnecessary. Dui'ingimy recent travels I
found tlie F(trm Joumnl almost everywhere. People
who think tliey can not afford one of the regular
agricultural papers usually have the Farm Jouroal
anyway. The colored plates alone in the straw-
berry-book, I am told, cost over a thousand dollars.

Staples for above, Jj or 1 inch, s cts. per lb.

'I'iif sizes of wliich the price is given in italic fig-
ures are not kept in stock, and will have to be
shii)pe(l direct from factory in Connecticut. We
have in stock liere most widths of 3-inch No. 18 (in-
cluding 12 and is inch) and 2-incli No. 20, and all tlie
widths of 2-inch No. 19.

.A.iiy of these sizes may l)e shipped from here
wlieii preferred. These and other sizes will also be
shipped from New York or Chicago direct, without
any additional charge for cartage. In addition to
these low i)rices we will, on lots of 200 lbs. or more,
to points east of Ohio and north of Virginia, where
the freight does not exceed 40c- per 100 lbs., sliip
direct from the fact (u-y in Connectiouf , and deliver
the goods at your station. To points farther re-
moved from tiie factory, where it would be more
economical to ship from factory we will do so. and
allow 40i' per HKI lbs. on the freight, on shipments of
200 lbs. or more. It is only on shipments from the
Connecticut factory that we can allow the freight.
Shipments from New York, Chicago, or from here,
will be f. o. b., and freight paid by the purchaser.

prices of POTATOES FOR NOVEMBER.

Although I would hardly dare to assume the re-
sponsibility myself, I think potatoes can be ship-
ped, with veiy little danger, to any point south of
here at any time during this month. Below we give
prices for potatoes oidered this fall. Of course, we
can not say at present what they will be when we
commence sbiiiping in the spring.

Price of Early Ohio, Karly Puritan, Lee's Favor-
ite, Rural New Yorker, and Monroe Seedling pota-
toes: Peck, 35c; >i bushel, 60 c; bushel, $1.00; one
bbl. of 11 pecks, $2.50.

Freeman potatoes, one peck, 4()c; Vi bush., 75c; 1
bushel, $1.25; one bbl of 11 pecks, $3.00.

One pound of any of above by mail, 20c; 3 lbs., 4.5c.

Any of tlie above potatoes, second size, half the
al)ove prices.

I would call special attention to the second-size
potatoes; and perhaps I may mention that we have
purchased of T. B. Terry all the second size he rais-
ed on his farm. At the above prices, only $1..50 for
a barrel of Freeman potatoes, T. B. Teny'^ gtock^

886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov. 1.5.

they are certainly a bargain. Tlie largest of them
will do nicely to bake. Perhaps it is well to men-
tion that our stock of second size of Rural New-
Yorker is always limited because they run large so
invariably.

A word in regard to the Early Ohio potatoes.
They are so much disposed to scab, especially on
our ground, and so unsatisfactory in yield, we think
of dropping them. It is true, the Freeman is not
quite so early, but in every other respect we think
it a much better pt)tato; and for an extm enrJy po-
tato we have settled down on Everett's Six Weeks.
Although I have not raised it very much myself, it
has been making- an excellent record with many of
ray neiglibors. We have now in stock about 40
bushels, and the price will be the same as the Free-
mans above.

In my enumeration of potatoes, with prices, on
page 776. Oct. 1. by a blunder the Monroe Seedling
was omitted. We had no thought of leaving out
this now considered standard potato, for it is our
best medium early. The price will be tlie same as
tlie Early Ohio, Puritan, Lee's Favorite, and Rural
New-Yorker, as above.

THE SEED-TFJADE t'OR 1895.

There seems to be quite a healthy activity among
seedsmen in regard to prices and quality of seeds
for next year. Tt begins to be a settled fact that
there is such a thing as cheap seer's. If they are
not in the market they are certainly in the hands of
the governmnit seed-shop — see p. H8:i. Prof. Green is
right in saying it would be cheaper to buy lettuce
seed at $100 a pound than to take that furnished by
the government department as a gift. One might
think at first glance that this is a tremendous ex-
aggeration; but when we take into cot.sideration
Ihe expense of the glass that covers the crop, the
care required, and the value of a good crop of
Grand Rapids lettuce grown under glass, he finds
there is a tremendous importance attached to the
kind of seed one starts with. T find Grand Rapids
lettuce seed quoted in most of the seed-catalosrs,
and also in advance wholesale sheets. The price
is low. so that it mav be readily retailed at 10 els.
per ounce; and my impression is. that all the Grand
Rapids lettuce seed offered by our large well-known
seedsmen will prove pretty nearly true to name —
perhaps not quite so good as the stock seed grown
by the originator, Eugene Davis, and carefullv
watched, as none but tlie originator would be likely
to watch a production of its own.

By the way, this reminds me that we are out of
Ignotum tomato seed, and I do jiot know where to
find any that is just what I want. Tt is pretty cer-
tain there has be^n quite a little sold that is not up
to the original Ignotum as I first gave it to the
world. I feel somewhat ashamed of myself to
think I did not have enough enthusiasm in time to
raise my own seed. Can any of the readers of
Gleanings help me out in this matter?

I undertook to rai=e a lot of onion seed from my
strain of Spanish onions bought in market; but the
dry weather " sat down " on it so tliat I am not sure
I have any good seed at all. We are commencing to
test it in our greenhouses. Of course, during such
a, severe general drouth as we have had the past
summer, there liave bpen a good many disappoint-
ments, and very likely the seedsman has been
blamed, when only the dry weather wa'^ at fault.
All I can say in regard to the seeds we offer for sale
is, that we are planting our own seeds — at least a
great part of them— cuej-y maiitfi in the year, and we
shall not try to sell to anybody else seeds that we
would not plant ourselves. In fact, if there is any
reason for being suspicious of any lot of seed, I
make a planting of it myself before offering it for
sale.

march's strain of jersey WAKEFIELD CABBAOE,
STOCK SEED.

Frte/id JJooL"— I send you today 5 11)8. of the best
stock seed that I have ever put on the market. I
saved 5 lbs. for you when Gregory ordered every
ounce of this year's ciop, and 40 lbs. of my last
year's yield. The 5 lbs. is all you can get this" year,
for I have six orders already tiiat I can't fill. I feel
safe in saying this is the l)est 5 lbs of Wakefield in
America. I liave been 10 years working this stock.
The original was from Francis Brill's Long Island
stock, considered at that time to be the truest stock
of Jerse.v Wakefield grown. At that time only
75 per cent of the lieads were cone-shaped; the rest
were roundish-oval, with a great many soft heads,

and over 10 per cent that made rosettes, witli no
sign of a head.

This seed that I send you will make every head in
a thousand cone-shaped, and 99 per cent of gCKKi
plants, well grown, will make solid heads. I stake
my reputation as a seed-grower, on this seed.

I have 25,000 plants for next year's seeding, and I
hope to have enougli then to go ai'ound. This seed
that I send j-ou is from the choicest heads of a field
of over two acres. The heaviest and most perfect
heads were picked, and wintered under glass. It's
the heaviest-heading variety of early cabbage in the
world. 1 have been perfecting this stock for over
ten years, and I defy the warki to heat it. Try it and
report. H. A. M.\rch.

Fidalgo, Wash., Oct. 16.

[You will notice by the above that I have failed
in getting March's seed next year, with the excep-
tion of 5 lbs. of xtoch .seed, described above. Now,
as this 5 lbs. would go only a little way in supplying
our customers, we have bought a supplj' of the
best Jersey Wakefield of Francis Brill, for general
purposes that is, to furnish at prices mentioned in
our catalog. But this preeiou!^ seed, that friend
March was kind enough to send me, we are going to
give to the readers of Gleanings in this way:
Every one of you who pays or has paid for Glean-
ings for 1895, before Jan. 1st, may have a paper of
the seed free of charge. If you have paid for 1895
already, simply tell us on a postal that you want
your paper of cabljage seed, according to this otter.
Of course, the packets will not be very large; but
they will be large enough so that you can see
whether friend March has exaggerated in his ac-
count of what he has done. Remember, this seed
is not for .so^c at any price. So long as it lasts, it
will be given to our subscribers. If you want more
than one packet, get some of your friends to sub-
scribe with you. Foi' new names we will send both
of you a packet— the new subscriber, and the one
who induces him to subscribe.

500 YOUNG FERRETS

Now ready to ship ;it only f 3.00
a pair. Price list of Bees and
Ferrets free. N. A. Knapp,

Rochester, Lorain Co., O.

TAKE NOTICE!

DEFORE placing your orders for SUPPLIES, write
" for prices on One-Piece Basswood Sections, Bee-
Hives, Shipping-Crates, Frames, Foundation, Smo-
kers, etc. PAGE & KEITH,
8tfdb New London, Wis.

Gash for Beeswax !

Will pay 23c per lb. cash, or 3.5c in trade for any
quantity of good, fair, average beeswax, delivered
at our R. R. station. The same will be sold to those
who wish to purchase, at 30c per lb., or 33c for h^ot
selected wn.r. Old comhs will not be accepted under
anil cnn><ideratinn.

Unless you put your name on the '>oj-, and notify
us by mail of amoui.t sent. I can not hold myself
responsible for mistakes. It will not pay as a gen-
eral thing to send wax by exprexs.

A. I. ROOT, Medina.Ohio.

Read what J. 1. Parent, of
Charlton, N. Y., says— "We
cut with one of your Combined
Machines last winter 50 chaff
hives with 7-inch cap, 100 honey-
ra;'ks, 500 broad frames, 3,000
honey-boxes, and a great deal of
other work. This winter w e
have doubled the amount of bee-
^ 'lives, etc., to make, and we ex-
' pect to do it all with this saw.
Mt will do all ytm say it will."
Catalogue and Price List free. Address W. F. &
JOHN BARNES, 545 Ruby St., Rockford, 111.

When more convenient, orders for Barnes' Foot.-
Power Machinery may be sent to me. A. I. Root.
eiotf Please mention this paper

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

801

PATENTS

Careful attention ffiven t(i the pi'osecution of
Tjusiness before the U. S. Patent Office. All busines.s
treated as strictly ci>iifi(le)itial. No charge made for
■service.'* in prosecuting: application, until tlie pat-
ent is allowed. Send for " Inventor's Guiue."

FRANKLIN H. HOUGH.
92S F STREET. WASHINGTON, O. C,

Every Farmer

Ought to read the Rural New=Yorker.

{Published weekly.)

It is the business farmer's pa i)er, and a most re-
liable authoiitj- on agricultural and horticultural
sul)jects. Frauds and liumbug-s fear it. ONLY $1
A VEAR. Send for sample Lopy to
THE UIJKAli INEW-YOKUKK.New York.

We have made ari'angements so that we can send
it and Gleanings for ifi.T') a year.

RppC W/^ Y W' f\ n TPn CEFORE placing your orders for SUPPLIES, write

l^V-WO tT Cl/V " T C4.ll IV'Vl* , " for prices on One-Piece Basswood Sections, Bee-
Hives, Shipping-Crates, Frames. Foundation, Smo-
kers, etc. PAGE & KEITH,
Stfdb New London, Wis.

EASILY SATISFIED.

Yeiits iiijo ii, French Caniidian drayman vviis
doing business in ^'('rgellues, Verniont.
Ke;ili7,ing thiit the days of his old blind liorse
were numbered, he thus appenled to ii well
known ciii'crr. "Itlr. Parker, you travel
ze country good doiil more as I do; you see
some o-l-e boss, he not worth much, you
tola 'im 1 boiislit you." Weaic reminded of
this c«ise when ;in i'nqnirei- writes Hint he h;is
sent for other lists, niid the "<-iiea pest"' will
get his order. ISbu'al . I'se liorse sense
wlieii biiviiis: fence.

PAGE WOVEN WIRE FENCE CO., Adrian, Mich.

Please mention this paper.

Will pay 28c cash.

A full line of Supplies always on hand.

J. a. Strlmsliam, 105 Parle Place, A% V,

M,|xu c HONEY
-^^^^^ EXTRACTOR.

Square Glass Honey-Jars,
Tin Buckets, Bee-hives.
Honey Sections, Etc., Etc.
Perfection Cold-blast Smokers.
APPLY TO

CHAS. F. MUTH & SON, Cincinnati, 0.

p. S.— Send 10-it, .st.ani)) liir ' Prai-tical Hints to Bee-keepers,'

Promptness is What Counts.'

Honey-jars, Shipping-cases, and every thiny
that bee-keepers use. Root's Goods at Root's ;
Prices, and the Best Shipping=point in the I
■Country. Dealers in Honey and Beeswax.
Catalog- free.

WALTER S. POUDER,

j62 Massachusetts Ave., Indianapolis, Ind.

Please mention this paper.

SIMPLFY HATCHER &

^llfirbUit DQnnnCD Pnmhinarl

BROODER Combined.

THE MOST PERFECT
Incubator Matle. Hatches
every egg that a hen coulfi
hatch; Regulates itself auto-
matically; Keduces the cost of
poultry raising to a minimum.
Send for Illustrated Catalogue.

1 «0 Egg size Sjil 6.00.
MPLCX MANF'G. CO.. Qujncy. III.

Attention, Bee-keepers!

Remember Jennie Atchley will mall you
untested queens any day in the year 'for
■tl.O:i. She is now preparing to fill your
nideis for (jueens and bees in 189.').

.hinii;iry to .lune prices. Untested, 11.00,
(i for *.') (10. ,t!t III) per doz. Tested, ;i-li;uided,
*1..50:.")-l);in(le(l. $X'.5(I. Tt-stcd Cai-nidhms,
ia..")0. T will real- the leather-colored Itjil's,
oi- JMniiided; silver-gray Cariiiolans, and 5-
baiided, in separate yards at safe distiince.
Hees by the pound, $1.01). Nuclei, per
fr;ime. $1.00. This is one of my specialties.

Write me for prices on large" lots and to
the trade. Catalog- reafly Jau. 1.

1 lun'c been at this business long- enoug-h
to know how to ship, aud please customers.

All Uee Supplie.s. Dovetailed Hives,
Root's Goods, and Dadant's Foundation.
Figun out what you want, and write for
esSimale.

Jennie Atchley,
Bee Co. Beeville, Tex.

l^ln responding to this advertisement mention GLKANiNoa.

/

If you keep BEES,
subscribe for the Pro-
gressive Bee-keeper, a
journal devoted to Hees,
Honey, and kindred in-
dustries. .50 cf .s. per
vear. Sample copy,
also a beautifully illustrated catalogue of Bee-
keepers'supplies, fi«ee. Address
LEAHY MFG. CO.. HIGGINSVILLE. MO.

im\

Dovetailed Hives, Simplicity Hives,

SECTIONS. EXTRACTORS. ETC.

FULL LINE OF

BEE-KEEPERS' SUPPLIES.

60-PAGE CATALOGUE. Itfdt

J. M. Jenkins, Wetumpka, Alabama.

C^lii respoiKUng to tlii.s iKlverti.-eMiei]! mention ULEANI.Mis.

892

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec. L

Honey Column.

CITY MARKETS.

Kansas City.— Honey.— The receipts of honey

large, market well supplied. Fancy wiiite. Mb.

combs, 15 cts.; amber, 12@13. Receipts of extracted

' cts.; amber, 5i4@6 cts.; Southern

Beeswax, 22 cts.

Hambi-in & Bears?,
Kansas City, Mo.

light; white
honey, 4^@5

Nov. 19.

New York.— Honey.— The receipts of comb lion-
ey are very large, and exceed those of former years
by far. Tlie demand has not been active of late, and
tliere are no signs of improvement. The supply is
accumulating, and the prices sliow a downward
tendency. We quote fancy white, Mb., i:i@14c;
fair white. 11@12; bucliwheat, 10c; 2 lb. sections are
in verv light demand, and sell at from l@3c per lb.
less. The market on extracted is quiet, with good
supply of all kinds; white clover and basswood, 6c;
Southern. 5(l@i5.5 per gal. Beeswax firm, and in good
demand at 30@3l.

HiLDRETH Bros. & SEGEIyKEN,

Nov. 24. 28 & 30 Broadway, New York.

Denver.— Honej/.-There is not much change in
our market. Best consignments of No. 1 white
comb honey in 1-lb. sections, put up in 24-lb. cases
suitable for putting in cartons, 12>^c; No. 2, in ca-es'.
IOV2. No. 1 white extracted honey, in 60-lb. cans,
6'o@T. We can still liandle a quantity of No.l comb
to advantage. R. K. & J. C. Frisbee,

Nov. 21 Denver, Col.

Kansas Citv.— Honejy.— The demand for comb is
firm; for extracted, light. We quote No. 1 white
Mb. comb, 14@ir); No. 2, 13@14: No. 1, amlier. ]2@13;
No. 2, 10@12; extracted, 5@,T. Beeswax, 22@26.
C. C. Clemons & Co.,

Nov. 19. Kansas City, Mo.

Ai.BANV.— Hone?/. —The retail trade is now pretty
well supplied witli comb honey, and stock is moviiia'
slowly with us, and prices less Mrm. We have a lot
of bui'kwheat in stote but ni't mm h white clover.
The latter is sellina- at ]2@,14: mi\id and buck-
wheat. lOf^ll; extracted dull at .5'.2@T. Beeswax
wanted at 26@28.

Chas. MCCUIXOCH&CO.,

Nov. 20. Albany, N. Y.

Chtoaoo — Hone.!/.— We note but little change in
the mai'ket. Best, gradf>s of white comb sell at 14®
1."); yellow and dark. 9@13. according to colir and
tlav(>r. The receip^s aie heavier this mi nth than at
any time during 1834. Extracted steady at6@7 with
offerings birge in th'» lovvei' grades. Beeswa.x is
scarce.'and brings 27(5i28 on ari-ival.

R A Burnett & Co.,

Nov. 19 163 So Water St., Chicago, 111.

BUFF.ALr).— H"?/e)/,— Trade has been very SMtisfac-
tory on nil fam'v urad<\s of honpy, and niovinu' ofl
quite freely at UtSil.'i: choice, 12(??),18; common, lti@11 :
buckwheat nuving slowly at Kfi/i); stfjiy 8:iles at 10;
extracted. t)@7. Batterson & Co.,

Nov. 19. Buffalo, N. Y.

Detroit.— Hojiey.— Best white comb In ney in fair
supply and good demand, and selling a't 14@].5 ;
other grades, 12@13; exti acted. 6@T. Boeswax. 21@
25. M. H Hint,

Nov. 19. Bell Branch, Mich.

CleveTjAND. — Ho?ie//.— We (luote No. 1 whitecomb
honev put up in cases of 1-H). sections is selling
fronru to 1.5c. No. 2, 12(^13 ; extriicted, 6@S. Bees-
wax, 2r)c. Stock is moving better than any time
this season. Williams Bros.,

Nov 17. 80 & 82 Broadway, Cleveland. O.

Cincinnati. — Hovey —Demand is good for choice
comb honey at 14@16 in the jobbing way. Supply is
fair. Thei'e is a fair demand for extracted honey
at 4@7e, with a fail' supply. Demand for beeswax
is good at 22(a>27 for good to choice yellow; supply
sciint. Chas. F. Miith & Son,

Nov. 19. Cincinnati, O.

Boston.— Ho?iej/.— We quote our market on best
1-lb. comb honey at 13fa!l4, and extracted .5@6, with
good demand and fair supply. E. E. Blake & Co.,

Nov. 2. Boston, Mass.

Wanted.— Abiut 500 lbs. of good quality extract-
ed honey. Quote lowest price, and send sample to
J. S. Case, Colchester, Conn.

For Sale.— 2.500 lbs. No. 1 basswood honey in bar-
rels of 3J0 and 500 lbs. each, at 6' jC, F. O. B.

E. D. TowNSEND, Carson City, Mich.

Alfalfa Honey, very white, thick, and rich.
Two 60-lb. cans at 7c. Same, partly from cleome-
(tinted), 6c. Samples, 8c.
eift Oliver Foster, Las Animas. Col.

For Sale.— Eight tons fine extracted honey, put
up in square 60-lb. can.s, two in case, at 5)^ and 6 cts.
Five or more cases, Xc less. F O. B. here.

J. B. Case, Port Orange, Fla.

For Sale.— 1800 lbs. honey in 60-lb. square cans,,
price 7 and 8 c, f. o. b. cars here. Sample by mail.
R. H. Bailey, Ausable Forks, N. Y. Box 81.

Only a part of that car of honey left, but we still'
have plenty to fill orders at $7.80 per box.

AiKiN Bros., Loveland. Col.

Having seciirrd ;> tine quan'ity of buckwheat ex-
tracted lioney 1 now offer It iu Ints to suit, purchas-
er, 210-lb. kegs at WiC, f. o b. ; aloo 2(l0n lbs. of bass-
wood and clover. W. Lamar Coogshall,

eitf West Groton, Tompkins Co., N. Y.

Fob SAr.E.— 7000 lbs. of fine, ripe, extracted bass-
wood honey, higlirst offer takes it. Also Italian
Bees and Fox-hound pups,
oift Elias Fox. Hillsboro. \\ is.

FOR SALE.— Japanese Buckwheat. $1.50 per 100
lbs. Bees, Peach Trees, Raspberry and Black=
berry Plants.

J\_. f. T^awreuce'>^ Fruit Farm,

Miclior^' Comei-s, Mich.

CHAS. ISRAEL & BROS., 110 Hudson St., N. Y.

HONEY

WHOLESALE
DEALEES &
COMMISSION

gtauichod BEESWAX.

AND

LIBEBAL

ADVANCES

MADE

ON

CONSION-

MENTS.

BUFFALO, N. Y. Unsurpassed Honey Market.
BATTERSON & CO. Responsible, Reliable,
Commission Merchants, igtfdb and Prompt,

Burpee

n Seed Annual for 1894 is well worth
►i havinsr. Tell to all who plant seeds

W. Atlee Burpee & Co., Philadelphia, Pa.

Will pay 22c per lb. cash, or 25c in trade for any
ciuantity of good, fair, average beeswax, delivered
rtt our R. R. statitm. The same will be sold to those
wlio wish to purchase, at 3()c per lb., or 33c for heitt
selected wa.r. (Hit. combs icill not be accepted under
any coisidrniliiDt.

Unless you put your name on the ho.t, and notify
us by m;ill of amount sent. I can not hold myself
re.sponsible for mistakes. It will not pay as a gen-
eral thing to send wax by exprest^.

A. L ROOT, Medina.Ohio.

OTTUMWA BEE-HIVE FACTORY.

Bee-keepers, look to your interests. Every thing
in the line of bee-supplies constantly on hand.
Price list free. GREGORY BROS. & SON,
l-23a Ottumwa, la. South side.

jSriti res|)onding to this aclvt-itiseiiieiit mention Olkaning9.

1804

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

893

Contents of this Number.

A. I. Koot Coinpany 913

Apiary. House ." 913

Apiculture in Geriuany 9fl'

Clams (iltil

Convention at Toronto 913

Uu )f -outs. Bees in 9U2

Ernest at Dr. Miller's 9ii6

Essa.vs at Conventions 896

Kuropean Matters 9(10

Feeders, Peroolator 9M

Frames. Size of 9fl9

hardening in California. . . .920

Hive-covers ; mi

Hive, Wells <)i)]

Lettuce in Greenhouse 920

Moths, Storms of 904

I'.ual.vsis of Bees 911.5

yui>cns,E:u-|y 910

Oiieens. Contaminating 920

Kamhiii- at Pismo Beach... .898

Stones on Hives 912

Sntrar. Coffee A 912

Temperance Item <I13

Well at Clinton, Mo 914

CONVENTION NOTICES.

The Western Washington Bee-keepers' Association will hold
Its ne.\t meeting on Monday. Dec. 10, 1891.

G. D. LiTTOOY, Sec, Tacoma, Wash.

The annual meeting of the Ontario Bee-keepers' Association
will be held in Stratford, Jan. 23. 24. 189.5. All bee-keepers are
W. CorsB, Sec, Streetsville. Ont.

invited.

Let everybody come to the Midwinter bee-meeting, Beeville,
Tex.. Dec 27 and 28. Half fare on all railroads. No hotel hills.
The meeting will be at Mrs. Jennie Atchley's apiary, two miles
north of Beeville. Jennie Atchlky.

The next annual convention of the Vermont Bee keepei
sociation will be held in Middlebnrv. Vt., Jan. 30, 31, 189.5. Pro
grams will be prepared and mailed later. Let every bee-keep
er. whether Vermonter or not, begin now to lav his plans to at
tend this meeting. H. W . Scott, .Sec, Barre, Vt.

As-

The Indiana State Bee-keepers' Association will hold its 1.5th
annual meeting .at the Statehouse, Indianapolis. Jan. 9th, 1895.
There will he three ses.sions. Several other associations will
convene here at the same time, thus securing !}<: fare for the
round trip; but a certiticate must be asked forwhen buying
your ticket. Programs will be readv in December.

Walter S. Pouder, Pres., Indianapolis.

The annual meeting of the Northern TUinois Bee-keepers'
Association will be held in the supervisor's room of the court-
house, in Rockford, III., Dec 18. 19. 1894,

B, Kennedy, Sec, New Milford, III.

The Eastern Iowa Bee-keepers" Association will hold its an-
nual meeting at Anamosa. in the court-rooms. Pec 26. 27. Re-
duced railroad rates. The delegates will be permitted to go
through the State pri.son located in Anamosa. Let each dele-
gate bring something of interest.

Frank Coverdalk, Sec, Delmar, la.

Wants or Exchange Department.

Notices will be inserted under this head at one-half our usu-
al rates. All advertisements intended for this department
must not exceed five lines, and you must say you want your
adv't in this department, or we will not be responsible for er
rors. You can have the notice as many lines as you please,
but all over five lines will cost you according to our regular
rates. This department is intended only for bona fide ex-
changes. Exchangesfor cash or for price' lists, or notices of-
ferin? articles for sale, can not be inserted under this head
For such our regular rates of 20 cts. a line will be charged. and
thev will ho ^^.l^ with the retnilar advertisements We can not
be re'ponsihip for dissatisfaction arising from these "swaps."

w

ANTED.— To evp)vine-p snpplips ntid other soorts
for honey. O. H. Hyatt, Shenandoah, Iowa. 20tf

W

ANTED.— To exflianpe a beautiful lot, 25x110,
for a pneumatir-tire safety liioycle.

L. L, ESENHOWER, Reading, Pa.

WANTED.— To e.vchnng-p now oroods. 2 extra fine
book - rases. 11 donlile-wnlled, double paste-
board-lined bee-hivos, staiuhiid liooks and Bible.s,
hand seed-drills and cultivators, for 2 job printing-
presses, and honey at Ic per lb. above market price.
Send for circular. W. H. Gardner, Allegan, Mich.

WANTED.— To exchange a Noxal 200-egg incuba-
tor, used 3 settings, at $15, comb foundation at
market price, and extracted honey at 8c, for honey-
boards, supers, and brood-frames, cut to order.

R. C. AiKiN, Loveland, Col.

WANTED.— To exchange 160 acres of land, 45
acres in cultivation, 4 acres in fruit; 14 miles
ivest of Hot Springs, Ark., for bees oi' oilers.

H. H. T. Kohlenberg, New Braunfels, Tex.

WANTED.-To exchange several good safety bi-
cycles. Honey wanted. Send sample.

J. A. Green, Ottawa, 111.

WANTED.-To exchange 2(10 colonies of bees for
any thing useful on iihmtMtion.

Anthony Opp, Helena, Ark.

WANTED.-To exchange 2.5-lb. aluminum Bicycle
and 3,^-lb. steel bicycle, for foot-power saw
turning-lathe, etc.

Robert B. Gedye, La Salle, Illinois.

WANTED.— lo exchange elegant photographic
oiJtfit for large and small portraits and views
(sample work on ajiplication), for first-chis.t i.neu-
niatic-tire bicycle, in good condition,

J. Ferguson, Tracy City, Teiin

WANTED.-To exchange an observation hive and
swarm-catcher, glass all sides, half price; and
a marine rotary steam-engine, almost new and per-
fect, at one-third its cost, for honey. Descriptive
circulars free. W, H. Gardner, Allegan, Mich

KIND WORDS FROM OUR CUSTOMERS.

The new sections are fine.
Lakeside, N, i'.. May 23.

Frank Palmer.

GLEANINGS AS AN ADVERTISING MEDIUM.

I am beset witli inquiries about the climate of
South Florida, from a single insertion of m^• little
advertisement in Gleanings for Sept. 1. You must
have an immense circulation, and the demand for
such knowledge must be great. I. M. Depew.

Manatee, Pla.

I received the .sewing-machine in good order, with
the exception of the rod connecting tlie treadle and
wheel. It must have got broken while on tlie road,
for it came in two pieces. It has been temporarily
fixed. Tlie machine is a beauty, and I like it very
much. It is excellent fo)' the money.

Irviugton, N. .1., Nov. 8. Mrs. C. Momm.

a successful shipment op queens to CUBA.

The following comes to us written in the Spanish
language:

Mr. Boof;— I acknowledge the receipt of your let-
ter, as well as that of the two Italian queens, select
tested, which 1 ordered indirectly of you. They are
giving entire satisfaction. The insects not only
arrived safely, but were introduced into their re-
spective colonies, and to-day have their combs ti'lled
with pure Italian brood, which pleases me very
much. F. J. BUCHAC.\.

Cienfuegos, Cuba, Nov. 13.

The two boxes of fuel for the Comfort foot-stove
have been received by my brother. He has been for
many years sub.iect to asthma, which is usually
brought on in the winter time by catching cold.
Last yeai- he never took a drive without having the
foot-stove in the buggy with him. Result, not a sin-
gle attack of a.sthtna during the winter. No sum of
money would be an inducement for him to be with-
out the stove. Neglecting to order fuel this fall, lie
caught a cold while riding, and had a scxcre atiack
of asthma. If the device were properly advertised,
it seems to me it ought to sell by the thousand.

Columbia, Miss., Nov. 0. T. S. Ford.

THAT CRANE SMOKER.

I have received the Crane smoker you sent me,
and am very much pleased with it. " The master
mind that conceived how to control the bee, with
her wayward ways and probing disposition, and
tools to do it with, is a benefactor to us With the
Crane smoker, model 1894, 1 am happy; and with it
I can control my bees as easily as a raonied man can
a Western alderman after a wine-supper; and they
(the liees) are about as good-natured and full, but
not full of slush and wine, but sweets from the del-
icate flowers. W. M. Sturtevant.

Sierra Madre, Cal., April 2.

894

GLEANIiNCxS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec. 1.

Local Supply Dealers,

that will be of mutual benefit. ^ ^ HUTCHINSON, Flint, Mich.

SOUTHERN AND EASTERN AGENCY

FOR A. I. ROOT'S BEE-KEEPERS' SUPPLIES

AT A. I. ROOT'S PRICES.

RAWLINQS IMPLEMENT CO.,

Formerly Balto. Farm Implement Co.
Jobbers & Dealers in Farm Implements & Hachinery

209 S. Charles St., Baltimore, Md.

^'3-fleoi

PATE/\/T WIRED COMB FOUNDATION-

Has No Saw ^" Hroocl-frames.

Thin Flat -Bottom Foundatiorr

Has no Fishtone in the Surplus Hone7.
Being the cleanest, it is usually worked!
the quickest of any foiindation made.
J. VAN DEUSEN & SONS,

12tfdb Sole Hanufacturers,

Sprout Brook, Montgomery Co., N. Y.

ONE MAN WITH THE

UNION COHBINATION SAW

Can do the work of four men us-
ing hand tdols, in Ripping. Cut
ting otf, Mitering, Rablieting,
tirooving. Gaining, Dadoing,
Edging-up, Jointing Stufi, etc.
Full Line of Foot and Hand
Power Machinerv. Sold on Trial.
Cataloii Free. l-34oi

SENECA FALLS MFC. CO.,
44 WaterSt., Seneca Falls, N Y.

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Send 6c. for Ulas. Catalog.

„ Circulars Free.

OEO. il. STAliL,! 14to 1 38 8.6th 8t..aiilney.Ill.

500 YOUNG FERRETS

Now ready to ship at only *3.00
a pair. Price list of Bees and
Ferrets free. N. A. Knapp,

Rochester, Lorain Co., O.

Warranted Queens, 75c.

Five-band strain, bred for hiisiness, six for
$4.(X): dozen for $7.,'j0. See former a<7s., and send
for circular. Safe arrival and SMtisfnction H'uar-
anteed. J. B. CASE, Port Orange, Fla. |

75 H/VES OF BEES.

INQUIRE OP I

World's Fair fledal

Awarded my Foimclntion. Send for free-
samp7es. Dealers, write for wholesale prices.
Root's new F'oliHhed Sections and other goods-
at his prices. Free Illustrated Price List of every
thing needed in the apiary. JW I-I Hn tit-
Bell Branch, Mich. ^'^' "* ' «"*»»"

8 Numbers for Only 10 cents.

Yes, we will mail to anv ^EW NAITIE the lasts numbers of the AITIERICAN BEE JOlJRN.\I>

for IWtf for only 10 cents istamps or silver): or, if vou will send us *1.(0, we will credit your siibseiiption
tillJan. L 1«96. and ALiHO mail you KK.KE a copy of Newman's " Hees and Honey -a IbU-page Dee-
liook, having over i:'(l engnuiims. 'I'HINK OF IT 60 copies of the ■'American Hee Journal and a
160-page bee-book-all for $\.m: Take the s numbers for 10 cms first, ii you prefer, and ihen by Jan 1,
189.J, send in the remaining 90 cents, and we will mail you the bonk and tiie "Bee Journal tor ihao. tne
8 numbers can be ordered anv time (hiring Nn\ ember and D.cenilier. Single sarn pie copy free^ A(ldre8s
GEOR<.it<. \V. VORK & CO . f.6 FIFTM AVE., <'mCACO, IL,!..

13 Carloads of Supplies,

This is the amount we have distributed in a single season, of

Foundation, Dov. Hives, Sections, Extractors, etc. Therefore, if

you have little mfmcii and wa nt t hat litt le to go as far as possible,

— remember that we are headquarters in the west for all goods in

— ^^— — our line; by doing so great a volume of business we sell g'oods-

eaii. I f you iia ve riir iiiniieii, also remember you can make it earn a big interest by availing yourself of

r discounts for early orders. In either case you should write us and tell what you will likely neeU. it

will pay you. We sell Root's goods at Root's prices, and can save you freight. _,,— nf^Av

The new polished sections and all other late improved goods kept ill stock, rfin Tilt lAltvT

Send for our large ill ustrat- \-\}[\ mC W LO I i

Joseph Nysewander, Des Moines, la. ^^^S^^^^^,i^!^^; —

chea
ou

'JOURMAUU

^ ■ DELVoTED ,

•To -Bel ELS' ^^^.^^
• AN D Hon EY- 'iWy

•AND HOME,- '^
•1NTE.P^EST6

'ubhshedby-THEA l"Roof Co.

Vol. XXII.

DEC. I, 1894.

No. 23.

^=^6S?S^.£M^er:

Good sleighing Nov. 13.
Le Progkes Apicole gives 18 lbs. as the
minimum winter stores in France.

" Speak oni.v good of the dead " is not a bad
maxim ; but some make it, " Speak good, only of
the dead."

" I HAVE KEPT green fruit in jars for a season
by sealing tight with beeswaxed cloths."— Mrs.
Atchley, in A. B. J.

Nov. 9. Snow 3)3 inches deep on my hives.
Won't I wish they'd been in the cellar if they
don't get another flight? Later.— They didn't
get it.

Fl'migation with sulphur is a good thing for
a bee-cellar— of course, before the bees are in;
and don't fumigate the people if any live over
the cellar.

An apiary of 30 colonies, kept in the city of
Chicago by Mrs. S. M. Brooks, gave a crop
averaging S13 per colony, mostly from sweet
clover. — A. B. J.

"It is BECOMING apparent that hives should
be sized according to good and poor seasons
rather than poor and better localities. "—C. W.
Dayton, in Review.

The Revue Internntionale occupies the
whole of its October number with a sketch of
the life of Francis Huber: and an interesting
number it makes too.

I don't know the answer to Bro. Poppleton's
question about bees propolizine late in the sea-
son. I've also known them to put big daubs of
glue at the entrance, which rather looked as if
meant for warmth.

GoLDENROD, says .1. K. Goodrich, in .4. B. J.,
yields well in moist localities, but not on drj
ground. He says, when abundant in the hives
the odor is such that a novice might mistake it
for that of foul brood.

Cellared my bees Nov. 20. They had gone
through two hard freezes, with thermometer 7
and 10^ above 0, and ought 10 have had another
fly; but it was too risky to leave them out long-
er. I wish they had been put in Nov. 1.

Egyptian bees have the reputation of being
cross. F. W. Simond writes from Alexandria
to Revue Internationale, that, on their native
soil, they are very gentle; but taken to Europe
they become vicious, as do animals of larger size.

DooLiTTLE says, in ^. B. J., that winters are
gradually becoming harder on bees, and thinks
that, by the year 2000, nearly all if not all the
bees north of 40° will be cellared. But he much
prefers a special bee-cellar with no building
over it.

In Switzerland large numbers of bees died,
death being attributed to fine dust or rust on
pine needles getting into the breathing pores of
the bees while working on the pines. Could
that explain some of the unexplained cases in
this country ?

Rambler, on p. 8(58, handles the term " frog-
eating" very gingerly, fearing to show disre-
spect. If he has ever tasted the hind quarters
of a "bloody-noun," well fried in butter, and
concluded he didn't like it, I've a good bit of
" disrespect" for his taste.

British bee-keepers have two kinds of con-
ventions. The one seems to be chiefly a busi-
ness meeting. The other they call a "conver-
sazione," which hasn't the least shadow of a
program, but is taken up with solid bee-talk.
Reports of the latter are very interesting.

The kepoht of the convention at St. Joe, so
far, in the American Bee Journal, is unusually
full. Even for those who were there, it will be
interesting to read it over. So much is crowded
into two days that we can't remember it all; so
in reading the report, much of it comes as new.

Editor Yohk says the editorial " we" seems
more natural than " I." Some very bad things
are natural. He says "I" is sometimes ego-
tistical, but "we" isn't. Tut, tut, George! is
there any thing very modest iVi a man's feeling

896

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec. 1.

so big that he thinks he's more than one per-
son? I'd like to see just one good reason for
saying " we " when you mean " I."

H. GuEHLER, a prominent German honey -
dealer in Berlin, keeps in front of his retail
honey -depot an observatory hive, which at-
tracts attention and noticeably increases sales.
Four such colonies are kept in his apiary so as
to change off, each one being confined only
half a day at a time.

Artificial honey is reported in Bavaria, of
such composition that "chemical analysis has
not detected any thing differing from the honey
of the bees." But the B. B. J. wisely comments,
"The composition of leather and meat are al-
most identical, but one would hardly relish the
one as well as the other."

Mrs. Hallenbeck introduced a queen after
this fashion: Shook a lot of bees in front of a
hive supplied with combs, sprinkling the bees
with thin syrup, then dumped the queen among
them, letting all run in the hive. Of course, I
suppose the hive was on a new location. Now
just say why that isn't a real good plan.

Mrs. Hallenbeck says, in Progressive, that
the percolating plan of feeding with tumbler
and saucer has been used by her ever since she
fed bees. Mustn't keep things to yourself, sis-
ter H. [I wonder if she knew she had struck on
to a really good thing. If she did, why did she
keep it under a bushel ? Dear me! I wonder if
there is any thing new under the sun.— Ed.]

That table of Coggshall's, on p. 8(),5, while
very interesting, doesn't prove any thing. If
he would be kind enough next year to put the
ten-frame hives in the different apiaries side by
side with the eight-framers, it would help no
little to decide between the two kinds. [I don't
agree. I think it shows pretty well that there
is not so much difference between the eight and
ten frame hives as many suppose. Of course, it
would have been better if the two kinds of hives
had been in the same yards; but even as it was,
if the ten frames are really better they ought
to have shown some slight evidence of it in the
table. The eight frames seem to hold their
own every time. — Ed.]

Herr Reepen, in Centralblatt, mentions the
testimony in GLEANiNOsas to bees moving eggs,
and says it may be like some other supposed
facts that were firmly established and after-
ward found to be not facts but errors. He
thinks the exceeding tenderness of the outer
coating of the egg makes transference impos-
sible. [If man wiih his clumsy fingers can
transfer eggs successfully, and good queens re-
sult therefrom, it seems to me the bee can do it.
The accumulated evidence that it does do it is
quite conclusive. The coating of the egg is
very tough, as I have found in dissecting for the
microscope. If it will resist the manipulation
of man, it certainly will that of the bee.— Ed. J

The man who tells all about his failures may
do as much good as he who tells of his successes.
How much time we might save if we could
know, without trying, that certain things would
only end in failure! [Yes, indeed. We will
gladly open our columns for the telling of fail-
ures. Many a scheme we may pet for years,
and, when a favorable opportunity comes, try
it only at a great loss. If a few of these pet
schemes were shown up, not as they appear in
beautiful and enticing theory, but in actual
practice, it would save many another good
brother bee-keeper dollars. The knowledge of
what others have done, even though it resulted
in failure, is invaluable to the fraternity at large.
Come, brethren, don't be too modest. — Ed.]

THOSE ESSAYS AT THE ST. JOSEPH CONVEN-
TION.

A REPLY TO W. Z. HUTCHINSON: THE VALVE
OF CAREFULLY PREPARED PAPERS FOR CON-
VENTION purposes; conventions for ad-
vertising BEE-KEEPING.

Biy Emcr.son T. Ahhott.

"There was one mistake (?) made in getting
up the program, and I am not sure but it is a
worse one than that of having no program at

all I have reference to the securing

and reading of long essays descriptive of bee-
keeping in foreign lands We can

not afford to travel hundreds of miles to listen
to what we can just as well read in the bee-
papers."— W. Z. Hutchinson, in American Bee
Journal.

Friend H. puts this as though there could_ not
be two sides to the question; and as I was the
one who conceived the idea and secured those
papers, and as I am just as certain that there
was no mistake made in so doing, I want to
have my say.

There is but one reason given why such
papers are a mistake: and that is, one can not
afford to travel hundreds of miles to listen to
what he can just as well read. If this be true,
then there is no use of having a convention at
all, for it is just as easy to ask and answer
questions in the papers as it is at a convention.
Do not the bee-papers do that very thing in
every issue? It is all very well to take up some
of the time, but not all of a convention, by such
questions as, "'Which is the best smoker?"
" Which is the best queen— one with a body all
yellow or one with a tip of black at the end of
her tail?" "Can you cut sweet clover for hay
just as it comes in bloom, and then let thestock
keep it eaten down so it will not bloom any
more that season, and yet the bees be able to
gather a bountiful crop of honey from it?"

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

897

Now. friend II., and all the rest of the people
who seem to think the sole aim of a convention
is to ask and answer questions, could read the
answers to all of these questions in a paper just
as well as to have them given viva voce in a
convention; and, further, the answers are
more likely to be to the point.

If one will stop and think for a moment, he
will see that this talk about taking the time of
a convention is a fallacy. What is the time of
a convention for, any way? and what is the
purpose for which conventions are held ! The
real end in view is. or should be, the promotion
of the best interests of bee-keeping throughout
the land. I hold that such papers, occupying
only a small part of the time of the convention,
as they did at St. Joseph, do as much, if not
more, to promote the general interest of bee-
keeping as any other part of the exercises.

Conventions are not held for the sole informa-
tion or enjoyment of the people who attend
them. There is always a larger audience to be
had in mind, and whom we should be just as
anxious to reach. Bee-keeping depends in a
great degree on this larger audience for its
prosperity. In fact, its life depends upon the
attention and patronage this larger audience
may give to the products of the industry. The
trouble with some conventions is, thai the
whole program seems to lose sight of the gener-
al public, and they either resolve themselves
into a mutual-admiration society in the interest
of a few, or else become an automatic question-
box to satisfy the latent egotism of those who
have an unconquerable desire to ask questions
in order that they may have a chance to an-
swer them, flattering themselves all the time
that they can answer them a little better than
any one else. All questions are not asked for
information.

Then If it were not for these carefully prepar-
ed and interesting papers, I apprehend that the
general public would know and hear but little
about our meetings. The papers of St. Joseph
gave large space to the doings of our associa-
tion: and what was the principal matter that
entered into the make-up of their articles?
Why, these papers that friend H. says were a
" mistake.'" If I mistake not, the papers would
not have given half the space or attention to
our industry if this " mistake "' had not been
made. In fact, there would have been but little
of interest for a daily paper to publish had they
not been read. No one will argue for a moment,
I presume, that we could have gotten these
papers published in the daily papers if they had
not been read at the convention. Then, again,
I am not so sure that the parties who furnished
the papers would have written them for any
of the bee-papers. I am quite sure they would
not without pay. This is not all. These papers
are being copied by other journals, and so the
influence of the North American is still going
on, and will go on as long as any of the essays

are in print, and are being read by the general
public.

This answers another statement made by
friend H., that it does not pay to publish the
notices of our meetings in the agricultural
journals, because the people who read them
will not come. What of it? The thing we are
after is, to let the people of the continent know
that there is such a thing as the North Ameri-
can Bee-keepers' Association; and then when
we want a favor of the railroads, or Congress
or a State legislature to pass a law for the pro-
tection or promotion of our industry, we shall
not be asked, "What is this, any way?" or be
further greeted with the remark, "I never
heard of it before!" I presume friend H. be-
lieves in advertising, to say the least, and I am
sure this kind of advertising will pay in the
end. I venture to say that there are some peo-
ple in this country who have a realizing sense
of the importance of bee-keeping who had never
heard of the North American Bee-keepers' As-
sociation one year ago.

I took special pains to have the Board of Ag-
riculture of our State know that there was such
an association in existence; and more: I saw
to it that the secretary of said board had an
earnest and urgent invitation to attend our
meeting. I am sure this will be of great benefit
to our industry in Missouri, if not in the entire
country. All of this advertising helps to sell
honey, and selling honey is of about as much
importance to the bee-keeper as any thing of
which I know.

In conclusion I will say I do not think it is a
mistake to have some well-digested essays read
at the North American, neither do I think it
time and money spent in vain to advertise
the meetings in the agricultural journals.
The more of this the better it will be, as I see
things now.

St. Joseph, Mo., Nov. 17.

[At first I felt as Mr. Hutchinson expressed
himself; but the more I think of it. there is
much truth in what you say I would especial-
ly emphasize the fact of the great good that can
be accomplished in having our conventions ad-
vertise the honey business. Even if the notices
in the agricultural papers do not help the at-
tendance, it lets farmers and everybody else
know that bee-keepers are alive and doing ;
and when they see the great stacks of honey on
the market, instead of jumt)ing to the conclu-
sion that "it must he adulterated, for the bees
could not produce so large an amount." they
may think differently. Yes. indeed, bee-keep-
ers should avail themselve>* of cheap advertis-
ing: that is. there is hardly an agricultural pa-
per but would be glad to publish notice of any
bee-convention, free of charge.

Regarding those essays, I have known fo
some time that we might help the general pub-
lic to a better understanding of our industry,
providing we help the reporters of the great
dailies to get material regarding the conven-
tion. If it is all off-hand talk, they are pretty
apt to put in little or nothing, and even that so
garbled as to be worse than nothing. Well,
then, if they are handed papers that are read,

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec. 1.

they can publish *o much that will be present-
ed to the general public in a form acceptable to
bee-keepers. — Ed.]

RAMBLE 121.

GETTING CLAMS, ETC.

By Rambler.

