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UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS
LIBRARY

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AMHiisiTMASS.

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]897

GLEANI^GS IN BEE CULTURE.

Contents of this Number.

Alfalfa Discussed 7|Mice in Hives IR

Aiiialpamation, Newman on. 10 Miile with Bee-veil 2i

Bees on Painted Flowers l.S Railroads and Honey 9

Beeesrai)e, Ra))id
Benton and Apis Porsata..
Biixl. Graiie-puncturingr •

Bisulpliideot C'aihdii

Child traininu. Miss Smith

lfi!Reri]ie. Honey jumble

'iiey ji:
Miisin

HoiH-v jiniil.Ios •;:; Wood V. Wire 12

Lej-'eiids jtliout Bees 13 Yellow-jackets 16

Lincohi (iioup 21 'Zinc, To Cut 24

Honey Column.

CITY MARKETS.

Chicago.— Ho)!ey. — Fancy white, 13@13; No. ]
white, 1]@13: fancy amber, 10; No. 1 amber, 7@9;
fancy dark. 8: No. 1 dark, VOS; white extracted. 5@7;
amber. 5@6; dark, 4V2@5; betswax. 26(§)OT Tliere
was a little more trade In honey this ni(jnth, but the
sales are below average for season of year.

R. A. ti^H^ETT & Co.,

Dec. 18 163 So. Water St., Chicago, 111

Philadelphia— f/o(i6|/.— Fancy white, 13@Uc;
No. 1 wliite, 12@13; fancy amber, 1I@13; No 1 amber,
8@10: fancy dark, 8@9: No. 1 dark, 8; white extract-
ed, 6&W2; amber, 5; dark, 4; bee^iwax, 37. Honey
not selling quite so freely now so near holidays.
Wm. A. Selser,

Dec. 21. No. 10 Vine St., Philadelphia, Pa

Buffalo.— Honey.— Fancy white. 10@]1; No. 1, 9
@1U; fancy amber, 7(S8; No. 1 amber, 6@7; fancy
dark. 7@8; No. 1 dark. 6@7; white extracted, 5@5X;
amber, 4@4'2; dark, 3@4; beeswax, 22@28. The de-
mand for fancy and not wliite comb is excellent;
but 10c is about top, occasionally lie, at which lib
eral amounts can be placed. Other grades also have
to be pushed hard, but sell as quoted.

Batterson & Co.

Dec. 18. 167, 169 Scott St., Buffalo, N. Y.

Milwaukee.— H«)(ci/.— Fancy white, 13@14; No. 1
while, 11@13; fancy amber, 9@10; white extracted,
6@7; amber, .5@6; dark, 4@5; beeswax, 24@25. The
supply of honey is very lair and the quality very
nice as a rule. There is a marked improvement
OTer former years, showing that apiarists are learn-
ing the art of attractiveness The demand is only
moderate— indeed, we are rather oliliged to say dull;
but think after the mania — "doll-baby and tin-
whistle" tr ide— is past, a better demand will come
or the substantial things- the best things.

A V. Bishop & Co.,

Dec. 19. Milwaukee, Wis.

Chicago.— Woxey.— We quote an active demand
for fancy white comb honey. Prices as to style of
package 13@14; No. 1 white. 13@13>i; amher 11;
dark, 8@10; 'extracted, white. 6@7; amber, 5@6; dark,
454@5: beeswax, 26. Liberal advances on consign-
ments, or will pay cash. S. T. Fish & Co.,

Dec. 26. 189 South Water St., Chicago, 111.

Kansas City.— Honey- Fancy white, 13@]4; No. 1
white, 12@13; fancy amber, 11@12; No. 1 amber, 10
@11; fancy dark, 9@10; No. 1 dark, 8(29; white ex-
tracted, 5^@6; amber, 5@5V2: dark, 4@4'/2; bees-
wax, 33@35. C. C. Clemons & Co.,

Dec. 19. 423 Walnut, Kansas City. Mo

CLEVELAND.-Honfv.— Fancy white, 13 ><@13; No. 1
white, 11@]3; extracted, white, 6@7; amber, 5@.5J4;
beeswax, 32@36. Honey market slow, especially
comb. Extracted in good demand.

Williams Bros.,

Dec. 18. 80 & 83 Broadway, Cleveland. O.

Detroit.— Honey. — No. 1 white, 12@13; fancy
amber, 11@13; No. 1 amber, 10@11; fancy dark, 9@10:
No. 1 dark, 8@9; white extracted, 6>2®6; amber, 5;
dark, 4@4/2. Beeswax, 35@36. M. H. Hunt,

Dec. 31. Bell Branch, Mich.

New York.— /7o7ie}/.— Fancy white, ll@13; fair
white, 9@10; buckwheat, 7®8; extracted white clo-
ver and basswood, 5@5V4; California, 6; southern,
.50c jier gal.; bees*vax, in fair demand at 26-37. The
market is quiet and inactive; demand light, and
plenty of stock on the market.

HiLDRETH Bros. & Segelken,

Dec S3. 38 & 30 W. Broadway, New York,

SANFRANCisco.—floHey.— Fancy white, 10@11; No.
1 white, 8@9; fancy amber. 7@8; No. 1 amber, 5@6:
fancy datk, 4@6; No. 1 dark, 4@5: white extracted,
5y2@5M; amber, 4@4y2; dark, -iYMm--. beeswax, 33
@25. Honey is in light demand, unless for white,
which is rather scarce Stocks are light. Beeswax,
stock light, but demand not active.

Henry PcHACHT,

Dec. 16. San Francisco, Cal.

Minneapolis.— Uoney.-Fancy white, 11@13; No.
1 white, 10@11; fancy amber. 9@10: No. 1 amber, 8@
9; fancy dark. 7@8; No. 1 dark, fi@7; white extract-
ed, 6@7; Utah white extracted, 5@5%; amber, o@5i4;
dark, 4(0^5; beeswax, 23@26. Market fairly steady
for comb, and better for extracted than for some
time. S. H. Hall & Co.,

Dec. 19. Minneapolis, Minn.

Cincinnati.— Honey. — No. 1 white, ]3@14; fancy
amber, 10@13; white extracted. 5@6; amber, 4@5;
dark. 3y2@4; beeswax, 22@2.\ Demand is slow for
all kinds of honey, and supply is fair,
wax, 25@26. Chas F. Muth & Son,

Dec. 22. Cincinnati, O.

" Boston.— Honey.— Fancy white, 13@14; No. 1, 11®
12; white extracted, 7@8; amber, 5@6.

E E. Blake & Co.,
Dec. 18. Boston, Mass.

Columbus —Honey.— Fancy white, 14; No. 1 white,
13; fancy dark, 8@10; No. 1 dark, 8@10.

The Columbus Com. & Storage Co.
Dec. 18. 409-413 N. High St , Columbus, O.

For Sale.— 6000 lbs. basswood and white clover
extracted honey, in 13-lb. cans, price 6^c per lb.;
the lot at 6c. W. H. Young, Ono, Wis.

Quantity lots of water-white extracted and gilt-
edged comb honey constantly on hand at bottom
prices. Safe arrival guaranteed.

B. Walker, Bvart, Mich.

For Sale. —A carload of white extracted honey
from basswood and willow-herb in 30-gallon barrels
and 60-lb. cans. Purity and safe arrival guaran-
teed. Price, 6y2 cts. ; in quantity, 6 cts.

Frank McNay, Mauston, Wis.

For Sale.— Ten barrels good white - clover ex-
tracted honey at prices to suit the times. Can put
it up in any style of package desired. Write for
price, stating quantity wanted. Send stamp for
sample. Emil J Baxter,

Nauvoo, Hancock Co., HI.

For Sale— 15 boxes fine heartsease extracted
honey. Price per lb., 6c. Also 14 boxes last season's
honey at 5c a lb. Boxes have two 60-lb. cans each,
eitf J no. a. Thornton, Lima, 111.

For Sale.— 3480 lbs. fine ripe basswood and 3530
lbs. amber honey, new cans and cases, $420.00 for
the lot. Elias Fox, Hillsboro, Wis.

A BARGAIN IN BEE-KEEPERS'
SUPPLIES,
The best quality of goods,

he lowest prices.
And get them prompt,
■ d with small freight charges.
This is just what we can do by our 1897 cu.stom-
ers. Estimates cheerfully given on any bill of
goods wanted. Special inducements for early or-
ders. Address

JOSEPH NYSEWANDER, Des Moines, Iowa.

Is L The

when J Attl

you i And

get ( And

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan. 1.

The Bee«I^eepet?'s t^eviecju

lor December, 1896, contains a double-page illustration of four out-apiaries located near Flint, and man-
aged by oue man for comb honey, with almost no help. A portrait of the owner, and a description of his
methods, are also given. There is also a fine picture of bees secreting wax and building comb, made from
a photograph taken by the editor. Mr. Taylor has a long article on hives. There is the review of foreign
journals by F. L. Thompson; Hasty's three-page review of the American journals; the usual extracts and
editorial comments, etc.

The Review IS $1.00 a year, or $1.25 for the Review and the book, "Advanced Bee Culture;" $1.75 for
Review and a fine tested queen— the queen to be sent early in 1897. New subscribers get the December
issue free.

W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint, Mich.

Cheap Freight Rates.

Philadelphia has direct line of steamships to Flor-
ida, New York State, and all points in New England.
Remember, Wm. A. SELSER is at the old
stand, 10 Vine Street.

Can ship at such low rate and at Root's lowest
prices, on all Root's goods that they can be deliver-
ed nearly as cheap as if your place was within a few
miles of Medina, Ohio.

The Danzenbaker Hive

Has valuable features
possessed by no other,
and is surely winning

lie -(^i-cnr' was awarded Spe-
Its A\dy, ^.^, Diploma, and
First Premium for COMB
HONEY, at Mich. State Fair, 1896. Address

Francis Danzenbaker, Medina, Ohio.

Care The A. I. Root Company.

Dovetailed Hives,

Sections, Extractors, Smokers,
and every thing a Bee-keeper
wants. Honest Goods at Close
Honest Prices. eO-page cata-
log free.

J. M. JENKINS, Wetumpka, Ala.

Our '97 Catalog

J will be out .lanuary 15th. Send /
/ lor it. It is full of information, f

" Our Supplies are of the Best."

•' Our Prices are very Low.

Southern Bee=keepers

J should write for prices on g-onds, de I
I livered at their station, freight paid, f
Apiary, I. J. STRINGHAM,

Glen Cove, L. I. 105 Park PI., N. Y. City.

Coming

The year 1897 is coming, and we are happy to in-
form our friends and customers that we are now
better prepared tlian ever before to fill your orders
for queens and bees. We have the largest stock
ever operated by us, and we mean to be ready with
plenty of bees and queens to fill all orders without
delay that are sent to us.

Bees hy tne pound, $1.00; ten or more pounds, 90c
each Untested queens for 1897, $1 00 each in Feb-
ruary, March, April, and May; $5.00 for six. or $9.00
per dozen. For larger amounts write for prices.
Have your orders booked for your early queens.
Safe arrival guaranteed .

Root's goods, Dadant's foundation, and Bingham
smokers. A steam bee-hive factory, and all kinds
of bee supplies.

The Southland Queen, the only bee-paper in
the South, monthly, $1.00 per year.

Send for catalog, which is almost a complete book
on Southern bee-keeping, givin.. queen-rearing in
full, all free for the asking. If you want full infor-
mation about every thing we have, and the bee-
book, don't fail to ask for our 1S97 catalog.

The Jennie Atchley Co.,

Beeville, Bee Co., Texas.

BUFFALO, N. Y. Unsurpassed Koney Rfiarket.
BATTERSON & CO. Responsible. Reliable.
Commission Merchants, .m^^b »n^ Prompt.

40,000 #

The Nebraska Farmer

has made a contract with the NebrMs-
ka Club to print for them 40,000
copies over and above the regular
weekly issue, each month for six
months, of reliable information about
Nebraska.

If interested, send for copy free,
to Mr. Ch.\s. E. Wili.i.amson, Secre-
tary Nebraska Club, Omalia, Neb., or

NEBRASKA FARMER CO.,
^ Lincoln, Neb.

Six Months Free==Ani. Bee Journal !

We have some extra numbers of the Bee Journal since July 1, 1896 (all com-
plete, making 26 copies to Jan. 1, 1897) which we will send free so long as they last,
to the new subscriber who mentions this offer when sending us f l.UO for the Bee
Journal for 1897. This makes 18 months for only $1. Or, we will mail the 26
numbers mentioned, for only 25 cts. Sample copy free. Address

GEORGE W. YORK & CO., 118 Michigan St., Chicago, 111.

In writing advertisers please mention this paper.

<^.- r^9

• DELVoTElD
•To •Be. ELS •

•andHoNEY
•AKD home:

•1NTE.F?EST^

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blisheiw-THEAl'f^OOl'CO.
PERYear."'\2) nEDINAOHIO-

Vol. XXV.

JAN. I, 1897.

No.

Isn't five dollars a pretty high price to
figure for a swarm of bees without any hive, as
H. S. Jones reckons on page 892 ?

L. A. AspiNWALL measured many queen- cells
at the time the egg was laid in them, and in
every instance he found the measurement across
the mouth of the cell was the same as that of a
worker-cell. — Review.

Seventy to eighty per cknt as much comb
as extracted is what A. ¥. Erown says he can
produce, and he has produced both kinds by the
ton. He thinks more comb honey should be
produced in the South.— American Bee Jour-
nal.

American Bee Journal reports the case of
a young lady whose hands are poisoned by pro-
polis when scraping sections. Scraping sections
produces on my wife something like hay fever.

Elias Fox, p. 890, says a swarm with a clip-
ped queen will invariably return to the old
hive " unless they are joined by another swarm
that lias a queen." He might add, as another ex-
ception, that they may enter any hive to which
a swarm has returned but a short time before.

Hasty says it's to please the dealer that sec-
tions less than one pound are worked for, and
he thinks the dealer will refuse to be pleased
the moment the point is reached where nobody
will admit they are pounds. Correct. [Per-
haps partly; but the dear bee-keeper has some-
thing to do in the matter. See my answer to
another Straw on this subject. — Ed.]

I agree with Elias Fox, p. 889, that " Nature
has forbidden " the bees to make holes in
grapes, the only question being how. I think,
by making it a physical impossibility; he, that
they are abstainers on moral grounds, if I un-
derstand him. It's a small matter anyhow.
We agree on the main question, that bees don t
make holes in grapes, and that's not a small
matter.

The Northwestern Christian Advocate inter-
viewed officials of 19 leading railroads as to
drinking-employees. In every case, drinking
while on duty is absolutely prohibited; and
with the majority of roads it is clearly intimat-
ed that employees who wish to retain their posi-
tions, must refrain from the use of intoxicants
when off duty as well.

E. E. Hasty, in Review, comes to the sup-
port of A. I. Root, and says, "And we'll settle
on the banks of the pleasant O-hi-o," is the
authentic version. Say. what business have
you Ohio fellows to know how we eastern peo-
ple sang about going west to Ohio '? But it may
be that when the emigrants from Pennsylvania
reached Ohio they couldn't express their feel-
ings without interpolating " pleasant."

A. B. Anthony thinks 17 days for develop-
ment of a queen 35 years ago was all right, but
that it has been reduced to 15 now, because,
when the old queen leaves with a swarm, the
one that matures first kills the rest, so the
early-maturing trait has been perpetuated and
Intensified. But, friend A., if two days have
been cut off in 35 years, it must have taken
about 35 days for a queen to hatch in the time
of Columbus, and I leave you to figure what it
must have been in the time of Samson.

Somnambulist — the one and only— says In
Progressive that he has private customers not
only as far as Texas and Idaho, but as far
north as Chicago and as far east as Ohio, and,
with a twinkle of defiance, he says something
about "next door to the Home of the Honey-
bee." Say, Bro. Root, can't we some way com-
bine forces and down that fellow Sommy before
he establishes regular agencies at Marengo and
Medina? [If he has done it already, we'll estab-
lish an agency at his door, to get even. But,
where, oh where ! Is Naptown and where is
Dreamland?— Ed.]

From out the none too full ranks of our lady
bee-writers passed away, Nov. 21, Mrs. A. L.
Hallenbeck. Judged by her writings, she was
a woman of beautiful spirit. [Mrs. A. L. Hal-
lenbeck's picture appears in the group of bee-
keepers as they assembled at Lincoln— see No.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan. 1.

6. The manner.^ of her death — being thrown
from a wagon during a runaway — was pecuiiar-
ly sad. Although she had not figured very
prominently in the columns of Gleanings, she
had written not a little for some of the other
bee-periodicals. 11 well remember^ her kindly
face and pleasant handshake at the convention.
— Ed.J

Prof. Cook says, in American Bee Journal,
'"T think there is every thing to encourage the
breeder in bee-keeping. I think that there has
been very little real scientific breeding yet
practiced. If I am right it is a new field; and a
wider, surer success awaits the earnest, conscien-
tious, capable artist in this line of work." [Prof.
Cook may be right, but at the same time I can
not help feeling that Doolittle, Alley, and the
Atchleys have got down pretty near to the scien-
tific methods of queen-rearing. — Ed.]

Gravbnhorst indorses Gleanings' advice
to melt candied honey slowly, and adds: The
more slowly the crystals are dissolved by mild
heat, the less the honey loses in aroma and
color. [I do not know when we gave such ad-
vice; but all the same it is good. Our method
of liquefying candied honey in square cans is to
immerse a number of cans within an inch of
their tops in a vat of hot water, the latter being
heated by a jet of steam, and turned ofJ. The
cans are allowed to stand thus about half a
day, when the honey will be brought to a liquid
condition. It is unnecessay to state that we re-
move the caps before liquefying.— Ed.J

" As REVEALED by an inquiry in the Amer-
ican Bee Journal, the importation of Apis clor-
sata by the U. S. Government is favored by
such distinguished apiarists as Prof. A. J. Cook,
Mrs. L. Harrison, E. France, J. M. Hambaugh,
W. G. Larrabee, G. M. Doolittle, and G. W.
Demarse."— ylmev'icfm Bee-keeper. But please
add, worthy A. B. K., that Mrs. Harrison wants
it for the Seminole Indians, who never keep
bees in. a hive; that Larrabee^ says, " Yes, jif
they would not turn out like the English spar-
row;" and that, while Demaree would bo glad
to have itdone, he fears it might fail. Also that,
while these 7 more or less favor it. 14 others on
the same page oppose it.

Hutchinson thinksithere may be some prog-
ress in bee-keeping, but hardly expects fany
thing important. v!,Now look here, Hutchy, no
one was hunting for or expecting the extractor
when it came. G How do you kaow ;that sur-
prises of that kind are all over? [It is true, no
one was hunting for or expecting the extractor
when it came. The same may be said of comb
foundation. But I want to tell you that I am
hunting for and expecting some startling de-
velopments in the way of deep cell foundation,
or what some might call partially drawn comb,
said comb being within the reach of every bee-
keeper, and as light per square foot as the thin

foundation. Hip, hip, hur— Well, I guess I
won't just yet. Perhaps the whole thing-
well, I am not going to say any more.— Ed.]

D Which IS NICER for the table— square or ob-
long sections? In American Bee Journal, 8
say square; 3, oblong; 7, either; 4, to suit the
shape of the plate. [I wonder if the eight ever
saw an oblong and a square section side by
side. So far as I am concerned I should be in-
clined to agree with the seven. Difference, if
there be any, would be a 'matter of notion or
taste. A square section will not remain on the
table very long before a slice will be taken off
from one side or end, and then it will look ob-
long. The oblong will probably have a slice
taken off from one end, then it will be square.
I do not suppose the housewife ever thinks
which looks better on a plate— a square or ob-
long cake.— Ed.]

Mr. Editor, you are altogether too modest in
your statement on p. 890. I think no one in the
last 40 years has disputed that it is a common
thing for workers to hold young queens in their
cells and feed them there. When there's piping
and quahking in a hive, lift out the comb and
you'll see the quahking queens thrust their
tongues through the slit. " Doolittle on Queen-
rearing," p. 77, says, " Put a little honey around
the end of the cell, so that she can feed herself
before coming out of th6 cell." [I did not mean
to be so modest; but I did not wish to be ap-
parently too positive regardiug the number of
queen -cells that had been observed on one
comb. Yes, come to think of it, it is pretty
well established that queens are sometimes con-
fined in the cells.— Ed.]

Hon. R. L. Taylor put on four colonies 453
lbs. of unfinished sections, fed 378 lbs. of honey,
and tookeSOlbs. fiuished sections— 1.7 lbs. honey
for each pound gained.— Reuiew. [The results
obtained by Mr. Taylor I think are more favor-
able than the' results generally secured by
others in feeding back. In some cases I believe
it °has been reported that it was necessary to
give two and even three pounds of honey for
every pound of finished comb honey received
back. While there is a good deal in knowing
how and when to feed back, as a general rule
the average bee-keeper had better let the prac-
tice alone. He will usually get more money .n
the end by cutting out his unfinishri combs
and selling them as chunk honey, and selling
the extracted at market price, than to try to
set good money chasing after poor.— Ed.]

OSOME ARGUE that it's all right to sell sections
by the piece, there being no deception in the
case. Well, then, if it's right for the grocer to
sell them that way, why isn't it right for the
grocer to buy them that way? Just tell me
that, will you? [Say, doctor, what do you
want to rake up that old bone of contention
for? I won't argue with you, at all. Yes, I

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

will, just a little bit. You can not get around
the fact that bees fill a thin comb quicker, and
that the honey is of better quality. Deep cells
of honey do not ripen as well.

The grocer may be a wee bit dishonest, with-
out meaning to be so; but I believe the bee-
keeper in many cases finds there is more money
in the production of thin combs, outside of any
special call for them on the part of the buyers.

Oh, yes! it is all right for the grocer to buy
what it is right to sell. We will pull together
here. But say, doctor, if you think the thin 4)^
sections are in line with the sunken bottles,
what objection, outside of the fact that they
won't fit your super, would you have to a tall
section that would hold as much asyourl%x4J^
x4J^, and still be only 7 to the foot thick?— Ed.]

By R. C. Allan.

Of nam^'S there is no end. We have the
"Rambles," "The Sunny Southland," •' Pick-
ings by the Way." and others, and now comes
"Ridgepole Musings." At first thought you
may call this a high sounding name; yet in
choosing it we have no thought of a " loud " or
egotistical heading or title. J. H. Martin ap-
propriated for his general heading the title of
" Rambler." a very characteristic name. " The
Sunny Southland " also was peculiar, and some-
what of an index to the writings, though many
subjects were tr^atfd. It was suggested to the
writer that " The Woolly West" would be a
good heading, but to me it seems inappropriate.
Geographically we are located near the center
of the United States, not in the West. Again,
we are well nigh the top of the ridgi pole or
backbone of the continent— the Rocky Moun-
tains. Since, then, our point of view is both
central and elevated we may speak of many
things; and in speaking we desire to be guided
to the truth, and to say only that which may
be right and for the good of all concerned.

ALFAT.FA.

There is a great amount of misunderstanding
in regard to alfalfa; but before we enter upon
the discussion of the plant itself, let me speak
of some general conditions in the districts
where the plant grows.

There is— or seems to be — a prevailing opin-
ion throughout the East, that Colorado and
other alfalfa-growing States are a sort of bee-
keeper's paradise. I wish to give the fraterni-
ty a true conception, if possible, of the facts.
Let us begin at the Missouri River and look

over Nebraska and East Colorado to the
mountains. Think of the slope of the country
from the river westward, beginning at a rise of
6 or 7 feet to the mile; and as vou pass on west-
ward the rise increasing until at or near the
mountains there is a rise of about 20 to 30 feet
to the mile. The average rise beween Omaha
and Denver is over 9 feet to the mile. The rise
is more gradual at first, but quite rapid near
the mountains. Now picture in your mind an
ordinary rolling country with hills (not bluffs,
but a gentle rise from the streams) being from
40 to 100 or more feet high. The slope from the
streams may be so gradual as to make a nice
farming land and terminate in a tableland, or
it may be variegated; but whatever the general
characteristics of the face of the country, do
not forget that there is a general slope, with all
streams pointing and flowing rapidly in the one
general direction.

Now, a country to successfully irrigate must
have the rapidly falling streams and general
fall of the face of the country. The ideal
place to irrigate would be a country that, in
common expression, would be called level,
but in fact has sufficient fall to make good
drainage, the highest points or ridges be-
tween streams being low enough that ditches
taken from the streams may be carried to
the tops of the ridges without having to be
many miles in length. Irrigation is accomplish-
ed by taking the water from the streams by
means of the ditch, with sufficient grade to
make the water flow nicely and yet not wash or
cut in the channel. Thus the water is brought
above (on higher ground) that to be watered,
and then carried in smaller ditches and divided
and subdivided and spread over the land.

It seems that the general air-currents have
an eastward trend. These currents carry mois-
ture, the moisture being caused to precipitate
by coming in contact with other or contending
cold currents. The combination of heat, cold,
moisture, and air-currents brings about our
rainfall. Now, the general trend of air-cur-
rents being from west to east, they must pass
over the Rocky Mountain chain that runs
north and south. There is on the mountain-
tops intense cold, as at all high elevations, and
this cold condenses the moisture in the air,
causing it ro fall upon the mountain-range and
not upon the plain. The air, in crossing the
mountain-range, seeks, or is drawn to, the de-
pressions or valleys, carrying more moisture to
some parts than others. Reasoning from this
you will see that there can not be a full precip-
itiition along the east side of the range; and
the higher and more extensive the mountains,
the more moisture they catch, and the more
dry will be the territory lying east.

Alfalfa is a clover, and a perennial. The
other clovers are more or less strictly biennials,
and must be continually reseeding if a meadow

an?>09\

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan. 1.

is to remain in full growth; but alfalfa differs
in the two essential features of lasting for ever,
and having a very long thick tap-root that pen-
etrates far in search of moisture. Now, re-
member that there is a vast territory within
the mountains, and east of them, that is sub-
ject to drouth because the mountains "catch
the moisture "in the high altitudes, and you
will see the necessity of a plant that can stand
extremes of heat and drouth. Here let me
quote from a report of the Kansas State Board
of Agriculture as I find it in the Denver Times
Year Book and Almanac for 1896, page 226:

" Alfalfa is one of the very ancient forage-
plants, having been cultivated by Greeks, Ro-
mans, and Egyptians in very early times."
[Note that irrigation has been practiced in
Egypt for ages, being in vogue at the time of
Israel's sojourn there]. " In later periods, and
especially within the present century, it has
been grown by nations in the warmer parts of
Europe. It has been known in South America
for a long time, and has been cultivated by the
people in the arid regions along the west coast.
From this region it was carried to Mexico and
California, where it has proved a veritable
Godsend. Its especial quality is that it can
stand a prolonged heat and drouth."

"Inger-oll, of the Nebraska Agricultural Ex-
periment Station, says, ' There is not a crop
raised as a farm crop that will pay' better re-
turns in cash per acre. Alfalfa, with corn,
should be the watchword hereafter in Nebras-
ka.' Alfalfa is a rather slender - growing,
branching plant, with leaves much smaller
than those of the small June and mammoth
red clovers. It is of a peculiar dark, rich green
color, aud is a marked feature of any landscape
where one can obtain an extended view. Like
other plants of this class, it has a single
strong tap-root, which throws off numerous
small branches as it passes downward. It goes
to a great depth in search of moisture. Roots
have been known to penetrate to a depth of
over twenty feet in an open, porous soil. On
account of the size and toughness of the root it
is not easily broken. For this reason, land se-
lected for alfalfa should be devoted to that crop
for a series of years. When broken up, how-
ever, the soil is in most excellent condition for
wheat, potatoes, or almost any crop. Alfalfa
is a nitrogen-producer, and hence improves the
land on which it is grown. All clovers, and
especially alfalfa, are valuable for the express
purpose of renewing the fertility of the soil."

" An Ohio alfalfa-grower, after ten years' ex-
perience, says that the land should be copiously
irrigated before sowing the seed. This insures
prompt and complete germination. This is a
point of vital importance, for without a dense
and uniform stand of plants it is not possible to
make a high quality of alfalfa hay. Another
advantage secured by irrigation before seeding

is that it supplies the earth with a reservoir of
moisture sufficient to sustain the plants in un-
checked and vigorous growth until they are
strong enough to bear irrigation without injury.
The critical time with alfalfa is the first six
weeks of its growth. By soaking the earth be-
fore seeding, the plants make vigorous growth
until they are ten or twelve inches high, after
which they may be irrigated with safety."

" Alfalfa is not safe, as pasture, for either
cattle or sheep. This matter has been thor-
oughly tested until it is admitted that the only
safe way is to keep herds out of alfalfa-fields
entirely. It is true, however, that both cattle
and sheep will sometimes feed on alfalfa pasture
for days without ill results. But sooner or
later trouble arises. Under certain conditions
sheep become inflated like balloons, and die
suddenly from eating moist alfalfa. The same
Ohio farmer says that horses and swine can
be pastured on alfalfa with entire safety, and
with profitable results."

It appears, then, that alfalfa is almost a
necessity in this arid or semi arid country, be-
cause it is the only forage-plant that can cope
with and endure the adverse conditions of cli-
mate. It is a splendid crop for hay, both to
fatten and to produce milk. For horses that
are laboring it is a little too " washy," so that
intended for horse hay is allowed to mature
and become rather woody, being cut at about
full bloom; but if wanted for cow feed it is cut
before blooming or just as it has fairly begun
to bloom. It is rather heavy in growth, being
between red and sweet clovers, so if allowed to
reach a mature state the stems become quite
woody. Horses will eat the woody stems quite
freely, but not so freely as mules; but cows will
not eat the hard stems unless driven by hunger,
so for cow feed it becomes necessary to cut early.
For a rather soft fat, and for milk and butter,
alfalfa hay is a very fine seed; but to pasture
cattle and sheep it seems to be a failure be-
cause of bloating. It is very ris/cj/ to turn cat-
tle upon alfalfa.

Now as to the extent to which this plant is
cultivated. Observe that there is a vast territo-
ry between the mountains and the Missouri
River. It is out of the question to think of
growing alfalfa or any thing else near the
mountains except on the bottom lands, and lit-
tle there unless irrigated. I have been told that
there is Quite a little grown in the vicinity of
Garden City, Kansas, without irrigation; but
it is on bottom land that is all underlaid with
water but a few feet below the surface.

The rainfall increases as we get away from
the mountains, being more or less in certain
districts, owing to height and extent of moun-
tains and distance north or south, until there is
sufficient to produce crops with the rainfall
alone. East Colorado and West Kansas and
Nebraska, to near the center of these States,

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

are and will be sublect to drouth in greater or
less degree, as the seasons are generally more
or less dry, but always drouthy.

It is evident, then, that the growing of alfalfa
(or any thing) can not succeed in Colorado, and
only to a very limited extent in West Kansas
and Nebraska, except where watered. The
streams are bitterly inadequate to supply the
water necessary to cover this whole area, even
if all that flows throughout the year be used;
and when we remember that the greatest
water-supply often comes before it is needed or
can be used, you will at once see that only a
very small portion of the country can be set to
alfalfa.

Let me here repeat what I have heretofore
written of the alfalfa districts in Colorado (or
elsewhere in the mountain districts), that the
places where bees will do well on alfalfa pas-
turage are as garden -spots or dooryards in
comparison Mviih ihe vastness of the country
in which they are found. The irrigated dis-
tricts are confined almost exclusively to the
valleys. True, water is carried in ditches for
5, 10, 20, and even 50 to 75 miles or more. Many
ditches are made 10 to 20 feet wide on the bot-
tom, and carry a depth of 3 to 6 feet.
Continued.

RAILROADS AND COMB HONEY.

COMMISSION MEN AND THE HONEY-PRODUCER;
BOTH SIDES FAIRLY SET FORTH.

By C. F. Muth.

This would be a nice world of ours if every-
body knew what he was about and would gov-
ern himself accordingly. As it is, we have got
to have a certain amount of patience with our
neighbors and friends, who, no doubt, have to
reciprocate, occasionally, for our shortcomings.
By my correspondence with some of our freight
agents I am reminded that the discussion of the
subject of comb honey might be of some use to
a number of our friends. Most shipping-cases
received by us this season were almost perfec-
tion; i. e., they were neat, showed the honey to
advantage, and the inside space was such that
there was about }b to J4' inch space between the
sections and the walls of the case. Put up in
such manner the comb honey is apt to arrive
safely if the railroad employees, while loading
and unloading, would handle the cases as they
would eggs. It is a notorious fact that comb
honey is damaged while being loaded on the
cars or while it is unloaded on its arrival. If
those baggage-smashers would .set down those
cases instead of throwing or dropping them,
much loss and annoying corrrespondence would
be saved to shippers and dealers, and relations
between consignees and railroad companies
would be more pleasant. Unless there is a col-
lision, or cases are upset or flung about, combs
hardly ever break while in transit; and they

do not break if hauled in a wagon over a rough
pavement. Cincinnati has no rough pavement.
I have this morning the assurance of Gen. A. H.
McLeod, the General Freight Agent of the C. H.
& D. R. R., that all of their employees will be in-
structed to handle comb honey the same as they
would eggs. We are now corresponding with
the agent of the Big Pour, and will do the same
with others as soon as occasion offers. It should
be your point, and it should be one of the du-
ties of the officers of our bee-keepers' meetings,
to see that every railroad employee receive sim-
ilar instructions from headquarters.

We received a shipment of comb honey this
season, for the damages to which the railroad
companies could not be censured. All the cases
were smeary on arrival. Not showing much
breakage, however, they were washed off and
placed in the store. Each case had honey ooz-
ing out at the bottom-board, and on each ad-
ditional day the pool of honey on the floor, un-
der each row, was getting larger. The cases
held twelve 4J^ sections, two sections in front
row, behind the glass. They were too short
and too narrow. The combs were pressed to-
gether so that the faces of most of them were
bruised. They were not quite 83^ inches wide,
so that the faces of the combs were bruised by
pressing in the two sections. I am sorry for the
poorly posted bee-keeper putting up his nice
white-clover honey in such poor shape.

We are selling most of these nice combs with-
out the sections, put up in butter-crocks and
tin buckets. These cases were overhauled
twice; but, who will buy a leaky case of comb
honey? and leak they would. We have now
placed all the good combs in new cases, and
feel confident that they will sell in their pres-
ent shape.

I feel sometimes disgusted on hearing so
much of the dishonest honey-dealer and the
city adulterators, although those parties are
not at home in Ciuciunati. I believe that the
business is overdone in both directions. I don't
remember the time when I have seen adulter-
ated honey, and the public believes that most
of the extracted honey is adulterated, because
they see it so stated in the papers. It's not all
"good sense" the friends of the bee-keeper
bring to bear upon the public.

It is impossible for me to believe that the
honey-dealer is on a lower level than the bee-
keeper. I can believe it no more than that the
business man in the city should be more dis-
honest than the farmer in the country. But
there are scalawags in all classes of society and
callings. Let us keep away from them, and
post our friends how to put up their honey in
safe and merchantable shape, and let us lose no
time in impressing upon railroad companies the
idea that our comb honey needs the same care
as eggs. They will accommodate us if in their
power. These are the first steps necessary for

10

GLEANINGS INtBEE^CULTUEE

Jan. 1.

a pleasant relationship between bee-keeper and
honey -dealer. The next step is to keep away
from scalawags, no difference whether they
live in cities or in the country.
Cincinnati, 0., Dec. 16.

[I am sure our readers will peruse this arti-
cle with interest, coming as it does from a lead-
ing honey-buyer as well as bee-keeper. Friend
Muth will perhaps remember that I have more
than once taken up the defense of the commis-
sion man, and condemned at the same time
the slipshod methods of the honey-producer.
For instance, I would call attention to page 183,
March 1st of our volume for last, year. While
it is no doubt true that bee- papers have of
late put more emphasis on the dishonest prac-
tices of some ''scalawag" commission houses
(and there has surely been reason for it), I do
not believe that any of them have felt that the
producing class were as perfect as they might
be.

Bee-keepers need to have brought to their
attention over and over { gain the folly of put-
ting first-class comb honey in ill fitting or mis-
erably concocted shipping-cases, home-made,
to save expense. The modern factory-made
cases are almost perfect, and can be bought for
less money than the usual home-made good
for-nothing worse-than-nothing substitutes.

Mr. Muth makes a good point in regard to
having freight-handlers instructed by the man-
agers of the railroad companies. I trust that
commission men all over the country will take
the matt<r up. Here indeed is something for
the new Union to undertake.'

Friend Muth expresses a doubt as to whether
there is any such thing as adulteration of ex-
tracted honey. I do not know much about
Cincinnfiti; but I do know, without any guess-
work, tluit there is plenty of that kind of work
going on in New York and Chicago, and I do
know that our silence all along for several
years has given honey-mixers altogether too
much license.— Ed.]

THE AMALGAMATION PROJECT.
By Thomas O. Newman.

In reply to Dr. Mason's article in Gleanings.
pp. 8.''>5-7, I desire to say that, being invited to
"make suggestions" or criticise the Constitu-
tion offered as a basis of amalgamation I can-
didly pointed out some of its imperfections,
without allusion to any person, supposing that
was what was being desired; but by the re-
joinder of Dr. Mason, and the editorial remarks,
it seems that an unpleasant personal controver-
sy is invited. As I have no relish for such, and
shall not indulge in it, I silently pass all that
has been said. "Measures, not men," is my
motto.

While I have no desire to dictate any thing, I
certainly have the right to criticise such an
important matter as submitting an imperfect
constitution to vote. The members of the
Union have the right to expect this of me, and
I shall not disappoint them. In my criticism T
have nothing to change, though I might add
much more to it. The points 1 made are main-
ly incontrovertible. It is nonsense to state that

I made;; anyhlecision::in thermattertof submit-
ting amalgamation to vote; that was the duty
of the Advisory Board, to which I immediately
submitted the question. Dr. Mason's assertion
to the contrary notwithstanding.

It is a fact that I gave an "opinion" public-
ly, that such an incomplete and imperfect doc-
ument should be amended before being adopt-
ed by the Union, because of the difticulty and
delay in amending it afterward. Have I no
right to express an opinion? If not, since
when?

Tlie unkind personal remarks threatening
my defeat at the next election are ungenerous
and unwarranted. I never was a candidate for
election or re-election. The members voted for
me because they wanted my services; and when
they want some one else, I shall retire with the
satisfaction of having done my duty to the
best of my ability. I hope my successor will
do the same.

There are seven members in the Advisory
Board; three favor submitting amalgamation
to vote: three vote against it, and one. after
adding many more criticisms than I made,
adds: " Many will want to have it put to vote.
I should say, submit the criticisms to each vot-
er, ai)d put it to vote." That decides the mat-
ter. Amalgamation will be put to vote at the
next election.

If the inconsistencies I have carefully point-
ed out are to be disregarded, and ascribed to
my "vivid imaginiition" — then the conse-
quences must not be charged to me. I have
carefully watched the interests of the members
of the National iiee- keepers" Union for a dozen
years, and successfully defended their rights in
the courts of the land— from the police court to
the very highest tribunal i<f the country. My
aim is the same to day, by trying to prevent
th(! serious mistake of too hasty and premature
action, and thereby avoid the embarrassment
which would naturally result therefrom.

[Neither Dr. Mason nor your humble servant
had any desire tn invite an unpleasant personal
controversy. "Measures, not men," was also
our motto; but when the man who had the
measure in hand proposed lo blockade it, then
we protested. It may be true that Mr. New-
man had no desire to dictate any thing; but
when he said there was "nothing left for its
advocates now to do but to await the action
of the convention next year "-well, it looked
like " a decision."

It is all right for him to give an opinion pub-
licly; but what I criticised particularly was
giving that " opinion "j too late for action at
the Lincoln convention. If he had not appar-
ently desired to blockade amalgamation he
could very easily have laid his "opinion" on
the merits of the proposed constitution before
the Lincoln convention: for, as I have already
poin ted out. practically the same document was
published three weeks before that meeting.

I have been very sorry that it seemed neces-
sary to criticise Mr. Newman's course in this
whole matter, but I have believed it to be my
duty.— Ed.]

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan. 1.

WOOD VS. WIRE.

WOOD STAYS NOT SATISFACTORY IN BEOOD-
COMBS.

By R. M. Reynolds.

When bee-keepers, a number of years ago, be-
gan to use full-sized shei^ts of foundation in
brood -frames they learned that fastening such
sheets to the top-bar only was not a real good
plan. The foundation, during the manipula-
tions of the bees in the process of building out
into comb, was pretty certain to stretch and
take on undesirable kinks, twists, and bulges —
breaking down sometimes and making a bad
muss. To prevent the foundation from stretch-
ing and sagging, various devices have been
tried; but 1 believe that wire in the frames has
proven, in time, the most efficient, practical,
and satisfactory. I have found three perpen-
dicular wires sufficient for a Langstroth frame,
if the sheet of foundation is fastened securely
to top and ends of the frame. The small tin-
ned wires do not interfere at all with brood-
rearing; and while three wires properly spaced
will hold the foundation in line and secure nice
straight combs, a greater number of wires will
obviate the necessity of fastening the founda-
tion to the ends of the frame, and will also en-
able the combs to stand rougher handling with-
out damage.

The small tinned wires are preferable to larg-
er wires, for the reason that they can be
stretched tight without springing the thin bot-
tom-bars of frames much out of line. Now,
while wires are to be preferred for brood-
frames, wood stays do very well for frames
which are to be used exclusively for the ex-
tractor. The wood stays which I have used
were sawed 3^ square. Holes were drilled in top
and bottom bars with a }-^ bit, and the stays
pushed up through the bottom-bars, and nailed
in both top and bottom bars of frames. Three
of these perpendicular wood-stays were used in
frames the length of the Langstroth; and
about 300 such frames which have been in use
during the last 15 years have proven entirely
satisfactory. When wood stays are put in and
nailed, the thin bottom-bars are held perfectly
Straight and true; and after the comb is built
down and attached to the bottom-bars there is
little or no danger of the comb filled with honey
bulging out of place if the frame should be
turned oversidewise.

But wood stays, with me, have proven en-
tirely and invariably unsatisfactory when used
in brood-frames. The trouble seems to be that
• my bees entertain decided views on the matter.
If a frame of foundation with wood stays were
placed in the brood-chamber when honey was
plentiful, the foundation would probably <be
built out into a nice even comb; but so soon as
the bees were at leisure they were pretty cer-
tain to cut more or less of the comb away from

the wood stays and then cut away more or less
of the wood stays. Of probably 50 frames of
that kind which I tried as an experiment, I
think that not one comb remained in good con-
dition in two years. Better not invest in a
large number of wood stays for the brood-
chamber until you consult your bees and learn
their views on the matter.
East Springfield, O.

BEE-KEEPING IN SOUTH AFRICA.

60-CENT COMB HONEY DROPPING TO 36 CTS. ;

AN INTERESTING LETTER IN REGARD TO

HIGH-PRICED HONEY IN AFRICA.

By Francois J. Haarfwff.

Some time ago I sent you a short article on
bee-keeping in South Africa, in which I stated
that we sell honey here at 60 cents per 1-lb.
section. Although I spoke the truth at the
time, I am sorry now that I did it, as I am
afraid I have unwittingly given a wrong im-
pression, as appears from some half-dozen let-
ters which I have since received from your
country inquiring for particulars and prospects
of success for intending immigrant bee-farmers.

The case is this way: Last season the compe-
tition was between myself and one or two other
small bee-keepers who did not own fifty colo-
nies between us; consequently there was no
fear of a glutted market. And, moreover, hon-
ey in sections was something new to most peo-
ple, and was bought by many as a curiosity, or
as something to be looked at for its beauty
rather than tasted for its sweets. This season
several new competitors have already appeared
in the Held; and, our market being limited to
Pretoria and Johannesburg, the result is that
the price of 1-lb. sections took a straight drop
from 60 cents to 36; and I expect before the sea-
son is over to see it down to 24 cts. or under;
and any oversupply would soon make the arti-
cle a drug in the market. Then, again, for the
information of intending immigrants I must
state that the cost of production is abnormally
high, as every article used in the industry is
imported from America. I may state that ev-
ery hive, section, or sheet of foundation, or any
thing else I use in my small apiary, has been
ordered for me by Messrs. T. W. Beckett & Co.,
from the A. I. Hoot Co.

Then, again, as to pasture. We have a long
summer and short winter. But it must be
borne in mind that nature supplies little or no
pasture for bees, as our pastures are all pure
grass — no clover, basswood, or honey-producing
wild flowers, all our honey being mostly ob-
tained from cultivated gardens, thus precluding
the bee-farmer from keeping too many colonies.
The only honey-producing wild flowers are a
variety of milk-bush, which grows only_on_old
and deserted land or gardens. These are being
fast exterminated. ZI''

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

13

I have written this lengthy letter to correct
any mistaken impression 1 may have created.
Pretoria is not all roses. There are many
thornd.

Pretoria, South African Republic.

ANCIENT LEGENDS REGARDING BEES.

ABILITY OF BEES TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN
GENUINE AND ARTIFICIAL FLOWERS;
AN INTERESTING ARTICLE.

By T. S. Ford.

In the Sunday-school quarterly sent out by
the M. E. Church South, and in Peloubet's
notes on the International Sunday-school Les-
sons for 1896, an example is quoted to illustrate
the wisdom of Solomon, as follows: " When the
queen of Sheba placed two wreaths before the
monarch, and asked him to tell which was real
and which was artificial, he opened a window;
and a bee alighting upon the natural wreath
told him what he wished to know." Peloubet
quotes this story from Geikie and Farrar, and
Stanley's History of the Jewish Church. It is
supposed that these authors got the story from
some rabbinical compilation, and it really shows
how easy it is to get away from the open book
of nature. A Greek historian would never have
Invented such a story; and if he had found it
he would have rejected it at once. The truth
is, if Solomon was the close observer that he
must have been he would never have permitted
an appeal from the verdict of his own senses to
those of an insect.

The writer was sitting one day last summer
by an open window. A hand-painted fire-screen
of enameled cloth hid the fireplace, and upon It
was painted in water-colors, upon a dark back-
ground, some water-lilies rather clumsily ex-
ecuted, and some passion-flowers (May-pops)
which were quite life-like. The whole vine
was shown with flowers and fruit hanging. An
enormous bumble- bee came buzzing in at the
window, and made straight for the painted
flower, and cluug to it, extending bis tongue in
a frantic endeavor to get at the supposed nectar.
He persisted in his efforts for at least twenty
seconds— long enough to call the attention of
other members of the family to the scene.
Finally he gave it up, and flew straight out of
the window, apparently without ever realizing
how he had been cheated.

In a contest between two ancient Greek paint-
ers, as related in Rollin'.s Ancient History,
grapes were painted so naturally that the birds
came and pecked at them; and another great
artist painted a mare so artfully as to cause a
horse, when led up to it, to whinner. Now, the
senses of a" bird or animal, reinforced as they
are with a higher degree of intelligence, were
thus cheated.

In the crest of the king-bird or bee-martin
are hidden, under a dark exterior, a cluster of

scarlet feathers which ^how beautifully when
the crest is erected. The current belief among
our common people is that this semblance of a
scarlet flower on the top of a bee- bird's head
attracts the unwary bee to the jaws of the
hungry bird; and I have myself seen bees
swerve from their line of flight and circle round
the sitting bird until snapped up.

It is said that Solomon " spake of trees, from
the cedar tree that is in Lebanon, even unto
the hyssop that springeth out of the wall; he
spake also of beasts and of fowl, and of creep-
ing things" (insects) "and of fishes." In other
words, this great man, who probably had no
access to works on entomology and natural his-
tory, as do we. was a close observer of all the
phenomena of animal and insect life, as he saw
them. To say that such a man, gifted above
all men who lived before or since in all the
faculties of observation as well as reasoning,
and therefore a closer observer than Darwin
himself, should have been so silly as not to
know that any gay color, having the semblance
of a flower, will attract a bee, is a striking
illustration of why it was that He of whom he
himself said, "A greater than Solomon is here,"
treated with contempt " the tradition of the
elders." This story of Solomon's artifice of
using the bee to aid him in detecting the arti-
ficial from the natural flowers is evidently one
of the monkish inventions of the ancient Jew-
ish rabbis, living as far from the real truths of
nature as they did from the truth of the Spirit,
and who erected a hideous system of ethics,
false to the real teachings of the Angel of the
Covenant.

The rabbi who, in ancient times, coined the
false story of Solomon and the honey-bee,
thereby imputing to the insect more acute
power of observation than the wisest of men,
found his counterpart in a Methodist bishop
whom the writer heard in the pulpit on a great
occasion, enlarging upon the wonderful facul-
ties which the Creator had bestowed upon the
honey-bee. He said the senses of the insect
were so acute, and that they were always so
sensitive to the approach of rain, that the last
individual of the busy hive was always safely
housed before the storm began. The idea
clothed in his beautiful language (which I can
not undertake to quote) was very impressive;
but, as every bee-keeper knows, he was far
from the truth. Last summer a thunderstorm
came up in the middle of the day. There was
a furious wind accompanying the first dash of
rain; and while probably the great majority of
the busy workers reached the hive before the
bursting of the tempest, thousands were seen so
buft'eted by the wind and rain that they took
refuge in the shrubbery, many yards from the
hives. The writer thinks that the Jewish
legends of the several incidents attending the
visit of the Sabaean queen are squarely on a

14

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan. 1.

level with the Arabian stories of his dealings
with the genii, and that neither is worthy of
quotation in the Christian's study of the Scrip-
tures.
Columbia, Miss., Nov. 29.

[When I saw that item in Peloubet's Notes
regarding the manner in which Solomon is said
to have distinguished between the real and
artificial wreath, 1 said to myself, "The story
is very pretty but improbable." A number of
the other things that the queen of Sheba is
said to have placed before king Solomon, while
ingenious are equally improbable. I am sur-
prised that Dr. Peloubet places so many such
things in his " Notes," that are studied and ad-
mired by Sunday-school workers everywhere.
It is this same Dr. Peloubet who, by way of
illustration, spoke of the skill of man in manu-
facturing honey-comb, filling it with glucose,
and capping it over with appropriate machin-
ery. The illustration itself, I remember, was
very appropriate, but the thing itself very wide
of the truth.

I never supposed myself that it was possible
to fool even a bumble-bee with artificial flow-
ers, much less those that are painted.

I have seen bees follow bee martins and king-
birds in their flight through the apiary; and I
have seen them circle around the birds after
they had alighted; but I always supposed this
was owing solely to the fact that they were en-
raged by seeing a swiftly moving object among
them. You know it is a great deal safer to
walk through an apiary quietly than to run
through. One of the first things I ever learned
In bee-keeping, in my early boyhood days, was
that, if I ran through the apiary to escape the
bees, I was more apt to be stung than if I walk-
ed through quietly.— Ed.]

EXPERIMENTS IN FEEDING BEES.!

HOW TO FEED IN THE BOTTOM -BOARDS.
ByF.A. Sndl.

During my 36 years of bee-keeping in this
State I have tried many different ways of do-
ing it. I first kept my bees In box hives, and
those short of stores were put in the cellar dur-
ing winter. The hives were inverted, and the
bees were fed by placing combs of honey over
the tops of the brood-combs, with food enough
to carry them through till spring, as advised
in Quinby's Mysteries of Bee-keeping.

Later I transferred all my bees into movable-
comb hives. A few being short of stores the
first year, I placed them in the cellar, and two
or three were fed on sorghum molasses as ad-
vised by some writer. These all died before
spring, as well they might have done. The
rest were fed on granulated-sugar candy to sup-
plement their stores. These came out in the
spring in very good shape. Good seasons fol-
lowed, and I quit trying rapid increase, and
my bees were well supplied with food for winter.
I was quick to adopt the honey-extractor when
it came before bee-keepers, and ran a part of
my bees for extracted honey. Then the honey
was taken from the brood-cnamber. During
the early bloom I kept the combs emptied of
honey by its removal once a week.

After the early bloom a drouth set in, and the
fall bloom was almost a failure, and, as a re-
sult, my bees were short of stores for winter,
and I was forced to fppd, and tried various
ways of doing it. I tried shallow dishes filled
with honey. Sticks were laid across to keep
the bees from drowning; deeper vessels were
tried, also cans filled with honey inverted over
plates, and slightly raised, and held in place by
small sticks which held the can in place, allow-
ing the feed to flow over the plates from which
it was taken by the bees, and stored in their
combs. These feeders were all placed over the
brood frames, and the heat from the bees re-
tained so far as possible by covering the feed-
ers with pieces of carpets. Later on I experi-
mented with other methods of feeding— not
rom necessity, but to gain knowledge.

At a meeting of the old Northwestern Bee-
keepers' Association held at Decatur, this
State, in October, 1869, 1 learned from that vet-
eran bee-keeper, James M. Marvin, his method
of feeding. To feed he simply raised the fronts
o^the hives two or three^Ilinches higher than
was the rear, and poured the feed in at the
entrance, giving about two or three quarts of
feed;at;a time, and doing so just at night, so no
robbing would occur; and by morning the feed
would be all stored in the brood combs. This
was new to me, and was tried by me at the first
opportunity. I found it worked well. The
honey or syrup was fed warm, and should be
made a little thinner than honey. Fed thus,
no bees were drowned. The object was to give
the bees a good supply of food for winter, and
to do so in as short a time as possible; hence
the feeding was done each evening until all
had enough to carry them through to spring.
This way of feeding for winter is very little
trouble. No extra fixings had to be made, and
later to take up valuable room. From time to
time since, this method has been mentioned in
our bee-journals. It is old, but none the less
valuable; and where bees have been drowned
by so feeding, I believe it was from the feed
being given cold and too thick. It should by
all means be quite warm, and thinner than
ripened honey when given. Very likely those
veterans, M. M. Baldridge and R. R. Murphy,
fed their bees in this way away back in the
sixties. I wish we might hear from them often-
er through our bee-journals.

When entrance feeding is practiced, care
should be taken that, in case of rain, no water
can enter the hive. The hives must be sealed
fast to the bottoms, so no food can leak out and
be lost, and induce robbing, perhaps. Late
years I have had no occasion to feed for win-
ter, but have experimented during spring with
a view,: to] increase brood-rearing or to learn
whether such feeding was advisable. I have
tried;;entrance feeders; and for inside, Hill's,
Root's," sack,3pepper-box, etc., and one of my

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE

15

own get-up. I now prefer the J. A. Golden.
I am cow confident that eaily spring feeding to
try to encourage brood reaiirg is no benefit,
but detrimental. If s-uch is of value at any
time, I think it is between fruit and white-
clover blcom; but I do not know. So far as my
experience goes, after all this time I believe
that, if the brood chamber is kept well sup-
plied with honey in the brood-combs, other
supplies given as by feeders are of no use. I
shall coniinue to experiment along this lineon
a small scale in the future, as I have done in
the past, and hope to gain more light by so
doing.
Milledgeville, III.

BISULPHIDE OF CARBON.

HAS ITS VALUE AS A MOTH- KILLER BEEN OVER-
ESTIMATED ? ITS BAD EFFECTS ON COMB
honey; an IMPORTANT AND VAL-
UABLE ARTICLE.

By C. Davenport.

In reading the report of the last convention
proceedings of the North American Bee-keep-
ers' Association I'notice that bisulphide of car-
bon is mentioned as a means'of killing moths in
comb honey. I should like to say a few words
about this; fori believe that, if it ever comes
into general use for this purpose, it will do more
to', injure bee keepers than adulteration ever
has or ever will, for adulteration affects ex-
tracted honey only. While I believe comb hon-
ey represents the largest interests, I do not wish
it to be understood that I am not aware of the
great harm adulteration has done and is doing
to the producers of honey. I most heartily ap-
prove of what the members of the association
at the last meeting, said against and are trying
to do to remedy the evil.

As a means of killing moths in comb honey I
have experimented with a good many kinds of
drugs. While there are a number of kinds that
will kill the moths under the right conditions,
all that I have tried as yet, which were effect-
ive, injured the flavor of the honey, and bisul-
phide of carbon did so the worst of all. It also
has the peculiar property of making it thinner
—not only what is in unsealed cells next to the
edge, but that which is sealed as well.

Sections of honey that are so well cured that
the honey in unsealed cells can not be shaken
out by hand will, soon after treatment with bi-
sulphide of carton, run or drip quite readily
from unsealed cells if the sections are turned
over on their sides; and the honey in some that
I kept a number of months after treatmentdid
not get thick again. But it should be under-
stood that the treatment was very thorough, as
it has to be in order to kill the moths. I hard-
ly think any room could be made tight enough
for this purpose unless it is one well plastered,
and strips of paper pasted over all the cracks

around doors and windows; and the floor would
have to be especially good, for the gas or fumes
from this stuff try to go down instead of up. I
tried it first in a room which I thought was
nearly air-tight; but after eight hours, moths
in some old pieces of comb which had been
placed in the room were as lively as ever. In
this case the drug was placed in a large open
dish about seven inches in diameter, and it was
not all evaporated when the room was opened.
I then took a good sound bee-hive, nailed on a
tightbottom, and poured melted beeswax around
all cracks; in fact, I coated it all over inside
with wax, as I did the cover, which was one
that fitted very tight. Along the top edges of
the hive, on which the cover would rest, strips
of rubber were nailed so that, when the cover
was on and heavily weighted down, this box
was, I believe, perfectly air-tight; and I found
that in this box it took about 33^ or 4 hours to
kill moths that were well protected by the comb
and their web. Those I took from the comb
and placed in an open glass would die in about
IX to 2 hours.

In order to kill moths in comb honey it would,
of course, have to be left as long as it took to
kill those protected by their web and the comb.
Moths are much harder to kill in this manner
than some things that are larger. A mouse in
a trap was put in this box, and at the end of 20
minutes the cover was removed and the mouse
was dead. It took but a few minutes to kill a
toad and a gopher.

In killing moths with the fumes of sulphur it
is much easier to kill the small ones. With bi-
sulphide of carbon the big ones seem to die
fully as soon as the small ones.

Moths are very bad here during warm weath-
er. Some one said that, with Italian bees, if
the honey were taken directly from the hives
and put in a room tight enough so that a moth-
miller could not enter, the honey would not be
troubled by moths. But I am sorry to say that,
in this locality, honey directly from the hives of
Italian bees put in such a room, if the room is
above ground, and kept as warm as it should
be, would often be nearly destroyed by moths if
it were not sulphured every twelve days or so
for a while during warm weather.

I should like some better method of killing
moths than sulphur, but I do not believe it is to
be found in bisulphide of carbon; for, to say
nothing about its injuring the honey, it is fully
as much (if not more) work to use it. It costs
more, and, besides, it is a poisonous and.'danger-
ous drug to handle.
G Southern Minnesota, Dec. 1.

[I am glad that Mr. Davenport has sounded
a note of warning in time, for of late bee-keep-
ers have been looking toward bisulphide of
carbon as the best solution of the moth evil in
comb honey; but if the remedy is as bad as or
worse than the disease itself, then it is high
time we called at least a temporary halt. It is
no doubt true that other bee-keepers who have

16

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan. 1.

tested bisulphide of carbon are in a position to
prove or disprove Mr. Davenport's statements;
but we have learned by experience that he is
one of those careful, thoughtful, painstaking
bee-keepers whose opinions should be regarded
as having considerable weight.

Prior to the use of bisulphide of carbon, sul-
phur or brimstone had been used, and no bad
results, I believe, have ever followed, except in
cases where too great a smudge was made-
much more than was necessary. It is then
that a yellow deposit will be found on the sec-
tions and the surface of the honey. This is no
real detriment to the flavor of the honey, but
it does affect quite materially its appearance
for the market, and that is a real damage. — Ed.]

THAT RAPID BEE-ESCAPE.

By C. H. Dihbern.

I think a little explanation is necessary in re-
gard to the escape described in Gleanings of
Nov. 15. Up to the time I wrote the article I
had experimented with various designs, on the
lines indicated, with some very gratifying re-
sults; but as the past few seasons have been
practical failures I had little chance to put it
to actual test. When I read about the multi-
ple-exit escape my thoughts reverted to my
experiments with this pattern, and I again
made some trials, the results of which seemed
to warrant the article I sent you. Since then,
however, I have taken off a good many full
cases of comb honey, and the design as publish-
ed has proven a disappointment.

The Porters are entirely right in claiming
that bees must first have a strong desire to
leave the supers before they will do so. It
seems that, in the board described, there was
too much connection with the hive; and while,
sometimes, it works very well, at other times it
has failed entirely. Then, too, I found that,
with only two exits, it worked all right, and I
am not sure but one exit would be better yet.
Then, too, I found that four or five lines of ob-
structions across the board are better, and it can
be greatly simplified. I now use a piece of per-
forated tin ^4 in. wide, and as long as the board
is wide. Get your tinner to turn up % square,
and with a common jacK-knife cut the tin so.
you can bend little openings for the bees to
pass through outward. Nail four or five of
these strips across the board, with the openings
fronting to the exits. Nothing more is neces-
sary.

For extracting purposes I believe this plan of
getting rid of the bees rapidly offers great pos-
sibilities. If a tin slide is arranged to cut the
bees off from the hive entirely for fifteen or
twenty minutes it will greatly hasten the bees
in leaving. This slide can be put over the low-
er holes, and there will be no danger of smoth-
ering the bees, as they can get plenty of air
through the perforated strip at lower end of
board. It is not intended to nail upper and
lower boards together, but can be used for hive

or case-covers by covering the holes till wanted
as bee-escaoes.

The Porter escape is a very ingenious little
invention, and I think the main reason of its
success is the fact that it leaves but a very
small connection between hive and super. I
have produced several escapes that work just
as certainly and quickly as the spring escape;
but it has been my ambition to produce an es-
cape that will work more rapidly, and with less
danger to the bees, and I believe I am in a fair
way to accomplish it. If some one else (as the
Porters did my original plan) takes up my
ideas, and by more ingenuity succeeds, well and
good. Bee-keepers will be the gainers as they
now are in the Porter escape. Another year I
shall experiment further, and make competi-
tive tests, and perhaps in due time have some-
thing further to say in Gleanings.

Milan, III.

■—'ANSWERS TO C-^

jSE^OMBLEdlflESTIi

Br G.A\.DooLiTTLE.BonooiNO.N.Y.

YELLOW-.JACKETS, MICE, ETC.

A correspondent from the South propounds a
few questions relative to the apiary, which I
will answer under the headings below.

YELLOW -.JACKETS .

He says he has recently discovered yellow-
jackets in some of his hives, evidently stealing
honey. He thinks the bees have killed some of
the jackets, but is not sure the jackets do not
kill some of the bees, and asks if there is any
remedy.

If the correspondent has really seen yellow-
jackets on the combs, among the bees, eating
honey, when the bees were in a normal condi-
tion, he has seen something I never saw. Yel-
low-jackets are very fond of honey; and when
it is exposed, by opening hives, etc., they will
dive on to the combs and eat it ravenously; but
so far as I have been able to discover, when the
hives are not molested by the bee-keeper, the
bees do not allow them to go on the combs of
honey. They annoy the bees to a certain ex-
tent; but bees, here at the North, seem to be
equal to repelling all attacks from them, so that
the apiarist pays little or no attention to them.
If they really do enter the hives, as the lan-
guage of the correspondent would denote, or
kill many bees, so that a remedy should be
sought, I would suggest destroying their nests
or killing them with poisoned honey. If the
latter is used it should be kept in a dish cover-
ed with wire cloth, the mesh of which will ad-
mit the jackets but exclude the bees, else the
bees would get poisoned as well as the jackets.

MICE.

He next asks: " Do mice ever trouble bees? If
so, what is the best way to get rid of them ? "

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

17

Here at the North mice are often trouble-
some to the apiarist in winter, inasmuch as
they disturb the bees by their constant motion,
and gnaw lioles in the combs, wlaere left unpro-
tected by the bees, the cluster of which is con-
tracted to the smallest proportions to withstand
our cold weather. Mice never trouble when
the bees are in the acive state, for the bees
sting them to death very quickly, and for this
reason I should not thiuk they would trouble in
the far South, for bees can fly there the most of
the time, I suppose. Our remedy here is to trap
them in our bee-cellars and fix entrances of
metal to the hives which are wintered out-
doors, so small that the mice can not get in,
while the bees readily pass through. Tin and
sheet iron are the materials generally used for
this purpose.

SIZE OF SECTIONS.

Again, he wants to know what size of hon-
ey-frame is best where it is desirable to sell
comb honey. By which is meant, I suppose,
what are termed " section boxes." If he means
what size of frame is best to use while working
for comb honey, then I would answer, the
Langstroth, for the South. But the question
(though not quite plain) evidently means sec-
tions, by the term " honey-frame," so I will ans-
wer on that supposition.

There are, in quite general use, sections vary-
ing in size from half a pound to two pounds,
when filled with honey. Each size has its ad
vocates, but probably there are two to one of
what are termed the 43^ x 4^ sections (which
hold about a pound of honey), when taking all
sizes of sections into consideration. This sec-
tion was mainly 2 in. wide when first brought
before the public, but lately many use them of
less width, or thickness. This section was made
of this size because 8 of them would just fill the
Langstroth frame. My own preference is a
section 33^ x 5% x l^^-g" In., this holding a pound
as nearly as may be when well filled. This size
is used in single-tier wide frames with separa-
tors, so as to secure each comb built perfectly
in the box. My reasons for preferring them
are, that more in number can be set over a giv-
en space than can those of less depth; besides,
such a cake of honey is of symmetrical propor-
tions, and pleasing to the eye, it being just suf-
ficient to set on the table for an ordinary fami-
ly, and, covering more surface, apparently, to
look at, does not give a scrimped appearance or
pattern. Why I prefer them to the larger size
is that they bring from two to three cents per
pound more in market. If it is desired not to
use separators, a thinner section can be used.
The advocates of no separators use seven or
eight sections to the foot, of the 43^ x 4>4. How-
ever, the non-separator plan, as a rule, does not
give as nice and uniform combs as does the oth-
er. For this reason many grocers object to
" non-separated" honey, as the combs get more

or less injured in transit, so that daubing and
leaking on counters, etc., is the result.

LOSS OF QUEEN.

Lastly he asks: "In case the colony should
lose the queen, what would be the result? I
find some empty cells in some of my hives, and
thought perhaps the queen had died."

If a queen is lost, or dies, when there are eggs
or larv^ in the hive, the bees have the means at
hand for the rearing of another; for by feeding
any worker larva, under four days old, royal
jelly, and enlarging the cell, it is changed from
a worker into a queen. A colony in this condi-
tion is not called " queenless," but yet it is with-
out a " laying queen." By the time this young
queen hatches, all of the eggs and larvte have
passed into the pupa state, when it is impossi-
ble for the bees co rear another, should this
young queen become lost before she gets to lay-
ing, in which case the colony would be hope-
lessly queenless, and must perish with the death
of the bees by old age, unless assisted by the
apiarist in giving thnm a queen or larva from
which to rear another. The finding of empty
cells does not indicate queenlessness, for there
are nrore or less empty cells in the hive at all
times, and during fall and winter little or no
brood is found. If during the busy season of
the year, no brood of any kind is found, the col-
ony may, as a rule, be considered queenless.

[The following, from Mr. F. A. Salisbury, an
other bee-keeper living in the same county with
Mr. Doolittle, after having tried the tall section
favors the square one. Here is what he says: —
Ed.J

a serious ob.iection to tai.l, sections.

Mr. RovL :—lu your editorial in Dec. 15 Gleanings,
in regard to oblong sections, I want to say that I
have used them for three or four years, and am
g-etting back to the square, on account of founda-
tion, when being drawn out by the bees, is, in too
many instances, fastened to the separators. The
sections are SiixoJ^xlVa- Now you will see that, on
account of thelieight and narrowness of the section,
the foundation, if bees work on one side a little
more than on the other, will be swung over so as to
strike the separator a great deal sooner than it the
section were only 4M high. On this account I am
changing over to the regular 45-4 section. I think
that honey in oblong sections looks a little better
than in square sections; but there is too much of
fastening of foundation to suit me.

The article you publish, taken from the Progressive
Bee-lieeper, hits the nail. F. A. Salisbury.

Syracuse, N. Y., Dec. 19, 1896.

[Mr. Salisbury's difficulty, if the same should
be experienced by other bee-keepers, will be a
somewhat serious one. But it seems to me the
tendency of the starter to lean over to one side
can be overcome by side fastenings; but Capt.
Hetherington, and a large number of other
York State bee-keepers, are using tall sections
quite extensively. Mr. Danzenbaker never
spoke of any trouble in the line hinted at by
Mr. Salisbury, and he fastens starters at the
top only. And those who are using the old
square sections, and have thought there might
be an advantage in change, are very anxious
to know whether others have had the same
trouble. How many shall we hear from now,
both for and against tali sections? Let us have
the truth, cut where it may. This is an im-
portant matter and I hope we shall hear from
many.— Ed.]

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan. 1.

^The Mystery of^

TohrrHMartin

his few days'
journey with Dr.
Hayden, Fred
had found him
a very agreeable
companion, and
a gentleman;
and now this
confession that
he was the much-
talked -of bad
man of Crystal Mountain gave him such a
shock that he reeled a little in his saddle.

The doctor, seeing his agitation, said, "I
trust, Mr. Anderson, that in the few days of
our acquaintance I have Impressed you with
the fact that I possess, at the least, a passable
character, and I trust that you can discriminate
between character and reputation. Reputation
is what other people say of us. If they have
received false impressions of me, and even en-
larged upon them, and have sent them broad-
cast through the papers, it affects only my rep-
utation, while my character, to those who
know me, is brighter from the contrast. Now,
as I told you at the commencement of our jour-
ney, if you have any doubts, or if you think I
will not live up to my agreements, you can
return to Sacramento at my expense. Give the
matter careful thought, and give me your final
answer when we reach yonder clump of live-
oak trees, an hour's journey ahead; for when
beyond that point you will not be allowed to
return until the expiration of our agreement."

Fred answered not a word; but for the next
hour his thoughts were busy. Doubts, one
after the other, were thrown aside; and as he
cast them away his spirits became more buoy-
ant; and when the party passed under the live-
oaks he reined in his horse and clasped hands
with his employer, and said, "Dr. Hayden, I
will trust you."
" You decide wisely," said the doctor.
Under the oaks they were met by a score of
mounted Indians from the rancheria. They all
dismounted, and formed in a circle with the
doctor in the center. A peculiar leathern box
was passed several times around the circle, and
at length passed to the doctor. The latter
opened the box and removed therefrom, and
proceeded to bedeck himself with, the most
grotesque outfit Fred had ever laid eyes upon.

When the doctor had completed his toilet, an
they had all remounted their ponies, with Fred
and the doctor in the center of the cavalcade,
the doctor said, " Don't be alarmed, Mr. Ander-
son. I am chief medicine man of the tribe, and
this is my insignia of rank."

" Your tribe must be remarkably healthy,"
said Fred.

" Why do you think so ? " asked the doctor.

" If disease can be scared away I am sure
your habiliments will do it. My heart even
throbs now at the sight of you."

"Yes, yes; I understand," said the doctor.
" Your disease, then, must be of the heart.
Well, we will see if the things about Crystal
Mountain will not prove a cure-all for you."

Upon arrival at the rancheria the whole cav-
alcade entered a sort of plaza that was well
surrounded by circular houses; old men, squaws,
papooses, and dogs seemed to spring out of the
ground on every side. The horsemen circled
around the plaza several times, keeping up a
monotonous chant. The doctor, now Neo-a-
ho-a, or medicine man, kept time by rattling a
gourd, and at regular intervals giving it a tre-
mendous whirr over the teeth of a saw-fish,
which was a part of his regalia. His head-
dress of long steer horns had obsidian rattles at
the tips that glistened in the sun, and also kept
up a rhythmic tinkle with every movement. At
the conclusion of the chant, the bundles from
the pack-ponies were deposited with the doctor,
and, with the aid of the chief, the various ar-
ticles, useful and ornamental, that had been
purchased in Sacramento, were distributed to
the various parties for whom they were pur-
chased.

At the completion of the distribution our
medicine man, with Fred and two of his im-
mediate helpers, retired to his own tent-like
structure. Here he discarded his outlandish
dress, and said to Fred, "You see that we live
in a rather primitive way here. This portion
of the rancheria that I occupy is like all of the
rest, except in size; the ground is our floor; our
fire is made in the center, and the smoke es-
capes through the hole in the roof. The In-
dians roll up in their blankets and sleep in the
surrounding space; but I have cots, as you see,
and you can occupy the one in yonder nook."

" But, doctor, 1 can not imagine how you, the-
only white man here, could obtain the confi.-

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

19

dence of these Indians and become their medi-
cine man."

"That was a very simple matter," replied the
doctor, "and it all happened through a swarm
of bees. For several years ray travels have led
me among the different tribes, of Indians all up
and down this coast; and in many of them I
find the snake recognized as a symbol for either
good or evil in their religious rites. When I
came here a few years ago I was surprised to
find this tribe having traditions much like the
Moquis of Arizona, and, like the Moquis, they
had a snake-dance. I had learned the Moqul
language, and found it easy to converse wiih
these people, whose language was similar; and,
being a physician, I affiliated as far as possible
with the medicine men. With this tribe, in-

Neo a-ho-a made a valiant defense; but as
bees were unknown in this portion of the State
up to that time, he was fighting an unknown
enemy at a great disadvantage. The whole
rancheria was aroused; but every one who ran
to the aid of Neo a-ho-a ran back howling with
half a dozen bees on his or her face or hair.
For a short time it looked as though there
would be a complete stampede of all of the
occupants of the rancheria.

" I had been a manager of bees in the East,
and, taking in the situation as soon as I heard
the commotion, I made a smudge, and, taking
a large blanket. I brought the medicine man
to a place of safety in the center of one of the
large huts. I saw at a glance that the poor
fellow could not live. My remedies were few,

stead of courting the favors of a venomous
reptile, as did the Moquis, they performed their
rites with the harmless gopher snake, and for
this purpose kept half a dozen in as many dif-
ferent stone cages in the cliff near the rancheria;
and at planting-time their rites required them
to be all huddled into one cage or small cave.
A few days after my arrival, while the medicine
man Neo-a-ho-a was performing some rite over
the snakes, with sweet-smelling herbs, an im-
mense swarm of bees settled upon the entrance
to the little cave where the snakes were kept.
As a result, the new comers took possession,
and, being no respecters of persons or snakes,
even if the latter were pampered as divinities,
there were in short order six dead snakes.

simple, and ineffective. I called the chief and
old men into the hut, and informed them of the
fact; and while I was bent low chafing the poor
fellow's body, in the throes of his last gasp for
life, he threw his regalia over me, exclaiming,
'Neo-a-ho-a,' which meant that I would be
his successor; and while I was all the time
fearing that these simple people would lay all
of the untoward circumstances to the presence
of a white man, strange to say I was accepted
by the head men of the tribe without a murmur
of dissent. 'There is a providence that shapes
our ends, rough hew them as we may,' I ex-
claimed, as I arose with my new insignia of
office upon my shoulder. After many years'
wandering after a beloved object that had

20

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan. 1.

eluded my search it seemed to come to me like
a flood of light from above that, if I would take
the place of the Neo-a-ho-a and wait here, the
object, would come to me. and for many years
I have waited. Of this world's goods I had
plenty, and now as medicine man I would try
to lead the whole tribe up to such a moral
height as their natures and surroundings would
permit. The moment was ripe for a change. I
had but to put in my sickle, and reap.

"After much ceremony in removing the sacred
snakes from the little bee-cave, and burying
them with Neo-a-ho-a, I found that, in substi-
tuting a swarm of bees as an object of worship,
I had an excellent foundation
from which to lead up to Chris-
tianity. Here in this little in-
sect-community I found indus-
try, cleanliness, love, fidelity,
order, providence, alertness, pa-
triotism. The fathers of the
tribe were slow to give up their
old traditions; and to please
them I still wear the regalia;
but to the younger members of
the tribe I have thoroughly in-
culcated Christianity. How T
have succeeded you have in part
seen at Sacramento, where their
conduct was far better than that
of many of their white brothers;
and as the weeks roll by you will
learn much more."

"And you are tl^p bad man of
Crystal Mountain!" said Fred.

" I am the bad man of Crystal
Mountain," replied the doctor,
with a sad smile.

" In the matter of good morals
and good works, doctor, you
remind me of my good friend
Prof. Buell."

"Certainly he is a kindred
spirit; for whenever you men-
tion his name my heart warms
toward him. I believe you said
he had an invalid daughter.
What was the nature of her
disease ? "

Fred hesitated a moment for a reply, and,
with an evident effort, he said, "Doctor, she is

"Strange— strange!" said the doctor; "and
that name Buell comes up every time. If it
were Bull, plain Bull, I believe the mystery
would be solved."

Then the doctor walked back and forth across
the room with head bowed. At length he stop-
ped suddenly, and said:

" Fred Anderson, did you ever hear the name
of Adrietta mentioned by the Buells ? "

"I never did," replied Fred.

" Let me tell you, Fred Anderson " —

Here the doctor was interrupted by the rat-
tling of gourds without, and, hastily donning
his regalia, he said, "Surely I had forgotten

;.:-1^^v

^.

. f -^

1

'

iyl P^ I'^ ^^

'y-ypOfft4^y^^

" Sure, sure, that is grievously unfortunate;
and, Fred, what is the young lady's given
name?"

"Her name is one among thousands; it is
Alfaretta."

"Alfaretta! did you say Alfaretta?" shouted
the doctor, springing from a recumbent position
in his easy-chair. "Alfaretta, did you say?"
grasping Fred by the shoulder.

" I certainly said so," replied Fred, with evi-
dent alarm: " her name is Alfaretta Buell."

our evening council. As this council pertains
to your advancement, Mr. Anderson, you will
have to remain here. My helpers will bring
you your supper, then you can rest; and do not
be surprised if I tell yon that we start for the
bee-ranch at midnight."

"After the last few days' experience I will try
to allow nothing to surprise me," replied Fred.

"Good I good!" said the doctor, with unusual
warmth as he grasped Fred's hand, and then
immediately left the tent.

Fred, not being fully recovered from his re-
cent illness, sought his couch early; but for a
long time he lay awake speculating upon the
episodes of the afternoon, and especially upon

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

21

the effect the name Alfaretta had upon the
doctor. Sleep at last came to the tired body;
but in the mind it was dreams, dreams, one
after another.

It must have been near midnight when he
was sporting with Alfaretta and the mermaids,
and then with Matt Hogan, as on the night of
the tempest, gliding swiftly down the river.
The motion seemed so real that he awoke with
a start, and then a struggle. He was securely
bound to his cot, and was being borne rapidly
along by several dusky persons. In the dark-
ness he could not distinguish that any of them
were his former traveling companions, and in
utter desperation he shouted, "Dr. Hayden!
help! help!" The night air fell cool upon his
face, but not a reply came to his appeal save
the dogged trot of the Indians. Fred was now
fully aroused; but finding that neither strug-
gles nor shout* made any impression upon his
captors he submitted through sheer exhaustion.
When one set of carriers tired, another set
relieved them, and the trot, trot, continued.
It seemed an age to Fred before his cot was
halted and set down. His bands were here
loosened, and he was motioned to arise. He
noted that the Indians around him were not
the same that he had seen in the rancheria, and
the stopping-place was where many huge
boulders reared their ungainly forms; and near
one of them was what appeared to be a long
low adobe cabin; near it a few Indians were
Kindling a fire. Fred had no more than taken
in this situation than he was closely held by
two of the Indians, his arms pinioned, and a
tight bandage placed over his eyes.

I WOULD call special attention to the article
by Mr. Davenport, in this issue, regarding the
danger arising from the use of bisulphide of
carbon in destroying moths in comb honey.

In this issue, under "Ridgepole Musings,"
R. C. Aiken gives some interesting and valuable
facts about alfalfa. Much of what he says
regarding this famous honey plant will be new
to many.

THE EDITOR OF THE BRITISH BEE .JOURNAL IN
CALIFORNIA.

The editor of the British Bee Journal, Thos.
Wm. Cowan, whose name I have often men-
tioned in these columns, has been making a
hurried tour across our great and beautiful
country. I knew that he was expecting to
make the trip, but was surprised to receive a
letter from him so soon, not from " Merrie Eng-
land," but from our beautiful State of Califor-
nia. Here is the letter, which I have taken the
liberty to give our readers:

Dear Mr. Root:— I am pleased to say that Mrs.
Cowan and I arrived here after a very pleasant
journey via the Sunset Limited, and were much
interested in all we saw by the way. I am very glad
we came by that route, lor we found it very cold in
New York, and I am afraid we should have found
the northern route rather unpleasant at this time
of the year. I shall hope in the spring or early sum-
mer to travel by that route and stop off to see some
of my bee-keeping and other friends. I see Glean-
ings of Dec. 1, and observe that you have made a
very good copy of the illustrations of my pamphlet
on " Foul Brood." I also notice that Mr. A. I. Root
has gone to Arizona, and I shall look forward with
interest to his account of what he sees I should
have liked to stop sume days there to study the
cacti, and to have collected specimens, but I hope to
do so some other time. Thos. Wm. Cowan.

Loomis, Cal., Dec. 3L •

Mr. Cowan is without doubt, the most distin-
guished bee-keeper from abroad who has ever
visited our country. Indeed, for scholarly and
scientiflc attainments I doubt if he has an equal
among those who love and study bees. Bee-
keepers all over this broad land will be glad to
extend him a warm welcome.

THE LINCOLN convention GROUP.

I HAD hoped to get the group picture of the
Lincoln convention, shown on page 11 of this
issue, long before this; but I have been waiting
to get the names, in answer to request, corres-
ponding to the numbers; but so far they have
failed to come to hand. I can give a few of
them from memory; but as I find Mr. York, in
the Am. Bee Journal, gives a larger list than I
can recall, I copy his list entire.

I. Mrs. J. N. Heater.
3. Miss .lennie Razer.

3. Mrs. V. Collins.

4. Chancellor MacLean.
.5. A. I. Root.

6. Mrs. A. L. Hallenbeck.

b. E. B. Gladish.

9. Ernest R, Root.
10. George W. i'ork.
13. Dr. A. B. Mason.

13. Rev. E. T. Abbott.

14. Mrs. Eugene Secor.
1.5. Hon. Eugene Secor.

16. J. C. Knoll.

17. A. Lalng.

18. Dr. C. C. Miller.
30. Mrs. Compton.

31. Mrs. A. L. Amos.
2-^. Mrs. R C. Aikln.
33. R. C Aikin.
31. T. R. Delong.

38. Prof. L. Bruner.

39. L. D. Stllson.

30. H. E. Heath.

31. Mrs. E. T. Abbott.

33. S. H. Herrlck.

34. J. C. Stewart.

37. J. C. Masters.

38. E. Kretchmer.

40. W. C. Frazier.

41. Rev. Clay C. Cox.
43. Mrs. E. V7hitcomb.
.53. Charles White.

54. M. A. Enslow.

■57. L. M. Brown.

At the close of one of the sessions we assem-
bled on the steps of one of the college buildings
(the Library Hall, I believe), and one of the
members of the Lincoln meeting, a Mr. Lovell,
professional photographer of Omaha, Neb., as
as well as a bee-keeper, made the "shot."

Many of the faces bring back to me pleasant
memories, and I should like to give some of the
little incidents, chats, and handshakes called
forth by many of the faces, some whose names
I can't even now recall ; but space, and the fear
of ignoring some just as deserving, forbid.
One pleasant good face brings back a feeling of
sadness, and that is the likeness of Mrs. A. L.
Hallenbeck, whose untimely death I have al-
ready spoken of in a footnote to one of the
Straws in this issue. Quiet and unassuming
though she was, she will be remembered by all
who attended that meeting.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan. 1.

THE NAME OF THE BIRD THAT PUNCTURES THE
GRAPE.

You will remember that a neighbor of ours
captured a peculiar kind of bird that was
caught in ihe act of maiiing pinhole punctures
in grapes in Medina Co. One specimen was
sent to Prof. Lawrence Bruner, whose bio-
graphical sketch appeared in our last issue,
and this is what he says of it:

The bird sent is the Cape May warbler {Dendroica
tigrina). While the bird's beak is admirably fitted
for such work, that it really is the culprit seems a
surprise, since the warblers are supposed to be
practically insectivorous in their food habits. Just
at present I do not happen to have a life history of
this bird at hand. I would suggest that you write
to Dr. Merriam, of the U. S. Department of Agricul-
ture, Washington, for a statement of grape-punc-
turing- birds. Lawrence BKU^ER.