Mr. Hilton is about the only bee-keeper of any
account near Los Alamos. He has only one
fraternal competitor, and that is a German
bearing the name of Kisswickeder; or if I have
not got it right, it sounded as above. Mr. Hil-
ton drove me out in his cart one forenoon, and
we found the apiary and residence of our Ger-
man bee-keeper, but we regretted to tind the
owner absent. The hills were very tame around
this apiary, and there was a plentiful supply of
bee-pasturage; but it was nearly as retired a
place as the spot in the Zaca Mountains where

cultural career, owned ;iOO colonies ; but at the
time of our visit it was reduced to 80 colonies ;
and, like Mr. Hilton's bees, these were surely
getting honey; and I afterward learned that he
got a ton or two of surplus honey. Long may
the name of Kisswickeder wave!

Our sojourn in Los Alamos, however, termi-
nated. We regretted to leave so kind a friend
behind as Mr. Hilton. His generosity broke
forth one morning in bringing to our camp a
roll of butter and a can of honey. For many
days thereafter we audibly ejaculated, "May
the shadow of Hilton never grow lessl" I did
not regret, however, to leave those various-hued
babies. The last thing I discerned distinctly,
as we rolled out of Los Alamos, was one of
those juvenile faces with a squall spreading
rapidly from the mouth to the ears, getting
ready, as I opined, to have its picture taken.

Bro. Wilder, I know, had some regrets at
leaving, for some of those bright-faced Spanish

IVwhri "'^.

PISMO BEACH.

Mr. Hilton wished to locate the Rambler. Our
German lived the happy life of a bachelor in
this retired spot, and his little cabin \Vas char-
acteristically German in its surroundings. A
great variety of flowers, roses, etc., dotted the
lawn, and many rare varieties of trees and
shrubs were growing, among which Mr. Hilton
pointed out a tea-ti'oe. A tall pole bore upon
its summit a dovecote, in which a numerous
flock were cooing their love- notes. Evidently,
in the absence of dog or cat, our friend found
much companionship in the feathered creation,
as well as with his bees. Another evidence of
German occupation was an empty beer-barrel,
and several bottles marked " Lager" or " Rhein
Wein." The pipe, also, solaced the German.

A short distance from the cabin we saw the
busy apiary. Mr. K., at one period in his api-

senoritas tugged hard at his heart-strings : but
deer-hunting ahead had greater attractions, and'
he tore himself away.

In Santa Maria we made a brief halt, and
then pushed on into the (to us) unknown coun-
try beyond. A little beyond the town we ford-j
ed the Santa Maria (Mah-re-ah) River. The
ford was over a mile across, and not a drop of
water in sight. This, too, was one of those riv-
that are bottom up, which we tind so often inj
this country. The sand was, however, worse to[
ford than water would have been, and our po-j
nies needed to rest quite often. This sand ford
is not only toilsome fur horses, but a terror tOj
the rider of the wheel. We learned from a cy-
clist that it is the only place in all the journey^
from San Francisco to Los Angeles, over 5()0i
miles, where a wheel will stand alone uprightl

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

899

in the sand. We remarked to each other that
we should like to see A. I. Root sweating
through that spot — not that we wish to inflict
punishment upon him, but we thought it would
be good for his liver : and. besides, if it proved
too hard for him we could lend a helping hand
with our sturdy ponies. See?

'•>^t.V'flfe.^-»

"got one, wilder?"

Our ponies struck off at a rattling pace upon
the hard road after we left the ford ; and that
night and the next day, Sunday, we quietly
camped within a little distance of Los Berros.
Monday it was through Arroyo Grande, a thriv-
ing town. Here we deflected a little from our
route, and again sought the shores of the Pa-
cific at Pismo Beach. In all our journey from
Los Alamos we learned of only one bee-keeper,
and he was such in a small way, we were in-
formed. The country was largely a grazing re-
gion, and there was no visible pasturage for
bees.

Pismo Beach is quite a famous local summer
resort, and is noted for good fishing, and, above
all, for the immense number of clams that can
be dug from the sandy beach. Ranchers and
their families come here with their tents and
cooking-utensils, and live for weeks, bathe in
the surf, dig clams, eat and sleep. This camp-
ing on the beach is a dull, prosy, and lazy life.
The ranchers say they can live cheaper there
in the summer months than they can at home;
and the change is agreeable to their families.
We found the usual attractions here —skating-
rink, dance-halls, and an imitation "Ferris"
wheel; but the atlractors all declared that it
was dull times for them, and no money to be
had. We spent a night and a portion of a day
hpre; saw the loading of vessels with thousands
of bags of asphaltum, which an extensive mine
back in the hills supplied; visited the chalky
cliffs, and explored the caves where many oth-
ers iiad trodden before us, and enjoyed the
dense wet morning fog. It is early in the morn-
ing, when the tide is out, that the harvest of
clams goes on. The residents of the canvas
village go out barefoot, with trousers rolled up
above the knees, armed with shovels, stout

sticks, or even a strong knife, and then get
down close to the surf, and dig. I armed my-
self with a butcher-knife, and a little digging
in the wet sand unearthed a large healthy clam ;
a little more digging, and another. I soon had
two dozen, which was enough for our needs, and
I left the ranks of the diggers. Pismo Beach
with its lazy aspect we left behind
us, and remember it as a place we
have seen.

Our journey was again into the
interior, and San Luis Obispo our
objective point. Our day's jour-
ney was enlivened by passing
through a number of little valleys
made fertile by life-giving springs
of pure water. In these valleys
a variety of farm products was
cultivated, and the acres of corn,
potatoes, and alfalfa, and the neat
cottages, gave evidence of thrifty
communities.

In the suburbs of San Luis Obis-
po we saw quite an apiary of box
hives ; and after we had become thoroughly es-
tablished in camp in one of the public parks, I
took an evening stroll out to said apiary, and
found that it was owned by a German, and, in
connection with his apiary, he worked a cem-
etery. A person can not be expected to be up
with the times, perhaps, whose mind is so

" VOS YOU VON OF DOSE DllMBERAXCE

GItANKS? "

mixed up with grave-digging, and with the de-
parted glories of many families; his mind must
needs have a '"retrospective glance; " and it

900

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec. 1.

was proved in this case by the condition of the
apiary, which loomed up in fine style in box
hives.

It was just my luck, as I entered the capa-
cious front yard, to have three rotund women
enter ahead of me, and completely surround and
take the attention of the cemetery cultivator.
His wife was, however, at hand, and with pal-
pitating gall I addressed her.

" Madam, can I buy some honey of you?"

"No," says she, "ve haf none. Dose pees
makes no honeys dees yahr. Odher yahrs ve
haf so much."

" How many hives have you '? "

"Ve haf a goot many hifes; may pe thirdy;
may pe thirdy-vive. Ve haf so much honeys
last yahr. Ve haf more as much hives and
honeys as anypodies all ofer dees goundry."

" From what source do your bees gather hon-
ey?"

'•Vat zorse? zorse? Mein craciousl de pees
don'd vork on zorse. You tink pees, like flise,
vork on zorse? No, mein craciousl zorse! Our
pees vork flowers, posies, roses. Ve haf flow-
ers, posies, roses, for pees to vork on from von
ent of de yahr to de odher ent. Zorse! Mein
craciousl"

I apprehended that the good lady had misun-
derstood my question ; and as I find it no use to
argue with a woman I proceeded with the next
question. Said I:

" Ma'am, do you secure your honey by means
of sections, or do you Hhruschka it?"

'* Vat is dat you means? You means ve visky
it? — visky dose nice gomb honeys? No ! Vat
you dinks ve run a peer-garten, a visky-zaloon?
No, mein cracious! Vat you dinks! Mein hus-
pant, who vorks on de cemetery all day, viskies
his honeys! No, mein cracious! Vat vas you,
anyvays?— von of dose demberance granks vat
sees visky in de moon, in de stars, in de deep
veil of vater, in our honeys?"

She raised her voice and shouted to her hus-
band, "Hans Blinkenhoffer, gome here! here
vas a visky grank."

Hans was, however, still surrounded, and I
bade a hasty good-night and retreated in good
order, resolving not again to interview foreign
people too closely in relation to the honey busi-
ness when they are so far behind the times in
their knowledge of it. To turn his little crank
on posted people will hereafter be the duty of

the Rambler.

■ — » — ■

A CHAT ON EUROPEAN MATTERS.

SOMETHING GLEANED PROM FOREIGN BEE-
JOURNALS CONCERNING THE .JOURNALS
THEMSELVES.

Bii CharUn Norman.

[We may explain to our readers, that the
ollowing articles by Mr. Norman are of the
nature of Dr. Miller's Stray Straws, being com-
piled from La Revxie Internationale from Jan-
uary to June inclusive. We believe they will

be found to be of great interest as showing
what is going on in that portion of the world-
France and Switzerland. Mr. Norman is thor-
oughfy informed on all that has been printed in
the French language relating to our pursuit,
and is, we have every reason to think, a care-
ful and judicious observer. Two more articles
will follow this. — Ed.]

La Revue Internationale cV Apiculture [The
International Review of Apiculture) is a month-
ly, written in French, and edited by Mr. Ed-
ouard Bertrand at Nyon, a city in the French
part of Switzerland. It is not confined, though,
to the latter section or province, but circulates
wherever the French language is spoken or
read — in France, Belgium, Alsace, Lorraine,
Italy, Canada. It has some subscribers even in
Chili, India, Cochin-China, Australia; a cor-
respondent from Merrylands, N. S. W., is quite
happy that his attention has been directed to
the Revue, and writes: " Hitherto I had not
read any but English bee-papers — Gleanings
and The Bee-keepers' Review— two excellent
journals; but how I longed to read my favorite
subject, apiculture, in French!" The Revue is
also well patronized by Swiss, French, Italian,
Austrian, and German advertisers. Among
them I notice the name of one of your corres-
pondents, Mr. Ph. J. Baldensperger, who now
resides at Nice, France. There is an adver-
tisement by a French ladies' firm who evidently
mean business, for they make this quite timely
remark: " Letters not accompanied by a stamp
will not be answered."

The Revue well deserves all this patronage,
for the leading articles are interesting and well
chosen, as Mr. Bertrand understands both Eng-
lish and Italian; and as some of his contrib-
utors understand German, the foreign bee-
literature receives due attention. The editorial
remarks regarding bee-matters are fully up to
the times. A good many reports and condensed
correspondences are given; the readers are kept
posted concerning bee-keepers' meetings, etc.

The French, you know — the better class of
them — have very pleasant manners, and
" French politeness" is a word that tells a good
deal. Well, the Revue is in full harmony with
that tone, and there is hardly a page of the
same but shows it more or less. Now. by this I
do not, of course, mean that our American bee-
writers lack courtesy. On the contrary, the
great majority of them are all right in this
particular; but are there not a few— just a few
—with whom it is no pleasure to differ, and
who, in their fancied infallibility, come down
on every opponent as if he were a most despis-
able fool who could not be castigated enough?

Mr. Bertrand has also written a book, " La
Conduite du Rucher " (The Management of the
Apiary), which, to judge by a few excerpts that
are cited in the iieoite, must be quite a thor-
ough and commendable work. It has reached
its seventh edition. In fact, there is no want of
French bee- literature; and any Frenchman

1894

(JLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

901

who feels like becoming a bee-master can find
enongh books, pamphlets, and periodicals to
satisfy his needs.

There is a French bee-paper published even
In Afv'i^A—Nahhla (the Bee), an organ of the
society of the Algerian apiculturists, and edited
by Dr. Reisser. "the high skill of whom in api-
culture is well known."

Among the books are translations of Mr.
Cowan's '"Guide," and Mr. Dadant's " Revised
Langstroth.'" Mr. Charles Dadant is a con-
tributor to the Reiuie, and his articles are well
written — indeed, the emanations of a mind
which combines fine judgment with great ex-
perience. He is held in high esteem by the
editor of the -Rev tte as well as the other con-
tributors. When mentioning his name they do
not spare words like " master," *' celebrated."
and the like, and they are quite proud of Mr.
D. being their fellow-Frenchman. In fact, in
bee-matters he is, to all appearance, the author-
ity with them. The French, like any people,
may have their faults, but they are far from
participating in that hypercritical vein which
characterizes some other nations; and when-
ever one of them has worked himself up to
celebrity they acknowledge it without jeal-
ousy, and treat him with that respect which is
due him.

The French language has some quite happy
expressions. For instance, "'la ruche " means
hive; "la ruchee," colony; " le rucher," apiary
—all words that are based on the same root.
" Les fixistes " are those bee-keepers who use
gum, skep, or box hives; "les mobilistes," those
who use hives with movable frames — two words
we well might adopt. " Le bourdon" means
the drone; and when a queen is a drone-layer
they call her "bourdonneuse;" so a colony or a
hive which has either such queens or fertile
workers is called "bourdonneuse" or " bour-
donneux." Could we not likewise use the short
word "dronish '■ for such queens, colonies, or
hives? The French bee-keepers (also those of
the other continental nations) do not call each
other " friend " or " brother " or " sister," as is
customary over here. With them these words
mean a great deal, and people there are very
careful in addressing another person by such a
name. Therefore they call each other "col-
legues (colleagues), thus indicating that it is a
like pursuit that connects them.

In France and Switzerland, bee-keeping is
not so advanced as in the United States, the
number of the fixists* being much larger there:
yet the mobilists, by incessant private as well
as public agitation, are gaining more and more
ground. There are, however, several depart-
ments of France — even Mr. Bertrand admits it —
where the box hive is preferable. Reason: " the
honey is mediocre, red, thick, and so gummy

* Those wlio use skeps or hives without frames, in
Contradistinction to " mobilists," who use movable
flame hives. — Ed.]

and dense that it separates from the wax with
the greatest difliculty. In order to extract it,
it is absolutely necessary to break the combs.
Its sale is difficult, and one does not like it, even
where it is produced. Its shipment is very
troublesome and painful (on account of the
geographical condition of the country), and its
price is very low." Therefore the production
of honey does not pay there at all, while the
production of ivdx does, the latter being excel-
lent, and selling at a good profit.

Of the hives with movable frames, the two
most used are the Dadant hive— either pure or
more or less modified -and the Layens hive.
There are also in use the Langstroth, the Cowan,
the Sagot, the Burki-.Teker, the Berrichonne, the
Wells, and other hives— quite a symposium, it
seems, to suit the most divergent tastes. As no
description of those unknown to us is given, I
can not enter into any discussion of their re-
spective merits and demerits; but perhaps the
one or the other of them contains a feature or
features we could add to our hives, and so it
might be worth while for us to inquire into this-
matter a little.

THE WEI.LS HIVE.

The Wells hive is of English origin (unless it
be an imitation of that renowned German bee-
keeper Dr. Dzierzon's twin hive). What it is,
Dr. C. C. Miller told your readers in Glean-
ings, Aug. 15, p. 643. I send you an engraving
of it, which you may copy, and which explains
the whole plan sufficiently. The correspon-
dents of the Revue are divided as to its merits.
Some are pleased with it, some displeased, and
the last word has not been spoken yet.

Over two pages of the Revue are devoted to
an article of Mr. Dadant, on the Layens hive.
Mr. Fourcassie, the secretary of " La Society
d'Apiculture du Tarn," had, in a bulletin of the
same, remarked that Mr. Layens' methods were

903

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec. 1.

permeating America, and so on, and Mr. Da-
dant now deals pretty severely with the poor
" feller " for this error. He says that, if this hive
or method were in use in the United States,
either Mr. Doolittle or Mr. Root and his co-
workers must have known it; but Mr. Doolittle,
in answer to a correspondent of Gleanings,
confessed his ignorance of it, and Mr. Root has
not given any light either. By the way, Mr.
Dadant believes in rendering "honor to whom
honor is due," for he calls Mr. Doolittle "one
of the apicullurists who are best posted regard-
ing what is going on in apiculture in the United
States," and relates that Mr. Root selected him
for answering questions asked by the subscrib-
ers of Gleanings, " because he writes for all
apicultural journals of America, and nobody
knows the different systems employed there
better than he." In a footnote Mr. Bertrand
mentions Dr. C. C. Miller as being " one of the
most prominent bee-keepers of the United
States, who still, in 1893, had been president of
the North American Bee-keepers' Association."
etc., and " who, besides, is thoroughly posted
"regarding the matters of France, as he reports
to Gleanings on foreign publications," and
then, to show that even he (the doctor) has not
the least idea of what the Layens hive or plan
is, quotes his— yes, his (the doctor's) own de-
scription of the Layens method in Stray Straws
(Gleanings, p. 151) 1 A little bad for the doctor,
is it not? But never mind, doctor, for, you
know, <iuandoquidem bonus dormitat Homer -
us. Well, Mr. Dadant goes on \o say that the
Layens frame originated in the United States.
A few years after Mr. Langstroth had intro-
duced his frame, "Homer King, of New York,
desirous of selling hives, tried to run opposition
to Langstroth, stealing his invention" (Mr.
Dadant's own words); "but, lest he be accused
of having stolen it completely, he made frames
deeper than wide, of about 31 by 37 centimeters."
After his arrival in the United States, Mr.
Dadant, who had never before seen any frames
like Mr. Langstroth's, viz., wider than deep,
adopted the King frames for his hives, and
described these hives in a French journal as
his favorite hives. Mr. Layens, copying Mr.
Dadant, introduced said frame in France. Mr.
Dadant, however, as well as the other Ameri-
can bee-keepers ("the American is practical
above all, his chief question being the profit,"
says Mr. Dadant) came afterward, by compar-
ative tests, to the conclusion that the wide
frame is preferable to the deep, and thus dis-
carded the latter. In conclusion, Mr. Dadant,
shuddering at the thought that his Frencli
countrymen might suspect him of having been
morally infected with that most dreadful of all
human creatures, the Yankee, begs the reader
to believe that Ids preference was by no means
based only on the question, "Which is the best
paying frame of the three (deep, square, low),
that are in use here?" I still remark that the

Layens hive is a large one-story hive with 30
frames; and Mr. Bertrand's opinion of it is,
that its management is somewhat "simpler "
than that of the hives with upper stories, and
that, therefore, this hive suffices for the small
bee-keeper, for persons who desire to produce
honey solely for their own use, but that it does
not fit " the very producers who wish to draw
all possible profit from their apiaries."
St. Petersburgh, Fla.

To he Continued.

WINTERING BEES IN DUG-OUTS.

plain directions on how to make a good,
cheap, and serviceable repository.

By John Handel.

Those who have not yet solved the wintering
problem for themselves, and have a place that
is well drained for their apiary, might try my
plan, which I have successfully practiced for
the last ten years. But before I go any further
I will describe the location of my apiary.

It is on the south side of a rather steep hill;
soil loose and sandy. Whether all or any of
these conditions are necessary or not, I can not
say. But one thing I am quite certain of; and
that is, drainage must be perfect; for if sur-
face water finds its way into one of my reposi-
tories the bees are sure to spot the hives before
taking out in the spring.

To make my repository, and have it conven-
ient, I dig a hole 8x10, and (5 feet deep, right in
the apiary; cover this hole with logs laid cross-
wise, and then throw the earth on top, heaping
up as steep as the earth will stand. Thus it
will shed water perfectly, and no other roof is
necessary. For an entrance to this cave, I drift
a hole or trench 2\i ft. wide, and at least fi ft.
long. This is also covered with timber and
earth, and this ante-room or hallway need not
be more than 4 ft. high, because, in taking bees
in and out, the hives can be slid in on a smooth
stick of timber, say 3x4, much easier (especially
if wet or icy) than they can be carried. A door
at each end of the entrance-way, and this re-
pository is done.

These repositories need not look unsightly in
an apiary — simply a mound of earth in the
winter, and hives scattered all over it in the
summer. It will take but a few minutes to
slide 30 or 30 hives of bees in or out; and if the
first tier of hives is a foot or so above the dry
earth floor, and the rear of the hives 4 inches
higher than the entrance, all the dead bees will
roll out of and away from the entrance, and
will not clog it, so that no care is required until
about the first of March; then dead bees will
accumulate. Warm and sultry weather may
make it necessary to open the doors at night;
but this is seldom required until late in the
spring. I have tried underground and over-
head ventilation, and discarded both, because

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

'.»()3

:neither works except in windy weather, just
when you don't want it.

I now leave plenty of cracks in the outside
door, and a few inches of space open, under the
inside door; cover tiiis hole with straw, to
break the current; and should there be a long
spell of cold windy weather, an extra bunch of
straw stuffed between the two doors will pre-
vent the escape of heat. The timbers, after
being in use ten years in those caves, look like
new— not a sign of mold on them.

I find that not more than a half of the space
should be occupied by the hives in a repository
that has no means for the escape of heat, for
the bees will heat up a room surprisingly.

Savanna, 111.

-^ — • — ^

THOSE PERCOLATOR FEEDERS.

THE PHILOSOPHY OF THEIR VPORKING FULLY
EXPLAINED.

By Dr. C. C. Miller.

Sitting on a load of bees, on the way home
from the Hastings apiary, I said to my assist-
ant. "Suppose a vessel filled with sugar and
water, with a hole at the bottom so small that
a grain of sugar could not get through, would
that act the same as one of our percolating
feeders'?"

She answered. "'If there were a sufficient
number of small holes it might; but with a sin-
gle hole it couldn't get through fast enough."

*' But," I said, " suppose the hole large enough
so that the syrup came through just as fast as
it comes through a percolating feeder. Would
the syrup be just the same?'"

She promptly said it would not; and when I

• came to get the matter formulated in words, I
found she held the opinion that something in
the line of filtration was necessary, and that
the liquid must find its way by a somewhat
devious passage through the meshes of a cloth

•or a mass of cotton. The same idea had been
in my mind, and I think it quite likely that
you, Mr. Editor, had the satne thing in mind
when you were in search of that colored indi-
vidual in the fence. And when you struck
upon old flannel instead of new, you felt sure
you had found " the nigger."

Let me tell you about some experiments I
have been making. Although made in the
main too late in the season to feed bees, no
actual feeding was necessary, for the removal
of the syrup by the bees has nothing to do with
the points I was after.

I look a baking-powdi'r can, holding about a
pint, and made a small hole in the bottom, of
such size that cold water would pass through

• at the rate of about 7 drops per minute. Hot
water would pass through much more rapidly.
I put sugar and water, equal parts, in the can.
A few drops came tlirough very slowly, then it

-stopped altogether. A grain of sugar may have
:stopped the hole. I tried holes of larger size.

but it seemed that any hole so small that it
would not allow a grain of sugar to pass through
was small (enough to be entirely stopped by one
of the grains.

Then I drove through the hole a two-inch
wire nail. Of course, this would let grains of
sugar through. To prevent that I covered the
hole with a single thickness of thin cotton cloth
that was new. Putting in equal quantities of
sugar and water, it came through all right in
good time. With twice as much sugar as
water it made, of course, heavier syrup, but it
took four or five days to get through. But I
found that, the longer it was used, the slower it
went through, perhaps from the fulling of the
cloth. Very fine wire cloth, such as is used in
milk-strainers, might be more uniform in action.
Possibly, however, it may be that there is some
other trouble.

Two months ago or more I put an equal
quantity of sugar and water in a tumbler, and
let it stand. In the course of a few days the
water on top was a weak syrup, and the amount
of sugar in the tumbler was perceptibly less,
but after that time the change was slow; and
the longer it stood, the slower the sugar seemed
to dissolve. At this writing there is half an
inch or so of sugar in the bottom of the tum-
bler, and a tolerably thick syrup over it. This
shows that time is an important element in dis-
solving the sugar.

Now I'll tell you the conclusions at which I
have arrived, although I don't feel that there
is no possibility of mistake. When sugar and
water are put together, there is a slow mixing;
and in a little time the crevices between the
grains of sugar are filled with a solution of
sugar. Allowed to stand in that way, the
water above is prevented from mixing with the
sugar — at least, it does so very slowly, the up-
per part of the sugar gradually combining with
the water above it. That was plainly shown
in the last experiment mentioned, wherejt took
weeks to dissolve the sugar.

Suppose, however, that, by some means, we
remove all the syrup that fills the crevices be-
tween the grains of sugar. Water will come
down afresh to fill the crevices, and in its turn
will dissolve a fresh portion of the sugar. Now,
that's exactly the principle we work upon in all
of our percolating. We allow the syrup to pass
out from below, through some sort of sieve
that will allow only syrup and no grains to
pass, and we manage so that it shall go through
so slowly that the sugar at the bottom will
have time to dissolve before the syrup passes
through. I think that's all there is to it, and it
isn't a question of cotton or wool, old cloth or
new cloth. Old fiannel isn't a whit better than
new flannel, providing the space of new flannel
is enough less so that the syrup goes as fast
through one as the other. The only point is, to
have your feeder or your crock emptied in the
same space of time.

c)04

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec. 1.

Six or eight thicknesses of cheese-cloth work-
ed better than two or three. Why ? Because
the rim of the crock was uneven; and, when
placed on the plate, a single thickness of cloth
would do little toward filling the crack where it
was largest; whereas, six thicknesses would fill
it. If the rim of the crock were perfectly true
and smooth, the case v/ould be different. I fill-
ed a tumbler with sugar and water, put a single
thickness of thin cotton cloth over it, then in-
verted it over a smooth tin dish. How fast do
you suppose the syrup came through ? Not a
drop came, and I don't think it would if it had
stood a year. If you tie a single thickness of
cheese-cloth over a crock, then invert it over a
plate, it will work all right providing the rim
of the crock be just even enough and uneven
enough. In general, it would let the water out
too fast without giving the sugar time to dis-
solve; but in that case, if you put enough bees-
wax under the edge of the crock to make the
syrup come out slow enough. I think you'd find
it all right.

You said, Ernest, that sugar adhered to the
proper bottom of the crock. What made you
let it do that? Just give the whole thing a
few shakes after inverting. In using the crock
feeder, the cloth under the sugar plays no part,
only that part that comes in actual contact
with both crock and plate, and it would work
all the same if the middle part of the cloth were
all cut away.

It is quite possible that there is a double ad-
vantage in having the syrup come through
slowly; and we who have been priding our-
selves on having a feeder with which we could
give 2^ lbs. in as many hours may yet change
our views. It may be that the bees need longer
time to put the right amount of formic acid
into their feed.

Marengo, 111.

[For the percolating feeders on the hive, it is
immaterial whether cheese- cloth, old flannel
\ or new flannel be used. We get good results
with all of them; but it does make a hig differ-
ence, when percolating syrup by the 15. Tavlor
plan, described in Gi.kanings recently (p. 803).
As there expfained. old fiannel is decidedly bet-
ter than the new.

Regarding the crocks, we found that they
were better than inverted sap-pails, because
of the very fact that their (the crocks') tops
would be more or less irregular, while the pails
would fit so closely as to make the feeding very
slow. We got better results by discarding even
the plates, and using boards: and if they are
warped a little, all the better. On these the
pails would give as good results as the crocks.

Yes, the sugar did adhere to the bottom of

the crocks; but shaking, or, rather, a good

thorough stirring, did not seem to prevent the

■ slight residue of sugar entirely, although it

tended greatly to reduce the amount.

Some have asked what was the principle
upon which the percolating feeders work. I
think you have given the philosophy of it. so
that evei-y one may understand it; but it may
be well to add, that the percolators work on the
atmospheric principle. In that respect they
are similar to the Hains and E. France, or what

is sometimes called, incorrectly, the Hill feed-
er.—Ed. 1

ITEMS FROM SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.

STORMS OF BEK-MOTHS.

By J. P. I:<)arl.

Friend Root:— When the poetess wrote,—

Leaves havf tlieir time to fiill,

And floweis to wither, at tlie north wind's breath,.

she was not writing of the oaks of Southern
California. The oak here is an evergreen — al-
ways green. There is no set time for the leaves
to fall. In fact, when a leaf gets old the young
ones push it out of the way, just as the young
bees crowd the old ones out of the hive at
swarming time. But with the oak this goes on
all the time, winter and summer, so that the
oak-forest is a perpetual green. Has all this
any -thing to do with bee-keeping? Oh, yes!
very much indeed. The manzanita, willow,
and oak, in the order named, build up our colo-
nies and prepare them for the harvests that-,
come only when mountain and valley are cov-
ered with the purple-white bloom of the black
sage. But, listen, all ye sages, philosophers,
and entomologists of the East, and I will give
you a problem to solve that was never submit-
ted to you before. I would solve it myself with-
out troubling you. but it is about the only thing
I don't understand.

Early this spring — remember, the trees are
always green, and that our spring often begins
as early as Jan. 1 — clouds upon clouds of bee-
moths came down upon our oak- forests. Now,
don't say they were not bee-moths. I know the
gentleman well. I have slept with him and
eaten at his board— or the place where he board-
ed. I have played hide-and-seek with him for
twelve years. He did the hiding and I the seek-
ing. Know him! Yes. I know him as well as I
do my brother. In fact, he has stuck closer to-
me than a brother. Well, he came numerously
and promiscuously— in clouds that whitened the
air; in storms that swept over brake and bush;
in cyclones that settled down into a calm only
when it reached an oak-grove. Here they went
to work. Every leaf was stripped from the
trees, and the bloom too, if it had appeared.
Many trees they left as bare as your oak-trees-
in winter. Others they did not touch at all.
On some trees they left the bloom, and these
now have acorns nearly ripe, and not a leaf on
the tree. But the most of the trees that they
touched they stripped clean of leaf and bloom.
The same thing occurred in 188.5 — another dry
year, just like this.

FRAMES, EIGHT VS. TEN.

Am I a prophet or the son of a prophet ? Did
I foreseelhe great war that is now raging in re-
gard to eight or ten frames? If not, how did I
get on the fence twelve years ago, hugging to
my heart nine frames, so that I now can fall
into the arms of the victorious party? Come to

1894

GLEANINdS IN BEE CULTURE.

905

terms, gentlemen — come to terms and end the
war. Now, Mr. Eight, you put in just one
more frame (it is not much to do), and meet
your opponent half way. Very well. Now. Mr.
Ten, will you not throw overboard one frame —
■only one? Why. you didn't kick against nine.
Do you want your brother to do all the compro-
mising? For shame, man! Give up one frame
and end the war.

BEE-PARAIASIS.

No man can say a word against Prof Cook,
and hold fast to my good opinion. Prof. Cook

.is always right, even when he is in the wrong.
But I must differ with him in politics as to the

• cause of the " nameless bee-disease." Starva-
tion is not the cause of it. I took out of my
apiary over fifty hives last summer, in which
the bees starved to death (you know we had no
honey this year), and not a trace of the disease
was found. In fact, I have now but one case of
it— one hive— and that hive is heavy with hon-
ey. Three years ago you could gather up quarts

-of bees in front of almost any hive. I did noth-
ing for them. I just concluded I was " busted,"
and let them go. But they " weathered the
storm" till the flowers came. As the honey-
flow increased, the disease decreased, and final-
ly disappeared altogether. All my experience

•establishes two things: First, the disease will
rage in a hive that is full of honey, therefore
starvation is not the cause of it. Second, an in-
flow of honey, whether from the flowers or the

-sugar-barrel, will cure it ; therefore Prof. Cook
was right when he said feeding would cure it.
But the full hive must be fed, as well as the

■empty one, to effect a cure of all.
Escondido, Cal., Oct. ~^4, 1894.

[I should like to know what Prof. Cook would
say of those '"storms of bee-moths." I know
you are an old veteran, but are you sure those
destroyers of the leaves were really and truly
bee-moths, or \v pre tliey something that looked
just like them? You know the carpenter-bee
looks just like the bumble-bee, but is quite dif-
ferent in habits and instincts.

Regarding bee- paralysis. Mr. Dayton, on page
828. explains pretty well how you and Prof.
Cook may both be right.— Ed.]

APICULTURE IN GERMANY.

KEPOKT OF THE VIENNA CONVENTION.

By C. J. H. Omvenhorst.

The 39th annual convention of the German,
Austrian, and Hungarian bee-keepers was held
at Vienna, Austria, Sept. 3 — .5, 1894. More than

:3.iO delegates were assembled, from (Termany,
Austria, and Hungary, and among them Dr.
Dzierzon, of Lokowitz. Germany, in spite of his
83 years. After Pres. Rittervon Beck's address.
Dr. Dzierzon, amid great acclamation, stepped
up on the platform. He answered the question,
'• Whom have we to thank for the convention,

• and the exhibits thereof ?"

Dr. Dzierzon said he had been a contributor

to the BienenzeitMmj ( Bee Journal) for .")0 years,
and he could tell under what difficulties that
paper was established. It had greatly favored
the organization of this general movable con-
vention, and all that has been gained by it. He
said that, in 18r)3, he imported the first colony
of Italian bees from Italy. This had proved to
be of great importance. With the aid of the
Italian bee he had solved many problems, as,
for instance, the duration of life of the worker-
bees; parthenogenesis, etc. Then Dr. Dzierzon
praises the superiority of the Italian bees, as
they gather more honey than any other kind.
He does not understand why it is that there are
bee-keepers who do not see this superiority.
Without conventions and expositions, modern
bee-keeping would not have spread so rapidly
over the world, and the use of the movable-
comb hive, honey-extractor, comb foundation,
etc., would not have been so general as now.
Finally, Dr. Dzierzon said that the most perfect
movable-comb hive is his " Twin " hive. In be-
half of the assembly, Baron von Ambrozy, of
Hungary, thanked the venerable man for his
good lecture.

F. W. Vogel, of Leitschin, Germany, the sec-
ond speaker, endeavored to unite the three
opinions of the bee-keepers concerning the ori-
gin of honey-dew. Some bee-keepers say that
honey-dew is simply the product of plant-lice.
This view was the oldest, and for half a centu-
ry all bee-keepers had supported it. Other bee-
keepers said, '• No, there is no plant-louse hon-
ey; the bees do not gather the excrement of
plant-lice. What they do gather in this line is
only the juice of the plants, secreted by the
leaves, and has nothing to do with plant-lice."
Other bee-keepers were of the opinion that
honey-dew is as much a product of plant-lice as
a secretion of the plant itself. Vogel says there
is a mistake about this. So far as he had ob-
served, the plant-louse would suck the sap from
the plants, and mix it with its saliva. In the
chyle-stomach the sap is again mixed with the
gastric juice, and then comes forth as a sweet
sap, but not as excrement. According to Vo-
gel's experiments and observations, all honey-
dew is the product of plant-lice, and not a se-
cretion. Bogdahn, of Germany, is of the opin-
ion that the natural philosophers and microsco-
pists must solve the problem as to whether
honey-dew is the product of plant-lice or the
secretion of plants, or both.

Dr. Dzierzon says: "'The richest sources of
honey-dew are the pine and fir trees. Linden
and other leaved woods do not yield much hon-
ey-dew. The bark-beetle pierces the twigs of
the pine and fir trees, then the juice comes forth
out of the wounds. But this is not honey, and
the bees do not gather it." The juice of the
pine-tree is changed into sweetness, and this
is done by the plant-lice and cochineal-kermes.
The honey of the latter is very valuable.

Karl Gatter, Vienna, Austria, answered the

906

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec. 1.

question, " Has the old straw skep a right to be
used ? " " Yes," said he, " farmers should use
the old skep, but only with supers, and if they
do not know how to manage a movable-comb
hive, or if they can not spare the time for a fall
management of the latter.'"

Baron Ambrozy, of Temes Gyarmata, Hunga-
ry, replied to the question, " What are the gains
in bee culture since Dr. Dzierzon's advent? " A
great number of implements for bee-keeping
have been invented, which in most cases do
more to injure bee-keeping than to help it — for
example, the drinking-vessels for bees, used in
the hives. To give a colony of bees water in
the hive in winter, or early in the spring, is, in
most cases, not necessary. To use a heating-
apparatus for raising bees is also useless. He
could not recommend such work. The best in-
ventions made were the movable-comb hive,
the honey-extractor, comb foundation, and the
queen-exclnder.

Sept. 4, Metzger, of Neutra, Hungary, spoke
of the anatomical structure of the honey-bee.
and mentioned his theory that the queen is an
hermaphrodite. The drone-egg is fecundated
in the rece{>taculu7nscminali.s of the queen,
not with a spermatozo()n derived from a drone,
as is the case with those eggs which develop
into a queen or worker-bee. but from a secretion
in the receptdculiun sembudis of the (jueen.

Pater Coelistin Schachinger, of Sch(enbiehl,
Austria, answered the question, " Is it advan-
tageous to get bees from foreign countries?"
He said it is not. The best bees are the native.

Dr. Dzierzon defended the Italian bee ; and
Mr. Vogel Letschin, Germany, recommended a
cross-breed of two varieties. He is of the opin-
ion that there only two varieties of the genus
MelUfica — the Egyptian and the black German
bee. Any other variety, as the Italian, Cypri-
an. Carniolan, etc.. is derived from these two
varieties. He had in his apiary a bee that
could not be distinguished from an Italian bee.
He bred it by crossing the Egyptian with the
German bee. He had also bred a strain of bees
like the Cyprian and the very black bee.

Guenther Gisperleben, Germany, confirmed
what Dr. Dzierzon said about the Italian bee.
He has had, every winter and spring, more loss-
es among the Italian queens than in any other
variety of bees; therefore he did not like the
pure Italians. The many (jueenless colonies in
spring were not profitable.

Pastor Fulde, Silesia, Germany, recommended
a new specific for foul brood— viz., lysol. He
'has used it mixed with the food.

Guenther Gisperleben, Germany, answered
the question, " How do the various hives affect
the swarming of bees and the yield of honey ? "
He said, " Too small a hive would, of course, fa-
vor swarming— as, for instance, the old straw
skep; but as for the movable-comb hives, as
they have skillful managers the swarming fe-
ver could be suppressed in many cases by proper

manipulation. To suppress the swarming fe-
ver entirely would be a great task, even in a
very large hive ; for such colony would swarm
mostly at a time when the bee-keeper least de-
sires it." According to a fundamental law of
the increase of brood and worker-bees, large
hives with larger frames, such as the German
standard frames, have been recommended.
These large frames have by no means done this-
year what they should have done, for the hon-
ey-flow failed. Mr. Guenther, with his German
standard frames, has had a first-rate honey-
harvest, while the fashionable bee-keepers, with
their large frames, got nothing. He, as well as
Baron Berlepsch, Dathe, and other prominent
bee-keepers of Germany, had, formerly, larger
fi-ames. but soon learned by experience that this
frame was not advantageous in more than one
case. He and other German bee-keepers aban-
doned the larger frames, and their honey -yield
confirmed the wisdom of so doing, during the
lapse of years. Hence, he said, it would be best
to hold fast to the German standard frames, and
so much the more as this frame is within a tri-
lle of being as large as the Langstroth, which is
used by the greatest number of the most experi-
enced bee-krepers of America.

The next convention will be held at Leipsic,
Germany, in 1895.

The exhibit of bees, implements, and honey,
at Vienna, was undoubtedly the best ever seen
there, and showed the great progress that bee-
keeping has made in Germany, Austria, and
Hungary.

Wilsnack. Germany, Oct. 3','.

^ — » — ^

NOTES OF BICYCLE TRAVEL.

AT DR. C. C. MII.LEK S.

Bij Ernest R. Rnot.

That night, although it was rather late, and
I had ridden 80 miles that afternoon, we sat up
and talked. At a late hour I retired, and
early next morning— yes, even before I was out
of bed. some one came into the room while I
was rubbing my eyes trying to make out wheth-
er I was on the wheel or where. The doctor,
it seems, had been watching his chance; and as
soon as I showed the least signs of awakening,
he stood before me with a new self-spacing de-
vice which he had been studying over a good
deal.

•' Well, what do you think of it ? " said he.

I blinked and stared awhile, and, for want of
something better to say, I replied, " I don't
know." On becoming fully awakened I con-
cluded it might have some good points about it,
although I did not like it as well as the Hoff-
man self-spacing arrangement such as we use.
I wil not mention it in detail here, because the
doctor will probably describe it later on.

After breakfast the doctor took up his record-
book— the book in which he keeps the records

1894

GLKAMxNCiS IN BEE CULTURE.

W7

of all his colonies, and we proceeded toward
the apiary. He had lots of new fixings which
he wanted to show me.

"Ah. yes, that record-book.'' sai<l I. "You
always have to think to pick that np before

FIG. 1. — " I BELIEVK IN SITTING DOWN.

you go inlo the yard. What do you do when
you get clear out into the apiary and lind you
have forgotten it?"

"Go back and get it,'" said he, comically.

When we were in the apiary we were
joined by Emma. Dr. Miller's assistant in
the apiary. After having lighted the Crane
smoker, the first thing the doctor did was to
go toward the hive that contained the lat-
est percolator Miller feeder. Anticipating
my visit, he had put it on the night before.

■'And now," said he, " we shall see how it
works," as he deliberately and comfortably
seated himself on his "adjustable apiary
seat."

" Ah: that is your seat, is it?" said I.

"Yes, sir, and I always believe in sitting
down and taking things easy."

I will explain to our newer readers, that
It is a box that is longer than wide, and
taller than either one of the other dimen-
sions. It has hand-holes cut in the several
sides, so that it can easily be carried. When
working over a tall hive it is set up the tall
way, and so on. \"ou see, it is adjustable to
the ditTerent heights. Of course, I made
fun of Dr. Miller for sitting down. Fig. 1, Ko
daked by Emma, shows him as he sat working
over that hive, preparing to pull the cover off.

He pried off the cover, but found the bees
were not taking down thejfeed as rapidly as he
liad expected. Indeed, they had not even
found it.
Right h(>re it will_be unnece.ssary to give the
full discussion that fol-
lowed, as that has already
been in Gi.kanings re-
garding the percolator
feeders. IJut I may say
to you that the talk
was an earnest one: and
after we had looked over
the feeder on the hive we
wiihlrew to one side, as
shown in Fig. 2. Here you
see the doctor sitting down
on his favorite adjustable
seat, while your humble
servant sat on his seat —
his heel — and at the feet
of Gamaliel, as it were, as
he talked and explained.*
You see we had before us
a glass tumbler on a plate,
and between us was the
Crane smoker. At the
back of Dr. Miller was h
honey-house, work-shop,
and bee-cellar, the open-
ing to the latter appear-
ing just over his hat. As
you will notice, it is con-
venient to the apiary,
which is just behind me, one bordering closely
on the bee- cellar. Let me see. Just over the
peak of Dr. Miller's hat you will see something
that looks like brood-frames. I suspect that,

* I was dressed, as you see, for comfort in truveb'iig-
— hicvcle-sweuter, Knickerbocker pants, long- stock-
ing-s, etc.

f)08

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec. 1.

they are some that were discarded by Dr. Mil-
ler, who has been experimenting with diiferent
fixings.

While we were thus engaged, Emma amused
herself by snapping the Kodak at us, for she
•did not propose to have her picture put in

less I notice he was quite glad to adopt the
modern fixtures and self spacing Hoffman
frames. Yes. he even liked i lie working of that
V edge, which, theoretically, looked like a poor
arrangement. In practice it was doing a great
deal better than he thought it would.

"I notice you have your
hives arranged in pairs,"
said I.

" Yes, it economizes
room," he replied. " And
then, you see, in uniting
in the fall it is just the
easiest thing in the world.
I remove one of the hives
and put the bees in the
other, moving this hive at
the same time a little
toward where the other
one stood. The flying bees
will, of course, enter the
one hive. Then you will
notice, also, that the two
rest on one set of skids,
and this saves hive-
stands."

I had to confess that I
liked that arrangement
far better than the one we
use in our own apiary,
where we have hives
grouped in lots of live, on
the S. E. Miller plan; and
I think now, that, when I
set out another apiary, it
Itleanings. The three of us finally went back will be on this same plan— two hives on one
to the apiary, while I asked questions some- stand.

thing after this fashion: "Now, doctor, how do you like that Crane

"I see you have got numbered tags on your smoker?"

FI6. :i— THE KOAD TU WISCONSIN.

liives. Now, suppose you want to change the
number; or suppose that a colony is trans-
ferred from one hive to another, and that you
wish to keep a record of that particular queen
and that particular hive."

" Why, just pull the tag oil' and put it on the
other hive."

The nailhead was sticking out, and it was
evident that this could be done very easily with
a claw-hammer.

•'Oh, yes! I see you don't paint your hives,"
said I; "and I see some of them, especially
those not dovetailed, are gaping at the cor-
ners."

Then the doctor began to argue on the ad-
vantages of no paint— that the hive was warm-
er, etc., and without the paint the hives would
last longer than he cared to have them; for at
the end of ;3() years he wanted something differ-
ent, any way— that is, if he chose to follow in
the wake of such young chaps as I; and then
he began to score me for the changes that have
occurred during the last ten years, as if / were
to blame for the whole of them. liut neverthe-

" It is a splendid implement."
" And the hinge — does that work nicely ? "
" Beautifully; and I do not lose the nozzle."
After dinner the doctor and I repaired to the
shop. Here he had quite a stock of supers and
new hives, all ready for the honey-tlow which
did not come. But the thing that struck me
particularly was
the way he nailed
his Dovetailed
hives. He is gen-
erally right, and
has good reasons;
but in this case, in
attempting to save
nails he was spoil-
ing the dovetail.
The accompanying
cut will show you
the right and the wrong way. The wrong way
is the one Dr. Miller used ; and I am sure it is of
so much importance that we call the attention
of the general reader to it here, for others may
be making the same mistake. When the nails

or Hall if?.^

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

are driven through one of the notches, surface
side, into the end of the grain of the other
board, there can be no splitting:; but when it is
driven through the edge of the notch, you will
notice that there is nothing to prevent the
dovetail from spliiting. The doctor made a
feeble defense in favor of his way: and al-
though lie did not s<(u he tliought I was right,
I think he thousht so.

FIG. 4.—" .SCOHCUING."

The ne.xt day it became necessary for me to
make my way off again. The bicycle was oiled
up, and Dr. Miller showed me the way. Well,
here is the result in Fig. 3, for Emma had the
Kodak, and was recording things as they went
on. Mrs. Miller stands in the background near
the house. Your humble servant — well, you
know who he is; and the doctor (for it was a
hot day) stands pointing down the road, with
his coat and vest off. The Miller residence
shows in the background, but. unfortunately,
it is a rear view. In spite of the weeds, men-
tioned by the small boy, the Miller home has a
pretty approach along a winding driveway.
Near the hitching-block stands Dr. Miller's
horse that has seen many a day's service among
the bees, and knows perfectly well what it is to
draw bee-loads.

should ever assume such an attitude, which I
confess I do in hill-climbing. As I started to
leave, the doctor looked sober. Said he, as I
was about to pull out, " Ernest, I'm sorry you
are going. I have enjoyed your visit greatly.
I only wish it might be longer."

Fig. 5 shows how sorry he looked as Emnta
caught us just as I was preparing to give the
pedal a shove for Wisconsin and its bee-keepers.
I might I'emark, also, that my position in riding
is usually as there shown — neither a straight-
up bean-pole position nor a scorch.

Some of my friends think that my recent
sickness was owing to some of my long hard
rides. I never felt better in my life; and if any
one tells you that long bicycling, or such riding
as I took, is injurious to health, just tell such a
one that he does not know what he is talking
about. It was not long riding, but overeating
after I got home, caused by an appetite whetted
up to a keen edge, that made me sick. You
see, when I got down to hard ot'Hce work and no
exercise, those big dinners made mischief.
There, now, I think I'll not confess any more;
and my only excuse for referring to it is, that it
may be a warning to others.

FIG. .5. — "ERNEST, I'M SORRY YOU ARE GOING."

After the doctor had told me the route that I
was to take to get into Wisconsin I told him I
would illustrate to him what "scorching"
meant. Well, Emma has shown the result in
Fig. 4, and the doctor is greatly shocked that I

BY G.M.DOOLITTLE.BOROOINO.N.Y.

» I m II n i; I.I im: I II n |i II » I M :i 1 .11 > I F I 111 !l i; '.I ' rr^ -

CONTAMINATING QUEENS THROUGH HYBRII>
BEES AND ROYAL .JELLY.

Question.— I have two colonies of hybrid bees
in an isolated position, which I wish to have
rear some queens from Italian larvse by the
plan given in your book. Now, if I supply the
cell-cups with royal jelly from a hybrid colony,
place larvte in them from a pure Italian queen,
and place these prepared cups in a hybrid col-
ony for completion, will the queens hatched
therefrom be pure Italians?

Answer.— In the first place, I object to the
calling of our Italian bees or queens pure, for
they are nothing but what would be properly
called a thoroughbred variety of bees. This
is proven in the fact that we have all shades
and colors of these bees, from those having a
golden abdomen nearly its whole length, tO'
those which are so nearly black that it takes
an expert to tell whether they have any Italian
blood about them, only as it is known that they
were imported from Italy— the very same place
from which came the progenitors of the most
beautiful bees obtainable in this country. Had
the Italian bees been pure, in a sense equal to
that of the pure German bee, no such change
of color could possibly have come about by years
of breeding for color. Kut, to the question.

I take it that the questioner is in doubt about
the part played through the bees which pre-
pare the food for the queen larva?, he evidently

910

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec. 1.

having heard something of the old theory that
was put before the bee-keeping fraternity dur-
ing tiie sixties, of "lilie food, like queens." As
hybrid bees will always give the best results in
queen-rearing of any variety of bees with
which I am acquainted, except the Cyprians, I
use them very largely to feed and perfect queen-
cells, and, after years of careful watching, and
with years of success in perfecting as yellow
bees as can be found in the world, I fail to find
wherein the food has any thing to do with purity
of stock or the changing of the color or the dis-
position of the progeny of any queen in the
least. If royal jelly prepared by black or hy-
brid bees could contaminate queens of the Ital-
ian race, surely the same food prepared by the
brightest of the golden Italians would contami-
nate the black or German race of bees. I have
proven by experiment that black queens
brought to perfection in yellow Italian colonies
are not in the least degree different from those
nursed by their own " blood," hence I feel that
I am justified in going on record as saying that
the queen progeny of any race or variety of bees
are in no way changed as to markings, disposi-
tion, etc., through tlie food given them. If
there are those among the readers of Glean-
ings who think otherwise, I should like to have
them tell us upon what they base their conclu-
sions. While these nice points are of interest
only to queen-breeders, in a dollar-and-cents
way, yet they are helpful in making up the
general fund of bee-knowledge which we are
handing down to future generations; hence I
believe Gleanings will be willing to give all
the best thoughts on the matter which may be
sent in.

EAKLY REARING OF QUEENS.

Question.— How early in spring can I com-
mence to rear queens, taking the stage of ad-
vancement in drone-rearing as a guide? In
other words, if I commence to raise queens
when I see larvae in drone-cells, will drones be
on hand to meet the queen when she is ready?

Answer.— If you use any of the plans by
which larvie from 34 to 36 hours old are given
to the bees from which to rear queens, your
queens will hatch in from eleven to twelve days
from the time you start the cells; as the rule
for a queen is, three days in the egg fol-m, six
days in the larval form, and seven days in the
chrysalis, making a period of sixteen days from
the egg to the time the young queen emerges
from the cell. Very warm weather will hasten
the development during all stages, to a slight
extent; while very cool weather, or inactivity
with the bees, as in the fall of the year, retards
this development. I have never known this
development to be hastened to a greater degree
than having the queen hatch in I;Vo days; but
I have had it so retarded in the fall of the year,
especially where queens were reared in upper
stories, that they did not emerge from their

cells, or become fully maturo. till "iO days from
the time the egg wss laid by the mother- queen.
But, as I said before, 16 day> is the rule, and it
is one which can be depended upon in lit cases
out of 20. As a rule, the young queen does not
go out to meet the drone till she is from seven
to eight days old, so we have the time as being
from 17 to 20 days from the starting to rear
queens to the time they would naturally become
fertile, where every thing is favorable. Occa-
sionally a queen will fly from the hive, evident-
ly in search of the drone, when from four to five
days old; and I have known them to be 28 days
old before becoming fertile; but in nine cases
out of ten, queens are fertilized when from sev-
en to eight days old, and commence to lay when
from nine to ten days old, when the weather is
favorable. If the above is correct, and I be-
lieve it is, then it will be seen that we shall
want flying or mature drones in 17 days, at
least, from the time we start our queen-cells.
Now, I have not as carefully observed the time
of the maturing of drones as I have that of the
queens; but my impression is, from what I have
experimented along this line, that the drone is
in the egg and larval form about 10 days, or
one day longer than the worker, and about
fourteen days in the chrysalis form, making a
period of 24 days from the time the egg is laid
to the perfect drone. From six to eight days
after the drone emerges from the cell it goes
out for its first flight, to void excrement, etc.,
similar to what the worker-bees do. which we
call their first play-spell, during which they
mark their location also. After this first flight
they go out every pleasant day from 12 m. to 3
p. M.. to meet the queens, if any are to be found,
so that we have about '^2 to 34 days from the
time the queen lays the eggs in the cells for the
drones, to the time they are ready to meet the
queens. As we had from 17 to 20 days from the
time we commenced to rear queens to the time
the queen would go out to meet the drones, it
will be seen that the drone eggs should be laid
17 days, at least, before we start to rear queens,
and this would bring the time to where the
drone brood would have been sealed six or
seven days. I never commence to rear queens
till plenty of scaled drone brood appears in my
drone-rearing colonies: while the rule I adopt
is, not to commence to rear queens till the eyes
of the chrysalis drone commence to change
from the white color of said chrysalis while in
its first stages, to the purple color of its later
stage. Very early queen-rearing generally re-
sults very unsatisfactorily in this locality, as
the colonies used for this purpose are very
much retarded about building up, and the
queens do not come up to the standard of per-
fection unless great care is used in seeing that
all the requisites of a perfect development are
present, which is well nigh impossible during
March, April, and May.

1894

GLEANIN(iS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oil

IMl'KOVKMENTS IN HIVK-COVERS, AND DIREC-
TIONS FOR NAILING.

Among the improvements adopted for our
Dovetailed hive for the coming season is the
changed construction of the covers. This was
mentioned in a recent issue. We are now pre-
pared to show you detailed illustrations of
both the " Higginsville " and "Ventilated Ga-
ble" cover. In doing this we make extracts
from our new circular packed with each lot of
Hve hives, giving directions for nailing. After
giving directions in regard to bottom and body
of hive, with frames and division-board, the
directions proceed as follows:

If you did not specify the kind of cover in your
• order, you should have material for the Higgins-
■ ville cover.

'Two boards, 7^x21, beveled as at h, and rabbeted
'b at each end as at/. Place the two thick edges

Veo///A/ed (/dk6/e Coiner

J> (/Able [i)d

end, as shown. Nail on the cap-piece c with oiKht
1-iiich nails, and the cover is complete as at <(. The
rea.son foi- driving only two nails near the center,
througfh the cleat, into cover or bottom, is, to allow
for shrinking or swelling in tlie grooved cleat from
either side, without, splitting the board.

Tf you ordered tlie ventilated gahle cover you
will have material as follows: Two gable ends, D,
grooved for under board; two cover boards, K; one
thinner gable piece for center, to strengthen the
cover. To nail, tlrst drive three I'j-inch or 4d casing
nails through each end of cover-lioard into gable
end, as shown. Be careful, in driving tlie nail near-
est the outer edge, not to get the point into the
groove, and thus interfere with sliding the under
board into place. By spacing these cover-boards
near or far apart under the ridge-board you can
make tlie cover project at the sides or not, as you
prefer. The side should be projected '2 to 1 inch
beyond the end of galV.e end, as at B, so as to pre-
vent a driving storm from beating in on the under
boards. Nail the ridge-board from above with a
•td casing nail in each corner, and on the under side
by eight 1-inch nails, four through each cover-
board, into the ridge. Nail the center gable piece
with two 4d casing nails, through each cover-board.
Now slip the two tliin boards, '^xTx'iO's. into the
groove in the gable ends, and drive one 1-iiich nail
from the bottom of the gable end through the in-
side corner of each board at each end, also through
the middle inner edge into the middle gable. Tliis
method of nailing leaves these boards free to shrink
toward the center, without splitting, and keeps the
crack between closed. If your hives are No. 1 or '.J,
11 or 13, with section-holders for the super, then
you will find two tin strips, about ;'a-in. wide, for
each super. Nail these to the lower inside edge of
the ends of the super, to support the section-hold-
ers, thus:

Use about seven 1-inch or 2d fine njiils in each
strip, as shown.
You will also have section -holders for the super.

^SS«;-Wo/i. ^^g^-,,^v.^-

Stri.on Holier Bon«m.

Section WoUer, NaiUa
Always utei u/iihow-V a-lo-p V»t

— ■"' ■■ 1

l/Kelae. or 7ia?>ttninaSh-ip. X,'x&'j(/j.'

Coyer Boeyi

Please notice that these section-holders have no
top-bar— simply a slotted bottom nailed to two end-
blocks, as shown above. Use two 1-inch nails in
. . , J • , X L ■. , each end.

SvP^''n«P '^^^c^^?' ?nPh ^^^^ ''^''^^ '^'"•, '^ ^' '""*1- "^^'°^ yo"'- Sections folded, and starU^rs insert-
groove. Use two „"2-mch or 8d casing nails m each ed, place four in each section-holder; then put 6 of

912

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec. L

these in each eight-frame super, with 5 slotted sep-
arators, one between each two section-holders, and
slotted edg-e down, resting- at the ends upon the tin
strip, as sliown above. Then insert the follower,
thus:

Tlien the wedge, or tightening-strip, thus:

Place it between the follower and side of super
diagonally, so as to wedge the contents of super
tight, and prevent the bees from chinking in pro-
polis between the separator and edge of section.

We have just made some twelve-frame Dove-
tailed hives for an order. Compared with the
eight-framers they are "whoppers."

We are going to give the sealed cover another
trial this winter— on a smaller scale, however.
Our basswood apiary stands on a sort of hill,
exposed to the full sweep of the west wind.
Half the colonies are under thin boards sealed
down, and the other half under absorbing cush-
ions with the Hill device.

We have recently increased our boiler capa-
city, for running our plant, to 180 horse-power,
and it seems now necessary to add to our en-
gine capacity to aid us in making the new sec-
tions. We have also put in a new and expen-
sive boiler-feeder. It feeds automatically three
boilers at a time, and at the same time removes
and prevents scale formation, or is supposed to
do so. We have also made some recent addi-
tions in the line of some fine and expensive
wood- working machinery. We believe now we
have the best and largest equipment for the
modern method of making sections in the

world. We can turn them out easily at the-
rate of 75,000 a day, and, if necessary, increase
the output to over 10(),000, and all the sections
of the new and polished sort. I believe that we
have omitted to mention that, among our other
improvements, has been the addition of a STOO'
paper-folder for folding Gleanings, ABC
book, and our catalog.

COFFEE A SUGAR SUPERIOR TO GRANULATED.

We have been taught, for a number of years
back, and had come to accept it as a fact, that
granulated sugar was the purest and best of all
sugars for table use; that coffee A was good,
but not so pure as granulated. I was quite
astonished to read in the last Ladles'' Home
Journal, under the head of " Making Candy at
Home," by a writer who is evidently expert in
such matters, the following: "When making
any kind of candy it is best to use, when it can
be obtained, coffee A instead of granulated, as
it is nearly always purer. Select only sugar
that is dry, uniform in quality, with hard,
sparkling crystals." This last would seem to
apply especially to granulated, as coffee A is
liable to be moist at times. Who among our
readers can give us expert testimony on this
question? I presume there is no very great
difference between the two sugars; but if there
is a difference, let us take that which is best
when the price is practically the same.

THE FOLLY OF LIFTING 20-LB. STONES; ENAMEL
CLOTH NOT NECESSARY; HIVE-COVERS, ETC.

I ALWAYS have a feeling of pity for the man
who will use a 30-lb. stone on his hives, to hold
down a shade-board or cover. If you go into
his apiary and watch him work he will lift off
this big stone, and drop it on the ground with
a thud; off comes the shade-board, then the
cover, and finally the quilt or enamel cloth;
and this latter is where the whole trouble lies.
The use of thick-lop frames, M -inch bee-space,
and a cover that is flat, at least on the under
side, renders a quilt superfluous and an unne-
cessary expense. Without it the bees will fas-
ten the cover down so it will never blow off,
but not so tight but that it can be easily remov-
ed. But I suspect that many use cloths because
they will stick and hang to the thin and nar-
row top-bars with their attendant burr and
brace combs. If I had to use such old-fashioned
brood-frames, I think I too would use the
enamel cloth. But there is a far better and
simpler way. If it is unnecessary to use a 20-
Ib. stone to hold the cover down, how about
the shade-board, that bees can not fasten down
with propolis? In the first place, if I could not
have shade I would make the shade- board part
and parcel of the cover, leaving an air-space
between it and the cover proper. At the pres-
ent prices of honey, and its disposition to go
downward rather than upward, it does not
seem to me than any bee-keeper can afford to

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

'.)i;5

lift :.*0-lb. stones. Wo have lifting enough to do
in the handling of supers and hives full of bees,
without handling heavy boulders.

rilK A. 1. KOOT COMPANY.

The friends will notice by our price list and
stationery that the above title to our business
takes the place of simply "A. I. Root." Per-
haps I may say that no new method of manage-
ment will be introduced, and no new members
are to have any thing to do with the business.
It will be conducted as it has been heretofore,
by A. I. Root and his family, including the son-
in-law. Mr. .1. T. Calvert, who has been for
many years business manager. A. I. Root, be-
sides being president, will, for the present, be
by far the largest stockholder ; Ernest R. Root,
vice-president ; J. T. Calvert, secretary and
treasurer. The principal reason for making
this change is, that the business may go right
on uninterruptedly in case of death or accident
to the founder, A. I. Root. We as a family do
not desire the intervention of law or lawyers to
settle up our business in case of death to one or
more of us. The present magnitude of our
business renders It impossible for A. I. Root
himself to even read all the correspondence;
but where any letter seems to be directed to
him personally, or where there is a request
that it be handed to him at once, it will always
go into his special tray. I wish that I could
add that it would always receive a prompt and
fitting answer ; but, dear friends, that is be-
yond my power. Almost hourly I am called on
to decide which matter that lies before me is
of the greatest importance. A. I. R.

A MODERN UOUSE-APIARY; A SUCCESS IN THE
HANDS OF F. A. SALISBURY.

We have just had a very pleasant visit from
F. A. Salisbury, of Syracuse. N. Y., the one who
handles our El^tern Branch. He is one of the
bright and enterprising bee-keepers of York
State. Among other things, he is using a
house-apiary after the plan of the one used by
H. P. Langdon. He is well pleased with its
working, and thinks he can handle a greater
number of colonies with less labor than by the
outdoor plan. The modern bee-escape makes
many of the manipulations in tlie house, that
were formerly impracticable, now perfectly
feasible. He took off all his comb honey with
the escapes. The hives are all in easy reach of
his tools, and the windows are arranged for the
easy escape of the bees in case they should get
out in the room. In feeding up for winter he
simply pours into his extractor sugar and water
of equal proportions, sets the thing running for
a few minutes, and, as he says, draws off clear
syrup. How a percolator feeder can give a better
article he can not imagine. He is certain that
his syrup makes a good winter food, because
the bees have been wintered on it successfully
.three or four winters. He could not understand

why we should fail to get a syrup by the same
plan. I now think the trouble was because we
did not give the plan a thorough enough trial.

Well, this fall the syr\ip was made in the
house-apiary, within a few feet of the colonies
to be fed, and yet out of reach of robbers. It
was then drawn off' into feeders and put on to
the hives, and the whole job almost within
arm's reach. All the feeding was done in a
surprisingly short lime, as, indeed, any opera-
tion is in his modern house-apiary. He has
made some changes on the Langdon plan, and
has promised to send us a photograph, giving
an inside and an outside view. As Mr. Salis-
bury secured a big crop of honey, and some of
his neighbors got little or none, I am sure we
shall all be interested to know more about that
house-apiary.

GOOD NEWS FOR TEMPERANCE AVORKERS.

Our readers will remember that, in our issue
for Oct. 1, p. 773, 1 mentioned the gin-palaces so
thickly grouped about the Soldiers' Home at
Dayton, O. Well, I am very glad indeed to
give place to the following, which 1 clipped
from the Ohio Farmer:

The Oliio supreme court decided last week that all
saloons within two miles of the Dayton Soldiers'
Home must be removed, as the State law is consti-
tutional.

THE NEXT NATIONAL CONVENTION AT TORONTO.

I see you were present at the late convention
held at St. Joseph, which appears to have been
eminently successful in spirit if not in the num-
bers present. I am glad Toronto has been se-
lected as the next place of meeting. At no oth-
er place in Canada can a meeting of this kind
be made so successful. Its accommodations
and attractions surpass those of any other town
or city in Ontario, especially to strangers. It is
within three hours' sail of Niagara, which is
historically interesting to both Canadians and
Americans as being the battle-ground of one of
the severest conflicts of the war of 1813. The
town of Niagara is but a few minutes' run to
the Falls, over the electric railway, the power
for running which is generated by the great
cataract itself. If the convention be held dur-
ing the Industrial Fair, very cheap rates will be
had, as one of the days on which it is held is
known as "American Day," when extremely
low rates are made by arrangements of the
fair's managers, over the principal railroads of
the United States. The fair itself is well worth
a visit, being the best annual show on this con-
tinent— perhaps the best in the world. As an
evidence of the truth of what I say, I send you
a copy of its Prize List. It is that of IS'.il, as I
have none of a later date at hand, and the last
is the best. On page .")0 you will see the liberal
prizes its management offer for honey alone.

R. McKnight.

Owen Sound, Ont., Nov. 3, 1894.

914

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec. 1.

^ BY A .1 .ROOT.— i^^^'M

When the poor and needy seek water, and
there is none, and their tongue faileth for thirst, I
tlie Lord will hear them, I the God of Israel will
not forsalse them. I will open rivers in hisih places,
and fountains in 1he midst of the valleys; I will
make the wilderness a pool of water, and the dry
land springs of water. -ISA. 41:17, 18.

While at the bee-keepers' convention at St.
Joseph, the following letter was handed to me.

Friend Root:—! see by Gleanings you are coming
from Kansas City to Lebanon, on a bicycle. We
are on or near your I'oute. You will come through
Clinton. It is on your way, and you will want to
see its artesian wells— three of them; then come
southwest out .)f Clinton by the standpipe. and
across the wooden-covered bridge over Grand
River, and on across the prairie; then across the
Deepwater bridge. Stop at the first house on the
road west of the Dunkard cliurch. It Is eight miles
south of Clinton. We are not extensive bee-keep-
ers, but have a few stands, and some honey and
milk. We shall be very glad indeed to have you
come, and shall feel disapi)ointed if you don't. Mr.
Bonham lives across the street from the standpipe.
He is a Ijee-keeper and nurseryman. Come and see
ns. any how. You can not miss the road.

Deepwater, Mo., Sept. 10. J. A. Stevenson.

Of course, I accepted the invitation for the
sake of seeing the artesian wells, even if for
nothing else; but imagine ray disgust on dis-
covering, as I neared Clinton, that the letter I
was depending on to guide me had been sent by
express with my heavy suit of clothesl I re-
membered about Clinton and the wells, and
also that my friend lived at Deepwater, near
Clinton: but I could not. for the life of me, re-
call the name. I thought, however, that I
should be able to hunt him up. When a few
miles from the city of Clinton, along the bank
of a beautiful river I saw some large hickory-
nuts, even right out in the road, where it
wound along through the woods. In fact,
there were so many of them that I had to
dodge them with my wheel ; and some of them,
even when they were shelled out, were nearly
as large as hen's eggs. I finally stopped, gath-
ered my hands full, and sat down on a log to
see if those great big fellows were as good as
the thin shellbark hiekorynuts of Ohio. I
should say they were every bit as good, except
that they have a little more of the flavor of
blackwalnuts. It made me think of the time
when we used to have hiekorynuts and cider,
away back forty or fifty years ago. Then I be-
gan thinking how I should relish some sort of
tart fruit with the nuts. Perhaps it was this
thought that caused me to look about, and up
over my head. Sure enough, there were wild
fox grapes hanging so near that, with a very
little pulling on the vine, I got them down
within my reach. And then I had a " picnic "
indeed on nuts and grapes. A few minutes
later a nutting-party came in a large wagon,
from the city. I scraped acquaintance, and
told them where I had seen some beautiful
large nuts shaken down by the wind. These
friends assured me that I could easily find the
artesian wells, for one of them was close by
my road as I would come into the city. The
city stands on quite a little elevation, and this
first artesian well is on a flat by the side of the
river. An iron pipe, pretty nearly as large as
a stove-pipe, reaches three or four feet above
the surface of the ground. From this pipe
comes a beautiful little circular waterfall,
making a crystal vase, such as I have before
described, except that, in this case, the volume

of water is so great that the crystal sheet is;
nearly an inch through. The water is caught
in a circular reservoir, and then passes off in
quite a good-sized stream along the side of the
road, and down to the river; in fact, it has
spread in some places so as to make quite a
quagmire; and I think the citizens of Clinton
should be able to send a man with a spade, so
as to let this water off without making mud-
holes where it is not wanted. The water is, I
should judge, nearly soft, and of that same
crystal clearness that comes from most artesian
wells. I had been so long drinking bad muddy
water from imperfect wells or pond-holes along
my way that I greatly relished the change.

I was told, however, by different people, that
the largest and finest artesian well was at the
other end of the city. It was much like the
first, except that the water is carried up per-
haps ten or twelve feet high. I presume it
usually forms a most beautiful waterfall; but
the wind blew so much the day I was there, it
was scattered a good deal out of its appropri-
ate reservoir.

Below I give you a cut showing a faint
glimpse of the great hotel, and the flowing well
at the foot of the broad staircase leading to it. ,

ARTESIAN WELL AT ('T,INT()N. MO.. FI/OWINO A MIL-
LION OF GALLONS OF WATEK PEK I).4Y.

The volume of waterisso great that it forms a
pretty little artificial lake— a lake large enough,
indeed, to contain a little steamer for pleasure-
parties, and quite spacious buildings have been
put up for bathing and other purposes. I clip
the following from a descriptive circular:

We have here an artesian well flowuig one million
gallons every day, of white sulphur water, which
glislens ill the warm sunlight like a tear framed in
a smile, and which is eiiual in health-i'estoring and
health giving jiroperties to any sulphui' water in
the world. This well feeds a beautiful lake which
affords fine botding- and bathing, and which is well
stocked with game tisli.

The water from this largest well is impregnat-
ed with sulphur to such an extent that it shows
the white milky filaments (so often seen in sul-
phursprings)adheringtothestonesand gravel in
the bottom of the stream where it goes out into
the lake. The sulphur is too strong to make it
agreeable to drink ; but, like other waters of
this class, it has quite a reputation for its me-
dicinal qualities. The third well is much like
the second one described, only smaller in vol-
ume, and this is used for the citv waterworks.

Mr. M. L. Bonham and Mr. H. P. Faris, the
latter being the gentleman who originated the
idea of boring at Clinton, Mo., have kindly
furnished me the following additional facts as
below, in regard to their famous artesian wells:

THE FAMOUS WHITE-SULFHI' K AKTESIaN WELL AT
CLINTON, HENKY CO., MO.

This is one of the most wonderful wells in the
world, and was the result of drilling commenced by
a local companv in seaich of gas or oil. July **,
1887, at the depth of 335 feet a slight How of sulpluii'

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

ill;-)

water was struck; continuing' to a deptli of 400 feet,
H very strong flow was g-ained, equaling, probal)ly,
about half a million gallons per day. An eight-
inch bit liad been used to this depth. From there
the bit was olianged to 5'.i-inch, and drilling contin-
ued to a de|ith of 800 feet, tapping several veins of
inagnitloent water without any evidence of sulphur
in connection therewitli.

Both wati'rs are now flowing tt)gether, and tlie
analj'sis herewith shows that, for certain diseases,
such as kidney and stomach ti'oiible, blood disease
:ind skin eruptions, these waters are a sovereign
remedy. The flow is estimated to be in excess of
1,000,01)0 gallons every 24 hours. It is largely used
in connection witii the citj* waterworks sj stem, as
well as for hot and cold bat lis, in bath-house proper,
for boating, lishing and swimming in tlie lake sup-
plied by the overflow from tlie well.

The supply seemed to increase the further down
they went. The most of the distance wiis through a
very hard white flinty rock. By insetting a pipe,
the flow diminishes very rapidly, and at about 30
feet high it ceases altogether.

The following analysis of the water has been fur-
nished by Mr. Arthur Winslow, State Geologist,
who has calculated both as parts per 1000 and as
grains per gallon of 131 cubic inches.

SOLIDS. Grains per gal. of Parts

131 cubic inches. per 1.000.

Potassium chloride 1.8.5 .0317

Sodium chloride 62.33 1.06.53

Magnesium chloride 4.40 .0763

Calcium chloride 08 .0014

Magnesium carbouiite 6.45 .1103

Calcium carbonate 10.36 .1754

Calcium sulphate 9.12 .1561

Silicia 68 .0117

Total solids as found .... 95.61 1.6271

GASES.

Carbonic acid 1(1.23 .1741

Hydrogen sulphide 34 .0048

Now, unless I come across bee-keepers, or
somebody who knows of me, so I can get ac-
quainted a little, I often, in these travels of
mine, have a strange feeling of homesickness.
I, for one, do not enjoy the feeling of being a
stranger in a strange land, and somehow or
other 1 get to thinking at such times that I am
away off where nobody knows me or cares for
me ; and I get to wondering whether 1 am not,
in one sense, leading a sort of tramp life, leav-
ing the boys at home to bear the burdens, and
rambling about where I am not wanted or
needed or called. I had this feeling consider-
ably while at Clinton. I had seen all the wells,
and I felt in a hurry to get home, or to get to
Lebanon, where Mrs. Root and my relatives
Avere waiting and watching for me. I finally
■decided this was an unmanly spirit, and a
wrong spirit. I shook oft' the feeling, and step-
ped into the door of the pumping-station
whence water was sent over the city. 1 did not
feel much like talking, but I felt it a duty to
make an effort, at least, to be sociable.

" My friend, don't the people of Clinton ob-
ject to drinking water with this strong sul-
phurous taste and odor?"

"Ohino, sir; for you must understand that
the water flows from the well into this large
high reservoir. After standing here a few
•days, e.xposed to the air, the taste and smell
are all gone,* and it is simply pure water, al-
most soft."

♦The friends will remember that, while at the hot
springs in Arizona, I got hold of the theory that the
heat was caused by the waters of two or more
springs, containing diflerent chemicals, mixing to-
gether somewhere in the interior of the earth.
Well, this theory was considerably upset at San
Jacinto, where I found them running the hot water
into a large tank to lei it cool off so it could be used
for drinking, etc. Now, the hot water tastes strong-
ly of chemicals; but after it had been exposed to
the air, and had become cold, it was simply common
siiring water. NNell. here in Clinton, Mo., we find the

After this we had quite an animated talk;
and wlien I found him .'■o willing to show me
his machinery and tell me all about it, and
these wonderful wells, I forgot my homesick-
ness, and really began to feel that I was not
only " A. I. Root," but that I was indeed
" Br other A. I. Root."* When 1 told him where
I lived, and my name, there was another of
those big surprises that so often startle me.
Said he:

'■ Why, Mr. Root, you must surely stop a lit-
tle while and see my fath(;r. He lives right up
there by the great standpipe. He is not only a
bte-keeper, but he has a greenhouse, and is
quite a gardener. He used to take Gi.eaninos,
but I believe he does not just now; but not-
withstanding that, he will be very glad to see
you."

Perhaps one thing that made me homesick
was, that I was needing one of my naps. So
many days wheeling over the hills and rocks
was beginning to tell; and after 1 had shaken
hands with friend Ronham I begged the privi-
ledge of lying down for fifteen or twenty min-
utes before I visited very much. In fact, at
such times it is almost impossible for me to
visit, even if I try. I wanted to make Deep-
water before dark, and so both nap and visit
were necessarily short. I found friend Bonham
not only a bee-keeper, florist, and gardener, but
a real Christian gentleman; and 1 was sorry to
be obliged to make my stay so brief. Of
course, I inquired about the bee keeper at
Deepwater, but he could not recall the name.
He said that, while 1 was taking my nap, he
would be sure to think of it; but I suppose he
was much like myself— names get away, and
sometimes they won't get back, no matter how
hard you beckon and call. I had to start oft"
on my wheel, without knowing the name of the
friend who had given me the courteous invita-
tion given in the letter at the commencement
of this. Before I reached Deepwater, night
came on; and in going down a hill, and across
one of the bridges mentioned in the letter, I
had another fall. But this was my last one on
the Missouri trip, for I decided I should have
to stop riding at night unless by moonlight.

Deepwater looked very pretty and inviting to
me— especially the lights of the little town did,
after my wheelride in the thick darkness.
After supper I made inquiries for the bee-keep-
er whose name I could not recall; but nobody
seemed to know just such a man. Several kept
bees, but they did not take Gi>kanin-gs. Fi-
nally, when I heard church-bells ringing, I
gave a boy a nickel to show me the way, and I
was soon seated in a Presbyterian prayer- meet-
ing. The old feeling of loneliness came on. but
it quickly gave way when a young man who
sat beside me put out his hand and said a.friend
of his once induced him to read the A B C book
clear through. His name was Hess, and he
said it was a great pleasure to him to see face
to face the man who wrote that book. The
friend who loaned it to him was a member of
their church, and was very rarely absent dur-
ing the evening prayer- meetings. He offered
to take his horse and buggy, and go with me in
the morning to see him; but it was back in the
opposite way from which I wished to go; in
fact, I had passed his home in the darkness of
the night; and, besides, as nearly as I could

strong sulphurous taste also disappears after the
water has been exposed for a sufticient time to the
air. Now, then, the chemicals that make the water
hot, as well as tliOse that give it the sulphurous
taste and odor, seem to be volatile gases that disap-
pear when exposed to tiie air. I wish somebody who
is versed in tiiis department of science would set us
right in regard to the matter.
*See page 918.

916

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec. L

gather, the man who wrote me the letter lived
at B'ro7('?iin(7fo7i. on the road to Lebanon; and
I felt as though I did not dare to take another
hour, else I should not be able to reach my des-
tination Saturday night. At Browlngton I
found a Mr. Stevenson who was a bee-keeper;
but lie did not write the letter. Perhaps I may
explain now, that, when I got thi'ough, I palled
the letter out of that pocket, and was greatly
chagrined to find that it was from the friend of
Mr. Hess, whose home I passed in the night
about the time of my fall, and whom I missed
once more because he happened to stay away
from the regular prayer-meeting just one
night.* How queerly do things sometimes turn
out!

In order to save time I wanted to take a bee-
line across the country, to Lebanon. But men
who had been over the road shook their heads;
and just as I was starting wrong somebody
told me there was a great river ahead, with no
bridges. When I came into the beautiful little
place of Osceola, the county seat of St. Clair
Co., I found the Osage River large enough to
carry a good-sized steamboat. I felt a little
glad I had listened to the advice of those who
knew what they were talking about.

At about this point I began to be greatly
pleased to discover I could lie down and take
a nap right before an open window, even with
a strong breeze blowing right in my face. The
outdoor exercise had so far cured me of chills
and every thing of that kind that I often slept
thus for half an hour. c(yvered with perspira-
tion, right in my shirt-sleeves, and with my
head uncovered.

In many of the country places where I stop-
ped, the people were in poor and humble ci>--
cumstances. At one point there was a little
rain— enough so I stopped and chatted with an
old lady who was spinning with an old-fashion-
ed spinning-wheel. I was in a hurry to go on,
but she said she thought I would get wet. I
suggested that I could find a house on the road
if it rained very hard. She replied, however,
that I would not pass another house on the
road till I had gone about seven miles. A little
explanation may be necessary here. The roads
through those Ozark Mountains are mostly on
the ridges, unless it becomes necessary to cross
a stream. Well, although the ridge is the best
place for a road, it is not the best place for
farming, and accordingly farms are from a
quarter of a mile to a whole mile off the road
and down in the valleys. You can not see the
houses, because the road crooks around through
the scrub-oak, and is oftentimes little more
than a cowpath. ^

After I left Osceola, people were greatly sur-
prised to see a man on a wheel. If somebody
happened to look out of the window and see
me, I usually discovered, by looking back, that
the whole family were out by the road watch-
ing me until I was out of sight. The horses,
cattle, and other domestic animals, were also
greatly frightened by the wheel. The cows
(and mules too) generally have a cowbell on
the leader of the herd. Well, every little while
a whole drove of horses or cattle, or sometimes
both, would break into a regular stampede,
and go oil down into the valley, as if they had
seen an apparition. I could judge of the rapid-

* How many times I have regretted giving way to
the temptation of tlio moment, and aDsentiiig my-
selt from pniycr-iin'i-ting! and how often, wlicu T
haven//;i().s( d('ci<i(>(l not to g-o, somethinfr lias h;ip-
pened that I would not h:i,ve missed for almost any
tlunM-iii thewoild: but 1 can not lemember in ail
my exi)L',rienc(; that I ever resretted going-; and it is
a little singular, too, to think how many ble.ssing-s,
sometiiiies strange and unexiiected ones, have come
to my heart in prayer-meeting-.

ity of their movements, and the distance they
went, by the demoralized jingling of the cow-
bells. When I got further out into the region
where there were no railroads, it was almost
impossible to pass a team without dismounting,
they were so liable to become unmanageable.
In these wild roads, riding horseback is the
most common; but although the riders often
assured me pleasantly that they could manage
their steeds, urging me to go ahead, I'generally
had to dismount. I remember that, at one-
place, where I finally succeeded in passing a
team, a little yellow dog was following behind
the wagon; but when he caught sight of me he-
turned, and ran and ran as if he thought the
whole of pandemonium was coming. Finally
he decided to stop and take another look; but
this second look, however, seemed to be worse
than the first, for he ran until he came to a
cross-road, and then up the cross-road he went
as if possessed. The last I saw of him he was
peering over the top of a hill to see if I were
safely out of sight.

I tell you, there is a wonderful contrast where
you go through a country where the people and
animals have become somewhat accustomed to
wheeling. Well, through this wilderness I did
not always find places for sleeping and eating,
such as I had been accustomed to. Now, I am
not complaining, mind you; for these good,
people tendered me the best they had, and
oftentimes refused to take any recompense un-
less I tendered it to the children. VVhen lex-
plained at one place that I needed a little rest,
and would like to lie down a few minutes, the-
good woman said I would have to climb a lad-
der to get into the loft. I asked permission to-
raise the window, for I can seldom sleep with-
out a great plenty of air. She replied. "Oh!
you won't need to hist any winder, stranger. I
reckon you'll find all the air you need, without
any of that."

Sure enough, the holes through the shingles
and siding were so numerous I was quite happy
in that respect, without any trouble on my part^
One afternoon, however, I longed for a nice
clean room, and for a meal of victuals where
dishes and food would be so clean that 1 would
not be sickened by tlie sight, taste, or smell.
Now, this is all the complaining I am going to-
do in this line. Had I not wandered oft' into
regions wheie people seldom go, and where
good hotels would not pay expenses, I presume
I should have never needed to use such a sen-
tence. Well, when I came to the pretty little
town of Wheatland I found just what I had
longed for. A neat-looking building in the
edge of the town attracted me, for it had a sign
up as hotel. The building was well painted,,
and clean. The porch in front was clean. A
pleasant, well-dressed young woman answered
my summons. She gave me a room where I
could lie down for my nap. with spotless-looking
bedding, window-curtains, and every thing in
keeping. She opened three windows to give
me plenty of air; and she gave me a lunch
after my nap, that, while it was not expensive,
made me feel happy and thankful. The table-
cloth was clean aiid whole. The dishes were
not cracked, and they were as free from dust
and dirt as they are in my own home. Last,
and not least, there was an air of gentility and
refinement and culture that was as refreshing
as the drink of pure water that I got from that
first artesian well. O woman! do you realize
how much it is in your power to make this
world of ours a very garden of Eden to the tired
and thirsty soul, instead of a wilderness of dis-
order, filth, and woe?

At Wheatland I made some inquiries in re-
gard to my best route to Lebanon. The lady
of the hotel told me to hunt up Dr. Fisher, as

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

017

he could tell me all about it. I found him at
the postollice. Quite a crowd gathered around
the wheel to examine it, and they expressed
a.stonishment when I told them I had come
on it all the way from Kansas City. Then the
doctor undertook to advise me.

" Look here, stranecr, you will have to let me
think about it a litth^ Let's see. If you were
going on a horse, I should say take tlie shortest
cut over the steepest hills and roughest roads;
but if you had a buggy or a cart, I would advise
you to go around by H(>rmitage. This would
be about six miles further. Now, the question
is, will your new-fangled vehicle come nearest
to horseback riding or the buggy? I rather
think the latter; therefore I would advise you
to go around by Hermitage. You will find
many pretty fair stretches of road, where you
can make the six miles extra in a very little
time."

By the way, what nice people these country
•doctors are I They probably get pay for a good
•deal of the advice given, as well as for their
physic; but do they not, as a rule, do a vast deal
of good in any community without pay or any
thought of it? May God speed and strength-
en the family physican — especially those in
country places! and may he give them wisdom
and discretion in putting in less physic and
more advice to the little flocks that are depend-
ing upon him I

One wonders why a town, especially a coun-
ty-seat, should have the queer name of Hermit-
age. Did some hermit make this spot his
abode in earlier days? or was it named in hon-
or of Andrew Jackson ("Old Hickory"),
whose old home in Tennessee was called the
Hermitage ? Well, it is a rather pretty county-
seat after all. though the place is small. I
came into the village from the west; but be-
fore I could reach the public square I was
obliged to follow a bad stony road clear around
to the north, until, in fact, I turned clear
around and went a little way westward to
get into the town that had been in sight for
some time. I afterward found that a very
steep cliff and a river at the base made this
circumlocution necessary. In this part of Mis-
souri they have no bridges. In fact, I have
been told that there is not a bridge in Laclede
Co. I think there can not be many, if any at
all, in Hickory Co. I found the people very
courteous at Hermitage; and one of the boys
told me there was one wheel in the town, but
nobody had yet learned to ride it.

I reached Hermitage a little before sundown
■on Friday night; but as my next day was to be
the hardest one of the whole trip, I decided to
push on as far as I could before darkness stop-
ped me. They told me I would have to ford a
river just outside of the town; but a crowd of
small boys volunteered to escort me past the
river. In the deepening shades of night the
dark waters looked treacherous; but I picked
out the longest-legged boy in the crowd, and
gave him a nickel to wade through before me.
By standing on tiptoe, with the wheel across
my shoulders. I managed to keep my panta-
loons from getting wet after I had rolled them
up to the very highest notch. I rather think
my wheel-riding has developed my muscles to a
little more than their usual size, and that was
why I could not get my trousers rolled up any
higher. After a little talk with the boys I bade
adieu with God's blessing, and put in my best
licks toward shortening the fifty or sixty miles
between myself and Lebanon.

A great deal of my route was now through
the wilderness. A good deal of the time the
narrow cowpath roads were so full of fallen
leaves that I had to guess at my path more or
less. The crushing of thedrv leaves under the

rubber tires, and the tinkling of the cowbells,
made me feel glad, even though few people or
houses either met my view. .lust as I came in-
to the little town of I'iad I was surprised to
hear boyish voices and roars of merriment. In
a field near by they had gathered to play base-
ball. Some one saw me first, and uttered an
exclamation. The boys stopped their game,
and began to give deafening cheers for the new
method of locomotion that came upon them «

like an apparition. I joined in the laugh, and
returned their *' howd'yes" as I passed by; but
before I was out of sight it began to seem to me
that their yells were not all of them in a friend-
ly strain. The town of I'iad is composed of
three buildings— a general store, a dwelling-
house, and some sort of warehouse. There may
have been more buildings, but I do not remem-
ber them now. As soon as I alighted from my
wheel a crowd gathered around it as usual, for
the baseball players had caught up with me by
this time. I arranged for taking a brief nap, and
went out to bring in my wheel. But new
comers were constantly arriving as the news
spread, and it seemed a little hard to take it
away from the crowd. The storekeeper said
he guessed it would be perfectly safe if left out
there; but when I had finished my nap, per-
haps twenty minutes later, I was surprised to
see it not only standing alone, but there was not
a man, woman, nor child visible. I concluded
they had probably gone back to their ball
game; but I felt a little misgiving as I mount-
ed. I felt of the tires. They seemed all right;
but before I was out of sight of the store I
knew mischief had been done. The bystanders
were likely hidden somewhere, and they could
see me, but I could not see them, and they were
watching to see me go down. I decided, how-
ever, to disappoint them if I could. One of the
tires got softer and softer, but I managed to
get down the road into the brush; then I took
my wheel out into the bushes away from the
path and changed the tires. When I reached
Lebanon I found seven pinholes to be cement-
ed up. I do not suppose these people knew it
was a $.50 fine for puncturing a tire. Perhaps
some urchin was curious to see whether it real-
ly was " wind " that kept them inflated. I de-
cided once not to mention this one piece of
discourtesy I met during my whole trip; but
afterward I thought it might be a valuable
caution about leaving wheels for any length of
time among a crowd of boys. I afterward
learned that there was a rather hard set around
this little four corners away back in the wilder-
ness of Dallas Co.

And they straig-litway left their nets, and followed
lilm.— Matt. ■t:20.

And they immediately left tlie ship iiiid their
fatlier, and followed him.— Matt. 4:22.

Ever since that automatic little greenhouse
across the street from where I write was made,
I have contemplated replacing the loose
sashes, which covered it, with permanent raf-
ters and glass. You see. by this means we get
much more light; and loose sash are only a
temporary affair after all. A big wind blew
ofT a lot of them last winter, and it cost me
several dollars to get them back. My trip to
Missouri, however, delayed the work, and I
gave it up. But the more I looked at that
little greenhouse, where every thing grew

918

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec. 1.

" from the word go," and never a failure, the
more I wanted some large panes of glass, sup-
ported by permanent Cyprus rafters; so, just
for the fun of It, I went to figuring up how it
could be done. I found I had rafters enough
by using some old ones. By the way. I want to
say a good word for the cyprus sash-bars made
by the Lockland Lumber Co., Lockland, O.
When our machine-shop was built, four years
ago, about a dozen were taken from a green-
house, and hastily thrown down under the
eaves. To protect the cellar from frost, saw-
dust was piled over the rafters, and there they
were, over four years, exposed to winter's snow
and sleet, and summer's sun. But, come to get
them out and sweep them off. they were almost
as straight and sound as the new ones that had
been stored away in the warehouse. We wait-
ed for Indian-summer weather; but a good
many of you know it did not come for two or
three weeks. I made a nice pattern of the wav
I wanted the sash-bar cut, including some nice
and complicated framing, both at the top and
bottom of the twenty-foot stick. Then our
friend " Art," from the saw-room, set his ma-
chinery so he cut the whole 28 exactly like it.
Then friend " Iper," from the paint-shop, gave
them all two good coats of paint, including the
top and bottom strips, which were 28 feet long.
Holes were bored in the rafters, where they
were to be nailed with great spikes to the plates
of the greenhouse, every six feet. Finally a
day came when I thought I could start the
work outdoors, even if it was pretty cold. The
greenhouse boys — " Frank '* and "Fred" —
were quite ready to follow me, and my framing
and planning all seemed to work to perfection.
We had set two rows of glass and part of an-
other. They were butted together with thick
paint between the edges. The tins were driven
home with a machine made for the purpose,
and I was just showing the boys how to run on
the liquid putty and afterward to sift on the
sharp white baked sand.

Let me explain to you why we were anxious
to rush the work. All of my hot-water pipes
were exposed to the weather. When it went
down to only 1.5 above zero about the middle of
November, the only cover for the greenhouse
consisted of some old cotton sheets. They were
rotten already: and the snow, sleet, and fierce
wind flapped them about so much that the hot-
water pipes had been frozen once, and I feared
the consequences of another such blizzard.
While I had my hands and head full in direct-
ing the boys how to do the work, somebody
raised up the dirty flapping cotton sheet and
saluted me thus:

" Is this indeed Bro. A. I. Root?"

My hands were sticky with liquid putty: and
my old clothing, worn specially for the occa-
sion, was pretty much in the same predica-
ment, and I really felt as if I hadn't time to say

how d' do?" to anybody, let alone shaking
hands and visiting. Something must be said
in answer to this question. I was ^4. T. Root
sure enough, without any doubt; but about the

hrntlier" part, it seemed to me there was a
little uncertainty. My visitor was dressed in
military costume. He was a very bright, at-
tractive-looking young man, and he seemed so
delighted to see me that I hastily nibbed the
putty off my lingers, fished my dirty silk hand-
kerchief from the pocket, of my soiled overcoat,
while I told the boys to go ahead the best they
could. 1 found the new friend to be Fritz
Malan He is an Italian, and has kept bees in
sunny Italy. In fact, he was an enthusiastic
reader of Glkanings. and an admirer of your
humble servant when General Booth came near
his home and called him to join the Salvation
Army. An interesting letter will be found in

Gleanings for 1889, page 622, from his pen..
Our young friend was devoted to his bees, and
was doing well; but when the light of thegospel
of Jesus Christ shone down in his heart he-
straightway left bees, home, and all his posses-
sions, and followed the general. He is now his^
private secretary. When they came to Cleve-
land, however, ]\Ialan petitioned for just a few
hours to go down and visit the Home of the
Honey-bees, and call on his friend A. I. Root.
This latter personage has a reputation, as you
know, of being somewhat of an enthusiast in
"the kingdom of God and his righteousness,"
as well as in bees, gardens, strawberries, green-
houses, etc.

I have before spoken of the Salvation Army.
I knew a little of General Booth, and of the en-
thusiastic reception he was getting, not only
from the great cities of the United States, but
from the great cities of the whole world. I
told friend Malan that I had planned to go and
hear General Booth when he came to Cleve-
land: but here I was, full of busine.ss and
worldly cares, and had even forgotten the
appointment. The boys were already coming
to a standstill. I turned my young friend over
to.Iohn and Ernest, to have them show him
the hospitalities of our establishment, and
made arrangements as best I could to have the
boys finish covering the greenhouse alone if the
next day should be mild enough. I suggested
to the young Salvationist, that, if a big wind
should come up when the glass was half on, it
would probably blow my greenhouse all to
pieces: but notwithstanding, I thought I would
take the chances and go with him on the train
that would leave in a little more than an hour.
I can not remember exactly the answer, but it
was something like this:

"No, no, Bro. Root: the greenhouse will not
blow to pieces, and I think you will find that
the boys will manage tip-top while you are
gone. I know by experience that it is some-
times a pretty hard matter to let every thing
go, and follow the call of Jesus Christ; but I
know, too, that he that loseth his life for
Christ's sake shall find it; and that he that
forsakes houses, or brethren or sisters, or father
or mother, or wife or children or lands, for his
sake, shall receive a hundredfold, and shall
inherit eternal life." I do not think that my
friend put in those words exactly, but it was
something to that effect. We are all familiar
with the Bible teaching in that respect.
"Seek ye first the kingdom of God, and his
righteousness, and all these things shall be
added unto you."