Lincoln, Neb.

As Prof. Bruner is a very thorough student
of nature I am sure he is right in giving the
name.: Moreover, 1 find the Standard Diction-
ary gives the following: ^

It is an American insectivorous mniotiltoid bird,
usually brilliantly colored, and with little powers of
song, as the common summer or yellow warbler. '^

r The species seems to be somewhat rare in
this vicinity; but there are enough of them,
from '^ present indications, to puncture cevery
grape on a vine. As I pointed out in our last
issue, bee-keepers should put their fruit-grow-
ing neighbors in possession of these facts, and
thus take the blame oflf from the bees and put
it where it belongs.

probably secure the desired information. The fol-
lowing is a list of the journals referred to:

18516, Jan. 1.5, pp. 6L 68; May 15, p. 386; July 15, p. 528.

1894, Aug. 1.5, p. 661.

1893, Sept. 15, p. 713.

1892, Sept. 15, p. 699.

1891, Sept. 15, p. 748; Junel, p. 486: April 15, p. 306;
Dec. 15, p. 961.

The doctor is investigating the subject very
thoroughly, and has promised to send us an
article later on, giving the physiological effects
of bee-stings, especially so far as they relate to
the cure of various kinds of rheumatism.

BEE-STINGS, AND THEIR PHYSIOLOGICAL,
EFFECTS.

n A SHORT time ago Dr. R. S. Lindsay, of Phil-
adelphia, wrote us, asking for information
regarding the effects of stings on the human
system. I spent considerable time in looking
over our back volumes; and as the reply I made
to the doctor may be!useful to others I decided
to put it in permanent form, and here it is:

Dec. 10.
Dr. R. S. L., Philadelphia—

Dear Sir:— The average bee-keeper is not at all
affected by swelling after being stung. He experi-
ences the same sharp pain, but no fever or other
unpleasant effects follow after two or three minutes.
The system seems to become inured. But occasion-
ally,when the bee stings along a vein there is an after-
effect as explained on page 68 of our issue for January
last. We do not know to which school of medicine
you belong; but the homeopathists use a great deal
of apis melliflca in the form of a tincture. We have
been supplying Boereek & Tafel, of New York city,
with bee stings in lots of ]0,0<ni at a time. We are
supplied with a wide-mouthed bdttlc holding about
2 ounces, and filled about t wot hiids lull of sugar of
milk. A comb of hees is placed before a window,
and from this comb (he bees are picked off one by
one with one pair of tweezers, while another pair
removes the stings, the latter dropping into the
sugar of milk. The bee in each case is crushed
Immediately before the removal of the sting. In this
way the stings are removed until the whole number
are in the jar, when it is corked and sent to the
parties named. The apiarist can usually work only
about three or four hours a day at removing the
stings; and even then he experiences pain in the
eyes, and a sort of sickness from inhaling the odor
of the poison.

As you see hy the references below, there can be
no question but that the stings do relieve certain
kinds of rheumatism; but just what kinds I am
unable to say. A letter addressed to the persons
whose names are attached to the articles would

"BEE-KEEPER FRED ANDERSON."

In all, there have been just three persons
who have protested against Mr. Martin's story,
out of the large number who have spoken very
highly of it. Perhaps these three friends (and
there may be others who think as they do) have
not even read the story. Perhaps they never
read aiiy stories, from conscientious scruples.
With such I have no argument at all. While I
know there is a class of novels whose tenden-
cy is demoralizing and bad, Mr. Martin's serial
is both instructive and moral in its tone. The
author himself is an earnest Christian and an
active temperance man, and believes in incul-
cating Christian ideas and principles in every
thing that he has; to do with. Only the other
day we received a letter from a Christian mis-
sionary, congratulating us on the excellent,mor-
al tone of the serial.

I said the^story was instructive. In all that
Mr. Martin has written, I do not believe he has
ever portrayed California life and incidents
any more faithfully and vividly than he has
done in this story. Indeed, I believe it is near-
ly all based on facts, and that the characters
that he writes about have been, in some in-
stances at least, real.

It is impossible to please all. Indeed, a few,
very few, object to the Home Papers, and a
few also can't see any use of the footnote; but
the very great majority have expressed them-
selves emphatically in favor of both.

W'INTERING, AND THE VARIATION IN CONSUMP-
TION OF FOOD.

DooLiTTLE makes the point in the Progress-
ive Bee-heejyer, that the consumption of food is
very much less during the first part of the win-
ter, or when bees are quiet, than later on, when
they become uneasy; that it is about a pound a
month at first, and from five to eight pounds a
month after they have become uneasy. This is
entirely reasonable and probable, though I
doubt whether there are many other bee-keep-
ers who have noticed the difference — certainly
I had not.

I; do know that, when I was sick, some two
years ago, and on the verge of nervous prostra-
tion, I was starving to death with plenty to eat.
It seemed to me as if it were necessary to eat
two or three times as much food in order to keep
uplmy strength (and then didn't ;do it) that it

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

23

noiv requires while in perfect health (thanks to
the beef treatment).

The bees, during the fore part of the winter,
are in a condition of health: but later on, the
retention of the fa?ces causes a concition of ill
health, uneasiness, and, consequently, a larger
consumption of food.

Mr. Doolittle, in speaking of the difference in
the amount of food consumption, probably had
reference particularly to cellar wintering. Bees,
if wintered outdoors, especially in localities
where they can have occasional flights, proba-
bly will not cousume much more toward spring
than they would in the fall, the reason being
thatjthey have an opportunity for a cleansing
flight.

The whole question is interesting and practi-
cal; and if we can keep down the tendency to-
ward disease in the spring — that is, by feeding
them pure wholesome sugar syrup— then I think
the food consumption will not vary greatly from
the early to the latter part of winter.

MR. BENTON AND APIS DOKSATA. 11

Prof. A. J. Cook, in the American Bee Jour-
nal, deplores the action taken at the Lincoln
convention against the limportation of Apis
dorsata, and wonders whether the prejudice
against one of the employes of the Agricultural
Department, Mr. Frank Benton, was not really
the foundation for this action. If there were
objections to the person who would be likely to
be'r!employed by the general government, then
he would " make the objections to the individu-
al, and not try to balk the enterprise."

It might be stated, however, that, if Mr. B.
is &lpersona',non grata to the mass of bee-keep-
ers, or their leaders, there is another man. Mr.
W. K. Morrison, who is, perhaps, just as ca-
pable of performing the task. He is anxious to
undertake this work, and his plan has been
already outlined in these columns. Perhaps
it is not necessary to repeat that I have been all
along in favor of this plan, because it does not
Involve the expenditure of money on the part of
the government. What Mr. Morrison does need,
however, is personal Influence of men in high
standing in the councils of our nation. He
would expect to secure the cooperation and as-
sistance of other nations in a similar way, and
all countries alike would share equally in the
benefits, .or in proportion to the assistance
rendered. I do not believe that bee-keepers as
a'. rule would be opposed to such a movement,
and perhaps this would satisfy the desire of
Prof. Cook.

women-folks of our homes would not be able to
duplicate the jumbles sent out by the large ba-
keries, in quality and lightness. Well, it seems
the women-folks in Dr. Miller's family have
made some jumbles that, to my notion, are ful-
ly equal to those we have been in the habit of
buying. Indeed, the flavor is a little superior,
owing to the better quality of honey usfd. Well,
here is what the doctor says:

I send you by this mail a sample of honey-jumbles
made from the recipe given in "Straws," Dec. 15,
the only difference being that, instead of consider-
ing 4 ounces of soda the right thing for a barrel of
flour, the cook insisted it should be 4 pounds. I've
no doubt that's correct. Of course, we didn't use
the wliole barrel of flour at the first trial. If you
like them as well as 1 do, I think you'll admit that
there must be some unselfishness in me to send you
the last of the batch— they were made several days
ago— instead of eating them myself. I've eaten
four to six at a time without killing me. If this
crowded season ever gets by so there's more time
for cooking 1 want to have the same recipe tried
with less water and all honey, instead of honey and
molasses. The only trouble with this lot was that
the dougli was so soft it was hard to handle.

After testing them myself I gave samplescto
our printers, and theycall united with me in
pronouncing them to' be as good as the best
jumbles ever made.; ".Barney, "'the head print-
er.'would havei to getchis wife to make some,
andri.am^of the same mind.

It seems there'was a slight mistake, probably,
in the recipe. One [of the ingredients was car-
bonate of-soda, 4 ounces, and it appears that^it
should have been 4 pounds. The whole recipe,
then, with this^correction, willcread as follows:

nPIour, 196 lbs.; lard, 3 lbs.; honey, 13 gallons; mo-
lasses, 3 gallons: carbonate of soda, 4 lbs.; salt, 1
lb.; water, 3 gallons; e-xtract of vanilla. 1 pint.

Of course, the proportionsdn this receipe are
too large for domestic use; and for the conven-
ience of our women-folks I have reduced it to
one-fortieth, figuring 13 Ibs.-to the gallon of
honey and syrup. The recipe will stand thus:

.THAT HONET-.rUMBLE RECIPE A SUCCESS. D

ZjIn our last issue, page 884, Dr. Miller gave us,
under the heading of Straws, a recipe for mak-
ing honey-jumbles. ^You will remember I said
in'my footnote, the getting hold of this recipe
was;;a real acquisition; but I feared that the

Flour, 5 lbs. ; lard, 4 oz. ; honey, SM lbs. ;
14 oz.; carbonate of soda, Hi oz.; salt )^oz.; water,
1 pint; extract of vanilla, i\ gill.

If; the honey is not of heavy body, increase
the quantity slightly. Perhaps the women-
folks would prefer to have this reduced to "cup-
fuls;" but as such a measure is very indefinite,
we can get at the result more exactly by giving
the figures in pounds and ounces, and I suspect
it important that the proportions be as near
exact as possible. I believe it would be possible
to^use all honey instead of molasses and honey.

If all the women-folks can succeed as well as
Dr. Miller's have done, this recipe is going to be
of;great value to bee-keepers, n Every bee-keep-
er who has honey to sell ought now to be able
to'ofler to his customers honey-jumbles, home-
made, and they will sell like hot cakes, j

It' might be well to call attention to theofact
that jumbles will keep almost indefinitely. In-
deed, they seem to improve with' age. Dif they
get!a little dry, shut them up in a bread-crock
and then see how moist^they will become.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE

Jan. 1.

AT THE ATCHLEYS.

Dec. 8.— I omiited to mention that the bees by
the office door have not only become accustom-
ed to people passing, but so used are they to
the tramping on the floor that stamping and
jarring the floor has no effect on them what-
ever. They have apparently forgotten how to
sting; and ah hough they are handled repeated-
ly without smoke or veil, no one has ever been
stung by them.

A MULE WITH A BEE VEIL.

In unloading bees it is often desirable to drive
right in among the hives. Well, bees seldom
trouble a horse more than to buzz about his
head; therefore the mule trained fur this work
wears a bee- veil made on purpose for him, and
thus t quipped he goes anywhere without any
reluctance whatever.

THEIK 500 NUCLEI.

The Atchleys have a little more than 500
hivt-s now, devoted to queen-reariug; later ou
they will be divided so as to make a full thou-
sand. They are located in six apiaries, four to
seven miles apart. Yesterday we visited the
Cyprian apiary, the Holy Land apiary, and the
Carniolan apiary. So far as I can learn, they
have a locality here that furnishes honey to
some extent every month in the year. They do
nofeedina, and with any decent care there need
be no robbing. I have looked over hundreds of
hives, and there were almost no weak ones, and
none but that are well provisioned. As a rule,
eight frame Dovetailed hives are used I sug-
gested that these were larger than necessary;
but, all things considered, I believe they are
about right. With smaller hives there would
be more trouble on both extremes— getting out
of stores, and getting the hive full of honey or
full of eggs and brood before the attendant got
round. During 1896 they have raised about
3000 queens and secured about 10 tous of honey.
Our veteran readers may remember I once ad
vocated, pretty strongly, putting the hives on
the ground, with no bottom boards. Well, here
is a whole large apiary worked on that plan.
It is Willie Atchley's apiary of Holy Land bees.
It stands on a sandy knoll shaded with wild
grapevines and live oaks. The sand is banked
up a little around the hives, and the entrance
is contracted by sand piled up a little on either
side. It seems to work admirably. In a damp-
er soil I would prevent rotting the hives by a
small stone or half-brick under each corner,
then make it tight around the bottom by clean
sand that will dry out quickly after a rain.
Any kind of bottom-board is pretty sure to
make a harbor for insects, to admit cold air
underneath, to rot, warp, or be in the way.
This stock (100 colonies) of Holy Land bees has
all been reared from a queen from Baldensper-
ger, direct, in 1894.

There isn't a trace of bee-paralysis or foul
brood anywhere in this part of Texas. I have
looked the apiaries over carefully, but didn't
see any thing of the symptoms of paralysis.

HOW TO CUT PERFORATED ZINC FOR ENTRANCE-
PASSAGES.

Have the strips so that a very narrow piece
rests down on the bottom-board. It is like this :
It bothers a horse to step over a board a foot
wide, but he can step over a strip 3 inches wide,
when set edgewise on the ground, without any
trouble. So with the bees. To get the correct

spacing there must be just a little zinc left on
the lower edge, so as to exclude the drones but
to admit a worker loaded with pollen; don't
trouble him to raise up his heels so he can get
over a board more than "knee-high."

THE TEN-YEAR-OLD BEE-KEEPER AND ENGI-
NEER.

Leah Atchley, ten years old, has just been
showing me through her apiary of ten hives.
She can lift out the combs and find the queens
as deftly as almost any one whose eye meets
this. Not only this, but when the factory was
started up to fill a small order she took her post
as engineer- and fireman. It is worth a lot to
see her black eyes sparkle as she showed me
she was as much at home here as with the in-
side of a bee-hive. Her father says he would
rather trust her to keep up steam, and see that
every thing is " O. K.," than any hired man he
can get. As the boiler is 12 horse power and
the engine only 10, it is not very hard to ao the
firing.

It is in just this way that the whole family
help in the business. While Leah looks after
this department, Charley, aged 17. runs the
planer, saw, and other machines. Miss Aman-
da is cashier for the firm; takes charge of the
funds, does the banking, pays off the help, etc.

You must not think from what I have written
that thf^ir children are all work and no play.
If you could hear them now you would think
from the childish voices and merriment there
was no lack of recreation. It is 3}^ miles to
school, it is true: but "Nick," aged 13, just
brought me his deportment-card, to show that
he stands from 90 to 96 in nearly all his studies.
The 96 was for penmanship, and he got it by
doing business with a pen in his father's office.
His " arithmetic " was almost as high.

THE CLIMATE OF SOUTHERN TEXAS, ETC.

Beeville is about 30 miles from the Gulf, ,50
miles by rail; Corpus Christi is about 60 miles
by rail, and quite a business is novy growing up
there in early vegetables for the North. Before
the freeze I have spoken of. tomatoes, wax
beans, summer squa?hes, etc.. were being ship-
ped daily. This freeze during the last of No-
vember was a very unu.«ual thing. Many win-
ters pass without frost enough to damage the
most tender stuff. During the great Florida
freeze of two vears ago the orange-trees about
here were either killed or greatly injured. I
have now been here three days, and the temper-
ature has ranged from 46 to 76. On Sunday,
Dec. 6, the sun was so hot I was glad to see it
go down. During the day a shade tree was
very refreshing.

THE EXPERIMENT STATION.

Yesterday we visited a branch of the Experi-
ment Station, under the management of P.
A. McHenry, about five miles from Beeville.
He is testing oranges, lemons, pineapples,
grapes, etc. Nearly a hundred varieties of
grapes and as many of peaches are being tested.
By the way, friend Atchley had so many
peaches last year that bushels were allowed to
go to waste. One reason was, however, they
needed marketing at just their busiest time
with the bees. The fruit is rather smaller here
than further north. I was told by some that
garden stuff didn't do well; but with plenty of
water they get fine crops on the experiment
farm.

Before Mr. McHenry was given the manage-
ment he sold *227 worth of cabbage from two-
thirds of an acre, on a little garden-patch in
Beeville. Not only this, but he produced sim-
ilar crops on the same land year after year. Of
course, he used large quantities of stable ma-
nure, and water when needed; and yet most

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

25

people around here will tell you stable manure
won't answer—" no good in this climate." This
may be to some extent true, without water. On
the station farm, McHenry makes a 13-foot
windmill water about three acres very well;
but I think the wind is more regular every day
here than in the North. The canagarie root
does finely here, as, in fact, do all roots, pretty
nearly. Sweet potatoes and yams (including
the vineless) are right in their home, and, of
course, no irrigation (as a rule) is needed. They
bring .50 cts. a bushel now. Irish potatoes can
be grown only in early spring, and they must
be used pretty soon, for they won't keep through
the summer. McHenry made last spring 87.5
from an acre of early potatoes. The variety
that did best was the Triumph— the same I
have placed at the top of the list for an early
potato in the North. The numerous varieties
of non-saccharine sorghum, kafir corn, and all
the rest, would puzzle a botanist, let alone a
farmer. The chicken- corn sorghum will grow
two crops in a season. Just cut it when the
seed is ripe enough for chickens, and another
full crop springs right up from the suckers. If
you break the stalks down, the chickens will do
the harvesting. Eggs are 20 cts. a dozen, and
chickens can be hatched every day in the year.

Now, you need not all move down here, for
both McHenry and Mr. A. assured me there are
any quantity of folks here, just as there are up
north, who are going about complaining they
can't find any thing to do. Apples won't do
here, but plenty are grown in the northern part
of the State. W. C. McDowell has a very pretty
irrigated garden right in th<^ town of Beeville.
I was pleased to see a beautiful stand of trans-
planted onions. They are red Bermudas. He
says they will mature in April, and he often
gets a nickel apiece for onions averaging 1 lb.
each.

A great variety of hardy vegetables stand out
all winter. Cabbage was considerably injured
by the freeze, but this does not often happen.
Cotton cloth is used over the plant-beds, but is
more to keep oii' the hot sun than to protect
from frost. Winter cabbage brings 5 cts. per
lb. at retail. We saw a few heads ready lo cut,
and fresh cabbage brings the above price this
month. McDowell scatters fresh manure, both
stable and poultry, very liberally through his
cabbages; then he cultivates it in thoroughly,
turns on water, and says the manure never hurts
his cabbage. When I was introduced to the
manager of the experiment station he said he
had just purchased our tomato book, so you see
we received a warm welcome, both from him-
self and his good wife. The State has given
him 100 acres of beautiful land, and his work is
to see what can be grown on it profitably.

Beeville is a town of windmills. They get
water at about 50 and also at 100 feet deep.
The deep vein washes nicely with soap, but is
somewhat alkali, after all. The price for drill-
ing wells here is only 50 cts. per foot, the owner
paying for all pipe needed to case off the surface
water.

I must not forget the fireflies of South Texas.
One warm night they were scattered over the
ground so that it literally sparkled with twin-
kling jewels. When I tried to catch them they
either " went out " or hopped like a cricket. I
am told they are a sort of snapping-bug fire-
flies.

Somebody brought Mr. Atchley some grape
cuttings from California. They were planted in
his garden in front of the house, and in less
than one year he had a few bunches of ripe
grapes, and these were cuttings only— no roots
at all to st_art the^.

Dec. i2. — Here I am at Tempe, Arizona,

among the grand old mountains once more. If
the chap who wrote —

I love thy rocks and rills
had taken a trip through Arizona he could have
found lots to love, especially as far as "rocks "
are concerned. Next to the mountains come
the great alfalfa-fields, kept as green and bright
with the sparkling water as was ever a clover-
field in May or June. It made me think of the
words of Scripture, " He maketh me to lie down
in green pastures; he leadeth me beside the
still waters.'' I really do not know of a more
refreshing and reviving sight than a field of
alfalfa in the month of December; and then to
see droves of cattle, sleek and happy ! In cross-
ing the Texas plains, somebody told me they
figured it wanted five acres to a cow on those
ten-thousand-acre pasture-lots. My impression
is that some of the alfalfa-fields well irrigated
might reverse the proportion, and put five cows
on one acre.

By the way, the past season has been a grand
one for alfalfa honey. Mr. J. P. Joy, Secretary
of the Bee-keepers' Exchange, produced from
500 colonies, in only two apiaries, 50,000 lbs. of
honey. Mr. J. Nippert and others have done as
well or better. This organization has been for
some years past purchasing the cans for their
members by the carload, and in the same way
the secretary makes sales and ships the com-
bined product of all its members: and from
what I gathered at the convention I think it
has been of great benefit in both ways. They
have regular meetings foar times a year.

SUPERSTITIOUS MOUNTAIN.

Dee. 14.— Before daylight my brother, J. H.
Root, Mr. John Nippert, of Phccnix, and myself,
started out — I on mv new Columbia wheel, and
the others in friend Nippert's buggy. Jess (my
brother) and I rode the wheel alternately; but
toward noon I went on ahead so as to get my
nap before dinner, and be in good trim for the
mountain climb in the afternoon. The day was
most beautiful, like all the days so far in Ari-
zona, although the morning was rather cool.
After passing the beautiful town of Mesa, and
getting clear out on the wild desert, I found the
most beautiful wheel-riding I have ever found
in the world. It is true, I have seen gravel
pikes, shell roads, and asphalt pavements
equally good, but never before have I seen the
whole wide country so I could go where I would
and find it equally good everywhere. There had
been just rain enough to form a crust on the
surface of the sand, and this seemed to leave
hardly a trace to show where the rubber tire
had passed. There were bushes, but so scat-
tering they made one think of a tastily arrang-
ed garden; and the broad, constantly curving
walks between the shrubbery made an ideal
ground for the wheel.

As we neared the mountain, beautiful flowers
began to appear, of varied colors and of differ-
ent form from any I had ever seen. At differ-
ent points along the way the song of birds
rejoiced my heart, and with it all the fascina-
tion of the beautiful weird mountain that came
nearer and nearer every moment caused me to
sing again and again, "Praise God, from whom
all blessings flow."

It is 35 miles from Tempe to the mountain,
but the latter seemed so near about 10 o'clock I
felt sure I should soon be there. But the near-
er I came the more the road seemed to unwind,
or lengthen out, until I began to think there
was some ground for giving the mountain its
name. I was always almost there; and the
road seemed always dipping down into a ravine
just at the foot of the mountain; but the
"downhill " didn't seem any easier, and finally

GLEANINGSoIN BEE CULTURE.

Jan. 1

I began to get both tired and hungry. When I
did at length fetch up at the store at Goldfield
I was told my road had been wphill all the way,
and that, in fact, I was on ground 200 feet high-
er than Tempe.

I was soon at the mining boarding-house, and
disposed of a cup of coffee and a piece of pie in
a very short space of time. None but a wheel-
man can tell how really delicious a little re-
freshment is after such a ride. The obliging
Chinese cook then placed at my disposal quite
a dainty cot on which to take my nap. It. was
in a cool tent outside, and, in fact, all the build-
ings in the town, nearly, are roofed and sided
up with cotton cloth. It gives air and light
both, and seems to be warm enough for this
climate.

Jess and Mr. N. came around in about half
an hour, and then we had dinner for sure.
Although every thing is hauled here by team
from Tempe (the nearest railroad station) we
had nice meals at an average of only 33)- cts.
each. We were told a whole day is needed to
climb the mountain and return, but we decided
to make the best we could of it in half a day.
A large canteen of water and a basket of lunch
was all our luggage. When a man said it was
still two miles to the foot of the mountain we
could hardly believe him. Why, there were
those great towering rocksrightinfro'iit of us
now. Really we tramped hard for an hour
before we were in the trail at the foot of the
canyon.

Let me say right here, that we got into sev-
eral sore troubles by carelessly losing the trail.
Whatever you do, don't lose the trail, when
there is one. in climbing a mountain.

I told you the mountain always seemed near-
er than it actually was. Well, when we were
right before it, a column of rock, that might
be a thousand or more feet high seemed to bend
over and menace us by threatening to fall on
our heads. There was something weird and
uncanny about it, but awful in its grandeur.
I can't tell now whether that rock is straight
up and down, or whether it leans out from the
mountain. Again and again I gazed at it and
then sat down to gaze at my leisure, and finally
voted the sight of it alone was worth the whole
trip. With its strange domes and spires and
fanciful turrets and battlements, I think it
should be called the Enchanted Mountain.

The trail first led up a canyon, and I tell you
it is work indeed to climb it, even if you follow
the trail. If you get off it, look out. At every
turn, however, you are rewarded with new
beauties, lofty rocky spires of ever changing
form and color; and a little further along,
pools of deliciously cool water, in the water-
worn cavities of the rock. At one point you
walk over a tiled floor almost smooth, only on
an incline. The tiles are diamond-shaped be-
cause of checks or cracks in the rocif, and they
have been smoothed and polished by the gravel
that has washed down over them for ages.
The slope of this smooth floor is so great at
some points that we crept on our hands and
knees, and finally we had to leave the bed of the
dry canyon and work along loose rock at the
side, without any trail for a guide. My plan
was to reach the backbone of some of the lower
cliffs, and then crawl up on the ridge; but
when I got so as to look through the " fins " on
the backbone I was terrified at seeing the other
side was a fearful steep cliff almost st/aight
down 500 feet or more, and only sharp and
needlelike spires of rock on the summit. By
dint of crawling, careful climbing, and helping
each other, we managed to get up at the very
top of every thing, except a rock that looks
like the crowning turret or dome, when the

mountain is seen about 50 miles away. We sat
at the foot of this dome and looked up. Prom
our position it looked like a whole and complete
mountain; but from the valley it was only a
sort of "knob" on top. I rather wanted to
scale this loo; but my companions said if we
did we should have to stay up there all night,
and we had no blankets, etc. I consoled myself
by taking a nap for a few minutes, with the old
rocky mountain for a pillow. The sun had
warmed the rock so it was quite comfortable. ,ti

Then down we went. We essayed to take a
shorter cut, but several times we were brought
to a standstill by a precipice straight down, right
in our path, and then we went back and tried
another route. I slipped once and barked my
shins; then I got a cactus, with its spines, into
the other leg and in one arm. These cactus
spines are barbed like a fish-hook. They go
into the flesh very easily; but if you try to pull
them out, "Ouch I" It is really worse than a
bee-sting if you try to draw ihem out slowly.
If you jerk them out quickly, however, it is
much better; but each spine leaves an ugly
wound. The ball of spines looks like a chest-
nut-burr, but they are larger. Twice the spines
went clear through the leather of my boot, and
pricked my feet. Jess sat down on one while
sliding down the rocks. He said I shouldn't
tell. Mr. Nippert stood the tramp better than
either of us. We found many beautiful flowers
on the mountain peak, never found in the valley
below; and friend N. found an Italian bee clear
on the top. The view from the top, of the valley
below, and the mountains on the East piled
peak upon peak, was grand. The little town
where I am now writing looked like a small
apiary of queen-rearing bee-hives.

This is a new mining town away off in the
mountains. There are about 60 hands, and the
stamping-mill runs day and night.* A very
pretty little reading-room has just been put up,
and it is here I am writing. I feel consiaerably
bruised and sore from the severe exercise of the
day; but my appetite is tremendous, and my
digestion excellent; I am getting in training
for my final expedition to the Grand Canyon of
the Colorado, 2SQ miles distant over the moun-
tains.

PUKE DRINKING-WATER.

In New Orleans, in Beeville, and in San An-
tonio, Texas, the water I drank was more or
less brackish, or alkaline; and even though I
drank boiled water I had a metallic taste in my
mouth, and began to feel a longing for rain
water, which I could seldom get in traveling.
Later I was troubled with painful eruptions all
over my body. My brother, who is a druggist,
suggested it was the change in drinking-water,
and went to the Tempe ice-factory and got me
some distilled water. I can't tell you how
delicious it was. I drank it again and again.
In 24 hours the bad taste in my mouth was
gone, and in another day the eruptions began
to disappear, and now they are all gone. A
large canteen of this pure water was carried up
the mountain, and it added to my comfort and
enjoyment very materially. I do think rain
water boiled, or distilled water, would of itself
cure many of our troubles with poor health. On
p. 7.52 we pictured an apparatus for producing

* Gold is mined here by sinking shafts and run-
ning out drifts, much as coal is mined in the East.
Tiie rock is then pounded up by a great stamping-
mill. By means of water and quicksilver the gold
is extracted. We found abandoned mines, holes of
all sizes all over the valley and up the sides of the
mountain. No one knows how much the stamping-
mill is producing; for If it should get out that they
had '• struck it rich," everybody would be crowding
around them.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

37

distilled water at very little expense, and I fear
not enough attention was given to a very valu-
able invention.

There, I have done a big day's work with
muscle, and a pretty good evening's work in
writing it up, and yet I feel tiptop.

Good-night, and may God bless you all. dear
friends and readers of Gleanings.

Our Homes.

The Spirit of tbe Lord is upon me, because he hath
anointed me to preach the g-ospel to tlie poor; be
hath sent me to heal tbe broken hearted, to preach
deliverance to the captives, and recovering- of sight
to tbe blind, to set at liberty them that are bruised.
—Luke 4:18.

A bee keeper asked me to take a ride with
him. We were going quite a long trip, and I
expressed fear that his light young pony might
not be equal to the task. He said we would let
her lake her time, and he guessed she would
make it all right. She seemed very docile and
willing, but I noticed she was only partly
'• broke." She was rather poor in flesh, but he
explained this by saying he had owned her only
a short time. Our road was right along the
track; and when a train came in sight we un-
hitched her. and my friend had quite a little
tussle with her; hut he held her so she could
face the danger, was very kind and gt^ntle with
her, and it was soon over. He calls her " Pet."
and I soon found he and Pet were getting to
understand each other better and better every
dav.

Pet's sad story was something like this: Her
owner happened to want a horse when she was
about three years old. Because she didn't seem
to understand, and wouldn't pull on a heavy
load the very first day she was put into a har-
ness, he whipped, pounded, and clubbed her,
until there was almost nothing left of the poor
little colt. She came of highbred stock, espe-
cially for speed, and not for heavy work: and
so when her master didn't succeed in getting
her to pull he in disgust sold her. or what was
left of the poor thing, for only $12.50. Mv
friend, who is a Christian man, found her at
this stage, and gave $20.00 for her. Bruised
and bleeding, he (like a good Samaritan) took
her home, won her little horse heart by treat-
ing her kindly, and she soon became a " pet" in-
deed. He bought a light, strong covered bug-
gy, a neat little harness, and Pet soon showed
her gratitude by just making the rig "spin " as
she carried him back and forth between his
apiaries. On our last trip, as he was hitching
her up I noticed he had trouble in getting the
crupper in place. When asked about it he
repli<^d:

" Why, Mr. Root, you surely have noticed
how her back down near the crupper is caved
in; well, this was done by a heavy blow with a
club before I got her."

I had noticed this, and hai wondered if it
was a result of the pounding. But, notwith-
standing, pet seemed in a hurry to set started,
and she carried us two men almost .50 miles in a
day. and seemed as brieht and fresh, almost,
during the last mile as she did the first. The
whip was never used once, to make her go, and
she never once slackened into a walk unless
her master made her do so. During the week
or more that I knew her she had picked up
amazingly, although it seemed as If a large
doublehandful of oats was about all she requir-
ed at a feed.

Does your heart boil with indignation as you
read this little story ? I know of at least one

little woman whose mild gray eyes (ordinarily
mild) will fairly blaze as she reads this; and
sometimes they blaze to good purpose, too, in
behalf of the bruised and pounded horses.
What is the remedy, fViends? We have a Hu-
mane Society. I know, and it is doing a grand
work; but the greatest work is to be done along
the line of our text in " setting at liberty tliem
that are bruised." We want more "good Sa-
maritans;" but, above all, we want the horse-
men and the horse-owners couverted to the
Lord Jesus Christ, then we change the hearts
of these fiends in human form, an! thus bring
"deliverance to the captives" for both man
and beast.

Not very long ago, in a town of 10,000 inhabi-
tants the Salvation Army was holding meet-
ings. While they were singing " Is your name
written there?" one of the workers noticed a
young woman in the audience, looking very
serious. In a gentle voice some one said to her:

" Dear sister, wouid you noi like to have your
name written there?"

" She did not reply, but burst'into tears.IrWhen
further pressed she replied:

" Oh if it were only possible! but it can never,
never be written there," and then she sobbed
again convulsively.

Reader, what do you suppose those Salvation
Army workers brought to light that night be-
fore they were done? Something like this:
Some years ago, when this girl was only a child
of about 14. having no home she went to keep
house for a relative, a man grown. This per-
son (not & man) set to work to rob the child,
whooa he was expected to protect. To rob her
of her money? Bless your heart, she had no
money, and that is why she was obliged to
work out. She was too young to work for
strangers, and so she was to have a home with
a relative. Mesides. this relative belonged to
some kind of a religious organization— at least,
I think he did: but those who knew him best
were aware that he was a bitter skeptic. He
was one of that hard sarcastic kind who call all
Christians hypocrites. Why, I have seen so
much of this in my life that I have begun to
think that, if I were living a life of daily crime,
I wouldn't talk against Christians and the
Bible, for fear folks would suspect something.
Before that girl left the meeting she made a
full confession, accepted Christ Jesus and him
only, and started out on the new life, bearing a
cross that few of us can even comprehend.
Let us see: She had by this act cut off every
friend she had in the world, unless it was the
Salvation Army people she had just become
acquainted with. She was keeping company
with a good young man, but of course he would
drop her at once and for ever. Well could she
say in the words of that grand old hymn:

Jesus, I my cross have taken.
All to leave and follow tbee;

Naked, poor, despised, forsaken.
Thou, henceforth, myall shall be.

Her new friends found her a home, and she
has ever since lived a consistent Christian, so I
am informed. She lost friends and station in
society. The great world turned aeainst her.
No, no! Not the C7iri.s/:io?i world. Ood forbid!
On the other hand, her load of guilt and sin
was gone. That burden she had borne for so
many years in silence was lifted, and the love
of Christ Jesus shone into her hungry soul.
Now her name could be "written there." Oh
glorious thought! Under similar conditions
the dear Savior had said, " Her sins, which are
many, are forgiven."

Let me use again the closing words of a well-
known hymn:

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

;jan. 1.

He looked on that lost one, " her sins are forgiven,"
And the sinner went forth in the beauty of heaven.

Just a few thoughts in closing. The Salva-
tion Army are noted the world over for just this
kind of work. Dear reader, if you have ever
spoken ill of them, don't do it again. Are you
a follower of Christ Jesus? are you a member
of any church? then stir yourself, as in the
language of the text. Look after the horses,
and make yourself felt in your community.
But don't,stop there. Look after the fatherless
and motherless girls. I am sure there is need
of it. Within the past year, two cases such as
I have mentioned have come to my notice, more
than a thousand miles apart. Do you say there
is a law ? Yes, there is; both cases were up in
court. In one the gray-headed sinner got clear,
so people said, because he had lots of money,
and the poor girl had none. In the other, he
paid the girl some of his money, and is support-
ing her child. In the latter, my advice was
asked about keeping the girl after the facts of
her former history came out. I simply asked:

" Is she doing her work well ? is she faithful
and efficient? '

"Oh, yes! she is the best help I ever had.
This thing happened years ago, when she was
a child. There has never been a breath of
reproach against her since."

"Then keep her, by all means. Give her all
the help atiu encouragement possib e. When
Christ Jesus ha* forgiven, it ill becomes any of
tis to judge or condemn."

Now, then, h t us all help on the work of
"healing the broken-hearted," " deliverauce to
the captives,' and giving "liberty to them that
are bruised."

CHILD-TRAINING.

[The subjoined paper bearing the foregoing
title was read originally at the Cotigri^gatioual
Conference at Mallet Creek, of this county. As
there was a general desire to have it given
again, it was read before the Parents' Meeting
of this place, which meeting I had the pleasure
of attending. I decided in my own mind that it
ought to be heard by a much larger circle
of readers, and at the close of the meeting
requested that I might have it for publication.
I had scarcely made this request before there
was a general expression on every side to have
it put in pamphlet form, as nearly all of the
auditors had friends whom they wished to
read it.

Miss Smith is superintendent of the primary
department of our Medina public schools, for
which position, by her beautiful Christian spir-
it, her special training, and long experience, she
is exceptionally well titled. 1 wish she might
be heard by every mother and father in this
land; and those who feel as I do about it I hope
will see that it is distributed among friends.
After this journal it will be put in the form of a
neat little booklet, at a price just above cost;
viz.. 3 CIS. per single copy; 17c for 10, or 61.50
per 100, all postpaid. At 2c we will send single
copies to any address given in this country.
Every family ought to have one, and I hope
our Christian readers will help scatter it. Re-
member that the time to train a man, and so
cover a multitude of sins, is when ho is a child.

N. B.— We shall have room to publish only
half of the paper in this issue, and it will, there-
fore, be concluded in our next.— Ed.

CHILD-TKAINING.

What is a child? and how shall he be trained?
are two of the most important questions that
can be asked. " What is this lump of flesh,
breathing life, and singing the song of immor-

tality ? " If we could answer this question per-
fectly we might say to the child as Tennyson
said to the little flower plucked out of the

crannies: i:

Little flower, if I could understand

What you are, root and all,

I should know what God and man are.

Patterson Du Bois, in " Beckonings from Lit-
tle Hands," says of his four-yearold boy, "I
would not have hurt him for the world, but I
uid not know what a child was, and conse-
quently could not shield him from myself."
Think of it, parents and teachers, helpless
childhood wholly dependent for guidance and
protection upon those who, like this father, do
not know what a child is, either mentally,
physically, or spiritually, consequently can not
shield him from their Ignorance, biased judg-
ments, and moral deformities.

I often marvel at God's confidence in human
nature as shown by the responsibilities he has
placed upon us. I can imagine the angels in
heaven demurring at his conferring free moral
agency upon frail, sinful man, saying, "It will
never do. Man with his seltishness and down-
ward tendencies will wreck the moral universe
if given the power of choice." But I marvel
more that he trusts sweet innocent childhood
to the care of weak blundering humanity. It
must be for our sakes, that this responsibility
may stimulate us to our highest and best; that
the father, feeling his need of divine help in
bringing up his family rightly, may himself be
led to the Strong for strength, and to the Wise
for wisdom; that the mother, desiring for her
children the privilege of prayer, may herself
tirst call upon the name of the Lord.

What is it to train a child? 1 was glad to
find that Webster bears me out in saying that
it is not thwarting, breaking, scolding, or subdu-
ing, as many seem to imagine, but guiding,
leading, drawing, and directing. It is to form
by practice. There is a good deal of so-called
training which is only repression. Training
develops, strengthens, and builds up. Repres-
sion weakens, discourages, and stupefies or
hardens, and makes the child rebellious and de-
ceitful. If, instead of " Johnuy, sit still," and
"Johnny, don't tease the cat," and "Johnny,
you make me nervous,' you would only find
something that Johnny might do, how happy
he would be, and what a relief it would be to
your tired nerves! If you knew what a child
is you would know that every muscle in the
little body aches to be on the move, and every
nerve tingles with life and energy, and that it
is your work to direct these into right channels,
not repress them. It is the empty hands, heads,
and hearts that go astray. It was the empty
house swept and garnished, you rememner. into
which the seven wicked spirits entered. If we
will only occupy hands, heads, and hearts with
the good and the true, we need to concern our-
selves very little with the bad and false. For
example, if a child is inclined to be cruel to
birds or other animals, instead of talking to
him so much about his cruelty, endeavor,, as
you have opportunity, to interest him in the
many curious habits of animals, the building of
their nests and homes, and the devotion of the
mother to her young. Picture to him the life of
constant fear and danger that these timid crea-
tures live, never safe, always alert. Call his-at-
tention to the provision made by our heavenly
Father for their safety. Tell him of the prep-
aration made by the wild animals for winter,
reminding him that no such preparation is
needed for the domestic animals, as they have
been entrusted to our care. With suitable
stories lead him to sympathize with them in
their suffering when robbed of their young, or

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

29

otherwise mistreated, and teach him that it is
the privilege of the strong to protect the weak.

Sometimes our " don'ts " suggest to the child
the very course we wish him to avoid, and
which but for us he would never think of. No
doubt many a poor fly has lost his legs and
wings because some child had been repeatedly
told that was a thing he must never do. " The
thought is the first step in every act. Every
thought has a tendency to repeat itself. Every
repetition of the thought strengthens the desire
for action. Hence to suggest the thought of a
wrong deed is to sow the seed of a wrong
action."

Another danger of "'don'ts" is that they an-
tagonize the child, and prepare the way for a
spirit of opposition and rebellion. Mrs. Hannah
Whitall Smith tells of a little boy who said to
his playmate, "Let us cut ourselves with this
knife." When asked why he wanted to do that
he said, " Because mother told me not to!"

Judicious praise is a great help in child-train-
ing. Commendation of a generous deed will
incite to greater generosity than a whole book
on the meanness of selfishness. A bad per-
son may fill us with disgust, but only a good
one can inspire us with noble purposes and
high aims. Nothing can save like high ideals.
That is what God gave us Christ for.

Nor must we forget that character is formed
by practice. There is positively no other way.
Every time we succeed in getting a child to
make a right choice, or voluntarily do the right
thing, we strengthen the upward tendencies of
that life, and make it stronger to resist the next
temptation. It is as true in the moral world as
in the physical, that exercise strengthens and
neglect weakens. It should be our care to
strengthen the good by exercise, and weaken
the bad by neglect.

Much valuable time is usually lost before the
work of training the child begins, because
parents do not realize the strength of habits
and the rapidity with which they are formed.
I know a child who is being allowed to become
confirmed in a disagreeable trait because the
mother is hoping the child will grow ashamed
of it as she grows older, and correct it herself.
She may. but it will be at the cost of much
mortification and loss. Too many wait till the
fair garden is well covered with weeds, then
attempt to pull these up and sow good seed.
The results from this course are so meager that
such soon grow weary, and then ease their con-
science with such old saws as "Theories are all
right until you attempt to reduce them to prac-
tice;" or. " What is bred in the bone stays long
in the flesh;" or. "The child is just like his
father's folks; it's no use to try to do any thing
with him:" or, " He's no worse than other boys.
Boys will be boys;" and then with a pious
resignation that the Lord never asks for. th^y
pray instead of working, and trust God to do
that which he has given them to do.

Many fail to accomplish all they might in
this work for the child because only half be-
lieving in the possibilities of child-training.
According to your faith and skillful persistence
will it be unto you, and your persistence will
depend upon the measure of your faith.

I was trying at one time to teach a left-hand-
ed pupil to use the right hand; and as it was
an especially difficult case I asked an older
brother if he would not help me by taking some
pains at home to teach his little sister to use
her right hand. He cheerfully consented, but
came the next morning to tell me that it was
no use to try to do any thing about it, for he
tried a whole hour the evening before, and she
was just as left-handed as ever. While some,
like this boy, lack persistence, others are too

much inclined to bow to heredity, thinking if
a child inherits a bad trait nothing can be done
about it. But heredity is not like the laws of
the Medes and Persians. It can be changed.
Heredity is a powerful factor in any life, and
should be considered; but 1 am convinced that
environment and training are much stronger
forces. We are born with tendencies only, not
cast-iron bands or molds. The very ignorance
and helplessness of each new life is a pledge of
opportunity to advance in spite of all that has
gone before. When horses, dogs, and monkeys
are being trained, shall we leave the chil ren
to simply grow up? Notice the results from
physical training— chests are developed, muscles
strengthened, stiiTened joints made aupple, and
the whole carriage changed from awkwardness
to grace and ease by a few minutes' daily prac-
tice of correct rules; and one of the delights of
the teacher is to see dull eyes brighten with
intelligence, stupid faces grow thoughtful, and
dull minds quicken by simple adherence to the
here-alittle-aud-there a-little method kept up
day after day, week in and week out. I know
character may be changed by this same method,
for T have seen the quarrelsome grow peace-
able, the quick-tempered gain self-control, the
impatient become patient, the impudent grow
respectful, and the careless and inattentive
grow studious by persistent, skillful, loving
management. O fathers and mothers! how I
wish you might all realize what a wonderful
opportunity you have when God places a little
child in your midst, and says, "Train this child
for me"! It might well humiliate you to the
dust with a sense of your unworthiness, and
raise you to the skies with a sense of the high
honor conferred upon you. It should send you
to God in prayer, and lead you to scrutinize
your life and practices as never before. Not-
withstanding, how often this sacred experience
is treated as a joke, or a matter of family pride
and ambition, and the child regarded more as
an object of pleasure to parents and family
friends than as a new life to be molded for f ter-
nity. The work that might engage the powers
of an angel is undertaken unhesitatingly by the
thoughtless and ignorant. Herbert, Spencer
says, " Is the unfoliling of the human being so
simple a process that any one may superintend
and regulate it with no preparation whatever? "

Mrs A. M. Diaz, in "Domestic Problems,"
supposes a philosopher in disguise on a tour of
observation from some distant isle or planet to
visit us. Among the objects that attract his
attpution are the little children drawn along in
their carriages.

"Are these beautiful creatures of any value?"
he asks of a bystander.

" Certainly ; they are the hope of the country.
They will grow up into men and women who
will take our places."

" I suppose there is no danger of their grow-
ing up any other than the right kind of men
and women, such as your country needs ? "

"On the contrary, there is every danger.
Evil influences surround them from their birth.
These beautiful creatures have in them possi-
biliiies of becoming mean, base, corrupt, treach-
erous, deceitful, cruel, false, revengeful; of be-
coming, in fact, unworthy and repulsive in
many ways. Why, all our criminals, our drunk-
ards, liars, thieves, burglars, murderers, were
once innocent little children like these."

"And whether these will become like those,
or not, depends on chance ? "

"Oh, no! It depends largely on training.
Children are like wax to receive impressions,
like marble to retain them."

" But who among you dare make these early
impressions which are so enduring?"

30

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan. 1.

"Oh! the mothers always have the care of
the children. That is their mission — the chief
duty of their lives."

"But how judicious, how comprehensive,
must be the course of education which will fit
a person for such an office!"

"Do you think so? Hem! Well, it is not gen-
erally considered that a woman who is going to
marry and settle down to family life needs
much education."

Our philosopher next questions a young-
mother:

" Where were you prepared for the duties of
your mission?"

"I had no preparation."

"But are you acquainted with the different
temperaments a child may have, and the dif-
ferent combinations of them? Are you com-
petent to the direction and culture of the intel-
lectual and moral nature? Have you thus, un-
instructed. the power, the knowledge, the wis-
dom, requisite for guiding that mighty force, a
child's soul ?"

"Alas! there is hardly a day that I do not
feel my ignorance on all these points."

"Are there no sources from which knowledge
can be obtained ? There must be books written
on these subjects."

"Oh. yes! out I have no time to read them."

"Do not husbands provide their wives with
books ana other means of information on this
subject? "

" Generally speaking they do nothing of the
kind."

" But," adds the writer, " if our philosopher
continued his inquiries into ihi manners. and
customs of our country he must have felt great-
ly encouraged; for he would have found that it
is only in this one direction that we show such
blindness and stupidity. He would have found
that, in every other occupation, we demand
preparation. The individual who builds our
ships, cuts our coats, manufactures our watches,
superintends our machinery, takes charge of
our cattle, our trees, our flowers, must know
how, must have been esppdally pr. oiiifd for
his calling. It is only character-moluing, only
shaping the destinies of immortal beings, for
which we demand neither preparation nor a
knowledge of tiie business. It is only of our
children that we are resigned to lose nearly
one-fourth by death, owing to ignorance and
injudicious nursery management."

But the loss by death is the smallest part of
it. Think of the multitudes mentally crippled
and morally warped because of the lack of
' knowledge of those to whom they have been
entrusted! The farmer, stockman, dentist,
physician, each has his proff-ssional paper. The
teacher expects to read and study the subjects
pertaining to her work constantly; but how
few parents take a paper or buy a book on the
subject of child-training!

But all lack in child-training is not due to
ignorance and lack of preparation. We do not
do as well as we know. I once overheard a
man on the train say, " I know how to bring up
children." I hastily thought. "Oh! no doubt
you are the man, and wisdom shall die with
you!" But I listened attentively for his next
remark. It was this: "Let parents he them-
selves what they desire their children to be."
And I thought, "Amen!" It is not precepts
children need so much as example. Every
child is born with a God given passion for im-
itation, and copies not only your actions and
words, but your very spirit, long before he is
six years old. It is possible for you in some un-
guarded moment to undo the verbal teaching
of years. A little child was once heard to pray.
"O Lord, make us very stylish." Do you not
see the spirit of that home in spite of the re-

ligious teaching? Listen to another mother as
she is getting the children ready for Sunday-
school, ".lave you got your Bible, Mary? I
wish your father hadn't got your new shoes a
mile too big. Can you say your golden text,
Susan? Here's your hat. Be careful of it. It
is the prettiest hat in the whole Sunday-school.
I wonder if Mrs. Jones will let Ella wear that
same hat another season. Now, John, behave
yourself in church, and mind what the minister
says. I suppose I ought to go with you to keep
you straight, but I am too tired to go to church
to-day. I worked too hard yesterday."

Do you want to know what she did yesterday?
She made onion pickles, chili sauce, and ginger-
snaps in the morning (she calls this feeding the
hungry); in the afternoon she put five rows of
inserting in Mary's new dress, tucked Susan's
skirt, and ruttied an apron (this she calls cloth-
ing the naked). In the evening she attended a
card party (this might possibly be called visit-
ing the sick, as most of them were too sick to
attend church the next day). How much moral
weight will her Sunday words carry? Not so
much as the down on one little thistle seed.

HANDY PATCHER.

54 sq. iiii'lies " Mending Tissue" for liindintr or
mending tine Silk jind Dress Goods. Kid Gloves,
Umbrelliis. &e. Does neat, strong-, invisible
work in ;i fourth the time of luedle ;uk1 thread.
15 square inches fine Transparent Adhesive Paper
for mending!- books, documents, bank bills, etc.
9 sq. inches Best Medicated Court=PIaster, white,
flesh, and black, for cuts, burns, &c , c&c.

All inclosod in neat LEATHERETTE pocket-case,
with full directions, and price in gross lots.

You can make money selling- these around your
own home. A neat, useful itresent that every
one cuu iiff<ird. Sent by mail to anvaddress for
VZc-Xs. HANDY MANUFACTURING CO.,

432 Lafayette Ave. Detroit, Mich.

Willi I

Mixed Farming Best

anapeiiient and

t;ooil iii.-irUci.ili:'s|i ■.•Kilty farmer sorut'times makes
a firand slinwiim Hu'.vever, mixed husbandry is
safer, and in tlie Xona run will usuaUy ^ive best
results Where a variety of domestic animals are
kept. Pjitre fence will be found not only a luxury,
but almost a iieeessUy. See catalogue.

PAGE WOVEN WIRE FEMCF Cf>., Adrian.lWich,

make CO rods a d.ay for I

12 to 20 cts.^a^Rod.I

k'JtSELMAN BROS., t
Box 51. Ridgeville, Ind.T

I IHATCH Chickens^BY ST^EAM^

EXCELSIOR incubator

Simple. Perfect, Self ■ Regulat-
ing. ThousaTids in successful

operation. Lowoft priced

I free. ' >]) yi first-class Ilatehcr made.
Send 6c. for I " «EO. II. STAHL,

]-l.~*".!r" *'• *^*^.'*t' Qntncy.IlL

1897 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. |31

Gleanings in Bee Culture
# American Agriculturist

Weekly, Original, Progressive, Practical.

By special arrangement wit h tlie publishers, we are enabled to offer the American Agriculturist in
combination with Gleanings in Bee Culture at the unparalleled low rate of $1.25 for both papers one
year. The American Ag-riculturist is published in Ave editions. The N. E. Homestead, the Eastern, Mid-
dle, and Southern editions of American Asriculturist, and the Oransfe Judd P.irmer. Each contains mat-
ter relating- to its own locality, as well as the latest and most accurate market reports for the country in
general. It has departments relating to all branches of farming, articles written by the most practical
and successful farmers, supplemented with illustrations by able artists.

Short stories, fashions, fancy work, cooking, young folks' page, etc., combine to make a magazine of
as much value as most of the special family papers.

A SAMPLE COPY WILL BE MAILED FREE by acldressiug American
Agriculturist, Columbus, Ohio, or New York, N. Y.

Taken separately these two papers^cost $2.00, consequently every su-b-
scriber under this offer will sret

$2.00 IN VALUE FOR $1.25

CS. Vov 10 cents extra, as ijostage, you can have your choice of
KBE: " Pi'Otits ill Poultry." " Farm Appliances," or '• Fiirmer's
r subscription direct to

THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY, Medina, Ohio.

PREMIUM BOOKS. For 10 cents extra, as postage, you can have your choice of anv of the fol-
lowing standard bo )ks FKBE: " Pi'Otits in Poultry." " Farm Appliances," or '• Fiirmer's Almanac" (ready
December 15). Send your subscription direct to

Two Papers for the Price of One. k- i> k-

The Farm Journal, of Philadelphia, a monthly agricultural journal of
16 pages, sent one Year Free for one subscription to Gleanings, with ,$1.00,
paid in advance, either new^or renewal. In the case of , a] -renewal, all ar-
rears, if any, must be paid in addition to one year in advance.

The FARM JOUS?NAL is now in its 30th volume, and takes the leal among all the loMJ-priced agricul-
tural journals oi tlii-^ idiintry and of the world. It gives no chromos, puffs no swindles, inserts no hum-
bug ad\cit iseimnis, litxither folks praise it, and makes good to subscribers any loss by advertisers who
prove to Ije swihdlers. 'I'he editor was born on a farm, and reared at the plow-handles, and the contribu-
tors are practical men and women.

The regular .price of this^excellent journal is 50 cents.'a year, and it is
well worth it; but by special contract with the Farm Journal we] are' en-
abled to make the above very liberal offers.

The A. I. Root Company, JVIedina, Ohio.

A Bargain!

We have made arrangements to furnish THE
OnlV 1>1 SO ^"'^ FARMER, of Cleveland, O., and Gleanings
V/lllJ «P1.UU« j^ -gg^ Culture, Gboth papers, for only 11.50. ^,[ZZ]

THa nhirk pQftriAf is well known as one of the very best, largest, and among the leading agricul-
IIIC yjlUV rcllllicr ^^^r^^ papers of America. A 20-page, 80 coiumn paper EVERY WEEK in the
year; employs THE VERY BEST WRITERS that money can procure: a strung, fearless defender of the
agricultural interests of this country, and CLEAN in both reading and advertising columns. IT HELPS
MAKE THE FARM PAY.

THE A. I. ROOT CO., Hedina, O.

33

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan. 1.

ANAGERI

BEESWAX MAHKET.

The beeswax market is a little easier of late, and
brokers are ofleriiig at about Ic per lb. less than a
few weeks ago. The tide may turn again before
long. It is hard to say. For the present we lower
our price Ic per lb., and offer 24c cash, 26c trade, de-
livered heie, for average wax.

VANDEUSEN FLAT-BOTTOM FOUNDATION.

There are those who still prefer to use this style
of foundation. We have a few boxes, taken in
trade, which we offer at lowest wholesale price to
dispose of it. Our stock is of the No. 3 thin, about
11 or 13 sq. feet to the pound; 25 lbs. in a box; and
we offer it at $10.50 per box. You can order from
here or from Cliicago, as we have it in stock at both
plar^es.

CLUBBING RATES.

On and after this date clubbing rates with the
American Bee Journal and Bee-Keepers' Review will
be $1.75 for new names and $1.90 for renewals. For
example, a subscriber to Gleanings, but not a sub-
scriber to the American Bee Jonrnal ov Bee-Keepers'
Review may send us $1.75 and receive Gleanings
and either of the other papers for one year; but if
that person is a subscriber to both papers the price
will be $1.90.

minimum charge on freight shipment.
The new issue of the Official Classification going
into effect this date, and which governs all freight
traffic east of Chicngo and Mississippi, and north of
Ohio River, contains a new rule which will affect all
small freight shipments for short distances. For-
merly the minimum charge on any shipment, by
freight, was 25 cents. This is now changed to read
35 cents. Those who have been getting small ship-
ments through heretofore for 25 cents will hi reafter
have to pay 35 cents. This should have a tendency
to induce customers to send larger orders, or club
their orders, so as to make a large enough shipment
to get the benefit of the lowest rate available.

honey for sale.

We have only a few cases left of 1895 alfalfa ex-
tracted, and most of that is in one-gallon square
cans, 6 in a case. This we offer at $4.75 per case;
2 case lots or more, at $4.50. There are several
cases of two 5-gallon cans, amber color, which we
will close out at 87 20 per case.

We have choice new basswood or willow-herb
honey in 60-lb. cans, 3 in a case, at 7c per lb.

Buckwheat at 5c per lb. in cans, kegs, or barrels
at4'/2C.

No. 1 white comb honey, in lots of 100 lbs. and up,
at 13c per lb.; buckwheat at lOc; 200-lb. lots of
either, Ic per lb. less. Inquiries solicited from those
in need of honey.

small wire nails.
Id our last issue we gave the revised price list of
standard wire nails. We were not at the time post-
ed on the new prices of fine wire nails. We now
give them in the following table:

Cement-coated, except first four.

Wire

No. in

Wt. Of

-Price of .

L'gth.

Gauge.

lib.

5c pkg.

lib.

10 lbs.

100 lbs.

M in.

No. 31

17,500

2oz.

.25

$3.00

$17.00

" 20

10,000

2oz.

.20

1.50

13.00

Va "

" 20

7,500

2oz.

.15

1.30

11.00

% "

" 19

4,200

4oz.

.12

1.00

9.00

% -

" 18

3,700

4oz.

.10

.85

7.00

" 18

2.350

4 oz.

.09

.80

B.50

1 "

'• 18

2,000

4oz.

.09

6.00

IH "

" 17

1,200

4oz.

.08

.70

5.50

comb-foundation mills.

We have the following second-hand foundation-
mills, which we offer at the low prices annexed, to
close them out.

Six-inch hexagonal. No. 1467. Price $10.00. Suita-
ble for extra thin foundation. In good condition.

Six-inch hex.. No. 1461. Price $7.00. This mill has
had more use, but will still make good surplus foun-
dation, and is cheap at the price.

Ten-inch round cell. No. TT. Price $10.00. This
will make good medium brood foundation, and is in
good condition.

Ten-inch, round cell, old style. No. V V. Price
$8.00. While this has had very little use, and is
practically as good as when first made, it is quite
inferior to our present make. For a small amount
for home use it will answer nicely.

We have also a number of new 6-inch mills which
are not suitable for e.xtra thin, but which will make
good surplus foundation; also, by adjustment, they
would do fairly well for half sheets of light brood.
We offer these to close out, at $10.00 each.

We have also one or two 13-inch round cell mills
for medium brood, which we will sell at $32.50, and
one or two 14-Inch similar that we offer for $25.00
each. These mills are a bargain to any one who can
use this style; shall be pleasea to submit samples
of the work of any of these machines to any intend-
ing purchasers who are interested.

' I not only named, but first offered

I Mastodon Corn
Freeman Potato
Prizetaker Onion

as well as dozens of others of the
most popular Garden and Field
Seeds of to-day. If you wish an

Up-to-date Garden

^! You must sow

:MAULFS SEEDS

My New Seed and Plant Book free
to all gardeners who mention this
paper. It contains everytliinsj worth
growing, old or new. Address

WM. HENRY MAULE,
J7n Filbert St., Philadelphia, Pa, .

riliiiK advertisers mention this paper.

SYRA^GUSE

SUSF?eNSORY

SUPP^ORTS

and protects the scrotum, and should be worn in
every case where there is any drooping of the scro-
tum. It is especially recommended to wheelmen,
equestrians, b.ise ball, foot ball, and lawn tennis
players, athletes, men doing heavy work, much
walking or standing, etc. Ask your physician's ad-
vice about wearing a Suspensory— perhaps it will
relieve j our backache. Our $I.Oii grade is very pop-
ular, and your dealer, or we, will sell you one and
refund money if not perfectly satisfactory. For
sale by all druggists and dealers in athletic goods.
Send tor price list. A. J. WELLS MFG. CO.,

350 Tallman Street, Syracuse, N. Y.

In writing to advertisers please mention this paper.

Yell, O Yell, O'YELLOWZONES
YELLOWZONES for PAIN and FEVER.

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

MUTH'S HONEY-EXTRACTOR,
SQUARE GLASS HONEY-JARS,
ROOT'S GOODS AT ROOT'S PRICES,

Bee-keepers' Supplies in greueral, etc., etc.
Send for our new catalog. "Practical
Hints" will be mailed for 10c in stamps.
Apply to

CHA8. F. MUTH & SON, Cincinnati, 0.

CHAS. ISRAEL & BROS.,

486, 488 & 490 Canal St., Corner Watts St., N. Y.
WHOLESALE l-l Pi NT C? V LIBESAL

DEALEES 4 nUl^IIil ADVANCES

COMMISSION — 4ND- li^DE

UESCHANTS.

Established

1875.

ON

BEESWAX. Sf

Bee=keepers' and

Berry=men's

Supplies

For sale cheap. Send for prices.
W. D. SOPER, = Box 565, Jackson. Hich.

^^^'^ (always on hand. Better prepared

than ever to fill orders promptly. 36-p. catalog free.
JNO. NEBEL & SON, High Hill, Ho.

T'S ( Get discounts on early orders for
DS ' ^^^"' '^' ■'■ ^o°*- Co^'s bee-supplies

Wants and Exchange Department.

Notices will be inserted under this head at one-half our usual
rate. Advertisements intended for this departinent must not
fexceed five lines, and you must say you want your adv't in this
department, or we will not be responsible for errors. You can
have the notice as many lines as you please; but all over five
lines will cost you according to our regular rates. This depart-
ment is intended only for bona-fide exchanges. Exchanges for
cash or for price lists, or noiices offering articles for sale, can
not be inserted under this head. Kor sueli our regular rates of
20 c. a line will be charged, and they will be put with the regu
lar advertisements. We can not be responsible for dissatisfac-
tion arising from these " swaps."

w

ANTED.— To exchange one Root's make section-
macliine (in line order) for band-saw or offers.
The Geo. Kall Mfg. Co., Galesville, Wis.

WANTED.— To exchange second-hand band instru-
ments, bicycles, etc., for type-writer, comb
honey, bee supplies. P. L. Andepson,

Miller, Nebr.

w

ANTE D.— Canvassers to solicit orders for my per-
manent crayon portraits. Good wages assured,
rite for particulars. W. A. Baldwin,

Portrait Artist, Medina, Ohio.

WANTED.— To exchange 60-lb. cans in good order,
at 25 cts. each, delivered, for comb or extracted
honey at the market price.

B. Walker, Evart, Mien.

WANTED.— To exchange ten Leghorn fowls (last
year's breeding stock), for hone-mill, incuba-
tor, or offers. Address J. Ferris Patton,
Newtown, Ohio.

WANTED.— A position in apiary. No objections
to other work iu connection. Age 34; single.
Write, one and all. Photo furnished and reference
given. P. W. Stahlman, Kinggold, Pa.

LAND— .55 acres— on famous Cumberland Plateau.
Elevation 2000 ft. No malaria! No Consump-
tion! Will exchange for farm machinery, blooded
stock, or offers. Phelps,

Genesis, Cumberland Co., Tenn.

W

ANTED.— To exchange Kodak, rifie, or bicycle
for foot-power saw, condition no object.

Robert B. Gedye, La Salle, 111.

WANTED.— To exchange a St. Bernard pup, extra
fine, registered blood, for trade or offers. See
my ad. in Gleanings Dec. 15 W. S. Brillhart
Millwood, Knox Co., Ohio.

Our Prices are Worth Looking at!

IN THE

New Champion Chaff Hive Especially.

All other supplies accordingly. Send

for catalogue and price list. Address,

mentioning Gleanings,

R.H.SCHMIDT, = Box 187, Sheboygan, Wis.

Bee=hives. Sections, & Bee Supplies

Al»^AY DOWN.

Queens and bees for 1897 at bottom prices.
Write for catalogue and prices.

CHAS. H. THIES, Steeleville, 111.

Read what J. I. Parent, of
Charlton, N. Y., says— "We cut
with one of your Combined Ma-
chines last winter 50 chaff hives
with 7-inch cap, 100 honey-
racks, 500 broad frames, 3,000
honey boxes, and a great deal
of other work. This winter we
have doubled the amount of
bee-hives, etc., to make, and we
expect to do it all with this saw.
It will do all you say it will."
Catalogue and Price List free.
Address W. F. & JOHN BARNES, 545 Ruby Street,
Rockford, 111.

When more convenient, orders for Barnes' Foot-
Power Machinery may be sent to

THE A. I. ROOT CO., Medina, O.

Chestnut, Numbo, Spanish, Paragon— four 3-ft.
rees, or 13 grapevines— six kinds— by mail, $1.00,
T. G. Ashmead, Nursery, Williamson, N. Y.

KIND WORDS FROM ODR CUSTOMERS.

As long as A. I. Root lives, and your humble sub-
scriber lives, you will find my name on your sub-
scription list, M. A. Bellows.

Griffin's Corners, N. Y., Nov. 24.

Tell Dr. Miller, as it is now winter back in Illinois,
I think he might lengthen his Straw column, as I
enjoy reading Stray Straws very much.

Encinitas, Cal., Dec. 5. J. M. Crow.

Your last shipment of bee-supplies, October 6, is
received, and merits praise for its workmanship.
All the parts united nicely. I have them all put up
and ready for the coming season, with the exception
of some painting yet to be done. No mistakes in
the parts manufactured so far. How can it be other-
wise when " In God we trust " is the motto of The
A. I. Root Co ? M. N. Simon.

Bloomdale, O., Nov. 10.

The watch ($8.85) I ordered from your catalog is at
hand, though it must have been delayed, as I was on
the point of writing you when it arrived. I have
run it a few days, and it is a dandy. It is a much
handsomer watch tlian I expected to see; and if, on
further trial, it proves to run all right, it is a bar-
gain for that money. Such a watch bought at the
store would cost $12.00. I know, for I pticed them.
I take pleasure in sending a money order for the
amount. F. C. Fuller.

Montague, Mass., Sept. 29.

I have taken your little paper for lol these many
years, and like it much. It is always bright and
sparkling, and never dull; and as variety is said to
be the spice of life it must therefore be a spicy little
journal. In it one may flrd discussed not only
honey but fruit and vegetables; and last, but not
least, it sets forth our duty to God as well as man.
Well, I was always extremely fond of sandwiches;
and what is better than honei , fruit, vegetables,
and religion, with "Straws " for toothpicks ?

Los Alamos, Cal., Oct. 8. Joel Hilton.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan. 1.

Etc. advertise themselves. The best always cheapest Elegrant catalogue, magazine
size, 168 pages free. Gives the cream ot the new and the best of tlie old in veffetables and
floAver seeds, fruit and ornamental trees, grapes, siirubs, roses, hardy perennials, biilbs,
and greenhouse plants. Immense quantities. No finer assortment of fruits in America,
with more acres of ornamentals than any other nursery can show. Nurserymen, florists, dealers
and planters are cordially invited to call and inspect our stock. Seeds, plants, bulbs, small sizes
trees, etc. by mail postpaid, larger by freight or express. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed.
Send today for catalogxie, free, it will save you money. 43d Year. 33 Greenhouses. lOOO Acres.

PAINESVILLE, OHIO.

THE STORRS & HARRISON CO., Box 91,

BURPEE SEEDS

BURPEE'S FARM ANNUAL for 1897

The Leading American Seed Catalogue

mailed FREE to any address.

W. ATLEE BURPEE & CO., - PHILADELPHIA.

Bee-keepers and Farmers!

You can get The Hichigan Farmer every week one year (52 times) for only one dollar. In It you will
find every tbinfr you need— bees, poiiltiy, live stock, agriculture, horticulture, dairy, market reports, etc.,
etc. It has 33 departments. Its articles are all written by the very best writers money can secure. Not
an objectionable article or advertisement in its columns. The market reports alone will save you many
times the cost. Send direct io IMIcbig-an Farmer, Detroit. Micb.. for tree sample copy, or we will send it
every week one year lor one dollai-, or with Gleanings in Bee Culture both one year for only one dollar
and fifty cents.

75

cts.

• •

Send this Coupon and 25 cts. for

• TEXAS FARMER (Dallas) ONE YEAR.

Agricultaral, Literarj, News, and Family Paper. Sample free-

In responding Io these advertisements mention this paper

SEE THAT WINK?

BEE SUPPLIES.

Root's Goods at Root's Prices.

Pouder's Honey Jars and every
tiling usL'd by beekeepers. Low
freiyht rates; prompt service.
Catalogue fi'ee.

, .,,K.,„ft)X • WALTER S. POUDER.

W^^ |)0VULK3^i) 162 Mass. Ave., Indianapolis, Ind.

all the many shows in

Icli it has participaterl.

there must be somethint;

-J .11 the supeiiorit;- claimsof the I

Xreliable incubator!

^^Self regulating, entirely

I RELIABLE INCUBATOR & BROODER CO., OUINCY.ILLS

ONE MAN WITH THE
UKION COMBINATION SAW

Can do the work of four men us
ing hand tools, in Ripping, Cut
ting off, Mitering, Rabbeting
Grooving, Gaining, Dadoing.
Edging-up, Jointing Stuff, etc.
Full Line of Foot and Hand
Power Machinery. Sold on Trial
Catalog Free. l-24ei

SENECA FALLS MFC. CO.,
44 Water St.. Seneca Falls, N V

THROAT

AND LUNO DISEASES
DK. PKIKO, Specialist.
Offices: IOI9, loo State St.
CHICAGO. Hours') to •♦

Do You Want b

An Incubator? I

Want Our Catalogue?

It's a pretty book of 68 pages, finely lllustrateo ;
worth dollars to every poultryman, A 2c stamp gets

Geo. J. Niss'-Y, Saline, Mich.

Yellowzones

For Pain & Fever.

An honest etticient remedy for all
Ffvers. Headaches, Colds, Grip,
Kheuniaiisiii, Neuralgia, etc. A
general service renn dy that will
please you, or money refunded.

' Tliey knock headaches clear to the horizon."
" It's a rare pleasure to And such a remedy."
" Too much can not be said in praise of them."
■' I was suffering from Neuralgia, and found quick relief."
•' I got more relief from Rheumatism in 12 hours after tak-
ing Yellowzones than from all else, tho' I was a skeptic."

] Box, 2.5c; 6 Boxes, 81; Samples and Circulars, 5c.

W. B. House, M. D., Detour, Mich.

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

39

Contents of this Number.

Alfalfa Discussed by Aikin.. «

Batterson & Co 57

Bees. Foreign, Importing... 46

Bee-houses 52

Bee-journals, Defunct 48

Bicycle, Hutchinson's .58

Chaff V. Shavings 60

Child-training. 63

Doolittle and Tall Sections.. 58

Echoes 43

Fred Anderson 54

Gradingrules for Honey.... 45

Holes through Combs ,53

Honey, Comb, New S.ystem.. 51

Hutchinson's Troubles .58

Inventor Answered ,59

Monopoly on Hives 59

SaltKiver 61

Shavings v. Chaff 60

Union, U. S. B K 58

Wolves and Wildcats .50

Wintering in Bee house 52

Honey Column,

CITY MARKETS.

Springfield.— Honey. — Fancy white, 13; No. 1
wliite, 13; fancy dark, 10; No. 1 dark, 10. Demand
fair. Pekkins & Hatch,

Jan. 11. Springfield, Mass.

St. Louis.— Honey. —Fancy white, 12H@13; No. 1
white, 11@12; fancy amber, 9!/2@10; No. 1 amber. 9;
fancy dark, 7@8; extracted, white, oM in cans; in
bbls., 5@5)4 ; amber, i in bbls., 5 in cans; dark, 3^2®
4; beeswax, 23@2,tX. Stocks of honey not largre.
but the de and is very light except for low grade.
Bakers take it. Westcott Com. Co.,

Jan. 9. 213 Market St., St. Louis, Mo.

Chicago.— Honej/.— Fancy white. 13; No. 1 white,
13; fancy amber, 11; fancy dark, 10; No. 1 dark, 9
extracted, white. 6@T; amber, 5@5K ; dark, 4@4i'4
beeswax, 36@37. Demand not very active. Slocks
light. S. T. Fish &Co.,

Jan. 8. 189 South Water St., Chicago, 111.

Chicago.— Hoj?ey.— Fancy white, 12@13; No. 1
white, 11: fancy amber, 9@]0; No. 1 amber. 8; fancy
dark. 8@9: No. 1 dark, 7@8; white extracted, 5@7;
amber, 5@6; dark, 4^4; beeswax, 26 Comb honey
sales are of small volume.

R. A. Burnett & Co.,

Jan. 7. 163 So. Water St., Chicago, 111.

Detroit.— iIo?iey. — No. 1 white, 13@14; fancy
amber. 11@12; No. 1 amber, 10@11; fancy dark, 9@10:
No. 1 dark, 8@9; white extracted, 5'2@6: amber, 5;
dark, 4@4V2. Beeswax, 25@26. M. H. Hunt,

Jan. 9. Bell Branch, Mich.

Albany. — Honey. — Fancy white, 12@13; No. 1
white, 10@11; fancy dark, 8; No. 1 dark, 7@7H;
white extracted, 5@6; dark, 4@4'4. There is very
little activity in the honey market, and an ample
supply of dark comb and white. Farcy white is not
plentiful. We expect an improved demand for ex-
tracted soon. Chas. McCulloch & Co.,

Jan. 8. Albany, N. Y.

Milwaukee.— HoHey.— Fancy white, 13@14; No. 1
white, 12@12'2; fancy amber, 10@11; No. 1 amber,
9@10; fancy dark. 7@8; white extracted, 6@7; am-
ber, .5(S6; dark, 4@5; beeswax, 23@35. The demand
for honey is not very good— sales seem to drag. We
reasonably expect larger consumption af this sea-
son; hence, think it will come. The supply is very
good, quantity and quality. Our quotations repre-
sent fairly the market, yet we realize some in order
to push off stock and make sales reduce prices. W'e
always try to maintain fair remunerat ve values.
A. V. Bishop & Co.,

Jan. 7. Milwaukee, Wis.

San Francisco.— Ho?icj/.— Fancy white, 10@12; No.
1 white, 9@10; fancy amber. 7@8; No. 1 amber, 6@7:
fancy dark, 5@6: No. 1 dark. ^©S; white extracted,
5@.5y2; amber, 4041/2; dark. 3@3>i ; beeswax, 34@35.
Market is quiet, but stocks are not larger than re-
quirements. Beeswax Arm, but in poor demand
and ligiit supply. Henry Schacht,

Dec. 27. San Francisco, Cal.

Boston. — iio?!e?/. — Fancy white, 13; No. 1, 11
13; white extracted, 7@8; amber, ,5@6; beeswax, 25.
There is a fair demand with a full supply of No. 1
and off grades, but only a fair supply of fancy .stock.
Beeswax, light supply, and we advise shipments.
E. B. Blakk&Co.,

Jan. 7. Boston, Mass.

Cleveland.— Honev.— Fancy white, 12@13; No. 1
white. 10@]1 ; fancy dark, 8@9: extracted, white, 6®
7; amber. 4@.5; beeswax, 22@27 Honey continues
to move very slowly Living in hopes it will soon be
better. Williams Bros.,

Jan. 7. 80 & 82 Broadway, Cleveland, O.

Philadelphia.- Ho/iej/.- Fancy white, 13@14c;
No. 1 white, 12@13; fancy amber, 1]@12; No 1 amber,
9@10; fancy dark, 8@9: No. 1 dark, 8; white extract-
ed, eoeVj; amber, 5; dark, 4; beeswax, 27. Little
more call for comb honey. Wm. A. Selser,

Jan. 9. No. 10 Vine St., Philadelphia, Pa.

Denver.— Ho??ej/.— Fancy white, 11; No 1 white,
10; fancy amber, 9; white extracted, 5@6; beeswax,
35 Our market is still filled with dark and granu-
lated honey, which tends to keep the price and de-
mand down. K. K. & J. O. Frisbee,

Jan. 9. Denver, Col.

Minneapolis.— Honey.— Fancy white, 11@]3; No.
1 white, 10®11; fancy amber. 9@10; No. i amber, 8®
9; fancy dark, 7@8: No. 1 dark, 6@7; white extract-
ed, 6@7; amber, .5@6; dark, 4@5; beeswax, 23®25.
There is a ready demand for comb honey, and all
sound unbroken lots sell readily on arrival. Ex-
tracted is slow, but nominally unchanged.

S. H. Hall & Co.,

Jon. 9. Minneapolis, Minn.

Columbus.— HoJicj/.— Fancy white, 13; No. 1 white,
13; fancy amber, 9; fancy dark, 7.

The Columbus Com. & Storage Co.
Jan. 8. 409-413 N. High St , Columbus, O.

Kansas CiTY.-Hone?/.— Fancy white, ]3@]4; No. 1
white, 13@13: fancy amber, 11@12; No. 1 amber, 10
@11; fancy dark, 10; No. 1 dark, 8@9; white ex-
tracted, 6; amber, .')@5y2: dark, 4@4H; beeswax,
2C@22. Sales are slow. C. C. Clemons & Co.,

Jan. 8. 423 Walnut, Kansas Uity, Mo.

fFOR Sale.— Extracted buckwheat honey, in kegs
of 160 lbs., at 4/2C per lb. J. F. Michael,

Greenville, Ohio.

For Sale.— 6000 lbs. extracted honey, in new cans
and cases, $375.00. Speak quick; who wants it?

Elias Fox, Hillsboro, Wis.

For Sale. — A carload of white extracted honey
from basswood and willow-herb in 30-gallon barrels
and 60-lb. cans. Purity and safe arrival guaran-
teed. Price, 6'/2 cts. ; in quantity, 6 cts.

Frank McNay, Mauston, Wis.

For Sale.— Ten barrels good white - clover ex-
tracted honey at prices to suit the times. Can put
it up in any style of package desired. Write for
price, stating quantity wanted. Send stamp for
sample. Emil J. Baxter,

Nauvoo, Hancock Co., 111.

For Sale.— 15 boxes fine heartsease extracted
honey. Price per lb., 6c. Also 14 boxes last season's
honey at 5c a lb. Boxes have two 60 lb. cans each,
eitf J NO. A. Thornton. Lima, 111.

Dovetailed Hives,

Sections, Extractors, Smokers,
and every thing a Bee-keeper
wants. Honest Goods at Close
Honest Prices. 60-page cata-
log free.

J. M. JENKINS, Wetumpka, Ala.

T'S ( Get discounts on early orders for
f^y Bm /rjc \ 1897. A. I. Root Co.'s bee supplies
^^^^^'^*^*'* (always on hand. Better prepared
than ever to fill orders promptlv. 36-p. catalog free.
JNO. NEBEL & SON, High Hill, Ho.

SOO

i^~Work for All. Send your address on a
postal card to HANDY MFC. CO., Detroit, Mich.
They will tell you what to do.

See
what

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

NEW SUBSCRIBERS

Jan. 15.

are
Offered.

New^ subscribers are what every journal most earnestly desires. As a matter of course, if the jour-
nal is good, most of the old subscribers will stay by it; but to get new subscribers, to g-et the journal into
the hands of new men, that they in time may thus become old subscribers, is what ev> ry j urnal strives
for most earnestly. To this end I make the following- offers. For f 1.00 1 will send the Bee=keepers' Re=
view for 1897 (and throw in the December, 1896, number, which is especially g-ood) and the 50-cent book,
" Advanced Bee Culture," or, in place oif the book, 13 back numbers of the Review. For $1.50 I will send
the Review and a flue, tested. Italian queen— queen to be sent early in the season of 189T. For 13.50, the
Review and 1000 No. 1 fl st-class one-p ece sections. But, remember, these offers are only to those who
are not now subscribers to the Review, and as a special inducement for them to try the Review at least
one year.

W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint, Mich.

It is here.

The year 1897 is here, and we are happy to in-
form our friends and customers that we are now
better prepared than ever before to fill your orders
for queens and bees. We have the largest stock
ever operated by us, and we mean to be ready with
plenty of bees and queens to fill all orders without
delay that are sent to us.

Bees by the pound, $1.00; ten or more pounds, 90c
each. Untested queens for 1897, $1 00 each in Feb
ruary, March, April, and May; $5.00 for six, or $9.00
per dozen. For larger amounts write for prices.
Have your orders booked for your early queens.
Safe arrival g-uaranteed.

Root's g-oods, Dadant's foundation, and Bingham
smokers. A steam bee-hive factory, and all kinds
of bee supplies.

The Soutliland Queen, the only bee-paper in
the South, monthly, $1.00 per year.

Send for catalog, which is almost a complete book
on Southern bee-keeping, giving queen-rearing in
full, all free for the asking. If you want full infor-
mation about every thing we have, and the bee-
book, don't fail to ask for our 1897 catalog.

The Jennie Atchley Co.,

Beeville, Bee Co., Texas.

Fruit Packages of all Kinds,

Jllso

\^. Bee=keepers' Supplies.

"7

\\ t allow a liberal discount

i>ii t .irly orders. Why not send
tui jour sup^jlies now to save
the discount and avoid the rush
of the busy season? Catalogue
and price list free. Address
BERLIN FRUIT=BOX CO..

Berlin Heights, Erie Co., Ohio.

Fresh and Reliable. From Crower to

Planter. I give you middleman's j
profits. Seeds that grow. Presentswith (
every order. Beautiful and Instructive I
Seed and Plant Book sent FREE if you
write before they are all eone. Address
H W BUCK^EE }

S EocMord Seed Farms*. Box 611 Eockord, Ills, i

Cut This Out.

If you buy honey, have it analyzed and
see it: it is pure. I have purchased chemical
apparatus costing $:-tOO, for the special pur-
pose of analyzing honey. Will give a writ-
ten certificate that will stand in court. Send
a 3-oz. bottle and $1.50 by mail to

Wm. A. Selser,

10 Vine St , Philadelphia, Pa.

The Danzenbaker Hive

Has valuable features ',
possessed by no other,
and is surely winning !

if a -iTtroT-. was awarded Spe-
lts ^^d,y , ^.g, Diploma, and
First Premium for COMB '
HONEY, at Mich. State Fair, 1896. Address

Francis Danzenbaker, Medina, Ohio.

Care The A. I. Root Company.

Our '97 Catalog

J will be out January 15th. Send /
I for it. It is full of information. (

" Our Supplies are of the Best."

" Our Prices are very Low.'

Southern Bee=keepers

) should write for piices on g-oods. de }
) livered at their station, freiKht paid, f
Apiary, I. J. STRINQHAM,

Glen Cove, L. I, 105 Park PI., N. Y. City.

pearl Gooseberry ! Best in the world; 50ceach, $3.50
•^ per half-dozen, d'S 00 per dozen. Mention Gi^ean-
INGS. T. G. ASHMEAD NuuSEKY, Williamson, N. Y.

160-page Bee-nooK Sent Freewitl flinenGaii Bgb Joinal.

Bee-book
FREE.

Every neiv Kuhficriher sending- fl.OO for the weekly American Bee Journal
for 1897 will receive a copy of Newmnn's 160-page "Bees and Honey"
f i-ee. Ask for sample copy of the Bee Journal, and have yo\ir subs(u-ip-
tion begin with January 1. The old American Bee Journal will be
Kreat iliis year. You ought to have it, even if you do take Gleanings.
The two papers tog-ether for S1.90 (and book thrown in, to new sub-
scribers. Address

GEORGE W. YORK & CO., 118 Michigan St., Chicago, 111.

In writing advertisers please mention this paper.

•To-Bele

•andHoNEY'
fMD HOMEL

biishedyiHEAl^ooYCo.
PERYt AR'^'N^'nEDiNA- Ohio •

Vol. XXV.

JAN. 15, 1897.

No. 2.

The honey-gem recipe given on page 883
has been tried on a small scale at our house. I
don't like it so well as the jumbles— too much
taste of molasses.

In reply to your question, Mr. Editor, I don't
know of any objection to tall sections aside
from not fitting supers; but then, I'm not ac-
quainted with them.

Buckwheat honey, as a food for bees, ac-
cording to Herr Thiedemann, in Central! dntt,
helps to prevent foul brood. I wonder if there
can be any thing in that

J. B. Kellen, editor Luxemhurg Biencn-
zeitung. advises the use of pasteboard floors in
hives in winter. Handy to draw out to clean
the hive, without disturbance.