When he started for Medina he did not think
he was going to be able to take me back with
hira: but he seemed greatly delighted to have
me stop my work and give him so much of my
time. During our trip on the cars he unfolded
something of General Booth's industrial work
among the outcasts of the great city of London.
He told me of the 2000 acres that had been
given him, of the number of poor people to
whom he had given employment, and had en-
listed in the Salvation Army. He told me
about the lost women whom General Booth set
to work raising strawberries. Then he quoted
an answer the general gave in one of his talks
to somebody who. like myself, asked him how
it was possible that their institution could go
on without ihe general there to manage it and
direct. Now. this answer, mind you, is second
hand, and it may be quite different from the
general's own words; but the idea was some-
thing like this: General Booth replied that the
secret of his success was because of the many
helps he had received. England gave him 2000
acres. The poor people whom he had saved
from sin and ruin gave their time, or, at least.

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

919

thev told him he could pay them whatever he
could afford. Help came from different sources.
When he wanted the wherewith to fertilize the
ground so as to grow good crops, the city of
London gave him stable manure free of charge,
and even drew it to his place: and finally, said
he. the great God above gave his only hegotteti
Son. Is it anv wonder that the project had
succeeded? IVIy informant told me further
that they furnish a meal of victuals to these
poor outcasts, for only .7 cents! I remonstrated
a little at such an exceedingly low price; but I
found out later that this meal was mostly a
quart of rich soup; but I know by experience
that a man can do a great deal of work on such
a meal. Futhermore. a night's lodging was fur-
nished for a penny. T suppose this lodging con-
sisted of shelter and a shelf to sleep on. Bath-
rooms are al.-o fitted up so a good bath could \n\
taken for a penny. You see. all hands are
working for Christ .Jesus, and therefore the ex-
penses are easily kept down.

When we stepped off from the cars I soon dis-
covered that friend Malan had other brothers
than myself. When he was too far away for a
hand-shake he gave them the army salute, and
responses came from every direction. I want-
ed to see his people out on street parade, and
he hurried me along so we might not be late.
In order to make the shortest cui he made in-
quiry of a stranger. The stranger recognized
his uniform, and asked him some questions
about the meeting. Mr. Malan seized the op-
portunity, and in walking just a few blocks
the stranger became deeply interested. When
their paths separated, such earnest words were
spoken that the stranger decided to continue
further. Now. I do not know for certain that a
soul was brought into the ranks in that short
walk often minutes, but it looked very much
like it. ^,

We were just in time for the parade. The
music was "inspiring. The men. and the wo-
men too. who marched in the streets that slop-
py night looked to me like saints sent from
above to plead with lost humanity. I prefer-
red not to sit on the stage, but to be down among
the people. Mv friend placed me on one of the
vacant seats in front. There was some remon-
strance, but he shook his finger in token that I
was not to be troubled. But others noticed me,
and he finally gave me a little card on which
was penciled:

FRITZ MALAN,

TJfflciale ncW Escrrito (Mia SaJvizza.

1 Sefietarv tu Oen. Booth, i

Pkiisc givr hrnirr fr<i)il seat.

The Italian words mean, "'Officer in the Sal-
vation Army."

This card proved sufficient to allow me to
keep my seat. Mr. Ballington Booth, son of
General Booth, took charge of the meeting
until his father came on to the stage. The
younger man has a military bearing, and is a
man of commanding presence. The music, like
that on the street, was of a kind to awaken
one's best emotions and resolutions. I never
thought that the tamborine was very much of
a mvisical instrument until that evening. Near
me was a mere child who seemed full of music
from the tips of her fingers to her very toes;
and the way she handled the tamborine made
me fall in love with the people and with the
instrument. The principal singer, whose name
I have forgotten, was an Englishman. He was
of about the dimensions of Dr. Miller, and his
singing reminded me many times of that of our
jolly friend. By the way, I want to tell Dr.
Miller right here to take the first opportunity
to hear and learn some of the hymns of the
Salvation Army. This English singer seemed

te me to be the first individual I ever met who
could combine eloquent oratory with the grand-
est kind of music. He exhorted sinners to turn
from the world, singing it so slowly that he had
time to encourage new converts as they came
up the aisles, by brief, encouraging words in-
terspersed between the words of his music, and
yet the melody was not marred a particle.
Why. you could hear the music going on, even
when he was not uttering a sound. He seemed
to have a rare gift of tossing the melody above
his head, as a sleight-of-hand performer would
pitch balls, and then when it came back he
simply gave it a pitch and kept it going. His
voice was powerful, however, and he put his
whole strength into it. He had spiritual
strength and a winning way, as well as physical
strength.

Fifty or sixty converts came forward that
evening. One whole family came in response
to the eloquent pleading. As I had no badge
nor uniform, every now and then some of the
workers would whisper in my ear, " Dear
brother, have you given your heart to Jesus? "
or some similar words. The great Music Hall
was full. I was told that some two or three
thousand were in attendance. They were
mostly from the humble walks of life; but they
evidently had followed the spirit of the text I
have quoted. Christ Jesus was first. Many of
them were humbly attired; but that seemed to
make no difference. It was not only brother
and sister in word but in spirit. I learned to
love the gentle words and expression in the
voices of the men-folks, even though some of
them were colored people. I learned to love,
too. the sweet spiritual look that beamed from
under the queer bonnets worn by the women-
folks, even though many of them were well
along in years, and perhaps would not be called
at all good-looking by the world at large. A
peace seemed to pervade their hearts and faces
that was not of this world. "My peace give 1
unto you. Not as the world giveth, give I unto
yon." . .,

After the meeting closed, it was my privilege
tohavea little chat with the general in his
private parlor. He was as deeply interested in
strawberries as bee-keeping, because such in-
dustries promise a chance for him to give em-
ployment in that London home for outcasts.
He said he had found great trouble in finding
something to do for the lost women who had
joined the army. He could not well put them
into families, and many would object when
they came to find out in regard to their former
lives. He had succeeded nicely, and made it
more than pay expenses in setting them at work
on strawberries; but the latter could not be
grown the year round. I invited him to call at
our establishment; but he said that the de-
mands on his time were such chat it was im-
possible. He is well along in years, and I am
afraid that he is being overworked, as he speaks
to audiences two or three times every day, and
addresses meetings of ministers in almost every
city besides. The Morninn St(U\ of Boston,
Mass.. makes the statement that he is " general
of the largest army in the world, the head of a .
civilization of redeemed sinners, the central in-
Muence of a brotherhood out of every nation."*

When I got home, twenty-four hours later. 1
was surprised to see more than half of my
greenhouse nicely covered, although the weath-
er had been so very cold that I did not think
the boys could work. In fact, three experienced
men in glazing had tried and given up: but my
two boys, Frank and Fred, are so hardened by
being almost constantly exposed in the open air

*In the Moniing Star, issue of Nov. 8, will be
found an excellent account of Gen. Booth, his work,
and the Salvation Army.

920

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec. 1.

that they took hold of the glaziers' tools and
finished the whole house themselves, when it
was too cold for anybody else to work. It is
now a thing of joy to at least three people, for it
does not leak a drop. Fred and Frank learned
the trade of setting glass, and got a present
from their employer as a recognition of their
skill and endurance.

"And they straightway left their nets, and
followed him." Did they make a mistake in so
doing? and are you ready to do as much? Let
me whisper to ijon. the words that have been
ringing in my ears ever since that evening—
the words of that sweet-voiced woman who
whispered so gently to me, '• Dear brother, have
you ever given your heart to Christ Jesus?"

LETTUCE-GROWING IN GKEENHOUSES.

Now is the time to begin to push things in
growing lettuce under glass. I am satisfied
that the very best manure is fresh horse ma-
nure, with all the coarse straw sifted out.
Break it up fine with a lath or strip of board,
or, better still, pour it down on the ground and
let the chickens scratch it over and pick out
the seeds and undigested grains. Of course,
they will spread it over a good deal of ground
in a little while; but if you give them a nice
clean place you can soon sweep it up again
Now make up your beds, spading (or, rather,
forking) clear down to the bottom; or if in a
greenhouse right on the ground, spade down to
the yellow earth. Chop it up fine with a rake;
then sift, so as to get the coarser particles at
the bottom, and finally spread your manure
over the surface of the beds an inch or more in
depth. Now chop it in thoroughly, so as to
mix it completely with the fine sifted soil.
Water it just enough; put on your bottom heat,
If you have any, and then wait until every
weed seed has germinated before you put in
your lettuce-plants or sow any seeds. In this
way you will save a big lot of finger-weeding.
When the seeds and grains in the manure have
all germinated, chop it all over once more with
your sharp steel rake, then rub the surface
smooth with a strip of board, killing the weeds
and fining the soil; and then cover the surface
of the beds once more with half an inch of to-
bacco dust. Now put in your lettuce-plants, 7
inches apart from center to center, and you will
have little if any trouble with weeds, because
the lettuce will soon fill the ground, and the
tobacco dust will effectually cut off all bother
and trouble from the green fly. snails, and any
other enemies of this kind. This fresh rank
stable manure is worth more for rank foliage
in nriy opinion, than anv other fertilizer in the
world. Real old-fashioned guano might be a
help, but I don't believe any thing else is worth
bothering with.

HIGH-PRESSURE GARDENING IN CALIFORNIA.

Mr. -Root;— When I read your article, " High-
pressure Gardening during dry Weather," I
had to smile (audibly). Well, it was in regard
to that remarkable peach-orchard, where you
said that "some of the young growth had
grown 18 inches or 2 feet." Said I to my wife,
as I leaned back from the table. " We can beat
that all hollow out here." So with tape-line
and ten-foot pole in hand I went out into the
orchard to measure a peach-tree which was set
out in the spring of 189.^. I don't remember the

time, but perhaps it was in March. I put out •!
several at the same time, and they are all near- ''■>
ly the same size now. They were all dormant
buds when set out, and, of course, have grown
from the ground. The one I measured was
exactly <i feet and 8 inches high, and the
branches were 8 feet and 6 inches across. The
circumference of the trunk 4 inches from the
ground was a little over 10 inches. In July,
about 1() months from planting, this tree ripen-
ed 14 as nice Early Crawford peaches as I ever
saw. measuring from 7 to 9 inches. You no
doubt will say this is a California story; but I
can assure you it is no uncommon thing to
have Salway peaches from 9 to 11 inches.

And now since I am telling California stories
(true all the same) I want to speak about some
pumpkins I raised last year near the roadside
(without irrigation), which attracted much at-
tention and comment. One evening, when
three men were passing I told them I would
give either of them the largest one in the
patch if he would load it on his cart without
help. So the first man, whom we will call No.
1, after vainly trying several times, gave it up.
lou see. it is not so much the weight as the
shape. No. 2 approached with much confidence
and kneeled beside the monster, and. after
many efforts, finally succeeded in rolling it up
into his lap, and from there to his shoulder-
but when he tried to rise with it he also failed,
and let it roll off. amid the laugh and jeers of
those around. Now up comes No. 3, wi'tb face
beaming with radiance and expectation, and,
after getting his second hold on it, he succeed-
ed in picking it up and carrying it some 30 feet,
and landed it successfully in his cart and drove
up town and ascertained its weight to be 140 lbs.
These men were all large and stout. I had one
in another patch which tipped the beam at 168
lbs.— from the seed of one that weighed 173 lbs.
the year before. I also raised, last year, with-
out irrigation, some very large sweet potatoes,
one hill producing 35 lbs., and one potato which
weighed J.5 lbs., and was smooth and perfect in
shape. It was sent to the Midwinter Fair at
San Francisco, but there were others there still
larger.

Yes, the way we do it is by thorough cultiva-
tion and very little water, and often none from
the time the seed is put in the ground until har-
vest. This year is an exceedingly dry one, and
we have had to irrigate more than usual. Last
winter's rainfall was less than 8 inches— none
falling since December— yet there is plenty of
corn which will make from 30 to 60 bushels to
the acre, with only two irrigations.

Fruit of all kinds has been a good crop and of
No. 1. quality.

One more, and I will quit. I raised Muscat
grapes 3 inches in circumference, from vines
set last year— the same variety we make raisins
from. T. L. Hoi.i.oway.

Whittier, Gal., Oct. 1.

[Very good, friend H. I am prepared to be-
lieve all you say, for I saw similar results in
favored localities; but I saw also a great deal
of poor, shiftless slipshod farming in California.
In fact, I am inclined to think that such crops
as yours are the exception. You did not tell
how much those big pumpkins and sweet pota-
toes were worth for cooking. The boys were
just telling me that they are having difficulty
in selling the large sweet potatoes we get from
Baltimore. They say customers keep picking
out the smaller ones. We can not equal you in
peaches and peach-trees, it is true; but a friend
of mine— a brother of the one who has the
peach-orchard I told you about— said he had
just sold some Salway peaches, raised on his
own Medina clay soil, that brought readily
II. '.'.5 per half-bushel basket ; and that, too,

1894

GLEANINIJS I^ BEE CULTURE.

921

right in the neighborhood of where they wore
grown. We can not ail go to California; but
we can get good prices here at home, with first-
class fruit, and have lots of fun in doing it.]

MUSHIiOOMS; THKIR TARDINESS IN COMING UP.

Mr. J?or<t.— The mushroom spawn I received
of yon last spring and planted in March is just
coming up. The mushrooms are large and tine,
but come up very slowly. I suppose it is be-
cause of the cool weather. Now. if you think
it would be of interest to others, please tell how
to keep the spawn in the bed over, to plant new
beds with ne.xt spring. Can you not give us
some good way to cook the mushrooms also?
A. I. Tom BE KLIN.

Phillipsburg, Kan., Oct. 19.

[Friend T., my impression is that it will not
pay you to undertake to produce mushroom
spawn or seed; but perhaps it will come up it-
self year after year where you have already
grown it. Its tardiness in coming up is one of
the perplexing things about the vegetable.]

In view of tlie business change spoken of else-
where editorially, all chiims up to date due A. I.
Koot should be paid, of course, to tlie A. I. Root Co.

c.4lRTjOad shipments.
Prospects for trade next season, so far as we can
.iudg-e tills early, are fair. We have entered orders
"for two carloads of our extra polished sections, one
of them for export. As we go to press we are load-
ing the fiist car for Florida, and tliis will be follow-
ed by a car to the Rawliiigs Implement Co., Balti-
more. Md., <n- Baltimore Farm Implement Co., as
their old name reads. Others are sending large or-
ders, and taking advantage of the early-order dis-
counts. Our 1895 catalog is developing slowly but
surely. We hope to have it completed soon after
Jan. 1, 1895. We have decided to reduce the size to
40 pages, and include only bee-keepers' supplies,
and will make a separate 1st of tlie miscellaneous
liousehold articles.

HONEY MARKET.

We have no change to report in prices of honey.
Demand is slow with us, especially for comb honey.
We have but I'Z cases of extracted alfalfa left from
the Reno car, and little i)rospect of getting another
supply. There is lots of choice alfalfa honey in
Colorado, but it costs more than twice as much to
get it from there to Chirago as it does from Cali-
fornia to any point east. It is, therefore, impossi-
ble to allow the producer a fair price and still de-
liver it here low enough to compete with honey
produced in Wisconsin and New York and else-
where. We still have a good supply of alfalfa comb
lioney. very nice, and will make special i)iii'es on
laiue'lots. ' Let us hear from any one interested.

We have choice clover and basswood extracted
honev in tiO lb. cans, at same prices as quoted in our
last."

A NEW EDITION OF GOSPEL HYMNS.

When Gospel Hymns Nos. 5 and (J were first issued,
the i>ublishers said they woidd not be bound with
the first four numbers. I presume the demands
upon them have been such that they have receded
from this position, for they have just brought out a
new edition, comi^rising all the hymns and tunes in
Nos. 1 to 6 Inclusive, without duplica'^es, bound in
cloth. Price, postpaid, $1.20; by express or freight,
at purchaser's expense, $12. dO per doz., or $1.00 each.
We have to otter nearly all the other editions of
Gospel Hymns as follows:

Gospel Hymns ct)nsolidated, Nos. 1 to 4, large-type
edition, words and music, board cover, T5c each,
Is.oii per doz. ; postage 10 c each.

The same, words only, board cover, 20c each, $2.35
per doz. ; i)ostage 3c each.

The same, small-type edition, words and music, 45
cts. each; Sp.S.lO per do/.. ; postage 5c each.

The same, small-type edition, words only, limp
cloth, 10c each, $1.15 per doz. : postage Ic each. The
same, paper cover, 5(r each, .58c per doz. ; postage Ic.

Gosi>el Hymns No. 5, words and music, board cover,
:iOc each. *'i 40 per doz.; postage 5c each.

t!os|iel Hymns No. (i, words and music, board cov-
er, :!0c each', $;}.40 per doz. ; postage .5c each.

Gospel Hymns Nos. 5 and 6, words and music,
board covers, 60c each, »(5.80 per doz.; post., 10c each.

Gospel Hymns No. 6, C. E. edition, words and
music, board covers, 35c each, $4.00 per doz. ; postage
5c each.

VALUABLE BOOKS FOR CHRISTMAS OIFTS.

We have just leceived from the Charles Foster
Publishing Co. another shipment of their l)eautiful
family books drawn from the Bible, of which we
have sold so many during past years. We have
room here for but a brief announcement. If you
have back numbers of Gleanings on file you can
find fuller descriptions written a year ago. Tl»e
first and most important is—

The Story of the Bible, by Chas. Foster. Half a
million copies of this work have been sold, and it
has been reprinted in many foreign languages. It
is a handsome cloth-bound book, 5':x8\4, 1 'a thick,
weighing 2' > lbs., with 700 pages and 300 illustra-
tions. Price $1.00; bv mail, $1 20.

Bible Pictures, and What They Teach Us, is an-
other most fascinating book for a child, and is at
the same time elevating and ennobling in its etfect
upon the child's mind. It is 8x10, by 1 inch thick;
weighs nearly 3 lbs.; contains 315 beautiful Bible
pictures, with brief sketcli, comprising 233 pages.
Price $1.00; bv mail. $1.22.

Story of Bible Animals is another in the series.
Same size, and at same nrice as Story of the Bible.

First Steps for Littte Feet, by the same author, is
a book for young children, and a great help to
mothers and teachers in Imparting Bible truth to
the little minds; 328 pages, 140 illustrations. Price
50c: hy mall, 57c.

Pilgrim's Progress, Illustrated, is a handsome
book by the same publishers. Size 7'2xl0, and 1,'a
inches thick; 420 pages and 170 illustrations; beau-
tifully illuminated cover of red cloth, embossed in
gold. Price, plain edges, 75c; gilt edges, $1.00. By
mail. 21c extra.

Fables and Allegories, or, New Lights on Old Paths,
is another beautiful gift-book by the same publish-
ers. It contains 512 pages and 350 illustrations.
Size of book, l'ax7i.:x9'/2; weight 4 lbs. Has light-
blue cloth cover, embossed in black and gold; has
gilt edges, and makes a handsome and valuable
,gift-book. Price $L.50; by mail, $1.83.

These prices arc about two-thirds of the regular
selling prices of these hooks; and yet for every sub-
scription to Gleanings you send us, with $1.00 paid
in advance, you may deduct 35c from the price of
any of the above books you may select. Your own
subscription will count if you send another with it,
and both are paid up, but nt)t otherwise.

OWDERING POTATOES NOW, TO BE SHIPPED WHEN
YOU I'IKECT IN THE SPKING.

We shall once more undertake to send out i)Ota-
toes as we did last, spring, but I do not think we
shall again risk starting them before the first of
April, no matter how enticing the weather. You
will need to order the potatoes now, at the prices
given on p. 885 of last issue. You must either pay
for them now, or make a sufficient iiayment on them

, to pay us for putting them nii and furnishing cellar
space for tliem till next April. Or we will ship them
sooner providing you will stand all loss finm freez-
ing. In other words, they are to be shipped April 1

i unless you direct them sooner. At the vtiry low
rates we have given, we shall very likely run out of
many kinds before spring; but if they are put up
now, your name marked on them, " paid for," you
make a sure thing of it. We guarantee them win-
tered safely without freezing, and with no more
sprouting than can be prevented by an excellent
cellar made on purpose, and opened and closed ac-
cording to the weather, that they may be neither
too hot nor too cold.

Lathvrissylvestris has stood several severe freezes
—one of tliem only 16 above zero— withovit being
hurt a particle.

;>32

GLEAMNCiS IN HEE CULTURE

Dec. 1.

Unparalleled Offers.

TWO PAPERS FOR THE PRICE OF ONE,

And the

A B C of Bee Culture Thrown in at Half Price.

We have for several years made special clubbing rates witli the Farm Jminial, Pliiladelnliia Pa As -in
agricultural monthly we don't believe there is another that will compare with it. It is |)ithv oointed -md
practical. The regular subscription price is r,0;cents; but we arc able to <//w' d lym/'s ,M,/,.sr,'a>fto/) f;-ec on
the following- conditions: Send us Sl.UO to renew your subscription Ijcfvir the time paid for is un If von
are in arrears for Gleanings in Bee Culture you must pay up to the end of this year and for a

This offer is good only for this month of December.

After this month the club price will be $1.10; and to tliose who are in arrears for Gleanings the bp«t
club price is $1.20, unless all arrears are paid and a year paid in advance. ' ' '

A S

A CyCLQPAFDIf
— or —
eUEmTKIHIiPEfmilNIIIGIlI

BV A. I

lUUSTHftTEO WITH N;

th£ i'^1" close out quickly the present edition of the A B C of Bee Culture, we have decided to make
iJ^.^iyi^y I®™, '^'■- We will bind up these books in iieavy tinted parcliment cover, very strong, and.
i!^..1^^ 1?", *^'^?7®."^''V:,.'^^*^ will give one copy free postpaid for .5,5 cents additional, or the cloth-
r^w. .^; • "^ ^"i'" ?e5'*^- ^-fi^Ji^i'^riiil- If you prefer the Anicncan n,r Jnurnal. Rtrinv. or Canadian Bee
Jr.u/ >m/,instea<l of Farm Journal, you may have any one of these one year with Gleanings one year, and
the A BCin parciimentcover, for $2.30; or with clotli cover for $3..50; or you may have any one of the

"" '" " "" '""" \inniran Bte-lurpi r, ar Nrhraxk'a liec-hirper, with Gleanings

1*2 00. If you will sei-urefor us a newsui)serlber to
ly add to any of ihe above otters 7.5 cents net for the

.50-cent bee journals, Pr<)(irrsi<ivc Ber-keeiirr,

'(uV.Z'^^^rf^"^M\''<y.^F^^' ^ P ^<'J°^' ^'■*^"- '"■ «1'>"'-'>'>U"C1 *2 00. If you will secure for us a newsui)serlber to
uleanings at $1.00, to send with ydiir renewal, you may add to any of

Jhisisararechaticeto8-etone()f the most valuable text-books on bee-keeping anywhere published.
Mai, man ..djiihi mptr^ni the hook liaor liccn sold duriiifi- the past 15 years since it was first issued. No other
m t -)(!,, k .vtM piiliiished has reached any thing: near such a circulation as this. We have but a few hun-
one of'tK Offers wlthoSt Sy '"'"' ^''"" "''°''''- ''°" "*" ^'' "'""' »''"^'f"''«- ^" ^^^e advantage of

The A. I. Root Company, fledina, O.

IS'.M

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

927

Unparalleled Offers.

TWO PAPERS FOR THE PRICE OF ONE,

And the

A B C of Bee Culture Thrown in at Half Price.

Wi' have for several years made special clubbing rates with the Farm Jownal, Philadelphia, Pa. As an
aKrifulMiriil monthly we don't believe there is another that will compare with it. It, is pithy, pointed, and
practical. Tlie regular subscription price is oOjcents; hut we ■dVi' ■dhlf to ijive a year's nubxcriptiou frer on
tiic following conditions: Send us $1.00 to renew your subscription before the time paid for is up. If 3'<)u
are in arrears for Glkanings in Bee Culture you must pay up to the end of this year and for a
yc:ir in advance, wlien you will be entitled to the Farin Journal for a year also. If you secure a new sub-
seription to Gi-EAMNCS, and send $1.00 for the same, you may have the F(r/H JoH/noi a year to pay for
your trouble, or you may have it sent to the new sub.scriber if you wish. All new subscriptions to either
paper will receive the rest of this year remaining after your subscription is received, and all of nc.vt year.

This offer is good only for this month of December.

After this niontli (he chill price will lie $1.10; and to those who are in aii'cars for GLBANiNfi.s, 1 he best
club price is$l.™(i, unless all arrears are paid and a year paid in advance.

Desiring to close out quickly the present edition of the ABC of Bee Cult utc, we have decided to make
this very liberal oiler: We will bind up these books in heavy tinted patclunent eo\er, very strong, and,
in addition to above offer, we will give one copy free postpaid for 55 cents additional, or the dolh-
bound book for 75 cts. additional. If you prefer the Amciiraii Bee Journal. Revirir, or CdnddiaH lire.
Journal, insteail of Farm Journal, you may have any one of these one y(!ar with Gi>EANiN<is one year, and
tlie A B C in parchment cover, for $2.30; or with ck)tl! cover for $■^1)0; or you may have any one of the
5(l-cerit bee journals, Prof/rcs.suie Bee-keeper, Ameiiean Bee-keeper, or Nebraska Bee-keeper, witii Gi.eaninGs
one year, and the paper ABC, for $1.80, or cloth-bound $3.00. If you will .secure for us a newsubscriber in
Gr.EAXiNfJS at $1.00, to send with your renewal, you may add to any of the above otfers 75 cents net for t be
new name. If you send two subscriptions besides your own (one of wliich must be newi, and all paifl in
advance, together with $3.00. we will send fi-ee post|)aid a cloth-V)ound ABC to the one sending the club,
but no other paper or premium will be included. For one new subscriber sent with your own renewal, and
$2.00, we will send free the paper-bound A B C of Bee Culture. Could you ask for larger return for a little
effort y This edition of tlie A B C which we offer on these liberal terms was printed in l^QU-'SI. and an ap-
peiidi.v witli all the latest develoinnents was added last year, so that it is almost up to date witli I lie edi-
tion now in the press, to be completed ne.xt spring.

This is a rare cliance to gelone of tlie most valuable te.\t-l)ooks on bee-keeping anywhere publisiied.
More tliini .yi.ooii copies of llir hook liaoe been sotil during tlie past- 15 years since it was first issued. No other
bee-l)ook ever published lias reached any tiling neai- such a circulation as this. We have but a few liiin-
dred copies lootleron tlie liberal terms given above. You will do wt-ll, tlierefore, to take advantage of
one of these offers without delay.

The A. I. Root Company, fledina, O.

928

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec. 15

Honey Column.

CITY MARKETS.

Boston.— HoTiejy.— We quote our market on best
1-lb. comb honey at ISfffeU, and extracted 5@6, with
good demand and fair supply. E. E. Blake & Co.,

Dec. 8. Boston, Mass.

Cincinnati.— Hroicy.— There is no chanp-e in the
market. Demand is good for all kinds in a quiet
\v:iv. No change in prices. Extracted honey brings
4@7c a lb. Best white comb honey. 14@16. Tliere
is a good demand for beeswax at 22@37 for good to
choice yellew. Chas. F. Muth & Son,

Dec. 8. Cincinnati, O.

Cleveland.— floriey.— Our honey market is about
the same :is when last reported. No. 1 white clover
in 1 lb. sections selling at 14@I5; No. 3 grade, 12' e@
1.3. Extracted, 8. The market is steady at present,
but cold weather may improve it.

Williams Bros.,

Dec. 7. 80 & 82 Broadway, Cleveland, O.

DETHOiT.—77o7ie}/.— White comb honey in good de-
mand at 14@15: dark lots, 13@13; ext'Mcted. 6@7.
Beeswax, 26@26. M. H Hi'nt.

Dec. 7. Bell Brancli, Mich.

Buffalo.— Hpr?e)/.— Slightly increased receipts if
honey. Market pomewhat weaker. Fancy, mostly
]3@U: choice, n@12; buckwheat, 9@10: other grades
according to quality, etc. Beeswax in good demand
at 28@30. Battekson & Co..

Dec. 7. Buffalo, N. Y.

Chicaoo.— 77o(ie!/.— The trade istaking some fonib
honey for holiday display. This helps out all th ■
choice l(ts, which bring ITic; other grades that are
go' d to choice, 13@14. The dark grades, as usual,
aro slow of sale at 9@lfl. Extracted sells chiefly at
6. 6^2. and 7. Very little basswood or clover being
offered in 60-lb. tins, 2 in a case. Such meets wiili
ready sale at top prices. Beeswax scarce at 28c.
R. A Burnett & Co..

Dec. 7. 163 So. Water St., Chicago, III.

Kansas City.— ^/rmej/.— Tlie stock of comb honey
is large; market well supplied. Fancy white 1-lb
combs, 1-5; amber, 12@13. Receipts of extrficted,
liglit; white, 7; amber, 5i^@6; southern. \^t@,ti.
Beeswax, 22. Hamblin & Bearss.

Dec. 8. Kansas City, Mo.

Denver.— Ho?iBj/-— Our market seems on the de-
cline. We quote No. 1 white comb honey in 1-lb.
sections, put un in 24 lb. cases, suitable for putting
in cartons, ll@12c; No. 2, in cases. 10. No. 1 ex-
tracted, in 60-lb. cans, 6@7c. Demand for extracted
honey is quiet with a good su])ply on the market.
The retail trade is well supplied with comb honey.

Beeswa.x, 22@35 per lb.

R. K. & J. C. Frisbee.

Dec. 10. Denver, Col.

Kansas City.— Honei; — We qoute No 1 white
comb, 14@15; No. 2, 12@I3; No. 1 amber. T.'(??'13; No
2, 10@11; extracted, 4'/4@7. Beeswax, 3i @23.

C. C. Clemons & Co..
Dec. 8. Kansas City. Mo.

St. Louis.— Honey.— With the advenf of cold
weather the honey trade improves. Wr (inote
choice white comb honey. 13@lfi; medium. 12(3114
Extracted, choice white, in barrels. .5; in cans, 5X@
aVt; amber, 4@5. Prime lieeswax, 23.

D. G. TuTT Grocer Co.,
Dec. 10. St. Louis, Mo.

Milwaukee.— Honey.— This market is in very
good order for choice qualities of lioney; and it is
a very pleasant feature of the bvisiness to note tlie
decided improvoment in the quality of the crop and
the care and ordei- exercised by shipners in grading
and packinir, over former years; and our stock pre
sents to our customers a, very " sweet " and attract-
ive invitation to buy. The receipts tiave lieen very
fair, and the trade quite satisfactory. We can now
quote 1-lb. sections, very best, lt)>^(f?).lH; good, Iff^KJ:
commonqualilv.no demand -no sile. E.xtracteri.
white, in barrels and keg<. 6'/2(a7'4; dark, .5@6.
Beeswax, 2r@26. A. V. Bishop & Co..

Dec. 5. Milwaukee, Wis.

Albany.— Honey.— We are still receiving frequent
consignments of honey, principally buckwheat, and
our sales are about equal to re< e^pts, and stock is
not a<"cumulating lo am extent; but prices are less
firm, and we have had to sell some lots of buck-
wheat at 9i-. Clover sells at 12@13. Extracted is
still moving very slowly, with a large .stoc k on hand.
Chas. McCulloch & Co.,

Dec. 10. Albany, N.Y.

Springfield — Ho/ie// — Wlute clover, ir)@16;
buckwheat, 12. Market fair.

Perkins & Hatch,
Dec. 12. Springfield, Mass.

ALFAr.FA Honey, very white, thick, and rich.
Two 60-lb. cans at 7c. Same, partly from cleome
(tinted), 6c. Samples. 8c.
eift Oliver Foster, Las Animus, Col.

For Sale.— 1800 Ib.s. honey in 60-lb. square ca"^,
price 7 and 8 c f. o. b. cars here. Sample by mail.
R. H. Bailey, Ausable Forks, N. Y. Box 81.

Only a part of that car of honey left, but we still
have plenty to fill orders at $7.80 per box.

Aikin Bros., Loveland. Col.

Having secured a fine quantit.v of buckwheat ex-
tracted lioney 1 iiovv offer it in lots to suit purchas-
er, 210-lb. kegs at 5i4c, f. o. b.; also 2000 lbs. of bass-
wood and clover. W. Lamar Coggshall,

eitf West Groton, Tompkins Co., N. Y.

For Sale.— 7000 lbs. of fine, ripe, extracted bass-
wood honey, highest offer takes it. Also Italian
fJees and Fox-hound pups,
eift Elias Fo.k, Hillsboro, Wis.

For Sale.— Honey, in 6il-lb. cans, (5c; 52gal. bar-
rels, at 5c. Send for samiile

W. C. G \TH RIGHT, Cameron, Tex.

\m^^^^mmm^Ammm^.

The new monthly, Miuket Garden, and Gleanings
will be only $1.25 per year lor both, instead of $1.75,
as we had it.

COMB and extracted HONEY.

A pood supply still on hand of both comb and ex-
tracted, especial y of comb, at the same prici s as
(luoted in former issues.

TWEEZERS and MOLDS FOR QUEEN CELLS.

With the Doolittle and Atchley method of learing
queens, a. little turned hurdwcod stick is reiiuired
for molding the cells, and a pair of tweizers for
transferring the larva. We can furnish the sticks
at 6c each; nickel-plated tweezers at Lie each, or
the two for 20c, postpaid.

DECLINE IN PRICES.

Under the new tariff we must reai-iange some of
our prices. There has been quite a decline in win-
dow glass and tinware. Small sizes and strips of
glass that we have listed at $2.50 per box we are
able lo s( 11 at $2.00. and in some sizes even less. Our
raised co\er tin pails will be reduced about 12 per
cent; one-gallon cans, $1.00 per 10). Sugar-makers'
supplies will be lower than ever. We expect to
give prices on these in our next Lssue. While u"-
cessity requires advance in piice of some artii les,
we are glad when we are able to announce a decline
in pi ice.

COLD FRAME SASH.

The sash mentioned a month ago are of the regu-
lar size, 3 ft. 4 inches by 6 ft., for tour rows of glass
8 inches wide. If any iirefei- larger glass we will
furnish sa^h for 3 rciws of 11-in -li s'liss at same
price. The>e sash are halved together at the cor-
ners, instead of being mortised and tenoned in the
usual wav. Tley have the advantage that they
may be shipped knocked down at a low rate of

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

939

trcifjiit, and they can bo imt tojroth 'f ])y aiij'body.
If dotu' stH'iiiely they are just as strong as the renii
lirsasli. TUey are I'll in. tliiek, outside l)ars about
3 inches wide/and inside ones about I'j. The liais
are grooved to slip fiie plass in phiee. If a liK'lit ol
glass is broken, move tlieni up close and slide an
other in from the Ixittoni end. If any prefer the
bars rabbeted to set glass in putty, we will m;ike
1 hem so on request. In putting- tiie sash together
the I.est.iob is done with screws; but nails may be
used, and are less expensive. Price of sash ui flat,
without g-lass or screws, 6.5 cts. each; .5 for i?:f.|)0, ht-
10 for $5.50. Screws inckided at 5c each extra; HxlO
g-h'.ss for same, 90 ligrhts to tlie box, at $1.80 per box;
5 boxes at if 1. TO; 10 boxes at 81.60; less than a box,
at 2Mc per bgrht.

Sasli put up no glass or paint, 15c each extra; 10c
eacli exti'a for each coat of paint, and 8( c each
e-\tra for glass set in place, making- the sash put up.
painted i coat.s, and filled with g-lass. at $1.75 each in
lots of 5. The risk and freight cliarg-i's are so much
more shipped put up with g-lass that we do not rec
ommend you to order this way, and we can not well
pack less t haii 5 safely.

ADV.\NCE IN PRICE OF BEESWAX AND COMB FOUN-
DATION.

It is rather unusual to see the market so bare of
beeswa.v. and prices so firm, at this season of the
year. This makes it impossible to maintain the
present list price on comb foundation. Piice of
wax generally rules hig-hest in the spring, when
there is the largrest demand for its use in maknig-
comb foundation. As most catalog's printed the
first of the j'ear are intended to last throujrh the
season, it is desirable to make prices which will not
n»ed to be advanced, if possible. In the January.
l.--'9.5. edi'ion of our catalog-, now in preparation, the
price of comb foundation -will be as follows:

Price per lb . in

lots not h

ssthaii

Name of Grade.

Sq. ft. per lb.

1 lb

10

25

50

Heavv brood foundafn.

4 to 5

47

46

45

44

Medium "

5 b) 6

47

4(1

45

44

Light

7 to 8

.50

49

4.S

4V

Thin surplus

10

57

56

.55

54

Ex. thin '•

11 to 12

62

61

60

59

For 2t)() Ihs. or over, write for wholesale prices.

Until further notice we will pay 26 cts. cash, or
29 in trade, for average wax delivered here. This
is an advance of 4 cts. per lb. over our last quota-
tions, and wholesale prices are advanced the same
amount,

THE NEW CRAIG POTATO.

May be T am taking- a responsibility upon myself
in giving- this the recommendation that I have done:
but it seems to me it will certainly do something-
the same another season that it has on this one
brief trial. For instance, there is not a scabby po-
tato in the whole bushel, when Early Ohios and
Puritans, rig-ht close by tliem, were too scabby to
offer for sale. It grew with wonderful viRor. and
kept Ijrigrht and grreen all through the drouth, when
every other potato ripened prem.-iturely and dried
up. It produced potatoes of tremendous size, and
of a quality almost equal to the Freemans, and it
gave the largest yield of any thing in the line of
pot.-itoes I have ever had any thing to do with. 1
liRve not yet heard from the introducer, but I take
the liberty- of offering one pound by mail, postpaid.
for 25 cts.; '/4 pk., bv freight or express, $1.00; one
peck, $1.75; half bushel, $3 00; bushel, $5,00; batrel
of 11 pecks, $12.60. This ofifer will stand any way
until our next issue; after that, friend Craig may if
he chooses (but I hardly think he will) make a dif-
fei-ent arrangement. The potato is nearly round,
with pink patches, something like the Peachblow.
Of course, it is a late pot;ito; and my impression is.
that you want to plant it as early as you can. and
dig it as late as you can. If they had it in Califor-
nia, I do not know but it wnu'd keep right on grow-
ing winter and summer, for it never showed the
least disposition to let up. or show any evidences of
maturity on the foliage. Hut notwithstanding this,
it is a most beautiful table potato. So far as my
experience goes, it is perfectly safe to send potatoes
by mail any time during winter; and I believe that,
as a t-ule, tliey go safely any time by express. By
freight, however, it is not really safe to ship tliem
from our locality before April 1.

SECOND-HAND FOUNDATION-MACHINES,

AVi> hiive quite a list of second-h;ind foundation-
machines to offer, and most of them are a bargain
iit the price. We have, besides, quite a few new
mills, superior to what we used to make, but not up
to the present high standard of excellence. These
we will sell at special prices below the present list
on new mills. If you are interested, and will write
us, telling us what size you want, what grade or
style of foundation you wish to make, we shall be
pleased to submit samples with price. The most
of the mills of this kind are six-inch. We have no
ten-inch off-grade new mills, but we have one or
two 12 and 14 inch, besides a good stock of new ma-
chines of first quality, extra fine, at new list price.
Our list of second-hand mills is as follows:

Six-inch hex.. No, 1461. Price $10.00. This is in
good condition, and just right for thin surplus
foundation.

Six-inch hex.. No. 1631. Price $10.00. In good con-
ditiOii, and will make tliin surplus foundation 10 ft.
to lb.

Six-inch hex.. No. 1.565. Price $12.00. This is in
good condition, with very light wall, and will make
extra thin foundation ;il)out 11 ft. to lb.

Ten-inch round cell. No. E. Price $8.00. This Is
in old-style frame, and In fair condition; good value
for the money.

Ten-inch round cell. No. G. G. Price $8.00. This
is old-style heavy cell wall, and makes foundation
something like that from the Given press.

Ten-inch round cell. No. 1 1. Price $8.00. Similar
to No. G G.

Ten-inch round cell. No. E E. Price $9.00. Tliis
will make fair medium brood foundation. Is in fair
condition.

Ten-inch hex.. No. 1655. Price $15.f0. This is a
new machine, not suitable to sell as first grade, but
a bargain at this price. It has thick wall, ju.st right
for medium brood foundation.

Twelve-inch hex.. No. 1.532. Price $25.00. This is
almost a new mill, and practically as good as new,
and a good one. Will make foundation 7 ft. to lb.

All the above machines are our own make. We
have also the following:

Hex. Vandervort, lOU-inch, No. H H. Price $8.00.
Will do well for heavy brood.

Nine-inch Dunham hex.. No. V. Price $8.00. A
good machine for the price.

Six-Inch hex. Vandervort. Price $4.00. This is an
excellent mill, but for one thing. From careless
packing the two rolls are bruised in a streak from
end to end. The foundation leaves the rolls readily,
and there is room between the streaks for about two
full starters.

Samples from any of above mills sent on applica-
tion to those interested.

HURRAH FOR FLORIDA!

Providence permitting, your humble servant ex-
pects to make a bicycle-trip through Florida, com-
mencing some time in the month of January. I
shall first go to Jacksonville, and from there-to Pa-
latka, calling on A. F. Brown, of San Mateo, who is
planning to conduct a branch of our business at
that point. After that, circumstances and invita-
tions must determine. Of course, I shall call on
friend Poppleton. of Potsdam. By the way, friend
Poppleton will tell us something about pineapples,
in our next issue. Now, I particularly wish to know
how much of Florida is practicable for wheeling.
Some have said that the sand blocks one almost
everywhere; but, dear friends, are there not foot-
paths around the sandy tracts V Where one can go
on foot, I can generally ride my wheel; and a sandy
beacli, where it is not too soft, makes the finest
wheel-track in the world. Very likely I shall not
be able to accept all of your kind invitations; but T
will as far as circumstances will permit. Possibly
I shall cro.ss over to Cuba, providing it does not take
all "summer." A. I. R.

BEGfNNERS.

Beginners should have a coi^y of the Am-
ateur Bee- keeper, a 70-page book by Prof..
J. W. House. Price 25 cents; if sent by mail,
2,sc. The little book and the Progressive
Bi'e-keei)er (a live progressive 28-page month-
ly journal) one year, 65c. Address any flrst-
elass dealer, or
LEAHY MFG. CO., Higginsville, Mo,

<.I30 GLEANINC.S IN BEE CULTURE. Dec. 15.

Character of the Bee=keepers' Review.

It is Practical

In its fliaraetei'. It does not waste columns in the discussion of flne-spun tlieories, and t]i()S(>
numer(jus phases of bee-keeping that may be interesting-, iDut liave no practical bearing- upon
tlie bre.'id-and-butter side of tlie business. It aims to publish only such matter as will aid in
making bee-keejjing a more safe, pleasant, and profitable pursuit.

No Side Issues

Are tolerated in tlie Review. It may not pnl)lish so much matter as some of the other bee-
journals; but in the amount of practical, valuable, helpful bee-keeping- infornuition furnished
it is beliiiid none of its competitors. It is not so mucli a question as to how Large tlie journal
is, nor how often it comes, but what informatUm it brings when it does come.

Its Correspondents

Are successful, practical bee-keepers, most of whom have numbered their colonies by the
hundreds, and sent houey to market bvthe ton, and who can write from experience articles
containing information of some real benefit to houe.y-producers.

Its Editor

Has for seventeen years been a practical bee-keeper, and is thus in a position to choose wisely
in selecting matter for his journal, and is also able to write from the standpoint of actual ex-
perience upon all subjects pertaining to practical bee-keeping— to criticise, if necessary, tlie
views of correspondents.

No Supply Trade

Is run in connection witli the Review, and for this i-eason the price must be such that there is a
profit in its publication; but it leaves its editor free from even an unconscious bias, and his
views in regard to hives, implements, methods, and devices, are wholly disinterested.

Typographical Neatness

Is one of the features of which the Review may be proud. Good paper, type, ink, and rollers,
and a good pressman, are employed, and engravings used wlieii words can not .so clearly de-
scribe. This neatness may not add to the value of the information given, but it does add to the
comfort and enjoyment of those who read it.

In Conclusion,

The Review gives rei^orts of the work done at the Michigan Experiment Apiary— gives them
as soon as possible after the work is done, while they iiie of a fresh and newsy character. It
also gives Hasty's montldy three-page revifw of the other liee-journals, iis well as extracts and
editorial comments. Tlie price is Sl.Oti a year, or $[.-'") for the Kkvikw and the hook "Ad\Mnceil
Bee Culture."

W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint, Mich.

World's Fair Hedai Florida and

Awarded my Potmclatlozi. Send for free ■vy» ivii* &.«iivi

samp/es. Dealers, write for wholesale prices. i i i c ^..^u^^.^ n^^ I ^^ — ^-..^

Root's new /*o7js/ief/ Secfiojis and other goods ALL oOUtliern oee = KeeperS,
at his prices, i^j-ee Illustrated Price Li.st of every

thing needed in the apiary. JVl M Hiin-f Do you know that the freight rates ;by \v,-il

Bell Branch, Mich. I'*. !!• 11I411L. are one half less fr-oni /joro, than from a

420 Lbs. Average

Is wliat my bees gave that I moved to the man-
grove; those at home, 300 lbs. each; n-bnndecl
/>ees, too. Queens, hred for Ijnsiiiess from
this stock will be sent in 1895 for $1.00 each until
May; per doz., JH.OO. Circular free.

J. B. CASE, Port Orange, Fla.

ill an\-
l)lace j'ou can obtain a full line of siipplie;

Kate on bee-hive material, to
.laeksonville, Fla., ISc per 100.
Paiatka, " :)4c " •'

Daytona, " 4fic " "

Cedar Keys, •' 't'tc " "

New circular upon api)lieat ion.

I. J. STRINQHAM, 105 Park Place, N. Y.

8 Numbers for Only 10 cents.

Ves, we will mail to any NEW TVAITIE the lasts numbers of the AITIEKIO.VN BEE JOIIKNAL.

for 180t for only 10 cents (stamps or silver); or, if vou will send us $\.iO, wi' will credit .>oiir subscription
tillJau. 1, 1896, and ALSO mail you FREE a copy of Newman's " Mees and Honey" a 16l)-p;ige bee-
book, having over IH) engravings. THINK OF IT 60 copies of the "Amei-ican l?ee .lournal" and a
160-page bee-book— all for $1.00! Take the 8 numbers foi- 10 cents first, if you prefer, and ihen by .Ian. I,
1895, send in the i-emaining 90 cents, and we will mail you the book, and the " Hee .loui nil " for IS9.'). The
8 numbers can lie ordered any time duiiiig November and December. Single sample copv free. Address
OEUKGH: \V. YOKK A: €0 , 56 FIFTtl AVE., C'HI€A<>:0, It.L..

This is the amount we have distributed in a single season, of
Foundation, Dov. Hives, Sections, Extractors, etc. Therefore, if
you liave little money and want that little to go as far as possible,
remember that we ar(! headquarters in the west for all goods in
our line; Ijy doing so great a volume of business we sell goods

13 Carloads of Supplies.

cheap. If you have the money, also remember you can make it earn a big interest by availing yourself of
'our discounts for early orders. In either case you should write us and tell what you will likel.y need. It
will pay you. We sell Root's goods at Root's prices, and can save you freight.

The new polished sections and all other late improved goods kept in stock. rnO TUC ll/COT
i ■ II I n >. . . Send for our large illustrat- rljn lilt WtiSI.

Joseph Nysewander, Des Moines, la. «ci catalogue, free for every

Send for our large illustrat-
ed catalogue, free for every-
body,every where, especially

• DELVOTELD*

•AND home:- /

•1NTE.FIEST.S

?ublishedby-THE>l^00Y Co.

l°5PtRVtAR.'^'\@TlEDINA-OH10-

Vol. XXH.

DEC. 15, 1894.

No. 24.

oMfcLERr^^

A bee's egg Is ,^ inch long and --^ in diame-
ter— five times as long as it's thick.

A novelty in the way of honey-packages at
Vienna were little glass casks with aluminum
■covers.

The British B. J. says giving bees wet combs
to clean up at the time of uniting will make
them fight.

A. I. Root is all right, but " The A. I. Root
•Co." is better, and the change of name ought to
have been made before this.

All, right, friend Root, I've been much in-
terested in the Salvation Army, and will learn
some of their hymns first chance.

Increased adulteration of comb founda-
tion is complained of in Germany. Fortunate-
ly that doesn't trouble us here yet.

" Alack the day when a man can not speak
well of his friends for fear he will be accused of
■self-interest," says Hutchinson. "Amen," say I.

Referring to that statement on page 912, I
«aw in a foreign paper lately a similar state-
ment, preferring cofli'ee A to granulated sugar
for feeding.

"Who can say how much of the antemia,
headaches, chorea, and other ailments of
■schoolchildren, is due to the eating of glucose
candy ? " — Dr. Eccles in N. Y. Med. Journal.

A contest in making foundation with the
Rietsche press took place at th(! great conven-
tion at Vienna. One man made 5 sheets in 7
minutes; another in 7}2 minutes, and another
In 10.

Somnambulist has a good report of the St.
Joe convention, in Prfxjressivc. I didn't see
any one there that looked like a sleep-walker.
Who is he, anyhow ? [I know, but dare not
tell for fear I'd be wrong. — Ed.]

"And there is a pitch-dark room, where
•some day they hope to experiment with bees."
So says J. E. Jenks, in Harper's Young People,

about the insectary at Washington. Will friend
Benton or some one else tell us what that
means?

" Travel- stained " is not the happiest
word to apply to sections somewhat darkened,
if I am correct in the supposition that the
darliening occurs principally from bits of dark
wax being deposited on them from the brood-
combs.

Gleanings and A. B. J. are emphasizing the
fact that bee^ keepers can't do without bee-
journals; but don't you editors get to holding
your heads too high, fori give you notice that
bee-journals can't get along any better without
Its, the subscribers.

A QUEEN isn't very much of a queen if she
can't lay half a mile of eggs in her lifetime.
[This seems like a big whopper of a statement;
but perhaps it is all right. To verify it with
figures scares me ; so I'll try to swallow it,
since it is dished up by Dr. Miller. — Ed.]

The lubricant used in making foundation
at the Vienna contest was: One part extracted
honey, two parts water, and three parts alcohol.
This was on the Rietsche press, but I suppose
it would be all right for any foundation. [Why
didn't they use soap ? It's far cheaper.— Ed.]

A FROZEN BIT put into a horse's mouth is
simply barbarous. It takes a good while to
warm it by blowing your breath on it. Lay it
against the horse's coat, then blow on it, and
see how much sooner you can warm it. [This
is one of the things the doctor knows. — Ed.]

Baldenspergeb, in B. B. J., indorses Che-
shire's statement that Apis dorsata migrates
at certain seasons, and that they can not be
kept back from these journeys any more than
" swallows or storks may be kept back from
flying to southern climes when winter ap-
proaches."

To prevent crystallization of sugar-syrup,
L'Apiculteur recommends adding a little com-
mon salt. [Fudge! leave out the salt and all
such, and make the syrup thinner, half and
half. I don't know about the salt ; but the
acids are not reliable, and too much, I opine,
would be dangerous.— Ed.]

933

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec. 15.

Fbiend Norman shows on p. £103 that I've
gone all wrong on the Layens hive. But you
see it's all the fault of Mr. Bertrand, who will
persist in printing the excellent Revue Interna-
tionale in French, instead of printing it in
English, that any one might read and under-
stand.

L'Apicui.teur reports a case in which a
bee-keeper left some bees with a farmer, A,
who rented his farm of B. A got behind on his
rent ; B levied on the bees and sold them,
which the law allowed, because B had not
been previously notified who was the real own-
er of the bees.

Extractors with the driving power at the
bottom, so as not to be in the way of the free
handling of the combs, are among the late in-
troductions in Europe. [We in America get at
the same result in a simpler and less expensive
way— a beveled gear, shaft and handle outside
of the can.— Ed.]

Michigan State Agricultural College Exper-
iment Station encourages trial of rape as a for-
age plant: but I'm afraid it won't help bees
much, for the kind recommended. Dwarf Essex,
does not blossom the first year, and the Hybrid
Bird rape, which is an annual and a great
bloomer, is comparatively worthless as a forage
plant.

The American Bee keeper says no better
place could have been decided upon than To-
ronto for the next N. A. B. K. A. convention,
but warns its readers to be on the lookout for
exorbitant rates for board and lodging. The
Kanucks did the nice thing by us when the
convention was there the last time. [And
they'll do it again.— En.]

Editor York was banqueted along with a
lot of editors and publishers, and it had a good
effect on him. Getting in such a nice crowd he
concluded he was only a single individual, and
in an editorial report he uses the singular num-
ber throughout, using " me " instead of " us."
That's rieht, George; a man who has the snap
you have should get in front of the procession
among the progressives.

A SUPER-CLEARER described by C. Daven-
port, in A.. B. J., consists of a bottom-board set
on top of the hive, and the super set on this,
with a hole in front large enough for one bee
to pass out easily. Put on at night and take off
empty next morning. As the entrance opens
outside, there's nothing to hinder robbers en-
tering ; but after 13 years' trial, generally
with 300 colonies or more, he has never had
trouble with robbers.

Mailing queens to Australia has been a
losing business. C. Mansfield, in A. B. J"., lays
at least part of the mortality to the food ab-
sorbing turpentine from the pine wood of the
shipping-cages. On reaching Australia the
eandy tastes plainly of turpentine, and in one

case he put a fresh queen and bees in a cage re-
ceived, and every bee died in three days. [If
the candy-hole of the cage is painted with
paraftine, this could not be. All our cages,
whether for foreign or domestic^ use, are so
treated. The trouble, in our own case at least,
has not been from the wood, but from the adul-
terated sugar that we supposed was pure.
Since discovering this fact we have had a fair
measure of success.— Ed.]

LOCATING AND MANAGING OUT-APIARIES.

A VALUABLE AND PRACTICAL TREATMENT OF
the subject, from A PRACTICAL MAN.

By K. France.

I have several letters from different parts of
the country, asking advice about starting and
managing out-apiaries. I will copy a part of
one of them, as I think some other man who
has several out-apiaries will give his plan, or
manner of handling out-apiaries, etc. I know
we don't all manage our out-yards the same
way; so if there are several plans laid out, the
beginner can choose for himself, or. perhaps,
combine some parts of each to suit his fancy.
Here is the letter:

I am thinking of starting some two or three out-
apiaries besides the home apiary, and I am at a loss
to know just the best way to conduct them. I have
become acquainted with your name through Glean-
ings, and know that you have several yards besides
your home yard, so I have concluded that your
counsel would be worth something if you would be
so kind as to give it. What I want to know is this:
What arrangement do you make with men who take
care of them ? and how do you pay them ? I think
Captain Hetherington does not have any help. My
plan is this: To put out two yards, of 50 stands
each, next year, and get some one to just watch the
swarms, and hive them for me; and I had thought
of paying 50 cts. a swarm, while I will tend to the
rest of the work in connection with farming, as
they are a little uncertain. Do you tliink 50 cts. a
swarm is too much ? Do you think it is best to work
for comb honey alone, or comb honey and extracted
together ? We have always worked for comb honey
alone.

He says bees pay only in connection with
farming. Then follows the address, but I can
not make it out. It is somewhere in Indiana.
I find that a great many people are very care-
less in giving their name and address. By all
means, write names plainly. After consulting
several good scholars to make out the address,
I wrote to him saying that I would answer him
through Gleanings, posted the letter, and it
went to several postoffices in Indiana and Ohio,
and then came back to me, marked "Could not
find him." But now to answer his letter and

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

933

•several questions from other parties, on the
same subject.

In the first place, our friend will find he
has something to do besides farming if he
works two out-apiaries of 50 colonies besides
his home yard, and does all the work himself
except hiving swarms. I should say that 50
cts. a swarm would pay for the hiving if that
were all. But how about watching for swarms ?
Then is the man who furnishes the location to
have nothing for his bother in having the api-
ary of from 50 to perhaps 100 colonies on his
place?

WHERE TO LOCATE THE OUT- YARDS.

First, let us locate the apiary. Now look
sharp, for very much depends on the location;
in fact, more than half of the success of the
apiary rests on this one point. See that the
place has good pasture for the bees. We in
this north country would want plenty of white
clover and basswood timber, and river-bottom
land with fall flowers. Any way, be sure of
good bee-pasturage. Then I want a good nat-
ural windbreak— hills or timber, or something
to break the north and west winds.

Now, if we have found all this, is the right
■kind of man or family living on it? If the fam-
ily are all right, what are the neighbors? Are
they of a class that will steal, or make you
itrouble?

If the people are all right we will look the
place over. Is the place where we want to put
the bees too near the house or barn or stack-
yards, where they have to come with teams to
stack and thrash the grain ? It won't do at all
to have horses very near the apiary when un-
loading grain or hay, or thrashing, or any thing
•of that kind. A bee in the ear of a horse makes
it wild. Most horses are afraid of bees. Our
apiaries are from 15 to 30 rods away from house
■or barn or stack-yards, and all the out-yards
are from 30 to 100 rods from a public road.
Most of them are in pasture land, free to all
kinds of stock. Stock don't do any damage to
our large quadruple hives, but keep down the
grass. It saves us the trouble of mowing. Lo-
cate your apiaries three or four miles apart;
farther would be better. Of course, other folks'
bees must be taken into consideration. Don't
■overstock the pasture. Uetter go two or three
miles further than accept a poor location, for
we have to go with team; and when on the
road, two or three miles further is soon traveled.
We go eight miles to some of ours.

One more thing: If you are likely to get a
load of bees or honey, it is handy to load up
right in the apiary. After we have worked the
apiary all over, the bees will be cross. We can
not take the team to the wagon where it is in
the apiary, to hitch on. We must have a down
grade, away from the apiary. It should be 15
to 20 rods or more, then the wagon can be mov-
ed by hand to a place where it will be safe to
■come with a team.

Now, if we have found the location that will
answer our purpose, we shall see what terms
we can make with the owner. All our out-
apiaries are planted on the same conditions.
We give 25 cts. a year for each colony that we
have on the ground, spring count, counting
them about the last of May, or at a time when
we are sure there won't be a less number. The
land-owner has nothing to do with the bees,
except, if any thing happens that requires our
attention, he is to let us know, and we look
after them. There is no watching for swarms,
and no swarms to hive.

We work all our out-yards for extracted hon-
ey. We think it is less work for the money we
get out of the business.

HIVES.

If I were starting new in the bee-business I
would use the L. frame, standard size. I would
use a quadruple hive, chaflf-lined, three stories
in summer and two in winter, and winter on the
summer stands.

WHAT KIND OR RACE OF BEES ?

My candid opinion is, there is not much dif-
ference. With good location and -good man-
agement, any of them will give lots of honey.
But my choice are the gray Carniolans. They
will gather as much honey as any; are very
prolific, and do less stinging.

Now, having located the apiary, made terras
with the land-owner, and having bees on the
ground, we will proceed to run the apiary for
extracted honey. We will begin with the
fruit-blossoms. If there is any considerable
amount of, bloom we can open hives without
danger of robbers. We will suppose the bees
are in L. hives, two stories high. Take out all
the combs and clean out the hive; clip the
queen's wing one side. You will find that all
or nearly all the brood is now in the second
story. Put all the brood down in the lower
story. If there are not enough combs with
brood in them to fill the lower story, perhaps
some other colony may have more than enough
to fill the lower story. In that case, give the
surplus to the weaker ones. Put the honey-
combs in the second story. If there are empty
combs, and the lower stories are full of brood,
put the empty combs above. Caution.— It the
bees average weak, and there are not combs
with brood in them enough to fill the lower
story, then I would wait until they have
enough, as the upper story is warmer, and a
weak colony will build up faster with the brood
above. But, clip your queens at this time. We
can now leave the yard for ten days; then, if
there were no queen-cells left when here before,
it is not possible for a swarm to have gone off;
and here in this country it is not likely that a
swarm has been out. Dandelions will be in
bloom here then.

We will now look the yard over again. If
there are any weak colonies, they should be

934

GLEANIJNGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec. 15.

strengthened by giving them brood from the
strong. If there is more brood in the yard than
to fill all the lower stories, then the surplus can
be used to make new colonies. In making new
colonies, be.sure to leave the old queen in the
old hive. Fill up a lower story with combs of
brood, with some honey. Put the honey at the
back of the hive; take some bees with the
combs — enough to make a good strong colony.
In fact, give them more live bees than you
want to stay there, because the old bees will go
back to the old hive. We can take these combs
and bees from several colonies. They won't
quarrel or fight at all. We may make one, two,
or several new colonies at this time — it depends
on the strength of the apiary. Those new col-
onies have no queen; they won't swarm under
12 days. The old ones won't swarm, because
we have taken away their surplus strength.
We will now leave them ten days; but before
we leave, be sure that there are no queen-cells
coming on in any colony. I would leave those
new colonies one story high. We use a solid
honey-board. Lay that on top of the one-story,
and cover over that.

In ten days we are back again. Now, if
there is more honey coming in than enough to
keep the bees, we will extract all we can get.
This extracting will be dark, and the bees will
soon be gathering white honey. For that rea-
son we want to clear the combs of dark honey;
and while doing it we will do as we did before
— keep the lower story full of brood; and if
there is more brood, we will make new colonies
as we did when here before. Now we will put
on the third stories, filled with empty combs, if
we have them. If we have no combs, put in
frames filled with foundation; leave no queen-
cells in the old colonies; the new colonies made
ten days before will now want the second set of
combs, or foundation, and their queen-cells re-
moved, except one, that we will leave to hatch;
also, give these colonies one egg-comb from the
old stocks, and what new colonies are made
this time can be supplied with a queen-cell
from those new ones made ten days before.
After this, if honey pasturage is good, extract
once a week while the season lasts, working all
up to three stories high. Keep the brood in
the lower stories, and extract from the two
upper ones. Watch the harvest, and give the
bees time to fill the upper story solid full of
honey to winter on. All they get more than
that you can take in September.

We don't get any honey here after the bass-
wood, about the middle of July. We let them
fill up well on basswood, and then let them
alone until the middle of September; then I
take off the third stories and pack them away
in the storeroom. At this time I see that the
second story is full of honey; take out of the
second stories all combs not full of honey, and
fill it out from the third; see that all have that
much, and pack away in the house the surplus;

fill the top chamber with straw, and you are
ready for winter.

The next spring, when there are warm day*
in March or April, look into each colony and
see if they have plenty of honey. If they are
short, take out empty combs and put in full
combs of honey from those stored away in the
fall. Be sure they have plenty; they will use
up honey pretty fast now, as they should be
raising brood fast.

A TENT EXTK ACTING-HOUSE FOK OUT- YARDS;
HOW TO MAKE.

I omitted to build an extracting-house. You
want one in every yard. We use a tent, just 10
feet square, outside measure. Put up a frame
in each yard; get 4 posts, 10 feet long; set them
3 feet in the ground, 10 feet square, outside
measure. Now nail on at the bottom a ten-foot
board on each side, a foot wide, then nail around
the top four more boards a foot wide, 10 feet
long; that will leave a space of 5 feet between
the upper and lower boards. Get 80 feet of thin
cotton cloth, a yard wide; sew two breadths
together, 40 feel long; that will just go around
your house for siding, between the upper and
lower boards. Sew on both upper and lower
edge some strips 3 or 4 feet apart — leather —
to tack through in putting on ihe siding. For
top cover we use eight-ounce duck that will
shed rain if we have a shower while we are
there. Put up a gable-end roof, raised 3 feet in
the middle. To do that you want two boards a
foot wide, 10 feet long; set one up at each end,
and nail to top and bottom board, and slant off
the top corner to fit the pitch of the roof; then
nail in at the top a 2x4 scantling, 10 feet long;
chamfer off the upper edges to fit the pitch.
Nail on to the end boards some strips of boards
to make a ladder to climb up when you put on
the top cover. Make the cover to fit your
frame, and sew on to the bottom edge some
strips of leather to tack through when you put
it up. You want a frame in every yard; but
the cloth part you can take down every night
and put it in a sack and take it home. One
cover and siding is enough for all the yards.
Each yard must have a frame. With us it
takes just five minutes to put on the cloth. For
a door, we can leave one end of siding loose
at the bottom, or can put in a screen-door.

Platteville, Wis.

[There are no bee-keepers in the whole Unit-
ed States who have their work better systema-
tized than E. France it Son; and this applies
not only to their bees but to their fruit-growing.
When I visited them this past summer I could
readily see one secret of their success — the evi-
dence of a liberal use of good brains to lessen
the labor of the hands. I am sure no bee-keep-
er can afford to fail to read carefully what Mr.
France has to say, even though he may not now
or ever expect to have out-apiaries. I can not
refrain from saying that the senior France not
only recommends, after having tried other
frames, the Langstroth, but the eight-frame
size of the hive. No deep frame is adapted for
tiering up, and hence the Langstroth, if for na
other reason, should have the preference. — Ed.]

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

935

EXTRACTING IN NOVEMBER.

ADVANTAGES OF A REVERSING MACHINE.

By. S. E. Miller.

As it happened this year, we had very little
extracted honey, as all strong colonies were
run for comb, and the weak ones gathered
little more than enough to keep them in stores;
so autumn found us with no extracted honey
on hand. However, some colonies filled their
upper stories pretty well with autumn-flower
honey, and this, owing to pressure of work, re-
mained on the hives until Nov. 23d (some is on
yet). On that day I took off four supers; and
as the day was warm I tried to extract some, as
we had an order from our best customer for two
or three gallons; but it was too cold, and would
not work. I therefore took the supers into
father's kitchen, as his house is nearer the
apiary than ours, and placed them beside the
cook-stove. The following day, just after
noon, I commenced extracting, and succeeded
in getting most of it out with the Cowan Rapid.
I would place the combs in the basket; turn
rather fast until about half was thrown out,
then reverse and turn at about the same speed,
until about half was out of the other side of
the combs; then increase the speed till it hum-
med like a buzz-saw, then reversed again, and
threw the rest out of the other side. lYi this
way I succeeded in getting the combs pretty
clean, though, of course, notas in warm summer
weather. With a non-reversible extractor it
would have been almost impossible to accom-
plish the work— at least, without a great deal
of extra work, taking out and putting back the
combs, and perhaps breaking many. Of course,
it is not often necessary to extract in Novem-
ber; but if circumstances should be such as to
make it necessary, the Cowan will do the work
if the combs are warmed, as explained above.
I have never had any experience with any
other reversible extractor; in fact. I have never
seen anything more than a cut of them; but
if 1 may judge from appearances,

THE COWAX RAPID LEAVES NOTHING MORE TO
BE DESIRED,

and I believe that, with the multitude of bee-
keepers, it will give greater satisfaction than
any of the self -reversing or automatic ma-
chines. We have had our Cowan for two sea-
ons; but, owing to running mainly for comb
honey, and poor seasons, I have had little use
for the extractor; but in what little I have
used it I find that one will soon learn the trick
of reversing without entirely stopping the ma-
chine; and, considering that the crank of auto-
matic reversing machines must be reversed in
order to reverse the combs, I am inclined to
think the Cowan the most rapid of any ma-
chine of the same number of combs capacity.
Of course, this is mainly theory with me; but
can any one prove by actual test that an auto-

matic machine will extract any more honey in
a given time? The Cowan is built for busi-
ness, and is not likely to break down, as I think
I gave it a very thorough test, as spoken of
above. I should certainly have beep afraid to
run at such speed the Novice we used to own
as I run the Cowan.
Bluffton, Mo.

[The foregoing may seem like an "advertis-
ing puff," but it came unsolicited. If the re-
versing machines have substantial advantages
over the non-reversing, they should be set forth
in the reading-columns. I can not understand
why any one should argue for the old non -re-
versing extractors. They are to the reversing
machines what the old muzzle-loading firearms
are to the breech-loading guns. And yet some
prefer the old style, and think them better, and
so the case is with extractors. I may remark,
inadvertently, that I have been out hunting of
late, under the doctor's orders, and I think I
know something about guns as well as extract-
ors. Say — outdoor air is the best tonic in the
world.— Ed.]

^ I — ^

RAMBLE 122.

AT SAN LUIS OBISPO AND OTHER PLACES.

By Ramhkr.

San Luis Obispo (Saint Louis the Bishop), or
San Luis, as it is called for short, is something
of a city for this portion of the Pacific coast.
Its population is about 3000. It was founded by
the early Spanish padres, and a mission was
planted here. It is in a good state of preserva-
tion, and, having been modernized, its ancient
appearance has in a measure disappeared. The
chief industry of the town seemed to be the sa-
loon business, one bearing the name of " Blazing
Stump." From an outside observation, and the
sounds of music and shouting heard v/ithin, the
stump was blazing fiercely. San Luis has here-
tofore held commercial intercourse with the
outside world through Port Harford and the
coast steamship lines; but the city now expects
a boom in all of its interests from the fact'that
the Pacific Coast Railroad has penetrated the
surrounding mountains, putting the city with-
in a few hours of San Francisco, and the prog-
ress of the road south will put it in close con-
nection with Los Angeles, the other metropolis
of California.

When in Ventura, Mr. Mendleson, having in
mind my desire to learn of the honey resources
of San Luis Co., referred me to a Mr. Butcher.
Said Butcher was Mr. M.'s agent for the sale of
honey. I accordingly hunted up the gentleman,
and found him to be a butcher only in name.
By nature he was a hardware merchant; and at
certain seasons of the year, when Mr. Mendle-
son had honey to ship to him, he made a lawful
mix of the sweets in a trading way, with his
ice-cream freezers, saws, and hammers. I soon
discovered that Mr. Butcher was not heavily
charged with information in relation to the
honey production in Saint Louis the Bishop's
Co. In fact, come to reflect soberly upon the

936

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec. 15.

subject, it is too much to expect that a fellow-
mortal, indulging in the daily habit of weigh-
ing out wire nails, selling wire fences, egg-beat-
ers, carpetistretchers, sausage-stuffers, and oth-
er destructive implements, could talk euphoni-
ously of queen-bee parthenogenesis, or even of
Dovetailed hives and bee-spaces. Mr. Butcher
did not know of a bee-keeper in the county— not
even the German grave-digging apiarist — and
did not believe there was one; if there was, he

OUR FIRST COYOTE.

surely hid his candle of bee-lore under a bushel.
Honey was shipped in from San Francisco in
small packages, but he preferred to sell Mr.
Mendleson's honey because he was satisfied it
was pure. After thus scoring a good point for
Mr. M. and Ventura Co. honey, my Butcher
was called away to weigh out some more nails,
and another gentleman took up the conversa-
tion. I soon discovered that this man had been
there with a bee-veil on, and had produced his
tons of honey. The tons, though, were pro-
duced away back east, in Missouri and in Ohio,
where he originally came from. Referring to
Ohio I asked him if he was acquainted with
G1.EANINGS.

"Oh! yes," said he. "I always read it with
profit; but since I came out here, about a year
ago, I have not taken it. And, by the way, I
wonder where that Rambler fellow is now who
used to write for it."

I smiled a little in my sleeve. It was a difl'er-
ent smile from my Wilder deer-sign smile — not
sarcastic, but a sort of mellow fraternal smile.
I handed him my card, whereon were my cre-
dentials. He seemed very happy to meet the
Rambler, and we just fraternized with alacrity,
and with a sort of Salvation Army cordiality,
for the space of half an hour or more. The
gentleman lived a few miles down from town,
and his name was Brown — J. M. Mr. Brown
gave me the information that there was a large
number of honey-producing flowers, but this
year there seemed to be no honey in them, and

bees would barely make a living. He clinched
his information by remarking that he believed
it not much of a honey country any way.

Like all true bee-keepers, Mr. Brown had a
few bees, and was determined to find out the
capabilities of the country. He advocated the
Hofl^man frame and all modern appliances, and
believed, after visiting diiferent portions of the
State, that Saint Louis the Bishop's County
was the best portion of it, if not for bees, for
other general agricultural
purposes. I was glad to see
Mr. B. so enthusiastic over
the country of his choice. By
so doing he showed forth the
true California spirit.

Mr. Brown's son-in-law
here put in an appearance
s on a big wagon. He also had
been interested in bees — a
sort of reflection, perhaps,
from Mr. B.; at any rate, in-
troductions and another time
that kind o' loosened up our
heart-strings, was indulged
in. The Rambler was urged
to share the hospitalities of
the Brown mansion; but as
it was several miles away
from our route I cast my re-
grets at them, and we parted with mutual
wishes for prosperity and long life.

Your readers probably remember the episode
of Billy and his teacher. Teacher says, " Now,
Billy, it is south in front of you; what is it be-
hind you?" "My coat-tail, sir," says Billy,
promptly, giving a side cant to his head to get
a view of that appendage. Well, early the next
morning San Luis Obispo, like Billy's coat-tail,
was behind us, and we were again enjoying the
enchanting views attendant upon climbing up

COWGIRLS.

through the winding course of a canyon, which
we surmounted when we crossed the Cuesta
Pass, and struck into the tail end of another
canyon. We were now in a country admirably

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

937

adapted for tho home of wild animals— no habi-
tations for miles ; wooded places and brush :

little side-canyons, just enougli for their lurk-
ing places. Mr. Wilder had been playing the
deer-raciiet so much that he
began to hanl^er after other
game ; and right here, while
going up grade at a ruminat-
ing pace, he espied a coyote
shambling along, about 400
yards away. There was a
scramble for the rifle through
the little square window In
front of our wagon cover.
The coyote was very accom-
modating, and halted. Bang
went the rifle; a little puff of
cu^t a few inches below the
coyote led that animal to dig
his toe-nails into the ground,
and get away with lightning
rapidity. Another ball or two
followed him, but he escaped
into the brush. Mr. Wilder
regretted the escape, for ev-
ery coyote's scalp is worth
$.5.00. I consoled him by tell-
ing him that, in all Instances
where there was a bad be-
ginning, there was usually a
'} good ending; and, citing him
< to the bad beginning on deer,
said I, " We will get the next
:; coyote, just as tve did the

deer."
0 "ire.'" says Mr. Wilder;
2 and such a bygone, scornful
'^ expression came over his face
i] that utterance was checked
5 for some little time.

When we debouched from
the next canyon we entered
the Santa Margarita (Saint
Margaret) Valley. The chief
characteristics of this region
were the rolling nature of
the country, the number of
stock-ranches, and the num-
ber of horsewomen we en-
countered. They were dear
young women. Mr. Wilder
put on his eye-glasses (a habit
he has when he wishes to
bring out all of the salient
features of the landscape).
The first dear young lady had
been roping a cow, and was
leading it to the corral in tri-
umph. This pastoral scene
brought to mind a verse from
the poets. The indulgent par-
ent desired his daughter to
whistle. He said:
" Whistle, daufihter, wliistle.
And I'll fiive to .\<>u a cow."
She said, " 1 never wliist led,
And I can not whistle now."-

938

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec. 15.

He said, " Whistle, daughter, whistle,

And I'll give to you a man."
She said, " I never whistled, father,
But I'll do the best I can."

This dear daughter whom we met had evi-
dently a predilection for the cow— sensible dear!

A little further along, two more dear young
ladies were rounding up a band of horses. True
to the instincts of a dear-hunter, (dear) Wilder
was anxious to mingle in the fray. These dears
had evidently progressed from the cow whistle,
and might be indulging in the more ambitious
whistle for the man. I was determined my
partner shouldn't be the man; put whip to the
ponies, observing that the dears were remark-
ably vigorous and healthy in appearance. I
further observed that they could rope a horse
better than W. could, and he would only make
them a subject for jest in his efforts to help;
that they were evidently in their sphere, " and
I am glad of it," said I. " It is just as well to
have cowgirls as cowboys."

We got safely past the dear ones; but there
was something wrong in my remarks, for the
watchful fates somehow turned the ankle of my
pony Reina, and she went lame. We had some
anxiety over it ; and when we came to a way-
side house in the middle of the afternoon I was
willing to camp. A near approach to the house
proved it to be a wayside saloon. There were
three women under the awning, and a Spanish
youth. I wished to make amends for what I
had said about the cowgirls, and found these
ladies, of various ages, so sociable that I want-
ed to camp right oflf. One of them, further-
more, reminded me of an old maiden aunt back
east.

" Why, Wilder," said I, "just see how home-
like and sociable it looks under that awning.
Then, they say there's no water until we get to
Creston. Our Reina is lame, and they are so
sociable."

But Wilder was inexorable, just as I was in
the recent dear-episode. He called them all old
bilks, or something to that effect; didn't like
their saloon principles, and didn't believe it
best to stay. The Mexicans' eyes followed our
movements, with a basilisk look, and I finally
concluded, with Mr. Wilder, that we had better
proceed. From his remarks about the ladies I
expected his pony Keno to get lame; but he did
not. Another coyote crossed our path, but van-
ished too suddenly for a shot. We found plenty
of water along the way, proving that the three
women saloon-keepers were lurers, and we re-
joiced that we escaped their lures. We camped
that night in Creston ; and the next day, after
a slow and toilsome drive with our lame pony,
we entered the thriving town of El Paso de Ro-
bles (the Pass of the Oaks), called Paso Robles
for short. In all the country passed over, there
was no pasturage for bees, and but few were
seen upon the flowers ; and, so far as we could
learn, there were no bee-keepers except in a
very small way. The Pass of the Oaks is a

beautiful country dotted with the noble oak-
trees. The town is noted for its hot sulphur
springs, and is much of a health-resort. We
camped under one of the oaks shown in the
photo, and here we will rest until our next

ramble.

^ I — ^

THE FAMILIAR FLAVOR OF HONEY.

WHENCE DOES IT COME?
SHADES OF THE SUGAK-HONEY QUESTION.

By C. TV. Dayton.

It has been asserted, that the natural flavor
imparted to honey through the manipulation of
it by the bees is a musty flavor. Flavor is sup-
posed to be derived from the wax of the comb ;
also, it is claimed that formic acid is added by
the bees. Together with the fact that it is by a
particular set of bees that the honey is placed
in the cells, goes the other fact that these same
workers take special pains to retain said honey
in their honey-sacs for a considerable space of
time. And it seems reasonable to inquire wheth-
er this retention should not render up some sort
of account. It was observed that, when a colo-
ny stored 10 lbs. of thick sugar syrup per day,
it retained the sugar taste ; but if allowed to
handle only 4 lbs. a day, it tasted like honey.
When 4 lbs. of sugar, mixed with 6 lbs. of water,
is fed, it may amount to about the same as slow
feeding of thick syrup. The cause of the men-
tioned flavors is theory; but that nectar or syr-
up is retained in the stomachs of the bees is not
theory. Evaporation or extraction of water
from syrup or nectar is a matter of water and
less water, and not a confusing change. Per-
sons who were opposed to sugar syrup being
changed to honey were known to partake of
sugar honey at every meal for a week, mistak-
ing it for sage; and one who had produced
honey for many years pronounced the same the
best honey he had ever sampled! For more
than one reason it is not advisable to produce
sugar honey; but before transforming into a
mountain of opposition it is well to find a rea-
son, and then make sure that the reason has a
foundation. Even if there is not disclosed any
avenue for pecuniary gain, it may not exclude
the possibility of other advantage.

It was said of Faraday, that, had he possessed
much wealth, it would have been an incum-
brance to him, the care of it thwarting his
more cherished plans. As reasonably insist
that hens lay stale eggs as that the change in
sugar syrup comes from waxen cells, or musti-
ness from bee manipulation; or, if bees do alter
or digest it, there should be a limit to their abil-
ity in that direction.

This season I fed 100 lbs. of sugar syrup over
and over again until there was very little left,
to see of how many sections it would draw out
the foundation. It constantly improved, so that
the last was the best of all. Some appear to

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

939

think there is a high wall on both sides, so that
it is impossible to get out of the straight road —
only to feed and feed. By a little progression
it is discovered that the road would be most
beautifully straight were it not for the perplex-
ity of turns.

] The bee-business is considerably like that of
poultry. Where the feed can all be raised, or
where there is saved what would otherwise go
to waste, there is profit. But if the feed must
be purchased, it affords a margin varying any-
where between profit and loss. If there is prof-
it in sugar honey anywhere, it would be in Cal-
ifornia. In the East and North the seasons are
too short and cold, and bees are more expensive.
A colony can not be fed long before causing
swarming. If not allowed to swarm, the bees
sulk. When they sulk, there is waste; and if
they swarm, there is greater waste of both time
and feed. Then there is also an increase of
travel-stain and irregular building. A little of
such reduces a fancy product to second or third
grade, and there is no hope for success short of
every section perfect in appearance, weight,
and quality of contents. With queens from
sight months to a year old, they usually swarm
before two supers are completed; and with still
younger queens, not more than three or four
supers. In " feeding back" to secure the com-
pletion of combs it amounts to a short "dash "
only, as a " wind-up " of the harvest or working
season. We choose particular colonies at a par-
ticular time; but when feeding is to be contin-
ued long, conditions of the bees should be taken
into consideration when there is bound to be a
waste of time and syrup.

Difficulty that would hardly be expected ear-
ly in the season, is, in getting the last cells
sealed after the combs are filled with honey.
Where only ounces of feed is really necessary,
it takes pounds to complete the work. Then,
again, late in the season, instead of storing in
the supers it is crowded into the brood-cham-
ber, and much labor by the old bees, with few
young ones coming on, will soon depopulate the

olonies. Between these times there is inter-
mittent swarming and loafing, and by the most
skillful management it will be a matter of luck

f the colonies are in disposition to do effective
work in sections half of the time. When keep-

ng bees in a cold climate, it seemed that much
warm weather would assist and perfect certain
manipulation. In trying the warmer climate,

here are found other modifications and difticul-
jies undreamed of. For example : In Iowa I
thought absconding in spring due to winter-
iickness, and other absconding to starvation,
fn warm climates they appear to leave the
lives to break the monotony, being neither sick
lor out of food. As they fly out and return,
;he queen seldom gets back into the hive. Then
I worthless queen is reared from a three-days-
)ld larva. The better the queen, the more lia-
jle she is to decamp.

When a non-swarming device has been per-
fected, and several other discomfitures brought
within restraint, and an artificial method of
charging liquids with formic acid has been dis-
covered, it will be time to talk sugar honey. As
the subject now rests, it plays the role of a
mighty sleeping monster, ready to awake and
devour at any moment, the ghostly dread of
which is more troublesome to bear than a hand-
to-hand encDunter with the identical animal.

Florence, Cal.

[On carefully reading the foregoing I do not
think that there is any thing in it that advises
the feeding of sugar syrup for honey; on the
contrary, it suggests a good many difficulties in
the -way of producing such a product.

I am satisfied that syrup, when fed thin
enough, and taken down by the bees slowly
enough, and sealed up in combs, has a very
distinctive flavor of honey. But it is not floral
•honey, because it does not come from the flow-
ers; and the fact that some like sugar honey
better than other honey may be another way of
saying that a good many people prefer sugar
syrup, pure and simple, to put on their pan-
cakes, to any honey that was ever produced
from flowers. The fact is, sugar syrup is the
purest of sweets; is mild in flavor, and with
some people it seems to be more easily assimi-
lated. Admitting, then, that sugar syrup,
when manipulated by the bees, may acquire
a certain honey flavor— which I think can not
be successfully disputed— that is no reason why
it should be produced.

Mr. Dayton's analogy is a good one; i. e., the
poultry business pays when we do not have to
buy the feed— or, rather, when they can utilize
what would otherwise be wasted. But if we
must purchase the feed at a country store, it is
doubtful whether there is any money in the
egg business. So with the honey business.

The sugar syrup itself alone, at the least cal-
culation, would cost from 2}4 to 3 cts. But this
simply represents sugar and water, half and
half. The bees will evaporate it down to a con-
sistency of 11 lbs. per gallon, waste a lot of it
in comb-building and brood-rearing, and retain
some of it, besides, not in their honey-stomachs,
but into the true stomach, to be consumed for
their individual use. Taking all of this into
consideration, the fussing with feeding, the
nuisance from swarming, a lot of unnecessary
consumers from brood reared out of season, and
the first cost of the sugar honey, the article
would cost anywhere from 5 to 10 cts. more than '
real honey, because, in the case of the last-
named, there is no expense for the nectar, no
feeding, no robbers, and not necessarily a waste
in brood -rearing. This sugar honey (at least,
reports seem to say so— and what I have seen
seems to bear out the statement), has a water-
soaked appearance compared with floral honey.
That being the case, it certainly will not bring
a higher price than the best gilt-edged floral
honey; and assuming that our sugar honey
would bring as much, how much profit would
there be left after taking off ."> or 10 cts. from
the price realized in the open market?

There, now, have I said any thing I ought to
have left unsaid? I did not intend at this time
to bring up the sugar-honey question; but as
nothing has been said on this subject of late,
and I find there is in some quarters some specu-
lation as to whether it would pay or not, it may
be well to look over the figures a little before
we think of embarking into what would cer-
tainly be a very questionable and probably a
failing enterprise. — Ed.]

.940

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec. 15.

NOTES OF BICYCLE TRAVEL.

AT BROWNTOWN, WIS.

By Ernest R. Boot.

My wheel-trip westward and northward from
the home of Dr. Miller, some 150 miles, was dry
and uneventful. It is sufficient to say, the
Wisconsin roads and hills were rather more
than I bargained for; and when I reached
Browntown, Wis., along in the afternoon, I was
more tired than I had been at any time on the
trip. Just before reaching Browntown, how-
ever, I was afraid I might pass a bee-keeper
and make it necessary to retrace
my path. Down the road a piece
was a man in a buggy. " Suppose
he should be a bee-keeper,"
thought I. Although I was toler-
ably certain that I was on the
right road, on reaching him I
fired this question— not so much
for its answer as to prepare the
way for further questions:

" Is this the right road to Brown-
town?"
"Yes, sir."

" Do you know any bee-keepers
by the name of Reed or Lathrop ?"
"My name is Reed."
"J. H. Reed?"
"Yes, sir."

" Well, I was looking for you,
and, although I had never seen
you, I was afraid I might pass by
you," said I. "I should have
been sorry not to see you, inas-
much as I have known you for
several years by correspondence."
Mr. Reed then remarked that
we sometimes have presentiments,
and that perhaps this was one.
We stopped, and chatted along
the roadside for perhaps half an
hour, during which time I learned
that my friend, besides the mis-
fortune of discovering foul brood
in his apiary, and no honey, had
met with the loss of an adopted
son, who had been kidnapped.
Mr. Reed was too full of trouble
to talk very much about bees. I tried to con-
sole him as best I could, and then went on,
leaving him to go back on the road some eight
or nine miles over the road over which I had
come, to his own home and yard. Just as I
pulled out of the woods and rounded the cor-
ner, a beautiful valley lay stretched out before
me, with a lakelet to one side. This indeed
looked like a beautiful bee country, for it was
through this section that the great basswood
belt of Wisconsin runs.

In a few minutes more I stood before the
station at Browntown. I inquired for Mr.

Harry Lathrop, who, I was told, was station-
master there. On making known ray identity
he could hardly believe his eyes, for he had not
expected any one from Medina. Of course, as
usual I was in a hurry. It being about 3
o'clock, Mr. Lathrop kindly made the most of
the time at my disposal, until li o'clock that
evening.

Before going further, I wish lo explain that
Mr. Lathrop is one who has written a number
of times for Gleanings. His apiary, we illus-
trated in Gleanings, page 60S, current volume.
You will remember that there was there illus-

HARKY LATHROP.

trated a sort of dug-out, or bee-cave, where Mr.
Lathrop wintered his bees successfully for a
number of years. He is an enthusiastic bee-
keeper and wheelman, and, like myself, is in-
terested in Sunday-school work; and somehow
my heart knit to his as if he had been an own
brother, and that from the brief acquaintanct
of only a few hours. Well, now let me intro-
duce you to him.

Mr. Lathrop was born in Milwaukee, Wis.
March (>, 1856. At an early age he entered th€
railroad service at Mazomanie, Wis., and latei
took charge of the station at Prairie du Sac.

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

941

Here he made the acquaintance of the veteran
bee-keeper Mr. J. J. Ochsner. Some of our old-
er readers will remember Mr. O. as one of those
who used to write for Gleanings years ago.
Latterly we have not seen his name. Having
some leisure time, Mr. Lathrop devoted it to
the study of such bee-literature as he could ob-
tain, prominent among which were the back
numbers of Gleanings. After two years'
practice with a number of colonies he was very
desirous of possessing a working apiary; and
providentially, as he says, he was at this time
transferred by his employers to Browntown, in
the southern part of the State, in the famous
basswood belt. Here he bought all the bees in
his immediate field, which consisted of a few
colonies in various kinds of hives. These were
transferred to the Langstroth hive. An occa-
sional purchase of a few soon brought the num-
ber up to 1.50.

His apiary has been devoted mostly to the
production of fancy comb honey, and later
years, also, to the sale of bees and nuclei. He
uses exclusively the eight-frame hive, and con-
siders it large enough. The surplus arrange-
ment is a T super without separators or queen-
excluding honey-boards. Although he uses no
separators he says he has no trouble in crating
his honey, and it always brings him the best
prices. At the time of my visit, I was aston-
ished to see that the bees were roaring almost
as if on basswood. It will be remembered that,
only a few hours before, comparatively, the
bees at Dr. Miller's were not only idle, but had
done nothing during the whole season. The
best part of it all was, although it was so late
in the year, such an onslaught of honey at
Lathrop's did not make his bees crazy toswarm.
They seemed to have sense enough to know
that it was too late to think of dividing up, and
that it was their business to pile in the honey.

It occurred to me there, how nice it would be
if we could only put our basswood honey-flows
away back in the latter part of August or
early part of September! This would solve the
swarming question, and the bees would work
right on gathering honey at a rapid rate, with-
out let or hindrance.

Now, then, you ask, " Where did all this fine
honey come from?" Mr. Lathrop did not
know the technical name, but called it sun-
flower. I secured some fresh specimens, and
had an engraving made, and here is the result.

Other specimens were sent to our State Bota-
nist, who writes as follows:

3Iy Dear Mr. Root:— The honey-plant proves to be
another of the great order Composite, to which the
asters, g-oldenrod, sunflowers, and many others
belong'. According to Prof. Cook's lists of honey-
plants, this order contains a great many which in-
vite the visits of the bees. This particular plant
is Rudhcckin laciniatn— the specific name, laciniata,
referring to the cut lower leaves. Rudbeckin laciin-
ata grows in low grounds along streams in Oblo and

elsewhere, having a wide I'angc. You do not state
from what portion of the West the specimen comes,
but the limits given in the manuals are " Canada to

WII-D SUNFLOWER — THE PL \XT THAT YIELDS SO
MUCH HONEY IN SOUTHERN WISCONSIN.

Florida, westward from Montana to New Mexico
and Arizona." This indicates the presence of the
plant in many honey-producing districts.
Wooster, O., Sept. 21. Aug. D. Selby.

You see, the botanist seems to tell pretty
well where it grows: for indeed the locality
around Browntown answers to his description
nicely.

Now you will ask about the quality of the
honey. Well, it is of the very finest, and would
be called by the consumer white honey, though
a trifle darker than basswood or clover. In-
deed, Mr. Lathrop has been enabled so far, I
think, to get as good a price for this sunflower
honey as for clover or basswood.

He secured from his apiary last season, all

942

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec. 15.

told, including clover and basswood, and this
sunflower honey, something like 6000 lbs. from
85 colonies, and increased 27, besides attending
to the duties of depot agent as well.

I might say incidentally, that Mr. Lathrop
learned that it was not necessary to work with
the bees so much as formerly. Indeed, his
duties as a railroad man require him to do as
little work with the bees as possible. So in a
sense he handles hives instead of frames, and
the bees and his splendid location do the rest.

After making the acquaintance of Mr. La-
throp's family, I took the train that evening
for Platteville. some 40 miles further west. It
was then too late to think of wheeling the rest
of the distance, even if I had felt so disposed.
To be Continued.

THE HOME OF THE HONEY-BEES.

GRAPHIC ACCOUNT OF A VISIT THERE.

JBjy Hany Lathrop.

How many bee-keepers scattered over this
and other countries there are who would think
it a rare privilege to be able to visit the " Home
of the Honey-bees," apiary and factory, and
see face to face the workers whose names have
become so familiar through the reading of
Gleanings! Well, that is just the privilege I
have had, and I want to tell you about it in
this article.

When Ernest came west on his bicycle-tour
this fall he dropped in on me very suddenly,
taking me completely by surprise. Of course,
I did not know him, though I had met him
once before at his home, twelve years ago. It
did not take us long to get acquainted, and then
how we did visit during the few short hours he
remained with us! Before he left he extended
to the writer a very earnest invitation to visit
the Home of the Honey-bees at my earliest
convenience. Not being in very good health,
and needing rest and change, I decided to do so
as soon as the honey season was out of the way.
Accordingly, the 2d of October found me eii
route for Medina. From Chicago I took a night
train on the Erie, which landed me at Sterling,
a junction of the Cleveland road, at 8 o'clock
A. M., Oct. 3d. This point is about twelve miles
south of Medina, and I had intended to ride
over on my wheel, which I had brought along;
but a sprinkle of rain induced me to choose the
less heroic but easier method of travel. I had
only about ten minutes to wait for my train,
and a short ride through a fine agricultural
country, which reminded me very much of my
own Southern Wisconsin, brought me to
Medina.

As the train approached the village I was on
the lookout for a sight of the gardens and
grounds of Beeville. Soon my eyes were repaid
by a birdseye view. It was a beautiful sight,
and more than my imagination had painted it.

The fall rains had freshened every thing up,
and there had been no frost. The creek-bottom
garden was a model of neatness, with its long
rows of growing vegetables and small fruits.

I soon arrived at the factory, and made my
way through rooms stored with many articles
of interest to a bee-keeper, up to the office,
passing through the pressroom. I was on the
lookout for the face of my friend Ernest, and I
confess I felt the strangeness of my position
among so many busy workers. I failed to see
the one I was looking for, but was told that he
was somewhere about the building. I handed
my card to one of the pleasantest-looking men it
has been my good fortune to meet, asking him
to hand it to Ernest when he saw him. He
looked at the card, and extended his hand very
cordially, introducing himself as John Calvert.
I managed to return his greeting after some
fashion, still feeling a bit embarrassed; but
soon this feeling passed away, and I started out
to wander at will through the great factory,
taking in every thing my eyes rested on.

It was not long until I spied Ernest in one of
the rooms; and then with him as guide I began
a more systematic inspection of the factory. I
can't take space to give you a detailed account
of every thing; but during the day I made the
acquaintance of a number of the workers, in-
cluding "A. I.," who met me in the evening,
and apologized for not having given me more
attention. All the time I kept wondering who
I was, any way, that I should have such mark-
ed kindness and respect shown me.