The Lehigh Valley is a railroad after A. I.
Root's own heart. It not only prohibits the use
of intoxicating liquors by employees while on
duty, but tobacco also on passenger trains and
at stations, and smoking in or about the shops.

Wood stays wouldn't stay in brood-combs
for R. M. Reynolds, p. 13. I reported exactly
the same experience. Friend Reynolds, please
tell us if you ever had any failure with stays
boiled in beeswax. With such I've had success
so far. But I use only one-fourth as much
wood as you.

There is a connection or relation existing be-
tween honey and buckwheat that does not
occur to most people. The bees gather the
honey from the buckwheat blossom, and the
nectar is again returned to the buckwheat
when it is eaten in the form of cakes.— J'arm
Furrows, in Homestead.

The annual output of honey in Europe is
given in Progres Apicole as 80,000 tons, worth
§11,000,000, with 15,000 tons of wax worth $0,600,-
000. Seems like a pretty big yield of wax, to
get one pound to about five of honey. [These
figures may be correct, but the amount of wax

seems to be rather larger for this amount of
honey. See estimate of the annual product for
the United States at the close of this depart-
ment.— Ed. J

Stop yelling about deep-cell foundation in
the way you do on page 6, Mr. Editor, then
stopping short just as we're ready for some
disclosure. It's aggravating. If you've got
scent of any thing worth while, tell. [Just
have (patient?), doctor. That is what a good
doctor has, is it not ? — Ed.]

Honey vinegar in 14 weeks. Mr. T. W.
Cowan tells in British Bee Journal how he
makes it. Put in a cask 1}4 lbs. honey to ach
gallon of water; add vinous ferment or common
yeast; set in warm place; two months and
three weeks from first mixing, clarify with
isinglass, and in two weeks it's ready for mar-
ket.

The British Bee Journal says that the idea
that Italians have longer tongues than blacks
is now considered a fable, careful measurements
showing no difference. [I suspect the British
Bee Journal is right — at least, I doubt whether
any living bee-keeper is any better able to
decide this question than its editor, Thos. Wm.
Cowan. — Ed.]

Herr Guenther has found, in 50 years' ex-
perience, that queens fecundated late in the
season prove good layers, while those raised
and fecundated early seldom last long. [This
is a good point, if true. As long as there is a
probability of it, so much is to be gained or lost
that it would be a good idea for our American
bee-keepers to experiment, and decide the point
beyond a question or doubt.— Ed.]

Pres. N. E. France, at the Wisconsin con-
vention, speaking of packages for extracted
honey, said, "Some people advocate waxing
the barrels to keep them from leaking; but my
father says wax the cooper until he can make a
barrel that won't leak."— ^mer. Bee Journal.
[Yes, I remember when I called on the Frances
the old gentleman was very emphatic in saying
that a barrel for honey did not need waxing.
Their honey-barrels are made in advance, and

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan. 1.

stored in a dry room. Just before the honey is
put into them, the hoops are driven down solid-
ly. Mr. France assured me that they never
had any trouble from leaky barrels.— Ed. J

Twenty five cents used to buy a corn-
husker. Now the best machine for that pur-
pose costs several hundred dollars. But think
of the work it does! It takes the corn— stalks,
ears, and all— as fast as two men can feed it,
husks out the ears, and loads them on a wagon,
then tears the leaves and stalks all to shreds,
and carries them upstairs into the barn. And
It never grumbles because there's no pie for
dinner.

A MISTAKE occurs In that first recipe on p. 23.
Instead of 3 lbs. it should be 10 lbs. lard. [Mrs.
''Barney" made some most excellent honey-
jumbles from the recipe given in Gleanings.
lam rather of the opinion that the jumbles
will be just as good with less lard— certainly
much more wholesome. You know lard, or at
least the excessive use of it, in cookery, is ta-
booed now by nearly all the medical fraternity.
-Ed.]

HONEY-.JXJMBLES. For the benefit of those
who may want to try them on a smaller scale
than that given p. 23, here's the recipe: 2 lbs.
flour, \% oz. lard, l>i lb. honey, 6 oz. molasses,
X oz. soda, J oz. salt, 1 gill water, ^i teaspoon
vanilla extract. \lx, would be a good idea for
you, doctor, to put all three of these honey-
jumble recipes in your honey leaflet, then the
family can pick out the size that will best suit
its requirements. — Ed.1

Ontario bee keepers at their convention
raised the question of government's "compell-
ing bee-keepers to put upon the market well-
ripened honey." I don't like that sort of com-
pulsion. If I've only enough honey for ray own
family I don't want to be compelled to put it
on the market just because it's well ripeaed.
But if it means I sha'n't sell uuripe honey,
that's all right. Why not a law against unripe
honey just as much as against " unripe " veal ?
Failing to find any thing else to fight with
you about, Mr. Editor, I arise to continue the
quarrel as to the time for development of a
queen. Seventeen days is an old belief, and it
is known that it is not now true and never was
true. Fifteen days is found to be the truth
under normal conditions, and is so put down in
such reliable books as Cowan's. Now, what
business have you tostrike an average between
that error and that truth, and then say 16 days
is about right ? [I just won't fight at all — sim-
ply give up.— Ed. J

R. F. Holtermann, of the Canadian Bee
Journal, is stirring up things by trying to get
Canadian honey on the British market —
shrewdly giving members of the Ontario Asso-
ciation some advantage — and by getting a
meeting of honey-vinegar makers and consum-

ers at the Toronto convention. [If Mr. Holter-
mann does not " look a little out "he will be
stirring up the wrath of his British cousins.
They do not take kindly to the importation of
foreign honey into their market. What excites
their indignation particularly is that the in-
ferior grades of foreign honey have been sent
to England and palmed off as English; but I
presume the goods that Mr. Holtermann had
in mind were first quality; but by a letter I
have received from an eminent bee-keeper in
England, it seems to be apparent that little if
any thing, from a money standpoint, will be
gained by the experiment. — Ed.]

Wisconsin reports for 1896 1,800,000 pounds
of honey, and 20,000 pounds of beeswax. [These
figures seem tremendously large, but they are
within the range of possibility, for Wisconsin
is certainly one of the very best honey-produc-
ing States in the Union. If every State aver-
aged as well as this, then the total amount of
honey would be 86,400,000 lbs.; but according to
estimate made last fall (see Oct. 1st Glean-
ings), on the number of sections sold in the
country, 50,000,000 (for both comb and extract-
ed) would be a nearer figure. If this is correct,
then Wisconsin produces l^^j more honey than
the average of the States. Indeed, there is no
doubt there are single counties in Wisconsin
that produce more honey than some whole
States. But Wisconsin probably does not pro-
duce the largest amount of honey. California,
by reason of its larger area, longer seasons, and
greater variety of honey-producing plants,
would run considerably in excess. I believe
that somewhere rough estimates have been
made as to the annual output for California,
but I can not now put my finger on them.
Granting it is in the lead. New York and Penn-
sylvania, and perhaps Illinois and Iowa, will
each hold its own alongside of Wisconsin. But
there are other States, such as Colorado and
Arizona, that are rapidly coming to the front.—
Ed.]

Please, sir, Mr. Editor, what makes you box
my ears for things I never did ? On p. 7 you go
to arguing about "'sunken bottles" and things,
and I never said a word about them. Go for
Hutch. He's the " sunken bottle " man. Bless
your heart 1 I'm for thin sections just as much
as you, I suppose. What I'm fightng is the
thievish plan of selling light-weight sections
for full pounds. And I say if the grocer sells
them that way, why shouldn't he buy them
that way ? [It is true, doctor, you may not
have said any thing regarding the sunken-
bottle matter; but what I was "boxing your
ears" for was not that, but because you persist
in saying the plan of selling thin sections is
" thievish." I do not believe it is true that con-
sumers have the idea generally that such sec-
tions weigh a whole pound; but 10 cts. is a nice
even change; and if a section of honey is only

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

43

10 cts., pbople will buy it in preference to one
that costs 15 or IS cts. The dime is usually
handy, and it is very easy to throw it out on
the counter and walk off with the goods. The
point that I think you overlook is this: Con-
sumers are more apt to buy goods in ten-cent
packages than in 15 or 25 cent sizes. That is
the reason why manufacturers almost univer-
sally, where they can, try to put their products
in such shape that they will retail for an even
dime.— Ed.]

cell foundation, or comb with cells only % inch
deep. Full-depth combs are not desirable or
practicable for comb honey.— Ed.]

Then we have to get news from England
about the uses of honey in our own national
household.

The new Union evidently has a field here for
the exercise of its talents, and a wide field it is,
to find out where honey is used, for what pur-
pose, how much, what quality, and at what
price; and also where not used, and why.

Please tell Anthony Opp to desist from tell-
ing any more bear-hunting stories. They have
a demoralizing effect upon Mr. Wilder, my
friend and celebrated hunter. We prefer Mr.
W. to stay in California; but that story, IS
bears in 30 days, leads him to cast longing eyes
toward Arkansas. I have traveled with Mr.
W. I know just how he feels— he feels for his
rifle.

The fiber of the commom nettle is attracting
some attention as a commercial product. Net-
tle-farming might be a very profitable industry
in this State, for they grow to an enormous size,
and bees gather a good quality of honey from
the blossoms. A nettle-farm and an apiary
would work well together, and the bee-keeper
would be perfectly at home with the stinging
vegetable.

There is much said of late about drawn combs,
and I should like to know just what is meant
by that term. Must we understand that a
drawn comb is drawn to the full depth of the
cell, and ready to cap as we find it in an ordi-
nary section? or is a drawn comb merely a
piece of foundation started or drawn out half
an inch or thereabouts? From my experience
I can recognize the value of the latter, but I
have never had good results from comb drawn
full depth, or from which honey has been ex-
tracted. Furthermore, bees will not work upon
a section with full-depth cells as readily as
they will upon new foundation. The late B.
Taylor recognized this fact, and hence the in-
vention of his comb-leveler. Therefore, please
state the most profitable depth of cell in drawn
combs. [By drawn comb we have meant deep-

Bu R L Athin

ALFALFA- growing; ITS VALUE AS HAY ; SOIL;

irkigation; a valuable article.

Since leaving my home at Loveland, Sept. 3,
I have traveled through the territory just east
of and parallel to the mountains nearly 300
miles. In that distance there is a large per
cent of the country unsuited to bee culture be-
cause of lack of pasture. All that distance we
were crossing the streams from the mountains
that supply that district with water. For
nearly 200 miles down the Arkansas River
there is a strip of country from almost nothing
to perhaps 10 or 13 miles wide that is partially
irrigated and planted in part to alfalfa. Either
side of the Arkansas River for many, many
miles out from the irrigated strip, is a large ter-
ritory covered only by buffalo grass, and would
not support bees at all.

About the culture of alfalfa outside the irri-
gated land, it is somewhat experimental as yet,
though it is grown in many places in a small
way. I have found it in small fields in Eastern
Nebraska and Western Iowa. A few days ago
I saw a nice little patch in Page Co., Iowa, that
was planted for hog pasture. It looked quite
flourishing.

The alfalfa plant seems quite tender the first
few weeks after it comes up, and then is the
time it is most likely to be killed. In my own
locality they usually plant it in the spring with
spring wheat. The wheat does not come off
till July, so the plants get quite well rooted by
that time, but give no crop that year. The
second year it will give two fair cuttings of hay,
and the third year three cuttings. I suspect
some have become discouraged because it is
slow at the start. Do not give up and destroy
it the first season unless it is very thin. Re-
member that the roots enlarge for two or three
years, and that a two-year-old root will grow
two or three times as large a head as a one-year
old. Sow it in the spring with grain, and the
next year it will begin to "get there."

Perhaps this will seem to many a large
amount of space to devote to a description of
country, irrigation, and alfalfa culture; but I
think when you have read this and what fol-
lows, you will feel that it is important enough

44

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan. 15.

to find a place in the columns of a bee-journal.
There are many apiarists in the alfalfa regions,
and nearly every one of them is familiar with
honey-plants and conditions outside of alfalfa;
but there are thousands who know little or
nothing of the alfalfa districts and the habits
of the plants. Within the last year or so the
bee-journals have reproduced cuts of alfalfa as
they appear in Mr. Frank Benton's recent
work. These illustrations are good, and I
doubt whether they can be much improved. I
will now speak of the plant in relation to honey
production.

ALFALFA AS A HONEY-PLANT.

I count alfalfa as an unquestionably good
honey-plant. I think it will probably not
yield as rapidly as many other plants do; but
for reasons that will appear later, it is perhaps
as much to be depended upon. I have now
spent seven seasons in Colorado in the alfalfa
districts. In that time I have taken two big
crops, one fair crop, and the others poor to very
poor. The best crop in the seven years gave a
gain per day of about 4 lbs., with the best days
only 6 to 8 lbs., and such days very few. The
average seasons the gain per day has been
from 1 to5, a gain of 4 and 5 lbs. limited to two or
three days. In the poorseasons we could hard-
ly get a gain of 4 lbs., the usual run being one
to two per day. Why it is that the yield is so
slow ] do not know; but my observatiou so far
shows that to be a characteristic of the plant.
I have never known pollen to be gathered from
alfalfa; and when the yield will give a pound
and a half per day there is no pollen to speak of
carried in from any source.

As explained in the former article, there is
but little rainfall in Colorado except in raoun-
tions. This naturally gives much clear sunny
weather, so that the bees can work almost
every day. The nights are cool, as a rule, and
possibly this is one reason why the daily gain
is light, for the bees do not get out as early as
when the nights are warm. There are some
conditions under which the plantwill not yield,
though the bloom be full and apparently healthy
and vigorous. The two seasons just passed I
thought I should have a good flow, for the bloom
was abundant, apparently the best for several
years; yet this year (1896) the crop was the light-
est in seven years, being almost a complete fail-
ure so far as surplus was concerned.

I have noted that some who have patches of
alfalfa in the East report that the bees do not
work on it. Mr. Hagan, of Rocky Ford, Colo.,
says his experience is that, on dry ground
—that is, unirrigated, and of course suffering
for moisture— there is very little nectar gather-
ed. Some others also report no nectar upon
non-irrigated land. I can not believe that
these adverse reports are at all conclusive. The
reports from the East are very limited, and
possibly there was other bloom in greater

quantity at the time which would naturally
take the force. The fact that the non- irrigated
fields in the West do not yield would be per-
fectly natural. We can not and do not expect
any plant to yield when not in prime condition.

Irrigation, it seems to me, to some extent
overcomes some weather conditions. The nat-
tural condition of weather in Colorado would
be clear and dry, which would soon result iu a
complete stoppage of nectar secretion; but to
turn on a refreshing stream of water until the
moisture permeaies the ground and all about
the roots, it seems to me ought to produce nec-
tar secretion. Clear, warm, and sunshiny
above, and plenty of moisture beneath, is a
condition we find present in some degree at all
times here. Some water is being applied every
day in the honey season, so that some fields
ought to yield, even though a neighboring field
be too dry. So far as I know, irrigated districts
never have a complete failure of necta»- there
being sufficient to give winter stores if no more.
I believe that alfalfa would yield in the East,
and would be worked by the bees, if it were ex-
tensively cultivated. However, it does not seem
to be a special favorite with the bees so as to at-
tract them regardless of presence of other bloom.
Sweet clover yields both honey and pollen, and
is for some reason an especial favorite with the
bees. It will be visited when in bloom, no
matter what else is open; but alfalfa yields no
pollen, and is not particularly attractive to the
bees, and conseouently does not make a show-
ing when other bloom is more abundant.

As I have previously shown, there is a very
large territory in Colorado that does not grow
alfalfa. More than this, where it is grown, but
a small per cent only gives pasturage. The
first hay crop (I speak of the territory north of
Denver, more southern latitudes come in earli-
er) is cut in June, just as the crop begins to
bloom. This hay is generally counted on for
horse feed, being rather coarse. The second
growth is cut just before blooming, or at the
very beginning of the bloom, is not quite so
coarse as the first growth, and makes good cow
hay. The third growth does not usually reach
bloom, but is cut at the close of the season,
making the finest and most watery or washy
hay of the three crops, and is by many counted
the best of the three for milk, but entirely too
" soft" for work-horses.

In the rotation of crops, alfalfa meadows are
broken and planted to wheat. Wheat and
alfalfa are the main crops. The thick, tough
tap roots that go straight down into the earth
are very hard to cut off; hence in plowing up
these meadows so many of the roots slip by the
plow, or for some reason grow again, that often
a wheat-field will have in it a fair stand of
alfalfa. Wheat harvest does not come for a
month or more after the alfalfa begins to
bloom, thus there is quite a little pasturage

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

45

for the bees from that source where such fields
exist. Here and there will be fields grown for
seeds. For a seed crop they prefer a field not
too thickly set and not too wet. The scattering
plants grow great spreading bushes, as it were,
a single plant often occupying a circle of three
feet in diameter when not crowded by others.
These seed fields will be in bloom from one to
two months, like the sweet clover, having both
bloom and ripe seed at the same time, though
not so much so as the sweet clover.

Now observe the foregoing conditions, and you
will see that the simple presence of alfalfa is
no guarantee of pasturage. There is always
some in fence-corners, on roadsides, ditch-
banks, and other out-of-the-way places that
matures \)\oom; but aside from this it depends
upon the use made of the crop, and whether
the farmer is "up with his work " and cuts
promptly, what amount of pasturage the bee-
keeper gets. 80 far as I know, the conditions
here described are in the main true of alfalfa
districts in general, though there may be some
conditions that change the details somewhat.
The Arkansas Valley is nearly 300 miles further
south than Lovelaud. and has a season almost
if not quite a month longer. There is also quite
a difference in the soil and water supply.
Much more seed is also grown there than in my
own territory, hence it is at present a better
field for honey than my own. Water supply,
soil, demand, whether for seed or hay, etc., de-
termine whether seed or hay be grown, and
these bear upon the pasturage question.

OTIK GRADING-RTJLES CRITICISED AGAIN.

FOOLISH FADS IN GRADING; SHIPPING C^SES,
AND SNOW-WHITE SECTIONS.

By B. J. Thompson.

In Gleanings for Oct. 15, pages 758-9, you
have a short article on B. Walker's opinion of
the rules of grading honey, and call for an
expression of the opinion of your readers.

I heartily agree with Mr. Walker in his
opinion as stated in that article, that " all of
the grades are too strict over unimportant de-
tails." In Gleanings, Dec. 1, page 864, the ed-
itor speaks of the snow-white dress for sections
and shipping-cases as a " foolish fad, and the
sooner it dies out the better." Now, it seems
to me if the demand for snow white sections is
a foolish fad, then a set of grading-rules which
demand that "both the wood and comb shall
be unsoiled by travel stain or otherwise" is a
"fad" and a very foolish one at that, and
especially so when it is next to impossible to
obtain honey that will fill the requirements of
those rules.

In all the years of my bee-keeping I can not
remember of having any honey that would ex-
actly fill the present rule for " fancy," and very

little No. 1; and yet every dealer who has ever
handled my honey has given me credit for hav-
ing as fine lots of honey as he ever handled. (I
do not write the above to boast, but to show
why I think the present rules of grading too
strict and unjust.) If a person can secure a
crop of " snow-white " honey, all right; but to
make a grade of that kind when such crops are
the exception instead of the rule is not just to
the large majority of bee-keepers.

White honeys are not all of the same degree
of whiteness, if such an expression is allowable;
and some seasons the honey can be secured in
whiter, nicer shape than others. Both of those
factors should enter into the consideration of a
set of grading-rules, to be just to all in all parts
of the United States.

If sections that are not snow-white are just
as good as the snow-white (and I can not see
any reason why they are not), what possible
harm can there be in having travel or propoiis
stains on the wood, provided they are properly
cleaned ? Furthermore, I can see no detriment
to the comb being slightly discolored even for
fancy grade. The fancy grade calls for " All
sections to be well-filled; combs straight, of
even thickness." When a section is " well filled,
comb straight," I can not see of what use the
condition " of an even thickness " is, unless it is
a point in favor of those who use separators. (I
use 7-to-foot sections without separators.) If a
comb is straight, and sections well filled, the
condition of " an even thickness " is unneces-
sary, and only gives the purchaser a chance to
be more particular, or find fault if he chooses.

Let us have a careful revision of the grading-
rules, and let them be such that they will be a
good practical guide to honey-producers. Give
us something practical, and that we can use,
even if some points have to be left to the de-
cision of honey -producers in various parts of
our country. The practical bee-keeper's good
common sense will not let him go very far astray.

Waverly, Wis., Dec. 7.

[I believe all that you and friend Walker say
is true. Acknowledging, then, that our present
rules are faulty, what we need to do is to set
them right. I wrote to friend Walker, asking
him to submit to us another draft of the same
rules, with all the objectionable features elimi-
nated; but he was so crowded with work that
he could not get to it. I therefore call upon
you, friend T., to take them and redraft them.
You have both the experience and ability to do
it.

The scheme of our present rules is excellent,
and all we need to do is to lop ofl" some of the
impracticable or impossible requirements. A
slight change in the wording here and there
will be all that is necessary, in my judgment.
I said the scheme of the present rules is all
righ^-that is, having several grades, such as
"Fancy," Nos. 1. 3, etc., and then designating
thp source by " White," "Amber," " Dark," etc.
Our commission men and bee-keepers have
become used to the present rules, and, so far as
possible, we should retain these features.— Ed.]

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE

Jan. 15.

FOEEION BEES.

LITERATURE RELATING TO BEES IN BRAZIL,

EAST INDIES, AND AFRICA; GOVERNMENT

AID TO BEE-KEEPERS.

By W. K. Morrison.

It seems that many of your readers want to
know more about the foreign bees mentioned
by me previously, so I shall add a little to what
has already been said, to reinforce some of my
former statements and show what has so far
been discovered. We will start flrst with
South America.

Capt. Hall, in the account of his travels in
the southern continent, gives a most minute
account of the keeping of stingless bees by the
natives; but as this book is easily accessible 1
will pass it by now. The same may be said of
Capt. Beechey. The works of Azara and
Geoffrey St. Hilaire are not common, and I
have not seen them for some time; but Azara
had a good deal to say about the bees of south-
ern South America, and first mentioned the
now celebrated honey-gathering wasp. The
Europeans said that Azara was either fooling
or had been imposed on; but Azara held his
ground, saying he was not mistaken. Geoffrey
St. Hilaire was able, however, to corroborate
all that Azara had said, and there the matter
rests. Spix and Martins, the great explorers of
Brazil, seem to have come across honey-bees of
different sorts. Their book costs so much (?170)
that I have been unable to get to see it. Bates,
the author of that fine book, "A Naturalist on
the Amazon," mentions the fact that he saw a
native take two quarts of honey from a nest of
Melipona fasciculata. He says that the hive
consisted of an immense number of individuals.
He further says that they work pretty much as
ours do, only they seem to use mud instead of
propolis. They have no sting, but their bite is
nearly as effective in keeping off intruders.
The largest size he saw was a little lei^s than
our bee. I have tried to get these bees from
British Guiana, but without success.

Mr. Paul Marcoy, who has written one of the
finest books of travel ever penned, mentions
bees. He is an artist, a naturalist, traveler,
and ethnologist all in one, and, as might be ex-
pected, his book is a model (Blackie & Sons,
Edinburgh). Here is what he says:

"Two kinds of wax are collected by these
Sensis— a white and a yellow. They have a
third kind, black; but as they obtain it by
mixing lampblack with the natural varieties,
we may pass it by. The white wax is produced
by a bee called the mitzqui, the yellow by the
yacu. The first of these hymenoptera is not
larger than a small fly; the second is about the
size of the common bee. The habits of the two
insects are similar. They establish themselves
in the hollow interior of cecropias (a tree),
which are almost always pierced where the

branches spring from the trunk, selecting by
preference such of these trees as grow around
the lakes of the Ucayali (between Sierra Blanca
and Nauta), rather than those on the banks of
the great river. This preference is accounted
for by the tranquility which they enjoy in the
interior of the country, where the waters are
rarely furrowed by the canoes of the natives.
To possess themselves of the wax and honey of
these bees, the Sensis set a light to a pile of
green wood around the cecropia, to which they
have tracked them, and, after having dispersed,
suffocated, or burned the laborers, they fell the
tree and appropriate the fruits of their in-
dustry."

My own opinion is that the Melipona would
succeed where moths and ants are troublesome,
and it is generally considered that the differ-
ence between them and Apis, structurally
speaking, is very slight. They would seem by
all accounts to be good wax makers. I have
seen several species, but never a nest of the
large kinds. The honey of the small kinds is
very good, and most of the bee- hunters of Ven-
ezuela prefer it to our own kind.

In regard to the East Indies, we are well off for
information. Many travelers have touched the
theme. Dr. Alfred R. Wallace, the friend and
colaborer of Darwin, has given us a most
graphic account of Apis dorsata, that leaves
little to be desired. You will find It in his
well-known book on the Malay Archipelago.

Here is what Forbes says in his " Naturalist's
Wanderings " about Apis dorsata:

•' During the brief twilight, after the sun had
disappeared, the air for some twenty minutes
was suddenly filled with the hum of bees (Apis
dorsata) as if a swarm had alighted among the
flowers of the gum-trees. Just before daybreak,
while it is still dusk, the morning air is in a
similar manner inundated with their noisy
hum. This singular habit of these bees in feed-
ing in the sunless hour of the morning and
evening I was totally unaware of till I came to
live at Fatunaba, where, close to our door, a
grove of these trees grew. Id the evening the
melaleuca (a fine honey tree) certainly becomes
more fragrant than it is at mid-day; but I
could not ascertain what would bo very inter-
esting to i<now, if its flowers exude their nectar
or shed their pollen more freely late in the eve-
ning and early in the morning."

This query is easy enough to answer. The
rays of the tropical sun bear down so directly
as to dry the nectar out of the flowers by 10
o'clock A. M. Moreover, there is hardly such a
thing as twilight in the tropics, and bees soon
get to know that, when the sun goes down,
there are only a few minutes left lo get their
fill and fly home, otherwise they will have to
stay out all night, so they troop home just as
they do when a shower is coming. Again,
during the night the flowers collect more nee-

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

47

tar; and as the sun rises all at once, the bees
simply "swarna" to their work and "make
honey while the sun is obscured by morning
mists." That keen observer, Mr. F. W. Bur-
bidge, in his "Gardens of the 8un," gives us a
short but excellent account of the apiaries he
saw in the East Indies. He says:

" Here at Kian, as at all the Dusan villages
along our way, we noticed large quantities of
tame or domesticated bees. These are kept in
cylindrical hives formed of a hollow tree-trunk,
and are placed on a shelf fixed under the over-
hanging eaves of the houses. In several in-
stances the hives were on shelves inside the
houses, a hole being made through the "ataps,"
corresponding with the hole in the hive, so as
to allow egress and ingress— a plan similar to
that adopted by the bee keepers of Kashmir."
Who says the house-apiary is something new ?
It is certain the bees seen by Mr. Burbidge
were not Apis dorsata. What were they ?
And yet there is no more wide awake man in
the world than the gentleman just mentioned.

Next on our list is Africa, and one quotation
will do for this continent. In "Through the
Kalahari Desert," by Farini, he has this little
narrative:

" ' Are you sure, Klas,' said I, 'that it is a
bees' nest and not a wasps' ? '

" 'Yes, Sieur, it is a bees' nest, and there is
plenty of honey. I'll show Sieur where it is,
and then he can see for himself. We find them
in aard-vark holes and clefts of rock in the
mountains, the comb quite open, and the bees
clustering outside.' "

"This was something so entireJy new to me
that I made Klas take me next morning to the
spot, while the Bushmen organized a bee-hunt.
Taking a little water in a broken ostrich-egg-
shell they placed it near a bunch of flowers,
and watched for ihe bees coming to drink.
The thirsty insects are always on the outlook
for water; and as soon as one finds it he
quenches his thirst and goes off to call his
friends and neighbors to the spot.

" It was not long before first singly and then
in twos and threes, and lastly in dozens, the
bees came and settled on the top of the eggshell,
which one of the Bushmen then took up and
held aloft as he slowly followed the direction in
which the insects took their flights, the thick-
est of which the water-bearer followed, while
others were told off to track out the others.
This was dow no very difficult task, for the
bees were so thick that their flight could be
traced by the sound of their humming.

" At last we came to a wait-a-bit bush, round
which clustered myriads of bees, just as if they
were 'swarming' there; but the Bushmen said
there was a comb inside. They did not take
any notice of us; so, after watching them for a
bit, I took a bunch of grass and set fire to it,
causing a dense smoke to arise under them.

This had the desired effect. Those outside be-
came stupefied and fell down, while the others,
filling themselves with honey, offered no resist-
ance as I reached carefully into the bush so as
to avoid disturbing them, and at the same time
to prevent the terrible thorns from tearing my
hands. The combs, seven in number, hung
crosswise from the branches— the middle ones
the longest, and the others growing shorter the
nearer they came to the outside. Both comb
and honey were as white as snow. It must
have been a young swarm, as there were no
young bees, and the comb was new, never hav-
ing had brood in it to discolor it. I gathered
up some of the bees and put them in a reed,
but. unfortunately, was not able to secure the
queen."

Schweinfurth noted that the bees in Central
Africa were closely related to the Egyptian
race. Slatin Pasha, who has recently escaped
from Khartom after ten years' imprisonment,
says in his new book, " Fire and Sword in the
Soudan,'- that one of his carriers was killed by
bees he Eittempted to rob. He says the poor
fellow died in great agony. I suspect that
Africa is the original home of our bees; and, in
fact, it is extremely likely, since the modern
anthropologists are pretty well agreed that
Africa was the home of our race, though we
used to be told once that we were Asiatics.
Has the bee followed us in all our wanderings?

Now as to government aid to bee-keepers. I
for one am not opposed to it; but we must be
careful. The hunt for new species alone would
furnish a great chance for a number of junket-
ings and also a lot of nonsense. We shall have
to get a very much better administration of the
Agricultural Department than we have had
heretofore; in fact, I distrust their ability alto-
gether. Why is the apicultural division put in
with the entomological department? Scientific
men generally class bee-keeping as belonging
to botany; that is, the fertilization of flowers.
The botanist can tell us more news than the
entomologist. Hermann Miiller and Darwin
have placed this beyond the shadow of a doubt.
Pasturage is the great problem of the future.
But this is another story.

I think if the government were to give the
Smithsonian Institute a grant of money for this
object for a term of years, -it would satisfy
everybody, the money to be granted for the
express purpose of making experiments on the
different species of bees, and their influence on
flowers. The Smithsonian could attack this
job better than any one else, and, moreover,
get the assistance of the whole scientific world.
They would be able to see the job from all sides.
Still, there would be plenty left for the Agri-
cultural Department to do, such as gathering
statistics, getting uniformity among hives,
promoting the sale of honey, and so on.

As to getting new bees, the Smithsonian can

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan. 15.

do it better than any one else, and at less ex-
pense. We can keep our weather eye open.

There are many other references on bees In
modern books of travel; in fact, some just pub
lished mention them, like Lawrence's Kashmir,
where the bee-men know enough to feed millet
meal for pollen, and keep the hives inside; but
enough has been noted to show how matters
stand.

Devonshire, Bermuda.

DEFUNCT BEE-JOURNALS.

THE FIELD OF BEE JOURNALISM IN GENERAL;
18 IT A BAD POLICY WITH THE OLD RELI-
ABLES TO BOOST ALONG NEW RIVALS?

By Dr. C. C. Miller.

Some time ago a friend of C. J. H. Graven-
horst, the able editor of the German Illustrated
bee-journal, applied to the latter for a list — for
what purpose I don't know — of bee-journals
that had started and had ceased to be publish-
ed. After making up a rather long list of such
journals that had lived and died across the wa-
ter, Mr. Gravenhorst referred to me to give a
list of such American journals. I in turn asked
help of the inhabitants of Medina, and it has
occurred to me that it might not be a bad thing
to make some sort of permanent record of this
list before some of the names are entirely for-
gotten, and possibly the few not here given may
have their names supplied by some one else.
Here is the list, so far as I can give it:

Bee-keepers'' Magazine, -
Moon's Bee World, -
Bee-keepers' Oxiide,
Bee keepers' Exchange, -
Western Honey bee,
American Apiculturist, -
New England Apiarian,
Kansas Bee Journal,
Bee-keepers' Advance, -
Tlie Bee-hive,

National Bee Journal, - ■

Canadian Honey Producer,

Tlie Queen, - -

California Apiculturist. -

The above list of the dead considerably out-
numbers the list of the living. Old age was not
the cause of death, the oldest being the first on
the list, and that died when only " sweet six-
teen," while Gleanings shows no signs of de-
crepitude as it enters its 25th year ; and the
only older one, first-born of all, the American
Bee Journal, which first saw the light in 1861,
36 years ago, was never in so full vigor as now.

Bee-keepers are likely to be enthusiasts, and
once in so often enthusiasm leads to mania.
Sometimes it's a mania for invention. Indeed,
like the chickenpox and measles, every bee-
keeper must go through a more or less severe
siege of this mania for invention. Possibly
there's a defect somewhere in the make-up of a
bee-keeper who never thought he could invent

iegran.

Discontin'd.

1873

1889

1873

1877

1876

1890

1879

1883

1879

1880

1883

1895

1883

1884

1884

1885

1889

1893

1893

a hive. Then there's the mania for entering
the list of supply-manufacturers and queen-
breeders. For a considerable time I have been
conducting a department in the American Bee
Journal in which I attempt to answer all sorts
of questions about bee-keeping, and you would
be surprised to know how often it happens that
questions of the most elementary character,
showing that the man has neither knowledge
nor experience, come from one whose card on
his envelope proclaims him "' Breeder of Choice
Italian Queens." Not long ago I had a letter
reading somewhat after this fashion: " I began
this year for the first time with 6 colonies, and
increased to 16. Next year I intend to increase
to 75, and to go into the business of queen-rear-
ing." He may not get his 75; but the probabil-
ity is that the list of queen-breeders will be in-
creased by one more. But what kind of queens?

The mania for publishing a bee-journal comes
later in the life of a bee-keeper, is not so widely
spread as other kinds of mania, but more disas-
trous in results. The victim is cured of his in-
fatuation only at the expense of a goodly num-
ber of dollars, belonging either to himself or to
some one else. It seems a little strange that
men of bright parts and apparently good judg-
ment should be deceived Into making a losing
venture in plain view of the wrecks of the ma-
jority that have preceded him. Probably the
allurements are not the same in all cases. In
many cases a new journal is started because of
apparent local needs. The bee-journals already
in existence fail to fit the needs of the county in
which I live, in some particulars. What's the
use of occupying space with talk about sage and
alfalfa honey , when there's nothing of the kind
within hundreds of miles? So it will be the
wise thing to have a McHenry Co. Bee Journal,
in which the wants and needs of McHenry Co.,
and of McHenry Co. alone, shall be considered.
But when I come to start the paper, which at
the utmost could have only 500 to support it,
and get only 100 of the number as actual sub-
scribers, the thing begins to look different.
True, I had all sorts of encouragements from
every one whom I consulted. "Just the thing,
and you're the man to take hold of it." Why
couldn't some have the courage, the true kind-
ness, to say to me, " The field's already over-
worked. Others have lost time and money by
it, and the chances are greatly against your suc-
cess"? It might be a good thing for the bee-
keepers of Ohio if they could have an able
journal devoted entirely to the interests of their
own State; but the field is so limited that Ohio
bee-keepers will do better to join hands with
Alabama, California, and other States, in sup-
porting one or more journals of more general
character.

In some cases a bee-journal comes to the
birth, not because of a crying need for it, but
because the would-be editor recognizes in him-

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

49

self a born fitness for editorship such as doesn't
yet exist. There is a lack in bee-literature.
The bee-journals already published are not
what they ought to be. He will give the fra-
ternity just what they need, something pro-
gressive, and not keep thrashing over old straw
from which the grain was winnowed years ago.
But after he has fairly launched on the sea of
journalism, it begins to dawn on him that, in
spite of his great talent and peculiar fitness,
bee-keepers can not be made to see it in the
same light, and will still persist in being satis-
fied with the old standbys. Subscriptions do
not pour in as he anticipated; and as something
more than two or three hundred subscribers is
needed to pay for setting the type, to say nothing
of ink and paper, there's nothing left to pay for
editorial labor; so, after the struggle of a few
months or years, the project is given up, and
the brilliant journalistic talents allowed to rust
because their owner was born in an unappreci-
ative age.

Bee-journals already established are them-
selves to blame somewhat for some of the disap-
pointment and loss resulting to those who never
should have entered the field. Not to appear
underhanded in my accusations, I will arraign
Gleanings on this charge. Now stand up in a
straight row, Mr. Editor, listen to my charge,
and see if I don't tell the truth. There comes
the Initial number of The Front Rank Bee-
keeper, and you feel that you must give it a free
advertisement. If you don't, the publisher feels
defrauded of his natural and inalienable rights,
and does not hesitate to mention in print the
mean spirit you have shown. Now, what kind
of business policy is that on either side? Sup-
pose Smith starts a store in a new place where
Jones has been for years the leading merchant.
Jones rushes to the newspaper office and pays
for the " ad " that Smith has had inserted.
Some might praise Jones for his courtesy, but
more likely he'll be called a fool. Merchants
don'l do business in that way. Is there any
reason why the code that prevails among rival
merchants should not prevail among rival pa-
pers ?

You may say that, whether the code should
be the same or not, the fact is that it is not the
same, and that it is only newspaper courtesy to
make kindly mention of a rival enterprise; at
least, if it is not common courtesy it is some-
times done, and it's an act of kindness to men-
tion favorably the new candidate for public fa-
vor. I beg pardon, it isn't kindness; at least, it
generally isn't. In your heart you know there
isn't one chance in ten, if in a hundred, that the
venture will be profitable, and the sooner the
publication stops the less will be the loss. But
your words of commendation — and you try to
commend all you can without lying — help to
keep up hope; for if an o'd journalist approves,
there is certainly no reason for discouragement.

Then, too, your mention makes more or less
call for sample copies, and possibly a few sub-
scriptions are sent in ju-;t on the strength of
your recommendation. So you have helped to
keep up the delusion just a little longer, and
what good have you done? — merely helped to
prolong the agony in a case where you were al-
most sure death must inevitably come. Better
let your silence help to kill it the sooner, and
thus end its misery.
Marengo, 111.

[When you asked me to furnish you a list of
the bee-papers that had once lived and died, I
thought perhaps half a dozen would very near-
ly cover the number; but when I came to look
over our back volumes, representing all the
bee-papers, both living and dead, I was sur-
prised that the list should be so large. Surely,
in the bee-journal line also the dead greatly
outnumber the living.

There were some bright progressive men who
were at the editorial helm of some of these bee-
papers— men, too. of experience in the publish-
ing business. If they have made a failure of it,
those with no experience who are contemplating
embarking in such a doubtful enterprise would
do well to pause long enough to never embark.

With all the experience the editors of the old
existing bee-journais have had. it is doubtful
whether, if they were to sever their connection
with their papers, they would be able to start
another bee paper that would live and pay ex-
penses. The fact of the matter is, the old relia-
bles have come to be so thoroughly intrenched
that the new rivals have almost no chance
whatever— at least, that list of the dead as com-
pared with the living seems to look decidedly
that way.

The trouble is, the number of bee-keepers in
the country is comparatively small; and among
that list the number who take a bee-journal or
bee-journals is smaller still. We have on our
books something like 100,000 names of bona-flde
bee-keepers. Of this number, not over 12,000
take any bee-paper. As a general rule, one or
two bee-journals seem to be all that they will
take. VVhat show is there, then, for a new can-
didate, without experience, without much capi-
tal, without the coterie of experienced writers,
to go in and divide that patronage, especially
when the price charged is often equal to that
asked by the stand by existing journals?

In saying this I am not trying to throw bricks
at new bee-papers over the shoulder of Dr. Mil-
ler; neither am I afraid they will cut down our
patronage, for they have not. Indeed, our cir-
culation, until these hard times came on, kept
right on at its old pace the same as before the
rivals were in the field; and even now it reaches
verv close on to 8500.

Well, doctor, since you have asked me to
stand up in a straight row I shall have to con-
fess that, when Gleanings has acknowledged
the arrival of a new rival, it has done so purely
out of editorial courtesy, and because it would
have looked mean, as you intimate, to ignore
its appearance upon the field ; but I believe, as
you say, that it is not courtesy nor a kindness.
For instance, suppose that the old established
journals had refused to recognize the initial
numbers of many of the above defunct list;
the probabilities are they would have died soon-
er, and thus saved their publishers a considera-
ble amount of money. Whether those same
publishers would have appreciated that at the
beginning is very doubtful; but if living now,
I am sure they will realize the truth of it as
they never saw it before.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan. 15.

WOLVES AND WILDCATS.

SOME "lively" experiences.
By E. France.

Forty-one years ago this winter I went from
the State oi New York to live in Iowa. I was
then 32 years old. I settled on the east bank of
the DesMoines River, 27 miles above Ft. Dodge.
There were very few settlers there at that
time. I took up a quarter-section of govern-
ment land, built a log house, and worked on the
farm summers and trapped winters. Wild
animals were plentiful there at that time.

The first and second year that 1 was there
we had very hard winters— cold, and deep
snows. The wolves hovered around the settle-
ments in hopes to get something to eat. I
would see them almost every day— single, or
two or more together. At one time I saw 13 in a
drove. At another time I wounded a deer just
at dusk, but did not get it that night. I went
the next morning to find it. I found its bones,
but all the meat was gone. Away from the
bones ran a troop of wolves and foxes. They
ran across the narrow river bottom and up on
the grassy bluff, then stopped to look. I count-
ed 32 wolves and a few foxes, so you see there
were plenty of wolves in the country. Were
they dangerous to human life? Not much
danger from a single one; but when in packs
they were a litttle risky.

There were five persons killed by them in
Iowa in the winter of 18.56. But the trappers
soon thinned them out.

The second winter that I was there I got a
little scared one night when I was trapping up
a creek near my place. I would go up as far as
I could, and get home in one day. I wanted to
go farther up the creek, so I took some bed-
quilts and something to eat, intending to go up
as far as I could, stay over night, and come
back the next day. I went up about 15 miles.
The upper part of the creek was all prairie.
After I got above where I had trapped I found
a large beaver settlement among the ponds.
There were three quite large willow- trees,
about 25 feet high. I thought that would be a
good place to camp near those trees. In case
the wolves got after me In the night 1 could
climb the trees. But I had a few traps yet
not set, and I wanted to see more of the
creek further up; so I went on up five miles
further, and got all of my traps set. Then
by the side of a beaver-pond, in a little clump
of small willows, I fixed my camp. I cut with
my knife a large bunch of dry grass for my bed,
wrapped my blankets about me and lay down
to sleep, and was soon dreaming about wolves
gathering to devour me. I woke up, and, sure
enough, the wolves were howling in every di-
rection. I was sorry that I had not stopped
down by those three willow-trees. In fact, I
was quite uneasy. But I could not reach the

trees now, and made up my mind to stand my
ground. This was in November. The ponds
were not frozen over, and the' grass was not
burned off. I had no gun, but had a good
hatchet and knife, and a big dog. I could set
the dry grass afire if I must, but did not want
to if I could help it. The wolves came nearer,
and appeared to be more of them. The dog
growled and barked. Pretty soon the wolves
stopped howling. Were they sneaking in on
me, or had they given up the job? I lay there.
The moon came up. The dog went to sleep,
and so did I. I heard no more of the wolves.
I got up at daybreak, ate my breakfast, and
started down the creek to see my traps. The
first trap I came to, set for a mink, baited with
beaver-meat, had a wolf in it. I skinned it,
and skinned three more near there. I have
thought, since then, those four wolves getting
trapped that night saved me, or, at least, saved
me a fight with them. I stayed in my camp
there several nights after that, but was not dis-
turbed again.

The next winter I trapped on the same creek
again, but had a horse to ride, and many a
chase I had that winter after wolves on the
prairie— not much snow. My dog was a large
half-breed grayhound, and liked the sport as
well as I did. The horse was a good runner,
and liked the fun too. The wolves would be
lying in bunches of unburned grass; and
when I came near they would start out, then
here we would go. I seldom ran over a mile —
usually not over half a mile. The dog would
stop the wolf and fight him. I would come up
soon, and with my hatchet finish the wolf, skin
it, and then go on. Sometimes the horse would
see the wolf first. He would then jump ahead
so suddenly that I would be thrown back be-
hind the saddle; and once I remember I went
clear back over the horse's tail on to the ground.
I alighted on my feet, but was soon in the
saddle again in full chase after the wolf.

I will tell you a little laughable story of a
wildcat capture. I was trapping on the Little
Sioux River in the winter time, in company
with a young man. We had caught several cats
in our traps. One day, after a little fall of
snow, we were walking up the river on the ice.
We saw a cat's track going up the river, and
we followed it. It went straight up the steep
bank of the river, and went into a hole under a
coitonwood-tree. As I had a trap with me I
went up to the hole to set it to catch the cat
when it came out. I had my gun in my hands,
and I poked the muzzle intothehole, and putmy
head partly into the hole to see what I could
see in there. It so happened that the hole went
back only about six feet. The cat was back in
the further end. It being dark in there, or
may be I was snow-blind, I did not see the cat
at first; but soon my eyes began to see, and
just then I saw two bright eyes, and heard a

1S97

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

51

deep growl. I knew the cat was coming out,
and there was hardly room for it to pass
my head. I had my right hand on the gun-
lock. I raiised my head and gave the cat a
"snapshot." The ball struck it in the breast
and killed it. But in her spring to get out she
landed on my left shoulder, bleeding like a
stuck hog. My dog, always at my heels,
bounded up and grasped the cat, and also got
my coat collar in his mouth. Being a heavy
dog, and stout, he took cat and huuter down
the steep bank on to the ice, and tore half my
coat off. There we were, hunter and dog, cat
and gun, all whirling around in the light snow.
The blood from the cat was all over in the fresh
snow. My partner was terribly scared. He
got hold of me as soon as he could, and helped
me up. He did not stop to see that the cat was
dead. He thought I had shot myself, or that
the cat had hurt me. He thought all the blood
was coming from me. I just looked and laugh-
ed, and examined myself, and found that I was
not hurt.

" Well," said my partner, " if that is the way
to capture wildcats, you can have all the fun to
yourself. I don't want any."

The wild cat is a pretty savage chap if you
get it cornered, but usually very shy, and will
keep out of your sight if it can. If caught in a
trap it is ready to fight if you give it a chance.
Walk up to one in a trap, an 1 it will come to-
ward you as far as the trap-chain will reach,
and stand ready to fight, and growl like a big
dog. I take my hatchet in hand, go up as near
as I can and be out of reach of its paws, then
make a few false blows near it, with the hatch-
et, as soon as it will let you do that without
striking back at you, then reach a little further,
and hit it on the head. It is not hard to kill.
A quite small blow will drop him.

I once saw one that was tamed. It was taken
when very young. It was four years old when
I saw it. It was a great pet, and appeared to
be as safe a playfellow as any other cat. There
was a four-year-old boy in the family, and boy
and cat were great friends, and played together,
rolling and tumbling about the floor, sometimes
the boy on top and sometimes the cat. The
boy would pull the cat's legs, an^ get his hands
in its mouth, but the cat did not bite or scratch
him. But let a strange dog come around the
house, and ihe cat would bounce on to him and
comb his hide in good shape. Very few dogs
can whip a wildcat.

My story is getting almost too long. I was
intending to write up some of my adventures
with wolves in Wisconsin, but will leave that
for another chapter.
Platteville, Wis.

[Some time ago our friend Mr. France wrote
us, asking if a wolf-story or two, drawn from
his own experience, would be acceptable for
Gleanings. I replied that it would, that vari-
ety was the spice of life. He is one of the old

pioneers, and one at whose feet it is a pleasure
to sit and listen. As I k now by experience when
I visited him. he is full of the experiences of
pioneer days; and if what he says does not
relate to bee /ccepi7ig, it is a bee /ceeper of no
mean order who is telling the story. If our
readers do not, like such "diversions" let them
speak out.— Ed.]

A NEW SYSTEM OF TAKING COMB HONEY.

HOW TO GET THE BKES TO FILL THE OUTSIDE

SECTIONS AS QUICKLY AND AS NICELY AS

THOSE IN THE CENTER OF THE SUPER ;

A VALUABLE ARTICLE.

By S. T. Pettit.

Doubtless all close-observing comb - honey
producers have noticed that the bees generally
commence work at or near the center of the
super, and that the work extends outward, the
front generally being reached and finished first.
From this we can readily understand that, while
the center and front sections are ready to receive
another super under them, they must wait until
more work is done upon the side and back sec-
tions.

Now, as the bees come in they generally go
up somewhere near the center; and as they find
the sections advanced well nigh to completion,
the honey must go beyond. Bees pass slowly
and reluctantly over well-filled combs or cap-
ped honey in search of store room. It is obvi-
ous that this causes delay and loss of time, and
is a strain upon their energy and industry. In
course of time another super is given, and a
similar process, though in a less marked degree,
is repeated.

If by some simple means not distasteful to
the bees we can cause them, as they come in
from the fields, to separate and distribute them-
selves to the sides and back end of the super,
work at these points will generally commence
and keep pace with the work at the center.

Right here I may be allowed to say that my
new system accomplishes this desirable feature
most admirably, and I will now proceed to give
it.

I get out two wedge-shaped pieces of pine or
basswood for each hive I expect to use during
the season. These are one inch square at one
end and one inch wide at the other end, which
is brought down to a feather edge, and of the
same length as that of the hive. Now, when
the bees begin to suffer with heat and for want
of more air, with a suitable lever, after giving
the bees a whiff or two of smoke, I pry up the
front of the hive and slip under each side of it
one of these wedges; this gives an entrance 1^
inches by the width of the hive. This large
entrance and elevated hive, by supplying lots
of air and ample roominess, comforts the bees
and retards swarming.

But the particular point to which I desire to
draw attention, consists in the trick played up-
on the bees, which causes them to distribute

52

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan 15

themselves to the sides and back end of the
super. For a short time after raising the front
end of the hive, the bees, as they come from the
fields, will seem a little confused when they
find the bottom -bars out of reach; but they
will soon find a new way up, some going to the
right and some to the left, going up the sides of
the hive instead of the middle, as formerly.
The wedges close the openings and form con-
tinuous passages up, and some will march
right along toward the back end until tbey can
reach the bottom -bars. This places the bees
with their loads just where wanted. Now see
— this is all quite simple, and not at all objec-
tionable to the bees.

Permit me to say I have carefully watched
the process of comb building and filling under
this system; and in some cases, though they
are the exceptions, I have found the outside
sections rather ahead of those near or at the
center— one very important point gained.

But there is yet another new and valuable
feature to be described. First, however, allow
me to say that we have often, to our sorrow,
found that the outsides of the outside sections,
though fairly well filled, are, at least a good
many of them, but poorly capped. This has
often been a sore trial— so many poorly finished
sections after looking so repeatedly and wait-
ing so long.

It always seemed to me that, if more room
could be furnished, more bees could be present,
and thus a more uniform and the necessary
heat kept up day and night at the outside of
the outside sections; then the bees would feel
and act like those farther inside, and would go
on and finish up the job "in a workmanlike
manner." But the difficulty would always
come up that, if more space was given, it would
only be filled with honey in poor shape.

At length I conceived the idea of giving two
bee-spaces by putting in a divider to divide the
extra space into two bee-spaces. Following up
the idea I set myself at experimenting to test
what seemed to me so full of promise. After
experimenting with a good many different de-
vices with more or less success, I tried tbe one
which is here described, and it has given very
good satisfaction indeed.

It is simply as follows: A piece of basswood
or pine, about a sixth of an inch thick, and just
the width and length of a separator, is bored
as full of j6g-inch holes as the wood will stand
and not split to pieces, and five M inch strips
are nailed across it. These are turned outside
against the wall of the super, thus forming two
bee-spaces instead of one. The bees cluster on
both sides of the divider, and pass freely both
ways through the holes, and the work goes
right along in good shape.

I tried a few with ^^-inch holes, with satis-
factory results.

.K^otes.- Nothing is gained by giving more
than two bee-spaces.

Dividers made of slats i^ inch apart leave the
sections ridgy, reminding one of a miniature
washboard, and, besides that, some brace-combs
appear between the sections and divider.

I coined the word " divider," or, rather, ap-
plied it to the new device. 1 hope it will do.
This system is applicable to all kinds of hives,
and the cost is a mere trifle only. I have no sup-
plies for sale, nor have I any interest in that
line of business. Free to all.

Belmont, Ont., Dec. 26.

[Mr. Francis Danzenbaker has for several
years advocated the use of deep entrances in
the production of comb honey, and accordingly
on all his hives he has what he calls his rever-
sible bottom-board, one side of which has raised
a rim making a 'V inch space, and on the other
side a deep rim, making a 1-inch space. In
hiving swarms, or in the production of comb
honey, he uses this deep space; but his argu-
ment has been that it forces the bees to get
their honey away from their entrances, where
it is cold, up into the top of the hive or super,
where it is warm. I believe he never claimed
for it, however, that it resulted in the equal
distribution of comb-building and comb-filling.

As I understand it, your long wedges accom-
plish practically the same results as Mr. Dan-
zenbaker's reversible bottom-board, only that
he has a space of equal depth under the frames
from front to rear. I hope others will report
upon this during the coming season, and give
us the result of their findings.— Ed.]

ANSWERS TO

BY G.M.DOOLlTTLE.BonODlNO.N.Y.

WINTERING BEES IN A BEE HOUSE.

Question. — Would bees winter safely in a house
built for them, where the temperature might be
nearly as low inside the house as outside, pro-
viding it were so constructed that each colony
woula be inclosed in chaff packing, the same as
in a chaff hive, with arrangements to close the
outside entrances on the approach of cold wea-
ther, and give them ventilation from the inside,
where the wind can not blow in upon the bees?

Answer.— It would be hard to tell for a cer-
tainty about this matter, without having tried
it for a term of years. Bees often winter well
with protection, and sometimes equally well
without it. They are lost, too, under precisely
the same circumstances. Low temperature is
the demon which slays our bees more surely
than any thing else in winter. If we had warm
weather all the year round, here at the North,
our wintering troubles would be at an end.
Whether protecting each hive separately would
overcome the trouble, which is almost sure to
result where bees are kept in a continued low
temperature, as they must be by such a plan as
is proposed, is somewhat doubtful. Theoretic-
ally it looks all right ; but so far as my knowl-
edge goes, and from what I have gathered from
others, such a mode of wintering has never been

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

53

made a success. I am of the opinion that the
bees would winter much more successfully if
left out where the snow could come up about
the hives so as to parili,lly cover them, and
where the sun could shine on them whenever it
is not obscured by clouds. My advice would be,
not to put bees inside a cold repository; but if
you do, keep its temperature up to from 43 to
48°, or leave them out to get the advantage of
outdoor wintering. As a general thing it is best
to adopt the method that has most generally
proven safe with the main part of our bees, and
stick to it. If we are not fully satisfied with
this, then set apart a certain portion of the api-
ary for experimental purposes, till by experi-
ments we have proven what is best for us in our
locality, when we can then serve the whole api-
ary according to the successful plan, without
danger of losing all our bees on some untried
venture.

HOLES THROUGH COMBS.

Question. — Do bees ever freeze ? I find little
clusters of bees away from the main cluster, in
my hives, dead, and a neighbor tells me that
they were frozen to death. He also says that, if
I will make holes through the center of the
combs in the fall, it will obviate this trouble. Is
he right?

Answer. — In reply to this let me give a little
of my experience and observation during the
past quarter of a century. As fall approaches,
if we minutely examine a colony of bees we
shall find that the activity manifested during
the spring and summer, in the interior of the
hive, becomes less and less, so that, by the
middle of October, in this latitude, all brood-
rearing has ceased, and the bees have become
partially dormant; still, so far they have not
packed themselves away in a snug cluster, or
compact shape, for winter. Every opportunity
given by a warm day is improved to void the
f^ces, so the bees may be prepared for a long
cold spell when such occurs. As the weather
grows colder, the bees contract their cluster,
many packing themselves away in the cells till
the smallest possible space is occupied by them,
and thus the requisite warmth is secured to
keep them alive when the mercury sinks below
zero. In this contraction of bees (at certain
times) many of them are left singly, or in little
clusters of from five to fifty, which do not re-
cede with the main cluster, and thus are chilled
where they are; and if the weather becomes
cold enough they may be frozen, thus losing to
the cluster that number of bees.

The reason formerly given for this was that,
owing to the movable frames, no cross-sticks
were used, as was the case with box hives, and
hence the bees left no holes in the center of the
combs as they did around the cross-sticks, thus
compelling the bees to pass over and around
combs of cold honey to keep pace with the re-
ceding cluster, instead of passing through the

center of the combs to the next range, which
was more nearly filled with bees. In thus pass-
ing around, many became stiffened and were
caught by the cold, which might have been
saved if the holes had bren provided in the cen-
ter of the combs for them to pass through. To
this end the Langstroth frame and others were
provided with a shaving, bent to form a circle
an inch in diameter, which was suspended from
the top-bar by means of a little strip of tin,
supposing that this would effectually secure a
passageway for the bees. However, but a short
time elapsed before it became apparent that,
during a good yield of honey, this shaving
would be filled with comb and honey, and hence
the passageway was cut off.

Next, the practice of cutting holes through
the combs, each fall, by various means, was re-
sorted to, only to be filled up the following sum-
mer, when, as winter approached, the process
had to be repeated. After trying all of these
plans it became apparent to me that the reason
assigned as the cause of the death of the bees
was not the real trouble, for bees would stay
and die within half an inch of these holes, when
it would appear they could have passed through
these passages just as well as not. I also dis-
covered that, when the weather was cloudy,
cool, and rainy for several weeks before it be-
came severely cold, this loss was apparently
much greater than when a clear warm day oc-
curred immediately before a severe cold spell.
By the number of bees that were found on
boards and such places, dull and stupid after
such a fine day, I concluded that these were the
same bees that would have died by not follow-
ing the cluster, had not a warm day occurred
for them to leave the hive to die; hence, I say
that the loss was apparently greater when no
such day occurred, for many more bees were
seen outside the cluster dead, as they had no
chance to go out of the hive to die. From
years of experience in this matter, I see no rea-
son for changing the conclusion thus formed.

After the bees once get thoroughly clustered,
I do not see this loss occurring to any such ex-
tent after a warm spell, and but little after a
mild fall as the past has been. After being ful-
ly settled for winter, and this loss of old bees
has passed away, a colony will lose but few
bees for six weeks or two months, and will remain
quiet. If at this time a warm day occurs so
they can fly freely they again cluster back qui-
etly and remain so about the same length of
time, when they again desire to fly; and if such
a chance occurs all will go well, and the bees
will winter well. Thus we have a colony in a
normal condition, and all the cold ever obtain-
ed in any portion of the world where bees can
be kept with profit (occurring during this peri-
od between their flights) will not freeze or ma-
terially injure them if they have plenty of good
stores within easy access.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jax. 15.

f^- Johnii/^artir\^|:-f>'

V^t 'J-I.f

Fred's brief glimpse of
his surroundings he
looked anxiously for
Dr. flayden, but he
was not visible. Im-
mediately upon being
blindfolded he was taken between two stalwart
Indians and started toward the fire. Fred be-
gan to have some doubts about the doctor's
sincerity, and for a moment thought he was to
be burned and tortured in true Indian style.
He remembered, however, that he had told the
doctor that he felt equal to any emergency,
and remembered the doctor's cordial indorse-
ment of it, and he took courage. Instead of
being led into the flames he was led past them,
and soon knew from the contiaed air and echo-
ing sounds that they were in a cave or subter-
ranean passage.

The Indians commenced a low chant, and at
the same moment Fred caught a low murmur,
evidently from a distance. At first it sounded
like the rustling of dead leaves in the wind.
As they marched it grew louder until it sounded
now overhead, now at one side, and then the
other side; and Fred, forgetting himself, shout-
ed, " That's a swarm of bees," and assayed to
pull the bandage from his eyes; but strong
hands held him. His senses were all alert now,
and, feeling that no injury had come to him
thus far, he quietly submitted to the ceremony,
and thougnt that, if he was in a place where
bees swarmed in the night, he could indeed
endure any thing to be introduced into such a
place.

The march continued, and soon the swarm-
ing sounds were left behind, and became faint-
er, and finally died out altogether. While his
thoughts were dwelling upon the reality of the
swarming sound he sensed the approach to
open air again; but before he could fairly real-
ize that fact, he was suddenly backed against
an obstruction that sent his feet into the air,
and an instant after it seemed that he was fall-
ing head first into space. But, no! there was
something under him. He was sliding swiftly
down a smooth trough-like surface; and before
he could realize much, his position had chang-
ed; his head was up now; next he was standing
on his feet.

" Hah, hah! by golly I bet you's scart. I bet
you nebber rode dat way befo', and nebber want
to ride dat way agin. Ain't dat so?" said a

voice, as the owner of it aided Fred to a stand-
ing position, and jerked the bandage from his
eyes.

"Wh— where is Dr. Hayden?" said Fred, in
a sharp tone, as he regained his breath and his
senses, and saw before him a happy negro.

"Dr. Hayden? Dr. Hayden? don't know de
man: 'spect you must hab taken de wrong road
— ha, ha, ha I But I 'spect you want to see
medical man Neo-aho-a— medical man am all
right; want to see de gemman ?"

" Yes, I do," exclaimed Fred. " I shall call
him to account for my treatment for the past
few hours."'

"Ha, ha, ha! well, now, dai's a good joke-
call de medical man to 'count! Ha, ha! call
him to 'count when he's all "count and you's no
'count; but, see here, my honey; befo' we argufy
any further we want to start dis business right.
'Low me to introduce myself. My name is
Samuel Johnsiug. I'm called Sam for short."

Fred looked at the negro before him, and saw
a young fellow who was thoroughly permeated
with happiness. It shone out of every feature.

'* Well, you are a happy fellow," was Fred's
involuntary exclamation.

"For gracious, of course I is; what ye spose
I's here for, any way? and, Mr.— Mr. — my name
is Samuel Johnsing, Sam for short."

" Excuse me, Mr. Johnson; my name is Fred
Anderson;" and they shook hands.

" Fred for short, I 'spect," said Sam.

" You have it," replied Fred; " but I want to
see the doctor."

" Now, Mr. Fred," said Sam, familiarly, " de
medical man am in his cabin, and don't 'low to
be disturbed till mornin'. I 'spect you's tired
too. I know from 'sperience dis inishatin' into
de happy valley am very 'zaustin'. Oh! no, no;
you don't need de medical man. You need
rest. Come dis way an' I'll show you de camp
dat'll be your home;" and Sam led the way,
humming a lively air.

" I declare, Sam, you are happy, and I begin
to feel happy myself. Does this valley make
everybody so happy?" said Fred.

"I d'know how it'll 'gree with you; but I's
always happy; 'spect I's built dat way. Don't
cost no mo' to be happy dan to be sad; no mo'
to be sweet dan to be sour; and don't cost so
much to smile as to cry. De good book say,
'joy cometh in de mornin',' an' I's one ob dat

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE

55

kind what wants to make it mornin' all de
time."

"That is a good way to live, Sam; and if
everybody would only strive to live that way,
what a sweet happy world this would be!"

" Dat am 'zactly so; but he'h we are, Mister
Fred; he'as de cottage."

"Cottage! why, Sam, that s nothing but a
clump of bushes."

" VVy, jes see he'h, Mr. Fred; it's a little dark
yet, an' you don't seem to 'predate de situa-
shun. Step right aroun' he'h to de do'. Now
take off de hat an' walk in. Dar, now, who
wants any thing better'n dat?"

" Well, this is a novel affair," said Fred, as he
examined his cabin. It was a natural growth.
A circle about fifteen feet in diameter had been
planted to cypress-trees, the tops all inclined
Inward. When the trees had all grown to the
height of fifteen feet the tops and sides became
solidly interwoven; then the clipping shears
had been used to give the exterior and interior
a hedge finish, and to cut an opening for a door.

" Plenty of fresh air in this thing," said Fred,
as he saw the glimmer of the moon through the
foliage.

" Fo' gracious, dat ain't fresh air, dat's cli-
mate—pure California climate; you'll jes feel
like a cherub he'h."

"And here is my cot and other traps," said
Fred, "and I'd like to know how they got in
here so quickly."

"Oh! I 'spect de boys sent 'em down de ele-
vator."

"There's an elevator, then. Well, now, why
wasn't I sent down the elevator? "

"Ha, ha! dat wouldn't a been inlshatin'.
You'd a' forgot all about comln' in; but now
your comin' in is pressed upon your mind del-
ibly, and now you'll be comin' in dat way of
your own 'cord."

" Not if I know myself," said Fred. " Do you
think Iwant to try falling in here head first
again? Not I."

"Wy! we do it jes dat way w'en we're in a
hurry to get down."

"But why don't you slide in feet first instead
of head first?"

" Wy, dat's 'cause you don't understand de
chute. Yer 'sperience with it shows you dat it
curves up at de bottom. 'Spose now you start
in feet fust, you'd be standin' on yer head at de
bottom. Dat would be 'stremely uncomftable.
Don't you see de utmost importance ob startin'
in right at de top so's to come out on yer feet at
de bottom ? Oh! you'll get used to it, an' like
de 'zileratin' fun. But he'hs yer cot an' things:
jes make y'rself at home. Good-night."

" But, wait, Sam, I want to ask' you just one
question. What was that noise I heard when
coming in here, that sounded like a swarm of
bees ? "

"Oh! dat swarmin' noise? Wy, Mister Fred,

dat's one ob de mysteries ob dis occasion. Don't
ax too many questions;" and happy Sam .left
Fred to himself.

When Fred found himself alone, and all ex-
citement withdrawn, he would have fallen
upon his cot with exhaustion had he not im-
mediately done so voluntarily. Tired body and
mind must be restored, and he fell into a sound
slumber from which he did not arouse until a
late hour in the forenoon. When he awoke he
found Dr. Hayden sitting in a camp-chair just
outside of his bowery-house. At first he felt
strong resentment toward the doctor: then re-
membering that it was his own voluntary
action that had placed him in his late positions
he felt that he was under an inevitable fate;
and he exclaimed, as he arose:

"Charity suffereth long, and is kind; beareth

1/

:- /.

/

(-.'

^ .:>

f. i

"2)

HAH, hah! I BET YOU NEBBEK RODE DAT
WAY BEFO'!"

all things, believeth all things, hopeth all
things, endureth all things."

The doctor looked up from the book he was
reading, and, with a pleased expression, said:

"That is good doctrine, Fred. If in all the
trials and troubles of life people would look
upon tnem with Paul's philosophy there would
be more happiness and a better understanding
of the ends and aims of our existence. But
now, Fred, as your culinary arrangements are
not all in shape, come to my cabin and have a
lunch, and I will then show you through our
happy valley."

"Yes," said Fred, " I have had some experi-
ence with one of its happy occupants."

" Sam is a happy fellow," replied the doctor.
"I picked him up in a most unhappy condition
in San Francisco, three years ago; but he has
developed wonaerfully since he came here. He

56

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan. 15.

is as faithful in his work, and as unfailing, as
the rays of the sun."

As Fred walked down the successive terraces
with the doctor, his eyes took in all they could
of the surroundings. The forenoon sun lighted
up the obsidian cliffs, sending down scintillat-
ing reflections of various prismatic hues. Suc-
cessive terraces arose against the northern
wall of the valley, while upon the south side
there was a clitf a hundred feet in height. An
occasional live-oak of natural growth and
massive proportions lent picturesqueness to the
view, and the later-planted eucalyptus, fruit-
trees, and vines, were placed with a view to
artistic effect. Every unsightly object, and
even some of the highest-pointed cliffs, were
covered with various flowering vines. Fred

three sat down together to partake of it, Fred
said, " Doctor, this beautiful valley has excited
my Yankee curiosity, and I hope you will ex-
cuse me if I ask what may seem impertinent
questions."

"There is nothing to hide from you, Fred,
now that vou are inside the valley."

" Well, then, doctor, do I understand that
you are the only white man living in this
valley ?"

"The only one excepting yourself, Fred."

"An' Sam Johnsing," said the latter, with an
appropriate grin.

" That's so, Sam. We three," said the doctor,
emphasizing the words, " are the only persons,
except Indians, that live here or even have
knowledge of this valley."

THE WONDERFUL VALLEY, CRYSTAL MOUNTAIN.

was a great lover of the beautiful in nature,
and he exclaimed, " Doctor, you have made this
a veritable fairy-land."

" I have tried to make it such, and I feel that
it is a beautiful valley; and when you consider
that those trees and vines, foreign to the valley,
have been planted only eight years, you must
know that this is the most fertile corner in all
California. But here we are at my cabin, and
your lunch will soon be readv."
TjFred found the doctor's cabin about as primi-
tive as his own; and smiling Samuel Johnson,
Sam for short, was the presiding genius and
cook. A simple breakfast of oatmeal mush,
honey, milk, and fruit, was served. As the

"That is a mystery," said Fred. " I should
expect to see some enterprising prospector look-
ing looking down from the cliffs here at almost
any time."

The doctor and Sam both smiled, and the
former said, " Well, seeing is the most convinc-
ing argument, and by and by we will show you
why it is that people do not look over the clitf."

"But," said Fred, wonderingly, "I know
there is a passage into this valley, even if I did
come through it blindfolded; and even a narrow
passage would never have escaped the prying
eyes of the gold-hunters unless there is a per-
petual guard over it."

" That is it exactly," said the doctor. " There

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

57

Is a perpetual"guard inl the shape! of a huge
stone in front^of the entrance. It isjso nicely
balanced that two persons, knowing the secret,
can open and close the entrance with ease."

"Well, well! This is a mystery, sure. But,
doctor,'" continued Fred, with a quizzical ex-
pression around the eyes, " I heard something
that sounded like a swarm of bees when coming
through that passage."

"Oh, yes!" said the doctor, musingly. "I
can readily see how a bee-man might mistake
the peculiar noise. You were then in the
rattlesnake chamber. No man can pass through
that chamber and live unless guided by our
Indian friends."

"Rattlesnakes, do you mean to say? said
Fred, rising abruptly. " Why, there must have
been thousands of them."

"There, there, Fred; there is no occasion to
be excited now. You are perfectly safe here.
But let us change the subject. You have
doubtless heard of several paradises for bee-
keepers. Let me now show you mine."

honey, and have the distinct flavor of honey.
The receipt is one of the doctor's own getting
up. and will be given in the honey-leaflet
above referred to

A SUBSCRIBER wishes to know whether planer
shavings are as good as chaff. We are using
the former right along now, and we do not see
but they winter the bees just as well as chaflf.
The shavings have the advantage that they
dry out quicker; and if enough are used they
are just as good for warmth. This same sub-
scriber also asks what kind of hive-stand we
use. All our hives, both summer and winter,
are set upon stands like that shown in the ac-
companying engravinsr Tt rai'^ps the hive just

3

Dr. Miller writes that he tried the honey-
jumble recipe (see page 23) without using any
molasses, but he says it did not work as well.

At last we have a bee-keeper and honey-buy-
er who is prepared to make analyses of doubt-
ful samples of honey. I refer to W. A. Selser,
10 Vine St., Philadelphia. See his ad., p. 40.

Home again. I am glad to tell you all that I
am now once more at my post, ready to serve
you as best I can, with renewed strength and
energy. I reached home just as the last form
was ready for the press. A. I. R.

I NOW have in hand copy for the new honey-
leaflet, by Dr. C. C. Miller. I knew that the
doctor could do the work well, but he has con-
siderably exceeded my expectations.

We shall have these leaflets ready shortly
after the next issue, and will put them at such
a price as will enable bee-keepers to give them
away to their customers.

It would be a capital idea for bee-keepers to
furnish their grocers these leaflets to hand out
to ail their customers. If they do not make a
demand for honey, I do not know what will.
Price and further particulars will be announced
later.

jLater.— Just as we go to press a package, of
honey-caramels from Dr. Miller has come to
hand. They are as fine as any I ever tasted;
and by the way some of the rest in the office are
"working their jaws" you would think they
were of the same opinion. They are made of

high enough to make it convenient for working,
keeps the hives out of the wet, and the bottom-
boards from rotting. These stands are made of
the cheapest cull lumber, and at the present
rate they will last ten or fifteen years.

"fishing for suckers."

The following burlesque appears in an ad-
vertisement of one of the prominent commission
houses of Cleveland. As it illustrates so nicely
the growth of some of these mushroom " snide "
commission houses, I reproduce it right here:

Mr. John Dumhower, Dear Sir:— In reply to your
letter, would advise you to go into the commission
business. There is no other business in which fish-
ing for suckers is so remunerative. There are a
great many of tliem, and, as has been said, "a suck-
er is born every day."

One hundred dollars and plenty of confidence in
yourself will start you nicely. You could rent a
store and buy office fixtures on the installment
plan. Then the first thing- to do is to send out from
500 to 1000 circulars. On your card and circulars
say that you " handle all kinds of produce on com-
mission; special attention paid to the sale of butter,
eggs, and poultry. Liberal advances made on con-
signments." (This latter in large letters.)

By sending out lots of circulars wiih big quota-
tions you wdl get shipments at once. Tou will have
plenty of customers as soon as you have goods to
sell. Many of the grocers, market men, and huck-
sters like new openings. They will at once patron-
ize you, pay outside prices, and ca'ih. They will
work you for credit later. When goods are all sold,
send shipper a postal card, saying: Goods sold at
; market active; ship more."

One commission house in Chicago started out
on almost exactly the policy outlined; but in-
stead of paying cash, and getting in a financial
muddle, their chief man "skipped the country"
with the hard-earned funds of bee-keepers.
There are numerous other commission houses
that are organized and operating upon almost
exactly these lines. Their final collapse is only
a question of a short time; but in the meantime
bee-keepers need to look sharp, to be sure they
are not one of the victims.

58

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan 1.

DOOLITTLE IN FAVOR OF TALL SECTIONS, AND
WHY.

DooLiTTLE, in his article in last issue, gives
pretty strong testimony in favor of tall sec-
tions. You will note that he says that his own
preference is for such, and that his reasons for
preferring them are that "more in number can
be set over a given space;" are "of symmetri-
cal proportions," "pleasing to the eye, and do
not give a scrimped appearance or pattern,"
and that " they bring two or three cents more
per pound in the market." Mr. Doolittle was
speaking in favor of sections 3J^' x S^g" x 1%.
This is so near the 4 x .5 7-to-foot that is more
commonly used that I have no doubt his argu-
ment would apply with equal force to them.
We as manufacturers dislike very much to help
push along an odd-sized section; but if a cer-
tain shape brings more money to the producer.
Gleanings can not and must notkeep its mouth
shut.n Our journal is first and foremost the
advocate of the honey-producer, and, second-
arily, of the supply-dealer.

All through York State the tall section has
been used to a more or less extent; and just at
this time, when beekeepers are preparing to
order their stock, they would like to hear of all
the good and bad things about the tall sections.
Mr. Doolittle has spoken a word for them, and
Mr. Salisbury, of the same State, has given a
note of warning. Let's hear from more.

DAEK CLOUDS AND THE SILVER LINING- AT THE
REVIEW OFFICE.

Bro. Hutchinson, of the Review, has been
passing through deep waters. First it was the
long and serious illness of his daughter Ivy,
resulting in the breaking-down of her nervous
system, and now she has been obliged to leave
home for special treatment for mental disorder.
Mrs. H., on account of the long strain and
weary hours of watching, is completely broken
down in health, and now she has had to go
away for treatment. Our friend not only
misses the wise counsels and assistance of his
helpmeet, but he has to labor alone under the
strain that his loved ones are away and sick —
being cared for, it is true, by trained experts, but
away from him.

I am sure the readers of Gleanings, especial-
ly those who take the Review, will sympathize
most sincerely with Editor Hutchinson; but in
spite of all the trouble and disadvantages un-
der which he is working, it is a pleasure to note
that he seems to see a silver lining to it all, and
this is what he says, after asking his readers to
extend a little leniency:

I am doing the best that I can under the circum-
stances, and feel sure that these troubles can not
always last; that I shall yet be able, as of old, to
make the Review one of the best journals that there
is for the practical honey-producer. It is my life-
work, and 1 love it.

It is true the Review has been a little late; but
its standard of excellence has been remarkably
well kept under up under the circumstances.

It is the prayer of the editors of Gleanings
that all things may come out well in the end.

THE BICYCLE IN THE REVIEW FAMILY.

Bro. Hutchinson is now in possession of a
steed— not a real live one, but a real high-grade
one. He says he felt many times as if he want-
ed a bicycle, but— well, he could not afford it.
When his wife was sick he took long walks
with her for her benefit. Then the thought
occurred to him, "Why not a wheel?" He
secured one,, and he and Mrs. H. and the girls
learned to ride it, although they met some dif-
ficulties at the start. When he bought a type-
writer he wondered if he could afford it. After
using it a while he did not see how he could
afford not to have it. The same was true with
the bicycle. He says:

And then if the brain lags, and the work moves
slowly, take a spin of twenty minutes over the
smooth walks of the outskirts of the city, and come
back with the pulses bounding and the "blues"
le^t scattered by the wayside. My brother editor,
Ernest Root, will know exactly how I feel, and so, I
hope, do many others of my readers. I am reMlly
hopeful that, by another summer, wife and I may
be chasing each other over hill and dale— on wheels.

Yes, indeed, friend H., I know what it is to
come back with the " pulses bounding," with a
feeling of invigoration and a clear head for
work. " Blues "—well, I do not know that I
ever had them — but I have had something
worse. Thanks to the beef diet and wheel-
riding, I have a clear head, clear countenance,
good health, and weigh the most I ever did in
my life.

Mr. Hutchinson adds another paragraph,
which is right along in line with what I have
been preaching, off and on, for some years. I
wonder that more bee-keepers do not avail
themselves of the use of the bicycle for out-
apiary use. Even if they have a horse, there
are many times when they could make a trip
so much quicker on the steed of steel— one that
never requires feeding, never gets to balking,
and is always ready. Mr. Hutchinson says:

If I were running out-apiaries, I think that I
should see to it that everything needed to work
with was taken to each apiary, and then I should
use a wheel as a means of conveying myself from
one yard to another.

THE united states BEE-KEEPERS' UNION.

Mr. Hutchinson has not said very much on
this subject in his own journal; but in the
December number he has an editorial which I
copy entire.

I fear that the great majority of bee-keepers do
not really understand what was done at the last
meeting of the North American Bee-keepers' Asso-
ciation. It changed its name to the one that stands
at the head of this article, and adopted a new con-
stitution that will enable it to take on new and im-
portant functions. This constitution has been pub-
lished in most of the bee-journals. It has not ap-
peared in the Review, but I think now that it ought
to have been published there; however, I presume
that most of my readers have seen it. If they have
not. Gleanings or American Bee Journal will gladly
mail any one a copy containing it. In January the
members of the National Bee-keepers' Union will
vote whether they and their money shall be merged
into this new United States Union. If this is not
done, if amalgamation does not take place, then

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

59

the new, or United States Union, will ero on, regard-
less of the old Union, and do the work that is neces-
sary to do— the pioeecution of honey-adulterators
for "one thins-, and the old National Union can sit
still and do tmiliiiig- except to guard and hrag of
the ■fTOii tliat it has amassed since it stopped doing
anything. 1 don't wish to be dierespectful ; but,
honestlj-, the work forwhich the National Union was
called into existence has been finished— j))«ctic((l-
ly finished— and other work of a hundred-fold more
importance is looming up and growing greater and
greater as the months and years go by. A good lot
of motipy in the treasury is a good thing; but good
accompUslicd with this is better than the money
itself. In the " Extracted Department" of this issue
of the Review you will find that I have written more
fully upon this subject. I hope that every member
of the old National Union will consider well before
he votes. We need just one good, strong, wide-
awake, enthusiastic national association of bee-
keepers, and that is enough. Only get the thing
started right and there is no question but that it
will "go." Already money is being sent to the
Secretary of the new United States Union, Br. A.
B. Mason, Sta. B, Toledo, Ohio, to join the Union
"that is going to prosecute dishonest commission
men." Just as soon as it is really evident that we
arQ going to have a Union that will do something,
there will be no lack of members. Let us have
amalgamation, then will follow plenty of members,
and there will be plenty of money; and then, with
the right men at the helm— men with "go," deter-
mination, and enthusiasm— much good will come to
bee-keepers as the result. The times are ripe for
this move — let us move.

I indorse most heartily the sentiment of this.
It is indeed true that the worl< which the
National Union was called into existence to
perform is practically finished, yet there is
other work a hundred-fold more important.
A lot of money in the treasury is a good thing;
but a lot wisely expended, and an empty treasu-
ry, in prosecution of dishonest commission men
and honey-adulterators, would be a far better
condition. Mr. Hutchim-^on is right.

IMPROVEMENTS ON HIVES ; IS THE DOVETAILED
HIVE PERFECT? THE HIVE "MONOPOLY."

In the American Bee Journal, p. 834, a writer
under the nom de plume of '' Inventor." at the
beginning of an article uses these words: "In
the bee-papers I find the idea prevalent that the
present Langstroth hive is perfect, and that no
one should undertake to improve hives further
than to accept the Dovetailed hive as a stand-
ard. . . An Inventor can be just as honest as
Mr. Langstroth, and I do not believe the time
has come when all should say, ' It is perfect —
let the monopoly go on.' " And, again, he says,
referring to improvements on hives, " I think
that manufacturers make a mistake in crying
down improvements that they may control the
sale of certain fixtures."

From certain other references and allusions,
outside of what is above given, it would look as
if Inventor had our firm particularly in mind,
although it is possible he meant all.

Starting with the first quotation, most em-
phatically I do not believe the " idea is preva-
lent" that the Langstroth hive is perfect, and
that " no one should undertake to improve bee-
hives further than to accept the Dovetailed."
I am quite conversant with what appears in
our own periodical, and I believe I am tolerably

well acquainted with the matter in other bee-
papers As for ourselves, we have never be-
lieved the Langstroth nor the Dovetailed hi-ve
was perfect. We have been looking so much
toward improvements that many of our friends
have asked us to "let up," because their new
fixtures did not fit the old. But it is neverthe-
less the fact, that, when one manufacturer
makes an improvement that meets with popu-
lar favor, the others follow along in the same
line, and very often— yes, generally— cut prices.
What foundation is there, then, for the sen-
tence, " It is perfect — let the monopoly go on?"
The fact of the matter is, there are hardly any
two of the manufacturers that sell exactly at the
same prices on hives. A comparison of the va-
rious catalogs will bear out the statement.

We have for some time had a department in
this journal, called Trade Notes, in which we
have illustrated and described various hives of
merit. For instance, I would call attention to
the Danzenbaker hive, the Heddon, and the
Aikin McKnight hive, all of which possess pe-
culiar and valuable features, none of which are
based on Langstroth dimensions. Moreover,
The A. I. Root Co. is about to give in its catalog
the option of the Dovetailed or Danzenbaker
hive. The latter is as much a departure from
Langstroth principles as any thing can well be.
There is nothing standard about it, and yet it is
a hive that gives much promise, and one too
that certainly does contain some desirable fea-
tures.

Again, 1 would call attention to the fact that
Gleanings has pushed forward the merits of
the tall section, and that right in the face of the
fact that the 4)4 square ones have been used al-
most exclusively. If we as manufacturers were
"crying down improvements," it is hardly like-
ly that we would push forward an odd-sized
section and an odd-sized frame.

From my point of view. Inventor's observa-
tions seem to be ali wrong. If he had said the
very opposite of what is set forth in the quota-
tions above given, he would, in my humble
judgment, have come nearer the truth. I ven-
ture to state that, if he would go through some
of the large supply-manufacturing establish-
ments of the country, he would have reason to
change his mind. We have in our establish-
ment an experimental room, and an " inventor"
who is at work all the time. In the near future
I hope I shall have the pleasure of showing
that ottr "inventor" has not been idle by any
means. The new thing will not be an improve-
ment, but an m?iovatio7i — something that, in
my humble opinion, will be classed alongside o
the extractor, comb foundation, movable frames,
and the bee-smoker. The world does move,
even in the apicultural line, friend Inventor;
and il you will call upon us some time I'll try to
convince you that there is progress, even at
The A. I. Root Co.'s works.

60

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan. 15.

I SEE by the American Bee Journal that the
secretary of the U. S. B. K. U., Mr. O. L. Her-
sheiser, says he will try in every way to make
the meeting at Buffalo a grand success. Mr.
H. is a hustler, and a man who is not afraid to
work. It goes almost without saying, that the
Buffalo meeting is going to be a good one.

The editor of the American Bee Journal has
a happy way of getting off puns. Here is a
sample:

Mr. R. C. Aikin, who contributes a valuable arti-
cle to this number of the Bee Journal, is now writing-
a series of articles for Gleanings under the head-
ing of "Ridgepole Musings." The rather toplofty
first half ot the name was suggested, we believe,
from the fact that for several years Mr. Aikin kept
bees in Colorado, several thousand feet above sea-
level— on the very " Hidgepole" of the continent;
and he is now in Iowa, where he is indulging in the
" Musings" part of the heading. Judging from the
first lusiallment, the *' Polinjrs" of this new " Ridge
Muse" will cause an "Aikin" (achin') tor more of
the same kind, on the part of those who " R. C.-ing "
what he has to say.

twelfth annual report of the national

bee-keepers' union; mr. Newman's

criticisms; amalgamation

for the future.

The above report, for 1896, is at hand. The
Manager states lihat the past year has been one
of the busiest since the Union was formed. Af-
ter re-counting the usual defense cases, Mr.
Newman has at last, it seems, done something
In the way of taking up the dilEculties
between bee-keepers and commission houses.
These last issues are rather an innovation in the
Union. Although the constitution was modified
several years ago, so that it could take in such
cases, yet very little has been done along these
lines till the year just closed; and then it would
seem as if this tardy action were owing to the
hints offered now and then during the year,
and the criticisms of late to the effect that there
are other issues tenfold more important. Some
of the cases of the commission houses taken up
have already appeared in the American Bee
Journal and Gleanings; but beyond the men-
tion of using the name of the Union, and pub-
lishing the facts, he seems to have done little
more than the journals.

The subject of amalgamation is next taken
up. The constitution of the U. S. B. K. U.
adopted at Lincoln is given, and then the criti-
cisms of the General Manager, as offered some
little time ago, and published in the journals.
Mr. Newman then pays his respects to the edit-
ors of lh& American Bee Journal and Glean-
ings, characterizing their criticisms of his pol-
icy as a "storm of abuse," "unpleasant person-
alities," and then adding that they threatened
to defeat him at the election if he were a candi-
date for re-election as General Manager. Mr.
Newman has misrepresented (I try to think un-
intentionally) by givine only partial quotations
or telling only part of the truth and then put-
ting his own construction on them. It was

Gleanings that stated it would work by all
" fair and honorable means " to defeat him if he
were a candidate, but added the proviso, which
Mr. Newman omits, that if it was his policy " to
prevent and possibly postpone amalgamation
indefinitely " then it would work to defeat him,
etc.

How Mr. Newman can construe what was
said in Gleanings as a "storm of abuse" and
"unpleasant personalities," I can not see. It
is true, I criticised his policy of confining his
attention to the defense issue mainly, but criti-
cisms of policies are not necessarily " storms of
abuse " or " personalities."

Mr. Newman has done what, I am sure, will
be severely criticised — viz., setting forth only
liis side of this amalgamation matter. He has
not only put in his own criticisms, but those of
a few others, ivithout their naines, giving only
one side. A General Manager, or any presid-
ing officer, should act impartially by giving
both sides fairly. Certainly the opposition
should have a chance to state its own argu-
ments in its own language. As it is, he has at-
tributed to us motives we did not have, and
sentiments that we never uttered, by putting
his own construction on what we did say. The
journals, on the other hand, have freely given
all that he has sent in for publication in the
way of a reply or defense. Doing as he has,
giving only one side, and that his own, in the re-
port at hand. I shall be very greatly surprised
if the proposed scheme for amalgamation car-
ries; and, moreover, one of the men whom he
has recommended to count the votes, has, in the
Progressive Bee-keeper, criticised most severely
the American Bee Journal. Such a person can
hardly be impartial. I have nothing against
Mr. VV. D. French. Outside of his very appar-
ent prejudice he would be as good as any man
to count the votes and certify the results to the
General Manager ; but it certainly would have
looked very much better, in view of the position
that Mr. French will occupy, if he had kept
still.

If amalgamation should be defeated, as now
seems altogether probable. Gleanings will sub-
mit. The U. S. B. K. U. will go on, however;
and if amalgamation can not be effected this
year, strong efforts will be made to have it done
a year hence; for bee-keepers can not afford to
support two societies; and if Mr. Newman shall
continue to take up the question of dishonest
practices on the part of commission houses and
the question of adulteration. Gleanings will
be quite willing — in fact, will be glad — to sup-
port and work for him as Manager of any Un-
ion that may be formed in the future. Mr.
Newman has shown splendid ability in one di-
rection—viz., defen-ie; and now if he will only
turn that ability in other directions. Glean-
ings will be very glad to see him stand as Gen-
eral Manager.

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

61

IN THE DESERT.

Dec. 28.— Here I am, away out on the desert,
camping out. and writing these notes beside the
camp -tire. We are at New River, Maricopa
Co., 45 miles from Phoenix. We left the last ir-
rigating-eanal at 11 o'clock; and a board put up
warned travelers, " No more water for forty
miles." I rode on my wheel 14 miles before S
o'clock, so as to be on hand at the start. I got
breakfast on the way; but before starting I had
some more breakfast. Let me explain, 1 want-
ed to take the long trip on my wheel alone; but
everybody protested, and said 1 must have a
team to carry provisions, bedding, etc., as there
was no lodging-place for many miles, and, fur-
thermore, storms might overtake me, and I
might get lost. Finally a couple of bee-men,
whom i shall always remember, rigged up a
team, with provisions, bedding, etc., and an-
nounced they were ready to follow wherever I
wanted to go. Their names are Thomas K. El-
vey and J. F. Carey, both of Phoenix (the latter
gentleman being president of the Maricopa
Bee- keepers' Association). Both are very busy
men; but when they found I was bound to go
they declared I should go in good shape, provid-
ing I could stand " roughing it." This is a sam-
ple of the hospitality of this region. I ride my
wheel as long as I choose, then stick it on top
of the bedding, etc., and ride on the light spring
wagon and listen to ihe stories of my compan-
ions and explanations of the strange things we
come across every hour.

Oh how I have enjoyed this trip through the
arid desert and up the canyons, and over the
mountains! I am now writing by a candle
stuck in a bag of barley. My table is a roll of
bedding, and my seat is the soft desert sand
covered with a piece of canvas. The camp-fire
is at my right hand. Our supper consisted of
potatoes roasted in the ashes, toast made on a
forked stick ; meat; fig jam, made from fruit
grown by Bro. Elvey, etc. Just think of it-
sitting on the ground out of doors, writing by a
candle, b<^tween Christmas and New-year's day !

This afternoon we passed a flock of 3400 sheep,
managed by one man and a shepherd dog. I
took off my cap to the man, and felt like doing
the same to a dog that had the intelligence and
skill to guide and direct this great drove in any
direction desired.

We are near a running stream of water, after
our long drive, and it was my privilege to build
the fire and help gather wood for the night. I
never felt so well in my life, and I have been
out of doors almost constantly for the last three
weeks. Now, while I have every thing so com-
fortable about me, and two old veterans in the
business near me, I think I will tell you some-
thing about

CTHE SALT RIVER VALLEY" AND IRRIGATION.

This valley is about 50 miles long by about 30
miles wide. The river runs through the val-
ley, and, strange to tell, there are thousands of
acres as flat and level as a floor, only that the
surface is on a regular slant toward the south
and west, at an average of about 10 feet to the
mile. There are. perhaps, 250,000 acres capable
of irrigation. All along the river are dams that
take water into canals at intervals. These ca-
nals are at first considerable-sized rivers; but
smaller ones lead off as needed, until all the wa-
ter of the river is spread equally and equitably

over the land. Now, please bear in mind that
the whole valley is divided by good roadways
Into square sections one mile on each side; and
along each road, and on both sides of the road,
is one or sometimes more Irrigating-ditches. I
say one or more, for there are often three ditch-
es, one on one side of the road. Sometimes the
water is hustling in one ditch in a certain way,
and in the opposite direction in the diich right
alongside. This is managed by raising the
sides of the ditch at one end, and cutting down
at the other. Now, remember the water in
ditches side by side is often at different eleva-
tions. One ditch often crosses another as much
as three feet above the lower one. A wooden
box carries the water across. Of course, bridges
or plank sluiceways must cover the ditches at
all road-crossings. Go where you may, the
sound of rushing water and babbling brooks
is always in your ears. This sound, with the
sight of the running waters, is to me most in-
spiring. But, wait a bit! All over this valley
cottonwood-trees are growing along the ditches.
In a little time they shade the road, and in the
older settlements the branches meet overhead.
Even in ivinter time the shade of these trees
every afternoon is very grateful. The roots
hold the banks of the canals from being washed
out. The Cottonwood holds its leaves all win-
ter, and grows with wonderful rapidity. It is
so hardy that green posts driven into the ground
during the winter will grow almost certainly,
with plenty of water. Now, all the fences are
wire, and the wire is stapled to these cotton-
wood posts or trees*.

The great staple crop of this valley is alfalfa.
I have told you of the beauty of the fields. The
greater part of the alfalfa is fed to cattle, and
this is the place of all the world for patients on
the beef diet. In Cleveland, O., I paid .50 cents
for a plate of ground beef. At the "Grotto"
restaurant, in Phcenix, for 10 cents I got more
than I ever eat; or a nice tender steak, more
than I could eat, for 10 cents, potatoes includ-
ed; butter, milk, and cheese, about the same
as In Ohio. Chickens, turkeys, geese, hogs,
and. in fact, all kinds of stock grow fat on green
alfalfa. At the restaurant I got a nice dinner
of turkey for 15 cents, potatoes included.

Large quantities of hay are made here and
sold at 14.00 or S5.00 a ton. At the " corral "
(livery stable) they will take your horse, and
feed and care for him for 35 cents a day, and
hitch up when you want him again. If you do
not leave him a whole day, it is only 15 cents.
Please remember, the horse needs no grain if
he has enough alfalfa hay. Still further: If the
man who owns the horse has his own blanket
with him he can make his bed on some hay in a
vacant stall, and not a cent for lodging.

One morning I was to meet some bee-friends
at the corral at daylight, and I found quite a
number of well-dressed men getting out of their
blankets, and washing at the pump where they
water the horses. Soap is furnished to all, and
710 charge. When I spoke of sleeping outdoors,
one of the bee-friends showed me his bed under
the shed adjoining his bee-house, where he
sleeps right out in the open air every day in the
year. Think of sleeping in a bedroom with not
a ivindow open! No wonder the people of this
valley are healthy.

Brother Elvey tells me the coyotes will be
howling around us before morning. Our can-
dle is still burning right in the open air, but It
is almost bedtime. We have just been listen-

* Besides tlie music of the "babbling brooks " ev-
ery morning-, the air is vocal with tlie songs of the
meadow-larlis, blackbirds, and the cooing of the
mourning-doves. By the way, there are three kinds
of doves.

GLHAMN(i.s IN BEE CULTURE.

Jax. 15.

ing to a story of killing 55 ducks at one rising—
at three shots. The next story, by friend Ca-
rey, was about killing three deer out of a bunch
of four before they got away.

Good-nigh', dear readers of Gleanings.

Dec. 2!) —Last night I went to sleep gazing at
the brilliant starry vault above. I believe it is
generally agreed that the heavens are more
brilliant here in the South, especially on the
prairies, than in the North. Well, just before
midnight friend Carey announced that we were
in for it — raindrops were falling. Our supper-
table was left standing. ?o as to be handy for
breakfast; but I tell you there was some hur-
ried packing of the dishes, bedding, etc., into
the wagon. Soon the stars were gone, and it
was too dark to attempt to regain the road. Our
fuel was about out, and no more to be had — no
lantern — we might get into the river, overturn
the wagon, or do worse. When things began to
look desperate Bro. Elvey remembered, evident-
ly, the old Bible story of the torches inside the
pitchers — Gideon's army. He got the end of
the candle left after I got through writing,
lighted it, and held it inside the water-pail
turned on its side so as to keep off the gusts of
wind, and we regained the wagon -road, and in
this manner reached a barn which happened to
be near — the only one, in fact, in many miles;
and, didn't we rejoice in the shelter!

THE BEE-KEEPERS OF SALT-RIVER VALLEY.

Between forty and fifty bee-keepers have pro-
duced, during the past season, 31 carloads of
honey. Many of the apiaries have over 300 col-
onies in one location, and some have even 300;
and even with this large number, as much as
175 or 200 lbs per colony, right through. The
valley is said to be pretty well stocked at the
present time, however. Even though the crops
of honey are larg-*, freight is so heavy that the
net price realized by the bee-keepers is very
low. Alfalfa boney sells, retail, at 5 cents; by
the 60 lb. can. 4 cents, can included. In car
lots, after taking out cost of cans only about 3
cents is realized. A nice article of well-ripened
alfalfa honey is nearly if not quite equal to our
best eastern white clover.

Dec. 29.— After the rain slacked up I asked
what our bill was for the use of the barn, for
our bedding and horses, and the reply was $2 00.
We had our own provisions, and furnished our
own feed for the horses. I finally persuaded
him to accept Sl.OO. This place (Gibson's ranch)
was the only one where we felt like complain-
ing of the prices. To-day we saw great moun-
tains, with snow-capped peaks, towering above
the clouds. While some were illuminated with
sunshine, many others were being deluged by
thunder-storms, and twice we saw floods of
muddy water rushing down across our path.
My supper by the camp-fire was quail on toast.
These desert quail, under Mr. Elvey's cook-
ing, were delicious. He says he can dress eight
quail in sixteen minutes.

Along at intervals we find water, and some of
the watering-places are curious and interesting.
At Squirrel hole Springs the water bubbles up
in little holes in the solid bed-rock of a dry riv-
er-bottom. The largest of these holes will ad-
mit a water-bucket.

In going up a long mountain road we saw
ahead of us three teams with their huge loads,
and four or six horses, stopped by a breakdown.
Of course, all three stopped to help repair the
wagon belonging to thp unfortunate brother.
Mr. Elvey soon found one of the crowd was a
Mr. W. W. Burford. of Kansas City, a bee-
keeper, and a subscriber to Gleanings. He
walked back with us up the mountain, just to
have a little talk. Friend B. has been almost a
year exploring Arizona, and has among his col-

lection a real miuiimy that he found in one of
the cliff dwellings.

After the severe rain of Monday.night I found
it impossible to run my wheel over a good deal
of the road, on account of the sticky "doby"
mud. It would cover the rubber tires like melt-
ed beeswax; and when it got on the steel chain
there was no more wheeling, and it is a long
job to clean it otT. I tell yon. The trouble is not
confined to bicycles, for at some points this do-
by mud collected on the wagon-wheels until
they looked like huge barrels, and two stout
horses could hardly pull a light spring wagon.
When this load of mud dropped off the wheels
of the wagon it was. of course, a big obstruction
in the road for the next team that came along.
The greater part of the roads, however, are very
hard and firm, and there are only a few days all
winter when there is mud anywhere. The last
night of 1806 we passed at Hance's Ranch. As
the family were away for the winter we found
only the hired man and a teamster, who had a
sick horse. Now, these teamsters, like many of
the miners, seem to think the best credentials
of good breeding is to bring in cursing and blas-
phemy about every other word, whether it
makes sense or not. The sick horse was cursed,
and the weather and every thing else. I tried
various subjects of conversation, but the replies
were all the same. I finally made up my mind
that, even if we were in one sense forcing these
people to give us a shelter from the snowstorm
without, 1 should get these two men apart, and,
one by one, labor with them in regard to such
talk. After supper we sat around the fireplace
and began to tell stories; and I prayed most
earnestly for grace and wisdom to speak the
right word at the right time. My prayer was
answered in a very unexpected way. In fact. I
almost held my breath in astonishment when
story after story was told, without a slang word
of any kind. These two men were so changed
I could hardly believe my senses. Instead of
complaining and sneering at every thing good
and holy, they were pleasant, respectful, and
gentlemanly. When Mr. Elvey and myself
were getting under our blankets that night I
said:

" Friend E., can you explain this sudden and
wonderful change in these two men during the
pleasant evening just past ? "

"I suppose I can partly. Mr. Root. I saw
how their talk pained you, and I suggested to
Bro. Carey that he should talk with them, as he
is used to such characters."

Let me explain here, if I haven't before, that
my companions are both professing Christians.
Mr. Carey is a Quaker, and in the true Quaker
spirit he presented the matter so well that these
two seemed " clothed and in their right mind,"
all the rest of the time we were there. New-
year's morning the sky was bright and clear as
I wished all a " happy new year." Then I add-
ed to the teamster:

" My dear friend, can we not, this morning at
least, 'praise God, from whom all blessings
flow ' ? "

"Yes, sir! that's my doctrine." he replied;
and I inwardly prayed that it might be so. in-
stead of nirsihg God at every breath.

Oh what a "happy New-year's day" I did
have! As we reached the mountain pass and
prepared to go down Copper Canyon we had a
glimpse of the Verde Valley, three miles below,
or at least we had a glimpse of the clouds away
down below us. How strange it makes one feel
to be with the sun far above the clouds! Then
the canyon all the way down is full of beauti-
ful shrubs and various kinds of evergreens; and
pretty soon a spring commences to send down
with us a clear and sparkling "babbling brook."
This brook is green with most appetizing and

1897

GLEANING« IN BEE CULTURE

63

brilliant water-cress almost its length. The
road takes first one side of the canyon and then
the other; and the grade is so gentle that a
wheelman would go up or down almost every
part of the route. The Verde (green) Valley
is somewhat like that of Salt River, but not as
level, and only a little of it is under irrigation,
although there is an abundance of water in the
Verde River at all times of the year.

Let me explain here that I found we had a
subscriber at Camp Verde. Here is what he
answered when I wrote him;

Dear Bro. Root:— We sliall he delighted to enter-
tain you as long- as you can staj with us, and may be
able to g-Q with you to some of the points of interest
to you. We had tliought of sending you a cara, but
supposed you would go to Flagstaff by rail, and so
not come near enough to us. We are Ohio folks,
and have lived in Medina. iC. B. Bkll.

Camp Verde, Ariz., Dec. 24.

What strange things do happen! After we
were received and made welcome at friend B.'s
pretty home I learned as follows:

Years ago a very pretty girl was threatened
with consumption. 1 was then a patient of Dr.
Salisbury, and finally induced the relatives to
try the Salisbury treatment. Dr. S. said we
had waited too long, he feared, but we would
do our best to rescue her. P"or a time she seem-
ed to be recovering; but S'he caught cold, and
went down very suddenly, leaving two children.
Mr. Bell, whom I found away out here in the
wilderness, is the older one of these two chil-
dren. Oh how ii did rejoice my heart to find a
Christian home away out here in the desert.

CHILD TRAINING.

CONCLUDED F«OM LAST ISSUE.
By Miss Sarah Smitli.

By way of contrast let me give you this little
Incident of another mother, tnid by her daugh-
ter after reaching womanhood. '"One day,"
she says, •' I stood watching my mother make
strawberry preserves. B-side the stove stood
a large milkpan containing squash for pies,
with the milk and egg already i>dded. 'Now,
Bridget,' said my mother at last, in a satisfied
Ijone, 'it is done; take the kettle off.' This
was accomplished, and then, with almost in-
credible stupidity, the girl actually emptied
the strawberries into the «quash. My mother
turned her head just too late. She was quick
and impulsive, but there escaped her lips only
a despairing ' O Bridget!' Then as she saw the
girl's instantly regretful face, she uttered no
angry reproaches, no useless lamentations. No
doubt," says the daughter, "when ray tired
mother, who was not strong, went upstairs to
rest, she felt disheartened, and thought that
her time, labor, and material had all been
wasted; but probably she never did for me a
more valuable morning's work than when she
gave me that unconscious lesson in sweet self-
control."

In my work as a teacher I have come to the
conclusion that little children learn most easily
when not making a conscious effort to learn.
The very effort to attend often takes the mind
from the thing to be attended, and leaves it less
free to grasp the new thought; hence it is that
the unnoticed child, supposed to be wholly en-
gaged with his play, is often absorbing every
word you utter, and making conclusions that
would astonish you could you look into that
active little brain. Do you know that nearly
all a child's judgments of persons and things
are formed before he is eight years old, and
formed for the most part by the conversations
he has heard at home and the unconscious in-

fluence of those about him? In proof of this,
witness the politics of the six-year old— same
as his father's, of course. Yes, that daughter's
hasty, unwise marriage, that so sadly grieved
the loving father and mother, may be traced to
influences set in motion before she was old
enough to wear long dresses. The contemptu-
ous tone in which she so often heard the un-
married women spoken of; the praise she heard
bestowed upon the successful man, regardless
of the rights of the case; the choice for her of
accomplishments rather than culture; the
early-fostered ambitions for style and show, all
had something to do with it. You can not be-
gin too soon to help a child form right estimates
of character. I know a father who takes special
pains to have his ten-year-old daughter meet
men of real worth, and who seek^ opportunities
to commend in her presence the true and hon-
orable, especially when found in the humble
walks of life, or where not likely to be appreci-
ated, and to show contempt for the base, un-
worthy, and pretentious, however well supported
by name or position. The events of every town
or neighborhood furnish many opportunities to
speak your convictions, to utter a warning, or
point a danger years before the child is old
enough to be made uncomfortable by such
remarks or allusions; all of which will help in
forming her ideals of life and persons.

And, again, I repeat, high ideals save. Now,
I suppose if I should ask for greater freedom for
the children in your homes you would smile,
thinking that far too many now do just as they
please. I do not mean greater liberty or license,
but greater freedom to grow naturally, greater
freedom in the exercise of their own individual
tastes and choices in non-essentials; freedom
from the ever constant consciousness of your
presence. I am quite sure that children are
often harmed and burdened by our attention,
begun as soon as born, when, instead of being
allowed to remain quietly in a darkened room
with only enough attention for their comfort,
they are dragged out to be shown to every
chance caller, and hugged and kissed and trot-
ted and tossed till no wonder nervous days and
sleepless nights follow.

So much is written nowadays about what
parents should do for their children that I am
afraid some are in danger of overdoing. While
the very best training often consists in a judi-
cious letting alone, I do not mean that children
are to be left wholly to their own devices, to be
allowed to get into mischief, quarrel among
themselves, or run wild on the streets. While
you are never to drop the reins of family gov-
ernment, you need not hold them in such a
manner as to make the child constantly con-
scious that he is being restrained or driven.

Nervous and fussy mothers weary and irri-
tate their children with their numerous cau-
tions. The child ought not to have the feeling
that he is being watched all the time. My
sympathies are with the boy who sent the cat
back into the house because, as he said, he
could not have her hanging around all the
time; it was bad enough to have God watching
him all the time. "The eyes of the Lord are
in every place, beholding the evil and the good."
is a grand true thought, but not just the one
with which to begin a child's religious instruc-
tion. Postpone that till you have taught him
that they are loving eyes. Furnish the child
right environment, and then— hands off!

I remember being at one time in a home
where was a little child about two years old
who had been kept in very closely all winter.
When the bright spring days came she grew
eager to get out of doors; but no sooner was
this permitted than she started as fast as she

64

GLEANINGS INJBEEICULTURE.

Jan. 15.

could go for an orchard and a ten-acre lot back
of the house. When brought back she would
cry, and thus spoil all the pleasure of the morn-
ing walk. It was finally agreed that she be
allowed the desired freedom while we watched
her unobserved. She started as usual for the
orchard, trudging on as fast as she could go
toward liberty and the vast unknown. Her
happiness was complete till she happened to
look back from just below a little hill and found
herself out of sight of the house. Surprised,
bewildered, and homesick, she gave a pitiful
little cry of " Mamma!" and was very well con-
tent to be led back lo the bondage that meant
love and safety. It seems to me that there is a
suggestion here for the treatment of older
children. Let the boy or girl who has reached
the restless period of life take short flights out
into the unknown world, giving him a chance
to test his own powers and exercise his own
judgment; he will come back all right, with an
added love and appreciation for home. I like
the way Aunt -Joe mapaged the tiery Dan in
"Aunt joe's Boys."

You remember, no doubt, how the immortal
George Washington rode his father's colt to
death, which was bad for the colt, but better
for George than going to sea, as he at first pro-
posed doing. I often wish that boys in their
teens could be set to breaking colts. It would
furnish the muscular activity and mental ex-
citement so much needed at this period of life,
and give an opportunity to work oS surplus
energy and pent up steam. But if he can ride
nothing else, do ^<^^ him ride his hobby, if he
has one.

I was reading tne otner day or a mother who
said she did not worry about John or Henry,
but she did feel uneasy about Willie, because
he had no hobby. She said if either of the oth-
er boys had a leisure hour or holiday they
always knew just what to do with it; but Wil-
lie was always at the mercy of whatever hap-
pened to come along. So, do not discourage
hobbies, even if there is some little expense
connected with them that to you seems foolish.
Better spend on chemicals, postage-stamps, or
tools, than upon cigarettes and trashy litprature.

Seek to give the child a chance to do the right
thing from choice; then if he fails, let him suf-
fer the natural consequences and thus early
learn the lesson of cause and effect. Let him
see and feel in all this that he has your sym-
pathy and love, but do not be weak enough to
step in to shield him from the consequences of
his own deliberate wrong-doing.

A little child in school one day was given
with the others a piece of colored paper to fold
and paste. Failing to follow the teacher's di-
rections, his paper was torn and spoiled. He
immediately informed the teacher that his
paper was spoiled, expecting to receive more.
He was met with no reprimand for his careless-
ness, but only " I am sorry you have spoiled the
paper I gave you." How could he more easily
or with less cost and pain learn this life-lesson
of care in the right useof gift? and possessions?

And now before closing I want to say just a
few words about the strong willed child that is
so often such a dread to parents and teachers
because so hard to control. These are the
children most likely to be misunderstood and
wrongly dealt with — made of the finest mate-
rial, requiring the greatest care and skill, but,
like the hardest wood, dllificult to manage, but
strong, firm, and true, and most valuable.
Really it is th^ amiable, docile child that should
cause you the most anxiety, not the strong-
willed child. The world needs people to-day
and every day who are strong-willed enough to
carry through discouraging reforms and all
worthy undertakings. It is the rushing, plung-

ing stream that has force to carry the sediment
and refuse to the sea, to turn the mill, and to
flow steadily on through the drouth of summer
and the chilling winds of winter. Never think
for a moment of breaking such a child's will;
seek only to guide and direct it. Avoid as
much as possible the arousing of a child's self-
will or obstinacy. Make only reasonable de-
mands, and always in a pleasant, courteous
manner. Avoid direct commands, as requests
should carry the same force, and are less likely
to antagonize. Then if a child disregards your
request you can often leave him the choice
between two alternatives; as, be quiet or leave
the table. Say "please," or go without the
desired object.

How much may be accomplished by tact is
well illustrated by an incident given in The
New Crusncle. of a child visiting her aunt. On
the first day after the little girl's arrival, as
she was playing out of doors in the early eve-
ning her aunt tapped on the window-pane and
said pleasantly, "It is bedtime now. I want
you to come in." The little girl faced her, and
said, " Do you think I've got to come in because
yoM say so? Huh! I won't do it." Her aunt
tranquilly resumed her work, taking no further
nfitice of the child. Gracie evidently looked
for a show of indignation when she came in
between nine and ten; but no notice was taken
of her, and she went to bed flushed with victory.
But the next night, immediately after tea, her
aunt took her up to bed, saying kindly that she
would be glad to let her play for an hour first,
but she could not trust her to come in when she
called her. The little girl looked thoughtful;
but as soon as her aunt left she dressed herself
again, went down to the yard, and was soon
sporting about as wildly as ever. No attention
was paid to her when she came in; but the
next evening after tea she was again taken up
to bed, and the door was locked. "If you lock
me in." she exclaimed, " I'll tear the sheets and
pillow-cases all to strips."

"Oh! just as you like as to that; only, of
course, you'll have the same things on your bed
to morrow night, as I can't afford to have more
than one sot spoiled."

"Well. I can't bear to be left alone," said
Gracie, beginning to cry in earnest.

"I ought to have thought of that," said her
aunt. " Of course, then, I'll stay with you."

Then she talked to the child. She told her
what a grand thing it was to have such a will.
It is like riding a spirited horse that is carrying
you fast in the right direction, but that an un-
controllable will is of no more use than a run-
away steed. Instead of giving her the " good
scolding " which most mothers would say she
richly deserved, this sensible woman told her
stories of strong willed girls who, in the face of
terrible odds, had earned a living for poor and
disease stricken parents, or achieved an educa-
tion for themselves, or starred some reform for
others which they had victoriously carried
through. "That's the sort of girl you will be,
Gracie," she exclaimed. "A little girl like you
must amount to something, either good or bad;
and I say it will be good."

"I say it will be good too," exclaimed the
sturdy little soul, sitting up in bed, and casting
her arms about her aunt's neck. "I will try,
Auntie; you'll see."

Such incidents as this make one feel that
there is no case so difficult that might not be
reached if we were only wise and true enough
to touch the right spring of action. To this
end and for this purpose we need to study child
nature in general and each child in particular
for the laws that govern action, for there are
laws. Child -training is not a hit-and-miss
work. The laws of cause and effect hold good

isy'

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

65

here as everywhere else in the world. We may
not bo able always to trace results to causes;
but the more we look for it, the oftener it will
be found, and help explain conduct that seems
so inexplicable.

We had a little boy in our schools at one time
who was always good when clean and well
dressed, but willful and troublesome when un-
tidy or wearing old ragged clothes. I was
much interested not long ago in the account of
a little child who refused to have her picture
taken. Coaxing, threats, and punishment were
all of no avail for a long time. At length she
promised she would comply with their wishes
if they would wait until after her birthday
party, one week hence. This was agreed to,
though what that had to do with it could not
be imagined until she was overheard bidding
her dolls good-by because she must have her
picture taken and die, and go to heaven as her
little cousin did. She did not want to die, she
informed her doll, but mamma said she was
naughty not to want to do as they wished. All
this had come from her hearing the coincidence
of her cousin's death, and the having had her
picture taken just before, spoken of when on
the floor with her blocks. The dear child had
been adjudged willful and disobedient, when
only ignorant and frightened.

We should do well, many times, to regard
wrong-doing as a symptom and not a diseased
condition, and endeavor to do as the good phy-
sician does— seek to discern and remove the
irritating cause. In order to do this you must
live with the children in the child's world,
entering into their kingdom in as humble and
teachable a spirit as a little child. You can
then gain their trust and confidence, and will
thus become their refuge and strength; and
they in return will be your song of rejoicing,
your crown of glory, your exceeding great and
precious reward for time and eternity.

MAPLE-SYRUP LABELS.

In Ohio the law provides that every g-allon of
maple syrup oHered for sale must be labeled, and
bear the name and address of the producer. This is
a pi-ecaution to guard against adulteration. We are
prepared to furnish syrup-iabels as follows:

3ixb, to fit panel on can, with name and address
printed— 100, 40c; 15c per 100 after 1st 100. Postage,
5e per 100. Long enough to wrap around the can,
10c per 100 extra, and postage double the above.

OUR SEED AND POTATO CIRCULAR.

Send for seed catalog and potato circular. We
have a nice stock of seed potatoes that we are offer-
ing at exceptionally low prices, while they last. We
would rail the attention of our Canadian subscrib-
ers to the fact that the postage on seeds to Canada
is Ic per oz., and ask them to kindly send us 17c
postage for their premium potatoes instead of 9c,
as our home subscribers are are asked to do.

We have also added to our list of table beets the
well-known Edmund's Early beet. This is handsome
in shape, and a blood-red color, and has given the
best of satisfaction in eastern markets. Price 5c
per oz., 30c per pouLd; postage 9c per lb, extra.

BLACKWALNUTS AND SHELLBARK HICKORYNUTS. J

We would again call the attention of our readers
to the fact that we have nice blackwalnuts, already
hulled, that we are ottering at the low price of 1.5c
per peck, or 60c per bushel. Nature has been boun-
tiful in her gifts to us the past year, and the long
winter evenings we are now having afford us a
time for the enjoyment of some of them. These

nuts can be included with other goods by freight at
a trifling cost for transportation.

We have also suc(;eedcd in getting track of an-
other small lot of shellbark hickorynuts, which we
can offer, while they last, at .50c per peck or $1.60 per
bushel. Send in your order early before they are
all taken. Walnuts and hickorynuts are not a bad
dish together.

HUBBARD SECTION-PRESS.

There are a great variety of devices for the pur-
pose of putting together the one piece section.
Many have been submitted to us for trial. Among
them all the Hubbard section-press stands unap-
proached in simplicity, ease of operation, effective-
ness, and rapidity. Our help have repeatedly fold-
ed a box of 1000 sections in forty minutt s, without
breaking more than one or two. The bee-keeper
who uses 5000 to 10,000 sections and over can not af-
ford to be without one of these presses. They are
adjustable for various sizes, taut are, of course, sent
out set tor the 4X sq. section. We have so much
confidence in the press, that, having the opportuni-
ty offered us recently, we secured the patent from
Mr. G. K. Hubbard, now of Riveiside, Cal. We now
have exclusive right to manufacture, and shall be
pleased to supply other dealers in bee-keepers' sup-
plies who will list them in their catalogs.

HONEY MARKET.

We have engaged, and offer for sale at very favor-
able prices, the following lots of comb honey, and
shall be pleased to hear from any interested.

lOOJ lbs. No. 1 white, in 24-lb. cases, in New York
State. Will sell in 200-lb. lots at 13c, or the lot for
11 '/z cts.

6U0 lbs. fancy white clover in 13-lb. cases, and 200
lbs. buckwheat, in 12-lb. cases. Will sell the latter
at 8'/2C for the lot— the clover in 300-lb. lots at 13c,
or the lot at 13'4 ds.

We have also three lots in Michigan, consisting of
1500 lbs. fancy and No. 1 white, in 13 and 16 lb.
cases, which we offer at 12c per lb. in 200-lb. lots.

1600 lbs. amber, which we offer at 10c per lb., and
.500 lbs. buckwheat, which we will sell at 814c per
lb. in 300-lb. lots, or 8c for the lot.

Of extracted honey in stock here we offer two 60-
Ib. cans of Florida mangrove honey at 6c per lb.;
5 cases choice Texas honey at 6c by the case; what
we have left of alfalfa (a few cans) at 6c per lb. by
the case, or in 1 gallon cans, 6 In a case, at $4 50;
choice willow-herb in 60-lb. cans, 3 in a case, at 7c:
some good amber honey at 5c. VVe have also a bar-
rel, 500 lbs., of amber honey, in New York State,
which we offer at 4V^c per lb., and some buckwheat
honey in 6a-lb. cans at 4!4c by the case of 3 cans.
Choice basswood honey in Wisconsin, in 5U0-lb. bar-
rels, is offered at b%c, and in 60-lb. cans at 6c. Sam-
ples of any of these lots mailed to those interested.

SPECIAL PRICES TO CLOSE OUT STOCK.

We have in stock at baltimore, Md., the following
items of stock which we desire to close out, and are
willing to do so at a special price rather than have
it returned. If you can use any of it let us hear
from you promptly; or, if more convenient, call on
or write to Kawlings Implement Co., 309 So. Charles
St., Baltimore, Md.

Six 10-1 b. boxes extra thin foundation, offered at
$5.00 a box.

Three 30-lb. boxes light brood foundation, L. size,
offered at $8.00 a box.

2 crates, 50 each 24lb. single-tier shipping-cases,
no glass, paper, or nails, $4 OO a crate.

1 cratfe, 50 13 lb. single-tier shipping-cases, no
glass, paper, or nails, $3.50 a crate.

100 winter cases which we will sell at $5.00 for 10 or
$40.00 for the 100.

10 cases of two 5-gallon sq cans, offered at $6.50.

70 one-gallon square cans, offered for $6.30.

3 comb-buckets, offered at $1.00 each.

3 Hubbaid section-presses, at $3.25 each.

5 Swiss wax-extractors, offered at $3.25 each.

3 sheets 28x96 zinc, at $1.10 per sheet.

These are, of course, special prices, offered only
while they last.

We have also at Good Hope, Ohio, the following
niiiled and painted hives, made a few years ago:

4 No. I Dove, hives with flat covers, and 2 with
gable covers, complete, offered at $1.00 each, or $5.00
for the 6.

6 No. 11 Dove, chaff hives, complete, at $1.50 each,
or $7.50 for the 6.

1 No. 7 Simp, hive, two-story, for $1.00.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan. 15.

Do you want in 1897

THE BEST GARDEN

n your ne ghborhood? If you do

Maule's Seeds, i

you must sow

vt/
\«>
/<>
/<v

/jv Our New Seed Book is pronounced ^?
JjJ ^»-' the most coiuplete and ecu- V{^
.4 densed Seed Catalogue of the year. \ji^
/ft It contains everythiuff good, old or \»/
^}j neu\ in Vegetahle, Field and Flower ^^
J5 Seeds, Plants, Bulbs, etc., at ^W

I RIGHT PRICES, |

* It will be mailed FREE TO ALL, Jjj
^{\ and you need it, no matter if you y)>
/ft buy ten cents worth or ten dollars n»>
^J worth of Seeds or Plants. Address JK

/ft WM. HENRY MAULE, «-

'•L I7n Filbert St., Philadelphia, Pa. (^

iLEANINUS.

SEED BARGAINS!

A complete garden. 1 packet, each of Beet, Cabbage,
Cucumber, Lettuce, Musk Jlelon, Onion. Parsnip,
Radish, Squash, Tomato and Turnip— all choice
varieties— for 15c postpaid. Many other Seeds, 2c
per packet. Flower Plants, 5c each. Many choice
novelties. Don't buy until you have soen our new
catalofiue. Mailed free if you mention this paper.
IOWA se-e^O CO.. Des Moines, Iowa.

EGGS! EGGS!!

We guarantee double
the yield when hens
are fed green cut bone
prepared on our new

Only cutter awarded -:-:~3 premiiim at

World's Fair. Cuts easier, faster, finer

than others. Satisfaction guaranteed

or money refunded. Send for our

FREE circular and prices. Address

^WEBSTER & HANNUM,
n^ CAZENOVIA, NEW YORK.

Are You Insured?

strange that a man will insure his buildings
against tire and lightning, which come so seldom
and yet take chances on destruction of crons and
other losses aiising-from inetficient fences. "Pasre
fence is a pei-maiieiit investment and the
Interest on that is the cost tor absolute safety
Write tor proofs.

PAGE WOVEN WIRE FENCE CO., Adrian, Mich.

V^OHCJMokens^XfrEA^~l

s^^^

tfq EXCELSIOR Inciibator

^Si

^

ll^iy Simple. Per/eel. Self-Rcgulat-
l^^lfi '"9- Thousands in succe.-sful
f Y ""^ration. I.oweA priced
^ 11 flrst-clnos Ilatpher made.

Do You Want

An Incubator

New Double Regula-
Jior; Model Egg Tray

'JtT^-^l^ A1VC E! RIO AIT.'^ \

Want Our Catalogue ? ^

pretty book of 68 pages, finely llluetratea:
= worth dollars to every poultryman, A 2c stamp gets it. '

r Geo. J. NISSS.Y, Saline, Mich. ^

LIFE PRESERVERS

THE SUCCESSFUL BROODERS.
All about them in our catalogue.

Sent for 6 cents.

OES MOINES INCUBATOR CO.. Box 503 DES MOINES. lA.

Please mention this paper.

ONE MAN WITH THE
UNION COMBINATION SAW

';in tlo the work of four men us-
tig liand tools, in Ripping, Cut-
ting off. Mitering, Rabbeting,
Orooving, Gaining, Dadoing,
^Mging-up, Jointing Stuff, etc.
Full Line of Foot and Hand
>^, f'owcr Machinerj-. Sold cm Trial.
>>^-'<\ua\(HiFree. l-34ei

< V SENECA FALLS MFC. CO.,
^^^ ' 44 Water St.. Seneca Falls.N Y

SYRACUSE

SUSPENSORY

SUPRORTS

and protects ilie srrotum, and should be worn in
every case where there Is any drooping ol the scro-
tum. It is especially recommended to wheelmen,
equestrians, base ball, foot ball, and lawn tennis
players, athletes, men doing heavy work, much
walking or standing, etc. Ask your physician's ad-
vice about wearing a Suspensory— perhaps it will
relieve your backache. Our $1.00 grade is very pop-
ular, and your dealer, or we, will sell you one and
refund money if not perfectly satisfactory. For
sale by all druggists and dealers in athletic goods.
Send for price list. A. J. WELLS MFG. CO.,

250 Tallman Street, Syracuse, N. Y.

In writing to advertisers please mention this paper.

Yell, O Yell, OYELLOWZONES
YELLOWZONES for PAIN and FEVER.

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE

Every piece and part of the Cleveland |
Bicycle is made in our own factories by <
thebest of skilled workmen, under most |
rigid inspection. The result is a Bicycle ',
I embodying, in a marked degree, features •
I of safety, speed, and durability. '

THERE'S HONEST VALUE IN IT.

We waut the patronnjie of iatolligent and dis-
criminating buyers. 1897 catalog- mailed free
for the asking-.

H. A. LOZIER «& CO.,
Cleveland, Ohio,

Send 4 i-ents postage for our booklet. "Snake-
si)e:ire and the BicNcle." 'JVeUe ilUistrations
in cold) s by F". ()p|i('r, of " Puck."

mention tnis paper

A BARGAIN IN BEE-KEEPERS'
SUPRLIES,
Is i The best quality of goods,

when 1 At 1 he lowest prices,
you 'i And get them prompt,
get * And with small freight charges.

Tills is just what we can do by our 1897 custom-
ers. Estimates cheerfully given on ariy bill of
goods wanted. Special Inducements for early or-
ders. Address

JOSEPH NYSEWANDER, Des Moines, Iowa.

Our Prices are Worth Looking at!

IN THE

New Champion Chaff Hive Especially.

All otlier sup|)lies accordingly. Send

for catalogue and price list. Address,

mentioning Gleanings,

R. H. SCHiVllDT & CO., Box 187, Sheboygan, Wis.

4-INCH Smoke Engine \viiMt°'iasnoo

long? Willsaveyou lotsof money and bad words.
Send for circular. 6 sizes, and prices of Bingluim
smokers and knives. T. F. Bingham, Farwell, Mich.

f\f^r^ f Cin-^ Invested in a postal card
UnC wClll will get my large cata-

"^' '•--' ' - '"■ logue of all Root s goods.

Can save you money. M. H. HUNT,

Bell Branch, Mich.

CHOICEST STRAWBERRIES

Root's Goods.

Before placing your order for thi.s
season, be sure to send for Root's

1897 Catalog, ready Feb. I.

Our 1.S97 hives, with improved
Danzy cover and improved Hoffman
frames, are simply "out of sight."
Acknowledged by all who have seen
them to be a great improvement over
any hive on the market, of last year.

Comb Foundation. — — — ^

\im

F&

^^

PW^-"

Cheaper and better than ever; clear
as crystal, for you can read your
name through it. Process and ma-
chinery patented Dec. 8, 1896, and
other patents pending. Samples of
the new" foundation free.

The A. I. Root Co.,

Main Office and Factory,

Medina, Ohio.

r3 Branch offices at 118 Michigan St.,
Chicago; Syracuse, N. Y.; St. Paul. Minn.;
Mechanic Falls, Me.; No. 10 Vine St.,
Philadelphia, Pa.

SEE THAT WINK ?

BEE SUPPLIES.

Root's Goods at Root's Prices.

Pouder's Honey Jars and every
thing- used by bee-keepers. Low
freig-ht rates; prompt service.
Catalogrue free.

WALTER S. POUDER,

WMCt^ j)OVPtfti fP 163 Mass. Ave., Indianapolis, Ind

MOTH'S HONEY-EXTRACTOR.
SQUARE GLASS HONEY-JARS,
ROOT'S GOODS AT ROOT'S PRICES,

Uee-lieepers' Supplies in general, etc.. etc.
Send for our new catalog. "Practical
Hints" will be mailed for 10c in stamps.
Apply to

CHAS. F. MUTH & SON, Cincinnati, 0.

£S^ Pleasant and Profitable. Send postal
to HANDY MFC. CO., Detroit, Micli. They will
give you work at home that pays.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Maple=sugar Supplies.

The time Is at hand when those who produce the
delicious sweets from the sugar maple must be get-
ting- ready. For tlie best results you must have
good clean apparatus of the most approved type,
and you really can not afford not to read Prof.
Cook's book, " Maple Sugar and the Sugar-bush,"
which we furnish at 35c, or we will give a copy free
to all those who buy sugar-makers' supplies of us to
the amount of $10 or more. We do not sell evapora-
tors, but think we can do you some good on spouts,
pails, covers and, cans. Our tin pails and cans are
made of American tin-plate. The plates are tinned
and made up into cans by the same firm; and by
buying carload quantities we get them at bottom
prices. See table below. The pails and cans are
machine-made, far superior to hand-made, and
guaranteed not to leak.

BUCKET WITH HINGED TIN COVER.

i {This cut shows the manner of hanging the bucket
oh the spout, and also the manner of emptying with
the hinged tin cover. Most progressive sugar
makers nowadays use covers of some kind.

Record hinged tin covers $5 00 per 100.

Reversible woodcovers ^ 50 per 100.

RECORD SAP-SPOUT.

This spout is cheaper than any other made.and
we believe it is as good as any, if not better. It is
used almost exclusively in this section. Price $1.00
per 100.

TIN SAP-BUCKETS.

Grade of tin. Price per 100. 10-qt. 13-qt. 15-qt.

IC charcoal sap-buckets $13 50 $14 50 $17 60

IX charcoal sap-buckets 15 50 16 .50 18 00

IC coke-tin sap-pails 12 00 13 00 15 00

IX " " " 14 00 15 00 17 00

The sap-pails in above table, of coke-tin, are offer-
ed to compete with other cheap buckets you will
find in the market. The tin In these cheap pails is
just the same as in the better ones, except the coat-
ing, which is much thinner. We guarantee these
equal or superior to the other cheap buckets In the
market, but recommend, instead, the higher-priced
ones with better coating; or, better yet, the galva-
nized. All the galvanized buckets, as well as the
lOqt. tin ones, have holes punched like cut below,
while other tin buckets have wire loops.

than tht. 1 C
one to selpct.

We are offering a
special bargain this
>eir in galvanized-
iron buckets. These
irt by far the
strongest and most
durable bucket
made. The blank
stttl is cut out and
ni ide up into pails,
I nd then the whole is
dipped into molten
mital, and coated
ill over, inside and
out All seams are
filled up so they can
not leak, and rust
has no chance to
woik on them any-
where. If you want
any thing better
tin, tht gahanized bucket is the
There is only one objection to them,
as compared with tin. The surface is somewhat
rougher than tin, and therefore they are not quite
as easily cleaned. This is a slight objection as com-
pared with the greater strength and durability of
the pails.

Price, lO-qt. galv., $14.50 per 100; 12-qt., $16.00 per
100; 14-qt., $17..50 per 100.

ONE-GAI/LON SQUARE CANS.

This is the favorite
package for syrup; be-
ing square, it will pack
in the smallest space.
Our cans this year all
'i:i,ve the 2 inch, lever-
-eal cap as recently
"escribed, and shown
n cut opposite. They
ire warranted not to
leak, which is more
than you can say of
liome-made cans'.

Price, 1-gal. square
f^ans, with lever seal,
.■?9.00 per 100; 6 in a
hox, 80c per box; $7.50
;()!■ 10; 10 in a box,
S1.25 per box; $11.50
for 10.

>^-gal. cans, 2-inch,
lever-seal cap, $7.50 per
100.

J4-gal. cans, 2-inch,
lever-seal cap, $6.50 per
100.

FIVE-GALI.ON SQUARE CANS.

These are largely used for storing and shipping
honey, and for that purpose there is nothing better.
Many also use them for syrup, as they cost less per
gallon. They are also furnished from Medina with
2-in., lever-seal cap, or lu-in. screw cap as preferred.

PRICE LIST.

5-gal. cans, 20 in a box, @ 26, $5.20.

5-gal. cans, 2 in a box, 70 c; 10 boxes, $6.50.

5 gal. cans, 1 in a box, 45c; 10 boxes, $4.00.

The A. I. Root Company,

Hedina, Ohio.

iLKANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

CONVENTION NOTICES.

: Canaiidaigua, N. Y., Jan. 29, 30, 1897.
xtended to all interested.
Ruth E. Taylor, Sec, Bellona, N. Y.

The Illinois State Bee-keepers' AssnciatioTi will meet at the
State House. Springfield. Feb. 24, a.') ISOr. Thf St:ite Farmers'
Institute and also the State Live storii I'.i i-.ilei s" Association
meet at the same time and place. Tlir L.^i^litnif will then
be in session, and we iiope to have such a showing, and such
an influence upon it as to secure the passage of a bill that will
put an end to the adulteration of honey in our State — the
greatest evil that exists, to the detriment of bee-keepers. The
railroad rates will be announced later. Good meals can be se-
cured at 25 ets. Piogram later. J. A. Stone, Sec.

Bradfordton,Ill.

KIND WORDS FROM ODR CUSTOMERS.

I am very much interested in Anderson, the bee-
keeper. C. C. L. Dill.
Dillburgh, Ala., Dec. 29.

Have Rambler write another story when this one
is done. We like it very much. F. C. Fuller,

Montague, Mass., Dec. 31.

Gleanings is indispensable in my home. Tlie
children are interested in the story of Fred Ander-
son, and I find instruction in bee culture and gar-
dening. I expect to be a subscriber as long as I
live. You have my very best wisties for your future
success. Geo. W, Geaslen.

Oakland Mills, Md., Dec. 28.

Friend Root:— I have been thinking of writing
you a letter the past year or so. and tell you what
Gleanings has done for me, or helped to do. Your
good talk first set me to thinking. I first had a few
stands of bees, about 19 years ago, so I wanted a
bee-journal. Mr. Muth advised me to take Glean-
ings. I did, and have never regretted it, I think
I have missed getting only one number in all
this time. 1 expect to take it as long as I am able
to read. When I commenced to read it I was an un-
believer, and eared for nothing but worldly gains.
I became interested in tlie Home Papers, and read
all of tLem; and between times I would read the
Bible, and so got to going to meeting, and finally
joined the (.•hurch, and am tryinsr in my poor way to
serve the Master. Brother Root (for I do want to
call you "brother"), I have not told you all that 1
can thank Gleanings for. When I first began to
read It (I am sorry to say) I was addicted to strong
drink, and a perfect slave to tobacco. I have been
fighting the stloon with all my might for the last 12
years; and if the Lord spares me until the 17th of
April next it will be 5 years since T tasted tobacco in
any way, so I can thank the Lord and Gleanings
that I have conquered the two great evils of man.

May God spare you many years that you may go
on with your good work. Mad. Talbekt.

Morristown, Ind.

8 QUARTS B-<JNK$1.

Send (J cents for U-PINT sample.
Handy Mfg. Co., 432 Lafayette Ave., Detroit, Mich.

To every new subscriber who
sends us ll.UO we will send him-
our journal, Qleanines in Bee
Culture, one year, and the book
by A. I. Root, containing 190
pages, the size of tliis, entitled
What to Do, and How to be
Happy while Doing it, postpaid.
The regular price of tliis work
Is .50 cents. If you prefer, the
journal ma.y be sent to a
friend, and you can keep the
book for yourself.

THE A. I. ROOT CO.,
Medina, O.

Large *
Book 5
Free! t

Bee=hives, Sections, & Bee Supplies

AWAY DOWN.

Queens and bees for 1897 at bottom prices.
Write for catalogue and prices.

CHAS. H. THIES, Steeleville, III.

Wants and Exchange Department.

have the notice as many lines as you please; but all over five
lines will cost you accoi-ding to our regular rates. This depart-
ment is intended only for bona-flde exchanges. Exchanges for
cash or for price lists, or notices offering articles for sale, can
not be inserted under tlfts head. For such our regular rates of
20 c. a line will be charged and they will be put with the regu-
lar advertisements. We can not be responsible for dissatisfac-
tion arising from these " swaps."

WANTED. — Printing-press, photograph outfit,
camera, magic lantern, phonograph, grapho-
phone, music box, and books.

J. McQueen, Baltic, Ohio,

WANTED.— A young American man would like a
position in some western apiary. Had 2 years'
experience. Would prefer a good chance to learn
rather than first-class wages Can give good rec-
ommend. A. E. Ford, Fitcliburg, Mass.

W

ANTED.— To exchange one Root's make section-
machine (in fine order) for band-saw or offers.
The Geo. Rall Mfg. Co., Galesville, Wis.

WANTED.— To exchange second-hand band instru-
ments, bicycles, etc., for type-writer, comb
honey, bee supplies. P. L. Anderson,

Miller, Nebr,

w

ANTE D.— Canvassers to solicit orders for my per-
manentcrayon portraits. Good wages assured,
rite for particulars. W. A. Baldwin,

Portrait Artist, Medina, Ohio.

ANTED.— To exchange 60-lb. cans in good order,
at 25 cts. each, delivered, for comb or extracted
honey at the market price.

B, Walker, Bvart, Mien.

W

w

ANTED.— To exchange Kodak, rifle, or bicycle
for foot-power saw, condition no object.

Robert B. Gedye, La Salle, III.

WANTED.— To exchange buckwheat extracted
honey for a good 12-inch foundation-mill with
dipping-tank, etc. Single man with some experi-
ence with bees and farm wanted.

W. L. Coggshall. West Groton, N. Y,

WANTED.— To exchange game hens for A, T. Root's
bee- book, Doolittle's bee-book, L. C. Root's bee-
book, ferrets, gold-fish, or Italian queens.

C. A. BCNCH, Nye, Marshall Co., Ind.

W

ANTED.— To exchange nursery stock for clover
seed. T. G. Ashmead Nursery,

Williamson. N. Y.

WANTED.— To run an apiary the coming season,
by a young, experienced, and practical bee-
keeper, for wages or on shares. Plenty of refer-
ences given and wanted. N. E. Boomhower,
Gallupville, Scbo. Co., N. Y.

W

ANTED,— A location for a custom saw and feed
mill. W. S. Ammon, Reading, Pa,

WANTED.— A situation in an apiary and fruit-
growing farm. Age 20; had five years' experi-
ence in bee-keeping. J. W. Furman,
Box 106, Shamokin, Pa.

WANTED.— To exchange a GormuUy & JefTery
ladies' wheel in Al repair, and a Monarch
gents' wheel that is strong and serviceable ($80.00
for both wheels), for nice white extracted honey.
Herman F. Moore, 6203 State St., Chicago, 111.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan 15.

Etc. advertise themselves. The best always cheapest Elegrant catalogaie, magazine
size, 168 pages free. Gives the cream ot the new and the best of the old in vejfetables and
flower seeds, fruit and ornamental trees, grapes, shrubs, roses, hardy |)ereixnials, bulbs,
aud greenhouse plants. Immense quantities. No finer assortment of fruits in America,

with more acres of ornauaentals than any other nursery can show. Nurserymen, florists, dealers
and planters are cordially invited to call and inspect our stock. Seeds, i>lants, bulbs, small sizes
trees, etc. by mail postpaid, larger by freight or express. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed.
Send today for catalogue, free, it will save you money. 43d Year. 33 Greenhouses. lOOO Acres.

THE STORRS & HARRISON CO., Box 91, PAINESVILLE, OHIO.

B

IIRPFF'C FARM ANNUAL 1897

HJ|HhI ^^^^ K^ Tells the plain truth about

IQPHHB ^^ ^r The BEST SHH»S that Grow!

Hundreds of illustrations and remarkable Noveltie.s, painted from nature. Known as
"The l^eadiiig American fSeed t'atalogiie." ^sS" Mailed FREE to all.

W. ATLEE BURPEE &. CO., PHILADELPHIA, PA.

ana Small Fraits

■■i^ LORENTZ PEACH ^^mMB

The best for the least money. Biggest
stock, coinpletest assortment. Small
fruits, fruit trees, roses, vines, shrubs—
for the largest growers and the smallest.
Crates and baskets. Illustrated descrip-
tive and price catalog free upon request.
REID'S NURSERIES, BRIDGEPORT, OHIO.

— ILBORARO BLAcirnrnPY^B

Bee-keepers and Farmers!

You can get The Hichigan Farmer every week one year (53 times* for only one dollar. In it you will
find every thinfr you need— bees, poultry, live stock, agriculture, horticulture, dairy, market reports, etc.,
etc. It has 23 departments. Its articles are all written by the very best writers money can secure. Not
an objectionable article or advertisement in its columns. The market reports alone will pave you many
times the cost. Send direct to Michigan Farmer, Detroit. Mich., for free sample copy, or we will send it
every week one year lor one dollar, or with Gleanings in Bee Culture both one year for only one dollar
and fifty cents.

75

cts.

• •

Send this Coupon and 25 cts. for

TEXAS FARMER (Dallas) ONE YEAR.

Agricultural, Literarj, Ne^s, and Family Paper. Sample free.

In responding to these advertisements mention this

paper.

40,000

The Nebraska Farmer

has made a contract with the Nf
ka Club to print for them 40,000
copies over and above the regular
weekly issue, each month for six
months, of reliable information about
NebfHfika,

If interested, send for copy fi<
to Mk. Ch.as. E. WiLr.iAMSON. Secre-
tary Nebraska Club, Omaha, Neb., or

NEBRASKA FARMER CO.,

Lincoln, Neb.

Yellowzones

For Pain 6 Fever.

An honest efficient remedy for all
Ffvers, Headaches, Colds, Grip,
Rheumatism, Neuralgia, etc. A
general service remedy that will
please you, or money refunded.

They knock headaches clear to the horizon."

It's a rare pleasure to find such a remedy."

Too much can not be said in praise of them."

I was suffering from Neuralgia, and found qulclc relief."

than from all else, tho' I ^

skeptic."

1 Box, 35c; 6 Boxes, $1; Samples and Circulars, 5c.

W. B. House, M. D., Detour, Mich.

THROAT

AND LUNQ DISEASES
l>lt. PKIKO, Specialist.
Offices: IOI9, loo State St.
CHICAGO. Hours 9 to 4

18!t7

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

75

Contents of this Number.

Adulteration, To Avoid....

Bee-pariUvsi.s

Buclvwlieat Season ..

Comb. Drawn 7

Cover, Danzy

Drawn Comb

Editor in Arizona

Esioajies. Wire-cloth

Foul Brood in Foundation
Fred Anderson

.iti..,, To Build

n-<.T:ill 8.5,86,87

n- Miller on Lipht.... 78

Sertion 85

W. H 97

New York.— Honey.— Our market remains quiet
I and inactive for all grades of honey, both comb
I and extracted. There is quite a stock on the mar-
'IJ5 j ket, and unless we have a good spring trade some
XI ' of it will be carried over. Fancy white, n@12; fair
88 I white, 9@10; buckwheat, 7@7!4; extracted white, 6
«;i@r)X: buckwheat. 4: southern, 50 c per gallon.
™ I Beeswax quiet at 25@26.

HiLDRETH Bros. & Segelken,
Jan 23. 28 & 30 W. Broadway, New York.

Honey Column.

CITY MARKETS.

San Francisco.— HoHcy.— Fancy white, 10@11; No.
1 white, 9@10; fancy amber. 7@8; No. 1 amber, 6@7:
fancy dark, 5@6; No. 1 dark. 4@5; white extracted,
51/2; amber, iM@i>i: dark, 2%@3; beeswax, 24@25.
The demand is not active for honey nor beeswax,
but storks very light. Henry Pchacht,

Jan. 10. San Francisco, Cal.

Detroit.— Ho?ie}/.— No. 1 white, 11@12V2; fancy
amber, 10@11; No. ] aml)er, 9@10: fancy dark, 8@9;
white extracted, 6i/4@6; amber, SQSVj: beeswax, 25
@26. M. H. Hunt,

Jan. 21. Bell Branch, Mich.

PhiladeiiPhia.- floTiCM.— No. 1 white, 9@10; fan-
cy amber, 7@8: No. 1 amber. 7; No. 1 dark 7; white
extracted, 6H®6; amber, 4@5; dark, 3U@i\ bees-
Wm. a. Selser,

wax, 2,5.
Jan. 22.

No. 10 Vine St., Philadelphia, Pa.

Chicago.— Ho?iej/.— Fancy white, 1.3; No. 1 white,
12; fancy amber, 11; fancy dark, 10; No. 1 dark. 9;
extracted, white, 6@7; amber. 5@5kil dark, 4@4i4;
beeswax, 26@27. Demand not very active. Stocks
light. S. T. Fish & Co.,

Jan. 21. 189 South Water St., Chicago, 111.

Pt.evet.and.— flow/.— Fancy white. Il@12i4; No. 1
white. 10@11; fancy dark, 7@8: white extracted. 6®
7; amber, 4@.5; beeswax, 21@37. Honey is moving
very slowly in our market. There seems to be but
little call for it. Williams Bros.,

Jan. 18. 80 & 82 Broadway, Cleveland, O.

Kansas City.— flonej/.— Fancy white, 14; No. 1
white, 13@14; fancy amber. 12@13; No. 1 amber, 11
@12; fancy dark, 10@11; No. 1 dark, 8@9; white
extracted, 6@6!/2 : amber, .5@.'iV^; dark, 4@4i2; bees-
wax 25. C. C. Clkmons & Co.,

Jan. 20. 423 Walnut, Kansas Oity. Mo

Cincinnati.— Hone}/. — Fancy white, 12@14; No. 1
j white, 11@]3; No. 1 amber. 10@]2; white extracted,
i 5@7; amber, 4@6; dark, 3S@4; beeswax, 32@2,5.
I Chas F. Muth & Son,
I Jan. 18. Cincinnati, O.

Denver.— Ho/iejy. —Fancy white, 11: No 1 white,
10; fancy amber, 9: white extracted, .5@6; beeswax,
25. There seems to be a little better demand for
extracted. U. K. & J. C. Frisbee,

Jan. 21. Denver, Col.

Extrac ed hor'ey, fine linn, new crop; cheaper
than the cheapest. J. B. Murray, Ada, O.

For Sale.— 10 more 160-lb. k< gs of buckwheat hon-
y at 4 cts. per lb., f. o. b. cars. The lot at39.i.

N. L. Stevens, Venice, Cayuga Co., N. Y.

For Sale.— 6000 lbs. extracted honey, in new cans
and cases, $375.00. Speak quick; who wants it ?

Elias Fox, Hillsboro, Wis.

Chicago.— Hojiey.- Fancy white, 12@13; No. 1
white, lf@ll; fancy amber. 8@10; No. 1 amber, 7@8;
fancy dark, 8; No. 1 dark, 7; white extracted, .5@7;
amber, .5@6; dark, 4;4; beeswax, 3.5@27. Very little
activity in the market.

R. A. Burnett & Co.,

Jan. 19. 163 So. Water St., Chicago, 111.

For Sale. — A carload of white extracted honey
from basswood and willow-herb in 30-gallon barrels
and 60-lb. cans. Purity and safe arrival guaran-
teed. Price 6'/4 cts. ; in quantity, 6 cts.

Frank McNay, Mauston, ^is.

Boston. — H<mey. — Fancy white. 13; No. 1. 11®,
12; white extracted, 7@8; amber, 5®6; dark, 4@5;
beeswHX, 25. Comb honey in fair demand, with
good supply of No. 1; fancy 1-lb. cartons wanted.
Good demand for extracted, with light supply of
light amber and white Beeswax in good demand,
with light supply. We advise shipments.

E. E. Blake &Co..

Jan. 20. Boston, Mass.

Albany. — Honey. — Fancy white, 12@13: No. 1
white, 11@12; fancy dark, 7®8: No. 1 dark, 6@7;
white extracted, .5®6; dark. 4@4i4 The demand for
comb honey continues very slow, even at lower
prices. There is some inquiry about extracted, but
few sales yet Ample stock on hand.

Chas. McCulloch & Co.,

Jan. 20. Albany, N. Y.

For Sale.— Ten barrels good white - clover ex-
tracted honey at prices to suit the times. Can put
I it up in any style of package desired. Write for
j price, stating quantity wanted. Send stamp for
! sample. Emil J. Baxter,

I Nauvoo, Hancock Co., 111.

Minneapolis.— Ho?iej/.— Fancy white, 11@12: No. i
1 white, 10@11; fancy amber. 9@10: No. 1 amber. 8®
9; fancy dark, 7@8: No. 1 dark, 6@7; white extract- i
ed, 6@7; amber, .5@6; dark. 4@5: beeswax, 22@25.
Market steady and quiet since the holiday season. I
and quotations nominal. Extracted is in occasional [
demand, and choice comb fairly well cleaned up.
S. H. Hall & Co.,

Jan. 20. Minneapolis, Minn. j

Milwaukee.— Hojiej/.-Fancy white, 12@13; No. 1
white, 11®12; fancy amher, 10®11; No. 1 amber,
9@10; white extracted, 6@7; amber, ,5@6: dark. 4® j
4'4; beeswax, 25®26. The demand for honey is not i
very brisk— market dull, sales drag, and values are
hard to maintain; but we hope improvement may
yet come. But honey is a luxury, and not every-
body can enjoy it, even at low prices. We trust our !
next report may be more cheering. '

A. V. Bishop & Co.,

Jan. 20. Milwaukee, Wis.

For Sale.— Extracted buckwheat honey, in kegs
of 160 lbs., at 414c per lb. J F. Michael.

Greenville, Ohio.

40,000

The Nebraska Farmer

has made a contnict with the Npbrns-
ka Club to print for them 40,000
copies over and above the regular
weekly issue, each month for six
months, of reliable information about
Nebraska.

If interested, send for copy free,
to Mr. Chas. E. Williamson. Secre-
tary Nebraska Clubi^Omaha, Ntb., or

NEBRASKA FARMER CO.,

Lincoln, Neb. d

THROAT

AND LUNQ DISEASES
1>K. PKIKO, Specialist.
Offices: 1019, 100 State St.
CHICAGO. Hours') to •»

76

See

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

what

NEW SUBSCRIBERS

Feb. 1.

are
Offered.

New subscribers are what every journal most earnestly desires. As a matter of course. It the jour-
nal is good, most of the old subscribers will stay by it; but to get 7iew subscribers, to g-et the journal into
the hands of new men, that they in time may thus become old subscribers, is what ev ry j umal strives
for most earnestly. To this end I make the following- offers. For $1.00 I will send the Bee=keepers* Re=
view for 1897 (and throw in the December, 1896, number, which is especially goodi and the Su-ce iit book,
" Advanced Bee Culture," or, in place of the book, 13 back numbers of the Review For 11.50 I will send
the Review and a fine, tested, Italian queen— queen to be sent early in the season of 1897. For J2.50, the
Review and 1000 No. 1 fl st-class one-p ece sections. But, remember, these otieis are only lo tliose who
are not now subscribers to the Review, and as a special inducement for them to try the Review at least
one year.

W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint. Mich.

It is here.

The year 1897 is here, and we are liappy to in-
form our friends and customers that we are now
better prepared than ever before to fill your orders
for queens and bees. We have tlie largest stock
ever operated by us, and we mean to be ready with
plenty of bees and queens to fill all orders without
delay that are sent to us.

Bees by ttie pound, $1.00; ten or more pounds, 90c
each Untested queens for 1897, *1 OU each in Feb-
ruary, March, April, and May; $5.00 for six, or $9.00
per dozen. For larger amounts write for prices.
Have your orders booked for your early queens.
Safe arrival guaranteed.

Root's goods, Dadant's foundation, and Bingham
smokers. A steam bee-hive factory, and all kinds
of bee supplies.

The Southland Queen, the only bee-paper in
the South, monthly, $1.00 per year.

Send for catalog, which is almcist a complete book
on Southern bee-keeping, givint queen-rearing in
full, all free for the asking. If you want full infor- j
mation about every thing we have, and the bee-
book, don't fail to ask for our 1N97 catalog. j
The Jennie Atchley Co.,

Beeville, Bee Co., Texas. |

Fruit Packages of all Kinds,

vl7so I

Bee=keepers' Supplies, j

We allow a liberal discount !
on early orders. Why not send I
for yinir supplies now to save
ti e discount and avoid the rush
of the busy season? Catalogue
and prire list free. Address
BERLIN FRUIT-BOX CO.,

Berlin Heights, Erie Co., Ohio.

I CHOICEST STRAWBERRIES

Cut This Out.

If j'ou buy honey, have it analyzed and
see if it is pure. I have purchased chemical
apparatus costing $oOO. for the special pur-
pose of analyzing honey. Will give a writ-
ten certificate that will stand in court. Send
a 3-oz. bottle and 3I-0O by mail to
Wm. A. Selser,

10 Vine St , Philadelphia, Pa.

The Danzenbaker Hive

Has valuable features
possessed by no other,
and is surely ■winning

ifc \xTfi\r- was awarded Spe-
lts way, ^.^^ Dip,„„a, ^^^

First Premium for COMB '
HONEY, at Mich. State Fair, 1896. Address

Francis Danzenbaker, Medina, Ohio.;

Care The A. I. Root Company.

Are You Going to Buy

;WEET«CLOVER SEED in the hull at 4 cents per
' pound. Address Joskph Shaw,

Box 61, Strong- City, Kansas.

Apiarian Supplies or Bees?

If so. You Want the Best.

This s the only quality we keep. Our prices on
them are low, and our 1897 circular describing them
is yours for the asking-. We keep in stock several
carloads of supplies, and can ship promptly.
I Apiary, I. J. STRINGHAM,

i Glen Cove, L. I. 105 Park PI., N. Y. City.

{\^r^ C £\n4- Invested in a postal card
UnC wCni will get my large cata-
— =»»-~-=--=-™»==== logue of all Roots goods.
Can save you money. M. H. HUNT,

Bell Branch, Mich.

160-page Bee-DooK SGijt Free witu flinerican M Journal.

Bee-book
FREE.

Every new mh!iC)iJ)er sending $1.(10 for the wrckhi American Bee Journal
for 1897 will receive a copy of Newrn;in's ItiO-page --B^is and Himey"
free. Ask for sample copy of f he Bee Journal, and liave your subscrip-
tion begin with January 1. The old American Bee Journal will t)e
Kreat this year. You ought to have it, even if you d,) take Glea.sings.
The two papers together for S1.90 (and book tliruwn in, to neu- sub-
scribers. Address

GEORGE W. YORK & CO., 118 Michigan St., Chicago, III.

In writing advertisers please mention this paper.

r- ^%

y^^

•ANbHoNEY ,

•AND home:- -.^

•1NTE.FIEST^

M^

bhshedbyTMEAll^OoYCo.

Si£°p[R\tAR. \§) "Medina-Ohio-

Vol. XXV.

FEB. I, 1897.

No. 3

m^B^eCMtx.ZKf^^

A CORRESPONDENT wants a recipe for curing
pork Willi honey. Who knows how ?

Editor York says that, as nearly as he can
discover, there were 1,200,000 pounds of honey
put on the Chicago market last year.

The Progressive Bee-heeper now flings at its
mast-head the name of G. M. Doolittle as one
of its editors. If that isn't progressive, I don't
know what is.

That's a shabby trick played on the read-
ers of Gleanings by Walter S. Ponder, p. 67.
He says, "See that wink?" and as long as I
watched that girl she never winked once.

The Roval Agricultural show, to be held
at Manchester next June, is beginning to stir
British bee-keepers. A large number of prizes
are offered to bee-keepers, ranging from $1.2.5
to $75.00.

It's all bight to encourage the invention of
new hives and new appliances, but at the same
time it's a kindness to say to every oeginner
who has kept bees only one season, " Don't in-
vent a hive just yet."

This WINTER is a bad one for me in one re-
spect. I have 10 colonies wintering outdoors as
an experiment, and the winter is so mild up to
the middle of January that hardly any colony
would be fool enough to die on its summer stand.

Editor Theodor Weippl, after quite a dis-
cussion in Bienen-Vater as to the standing of
the swallow, gives his verdict against it as an
enemy of bees. On cloudy, rainy days its fre-
quent visits to the hives mean death to some of
the workers.

HONEY-AND TAR COUGH - CURE. Put into

boiling water a shallow tin dish containing a
tablespoonful of tar. When the lar is hot, add
a pint of extracted honey, and stir well for half
an hour, adding to it a level teaspoonful of
pulverized borax. Keep in a bottle well corked.
Dose, a teaspoonful every 1, 3, or 3 hours, ac-

cording to severity of cough.— Dr. Peiro, in
American Bee Journal.

P. ScHACHiNGER estimates i^hat, when a col-
ony of 20,000 bees stores a pound of honey a day,
a colony of 40,000 will store 4 pounds. Twice
as many bees, four times as much honey. [I
believe that most of our American bee-keepers
would consider this as a fair ratio.— Ed.]

Very decidedly a package of honey to re-
lail at a dime is a good thing, provided we can
get the bees to store as much honey in such
light sections. For some time I've been advo-
cating a section so light that it will be impos-
sible for a dishonest grocer to sell it for a full
pound. [See answer to another Straw on this
subject.— Ed.]

Editor Vogel says the bee -larva is fed 12
times in 24 hours, or once every 2 hours. If
there is never any superfluous food in a worker-
cell, it seems a pretty safe deduction that
worker brood can not be kept away from the
bees longer than 3 hours without injury. In-
deed, a much shorter time might hurt; for the
2 hours of some of the little chaps might be up
just about the time of removal from the hive.

The San Antonio Express reports that "ex-
periments made with smallpox patients in
Oaxaca, Mexico, show that, by administering
honey diluted in water to smallpox patients, the
pustules of the worst variety disappear, and
the fever is immediately diminished." If that
isn't a newspaper yarn it's worth knowing. [I
saw this item, but jumped to the conclusion
that it was a newspaper yarn, without any
real foundation. If any of our subscribers can
enlighten us, I should be glad to have them do
so.— Ed.]

The American Bee Journal starts out with
the new year by turning over a new leaf in the
way of reform. When "ed" has the sound of
"t"in the past tense and participle, "t" is
printed. Progressive also talks about dipt and
uncUpt queens. Any movement to help our
abominable spelling ought to be hailed with
delight; but at first a good many will not be
" shockt." [Yes, it certainly Is a move in the
able to meet the new spelling without being

78

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb. 1.

right direction, and the editors of Gleanings
have seriously considered the same move. If
Bro. York's subscribers do not protest, we may
follow suit.— Ed.]

" It costs two pounds of honey to rear one
pound of brood; and as a Langstroth frame is
capable of containing two pounds of brood, I
hold that one such frame of brood costs four
pounds of honey." That's R. L. Taylor's notion
in Review, and I'll pin my faith to it till some-
thing different is proved. And I suppose a
frame of drone brood costs about five pounds of
honey. [Nothing unreasonable or improbable
In this; if, therefore, it does cost 2 lbs. of honey
to rear a pound of brood, bee-keepers should be
careful not to allow brood-rearing to go on out
of season. The thrifty Italians will seldom if
ever waste their energy in this way.— Ed.]

It is a new thing to me that " bees will not
work upon a section with full-depth cells
as readily as they will upon new foundation,"
as stated by friend Martin, p. 43. I know that
my bees have filled full-depth cells many a
time before working new foundation, when the
yield is poor, and they always commence on the
full-depth cells first. If B. Taylor were alive I
think he would deny that he used the leveler
because he wanted shallower cells. Friend
Martin, wasn't there something wrong with
your full-depth sections ? [We tested this mat-
ter pretty carefully in our apiary last summer,
and invariably the bees took the drawn comb
first, then afterward the foundation. What I
mean by "drawn comb " is some that had been
leveled down to cells about % in. deep. This
seems to have been the experience of the great
majority of other bee-keepers. — Ed.]

Prof. Cook is getting to be revolutionary.
He says in Am. Bee Journal that he thinks a
swarm never goes with a young queen when
she goes forth to mate. That in all such ap-
parent cases it was merely a swarm issuing,
and the queen accompanying or following. I
wonder if that's another of the things we didn't
know but thought we did. [Prof. Cook may be
right, but it does not look reasonable— to me at
least. Time after time I have seen young
nucleus swarms go out with a young queen not
yet fertilized. In some instances, according to
my observation, they come back with the
queen. Their very small quarters, I have
thought, made them discontented; and when
the queen went out they simply " lit out " with
her, probably assuming that any quarters would
be more agreeable than the ones they were
having, so cramped up.— Ed.]

A QUIET SMILE, I faucy, must spread over
Prof. Cook's face as he notes how a late article
of his is having the commendation of the bee-
journals, in which he says the bees "digest"
nectar, and then remembers what a howl was
sent up when he made the same statement once

before. It's not safe, professor, to get too much
ahead of the times. I remember a man getting
into trouble once because he said a bee-keeper
ought to have legal control over the territory
his bees occupied. He merely said it a few
years too soon. [Yes, the renowned Galileo got
a little ahead of the limes, and they made him
recant; but he was of the same opinion still.
On the subject of digested nectar I do not think
Gleanings ever took issue with Prof. Cook.
While perhaps we did not indorse him at the
time, we did later on. More and more the facts
go to show that bees do actually prepare nectar
in such a way as to make it more easily assim-
ilated by human beings than ordinary sweets.
In my own case, for instance, I can eat honey
without any inconvenience; but I can not eat
cane or maple-sugar syrup. This I know lo be
true of a good many others. I do not, however,
think, as some do, that an admission that bees
convert or change sweets is also an admission
that sugar honey is a legitimate article of sale,
for this reason: Raw nectar, as it is gathered
from the flowers, is taken very slowly, a little
at a time, and is digested by the bees. Syrup,
as it is ordinarily fed to the bees, is taken so
rapidly that they have little time to prepare it
or digest it, therefore sugar honey should not
in any sense be classed as honey. In talking
with Mr. R. F. Holtermann, of the Canadian
Bee Journal, this week, I found he was of the
same opinion. — Ed.

I'm discouraged— almost. You box my ears,
Mr. Editor, on p. 43, for persisting " in saying
the plan of selling thin sections is thievish,"
right after my saying, "I'm for ihin sections
just as much as you," and when I never for a
minute thought it was thievish to sell them.
[1 should not be surprised, doctor, after we get
through talking, that we shall be found to be
actually on the same side of the fence. I do not
think I misunderstood you; but unwittingly I
made you, perhaps, stand sponsor for things
which you did not ; but in your previous Straw
on this subject you say you are condemning
"the thievish plan of selling light-weight sec-
tions for full pounds" — italics mine. It seems
to me right here you are going on the wrong as-
sumption thatlight weights are sold for pounds
even generally; and you very properly say that
retailers selling such for pounds are dishonest.
Right here we surely agree, if not on all. But
from the best information I can get, retailers al-
most universally sell by the piece; in fact, I do
not believe that consumers or purchasers have
any idea of the weight of a section. It is the
price and not the weight that is prominent in
their minds; heuce I can not see how there can
be any thing thievish about selling light-weight
sections, for the average consumer, when he
buys honey, does not have in mind a pound but
a certain chunk of honey which he sees before
him.— Ed.]

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

79

DRAWN COMB.

ITS VALUE TO THE BEE KEEPER; SPKAYING

TREES DURING BLOOM PROHIBITED IN

VERMONT.

By J. E. Crane.

1 have noticed with considerable interest the
discussion in Gleanings in regard to the use of
drawn comb. I have used such comb more or
less for the past thirty years, and do not think
the estimates of its value are at all too high.
There are two or three advantages: The bees
will till them quicker, comm'^nce working in the
sections sooner, and, if a row is placed on the
outsides of the clamp in the firsu part of the
honey season, these will be filled and finished
nearly or quite as soon as those filled with
foundation in the center of the clamp.

A little care should be used to produce the
best or fancy combs of honey with these drawn
combs. They should all be cut down if they
are more than one-half or three-fourths inch
thick. If not cut down, the bees hesitate
about sealing them; and when sealed they are
very apt to have a soiled or dirty appearance.

After the honey is extracted from such combs
in the fall I place them in clamps and put them
on top of some hive so that all the honey may
be taken out dry and clean by the bees; for if
any is left, the next crop of honey when put
into these cells is more apt to granulate.

I much prefer a knife for this purpose to
melting them down, as the center of the comb
is very liable to be quite to one side of the cen-
ter of the section; and with a knife fitted for
the work, one can cut down 200 per hour or
more. I like to cut them down so as to leave
the lower edge thinner than the upper part of
the comb, so as to be nearly as the bees would
build a thin comb. I like a Bingham & Heth-
erington honey knife for cutting down, fitted
for the work by first cutting the knife down or
ofif nearly one-half its length, and beveling the
edge square across like the sides. I have sev-
eral thousand such combs cut down and care-
fully stowed away for next year's use.

Inclosed find copy of a law recently passed by
our Vermont Legislature. Such a law should
be on the statute-books of most of our North-
ern States. vSpraying apple-trees while in
bloom has done our bee-keeping much' harm
here in Vermont. The law reads:

It is hereby enacted by the General Assembly of
the State of Vermont:

Sec. 1. If a person sprays or causes to be sprayed,
or puts or causes to be put, any Pails green, Lon-
don purple, or other poisonous substance upon
fruit-trees while in blossom, he shall be fined not
more than forty dollars, and not less than ten dol-
lars.

Sec 2. This act shall take efifect from its pass-
age.
L_ Approved November 20 896.

Middlebury, Vt., Dec. 23.

[The comb-leveler put out by the late B.
Taylor, so far as I am able to gather from those

who have tried it, levels the comb down per-
fectly, clear across their bases. I do not see
how a knife could doit as quickly or as well;
but perhaps it does.

The Vermont law is brief and to the point.
Michigan already has a similar law, and sever-
al other States are moving in the same direc-
tion. All it needs is for bee-keepers to properly
instruct their legislators to give similar laws
for every State. If a law were once on the
statute-book it probably would never have to
be enforced. Its moral influence would be suf-
ficient to prevent spraying at the wrong time
of the year— Ed.]

DRAWN COMBS FOR SURPLUS-BOXES.

WORK IN THE BOXES BEGUN SOONEK; PRE-
VENTION OF SWARMING.

By F. A. Snell.

This subject of drawn combs has received
much attention the past few years, and it is an
important matter; and as I have had some ex-
perience along this line I will give jome of my
ideas. There is no doubt in my mind as to
these combs being valuable to a certain extent.
In each row of sections I vary much wish to
have about three of the central ones contain
drawn combs, to be put on each hive run for
comb honey at the opening of the surplus-honey
flow. I find work is begun sooner than when
only foundation is put in. All colonies will be-
gin sooner, and with some a difference in time
of a week or more. In others it will make a
difference of swarming or no swarming for the
season. The apiarist with long experience is
aware of this. A point that no comb-honey
producer should overlook is that of getting his
bees started in storing in the supers; and every
inducement should be made to this end so as to
secure such. Once well at work in the boxes,
more supers added at just the right time will
do very much to prevent the swarming impulse,
and thus secure the largest possible amount of
surplus honey.

These supers, with the central drawn combs,
should be put on a little before there is a proba-
bility of there being honey stored in them— say
three or four days. Never be too late in doing
this work, or the swarming-fever may have ta-
ken possession of the bees, and then it is too
late; for swarm they then will if the honey-flow
be a good one. These drawn combs should not
be over IJ^ in. thick, I think, as the outer ends
of the cells should be made from new comb. My
experience has been that comb honey is nicer
where the comb is newly built, and I have oft-
en sampled that of the two and compared the
quality. With me the new is always prefera-
ble in both comb and honey. I should not like
to dispense with the central drawn combs, nor
use such in all boxes.

One thing I have often observed, that I have
no remembrance of seeing mentioned, is this-

Some combs in the supers are built very thick
at base and side walls; others at other times

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb. 1.

will be made thin. I think the reason is this:
During a good honey-flow the bees wish the
wax secreted to go as far as possible in holding
the honey being so freely gathered. At other
times, as the flow for honey is slacking up after
a good yield, the workers, having a very large
amount of comb material at hand, and little
need of como, build the combs very heavy,
seemingly to save the secreted wax. Such
combs are often very heavy, and should be well
cut down if used in the supers. I believe, as
the queen is crowded for room at the opening
of the honey-flow, that the bees remove some of
the honey from the brood-chamber, and store it
in the drawn combs in the supers; whereas the
newly built comb is filled with newly gathered
honey, which would account for the better fla-
vor of the latter when from clover or basswood
bloom. I have many times noticed that the
first extracted honey taken in June was not as
fine in quality as that of the second extraction.
I account for this the same as above mention-
ed. The combs being built, some honey was
moved from the brood -chamber below, stored
the previous autumn.

I have read the articles on drawn combs with
much interest, as they have from time to time
appeared in our bee-periodicals.