During this first day I got the run of things,
and felt quite at home. It was arranged that,
the next morning, I should take a bicycle-ride
with Mr. Root, going part way with him toward
Akron. That evening a social party of young
married people at the home of John Calvert, to
which I was invited, along with my kind host
and family, added much to a day long to be
remembered.

The next morning, at 9:30, Mr. Root and my-
self mounted our wheels and started toward
Akron. This was our opportunity to visit and
get better acquainted, as we went swiftly along
over good roads and through a beautiful rolling
country — a country of orchards, homes, and
springs of clear water. We were boys together
for 14 miles, and then I turned back, and Mr.
Root pushed on to Akron, G miles further.

In the afternoon I spent some time in the
apiary. I was anxious to inspect the Dovetail-
ed hive and management, with the latest style
of Hoffman frame. 1 was very much pleased
with the hive as managed in the Root yard. I
believe I could handle a third more bees in
those hives, with the same labor that it takes
to care for them in hives as ordinarily made. I
decided that I would adopt their hive and frame
as soon as possible, though I consider the eight-
frame Langstroth, which I am now using, a
good hive. My frames are self-spacing, and

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

943

fixed by means of notched rabbets and spacing-
sticks. It takes too miicli time to loosen and
remove frames, as compared with the Dove-
tailed hive with its metal rabbets and self-
spacing frames. Bee-keeping with such hives
and fixtures as are turned out at Root's is not
as laborious as it used to be. I am convinced
that many are losing time and money by stick-
ing to hives and lixtures of inferior make and
workmanship.

In the evening, Ernest and I took our wheels
and rode out three or four miles to visit the
apiary of Mr. Vernon Burt. Mr. Burt's hives
all came from Root's factory. His apiary, like
E,oot's, is a model of neatness, and his bees all
fine Italian slock. Mr. Burt informed us that
he had taken a fair crop of honey, even in this
indifferent season. After an inspection of the
apiary, and a chat with the owner, we wheeled
back through the gathering shades of night.

The next day was Sunday, and to me the best
part of my visit. We all attended the morning
church service in a large beautiful church;
then a Sunday-school, which seemed to gather
In everybody, old and young, who had attended
preaching. There seemed to be no lack of
workers. The officers and teachers were prompt-
ly in their places, and I was not asked to take
the place of some absent teacher, as visitors are
so often urged to do. At the close, Ernest, who
is superintendent, kindly invited me to address
the school. It was then I realized that I was
from the west, and not accustomed to address-
ing such large audiences. But I did praise God
for what my eyes were permitted to see of
*' peace on earth and good will to men " among
those worshiping people. What a privilege to
live where such splendid church work is going
on I and how true that every community needs
such a work, and could have it if they would
work for it as these people have, for God is no
respecter of persons. During that beautiful
day there was time for quiet walks over the
grounds, and rest of both soul and body.

In the evening I accompanied Mr. Root to
the jail, where we held a gospel meeting
with the prisoners; but, to the credit of Medina
Co., I will say that our audience was small,
but none the less attentive. The same evening
we attended a church prayer-meeting and a
temperance meeting, in which all the churches
united. Thus closed a day full of blessing and
peace.

During the three days of my visit I had be-
come acquainted with every member of the
family, including Grandma Root, the aged
mother of A. I. Root, and all seemed desirous of
making my visit pleasant. Especially should I
mention the kind care received in the home of
my friends Mr. and Mrs. E. R. Root.

Th<^ thing that impressed me very much re-
specting their business was the marked neat-
ness and order that characterized every thing.
There was no waste ground, no weeds, and no

idlers; yet every busy worker had time to be
considerate of the comfort of others. On Mon-
day morning, at eight o'clock I mounted my
wheel for a ride back to Sterling, leaving be-
hind the beautiful Home of the Honey-bees, a
spot on which memory shall ever love to dwell.
Browntown, Wis., Nov. 17.

RUSSIAN AND JAPANESE EXHIBIT AT
CHICAGO.

HOW THE ORIENTALS DO IT.

By C. A. Hatch.

While at Chicago last year, wandering around
with no definite object, in the immense agri-
cultural' building, I came across two apicultural
exhibits that I have never seen mentioned in
the bee-papers; viz., the .Russian and Japan-
ese; and while my memory fails to call to mind
the details of several interesting things of
which a few brief notes were taken at the time,
there remains enough, I think, to interest those
of your readers who did not happen to discover
these exhibits; for, there being nothing to
designate them as apiarian aisplays, it would
be a discovery if you found them at all.

Russia had no one in charge of her bee-ex-
hibits. They were simply spread out on a table
and had been there with no care, apparently,

all summer. There was some honey in bottles,
looking dark and uninviting, and a glass sec-
tion of fair-looking honey in the comb. The
section was about ^x6 inches, I should guess,
and made of strips of glass about 2 inches wide,
glued at the corners.

The implements consisted of hives, smoker,
extractor, wax press and extractor, honey-
knives, queen-cage, feeders, and all the usual
kit of modern bee-keeping; but, how different!
Just look at the smoker! Shades of father
Quinby! how long would one of our Yankee
bee-men tolerate such a " fixin' " around? Im-

944

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec. 15.

agine a common gallon oil-can cut down to hold
about 2 qts., and the top elongated and turned
to one side about a foot; a handle put on the
opposite side; some holes in the bottom for the
draft, and you have it. I think if any one were
to attack a cross colony with this kind of
weapon he would cry aloud, and roar lustily
for an assistant to bring a Bingham or Crane
before he would take out many frames.

There were eight different honey-knives
shown. One was evidently for uncapping, and
much like a Bingham in shape, only smaller,
and the others were for transferring from box
hives. Presumably, the two shown in the cut
were about 18 inches in length.

The wax-press is explained by the picture.
The wax being in a cloth, and put between the
boards, the two handles were brought together;
and, being hinged at the lower end, of course
gave pressure.

The extractor looked antiquated, and remind-
ed one of the old Peabody style in use 30 years
ago. The combs were put into a kind of long
thin box havine a double back — the inside one
of coarse screen, placed a short space in front of
the other; no eearing — simply a bent iron for a
crank, and a large flat pan at the bottom to
catch the honey as it runs down from the comb-
basket. The only way to get this out, that we
could discover, was to dip it out. Would it not
be a fine dauby iob to handle a crop of 30,000
lbs. in this way '? If this was a fair exhibit of
bee-keeping in Russia, we Americans could
show them a few kinks in the business.

One frame hive was shown, something like
the old American, having an empty chamber
for sections over a brood-nest all in one box,
and doors to open to the section department.

.JAPAN'S KXHIHIT.

There were only a few things shown with the
apicultural exhibit from that country. They
consisted of some honey in glass jars, some bees
in alcohol, and a hive. How T did want to taste
that honey, and have some one tell me how the
hive was worked! But the bright-eyed Jap in
charge said he knew nothing about bees, so I
had to content myself by using mv eye-J only.
The hive, as you can see, is a divisible one, and
certainly is one step in advance of a box or
cylinder. It was about 1.5 in. square, and each
section about 5 In. deep, clamped together by
two uprights, one at each side, and a cross-bar
at top and bottom, in long mortises, tightened
by a wedge, which does not appear in the cut.
Each section was braced diagonally from cor-
ner to corner, and the corners dovetailed or
locked rather. The wood was something like
cedar, and the board about % thick. The en-
trance was through round holes in the bottom
section. Now, perhaps Ernest will say, "That
is a point for me," for it goes to show that the
Japanese bees work up. Well, let him have it
if he wants it. The bees were little weazeny

things, any way, and nowhere with Wisconsin
bees, that work sidewise best.
Ithaca, Wis., Oct. 25.

TIERING UP.

PUTTING ONE SECTION- SUPEK UNDER ANOTHER
AN UNWISE PRACTICE.

Bij John Handel.

Bee-keepers usually advocate, and I suppose
almost all practice, that laborious way of rais-
ing the nearly finished case of sections and
slipping the empty case under. They seem to
take it for granted that, because the bees usu-
ally require some coaxing to get them up into
the first case, the same will be true with the
second. This I began to doubt a few years
ago; and while experimenting along this line I
came to the conclusion that, whether the new
case of sections is placed over or under the case
that is three-fourths finished, the bees usually
abandon the old case too soon, and commence
work in the new. Bees act in this respect like-
other stock. After a number of pigs have been
confined to a yard for a long time, the fence
may gradually tumble down; but the pigs. even
though they be crowded, seldom try to get out.
But, oncp out, it will take a pretty good fence
to hold them. So with the bees. After being
confined to the brood-chamber for months they
do not notice that the bars are left down, so
that, even if considerably crowded for room,
it will take time before they venture upstairs.
But, once out of the rut, no other inducements
than clean sections with starters in them are
required to make them go higher. I have
coaxed strong colonies into the sixth story by
placing the empty ca^e on top of the one three-
fourths filled: and after the honey-flow, when
I took the honey ofl". T found almost all of the
sections light weight, with the comb seldom
built down to the bottom of the section, show-
ing conclusively that too many bees abandoned
the old case to begin on the new, leaving a few
to finish up as best they could.

Savanna, 111.

A CHAT ON EUROPEAN MATTERS.— NO. 2.

By Charles Norman.

Whether the French and Swiss bee-keepers
use what we call the Heddon hive-stand, I do
not know. The majority of them, at any rate,
seem to prefer having their hives on legs.

A coiTespondent, in order to prove the pref-
erence for the low frame, writes: "At the begin-
ning of the winter the group of bees dwells
near the entrance, at the lower part of the
frames. On deep frames the warm air ascends
to the top, and the bees do not profit by it. On
low frames the group is nearer the top of the
hive, and in the warmed air; therefore, econ-

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

945

omy of both food and fatigue." At first read-
ing, this sounds as if it coiild not be otherwise.
But is it really so? In a square or high hive of
the same cubic contents as a low hive, does not
the warmed air make up in depth fur what it
loses in ivuUli ■.' and will not, therefore, the bees
have just as much warmed air at their disposal
in them, and adapt themselves to it without
loss of food and fatigue? The preferableness
of the wide frame has. I presume, to be founded
on other grounds.

There is mention made of " impropolisable "
frame?. Since their construction is not given, I
am unable to say whether their principle or
principles are known to us. There are differ-
ent "systems,'' the best of which seems to be
Mr. Palice's. It might be advisable to write to
him for information. Likewise I see a smoker,
L'Imbouchable, advertised, which is said to be
superior to all others (that is, to those used
there). There is also an "automatic " smoker
advertised. What it is, I can not say— perhaps
something entirely new.

There is a way of wiring frames in use which
3 have never noticed here. The wiring is done
by means of a little implement with which
double-pointed tacKs are pressed down over the
hand-stretched wire into both the top and bot-
tom bars.

There are also foundation-presses in use
which are quite plain, and seem to do away
with some of the inconveniences of our Given
press.

While the Italian bee is the dominating one
in our country, a good many of the Swiss and
French bee-keepers still stick to the common
brown or black bee. Mr. Bertrand is by no
means so much opposed to them as our leaders.

and says: "The race of bees of our country is
excellent, and one can, if he chooses, still im-
prove it without crossing them with the foreign
races at all. It suffices to make a little selec-
tion, to increase from the hives which give the
best results; i. e., to 'favor' their swarming or
to draw artificial swarms from them; further,
to remove all queens that produce inferior
workers, and to unite the bees with others." I
rememljer that Mr. Doolittle once, in reply to
an inquiry in Gleanings, remarked that, to
try improving the common bee, would not be
worth while, since the same is a fixed race ;
while Mr. A. I. Root, in a footnote, differed with
him, saying that the thing had not been tried
yet, and that, in his opinion, quite a change
might be brought about by selection.

Concerning the foreign races of bees, the Car-
niolans seem to have just as many friends as
the Italians; likewise the crosses between them
and the other races are quite popular. There
is even one apicultural genius who thinks that
a cross between the common bee and both the
Italians and Carniolans is the apex of perfec-
tion. By the way, several queen-breeders speak
of Carniolan and Carinitiian bees. As I do not
remember having seen the latter mentioned in
our American Dee-literature, I tii"st thought the
two words might perhaps be synonyms, the
Austrian provinces of Carniola and Carinthia
adjoining each other; but when looking closer
I noticed that, in one of these advertisements,
a sharp distinction is made between them; that
they had been brought from their respective
countries, and that either is offered. Can you,
Mr. Editor, or perhaps one of your helpers, tell
us what the difference is? A Mr. Bellot, an
old, experienced queen-breeder, likewise dis-
tinguishes between Syrian and Palestinian
bees. Has such a distinction ever been made
in this couniry? He also says: "You know
that the oriental queens are much smaller than
the Italian queens," as if this were an u^ldoubt-
f>d fact. Well, the Holy-Land queens are
somewhat smaller, no doubt; but are ait of the
oriental queens smaller ? The Syrian as well
as the Algerian bees (the latter our Funics of
camel's-back fame) he calls "great robbers,
and very bad if one Is not very cautious when
opening their hives. They are of great vivaci-
ty when the temperature is high." Well, when
I think of how Messrs. A. I. and E. R. Root
were dealt with one day when they opened
their Punic hive, I believe you did not need
any Frenchman's testimony to said "vivacity."
" In times of scarcity," he continues, " the Pal-
estinian bees are the first to rob when a hive Is
opened," and gives as a reason for it that " their
sense of smell is still more developed" than
that of the other races. Regarding the rearing
of queens, he says: "The secret is, to work
with strong colonies composed of young bees;
the hives must contain honey of very good
quality, also fresh pollen." Do all American

946

GLEANOGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec. 15.

queen-breeders lay the same stress on using
honey, and first-class honey at that? The
same writer says: "Avery important and not
sufficiently observed point is, to have the hives
at sufficient distances from each other in order
to keep the bees from getting lost when they
return. If this is less imperative during the
honey-harvest, it is not the same in spring,
especially if one has bees of different races. I
have often had queens balled, fatigued, and
even killed, at the first flight in spring; there-
fore, for some years I've been keeping my hives
at sufficient distances, and thus the bees of con-
tiguous hives do not mix; the queens are more
tranquil, and can develop their brood without
difficulty."

Another bee-keeper, who u^e'^ the Wells hive,
closes with perforated zinc the entrance to the
other colony, when one of the two colonies has
a virgin queen, and her time to be fertilized
has come, so that the young queen, when re-
turning, can not go wrong. Well, if. like the
majority, one has no double but just single
colony hives, would it not. when a virgin is
about to make her nuptial trip, be practical to
use zinc at the entrances of the adjoining hives
(on either side)?

Mr. Chatelain, of St. Marc, Belgium, says
that, when a queen issues with a prime swarm,
her abdomen hangs down; when a second
swarm issues, the abdomen is held horizontally;
when a virgin queen gops out on her wedding-
trip, the abdomen is held up.

Concerning the question of heredity, a corres-
pondent says: "I am happy to tell you, dear
sir, that my long observations have given me
results like those of your honorable correspon-
dent, Mr. Chas. Dadant; viz., that the nurse-
bees do not transfer their characteristics to the
young bees or queens which are not of their
own blood."

A correspondent who reports a short honey
crop found out an old truth, but which can not
be repeated often enough: "The weak colonies
have done hardly any thing, while the strong
ones have amassed a good deal." He had unit-
ed or strengthened his colonies.

A Mr. Dampoux had 34 straw skeps. 14 of
which were small, 20 larger. Fearing the
trouble of transferring them in the usual way,
he simply set them (after closing, I presume,
their entrances and removing or otherwise fix-
ing their bottoms) upon the frames of Dadant
hives which he had furnished with foundation.
The colonies of the 14 small hives went " down-
stairs "and took possession of their new quar-
ters; but with the 20 larger ones the thing was
a failure.

Another correspondent uses the following
mode of transferring: Toward the end of Feb-
ruary, or at the beginning of March, " before
the bees could fly out much," he places an
empty " patent hive " where he wants it to re-
main. He then sets the box hive inside of

the patent hive, on the bottom of the same.
The supposition is, of course, that the box hive
is the smaller one; were it too large, it might
do to set it on the frames of the patent hive, as
in the preceding case, or on top of it. The en-
trance of the box hive should come as near
the entrance of the patent hive as possible.
The box hive is set on two pieces of scant-
ling, or the like, so that, if necessary, feeding
can be done underneath. The top of the whole
is well covered. About the first of May an ar-
tificial swarm— as large as possible in order to
contain the queen — is taken from the box hive
by drumming, and then dumped or driven into
the patent hive, which had previously been
filled with frames of comb or foundation. The
patent hive is covered with a honey-board, on
which the box hive is placed, the entrance of
which is thpu closed. Twenty-one days after-
ward, the honey-board is replaced by a Porter
bee-escape, and twenty- four hours thereafter
the box hive is taken away and its honey ex-
tracted.

I mention the*e two instances because, in
your A B C. you advise placing the patent hive
071 top of tho box hive, while the two Swiss or
Frenchmen set it underneath.

The honey-harvest in 1893 was not satisfac-
tory, on an average, and " reports discouraging "
are by far in the majority. A Belgian reports
that his whole crop consisted of — honey-dew.
It being very thick, the combs had to be soften-
ed over boiling water; thus, in a room over-
heated by fire, and filled with water vapors, our
poor " brother." " friend," "colleague." labored
for seven long hours to extract — thirty kilo-
grams, and, besides this, he was. though used
to manual work, rewarded with having his
hands sore and swollen all over.

St. Petersburgh, Fla.

To be continued.

MOLASSES-MAKING. AND HOW BEES ARE
KILLED.

A M()KTAI> COMBAT BET A^EEN A WASP AND A
SPIDER.

By Novice.

Molasses-making has been going on in this
vicinity for two weeks, and my bees have suf-
fered in consequence. They fly about the boil-
ing syrup, and as soon as they get over the
kettles the heated steam causes them to drop.
My colonies have lost fifty per cent of their
strength in this way.

The plague of yellow-jackets has been unu-
sually bad this fall. My idea has always been,
that a bee is insensible to fear. This is a mis-
take. They certainly do fear the nimble yellow-
jacket, and in many cases I have seen the bees
give way before him, and allow him full license
to plunder. This is not always the case, how-

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

947

ever, as they will generally have a battle royal
with the intruder, and by force of numbers kill
him at last.

Speaking of contests of this sort reminds me
of a most interesting scene, witnessed some
years ago, that would have delighted the very
soul of the entomologist. It was a warm day
in summer; and when sitting on the gallery I
heard something drop in the sandy yard, that
attracted attention. A large wasp of a rare
species had found in the branches of an oak,
an immense spider, with a body as laree as the
end of your middle finsfr, and with legs of a
spread of three inches. They fell to the ground,
locked in a deadly embrace. The fall sepmed to
di!=concert the wasp, and it relinquished its
hold and flew away. The spider rested a few
moments, looking all around for its advpr«ary,
and then began to crawl away. Presently the
wasp returned to the spot where he had left
the spider, and, missing him, alighted on the
ground, and with quick nervous movements
began to track up the spider, just as a dog
would trail a deer. The spider had reached
the shelter of some thin grass, and was waiting
the advance of its enemy. As soon as it saw
the wa<!p it threw itself into an attitude of de-
fense, resting on its posterior limbs, and lifting
the two pair of front legs high into the air.
The wasp darted at him, and the two rolled on
the ground in a furious struggle, the wasp try-
ing to use its sting and the spider its deadly
bite. The contest lasted for a full minute, the
two rolling over and over in the dust until the
wasp, apparently getting the worst of It, tore
loose from the spider and flew away. The look
of sullen ferocity worn by the spider as its
winged foe retreated was something to be re-
membered. It appeared as though the wasp,
although not actually bitten, was intimidated,
and had abandoned the field. In a few min-
utes, however, the wasp returned, apparently
with the determination to have that spider or
die. It tracked it up again, and the same furi-
ous combat was repeated. The insects writhed,
and rolled over and over, their motions being so
rapid that the eye could not follow. At last
the deadly sting was delivered, and the spider
instantly paralyzed. Then followed a singular
scene. The wasp, after resting a few minutes,
lifted the spider and bore it away. Flight with
such a burden was impossible. Although the
weight of the spider must have been double its
own, the wasp carried it out of the fringe of
grass, and. selecting an open route, carried it
into the path which led to the yard gate. Be-
ing interested to know what the wasp was go-
ing to do with its prize I followed and watched
it pass under the gate, and out until it reached
the foot of a large red oak standing at least
twenty yards from the scene of the battle.
Reaching the tree, without hesitation it began
to mount it with its load, and climbed, without
rest or pause, until it disappeared within the

recesses of a large hollow in the oak, and I saw
it no more.

I suppose Prof. Cook would tell u*; that the
sting of the wasp, while it did not kill the spi-
der, put \t, into a comatose state, unable to move
a limb, but still having life, until the egg of the
wasp, inserted under its skin, developed into a
grub which lived and grew, feeding on the
body of the still living and helpless victim un-
til it reached its maturity. I wonder if the
fable of Prometheus bound to the rock, with the
vulture feeding on his vitals, may not have
been suggested by such a scene as this.

EIGHT OR TEN FRAME HIVES.

HOW AND WHY THE I,ATTER IS BETTER IN A

POOR SEASON AND IN LOCALITIES OF

IRREGULAR HONEY FLOWS.

By J. J. Cosby.

I see that the size of hives is being discussed
yet to a certain extent. My conclusion is, that
this is an extreme point, and can be proven
only under extreme circumstances. I have
always believed that the size of hive to the
average queen Is of vital importance. Now,
what size shall we adopt to accommodate the
average queen, in an extreme case? I am us-
ing the ten-frame Dovetailed hive; and during
last winter and the summer of 1893 the journals
had so much to say in favor of eight-frame
hives that I almost regretted I did not adopt
them. The ten-frame hives cost more, are
heavier to handle, have more pieces to handle,
and occupy more space when being transported.
Then if an eight-frame hive is just as good, or
better, under all circumstances, why not adopt
it as my standard, if I can get the same number
of pounds of honey from it that I can from a
larger hive?

After reasoning as above I determined to try
a part of my colonies on eight frames for 1894,
About the first of May, when all had been
equalized as to brood, bees, and stores, I put
dummies at the sides of ten hives — or, in other
words, contracted them to eight- frame hives.
I work on the Doolittle contracted expansion
plan in the early spring, and at my last round
I see that all have about the same amount of
stores.

All the surroundings at this time seemed to be
favorable for a good crop of honey, except the
weather. March was noted for unusually cold
blizzards; April for its unusually cold rains,
and with all this the bees increased in numbers
rapidly. May came; but in her hurry to dress
she neglected to adorn herself with any fruit-
bloom or any other flowers except a little dan-
delion. Then came June a smiling, and in
many places hid God's green earth with her
white carpet of extravagance (white clover),
but neglected to put in the needful nectar.

948

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec. 15.

Then our cup of anticipation was full of disap-
pointment, and also the bees were disappointed,
for many colonies were killing their drones be-
fore June.

The 1.5th of June came, and no honey; and
up to this date my eight-frame hives, from all
appearances, both outside and inside, were just
as good as the ten-frame. By July the first
outside appearances showed no change; but
examination showed that the queens on the
eight frames had curtailed laying to a certain
extent, while in the ten-frame hives the queens
were keeping their combs full of eggs and brood.
July 18th many of the queens on the eight
frames had almost ceased laying. Combs were
empty, supplies exhausted; several of them did
not contain half a teacupful of honey to the
colony. It is no wonder the queens quit laying
— stores used up right in the midst of a long
drouth, and nothing coming in except a little
pollen to keep them from actual starvation.

About this time I fancy I hear some veteran
whisper in thundering tones, " Why don't you
leed them?" To that one I reply, I'm testing
eight or ten frame hives. August 1st came, and
It began to look as though I should have to feed
all. Yet the ten-frame colonies had an abun-
dance of eggs, brood in all stages, and a host of
workers and some considerable old honey in
the outside frames. These two outside frames
constituted the capital that kept the queens
laying all through July. About Aug. 10 th^-y
began to get some honey, and by Sept. 1 the
honey-flow was good, and lasted up to about
the 8th or 10th of October, when frost killed the
flowers.

My ten-frame colonies went into the supers,
and did good work at the commencement of the
flow, and continued there as long as it lasted.
The eight-frame colonies did not have a suffi-
cient number of workers to go to the supers at
the start, and four of them never got there at
all, but got in good shape for winter — plenty of
bees and abundant stores. The other six gave
me a surplus of 90 lbs. of section honey. I
worked 34 colonies on ten frames; had one
swarm only. It came out June 1. I hived it
on five full sheets of foundation, and fed a little
through June and July, and got from it 128
lbs. of section honey. My entire crop is a little
over 3300 lbs.; a little over 300 lbs. extracted,
and the rest section honey.

Now, had the honey-flow come at the usual
season of the year, which is June, then the
eight-frame colonies were in good shape to take
care of it, and no doubt I should have adopted
this hive for my standard. This test has prov-
ed conclusively to me that it is too small to go
through an exceedingly dry year or a long siege
of forage, and then be in shape to take care of
a sudden honey-flow. It may do in localities
and off-years where the honey-flow is regular
at certain periods of the year; but where it
varies, give me the ten-frame hive. If the ten

frames are well filled, this supply will last until
late in the summer; then if compelled to feed
for the coming winter, do so in time to raise a
good supply of bees to go into winter quartei'S.

This year has been one of extremes, and I am
glad I made the test at this time. The test was
made with queens of equal ability (so far as I
could judge), and in the same yard. If I had
adopted the eight- frame hive two or three
years ago, or had I put dummies in my hives at
the time I contracted the ten colonies, my crop
would have been almost a failure. It would
have been just the kind of crop that hundreds
of our bee-keeping friends are reporting. I
truly believe that many who have reported a
failure or short crop could have had at least a
fair average crop, and many would have had a
good crop if they had used a larger hive and
had not robbed the brood-chamber during the
previous year. Nearly every one reports his
hives full for winter. Yes, and so are mine —
even the four that failed to give me a single
pound of surplus. It may be nice to theorize at
times; but, under extreme circumstances, prac-
tice may prove that dollars and cents get to be
a premium.

Evausville, Ind., Nov. 26.

EIGHT FRAME HIVE NOT EQUAL TO THE
LARGE ftUINBY.

TWO STOKY EIGHT-FKAMEKS DON'T FILL THE
BILL.

By W. A. Chrysler.

I have read with great interest the discussion
of eight vs. ten frames; and from my own
practical experience I think the ten-frame idea
will gain the day. I, however, think as Ernest
does — that twelve frames would be the most
desirable size for the brood-nest; but that
makes the top of the hive too large. I have,
for the last five or six years, been trying to
think the eight-frame hive the best. I liave
for years been trying to make that two-story
system of management work for storing frames
of brood and gutting a great big colony fur the
honey-flow; but I find my large single siory
hives (about nine-frame Quinby capacity)
ahead. They seem lo store enough honey in
fruit-bloom to tide them over to clover when the
eight or sixteen frame hive has to be fed, or is
in a shape to absorb probably a fair crop among
all the brood, when we can not well or advis-
ably extract it. I find the queen does not lay
as well when an extra story is added for brood.
The heat goes upstairs, and so does the queen.
I can not keep her laying in both stories unless
in very warm weather, and then I want her to
let up some. I think the eight-frame hive is
better with eight frames than one with eight
frames added above, L. size. I think the Hed-
don hive would be more successlul. The Lang-
stroth eight-frame has become so much of a

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

949

standard hive that I am very sorry to change
to any thing else; but I have decided to " flop,"
and not only from the eight to the ten frame
Langstroth, but right over to the ten-frame
Quinby, with the frames shortened to that of
the Langstroth.

As this discussion in Gleanings will encour-
age new styles of hives of so many dift'erent
sizes, I think the manufacturers should all, if
possible, invent a new hive in keeping with the
times and demands that are being made by
bee-keepers. I\Iy customers are now ordering
larger hives tiian last year, many of them new
styles.

Chatham, Out., Nov. 31.

ANSWERS TO o-^^

BY G.M.DOOLITTLE.BOROOINO.N.Y.

^^^^

BUILDING A HONEY -HOUSE.

Question.— I am thinking of building me a
honey-house; and as 1 wish to get ready this
winter I wish you would tell me just how you
would build such a house for the storing of
comb honey.

^?isit.'er.— My experience tells me that I should
want such a honey-house only in connection
with a shop or general workroom, for a honey-
house away from the general workroom causes
very many needless steps and worry not caused
by the two being combined. Any building can
be cheaply lined so as to exclude bees, with
half-inch stuff, for the general workroom, and
the storage room be built on the south side so
as to make it convenient, airy, strong, and suf-
ficiently warm to ripen honey thoroughly. If I
were building a shop I would build it so that I
could partition off this storage-room on the
southwest corner, having the body of the shop
for doing work of all kinds pertaining to the
apiary. I would build it two stories high, and
use the upper story for storing every thing not
in use. or liable to be used for some little time.
If I did not wish to build a shop, I would use
any old building I had, lining and fixing it as
in the case first given for a room for this general
work, for such a room can not well be dispensed
with. It would be preferable to have this gen-
eral room mouse and rat proof; but if an old
building is used it could hardly be expected,
without quite an outlay. The room used for
storing honey I would have mouse-proof, let it
cost what it would; for the filth from vermin
about honey is not to be tolerated at all. If
mice get into the general room, keep them
caught out with traps; and as for the rats,
they will not be liable to bother unless you have
grain of some kind In your room for them to
feed upon, and this, of course, you will not tol-
erate, for this general room is for bee-fixtures
and not for grain.

Having given a little outlinaof what I would
have for the general workroom, I will next tell
about a room for storing honey. This need not
be larger than 8x10 for storing all the comb
honey from 100 colonies in the spring, even
should they produce 200 lbs. per colony on an
average. Whether built in with the shop, or
at the outside of another building. I would
have a wall of mason-work for the sills to rest
upon, if drainage could be obtained so the
water would not stand under the wall, as in
such case the freezing of the water about the
wall would soon destroy it. If I could not dis-
pose of the water I would use abutments. The
wall or abutments need not be more than a foot
high; and if a wall, two or four six-inch-square
holes should be left at the sides so that air can
circulate freely under the floor. If a wall is
used, Gx8 would be plenty large for the sills,
and 8x10 in any case; for you will see that the
abutments, if such are used, are close together,
not more than three or four feet apart. For
sleepers I would use 2x8 inch, and place them
about eight inches apart from center to center,
having them run the shortest way of the room.
Now, do not think this is too strong, and place
these sleepers further apart; for if you do you
will repent should you ever get from five to ten
tons of honey in your room.

I would have the room nine feet high in the
clear. If built separate from the shop I would
have a tin roof, and paint it a dark color; but
if in a shop, of course no roof will be needed
save that over the whole building, as the upper
floor will make the roof. So far I would use
good hemlock for the wood employed, for this
holds a nail well, is strong, and does not easily
decay. For the floor, I would use 1^4 matched
spruce four inches wide, and inch pine common
ceiling for the sides. If all is put together as it
should be, you will not be bothered with mice,
provided you keep the door to this room shut
when not in use. This door is to be on the side
next your general room, of course. I. would
have a window on one side and on one end,
which are to be opened in warm dry weather,
so as to ventilate thoroughly the room and pile
of honey. Over these windows on the outside
is to be placed wire cloth so the windows can
be left open at pleasure, without any fears of
robber-bees. To let the bees out, which may
chance to come in on the honey or in any other
way, let this wire cloth run 8 or 10 inches above
the top of the window, nailing on strips of lath,
or other strips % thick, so as to keep the wire
cloth out that far from the sides of the build-
ing, thus giving space for the bees to crawl up
on the cloth to the top when they are on the
outside. No robber-bee will ever think of try-
ing to get in at this entrance, so your room is
kept clear of bees, flies, and other insects all the
while.

This completes the building, I believe, ex-
cept that we want it painted some dark color

950

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec. 15.

so that the rays of the sun may keep It as warm
as possible. The door should be in the center
of one side, so that on each side of the room a
platform can be built upon which to place the
honey. Perhaps all will not agree with me;
but I think that all comb honey should be stor-
ed in such a room at least a month before crat-
ing, to ripen and sweat out. I know it is a
saving of labor and time to crate it as fast as
taken off the hive, but I think it pays for all
the extra time and labor, in the better quality
and appearance of our product. The platform
should not be less than six inches higher than
the floor, and so fixed that air can circulate
under it freely. Then whatever style of super
you may use, arrangement is to be made so that
each super is separated from its neighbor an
inch or so at bottom, top, and all around, so
that the air can circulate all through and all
about the honey, thus curing and ripening it
thoroughly. Also, fixed in this way the fumes
of burning sulphur can penetrate the whole
pile should it be necessary to sulphur it on ac-
count of the larviB of the wax-moth being liable
to injure it.

Before closing I must tell you how to fix a
closet for all combs in frames, not in use. As
you are building, place the studding on one
side just as far apart as the top-bar of your
frame is long. Now nail strips of %■ stuff, 23.2
feet long by 5 inches wide to these studding,
letting them stand out into the room in a hori-
zontal position. Let the distance between each
strip from top to top be two inches greater than
the depth of your frame, so as to give sufficient
room to manipulate the frames handily. Three
inches from the ends of these strips run a par-
tition clear across the room, which is to have
close-fitting narrow doors placed in it, spaced
so as to be most convenient. Now hang in your
combs whenever you have any not occupied
by the bees from any reason, and see that all
combs not in use are in their place, and not
lying about somewhere else. As often as any
signs of worms are found, put in a pot of burn-
ing sulphur, close the doors, and the work is
done.

p^ac^^/^g^^l

THE GRAIN OP FOUNDATION.

I want to offer a suggestion in regard to
foundation-making. On page 557, 1890, you
advise hanging the foundation in the sections
crosswise of the sheet as it leaves the mill. I
do not know how it would test in the hive, but
I have been trying the same test you did—
welding together pieces of equal dimensions, to
test the strength both ways at one pull, and I
find that the greater strength is the long way

of the sheet. A bar of iron is by far the strong-
er the long way, because of the rolling process
lengthening the grain. Why may there not be
some of the same in wax ? If you think worth
while, won't you look into the matter?
Loveland, Colo. R. C. Aikin.

[There is something in what you say. I had
not thought of it in that way before.— Ed.]

HONEY AS FOOD AND MEDICINE; A GOOD TESTI-
MONIAL FKOM AN 01 TSIDE SOURCE.

In a journal published by a certain health
club I find the following splendid testimony in
favor of honey as food:

'• Honey is concentrated nerve food in its very
sweetest foi'm: and if people would use honey
on their bread, instead of butter, they would
have more vitality, better complexions, and a
more even disposition. The ancient patriarchs
regarded honey as the cream of food ; and so It
is if eaten lightly. Honey-eaters are the kind-
est, best-dispositioned, and most benevolent of
people."

On another page of the same journal I find
the following reference to glucose:

"Glucose, a perverted form of corn, is preva-
lent in beer and in other drinks, and especially
in soft caramels and creams, and in syrups, jel-
lies, and similar things. Although derived
fi'om nutritious food, it is in a perverted shape;
and to glucose may be attributed the rapid
spread of Bright's disease."

It is my firm conviction, that, if people knew
the truth as to the real nature of glucose, they
would purchase less cheap syrup and more pure
honey. It should be the constant aim of bee-
keepers to educate the people on this point;
and when we seek to advance our product we
are only advocating something that will add to
the comfort and health of those who use it, and
we can do so with a clear conscience.

Harry Lathrop.

Browntown, Wis.. Nov. 7.

ALSIKE CLOVER, ETC.

About two years ago I wrote an article for
Gleanings on the subject of alsike clover,
printed in the February issue, I think. Our
neighbor. Mr. McColl. mentioned in the article,
has just finished cleaning the seed raised upon
twenty acres of specially prepared land.
Though the land was not in what Mr. McColl
considers perfect condition, the result was an
average of seven bushels of perfectly clean
plump seed to the acre, besides a considerable
amount of good seed in the screenings. Mr. M.
is very particular as to the quality of his clover
seed. This crop was all profit, for the by-prod-
ucts have paid the cost of production. My
object in sending you this item is to emphasize
the point upon which you have always laid so
much stress; namely, that nothing pays better
than thorough, intelligent preparation of the
ground in growing any kind of crop; also, that

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

051

-when a crop can be grown in a single season,
that will bring in the market a sum equal to
the value of the land on which it was grown,
our farmer friends have not so much to grum-
ble about after all.

If your readers care to know what Mr. Mc-
Coll considers perfect condition of soil for
alsike, and his method of attaining it, I shall be
pleased to furnish a concise statement for
■Gleanings. Emily J. West.

Flint, Mich., Nov. 2.

[By all means give us the particulars, friend
Emily.— El).]

I>ATE-MATED QUEENS.

I was much interested in G. B. Replogle.'s
letter to Dr. Miller (page 9) concerning late-
mated queens. My experience along this line
convinces me that there is something in the
theory. The last four years I have requeened
my apiary very late in the fall, so as to get my
■queens mated to select drones. I found these
queens very prolific. Several that are now
three years old show no signs of failing. These
colonies have been the first ones in condition to
build cells early in the spring. As they built
such nice cells, I have kept them longer than I
do most queens, unless it is fine breeding-stock.
While these colonies got very strong, they were
not any more inclined to swarm than those
having fewer bees in them.

I have forty colonies in winter quarters now,
with late-mated queens. Bees were reared in
but three colonies before cold weather set in, so
I shall have a good number to test the coming
season. Before, the queens were used to fill
orders; so, but a few were kept through the
season. Kince my attention was called to this
matter, I don't remember of having a poor
queen among any of my late-mated ones.
Twenty colonies have been the smallest num-
ber in my yard the last four years. Nearly all
bee-keepers could requeen their apiary late,
even if there were black bees all around them,
and get nearly all queens purely mated. If
bee-keepers desire, I will give my method of
getting late drones— something that would in-
terest queen-breeders also. E. F. Quigley.
Unionville, Mo.

[This letter was mislaid. It has just turned
up; and as it is good, I am glad to give it place
at this late date.— Ed.]

HOW TO KEEP ANTS, WHEKE THEY* ARE A
NUISANCE, OUT OF THE HIVE.

I have succeeded in insulating a hive from
ants, without inconveniencing the bees. I will
give the plan. Make a stand somewhat like
the Heddon stand, with outside dimensions the
same as those of the bottom -board, and the top
edges even. We would say, dovetail them at
the corners, and only three inches deep. Into
each top corner insert a wood screw for the
bottom-board to rest on. The screws may be

placed in the stand so as to make them come
under the cleats, or a little back from them,
just as you like best. Now adjust the screws
so as to make a crack }i of an inch between the
cleats and the ends of the stand. Now place
the hive on the stand, and watch the bees
(after they learn the trick) walk over the
cracK and enter the hive. Watch the ants,
also, how they caper about and are not able to
play the trick. Do not allow grass or any
thing to form a connection between the ground
and the hive. You will readily notice the
stand may be made on different plans, and the
space over which the bees are required to step
may be varied to suit your needs.
Lilesville, N. C. W. E. T. Ingram.

BEE -SMOKER TO GET RID OF GOPHERS, ETC.

In many of the Western States the small
ground-squirrels — Franklin's spermophile —
locally known as the gray gopher, a gray
ground-squirrel, etc.. and the striped spermo-
phile, local name striped gopher, striped
ground-squirrel, etc., are very numerous, and
do much damage in the newly planted corn-
fields, the first named in particular often de-
pleting the fields to such an extent as to cause
the replanting of the same. They increase
very fast; and in sections where, a few years
ago, they were scarce, their name is now legion.
They are strictly a prairie-squirrel, and are
never found in the timber, though they quickly
take possession of the timber lands after they
are cleared. Shooting and trapping are slow
and unsatisfactory methods of destroying
them; and while poison is more sure, many
people object to its use on account of danger to
domestic animals. My way is, to take a good
smoker, charge it with the fuel in common use,
mixed with rags dipped in melted sulphur (I
suppose sulphur sprinkled on the fuel would
answer the same purpose), light, insert the
nozzle in the mouth of the burrow, and a few
blasts will fill the hole with sulphuric-acid gas,
which is certain death to the animal. Sul-
phuric-acid gas is heavier than air, and will
settle to the bottom of the hole.

This plan will work en any burrowing ani-
mal, providing the holes are all closed to pre-
vent the escape of the animal. In using the
smoker in small holes, the taper nozzle will
usually fill the hole; but for skunk, ground-
hog, fox, or other larger animals, it will be
advisable to close the mouth of the burrow by
laying a board over it with a hole in the center,
to admit the nozzle of the smoker. This is fun
for the boys, but death to the varmints.
Monroe. la. J- A. Nash.

PUMICE STONE FOR PROPOLIS.

Did you ever try pumice stone as a cleaner for
propolis-stained hands ? Nothing else is re-
quired except a little water— the handiest thing
I ever tried. H. Dupret.

Montreal, Can., Oct. 14.

952

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec. 15.

Don't fail to read the article by E. France
in this number. It's long, but it is good in pro-
portion to its length.

We clip the following little gem from the
Bicyling World: A. I. R.

Advertise honestly. It takes live minutes to dis-
appoint a customer; five years to reassure him.

The following note was just received from
Mr. F. A. Salisbury:

Ernest:— 1 see by the last issue of Gleanings you
made me say tliat I secured a big crop of honey
while some of my neighbors secured little or none.
If I said that, it was a slip of the tongue. I do not
think any more honey can be got by keeping bees
in a house-apiary than outdoors. It can be har-
vested with considerably less labor.

Syracuse, N. Y. V. A. Salisbury.

I should more think it was a slip of the ear
than of the tongue, therefore I father the mis-
take myself.

Complaint has been made that we have of-
fered special inducements to new subscril)ers,
but none to those who stood by us year by year.
As there was a shade of truth in this, last year
we offered the Farm, Journal and Gleanings
to old subscribers for the regular price of
Gleanings alone, providing they would renew
before January before the time paid for was
out. This offer is again made, but expires by
Jan. 1. Don't forget that, if your time is not
up yet, you can still get the Farm Journal free
by sending in the dollar in advance for another
year. As it will be during this month that a
large number of subscriptions expire, we hope
our friends will take advantage of the situation
at once. Suitable blnnks will be sent to all
whose time is up. Notice also, in another col-
umn, the low clubbing offer for ABC; viz.,
Gleanings and the A B C in paper postpaid
for $1.55.

QUEEN-BREEDEIIS AND BEE-PAKALYSIS.

In our issue for Nov. 15, page 872, I asked for
a show of hands of all queen-breeders who sell
queens, who would agree to destroy the first
case of bee-paralysis within twenty-four hours
after its discovery. Some have responded,
but not all. In many, and in most cases, it is
true, we are able to cure paralysis, and, per-
haps, the queen-breeder thinks it would be too
bad to destroy a good colony, and possibly a
valuable queen, so long as there is a probabili-
ty of cure. But knowing, as we do, that the
disease can be carried by queens all over the
country, and while impotent in one place works
fearful havoc in another, it seems to me that
every queen-breeder should be willing to take
radical measures, not for his own sake but for

others'. Such a course would surely stamp it
out entirely in a few years. The reason why
the disease has been getting a foothold was be-
cause we did not recognize its danger The fol-
lowing have so far held up their hand:

W. H. Laws, Lavaca, Ark.

J. P. Mooi'p, Morgan, Ky.

J. J. Hardy, Lavonia, Ga.

¥. A. Lockhart. Lake George, N. T.

r. B. Yockey, Noi'th Washington, Pa.

H. G. Quirin, Bellevue, Ohio.

As bearing on the eight-frame hive discus-
sion, the following editorial in the Progressive
Bee-keeper will give a little comfort to the ten-
framers. and we are glad to place it before our
readers for what it is worth:

Which is the more profitable hive to use— eight or
ten-frame ? Mrs. J. M. Null, when at St. Joseph,
said she had some ten-frame hives in her apiary,
and she always found they had plenty of honey to
winter them. Our own experience has been the
same. When we changed from American to Lang-
stroth frames, we made ten-frame hives. Later, we
sold the ten-frame hives to our neighbors, and adopt-
ed eight-frame hives. These hives of our neigh hors
had had no attention but putting on surplus cases.
They turned oflf more bees to a swarm, and when
fall came we were called on to take off the honey.
We always find a good lot of honey in these hives
whenever there is any honey gathered by other
bees around them. Our observation of the above
was for four years in succession, and we have to
admit that our own colonies in eight-frame hives,
with good management, did not give us as large an
amount of surplus honey.

LARGE ANT) SMALL HIVES, AGAIN.

It is a little confusing to read over the dia-
metrically opposing experiences of some of
those who have written on this question. But,
one thing seems to be coming out; and that is,
that bee-keepers have been, for the most part,
trying to get along with too small brood-nests.
And it is possible that this may partly account
for the poor honey crops of late. While some
think a ten-frame hive is the thing, and large
enough, from the evidence that has been receiv-
ed, and from my own experience, I am coming
more and more to believe that, while ten-frames
may give slightly better results, a twelve or
sixteen frame brood-nest would give still better
results. I may be wrong: but in my own mind
I have decided that, inasmuch as the eight-
frame size body full of combs is not too large to
lift, two stories of this hive will give a brood-
nest ample for all purposes and for all seasons.
Then in poor seasons, and with poor queens or
with poor localities, one of the eight-frame
bodies may be quite large enough. Hence I
have and still favor the eight-frame size for
hive bodies. A couple of valuable articles will
be found in this number on the subject.

In this connection I may remark that Ob-
server, in Progressive Bee-keeper, wants to
know whether I am paving the way for a new
hive for poor benighted bee-keepers since I am

1S94

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

•).i3

boginins to favor largor cnloni.-s. No such idea
ever entered my lu-ad at all. Besides, it would
be terribly expensive, not only to bee-keepers,
but to us as sui.ply-dealers, to change our pat-
terns, our -ngravings, and. in fact, our whole
catalog and machinery, all of which is especial-
ly adapt,'d to the hives and fixtures such as we
have recommended and still recommend. I
have tried to be honest with our readers, and
tried to get at the facts, no matter whether
they favored my views or not, or our conven-
ience as manufacturers ; and I mean to carry
out this course, even if it necessitates turning
our whole establishment upside down. Inci-
dentally it may be remarked that the supply-
dealers'should not only keep up with the times,
but be a little in advance of them, and at the
same time observe that conservative spirit that
will prevent rushing into new and useless
things.

THE DIFFERKNT MAKES OF FOUNDATION AS

TESTED AT THE MICHIGAN APICUL-

TUHAI- EXPERIMENT STATION.

In the Bee-keepers' Review for November,
Mr. R. L. Taylor gives a further detailed ac-
count of his experiments with different makes
of foundation. Mr. Taylor concerns himself
this time in the study of the" comparative
value of different samples of foundation," and
the"thinness to which bees work the septum
in drawing it into comb." He refers to " the
very earnest and commendable efforts " made at
the Root establishment, in the direction of im-
proving machinery for making foundation.

The experiment it question was conducted to
verify or disprove a similar experiment of last
year; viz., what grades of foundation give the
thinnest septa, or bases, in the drawn-out
comb; or, in oiher words, show the least per-
ceptible amount of "fishbone" in eating the
comb honey made from the foundation. As
before, samples were obtained from the various
manufacturers, and these were put into hives,
drawn out, and filled with honey. A section of
comb made from each of the samples to be test-
ed was selected, extracted, and thoroughly
washed and dried, after which it was trimmed
to a given thickness— about half an inch.
These pieces were submitted to the weighing
test at the laboratory of Dr. Kedzie, of the
Agricultural College. They were then measur-
ed by Dr. Beal. of the same institution, to de-
termine the thinness of the septa. Other sam-
ples were sent to our establishment to be mea-
sured by our micrometer— the one we use in our
•own work. The samples were all lettered, so
it would be impossible for bias or self-interest
to creep in. The results are all carefully tabu-
lated—both the weights and measurements-
and it is remarkable how nearly the two har-
monize. Our own measurements and those of
Dr. Beal were averaged so as to get greater
accuracy. Well, now, the figures show that the

Dadant foundation, when drawn out into comb,
had the thinnest septa; namely, Ta^^(>• ^^^^
in order was a samph; of the Root. While
the Dadant registers the smallest fraction, so
f a- as the tlminess of the base is concerned, our
own, on the scales, showed the least treight.
Next in order came the Dadant and the Given.
Mr. Taylor then furnishes another table
showing the measurements of the various
makes of foundation for 1893 with those for
this year; and the comparison shows a decided
improvement with one exception, all of which
is very encouraging.