Millpdgeville, 111.

[Yes. I believe that, if drawn combs were
given soon enough before the bees began to
feel the need of more room, it will go a long
way toward solving that vexatious swarming
problem. Combs should not. I think, be any-
where near 1}4 inches thick. If anv thing,
they should be less than 1 inch, and % would
not be bad. All the bees require is a good start.
—Ed. J

DRAWN COMBS AND BAIT COMB.

ADVANTAGE OF DRAWN COMBS IN POOR SEA-
SONS; A LARGE HIVE.

By E. H. Schceffle.

I was under the impression that the use of
drawn combs in securing comb honey in "off"
years was common; but from late articles in
Gleanings I see that it is new to many. The
fact that bee-keepers working for extracted
honey have a crop when comb honey isafailure
should have suggested this to every one. That
" bait" combs are a good thing, has been gen-
erally admitted. In the season of 1895 the hon-
ey-flow was very strong up to March, and the
sections had their combs well drawn out, and
many of them full, when the flow ceased and
the bees emptied them of their entire contents.
During the remainder of the season the bees
just about made a living. This left me two
thousand sections filled with comb. This sea-
son I put all of these sections on. The flow
was very poor, but the sections with drawn
combs were all filled, while no comb was made
in any of the other supers, nor did any of the

other bee-keepers in the section (who make
only comb honey) have a pound.

It has always been a question with me
whether it pays to take comb or supplies from
a strong colony to stimulate a weak one. Gar-
field once said that " a man who can't save
himself isn't worth saving," and I sometimes
think a colony of bees that has got too weak to
help itself is not worth robbing a strong colony
to feed it. To get drawn combs, the stronger
colonies must be kept at comb-building, and in
consequence no honey is secured from them;
but for this I should like to have all bees at
work filling and sealing over drawn combs. In
a good season, when the bees " just roll in the
honey," I don't see the need of a drawn comb,
as every hive is then the equal of every other
hive, and the bees are all of one mind and in-
tent, and the favored bee-keeper has but to
keep the "busy bees" supplied with empty
sections as fast as the bees fill them.

Of one thing I am becoming more and more
firmly convinced; that is, the conditions differ
with the locality. A system that is a success
in one section maybe a dismal failure in an-
other. For some time past I have been con-
vinced that a large hive was best adapted to
my section, and the past season I have tried a
hive 18xl8x3fi inches. Over this I put one of
equal size; and over that, one of half the size;
and although it was an " off " year this hive
did better than any hive in the apiary. Now,
I don't intend to increase all of my hives to
that size; but I believe we cramp our bees too
closely, and I shall try a 12-frame hive the
coming season.

Murphys, Cal., Dec. 26.

[I have given above three articles from bee-
keepers who believe thoroughly in the use of
drawn combs. I have more of them, and will
give them later. In the mean time I should be
glad to hear from others who have notyet writ-
ten.

In the paper which I gave at the Lincoln
convention, after enumerating some of the ad-
vantages of the drawn comb, some of which
are given above, I expressed the hope that
some Yankee genius would get up a machine
that would make deop cell foundation or shal-
low drawn comb with cell-walls and bases as
thin and delicate as the natural; but at the
time, several expressed their doubts that any
such thing could ever be made. For reasons
that I will not now give. I did not then wish to
make public the fact that we had already
made in our establishment drawn combs, and
had tested them during the previous summer
in the apiary, and that the bees accepted them
at once. This comh had cf-ll-walls and bases
nearly as thin as the natural, hut the basps
were flat. I showed samples of it to a few
friends at Lincoln, and they could hardly be-
lievp. that it had been turned out by machinery.
Others, to whom we had sent samplps a year
ago, pxpresspd the same feeling of surprise and
pleasure. The bees not only accept this comb,
but deposit honey in it immediately, draw it
out and cap it ovpr, and in some cases before
they even touch foundation in sections next
adjoining in the same super.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

81

During all this time we have been working
on larger machinery, but have hesitated about
saying any thing in print until we could have
some assurance that the new article was a
commercial possibility. While we are not fully
assured of it yet, we have turned out samples
large enough to fill sections, and have sent
them around to some prominent bee-keepers.
We have received quite a number of letters,
but will quote from only one of them. Here is
what Hon. Geo. E. Hilton says:

Mr. Root:— The sample of new foundation comb
has arrived, and it is simply superb. I believe it
will produce comb honey that can't be beat. I liave
great faith in it. If it will grive us pkimp well-filled
sections, as 1 feel it will, the price will he no object.

Fremont, Mich., Jan. 35. Geo. E. Hilton.

This is only a sample of a lot of other let-
ters of a similar import. At present we are
able to turn out only samples to illustrate the
possibilities of the future. For 10 cts. in
stamps we will try to mail every applicant a
piece of the comb, providing we are not flooded
beyond the capacity of our outfit. In the
mean time we are at work on more elaborate
machinery. Until we know what this can do,
I will not say any more; suffice it, that we hope
in the near future to be able to supply, to a
limited extent for orders, drawn combs with
cell-walls as thin at the natural, having flat
cell-bottoms. And right here we found where
the cell-walls were deep and as thin as the
natural, that flat bases were as good as the
natural bases, and far easier for us to make.

I need hardly add that the presiding genius
in the evolution of the new deep-cell founda-
tion is none other than E. B Weed, of founda-
tion fame. He has been working on the prob-
lem for years, but it was only within the last
two years that he struck the right track. That
he should stick and hang to this will-o'-the-
wisp of artificial comb in spite of repeated
failures, lack of funds, in the face of discour-
aging editorials in Gleanings, and other jour-
nals— well, the man should reap the rewards of
his labor. But more anon.

Perhaps some may think there is nothing in
drawn comb, providing we can make it. I felt
so too, at first; but when I saw how the hees
felt about it. I changed my mind. Mr. Weed
was given the free use of the whole apiary to
test his new comb, and he demonstrated be-
yond a doubt that the bees would fill it with
honey immeclintely, and at the same time join
on their own comb, making the whole one ho-
mogenous mass; and the only way in which
the artificial could be detected from the natu-
ral was bv the cell bottom— the artificial being
flat.— Ed.]

PEINCIPLES OF HONEY- CONSUMPTION ; POS-
SIBLE APPLICATIONS.

SUGGESTIONS FOR SMALL TWO -OUNCE HONEY -
PACKAGES.

By F. L. Tliompson.

The contrast between the average man's con-
ception of honey as a delicacy, and his obtuse-
ness to the opportunity of buying it at the
grocery, is really painful. Why is it? Does
he not repeatedly crave, taste, and admire the
honey-comb on the table of his country cousin ?
Is not the opportunity to " rob " a wild swarm
hailed with rapturous delight by all who do
not know a drone from a worker?

It is not entirely the fear of adulteration, for
the average man swallows quantities of glucose
without winking (and knows it too), in the
shape of " maple " syrup. Without pretending
to exhaust the subject, two considerations have
a bearing on this point. One is the pertinacity
with which said average man surfeits himself
on the rare occasions when he does eat honey.
The other is the smeary nature of honey itself.
Practically, the housewife and the eater should,
and perhaps do, handle honey dishes, knives,
and spoons without much trouble, with a little
care; but that is not the point; it is the idea,
as the woman said of the mouse. Honey, in
the popular mind, is very nice, but dreadfully
sticky— not that many go to the trouble to
think out all this, but a prejudice may be both
subtle and forcible at the same time.

One remedy for stickiness would be to have
honey in the form of small confections, as
clean and easy to handle as gum-drops. "But
the honey taste?" There's the rub. Still, it is
worth thinking about.

Honey candy is a superior article, but not
exactly honey. Granulated honey deserves
consideration. True, it can not be molded
like confectioners' sugar; but by watching a
can of honey until it is seen to be in the flrst
stages of granulation, then pouring it into
shallow pans duly greased or oiled, or lined
with paraffine paper, then setting away for a
few weeks, it may be cut up when hard (em-
ploying some care, so as not to split it in the
wrong place) into little nuggets, providing the
layers are not over 3^ or Jg" inch thick. These
may be wrapped in twists of parafBne paper
(with a soft motto inside, perhaps), and set
away in a cool place until disposed of. Most
grocers keep candies. Possibly a special grater
or masher would put hard granulated honey in
the right condition to make chocolate drops.

This is not just the thing, either. It could
be done in Colorado, but I do not know whether
it would worK in a moist climate. Then, too,
some honeys do not granulate at all. and others
do not granulate in the right way for that pur-
pose. Unless coated with a foreign substance,
the product would still cause sticky fingers.

Mr. F. Rauchfuss suggested to me lately that
a field which has never been worked is some
method of rendering granulated honey perfect-
ly dry, like what is left on the bottom-board of
a hive after the bees have robbed it out. This
would make an article very easy to handle and
ship, and perhaps extend its uses in confection-
ery. It might be done before granulation is
quite complete in some such way as molasses is
removed from loaf sugar.

Still, granulated honey does not produce just
the same effect in the mouth as liquid honey.
After all, the most important requirement is to
fully satisfy the popular idea of honey. A few
years ago I procured a large size of gelatine

gleaningsdin bee culture.

Feb. 1.

capsules, and experimented in filling them with
honey. The results were not satisfactory.
The gelatine produced a highly disturbing
effect in the mouth by first breaking into brit-
tle and glassy pieces, and then, after the honey
was gone, dissolving with a coarse material
flavor that quite obliterated the ethereal gusto
of the honey. I then made some paraffine
capsules by means of two sticks for molds, one
a little larger than the other. These were
too fragile, and left too much residuum in the
way of chewing-gum. I had some thoughts of
attempting to make capsules of honey candy,
but gave it up as too difficult on a large scale,
without the proper appliances. Moreover, such
a confection gives too much prominence to the
candy at the expense of the honey, for the
honey disappears quickly and the candy slowly.
What is wanted is a comparatively tasteless
envelope, disappearing quickly. I have heard
that " bonbons filled with liquor" are common
in Germany, so I suppose there are such things
on the market, which could be adapted to our
needs by substituting honey for the liquor.
Can it be done cheaply enough? Only a con-
fectioner could tell.

Very likely machinery would be needed,
placing it beyond the power of the bee-keeper
to manufacture. Here is a chance for those
Medina machinists. Think of the combination
— "The So and So Company, manufacturers of
bee-supplies and honey confections," which
means that the power, the machinery, the
honey knowledge, the direct communication
with bee-keepers, and a peculiar interest in the
the product, such as other manufactiirprs could
not have, are all in one.

The plan of dividing honey into mouthfuls,
however, does not preclude a possible surfeit.
The mouthfuls may be too often repeated, and
then — " No, thank you; honey does not agree
with me," or, " I used to think there was noth-
ing like honey, but somehow I have lost my
taste for it." Some will say this is laying too
much stress on a small point. I do not know
about that. It is true, honey is like a staple to
some people— Mr. E. T. Abbott, for instance,
who eats it 109.5 times a year; but do we not all
know of families on whose tables honey may
be placed every meal, without being touched
oftener than once a month by about half the
family ? I know of two or three just such fam-
ilies; and from remarks of my customers I sus-
pect the existence of many similar ones. Now,
it may be just a notion of mine; but I suspect
that, if once a day a little dab of honey, just a
taste, were placed by the plate of each person,
that little dab would generally be eaten. There
is no dislike to honey, as a rule; it is just indif-
ference; and if such individual portions would
generally be eaten, it needs only a little arith-
metic to show that the consumption of honey
would be vastly increased. Just secure the

fate of the average individual portion, and the
mass of honey follows.

What are the motives which lead the average
person to accept or refuse honey at the table?
First, it must generally be regarded as a tidbit,
or part of the dessert. To push it as a staple, I
am satisfied, will lead many to reject it entire-
ly. Its delicate aroma is best appreciated by
small tastes, and is deadened by ordinary bites.
Not only, to many palates, is it thus reduced
to the level of ordinary food, therefore regarded
with indifference, but these are generally the
people on whose stomachs it " sits heavily " in
large doses, creating a slight feeling of repug-
nance, thus sealing the fate of the next twenty-
nine chances of honey consumption. Second,
given this feeling of indifference as a result of
too free previous indulgence, the choice between
eating and not eating any food depends on the
quantity in which it is offered, and the ease of
obtaining it, say in the midst of an animated
conversation. To particularly ask for some-
thing they do not care for is what most people
will not do; and, even when presented, the
sight of a great block of concentrated sweet-
ness reminds one too vividly of the cause of his
indifference. But to casually rummage around
with a spoon, and unconsciously, perhaps, take
a taste here and there of what is immediately
before one, is the easiest thing in the world,
and, at the same time, the best remedy for that
indifference in the case of honey; for in this
way it gets a chance to reassert its superiority
by the free play which only leisurely tastes can
give its elusive flavor. But the individual por-
tions must be small, or these advantages are
lost. It is not the bulk of honey eaten at one
t me that tells, but the freqv:ency with which
it is consumed. If at the table there are any
persons who eat honey as thev do molasses,
they can ask for more. But these people, when
they become bee-keepers, should not lay down
the law for all others. I don't believe I could
survive a continual diet of corn bread and
bacon, even if some Southern people do grow
fat on it.

[Since the above was put in type the follow-
ing has come to hand.— Ed.]

T recently sent in an article, suggesting,
among other things, that gelatine capsules be
used for individual portions of honey. But a
prominent firm of manufacturing chemists, to
whom I wrote about the matter, replied: "The
manufacture of empty gelatine capsules re-
quires expensive molds and machinery, and it
would not be practical for any one to make
them unless in very large quantities— a million
and upward." That settles that. Here Is an-
other suggestion: For little chunks of comb
honey, it is possible that transparent adhesive
paper (such as is used for patching leaves in
books), so as to be capable of folding into a
miniature tight carton, would be cheap and

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

satisfactory, and would show off the honey
something as gelatine would. It would cer-
tainly be very desirable to retain the feature of
transparency in the package, no matter what
it was made of.
Denver, Col., Jan. 19.

Concluded in next issue.

RELATIVE MERITS OF THE WIRECLOTH AND
PORTER ESCAPES.

REQUIREMENTS OF AX OUTDOOR BEE ESCAPE.

By F. Oreiner.

The Porter escape has perhaps found more
favor among our bee-keepers than any other
form of escape, and still there are others that
work very satisfactorily, and for some purposes
are even better than ihe Porter. The latter is
constructed on ihe spring and cone principle
combined, and it is absolutely impossible for
even a single bee to work back through it. This
feature makes it most valuable when the escape
is used on the hive between brood-chamber and
full super. Our other escapes, with the excep-
tion of the trapdoor escape, which is in princi-
ple somewhat like the spring escape, except
that the force of gravitation is made use of in-
stead of the spring, are constructed on the cone
and labyrinth principle; and as we increase the
number of the different sets of obstructions the
surer we are that no bees will work back.

If we take a look at the under side of one of
these escapes while in operation on the hive we
find it is completely covered all over with bees,
and, of course, a few of them are right on. the
apex of each flattened cone,'and are. liable, to
work in. J When they have entered the cone,
other bees from below take their places; some
may also work in, and so on until finally the
first chamber inside between two cones is
crowded with bees. It Is apparent that, the
larger or roomier this chamber is, the better;
fori not until it is crowded with bees will some
of them be very likely to occupy positions at
the apex of the next cone, and have occasion to
enter that also. After a while the second
chamber will also be crowded with bees, and
then a few bees will get into the full super.

It is, perhaps, not entirely settled how many
consecutive cones it is necessary to use in the
construction of one of these escapes to make it
work perfectly on the hive. Mr. Dibbern claims
his last bee-escape, illustrated in Nov. 15th
Gleanings, does work to perfection, and per-
haps it does. It is built with three sets of ob-
structing cones, and has large spaces between
them, the entrance and exit holes being some
10 or 12 inches apart. It does not let the light
In, and is for that season best adapted for use
on the hive and not so well on a stack of supers.
I have made up a few of these " Rapid " es-
capes, and shall give them a trial next season.

A few years ago I received, through Mr.

Dibbern's kindness, an escape in n principle
somewhat like his " Rapid," but reduced in size
to 5x7 inches. It was constructed in such a
manner as to make it necessary for the bees to
pass six sets of obstructions. It was indeed a
labyrinth, and I don't believe a bee has ever
found its way back through it. It has stood
the test of several years perfectly, and I con-
sider it in every way the e^jual to the Porter
except in cost, and perhaps the same may be
true of his " Rapid " escape, which, it will seem,
is too expensive, taking more material in its
construction, and requiring more time to make
up.

Dibbern's four-point escape has served a
good purpose, and I consider it to this day the
best for use on a stack of piled-up supers; and
if made roomy enough— that is, with enough
space between the different cones, it can not be
excelled for that purpose.

According to my idea, the requirements of an
escape to be used out of doors on a stack are:
1. It must let the direct light fall in to attract
the bees; 3. Its exits should be some distance
from this place, admitting the light, say, at
least three or four inches As the four-point
Dibbern has a diameter of only three inches,
its exits are only a little over one inch from the
center hole; and when the bees from a stack of
piled-up supers begin to escape, robber bees col-
lect and, try to gain admittance. The scent
arising from the honey within is strongest right
over this hole, and robber-bees pitch for it in a
lively fashion, and soon cover the whole three-
inch escape in a way to nearly prevent the bees
from within escaping, some robbers even gaining
entrance at the points. Now, if the exits were
located some four inches distant from the cen-
ter hole, there would be little or no trouble.
The bees could then constantly escape, as the
exits would be unobstructed.

As soon as this became apparent to me I
thought of adding to the four-point Dibbern,
which is a double-cone escape, another cone,
locating the exits sufficiently far from the cen-
ter to obviate the trouble spoken of.

The regular D. escape occupies only a bee-
space in depth, and requires only a ^^-inch
board (with a bee space on one side). Instead,
I have taken a ^'-inch board, cut a 4-inch cir-
cular hole in center, for the four-point escape,
and then with chisel, etc., I cut away half the

84

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb. 1.

thickness of the board in a double cone shape,
as shown in th« drawing. Over this I tacked
wire screen, making the exits eight or more
inches apart.

The now three-cone escape is all inside of
the %-inch board, and is well protected against
all injury. I have used such escapes ever since
the escape has come into use, and they are just
as good to-day as ever. I likethe Porter spring
escape for use on the hive, but would not want
to be without my thus arranged four-point
Dibberns.

I now want to speak of some difficulties
arising from and connecied with the use of bee-
escapes, and I greatly desire that wiser men
would give us a remedy for which, I am sure, we
all should be very thankful.

When escapes are used on a pile of stacked
supers, it will be noticed that the bees inside
pass out the honey to the robber bees outside,
especially if no bee-space separates them; but
even in an escape like the one illustrated, the
same thing occurs. Indeed, even bees that
have come out of the escape are often followed
up by robbers, and harrassed until they give up
the sweet they are loaded with. Sometimes
half a dozen bees can be seen at once, being
fed by one loaded bee. This keeps up the ex-
citement, and it is for this reason always best
to wait until the bees have ceased to fly before
carrying the honey to the house.

When escapes are used on the hive, another
and much more serious trouble occurs. I refer
to the capping being gnawed or perforated,
principally of the central portion of the section
of the super next to the escape. It does not oc-
cur in every instance, and much more so after
the honey season has closed; it injures the
looks of the honey very materially. I should
be glad if I understood this matter. Who can
tell us why bees act so in one case and not in
another?

Naples, N. Y., Dec. 15.

PROTECTION FROM ADULTERATORS OF
HONEY.

A VALUABLE AND SENSIBLE SUGGESTION.

By. Wm. O. Hewes.

I would suggest, as one means of protecting
ourselves from the adulterators of honey, that
we make an effort to have Congress place an
internal-revenue duty on glucose of two or
three cents a pound. The coming Congress
will have to take steps for increasing the reve-
nue, and it is not unlikely that, if the matter is
brought to their attention, they will acquiesce
in our wishes— especially if we are backed up
by the producers of cane, beet, and maple
sugar, all of whom suffer by having their syrups
adulterated. As to the extent to which sweets
are adulterated with glucose, we have but to

refer Congress to the government chemists.
Glucose, I believe, is valueless as food; is of no
value in the arts, and is manufactured for
swindling purposes only.

There are but few apiaries in this locality
which do not have to be fed this season. Two
of mine are among the lucky few, and one I
have to feed. I see in the Nov. 15th Gleanings
that Doolittle says feeding is not to his liking.
Until I read that I always thought that feeding
bees was an eastern bee-man's idea of supreme
enjoyment, seeing how often it is recom-
mended by them to extract all the honey and
then feed sugar.

I have various kinds of feeders, but find noth-
ing better than a lard-bucket or other vessel
with a few bits of comb floating on the syrup,
wooden feeders are apt to be leaky; and with
the Miller feeder, unless it fits the super very
snugly, many bees will be drowned. The " di-
vision-board " feeder, described in Doolittle's
"Queen-rearing, " is excellent; but instead of
making it the width of a frame I make it three
inches wide, and have floats in it.

I have also practiced elevating the front of
the hive, and pouring in syrup at the entrance;
but that was the most unsatisfactory of all
methods, as so many of my hives leaked.

I have been painting the cracks in some leaky
hive-covers with asphaltum, and think it a
rather good idea where the hives are kept
shaded, but not otherwise, for the heat of the
sun would cause it to melt and run through on
to the combs. Probably if it could be whitened
it would not melt; but paint does not seem to
stick to it, for some I gave two coats to is still a
magnificent jet.

I should like to see how Mr. Frazier figures
out a profit on ten-cent corn. Seventy-five
bushels an acre is only $7.50. No great profit,
even if it were clear gain. Take from that the
cost of growing, harvesting, shelling, and sack-
ing, and I can not ligure out profit enough to
pay taxes. Some people are so peculiar that, if
the leaders of their political party tell them
they are prosperous, they will promptly accept
it as a fact, and proceed to take on fat.

The prospects for prosperity among California
bee-keepers are not very brilliant. With half
the bees in the country dead, and no honey
gathered now for eighteen months, one would
think the price would be good; but it is only
four cents for best, and not ready sale at that.

Speaking of prosperity, the American Agri-
culturist, in its Western edition, after telling us
what prosperous fellows the farmers of New
York are. makes the precious statement that
the trouble with the West is that the people
are lazy, and have not banks enough!

Newhall, Cal.

[Your suggestion along the lines of throttling
the glucose evil is the most practical one I have
seen yet. Here is a chance for work for the
new Bee-keepers' Union. If it is a fact that

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE

85

glucose is valueless as a food, and Is of no use
in the arts, and is manufactured only for the
purposes of swindling, then I can not see why
bee keepers, in connection with the producers
of cane, beet, and maple sugar, can not, through
their Members of Congress, some time in the
future, have an inttrnalrevenue duty placed
on glucose at so high a rate that it can not be
used for adulterating. We may do well to
ponder this suggestion.— Ed.]

SECTION SUPER WITH PATTERN- SLATS.

THUMBSCREWS V.S. WEDGES FOE PRODUCING
SIDE COMPRESSION.

By C. Davenport.

Some time ago in Gleanings I described a
super that I prefer, which is a case just long
enough to take in four rows of sections, and
deep enough to take in the section and pattern-
slats, and yet allow a bee-space. These pat-
tern-slats have no end-pieces, and in your foot-
notes you say that, without end-pieces, the
pattern-slats are liable to get skewed, and then
the openings in some cases will not come to-
gether in exact alignment, which makes them,
" the openings," very much narrower.

I do not believe you understood what I meant;
for with scalloped pattern-slats the separators
drop down between them; or even without
separators the follower and wedge will hold
them in place, so that it is impossible for me to
see how the openings can get out of exact
alignment.

After a more extended trial of these supers
the past season I prefer them to any others.
They are superior to those having end-pieces
on the pattern-slats in every respect, so far as
I can see. Those thumb-screws which you
advertised last year for the first time are de-
cidedly better in every way, in my opinion,
than a wedge is for tightening sections in the
supers. I thought, when I first saw them de-
scribed, they would be a good thing; and after
using 30 supers that had them, the past season,
I find they work even better than I expected
them to. In producing section honey I regard
it as very important that the sections be wedged
up very tight sidewise; for if they are not, in
this locality at least, the edges of the sections
will be very badly stuck ud with propolis, and
the edges are the hardest part to clean; be-
sides, propolis from the edges will often, when
it is being removed, get into the cells of unseal-
ed honey next to the edge. This injures the
appearance of the honey, and does not improve
its flavor, to say the least.

With one simple wedge it is impossible to
tighten the sections much. I use two wedges
for each super, and drive them quite tight
with a hammer; but this is considerable work,
and they are hard to remove when badly stuck
up with bee-glue. Thumb-screws are better,
and always right in place when wanted. When

I got mine I put them into a keg of linseed oil
to soak. This greatly injured them. It caused
the threads to check and crumble off some-
what. I have since learned that, if I had put
them into hot tallow instead of oil, it would
have been a good thing for them.

TALL, SECTIONS.

I notice that you seem to be in favor of
changing the standard of size in sections for
one tall and narrower. It would cost a good
many— at least it would cost me — a good deal
of money to change or fit all my supers for
another size of section; and at the present low
price of honey for even the very finest grades,
I think it would be a good while indeed before
I could get enough more from the sale of honey
in tall sections than I would from that in
slandard-sized ones to pay me for making the
change. But will honey in tall narrow sections
sell morerefdily? Last fall I was in St. Paul
and Minneapolis, where I sold about 2000 lbs.
of honey in standard-sized sections. One day
in Minneapolis I was in a large retail store,
where I sold a large amount. They had some
tall narrow sections that held about a pound.
A man came in and wanted a few pounds. He
was offered some in these tall sections. He re-
fused them, and said there was too much comb
and too little honey in them to suit him, and
that he wanted no more of them. He took
some in square sections which I had just sold
them, and said there was more real honey in
one of them than there was in two of the others.
Of course, his was an extreme view of the case;
but will the general public be fooled into be-
lieving that there is more honey in tall thin
sections than there is in others of the same
weight that are square and wider ?

A person who seldom buys honey, or one
buying a section for the first time, might do so;
but regular buyers or users would not long
think so.

Tall sections filled would, I believe, be much
harder to handle without injury. It would re-
quire more foundation to fill them, and on this
account they would be more apt to have fish-
bone in the honey. It is claimed that bees will
fill and cap these tall thin sections quicker
than they will square ones. I have never used
them, but I have strong doubts of this. If a
swarm is hived in a shallow brood-nest con-
taining less space than the regular eight-frame
hive they may enter the supers sooner, and do
more section work in any kind of sections dur-
ing a short flow; but in that case the colony
will be, and can not help being, " if there is on-
ly one flow," short in stores and bees for winter.
On the other hand, if the flow is long they
will not do as much section work; for, not
having enough brood room, they decrease in
strength before the flow is over. I am now
speaking from much experience in this matter;
and while shallow or double brood-chamber

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb. 1.

hives, especially in localities where there is a
fall flow of honey that will answer for winter
stores, can be very profitably used under the
right naanagement. I do not believe tall sec-
tions have much to do toward their success.
If grocers want sections of lighter weight than
IX wide gives, narrower ones can be used.
Supers will not then have to be changed, and we
shall preserve the standard square; but I be-
lieve it would be folly for us to try to suit
grocers and dealers in all respects, for some of
them would always want some changes made,
which might be a large expense to the produc-
ers; and at the present prices of our product
we (or at least many of us) are not able to
stand any unnecessary expense.
Southern Minn., Jan. 3.

[If the wide separators run clear down be-
tween the pat n-slats, then the objection that
I urged would not hold. Such an arrangement
wou d be perfectly practicable. Thumb-screws
may be a little better for producing compres-
sion. The advant ep of the wedge is that it is
inside of the hive, and out of the way, while
the thumb-screws stick out beyond the sides of
the super.— Ed.

SftTJAKE VERSUS OBLONG SECTIONS.

COMBS NOT ATTACHED TO THE SEPARATOES.

By O. C. Oreiner.

r Ever since the one-piece sections have come
into general use I have had an opportunity to
make observations in regard to their practica-
bility. The usual 4J|'x4>^-inch section did not
fit the hive I used, c To accommodate my sur-
plus-appliances, a section 4>^x5xl3j; inches was
necessary and desirable. First, it held as near-
ly a pound as sections can average; and, sec-
ond, I greatly preferred the oblong shape. Af-
ter these many years of practical experience
the result is so different from Mr. Salisbury's
experience, as set forth on page 17, that I am of
the opinion the objections raised by that gen-
tleman are in a great measure imaginary — not
that I have the least doubt as to the correctness
of his statement in regard to combs being fas-
tened to the separators, but that there is anoth-
er factor at the bottom of his trouble besides the
oblong shape of his sections.

The difference between the width and height
of the 4K-in. square and his nearly 4x5 in. sec-
tions is so trivial that it seems almost impossi-
ble that bees would attach the one and not the
other. Nature directs bees to build their combs
plumb; and, guided by this impulse, they do
their work in a way that will accomplish this
object. In examining sections in their various
stages of progress we invariably find them on
both sides alike, drawn out and filled, or so
nearly alike that a swinging one way or the
other, by greater weight on one side, could not
be caused. The only difference we always no-
tice is in capping. The outside combs are on

the outside, more or less behind the inside; but
the weight of the cappings is of solittle amount
that, by this slight variation of weight, a comb
would not be forced out of its perpendicular suf-
ficiently to strike the separator and be attached.
As I have never used the 4Kx4)^-in. section I
can not say how much better my bees would
have done along this line of not attaching to
the separators; but I can say that, in all of my
experience in producing honey In oblong shape,
I have not had enough sections made unmer-
chantable, by being attached, to fill a 24-lb.
shipping- crate.

BUCKWHEAT SEASON.

The past summer can be recorded as one of
the occasional exceptions — a season without
buckwheat honey. When the buckwheat had
reached its honey-producing stage, bees started
in in good earnest, and bid fair to gather an
abundant crop: but after a few days' work the
cold wave struck us and blasted our hopes.
Most of the time it was so cold that bees did
not leave their hives, even in the middle of the
day; and when warmer weather returned, buck-
wheat was so near its close that bees did not re-
sume work in sections; consequently many un-
finished sections were left on the hives. I have
about 1000 drawn-out sections, many of them
full-sized, perfect combs, all cleaned out by the
bees, and stored away for next season. What
seemed to be a loss last fall may prove a bless-
ing in disguise in the shape of an increased
honey crop next year.

Naples, N. Y.

TAI.L, SECTIONS PKEFEERED; NO TROUBLE WITH
COMB BUILT TO SEPARATORS.

In Gleanings for Jan. 1, p. 17, Mr. F. A. Sal-
isbury seems to have trouble by getting comb
fastened to separators by the bees in drawing
out the foundation. I have been using both the
square and oblong section, and I find no more
tall sections fastened to separators than square
ones. I have used the Danzenbaker section,
3% x 5 X 1%, for two seasons, and I prefer them
for more reasons than one. First, there is a
better market for them, and that is one of the
best reasons, as I make it to sell; and, again, I
think the bees will enter a deep super sooner
than a shallow. I think if Mr. Salisbury will
use IJ^-inch starters in his sections, put them
in with a Daisy foundation fastener and set his
hives level, he will have no trouble with his tall
sections. S. D. Matthews.

Hamilton, N. C, Jan. 13.

tall SECTIONS BEST; NO TROUBLE FROM COMB
BEING BUILT TO SEPARATORS.

In Gleanings for Jan. 1, Mr. F. A. Salisbury
raises an objection to tall sections because the
bees fasten the comb to the separators more
than they do in the '^K'^^K sections. C I have
been using a section 4x5 for a number of years,
alongside the 4K section, and I have not discov-

18i)7

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

87

ered any perceptible difference in regard to the
bees fastening the comb to the separator of the
tall section more than to the iU section. I am
like Mr. Doolittle— I think they are more sym-
metrical in appearance; and I have found that,
where the two sections have been brought into
competition with each other, the tall section
sells first. In our market here I do not know
that they bring any more; but I know that the
tall section is the more easily disposed of ; and
the fact that more of them will stand over a
given space is a point in their favor.
Delhi, 111., Jan. 23. H. D. Edwards.

MR. DAJSZENBAKEE N THE TALL .SECTION.

My attention" has been called to Mr. Salis-
bury's objection to ta 1 sections on page 17 in
Gleanings. The veteran Doolittle, who is al-
ways right, has more than answered him in
the next column. lake exceptions to his idea
that it is the bees that twist his foundation out
of line. I had a like trouble with some l^-in.
sections that would not stay square. They
would spring or draw out of square, and bind
the foundation and cause it to wind out of line.
I overcame that entirely by seeing that the
sections were folded true, and kept so by
wedging them in the super before and after the
foundation was put in. I also set the founda-
tion so that, if the section was out of plumb, it
would not press against the foundation when
the section was squared up.

Washington, D. C. F. Danzenbaker.

TALL sections NO ADVANTAGE OVER THE
SQtTARE.

Referring to tall sections I will say that for
ten years I used a section 5}4 high and 3}^xl%',
which holds about the same as the 4^4x1%; but
they cost me from .50 cts. to .f 1.00 more per 1000,
and had to be made to order. I was sometimes
troubled to get them in time, so I am now using
the 43^ section. I don't think my honey in the
tall sections sold for a larger price than honey
in square sections; at any rate, I never got a
large price for it, and commission men who
have sold it never told me it sold quicker. I
was not troubled much by having foundation
fastened to separators if hives were kept level.
W. J. Austin.

Chittenango, N. Y., Jan. 12, 1897.

IN FAVOR OF THE TALL SECTION; A PRAC-
TICAL SCHEME FOR USING THEM IN THE
REGULAR DOVETAILED SUPER.

I see in a footnote you want opinions as to
what kind of sections bee-keepers wouldrather
use. I for one would rather use a tall section
that would weigh just 1 lb. as nearly as possi-
ble, and I have thought of a way in which the
tall section might be used on the eight-frame
hive; but I have not tried it, and it might not
work as well as I think. My arrangement is
something like this: Instead of there being a
rim on top of the super, have the rim on the

bottom (not nailed fast); then to this rim nail
the bottom- bars of the section-holders, the bot-
tom-bars to be an inch longer than they are
now; a groove cut out of the rim on the bottom
side to admit the bottom-bars, and have them
nailed fast to rim; then use two followers and
wedges the size the section ought to, be. I
haven't figured out, but it ought to be so as to
give more elbow-room in the super. The two
wedges ought to be square pieces at least % of
an inch square. This would give a chance to
take a section out as soon as finished before it
is travel -stained. Wm. Kernan.

Ringdale, Pa., Jan. 7.

[Your scheme is perfectly practicable, and
we can adapt supers in that way if so desired.
Later on we may show a cut of the plan. As
the standard tall sections are 4x5 inches they
can be used crosswise of the regular 8 frame
super (which is 123s i"- wide) without any
waste space to fill >ip. Of course, the hive
should be perfectlv level in that case.

It would seem, from the letters above, that
there is no very great danger from combs stick-
ing to the separators. I doubt not that there
will be many who will want to try a few of
these tall sections on their dovetailed hives,
and yet feel that they can not afford to buy
new supers. To accommodate all such we have
arranged to supply a rim deep enough and
large enough, when put on the bottom of a reg-
ular 8-frame section-super, to_take in 4x.') sec-
tions with supporting-slats.— 11.D.]

PRODUCTION OF COMB HONEY.

By Ach-ian Octaz.

This article is written exclusively from a
comb -honey producer's standpoint; and if some
of the assertions made seem exclusive, it must
be remembered that they apply only to the
conditions peculiar to comb-honey producing.
If there were no swarming, the management
would be the simplest thing in the world.
Just put on enough sections at the right time,
and take them away when they are full. That
would be all. But with the swarming, the
difficulty begins; so, after all, the comb honey-
producing question resolves itself practically
into a swarming-management question.

NORTHERN MANAGEMENT.

What I mean by this is the management
adopted and advised by all or nearly all our
leading writers,and suited to what I may call the
Northern States, including Canada, the Eastern
States, and the Central Northern States, such as
Ohio, Illinois, etc. The characteristics of the
honey-flow of that region are: A moderate flow
from the winter until the main honey- flow, just
enough to get the colonies in good shape; then
follows a heavy flow of only a few weeks' dura-
tion, the swarming taking place just at the
beginning of it.

Two methods of management have been suc-
cessfully practiced under these circumstances.
The first consists in hiving the swarm on the

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb. 1.

old stand, and having as many as possible of
the bees there; and, by contracting the brood -
nest, compel the bees to store most of the honey
In the sections. The second consists in remov-
ing or caging the queens at the beginning of the
main flow, and not returning them until three
weeks later. The queen-cells raised during
that time are to be destroyed.

SOUTHERN HONEY FLOW.

There is a fundamental difference between
the northern and the southern region as to the
character of the honey-flow. In the northern
region, as described above, the swarming is fol-
lowed by only a few weeks (six weeks at most)
of comparatively heavy flow. Here, and in all
the South, we have, after the swarming, a
period of from two to three or even four months
of moderate and very irregular flow; that is,
not a continuous flow; and what makes it more
difficult is that we can not tell in advance
which sources of honey are going to yield and
which ones will not; so it is necessary to keep
the colonies as strong as possible during the
whole period. This necessitates prevention of
swarming, or, at least, of increase, and also the
least loss of brood possible.

And what I say here of the South applies
more or less to the Northwestern States where
the surplus comes from alfalfa and sweet clover,
and to the Pacific Coast.

TWO PRACTICAL CONDITIONS.

Many processes of preventing swarming
have been successfully practiced, but yet can
not be advised under the circumstances now
considered. The first condition is, as already
stated, the least possible loss of brood. The
second is the least possible work for the
apiarist. This throws aside all the processes
requiring to do certain things when the colo-
nies are in a certain condition; for instance,
when they are beginning to build queen-cells.
The reason is obvious. To know when a colo-
ny has reached the proper point would require
at least two inspections every week. Think of
the work in an apiary of 300 colonies, besides
the aggregated loss of brood and honey caused
by the disturbance! What is to be done must
be done in a wholesale way, at a definite time,
say, for instance, at a certain time of the year,
or when the swarming takes place.

After some seven or eight years of experi-
mentation with all sorts of methods and appa-
ratus, I recommend the two following pro-
cesses.

FIRST PROCESS.

Discourage swarming by all possible means.
Have the brood-nest of sufficient size; put on
the supers in due time; use all the drawn comb
you can; don't keep any queen over two years
old, etc.

A point here needs insisting upon. The first
super ought to be given early enough to pre-
vent crowding in the brood-nest. On the other

hand, the excess of room given tends to lower
the temperature of the hive and frequently
prevents the working of the bees in the super —
at least the building of comb, especially during
the night. A good deal has been written con-
cerning the necessity of protecting the brood
during the early spring, but nothing or next to
nothing concerning the necessity of keeping
the first sections given sufficiently warm, dur-
ing the first part of the season. Yet I consider
the last point as important as the first; and I
do not hesitate to say that, in most cases, when
the bees do not enter the supers readily, it is
because they are unable to keep them warm
enough to work these successfully. Notwith-
standing, a certain number of colonies will
swarm. Return the swarm and remove the
old queen at once. Take out all the queen-
cells but one, and allow the colony to requeen.
This does not cost any thing; the cells are
there, the young queen is, as a rule, preferable
to the old one, and the time without a laying
queen is reduced to a minimum. A queen caged
or removed can not be returned before 15 or 30
days or she would swarm again; and even
then a certain number would reswarm. Rais-
ing queens in advance would necessitate the
making of nuclei, and the draft of bees and
brood from the colonies to make the nuclei
would damage them more than the loss of
brood by the above process. Use the removed
cells to replace as many of the oldest queens
possible, or those otherwise objectionable, thus
reducing the number o'' colonies liable to
swarm. It is needless to say that the use of
queen-traps will reduce the above work to a
minimum.

SECOND PROCESS.

Where bee-paralysis exists I prefer to re-
queen the apiary throughout, though 1 have
not always had the time to do it. Requeeuing
in the very early spring is objectionable. In
the first place it is not absolutely certain that
it would prevent swarming in all cases. Buy-
ing queens in Florida costs something. Rais-
ing queens very early entails a considerable
loss of brood and bees to the colonies, and one
bee at that time of the year is worth ten in
the middle of the summer. The raising of
queens by the nucleus process takes too much
work anyhow when one wants only queens for
his own use. I prefer to wait until the time,
or near the time, of swarming. If a few colo-
nies swarm before I am ready I treat them as
stated in the preceding paragraph. To reduce
the loss of brood to a minimum I unqueen at
first only one colony out of six or seven, per-
haps eight, and I use their cells to requeen the
others, removing the queens only when putting
in the cells. I wait as long as possible to do
the final requeening, partly to reduce the loss
of brood, partly because the cells not well ad-
vanced are not always accepted. It seems that

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

an immature cell is to the bees nothing but a
lump of strange wax, which they proceed to
tear down, while an advanced one has al-
ready the scent of a queen, and is accepted as
such.

Some precaution is to be taken in putting
them in. Sometimes the bees spoil them in
trying to fasten them to the combs. Perhaps
the best would be to use some kind of cell -pro-
tectors. To facilitate the operations, entrance-
guards ought to be used so as to prevent the
loss of a swarm in case some queens happened
to emerge before the time anticipated. It is
well to see that queen -cells be not started be-
tween the time the cell is put in until the
young queen emerges, or, rather, to destroy
them. None will be begun after she is out, or,
at least, very seldom.

INFLUENCE OF BEE-PARALVSIS.

As I have often stated, bee-paralysis exists
here, and is a serious drawback to the apiarist.
The malady damages in several ways. First,
by reason of less activity in the bees,
which, as the malady advances, become more
and more paralyzed; secondly, shortening of
their life; and, thirdly, a failure in the laying
powers of the queens. This takes place during
the second year of their life, or even sooner.
In such cases they are generally superseded;
and with the superseding, swarming takes
place. The result is a great excess of swarm-
ing besides some loss of brood during that time
as a result of the failure of the queen. A''ery
often queens disappear entirely without any ap-
parent cause.

Occasionally the bees fail to requeen, either
because the colony is too small or because the
sick bees lack the necessary activity. In that
time, and under such circumstances, the colony
enter into what some writers have called the
second stage of the disease. One of its charac-
teristics is that very young bees, even just
emerged, show already the symptons of the
disease.

The only way I can account for It is that,
when the queen has reached that degree of
sickness, her eggs contain already the germs of
the disease. This supposition is not improb-
able. The disease of the silkworm is produced
by a bacillus almost identical to the one pro-
ducing bee-paralysis; and in the silkworm the
disease is transmitted from one generation to
the next, through the eggs of the female moth.

Any careful reader of the bee-papers may
have noticed that, while our leading writers do
not think that bee-paralysis is such a terrible
thing, reports come now and then from honey-
producers of disastrous results. This corrobo-
rates the above supposition. Most of our lead-
ing writers are queen-breeders, and renew
their queens all the time, which results in vig-
orous and healthy queens, or, rather, queens
that may barely have the germ of the disease,

while the honey-producers leave the requeen-
ing to the care of the bees, resulting in queens
reaching the age of two or three years, occa-
sionally more. My own experience is the same.
By frequent requeenings, I find that I can keep
the disease within comparatively narrow lim-
its, but not cure it completely, showlpg that
other ways of contamination exist also.

CONSTRUCTION OF QUEEN-CELLS.

From ages past until now it has been admit-
ted that, when the bees were too crowded, they
decided to swarm, and constructed queen-cells
to save the old colony from being left queenless.
That last part of the program is a mere sup-
Dosition. I doubt whether the swarming bees
care a snap what becomes of the old colony.

Some four years ago I acquired, during my
experiments, an entirely different opinion on
the subject— an opinion that the following
years have fully confirmed. The construction
of queen-cells is due to an excess of larval food.
It takes place when three conditions exist: 1.
A honey flow which furnishes the materials;
2. A considerable number of young bees acting
as nurses, and preparing the food; 3. A dimi-
nution of the brood to be fed, that is, not enough
to consume all the food prepared.

The diminution of brood to be fed may be
caused either by the lack of empty comb to re-
ceive the eggs or by the failure of the queen to
lay enough. A young vigorous queen will lay
all the eggs (if she has room enough) that her
colony can take care of. That is the reason
why, unless decidedly cramped for space, a
queen of the year's rearing will seldom swarm,
or, to put it properly, her colony will not often
construct queen-cells.

CONFLICT BETWEEN QUEEN AND QUEEN-CELLS.

By the time the queen-cells are sealed, or
soon after the old queen realizes (probably be-
cause the sealed queens begin to have the
queen's peculiar odor) that she has rivals, she
attempts to destroy them; but the bees in-
stinctively prevent her from doing so. The ex-
citement keeps growing worse and worse, and
finally culminates in swarming. If two or
more queens are in her presence a fight ensues,
and only one is left; but when one queen, can
not destroy these contained in the queen-cells,
she is sure to swarm, or, rather, the racket she
raises induces swarming, and the whole outfit
goes out together. A caged queen placed in a
colony has the same effect as a queen-cell, as I
found out by an involuntary experience my-
self. Some German writer has advised that
very process in order to compel a colony to
swarm.

If the cells are where the queen can not be
aware of their presence, in an upper story, for
instance, no swarming will take place, showing
conclusively that the jealousy of the queen
against the cells is-the cause of the swarming.

Knoxville, Tenn.

90

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb. 1.

, < 'ANSWERS TO c^— % ,

jSEASOHABLEatfESTlW

BY G.M.D0OLITTLE.B0ROOINO.N.Y.

HOW TO BUILD UP A KEPUTATIUN.

Question.— Is it any advantage to put your
name and address on cases of honey which are
to be shipped on commission to commission
men? If so, what ?

^nsM;er.— Each year, from 1871 to 1877, I sold
my honey to a dealer in Syracuse, N. Y., deliv-
ering it there by wagon, so that it always ar-
rived in first-class condition. As the merchant
always took all the honey I had, both extracted
and comb, together with all the dark honey, I
considered it a good thing for me, and would
still think so if I could thus sell my honey now ;
but death removed him in the early part of '78;
and although I have several times tried to have
other parties in this city take his place, yet not
one was willing to do so, as regards buying and
selling honey. However, there was one thing I
did not quite like, which was that he insisted
on my bringing the honey to him in cases hav-
ing nothing on them except the gross weight,
the tare, or weight of the crate, and the net
weight of the honey. When 1 asked him the
reason for this he showed me stencil-plates
bearing his own name and address, and said, '• I
put my name and address on every case of real-
ly fine honey which I buy, so as to build up a
trade in honey, thus securing a name second to
none; for with all inferior honey I leave this
stencil-mark off, so that none but the very best
bears my name, and thus 1 am gaining a repu-
tation year by year which is growing constant-
ly to my benefit. If I allowed you 10 put your
name on the cases it would not help me a bit;
and as long as you sell to me each year it could
be of no benefit to you." After a year or two I
saw that his line of reasoning was correct; for
every year gave him a larger range of custom-
ers, until, at the time of his death, he handled
honey by tons to where he handled it by the ten
pounds when he began. After his death I began
shipping honey on commission, and wrote my
commission merchants, asking them if they
would allow me to put my name and address on
each case. To this they objected; but a few
said they had no objection to my putting my
name on the sections inside the case if I wished
to do so. I accordingly procured a rubber stamp
with the words "From G. M. Doolittle, Borodi-
no, N. Y.," on it, as well as a dating-apparatus
which would remain good for ten years. I
could now, in a moment, put my name and ad-
dress on any thing I wished, from a postal card
up to a bee-hive, and give the date of so putting
on, if desired. Outside of the first object, as
originally intended, I have found this stamp of
great benefit to me in many ways, and I would
advise everybody who reads this to procure
such a stamp and see how much in time, money.

and temper it will save them. I believe The A.
I. Root Co. can furnish such stamps to any who
may desire. To return:

Taking the hint given me by the honey-mer-
chant, I put my name on only all really nice
honey, and let all "off grades" go without it.
And right here I wish to throw in a suggestion.
We have heard much in the past from commis-
sion men and others about some sending them
honey, putting all sorts of inferior honey into
the same case with fancy honey, putting the
fancy on the outside, and the inferior in the
middle of the case where it would not be seen
till the case should be opened. I never blamed
commission men for being out of patience with
those who would work against the interests of
every one concerned, enough to do this thing ;
and the suggestion I would make is this: If you
will procure a rubber stamp, and use it as did
the honey-merchant spoken of above, no on3
will ever have a chance to say aught but words
of praise for the even appearance of all honey
which you put in any case. To return again: j

After the sections were all in the shipping-
case, and before the cover was put on, it took
only a moment or two of time to stamp all the
sections in that case, thus letting the consumer
know by whom such fine honey was produced,
while the commission merchant received all the
credit with the retailer, unless, perchance, such
retailer desired to deal direct with the produc-
er. And thus it came about that I got many
letters from different parts of the country read-
ing something like this : " I purchased of Mr.
So and So a splendid article of honey bearing
your address. As it gives the best of satisfac-
tion, for how much could you send me cases

of such honey?" And so it has often come
about, that, after my honey was all disposed of,
I would have many calls for honey which I
could not supply, but which gave me a "lever-
age " for the next year. So it will be seen that
the plan of a shrewd merchant has not been
lost, even if he did keep me where he wished
while he was living. Why I said in the fore
part of this article that 1 should be glad to sell
as 1 formerly did was that there is an advantage
in selling the whole crop to one person, for cash
on delivery, not gotten by selling the crop out
in small lots, or by shipping it on commission.
All will think of some of these advantages,
without my enumerating them. However, it so
happens that the most of the large producers
can not sell to one party each year, and for this
reason I give the above plan, as I believe it to
be a good one, and just the one to work upon
when we can not sell our whole crop to one per-
son, or all of it in our home market. And by
this plan many are induced to eat honey who do
not generally buy by the advertising done by
those who are pleased by a really nice article of
honey. It takes all of these little kinks as go-
ing toward a whole to make successful bee
culture.

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE

~0RiHE/%f|^])f Crystal AounTain ^m.

^J±

fk

^* L. .\^J,

OW, my friend,"
!^ald Dr. Hay-
den, as they
stepped from
the cabin door,
" a* we proceed
you are at lib-
erty to ask any
questions about
this little val-
ley that the surroundings may suggest."

" Well, doctor, you know the old adage,
' Give a Yankee the conversational pump-han-
dle, and he will pump you dry;' and if my
seeking for knowledge depends upon my ques-
tioning ability, then I will commence by ask-
ing you, what is the length and breadth of this
valley?"

"A very proper question," said the doctor,
" and a very natural one from a bee keeper who
is looking for a profitable location. This valley
is two miles in length, with an average width
of half a mile."

"And you have an apiary here, and propose
to largely increase. Now, don't you find one
square mile too little space for profitable bee
culture, or do the bees find pasturage on the
mountains beyond ? "

"There is no flora on the summits beyond.
This one square mile contains flora enough for
a very large apiary."

" Why, doctor, if you can succeed with so
many bees in such small area you are indeed
progressive. The best locations I ever knew
were considered crowded had they twenty to
the square mile, and even then only one season
in five would produce a full honey crop."

"That is so, Fred, where the producer de-
pends wholly upon natural pasturage; but
living as I am in this valley, with the unlim-
ited privilege to do as I please with my sur-
roundings, 1 have planted only such vegetation
as will produce honey in the greatest abun-
dance, and the results are astonishing. Now,
instead of figuring how many colonies a square
mile will sustain profitably I figure from the
other end of the problem, and am trying to find
out how many square feet will sustain a
colony."

" I can readily understand," said Fred, " that
a constant succession of honey flora, nearly all
the year round, would give an immense amount

of honey: but as far as I have learned, there
are always some offsets. The soil and condi-
tions are not right for honey secretion some-
times, and then the atmospheric conditions
sometimes fail; so, between the conditions
above and below, our hopes are often blasted."

"Those things can hardly happen in this
valley," replied the doctor, "and do happen
only in localities where the producer depends
upon only one or two sources of supply, through
limited periods and under fluctuating climatic
conditions."

"But, doctor, although you live in a valley
in these remote mountains you are surely sub-
ject to changes."

" Yes, we are subject to changes, but we have
the means to counteract them to a certain ex-
tent, as I will show you as we make the rounds
of the valley."

This conversation was interrupted by the
appearance of Sam, with a couple of donkeys
saddled for the trip.

" Why, doctor, I had about as lief walk, as to
ride one of these little ellows. I could almost
carry this one on my back. By the way, is this
all of the horse kind you have in the valley?"

".Oh, no! we have a young team, but it takes
some time to grow a team here; the passage
through which we enter the valley will barely
let in those donkeys; and if we want horses we
must bring them in as colts and let them grow.
Just the same with our few Jerseys. They
came in as calves; and if they go out it is by
the quarter."

"And the rattlesnake chamber?" queried
Fred.

" We have an easy way to manage that,"
replied the doctor, "and will show you some
time. Now, the first stage in our journey will
be to follow up these terraces. Hey, Sam!"
shouted the doctor, "take down a little lunch
about noon to the apiary."

" Ki, yi, doctor! I'll be dar under de yoak,
dis side de yapery. Don't ketch me gettin' my
woolly head near dem bees, suah."

Up the first terrace Fred stopped his donkey,
and said, " What a profusion of little flowers
are spangled over this mosslike vine that is
clinging to these rocks! and how busy the bees
are upon them!"

" Yes, that Is one of our valuable honey-
plants. Out in the great world you find that

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb. 1.

only in flower-pots, or to make mosslike banks
in public parks. It is mesembryanthemum,
and produces an abundance of tine-flavored
white honey. I am getting it well started here;
you can see the possibilities for the plant in
this valley. Give it a good rooting-place, and
it will hang over these rocky surfaces; and the
beauty of it is, that it covers the portion of the
valley that stands up edgewise. This," said
the doctor, as they mounted another terrace,
"is my shrubbery terrace, such as veronica,
heliotrope, etc. These shrubs bloom almost
continually in this valley; and, see how indus-
triously the bees work upon them. Then in
the lower part of the valley I have the sugar-
gums in their variety. Yonder is a terrace de-
voted to the sages, while on the level portions
I have alfalfa and other plants. If we sow
merely low-growing plauts we can not go be-
yond our ground acreage; but he who plants a
tree puts the acreage in the air; and with the
growth of the tree the acreage is permanently
increased every year."

" I have often thought of that," said Fred,
" while watching year by year the growth of
our basswood trees in the East; what an im-
mense acreage of bloom was carried high in
the air! But the average bee-man is looking
to immediate returns, and thinks it a waste of
time to plant for the future; but the fact re-
mains that the noble tree makes the permanent
pasturage."

" Yes, Fred, and I am thoroughly of the belief
that, if people were dependent upon the bee-
hive for their sweets, the production of honey
would have been enlarged; the growing and
development of honey-producing flora would
have been pursued upon scientific principles
until production would keep pace with the
demand. But cane sugar relegated honey and
the prospective development to the back-
ground."

" Well, doctor, that Is something I had scarce-
ly thought of; still, such development of honey
flora may be possible. You said a moment ago
that you now study honey production from
square feet instead of square miles. Have your
experiments in that line led you to determine
the number of square feet that would sustain
profitably one colony of bees ? "

"Approximately I have proved near enough
to satisfy myself; and, to speak in round num-
bers, one colony could find support and give a
good surplus of, say, 300 lbs. on 1000 square feet
of territory, or ten colonies to the acre; or 5000,
say, to the square mile."

" Let's see," said Fred, r "A thousand square
feet would be about four square rods. Whew!
that statement would sound Quixotic to every
bee-keeper in Christendom. This valley must
be more wonderful than any thing of/which
bee-men have ever dreamed. Just] imagine
5000 colonies of bees in this little valley!"

" I know," said the doctor, " that this valley
can be made to produce more than any other
place, and it will take several years to get this
up to its best; but it must be evident to you
that any favorable location under an intelli-
gent planting of trees, shrubs, vines, and plants,
could, in a series of years, be brought up to a
high state of production."

" Doctor, I must acknowledge that to be a
fact. Why! bee-keepers, as a rule, have
scarcely ever tried to increase their pasturage
beyond what nature gives them ; and the honey-
flora of the world has not been one hundredth
part exploited."

" Furthermore," said the doctor, " instead of
hunting new races of bees I would hunt honey-
producing flora and adapt it to our country.
There is a world of study and experiment await-
ing somebody in this field."

They had now reached the upper terrace, and
beyond it there was a natural formation that
attracted Fred's attention, and he halted his
burro, and exclaimed, " Why, doctor, what a
terrible-looking place that is! it looks like an
acre of glass butcher knives and cleavers, all
points and edges up. Why! a man couldn't
walk in there five feet without cutting his feet
all to pieces; and if he should fall down he'd
be a dead man, sure. Ugh!" said Fred, with a
shudder.

"Certainly, Fred, that is a bad piece of na-
ture; and now while I think of it I'll show you
some more like it;" and, alighting from their
burros, they climbed a niche in the side of
the cliff, and at the top they stood upon a little
cleared place.

" Now what do you see? " asked the doctor,
turning to Fred.

"This is truly wonderful," exclaimed Fred,
as his eyes followed the circle of the valley and
beyond. " The surface of this whole mountain
outside of the valley is butcher-knives and
cleavers; and now at least one mystery about
this valley is solved; that is why no one ever
attempts to cross the mountain."

"That is precisely so, Fred; and, further-
more, no one has a suspicion that a beautiful
valley lies beyond such a terrible surface."

"Then from the appearance of things I should
think this whole region is of volcanic origin."

" It certainly is, and I believe that this valley
was a volcanic crater years ago; there are
even now occasional rumblings, and there are
boiling hot sulphur springs in the center of it;
but it is now lunch time, and we will hasten to
the oak-trees. Sam has not arrived," said the
doctor, as they approached the trees; "but he
will be here in a few minutes. Let the donkeys
graze. Stretch yourself upon this mossy bank,
and rest. We would take our lunch at the
apiary; but Sam is an arrant coward when
near the bees. Hello, Sam ! I guess you heard
my compliments to you."

189'.'

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

93

" Dat's so, sah, an' dat's so about my gettin'
my woolly head neah de bees. Somehow dey
don't like de kinks in my bar."

" Why, Sam," said Fred, "you must have a
holy terror of the busy bee. I believe I could
teach you to handle them."

" Don't mention it. Mister Fred. Don't you
nebber mention it. De bee am de enemy ob de

"5of\ menfion it! don yo nebber
mention ii: ! de bee day am de en-
&m\j of de whoJI African racs,—
sVes sari if dar'd ben no bees dar'd
ben no brack mens! suahl- Vojes
haball dem bees yo like,
lyotanuFf, Halcrackey
guess I don know wheiib'
had nufP Mister!

^^::^

whole African race. It dar'd been no bee dar'd
a been no brack men, suah."

" Why, Sam, how in time do you make that
out?" said Fred, with no little curiosity.

"It mus' be you nebber heard our family
stradition."

" No," replied Fred. " I never did. Your
tradition certainly charges the little bee with a
mighty transaction."

" You see. Mister Fred, our African family
stradition hab it dat dar was Mister Noah,
Mistuss Noah, Ham, Shem, and Japeth. Dey
all stood aroun de doah ob de yark, a beholdin'
de animals goin' in, an' dey was all white sons
ob Mister Noah — Ham, Shem, an' Japeth. It
must a ben a spirin' scene to see de elephant,
de lions, de giraffs, de 'possums, an' de lesser
animals, all two by two, a goin' in like one
paneramy, an' dey didn't haft to buy any

tickets to see de show. Just as all de small
creeters was a goin' in, dar jus came a hummin'
down a hul swarm o' bees, an' dey jus' lit on
Mistuss Noah's close-line post. Mistuss Noah
said she didn't believe dey wanted so many,
an' was goin' to save jus' two bees and scald
de rest. But Mister Noah told her to desist,
an' she desisted; den he told Ham to put all de
bees in a big gourd, an' put dem in de yattick
ob de yark. Ham had seen so many fierce
beasts a goin' into de yark dat he was full ob
self-confidence when he 'proached de little bee,
an' he 'fused to put on his ma's brussels-net
veil. Worse still, he brushed dem off de post
wid an ole stub brush-broom, consequently de
bees took a ban' in de business, an' stung Ham
all over his face an' his head an' his arms, an'
he was a diefiful sight. When de boys, Shem
an' Japeth, got him into de tent he went right
into convulsions. De hul family was 'cited
'cept Mister Noah. He shook Mistuss Noah.
Says he, 'See he'ah, woman; you jus' stop dat
snivilin' an' git a bottle o' wine — some o' dat
ol' Canaan wine— quick, too, an' let Ham drink
a hul bottle of it. Dat good ol' wine'U contract
de sting pizen ebery time.' De Noah family
had jus' broke up housekeepin' agin a takin'
de navigation ob de yark, an' things was sort
o' mixed up in de tent. Mistuss Noah was
greatly flusterbated. but she found a bottle, an'
Ham's convulsions collapsed long enough fo'
him to drink de contents. I 'spect he hear'd
'em say it was good ol' Canaan wine. It had a
good effec', howsumebber, for putty soon he sot
up, an', says he, ' Ma, what in de dickens was
in dat ar' bottle? Now it am down, it don't
tas' good. It don't tas' like dat good Canaan
wine; it tas' orful bitter;' an' Ham hawked an'
spit.

"Mistuss Noah took de bottle an' smelt it,
an' says she, 'I dunno;' an' she handed it to
Shem, an' he smelt it, an' says he, 'I dunno;'
an' Shem handed it to Japeth, an' he smelt, an'
he said, 'I dunno;' an' Ham says, 'Pa, do
smell ob dat ar bottle.' Noah left off readin'
de daily paper, and tooK a long smell ' Lan'
sakes alive!' says he; ' woman, you gub Ham
dat ar' bottle o' brack ink, specially pared from
goats' galls, for scribiu' de flood.' But in spite
ob dat. Ham began to 'prove, an' to turn brack
all over. Says Mistuss Noah, one mornin', ' Dat
ink seems to be a strikin' in.' ' Nay,' says Mis-
ter Noah, ' it am a strikin' out;' an' poor Ham
kep' a growin' better'n better, an' bracker'n
bracker; an' bein' dat de ink struck in an'
struck out at de same time, an' den struck wid
de bee-pizen, he nebber got over it— no, nebber,
an' unnumbered generations ob his children are
brack to dis day, an' dey all hate de bee."

" Well, Sam," said Fred, " that is a most re-
markable tradition; but what became of the
bees?"

" De stradition don't say; but I 'spec' Mister

94

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb 1.

Noah see to it dat 'noiigh bees got into de yark
for seed."

niPKOVEMENTS ON BEE HIVES AND APPLI-
ANCES TURNED OUT AT THE HOME OF THE
HONEY-BEES FOK 1897.

Our policy has all along been to keep fully up
with the times, and generally a little ahead of
them. We point with pride to some of the in-
novations that we have introduced in the years
gone by. For instance, dovetailing the hive-
corners; self-spacing frames; Cowan extract-
ors; new process of comb-foundation making,
besides a long list of minor features, all of
which have come to stay, and on not one of
which have we had to take a "backtrack."
Before introducing them we have taken a deal
of pains to investigate and test thoroughly,
and the result is that I believe our bee-keeping
friends have come to look upon us as rather the
leaders in apicultural progress.

During the last two or three years we have
made no very great changes; but during this
year, 1.S97, we shall announce in our catalog
some improvements in hives and appliances
that we feel very sure will be accepted at once.
Our new 1897 list will be out, probably, within
ten days. It will contain cuts and descriptions
of the new features. Among the first is the

NEW 1897 HOFFMAN FRAME.

When we first introduced this frame, some
years ago, it took like hot cakes, and the con-
tinued and increasing demand for it ever =;ince
shows plainly enough that it is a practical la
bor-saver. It had, however, just one fault,
namely, that the bees would stick the ends of
the top-bars to the contiguous parts of the hive-
rabbet, so that, in order to remove one frame,
it sometimes became necessary at some seasons
of the year to break this top-bar propolis con-

CALLBKEATH S END-SPACER.

nection of several other frames before the
frame in question could be removed. We have
been studying on this problem for a couple of
years. We have recognized the fact that a
bee-space around the ends of the top-bars
would solve the trouble. The next difficulty
was, how to prevent end play. We had thought

of a number of devices, and finally Mr. John S.
Callbreath, of Mongaup, N. Y., sent us a frame
with furniture-nails under the top-bar, as
shown in the accompanying engraving.

I must confess I was at tirst delighted with
the idea. During the summer we tested several
hives with these end-spacers on the frames;
and to say that I was pleased with them after
manipulation was putting it mildly. During
the very worst part of the propolis season, and
even when it turned cooler, so that the bee-
glue would snap, 1 could handle Hoffman
frames with these end-spacers, with my fingers
alone. Such a thing as a screwdriver or a pry
was unnecessary. The reason will be appar-
ent. The metallic head of the furniture-nail
striking against the tin rabbet would offer the
bees no chance to propolize; and even if they
did attempt to stick it, the points of contact
were so small that it practically amounted to
nothing. You can set it down as a rule that
bees will never attempt to daub up with propo-
lis a point of metal when it comes against a
flat surface of metal.

But we met one serious difficulty— the cost.
After a good deal of inquiry we were forced to
the conclusion that we could not get these fur-
niture-nails cheap enough without tucking on
another dollar or two per 1000 to the cost of the
frames. Then our thoughts turned to nails,
staples, strips of sheet metal, iron buttons, and
every thing else in fact. The staples seemed to
be the most feasible. But the question was, to
devise some simple and cheap way so they
would be driven just so far and no further.
That problem. Mr. E. B. Weed, of foundation
fame, solved for us very nicely, and which I
will refer to further on. Well, here is a set of
Hoffman frames with staple end-spacers:

THE NEW 1897 HOFFMAN FRAME WITH STAPLE

END SPACERS.

These staples, providing they are driven the
right depth, are as good as furniture-nails, and
cost only one-tifteenth as much. The expense
is so trifling that we have d<^cided to put them
on all of our 1897 frames, without additional
cost. Of course, it will be understood that top-
bars on all such frames will be a bee-space
shorter at each end, making them K inch
shorter than the last year's top- bars. The
staples are fully as strong, and present as little
surface of contact as the furniture-nails; and
by the method which I will now describe they
can be driven to an exact depth, without any
variation.

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

The engravings below will make the matter
so plain that it will
hardly be necessa-
ry to give the meth-
od. In Fig. 6, A
shows the gauge,
the thickness of
which is just equal
FIG. 6. to the height of

the staple in the
end-bar after it is driven in. The gauge A is
pushed up against the under side of the pro-
jection of the top-
bar, as at Fig. 1,
and the staple
dropped into the
slot. It is then
driven down as in
Fig. 2, as far as
it will go. The
gauge is pulled
away, leaving the
staple at exactly
the right depth, i
as at Fig. 3 In '
this connection it
might be well to
stale as shown in
the tigure, that the projection is exactly K inch,
leaving it exactly Ji inch from the end of the

staple to
the end of
the top
bar. Fig.
5 shows a
cross-sec-
ti on of
the end
of the hive and the
frame. It will be ob-
served that the bees
can go clear around
the end of the top-
bar.

This improvement
is so important and
far-reaching in its
benefits, that, just as soon as spring opens up,
we shall change over to the end-spacing style
of Hoffman
in all our
yards. It
will not be
necessary to
discard
our old
frames
filled
with
comb.
One
man,

in three or
four days'
time, can
change over
all our col-
onies. He will carry along with him a light
sharp back-saw, and will cut off from each end
of the top-
bar J^ inch,
then
drive in the
staple as
per the
plan shown
in F'igs. 1,
2, and 3. Time can be
saved by shaking the
bees off all of the combs
of the colony in front of
the entrance and then

l^Ui

change the frames, after which proceed to the
next colony. All surplus combs not in the
hives can be change ove now in the shop.

The beauty of this improvement is that ev-
ery one can adopt it for his own yard, where
he has old-style frames; and the benefit is so
great that it does not seem io me that any one
can afford not to use it. We have already
changed ove a few of our hives sufficient to
know that the work of changing over end-spa-
cers is but slight comparat vely. We will fur-
nish the gauges A and the staples E at a nom-
inal sum. By the way, the staple B is not
shown its fu size o wire. It is, in fac No. 16
wire, and % inches long, made to order, with
prong extra wide apart.

My, oh my! how are these cold snaps affect-
ing the bees ? Ours are all right; but how are
yours?

We have so much matter that I find it neces-
sary to cut down the usual editorial space in
this issue; and even now I have enough con-
tributed matter on hand to make up almost
two whole journals yet. Our contributors will
therefore understand why some of their articles
have not yet appeared.

OUR SYMPOSIUM ; POSSIBILITIES ALONG THE
LINE OF THE NEW COMB.

In this issue we have two short symposiums
—one on the ubject of tall sections, and the
other on drawn or partly drawn combs, or, per-
haps, it might more properly be styled deep-
cell foundation with side-walls and bases as
light as natural. Just exactly what we may
expect from this new product it is impossible
at this time to foreshadow. If it shall be
feas ble som t me n the future to furnish it
the same as we do foundation, and at a price
within the reach of bee-keepers, great things
are possible. Here are a few of them: 1. Bees
going into comb honey supers sooner; 2. Se-
curing section honey during off years, when the
bees would not draw out foundation; 3. Partial
prevention of swarming; 4. Being able to pro-
duce comb as cheaply as extracted; 5. Lessen-
ing the adulteration evil in proportion to the
reduced amount of extracted honey on the
market. If as much comb can be produced as
extracted, and at a better price, it will be pro-
duce more arge y; and as retailers and com-
mission men can not adulterate honey in the
comb as they can extracted, the bulk of the
honey will be the direct product of the hive.

Now, understand that I state that these
are only possibilities. While it is possible
to produce the new deep- cell foundation in
a small way, it may be utterly impossible to
make it in sufficient quantity to put it on the
market as an article of sale, so we will not

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb. 1.

count our chickens before they are hatched.
It may be well, however, for us to consider now
the mere possibilities, so that those who secure
samples can experiment along the lines indicat-
ed in 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5.

ANOTHER COMMISSION MAN.

Mr. O. L. Hersheiser, Vice-president of the
U. S. B. K. U., which is to meet next in Buffalo,
it will be remembered, was a bee-keeper who
graduated at the Michigan Agricultural Col-
lege at Lansing, under Prof. Cook. Indeed, I
believe he had charge of the college apiary
while he was there. He was superintendent of
the New York exhibits at the World's Fair;
and at present he is an attorney in Buffalo, N.
Y., 410 Eeal-estate Exchange. He has been
fighting a certain commission man by the name
of Wm. H. Unger. operating under the firm
name of Unger & Co., Michigan St., Buffalo.
A long tale of this man's misdeeds are set forth
in the Evening Netvs of Saturday, Jan. 9th. A
single paragraph will suffice.

Here is the story of a man who was once arrested
for petit larceny and fined $50 by Judge White, of
the Supreme Court, twice arrested for assault (once
fined $30 by Judge King), now at large on his own
recognizance, having been arrested by United
States Deputy Marshal Kane, charged with using
the government mails for the purpose of defraud-
ing farmers, and the climax of whose career is the
offer of a bribe of $3.00 and a box of figs to a young
reporter to suppress the news of his arrest, and an
attempt subsequently to assault the reporter be-
cause the fact was printed. Not satisfied with this,
he made a statement to another afternoon paper
that the aforesaid reporter had tried to blackmail
him.

There are other commission houses in the
city of New Y'ork that seem to be working on
the same line; and it seems to me that bee-
keepers by this time ought to know better than
to send their honey to unknown firms. Don't
trust your honey with theno, even if they do
appear to give good impressions, and talk
about their ratings in Dun and Bradstreet. If
there are any other chaps like this man Unger
in Buffalo, I am sure our friends will know to
whom to look in the way of counsel.

FOUL, BROOD IN FOUNDATION; APICULTURAL
EXPERIMENTS.

Some years ago the suggestion was made
that there was a possibility of transmitting
foul brood through foundation; but at the
time, we all felt (without making any definite
tests) that there was no danger from this
source; but Mr. R. F. Holtermann, in the em-
ploy of the Ontario government, has been con-
ducting a series of experiments along the line
of bee-keeping, and among them was this re-
garding the possibility of transmitting foul
brood through foundation. He selected a very
bad case of foul brood, combs being fairly rot-
ten with the disease. These were melted up by
very low heat — just sufficient to cause the
wax to come to a liquid condition, sufficient for
dipping. Sheets were secured from this wax,
and they were rolled out into foundation. This

was put into a healthy hive, and the results
watched narrowly. The whole season went by
and no infection followed. When it is remem-
bered that, in the process of ordinary founda-
tion-making, the wax is brought to a much
higher degree of heat than the mere melting-
point— about 142— it will be seen that there can
be no possible danger of contracting the disease
through foundation.

formic ACID IN HONEV.

Another experiment was along the line of
determining the amount of formic acid in differ-
ent qualities of honey, obtained under different
conditions. He secured a number of samples
from different sources — some when the honey
was stored rapidly, and some when brought in
little by little. These were placed in the bands
of a chemist, and tested for formic acid. It
was found that there was more of the acid in
some honeys than in others, and that there was
twice as much in buckwheat as in ordinary
white clover. Mr. Holtermann told me that
he had always observed that bee-stings were
more painful during buckwheat season than at
any other time, and wondered if the larger
amount of formic acid in buckwheat honey it-
self, upon which the bees feed, would explain it.

I had always supposed that there was formic
acid in honey, but I was not aware before that
there was any definite proof. The presence of
this acid is probably due to the process of di-
gestion in the honey-stomach of the bee; and—
well, I'll not say more for I feel as if I were
floundering in the dark. Perhaps Mr. Holter-
mann or the chemist or Prof. Cook will en-
lighten us further.

I received the above facts from Mr. Holter-
mann by word of mouth while he was here a
few days ago. By the way, Mr. H. expects to
secure the appointment to the position of api-
cultural experimenter for the general govern-
ment of the Dominion, at Ottawa. He would
be a good man for the place, and I know his
friends will be glad to hear of his appointment,
which now looks reasonably certain.

Menthol honey cough-drops is a prepara-
tion on the market that tastes strongly of hon-
ey and menthol. An acquaintance, troubled
with a hacking cough, tried them and reports
that they seemed to give relief. Perhaps there
are others who would like to try them, as I
understand they are on sale at confectioners'
shops. We as bee-keepers need to encourage
the sale of any legitimate article of merit hav-
ing honey as an ingredient. This is not a " paid
puff;" indeed, the J. P. Annen Candy Co., of
Green Bay, Wis., who put them up, know noth-
ing of this notice.

If your bees are short of stores, and you have
no combs of sealed honey in reserve, lay on the
frames under the quilt a chunk of Good candy,
made by kneading powdered sugar and honey
to a stiff dough.

liLEANlNGS IN HEE CULTURE.

97

Our Homes.

Be thou faithful unto deatli, and I will give thee a
crown of life.— Rev. 3:10.

I had just finislied a nice supper, Chrislmas
evening, and Itie neat and obliging waiter of the
pretty restaurant had marked the price " .3,5 cts."
on a slip of white paper. As I walked toward
the desk I put a half-dollar, as 1 supposed, with
the paper, and laid both on the counter, with-
out saying any thing. The clerk touchtd his
machine. It showed up 35 cis. all right; but
instead of handing me 15 cts. only, he gave me
o?iot/ier half-dollar with the 15. My first im-
pression was that I must have given him a
whole dollar instead of a half; but while I was
meditating on it the coins were in my hand,
and, being in a hurry, I passed out. Now, I
am going lo tell the truth about it, as near as I
can. While I was going out. self (or Satan)
suggested, "It is his own job, anyway; this
trip is costing you quite a good deal; every
half-dollar counts; you have got to be a little
saving."

By the way, friends, Satan does get on a
saving mood sometimes. You will remember
his suggestion to Judas about bf^ing "saving."
The trouble is, he always advises saving money
that belongs to somebody besides his victim. I
was outdoors and had my hauos on my wheel;
but another anu far different voice was saying,
" You had better lose a hundred limes the
amount than wrong your neighbor, even if he
did make the blunder. How about your favor-
ite text, of 'being faithful unto death,' and
your teaching all along in that line ? "

Then it occurred to me that he could prob-
ably tell, even yet, what it was I gave him. I
went back inside.

" Sir, can you find the coin I gave you just
now when I paid for my supper?"

He opened the drawer, snapped his fingers,
and colored up.

"I declare, I thought you gave me a dollar;
but here is only .50 cts. in the box where the
dollar should be.'

He thanked me very courteously, saying he
feared it was not every one who would take so
much pains to correct a blunder of his own
making; but I presume it didn't even occur to
him that I didn't correct it as soon as it was
made. How does it come that I am tried so
much in just this way? Is the great God
above trying me (and you too, my friend) every
now and then, to see if we are trying to be
'■ faithful to the end" in loving our neighbor
as ourself? If so, then let us see to it, dear
fellow-travelers, that we are not entrapped by
the great adversary.

An hour later my ear caught the sound of
martial music. It was the Salvation Army.
As it was Christmas evening there were quite a
few on the streets, and quite a crowd collected
around them. A good many did not seem to
understand them. Most of them were smoking,
some had been drinking, and coarse talk and
many oaths were mingled with the beautiful
hymns that were being sung. They (the army-
workers) finally all knelt in the dusty street;
and while a woman was praying for the rough
crowd around, one fellow, more curious than
the rest, pushed through the circle and came
close up to the one who was praying. He look-
ed first at the crowd outside, whom he could
understand, then at the little flock on their
knees whom he could not understand. Let me
digress a little rieht here: -''-'

During all my life— that is, all my Christian
life— I have longed for something or somebody
who could bridge the gulf between the hard un-

believing world and true, honest, earnest
ChristLa7is, and make the scoffers comprehend
what Christianity really is. It wants grace—
oh such an amountof grace! toenable believers
and unbelievers to even converse together in a
neighborly way. Let us consider the scene I
have pictured. This stranger stands leaning
over the woman on her knees, looking down up-
on her, probably in pity. He has taken his cigar
out of his mouth; and while he puff's a cloud of
smoke all over those on their knees, even into
their very faces, he looks round inquiringly. I
think I can understand the look. To me it
seemed as if he were saying:

"Why! what are these blank idiots up to,
anyway? What is their game?"

The prayer did not attract so many; but
when the captain stepped on a chair, and sang
one of the sweetest hymns I ever heard, ac-
companying it with a guitar, they all came
thronging back. All at once I was startled by
most horrid oaths right at my elbow, and in a
woman's voice. Omitting the oaths, she said:

"They lie. every one of them. They ain't
a bit better than I am."

I came pretty near smiling at this, for it
seemed a little as if she was, to use a slang
phrase, " giving herself away." She resumed,
"They won't hold out, any way; see if every
one in the lot don't go back, before next Christ-
mas."*

Oh how I did pray inwardly for God's grace
to be poured out on that little band, and that
thev might have the Holy Spirit as on the day
of P<'ntecost, so that all that hard crowd might
hear the gospel explained in a tongue they
could understand and comprehend. My prayer
seemed answered. The woman s fling was
taken up. First one ana then another replied
in substance:

" Watch us and see if we don't hold out."
" We want to be watched." " Some of us have
been in the blessed work for many vears. We
appeal to the crowd. Have any of you ever
known a crooked thing in our past record?"
No one answered, and then a new recruit took
the stand. His testimony was something as
follows:

"Friends, this is the first Christmas that I
have passed, as a sober man, for 25 years. Just
a year ago to night, I, with a few of the same
sort, were engaged in ' painting the town red.'
Last June my friends had all given me up; I
had given myself up; but these friends here
picked me out of the gutter, told me of Christ
Jesus, and here I am, by the grace of God."

Even after this, several voices from the crowd
declared he wouldn't "hold out." "Boys,"
said he, "many of you know me. Is it not
true that 1 have been a drinking and profane
man for 25 years ? '

Many answered. " You are telling the truth
now, Jim." " We'll back up that statement."

" Well, has any one of you known of my
drinking a drop since these good people lifted
me up and had compassion on me ? "

Not a voice answered.

After this converted man had finished speak-
ing, one of the officers of the army arose and
spoke something like this:

" Friends, this man tells you that, one year
ago to-night, he helped to ' paint the town red.'
He did not add, bat I will do it for him, that
to-night he is helping to wash the town white
—not whitewashing, mind you. The Salvation
Army does not deal in whitewash— we have no
use for it; but he, with the rest of us, are try-

* This woman's talk made me think of the words,
"And, behold, they cried out, sajMng, Wha' have
we to do with thee, Jesu.=, thou Son of God? art
thou come hither to torment us before the time ?

98

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULUTRE.

Feb. 1.

ing to wash the town white in the blood of the
Lanab— Christ Jesus."

Then I thought of the words, " Purge me
with hyssop, and I shall be clean; wash me and
I shall be whiter than snow."

As that swearing and drinking crowd of men
and women gazed at that little band of Chris-
tian workers, it seemed to me that my prayer
was answered. The dullest and most obtuse
one in the lot could and must, in fact, under-
stand what it meant to be washed clean from
all their sins and iniquities. It seemed to me
that I never comprehended before so vividly
the difference between sin and godliness as we
had it there pictured before us. Taking that
crowd as it stood, and considering the matter of
cleansing them from all their sins and depravity,
I should have said, humanly speaking, that it
could not be done— that it would be a physical
Impossibility; and yet the brother's words,
which he had just spoken, were still ringing in
their ears. The marks of years of dissipation
were like furrows, and left their tracks on his
poor face; and yet he was actually pleading to
have them give up their sinful lives and sinful
ways, and trust Christ Jesus. I never before in
my life saw such a direct hand-to hand conflict
betwen Satan and Christ Jesus; and it seemed
as though at least once in the world the op-
posing forces had met. There was not any
abstruse doctrine discussed — at least nothing
difficult to understand; but it was the one
plain simple question, "Will you throw up
your old sinful life, and march with us under
the banner of Christ Jesus? " Then I thought
of the words of that old hymn-
Now wash me, and I shall be whiter than snow.
Other similar testimonies followed, and they
were all in a line to support the promise in the
text I have chosen. Some of the hymns would
have done cr-^dit to any concert I ever attended;
and after they adjourned to the hall the captain
gave us a short sermon that, in my opinion,
would do credit to any pulpit. Doubtless un-
usual preparation was made, it being Christmas
night.

1 stayed so late at their meeting in the hall it
was a little after my usual lime when I closed
my eyes in oblivion, thinking my conflicts with
the prince of darkness were over, at least for that
day. Not so, however. I was so tired and sleepy
I retired without first opening the window for
fresh air, as I usually do. Toward midnight I
awoke, feeling the air in my room was not ex-
actly what we get when— camping out under
the stars, for instance. Before the closed win-
dow was a heavy paper curtain. As this failed
to run up out of the way as it should do I
held it back with a chair; then as I could not
pull the window up, nor find the fastening, 1
turned on the electric light. Even then I did
not succeed in getting the window loose; and
to get a better chance I stepped up on the sill.
Let me explain that the building was like
many in hot climates with adobe walls— two
feet thick or more, the windows of the lower
story being quite near the ground. Well, as
soon as I was"up on the sill I found the fasten-
ing; but before I touched it I saw that I had
attracted the attention of some one at a little
distance across the common outside. This some
one proved to be a finely dressed woman, and
she was tripping swiftly toward my window
with its blazing electric light. I stepped down
very quickly, removing the chair so the paper
curtain covered the window very completely.
Tap, tap, tap, came on the glass. I stood very
still, and hardly dared breathe. If I didn't
answer or move she would surely go away, I
thought; but she kept tapping. Finally she
essayed to raise the sash; but as I could not

start it from the inside, I felt quite safe.
Imagine my consternation when I heard it go
the very top with a rush as soon as she touched
it. I moved a step or two behind the wash-
stand, while I asKed quietly what was wanted.
She pushed the curtain aside enough to show
her face, and said, as she smiled in an appar-
ently innocent way:

" I only wanted to wish you a ' merry Christ-
mas.'"

'• You have done so; now go away; good-
night."