In concluding. I can not do better than to
quote the summary in Mr. Taylor's own lan-
guage, which is as follows:

1. In all cases except the Van Deusen there seems
to have been an improvement in the foundation
over that used in 189T; and in the ease of the Van
Deusen it is to be noted tliat the bees accepted only
the septum, which was shown by their removin<? the
cell-walls, and building, instead, more or less regu-
lar drone-cells.

3. Most remarkable is the improvement in the
foundation made by Root and by the Dadants in so
far as the lightness of the septa is concerned. By a
comparison with the measurements of the septa of
the unworked foundation as shown in the table it
will be seen that the foundation has been so skill-
fully made that the bees have either pared down the
septa or else manipulated the entire wax of the
septa, using for them only what was necessary, so
that the resulting comb does not suffer at all, so far
as thinness is concerned, in comparison with the
natural comb.

3. The same thinning process is very apparent in
the drawing-out of the Hunt foundation.

4. In the case of the Van Deusen. and generally
in a greater or less degree in the case of that made
on the Given press, the process has been changed
to a thickening one.

5. In point of tliinness of base of the comb pro-
duced, the foundations stand in the following order:
Tlie Dadant first; then in their order the Root, the
Given, the Hunt, and the Van Deusen. _

6. The comparison by weighing places them in
substantially the same order. Where there is vari-
ance it is reasonably accounted for by the difference
in the size of the cells. Thus the Van Deusen. had
it carried the amount of cell-walls that would have
been necessary for worker comli, would evidently
have been of considerably greater weight

It would, of course, be of great interest to know
the methods and the peculiarities of the wax used
in making the foundation which seems to disclose
such a decided advance over what has been made
heretofore. It is to be hoped that the improvement
has been made wittingly, so that a knowledge of it
may be perpetuated if not disseminated. In order
to determine what the utmost existing skill and
knowledge could produce, the several manufactur-
ers were acquainted with the use to which the foun-
dation was to be put when it was ordered; and the
question arises, whether all the foundation made
was of equal quality. To determine this it is ap-
parent that future experiments should be made
with foundation so procured that it can not have
been made with the express purpose of having it
used for experimentation.

954

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec. 15.

All along the route, as I neared Lebanon I
heard of the wonderful spring on the river
Niangua. In fact, the river itself, so I am told,
is the product of one or more sofl-water springs.
I was told, also, that dry weather has no ef-
fect on it ; and one is obliged to ford the river
to get to Lebanon, not only once but three
times. I suggested that I could take my wheel
and go around the spring and get rid of fording
the rivers; but they told me it came out of the
side of a cliff, and that there was no other way
but to go down through the deep water. They
said I would probably have to hire somebody to
take a wagon to carry me over, for the water
came almost if not quite up to the wagon-body.
I knew I should not have time for such delays
but I pushed ahead. I made pretty good prog-
ress until I came into the neighborhood of the
river; then I had it up and down, up and down.
But it was not hills where one could go down
on one side and up another, as we do away
back home in Ohio. The hills were not only
long and steep, but rocks were so thick, from
the size of a hen's egg up to a good-sized pump-
kin, that at first glance it seemed little short
of madness to go down such hills on a wheel;
but, like the sand I told you about long ago, I
soon learned that a wheelman can learn to
dodge and climb over rocks. In fact, before I
got to the springs I learned to go down these
hills at almost a breakneck speed. It was not
so much the rubber tires that had to be man-
aged— it was the cranks and pedals. If a pedal
strikes a rock, or stump of a tree that has not
been cut off quite short enough, it gives a
shock ten times worse than striking the rubber
tire against an obstruction. In going down one
of the last hills I met a couple of pedestrians.
They said they waded the river. I decided
that, if they did, I could do it, even though
they were considerably taller than myself. At
the bottom of a longer and steeper incline than
any I had met before, the beautiful Niangua
River burst on my view. All that I have said
in regard to the crystal purity of the waters at
Castalia, O., will* apply to this broad river.
The gravelly bed, however, was composed of
sharp flinty pebbles; and as soon as my bare
foot touched them I decided that going bare-
foot was oat of the question ; therefore ray light
kid wheeling-shoes had to take their water-
bath. I was perspiring in every pore. In fact,
the sweat was dripping from the end of my
nose. It was a diflicult matter to roll up my
pants and heavy underclothing; and when I
had tugged and pulled to get them a notch
higher I was only a little way out in tnestrea^m.
The water was deliciously cool to my palate,
and I drank again and again while it was
rushing past me above my knees. At first it
gave a chill to my lower extremities; but
pretty soon I began to enjoy it, and really
longed to plunge into the crystal flood all over.
I think I should have done so if time had per-
mitted. I took a glance at the sun. It was
sinking relentlessly, and I had nearly 20 miles
more to make before dark, besides getting
through that river three times. I went back
hastily, divested myself of my pants and thick
heavy underwear. The latter article was put
on when I started, thinking we should have
frosty nights. I finally got them off, and then
made another attempt at wading. Before I got
through I had to hold up not only my coat-tails,
but the lower ends of another garment that

would have been white had it not been for the
fact that it was Saturday night, and that I had
been wheel-riding for almost a solid week. I
put my clothing on the bank, then waded back
for my wheel, scooping up the delicious cooling
liquid every now and then on the way. The
current was so swift that I made rather slow
progress. Just as I reached the opposite bank
I was dismayed by seeing a young lady on
horseback rounding the cliff on the opposite
side. As a rule, I am always glad to meet
young ladies on horseback, but 1 didn't enjoy
meeting this particular one; for my pantaloons,
etc., were on the other side of the river, and
there was not time enough for me to get down
into the deep water without a very undignified
splash and scramble — undignified, at least, for
a man of my age. I began to feel that I was
in a pickle for once, without any mistake; but
just then the woman turned her horse's head
and rode by on the other side. I suppose you
might have heard my long breath of relief
quite a distance.

I put my wheel across my shoulders, my head
going through just under the seat, and once
more waded the river. Catch cold? Not a bit
of it. I knew I should not catch cold so long as
I kept up the perspiration; but I felt that I
could not go on without a brief glimpse of that
wonderful spring. When I essayed to put on
my sweaty woolen drawers, however, I was
startled to find that they would not go on any
way. I hadn't a minute of time to spare to
fuss with them, so I wrapped them up with my
overcoat and undercoat, and tied the whole
between the handle-bars. Then I crossed the
stream and found my way to Bennett's Mill.
The great spring was about a quarter of a mile
out of my way. I waded the river again, and
followed it up to the cliff, and there, sure
enough, was the great limpid pool. The water
is so clear that you look down into a frightful
chasm, and away back under the cliff', and then
down into what looks like a bottomless pit.
Nobody has ever yet been able to find any bot-
tom. Now wait a minute until you understand.
The water comes up with such force that even
a chunk of lead is thrown out by it, and will
not sink; and the same way with all attempts
at forcing a pole or rod down into the crater of
this watery volcano. A queer sense of chilli-
ness began to admonish me that my safety
depended on getting up perspiration again. A
succession of hills, such as I had first passed
on the other side of the river, soon warmed me
up; but my strength was giving out. The
dinner I took hastily at Plad was not a very
inviting one nor a very nourishing one. The
heavy load of clothing between my handle-
bars seemed to take a good deal of strength.
A wagonload of boys came up behind me, who
had been fishing for speckled trout in the
waters of this spring. Without stopping to
think, I gave one of them a dime to take my
bundle and leave it at the postoftice. This left
me toward sundown, in my shirtsleeves, my
thick woolen drawers suddenly dispensed with,
also from 15 to 20 miles from my destination.
Never mind. Relieved of that heavy burden of
useless clothing, my wheel started up like a
young colt, and I just bounded over hill and
dale, rejoicing in freedom for my muscles as
well as being relieved from useless weight.
After an hour of pretty brisk riding, however,
up and down the hills, I felt my strength going
again. There was no time for any more naps,
nor even for any more refreshments; but I de-
cided to stop at the first house and give almost
any price for a glass of milk. The road was
pretty fair, but it was still on the ridges, and
houses were very scarce. I finally found one
near the road; but nobody was at home. A

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

955

boy in the garden said they hadn't any sweet
milk, but he guessed he could get me a glass of
buttermilk.

"All right, my friend," said I, "give me the
buttermilk," as I threw a coin on the table.
Now, although I am so much addicted to drink-
ing milk by the pitcherful, I never took very
kindly to buttermilk, and this was sour too. It
was a pretty critical time, however, and I could
not afford to be fastidious. The buttermilk
gave me strength, but not very much. Then
the road forked, and one part was traveled
about as much as the other. There was no
house in sight. I went a little way on one
branch, but felt so sure it was wrong I turned
and took the other. This other road dwindled
down until it became a mere cowpath, without
any sign of a wheel-track. Oh how I did long
to see somebody who could answer a brief
question ! By the way, how many times
flirough Missouri I would have given dollars
for a signboard! I am told that the boys have
a fashion of smashing them up as fast as the
authorities can put them up. Accordingly, the
boards they do put up are so cheap and ineffi-
cient that one can not read the lettering after a
good hard rain.

I thought of Mrs. Root, ten miles away,
watching down the road for glimpses of myself
and wheel. Just before me was another steep
hill, up which the cowpath ran, with rocks and
stubs where the brush had been chopped off all
the way. But at the top I thought I saw a tow-
headed child running about at play. I toiled
laboriously to the top, but there was no child to
be seen. There was not even a glimpse of any
house of any kind— not even a fence. I was
alone in the wilderness. Once more that little
prayer came almost of itself— " Lord, help!"
and then 1 pushed on. It seemed from the
looks of things that this deserted road must
soon disappear entirely; but after that little
prayer my heart lightened in some way, and I
did not feel so much alone nor so much lost as
I did before. A little further, and what do you
think? My path came out into a beautiful,
-well-traveled, smooth road, and a company of
movers told me I was only three miles from
Lebanon. I was thirsty, hungry, and tired. I
made ud my mind that the first thing in the
shape of a hotel or restaurant would have to be
patronized, even though the minutes were get-
ting precious. Oh, yes! here it is. A bright,
clean-looking sign-board hung out right over
the sidewalk—" Farmers' Home."

"My friend, how soon can I have some sup-
per?" . ^
"This very minute, sir. In fact, we are ]ust
sitting down to supper."

I explained to him that I wished to ride out
in the country about five miles before dark, and
I wished he would have my supper on the table
by the time I got washed. Let me explain that
Lebanon, Laclede Co., Mo., has quite a fame
for its magnetic and electric wells. I will tell
you more about them later. As I commenced
to wash I asked the clerk if that was the cele-
brated magnetic waters. He said it was. It
seemed about like the water from the spring I
had just left, and probably it is the same, al-
though they have drilled 1200 feet to reach the
vein. But, didn't I have a nice supper! Pull-
ing out a handful of change I said, "How
much?"

As he said, "Twenty cents," I gave a whistle
and threw down a quarter.

" Why. my dear sir, you probably did not
notice what an enormous supper I have eaten."
However, he handed me back a nickel, saying,
"I am very glad, sir, if your supper pleased
you; but our regular price is 20 cts., and I pre-
fer not to take any more. This is a farmers'

hotel, and the farmers about here have been
having a pretty tough time. They get only
about 35 cts. a bushel for their corn and wheat,
and so you see these provisions do not cost us
very much. So we try to make prices so low
that, when they come to town, they will not
feel guilty if they invest in a good warm meal,
instead of bringing along a cold lunch."

Now, who is it that says there are not any
good people left in the world?

Well, I was ready for business once more;
but just as I got in the outskirts of the town,
and began to feel it would be dangerous to ride
in the darkness over those peculiar roads, a
fiery meteor blazed above my head, lighting
the landscape far and near. It was not a real
meteor, after all, but only the electric lights of
Lebanon. Although the town has ouly about
2000 inhabitants, the place is beautifully light-
ed by arc-lights suspended above the center of
the streets. After making half a mile by the
aid of the electric lights I began to feel chilly,
and remembered that ray woolen stockings
were in my hip-pocket instead of on my feet.
While sitting on the bank, putting them on, a
man passed along. I explained to him that I
was not a tramp, and got some better directions
how to reach my wife's brother's place. I rode
about a mile further, then left my trusty wheel
at a house by the roadside. I went on foot
about a mile, and. finding my strength giving
way, I began to long again for a little relief.
Hark ! Is that a buggy coming ? Sure enough,
it was. I stopped the driver and begged for a
ride. In a few minutes I was not a stranger,
for the driver's aunt used to keep bees and take
Gleanings, and he volunteered to carry me
right to my brother-in-law's door. But I was
getting chilly again. Remember, I was in my
shirtsleeves, without my underclothing, and
riding in an open buggy. There was nothing
to do but to get out and walk again, in order to
keep up the temperature. I was pretty well
rested, however, and it was only a mile to my
destination.

Bv the time I was pretty well used up again,
the light of the house in question delighted my
eyes A sort of lane turned up toward the barn.
I concluded this would be a shorter cut than
going through the front gate. But I looked in
vain for some kind of gate or bars to let me
through the close barbed-wire fence. After I
had got on past the house, on my way to the
barn, I saw a figure at one of the windows, that
looked like Mrs. Root. I believe my heart be-
gan to beat about as fast as in years -gone by
before she became Mrs. Root. Now, she has
many times scolded me because I would try to
climb through wire fences. But I concluded to
disobey just once under the circumstances.
There was some sort of board fence back of the
barbed wire, and with much care and pains I
got to the top, and found the board fence so
ricketty that it would hardly hold my weight.
I picked my way among the sharp barbs, how-
ever, and got down on the other side, only to
find a similar fence right before me. I felt like
the man who said he had fallen over three
cradles in trying to get into his home after
dark, and there was another right before him.
But I finally got over the last fence, and then I
could not find any door to the house. Some-
body had a light in the back kitchen, and I
came up to the screen door. A nice young lady
had the lamp. I was not perfectly sure that it
was any of my relations, but I took the chances.
" Now, look here. How does a body get into
this house, any ivay, with all these wire fences,
rose-bushes, and ever so much other stuff in the
way ? "

" O Uncle Amos! is this indeed yourself at
last?"

956

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec. 15.

At this exclamation the whole familv pilod
into the back kitchen, and I was finally sup-
plied with all I needed, given the best seat and
plenty of flannels, and. like the prodigal of
olden time, I was invited to sit down to a well-
spread table, and partake of roast turkey which
my stalwart young nephew "Ttiad" had
" shooted " the very day before, in honor of my
approaching visit.

In a recent sermon by our good pastor, J. R.
Nichols, I was so much impressed by one or two
points that I asked him to write up that portion
for the readers of Gleanings. You will find it
below:

ARMED WITH THE MIND OF CHRIST.

Forasmuch then as Ciirist suffered in the flesh
arm ye yourselves also with the same mind; for he
that hath suffered in tlie flesh hath ceased from sin ;
that ye no lonjfer should live the rest of your time
]^ the flesh to the lusts of men, but to the will of
God.— I. Peter 4:1-3 (New Version).

"The sufferings of Christ" is the theme of this
epistle, which moves on a high plane of moral
grandeur and heroism. As we learn in the intro-
duction, it was addressed to the elect, scattered
through the provinces of Asia, who had not only
been driven out by persecution, but were now suf-
fering persecution on account of their belief. The
author's aim is to encourage and sustain them in
their trials, and tliis he does most successfully. He
first salutes them as heirs of an inheritance " incor-
ruptible, undeflled, and that fadeth not away," in
which they are able to "rejoice with joy unspeak-
able and full of glory," even though now for a time
they may "suffer heaviness." He recalls to their
mind the fact that their redemption has not been
purchased with "corruptible things, such as silver
and gold," but "with the precious blood of Christ,
as a limb without blemish and without spot," and
then, advancing to speak of their suffering and
hardships, he reminds them that they ought not to
be unwilling to suffer for the name of Christ, since
he suffered in the flesh for them; and this is the
gTOund of his argument and appeal, to which he
returns again and again in the progress of liis epis-
tle. In these verses the apostle is approaching
the conclusion of his argument, and he draws a
practical application or lesson: "Forasmuch as
Christ suffered in the flesh, arm ye yourselves also
with the same mind."

I want to impress upon you, at this time, the. im-
portance of being armed with the mind of Christ in
regard to sufferings and alHictions as a means of
purging us from sin, and preparing us to do the
will of God.

"The suffering of Christ," which is the theme of
this epistle, is also the groundwork of the whole
gospel. Leave this out of the thinking of the last
nineteen centuries and you utterly revolutionize
the Christian thought of the world. We have in the
suffering Savior " a man of sorrows and acquainted
with grief." Peter has before spoken of the .suffer-
ings of Christ, and the glory which shall follow.
Paul also speaks of his desire to "know the power
of his resurrection and the fellowship of his suffer-
ings." There is sin in the world, and it requires

suffering to get it out. This is God's chosen way,
although many fail to approve it. Time was when'
this plan did not me, -t even Peter's approval. When
Christ first announced to his disciples that he must
go up to Jerusalem and suffer many things of the
scribes and Pharisees, Peter took him apart and
rebuked him, saying, "Be it far from thee.
Lord;" but Peter has now been converted, and has
been led to see the wisdom of the divine way.

Some say sin can be educated out of the world ;
but the experience of Greece, as well as of modern
times, has conclusively shown that a trained mind
is often found in the same body with an evil heart.
Some of the brightest men of the ages have been
fiends incarnate. Sin will endure a marvelous de-
gree of intellectual culture. Some are in favor of
doing away with sin by means of resolutions-pass
resolutions against it; but experience has proven
that it will stand any number of resolutions. It
thrives on resolutions. Some say, "Love it to
death." This is well; but how are we to show our
love for men ? Does a mother show her love for her
child by caring for it and fondlingit when in health,
and turning away from it in the hour of sickness
and suffering ? There is no way one may so effec-
tually show his love for another as by suffering for
that other, So Christ showed his love for us by suffer-
ing for us in the flesh. This theme underlies every cor-
rect conception of the l)lessed truth of the Christian
religion. It was in this way that Christ declared
his sympathy with us and his undying love for us;
while at the same time revealing his intense hatred
of .sin. We ought never to lose sight of this fact
nor its tremendous significance— that Chrtst suffer-
ed in the flesh.

But the apostle next calls our attention to a prac-
tical inference or lesson fi'om this theme; viz., that,
since Christ hath suffered for us in the flesh, we
should arm ourselves also with the same mind.
Peter addressed these Christians as if they were
engaged in a warfare, and he uses a military figure
—"Arm ye yourselves "—taking the mind and pur-
pose of Christ in relation to his suffering as a
weapon of both offensive and defensive warfare.
Take his loving spirit into your heart to protect you
in the midst of your conflicts for Christ and your
faith. Be willing to suffer for him; he has for you;
" endure hardness as a good soldier of Jesus Christ.''
Christianity appeals to the heroic in human nature.
It calls upon us to be strong and courageous in the
midst of trials, suffering, and persecutions. We
ought not to look upon suffering in the flesh "as
though some strange thing had happened to us."
This heroic spirit is quite too rare among the pro-
fessed followers of Christ in the present day. Too
many desire a religion of convenience, which does
not call upon them for any disagreeable service or
unwelcome sacrifice. They do not want to forego
any pleasure, or be thought peculiar, or even leave
their warm firesides, for Christ's sake. Some seem
to think that Christ has borne all the unpleasant
things, and they have only to reap the reward of his
sacrifices and sufferings. The command, " Be ye not
conformed to this world, but be ye transformed by
the renewing of your minds," seems to have been
dropped out of the Bibles of many people. The fact
that other people do things is to many a suflScient
warrant for doing them. Because others dance,
and play cards, they must do the same. The fact
that others violate the Lord's day by taking long
trips on their bicycles is a sufficient warrant for

1894

GLEANING8 IN BEE CULTURE.

957

them to do the same. The words of this text, "Arm
ye yourselves with the mind of Chi'ist," should be
proclaimed with emphasis from the Atlantic to the
Pacific, and from the T.akes to the Gulf. This is a
test of our personal loyalty and attachment to
Christ. The loyalty of many disciples is put to
shame by the attacliment of soldiers to their earthly
commander. At Austerlitz, we are told, the sol-
diers of Napoleon extracted from him a promise
that he would not expose himself to the bullets of
the enemy before they would g-o into battle. Are
we willing to suflfer hardness for Christ that his
name may be honored among men ?

And now follows a remarkable (and in some ways
a surprising) statement: " For he that hath suffered
in the flesh hath ceased from sin." Manifestly this
statement can not refer to Christ, so far as active
participation in sin is concerned, for he "knew no
sin;" but it can refer to him so far as the annoy-
ance and reproach of sin are concerned, and also in
relation to the atonement for sin, and by analogy
to us so far as the power of sin is concerned. This
phrase may be paraphrased as follows: "The suf-
fering one has ceased (or is ceasing) from sin," re-
ferring to the effect of suffering in the flesh, in
purging our mortal bodies from the craving for and
the love of sin. Christ by his death saves us from
the penalty of sin: suffering witli Christ, and sacri-
ficing for him. delivers us from the reiarn and power
of sin. Herein is the reason why we are enjoined
to arm ourselves with the mind of Cbrist, that,
through suffering and sacrifice, we may purge away
the desire for sin, and break its power over our
lives. This shows the benefit of suffering, sorrow,
and the discipline of loss in the moral government
of God. They were not instituted in an arbitrary
manner to gratify a caprice or feed a spirit of re-
venge on God's part, but they are permitted as a
part of our discipline for the "inheritance incor-
ruptible, undefiled, and that fadeth not away." We
find by experience that enduring hardness for Christ
is better for us than reclining on flowery beds of
ea.se, or luxuriating in pleasure. A life that is full
of self-indulgence never helps one to cease from
sin, but leads one farther and farther away in the
path of sin and disobedience; but pain, suffering,
loss, disappointment, and trial, borne in a meek and
quiet spirit, do help us to gain the victory over sin
and the flesh. In my experience as pastor, which,
though not extended, I think is representative, I
have known many people to be brought to Christ
through loss of friends, loss of property, and
through adversity, meekly borne, but never a one
through indulgence or self-gratification, or worldly
pleasure or prosperity. Tliose who have learned to
love Christ and serve him are rendered grateful by
success and prosperity; but these things in them-
selves do not bring men to acknowledge God and
hate their sins. A recent ^isit to the factory where
hollow-ware is manufactured gave me an illustra-
tion of this truth. The pots, kettles, and gridirons
come from the molds rough, uneven, and unfit for
use. Before they are fit for service they must be
put on the wheel and tried as by fire. Tlie wheel is
rough and liard; and as the rough edges are smooth-
■ed down, and the rough places made smootli, the
fire flies but the work is done; .so if we would be
meet for the Master's use we must be put on the
wheel, and tried as by fire. It is the cross that de-
stroys sin and saves men— not the soft strains of
music nor the gliding of dancers, nor the shuffling

of cards nor the sound of revelry and mirth. But
here I need utter a word of caution; some are ready
to say, " If suffering and loss are good as a means
of purging away sin, and fitting one for the service
of God, then let us seek them as an end." Not so.
Remember, we are enjoined to arm ourselves with
the mind of Christ. Christ never adopted the meth-
od of the ascetic or tlie anchorite, and infiicted pain
and suffering upon himself. He did not wear a
coat of camel's hair, nor stand on one foot, nor cut
himself with the lancet, nor hold his hands for hours
above his head as a means of pleasing God. These
are the methods of the religious fanatic. Christ
went straight ahead in the performance of his
duties and in doing the will of God; he met the suf-
fering and loss and sorrow that came to him. He
never went out of his way to seek them, nor should
we suffer them as an end to be sought in itself ; but
they are to be endured in the way of the perform-
ance of duty, when God permits them to come upon
us. The brighter experiences of life have also their
mission. Let us not despise them ; but they can not
do for us all that needs to be done.

But the second verse in our text calls our atten-
tion to the reason of this purifying discipline; viz.,
that we should no longer live the rest of our time
in the flesh to the lusts of men, but to the will of
God. In reading these words I like to remember
that Peter wrote them. I imagine he was thinking
of the wayward, impulsive years which preceded
his full consecration to Christ. No one was better
fitted than Peter to give utterance to these senti-
ments. He knew, all too well, how he had been
brought to do the will of God. The first great vic-
tory over sin is to be won right here in this world.
The process is severe; viz., suffering in the flesh;
but the result is glorious; viz., crucifying the lusts
and enthroning Christ in the heart.

In time past you have been content to live to the
natural desires of the heart; but henceforth ye are
to live to the will of God, if ye would be his disciples.
The difference between living to the lusts of men
and to the will of God is as wide as eternity. We
are not to understand the word " lust " as referring
necessarily to things that are immoral, but to the
uncontrolled desires of the natural heart. The
Christian is not to live to the gratification of his
own desires, but to do the will of his Father which
is in heaven. My brother, if you are to be a child of
God you must break with sin— with every known
sin, at any cost, even at the cost of suffering in the
flesh. I desire to make this point very clear and
emphatic in my ministry, God helping me. I see
those every day who are making a failure of their
Christian life, and others who have no joy in their
Christian living, because they are living their time
here in the fiesh to the lusts of men and not to the
will of God. The only successful Christian life is
that which is not devoted to pleasing ourselves, but
to doing the will of Him who hath redeemed us with
his own blood. Any other is such in name only. If
this distinction between living to the lusts of men
and to the will of God be not a real distinction, then
there is no Christian life, and our faith is vain, and
our hope is vain; but it is a real distinction, and the
end set forth is, through Christ, possible to every
man. May you all attain to and be heirs of that
"inheritance incorruptible, undefiled, and that
fadeth not away."

There are two things in the above that took
a strong hold of me. The flrst is as our pastor

958

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec. 15.

has paraphrased it: "The suffering one has
ceased (or is ceasing) from sin." I have been
learning this grand truth for years; but I do
not know that I have ever before realized it as
I do novif. Years ago I read a little story some-
where about the American Indians. A certain
tribe was in great peril. In fact, the chief of
the tribe was in deadly peril, and yet his people
were indulging in drunken orgies with whisky
fu'-nished by white men. Very likely these
same white men were the enemy that threaten-
ed the extinction of the tribe. A missionary,
however, was in the vicinity. The odds seem-
ed tremendously against him; but he decided,
however, to make a desperate effort to save the
Indians. Perhaps some of them had made a
feeble start in Christianity. The man of whom
he had expected the most was among the drunk-
ed crowd, and himself intoxicated. The mis-
sionary managed to make him understand the
condition of affairs. They were near a little
lake at the time, it would seem : and this drunk-
en Indian, when he dimly realized the situation,
without a word plunged into the lake. After a
severe self-inflicted ducking, he came out and
tried to talk. His cold-water bath was hardly
sufficient, under the circumstances, and into
the lake he went again, and ducked himself so
thoroughly that the missionary was frightened,
and tried to have him stop. I can not remem-
ber exactly his reply, but it was something like
this: "Me stop? stop and keep on with these
drunken fools'? stop when the /lonor of our
tribe is at stake, and our chief in danger? No,
no!" And down he went into the cool waters
again and again, until he was a sober man. I
think the tribe was saved through this one
brave man. Well, I have not hadexactly the
experience of this poor Indian, but I have a
good many times got into a way of straying
away from the path of duty. It has been more
often in thought rather than in deed, and some-
times it really seems as if nothing would awaken
me to a sense of my danger, or to a sense of the
responsibilities that rest upon me, except some
real trouble. Perhaps I have been indulging
in something I knew was dangerous. I strug-
gled feebly against the temptation until some
real trouble startled me. May he some dear
friend of mine, a professing Christian, is getting
astray in the same direction as mvself; but
having had fewer experiences, or having less
strength of character, he is going a great deal
further than I have been. At such times it has
seenied almost as if I could hear the prophet
Nathan uttering those scathing words that he
spoke to David: ''Thou art the man." At other
times I could almo«t hear a voice within me
saying, "There, old fellow, that is your own
^oinj: You may not have realized it. but it is
the direct consequence and result of the exam-
ple you have been setting before others." I
can not tell you how thoroughly I have repented
at such times. Remembering the story of the
poor Indian I have said to myself, " Here vou
poor miserable unworthy fellow, this thing has
been going on almost before your very eyes
^"1 ?°" ^^^ **^° much taken up with self and
selfishness to even notice it. Like the poor
Indian you were wasting your time in getting
drunk* when you ought to have been not only
setting a right example, but praying and plead-
ing with the weaker ones around you." Again
and again has suffering or danger or trial of
some kind roused me up and made me ashamed

*I know that some of tlie friends will remonstrate
ag-ainst the extra.vaKant languag-e I am using- risrlit
herein rea-ard to myself: but please consider that,
mthesHihtnt God, my offense might have been as
great as was getting- drunk for the poor Indian

unto whomsoever much is given, of him shall be
much required.

of myself. Again and again have I said to my-
self in my closnt. '■ O God, forgive me for my sin
and folly. Forgive, and receive me once more
to thyself, and help me to remember this bitter
lesson. Forgive me for fortjetting my responsi-
bility; and help me to rescue these friends, and
bring them back to Christ Jesus." Why, I
have sometimes thought that, if I did not have
disappointments, troubles, aches, and pains, I
should not be good for any thing at all. Some-
times a toothache has made me ashamed of
some selfish weakness that was filling my
thoughts up an hour or two before. Now for
the second point:

Our pastor is a man of wide experience. He
is a highly educated and well-read man, and
yet what startling words are these! "I have
known many people to be brought to Christ
through loss of friends, loss of property, and
through adversity, meekly borne, but never a
one through indulgence or self-gratification, or
worldly pleasure or prosperity." I wish to call
attention to the concluding words. He has
never known a single person brought to Christ
through worldly pleasure or prosperity. Dear
friends, can this indeed be true? I know some-
thing about how many of us are praying for
things that are really little more than worldly
prosperity. But can it indeed be true that,
when God grants our prayers— when he gives
even more than we prayed for— that these very
gifts and blessings never lead us to him ? I am
glad, however, of the words that follow, that
our pastor has seen those who serve him render-
ed grateful by success and prosperity. Well, if
these things be true (and, dear friends, I think
we must ail admit that there is more or less
truth right here), should we not then try harder
to receive trials and suffering with meekness-
and humility ? You remember the old hymn:

Nearer, my God, to thee,
Nearer to thee,

E'en thougli it be a crons
That raiseth me.

THE GAUI.T RASPBERRY.

From the number of inquiries, it would seem
that there are many who wish to know more
about this new raspberry. I confess I have
been a little cautious about recommending it,
because so many things of which we expected
much prove to have grievous faults— the Tim-
brell strawberry, for instance. The Gault rasp-
berry has thrived for me one season. It has
shownitself to he a most robust, rank, and thrifty
grower, and does not seem to be troubled with
anthrachnose, blight, or any thing of the sort.
After my return from Missouri I found great
whopping berries under the foliage, down in
the dirt. The weight of the berries brought
them down. Besides its everbearing and per-
sistent-bearing habit, it has has a queer fashion
of sending out now and then a great broad
shoot having more the shape of a leather strap
than that of a raspberry-cane, and some of
these monstrous growths look more like the tug
of a harness than a leather strap. Well, the
funniest part of it all is, that this great big
green abnormal shoot will put forth a bunch of
berries more like a heavy stem of grapes than
any thing else. On next page is a picture of one
of them.

Mammoth clusters like the above not only
appear here and there in friend Gault's planta-

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

959

tion, but there have been quite a number of
them on my own grounds. We do not hiid
them on every bush, mind you, but, say, one in
every four or five hills— that is, one having
more or less of this extravagant growth, per-
haps onlv one in a hundred showing such a
mass of fruit as is shown in the cut -below.

In regard to our offer, we are not at liberty to
sell a single plant for less than 50 cts., nor a

is not to be counted on any other premium, and
von must get us a neiv subscriber— a.i least, one
who has not taken Gleanings for several years.
I may add, that the berries, so far as my expe-
rience goes, are the largest and most delicious
of any blackcap raspberries 1 have ever found
anv where. If picked before they are dead ripe
they are as firm to market as any blackcap
raspberry. When they are so ripe, however,

A CLUSTER OF GAULT KASPIiEKBIES, FKOM A PIIOTOGKAPH.

dozen for less than f5.00. But any one who
pays for Gleanings for 189.5 can have one Gault
raspberry for 25 cts. And now we will make a
still better offer. Any one who will send us a
new subscription can have a plant for his trou-
ble- that is. you, a sub.scriticr, show our jour-
nal'to vour friends, and get somebody who does
not already take it to subscribe, you sending us
a dollar, then you will get a raspberry-plant
without sending us any more money except tne
dollar. Of course, when you do this the name

that they are ready to drop off— and this is, in
fact, the way I like them for my own eating—
they would be rather soft to ship.

A POTATO STORY.

On the 24th of April, 1894, the following letter
was placed on my table:

Mr B(».^--Knowing that you are interested in
any thing new (when it is better than any tiling
else) I mail you a sample of a new potato I have. I
wish you would plant them and see how they yieia.

960

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec. 15.

and then try them as to quality. I think they are
the best potato for quality that I ever saw. I enjoy
reading- Home talks and Gardening in Gleanings,
and should like to run up on my wheel and see you
this summer if I could get time. Geo. E. C'kaig.
Zimmer, O., Apr. 30.

Soon after, the mail brought ns two very
large fine handsome potatoes. I looked at
them, and they were then put away with other
potatoes sent to be tested. I did not have very
much enthusiasm in the matter. I confess, for I
have been testing potatoes a good many years,
and it is a great deal of trouble, with the many
cares I h-.ve on my hands, to keep the letters of
description, and the stakes so they can be
identified at digging-time: and, besides, all my
potato experiments have never amounted to
very much— that is, in the way of testing new
varieties. I think it must have been some time
about the first of May that I got ready to plant
our potatoes to be tested. A little corner down
in the creek bottom, too small to be plowed,
was spaded up. As it is within 20 feet of a
creek which in summer time is four or five feet
lower down than the garden, the piece has ex-
cellent drainage. As no manure was handy
when we spaded it up, none was put on the
ground— no fertilizer of any sort. I think there
there were six or eight different varieties of
potatoes to be tested. They all came up
and started off nicelv ; but when the dry
weather set in I felt a little sorry for them, not
having any manure like the rest of the ground;
and so, after giving them a good hoeing, some
coarse manure was spread between the rows as
a sort of mulch. None of the potatoes attract-
ed any particular attention, except an extra
early potato. The man who sent it said they
would be ready to dig about the 4th of July,
and that would be about eight or nine weeks
after planting; and, sure enough, we had pretty
fair potatoes about that time. The vines soon
died down after this. The rest all went down
one after another. It did not seem to be blight,
really, but, rather, that they ripened and dried
up rather prematurely on account of the drouth.
There was one exception, however. The little
bit of ground is triangular, so that each one of
the six rows is a little longer than the one next
to it. The last row. in fact, consisted of ten
hills. These ten hills were made by cutting
one of the large potatoes sent by friend Craig,
so as to make ten eyes: but the other one of
the two potatoes disappeared, and we have
never found where it went. These ten hills
came up very promptly, grew with remarkable
thrift, and never stopped growing till the frost
killed them about the .5th of November. At
that time each hill was an enormous mass of
foliage. Some of the vines were almost as big
as a broom-handle where they came out of the
ground. You see, they were planted on the one-
eye-to-the-hill system. There was consider-
able talk about these ten hills of potatoes with
their rich dark- green foliage all summer long
entirely free from bugs, blight, or the effects of
the severe drouth. They were dug while I was
in Missouri, and made just about an even bush-
el of the largest and handsomest potatoes I
ever saw. In fact, they were so handsome that
f^ome of them " got away " until the man who
had them in charge nailed them up.

Now, this is a test of only a single season, with
just one potato. It would be rather hasty to
decide from this single test what the potato is
really worth. I wrote to friend Craig to know
what he could tell us about them. Two of the
large potatoes were cooked, to compare with
the Freemans. If they are not fully as good,
they are pretty near it. The potato is more
nearly like the Rural New-Yorker in appear-
ance and habit than any other potato I know

of. From this one test, it seems to me consid-
erably ahead of any thing else in the line of
potatoes I have ever had any experience with.
The following is the letter:

Mr. R<)ot:~The potatoes that I sent you for trial
are a new variety that we raised from seed from the
balls that g-row on the potato-tops (but then, you
know how to raise new varieties), and we think it is
ti.e best potato we ever had any thing: to do with.
That is the reason 1 sent those to you for trial. It
has been eight or ten years that we have been rais^-
ing- tliem, never having- sold any at any time to any
one. 1 sent two to Wm. Heiuy Maule the same day
I sent those to you, but have not yet heard from
him as to how tin y have done with him.

1 have over 300 bushels; but as to what 1 will take
for them, 1 would sooner have you see them, and
see what you will give per bushel for as many as
you want.

1 don't remember ever having- the potatoes blight;
but bugs will eat them, although 1 was not troubled
with them this year or last either. Thej always
outyield all others with us. Last year 1 planted'
two bushels of Northern Spies, which yielded almost
the same; but this year the same variety was not
worth digging. My grandfather has raised them
three or four years (under promise to let nobody
else have any of them), and he likes them better
than any others. Last spring 1 let Mr. J. J. Zimmer,
here at Zimmer, plant some of them for me, 1 to
have every potato he raised. He planted about
twelve other varieties, and mine was the best of all.
Some of the others were not worth digging. 1 had
thouglit of advertising them and selling a part of
them, and of planting a lot of them, say fifty or one
hundred bushels, so as to have a large stock next
year. 1 do not think $5.00 per bushel any too much
this year. Carman's No. 1 is $10.00 per bushel, but I
do not believe in charging that much by the bushel.

George E. Craig.

Zimmer, O., Nov. 19.

Now, friends, I have given you the full facts
in the case. Friend Craig is at liberty, I
presume, to charge what price he chooses for
his 200 bushels. I think that, before anybody
invests very heavily in them, we had better
have them tested on different kinds of soil. I
wish that some of the experiment stations
could have tested them at the same time I did.
As for myself, 1 rather think I shall plant the
most of my creek-bottom ground to the Craig
potato, even if I do have to pay $5.00 a bushel
for seed. The potato has no name that I know
of; but I suggest calling it after the originator.

KEEPING SEED POTATOES FOR I.ATE PLANTING ;

A SUGGE.STION FROM OUK OHIO EXPERIMENT

STATION.

Friend Root:—Jn Gleanings for Nov. 15 you
speak of the nice Freeman potatoes that you
have grown by planting them late : but your
main difficulty seems to be in keeping the seed
in good condition for planting as late as you
want it. Now, I have tried a plan of keeping
the seed for late planting, for two years, that
has given first-class results. It is simple and
easy: and, even if it has been published before,
it will do no harm to repeat it.

Take your potatoes from the cellar or pit as
soon as there is no danger of freezing, and be-
fore they have become sprouted, and place them
in a thin layer in some cool, light, airy place,
and let them stay there until you want to plant
them ; and when you come to look at them
there will be short stubby sprouts on them that
are not easily broken off, and will come up
quickly when planted.

Last spring, at planting-time, I took what
seed I wanted, and put it seed end up in our
flats that we use for transplanting plants, and
put it overhead in the barn ; and when I was
ready to plant, June 28, it was in good condition
for planting, and could, undoubtedly, have been
kept for several weeks longer. It came up
quite well, and gave the best yield and the

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

961

18'.)4

nio^t potatops that wo grew anywhere on the
farm, notwithstanding the dry season.

Small potatoes answer nicely for this purpose,
as thev usually make but one sprout.

I think the plan of planting potatoes late a
good one. and one of the best ways to escape the
bli-ht that usually hurts potatoes unless they
are very early. Quite often there is a good
p ece of rich ground that could be made to yie d
good returns when otherwise it would have to
lie idle. ^- ^- ^RKEN.

Wooster, O., Nov. 2:^.

8TKAWBERRIKS— REPORT OF OUR OHIO AGRI-
CUI.TURAL STATION FOR 1094.

Bulletin 54 is just at hand. It is quite a
pamphlet of .52 pages-in fact, the best station
report on strawberries I have ever come across
It is really a valuable strawberry-book, and at
the same time it is a report of the work ot our
two friends W. J. and E. C. Green - men who
have not only brains, but money furnished by
the State at their command. The State also
pays them for their intelligence and brains^, and
they are entirely disinterested parties Their
report is given without fear or favor. Notes on
varieties comprise something like ten pages,
and they include almost every thing that has
been oflfered for sale. In their summary, at the
close of the report, thev mention the following
list of the most promising of the new varieties:
Aroma, Belt's No. 3. Brandywine, Brunette.
Cvclone. Granville. Huntsman. Ivanhoe. Lead-
er Leviathan. Marshall. Princess Portage,
Princeton Chief, Riehl's No. 6, West Lawn,
Wool ver ton. , , ^^ ,

The next list they class as doubtful among
the new varieties: ^ . t^ i

Auburn. Beverlv, Banquet, Epping, Ear y
Bird Governor Hoard, Jay Gould, Lanah,
Mapie Citv, Robinson. Southard, Sm el tzers
Early, Swindle, Shuckless, Timbrell, Tucker,

Williams. ^^ , t ■ a tv,^

You will notice that our "dear friend the
Timhreli:' that has been so much boomed
comes in this latter class. The only fault with
it however, is that it is white in spots, like the
old Sharpless. even when it is ripe. Next we
have a list of poor ones among the new varie-

^^Eclipse. Gillespie, Michel's Early, Meek's
Earlv, Regina. „ , . ,7 •

It is a little sad to find Michel's Early in this
last six, especially since we have decided to
give it a place in our own catalog. Well, i
shall consider Michel's Early a valuable vari-
ety until we ha,ve something equally good,
equally early, perfect-flowering, and as fine a
berrv If it were more productive. I confess i
should think a great deal more of it- Our sta-
tion friends mention a new variety which they
call "Unnamed No. 1." perfect in bloom ripens
about the same time as Michel s Early, and
is much more prolific. The only trouble with
it is, the berries are rather small.

Now, then, comes the snmming-up ot tde
best varieties among those that have been
thoroughly tested— the cream of all the straw-
berries well known.

Bubach, Crescent. Enhance, Greenville. Ha-
verland. Lovett, Muskingum, Parker Larie,

Is it not a little refreshing to find that, out of
nine given in the above list, four of them are al-
ready in our own catalog ? The other five have

all been teMcd on our grounds^ ^— -,

""ThirTtrawberrv bulletin is furnished free of
charge to every resident of the State of Uhio.
I snppo'Je friends in other States can get it it
they apply before th^ edition is exhausted. 1
believe I can heartily indorse almost every

point made by it unless it is the matter of fall
planting. With our grounds so heavily manur-
ed and with water conveniciut, we make as
much of a success of fall planting as we do m
the spring; and, in fact, we get /setter results
when wo make it a point to put in strawberries
wherever a piece of ground is vacated, and we
do this all through the season, from July till
November.

OUR NEW ELEVATOR, AND SOMETHING ABOUT
ELEVATORS OF OTHER KINDS.
And thev come . . . and see him that was pos-
seted of tUd.^il, . . . sitting, and clothed, and
in his right mind. -MARK 'y.h>.

Yes, dear friends, the machine is giving us
just as much satisfaction and pleasure as it did
when 1 wrote it up last April. The matter of
elevators, however, was brought to mind by
reading something in regard to General Booth
and his work. He too has been making a hob-
by of elevators, and hi- elevators are likewise
made to elevate hum.m beings. Perhaps the
word " humanity " might express it better. In
that great industrial work of his in London
there is a special department of the work that
is called the Elevator Department. Men are
taken from the slums of London, from their
drink and filth, and elevated through Christ
Jesus until they become men of sense and wis-
dom. Well, this little band, or army of men,
who have been thus elevated have begun al-
ready to take pride in being called " Elevators."
Not long since, the Salvation Army gathered
up some new recruits, and I judge they were
pretty hard-looking customers. When they
were brought to the Industrial Home, and prep-
arations were being made to put them in with
the rest, some of the older ones began to object.
As nearly as I can remember, they worded it
something in this way: ^

" Why, do they expect to take these ' dossers
and put them right among us elevator folks?"

The contrast was too great, you see; and yet
these very people who rejoiced in the name of
Elevators were not a whit better a few months
before that than the little band of " dossers "
with their dirty bodies, poor clothing, and be-
nighted intellects. May God be praised .hat
there are elevators to lift undying souls, as well
as to raise these poor mortal bodies of ours;
and may the whole world be moved with a
heavenly impulse to spring forward and take
these friends of the Salvation Army by the
hand; and not only that, may the impulse be
world-wide that has already been started in
such a grand undertaking as elevatiwi both
men and women who have got " away down."
Elevators 'jndeed ! Who but General Booth
would ever have grasped such a thought ? and
not only that, but proceeded at once to make it
one of the real working and prospering institu-
tions of the age? Shall General Booth be the
only one in this world of ours who is in the ele-
vator business? God forbid ! A. I. R.

962

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE

Dec. 15,

PATENTS

Careful attention g-iven to the prosecution of
business before tlie U. S. Patent Officn. All bu-iness
treated as strictly confidential. No charg-e made for
services in prosecutinfr application, until tlie pat-
ent is allowed. Send for "Inventor's Guiue."
FRANKLIN H. HOUGH.
92S F STREET, WASHINGTON, D. C,

Beeswax Wanted.

Will pay 28c cash.

A full line of Supplies always on hand.

I. kT. String-ham, 105 Park Place, JST. Y.

MUTHc HONEY ^

^^^^^^ EXTRACTOR.

Square Glass Honey- Jars,
Tin Buckets, Bee-hives,
Honey Sections, Etc., Etc.
APPLY TO ^^^fection Cold-blast Smokers.

CHAS. F. MUTH & SON, Cincinnati, 0.

p. S.-Send 10-ct. stamp for •' Practical Hints to Bee-keepers."

Promptness is What Counts.

Honey-jars, Shippin8--cases. and everv thine-
that bee-keepers nse. Root's Goods at Root's
Prices, and the Best Shipping=point in the
Country. Dealers in Honey and Beeswax.
Catalog free.

WALTER S. POUDER,
162 Massachusetts Ave., Indianapolis, Ind.

Please mention this paper.

^■mruEA BROODER Combined.

TIIEMOi^T PERFECT
Incubator Ulade. Hatches
every egg tbat a hen could
natch; Kegulates itself auto-
matically; Reduces the cost of
poultry raising to a minimum,
fciend for Illustrated Catalogue.
160 Egg size $16.00.
SIMPLEX MAItr'G. Co!!; Quincy/ui.

P/TENT WIRED COMB FOUNDATION

Mas No Sag- in Bi-oocl-fraines.

Thin Flat -Bottom Foundation

Has no Fishtone in the Surplus Honey.
Being- the cleanest, it is usually worked
the quickest of any foundation made'
J. VAN DEUSEN & SONS,

IStfdb Sole Hanufacturers,

Sprout Brook, Montgomery Co., N. Y.