*• Don't be cross," she added in a lower tone,
with something else, Satan in bodily form
stood before me, and gave me a brief glimpse
of what he could do in getting 7;ia?ikind to
fall at his feet to worship him. 1 stopped
her by saying, '-There, that will do;" and
at the same time I backed toward the
door on the opposite side of the room. I
made up my mind very quickly that she
and I would never be seen in that I'oom togeth-
er, not even by the holy eye of the great God
above. When I started to put out my hand to-
ward the door, then she went away. Was this
another test to see if I would be " faithful unto
death ? " In the early evening I had witnessed
what woman can do to raise fallen men; the
last few minutes had given me a view of what
Satan can do, with woman's help, to drag men
down. Under other surroundings and circum-
stances I should have called this one of the
brightest and handsomest women I ever saw;
there was a fascination about her looks that,
rightly used, might have been a great power
for good. I could only groan in spirit as I look-
ed at her. " O God! is it -incZeed- true that some
of the fairest and brightest of womankind have
sold themselves to the work of ruining the
world ? "

It sometimes seems as if no power on earth
were sulYicient to warn men of the danger of
trifling with intoxicants, and it is the same
with this other evil. Had I lost my hold in
climbing Superstitious Mountain, and been
dashed on the rocks, there would have been
some mourning, especially among my intimate
friends; but had I fallen in this other way, my
memory would have hardly been worth a
funeral at all. A man had better die an hon-
est, innocent death, a thousand times better,
than march boldly on to disgrace and ruin.
See what God's holy word says about it:

" Can a man take fire into his bosom and not
be burned '? "

"But whoso committeth adultery with a
woman lacketh understanding: he that doeth
it destroyeth his own soul."

" For she hath cast down many wounded ; yea,
many strong men have been slain by her.

" Her house is the way to hell, going down
to the chambers of death."

Mrs. Root made me a present of a book. She
sent it by mail, so it reached me on Christmas
eve. I like it so much I should be glad to have
it read by every one who reads Gleanings.*
The leading character of the book is a minis-
ter who spent his life in hardship in " being
faithful unto death," and near his end he utter-
ed the following prayer while alone by himself:

" Lord, I have groped after thee, and to
know thy will, and to do it if I could. I never
expected to be happy. Dost thou mean this
draught of human joy for me?"

It almost startled me to read it, because sev-
eral times, recently, I have used much the
same sort of prayer myself. You see our friend
had " been faithful," without any thought of
reward, and when he breathed that prayer he

*The book Is, "A Singular Life," by Elizabeth
Stuart Phelps.

1807

GLEANINGS IN BEEoCULTURE.

99

was just getting a glimpse of the "crown of
life " that comes in in the latter part of our
text.

" Be thou faithful unto death, and I will give
thee a crown of life."

Mr. L. B. Bell, of Camp Verde, Ariz., has
charge of two apiaries belonging to Mr. F. E.
Jordan. Mr. Jordan is now living in Jerome.
More of him anon. Mr. Bell does not get so
large a yield of honey by considerable as they
do in alfalfa districts. His yield during the
season just past was only about 70 lbs. per col-
ony. Their honey is gathered from mesquite
and other plants of the desert. The quality of
the honey, however, is exceedingly fine; and in
Jerome, 30 miles away, he gets for his whole
crop 7 cts. a pound. This is nearly double, you
will notice, what they get in the Salt River
Valley; but it has to be transported all this dis-
tance by wagon.

Mrs. Bell was, before her marriage, a school-
teacher in the far West. And, by the way, tiiis
rough far West is more indebted to the school-
ma'ams who have gone away out there to teach
than perhaps it will ever realize. And may I
suggest right here that I fear that some of the
men who have succeeded in getting these
schoolma'ams for wives do not always realize
how much thev have to thank God for? Some
of them do, however, evidently, and Mr. Bell is
one of these. If I am correct, one reason why he
chose that desert land for a home was because
of what I have already mentioned— that is, the
mother died of consumption, when he was
almost too small to remember her very well.
He is now rugged and strong, and I should be
almost willing to spend the rest of my life in
Arizona if I thought I should be able to acquire
the endurance to wind or weather, that he
seems to possess.

We arrived at his home Jan. 1. In the after-
noon we started out to explore some of the
ancient cliff-dwellings only a few miles from
his home. These dwellings are scattered more
or less all through Arizona. The first essential
is a cliff. Now, whether the natives in olden
times dug back into the chalky rock so as to
form cavern-!, or whether these caverns were
made by some flood in former ages, I am unable
to say. My impression is. however, that the
caves were, at least mostly, washed out by
water. The dwellings are usually found where
there is a soft stratum of chalkv rock between
two harder strata or layers. These are never
found very near the ground— generally from 30
to40fept, and often 100. and in extreme cases
400 or .500 feet from the level. Usually the cliffs
are inaccessible unless one uses a ladder, or
walks along on the edges of the shelving rocks.
Almost every time when I looked at these
homes made by that stranee race of people a
thousand ypars aeo, I would say, " Well, I am
pretty sure I should not be able to get up there
without ladders or some sort of assistance
along that line." But Mr. Bell, our pilot, re-
plied that we could reach every one of them if
we hunted up the path used by the cliff-dweliers
of old.

A good many times we found holes in the
rocks, probably made for the hands, so as to
enable one to climb along the dizzy heights.
The rooms are usually a sort of cave back in the

rock. The opening to these caves is closed up
with pieces of rock and mortar, very much as a
stone mason lays a wall nowadays. They did
very little stone-cutting, however. The chalky
rock pounded up seemed to furnish the mortar.
Instead of cutting the rocks with stone cutters'
tools they evidently selected such as were fit for
their purpose, and showed much skill in laying
them so as to have a smooth wall, outside and
in. This wall not only closed up the entrance
of the cave, but it divides off the rooms inside,
or divides one man's house from that of his
neighbor. The doors of these dwellings are all
low; in fact, it is tiresome, on account of the
constant stooping, to explore them. Some of
the largest are high enough inside so one can
stand erect; but in many of them you will be
obliged to sit or stoop down. They are black-
ened more or less overhead by smoke, and I
might almost call it the smoke of ages, for the
room still smells of smoke, even though hun-
dreds of years have past since any fire was
built. In some of the largest and finest, places
for beds or couches were worked out of the
solid rock. Much of this work is obscure, how-
ever, on account of the great quantities of bat
manure that cover the floors. In some of the
buildings it is at least a foot deep. Everybody
seems to acknowledge the value of this bat
guano, or manure; but the expense of hauling
it to a railroad station, and then paying the
cost of transportation, stands in the way of its
utilization. In one of the extensive cliff dwell-
ings, in their search for relics, it seems to me a
full carload of the guano was shoveled out in a
heap. Under the influence of the rain it seems
to have softened up into a material that looks
very much like old well-rotted manure. Our
readers may remember that we have already
used bat manure, shipped in from some of the
Southern States, in our greenhouse experiments.

There have been many conjectures made, to
the effect that these cave-dwellers were small
in stature. None of the mummies are larger
than would be those of children ten or twelve
years old. The ceiling to the dwellings would
accommodate people of about that height, and
their doorways likewise. But it should be re-
membered that many races, even at the present
time, have low doors and low ceilings. They
stoop when they go inside, and usually sit on
the ground instead of on chairs, as civilized peo-
ple do. But, to go back to the cliff-dwellings.

Oneof the most interesting features connected
with every one of these old-time homes is one or
more little closets opening into the main apart-
ment. These closets are egg-shaped, and are
made far enough into the rock so the opening
can be closed with stones and mortar; then
after it is plastered over with thin mortar,
something like whitewash, one would never
dream of the existence of this cupboard or closet
were it not that the wall sounds hollow when
you pound on it where these are found. It has
been suggested that these were made forstoring
their grain. When walled up it was secure
from rats, mice, and insects; and in the dry
rock it would probably keep several years. On
the top of the cliff we found the remains of
dwellings made entirelv of stone walls. Where
these were exposed to the weather, the roof had
long ago fallen in and rotted away: but in one
place we found a piece of timber over a door-
way, and it was still sound. Mr. Beil recog-
nized it as a very durable wood found on the
desert. As quite a number of mummies of these
ancient people have recently been found, we
saw evidences almost everywhere of where the
pick had been used in searching for relics.

In almost every one of these dwellings we
find little shriveled-up corncobs. It seemed to

100

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.!

Feb. 1.

me as if they had a kind of corn smaller than
any thing we have now in cultivation, for these
cobs were not even as large as that from ihe
smallest ears of popcorn. I could not learn that
anybody had ever succeeded in getting any of
the grains of corn of this kind. If one could
find one of these granaries full of grain, that
had never been broken open, it would be indeed a
valuable " find." These people raised crops, for
the old irrigating-canals are found all through
the valleys. In fact, quite a few times these
same old ditches have been utilized for modern
irrigation, and the engineering ability displayed
in leading the water on to the land seems to be
about equal to any thing of modern times.

The last of my notes in our last issue were
penciled while I was ensconced in the hollow of
a rock. As I had something of a cold I found
a place out of the wind, and in the sun, where
I could warm up and write in comfort. The
rest of our party were off on the snowy moun-
tain-tops hunting. Right across the river from
where I was writing was a considerable town
of cliff-dwellings. After the men returned, Mr.
Bell said we must certainly visit these, because
there were some particular features about them
different from those we had visited the day be-
fore, that I have just described. The question
was, how to get over there. The bank was too
steep to get the wagon down; but our horses,
being used to mountain climbing, got down
without any trouble. We were to cross the
river on horseback. I demurred some, fearing
the bottom might prove treacherous. Mr. Bell,
however, took the gentler of the two horses and
rode it through the river back and forth several
times. When I saw him raise his feet so as to
keep them out of the water I felt considerably
nervous at the undertaking. However, we got
across all right, and found so much that was
wonderful and strange that it was toward sun-
down before we started to go back. I suggested
he should take the same path back through the
water so there could be no danger of an acci-
dent. We had just got to the point when we
were both advised to double up our knees so as
to kf ep our feet out of the water, and were dis-
cussing whether we were exactly on the old
track. The rushing waters began to make me
a little dizzy, and at last I thought it was my
imagination that made it seem that the horse
was rolling over. In a second more, however. I
had to face the stern reality. Mollie got her
hind feet into a little spot of quicksand, and
with two men on her back she was hardly equal
10 the task of getting out. I was so used to
springing from a wheel and alighting on my
feet that I involuntarily sprang from the horse
in the same way. and I alighted in the water all
right, on my feet: but Mollie. as she went over,
struck one of my legs, and there was no help for
it — I had to go down in that raging flood of Icy-
cold water. Mr. Bell, however, spoke quickly
and sharply to Mollie: and as he" slid off she
rallied, and my leg was released almost as
quickly as it was pinned. Here was a dilemma.
I was pretty well soaked, and we were eight or
nine miles from home. Mr. Bell's buoyancy of
spirits cropped out even then and there, how-
ever. While we were wading out through the
rushing water, in a dismally comic tone he said:

"Well, Mr. Root, who would have thought
that you and I would have ' fallen out' so soo7i,
and on so short an acquaintance as this?'"-'

n spite of the watei that was dripping from
me all over, the comicality of the scene struck
me so that I laughed till my laughing helped at
least a little to keep me warm. As I approached
the wagon I asked Mr. Carey, the Quaker, to
pull a cushion from the wagon-seat and lay it
on the sand. He seemed to be a good deal wor-

ried, but took in the situation, and down I went
on the cushion, on my back. Then I raised
both feet so as to let the water run out of my
boots. I was in such a hurry that I forgot to
pull my pants well above my boot-tops, and
down went the icy water into my trousers- legs,
wetting my clothing, which was comparatively
dry until then. We soon learned wisdom, how-
ever, and when the last drop of water had drip-
ped from my boots I sprang on to my wheel and
started over the desert sand to get up a circula-
tion. After going over a mile I found a farm-
house. The people were all away from home
except some girls. I hastily appropriated the
big open fireplace, and asked the girl to help
me wring out some of my clothing. We were
soon acquainted, and got things fixed in pretty
fair shape. At this time the wagon had just
come up. Some of the girls said a flock of wild
geese were down in the field feeding on alfalfa.
Now, Mr. Elvey was the hunter of the crowd;
and if you want to see him up and dressed in a
second, just tell him there is game in sight.
The question was, should they bother with the
geese when I was in such a plight, and a dark
night coming on ? I could not keep that desert
road after dark: and, furthermore, that Verde
River would have to be crossed again about a
mile from home. 1 told them to never mind me,
but go and get the geese, and then make the
horses do their very best to catch up with me
shortly after I should reach the river. I made
the seven miles, and reached the river just as it
was getting too dark to keep my wheel off from
the thorns and cacti. But I tell you I made that
wheel fly. I was warm and comfortable, but
getting pretty well tired from so much wet
heavy clothing. I reached the river, and decid-
ed there was no other way than to ride back
until I should meet the team, even though it
was getting to be too dark to see. Before going
many rods I met the team, coming up on a gallop.

" How many geese did you get ? "

"Didn't get any geese, but we made the feath-
ers fly," said the Quaker.

Somebody else replied. " It is true, the feath-
ers did flv — when the geese did, as they always
do." And then it transpired that they felt so
anxious about me they did not wait to get with-
in decent range of a flock of fifteen or twenty
wild eeese. These fowls are ravenously fond of
alfalfa, and will return to a field again and
again, even after having been driven away by
firing at them.

I reached the friendly home of Mr. Bell in
pretty good trim. By chance a roaring fire was
ready, and I was soon safe from harm. The
next morning I think I was rather better if any
thing. The plunge bath of icy water did me no
harm. And here is a lesson for us, friends: In
cases of this kind, when you get into the water
nothing is necessary but to keep up the temper-
ature by means of brisk or violent exercise. If
you can not do any better, walk briskly till you
can cet shelter. A drink of hot water may be
all right, if the patient can be afterward pro-
tected from the weather. Usually a brisk walk
will of itself keep one from taking cold.

THE SEVERE COLD, L,A.ST WEEK IN JANUARY.

During the past few days the thermometer
has been down 16 degrees below zero; at least,
that is what it recorded Monday morning— the

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

101

coldest weather we have had here for fully 25
years, If I am correct; but I am happy to say
that our little greenhouse across the way came
through it all, just smiling. Nobody went in-
side it from Saturday morning until Monday
morning. Of course the exhaust steam was
shut off Saturday night, but the hot ground
kept the hot water circulating all day Sunday;
and even Monday morning, before the engine
started, the lines of hot- water pipes were plain-
ly visible through the frost overhead on the
glass. The house contained lettuce, and it had
been making most wonderfully rapid growth.
When I left home Dec. 1 I told the boys we
wanted the center beds arranged for sub-irri-
gation, and just 6 weeks later they showed me
the finest crop of lettuce, almost, I ever saw in
these very beds where they had done the work.
Sub-irrigation and hot-water heating by ex-
haust steam is certainly the thing for lettuce-
growing. At present writing we can't exactly
say whether our glass-covered beds outside
have sustained any injury or not; that is,
every thing was pretty well covered with snow
during the big freeze, and is yet, Jan. 30, 1897.

MAULE'S EARLY THOROUGHBRED potatoes; RE-
DUCTION IN PRICE.

The friends will remember that, some time in the
fall, I said if any reliable potato-grower offered po-
tatoes any cheaper than we did we would make the
price to correspond. We now notice that three or
I more reliable firms are offering- Maule's Thorough-
! bred at $.5.00 per bbl.; therefore this will be our
price until further orders. Those who have pur-
chased at larger prices will please notify us at once,
and have the amount over placed to their credit.
We make this offer also in regard to any other po-
tatoes that we may offer for sale. We will make
our price as low as that of any responsible grower,
with this exception : A variety that becomes scarce,
and is sold out or nearly sold out, will not, of
course, be rebated.

One pound, by mail, postpaid, 40 cts. ;3 lbs., by
mail, postpaid, 75 cts.; 50 stiong eyes, by mail, post
paid, $1.00: '/s peck, 50 cts. : 1 peck, 80 cts. ; 14 bush.,
$1.50; 1 bush., $2.25; barrel of 11 pecks, $5.00.

THOROUGHBRED AND NEW QUEEN FOR SECOND
CROP.

I did well with the 1 lb. of Thoroughbred pota-
toes. First crop. .55 lbs.; 1 pefk. planted in July,
second crop, made m barrels. New Queens also did
splendidly. New Queens and Thoroughbreds ex-
celled Triumphs in West Tennessee for second crop.

Lytle, Texas. F. J. Craddock.

MAULE'S THOROUGBRED IN NEBRASKA.

Mr. Root :— The pound 1 got of you last winter for
a new sub criher did pretty well. T got seventy-nine
pounds from one. The largest potato weighed 1 lb.
9 oz. Weighed six of them, and they weighed over
8 lbs. They are not as early here as advertised. We
have several hinds earlier. R. Chinn.

Wakefield, Neb.

THOROUGHBREDS IN OREGON.

The one pound of Maule's Thoroughbred potatoes
you sent me as a premium yielded me 71 lbs. of fine
potatoes. Single specimens weighed from 2V2 to 3
lbs. J. Y. Kauffman.

Veronia, Or., Nov. 30.

THE NEW CRAIG FOR SPRING EATING.

The early September frost caught them growing
■well, and have shortened the yield materiallv. I
have 30 busliels, with the small ones out. They
are the finest spring eating potato I ever saw, and
bother very little about sprouting.

Clark, N. T., Dec. 26. W. H. S. Grout.

Special Notices in the Line of Gardening, etc.

By A. I. Root.

We have made a careful examination of tt ost of
the catalogs of reliable seedsmen, and find very
few seeds of any kind lower than our prices, and
these prices we are going to meet; viz , Yellow
Globe Danvers onion seed we will make 5 lbs., by
mail, postpaid, $3.00; and Prizetaker onion seed. 5
lbs., by mail, postpaid, $6.00. American Wonder
peas, $1.25 per peck; $4.50 per bush., f. o. b. Medina.

QUALITY OF SEEDS.

In regard to the rjuality of our seed: We are tak-
ing more painsthat we ever did before to get only
the best. Seeds that we grow ourselves we know
are all right; and those we buy of growers with
whom we are personally acquainted we feel sure
they are all right. Where so much is at stake,
there are certain kinds of seeds that we would not
purchase or take at any price uyileas it was from
some person who is not only reliable but has inter-
est enough in the matter to make them as careful
as ourselves.

OUR AGRICULTURAL, HORTICULTURAL, AND GAR-
DENING EXCHANGES.

Price with Gleanings.

Rural New-Yorker ($1.00) weekly $1 75

Ohio Farmer ($1.00) weekly 1.60

American Agriculturist («l.OO) weekly 1.25

Country Gentleman ($2.50) weekly 3.00

Practical Farmer ($1.00) 1.50

Farm Journal (50c) semi monthly 1.10

Farm and Fireside (50c) semi monthly 1.25

American Gardening ($1 00) weekly 1.75

Market Garden (50c) monthly 1.25

Drainage and Farm Journal ($1.00) monthly. . . 1 75
Strawberry Culturist (50c) monthly 1.25

Philadelphia and New York Branch of
The A. I. Root Co.

I have decided, as 1 live (Wyncote) on the main
line between Philadelphia and New York, and do
considerable business that takes me to New York
repeatedly to ship goods from either place at Root's
current prices. This will enable all parties living in
New York State or New England to get goods for
very low freight. The A. I. Root Co. carry a large
stock at my place, and oiders filled and prices made
the same as if ordered from Medina. Address main
office, THE A. I. ROOT CO..

Wm. A. Selser, JVlgr. 10 Vine St., Phil.. Pa.

Bargains in Second-hand Bicycles.

We have on hand two ladies' Defiance bicycles,
made by ttie Monarch Cycle Co.. of Chicago, and
listed at $75.00. These are last year's models, and
were used by the women of Rootville last seaFon.
The two machines are in first class running order;
and as they were ridden but little they are practi-
cally as good as new. They have Garford spring
saddles, reversible handle-bars, li^g-inch tubing,
Morgan & Wright quick-repair tires. Weight, 25
lbs. each. Catalogs and particulars will be furnish-
ed on application. We will reenamel them, and
sell them for $40.00 each, or the two for $77..50.
Beeswax or honey at market prices will be accepted
in payment. Reason for selling— we are going to
have a tandem instead for '97

The a. I Root Co., Medina O.

Dovetailed Hives.

Sections, Extractors. Smokers,
and every thing a Bee-keeper
wants. Honest Qoods at Close
Honest Prices. 60-page cata-
log free.

J. M. JENKINS, Wetumpka, Ala.

T'S ( Get discounts on early orders for
. - ^ . qq -g bee-supplies

R/^/-\T'S (Get discounts c

nl )l )n<; i '«'''■ ^.i-Root

"^-'^^"^- (always on hand. Better prepared
than ever to fill orders jiromptly. 36-p. catalog free.
JNO. NEBEL & SON, High Hill, Ho.

10R SALE.— 1000 lbs. nice comb honey in 12-lb.

cases. L. Werner, Edwardsville, 111.

t^"In writing adrertisers please mention Gleanings.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb. 1.

Everybody
Interested in
Gardening

*Si$SS-$SSi$;^5^;

Absolutely needs our Blew Seed and W
jfi Plant BooU. It is the Gem Catalogue VV
$ for 1897, and full of Inducements that ap- w
w peal to every one having a garden. We w
W offer this year G Cliolce Novelties In W
T Vegetables, one packet of eacii, for 15 W
W cents. 6 Clioice Floral Novelties, one W
jy packet of eacU, 15 cents. liotli w
W collections, fi packets, for ^5 cents, w
W postpaid. 5 potiitds of tlie lead- w
W ing varieties of Onion Seed dellv". W
W ered to any post-ollice in tlie United W
W States for $3.00. Otii lip-to-date t ol- w
<}> lection of 8 Evertol<»..iiilng Roses Is a w
W wonder, for only 50 cents, postpaid. W
2; Almost everv pajie contains olltTsequallj- W
fl> desirable. Do not think of ordering w
5j> Seeds, Plants or Bulbs from any one be- w
W fore you have this book. It will be v.
J}> mailed free to all sending their address, w

k WM. HENRY MAULE, ^|^

'"iL ^71 1 Filbert St., Philadelphia, Pa. ' ,^

IF YOU PLANT RIGHT SEEDS

My new Seed Book tells all about the best vari-
eties of Cabbage and everything of interest
m Seeds ; how to grow them for profit, etc.

Mention
this paper

le of Buckbee's

to=day riltt

and win send you a ^__ ^„.^..,^^^ „

Race Horse Cabbage, the Earliest on
earth together with Beautifuland instruc-
tive Seed and Plant Book.

P.O. Box 614 H. W. BUCKBEE,

Uoctford Sepd Farms,

ROCKFORD, li.L.

SYR AC USE

SUSPENSORY

SUPPORTS

and protects ilie scrotum, aud sliuuiu be worn in
every case where there is any drooping- ol the scro-
tum. It is especially recommendtd to wlieelmen,
equestrians, base-ball, foot-ball, and lawn-tennis
players, athletes, men doing heavy work, much
walking or standing, etc. Ask your physician's ad-
vice about wearing a Suspensory— perhaps it will
relieve your backache. Our $1.00 grade is very pop-
ular, and your dealer, or we, will sell you one and
relund money if not perfectly satisfactory. For
sale by all druggists and dealers in athletic goods.
Send for price list. A. J. WELLS MFG. CO.,

250 Tallman Street, Syracuse, N. Y.

In writing to advertisers please mention this paper.

MOUGRI

The New Vesretable Tlie greatnovelty for
ISiiT. Li lie this illustration, 15 toSH inches long.
You never saw anything like it. Everyone
who has a garden must try it. Easily grown,
and delicious either raw or cooked. A packet
of the seed with full directions for growing
and using, lOcts. Large illustrated catalotjne of
many other Vesetable and lloral Novel-
ties free if you mention this paper. Ask for
list of bargTins In Seeds and Plants.

IOWA SEED CO.. Des Moines, Iowa.

Yell, O Yell, O'YELLOWZONES.
YELLOWZONES for PAIN and FEVER.

EASTER EGGS

EGftS FOR HATCHING— EGOS
FORMARKET-doubled i

quantity and improved :

quality by feeding he;

green cut bone pre-

r-ared by our CREENI

BONE CUTTER.^ ^

Only cutter awarded——'^ premium at
World's Fair. Oats easier, finer
and faster than others. FREE
ircular and prices. Address

WEBSTER & mmm,

CAZENOVIA, NEW YORK.

Do You Want

An Incubator?

New Double Reguta-
Jtor; Model Egg Trag

"ne-w- Alv^ERIOAyr.
Want Our Catalogue?

It's a pretty book of 68 pages, finely lltustratea,-^
worth dollars to every poultryman. A 2o stamp gets it.

Geo. J. NissLY, Saline, Mich.

INCUBATIOI

the first step in the poultry ,
'business and muchof future suc-
" spends upon its complete-
'ness. There is no failure where '
RELIABLE „ INCUBATOR <
I used. It is fully warranted and (
-_ the r'roduct of twelve years of
.experience. It has never been beaten in a<
, Show. ItisnotlikeitscoTi.petitor.^-it is better.,
. Wetell why in n(»w bonk on pou II ry. Send Klc for it.
RELIABUINCUBATOR AND BROODER CO. QUINCY- ILLS, "

LIFE PRODUCERS

flT^'^^^^L W THE SUCCESSFUL INCUBATORS.

\ f— if] LIFE PRESERVERS

t ' ^ I— W THE SUCCESSFUL BROODERS.
(^-— — ___^ (i,/^ Allabout them inourcataloRue.

--——^a/^ Sent for 6 cents.

OES MOINES INCUBATOR CO., Box 503 DES MOINES. lA.

1 H ATCUCMckens ,^ y steam-

EXCELSIGR inciibator

Simple. Perfect, Self • Regulat-
ing. Thnusatids in successful
oner.ition. Lowe4r priced
firttt-ola-<a Hatcher made.
OKO. II. STAIIL.
4 tol a^i S. fith St. Qiilncy.IU.

t^In responding to this adv

ntion ULKANU40S.

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE

103

Every piece and part of the Cleveland
Hicycle is made in our own factories by
the best of skilled workmen, undei' most
rigid inspection. The result is a Bicycle
embodying, in a marked degree, features
of safety, speed, and durability.

THERE'S HONEST VALUE IN IT.

We want the patronug-e of intelligent and dis-
criminating- buyers. lf>97 catalog mailed free
for the asking.

H. A. LOZIER & CO.,
Cleveland, Ohio,

Send 4 cents postage f(jr our booklet, "Shake-
speare and the Bicjcle." Twe ve illustrations
in colors by P. Opper, of " Puck."

Please mention i

'INK

INDEUB^J
rnPViiMf-. W

Will not Fade
nop Thieken.

Warranted First Class.

'2-pt. sample by m;til,
t; cents.

^^^_

blIjl^^H

HANDY MFCCO'SS!'

Our Prices are Worth Looking at!

I.V THE

New Champion Chaff Hive Especially.

All other supplies accordingly. Send
for catalogue and price list. Address,
mentioning Gleancnos, •
R. H. SCHMIDT & CO., Box 187, Sheboygan, Wis.

MUTH'S HONEY-EXTRACTOR.
SQUARE GLASS HONEY-JARS,
ROOT'S GOODS AT ROOT'S PRICES,

Bee-keepers' Supplies in general, etc., etc.
Send for our new catalog. "Practical
Hints" will be mailed for 10c in stamps.
Apply to

CHAS. F. MUTH » SON, Clncfnnatl, 0.

Root's Goods.

Before placing- your order for this
season, be sure to send for Root's

1897 Catalog, ready Feb. I.

Our 1897 hives, with improved
Danzy cover and improved Hoffman
frames, are simply "out of sight."
Acknowledged by all who have seen
them to be a great improvement over
any hive on the market, of last year.

Comb Foundation.^ — — ^

Cheaper and better than ever; clear
as crystal, for you can read your
name through it. Process and ma-
chinery patented Dec. 8, 1896, and
other patents pending. Samples of
the new" foundation free.

The A. I. Root Co.,

Main Office and Factory, McdinH, OHfO.

Branch offices at 118 Michigan St.,
Chicago; Syracuse, N. Y.; St. Paul, Minn.;
Mechanic Falls, Me.; No. 10 Vine St.,
Philadelphia, Pa.

SEE THAT WINK?

BEE SUPF=>LIES.

Root's Goods at Root's Prices.

Pouder's Honey Jars and every
thing used by bee-keepers. Low
freight rates; prompt service.
Catalogue free.

^ ( rn h nFDX • WALTER S. POUDER.

VJaTC povDt«^/\l> 162 Mass. Ave., Indianapolis, Ind.

A BARGAIN IN BEE-KEEPERS'
SURPl-IES.
Is ^ The best quality of goods,

when I At the lowest prices,
you 1 And get them prompt,

get ' And with small freight charges.

This is just what we can do by our 1897 custom-
ers. Estimates cheerfully given on any bill of
goods wanted. Special inducements for early or-
ders. Address

JOSEPH NYSEWANDER, Des Moines, Iowa.

/1-INCH Smoke Engine \^ill Tiaiffoo

long? Will save you tots of money and bad words.
Send for circular. 6sizes, ai}d prices of Bingham
smokers and knives. T. F. Bingham, Farwell, Mich.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE

Feb. 1.

CONVENTION NOTICES.

The seventh annual meeting of the Eastern Iowa Bee-keep-
ers' Association will be at Anamosa. la., Feb. 10, 11, 1897. Among:
the good things to be discussed will be the reports of the ex-
perimental staff appointed for speci.-il work in the apiary. Let
us forget the hard times, poor honey crop, low prices. Come
and enjoy the feast prepared for vou. Programs will be sent
to members. F. M. Merritt, Pres., Andrew, la.

The Illinois State Bee-keepers' Association will meet at the
State House. Spiingfield Feb. 24, 25 1897. The State Farmers'
Institute aiul also the State LiTe-stock Breeders' Association
meet at the same time and place. The Legislature will then
be in ses^ion. and we nope to have such a showing, and such
an influence upon it as to secure the passage of a bill that will
put iin end to the adulteration of honey in our State — the
greatest evil that exists, to the detriment of bee-keepers. The
railroad rates will be announced later. Good meals can be se-
cured at 25cts Program later. J. A. Stone, Sec.

Biadfoidton, 111.

NEW PRICES ON SECTIONS.

Instead of the price.s oii sections mentioned six
weeks ago, we have adopted the following, taking
effect ai once:

No. 1. No. 3. No. 1. No. 2.

Per 10(1. $ ..50 $ .40 lOCO ;it *3 00 $3.50

Per 3.50, .85 .75 3000 at 3.T5 3.25

Per 500, 1.50 1.25 5000 at 2..50 3.00

Larger quantities quoted on application.

NEW SCHEDULE OF PKICES ON HIVES.

We have adopted for this season a new scale of
prices on hive.s, together with a new method of
numbering. With the improvements in hive and
frame construction noted elsewhere, it seemed nec-
essary to adopt a different number to designate the
Impjoved hive so that we could distinguish between
orders made from the old list by the old numbers
and those from the new list, in which the improve-
ments will be included. Also as the 10-frame hive is
little more in favor we have thought best to quote
this in plain figures, instead of sa.ying it will be so
much above the price of the 8-frame size. The
change in numbering will be a httle confusing
at first; but if you read the following descriptive
matter carefully you will readily see the plan, and
will find that by it a very few letters and figures will
serve the same purpose as a great deal of descrip-
tive matter. This table of prices and method of
numbering goes into our catalog, which is copy-
rigiited and ail rights reserved. Hives in lots of 50
will be 5 cents each less, and 100, 10 cents less, than
the rate for 20 in the following table.

DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF DOVETAILED HIVES.

The bottoms and covers of various styles are des-
ignated by a letter; i. e., A indicates the Danz. bot-
tom, Fig. 7; B is the ordinary bottom. Fig. 5; C is the
bevel flat (Hig.) cover; D is the Danz cover. Fig, 3;
F, the flat cover; G, the gable cover. Fig. 4. The fur-
nished bodies and supers are designated by a figure
to distinguish the various styles of furnishing: 5
if dioates a body, with frames and division- board; 6,
the same with foundation-starters added; 1 indi-
cates the super with section-holders and followers;
2 indicates the same with separators added; 3, the
same as3with sections added: 4. the super complete
with starters; 8 indicates a5K-inch super, with ex-
tractiiig-frames and followers; 9 indicates the same
with starters added.

By putting together the letters and figures indi-
cating the parts you desire in a hive, and adding to-
gether the price opposite each part, you can make
up any cmibination you desire. We list under their
numbers made up in this way only a few of the reg-
ular combinations kept in stock. If you do not use
the designating letter for cover or bottom we will
send the bottom and cover designated by BD or BC.
If you want frames pierced and wire included, add
letters PW to numbers, and ten cents for each five
hives to cover expense.

No. BD5 is a one-story hive con-
sisting of bottom, cover, and body,
with frames and division-board.

No. BD.53 as shown, Fig. 13, is a
li-story hive for comb honey com-
plete except sections Hnd founda-
tion-starters; nails and separators
included: corresponds to old No. 1e.
No. BD64 is a l>^-story hive com-
plete for comb honey, with founda-
tion-starters and nails, correspond-
ing to our old No. 1.

No. BD533 is a 3-story hive for
comb honey. Fig. 13, corresponding
to our old No. 2e.

No. BD644 is a 3-story hive com-
plete for comb honey, correspond-
ing to our old No 3. These hives
are made by adding an extra super
to the m-story hive shown. Fig. 13,
No. BD.55 is a 3 story hive for ex-
tracting: corresponds to old No. 5e.
No. BD66 is the same with foun-
dation-starters for the frames;
corresponds to old No. 5 without
honey-hoard.

No. Bri58 is a ]>^ story hive for
extracting, with 5M-inch supers,
with frames and followers.

No. BD69 is the same with foun-
dation - starters for the frames
above and below.

Table of Prices of Dovetailed-Hive Parts and Complete Hives.

Old-style hives ordered by old Nos., packed as formerly, furnished at 5c each less than in the following table.

See above for explanation of letters and
figures. Nails included with all hives aud
parts.

Hives are listed both 8 and 10 frame size.
In orderiMg,indicfttethesizethu8: BD.53/8
for 8-frame, and BU.53 10 for 10-frame.

BD5hive

BD.53 hive, i-or responding to old No. 1e .
BD64 " •' " No. 1...

BD.533 " " " No. 3e .

BD644 " " '■ No. 3 |

BD.55 " •• ■• No. 5e...

BD.5S •'

BD69 " .

A or B bottom

CD, F, orG cover

Empty body with rabbets

5 body with f i ames and division-board

6 body with frames and foundation-starters
Sliallow .super with flat tins (4^ in. deep)..

1 super with section-holders and follower..

2 super, same as 1 with separators added. .

3 super, same as 3 with sections added

4 super, same as 3 with starters added

Deep super with tins {h% in. deep I

9 super with frames and followers

8 super with frames and starters I

Eight Frame.

1 00

1 40

1 70

1 80

3 30

1 65

1 40

1 60

15

30

40

65

75

35

35

40

50

KD in flat.

each

5

80
1 10
1 30

3 75

5 00

6 00

1 40
1 75
1 35

6 35
8 00
6 35

1 10

1 35

10

5 00

5 60

50

15
30
55

75

1 35

2 .50

60
15
35

3 75

60

1 10

30
40
45

1 25

1 75
3 00

18
30
40

75
1 35
1 60

10

6 70

9 30
11 10
11 70
14 90
11 10

9 30

10 30

90

1 40

3 30

4 40

5 00
1 10
3 30
3 50
3 30
3 80
1 40
3 .50
3 00

12 60
17 40
31 00
23 .50
•2» 30
31 00
17 40

Ten Frame.

Si

KD in flat.

Id

each

5

10

30

h

1 30
1 65
1 95

90
1 35
1 55

4 35

5 75
7 10

7 80
10 80

i;! 10

14 60
20 30
.'.'4 (!0

260
330
.360

3 10
3 60
1 95

1 60
3 10

1 50

9 4.5
7 00

la so
17 (iO
13 80

35 80
:i3 20
34 00

400
440
400

1 65

1 85

20

1 35

1 45

12

5 75

6 75
60

10 80
13 3>i
1 10

20 30
22 80
2 00

330
360
.50

35

45
75

18
.35
60

90

I 59

1 70
3 70
5 00

3 20
5 20
9 40

.50
90
140

85
30
40

70
18
30

3 35
1 .30

5 80
130
3 50

10 80
2 .50
5 00

145
45

70

45
55
65

35
45
55

1 .50
3 00
3 35

3 00

3 80

4 50

5 60

7 20

8 60

70

85
85

30
45
,55

20
55
45

90
150
3 00

1 60
3 00
3 60

3 00

5 60

6 80

.55

75
80

^LEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

The Testimony.

"They knock headflches clear to the horizon."
■' It's a rare pleasure to find such a remedy."
" Too much can not be said in praise of them."
•' I was suflferiner from Neuralgia, and found quick relief."
" I srot more relief from Rheumatism in 12 hours after tak-
Ing Yellowzones than from all else, tho' I was a skeptic."

An honest efficient remtdy for all
Fevers. Headaches. Colds, Grip,
Klifumatism, Neuralgia, etc. A
gren°ral service remt-dy that will
please you, or money refunded.
1 Box, 25c ; 6 for H. Most orders are for 6.

Yellowzones

ForPaiaS Fever.

W. B. House, M. D., Detour, Mich.

■r '

r~|

n-

n

1

—

:=

-

-

M

Sa

m

i

m

i

i

g

m

B

i

The Only Coiled Spring Fence.

It has taken us ten years to convince the public
that elasticity is absolutely necessary in an
etHcient and durable wire fence. It was the Coiled
Spring that did it. We own the oritiinal patent on
this device. "A word to t he wise is sufficient."

PAGE WOVEN WIRE FENCE CO., Adrian Mich.

!WOVEN.W]RE.FENGEi

■ ———————— Bpst on Karth. Hor»e-liigli, Bull- j

i strong. Pig and Chicken-tight. With j

our DCPLEX AUTOMATIC Machine B

i you can make CO rods a dav for I

^f2 to 20 cts. a Rod."

.erSOsfvles. " ■

KITSEL.M

Box .51. Ridge

Ties. Catal,,Hne Free. %

:L.MAN BROS., I

Ridgeville, Ind. ▼

In writing advertisers please mention this paper.

Sweet Potatoes.

Vi pk. G. C. Prolific, M pk. G. Grant, 3 pks. Yellow
Jerseys, all for One Dollar. Here is an opportu-
nity to try the new vineless varieties at a small cost.
J. Q. MULFOKD, Lebanon, Ohio.

Three Car Loads.

This is my first order from the A. I. Root Company
this season, and they will be delivered on cars here,
at their prices, to my customers. Send for my 36-
page catalog and get rock-bottom prices and full par-
ticulars; or, send list of goods wanted and I will
make special prices on early orders. Address

Geo. E. Hilton,

Fremont, Michigan.

Bee=hives, Sections, & Bee Supplies

AWAY DOWN.

Queens and bees for 189T at bottom prices.
Write for catalogue and prices.

CHAS. H. THIE5, Steeleville, III.

Wants and Exchange Department.

Notices will be inserted under this head at one-half our usual
rate. Advertisements intended for this department must not
exceed five lines, and you must sat you want your adv't in this
department, or we wiii not be resp uisible for" errors. You can
have the notice as many lines as you please; but all over five
lines will cost you according to our regular rates. This depart
ment Is intended only for bona-flde exchanges. Exchanges for
csah or for price lists, or notices offering articles for sale, can
not be inserted under this head. For sueli our regular rates of
20 c. a line will be charged and they will be put with the regu-
lar advertisements. We can not be responsible for dissatisfac-
tion arising from these " swaps."

WANTED.— To exchaoce bees in Root's chaff
hives, for band-saw, or planer and matcher, or
offers. M. Ludtman, Hannibal, Monroe Co , O.a

WANTED— To dispose of part or all our bee inter-
est here, consisting of supplies and i ees to
run tfjree apiaries of 100 colonies each. Famous
health resort on Cumberland Plateau; best society,
plenty of bee-forage. Wliat have you to offer in ex-
change? Thos. C. Stanley, Monteagle, Tenn.

WANTED— Engagement as manager or foreman
in large apiary; will also work for monthly
salary. Production of comb honey a specialty;
hives handled cat-like; 14 years' experience; 25;
single. Sugar-honey producers write. Correspon-
dence solicited. Address Geo. Rockfnbaugh,
Austin, Minn.

WANTED.— To exchange blackberries, Erie and
Minewaska; raspberries. Turner, Hanselland,
and Souhegan; or fine extracted honey, for .Japan
plum, Dutchess and Bartlett pears, apple-trees, or
bicycle. S. A. Jackson, Ft. Wayne, Ind.

W

ANTED.— To exchange one Root's make section-
machine (in tine order) for band-saw or offers.
The Geo. Kall Mfg. Co., Galesville, Wis.

WANTE D.— Canvassers to solicit orders for my per-
manent crayon portraits. Good wages assured.
Write for particulars. W. A. Baldwin,

Portrait Artist, Medina, Ohio.

WANTED.— To exchange 60-lb. cans in good order,
at 25 cts. each, delivered, for comb or extracted
honey at the market price.

B. Walker, Evart, Mien.

W

ANTED. — To exchange nursery stock for clover
seed. T. G. Ashmead Nursery, Williamson, N. Y.

W

ANTED.— A location for a custom saw and feed
mill. W. S. Ammon, Reading, Pa.

WANTED.— To exchange blackberry and rasp-
berry plants for bees, bee keepers supplies,
honey, extractor, incubator, shotgun, rifle, or fly-
rod. Write me what vou have to exchange.

W. G. Chamberlain, Pittsfleld, Me.

/?A-lb. cans delivered at 25 cts. each in exchange

OU for honey. Cans good as new.

J. A. Buchanan & Sons, Holliday's Cove, W. Va.

W

-To exchange bees for incubator.

L. D. Gale, Stedman, N. Y.

WANTED.— A competentand reliable bee-keeper
who would like to spend the coming spring
in the South, to write immediately to

J. B. Mitchell, Hawkinsville, Ga.

WANTED.— Power wind wheels: one or two horse
tread power; 10-in. foundation-mill; "L."
frame Given dies; Duplex grindlng-mill. in ex-
change for No. 3 Wilson farm mill, gold-filled watch,
nearly new high-grade cvcle, comb honey.

F. G. Bass, Front Royal, Va.

WANTED.— To exchange a H) inch Pelham fdn.-
mill, tank, and dipping-boards, for camera or
offers. E. J. C. Troxell, Ft. Seneca, O.

WANTED.— A violin-player would like employ-
ment where there is a chance to play in or-
orchestra. Some experience at bee-keeping. Handy
at almost anything. Strictly sober and attend to
business. Fred C. Fuller, Montague, Mass.

WANTED.— To exchange a Gormully & Jeffery
ladies' wheel in Al repair, and a Monarch
gents' wheel tl^at is strong and serviceable ($80.00
for both wheels), for nice white extracted honey.
Herman F. Moore, 6203 State St., Chicago, Til.

WANTED.— A situation in an apiary and fruit-
growing farm. Age 20; had Ave years' experi-
ence in bee-keeping. J. W. Furman,
Box 106, Shamokin, Pa.

WANTED.— To exchange Japan plum trees for ex-
tracted honey or offers. Abundance, Burbank,
and Satsuma by mail.

John Cadwallader, North Madison, Ind.

W

ANTED.— To exchange nice comb honey for thin
foundation. L. Werner, Edwardsville, 111.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb. 1.

nevTpeaches^

-Triumph, Greensboro, Sneed, Fitzgerald and Bokara No. 3.

NEW CHESTNUTS

— Nunibo, Paragon, Ridsiley. For description of

these and other Fruits, Or II a iiK'iital Trees, Slirubs,

Roses, Plants, Bulbs, Seeds, eSe. Send for our valuable iVee talalo:iue, a

boofeof 168 pastes, luau'aziiie size. One of the most, if not the most complete
assortments in America. About a quarter of a niillioti PEACH still unsold.

Many other things in proportion. Seeds, Plants, Bulbs, Small Trees, etc. postpaid. Safe
arrival and satisfaction guaranteed, larger by freight or express.

43rd Vear. 1000 Acres. 33 Oreenlionses.

STORRS & HARRISON CO , Box 92 Painesvil

iinsoia. ■

laid. Safe tm

None-Better-Orowif

No better trees, small fruits, vines, roses, crnamei;..al Glirul^s— noJargcr stock-
no greater variety — uo iiner quality — anywhere. We sell direct to the consumer
save him 50 per cent. \Vrite for illustrated catalog and learn how we do
; crates and baskets. REID'S MURSERIES, BRIDGEPORT. OHl

[STAR

and

iJ;?AViM^;l;a

m.I»l:yj.I»MHy.T»l'4HdrnT

B

1897

IIDpCC'C FARM ANNUAL

MM III ^^ ^^ J^M "^ells the plain truth about

^^■■" ^^ ^F xhe BEST SHBDS that Grow!

Hundred.? of illustrations and remarkable Novelties, painted from nature. Known as
"The Leading American Seed Calaloeue." J8S° Mailed FREE to all.

W. ATLEE BURPEE & CO., PHILADELPHIA, PA.

Bee-keepers and Farmers!

You can get The Hichigan Farmer every week one year (53 times> for only one dollar. In It you will
find every thinfr you need— bees, poultry, live stock, agriculture, liorticulture, dairy, market reports, etc.,
etc. It lias 32 departments. Its articles are all written by the very be^t writers money chd secure. Not
an objectionable article or advertisement in its columns. Tlie market reports alone will pave you many
times the cost. Send direct to Michigan Farmer, Detroit. Mich., for tree sample copy, or we will send it
every week one year for one dollar, or with Gleanings in Bee Culture both one year for only one dollar
and fifty cents.

75

cts.

• •

Send this Coupon and 25 cts. for

TEXAS FARMER (Dallas) ONE YEAR.

Agricultural, Literarj, News, and Family Paper. Sample free.

In responding to these advertisements mention tliis paper.

Read what J. I. Parent, of
Charlton, N. Y., says— " We cut
with one of your Combined Ma-
chines ast winter 50 chaff hives
with 7-inch cap, 100 honey-
racks, 500 broad frames, 2.000
honey-boxes, and a grea deal
of other work. This winter we
have doubled the amount ©f
bee-hives, etc.. to make, and we
expect to do it all with this saw.
It will do all you say it will."
Catalogue and Price List free.
Address W.F. &JOHN BARNES, 545 Ruby Street,
ockford. 111.

When more convenient, orders for Barnes' Foot-
Power Machinery may be sent to

THE A. I. ROOT CO., Medina, O.

Dearl Gooseberry ! Rest in the world ; .50c each, $2.50
■ per (lair-diizen, if5. 00 per dozen. Mention Gi.ean-
INC.S. T. G. ASHMEAD NURSERY, Williamson, N. Y.

ONE MAN WITH THE
UNION COMBINATION SAW

Can do the work of four men us-
ing h^nd tools in Ripping, Cut-
ting off, Mitering, KHhbeting,
Grooving. Gaining, Dadoing,
Edging up. Jointing Stuff, Etc.
Full Line of Foot lind Hand
T'ovver Mrichinery. SoJdmi Trial.
C(it(,1,,(i Free. l-24ei

SENECA FALLS MFC. CO.,
44 Water St.. Seneca Falls.N V

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Contents of this Number.

Alfalfa for Honey 115|Ineome. To Figure, on Bees 123

Armenians i:« Loekinp Horns 119

Caramels, Honey 12:i|Maniiiii'> Enormous Potato. 135

Clover, Sweet, A ikin on ll . MMni,/iiina-< Well 132

Comb. Worker, To Secure.. . m N. vn i,i m . n Potato lU

Fi-ed Anderson l-'i s, i ~ fall 123

Honev, Weather for in'- \ ..i.v i ithijr 118

Honev-leartet, Our Ij; Wui nmu t<. ISt'e-keepers. . , .126

Honey Column.

CITY MARKETS.

San Francisco.— Hodcy.— Fancy white, 10@11 ; No.
1 white, 9@10; fancy amber, 7@8; No. 1 amber, 6@7:
faufy datk, 5@6: No. 1 dark, 4@5; white extracted,
.5@5J4: amber, 4@4X: dark, 3i/i@3; beeswax, 23@35.
Demand and stocks are light.

Henry Schacht,

Feb. 1. San Francisco. Cal.

Kansas City.— ii(j?(ej/.— Fancy white, 34; No. 1
white, 12@13; fancy amber, 11@12; No. 1 amber, 10
@11; fancy dark, 10; No. 1 dark, 8; white extracted,
o!4@6; amber, 5®5^; dark, 4@4'i; beeswax, 25.
C. C. Clemons & Co.,

Feb. 8. 423 Walnut, Kansas City. Mo

Minneapolis.— Honey. — Fancy white, 13@14; No.
1 white, 11@12; fancy amber. 9@10: No. 1 amber, 8®
9; fanoy dark, 7@8; No. 1 dark, 6@7; white extract-
ed, 6@7; Utab,6@6; a- ber, 5@6; dark, 4@6; bees-
wax, 23@26. Market very quiet, and little doing.
Comb honey fairly well cleaned up, and shipments
salable on arrival. S. H. Hall & Co.,

Feb. 8. Minneapolis, Minn.

Philadelphia.— /forjey.-No. 1 white, 9@10; fan-
cy amber, 8@9: No. 1 amber, 8; fancy dark, 7: white
extracted, 6@7; amber, .5; dark, 4; beeswax, 26.
The honey market is much flepressed at present.
Very little fancy comb, and not much call. The
season is getting late, and we are pushing extracted
honey. Wm. A. Selser,

Feb. 8. No. 10 Vine St., Philadelphia. Pa

Detroit.— Honey.— Fancy white, ]3@14; No. 1
white. ll@13ii; fancy amber, 10@11: No.] amber, 9
@10; fancy dark, 8@9; white extracted, .5>2@6; am-
ber, 5@.5!4 ; dark, 4; beeswax, 25@26.

M. H. Hunt,

Feb. 8. Bell Branch, Mich.

Cincinnati.— Honey.— No. 1 white, 13@13; No. 1 |
amber, 11@12; No. 1 dark, lOrail; white extracted,

5@6; amber, 4@.5; dark, 3Vt@i; beeswax, 22@25. j
Demand for all kinds of honey is exceedingly slow.

Chas F. Muth & Son, i

Feb. 8. Cincinnati, O. \

St. Louis.— Honey.-Fancy white, 13V4®13; No. 1 t
white, ]i;4®12; fancy amber, 9'4(810; No. 1 amber.
8'/2@9: fancy dark, 8@8i/2; No. I dark, 7®8; white
extracted, in barrels, 5@5V^: In cans, 6@6H : amber,
in barrels, i^Pi: in cans, .5®5'4; dark, 3V4®4: bees-
wax, 23i4@24. The movement of honey has been
rather slow this season.

Westcott Commission Co.,

Feb. 8. 313 Market St., St. Louis, Mo.

ITChicago.— Hojicy. — Fancy white, 13; No. 1 white,
10@11; fancy amber, 9@10; No. 1 amber. 7@8; fancy
dark. 7@8; No. 1 dark, 7; white extracted, .5@7;
amber, 5®6; dark, 4@4'2: beeswax, 2r)@27. Very
little call for honey of any kind.

R. A. Burnett & Co.,
Feb. 8. 163 So. Water St., Chicago, 111.

[ Boston. — Honey. — Fancy white, 13; No. 1, 11®
12: fancy amber, 10@11: white extracted 6@7; am-
ber, .5®6; beeswax, 25. Dark comb honey will not
sell in this market; but fancy honey in cartons will
go very well. Supply fair, and light demand.
Beeswax is in short supply, and wanted.

E. E. Blake &Co.,
Feb. 8. 67 Chatham St., Boston, Mass.

Columbus —Ho>iey.— Fancy white, 12yj; No. 1
white. 11; fancy amber, 9. Weather very cold, but
very little doing.

The Columbus Com. & Storage Co.

Feb. 1. 409-413 N. High St , Columbus, O.

For Sale.— 60(10 lbs. extracted honey, in new cans
and cases, $37.5.00. Speak quick; who wants it ?

Elias Fox, Hillsboro, Wis.

The "IRON AGE'

WHEEL HOES

High Steel Wheels cause them to
run easily and steadily, not yielding
to inequalities of ground.

Tubular Frame coupled to malle=
' able castings give extreme lightness,
with freedom from breakage.

We make 50 different implements,
among them a full line of garden
tools. Send for catalogue.
BATEMAN MFG. CO., Box 120, Grenloch, N. J.

US

'INK

Will not Fade
nop Thieken.

Warranted First Class,
'j-pt. sample by mail,

ti ccill.s.

INDEUB^J

^^_

HANDY MFS.CO."?;^'

[t^"In writing aiivertisers please mention Gleaninus.

WHY FREEZE? i

A No need to in California— the thermometer ^
W is always away up there. 'Tis the place for you \
S to live. We sell homes there cheap— city and S
^w country PDV4r Wt^iTo.vr^/* T.

Pryal Realty Cc
W. A. Pryal, Mgr. Oakla

( uo., ^

nd, Cal. r

ONE MAN WITH THE
UNION COMBINATION SAW

('in do the work of four men us-
ins' hnnd tools in Ripping, Cut-
titig off, Mitering, Kaljbeting,
Grooving, Gaining, Dadoing,
Edging up, Jointing Stuff, Etc.
Full Line of Foot and Hand
Power Machinery. Sold on Trial.
Cataloo Free. l-24ei

SENECA FALLS MFC. CO.,
44 Water St.. Seneca Falls.N V

D

ON'T place your order for berry-plants until you
send for my price list. H. H. Aultfather,
Box B, Minerva, Ohio.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

See

what

NEW SUBSCRIBERS

Feb. 15.

are
Offered.

New subscribers are what, eveiy journal most earnestlj' desires. As a matter of course, if tlie jour-
nal is good, most of the old subsci-iber-i will stay by it; but to set new subscribers, to Ret the journal into
the hands of new men, that they in time may thus become old subscribers, is what ev ry j urnal strives
for most earnestly. To this end I make the following offers. For $1.00 I will .send tlie Bee=keepers' Re=
view for 1897 (and throw in the December, 1896, number, which is especially g-ood) and the 5u-cent bools,
"Advanced Bee Culture," or, in place of the book, 13 back numbers of the Review For $1..")0 1 will send
the Review and a fine, tested. Italian queen— queen to be sent early in the season of 1897. For $3.50, the
Review and 1000 No. 1 fl st-class one-p ece sections. But, remember, these offers are only lo those who
are not now subscribers to the Review, and as a special inducement for them to try the Review at least
one year.

W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint, Mich.

It is here.

The year 1897 is here, and we are happy to in-
form our friends and customers that we are now
better prepared than ever before to illl your orders
for queens and bees. We have the larg-est stock
ever operated by us, and we mean to be ready with
plenty of bees and queens to fill all orders without
delay that are sent to us.

Bees by the pound, 81.00; ten or more pounds, 90c
each Unte.sted queens for 1897, U 00 each in Feb-
ruary, March, April, and May; $5.00 for six, or $9.00
per dozen. For larger amounts write for prices.
Have your orders booked for your early queens.
Safe arrival guaranteed.

Root's goods, Dadant's foundation, and Bingham
smokers. A steam bee-hive factory, and all kinds
of bee supplies.

The Southland Queen, the only bee-paper in
the South, monthly, $1.00 per year.

Send for catalog, which is almost a complete book
on Southern bee-keeping, givin> queen-rearing in
full, all free for the asking. If you want full infor-
mation about every thing we have, and the bee-
book, don't fail to ask for our 1)^97 catalog.

The Jennie Atchley Co.,

Beeville. Bee Co., Texas.

Fruit Packages of all Kinds,

A7.SO

Bee=keepers' Supplies.

We allow a liberal discount
on early orders. Why not send
for your supplies now to save
the discount and avoid the rush
of the busy season? Catalogue
and piii-e list free. Address
BERLIN FRUIT=BOX CO.,

Berlin Heights, Erie Co., Ohio.

SEE THAT WINK?

BEE SUPPLIES.

Root's Goods at Root's Prices.

Pouder's Honey Jars and every
thing used by beekeepers. Low
freight rates; prompt service.
Catalogue free.
*ii „K„,,„,u.v , WALTER S. POUDER,

^jcnpoVUCttiflp 162 Mass. Ave., Indianapolis, Ind.

Philadelphia and
New York Branch of

THE A. I. ROOT CO.

I ha\p decided, as 1 live (Wyncote) on the main
line betWfen Pliiladelpliia and New York, and do
considerable business that takes me to New 5forfe
repeatedly to ship goods from either place at Root's
current prices, 'lliis will enable all parties living ia
New york State or New Enjilandto get goods for
very low freight. Tlie A. 1. Root Co. carry a large
stock at my place, and orders filled and prices made
the same as if ordered fi'om Medina. Address main
office, THE A. I. ROOT CO.,

Wm. A. Selser, Mgr. 10 Vine St., Phil., Pa.

The Danzenbaker Hive

Has valuable features
possessed by no other,
and is surely winning-

if« wnir- was awarded Spe- I
Its way, ^.^, Diploma, and'
First Premium for COMB
HONEY, at Mich. State Fair, 1896. Address

Francis Danzenbaker, Medina, Ohio. |

Care The A. I. Root Company.

Are You Going to Buy.

Apiarian Supplies or Bees?

If so. You Want the Best.

This s the only quality we keep. Our prices on
them are low, and our 1897 circular describing them
is yours lor the asking. We keep in stock several
carloads of supplies, and can ship promptly.
Apiary, I. J. STRINGHAM,

Glen Cove, L. I. 105 Park PI., N. Y. City.

Cif^rk C art-i Invested in a postal card
UnC V/CllX will get my large cata-

"— "'-"^"— "- " logue of all Root s goods.

Can save you money. M. H. HUNT,

Bell Branch, Mich.

160-page BBe-DooR SGut Free will flmeriGan B88 Journal,

Bee-book
FREE.

Every new snhscriher sending $1.00 for the weekly American Bee Journal
for o!ie year will receive a copy of Newman's 160-page "Bets aud
Honey" free. The old American Bee Journal is great this year. You
ought to have it, even if you do take Gleanings. Sample of Bee Jour
nal free. Write for it.

GEORQE W. YORK & CO., 118 Michigan St., Chicago, III.

In writing advertisers please mention tliis paper.

-.^

A

• delvote:_
To 'Be. ELS •'V

•AND Hon EY^
AliDHOMEL- '?»

?obiishedyT«EA ll^ooY Co.
PER^tAR. ^g) "Medina- OHIO'

Vol. XXV.

FEB. 15, 1897.

iNo. 4

Try honey in your hot drinks. Costs more,
but it's more wholesome. I use it in coffee.

I don't know whether I can fully answer F.
Greiner's question why bees gnaw the cappings
of sections in one case and not in another; but
I know one thing that probably he knows, that
blood makes a big diflFerence. Black bees are
ever so much worse than Italians.

W. K. Morrison is one of the men who have
faith in Apis dorsata; but he believes in com-
mon sense, and says, in American Bee Journal,
"Many will agree with Dr. Miller when he
suggests that those who go after new races try
them on their own ground, for it is common
sense."

For permanency of honey sales, give more
attention to consumption of honey by children.
It's said you can't make honey a staple — people
tire of it. I doubt if that's true as applied to
children. Let them have it constantly ad
libUum from childhood, and they never seem
to tire of it— at least some of them.

T. P. Andrews says I've omitted from the
list of defunct bee- journals The Bee-lieepers'
Journal, published by H. A. King & Co.. from
about 1870 to 1873, when the Bee-keepers' Maga-
zine took its place. Practically it was only a
change in name, but it should add about three
years to the life-lease of the Magazine.

That BIG CAVE of bees with tons of honey
has again been discovered, with a stream of
bees like a tar rope two feet in diameter. This
time it's in the mountains of Pennsylvania,
and the only way to get at it is to blow up the
mountain side with dynamite. The truthful
narrator in the present case is the Philadelphia
Times.

If F. L. Thomps6n will look far enough back
on his tiles, I think he'll find that I told the
very thing he asks for, on p. 81. I've sent hon-
ey in a trunk to his State, done up in a paper

just like sugar. Simply turn the crock or bar-
rel of honey on its side and let it drain days
enough. But it won't work with all kinds of
honey.

Friend Getaz, I'm not so sure that your
theory, p. 89, that old queens encourage paral-
ysis, is correct. I'm a honey-producer, and
have had lots of old queens and many cases of
paralysis, but it never amounted to any thing
except in one case. Did you ever hear of its
being bad in the North? Ifs you southern
fellows that catch it.

If half the effort that has been expended
in securing additional yellow bands had been
made to secure longer tongues, it is possible
that we might be now selling crops of red-clover
honey. [I am glad to see that the craze for
yellow bands has very perceptibly declined.
Perhaps we can now begin to turn our thoughts
toward securing bees for business.— Ed.]

Honey-caramels may be the thing, friend
Thompson, that you are groping after on p. 82.
Thoy cost less than capsules, and are not so
suggestive of medicine. [Dr. Miller sent us a
sample of honey-caramels that were just deli-
cious I believe the recipe originated in his own
family; at all events, it is given in the honey-
leaflet now for sale, and mentioned in another
column.— Ed.]

Tall sections require more foundation to
fill them, says C. Davenport, p. 85. With the
same thickness of comb, I don't see why an ob-
long section should take any more foundation
than a square one of the same weight. [With
the same thickness of comb, no more foun-
dation would be required; but the tall sections
contemplate thinner combs, and, of course, that
would mean more foundation.— Ed.]

If buckwheat honey has twice as much
formic acid as clover, then foul brood ought
not to be so bad with buckwheat. Wonder if
there's any difference in fact. [If formic acid
is soing to do any thing toward curing or keep-
ing down foul brood, there will, perhaps, be less
of that disease where there are large quantities
of buckwheat honey produced. But why should

114

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb. 15.

there be more formic acid in buckwheat?
Perhaps it requires more of it as a preservative,
for indeed this acid is a strong antiseptic. —
Ed.]

That new spelling on page 77 so " aston-
isht" the Medina printers that if'knockt"
'em clean out. They got that straw badly
" mixt," and the last two lines of the page have
" swapt "places. [The " swap '' was discovered
in our office after it was too late to swap back
again. As the lines now stand they make Dr.
Miller say just what he did not want to say;
yet I hope most of our readers "'ere able to
recognize the discrepancy.— Ed. 1

A former editor— one who had snap too—
writes that in the list of defunct bee-journals I
ought to have included some that are dead but
still appear regularly. Perhaps he thinks it
might be said of them as v?as said by the Irish-
man of the turtle which walked around long
after its head had been cut off: " The crayture's
dead, but it's not sinsible of it." [Yes, perhaps
there are one or two that might very properly
be classed as dead so far as any influence or
effect they have upon general bee-keeping is
concerned. But, say — if you had mentioned
their names, I rather imagine you would have
found they had a spark of life left.— Ed.]

I'm wondering what sort of Miller feeder
Wm. G. Hewes has when he says, on page 84,
"Unless it fits the super very snugly, many
bees will be drowned." What's a super on the
hive for? and how do the bees get in the feed ?
There's no possibility of my bees getting
drowned unless they get under the cover from
the outside. How is it in Medina, Mr. Editor?
[No trouble about bees drowning in the Miller
feeder, at our yard. In fact, it is absolutely
impossible for the bees to get at the feed except
through the narrow passageways; and in them
the bees can not by any possibility be drowned.
Perhaps friend Hewes did not use them in
closed supers. — Ed. J

I've been using frames with top-bars )^ inch
short at each end, like tho*e on p. 94, and I
think it's a fine improvement. I've been using
that gauge on p. 95 for two years, and like it.
But I like the end-spacer I sent you better, I
think, Mr. Editor, than staples. [Yes, indeed.
For the last two years a number of letters have
passed between Dr. Miller and ourselves re-
garding the advantages of having a bee space
around the ends of the top-bars; and his ex-
perience has been exactly our own; namely,
that it is indeed a "fine improvement." But
until this year we did not decide to list it in
our regular hive combinations. The "end
spacer that Dr. Milller refers to is simply a
wire nail driven through the end of the projec-
tion of the top-bar from tne top, diagonally, into
the end bar. This feature will be illustrated a
little later on; but it seems that friend Boom-

hower has been using this device for a num-
ber of years. For further particulars see edito-
rials.—Ed.

"In examining sections in their various
stages of progress we invariably find them on
both sides alike, drawn out and filled, or so
nearly alike that a swinging one way or the
other, by greater weight on one side, could not
be caused."— G. C. Greiner, page 86. Friend
G., it must be you never have weak colonies or
poor harvests. I've had lots of sections fasten-
ed to separators by lop-sided building. But
since using bottom starters I've no trouble.
[Dr. Miller uses square sections. In fact, I be-
lieve he always has used them; so the trouble
with comb being fastened to the separators
would be little if any worse with tall than with
square ones. Dr. Miller very truly says, a
bottom starter would remedy that. See Dool it-
tie's article in current number.— Ed.J

How TO BAKE honey-jumbles is inquired
about by "Texas." We bako 'em just like
cookies. Mix together the honey, molasses,
and lard. Add the salt. Dissolve the soda in
the water, and stir thoroughly into the mix-
ture Add the vanilla. Stir into the mixture
a part of the flour, reserving the rest to roll out
with. Roll about half an inch thick, and cut
out with a doughnut or jumble cutter, which
leaves a hole in the center. Grease the pans
before putting in the jumbles, and bake in a
meaium oven. [The complaint at our house in
regard to making jumbles is that the dough is
rather too sticky to handle easily; still, the
women-folks around Medina seem to make
quite a success of the jumbles. Every once in
a while an employee will lay upon my desk
samples of his wife's make, and they are all
good. This goes to show that the recipe is a
success, and that any good cook can make good
jumbles. The home-made will be better than
the bakers', because, as a rule, a finer article of
honey will be used.— Ed.]

I have a great deal of faith in the bee-sting
cure for rheumatism, having suffered a num-
ber of years, and since I have kept bees it has
disappeared. Whether the stings did it, or
whether eating honey did it, I can not prove;
but I am inclined to give the bees the credit.

Ottawa. Ont., Jan. 11. J. Fixter.

WOOD splints for frames of foundation.

Gleanings for Nov. 15th reached me here.
Referring to your editorial comments, that
wiring would be more expeditious than setting
of foundation with wood splints, I would state
that about 130 frames per hour can be easily
filled by experienced hands ready for the bees
to begin work upon, using 7 splints per frame,
which is a sufficient number of splints for me-
dium brood foundation. B. F. Avebill.

Middletown, Mass., Jan. 1.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

115

Bu R. C. Aikin.

ALFALFA HONEY: ITS CHARACTER; TENDENCY
TO GRANULATE.

The quality of this honey is very good. My
experience is that it is fully the equal of white
clover in respect to color, though some from
other States or elsewhere report it as amber in
color. Possibly soil or other conditions have to
do with color; but my opinion is that the great
bulk of it is white. In body, it is very heavy.
It frequently becomes so very thick and tena-
cious that it can not be successfully extracted
unless at a temperature of nearly 90 degrees F.
In flavor it is quite mild. There is an entire
absence of that sharp twang peculiar to white
clover. Many people who could not eat honey
in the East are very fond of alfalfa, and eat it
with no evil effects. It is a rare thing to find
one who dislikes th alfalfa flavor if he likes
honey at all. and very many will eat it who
would not eat other honeys.

Now, while the body, color, and flavor are
excellent, there is one feature that is against
it; and that is its tendency to granulate. Al-
falfa comb honey, as a rule, will not keep over
winter without granulating to some extent,
both in brood combs and sections. Let me say
right here that I anticipate a thumping from
some of the alfalfa-producers; but, thumping
or no thumping. I want to tell the truth If
telling this truth about it will injure its repu-
tation, it will have to bear it; but the fact
remains that its good qualities will find it a
market in spite of the one failing.

Extracted honey will candy solid in ten days
to six weeks from extracting. With me it does
this every time. This candying is a more
serious question when extracting than if comb
is produced. If the last extracting be a month
later than the first, the first will be solid in
tanks, cans, or whatever in, before we have
time to get it in shape to retail. Wherever a
bit of the honey stands for two or three weeks
it must he heated to get it out This question
has become so serious with some of us that we
think of adopting altoeether different methods
from those now in vogue in the matter of mar-
keting extracted honey. The marketing ques-
tion I will handle by itself, so drop it here.

OTHER HONEY-PLANTS.

The noted Rocky Mountain bee-plant (cleome)
grows quite freely in some parts of the State.
This plant is a great favorite with the bees,
and, like the sweet clover, will be covered with

bees. Several times I have had occasion to
photograph it, but it seemed that the bees could
not be kept off long enough to let it become
still. This plant is quite peculiar in some of
its habits. It seems to prefer a dry soil, often
growing on gravelly, barren-like places that
grow little else. While it will grow luxuriantly
on good soil, it evidently will not thrive with
"wet feet." It is strictly an annual, growing
two to six feet high. When crowded together,
plants usually attain an average height of two
to three feet; but if not crowded they grow
four to six feet, and spread their branches to a
diameter of three to four feet. Like nearly
every other plant that succeeds in dry soils, It
has the characteristic long tap root. The
bloom is a pinkish purple, and a very pretty one.
The cleome honey is just enough amber that
it can not be strictly called a white honey.
The flavor is a little bit rank at first; but when
well cured it becomes rather mild and not un-
pleasant. In flavor I would class it with
heart's-ease, and In color a little whiter than
heart's-ease.

SWEET CLOVER.

This plant is so well known that it needs no
detailed description. It also has the penetrat-
ing root, grows on almost any soil, and yields a
good grade of semi- white honey. The plant
has been said to prefer a dry soil. In Colorado
it grows well along ditch-banks, on bottom
lands, and near the margin of swamps. I
should say it favors a rich, moist, but well-
drained soil. I say it grows on ditch-banks,
and so it does. The Easterner would associate
a ditch with a swampy, heavy wet land. In
this country a ditch is rarely built for drainage
purposes in soggy land, but through high,
dry, rich farm land, to convey water to irrigate
growing crops. The soil is rather clayey, and,
though the ditch have a continual running
stream, the water does not " percolate " (seep
or waste through the soil) sufficiently to keep
alive a shallow-rooted plant a distance of one
rod from the ditch. Our ditch-bank, then,
means a well-watered, well-drained soil; and in
such, sweet clover thrives.

I have no other honey-sources that give a
surplus except sometimes red clover. The red-
clover honey is almost an amber, and has the
decidi d clover twang. I would class it as first
grade, but at the bottom of the grade.

We have a weed that I think is peculiar to
the West, and of which I can not recall the
botanical name. It has the sunflower form of
bloom, about one inch in diameter, and yellow.
The plant grows about one to three feet high,
and blooms in August and September. It Is
called here resin-weed, because the leaves and
branches have a glossy, gummy surface. It
yields much pollen and a little honey. The
honey has a golden tint and somev^^hat rank
flavor, though not bad, and candies very quick-

116

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb. 15.

ly. One of our apiarists, speaking of it, said,
" When the bee works on the resin-weed it hies
itself home quickly to unload before the honey
candies in its sac."

CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH THESE PLANTS
YIELD HONEY.

There seems to be something in weather con-
ditions that none of us understand, that seems
to stop all secretion of nectar when we would
expect it to be otherwise. Such times we seem
to have right conditions, yet no secretion takes
place. This I can not at all explain. Aside
from this I will speak only briefly of conditions.
J find alfalfa yielding well in steady settled
warm weather, preceding thunder storms, and
right through local thunder-showers; but im-
mediately following a ge?ierai storm the secre-
tion is very light. Cleome yields best early in
the morning, and when the weather is slightly
cool and damp. Work begins much earlier in
the morning on cleome than on alfalfa, and
ceases earlier in the day. This would indicate
that heat is necessary for alfalfa, and cool
weather for cleome. Sweet clover seems to be
less affected by either heat or cold, though I
am inclined to believe that it does best with a
good degree of moisture. I know bees will
work it in damp heavy weather. Sweet clover,
I thinu, is not worked so early in the morning
as cleome, the latter being worked promptly as
soon as the bees can get out in the morning.
There Is one thing that I have observed for
many years — that bees are eager for pollen in
the morning. There is considerable primrose
in my neighborhood, and the bees will rush for
that in the very early morn, and come In with
great trailing loads of pollen. Corn is also
visited in the early morn. I do not know
whether or not it is a provision of nature that
the pollen-bearing plants should yield in the
morning more than at any other time, but I do
know that more pollen Is gathered in the early
part of the day.

The past two years have been very poor hon-
ey seasons in Colorado. Both years we had a
good bloom. I thought each season that the
prospect was good for a crop of honey, yet it
seems there have not been poorer years since
the country was settled. The year 1895 was
what is called there a wet one. A wet year
means one in which there is almost sufficient
rain to grow crops without irrigation. Neigh-
bors continually asked if the bees were doing
well. I would reply they were not. Why?
What is the matter? Is it too wet? Then 1896
was dry and hot— not unusually dry, but un-
usually hot. For Colorado there was a reason-
able amount of rain, but a shortage of snow in
the mountains to supply irrigating-water, hence
many farms suffered for water, while others
had a plenty. Again, the people would ask the
same que^lon, only this time it was " too dry "
instead of too wet. There is yet that some-

thing which we do not understand that causes
the bloom to secrete or withhold its nectar. I
believe that good growing conditions are neces-
sary in all cases, but I can not get rid of the
thought that electricity has much to do with it.

OBSERVATION AND EXPERIMENTS.

I wish there could be a concerted action on the
part of a number of stations throughout the
United States, each station to keep a daily
record of barometer, thermometer, precipita-
tion, clear or cloudy, whether storms are local
or general, both general and particular weather
conditions throughout the year; and at all
times during the honey-flows, or when there
ought to be flows, have two or more colonies on
the scales, and a daily record of gain or loss. I
say two or more colonies, because I am satis-
fled that, when there are different kinds and
Jields of bloom at the same time, bees of differ-
ent colonies will be working in different flelds.
I believe this because certain colonies will rob
at certain places, and other colonies in the
same yard not know where the honey is, or
even flnd it at all. I believe there is some sort
of manner of communicating or imparting the
whereabouts of sweets, and one colony may get
started in one field and another in another
field; then if the one on the scales should be on
a certain field that is cut down, there would be
an interruption in the work of that colony that
would not appear in another. If we are to get
at the truth promptly and definitely, we must
do both comprehensive and detail work.

I believe that soil has some influence on the
secretion. It may be that certain plants must
have certain elements in the soil that are pe-
culiar to their health and growth in order that
they may yield well. As before explained in
these articles, there is a great diversity of soils
and climate in Colorado. Loveland is in the
Big Thompson Valley. Fort Collins is in the
Poudre Valley. These places are only about
15 miles apart, yet there is considerable differ-
ence in the soils. Each valley is watered by
the stream of the valley. My observation for
the past seven years is that the honey- flows in
the Poudre Valley have been better than in the
Thompson Valley. The climate is the same,
for it is an open country, and very similar in
nearly all respects.

Now as to some method of getting these ob-
servations accomplished. I do not know how
we can do it; but I have no faith in govern-
ment work, because there is too much patron-
age to get the proper persons to do the work.
If the government does undertake it, it takes a
long time to get the thing a going, and we lose
interest before it is accomplished. We must
wait and work for appropriations. After the
work is done we must wait for all the red-tape
business before it is reported. I am not attack-
ing the government, nor saying that it is not
able to do such work. It is able, and should do

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

117

it; but there is too much of the " party " and
"spoils" element to get what we want. I am
sure that many bee-keepers throughout the
country would gladly do the work if they were
furnished with the facilities. Many are now
doing j ust such work on their " own hook ; " but
the good results are lost by not having the
work complete and systematized, and because
there is no way to get the results together, and
compared, etc.

I have brought up this subject now that
perhaps the fraternity may get together in
some way the coming season in some thorough
observations in regard to the pursuit. I must
say that apiarists are not organized as they
should be; that our product is practically
turned loose to get to the consumer in a hap-
hazard manner. Comb honey is much better
marketed than the extracted, but there is need
of reform in both. I propose, however, to dis-
cuss this matter later, so leave it here.

PKINCIPLES OF HONEY CONSUMPTION
SIBLE APPLICATIONS.

ONE-OTTNCE HONEY-PACKAGES.

POS-

By F. L. Thompson.

Communications to the bee- papers on selling
honey are apt to be misleading on this point.
They always tell how people who at first said,
"I don't like honey," after being persuaded to
take some of a first-class quality changed their
minds, and ever afterward liked it very much,
and bought in quantities. This is no doubt
true so far as it goes. But there are plenty of
people who quickly get tired of the very finest
honey, when they try to eat it according to the
mistaken notion thai it is always a staple food.
Why not recognize this truth? One woman,
after several times buying my best honey, both
comb and extracted, said she would not want
any more that winter, as her family -had be-
come tired of it, and preferred maple syrup on
their buckwheat cakes. I couldn't blame her,
for I prefer maple syrup myself for that pur-
pose. The truth is. there is a large class of
people to whom honey is a radically different
article of food from syrup, and can not possibly
be eaten in the same way and with the same
relish. People who belong to the other class,
those whose palates and stomachs accept honey
as a superfine syrup, to be consumed in like
quantities, will be surprised at this assertion,
and think there is something wrong about it.
But in this matter they should not judge others
by their own experience. Articles by " Novice"
on pages 93 and 300 of Gleanings for 1895
recognize the true state of affairs. De gustibus
non est disputandum.

What applies to private tables applies also to
hotels and restaurants. But in applying small
Individual portions as a remedy, we are met

with a difficulty, though not an insuperable
one. There is no satisfactory package at pres-
ent available. It must be quite cheap, for the
quantity of honey is small; it must not be ex-
pected to be returned for refilling, for I am in-
formed that restaurant people are such a care-
less set as to put this out of the question ; hence
it must be of a kind that can be discarded after
getting the honey out. Glass is too expensive.
Perhaps hardened paper would do. Or possibly
a special size and shape of gelatine capsules
(of course, not to put in the mouth, but simply
as a package) could be ordered from manufac-
turing cdemists. They would show off the
honey nearly as well as glass. Why should
not some of the supply firms take hold of this
thing and keep such packages in stock ? The
first step is the hardest. Many bee-keepers,
who would be deterred by the bother of a
special order, might try this if a suitable pack-
age were within easy reach. Besides, it would
thus be cheaper.

Supposing we had a suitable package, hold-
, ing, say, an ounce, selling at 25 cents a dozen
(retailing at three cents, or two for five), what
would be the advantages of selling honey in
this way? It would do away with the surfeit-
ing evil. It would give the customer a good
taste, and make him want another next time.
The adhesiveness of honey would not get a
chance to assert itself in the minds of the pow-
ers that settle whether honey shall or shall not
be consumed, for when once presented in small
portions it is pretty sure to be eaten. The
dish-washer would not get mad, nor the propri-
etor grumble at the added labor which side
dishes usually impose. It would also put hon-
ey in the right shape to be sold to those grocer-
ies that locate opposite schoolhouses, and in
general would make it a valuable addition to
lunches.

By being made square inside, and as wide at
the mouth as in the body, the package would
also do for comb honey. The bee-keeper, for
30 cents or more a pound net, could well afford
to use shallow frames instead of sections, cut
up the comb with a square tin plug-cutter, and
put the pieces into his paper jars or capsules —
certainly much easier to do than to prepare
five-cent sections, as was talked of some time
ago. This plan would also be the most satis-
factory solution of the unfinished-section prob-
lem, for the greater portion of the honey (by
weight) in such sections is finished, and as good
as any to take plugs out of. It would also be a
good way to use up all partially defective sec-
tion honey, thus raising the grade of what
remains.

But suppose these inducements did not exist:
there is another cogent reason for working up
this kind of trade in connection with the ordi-
nary methods. It would be the best kind of
advertisement. In this way we could bring

118

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb. 15.

honey to the favorable notice of hundreds of
people who otherwise would never wake up to
the fact that honey is cheap and enjoyable.
Even if the plan did not pay in itself, 11 would
pay in that way. Nor is this an untried theory.
In the Review I have already written, or will
write, of confirmatory evidence, and will re-
peat it here more in detail. In L'Ajylculteur
for July, 1896, page 378, appeared this para-
graph: "The sale of honey in little flasks, for
individual portions of 30 to 35 grammes, is in-
creasing. These flasks, for restaurants, are
sold for 15 centimes, by the firm of Salmon, 8
Rue de Acacias, Paris. There are also flasks
for double individual portions, which contain
60 to 65 grammes, of which the price is 25 cen-
times. It is a new kind of trade, which aids in
spreading the use of honey; it would be a mis-
take to neglect it." In the Bienenvater for
November. 1896, appeared this paragraph:
"Herr B., in P., formerly lived in a Moravian
village, where a disposal of his honey was
scarcely to be thought of; the peasants were
poor, and strangers and summer guests did not
look up the barren region. But the place was
the breakfast and dinner station of a railroad.
Herr B. made arrangements with the propri-
etor of the restaurant to place his honey-glasses
on the Counter for a small recompense. For 10
or 20 kreuzers [5 or 10 cents] the travelers re-
ceived a little glass of honey and a roll; the
glass was wrapped in paper containing brief
information about honey, with the address of
the producer. The business was a brilliant
success; he no longer had to concern himselr
about disposing of his honey elsewhi-re, and
many of his chance customers became lasting
ones."

I am strongly of the opinion that individual
portions should be confined to comb honey
alone. If once this thing were started with
extracted honey, the gates would be opened to
the swindlers to crowd in with imitations, and
ruin the trade. But with comb honey we are
sure of no competition except from other peo-
ple's pure honey, which is what we want, for
the extension of honey-consumption means
money in our own pockets in the future. If the
customer prefers liquid honey, a slight manip-
ulation with the spoon, which suggests itself
to any one, will enable him to secure the great-
er portion in a liquid form. This is easier done
with a small chunk of honey in a special vessel
than when it is lying on a plate.

I have not tried this, having no honey to do
it with this year; but I am so impressed with
the principles involved that I conclude to lay
it before the readers of this journal, in the hope
that the idea will provoke comment, and, if
necessary, criticism. I never did believe in
that apicultural pedantry which plumes itself
on such sayings as "facts, not fancies," and
" cackle when the egg is laid and you have seen

it," forgetting that all business facts were fan-
cies at one time.

It is worth while considering whether it is
enough to merely put our honey on the market,
and let the commission men and grocers do the
rest. They are not interested in it as we are.
It is also worth wnile considering whether it
will pay to waste much energy in boosting
those uses of honey which are plainly subject
to competition from other quarters, such as in
cooking and in medicine. Honey in its own
field is entirely distinctive and unique, and can
have no competition. Though this field is
quite limited in comparison with other foods,
it is a question whether the general recogni-
tion of honey for just what it is would not be
equivalent to a demand far greater than the
supply. In order to attain this end, it would
seem to be desirable to make a study of the
underlying principles of honey-consumption,
and work accordingly.

Denver, Col.

COUNTING THE VOTE.

W. D. FKENCHS REPLY.

Mr. jEditor;— Referring to comments on page
60 in Gleanings, you say: "I shall be very
greatly surprised if the proposed scheme for
amalgamation carries; and, moreover, one of
the men whom he (Newman) has recommended
to count the votes, has, in the Progressive Bee-
heeper, criticised most severely the American
Bee Journal. Such a person can hardly be
impartial. I have nothing against Mr. French.
Outside of his very apparent prejudice he
would be as good as any man to count the votes
and certify the results to the General Manager;
but it certainly would have looked very much
better, in view of the position that Mr. French
will occupy, if he had kept still."

Now, Mr. Editor, I am sure you do not in-
tend to cast insinuations or reflections upon the
honesty of this count, or infer from my position
as taken in the Progressive Bee-keeper that I
would not be impartial in counting the votes
for the Union. Such a proposition on your
part would be wholly conjectural, and without
foundation. I never sought the appointment
on the returning board, though, inasmuch as
it came to me, I shall do my duty properly,
without regard to my own convictions, or those
of any other member of the Union. Every man
has a perfect right to discuss all questions vital
to his interests, morally and constitutionally.
Though no one need fear the honesty of the
count, or sling baseless insinuations into the
eyes of the returning board.

National City, Cal., Jan. 28.

[I still think, in view of the position you will
occupy, or have occupied, perhaps, by this
time, if you had said nothing either pro or con
it would have looked better. I am glad you

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

119

are not prejudiced, and believe you when you
say it. If the result is against my way of
thinl<ing, I shall not accuse you or any one else
of unfairness. To do otherwise would be equiv-
alent to saying, " If you can't play my way I
won't play at all.— Ed.]

LOCKING HORNS.

DOOLITTLE SQUARES UP TO DR. MILLER; COMBS

BEING BUILT TO SEPARATORS; CAUSES,

AND HOW TO PREVENT.