[Fencing Railroads.

_ The secret of our ^reat success in this line
IS .lust here. Their civil engineers pronounce
It all right scientifically, but they want evi-
dence as to its durability. The canvasser's
word for it don't go. They find where it has
been used for many years then go and see for
themselves. After becoming satisfied on all
points, they take hold in earnest and pay no
attention to the fellows who have something
'just as good as the Page." Farmers would
do well to take this course.

PAGE WOVEN WIRE FENCE CO., Adrian, Mich.

Please mention this paper.

TAKE NOTICE!

DEFORE placing your orders for SUPPLIES, write
"for prices on One-Piece Basswood Sections, Bee-
Hives, bhipping-Crates, Frames. Foundation, Smo-
aJh^^^- PAGE & KEITH,

°^'a° New London, Wis.

P<JR SJil^E.

75 HIVES OF BEES.

INQUIRE OF

ATra. jLI3VT-7?A>r. Iranaifi, Fin.

TRUSSES

I cure effected. .Send for
■ EUOLESTON IKISS CO.. fflasonii

oqSODaysTfiai

Easy, durable and

-^ jcheap. A radical

cure effected. .Send for sealed catalogue.
E«0LESTON IKISS CO., Masonic Xemple, Chicagu, III.

Attention, Bee-keepers!

y

Remember Jennie Atcliley will mail you
untested queens any day in tlie year for
it.1.01). She IS now preparing to 'fill your
ordei-s tor ((uccns and bees in 189,5.

Jaiiiiaiy to .luue prices. Untested, $1.00.

I'l^rn *?,""■ *? "1' '•'■'■ ''"='• Tested, 3-banded
|1..50;5-b!.ii(ie(l, ,f;.'.r,o. Tested Carniolans
S'.i.aO. I will real- 1 lie leather-colored Ital's
or 3bande(l; silver-gray Carniolans, and 5-
banded, m separate yards at safe distance.
Bees by the pound, $1.00. Nuclei, per
frame, $1.00. Tliis is one of my specialties

Write me for prices on large lots and to
the t rade. Catalog ready Jan. 1.

J have been at this business long enough
to know how to ship, and please customers.
T> I. ^^® Supplies. Dovetailed Hives,
Roots Goods, and Dadant's Foundation.
*iguri'out whtit you want, and write for
estimate.

Jennie Atchley,
Bee Co. Beeville, Tex.

Dovetailed Hives, Simplicity Hives,

SHCr/O/VS, EXTRACTORS, ETC.

FULL LINE OF

BEE-KEEPERS' SUPPLIES.

60-PAGE CATALOGUE. Itfdb

J. M. Jenkins, Wetumpka, Alabama.

tyiii respondlnt' to this advertisement mention Glkanings.

is;)4

(^.LKANIXCS IX HER (TLTrRE.

W"?

INDEX TO

GT>EANTNGS IN BEE CULTURE,

FOR THE YEAR 18114.

Aci'l. Amount Used '-'S

Aiiare-^s.s. Kiill -^7

Adnlt.r.itiuns.Tu Detect ...l.-i5
Ailultciation In California -i'M
All vertising. (_'.>iitiiinous. . . .697

Advevtisiiii;. In-euiilar 876

A. 1. KoHt Company 913

\ 1 lev's Carniolaiis 286

Alleys Inipi oved Trap 696

Alsike Clover 8.». ti^. .t53, 9.tO

Ants, Ciieumventinp 97

Ants, To Remove. 9M

Apiary, H Latlirop s 60K

Ca'irornin Yields 451 | Ehvood's Letter

C Uilorniii, Average Yields 374 Enemy to Bees, New

Cahlornia, Failure of Crop. 417 Engines, Steam and (Jas ...

C.uuiv for Cag-es 69J Entrance Diagnosis

Cnulv in Australia Melting 23 1 Kntrancc, Sawdust at

Iv.Atchlev 379

Candying vs. Purity 61

Cans, Waxing 4M

Carniolans as Swarmers .587

Carniolan Hybrids 614

C^rp

F.uti
En

sfsTrip

i to .\ piary

Ca
C.i-t

.>t<

Apiary. Hon
Apieultuie in Germany
App e-l>lossom Hoijey..

Artesian Wells

Arundell's Apiary

Bain in Prison . .

Baskets, How Made

B issw I, Bees on

I'.i-e liooks l>v Carload

B-e i-anlv-Ciution

Uee-dise ise of Cilifornia..

B^-e-di -ease. New

Bee elf niv. New

B-e-esc\pes. Using

Bee escapes. Use of

Bee esi'ape. Porter

Bee j Mirn lis. 11 scussiiii-.
B-e keedng Mi rratory..
Bee keeping in (iMiuany

Bee<, Aiinormal

Bees (Eldest, in Mummy..

B.-e~. Raising

Bee- Cross 2

Bees. Moving

Bees. Moving in Germany
R "Sing Large

.913 ( '

. . ..i51
. . .476
...683
...198
. . .809
...19<
333

32

81)7

iil8

16

731 8*2

379

190

ings. The

Culture. .

Cell riii's. Doolittle...

Cell-cups. Atchley's .7

Cells. Artificial

Charitableness

Chicken-lice mis

Chili 15

Chives, More About 162

Clams 899

. !}■; Climate vs. Candy 103

.828 Climate of California 18n

Clipping, Does it Hurt? .i87

.493 Cloth. Enameled, over Bees, 3:S0
8 Clover. Alfalfa and Sweet .333
177 Clover, Alsike 225, ."iSS, 9'>0

..•£i-i I Clover, Sweet

..197 ! Clovers

. ,491 : Cocoons in Cells —

.511 i Colony of 12 Bees

.66" ! Colonies. Large

1,S I Oomb-leveler. .Mdrieh's,

r,:i Comb Honey Produced .

:.').793 Comb Honey. Artificial..

. ,23."i : Comb in Brood-nest

31.=> I Comb Artifii-ial ■,.-

600 Comb. Ship;-.ing GUI Black .381

Bees, n •Slug Liaige .ju.. v-u.nu. ^...I'l ■•■-■ ■■■■• -

Bees-, siingless, in Yucatnn..511 Comb. Drone. To Prevent

731

..873
..767
. 377

...267

..282

232

Bees. S ingiess.

Bees. Y' .-How

Bee-. Y'ellow. Tender

Bees, Exiri Yellow

Bees. To Trinsfer

Bi es. Sm >k ini, in Supers
Bees, Handling at Night.

Bees. Five-handed

Bees as Ferti; zcrs

B-'es in (" itlii- lial. Rome..

Bees a- >b -.seiii-'ers

Bees Felt i I izhr-:- Blossoms. , 44
Bees and Fruit, Symposium 126

Beesan I Fruit ••■)?9 719

Bees and Fruit-men 843

Bees and Pollen 193

Bees on the Islands 407. 4.W

Bees in Shipping-cage 420

Bees Expelling Water 509

Bees and Troughs 620

Bees Carrying Eggs 686

Bee, Poem on Italian 379

Beet-su'.'ar Works 14

Beginners' Depai-tment

ISicvcle as a Drav

Bicycles, to Ride 802

Bicycles, Women Riding ...663

Binding Journals 266

Bisulphide of Carbon 19n

Book Agents 3 ifi

Book Agents, Again 432

Book Review 5?

Boot h. General 951

Bottles in Queen-cages 284

Bottom-bai-s, Narrow 23

Brace-combs TSi

Brace-combs. Riddance of 837

Bribes .i9i

Brood in Sections 656

Brood in Shallow Chambers. 836
Brood. Dead 661 " "

.660

Combs. Having Extra,

Combs, Misshapen

Combs, Passages in —
Combs Wax U ed in . . .
Combs S ilphuring —
Comb N..V v.oid.

Ernest at Mason's

Ernest in Michigan

Ernest's Travels

Ernest at Dr. Miller's .
Ernest at Browntown.,

Escape. Stampede

Essays at Conventions

European M itters

European Chat

ergreen Corn

.726,733
.... 762

412

Exchange Bee keei)ers ---

Exhibit, Russian, Japanese 943

Extractor Cowan 413

Extracting in November — 9Xf>

Fax by Krum 320, 460, 656

February. Gardening in 163

Feeder, Manum's Suspended. 410
" ■ " ,-^-- ..769,903

7-;3

837

Feeders, Percolatoi

Feeding Simplified, ..

Feeding at Miller's, . .

Fet-ding. Stimulative

,271 Fern Hutchinson

.551 Fertilizing in Confinement 695
87.') Fertilization of Plants .448,449
...662 Fertilization and Bees . . . 4o
876 Fertilization, Bees. Plants, .126
421 Fertilization, Delayed 464

Ferti :izeis. Chemical 290

19s Florida for Health 843

644 Florida Honev 861,862

3« Flour Adulterating 2.i

Flour for Bees 280

,08 Flowers Why Beautiful 538

Foo'notes.. .' 104

Foul Brood To Treat 17

., Foul Brood Book on 425

::68 1 Foul Brood, > alse .589

465 1 Foul B'ood, Phenol Cure ...647
62■^ I Foul Brood and Drugt

798

C'n tltutionof N. A.B. K.A.7ti8 Foul Brood on Section
Ciilvention at St. Joseph.. . 846 Foul Brood in France.

Convention at Toronto 913 Fonl Brood in Wax

Convention. Los Angeles . . .U."i I Founlation, Grain ot
Convention. Madison 583

Convention, Calvert's Rep't.833

Correct' on from Momm 7;W

Covers for 189.1 845

Covers, Sealed. Ahead 423

Cowan Extractor 413

Cowan, Card from 414

Cows in Garden 431

Cramps in Queens 607

Cress, Sturtion 67

Cuba Letter 654

Cub.an Apiary 7.)2

Cuban Honev 717

Cucumber. Wi'd '284

Dadant on (iiven Founda'n,877

Deer. WiMer's

Dipping Three Sheets. . .
Discussion. Hoot Hatch

Distances. Fixe I

D.>vetail Hive Reviewed
Drones from Virarins
Drone Combs in Se lion

Drone Eggs

Drugs for Foul Brood ..

Dug-outs. Bees in

Dumb wa lei-s

Dzierzon, John

Echoes from Himblei

Foundation, Old, Good 23

Foundation. To Fasten 232

Foundation, Shepherd' on.... 89
Foundation, Flat-bottomed 76.'>

Foundation, Given 38;! 877

Foundation. Given Pressed 804

Foundation. Value of 87.'>

Foundation. Taylor's Tests. .953

Foundation in Top-bars 76.i

Founlation on Bottom-bar 617
Frame-spacer, Stevens .417,5.50

Frame. Hoffman 59

Frame. Hoffman, Deeper..-236,'7

Frame, Phenicie 8!9

Frames , Re versible -56

868 Frames, Shallow 14

1,53 Flames, Distance to Space.. 101

6 2] Frames, Spacing 377

148 I Frames, Square l.^l

467 Frames. Eight or Ten. . . 7,56. 947
621 i Frames, 8 v. 10, Discussed .586

619 Frames. 8 or lO.'.Phm on 6.54

.348 I Frames. Size of 9119

,'«8 : Free Trade, etc
.. 9.2 Frost, Pcotecting from

.581 . Fruit without Bees

. , ,179 ruit, Fertilization of..
i9 5'i. Fuel. Smok

719

chies troMi uimnier im, 03. '• ui '•"'.■■""' ' •,, r-,

189. -222. 279 ,3,'7. 372.414, 163 :,0o. ! Galvanized Iron. . .... .514, o5l

549.612 7.59.833.869 ; Galvanized \ essels.. 334, 4<I4. W^

Efge V.on Hot, Frames

E.litor in Cre-ton

Brood. Dead. Cured — - ... - ---

Brood, Spreading 282,4131 Kditoi in .\

Brood-cappings, Bees Ufing.-2--8 I Editor at Creton \gain...

Brood-chamber, Taylor's..., 147 , Edito' at Dm White's

Brood-nest. Size of 687 Editor at Terry's and Kent

Buchanan. J. A 61

Bulletin-boards on Fences.. .199

Buinl>le-bees and Clover 44

Bumble-bees on Flowers 732

Burt. Visit to 5.54

Butte German 202

,383 I 874

Cabbage Seed. .March's 886

Cage. Quiglev's 283

Cages Should be Marked . . ,423

I'alifornia .lottings 3:J4

I . ilornia Plants .541

Editor at Granni

Editor at Wooster

Editor at Lakeside

Editor in Lima

Editor's Travels ...

Editor in Missouri

Eggs Bees Removing.
613, 686. 824

Eggs. Drone

Electropoise

Elevator, Our New

381 Galvanized Honey-vessels. .62^
770 (iaiHlv Sii'i errv Defended .594

426 Gardening in ("all forma 920

.519 Gardening in Drouth 737

,555' (iarileiiing in February ItW

.595 G.irdciiiiig ill Winter 2«9

631 - Girdeiiiiig. Does it Pay! 246

66fi! Gelseiniuin Seiiipervirens,. 4.57
806 I Glucose Pleisanl to Taste... 470

8l6 Glucose, To Detect 63, 1:55

878,9.54 Gluco.se and Grape Sugar.. ..510

5 6 574. 1 Glucose Question '231

I Glucose Used 378, 382

761 Gold mining 8t;

627 (Jooils •• Were Not There.". . 388

3:!9 Gooseberry, The 1 dustry,,,59i

(loplieis.To Kill 951

Hares, Geriiiun 875

Harrow, Home-made 203

Heddon's Honey '240, 382

Heddon's I'eacflings 104

Heddon's R.^ply '276

Heddon's Second Reply, 415, 459

Hcddon Question 335

Heeling Plants 67

Heredity 98-94

High pressure Gardening, 86

Hilton's Pump 826

Hive-covers 911

Hive, Dovetailed, Indorsed , .58

Hive. Dovetailed Cliatf 585

Hive. Ne^y Dovetail ... 466.467

Hive. Dzieiz.ui's Bar 88

Hive, Dzierzon'sTwin 456

Hive, Miner 195

Hive,Gravenhorst's 314

Hive, Ten frame .\head .. 423
Hive. 8 or 10 Frame. '.64. 502, 5I13,

.546 653
Hive. 8 I rame. Favored ... 622
Hive, 8 frame, for Ladies. . . .-83

Hive, Wells 9)1

Hiver. Anderson .548

Hives for Cuba 831

Hives for 1895 815

Hives, Decoy 318

Hives. Harbison 499

Hives. Old or New 1.51

Hives. Sh Hie ior .519

H ves S ze of. . .501. .572 793, 861 .

864 917
Hives. Fourteen-fianie 766

Hives, Symposium on.. 36;. 81.0

Hives. Small 653

Hives. Small, for Queens 69'

Hives, Numbering 793

Hives vs. Hives 794

H ving Bees on Sunday 99

Hofli'maii Fr.uiie ■5^9

Hoitei- ann family 591

Home of the Honey-bees .. 10

Honey Candy ing 150

Honey from Beet Sugar •2"8

Honey in Southern Oalifo'a 274

Honey in Calitoinia 3 4

Honey for Children 512

Honey in Cuba 7 16

Honey as F<)od 950

Honev. Bees Transferring 73.1,

839
Honey. Comb. ..imount of .. 24
Honey, Comb. To Secuie ..,.5'n
Honey, Adulte ating 62

Honey, Apple-blossom 512.5:51,

622
Honey, How to Advertise.. 91
Honey, Comb v. Extracte,l.i:i8,
220 '

Honey. Marketing 139

Honey, Selling, York on. , , 8;f5

Honey, Utah 154 9(

Honey, Old, in Spain '283

Honev, a Barrel per Colony .796
Honey, Marketing CaIifor'a.412

Honey, Corner in.. 47ii

Honev, Florida, Defended >61

Honey, Flavor of 9,-18

Honeys. Best 461

Honev-boards V28

Hone.y-dew, What is!.
H n.v dew. Source of

H .neV-dew Honey

H .n.v house

Hunt's Adulteration .
Hybrids or Mongrels
Hybrids. Di- agieealdi
liici ease. To Prevent.
Inherit

0*1

493.612
.... 919

,698

.530
.iliicing cage, German ,4i6

liuiiil-', Tihie of
Inventions. Priority in...

Island, .Mrs. Atchley's

Islands Bees on

Italian Importi d Stock..,

Italians. Bands of

Italy. Letter from

.lake Smith

Jake Smith on Candying
J:ike Smith on Spelling...
Jake Sniitii on Fashions.

Jelly, Royal

J.mes, H. L

Journals, Expense of

4-20
,. 146
,,. 6s3
,..,4.>0
.....546
... .5.53
. 233
•29,229
18
,. 52
, ...."He
.....ISO
...698

964

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec. 15.

Journals. Matter in 424

Kingrbirds S.%

Kingr-birils. Cilifornia 184

Kinffbirds. Plea for 871

Labels. Paste tor 284

Lakeside 699

Langdon Noji-swarmer 227

Ltrvie Killed liy Frost 21

Lathrop in Medina 912

Lathyris Silvesti is ..203. 204, 77n

Lecture by Rob Roy 234

Lettuce in Greenhouse 920

Lima Beans Ill

Li in H- water .SS:!

Mail baps for Queens only..2.3.f>

Mak<' u|i. Our New 27

Maiiuni at Meach's 11

Mmuiii in the Apiary 80

Maniini and Daprgett 137

Manuni in Apiary 227

Mann in's Feeder 410

Manuni on FeitiTzation 317

Jlainiiii on Starvation 410

Manum's Letter 269

Maple Syriip, Small Ci-op....423

Mathey, Karl Rudolnh 26

Medicine. Doctor'g Without 474

Medicines. Value of 0.').'>

Milk. Plea for .W>

Mistakes ii4.'i

Molasses and Bees 9ifi

Money. Counterfeit, Selling 198

Moths, Beeswax 733

Moths. Storms of 904

Multipliei-s. To Raise 77.5

Mushrooms 205

N. A. B. K A 680

Nectar. Ripened or Digested. 797

New York. The Poor in 847

Nurse-bees 623

Non-swarmer, Langdon..59, 196,
467

Nuclei. Two in Hive 99

Onion Smut 883

Onion-sets, Planting 7.39

Onion. Essays About I.'i9

Onions Winter ...33

Onion. Potato. Stalks on 668

Onions "4.5

Ontario Association 685

O r ta ri o Bee-k :>eping 803

Ontario Report 875

Out-apiary Repositoi-y 404

Ont-apiafies 932

Packing Hiv, s 8S

Pans. Paper .584

Paraffine in Foundation 153

Paralysis, Bee 635

Paralysis 1- it Curable? .. 425

Paralysis of Bees 871, 905

Parthenofrenesis 88

Pa tc for Labels on Tin 281 331

PitentOmce 660

Peach-trees Irrigating F09

Pear. PoUenation of 613

Pt'cin nufs ... 1.50

Pflham Mill 731

Percolating on Hive 496 724

Percolator Feeders 80S

Percolator a Sucess 419

Percolator, B. Taylor's 496

Petition to Congress 621

Phenol Cure , 647

Pineapple, Use of 62'

Plan -beds 428

Plants. Pollenization of 2.33

Pollen Necessary 3!'9

I'ollenization...' 23:1

P.iinona College 651

Pojipy Honey 331

Potato Story. Craig 959

Potatoes Late Seed 960

Press, Given 27

Professor's Secrets 105

Propolis 69^

Propolis for Warmth 863

Prosecution Newman on 4'M

Pumice for Piopolis 951

Queen breeders. Note to 8T6

Queen-cells. Tivo Kinds 759

Queens in Suoer 193

Qn^ens to California 182

Queens from Drone-cells 497

Queens Ci'amping 580

Queens Changing ssfi

Queens Passing Excluder . ';i;(;
Queens Through E.xcluders K30

Queens Changing 4.5-;

Queens. Mating of 9

Queens, Two in a Hive... 147 373
Queens Surplus, To Keen . 407
Q'leens, Rusing. .. .507. 695. 7 '9
Queens. Hybiid. Finding 09.S

Queens. Rearing Late .585

Queens. V'rgin.. .548

Queens. tJood and Bad 662

Queens. Feeding 729

Queens. To Find 723

Queens. Keeping 8'11

Queens. I 'ontaminating 9!0

Queens. K;irly 910

Quel 'US. Late-mated 951

Question ijox 22 281

Radishes. How Raised .591

Rambler in Chino Valley .. 12

Rambler at Se.aler's. 49

Rambler in Mines 84

Rami lie L- Surmised 141

Ramb'cron Climate 185

Rambler on Yields 224

Rambler. Morse's Letter to 181

Rambler Treed 273

Rambler and Eugenia 320

Ramhleron Paralysis 369

Rambler at Claremont 408

Ripibler at Gold-mine 454

Rambler Packing H'ves 497

Rambler Packing Hives 542

Rambler in Rialto. ete 578

Rambler and his Onfflt 623

Rambler at Spini^h Mission6i9
Raiiiblr-r It M -In've's. ... 681
RaniMer in Santa Paula 717

Salt in Candy 689

Sin B rnardino Mountains K-ie

Sa'^hes. Wooden 476

Sassafras 870

Scraping knives 6'i

Scrapine-lable 9S

Seasonable Questions .. 20
Section former. Townsend"S-626
Section l(.i nier. Improved. .8.38
Sections Over Dummies. .. 687

Secri ns S indwiching 2 '8

Sections, Narrow 2.38

Seed. To (iernrinste Quick. ..391

Seed. Planting Good 519

Seed, Government 883

Seeds, Good 243

Self hivers D'scussed It3

S.'-f hixcr.r e for 188

Sep naloi - hiseu^sed 56

Senai.iioi - I lain in 874

Sh'a le for Hees 231, 620

Shade for Hives .509

Shallots, Spring .159

Shallots 591

Sick. Robbing the 685

Smith. J. M.. Death of .382

Smoker Fuel 824

Smoker. Crane 60

Smoker Elwood on Crane.. 313

Smokers, to Light 502

Smokers, Abuse of 7-58

Smnke-s for G mhers 951

Soap. Manum on 410

Souvenn- St .lo eph 697

Spacer. Steph"ns .512

Spacing, Correct 225

Spacing, Exact 55

Sp.acing, «hillard's 2.36

Spanish Family 827

Species vs. Races of Bees 375

Soonge in Cage 381

Spraying Trees 343

Sp'-avin ' Solutions 475

Soring Dwindling 234

Standard O-l Oo 194

Starters To Fasten 88

Sfarv ition and Paralysis.. . .648

St.twlic;,! s,-hem° 103

S ati^i i - \ his Spring 4''4

liable 62

Stati'.tir
Stafi

lb

Rimb
Rambler at Me-
Rambler at Hill
Rambler at Za
Rambler at I'i-

Ocean

R imhler at San Luis 935

Raspbe'-ries 632

Raspberries, To C"ltivate ..313
R\splierries. G"annis on . 702
Raspberry, '^au't . . ..521 739 958
Report of Bee-keepers' Un'n ■ 8

R -ports. Honest Its

Reports. ThosM California 6^3
Reports Good and Bad . 6.59

Rhubai-b.St. Martin 389

Rice. A. A.. 514

Robber-trap 580

Robbers 3^5

Robbing. Quiet 26

Robbing. Stop or Prevent? 61

Robbing To Ston 8)5

Robbing To P cent 191

Rollers Fdn.. Grooves in ...587

Root E. R 690

Russian Apiculture 53,223

Saint Joseph Ag.ain 98

Saloons in Iowa 551

.Additional 802

Stati-tic-. Illinois 872

St.enograph'c Repo-ts 685

Stophens Spa"er The 417

stingless Bees in Yucatan.. .511

j Sting-i. Painful 6fii

I Stones on Hives 912

i Stowell's Evergreen Corn .560

I Sf'-awherrv Fertilizers 476

i Strawberrv Repoi-t 558

I Strawberrv Report. Ohio 961

. Strawberry. Timhrell .... 664

i strawberry. Sterling 668

Strawberries Momm's Card 703

Stringer Tommy 38!

Subsc'i''er« Terms to New. .154

Sugar '-r,"C!igi's 662

Sugar. Coffee A 912

.^ugar. Feeding in Utah 196

Sunday Swa'tns 2.38

Sunflowers fo. Shade 422

nners Discussed by Taylor 327

Suiers Dis-nssed 4.53

S\ipers. Mil'er on 19')

' Suners. T. Di>--cusBed 380

I Supers. When to Put on 510

I Swarm of C ipped Queen . 623

S warm vs Coi on v 195

I Swarming a Habit 842

Swarming. Prevention of. .405,
462. 844

S.varming. Miller's Plan 658

Swarms Controlling 149

Swarms Fii-st, Leaving 551

Sweet Clover.... 82.103,271,332
Sweet Clover in Vermont... 180
Sweet Clover on New Land .512

Sweet Clover a Weed 511

Symposium Bcs and Fruit. 126

Sympo-ium No.2 418

Symposium on H ves.. . .362. 861
Syrup from P ocolator Can 496
Svru]) from Pe-eolator . . 419

Syrup in Spiing 226

Syrup. Cold-water. .. .. 332 803

Syrup Louisiana 24

SvrnpSngar 496

Ta'for Feeders 874

Tai iff on Honey 505. 610

Tariff Defended .574

T.iritr in Cuba 716

Taxation in Palestine .. . 91.135

Taxidermy 847

Temperance Item 913

Tent. To Mike a 934

Terms. Bee Shorter 421

Tex.as. Hot Wave .587

TieringUp 944

Tillage. Excessive 702

Time. Standard 29

Toads 325

Tobacco Column 739

Tobacco-dust a Failure .595

Top-bar. Now 383

Top bars Wider 149

Topolobampo 842

Transferiing from Boxes ...-547

, Trans] ji.anteis. New KHi

I Transplanting tools 426

Ti-auspl.inting-tuhe.'! 67

iTrap. Mlev. Improved 696

I Trap. H urison's 626

Trap, Mclntyre's 460

I Turnips 246

Typewriters, Cheap 103

I Uncapning-can, Percolator. 496

Utah Honey 239

Vanilla Flavor in Honey 423

Vaseline 3.31

Veil Hasty's 623

Veil H>wtoWear. 410

Victor Wheel 33".

Vine?rar Hone.y 16

Wall Paper, To Clean 422

Walker. B 866

Wa-'p and Spiiler 946

Water-cress 291

Water v. Smoke 237

Wax. Adulterated 284

Wax. Am mntUsed .368

Wax Shee< ing 322

Wax. Foul Brood in 876

Waxing Cans 4"4

Wedding-flights 16

We'l at t^linton. Mo.... 914

Wh el. Victor .335

Wl-eeling 736

Whi^^kv and Stings 380

w^ild Cucumber 93

Windbreaks 268

Work in Aniary 7'i)

Wovkev< Laving .586

Yellow ilcKets .325

' YelUiw .la-mine.. ..24. 83, 370. 4.57

I Yield . The Largest .5.53. 866

I Y'elds. <\a'ifornia 6S5

Zinc and Footnotes R'ght 1.50

I Zinc for Honey- itensil-s . . . .514

Zinc, Elwood on 207

Index to Contributors.

Abbott E T 98 5:'0 613 6S0 767 89fii Adams G A 9": Aikin R C 138
587; Alexander ESC.53; AlleyHe96; Aldridge E P '95' Aiidev on
L5'8; Anthony A B,S37; Archihard E 622; Arter M '4; Atcblev
.1 379 407 4.52 5Sl'6"3; Atcniey W ro6 660 730; Austin C H 873; Avars
C H 230; Ayies G F278 622;' Aldrich C C 421.

BalonHM659; Baldwin M G 245; Baldridge M M 83: Ealden-
srerger P J 91 135; Bank: ton C B 2S4; Barber J A 659; Ba' row O
B .551; Bar'oot 1 587; Batham C F 421; Beall.lT2e6; Bell L B
417; Beufon F 131; BettridL'e .1 F23; Boardinan H R82 2li8; B-afi'
W F842. B'own A F 331 796 861. Brown .1 P H 83 4.57; Bruce R W
405; Buechly EM476;^BuU A521; Butterfield 1 H 204; Biubaker
E .510.

C'uady T R 149; Calvert J T 690 833; Callbreath J S .586 875;
Ca<e.I BI6.504.507: Cdse A C 476; Chandler 0 587; Ci-smberlain
W 1 246; Chapin R S 282; Churchill E P 730; Clavton (^ H 451 ;
Coli-man W 2.37; Collingwnod H W 29" Ooo-e-shn'l W L 1-50; Cook
A .1 176 184 230 :;33 -'74 324 448 451 493 .541 (■12 623 648 651 655 797: Cook
B 423; Corwin S C 865; Corrv .1 G .55; Cowan T W 195 4145 Cox H
D 6:9; Coffin C P 90; Ci-ane J E 132 237; Craycraft F L 6.:4 752 830;
Crowfoot I S 103.

Dadant C P 367 877: D ilton W .332; Davton C W 8 i:T. 221 794 828
8.36 870: Davis E 775; Dean W E 99; Dibbern C H 143 188; Dimick
MC477 5U; Doolitt'e G M 1.3ii 36K 462 see Questions iird Ans-
wers; Douglas R 246; Drumright W J 587; Dugd:ile T J .57;
Dwight H L 619.

Eddy C C .388; Elliott A 423: Ellis W 332; Ellis MAE 160; El-
sing W T 817; Elw< od P H 266 312.

Fargo F H 129; Farrington S 166: Fish & Co S T 239 416; Flans-
berghCN694; FlansburgGJ 98 875; Fooshe J D137; Ford TS

871 ; Fowls C 1:9 318, Fox E 404; Frazier W C .545; France E 824 ;
Fieestone G 193; Freeman J C193; Fritz J 6.59; Fuller FC883;
Fultz W S 45 126.

Calvin J 7f5: Geasleu G W 622 7.39: Goe J H 2.36 ".37: G' 'den .) A
.574; Grannis W R 632 702; Gravenhor-t C J H 314491915: Gra
hame W 94 149; Gregg J L 99: Greine'F88: Green C A 129; Green
EC44fl>'83: Green J A 24 476; Green W J 204 883; Griffin J B 81:
Gross G 838- G-ubb A 6;3; Gillilmd J C 44 128 162; Gilmoie L B
331; Gill M A 861.

Hains E 405: Halhert H A 842: Hall L 284; Hamhaugh J M 2.31 ;
Hammond D D 23; Handel J 902; Hand .1 E 625; Uart W S .5.51 862;
Harrison Mrs L 1.52 5M 7.30; Hatch C A 366 :'.79 6T2 7.'-6: Hawk Z T
419; Heddon J 276 415 4.59: Hend(>r>on J E 67; Hershberger J E
.'80: Hewes WG374,505; Hill H E 731; Hodge C F .551: H ffman
T W ,380; Holtermann R F 875; Holloway T L 92': Howe H S 865;
Hutchinson W Z 644; Hyatt O H 331 ; Hyde J L 766.

Israel J P 579 904.

Janewav J476 510; JervlsRH:'3; JenksWO&8, Jollev E 378;
Jones H L 379 621 694; Jones R J 476.

KeelerTM291; Kellogg E M 813; Kissel S S 422; Kium E 320
4(06."68':9; Krelt 1 nier E .'9; Km hi iel J A 6."9.

Lanier J W 813: Laugdon H '>23.r>n; Lairabee W G 180; La-
throp H '84 r.(3 6('8 912; Lawence J 7:11: L-'zenby W R 802;
Lechlcr G W 422; Livingston T W .551; Low F 7.31; Luther S .581.

Macnagh'en R A 7.58; Malan F M '33; Manum A E 11 80 137 227
269 317 410 587- Martin J H 1(5; M irsh E A 843; Mathev K R 18 .53
87 178 223 232 2;!7 238 280 282 283 284 .331 406 456 511 512; MeCulloch C!
•i37; McCarthy E R H237; Mclntyre J F 413 460 504; McLean T E

1894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

0(i5

6r,9; MoKnifrht R 913-, Menrtt F M 129; .M -;l.'.''",r,'.,'- ' V-^ i 8 krS
C If. 44 9-; I4« 19l> 265 :t8 S32 SB.". S78 4-Jl 422 4ft:'. H.. ."n hi , t.;.! B..2 6.8 687
Ml ?-"7-.9 793 87o IK'S: Miller S K 613; Miller W M 2:t; MiU-'^]' S T
86() M U-1 . 1 A t' 17 IS" 680; MitHitll .1 62:'.; Mnl.l.v G H 368; Mo^
fat M.'i M E 1'22; Moorr K •-8i;W4; Moore H F .^74; Moinm C 7C3
7?i) M..rri^on J R 1.^4 Moi-f Miss V. 181; Moiov J P874: Mulfoid
j'i;,'(80- Munav K V 423; M.uli .; iisimisson W 231 m TiO 802;
Muth&SoiiCS"334 461.

Nii«hJ AU220; NevinsCS866; Newnmn SF423.'ini; Newman
T () 424; Newell J W 623; Normun C 611 788 812 875 900; Norton P
L 874.

Pare M s L J 39ft; Var.hall F, U 343 4-23; I'ender W S .549; IVr-
kin> M S246; Peicival M S668; P.■ter^en H (•^6; I'et'i' S T 421;
Hf'i.i R 731; Phin J 654 686; Phenicie C F, 8^9; Pike S W 160; Posey
1 588- Putlensier C W .33; Poi.i.leton O O 6'22 863; Pringle A 133
61(1 685; Prichard J 659; Pryal W A 182 417 689.

Quigley EF2S.3.

Railev F G .58 587; Rambler, every number; Reams G W 404
432* KeeWjS39:l; Reed JR. ^46; Replosle G B 9; R«.V"o'fl.>i R >
586; Richmond WL 874; Rit.ien EK150; Ritchie RF 423.51 842,

YuderGJ271; Young

Rolibins (J F 2'28; Root W P 54 692; RoyR'234; Russell W 766;
Rutherford S 1).

Salisbury F A 7«9; Scates J H 433; Scolhan B (i 39 ; SchMe.'He
EH 150 321- Seeley H M 3fi6; Shalla'd Maj 101; Shepherd M W
89 2-J5 586; Smeed S 380; Smith .1 1852 95 2'29 -,'45 :V 6 ; S-.dth H 2;',9;
Smith E.57 3:i2 620; Siuitli T r27 3;(; 4i 7 719; Sn vder S .1 841 ; Some'--
ford F0 7I6; Spe.ice A C ■..38; S,,.n,..r(i L5i:i; Stevens T M 659;
Stephenson H 647; Slephins G W 417 550; Slon.- J A 475 513 .593;
Stuart J C.587; Stuart O 622; Super Litter 24 193 '238 379; Sweat-
land C D 775.

Tatmnn MF liSZ; Taylor R 1. 264 322 .327 :f6'i; Taylor B 146 196;
Taylor R E 621 ; Teniplin L .1 93 275 316 375; TlHinghast I F 162;
Toiiibelin A I 921: Townsend O H875; Trego S F 373; Trout F M
99; Tuck, r H S518.

Untcikireher A 843; Utter J W .'{90.
' WiearUI659; Wagner P R 419; Wilker H 86"; Ward A M 380;
WtMister G W 379; Wecke«er C 68; West N I) .520 .587; Wheaton
M 2.38- Wheeler A 663; Wilson Miss E 465 837; Willard G G 240;
Wiley HW 240; Wilson G W 659; Wilkin R 685; Wing J H99;
WooiverFD24; Wright W S 67.
A D P 068; York G W 835.

Index to Illustrations.

Abbot t. E. T.. President J^^

AlU'vTn.p Improved b«h

Alley Trav>, Harrison's Improved o^b

Apiary and Fruii-ranch of Walter Choate

Gross Section-former 838

Harbison Hives, Cutting- in Two 543

Harbison Hives, Inconvenience of 499

Hiffffinsville Hive cover, Improved 911

Apiary „ - „,,

Artesian Well, Clinton,Mo 914

Baby Fern J' «

Bees Building: Comb •-oXr^n

Bees as Fertilizers aS9, o4U

Bee-eellar Dug-out ouvt

Bee cellar Keposilory, Lathrop's o 9

Bee-escape, Dayton's Stampede 870

Bee-licepers' Camp on Ana Capa Islands 754

Bee-motbs

Bee Paralysis, its Effect on a California Apiary .370

Bee-veil, Porter's 410

Bee-veil. Our Own 410

Beets. UnloadinR 14

Brodbeck, Homeward Bound <i~4

California ;md New York '-''■-■>

Califonii;!, Cli malic Map of 18-)

Celery, White Plume 42b

CelerV-plants for Market al'

Cliiiio Heet-sufiar Works •• J<j

Chino, Hurrah for ^ir

Climatic Map of California i8j

Comb-building, Natural *\j,-j

Comb building, Strang-e Freak of ~'o

Comb-leveler, Aldrich's 4:^1

Cover, Higginsville Model ''H

Cover. Ventihi ted Giible 9U

Cowgirls ^;|°

Coyote, First '•■>"

Crane Smoker, 1894 Pattern oO

Decoy Hives for the Boys 319

DemperanceGranks 89J

Divisible Bi'ood-cliJimber Hive i4i

Dovetailed Corner, Right and Wrong Way Nailing90«

Dovetailed Hive, Parts of 911,9i3

Dovetailed Hive 1K94 Pattern 466

Dovetailed Chaff Hive with Telescopic Cover .5S.5

Dovetailed Super, Bottom View of 911

Dovetailed Super, To Wedge Up 912

Diimb-waitt>r, To .Make -''82

Dzierzon. Dr. John 1^^

Dzi rzon's Hive ■*•''

Elevators, Self lifting wi

Eiigeniii afier Rambler, in Eiglit Scenes 273

Eugenia Off for Ca ifornia 181

Exploring the Tunnel 8.>

Extractors, etc.. Foreign, at Chic;igo 94.3

Feeder for Chickens and Bees 411

Fern Hutchinson 798

Ferri< Wheel and Pismo Beach 89S

Fixin's, New-fangled (.lake Smith) !•'

Flower Festival in riilifornia 79i

Flowers. Why Beaut if id .-39, n40

Foundation-mills. Aikin's Proposed Improvem t.f.8i

Frame and Sp;u'er. Phenecie's 829

Frame-spacer, Sl< vens' 418

Follower and Wedge 911

Gold-mine and SI amp-mill at Rosina 4.')r>

Gravenhorst's Out-apiary Repository 494

Hoffman Frames, 1894 Pattern 467

Hoffman Frames for 189,5 84.5

Holtermann, R. F •^■'0

HoKei man n's Children •■90

Holtermann, Mrs., and Child 59.J

Home of the Honey-bees jl

House Apiary, Rice's 41o

Hutchinson in a Bee-veil 410

Introducing-cage, German 4 6

Jasmine, Yellow 4.iK

J. H. Smith and James Short 23

Jones, H. L., of Australia 698

Knife for Scraping Sections '>0

Langdon-M anu m Non-swarmer 2H9

Langdon Non-swarmer Improved 46 1

Lathrop, Harry -jfo

Life on the Ocean Wave •'=«

Married Life in California Illustrated 373

Mathey, Karl Rudolph 4.56

Mclntyre and Family «J82

Mendleson's Apiary 719

Mercer, L. E., and Family '91

Miller Bidding Good-by to Ernest 9e9

Miller, Dr.. and the Percolator Feeder 90.

Miller Showing tlie Road to Wisconsin 908

Moving Bees in Germany 315

Musical Spanish P'amlly 8-i7

Nailing, Right and Wrong Way r . .908

Non-swariiier, Langdon's Improved 467

Non-swarnfing Attachment, Miller's 6.i8

Oak Grove Apiary j^l

Oaks.Passof ?7'

Old Mission ('^^

Our Own Apiary, Winter Scene ~7(l

Packing-bo.xes for Bee-hives in California ■p<(i

Paralysis, Bee, in California 370

Percolator Feeders 724, V^^

Pintin'Out ••«

Placer Gold-mining 8''

Phi nt-garden. Root's, looking North 'm

Pollen-grains of Flowers ■Jp9

Pomona C( )llege 408

Pratt's Self-hiver, New Pattern IH

Queen-cage, Australian 3i.i

Rambler and Wilder at Pomona College 409

Rambler and Friend ready to Start 615

Rambler and Outfit Passing Elsinore 543

Rambler in Camp • •. •••^'^

Rambler Soliloquizing; Escape from Eugenia....3/;o

Rambler Used up ^f2

Rambler Identified f>^^

Rambler's Exultation 181

Rambler's Surprise 1+1

Raspberry, Gault *)9

Rice, A. A 2la

Riverside and its Orange-groves 5i«

Robber-trap, Mclntyre's 4bl

Root's Factory H

966

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec. 15.

Root, Ernest R 691

Russian Bee-keeping' 323

Scorciiing' *<31

Scraping'-knife for Seclions fiO

Screen tor Pulverizing- Soil 4»8

Sealer's Camp on Ana Capa Islands 7.55

Sectional Brood-chamber Hive, B. Taylor's , 147

Section-former, Townsend, Improved by Gross.. .y;J8

Section-former, Townsend's 626

Section-holder 911

Ship's Gone, Sure 718

Sitting Down, by Dr. Miller 907

Smoker, Moffat's Stew-pan 142

Snow to Roses (California) 187

Spacing-tool for Transplanting 426

Spelling, English Mel hod 58

Spelling, Illustrated (Jake Smith) 52

Stampede Bee-escape 870

Stevens' Spacers 418

Sunflower, Honey-plant of Wisconsin. 941

Swarm hiver, Anderson's .548

Taylor's Divisible Brt)od-chamber hive 147

Top bar, Seciional View of 467

Townsend's Section-former 62()

Transplanting-bo.x 41^6

Trap, Alley's Improved ti!i6

Trap, Alley's, Harrison's Improved 626

Trap, Robber 461

Waterfall, Pole Creek Canyon 6f-4

Wax-moths 722

Wells Hive 901

When I Gets My Eyes Full of Smoke (Jake Smith) 96

Wilder and the Crab 899

Wiring Frames with Staples 945

Women in Politics (Jake Smith) ..')26

Wood Separator for Dovetailed Hive 911

Yellow Jasmine 458

Zaca Lake 897

Wants or Exchange Department.

W

ANTED.— -To exchange supplies and other goods
for honey. O. H. Hyatt, Shenandoah, Iowa. 30tf

W

ANTED.— To exchange a beautiful lot, 3.5x110,
for a pneumatic-tin^ safety bicycle.

L. L. ESENHOWER, Reading, Pa.

WANTED.— To exchange new goods, 3 extra flue
book - cases, 11 double-walled, double paste-
board-lined bee-hives, standard books and Bibles,
hand seed-drills and cultivators, for 3 job printing-
presses, and honey at Ic pei' lb. above market price.
Send foi' circulai-. W. H. Gahdnek, Alkgan, >i it h.

WANTED.— To exchange a Noxal 200-egg incuba-
tor, used 3 settings, at $15, ct)mb foundation at
market price, and extracted honey at 8c, for honey-
boards, supers, and brood-frames, cut to order.

R. C. AiKiN. Loveland, Col.

WANTED.— To exchange an observation hive and
swarm-catcher, glass all s-ides, half price; and
a marine rotary steam-engine, almost new and per-
fect, at one-third Its cost, for honey. Descriptive
circulars free. W. H. Gardner, Allegan, Mich.

WANTED.— To exchange several good safety bi
cycles. Honey wanted. Send sample.

J. A. Green, Ottawa, 111.

,' ANTED. —To exchange 200 colonies of bees for
any tiling useful on plantation.

Anthony Opp, Helena, Ark.

WANTED.— To exchange honey, beeswax, or of-
fers, for second-hand sap-pails (tin) and spouts
in good order. R. L. Gray, Lapeer, Mich.

WANTED.— Bronze turkeys, will pay 10c per lb.
for 5 hens and one tom; must be pure, and
large stock for breeding. Write quick.

W. D. Soper & Son, Jackson, Mich.

W

BUFFALO, N. Y. Unsurpassed Honey Market
BATTERSON & CO. Responsible, Reliable.
Commission Merchants, igtfdb and Prompt

Read what J. 1. Parent, of
Charlton, N. Y., says— "We
cut with one of your Combined
Machines last winter .50 chaff
hives with 7-inch cap, 100 honey-
racks, .500 broad frames, 3,000
honey-boxes, and a great deal of
other work. This winter w e
have doubled the amount of bee-
, hives, etc., to make, and we e.\-
■ pect to do it all with this saw.
It will do all you say it will."
Catalogue and Price List tree. Address W. F. iV
JOHN BARNES, 545 Ruby St., Kockford, 111.

When more convenient, orders for Barnes' Pout-
Power Machinery may be sent to

TiiK A. I. Root Co.
eiotf Please mention this paper

ONE MAN WITH THE
UNION COMBINATION SAW

Can do the work of four men us-
ing hand tools, in Ripiiing. Cut-
ting off. Mitering, Rabbeting,
Grooving, Gaining, Dadoing,
Edging-up, Jointing Stuff, etc.
Full Line of Foot ;md Hand
Power Machinery. Solil ou Trial.
CataUxi Free. l-2tci

SENECA FALLS MFC. CO..
44 Water St., Seneca Fa I Is, NY.
1 responding to this advertisement mention Gleanings.

■"HE SELF-TEACHING MUSTC-CHAKT.

Circular free. J. A. ROE, Union City, Ind.

pOR SALE. Japanese Buckwheat. $1..50 per KKI
* I lis. Bees, Peach Trees, Raspberry and Black-
berry Plants.

Ilicliory Corners, Jl/ic'7».

CHAS. ISRAEL & BROS., 110 Hudson St., N. Y.

HONEY

WHOLESALE

DEALSES &

G0MMI3SICN

MliECHAlTTS,

Estatlished

1875.

BEESWAX.

LIBEEAL

ADVANCES

MADE

ON

CONSISN-

UENTS.

Burpee

'n Seed Axmual for 1894 is well worth
•J ha

aving. Tell to all who plant seeds
W. Atlee Burpee & Co., Philadelphia, Pa

HATCH CHICKENS BY STEAM

WITH THE MODEL

EXCELSIOR INCUBATOR.

TIioiimhiuIm ill Suc-
ces.sl'iil Uperntioii.

snil'LE, PEKFECT, rnid

SELF-KEG ULA TING.
G iiarante<>(I to hatch a
larger perceiitnge of
fertile eggs, at less cost,
th.nn any otherlncubator.
,, ^ Send6c.for Illus.Oatalog.
H.atcher made. U Circulars Free.

CEO. ». STAIIL,! 14to 1 88 S. 6tli St.,Qiiliio.y.III.

CONVENTION NOTICES.

The Mii-hitraii State Bee-keepers' Association will liolil its an
mial iiic.-tuiK W.Mliifsrlay and Thursday. .Jan. 2. :!. 18(1.'), .at tin-
}'<il<ins Hiiti'l. Detroit, corner of Cass iind Grand River Ave's.
Kate>. $l.';.'i and *] ;iil |ie]' dm' — tlio turnier lalo if two occupy
one r.M.iii. Tliis will he at a time when railroads will proliahl'v
cliaiueliail tare. W. /,. HrTi HINSON, Sec.

l-'liiit, Micli.

Till' Indiana State Bee-keepers' Association will licdd its lath
atiimal meeting at the Statehouse. Indianaiiolis. .Ian. IHIi, 189i.
There will be Ihrec sessions. Several other associations will
convene here at the same t inie, tli\is sceuiinfi- 1 ,';; fai-e fui- the
round trio; Inil a certiticate m\ist he asKed lorwhen huyinK
your ticket. Programs will he ready in Ueiembei.
I W.\i,TEK S. PoiDKK, I'les., Indianapolis.