By O. M. Doolittle.

On page 884 of Gleanings for 1896 I find this:
"It would be fun to see Dr. Miller and Doolit-
tle lock horns. Gleanings will furnish the
arena." I have kept away from that "arena"
ever since, in hopes that Ernest would ask the
good doctor if he had "horns." Should that
question be asked Dr. M., I should expect the
answer to be, "I don't know." And if Dr. M.
don't know whether ho has "horns" or not, I
suspect he has none, and I don't wish to be in
an arena with any one trying to lock horns with
him, when he has no horns. Dr. Gallup used
to tell how he and a schoolboy mate used to
hold the old cat by turns while the other hit
him between the eyes to see what effect it
would have on the cat; so perhaps it will do
no harm for me to hit Dr. Miller a clip between
the eyes to see what effect it will have, horns
or no horns.

Now, doctor, "right face!" Did you have
many combs built at their lower edges to the
separators when you were using the 4>^x4J^x3-
inch sections prior to the time you studied out
your "bottom starters"? Tell us; did not the
trouble with swinging foundation begin when
you reduced those sections to seven or eight to
the foot, instead of when you were using six to
the foot? If it did not, then you are an excep-
tion to the genera! rule. Now, doctor, we'll
give you time enough to turn your gaze toward
F. A. Salisbury, on page 17 of Gleanings for
1897. Don't you see that, in order to keep the
tall sections down to where they will weigh a
little less than one pound (so that the grocery-
men may be able to buy our product at pound
figures, and sell it at section figures), brother S.
cut his sections down to 1}4 inches in width,
instead of allowing two inches, as is the case
of the square section ? Yes, you see that.
Well, now suppose that Bro. S. had kept his
tall sections at 2 inches, and cut his square
ones down to IK inches, do you suppose he
would be telling us how the foundation in the
tall sections was bound to get attached to the
separators, while that in the square sections
behaved itself like a "little man"? Ah! you
begin to see it, do you? Well, suppose he cut
those square sections down to ^ of an inch
(about the smallest space in which bees will
draw out foundational all), so that he had only
about ^ of an inch between the foundation on

either side and the separators, how many sec-
tions do you suppose he would have that were
perfect, without brace-combs? Twenty-five
per cent? Now I am ready to admit that, as
any (width of) section increases in height, the
liability of brace -combs at the bottom in-
creases, where foundation is used, as it would
be hard work to keep the foundation true in a
two-inch-wide section— if the same were a foot
high, in any event; but I do claim that the re-
duction in width of section has more to do with
the brace-comb nuisance than all else com-
bined (up to the present time), except not see-
ing that hives are level, and slip-shod putting
in of foundation.

Now, doctor, "right face" again. What is
the trouble with you and Salisbury, that your
bees are determined to draw out one side of the
foundation before they do the other, thus curl-
ing it, and this curling causing it to be fastened
to the separator? There can be only two
things, that I know of, which will cause this.
First, too weak colonies to work in the sections
to the best advantage, and, second, putting on
too much surplus room at once. Is the first
the trouble with you? Oh ! I see the effect.
You're shouting back, "No, sir, 'ee ! " Well, I
judge you are right in this, generally. But
how about the other? Do you not know that
the veteran bee-keeper, Mr. Manum, who al-
ways produces a fancy article of honey, which
sells at top prices, as a rule puts on only from
one-fourth to one-half the amount of surplus
room atone time that you and Salisbury do?
In this way, as soon as the sections are on the
hive every section is filled completely with
bees; and if any foundation is drawn out the
whole is so drawn, and thus the foundation has
no chance to curl. Do you see? "Oh, yes! "I
hear you say, " that is one of your old hobbies;
but there is too much work to that." Will you
tell us which is the more work— doing as Man-
um does, or putting that extra starter in each
section ? For me I prefer the Manum plan.

Now, doctor, I am going to let you look off
again. Just you look at Bro. Pettit, on page
51, Gleanings for 1897. Do you see how he
runs the bees up, with their loads of honey, on
the other side of the sections (from the center)
and thus overcomes your difficulty and Salis-
bury's? Well, what do you think of that?
Don't you know that Doolittle, after days and
weeks of watching with his one-comb observa-
tory hive, told the world that he never saw one
single bee go with its load of honey as it came
in from the fields, up to the surplus-arrange-
ment, but that all gave their loads to younger
bees before any reached as great a height as
the middle of the brood-comb ? Then you also
remember how at a certain point, after you had
changed queens, aiving an Italian queen in the
place of a black one, that you saw only black
bees going in and out at the entrance, when

120

GLEANINGSOIN BEEoCULTURE.

Feb'13.

honey was coming in, while a look at the sur-
plus showed very few but Italian bees at work
there; this also showing that no field-worker
ever deposits its load of nectar in the cells in
the surplus-apartment. Yes, you are familiar
with that. Well, how do you account for Bro.
Pettit's success ? What! " don't know "? Sup-
pose we admit that the raising of the hive (as
he tells us about), for the time being, retards
the bees from entering the sections till the col-
ony gets strong enough, or till some hot wave
comes along, then they go in and " possess the
land" en masse. This puts his bees in the same
shape that Manum keeps his, and in just the
shape all colonies should be in to build and com-
plete perfect comb honey in sections. If we
have, as a multitude of bee-keepers, erred in
any one direction, I believe that to have been
in the direction of trying to "stretch " our bees
out too much, and in this way have received,
as pay, imperfect combs of honey, together with
thousands of unfinished sections in the fall.

Now, doctor, in letting your crippled, dehorn-
ed frame crawl out of that Gleanings arena,
let me turn your face toward Bro. Ernest Root.
What! scent the thing at once ? Oh, yes! I see
you do! Yes, that's it exactly! When that
comb foundation with ^^-inch side-walls comes
out, all of this trouble, worry, fussing, and
locking-of-horns-in-the-arena matter will be at
an end. Then we can use strips only an inch
or two wide, and they will not turn, twist, or
be eaten full of holes by the bees, or use tall or
square, plump or lean sections; while if we fill
the sections full we can secure as much section
honey as we now do extracted.

And now as we agree again, or agree to dis-
agree, at the worst, you just say to E. R. R., as
you leave the arena, that the price of that ^g'-
inch side-wall foundation must not be very
much above the square-foot price of the ordi-
nary thin foundation, or the arena will be full
of blood and fur, from the many disappointed
gladiators who will fight over the price.

Borodino, N. Y.

[From the very beginning we have constant-
ly kept in mind that the new deep-cell-wall
foundation should be sold at a price not very
much in advance per square foot of the ordi-
nary thin foundation; and while we shall not
probably be able to realize that point this year,
owing to the great expense in experimenting,
in making hydraulic presses, dies, etc., we
hope to be able to do it next year. The price
of any commodity must not exceed what con-
sumers can afford to pay. If for instance, the
new deep-cell foundation costs three or four
times as much as the ordinary foundation, bee-
keepers would not buy it, and consequently it
couid hardly be called a practical success — see
editorials.— Ed.]

REASONS FOR THE TWO-STARTER PLAN ; DR.
MILLER WHACKS BACK.

So the editor would like j[to see Dr. Miller
and Doolittle lock horns." Naughty editor!
Would like to get two little boys into a fight!

Well, I don't know any fairer man to fight with
than Doolittle; and whether he comes oflf vic-
tor or vanquished, he's always good-natured
afterward.

It looks a little as if my " Straw " on page 884
was written in reply to the article on page 861;
whereas it was written a week or two before I
saw page 861. For some reason a good deal has
been said lately about the matter of having
sections built to separators. Whether my the-
ory is correct or not, the fact remains that for-
merly I had no little trouble of the kind, and
latterly no trouble of the same kind. That is,
formerly a section was often built to the sepa-
rator at the central part of the lower edge of the
foundation, and in the few instances that now
occur it is at one side, and comes from careless
work failing to fasten one end of the starter to
the top-bar of the section.

Friend Doolittle says, "The greatest cause
for attaching combs to the separators lies in
not having the hives stand level." When I
read that I said to myself, " Doolittle's off ; for
a hive would have to be a long way out of level
to bring the foundation within ;V of the separa-
tor." Then I went to figuring, and was sur-
prised as well as somewhat humiliated to find
that, with sections 1% wide on an eight-frame
hive, and starters coming down to within J^ in.
of the bottom, one side of the hive would need
to be only a little more than 2 in. higher than
the other to make the bottom of the starter
come within ^^ of the separator. Now, it's easy
to say that hives are not likely to be so far out
of level as that; but one who has always done
his leveling by the eye might be quite surprised
on applying the spirit-level to find how far out
of true his hives are; and I'm afraid there are
a good many hives, especially on a hillside, that
have one side nearly or quite two inches higher
than the other.

But in my own experience, leveling the hive
and obviating all the difficulties Doolittle men-
tions would still have left 19 cases out of 20 un-
remedied; for the hives were leveled with a
spirit-level, full sheets of foundation were cor-
rectly put in, the sections were not put on until
the harvest was ready and the colonies were
fairly strong, and still the centra' part of the
starter was attached at the lower edge to the
separator. I think the trouble was that the
honey-flow was not sufficiently strong, and per-
haps that would come under the head Doolittle
gives as putting on sections too early. Still, if
I had waited till the trouble was over I would
not have put sections on at all; and as it was, I
got something of a crop.

The trouble came very much as Doolittle de-
scribes it, only, instead of curling at the sides,
it was the central part of the lower edge of the
foundation that reached the separator. If I re-
member correctly. The honey came in so slow-
ly that, instead of being put all over, it was put

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

121

on the inner surface of the foundation; and the
cells on that side being drawn out while the
cells on the other side were left untouched,
made the starter swing over to one side.

If the starter had been fastened to the bottom,
of course it could not have swung over. Nowa-
days I put in a bottom starter, and the two
starters will be fastened together before there's
any chance for the swinging, so that proves a
sure cure. If Doolittle would use bottom start-
ers I suspect he would gain by it. He says he
has so far overcome the trouble that "hardly
one section of honey out of 300 is defective
along this line." I think that with me not one
in 3000 if indeed one in 30,000 is defective " along
this line." I don't mean I never have any de-
fective sections. Sometimes the plate of the
fastener is carelessly used when too cold, and
one end of the foundation drops, or the whole
starter falls to the bottom; but the chief diffi-
culty that I formerly had was in the starters
being swung over against the separators, and
since using bottom starters that difficulty has
disappeared.

It's only fair to say that I sometimes have
trouble with bottom starters. It is natural
that they should tend to fall over, and too often
they obey the natural tendency. I think friend
Doolittle is right in saying drawn-out comb
would be a help; but even then I think I would
use bottom starters. It makes a pretty sure
thing of having all solidly built to the bottom.
But for the bottom starters I'd be willing to pay
a big price for foundation with cells well drawn
so it could stand up alone.

Now say, Doolittle, I'm willing* to own up
that, where hives are not level, there may be
more trouble than I supposed, although that
didn't cause the trouble at all in my case ; and
if you'll admit that, in my case, the trouble was
the poor seasons why, we'llcshakeohands and
be friends again. But, mind you, this does not
count the first chance I get to fight you about
something else.;

A FEW WORDS TO MB. DANZENBAKEB.

aOn page 891 you mention a Strawjwhich ques-
tions whether '"bees have to stop to gather and
chink in propolis before commencing to store
honey in the supers." You urge the importance
of warmth, at some length. But, my dear sir,
that is not the question at issue at all. I said
nothing as to whether it was a good or bad
thing to have the supers warm. The question
was whether the bees stop to chink in propolis
before commencing to store. If your argument
has any thing to do with the case, it is that, be-
cause it is better to have the supers warm,
therefore the bees make them warm before
storing in them. But bees don't always do just
what we think best, and, moreover, it seems to
me it would be very poor reasoning on their
part if they should decide to wait until cracks
were filled before commencing to store, whereas

they might be storing and gluing at the same
time.

Now, friend D., if you want us to believe that
the bees hold back from storing till the cracks
are filled, please give us some proof other than
that it would be a good thing for them. Give
us at least one proof that not only ought they to
do it, but that they do do it. In the mean time
I'll go a little further than I did, and give a dis-
tinct proof that in at least one case bees did 7iot
wait to calk before beginning to store. Last
summer, colony No. 2 began storing in a super
of exlracting-combs when there was over their
heads a crack 12 in. by X in., and they filled the
super without filling the crack. Now you cite
a case where they did the gluing before begin-
ning the storing.

Marengo, III.

[Neither Mr. Doolittle nor Dr. Miller has seen
the other's article, so in the first round they
neither "lock horns" nor "hit between the
eyes," exactly. What they would do in the
ne.Tt round if given a chance, I can't say ; but
so far they have very clearly set forth each oth-
er's position so that but little more needs to be
said. Some will follow the Manum plan and
others the two-starter plan.— Ed. J

f- — 'ANSWERS TO C

SCASOMBLEdtflESTIi

BY G.M.Doolittle.Borooino.NY'

HOW TO SECUBE WOBKEB COMB.

Question.— As I have quite a quantity of
combs which are only partly built to fill the
frames, which I wish the bees to complete next
summer, having as little drone comb in them
as possible, I wish you would explain a little
further in regard to how you work for the
building of worker comb, as given on page
891 of Gleanings for 1896. You say there,
" And by taking them (the combs) out in such a
way as to keep the bees desiring only worker
brood," etc. What I wish is to understand just
how this is done.

Answer.— When any colony is so weak that
it has no desire to swarm (during or preceding
the swarming season or honey-flow), such a
colony will invariably build worker comb (so
that worker brood may be reared till the colony
comes into a prosperous condition), providing
they do not have sufficient comb already built.
Taking advantage of this fact I use all colonies
which are too weak to store honey to advantage,
at the beginning of the honey-flow, treating
them thus: Their combs are generally all
taken from them; but sometimes I leave one
comb partially filled with brood, and always
one of honey, giving the combs of brood to
ether colonies so that they will be still stronger
for the honey-harvest. I now put in one, two,
and sometimes three frames with starters in
them, or frames which are partly filled with

132

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb. 15.

comb (as our questioner says his are), just ac-
cording to the size of the little colony, after I
have taken their combs away. In all cases I see
that each one has a frame well filled with hon-
ey; for should storms or cloudy, windy weather
come on at this time they would build no comb
of any amount, and might starve; while with
the frame of honey they will go right on con-
verting that honey into comb, storm or no
storm. If the right number of frames are giv-
en to suit the size of the little colony they will
fill them quickly, especially when honey is
coming in from the fields, and each comb will
be filled with brood as fast as built. If not too
strong they will generally build comb of the
worker size of cell till the brood begins to hatch
from the eggs first laid in the newly built
combs by the queen; but as soon as many bees
hatch they will change to the drone size of
cells; or if the little colony is quite strong in
bees they may change the size of cells sooner
than this. Hence as soon as the first frames I
gave them are filled with comb I look to see
about how many bees they have; and if they
are still well stocked with bees, or are in a shape
where I may expect that they may change the
size of cell before they reach the bottoms of the
frames with worker comb (should I spread
those apart which they already have and insert
other empty or partially filled frames), I take
out the combs they have already built, and
thus put them in the same condition they were
when I first started. But they will not build
combs quite as freely this time as they did be-
fore, unless there can be some young bees
hatching; so, if I can conveniently, I give them
a comb containing mostly honey and a little
brood (if they have such a comb it is left with
them, which is more often the case than other-
wise) from some other colony, when they are
ready to work the same as before. In this way
a colony can be kept building worker comb all
summer, or till the bees are nearly used up
from old age, the colony becoming so small as
to be unable to build comb to any advantage,
under any circumstances. But if just the right
amount of brood is left, or given them, so that
they stay in about the same condition, they
will build worker comb all summer by the
apiarist supplying honey or feed when none is
coming from the fields. If not so strong but
that I think they will still continue to build
worker comb, instead of taking the brood
away I spread the frames of combs (now built)
apart, and insert one or more empty frames be-
tween, when these will generally be filled with
worker comb before enough young bees hatch
for them to change the size of cell. But this
is always to be kept in mind, whenever you
find them building drone comb: The combs
they then have, all except the one mostly filled
with honey, are to be taken away so that they
may feel their need of worker brood again,

when they will build cells of the worker size
once more. I have had hundreds of frames
built full of worker comb in this way, hun-
dreds completed, as our questioner proposes to
do, and hundreds " patched," where I had cut
out small pieces of drone comb, which had got-
ten in in one way or another. If any one wish-
es a mutilated comb to be fixed so it will be a
surprise to him just give it to one of these little
colonies and see what nice work they can do at
" patching " with all worker comb.

AN EXPLANATION WANTED.

Question.— On page 17, Jan. 1, you speak of
the merits of a tall section over a squar-^" one;
and one of these is, that " they bring from two to
three cents per pound more in market." Am I to
understand that the "pleasing appearance" of
these taller sections causes people to pay that
much more for honey in such sections than
they would for honey in the square form of sec-
tion ?

^?ist<;er-.— Well, no, not just that, although I
think a pleasing appearance often decides the
difference in price of from one to three cents a
pound on section honey. If you will turn
again to page 17 you will see that I did not say
that a section 3Xx5^xl% would sell for two to
three cents more per pound than would the
4^^x434^ section; but that "why I prefer them
to the larger size is that they bring from two
to three cents per pound more in the market."
What was the larger size spoken of, in that
connection ? The second line at the beginning
of the paragraph will tell the reader. That
says "sections varying in size from half a
pound to two pounds." This makes it plain
that I was not comparing the sections I now
use with the 4J|^x43ii, or square section, when I
spoke of the price. Now I wish to say that I
was opposed to the change from the " prize "
or two-pound section to the one-pound or 4)^x
4)^ section, and have always claimed that, had
bee-keepers held steadily to the prize section,
no consumer would ever have demanded any
other, and the price for those sections would not
have been lower to-day than it now is for pound
sections. Bee-keepers made themselves nearly
double the work as regards setting up, putting
in foundation, scraping off propolis, and han-
dling sections for a given number of pounds,
when they pushed the i}4x-iJ4 sections to the
exclusion of the prize section; and the only
reason which I could ever see for this was a de-
sire to compete with one another. But, no
matter how it came, it was done. I held on to
the prize section as long as it sold in market
for as much as the 4i^x4J^ did, less from one to
one and one-half cents per pound, for I consid-
ered that, taking all things into consideration,
the prize section paid as well as the other till a
lower price than IX cts. per pound was reach-
ed. After that was reached I changed to the
pound section, as given on page 17; and be-

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

cause a difference of two to three cents was
reached, that became the reason of my chang-
ing, and for my preference for the pound sec-
tion. As the prize section was a tall section,
I still adhered to the tall form when I came to
use a pound section.

'^^^rfi.mi§

THOSE HONEY-CAKAMELS IN GLEANINGS, PAGE
899.
I made a sample lot of honey-caramels, as you
described in Gleanings, but I put in granulat-
ed sugar instead of the glucose, seasoned with
wintergreen. A party here this evening was
so taken with it that he is going to get me to
make him 100 pounds, and put on a label tell-
ing exactly what they are made of. I believe
if all bee- keepers take hold of those recipes Dr.
Miller is getting up it will, if well worked, be
of great value to bee-keepers in general as well
as a good pure food. Douglas D. Hammond.
Malone, la., Jan. 6.

TALL sections; LAYING THEM ON THE SIDE
IN THE SUPER PREFERRED.

I am at a loss to understand why Mr. Doo-
little would place oblong sections on end. Of
course, you can place more in one super, but we
think this a disadvantage for several reasons.
One is, we often put these shallow supers on
colonies at the beginning of the honey-flow;
also on swarms that would object to a larger
and deeper super. Again, our experience is
that the bees will finish these oblong sections
sooner, and, either from retaining the warmth
or from their preference for beginning work
close to the brood-frames, or both, the bees cer-
tainly begin work more readily on these shal-
low sections. It is an easy matter to examine
these shallow sections without removing from
super, and they can be readily tiered up to suit
the requirements of any colony. We bought
our first oblong sections of A. I. Root in Feb.,
1893. They were Zli inches high and ^-/^ long.
They overweighed. Since then we had several
thousand made 33sx5":i, 7 per foot; 31 of these
sections cover the same space, about, that 28 of
the 4J^x4^ do. Our grocers prefer them. They
make a handy package; and by placing a few
of these sections of honey on the counter or in
the window tiered up like brick, your lover of
honey will hardly pass them without buying.

I wish to say that many of our bee-keepers
could dispose of several thousand pounds of
their comb honey at towns within driving dis-
tance, greatly to their and their brother bee-
keepers' advantage. You do not need expen-
sive cases to show in; have your sections and

crates clean. Do not leave the grocer too
much at one time. Tell them it is pure, from
your own bees; and that when the honey is
sold they can pay a certain price for it.

T. S. COMSTOCK.

North Manchester, Ind., Jan. 26.

HOW TO FIGURE INCOME ON 300 COLONIES IN
WISCONSIN.

There is one question upon which I should
like the expert opinion of some member of your
firm; viz.: What would be a fair or medium
income from 300 colonies of hybrid and full
Italiau bees per year if managed by a man of
long experience and very considerable skill in
bee culture, allowing a reasonable sum for em-
ploying competent assistants as need, and pro-
vided the bees are in a very fair honey country,
and so divided that not more than 7.5 colonies
will forage from the same territory?

Winneconne, Wis., Jan. 7. G. R. Frye.

[This is a very hard question to answer, as
so much depends upon conditions, such as the
apiarist and the locality. Wisconsin is one of
the greatest honey -producing States in the
Union; but I doubt not that there are localities
in that State that are practically good for
nothing, even though not very remote from
other localities where plenty of honey is pro-
duced. A difference of only ten miles makes all
the difference in the world.

In the first place, everything depends upon
the locality and the season. Assuming, then,
that the man who is to operate the yards is one
of long experience, the locality might yield, on
an average, about 40 lbs. of comb and extract-
ed honey. Some years the amount will be
about 10 lbs., and others perhaps 75. During
the last five years the average would perhaps
be nearer 25 than 40. This is speaking general-
ly of the'State. Three hundred colonies, with
an average of 40 lbs. each, would produce 12,000
lbs. of honey. Suppose that this honey aver-
ages 8 cts.; that would mean $960. If the aver-
age proved to be 25 lbs. (which would be safer
to figure), the gross amount would be 1675.
Before you could get at the amount of your
own labor you might have to figure on at least
two months of time for a helper— it is possible
you might manage without one; then there
would be interest on the valuation of 300 hives
and appliances, a certain amount for hauling
the bees back and forth, carrying of sections,
supplies, etc., from one apiary to another, and
your own trips to and from each yard. As you
could figure better the cost of these items, you
could arrive at about the amount you ought
to expect under fair conditions.

You will need to figure also that there will
be some years when, perhaps, your averages
will be only about 10 lbs. per colony, and occa-
sionally a year when you will get absolutely
nothing. Perhaps there will come a year when
the balance will be clean the other way— when
you will have to feed perhaps 10 or 15 lbs. of
syrup per colony.

I have put the average price of honey at 8
cts. If you produce an equal amount of each,
this will be figuring 10 cts. for the comb and 6
cts. for the extracted, both first quality. Per-
haps some bee-keeper from your State can give
us a set of figures that will give us an idea of
the expenses we need to figure in; but from
this standpoint I can hardly give you any thing
more definite than the above. — Ed.]

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb. ]5.

AM further enlivened
the dinner hour with
oneof his 'way down
soutn plantation
songs, and then de-
parted for the cabin
while the doctor and
Frea pur-'^ued their
way through the
valley.

" 1 think," said the doctor, " that 1 will not
show you my apiary until we return from the
sulphur springs. I will show you the field first,
and its possibilities, and the apiary last."

"Suit yourself as to that," replied Fred;
"every thing is interesting so far. I take it
that the apiary is on the terrace above us. from
the way bees fly over; and then I thought I
caught a glimpse of it from that lofty observa-
tory. They followed down the stream;'' and
Fred, addressing the doctor, said, " I supposed
you had quite a number of Indians in here;
but I have seen none thus far."

"There are only a few that come in here,"
replied the doctor, "and then only upon some
religious rite, or when I need extra help. This
is a sacred valley to them, and they have about
as strange a tradition as Sam has related about
Ham's change of hue. I have related to you
some of their traditions; but the one that has
much to do witb their rites in this valley is
that their tribe sprang from a gopher snake.
A white squaw in splendid white raiment
changed the snake into an Indian, and at the
same time changed a rattlesnake into a squaw.
Now, according to their tradition this same
white squaw will reappear and change them
back into snakes, and confine them ever after
in this valley."

"But, doctor, the bees having usurped the
place of the snake I should think you could
work them out of that absurd idea."

" I am working to that end," replied the doc-
tor, " but as yet nothing has usurped the rattle-
snake; and standing as it does for the squaw
I much doubt if any thing ever will, for you
must know of the contrariety of squaws gener-
ally; furthermore, my young friend, little do
you understand the vagaries of human nature.
It has taken Christendom ages to throw off
rank superstitions, and still after these hun-
dreds of years I fear there are too many super-

stitions left. Still, I am making progress, and
the young men are throwing off their super-
stitions, and are amenable to moral teachings,
as you have observed."

"Then there are but few Indians who enter
the valley, and no squaws'?" queried Fred.

" No squaws," said the doctor. " You are,
therefore, not only in a bee-keepers' paradise,
but also in a paradise for bachelors."

"Or will be," said Fred, "until the white
squaw arrives and overturns things."

"Yes," growled the doctor, "that is just
what always happens when the squaws arrive.
But, Fred, we have something more profitable
to talk about than traditions and squaws, and
I am very glad to have you here to talk with.
For the past eight years I have had but little
communication with my kind and the outside
world, and it is a new phase of my life to have
a kindred soul here wi.th me to commune with.
But to leave our reflections, and to get down to
practical things, we are in the center of the
valley, and here are the hot sulphur springs."

" Do you know, doctor, this is a great curios-
ity to me? I have read much of such phenom-
enal things in this country, and these are the
first hot springs I have had the pleasure of
seeing— many of them," said Fred, in admira-
tion, " and all along the base and sides of this
cliff, steaming hot too."

"Yes, boiling hot," said the doctor, " and I
wish to show you my improvement. When I
came into the valley, and until recently, the
cold water from the upper end of the valley
and this copious stream of hot water united at
this point, and flowed to the outlet together.
But now you observe that I run the cold water
into that ditch over there. Now let me dem-
onstrate to you the reason why. You observe
that the old channel is full of that obsidian
formation that surrounds the valley. This
boiling-hot water running over that formation
raises it to a high temperature, as you will
readily feel if you try to pick up one of those
stones."

" Jerusha!" said Fred, as he attempted to
hold a piece of the hot obsidian in his hand,
but quickly threw it down, and, blowing his
Angers, exclaimed, " That is hot."

" With these simple flumes I can turn the hot
water into the cold-water channel. Now, when
I turn the cold water upon those hot stones,

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

135

see what an amount of steam arises; and if we
stand here long enough there will be a line of
vapor clear to the outlet. When the steam
ceases to rise I turn off the cold water, and the
hot water on, and heat the stones again, and
vice i^crsa, as long as I please."

"I plainly see how it works," said Fred; "it
is very interesting; but does it pay to sit here
and do that for fun all day '? "

" Fun !" said the doctor, with a tinge of im-
patience in the tone. Then he laughed, and
said, "Well, that certainly does look like a
funny operation, for the sun soon dispels the
steam. But let me tell you, my friend, when
the atmosuhere is just right, and I do this in
the evening, I can fill this whole valley with a
heavy fog. Now do you see any utility in that ?"

"I see," said Fred; "for in the morning,
after a heavy fog, the bees do a roustabout

" In that case then," said the doctor, laugh-
ing, " you might provide yourself with mallets,
and go out on a tour of jarring the trees. But
really the lighining is the factor. Every flash
liberates quantities of ozone; and where ozone
is abundant, there is a plentiful secretion of
honey. I am now studying upon a plan by
which, in connection with the fog, I can ozonize
this whole valley. If I succeed we can astonish
the natives with our honey-yields."

" Well, that would be a wonderful thing, doc-
tor, to astonish these natives who are so stoical
about every thing. But, really, your plans are
too deep for me. I am not educated on the
scientific side of bee culture."

"Of all places in the world, in this valley is
just the place to learn the highesi science in
bee culture."

Stepping up a little rise of ground the doctor
pointed down the valley, showing Fred that
the lower half had been improved but slightly,
but pointing out the possibilities of bringing
the whole valley up to a high standard of honey
production.

" But where does this stream of water find
an p\it'^" rpieripd Fred.

:^'»dl^'

^cf Spr/'.n.'': in the /■:

business; for, generally, fogs have an effect
upon the more rapid secretion of nectar."

"Precisely so," said the doctor, " and espe-
cially hot fogs such as we have in this valley.
Now, what do you consider the very best at-
mospheric conditions for the secretion of nectar
in the blossom ? "

"lean speak only from my eastern experi-
ence," replied Fred; "and I find that, away
down in Maine, a hot July day, wherein we
have several short sharp thunder-showers, the
flowers seem to overrun with nectar, and the
bees do a roaring business."

"And why ? " asked the doctor.

"I really don't know," replied Fred; " but I
have had a sort of vague idea that the thunder
sort o' jolted the honey out of the tree or plant
into the blossom."

"Oh! it plunges into a jagged cave at the
extreme end," replied the doctor. " We will
now return and visit the apiary. It is well up
on the third terrace, and we will follow this
zigzag trail to the upper terrace, where we find
a fine view of the valley."

As they climbed, the doctor called attention
to the charming little waterfall near the en-
trance. The Indian name was Wiston-we, or
Misty Fall.

" When we go up there again you must ex-
amine my scientific home-made elevator, a
rawhide rope, a large rawhide water-bucket,
and other original fixtures. But here we are.
This gives a better view of the whole valley
than we get from any other point."

The Wis-ton-we, after a plunge of 50 feet,
collected itself into a little stream that, from

126

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb. 15.

their point of view, looked like a silver cord
winding in and through the shadows uf trees
and shrubs. Now and then could be seen oval
ponds glistening in the sun like beads upon the
cord; clusters of live-oaks snuggling close to-
gether like consulting friends; tall prim gum-
trees in regular order like sentinels upon the
outposts; willows, their long pendent branches
toying in the pools; climbing roses and flower-
ing vines hiding rocks, or pendent from the
cliffs, their many-hued blossoms lighting up
each crag with a glory of color, and tilling the
air with fragrance; and the effect of all was
simply enchanting.

"Doctor, I am charmed," said Fred, with
enthusiasm, as he looked down upon the beauty
below and around them. "I never thought
that a place on earth could be made so beauti-
ful."

" Neither could it," replied the doctor, " ex-
cept in this glorious California."

"But, doctor," said Fred, with an eye to
practical n-sults, '• if you would throw this val-
ley open to the public it would bring you a
revenue equal to a gold-mine."

"Gold! gold!" said the doctor, with much
feeling; "is there no place on this broad earth
where man may seek a home, and rest from the
gnawing, sordid greed for gold ? Is there noth-
ing higher, nobler, in this life than to grasp,
grasp, and hoard a paltry bauble that for a day
brings pleasure, and for eternity leaves a sting?
Gold! that cause of ceaseless strife wrecks
nations, divides our race, rends families, de-
bauches the church— away with it! let this
valley, with its crystal water and untainted
air, be free from It; and, though we eat but a
crust, let it be with contentment, and great
gain to body and soul. But 1 do not blame
you, Fred, for looking upon the money value of
this valley. You are young, and come of a
thrifty race of people who have carved out
meager fortunes on the sterile hills of the far
East, and to you this probably looks like a
waste of opportunity; but when the gray hairs
peep in profusion from under your hat-brim
you will or should have a different view of such
things."

" Well, doctor, this is your paradise, and you
seem to have entire control of it, and I know it
would mar its peace and quiet, and perhaps
prevent many of your experiments if the public
were allowed to enter; and. though I know the
evils of the worship of gold are many, I also
know that gold properly used brings with it
countless blessings, and I am sure you could
use it as such. But even if you do not let the
public in, when I look over the valley I sadly
miss two very important elements— so impor-
tant that the beauty is marred without
them."

" Now, Fred, I am curious to know what
your two elements are. To me this valley is

near perfection. If gold will plant your lack-
ing elements, it will be forthcoming."

"Yes, you have it, doctor, near perfection;
and to add the last touches needs neither silver
nor gold, but love. It lacks lovely woman and
romping children. In my far eastern home I
have a loving mother; and, aside from the
home loves, the neighboring children were my
best friends. Doctor, let me sing you my love-
song;" and for the first time in many weeks
Fred sang:

I love it, I love it, the laugh of a child,

Now rippling and gentle, now merry and wild;

Kinging out on the air, with innocent glee,

The merriest sound in the world for me.

Oh! the laugh of a child, so wild and so free,

Is the merriest sound in the world for me.

Memories that had lain dormant in the doc-
tor's breast for years were touched. He brush-
ed a tear from his eye, but bruskly remarked,
" Fred, you are too sentimental. For a change
of subject let us look at our apiary;" and he
led the way down the terrace.

Fred Anderson, the enthusiastic bee-keeper,
now forgot his other s-urroundings, and began
to speculate upon the wonderful apiary he
should see. The doctor had exploited the won-
ders of the valley for honey production so high-
ly and learnedly, of course the apiary would
be upon the same scale. They descended to a
little amphitheater that sat back from the ter-
race proper, and covering, perhaps, and acre of
space — an ideal location for an apiary. On the
far side of it, against an odorous bank of helio-
tropes, were ranged ten colonies of bees in
rough hives made of old gasoline-cases.

" For heaven's sake, doctor," exclaimed Fred
in astonishment, and a tinge of anger in the
tone, " those are not all the bees you have in
the valley?"

" That is certainly all," said the doctor; " but,
even were there fewer, Fred Anderson, what
are you going to do about it?"

WARNINGS TO BEE KEEPERS, IN BEE - SUPPLY

CATALOGS.

Although the bee-journals have cautioned
their readers over and over again not to ship
their honey to new and untried firms, it is evi-
dent that many bee-keepers, notwithstanding,
are doing it right along, and are suffering the
consequences. The probabilities are that they
do not take any bee-journal. Perhaps they
think they can not afford it. After they have
lost several hundred dollars through an irre-
sponsible or dishonest commission house, per-
haps they will begin to think they can afford

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE

127

it. • Only $1.00 a year invested in a bee-journal
will save several tinaes that amount in valuable
kinks learned during the year, and will enable
them to fight shy of the rascals engaged in the
business of selling honey.

Realizing that the patronage of the journals
is comparatively small, we have this year put
a paragraph in our catalog, that reaches a cir-
culation of 150,000 a year, warning our patrons
to beware of new and untried commission
houses. Usually, firms fromising to do extra-
ordinarily big things are the very essence of
rascality, and the more aggravating because
they are sharp enough to evade the law. Well,
it would not be a bad idea if dealers and manu-
facturers would advise their patrons in a simi-
lar way in their catalogs. Let us leave no
stone unturned to post bee-keepers on the ways
of these " snide " concerns.

THE NEW HONEY-LEAFLET BY DR. MILLER.

Our honey-leaflets are now out, and are en-
titled, "Food Value of Honey." The subject-
matter was prepared by Dr. C. C. Miller. I
gave him the general outlines of what I want-
ed, and told him to work the subject over
thoroughly, in a way to interest consumers:
and this he has done in a mo^t admirable man-
ner. The following headings appear through
the leaflet: Honey as a wholesome Food; Hon-
ey the most delicious Sauce; It is economy to
use Honey; Give Children Honey; Honey the
best sweetening for hot Drinks; Comb and Ex-
tracted Honey; Different Kinds and Flavors of
Honey; Adulteration of Honey; Care of Honey;
The various uses of Honey; Honey-cooking
Recipes. These last have been carefully test-
ed in the homes of bee-keepers. Some of the
recipes heretofore published make "messes"
that are simply vile. The doctor has careful-
ly selected only those that are good, many of
them having been tested in his own family.
Among these is the recipe for the celebrated
honey-jumbles. The others comprised various
recipes for making honey-cakes, honey-gems,
honey cough-cure, summer honey drinks, etc.

Taking it all in all, I believe this leaflet is the
most comprehensive and tnost complete of any
thing that has ever been gotten out; and it
will do a world of good in stimulating trade in
pure honey, providing bee-keepers make an
effort to place it among their customers. In
fact, we are preparing to distribute it all over
our town of 2000 inhabitants.

We put the price so low— just high enough to
barely cover cost — so there will be no reason
why bee-keepers can not scatter it far and
wide. Price: 10 for 5 cts.; 100,20 cts.; 250,40
cts.; 500, 75 cts., all postpaid; lots of 1000, 75
cts., postage or express extra. The leaflet con-
tains something like 3000 words. It is printed
in bold, clear-faced type, leaded brevier, like
our ABC book, and the matter occupies four

pages the size of this. When desired to inclose
it in a letter, all that is necessary is to fold it
twice as you would a letter.

I will further make the suggestion that every
honey-producer in the country, every time he
writes to his customers, inclose one of these
leaflets. The price is so extremely low that
he can well afford to do it. If the demand
shall prove to be great enough, we shall be
able to reduce the price still further. As it is,
we expect an enormously large demand or else
we could not make these prices, for we do not
care to make any direct profit on the leaflet.

HONOR TO WHOM HONOR IS DUE, AND CREDIT
TO WHOM CREDIT IS DUE; WHO FIRST US-
ED STAPLES UNDER THE PRO.JECTION
OF TOP-BARS, AS END SPACERS ?

Since our last issue, describing the improve-
ments on Hoffman frames, as given on page 94,
we have received scores of indorsements and
orders. I do not know of any thing we ever in-
troduced that seemed to have been so instantly
accepted as a move in the right direction as the
end-spacer to the Hoffman frame. Among
those who consider the improvement of great
value are two or three who used the idea long
before we did. Mr. F. Boomhower, of Gallup-
ville, N. Y., a bee-keeper who has figured more
or less prominently in the bee-journals for per-
haps a score of years, says he has used end.
spacers for years, as we have described them,
including the wooden gaugj and all. In proof
of this he furnishes one of his catalogs, issued
in 1893. In this he sets forth the great desir-
ability of the improvement. A few quotations
will suffice to show how much he valued the
idea. He says: " Any one can, for about 3 cts.
per hive, add this improvement to his frames
which he may already have in use, without
changing or getting new ones:" that they " add
much to the enjoyment of the operator, and
make rapid manipulation a pleasure. . . Any
frame or frames can be instantly removed, and
at all times, without the use of any knife or
pry to remove them, as is the case with the
Hoffman or any closed end frame. There being
a bee-space between ihe end of top-bar of frame
and shoulder of rabbet, in end of hive, there is
no possible chance for the bees to apply or de-
posit any propolis; and any or part or all of the
frames can be instantly shovpd across from one
side to the other. . . This arrangement
alone is a valuable one, and merits the atten-
tion of every progressive bee-keeper."

The frame that Mr. Bpomhower describes, as
will appear from the disparaging reference to
the Hoffman, as above given, was 7iot exactly
such a frame as we illustrated in Gleanings. I
have before me one of his hives and a set of the
frames. The top-bar is a bee-space short at
each end, and a nail driven in diagonally
through the top into the end-bar. These end-

128

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb. 15.

bars are narrow, and staples are used as side-
spacers.

However, Mr. A. G. Willows, of St. Catha-
rines, Ont., says he used exactly such a frame
as was described on page 94 in last issue, in the
summer of 1893, and that he wrote to us at that
time (we had forgotten it) calling our attention
to them, but that we replied that we could not
see our way clear to change the length of the
top bar, or something to that effect.

Both Mr. Boomhower and Mr. Willows very
properly felt that they ought to have the credit
for being prior in the use of a bee-space around
the top-bars in connection with a staple end-
spacer. Both seem to be entirely ignorant of
what the other has done.

Now, if the reader will turn to my article on
page 94 of our last issue he will see that I did
not claim the idea was new. I simply carried
the impression, which was true, that the im-
provement was something new to our catalog.
In other words, we introduced the improve-
ment as a new one to our customers, just as we
introduced the Hoffman frame in 1890— a de-
vice that had been used for 15 years or more
prior to our adoption of it. As I shall present-
ly show, neither Mr. Boomhower nor Mr. Wil-
lows is prior in the use of the bee sp ce around
the top-bar in connection with staples. A. I.
R. says Langstroth was the first one to make
and use io; that he bought frames of this de-
scription of Ransom & Cobb, of Cleveland— a
firm who made the Langstroth hives away
back in 1864 and '5. In proof that Mr. Lang-
stroth did use this very thing, the reader is
referred to "Langstroth on the Honey-bee,"
1857. Plates 1, 16, and 22 show the bee-space
around the ends of the top-bars. It is true,
the staples are not shown; but A. I. R. says
they are mentioned and their use discussed in
the old volumes of the American Bee Journal,
and were used by him and quite a number of
other bee-keepers who were then following
Langstroth.

1S57! Well, well ! How many times we think
we have invented something, only to find that
Langstroth was ahead of us by about thirty
years!

But I do not care how old an idea is. If it Is
a good one, use it; and if not, throw it away.

Unless Mr. Boomhower used staples under
the projections of the Hoffman frames pure
and simple, Mr,. Willows will have to have, for
the present, at least, the credit of being prior
to any in the use of staple end -spacers when
applied to Hoffman frames. With regard to
staples or nails as side-spacers, E. France &
Son Jused them a great many years ago— just
how long I can not say.cThe idea is certainly
very old. I find in Gleanings for 1890, page
99, and 1891, page 474, spacers of this descrip-
tion. In the American Bee Journal for i87f,
page 252, will found that Henry Alley used

staples as side-spacers. Again, in the same,
journal it seems that Mr. Thomas used side-
spacers to Langstroth frames. A reference to
it is given on page 203 for 1870. British bee-
keepers have for years used a bee-space around
the ends of the top-bars, in connection with a
shoulder or end-spacer, to butt up against the
hive-rabbet under the top-bar. See Cheshire
and the files of the British Bee Journal. A
single reference from this journal will suffice;
viz., Jan. 1, 1876, page ]69. Again, Mr. A. B.
Weed (brother of the foundation man) used
short top-bar projections with nails under them
some 15 years ago.

In justice to Mr. Boomhower, perhaps it
would be fair to state that he may have been,
and probably was, the first to make use of
staples as both side and end spacers. His ar-
rangement will make a very excellent self-
spacing frame, and I will illustrate it in an
early issue of Gleanings. But taking it all in
all, I should prefer the Hoffman as illustrated
in our last issue, for the reason that I want the
wide part of the end to help conserve the heat,
and also because the sticking together of these
contiguous parts of the frame is a decided ad-
vantage rather than a disadvantage. I want
the frames to stick together some. It is much
easier to handle them thus in pairs and trios
than to try to hold them together by mere fric-
tion; and then in carrying the hives about, this
slight sticking prevents the frames from slip-
ing about. Still, there may be some who would
prefer the Boomhower plan. All that would
be necessary would be a few extra staples ap-
plied to our regular thick top frames having
end-bars X wide. We can furnish hives for
this combination at the same price as our reg-
ular ones; but the hives will have to be order-
ed from the factory rather than from any of
our branches or agencies, as we shall not regu-
larly keep them in stock.

FOUNDATION WITH DEEP CELLS; MR. HXTTCHIN-
SON'S "note of WARNING."

Commenting on what was said on this sub-
ject, both in the Americayi Bee Journal and in
Gleanings, Mr. Hutchinson, in the February
Review, feels " that a most earnest warning
ought to be given regarding the use of such
foundation." Well, perhaps I had better give
all he says, and here it is:

We all know that the eating quality of comb honey
has not been improved by the use of comb founda-
tion—much has been the complaint about the " fish-
bone " in comb honey. Comb, natural comb, is of a
light friable nature— like the feathery, new-fallen
snow. Once this snow has been melted it can never
be restored to its former state. It may be frozen
again, but it will be hard and solid; it will be ice.
Of course, Nature can evaporate the water, and
form it into snow again, but man can not restore it
to snow. In a like manner, once comb has been
melted into wax its character is changed. It is
no longer comb, but wax. Another simile has
been used by Mr. Bingham; viz., that "butter is
butter, but melted butter is gi-ease; so comb is
comb, but melted comb is wax." Comb foundation

189'r

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

139

of the lighest, most fragile type is bad enough;
foundation walls one-half Inch deep will be an
ahominntiou. Unless I am greatly mistaken it will
be as great a blow to the sale of comb honey as
has adulieration to the extracted-honey market.
At least, let us trj' this thing most caiitioiisly. I
fear, too, that unscrupulous men would use this
product even if it did injure comb honey. Let us be
careful what we do in this line.

I would not assert that artificial comb could not
be made having walls as thin as those of natural
comb, but they would still be of wax; and comb
honey having such a product as its base would be
little else thau honey " done up " i n tough, leathery,
"gobby" wax— not comb honey with its delicious,
fragile, toothsome, flaky comb.

I believe that Mr. Hutchinson is thoroughly
honest in his convictions on this matter. In
fact, I once thought as he does; but Mr. Weed
knocked my theories into smithereens by hard
facts in the apiary.

He had been experimenting and testing this
new product for nearly two years before we
said any thing about it in print. He has put it
on our hives, and had the bees draw it out— in
fact, tried it under all sorts of conditions. The
proof of the pudding is in the eating; and the
results in our apiary so far seem to show that
Mr. Hutchinson's fears are groundless. The
comb from the new product is not tough and
leathery at all. After a long series of experi-
ments* we have about come to the conclusion
that, in the use of foundation, the btes do not
utilize or in any way make use of the wax in
the base or septum; but they will utilize all the
wax in the side ivalls to the depth of % inch.
Ordinary roller-mill foundation has a surplus
of wax in the wrong place. We are aiming in
the new product to put it in the right place.
With this end in view, Mr. Wetd has been ex-
perimenting along the line of making deep-cell
foundation, the bases of which are just as thin
as the natural; and the walls, instead of xAn
inch thick, as in the natural, are t^\t(j. Careful
measurements last year showed that the bees
reduced this tbIjtt down to about t^^^^. The sur-
plus wax was simply used to build up the depth
of the cells.

I grant that there is fishbone to some extent,
resulting from the use of comb foundation; but
the reason of this is that at present there is
more wax in the bases than there needs to be;
and the wax in the side walls is in such shape
that the bees do not utilize all of it. There-
suit is that a midrib is left in the center of the
comb, thicker than will be found in combs built
wholly by the bees. In the new product we pro-
pose to put this wax where it will not be detect-
ed in the eating. The very snag, then, that
Mr. Hutchinson is afraid we shall run into is
the very one we would avoid in the new prod-
uct. In other words, it is not proposed to use
more wax than we now use in thin foundation;
but we do aim to put that wax in such shape
that bees will utilize it in such a way as to
leave no midrib or fishbone in comb honey.

*Mr. Taylor's observations as given in the Review
are quite in line with our own experience.

Mr. Hutchinson need have no fears that we
shall rush on the market the new deep-cell
foundation in any quantity this season. At
present we have only one small machine, and
turn out pieces about 4x5 inches. We are
working on another machine to make samples
perhaps 5xS inches. The machinery and dies
necessary for the purpose are very expensive,
and, even with the larger machines, the output
will be very limited. If bee-keepers are holding
back their orders for foundation, expecting the
new product in quantity this season, they will
be disappointed. They had better make their
requirements, irrespective of the new article,
and in the mean time we will try to furnish a
super or two of the new deep-cell foundation to
those who wish to try it.
After reading the above, Mr. Weed added:
It seems to me that Mr. Hutchinson ought to have
put his "Earnest Warning" at the head of Mr.
Baldridge's article in the same issue. Mr B. " prefers
light brood to thin foundation for drawn combs,"
or, in other words, proposes to use much more wax
than I do. Would not Mr. Baldridge's " abomina-
tion" be still more of a temptation to " unscrupulous
men " ?

APICULTURAL LNVENTIONS AND THEIK DEVEL-
OPMENT.

At the Michigan State Bee-keepers' conven-
tion, reported in the American Bee Journal,
Mr. T. F. Bingham, of smoker fame, in his pa-
per on principles in apiculture, closes up thus:

In counting up the inventions pertaining to bee-
keeping, which have been long tested, weighed in
the balance and not found wanting — inventions
which no one has been able to Improve or improve
upon— I find no other State has made so many
valuable inventions since the invention of the
hanging movable-comb frame by the Rev. L. L.
Langstroth, as has Michigan.

This may or may not be true; but one thing I
believe is true— that Ohio has done more to de-
velop and put into practical use inventions and
improvements in apiculture than any other
State in the Union. Before our Mr. A. I. Root
began the sale of supplies, very little had been
done in the way of developing inventions of
merit. I do not think it is egotistical to say
that he pushed into public favor the honey
extractor, comb foundation, section honey-
boxes, and did, perhaps, more than any other
man to make Langstroth dimensions standard.
In later times we have popularized self-spac-
ing frames; improved the construction of hive-
corners and hive-covers; bettered the quality
of foundation; and now we are introducing the
new drawn or deep cell-wall foundation.

AMALGAMATION DEFEATED.

Just as we go to press, the certified report of
the judges of election for the National Bee-
keepers Union has come to hand, showing that
amalgamation is defeated two to one, and all
the old officers reelected, including General
Manager Newman. In view of the reasons
stated on page 60, the result is no surprise.
Gleanings bows to the will of the majority.
No room to squeeze in more this time.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULUTRE.

Feb. 15.

Our Homes.

He that soweth to his flesh shall of the flesh reap
corruption; but he that soweth to the Spirit shall of
the Spirit reap life everlasting.— Gal. 6:8.

Camp Verde is about thirty miles from Je-
rome, and about fifty miles from Flagstaff.
These are the nearest cities or towns of any ac-
count. Camp Verde itself used to be a military
station with a fort or camp as a protection from
hostile tribes of Indians. The Indians, how-
ever, have long since ceased hostilities, and the
camp is broken up. All that remains is the
long low adobe buildings, a single store, and
one or two dwellings It was Saturday night
when I got into the Verde River. During the
evening some of the neighbors dropped in. and
finally a young minister who was to preach to
us on the morrow. He was a bright, vivacious,
muscular young Irishman, or at least he came
from Ireland. During his early life, he, in the
language of our text, did considerable in the
way of sowing to the flesh. Through the grace
of God he was converted, however, and is now
giving all his strength, life, and zeal toward
sowing to the Spirit. I shall long remember
that pleasant evening at friend Bell's. We
kept the minister talking, and answering ques-
tions until he would have been tired out had it
not been for his Irish muscle and the grace of
God that seemed to make him untiring in his
work. He preaches at three and perhaps four
different stations, scattered a good many miles
apart. Most of his appointments are every
other Sunday; some of them only every third
Sunday, and, if I remember correctly, at some
points they have preaching only once a month.
At mo«t of these country places, however, they
have Sundav-schools and Endeavor meetings
every Sunday. I believe these are both gener-
ally well attended. But there is a general
complaint of poverty all over this locality. The
minister is paid partly by the church that
sends him out, and he is expected to get a part
of it from the people where he preaches. Mr.
Bell informed me, however, that they were
very much behind in raising their small pro-
portion. Rev. Mr. Healy has never lost cour-
age and zeal, however, even if his people are a
little behind in paying his salary. He Is one of
the most untiring and indefatigable Christian
workers I ever knew.

After giving us an excellent sermon at the
schoolhouse he hastened off to another appoint-
ment several miles up the river. He preached
and exhorted there as usual; and as we were
coming home from the Endeavor meeting in
the evening we passed a little home where I
happened to know there was quite a family of
children. I stopped a moment to listen to the
very earnest talking from some one inside, and
looked inquiringly at Mr. Bell.

" Oh ! " replied he, "that is only our minister.
As soon as he gets through preaching he makes
house-to-house visits, calling on those who do
go to church and on those who do not go, all
alike. In fact, he puts in pretty much all his
time week days and Sundays in visiting the
people of his different parishes."

There were so many of us in friend Bell's
pretty little home that Saturday night that we
were asked, the minister and I, if we could
manage to occupy the same bed. I do not know
just what I said, but I felt like saying, " To be
sure, we can. So far as I am concerned, broth-
er Healy and I can not only get along in the
same bed together, but we could get along side
by side through all life's journey, clasping
hands as comrades in the Master's service."
Oh how much good it does me to find strong,

earnest, bright young men, giving their whole
lives toward battling for the right, and holding
up before the world the cross of Christ!

I am now going to " tell stories out of school"
just to illustrate what Christianity has to meet
in these out-of-the-way places. Of course, there
are boys and girls to be looked after, even if
the homes are scattered more or less apart; and
these boys and girls will get together and have
some sort of frolic now and then. Perhaps one
reason why the Endeavor Society has made
such headway is because it affords the means of
letting young people get out and see each oth-
er. Through brother Bell's instrumentality,
together with that of his good wife, they have
quite a good Sunday-school and Endeavor Soci-
ety in their neighborhood. Yes, there are two
or three of them — one at the old camp and one
up the river near the locality where brother
Bell and I had our "falling out." Well, some
time last fall. I do not know but it was toward
Thanksgiving time, the Endeavor Society de-
cided to have a "husking bee." Quite likely,
husking-bees had been fashionable before any
Endeavor Society was started. When the En-
deavorers took the husking-bee in charge, it
was understood — at least by the Christian peo-
ple—that it would be something in line with the
Endeavor socials. I believe the husking-bee
was a success. But after it was over, some of
the young people, in accordance with a time-
honored custom, commenced to clear away the
chairs and tables, so as to wind up with a dance.
The Endeavorers protested, and finally manag-
ed to wind up the husking-bee at a seasonable
hour, without any dance. A certain element,
however (but I am not prepared to say whether
they were members of the Endeavor Society or
not), were very much put out, and declared they
would " pay " the Endeavorers off, and " get
even" with them. Please bear in mind what I
have said about the difficulty of paying the
minister's salary. As a rule, the crops are poor
in the Verde Valley; and not only do the peo-
ple work hard for whatever they get, but all
their produce must be hauled over lone moun-
tain roads from thirtv to fiftv miles before they
can find a market. Under the circumstances it
seems hard to call upon these poor hard-work-
ing people for contributions for avy purpose.
They have no money, and absolutely "can not"
raise it. May be you have heard of such a
state of affairs before. Perhaps it is talked and
felt in vour own community. Now ju^t wait a
bit. The opposition side to the Endeavorers
declared that, even if they »'C7-e defeated on a
Thanksgiving dance, they would not be on a
Christma<dance: and they made their prepara-
tions, and advertised tickets for sale at a dollar
each,. and then they went to work to carry out
their project. By some hook or crook, the su-
perintendent of the Sunday-school — or one of
the Sunday-schools at least — was induced to
help sell tickets; and, whatdo you think? They
made their boast that they were going to sell a
hundred tickets, and did sell that many. One
hundred hard-earned dollars were taken from
the poor people of that valley, and paid over for
tickets to the dance; and then they crowed over
the Christian element who thought at Thanks-
giving time that spiritual things had triumph-
ed over the enemy.

Dear friends, perhaps I have not told the sto-
ry just right. It is near enough right, how-
ever, I think, to illustrate the point I wish to
make. In almost any community neople can
scrape up money if it is wanted badly enough.
Very likely. as a consequence the minister's sal-
ary is cut off; perhaps rents were not paid;
may be the good wife and the children had to
go without suitable clothing to get ready for

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

131

church and Sunday-school, in consequence of
the money that was raised for that dance. May
be the Christian people did not take just the
right course at the time of the husking-bee. It
is a little dangerous to shut right square down
on things of this kind in a way that is liable to
bring up bitter feeling and divide the people
into opposite factions. If some of the good
women had plead wiih those who wanted to
have the dance to have it at some other time,
and if the dancing-party had consented, it
would have been very much better.

Do some of you inquire what harm the dance
would have done the Endeavorers? Perhaps I
am not equal to the task of answering this mat-
ter right here, even if it were advisable to take
the space to do so. I may say, however, that,
where the thing has been tried, it has been
shown very conclusively that, the more young
people are interested in dances, the less they
are interested in spiritual work. The young
people's prayer-meeting can not be made to
harmonize with a dance. One or the other will
have to go to the wall. If the boys and girls
would dance only with their brotliers and sis-
ters it would be a different thing. But they
will not do this. They themselves will tell you
there is no " fun " in it. I once suggested to a
man who was going to walk a tight rope that
he should stretch the rope only six feet from
the ground. The people all laughed at me.
Nobody would throw any money into his hat if
he walked on a rope only six feet from the
ground. It must be away up above the tops of
the highest buildings if possible. They would
not pay their money unless he would stretch a
rope so high it would be sure death if he should
fall. Now, you may think I greatly exaggerate
when I say the matter of dances is something
on the same line. People would not pay a dol-
lar to go to a dance unless they were permitted
to incur danger. The danger is not so much to
young men and boys as it is to young girls. It
is the latter class who are going to be crushed
to a shapeless mass of deformity if they fall.

Oh, yesi I do know that boys and girls who
refuse to dance or to play cards are. in many
places, ostracised, as it were, from the rest of
the young people. 1 do know of the hits and
stabs they get when they decline. God knows
I know of the crosses they have to bear in order
that they may make their lives pure and clean.
I have not spoken of fashionable wine-drink-
ing; but these three seem to go together. May
God help us to stem the tide. May he give
grace and courage to the young people and to
the youns Christians who are nobly and hero-
ically holding the fort. Oh how it rejoices my
heartwhen I see a young man or young woman
who has gone safely through the ordeal of the
teens! for it is true, dear friends, that, almost
without exception, a boy or girl who eets to
be 20 or 2.5 will begin to lose the inclination for
such things. Again and again have I heard
such ones say, "Oh I am so glad that I held
fast to the advice of my father and mother in
regard to these matters! I can see it now, but
I did not then." Dear young friend, you can
easily test ihis matter of " questionable amuse-
ments" for yourself. If you are a professing
Christian or a member of the Endeavor Society,
suppose you try the experiment of joining in
with those who take part in such amusfments,
and watch carefully to see what effect it has on
your spirituality. After haviner attended the
dance, can you read your Bible or kneel in
prayer, or take part in the Endeavor Society,
with the same zeal and enjoyment you did be-
fore? I think there can be but one decision in
regard to this matter. There may be private
dances in the home circle, among friends and

relatives, where there is but little to be object-
ed to; but as you acquire skill in the exercise
you will be constantly called upon to mix in
more or less with the great outside world. I
have watched the matter for almost fifty years,
and my decision is like that of your own pastor
and that of almost all good Christian people. A
very dear friend of mine with whom I had had
frequent conversations on this matter once
came to me and said her conscience prompted
her, in view of the talk we had had in regard to
dancing, to make me a little confession. This
confes-ion was something like this:

" Mr. Root, after every dance that I have at-
tended I have always had a feeling next morn-
ing that I was a little lower down than I had
been the day before. Nobody told me so, but it
was ihe verdict of my own conscience. Now,
you know I sometimes go to prayer-meeting,
and take part; but every morning after having
attended the young people'sprayer meeting, es-
pecially after having taken part, somehow I
feel just the opposite. In fact, I feel as if I had
been lifted up just a little. The verdict of my
own conscience is that I stand a little riearer
Ood and a little further away from earth and
earthly things."

This was not her own language exactly, but
it was the purport of it as nearly as I can re-
member. Now. if God's Holy Spirit gives us all
thi« sort of witness, we do not need to go to oth-
ers for advice. We do not need to inquire what
others do in regard to these matters; but we
may seek the same counsel that my young
friend did. We have it in the little text at the
head of my talk to-day:

He that soweth to his flesh shall of the flesh reap
corruption; but he that soweth to the Spirit shall of
the Spirit reap life everlasting.

Please remember those beautiful words at the
close—" shall reap life everlasting." Of course,
we must bear burdens. Sometimes it seems
pretty hard for the average boy or girl; but, my
dear youne friends, let me suggest to you that
the great time of seed-sowing is while you are
in the teens. About the time you are 20 or 25
you will begin to reap. Shall it be corruption
or life everlasting? May God's Holy Spirit
help you in the decision you make.

CAMPING OUT generally; ITS INFLUENCE ON
HEALTH, ETC.

I have often heard of the appetite and result-
ing health that follow camping out in the open
air; but 1 confess I never realized it till we had
been out several days. Of course, I rode my
wheel a great deal; and when just a little fa-
tigued I would throw it on the canvas covering
the bedding on the back part of the wagon, and
then sit on it to keep it in place. This wheel-
riding would of itself give me an appetite; but
the sleeping in the open air is certainly a large
factor in the matter. No room, no matter how
open, can give exactly the same clear pure air
that you get outside with only the stars over-
head. My friends had brought such a bounti-
ful supply of blankets that I never felt the least
bit cold.

In stopping for dinner or for the night, the two
important things are " wood " and " water." It
seems very strange to eastern folks that either
should be scarce; but on the desert, water is

132

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb. 15.

found only at certain points, unless there has
been rain recently ; and wood is so scarce near
these watering-places, because it has been so
carefully scraped up, that we once or twice paid
25 cts. for a very small armful. While the men
cared for the horses I usually built the fire and
cooked the oatmeal, toasted the bread, " set the
table," etc. Setting the table consisted in turn-
ing over the lid of the lunch-box and resting it
on a water pail turned upside down. Mr. Ca-
rey made the coffee, and 1 never drank such de-
licious coffee before, and never expect to again.
You may ask. " How about plain hot water you
have lauded so much?" Well, coffee seems spe-
cially made for camping out ; and if the water
is the least bit alkaline the coffee disguises the
taste. I did not use sugar, but did use concen-
tr.ated milk. Mr. Elvey cooked the quails and
beefsteak. The most nourishing and delicious
steak I ever ate we bought at Antelope. 2}4 lbs.
for 1.5 cts. The mountains of Arizona can pro-
duce beefsteak as cheaply as or cheaper than
any other country in the world; and one who
knows how can cook it over a camp-fire so as to
be nicer than any restaurant or hotel cook ever
thought of doing. I am not going to claim that
the mountain and desert air did not have some-
thing to do with it. I gained 11 lbs. in weight
during the two weeks' trip, as nearly as I can
make out, and now weigh as much, perhaps, as
I ever did in my life.

Just a word more about the beef and cattle.
Where there is plenty of rain, cattle can be
grown on the mountains. I am told, at a cost
not exceeding one dollar per head. When these
cattle are of proper age they are driven down to
Salt River Valley, where they quickly become
fat on the wonderful alfalfa. Imagine a field of
forty acres in January, as green as a clover-
field in June, and the plant almost knee-high.
Stock enough is turned on to eat it down close
to the ground, then they are removed to anoth-
er field, water is turned on, and in a few weeks
the field is green with another crop. So valua-
ble is this alfalfa with its many crops in a sea-
son, that some fruit-ranches are being cleared
to make room for alfalfa, because the latter
pays better than the fruit.

Let us go back to arid plains and mountains
again. During the whole of 1895, more rain fell
than for many years, and feed is now so plenti-
ful that there is not stock enough to consume it
all. Previous to 1895 there were two or three
years of deficient rainfall, and thousands of cat-
tle starved, and some of the owners became
bankrupt. Go where you will, the bleaching
skeletons of starved cattle are found. All along
the roadside they are common. A dead cow by
the wayside is too common to occasion remark,
and no care is taken to bury the carcass; for in
this arid clime it just dries up. emitting very
little or no smell at all. The bones are not col-
lected, as they are in Texas and other places,
for the reason that the cost of shipping is more
than their value at present. Around "Skull
Valley," bones are so plentiful as to suggest its
name.

Alfalfa is made into hay in the spring and
summer — seldom in winter, on account of diffi-
culty in curing properly. It is pressed into
bales of about 100 lbs. each, and these are re-
tailed in Salt River Valley at 25 cts.; but after
we were out two days in the desert (at Antelope)
the price was $1.25 per bale. You see they
count it worth a dollar to haul 100 lbs. two
days. I am told that small farmers who find a
spring in some canyon, so as to irrigate a small
field in these localities where hav is so high, get
to be well to do in raising alfalfa alone. To
save hauling so much weight and bulk we tried
grain instead of alfalfa hay; but our horses

greatly preferred the hay, and seemed to work
better on it; in fact, we found it hard to get
them to eat any kind of grain if they could get
their favorite alfalfa hay.

MONTEZUMA'S WELL.

Within twelveor fifteen miles of Camp Verde,
off toward Flagstaff, is the celebrated Monte-
zuma's Well. I started ahead of the team, on
my wheel. When I got pretty near the locali-
ty, I wanted to make some inquiries. I saw a
lot of little girls playing near a schoolhouse.
As it was a little off the road I turned my wheel
in that direction, proposing to ride up and
make inquiries. As soon as they saw that
strange-looking craft making toward the group
at pretty good speed, they with one accord put
for the open door of the schoolhouse, with a
speed equal to if not greater than what I could
make on the wheel. One of the older ones,
however, ventured to give me the desired in-
formation. A little later the team came near
enough so that Bro. Elvey informed me that, if
I would go to the top of the hill yonder, plainly
in sight, I could find Montezuma's Well.

The team passed on to the place where we
were to stop over night, near by. I followed
the trail with my wheel until I was nearly at
the top of the hill; then I proceeded to go up
the rest of the way on foot. Was it the exer-
cise of riding or the excitement of the moment
in thinking that I was at last so near this cele-
brated freak of nature? And is it realjy pos-
sible that right on top of this hill here before
me I am to find this far-famed well of Monte-
zuma? I had almost reached the summit, and
began to think there was some mistake, when,
lo! at my very feet yawned a huge rocky cav-
ern or drop. From where I stood, straight
down, it was nearly a hundred feet to the water,
and the well is almost circular. I believe the
distance is about 200 feet across. I threw a
stone with all my might, but it came a good
way short of reaching the center of the pool.
Sure enough, as I had been told, air-bubbles
kept rising continuously where the stone went
down. The report is, that ropes tied together
have been let down 500 feet without striking
any bottom. By leaning over the edge of the
precipice I saw, perhaps a third of the way down,
the cliff dwellings that those queer people of
olden time built even into the sides of this well.
It made me think of the swallows' nests under
the eaves of a barn. It was so near night that
I did not undertake to explore the dwellings.
In fact, it is a dizzy piece of business any way,
with that bottomless pit of water to catch you
in case you should fall. On the opposite side
from where I stood, the rocky wall is a little
more broken. In fact, there is a trail made by
the feet of many visitors where they get down.
At the bottom of this trail is a little piece of
ground not covered by water; and a tree and
some bushes of some size grow here. Right
back of the tree there is a cave, or, rather, two
of them. One of these is occupied by more
cliff dwellings. In fact, they go back into the
rock a considerable distance. The other, the
right-hand branch, leads down through many
crooks and turns into a place where you may
hear running water. This is the water that
constantly overflows from the well, and passes
off through the rocky sides of the hill until it
finds an outlet in Beaver Creek; and some en-
terprising fruit-grower or farmer has caught
the stream, and carries it away in an irrigat-
ing-canal to his ranch. The volume of water
that goes out is perhaps large enough to fill a
good-sized stovepipe. By looking carefully
around the margin of the bottom of the well
you will find a place where the waters go
gurgling down through the broken rock.

1897

GLEANINGS INlBEE CULTURE.

133

Wheuce came this batch of curiosities ? What
made this well in the top of the hill ? Friend
Elvey explains it by calling it the crater of an
extinct volcano. At some former period, he
thinks, the volcano blew out this hole. The
hill surrounding it is made up of the matter
thrown out, and water found its way in, tilling
up the crater, and overflowing till it found an
outlet through the side of the hill into Beaver
Creek. Mr. Robert Phlnney, who lives near
by, has another explanation. He thinks the
underlying rock is something more or less sol-
uble in water, and that the spring of water
coming up through has dissolved the rock and
carried it away. As a proof of this, the water
from the well even now holds a large quantity
of minerals in solution. The deposit on sticks
and stones, something like petrefactiou, shows
this. As the water is moderately warm at all
seasons of the year, where it comes out into
Beaver Creek on a frosty morning it sends up
quite a little steam or vapor; and a beautiful
growth of " maiden-hair " ferns follows the path
of this warm spring water from its exit out of
the cliff down to Beaver Creek.
Z:By the time I had finished my examinations
ajman came galloping up to the summit of the
hill, on horseback, it would surprise people
here in the East to see how carelessly and reck-
lessly people ride on horseback along the moun-
tain canyons. The trail down the hill was so
steep that I sprang from my wheel; but while
we were talking, the man turned about in his
saddle; and while he was looking right back
toward me, his horse came to a series of rocky
precipices, some of them two or three feet
straight down among the jagged rocks. Right
down this rocky pathway the horse went with
a sort of lope, and his rider had his head turned
toward me, and did not even look to see where
his horse was going. I stood still in open-
mouthed astonishment. The horse went clear
to the bottom safely, and then loped off through
Beaver Creek and up the hill on the other side.
I do not suppose that one of the horses here in
the East could have been coaxed down that
path among those jagged rocks, by any hook
or crook; and yet this horse plunged down,
boldly without so much as hardly slacking his
speed. So much for the matter of education.

About half a mile from the well 1 found the
home of Robert Phinney. As a rule, through
the desert mountains and all around Camp
Verde the houses are very modest and humble.
In fact, it is generally agreed that such ex-
pensive homes as we have here in the East are
not needed; for snow is seldom seen, and the
only frost or freezing is during the night. Dur-
ing the coldest weather it sometimes freezes so
as to give the children a little slide early in the
morning; but when the sun gets away up high
in the middle of the day, it is almost always
comfortably warm if you get out in the sun.
This is why they put so little expense on their
dwellings. But Mr. Phinney's home presents
a vivid contrast, and I was a little surprised to
see a beautiful house made of hewn stone with
contrasting colors— a house that we would call
pretty in any town or city in our land. I began
to make some inquiries, and was told something
like this:

"Oh! Mr. Phinney, he married the school-
ma'am, and she made a picture of the house
before it was ever built. She's an awful good
schoolma'am, and the people like her so well
they could not let her go, and so she teaches
school now even if she is married."

Now, I have not time to tell you all about
the pretty little home belonging to Mr. and
Mrs. Phinney; but I want to say that the in-
side is fully in keeping with the outside. Books,

papers, periodicals, and all the appliances of
modern comfort and luxury, are found in that
little home. In fact, the furniture is mostly
made up of gems of modern date. When I first
came in I noticed a beautiful ratian chair
with three links of a chain surmounting the
back. Friend Elvey pretty soon began to joke
with the owner about being an Odd Fellow,
oven if he was away back in the hills. At this
the bright and vivacious mistress of the home
looked up inquiringly, and replied:

" Why, my husband is not an Odd Fellow,
neither is he a member of any secret society."
And then she added, mischievously, " In fact,
it was in the bargain before we were married,
that, instead of going to lodges and society
meetings, he should spend his evenings at home
with me."

Now, Mr. P. is a very quiet man. He is every
inch a gentleman, and always looks smiling
and good-natured, although he does not talk
very much. He Old not make any reply, only
to smile a little more good-naturedly at this
explanation from his wife. I wish that Mrs.
Root, when she gets thus far in reading my
story, would please skip say a dozen lines or so;
and while she is skipping ahead I want to say
to the readers of Gleanings, a little aside,
that I am not a bit surprised that Mr. Phinney
decided in his own mind he would rather spend
his evenings with this bright, intelligent little
schoolma'am than even to take a took toward
all that the secret societies and lodges in this
whole wide world can offer by way of contrast.
If he did rot so decide, I am sure I should have
done so if 1 had been in his place. Out in the
country. I believe that, as a general rule, the
husband does usually spend his evenings with
his wife and children. If there are uo children,
then there is a still better reason why he should
stay at home with the wife, to keep her com-
pany.

It is just being discovered in this neighbor-
hood that apples and other fruits grow to won-
derful perfection; and these two friends have
already put out an orchard of thrifty young
apple-trees; and one evening was spent quite
profitably and pleasantly in discussing the dif-
ferent varieties of apples; and I was very glad
indeed to find that my recent enthusiasm in
that direction had given me some knowledge
of pomology. Right close by Mr. Phinney's
apple-orchard are some wonderful soda springs.
The water comes bubbling and boiling up
through a bed of white sand. I will tell you
about them in our next issue.

THE SUFFERING ARMENIANS.

The National Armenian Relief Committee recent-
ly forwarded to Turkey $3.5,000. They have just
received a cable message from the luternationa,!
Committee at Constantinople, of which the British
Ambassador is Cliairman, aclinowledging the re-
mittance, and stating that the funds in hand are
entirely inadequate to meet the awful suffering and
destitution, and that careful investigation has
shown that not less than 40,000 children have been
made orphans by the late massacres. These " wards
of Christendom " can be easily saved from starva-
tion or debasing enslavement in Moslem homes,
and can be cared for at the rate of a dollar a month ;
but thousands will perish before spring unless gen-
erous gifts are sent at once to Brown Bros. & Co.,
59 Wall St., New York, who are the authorized
treasurers. Spencer Trask, Chairman,

Fred D. Greene, Secretary.

New York, Feb. 2, 1897.

cWe clip the above from a communication
just received. I may add here that a sum of
money sent from Medina a few days ago was
reported to be in the hands of missionaries in
Armenia within 48 hours, the arrangements by

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb 15.

cable enabling us to reach the sufferers thus
quickly. Now, there is one hopeful feature to
me in the work that is going on. With the
activity at present being displayed in relieving
the sufferers it does not seem to me that the
Turks will dare to go into any more slaughter.
If they do, lei them beware.

Special Notices in the Line of Gardening, etc.

By A. I. Root.

REDUCEn PRICES ON OCR RURAL BOOKS.

Please read over our book list in this and the next
ssue, and note the great reductions in the price of
lany of the standard books.

OUR WHITE PLUME CELERY SEED.

For many years past we liave been getting our
celery seed from one particular house. Their prices
are higher, consequently ours are rather higher;
in fact, we have had seed offered us by a good many
seed-growers at less than half what we now pay;
but we were afraid to risk any thing cheaper. Be-
low Is a sample of the letters we get in regard to it:

Mr Root:— The White Plume celery seed that I got from
you last season produced the best lot of celery ever grown in
this section. Please send me by return mail as follows: . . .

Richfield Springs, N. Y., Feb. 7. L. P. Seaton, Florist.

OUR JERSEY WAKEFIELD CABB.A^GE SEED.

For many years past, all of our Wakefield seed
has come from R. A March, as our friends may
know; and it has been extra select stock seed.
Aside from the results obtained on our own
ground, year after year, we have had most excellent
reports from north, south, east, and west. Last
summer we had cabbage from this seed— hard solid
heads weighing from 8 to 10 lbs., and almost every
plant made a nice head of cabbage. Seed was start-
ed in the greenhouse, in the middle of February,
planted out in cold-frames in March, and then set
out In the field in April. In this way the plants
were hardened off so as to be nearly if not entirely
equivalent to cold-frame plants. Now is the time
to start your seeds under glass. See prices else-
where.

VEGETABLES UNDER GLASS.

In our issue for Dee. 1, page 871, 1 reviewed a lit-
tle book entitled " Vegetanle Forcing." I said that,
although the price was $1.00, the book was hardly
worth 26 cts. Just now, however, we have got a
little book from that veteran seedsman, Henry A.
Dreer, entitled, "Vegetables under Glass," and it is
really a little gem. It really does my heart good to
find something on the matter of gardening, espe-
cially gardening under glass, from those who have
been years In the business, like Henderson, Lan-
dreth, or Dreer. The book is profusely illustrated,
and the pictures alone are worth the price. The
paper and print are beautiful. One feels sorry
when he has read it all through, to think there is no
more of it. Last, but not least, this Utile book of
over 100 pages is mailed for only 3.5 cts. We should
be glad to furnish it at this price to any who may
want it. I may remark that Dreer himself has a
single greenhouse covering an entire acre.

HUBBARD SQUASHES.

A man came in last week, saying he had about 100
nice Hubbard squashes, and wanted to know what
we would give for them. I paid him Vi cts. per lb.
for 35 of the squashes. We put them on the wagon,
and the greater part of them were sold in about
two days. We ought to have bought all he had.
When I asked him how he managed to keep them
until the middle of February he said it was a very
easy matter when one has learned how. The
squashes must be picked before they are frosted In
the least. They must be handled like eggs, and put
in a dry room upstairs, where it will not freeze. It
will not do to put them in the cellar. Cellars are
too damp, and mostly too warm. Keep them in a
dry cool room as near freezing as you can, and yet
not have them freeze. Now, friends, we have had
this same state of affairs winter after winter. Hub-
bard squashes are quoted in Cleveland at 2 cts. per
lb., or $4ii.(MJ a Loir", and you could make lots of money

if you got only $5.00 a ton. If you want to try it,
we have an extra nice lot of seed at a very low
price, especially if wanted in quantity. See price
of seeds for 189", on another page.

GOOD ONIONS ARE WORTH A DOLLAR A BUSHEL.

This is another thing to rejoice the heart of the
farmer and gardener. One of the largest onion
firms in the United States is here in Medina C<>. In
fact, their crop last year was so great that it receiv-
ed a kindly recognition in the Agricultural Reports
at Washington. Well, after much care and pains
they brought their whole crop through the terrible
blizzard of the last week of January. In a pleasant
letter from one of the firm a few days ago he re-
marked chat they wei'e getting a dollar a bushel for
their large fine Red Wethersflelds; andif you will
consult the market reports you will find that onions
are from $3.50 to $3.50 a barrel in all our large cities.
Good ! Now, friends, there is going to be a scarcity
until the new crop is gathered. Ptrhaps there
never was a better opening for onions started under
glass. Fix up your greenhouses; get your hot-beds
and cold-frames going, and get in some onion seeds
straightway. See the low prices we quote you in
this issue.

SEED POTATOES AS PREMIUMS FOR SUBSCRIBING TO
GLEANINGS.

Now it is near to planting-time, please remember
that everybody who sends us $1.00 for Gleanings,
past, present, or future, may have, as a premium, 1
lb. of Thoroughbred potatoes for every dollar he
sends us, or 2 lbs. of any other kind in the list. Still
further, if any present subscriber will get us a new
name, that is, will get Gleanings going into some
neighborhood where it is not now going, we will
give him a peck of Thoroughbreds or y^ bushel of
any of the other kinds. Of course, you must pay
the shipping charges. If any of you like small po-
tatoes for planting, you may have just twice the
quantity of seconds. See revised prices below:

Varieties are in order as
regards time of matur-
ing; earliest first, next
earliest second.and so on.

White Bliss Triumph (

E. Thoro'bred, Maule's*

Early Ohio

Early Norther

Burpee's Extra Early

Freeman

New Queen

Sir William 16

Carman No. 1 12

Carman No. 3 15

Koshkononp 15

Manum's Enormous 15

New Craig 15

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9

ai;

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i 60

«1 00

sn

1 .50

2 25

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+0

75

20

35

60

25

10

75

9.0

30

60

m

30

50

20

30

50

20

30

60

2(1

30

60

20

;i5

60

25

10

75

40

75

;i5

fiO

1 00

35

60

1 00

J 2 50
6 00
2 00
1 50

2 00
2 00
2 60
2 50

*. 50 strong eyes, by mail, postpaid, $1.00.

We can furnish seconds of the Thoroughbred,
Burpee, Freeman, New Queen, Sir William, Carman
No. 1, and New Craig, at luilf the above prices. All
the others are sold out. Please note that this low
price on seconds does not apply to potatoes sent by
mail postpaid.

THE NEW QUEEN AS AN EARLY POTATO.

In our experiments last year the New Queen gave
good early potatoes almost if not quite as soon as
any of the extra earlies. The quality was also, and
is now, next to the Freeman. Furthermore, it is
less liable to scab than any other potato known, on
our Medina clay soil. LHst, but not least, it gave
us the enormous crop of 375 bushels per acre, right
through a pretty good-sized field. Now let me call
your attention to the low price at which we offer
this splendid early potato— only $1.35 a barrel; and
if you care to plant medium-sized and small pota-
toes, we offer some extra nice seconds at only 63 cts.
per barrel. At these prices the New Queen is per-
haps as good a potato for table use as you can find.
Our low price is not because they are in any respect
behind the others, but because we have almost a
thousand bushels to dispose of. Please notice in
the table our drop in the prices of Thoroughbred,
Burpee's Extra Early, Freeman, Sir William, and
Carman No. 3.

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

135

MANUM S ENORMOUS POTATOES.

We would advise all of our readers to send for
Manum's circular in regard to these new potatoes.
We can mail them to you on application. The
reports in regrard to the yield and quality are cer-
tainly something wonderful, especially those from
the experiment stations of Pennsylvania, Ohio,
Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Massachu-
setts. All these give it a big recommend. It seems
to me, however, that not one of them sufficiently
emphasizes the fact tliat the Enormous will keep
away along into the spring and clear through hot
weather, in better order for eating or planting
than almost any other potato that has been brought
before the public.

By th^ way, I want to quote just one short para-
graph in Mauum's circular, inasmuch as it indirectly
pays quite a compliment to our own Craig Seedling:

"One of our local potato-buyers remarked, after
cooking a mess, ' They are tlie finest potato lever
put on my plate.' This test was made in July,
when the potaotes were nearly one year old, which
shows their good keeping qualitie.><. In this respect
they are not excelled by any variety I ever had, and
equaled only by the Craig Seedling."

Permit me to add that, at the very low price we
are offering the Enormcius, our stock will soon be
closed out. We were prevented from giving them
a fair test on our own grounds last season, from the
fact thai they happened to be planted on a piece of
ground that was several times underwater, in con-
sequence of the extreme and unus\ial floods when
the potatoes were almost mature. The siauding in
water rotted the Enormous and every other kind of
potato.

OUR C.A.TALOG FOR 1897.

We have succeeded in completing some of the
new edition of our catalogs for this year before go-
ing to press with this issue of Gleanings. Duriug
th^' next few weeks we expect to mail upward of
lOO.OuO catalogs. If we do not get around to your
name as soon as you would like, drop us a postal
and you will get a catalog back by next mail. We
have the wrappers already addressed, but of course
it will take time to print and mail so large an edi-
tion.

SCREEN WIRE CLOTH.

There seems to be a strife between t> e manufac-
turers of window-screen wire cloth, and very low
prices are ruling. We are piepared to furnish any
of the <irdinary widths, 24, 26, 28, 30,32,34, and 36
Inches in full rolls, 100 feet long, at $1.2.5 per 100
square feel, making the price of a full roll. 24 inches
wide, 12.50; 30 inches wide. $3 13: and 36 inches
wide, I3.T5, and other widths in like proportion.
Cut pi» ces of not less than 20 square feet at lV4c per
square foot. The color of cloth furnished will be
green unless otherwise siiecified.

AUGITE MATS, AGAIN.

We supposed that the last reduction made in the
price of these mats would be the very las ; but we
are obliged to reco d a further reduction This,
too, is for the original and genuine augite mat
which is and always has been, the best one made.
We now offer them, popt( aid, at lOcts. each; 3 for
25 cts ; 1 doz., 8.5 cts. Not prepaid, .5 ct^. tach; 3
for 10 cts. ; 35 cts. per doz. ; ^3. .50 per gross. Here is
a chance to do you self and y ur neighbors some
good. You could easily sell these mats at 5 cts
each from house to hotse, and leave a blessing
wherever you sell a mat, and at the same time
make a fair profit for your work.

BOARDMAN FEEDER.

This feeder was in great favor last season for
spring feeding, and large quantities were sold. We
find that in some sections of the country the Mason
jars are not in common use.

We have not only arranged for a carload of Mason
jars so as to supply them at low prices to those who
can not get them reasonably near home, but we have

devised a special cap to fit the Lightning jar, which
is more common in some places. We find this jar,
with the special cap, fits nicely the regular feeder-
box made for Mason jars. These special caps for
Boardman feeders, made for either Lightning or
Mason jars, without the wooden box, will be sup-
plied at 8c each; SOc per doz. ; $6 00 per 100. Unless
you specify when you order, we will send them to
fit the Mason jars. These special caps can l)e sent
by mail for 2c each extra; dozen lots, 15c for Mason
tops; 10c for Lightning, to cover postage.

AGENCIES.

Owing to long continued ill health our Florida
agency at San Mateo, in charge of A. F. Brown, has
been discontinued. Mr. Brown still has quite a
stock of some lines of goods which he will dispose
of as he has opportunity, and he may be reached by
addressing him at Seminole Gn.ve, Harwood, Volu-
sia Co., Fla. Wm. A. Selser, taking charge of our
agency at No. 10 Vine St., Philadelphia, Pa., is pre-
pared to supply the southern trade, especially on
the eastern coast. He has arranged to ship either
from New Tork or PhilMdelphia on special through
rates by boat. The Rawlings Implement Co. contin-
ue to handle our goods at Baltimore, Md.

The bee supply business conducted in Denver,
Colo , by Baneldes & Co., is now in the hands of the
L. A. Watkins Mdse. Co., who have taken over the
stock and good will, and will continue to supply
our goods.

CARLOAD SHIPMENTS.

We have shipped so far this season an assorted
carload of supplies to J. M. Jenkins, Wetumpka,
Ala., who is the leading supply dealer in Dixie.
We have also shipped a carload to D. M.Edwards,
Uvalde, Texas, which is one of the best honey-pro-
ducing sections of that State. Another car has
just gone to Jos. Nysewander, Des Moines, la. Geo.
E.Hilton, of Fremont, Mich., has also had a car,
coni-isting in large part of his chaff hive, which is
deservedly popular in his section. As we go to
press we are loading a car for Syracuse, N. Y.,
which will be followed as soon as possible by one
for Mechanic Falls. Me., Philadelphia, Pa., St. Paul,
Minn., Chicago, 111., and to Buell Lambertson,
Portland, Or. We have already shipped one large
carload across the big pond to Scotland, and
are loading another as we go to press, which will
also he followed by two more cars, a little later, for
which orders are already in, and goods nearly
ready. We are running full time, and shall likely
be running over time soon. We anticipate a heavy
trade this season, and advise our customers to get
their orders in early, that you may not be disap-
pointed.

ADDITIONS AND CHANGES IN PRICES.

Besides the improvements mentioned in last issue
of GlE.'VNINgs in the Hoffman frames, covers, bot-
toms, etc., and the change in numbering hives as
well as the lower prices on hives, we call attention
to other changes as follows: The new list of pi ices
on sections published in last issue, and new prices
on foundation noted in a previous issue. Prices of
smokers are changed. The Cornell is now 75c, and
the Crane $1.25; by mail, 25c each extra.

New prices on Bingham smokers will be found on
another page of this issue. More prominence is
given to the Porter bee escape, which, as a labor-
saving implement, is not half appreciated by bee-
keepers generally. Unfortunately the first catalogs
printed have the old price on the honey-house es-
capes. The new price on this form of escape adopt-
ed for this year is 25c each; $2.75 per doz., postpaid
or with other goods. We call attention to improve-
ments In shipping-cases.

Forthe benefit of eastern and southern customers
who use square glass jars, we have made arrange-
ments with a manufacturer in the East whereby we
are able to make shipments direct from New York
or Philadelphia, and at slightly lower prices. To
secure these prices, however, your order must be
for at least 2 gross of 5 or 8 oz. sizes, and 1 gross 1-lb.
size; % gross 2-lb. size. These are regular-sized
packages, and they can not be repacked to supply
smaller quantities except at an advanced price.

We are also offering Mason fruit-jars very low,
but will not be ready to deliver them for about six
or eight weeks from this date. Enameled cloth we
have been obliged to mark up to 25c a yard; i2.50
per piece of 12 yards.

GLEANINGS IN BEEoCULTURE.

Feb. 15.

WIHE-CLOTH STAPLES.

c We have a liitle staple fs wioc, % Ioiir, that i
superior to a tack for attaching wire cloth to qi
cages, hives, door, and wludo" -screen frames, etc.
They are very flue, and a great many to a pound.

We can supply if-lb. package at .5-; by mail, 10c;
lib., 15c; 5 lbs., 60c. "'

PO'^tJ

»xtra, 18c per lb.

END- SPACE STAPLES.

Those who wish to try tlie end space staple and
shortened top-bar, as mentioned in last issue,
will find the special staples we have had made for
the purpose, superior to any regular staple you will
find in the market. We will furnish k lb., sufficient
for 100 frames, with gauge for driving, for oc, or by
mail for 10c. Price of 1 lb. will be 1.5c; ."> lbs., 60c.
By mail, 18c per lb. extra for postage and packing.

Comb Foundation.

lEI

Cheaper and better than ever; clear
as crystal, for you can read your
name through it. Process and ma-
chinery patented Dec. 8, 1896, and
other patents pending. Samples of
the new foundation free.

Root's Goods.

Before placing your order lov this
season, be sure to send for Root's

1897 Catalog, ready now.

Our 1897 hives, with improved
Danzy cover and improved Hoffman
frames, are simply "out of sight."
Acknowledged by all who have seen
them to be a great improvement over
any hive on the market, of last year.

The A. 1. Root Co.,

Main Office and Factory, Medina, OHiO.

Branch offices at 118 Michigan St.,
Chicago; Syracuse, N. Y.; St. Paul, Minn.;
Mechanic Falls, Me.; No. 10 Vine St.,
Philadelphia, Pa.

The Cultivator,

Publi^shed semi-monthly at Omaha, Ne-
braska, is the leading authority on fruit
grown in Nebraska, and on general ag-
riculture in the West. Send for sample
copy and free strawberry-plant offer.
Address

The Cultivator, Omaha, Neb.

1897.

Cleveland
Bicycles. 't^'t^

Every piece and part of the Cleveland
Bicycle is made in our own factories by
the best of skilled workmen, under most
rigid inspection. The result is a Bicycle
embodying, in a marked degree, features
of safety, speed, and durability.

THERE'S HONEST VALUE IN IT.

We want the patronage of intelligent and dis-
criminating buyers. 1897 catalog mailed free
for the asking.

H. A. LOZIER & CO.,
Cleveland, Ohio,

Send 4 cents postage tor our booklet, "Shake-
speare and the Bicycle." Twe've illustrations
in colors by P. Opper, of " Puck."

""■

•1 "

■""

■""

■-

■

■

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ili

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y

PAUOE CAR OR HAND CAR.

If vou wre KOina on a .ioiirnev and the P. W. W.
F. (o. otfeied vou a reasonable rate over their
"Coifed Spring Koiite," splendid service.safety
(guaranteed— would you take it? Or, to save ex-
pense, would you ■pump" yourself over the road on
a hand car? If you choose the latter, be sure the
hand car has the right of way.

PAGE WOVEN WIRE FENCE CO., Adrian Mich.

1500 Bbls. Sweet=potato Seed.

Yellow Jers' y, Carolina, and Nanseraond, select-
ed size, $;i.5U per barrel; 3d size, $1.7,5 per Bbl.
Red Jersey and R. Nansemond, 3.,50
Red Bermuda and Red Spanish, 3.75 "
South. Qneen and Bahama White, 3.75 "
Vineless or Gold Coin Prolific, 4.00

Discount of 35c per bbl. on 5 bbl. lots.
Send for free circulars. Adddress

L. H. MAHAN, Box 143,

Terra Haute, Ind.

A BARGAIN IN BEE-KEEPERS'
SUPPLIES,
Is i The best quality of goods,

when J At the lowest prices,
you J And get them prompt,
get ' And with small freight charges.

This is just what we can do by our 1897 custom-
ers. Estimates cheerfully given on any bill of
goods wanted. Special inducements for early or-
ders. Address

JOSEPH NYSEWANDER, Des Moines, Iowa.
Please mention tme paper.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

ONE HUNDRED DOLLARS AN ACRE

Can only be made from one source— POUI^TRV. Wheat and corn do not pay by comparison. You
mav smile, but have you ever tried keeping poultry rj^/if. The egg basket is a handy source ot
revenue these hard times. THE POULTRY KEEPER, Bciz63 ParkeSBURC, Pa. 5octs. a year
tells how it is done. Sample free. The paper i year and four grand Poultry Books, $i . Write to-day.

LADY MARTHA WASHINGTON.

The Illustration presented above represents one
of the most remarkable B. P. Rock hens ever pro-
duced. She was batched and raised by J. W. Whit-
ney, of Chatham, Ohio. Is now four years of age,
and has won the following- list of prizes:

Isi prize at Washing-ton, D. C, Jan. 13-16, 1897.
Olst " Hagerstown, Md., October, 1896.

2d " West Chester, Pa.. October, 1896.

2d " Reading:, Pa., October, 1896.

ad " Toledo, Ohio, January, 1896.

3d " Medina, Oliio, December. 1895.

3d " Medina, Ohio, January, 1895.

To those of our readers who are interested in poul-
try we would say Mr Whitney's circular contains a
full description of Ids fowls and valuable informa-
tion as well. It is free. Write for it.

SYR AC U S E

SUSPENSORY

SUPPORTS

and protects the scrotum, and should be worn in
every case where there is any drooping ol the scro-
tum. It is especially recommended to wheelmen,
equestrians, base-ball, foot-ball, and lawn-tennis
players, athletes, men doing heavy work, much
walking or standing, etc. Ask j'our physician's ad-
vice about wearing a Suspensory— perhaps it will
relieve your backache. Our $1.00 grade is very pop-
ular, and your dealer, or we, will sell you one and
refund money if not perfectly satisfactory. For
sale by all druggists and dealers in athletic goods.
Send for price list. A. J. WELLS MFG. CO.,

350 Tallman Street, Syracuse, N. Y.

Sweet Potatoes.

Yi pk. G. C. Prolific, i4 pk. G. Grant, 3 pks. Yellow
Jerseys, all for One Dollar. Here is an opportu-
nity to try the new vinelcss varieties at a small cost.
J. Q. MuLFORD, Lebanon, Ohio.

Yell, O Yell, O'YELLOWZONES.
YELLOWZONES for PAIN and FEVER.

Do You Want

An Incubator?

'N"E"W" Al^ E3 R,IO AIT.

Want Our Catalogue?

It's a pretty book of 68 pages, finely llluatratea:
worth dollars to every poultryman. A 2c stamp gets it.

Geo. J. NissLY, Saline, Mich.

in all the many shows in

which it has participaterl

there must be somethini?

the superiority claims of the

RELIABLE INCUBATOR

Self regulating, entirely auto-

' raatic, you put in the eggs, the

Reliable does the rest. All about I

this and many things of value to |

pw book. Send 10 cts. for it.
^^^^

1 1 ■ 1 1 ■ I h

RELIABLE |.t|CU8AT0R & BROODER CO., QUINCY,
nil nil mill I mil II 1 1 11? II

LIFE PRODUCERS

THE SUCCESSFUL INCUBATORS.

a^l LIFE PRESERVERS

, ,, THE SUI
kj^ All about
Ji'^ Sent for 6 cents,

OES MOINES INCUBATOR CO.. Box 503 DES MOINES. lA.

THE SUCCESSFUL BROODERS.

them in our cataioRue,

EXCELSIOR Incubator

Simple. Perfect, Self- Regulat-
iiiq. Thousands in successful
^owe^ priced
Urst-olaos Hatch er made.

tiEO. II. STAML.

i S. fit^ St. QuIncy.IlL

MUTH'S HONEY-EXTRACTOR,
SQUARE GLASS HONEY-JARS,
ROOT'S GOODS AT ROOT'S PRICES,

Bee-keepers' Supplies in g-eueral, etc., etc.
Send for onr new catalog. "Practical
Hints " will be mailed for 10c in stamps.
Apply to

CHAS. F. MUTH & SON, Cincinnati, 0.

In responding- to these advertisements please mention Gleanings.

138

GLEANINGS IN BEE CQLTURE.

Feb. 15.

Revised Price List of Garden Seeds for Feb. 15.

Please notice that any or all sp«»ds mentioned below are sold in five-cent packages, postpaid by mail.
For 10 papers ordered alone uiiie, 40 cts.; 100 papers, ^3.60. Of course, scarce and liigh-priced seed will
necessitate making only a very small amount of seed in a package; but by far the greater part of them
contain a full lialf-ounce of good fresh seeds. By comparing these packages with those you get of many
of the seedsmen you will notice the liberal amounts we furnish for only 5 cts. It is true, we do not give
presents or cash prizes; but we believe the most intelligent people of the present day would prefer to have
their money's worth of what they ordered, rather than to compete for a prize. The five-cent packages are
sent postpaid; but the price of all other seeds does not include postage; therefore, when you order seed
by the ounce or pound, allow postage thus: 9 cts. per lb.; 5 cts. peri lb., or 1 ct. per oz. Peas and beans by
the pint and quart must also have 8 cts. per pint or 15 cts. per quart; for corn, add 13 cts. per quart for
postage. Postage to Canada is double the above rates. One-fourth ounce, pound, or peek, will be sold at
ounce, pound, or peck rates unless otherwise specified. In the enumeration below, no description of the
seeds is given, as you may notice. Our complete catalog, with full description, will be mailed on applica-
tion if you have not already received it.

ASPARAGUS.
Asparague*, Palmetto. Oz. 5c; lb. 40c.
Asparagus Roots. 2 year old. Palmetto, 10 for

lOc; 75c per 100; $6.00 per 1000. 2-year-old roots not mailable.
1 year roots, 10, lOi-; 100. 50c; 1000", $i. By mail, add oc for 10;
26c for 100.

BUSH BEANS.
Kiimerle's Biisli Lima. Qt. 35c; '2 pk. 75c;

pk. $1.25.
Burpee'^ Bnsli Ijima. Pt. 15c; qt. 35c; 'i pk.

75c; pk.. $1.35: bu., UM.
Henderson's Biisli Lima. Pt. 10c: qt I8c; pk.

$1.00: bu. $3.75.
Kidney Wax. Qt. 10c; pk. 60c.
Best of All. Qt. .5c; peck, 40c. ; bush., $1.25.
White Kidney, JLari^e. Pt. 8c; qt. 15c; pk.

T5c; bu.$2.75.
York State Blarrow. The best field bean. Qt.

10c; peck 75c; bu. $2 50.
Navy. Qt. 5c: pk. 3.5c; bu. $1.25.
POLE BEANS.
Extra-Early Lima Beans. Price, !4 pt., 8c;

qt 20c; peck $1.00.
King of tlie Garden Lima. V4 pt. 8c; qt. 30c;

peck, SI. 00.'

All of our heans iviU be furnished inS-cent packages;
but where they are to an by mail, postpaid, of cmirse
the above packaaes will have to he quite small. If
wanted by mail, add 8c per pt. or 15c per qt . for postage.

BEETS.

Eclipse. Oz. 5c; lb. 25c; 5 lbs. $100.

Lane's Improved Sugar. Oz. 5c: M'. 15'-; .'> lbs.

<50c.
Long Red lUangel. Oz., .5c; lb., 15c; 5 lbs., 70c;
10 Ihs., $1.30, 20 lbs. or more, 10c per lb.

Golden Tankard. Oz., .5c; Ih.. 15c; 5 lbs., 70c;
10 lbs., $1 20; 20 lbs. or over, 10<; per lb.

CABBAGE.

Select, Very Early Jersey W^aketield. Stock

seed. Oz. 20c; lb. $2.50.
Henderson's Early Summer. Oz. lOc; lb. $1.00.
Fottler's Brunswick. Oz. 10c; lb. *I.lO.
Burpee's Sure-liead. Oz. lOc; lb. $1.10.
Excelsior Flat JDntcli. Oz. ]0c; lb. $1.00.
Perfection Druniliead Savoy. Oz. 10c; lb. $1.26.
Large Bed Brumliead. Oz. 10c; lb. $1.25.

CARROTS.
Early French Forcing. Oz.5c; lb. 60c.
Orange Danvers, Half-Long. Oz. 5c; lb. 60c.

CAULIFLOWER.
Henderson's Early Snowball. Raised by H.

A. March. Ji oz. 2.5c; 14 oz. 40c; oz. $1.50.
CELERY.
Henderson's White Plume. Oz., 30.; lb., $2.00.
Golden Self-Blanching Celery. Oz., 20e: lb.,

$2.00.
New Bose. Oz. 20c; lb. $1.75.
Giant Paschal. Oz. 20c; Ih. $1..50.
Dwarf Golden Heart. Oz. Klc; lb. $1.25.
CORN (FOR TABLE USE).

Corn we sell at 5c per half-pint package; but at this
price purchasers must pay the postage, which is 3c for
each half^int. If wanted in larger quantities the price
{where no price is given) will be, pt., 7c; qt., 10c; pk..
50c; bu.,$1.75.

Cory's Extra Early (white cob).
Stow^ell's Evergreen. Pk. 40-^,; bu. $1.2.5.
Ford's Early Sweet.
Late Mammoth Sugar.

Country Gentleman, or Improved Shoepeg.

Pk. 40c; bu. $1.2.5.

Sweet Corn for fodder. Pk. 30c: bu. $1.00.

CORN SALAD.

Oz. 5c; lb. 40c.

CBESS.

Extra Curled, or Pepper Grass Oz. 5c:lb.30c.
Water Cress, (r!(c. Oz. 30c; ih. $:5.,5().
Watercress-plants, strong and nicely rooted. Post-
paid, by mail, 10 for 16c; 100, .50c.

CUCUMBER.
Early Frame. Oz. 5c; lb. 30c.
Improved Early White Spine, or Arlington.

Oz..5c; lb. 30e.
Green Prolilic,or Boston Pickle. Oz.5c; lb. 25.

LETTUCE.
Grand Baplds Lettuce. Oz. 5c; pound, 60c;

5 Ihs. $2.(iO.
Boston inarket (or White-seeded Tennis-ball).

Oz., .5c; lb., 50c.
Henderson's New York. Oz. 5c; lb. 60c.

MELONS, MUSE.
Casaba, or Persian miiskmelon. Oz. 5 cts.:

lb. 30c.
Extra Early Citron. Oz. .5c: lb. 40c.
Banana. Oz. 5c; lb. 40c.
Emerald Gem. Oz. .5c; lb. 40c.
Miller's Cream, or Osage. Oz. 5c; lb. 40c.

MELONS, WATER.
Ptinney'- Early. Oz. 5c; lb. 30c.
Landreth's Boss. Oz. 5c; lb. 30c.
Sweetheart. Judging from a barrel of melons

sent us last August, we should place this, for

quality, ahead of all other watermelons. Oz. 5c;

II). 30c.

ONION.
Vellow Globe Danvers. Oz. 5c; lb. 60c; 5 lbs. $2.60.
Large Ked Wetherslield. The standard red

onion. Oz. 6c; lb. Bdc; 5 lbs., $2 50.
Prize Taker. Oz. lOc; Ih. $1 10.
"White Victoria. Oz. 20c; lb. $3.50.
American (Extra Early) Pearl. Oz. 2,5c; i4-lb. $1.

lb. $2..50.
Extra Early Bed. Oz. 8c; ¥ lb., 25c; lb. 75e.

ONION-SETS.

By mail 10 cents per quart extra.

Best Vellow. Qt. 15c; pk. 60c; bu. $2.0(1.

Extra Early American Pearl. Qt. 30c; pk. $1.00
bush., $3.50. See American Pearl seed.

W^hite Prizetaker {new). Same price as Amer-
ican Pearl.

W^hite Multiplier. Price 10c per pint; 16c per
qt; pk. 75c; bu. $2.75. By mail, 10c per qt. extra.

W^inter, or Egyptian Onion Sets. Prices, 5c
per qt., or o5c per peck ; $1.00 per bush.

PARSNIP.
Improved Guernsey. Oz. .5c; lb. 2.5c; 10 lbs., $2.00.

FARSLET.
Fine Curled or Double. Oz. 6c; lb. 40c.

PEAS.
Alaska. Yi pt., 5c; peck. 75c; bush., $2.50.
American 'Wonder. Qt. 15i-; pk. $1.00; bu. 3.75.
Premium Gem. X pt. 5c; peck, 90c. ; bu.. $3 25. '
Stratagem. Vi pt. 8c; qt. 30c; pk. $1.25; bu. $3.90.

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Champion of England. Pint, 10c: pk. 75i-:
bushel, «;~'.50.
Peas by mail will be at same rate n» beans for postage.

PEPPERS.
Sweet Spanish. \ oz. Sc. ; oz. 20c.
Bnllnose. J« oz. 5c; <«. 12c.
Cayenne ^4 <>z. ^c- oz. 15c.

PIIIWPKIIN.
Early Sugar. Oz. 5c; lb. 35c.

RHUBARB.

MfHtt's Victoria. Oz., 5c: lb., "..5c.

Roots, 10c each; 50c for 10; $3..50 per 100. Small
roots postpaid by mail at above prices.

RADISHES.
Early Scarlet Globe. Pkr. 5c; oz. .5c; lb 40c.
Wood's Early Frame. Oz 5c; lb. 35c.
Beckert's Chartier. Oz. .5c. ; lb. 40c.
Chinese Rose Winter. Oz. .5c; lb. 3.5c.

SALSIFY, OB, OTSTEB PLANT.
New ITIaniniotli. From Sandwich islands. Oz
8c; lb. 60c.

SPINACH.

Bloomsdale Extra Curled. Oz .5c; lb. 18c.

5 lbs. T.5c; 10 lbs. #1.25

SQUASH,
iilant Summer Crookiieck. Oz. 5c; lb. 40c.
Hubbard. Oz. .5c; lb. 30c: 5 lbs. $1.25: 10 lbs. S2.25.

TOMATO.
Ooldeii Queen. Pkt., .5c; oz., 1.5c; lb., $2.00.
Ignotiim Tomato. V^ oz 8c; oz. 15c; lb. $1..50.
Livingston's Beauty. Oz. 20c; lb' f2.C0.
DwarrCliampion. oz. 20c: lb. $2.00.
IiivIn:2;«ton'» New Stone Tomato. Oz. 20c;

lb. $2.00. A very fine larsre tomato tor main crop.
Fordliook E-irly. TIh' best early tomoto we have

tested. <)/, 3.5c: lb. $4.50.
Buckeye State. Oz., 20c: X lb., 60c; lb., $2.25.
Tropliy Tomato. Oz. lOc: lb. T.'.
Pear-Shaped Tomatoes. Oz. 20c: lb. *2.50.

TURNIP.
Pnrple-top White-globe. Oz. .5c; lb. 30c; 5

lbs. $1.25.
Yellow Aberdeen. Oz. .5c; lb. ^Oc.
Kread»>tone. Oz. ,5c; lb. .30c.
IVliite Egg. Oz. .5c; lb. 30c.

Novelties for 1897. _

Davis Wax Bean. Pt., 10c; qt., 18c; 4 qts., 65c;
pk.,$1.25; bu., $4.00.

Firs and most imijortant. perhaps, is the Davis wax bean-
Thi-i was liroiiKlit init liv Eugene Davis, of Grand Rapids,
Midi . tlie man who ^ave tlic world the Grand Ranld< let-
tuce. This wax • eaii may not Ije specially superior to others
in its crop of snap beans ; but it has one advantagre over all
wax beans chat have hliherto appeared. When it ripens it
gives a pure white l<idney-sliaped shell bean; therefore if
you do not succeed in selling your whole crop in the green
state you can just let them ripen, harve-t them, and what
you do not want to plant can be sold as a table bean. All
other wax beans are more 'm- U-ss colored and spotted, and
a white bean is the only on,, tlint ivill sell everywhere for
table use. The Davis wax lie m is .i~ c ,i Iv as any. as bright
and clean, as free from r\i-t..iiHl .hc luhy as laree yielders.
Some of the catalogs cl;iiin fliit if .xccls in one or all of
these particulars. After havintr urown quite a good many I
should call it fully equal to any, but I think not greatl.y su-
perior. We offer seed of our own growing at above prices.

Earliest-in-the-^vorld Tomato. H oz., 15c; M
oz., 2oc: V2 oz . 40c; oz., 75c.

In a test of nearly al I kinds offered this was nearly a week
ahead, and the.y gave us as nice, handsome, smooth toma-
toes as any "in the world." They are not very large; but as
it is quite fasiiion:ihle now to can tomatoes whole, these
will be .just fh,. ihiim-.for they yield wonderfully. Where
they are ;^ n ■ ii |ili iii \ ol room the plants will often blossom
and set mi., n nun mthe seed-bed. This will do no harm,
however, lor we 1 1 ,i n-plant them to the field with the blos-
soms and little tomatoes on; and these little tomatoes are
the tiist to ripen. The seed is of our own growing. We
would place the Fordhook next, as it is equally handsome,
an.l of good size, although it is about a week later. This
seed is also of our own raising, from selected fruit. Oz., 35c.

American Coffee-berry. Package, .5c.

This is probably a variety of the soja be ms. At first we
wcie inclined to think from the appearance that it was the
sti,,i«: biit ..ii mrikin'j- it into coffee we had to admit that the
■ cril . . lie I \ 1- -.iin.thiiiL' (liHci .nt, and much more like gen-
ii i-. . [I . II I .M ii -. .iiiu' '" use coffee at all [ should pre-
I' ' ' 1 i . 1 : ' . 1 1 I hiiij |ii II ici pally, however, because it is
ipiiM I -III ti_' III o.iil 111 l.cini.' stimulating. Our stock is so
limited that we call tor the present furnish it only in tive-
cent packasijes.

mil l.*>^ Banner Bean- Packase, 5c.

This a plain white bean, looking much like the York State
marrow; but last season it gave us the largest yield of any
thing I ever saw with any of the bean family. At present
we can furnish the. seed only in five-cents packages.

Northern Proliftc Upland Rice. Package, 5c.

This will certainly grow in ordinary soil, for we had quite
a success with a little bed of it in our garden across the way.
It looks just like ordinary rice, but it seems to yield quite
well with ordin.vry care and culture. We can furnish it only
in five-cent packages.

Wlilttaker Onions. Large— qt., 10c: pk., 7.5c: bu.,
$3..50: small(sets)— qt., 18c; pk.,$125: bu.,$4 00.

These have been so fully described during the past year
we will only ;oM th it ilii\ arc probably an improved and
exceediii|_'l V hmh .ai cu ni rotato onions. They can be
planted "m at .am 1 mi. in 111., sprintr or fall. They multiply
exactly I il<.- the Whih- Multipliers. Price of either the Whit-
takeror White .\Iiilli|ilicr. lait^e onions, just right to plant
out to produce small ones; or. small sizes (called sets) of
either of the above, as. above quoted.

Bunch Yams and Vlneless Siveet Potatoes.

These also have proved themselves a success during the
past season; but it is too early now to give prices of either
plants or tubes. As soon as the weather will permit we
shall be on hand with both.

THE A. I. ROOT CO., Hedina, Ohio.

.*-*.*-•<»<•.•.«><•-«.«.«.«.«.«.« .•.^o*^ <»<..<

FEED YOUR BEESi

WITH BASWOOD. PROTECT THEM WITH EVERGRENS. \

100, 2 to .5 feet, $10. 100 Ua.svvood Seedlings, .SI. Delivered free. Otherj
sizes just as cheap. .50 .'Sl.OO IJarjfains by mail, millions t . select from. Also \
Fruit Trees, Small Fruits, Vines, etc. Liberal cash commissions for^
clubs. Illustrated catalogue free. Good local Salesmen wanted. Address

D. HILL, Evergreen Specialist, DUNDEE, ILL.

Send this Coupon and 25 cts. for

TEXAS FARMER (Dallas) ONE YEAR.

Agricultural, Literarj, News, and Family Paper. Sample free.

Tn responding to these advertisements mention this paper

140

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE

Feb. 15.

PRICES OF

Bingham Perfect-

Direct-Draft Perfect

BeeSmoker Bee=smokers and Honey=knives.

Smoke Engine ("'''ir^ir''") * in. stove

Doctor 3% '•

Conqueror 3 "

Large 3^ "

Plain 3

Little Wonder (Wt. 10 oz.) 2

Honey-knife

All Bingliam smokers are stamped
euled 1878-1893— Knives, B & H.

The four larger sizes have extra wide shields and dou-
ble-coiled steel- wire handles. These shields and handles
aie an amazing comfort — always cool and clem. No
more sooty nor burnt Augers. The plain and Little Won-
der have narrow shields and wire handles. All Bingham
smokers have all the new improvements, viz: Direct
draft, movable bent cap, wire handles, inverted beUows,
and are absolutely perfect.

»

Dozen. Each.

..$13.00-mail,$1.50 p
. 9.00- " 1.10 S

mini

m

. 6..50- •• 1.00 S-

li

. 5.00- " 90 2, 1
. 4.75- " 70 ~^|

. 4.50- •' 60 fl

1 1 7

. 6.00- " SO ^ i

on the metal, pat- p ^

My

FIFTEEN YEARS FOR A DOLLAR; ONE-HALF CENT FOR A MONTH.

Dear Sir:— Have used the Conqueror 15 years. I was always
pleaj-ed with its workings, but thinking 1 would need a new
one this summer, I write for a circular. I do not think the
four-inch Smoke Engine too large. Truly, W. H. Eagerty,

Jan. 27, 1897. " Cuba, Kansas.

I have used Bingham Smokers ever since they were out.
Working from three to seven hundred colonies, twelve months
in the jear, I ought to know what is required in a smoker.
The Doctor, 3J4 in., Just received, fills the bill.

Respectfully, O. W. OsBORN,
Co"ining, Calitornia.

July U, 1896.

Dear Sir:— Smokers came O.

Sell" "
August 7, 1896.

They are the best I have
Wm. Bamf
Pleasant, Mich.

With a Bingham Smoker that will hold a quart of
sound maple wood the bee-keeper's trials are over
for a long time.

Who ever heard of a Bingham Smoker that was
too large, or did not give perfect satisfaction? The
world's most scientific and largest comb-honey pro-
ducer uses Bingham Smokers and Knives. The
same is true of the world's largest producer of ex-
tracted honey. Before buying a smoker or knife
hunt up its record and pedigree.

T.^F. BINGHAM, '

Farwell, Mich.

Our New Catalog is Now Ready.

<i<i<i

Send lis your name and address, and we r'^^p^^
will take pleasure in mailing you a copy i i CCt

It Illustrates and Describes all the

Latest and Best Apiarian Supplies,

G. B. LEWIS CO., Watertown, Wisconsin.

Just Arrived!

My first carload of goods from The A. I. Root Co.

has arrived, and I am in shape to fill all orders
promptly at their catalog prices. Send for my 36
page catalog; also send a list of what goods you
will need, and I will make you special prices on
early orders.

GEO. E. HILTON,

Fremont, Mich.

Dovetailed Hives.

Sections, Extractors, Smokers,
and every thing a Bee-keeper
wants. Honest Goods at Close
Honest Prices. 60-page cata
log free.

J. M. JENKINS, Wetunipka, Ala.

^OR SALE,
cases.

-1000 lbs. nice comb honey in 12-lb.
L. Werner, Edwardsville, 111.

Our Prices are Worth Looking at!

IN THE

New Champion Chaff Hive Especially.

All other supplies accordingly. Send

for catalogue and price list. Address,

mentioning GIleaninos,

R. H. SCHMIDT «Sc CO., Box 187, Sheboygan, Wis.

CWEET-CLOVER 5EED in the hull at 4 cents per
*-' pound. Address Joseph Shaw,

bo.\ 64, Strong City, Kansas.

Bee=hives, Sections, & Bee Supplies

AWAY DOWN.

Queens and bees for 1897 at bottom prices.
Write for catalogue and prices

CHA5. H. THIES, Steeleville, 111.

In responding to these advertisemenis please mention Gleanings.

CLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

141

The Testimony.

'• T pot
ing Yello

Yellowzones

For Pain & Fever.

CALIFORNIA. I

They knock headaches clear to the horizon."
It's a rare pleasure to find such a remedy."
Too much can not be said in praise of them."
I was sufferinf? from NeuralRia. and found quick relief."
more relief from Kheumatism in 12 hours after tak-
■zones than from all else, tho' I was a .skeptic."

An honest efficient remedy for all
Fever.s. Headaches, Colds, Grip,
Klieumati.sm, Neuralg-ia, etc. A
general-service remedy that will
please you, o)- money rcftinded.
Box, 2.")0 ; t) for $1. Most orders are for 6.

""^' W. B. House, M. D., Detour, Mich.

In writintr to advertisers please m^^ntion fhis vaper.

M(iuntain hee ranch
for sale. Good 1 oca-
ion; telephone con-
nection with three railroad stations

D. O. BAILLIFF, Banning, Cat.

FOR SALE.— A pet female deer, nine months old;
very playful, and fond of people. Price $5.00,
or will exchange it for St. F?ernard pup. Particu-
lars furnished. B. R. Kussell, San Saba, Tex.

EARLY QUEENS from good stock (one yard av-
'-' eraged 430 lbs. in '94) Have kept bees since '74;
sold thousands of queens the past six years. Price
SI. 00, March and April. Free catalog.

J. B. Case, Poit Orange, Fla.

(-•OLUnBIAN RASPBERRY, !f2..50 rerdoz; currant,
^^ gooseberry, grapevines. $1.00 per doz., prepaid;
chestnut and English walnut, 25c each, prepaid;
Pearl go seberry,',50c each.

T. G. ASH.MEAD Nursery, Williamson, N. Y.

WANTED.— To exchange Japan plum trees for ex-
tracted honey or offers. Abundance, Burbauk,
and Satsuma: 5 by mail, 60c.

John Cadwallader, North Madison, Ind.

For Sale.

At only $3.00 per hive, fine Italian bees with good
queens.

UNO. A. THORNTON.

LIMA, ILLINOIS.

Bargains in Second-hand Bicycles.

We have on hand two ladies' Defiance bicjcles,
made by the Monarch Cycle Co.. of Chicago, and
listed at ST-"^. 00. These are last year's models, and
were used by the women of Rootville last season.
The two machines are in first class running order;
and as they were ridden but little they are practi-
cally as good as new They have Girford spring
saddles, reversible handle-bars, Hg-inch tubing,
Morgan & Wright quick-repair tiies. Weight, 25
lbs. each. Catalogs and particulars will be furnish-
ed on application. We will re-enamel them, and
sell them for $40.00 each, or the two for $77.50.
Beeswax or honey at market prices will be accepte"
in payment. Reason for selling— we are going to
have a tandem instead for '97.

A $100 Rambler Racer bicycle for $35.00 cash, or
$40.00 in trade for wax or honey at market quota-
tions. The wheel weighs only 20 lbs ; has a new
set of Rambler clincher tires, and is almost as good
as new. It was ridden by A. I. Root during part of
'96, and is just the bicycle for a boy or light-weight
man. Further particulars e-iven by applying to
The a. I. Root Co., Medina O.

Wants and Exchange Department.

WANTED.- To exchange blackberry and rasp-
berry plants for bees, beekeepers supplies,
honey, extractor, incubator, shotgun, rifle, or fly-
rod. Write me what you have to exchange.

W. G. Chamberlain, Pittsheld, Me.

WANTED— A young American man would like a
position in some western apiary. Had 2 years'
experience. Would prefer a good chance to learn
rather than first-class wages. Can give good rec-
omend. eoi. A. E. Ford, Fitchburg, Mass.

WANTED.— To exchange clarionette, rubber-
stamp outfit, or printing press, 9x13. for type-
writer or incubator.

J. D. Naftzger, Box 56, Hanna, Ind.

WANTED.— Printing-press, photographic outfit,
camera, magic lantern, phonograph, grapho-
phone, music box, volumes of phrenological and sci-
entific journals, books of all kinds, good sheep and
hogs, fountain pen. J. McQueen, Baltic, O.

WANTED.— Situation in an apiary, market-gar-
dening farm, or other work. Age 24. Reference
given. C. A. Schmid, Glen Allen, Bol. Co , Mo.

WANTED.— A position in apiary. No objections
to other work in connection. Age 19. Refer-
ences given and wanted.

F. W. Manley, Yale. Mich.

WANTED. — To exch.-inge blackberries, Erie and
Minewaska; raspberries. Turner, Hansell, and
Souhegan; or fine extracted honey, for Japan plum,
Dutchess and Bartlett pears, apple-trees, or straw-
berry-plants. S. A. Jackson, Ft. Wayne, Ind.

WANTED.— To e ' change strawberry plants -Gau-
dy. Great American, Parker E;irle, Sharpless—
and raspberry plants— Golden Queen, Cuthbert, and
Marlboro— for nice comb or extracted honey.

Dan'l Leibe, Cherry Hill, Bergen Co., N. J.

WANTED.— To exchange 2000 Ohio a id Hopkins
raspberry plants, valued at $6.00 per 1000, for
extracted honey or comb foundation.

R. G. Robertson, Marsliall, Mo.

ANTED.— Ten nuclei; also Craig Seedling pota-
toes at Root's pricf'S for sale. Address
P. M. Byerly, Farley, Dubuque Co., Iowa.

W

WANTED.— A married man to work on a dairy
farm, by the year or month. Must come with
a good recommend. House and fuel furnished.

D. H. Coggshall, WestGroton, N. Y.

WANTED— To dispose of part or all our bee inter-
est here, consisting of supplies and i ees to
run three apiaries of 100 colonies each. Famous
health resort on Cumberland Plateau ; best society,
plenty of bee-forage. What have you to offer in ex-
change? Thos. O. Stanley. Monteagle, Tenn.

ANTED.— To exchange one Root's make section-
machine (in fine order) for band-saw or offers.
The Geo. Rall Mfg. Co., Galesville, Wis.

WANTB D.— Canvassers to solicit orders for my per-
manent crayon portraits. Good wages assured.
Write for particulars. W. A. Baldwin,

Portrait Artist, Medina, Ohio.

WANTED.— To exchange 60-lb. cans in good order,
valued at 25 cts. each, delivered, for comb or
extracted honey at the market price.

B. Walker, Evart, Mien.

ANTED.— A location for a custom saw and feed
mill. W. S. Ammon, Reading, Pa.

W

W

WANTED.— To exchai ge bees in Root's chaff
hives, for band-saw, or planer and matcher, or
offers. M. Ludtman, Hannibal, Monroe Co , O.

ANTED.— Young man to sell milk, butter, hon-
ey, and eggs, from wagon, regular route.

Aaron Snyder, Kingston, N. Y.

WANTED.— To exchange a 10 inch Pelham fdn.-
mlll, tank, and dipping-boards, for camera or
offers. E. J. C. Troxell, Ft. Seneca, O.

ANTED.— A violin-player would like employ-
ment where there is a chance to play in or-
chestra. Some experience at bee-keeping. Handy
at almost any thing. Strictly sober and attend to
business. Fred C. Fullkr, Montague, Mass.

ANTED.— To exchange nice comb honey for thin
foundation. L. Werner, Edwardsville, 111.

w

w

w

WANTED.— 50 colonies of bees along the Ohio or
Mississippi Rivers State prices and kind of
hives. A. Carder, Hebron, Boone Co., Ky.

GLKANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb 15.

nev7peaches(

-Triumph, Greensboro, Sneed, Fitzgerald and Boi(ara No. 3.

NEW CHESTNUTS

— Niinibo, Paragon, Ridgley. For description of

these and other Friiit!!i,Oi'iiaiiiciital Trees, Slirubs,

Roses, Plants, Bulbs, Seeds, ete. Send for our valuable I ree eatalu&ue, a

boote of 1G8 pages, magazine size. One of the most, if not the most complete
assortments in America. About a quarter ol a million PEACH still unsold.

Many other things in proportion. Seeds, Plants, Bulbs, Small Trees, etc. postpaid. Safe
arrival and satisfaction guaranteed, larger by freight or express.

43rd Vear. 1000 Aeres. 32 Greenliouses.

STORRS & HARRISON CO , Box 92 Painesvil

UUSUIU. ■

laid. Safe tm

FraitXrees

and Small Fruits

The best for the least money. Biggest
stock, completest assortment. Small
fruits, fruit trees, roses, vines, shrubs—
for the largest growers and the smallest.
Crates and baskets. Illustrated descrip-
tive and price catalog free upon request.
REID'S NURSERIES, BRIDGEPORT, OHIO.

Mi 'M :yj 'Ijl =1 WM -A \ ^ lUSM

B

IIDpCC'C FARM ANNUilL 1397

^J III ^^i^H VS '^'^'"^ t^*" P''^'" t'°"t^^ about

^■■" ^^ ^ The BESX SEEOS tliat Growl

Hundreds of Illustrations and remarkable Novelties, painted fmm nature. Known as
"The Ijeading American 8eed t'atalosiie." JgJT Mailed FREE to all.

W. ATLEE BURPEE & CO., PHILADELPHIA, PA.

A Novelty Offer
5^^j in Vegetables.

£ ONLY 15 CENTS.

\

Good Plants Cheap.

Palmer raspberry plants,

Greg-^

Wm. Belt stj a wherry,

Brandywine

Glen Mary

Bubach

Tennessee Prolific,

SOc per 100, $4.00 per 1000
oOc " 4.00

:5c " 5 00

3(ic per dnz.
75c per 100. 2.50
75c

DAN WHITE, New London, Ohio.

New Cardinal Beet.— Most desirable in
liape and color; very early; cooks dark red.
Evergreeu Cucumber. — Color, deep
leen; desirable for slicing or pickling.
Oraud Rapids r.ettuee.— Of superior
uality and color; always crisp and tender.
Soiithport Yellow Olobe Onion.—
Handsome in appearance and large in size.

Early W^hlte Box Badish.- One of
the very best white turnip Radishes.

Ignotum Tomato. — Very productive;
good size; rich color; smooth and solid.

One lar^e packet of each of tlie
above (.«iix varieties in all) sent post-
paid, for only 15 cents.

cents for the above collection.
mail (if requested) without additional
my New ^eed. Plant and Bulb
ilo^iie, I lie uem book of the year, which
ill^ i'\ eiythiMg good, old or new, at right
<. You need it, no matter if you pur-
■ ID cents worth or $10.00 worth of seeds
ilants. Address

WM. HENRY MAULE,

1711 Filbert St., Philadelphia, Pa. (J

I CI

CHOICEST STRAWBERRIES

Send for it CATALOG FREE TO ALL.
G. N. FLANSBURQH, Leslie. Mich.

In writlDsf advertisers please inention this paper.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

147

Contents of this Number.

A Ifalfa for Honey 157 jGiadinu- Hoiiev

Alfalfa in Arizona 158 Grand Vallev. Col

Bee-paralvsis ISSJHonev, Selling- in Oberlin.

Bee-journals, More Dead . ir>T Pcttit on TiiUiuK Comb H',

Blue-gruni iri" s, .-( i. n- Tull I."'

California's Honey Crc>|i I : '■ i ! 1 : li-

Comb, Daawn l.Mi. ri - , \ ,.iki

Combs on Wired Frainc- .. i("^i , ■ i

Euoalvptns-lree l.i/ ^i i .i \v in : m, I'., i ii ,,« —

Fowls'Labels 15:; Wlieat. <iii>iinil

Fred Anderson 161 , Windmill Hunibuf^s

Honey Column.

CITT MARKETS.

Philadelphia.— Honey. — No. 1 white, 8; fancy
amber, 7; No. 1 amber, 6@6>^: fancy dark, 6; No. 1
dark. 6@6; white extracted, 5@6; amber, 5; dark. 4;
beeswax, 26. Our honey market is very low with
some call, but a big- supply. We will not buy or sell
on commission any more this seRSin. White-clover
extracted always in demand, which we are buying
constantly. If you have any, send sample.

Wm. a. Selser,

Feb. 20. No. 10 Vine St., Philadelphia, Pa

Denver.— JJonej/.— Fancy white, 11; No 1 white,
10; fancy amber. 9; white extracted, 5@6; beeswax,
25. Tliere is a little better demand for both comb
and extracted honey in our market. We are doing-
all in our power to keep up the qunlity and price of
flrst-class honey, and to ridtbe marketof anydoubt-
ful brands. R. K. & J. 0. Frisbee,

Feb. 12. Denver, Col.

New York.— Hrniei/.— Fancy white, n@12; No. 1,
white, 10; fancy amber. 9; No 1 amber. 80)8i4 ; fancy
dark, 7: No. 1 dark. 6@6i4; white ext., .^©S'/s; amber,
iy^: durk, 3'/^@4: beeswax. 26@28. There has been
a little better demand for comb honey duri'^g the
past two weeks. Prices, however, will not improve,
as the season is about over and plenty of stock ly-
ing- on the market. We have now a good demand
for extracted buckwheat, candied, and bee-keepers
having theirs on hand yet should market it now.
Beeswax quiet. Hildreth Bros. & Segelken,

Feb. 20. 28 & 30 W. Broadway, New i'ork

Minneapolis.— Ho/IBM. — Fancy white, 12@13; No.
1 white, 10@12; fancy amber 9@10; No. 1 amber, 8@
9; fanoy dark. 7@8: No. 1 dark. 6@7; white extract-
ed. 6(0)7; Western, 5@6: a- ber, .5®6; dark, 4@6; bees-
wax, 32@2.'S. There is no accumulation of comb hon-
ey, and this market affords a good outlet for white
grades well crated. Extracted quite dull, vinchang-
ed. S. H. Hall & Co.,

Feb. 19. Minneapolis, Minn.

St. Louis. — Honey. — Fancy white, 12@13; No. 1
white, n®llV2: fancv amber. UMWi; No. 1 amber,
9@9!^; fancy dark. 8@8'4; No. 1 dark. 7@8; white
extracted, in cans, oi4@7; amber, in barrels. 4@4i2;
dark. 3@4. in bariels: beeswax, 23@23Vi. The de-
mand is light for comb and white extracted honey.
Extracted honey— manufacturing stork — in good
demand and light supply; sells best in barrels.
Westcott Commission Co..

Feb. 18. 213 Market St., St. Louis, Mo.

DMiLWAUKEE.-Honei/.— Fancy white, 12@14; No. 1
white. 12@13; fancy amher, |0@11; fancv dark, 8@
10; white extracted, 6@7; amber, ■5@.5'/2 ; dark. 4@5;
beeswax. 2 6@27. The supply of honey keeps up
with the demand, and demands on the supply are
moderate. Values are fairl.v well sustained, and
think there are as good prospects for good spring
trade as usual. Hope it will so prove.

A. V. Bishop & Co..

Feb.

Milwaukee, Wis.

Columbus —Honey.— Fancy white, 12'4; No.
white, 11; fancy amber, 9.

The Columbus Com. & Storage Co.
Feb. 16. 409-413 N. High St , Columbus, O.

Cincinnati.— Hojiej/. — No. 1 white, 12@13; No. 1
amber. 10®12; fancy dark, 8(^10; white extracted, 5
@6; amber, 4@.5; dark, 3K@4; beeswax. 22@25. De-
mand slow for honey. Demand for beeswax fair,
t—.j Chas F. Muth & Son,

Feb. 20. Cincinnati, O.

Chicago.— Honey.— Fancy white, 13; No. 1 white,
10@11; fancy amber, 8@9; No. 1 amber, 7; fancy
dark. 7@8; No. 1 dark, 7; white extracted, 5@7;
amber, 5@6; dark, 4@5; beeswax, 2.5@26. Very little
demand considering season of year.

R. A. Burnett & Co.,

Feb. 18. 163 So. Water St., Chicago, III.

Detroit.— Hone;/. — Fanry white, ]3@14; No. 1
white, 11@13X; fancy amber, 10@11; No. 1 amber, 9
@10; fancy dark, 8@9; white extracted, 5'/4@6; am-
ber, 5@5V2; dark, 4; beeswax, 25@26.

M. H. Hunt,

Feb. 19. Bell Branch, Mich.

Boston. — Honey. — Fancy white, 13; No. 1, 11®

12: white extracted. 7; amber. 5@6; beeswax, 25.

The demand for honey of all kinds is light with a

full supply. Beeswax is in light supply and wanted.

E. E. Blake &CO.,

Feb. 18. 57 Chatham St., Boston, Mass.

Kansas City.— H«?iey.- No. 1 white, 12@]3; fancy
amber, 11@]2; No. 1 amber, 10@11; fancy dark, 9®
10; No. 1 dark, 8@10; white extracted, 5y2@6; amber,
5@5!4; d.irk, 4@4'2; beeswax, 20@25.

C. C. Clemons & Co.,

Feb. 19. 423 Walnut. Kansas Uity. Mo.

For Sale.— 6000 lbs. extracted honey, in new cans
and cases, S350.00. Speak quick; who wants it ?

Blias Fox, Hillsboro, Wis.

For Sale.— 1000 lbs. nice comb honey In 12-lb.
cases. L. Werner, Edwardsvllle, 111.

The Improved-Robbins
Potato Planter

Plants ioo% of <:he seed correctly. '

Opens a loose farrow, mixes the ',

fertilizer with the soil, drops the <

seed, and covers with discs. Recom- '

mended by leading potato growers ',

and guaranteed to give satisfiiction. <

Spnd for ('.vlalniTUP describing ro diffcrfnt '

Implements. '

BATEMAN IWFG. CO.. Box 120, Grenloch, N. J. I

ONE JVIAN WITH THE
UNION COMBINATION SAW

Can do the work of four men us-
ing hand tools in Ripping, Cut-
ting off, Mitering, Rabbeting-,
Cirooviiig, Gaining, Dadoing,

'dgiug up. Jointing Stuff, Etc.
TuU Line of Foot and Hand

ower Machinery. Sold on Trial.
Cdinloij Free. l-24ei

SENECA FALLS MFC. CO.,
44 Water St.. Seneca Falls.NV

CHOICEST STRAWBERRIES

Send for it. CATALOG FREE TO ALL.
C. N. FLANSBURQH, Leslie, IVlich.

148

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mar. 1.

If You Want to Know

HOW to run out-apiaries for comb honey
witli almost no swarmina', read the Decem-
ber Bee-keeper's Review. If you want to

_^__^___^_^__ know the method followed by Mr M. M.

■^■^^■^'"■•^^^^^""^^^^^^^'"^^^^^""'^""^""■'^""'■" Baldrldge in securing drawn combs for use
in the sections, read the January Review. If you would linow how to malje a home-made foot-power buzz-
saw, the equal of any foot-power saw made, read the illustrated article, by the editor of tlie Review, on this
subject in the January Review. If you want a journal that is up with the times and full of practical in-
formation that will help you in making money in tlie apiary, read the Review. It is $1 00 a year, but if you
are not already a subscriber see the special inducements offered to new subscribers in the advertisement
that occupies this position in Gi^eanings for Feb. 15.

W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint, Mich.

It is here.

The year 1897 is here, and we are happy to in-
form our friends and customers that we are now
better prepared than ever before to fill your orders
for queens and bees. We have the largest stock
ever operated by us, and we mean to be ready with

Slentyof bees and queens to fill all orders without
elay that are sent to us.

Bees by the pound, $1.00; ten or more pounds, 90c
each. Untested queens for 1897, $1 00 each in Feb-
ruary, March, April, and May; $5.U0 for six, or 89.00
per dozen. For larger amounts write for prices.
Have your orders booked for your early queens.
Safe arrival guaranteed.

Eoot's goods, Dadant'B foundation, and Bingham
smokers. A steam bee-hive factory, and all kinds
of bee supplies.

The Southland Queen, the only bee-paper in
the South, monthly, $1.00 per year.

Send for catalog, which is almost a complete book
on Southern bee-keeping, giving queen-rearing in
full, all free for the asking. If you want full infor-
mation about every thing we have, and the bee-
book, don't fail to ask for our li>^97 catalog.

The Jennie Atchley Co.,

Beeville, Bee Co., Texas.

Fruit Packages of all Kinds,

I

^X^ypjsr-

Bee=keepers' Supplies.

We allow a liberal discount
on early orders. Why not send
for your supplies now to save
tie discount and avoid Ihe rush
of the busy season? Catalogue
and price list free. Address
BERLIN FRUIT=BOX CO.,

Berlin Heights, Erie Co., Ohio.

SEE THAT VJINK?

BEE SUPPLIES.

Root's Goods at Root's Prices.

Pouder's Honey Jars and every
thing used by beekeepers. Low
freight rates; prompt service.
Catalogue free.
, f ,rt n .M^n^ •• WALTER S. POUDER,

VJpIC" pow'^K:><\P 162 Mass. Ave., Indianapolis, Ind.

Philadelphia and
New York Branch of

THE A.

I. ROOT CO.

I have decided, as I live (Wyncote) on the main
line between Philadelphia and New York, and do
considerable business that takes me to New Vork
repeatedly to ship goods from either place at Root's
current prices. 1 his will enable all parties living in
New York State or New England to get goods for
very low freight. The A. I. Root Co. carry a large
stock at my place, and orders filled and prices made
the same as if ordered from Medina. Address main
office, THE A. I. ROOT CO..

Wm. A. Selser, Mgr. 10 Vine St., Phil., Pa.

The Danzenbaker Hive

Has valuable features
possessed by no other,

^^^"IlilSlIB and is surely winning

it« wm^- was awarded Spe-
ILb VVaj , ^.^, Dip,(,„a_ and

First Premium for COMB
HONEY, at Mich. State Fair, 1896. Address

Francis Danzenbaker, Medina, Ohio. |

Care The A. L Root Company.

Are You Going to Buy.

Apiarian Supplies or Bees?

If so, Vou Want the Best.

This is the only quality we offer. Our prices are
right, and our '97 catalog describing them, and the
management of bees, is yours for tlie asking.

We carry a large stock, and can ship v"'omptly.
Freight is a big consideration, often amounting to
30 per cent of the value of goods. Let us quote you
prices on what you need, delivered at your station,^

Freight Paid.

They will cost but a tritlc more than others charge
at the factory. Our aim is to please.
Apiary, I. J. STRINGHAM,

Glen Cove, L. I. 105 Park PI., N. V. City.

160-page Bee-HooK SeQt Free wltl flineriGaii M Journal.

Bee-book
FREE.

Every new suhscriher sending $1.00 for the weekly American Bee Journal
for one year will receive a copy of Newman's 160page "Beis and
Honey" free. The old American Bee Journal is great this year. You
ought to have it, even if you do take Gleamngs. Sample of Bee Jour
nal free. Write for it.

GEORGE W. YORK & CO., 118 Michigan St., Chicago,

In. writing adv

I please mention this paper.]

^J,

• DE.VOTED

•To 'Bel ELS

•AND Hon ELY
•AND HOMEL

bhshedyTHEAI^RooYCo.

$l°JPERYtAR ^®"^EDINA•0H10•

Vol. XXV.

HAR. I, 1897.

No. 5.

^^iS^M^i^^^

Earache. "A drop or two of warm honey
will alleviate the pain," saj's Farm Furrows, in
Homestead.

I WISH friend Aikin would tell us more about
the quality of sweet clover if he has some he's
sure of. He calls it semi-white. What I have
seen is, I think, as white as white clover.

If GOVERNMENT should be induced to tackle
Apis dorsatd, I say double the appropriation
and first try it fully on its own ground before
risking by its introduction the danger of having
on our hands another English sparrow.

Honey-cured HAMS. K. H. Rhodes has them,
and says they are superb. Into a barrel ".; full
of hams under brine he pours a gallon of best
alfalfa honey, and after six weeks takes out and
smokes. Nothing hard to do in that, surely.

Alfai.fa honey is bad about granulating,
says R. C. Aikin, p. 11.5. Isn't it possible that it
maybe different in different localities, just as it
is amber in some places, although generally
white Its very mild flavor will always recom-
mend it with many.

" When there are different Jii7ids and fields
of bloom at the same time, bees of different col-
onies will be working in different fields." — R. C.
Aikin. p. 116. In corroboration I may say that,
one year, two colonies stored white honey for
me when all others in same apiary stored dark.

When riding any distance on a very cold
day, do not fail to have plenty of wraps for the
knees. If convenient, place a lantern under the
robe, and see that it has air enough so that it
will not go out. You will be surprised to know
the amount of heat a lantern will give.— ilome-
stead.

The Revue Internationale copies the article
of F. Greiner, in Gleanings, as to the age when
bees may commence field work, and remarks,
" While very young bees may become field work-

ers for lack of older ones, and while old bees may
build combs and feed brood in the absence of
young bees, yet the bee-keeper does ill not to
take into account the natural law of the proper
division of labor."

R. C. Aikin had good work in a good season
with only two separators in a super, but it
wouldn't work other years. He says. "The past
20 years T have been through all sorts of sea-
sons, from one that did not give winter stores to
an average of 227 pounds per colony, and I know
that strong colonies and full-separatored supers
are the things for good section honey.— Pro-
gresslve.

The opinion prevailed at the late Chicago
convention that, when a beekeeper gets 22c
for comb, he can produce extracted of same
grade for 10, 11, or 12)^ cents. Doolittle rips
that to pieces in A. B. J. by saying he can get
only one-quarter more extracted than combo/
same grade; for to be of same grade it must be
all sealed, so he must have 17.6 cents for the
extracted.

"A Reader" springs the question in Ameri-
can Bee Journal whether with Apis dorsata we
should not be helpless against production of
drones with worker and drone-cells all the same
size. He says, " We have just been priding our-
selves that we had overcome that drone busi-
ness by the use of full sheets of foundation.
Now we don't want to fall clear downstairs af-
ter climbing so high.'-'

SoMNAjrBULiST says in Progressive, "Had
you noticed that Dr. Miller unwarily but open-
ly declared that 'all his experience lay in a
jug?' Here's a job for A. I. R." Sommy keeps
clear of the law by not saying that something
stronger than vinegar was in the jug; but you
can see the spirit in him, no matter what may
have been in ihe jug. I don'tget that jug to sour
very rapidly, but I've soured on you, Sommy.

Mr. Editor, you seem to have the impression
that the nails I use for end-spacing are driven
diagonally. I hardly see how an exact job can
be made in that way. If you look close you'll
see that they are driven in perpendicularly

150

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mar. 1.

their full length, then bent to place. [Yes, I
had the impression that you used the diagonal
nails; but I now recall that they were as you
state on the frame that you sent here.— Ed.]

" I WANT THE FRAMES to stick together some,"
says ye editor, p. 128. All right, have 'em stick
to your heart's content, but remember that
others, and possibly a majority, are still more
emphatic in the wish that they should not stick.
[I suspect that you do not get exactly the right
Idea of the little word "some." I did not mean
much sticking, but just enough to hold the
frames together without rattling while the hive
is carried across the apiary. I doubt whether
the majority who, when they have tested the
style of frames shown on page 94, will desire to
dispense with the slight sticking between the
end-bars altogether. — Ed.]

If I UNDERSTAND you correctly, Mr. Editor,
side walls of cells % deep and .008 thick will be
reduced to natural thickness by the bees. Now,
do you know this to be the case during a flood
of honey? [Yes, you understood me correctly.
I based my statement on numerous measure-
ments made by Mr. Weed. There may be a
difference in some cases. As soon as deep-cell
foundation is given to the bees, they begin im-
mediately to thin down the walls to the natural
thickness. The cells are so near natural, and as
honey is coming in, the bees naturally conclude
that it is so little work to fix up this comb they
will commence on it beforeany thing else.— Ed.]

Sugar is forbidden by the medical profession
in diabetic cases. A correspondent asks if
honey is equally proscribed. I think generally;
but isn't it possible that the proscription comes
from carelessly ignoring the essential difference
between cane sugar and honey? Mr. Editor,
can't you get a verdict from competent, consci-
entious medical authority that's fully up to
date? [We have a good many physicians among
our subscribers, and we should be glad to hear
from one or more on this point. As for my own
case, I know that I can not eat cane or maple
sugar, without trouble; but I have partaken of
honey quite freely, with no disagreeable effects.
Prof. Cook is certainly right, if ray case means
anv thing, that the bees do digest or prepare
nectar so that it shall be more readily assimi-
lated. Perhaps "digest" is not just the word;
but the bees do something, and that something
makes It "set" better with me.— Ed.]

What A. I. Root says. p. 131, reminds me
that formerly physicians sent patients with
weak lungs to some points in the West, with
great results, while they don't get any such re-
sults from the climate nowadays. Formerly
they were weeks on the way in open wagons,
now they're shot there in a stuffy car. [Are
you sure, doctor, that patients with lung com-
plaints do not get benefit nowadays by a change
of climate? A stuffy car may have something

to do with it; but as their duration there is so
very short (shot through space) it seems to me
it would make but little difference either way.
But if I had consumption I would stay at home
and gD on the beef diet. [ have seen it work
admirably in cases right under my observation,
so I have unbounded faith in it, provided the
patient does not wait too long. It will cure
nearly every thing providing the patient has
grit — that is, self denial— and does as he is told.

DRAWN COMBS.

how they hinder or prevent swarming;

how they add one -third to the

crop; a valuable article.

By J. E. Henderson.

I am very much interested in the subject of
drawn combs that is being discussed in Glean-
ings; and as the editor calls on others to write
I will give some of my experience.

I have been using drawn combs for over 15
years, and I would just as soon think of doing
without them as I would think of doing with-
out bed-clothes on a cold night. They are the
most valuable property a bee keeper can have.
I am like the editor— I have tested this matter
of drawn combs very carefully, not only in my
own apiary, but iu some of the leading and
largest apiaries of other apiarists; and I find
from experience that bees will invariably take
to the drawn combs first, then to full starters
next. As yet I have never leveled down, but
will give it a test this season.

I find there are several advantages in using
drawn combs. The bees will commence sooner
and finish sooner; and by their use the bees are
not so prone to leave the case on cool nights,
which is quite an item. I always place four
drawn combs in the center of each case as a
nest-egg, and I find these combs just as fancy
as those drawn from foundation.

Ou page 79, J. E. Crane says if they are not
cut down the bees hesitate about sealing them,
and are apt to be dirty in appearance. The
brother's bees up there act differently from
mine. I find my bees work on sections of full
depth, and seal over much sooner than from
sections of full starters of foundation. If drawn
combs have had the proper care in the fall and
winter, I should much rather have them than
foundation. I don't think these combs are ap-
preciated by bee-keepers to the full extent of
their value. I also find, when cases are sup-
plied with drawn combs, and bees once fairly
at work in them, it lessens the desire to swarm
when put on eight or ten days before white clo-
ver comes in bloom.

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

151

Ry the use of drawn combs it will make a
difference of a third of a crop more in their
favor, even in a poor year. In 1893 I took two
hives of bees, as nearly alike as two peas. One
I supplied with drawn combs the whole season
through, and the other with full starters of
foundation comb. The one supplied with
drawn combs gave a surplus of 1(32 lbs. of fancy
honey; the one supplied with foundation gave
a surplus of 120 lbs., and not any more fancy
than the first one. It was all from white clo-
ver.

I have been experimenting in this line for
quite a number of years, with good results.
For this reason I am in favor of drawn combs.
I also find that, with drawn combs on during a
poor year, I can get nice sections of honey when
they would not even draw out foundation. I
don't doubt in the least that the day is not far
distant when we all shall be using drawn combs
made by machinery.

Elm Grove, W. Va.

[The article above sets forth from a practi-
cal standpoint all or nearly all the advantages
that I suggested might accrue. Irom a iheoreti-
cal standpoint, as set forth in my convention
paper read at Lincoln. That drawn comb will
hinder swarming, can hardly be doubted. In
all our experience we never had any trouble in
preventing natural increase when we gave the
bees plenty of empty extraclingcombs; and the
same must hold true with the drawn combs and
sections, to a very great extent.— Ed.]

COMB FOUNDATION AND DRAWN COMB.

FISHBONE IN ORDINAKY FOUNDATION: USING

THE BUCKWHEAT SEASON TO SECURE

DRAWN CO.MBS IN SECTIONS;

GOOD SUGGESTIONS.

By F. Greiner.

The value of comb in producing honey, both
extracted and in the comb, has long been well
understood; and it seems all ought to agree
pretty well on the subject, at least now, after
all that has been said of late. I am not going
to offer any evidence to prove how much more
honey may be produced by the use of ready
comb, as it is generally conceded the gain will
more than pay the cost; but I may offer some
suggestions as to how to secure the comb.

The producer of extracted honey, of course,
has no trouble in obtaining all the comb he
may need in a £L~"t time; and, once in posses-
sion, he is well fixed. It is far different with
the comb-honey producer; his combs are sold
with the honey, and a new supply must be
looked for every year. Fortunately we are not
situated as are our German honey producers.
After setting forth the advantages of our little
pound sections to them, Vogel, the German,
made the following reply to me: "Our honey
seasons are not to be compared with yours in
America. Of this I am sure. It would take us
one year to have the comb built in such sec-

tions; another year to have them filled and
finished." When the use of comb foundation
was suggested, Vogel again replied : " To secure
comb honey, which will attract and satisfy our
buyers, the comb will necessarily have to be
built from the very start by the bees; comb
foundation is not wanted."

I myself have not yet learned " to chew "
even chewing gum; and I still object to the
fishbone found in comb honey built on founda-
tion; but with our American consumers of
comb honey it seems to be different. Evident-
ly they chew and like it, and the fishbone meets
with their approval.

It may be said here, that a good grade ol
comb foundation could not be detected in the
finished product; but of this I am not so sure —
at least, I have so far been seeking in vain for
such undetectable comb foundation. At our
last convention of the Ontario, N. Y., bee-keep-
ers, the question of foundation in comb honey
came up, and, to my great surprise, not one of
the Ontario Co. comb-honey producers present
had ever used or gotten hold of that " good
grade" of comb foundation. One friend from
an adjoining county, I will call him B, as I
wish to refer to him again later on, said that
he was pretty sure no such undetectable good
grade of comb foundation was offered for sale,
but that he had made and used such himself,
and he also offered samples, which I shall test
the coming season. Be that as it may, the ma-
jority of our bee-keepers had found that it paid
them well to use comb foundation such as they
could obtain; and since the honey-consumers
do not object to use of it, if they don't object I
may offer suggestions as to "how to have the
foundation drawn out previous to the honey
season." I must, however, first cite another
saying of our friend B, above mentioned— a
saying which suggested to me the idea I wish
to bring out. He said: " Buckwheat honey is
and has been a curse to bee-keepers." Why?
"The inferior article has lowered the price of
honey more than any thing else."

Now, this may be true; and while I am pon-
dering over it the thought strikes me, "Why
not use the buckwheat honey-flow for the pur-
pose of drawing out section foundation, to have
ready for the next season, thus not only reliev-
ing the market of at least a part of the inferior
product, but also making our chances for a
crop of a fine grade of honey the next year all
the better?" Now, this is not mere conjec-
ture. I have had quite a little foundation
drawn in this way, although not exactly for use
in sections. The plan will work well, I am
quite sure. It would be well to have the su-
pers, in which comb-building is to go on, pro-
tpcted during this time, as the nights are often
quite cold. It will also be found a good plan
not to allow too much room, so the foundation
may be drawn out evenly all over the frame.

152

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mar. 1.

Except when the brood -nest is greatly con-
tracted, six half-story frames may be quite
enough. The frames may be removed as fast
as the foundation is sufficiently drawn out, and
replaced by others. Should any honey have
been deposited in the combs, this could easily
be removed either with the extractor, or, better,
by a careful exposure in the bee-yard. One
colony worked in this fashion might easily fur-
nish enough comb to fill a dozen section supers
or more, depending altogether on the honey-
flow; and, further, we might continue the pro-
cedure by feeding, or, where no buckwheat is
grown, feeding might be substituted.

A bee-keeping friend, located within a few
miles of me, follows a similar plan to obtain
comb. He sets apart his best comb-building
colonies for the purpose, and during the time
just previous to his expected honey-flow he
feeds and thus gets his foundation drawn in
half-depth frames. When drawn, the comb is
cut out and fitted into the sections in such a
manner as to leave a small passage-hole in
each of the four corners of each section, etc.

I hope some of the readers of Gleanings
will test these plans the coming season, and re-
port their success.

Of course, when the perfect comb becomes
a fact, comb made by machinery, so light that
it can not be detected in the honey afterward,
and also sold reasonably cheap, then we need
not trouble ourselves any more to obtain it by
feeding or otherwise. All will depend on what
will be the cheapest way to attain the same or
the best result.

Naples, N. Y., Feb. 6.

[I had not thought of it before, but I do be-
lieve that American consumers, so far from
disliking the so-called fishbone, as a resultant
from the use of foundation in sections, actually
do like it. It gives them something to chew.
The fact of the matter is, I suppose, the aver-
age consumer does not know how honey in
natural combs does taste. If he ate the honey
of his fathers, he has forgotten how it chewed;
and as practically all comb honey of to day on
the market is built from foundation, the con-
sumers do not know that there is any difference
between comb honey from foundation and that
which was made without. But this is true:
The fishbone is just so much waste, and some-
body has to pay for it. We have made founda-
tion with no side walls whatever— just the mere
rectangular bases united together, and we have
al<o made foundation with very little side wall.
While it is perfectly practical to make both of
these articles, they have given dissatisfaction
to bee keepers, owing to the fact that they
would sag or stretch in the hive; we are, there-
fore, aiming in the new product— that is, the
new deep-cell-wall foundation — to make an
article that will not sag — the ability to resist
stretching being due to the deep cells rather
than to heavy side walls or thick bases.— Ed.]

If you wouVd like to have any of your friends
see a specimen copy of Olennings.make known
the request on a postal, with the address or ad-
dresses, and we will, with pleasure, send them.

HOW I KAISE AND SELL EXTKACTED HONEY.

VALUABLE TRADE SECRETS FROM A VETERAN
AT THE BUSINESS.

By Clialon Fowls.

When I first began raising extracted honey,
fifteen or sixteen years ago, I could not sell a
hundred pounds a year in my home market;
now it takes from one and a half to two tons of
honey a year to supply my home market, and
my trade is constantly increasing. My success
in building up a home market is due, I think,
to my methods, which are as follows:

First the keynote of success in selling honey
is to have a first-class article to sell. As nearly
all the honey raised in my locality is gathered
from basswood and clover, it follows that I
shall have the finest-flavored and whitest honey
in the market, if only the most cleanly methods
are employed from the time the nectar is gath-
ered until it reaches the market, just as a like
result is obtained by the cleanest and most im-
proved methods in the gathering and handling
of maple sap. An examination of the bee under
a microscope shows that it is one of the most
cleanly as well as the most beautiful of insects,
which insures cleanliness in the gathering pro-
cess (I'm afraid the maple-sap gatherers would
hardly bear comparison here). When the bee
gets home with its load it must deposit it in a
clean receptacle; old combs will not do, neither
must the queen be allowed access to the surplus
combs, as eggs, larviB, and pollen result in
dirty combs; therefore the queen is confined in
the brood-chamber by means of perforated zinc.

The honey is not taken from the hive and
extracted until it is sealed up just like section
honey. It is then extracted, and stored in nice
tin cans holding about 7.5 lbs. It will all candy
solid, and Is liquefied only as wanted for mar-
ket. When I want to put up some for market I
put one of the cans in a larger can, supported
by a suitable frame, so as to leave room under
and all around, to be filled with water. The
whole thing is kept hot several hours on the
stove (a gasoline-stove is th'e best because slow-
er) ; but I do not want the water to boil at any
time in the outside can. After it is perfectly
liquefied it is put into my filling-can, which is
provided with a gate. Then I am ready to fill
small packages for market.

I use only flint-glass pint Mason jars and
third-pint jelly tumblers for the grocery trade.
I never use the green glass when I can get the
flint, as the honey does not show up nearly as
well. Grocers are requested to place the honey
in front somewhere, or on the counter, where
the light will strike through it. When a cus-
tomer sees it shimmering in the sun, as clear as
crystal, he is attracted by its beauty, and will
buy. I want no showy-colored labels on my
honey. I leave that for the glucose-mixers.
They want something to plaster over their vile

1897

IGLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

153

stuff to hide it, while I want to show my honey,
as it looks finer to a honey-lover than the finest
work of art on a label. Lithographs are so
common nowadays that people take little no-
tice of them; but any choice article of food,
put up in clean and attractive packages, always
commands attention; therefore I use only a
small white label, 1 by 2 inches, giving my
name and address, and the words "Pure Hon-
ey." We might get a pointer here from the
druggists, who are apt to display clear and
sparkling liquids in the window.

I make a tour of the principal towns in my
county every two months or oftener, according
to the demands of the trade; and if any of the
stock left is beginning to candy, or has become
unsightly In any way, it is replaced with fresh
goods free of charge. However, this very sel-
dom happens— almost never— except in the case
of some little stock that is carried over the
summer.

fowls' honey-peddling case.

'^ I consider it to my interest that the grocer
who handles my honey shall make a good profit
—20 to 30 per cent is none too much on small
packages. They should be classed as "fancy
groceries," and should bring a better profit
than honey in bulk, or sugar and flour. In this
way I secure the hearty co-operation of the
grocer, which would not be the case if his prof-
its were small.

I sell pint Mason jars at $2.75 per doz., 130.00
per gross; third-pints, $1.10 per doz.; per gross,
$12.00. Pints run about 19 lbs. to the doz.; third-
pints, about 6. Pints retail for 30 cts.'Jeach;
third-pints from 12 to 15 cts. each,;according to
circumstances. But it will be argued' these
prices are too high, and honey will not be used
largely if these prices prevail.nl answer that
this is for a fancy article in small packages.
Do not choice red raspberries in pint boxes sell
high? and yet good fruit can be bought cheap
in larger quantities, and large; quantities are
used too. Almost any grocer will sell on small-
er margin in bulk by the crockful or pailful, as
the large packages need no display, and the
profit on the large package is as much as on
the little one.

I believe bee-keepers ought to push the local
trade more. Much might be done by advertis-
ing in one way or another. I would suggest,

Mr. Editor, that you get up some notices print-
ed in large letters on cards, say 12 by 20 inches,
to hang in stores. They might run something
like this:

< FOWLS' PURE HONEY FOR SALE HERE. <
( don't buy imitations. S

S See that Fowls' name is on the package. S

Or if a larger amount of matter is wanted,
something like this might do:

FOWLS* PURE HONEY FOR SALE HERE.

Notice to Consumers.— Fure honey is the most
healthful sweet known. Many of our modern
diseases are traceable to the excessive use of
cjine sufrai'S. Honey is more easily assimilated
in the human stomach. This is the deci-iion of
eminent physicians. But honey, to be healthful,
must be pure. Honey compounds are not henlth-
f ul, and are not c/teaper. Consumers should re-
alize that honey that is 100 per cent pure is
cheaper as well us more who'esome than a com- '
pound that only clnims to be riO per cent pure,
even if the pure article sold for double tlie price
of the spurious. Our pure-food laws are for our |
protection, and require that a formula be print-
ed on all mixed goods.

I sell the most of the honey sold in bulk in
my own town, and 1 find but comparatively
few will buy in bulk, although the price is
much cheaper. By far the larger numberwant
only a pint or less at a time. Of course. I do
not undersell the grocers on the same size of
packages they handle. In soliciting orders
from boarding house keepers and families I
prefer to take along my samples in flint-glass
Mason jars, and I carry them in a sample case
which allows the light to strike through, just
as in the grocery. Even amber honey from fall
flowers looks fine if I can get the jars between
my customers and the sun; and once people be-
gin to admire its beauty, it's not difficult to get
them to taste, which sometimes goes a long way
toward making a sale. As I never allow any
but my best honey to go in to the grocery trade
I have to work off all my off grades to families,
boarding-houses, and bakeries. The dark and
strong kinds, if I have any, are used for cook-
ing, and recipes are given away with the hon-
ey, some of which I have taken from the book
" Honey as Food," advertised by the American
Bee Journal, and some that are original with
me. I have used type- written ^lopies of recipes,
but find ihis too much trouble, and think now I
should like some printed leaflets with a few
good recipes, and some extracts from Prof.
Cook's article on honey as food, which appear-
ed in the American Bee Journal some time
ago. The reason I do not want to use the book
"Honey as Food" to give to my customers is
that I have found by trying that some of the
recipes are worthless, and I am afraid they
might try one of that kind the very first one,
and then chuck the book into the stove in dis-

154

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mar. 1.

gust, without testing the honey for cooking
any more. I inclose some of my recipes, that
you are at liberty to publish if you wish. Those
published in Gleanings are good, I know, be-
cause I tried them last winter.

It's a pleasure to know that the editor is hon-
est and conscientious just at this time, when
the politicians are stirring up strife and trying
to make all the people think evil of their neigh-
bors. The kind of honesty that thinketh no
evil is quite refreshing; and so our good editor,
in publishing the recipes, gave credit to the
journal in which he found them, and generous-
ly added a free puff. I suppose he never
"thunk" that the whole list had been pur-
loined from the book "Honey as Food;" and
the editor of the American Bee Journal, not to
be outdone, published the same list, advertis-
ing his book, " Honey as Food," in the same
column, and returned thanks for the use of his
own property, and added a free puff too.

Oberlin, Ohio.

[The article above came before our honey-
leaflet was gotten out. In fact, this leaflet
came as the result of a suggestion from friend
Fowls and one or two others.

In addition to the leaflets, it might be a good
idea to have on sale cards after the style of the
notice above. A neat tasty card setting forth
very briefly why honey should be eaten might
be read in some cases while the leaflet itself
would not be read at all.— Ed.]

GRAND VALLEY, COL., AS A HONEY LOCALITY.

ALSO SOMETHING ABOUT SLEEPING OUTDOORS.
By M. A. Gill.

Mr. jRoot;— While reading your description
of Salt River Valley, Ariz., I thought perhaps
a few jottings from the Grand Valley in Colo-
rado would not come amiss to the readers of
Gleanings. First, I will say that last spring
I was appointed bee-inspector for Mesa County,
which gave me a good opportunity to see the
resources of this valley. Your speaking of the
large apiaries kept in one place in the Salt
River Valley brings to my mind that I inspect-
ed nearly 600 colonies (on Mesa Creek, this
county) in a scope of country not to exceed two
by three miles, and only about a third of that
area was in alfalfa; and right in the heart of
this section I remember one apiary of 64 colo-
nies where over 40 of them had five supers each
of comb honey on them when I visited them.
That night I stayed with Mr. J. P. Utterback,
who has 200 colonies dovoted to comb honey.
You know nearly every one in this mountain
region has a pack outfit (as they term it), which
Includes a bed. "Well, after being shown the
cozy spare bed in the house I noticed my fiiend
bring out his mountain-bed and spread it on a
forkful of alfalfa hay in front of the carriage-
house.

"Now," said he, " if you wish you can sleep
here with me."

It was during dog-days in August, at about
9 o'clock. The cool mountain air seemed to
settle down the mountain sides, and lift the
heated air of the valley out; and, oh! the
matchless delight of drinking that pure fresh
ozone is simply beyond description. It is cer-
tainly inspiring, and I imagined it was a little
intoxicating.

Like you, I don't wonder these people are
healthy; and, again, I do wonder that there
are not more people whose lungs break down
in the East, who sleep with their bea-rooms
sealed up like a fruit-can.

You spoke of sleeping out on the ground on
Dec. 29th. Well, I slept out that night too;
but we had to scrape away about four inches
of snow to spread our bed down. We slept well,
took no cold, and why should we? Don't the
doctors say that there is only one remedy that
always agrees with every one, and that is pure
ozone ? I didn't have quail on toast, as you did,
the next day, but I had a fine venison hanging
up by 9 A. M.

You speak of some of the alfalfa honey being
almost equal to the white-clover ho;iey of the
East. Didn't the committee at the St. Joseph
convention decide that the first quality of alfal-
fa honey from the arid regions was the best in
the United States'? Arenot you eastern fellows
getting a little afraid of the quantity and qual-
ity of our honey when you put clover, willow-
herb, etc., 1 cent per pound above our best
alfalfa? Did it ever occur to you that we can
outweigh you nearly one pound per gallon with
our best alfalfa honey ?

This county (Mesa) has about 4000 colonies
of bees. I personally examined 3100 colonies
last season. I destroyed by fire between 50 and
60, besides burning over 100 infected hives and
other fixtures. I also drove quite a number of
colonies back into their own hives after first
saturating the inside of hive with coal oil, then
burning it to a char, and giving them only V-
shaped top-bars for starters.

That the honey they carry with them is di-
gested before they can build comb and store it
is proven, I think, by the fact that of all the
colonies so treated only two showed signs of the
return of the disease this fall. I will say I have
again been appointed as inspector for the com-
ing year, and will report to you later as to my
success in stamping out the disease in this
valley.

Grand Junction, Colo., Jan. 28

[Amen to your remarks about sleeping out-
doors, friend G. In regard to the a'falfa honey,
I have just consulted Mr. Calvert, and he says
the alfalfa honey that was put a cent below
willow-herb, etc., was not first-class. He says
we always rank nice pure alfalfa honey fully
as high as clover, willow-herb, or any other,
unless it should be the water- white mountain-

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

155

sage houey that never candies, even if exposed
to a zero temperature. A good deal of the al-
falfa sent us has evidently been gathered when
the bees were worl<ine on something else. I
am glad to know of the heroic measures your
people have been taking to stamp out foul
brood. Permit me to say in this connection,
that, so far as I can learn, foul brood has never
as yet made its appearance in Salt River Val-
ley; and I exhorted the friends there to be very
careful that it never did by any hook or crook
get a foothold.— A. I. R.J

THE AUSTRALIAN BLUE- GUM. OR EUCALYP-
TUS-TREE, IN CALIFORNIA.

By J. H.M<irtin.

The above-named tree is attracting much at-
tention on this coast as a means of increasing
the honey producing flora. The species com-
monly known as blue-gum was first introduced;

EUCALYPTUS CORNUTA.

and, though extensively planted for wood and
windbreaks, it is not an attractive tree, for its
habit is of the order of a bean-pole— very tall.
This species has a small flower and a profuse
bloom, commencing in November, and contin-
uing well through the winter. The honey
from the blue-gum {E. Globulus) has an am-
ber hue and an acrid flavor, and its only favor-
able feature is its value in medicinal use.
There are about 150 varieties of the eucalyptus-
tree. Some are noted for their variety of uses
— for timber, firewood, and shade, as well as
honey-production.

Under the general name of sugar-gum are
several beautiful trees having a branching
form, long drooping leaves, and large beautiful
flowers in profusion, and possessing interesting
features. The tree derives Its name, eucalyp-
tus, from the peculiarity of the flower bud —
eu, good; calypto, to
cover. The bud before
it opens is protected by
a cover. These covers
are of great variety and
size, and for the most
part give names to the
trees. In some varie-
ties the cover is a
mere disk which drops
ott" when the blossom
opens. In others the
cover takes the shape
of a cone, as in E. Cor-
nuta. The photograph
that accompanies this
description was taken
from the blossom of E.
Cornuta, and shows
blossom in the various
stages of development.
The closed bud has the
appearance of a double
cone. A little further
along the upper cone is
crowded off somewhat,
showing the white fila-
ments of the blossom
ready to burst from
their prison. They soon
do burst forth in beau-
ty, and the brown cone
drops to the ground.
The calyx develops in-
to a hard hollowed
cup; and In the early
morning this cup is full
of nectar, and a shake
of the tree will cause
a shower of nectar to
descend.

This species of tree
is very profuse in blos-
soms, blossoming sev-

156

GLEANINGSaiNfBEE CULTURE.

Mar. 1.

eral times annually, and it is an inspiring sight
to a bee keeper to see the bees scrambling over
each other after the abundant sweets. I think
the honey from this variety of gum is not so
strong as that obtained from the blue gum.
This tree is being largely planted at present,
and in a few years we predict a marked im-
provement in honey-production, especially near
our large towns. Nearly all species of the gum
family are of rapid growth, and their chief sea-
son of bloom is during the winter months. As
before stated, the blossoms are in great variety,
size, and color. The general color is a creamy
white; then there are others of a scarlet hue.
The latter is named E. FicafoUa and has the
reputation of producing a honey that kills ev-
ery bee that partakes of it. This charge is,
however, not substantiated by good authority.
The evidence is merely hearsay, and needs fur-
ther investigation before we give it credence.

Bee-keepers in California should interest
themselves more in the planting of honey-pro-
ducing trees. Mr. N. Levering, of this city, is
advocating the establishment of an arbor day
by legislative enactment, just as they have al-
ready done in many Eastern States. An arbor
day would be of benefit in this State, where so
many wide areas are devoid of trees or even
bushes. Let us plant trees, and extend our
honey pasturage. Remember that the man
who plants a tree causes unborn generations to
rise up and bless his name.

[The eucalyptus has been spoken of many
times, and very favorably, in our columns, for
years back; but this is the first time we have
shown a picture of the tree itself.— Ed.]

ALFALFA IN ARIZONA.

CONDITIONS NECESSARY FOR HONEY SECRE-
TION; THE AMOUNT OF IRRIGATION NEC-
ESSARY; hatch's 70,000 LBS. OF
ALFALFA HONEY.

By C. A. Hatch.

This is the honey-plant of the Salt River
Valley, where most of the honey produced in
the Territory comes from, and is not only a
grand honey-plant but the king of forage-
plants. Here in this warm country it can, with
plenty of water, be mown as many as five times
in a year, yielding at a single cutting from one
to two tons per acre. The usual method is to
mow twice, and pasture or grow seed the other
crops.

The first crop, which is usually cut the last
of May or first of June, does not afford much
honey, although the bloom is seemingly more
profuse then than on later crops. It seems to
be necessary for honey secretion that the bloom
should be old, the same as in white clover,
basswood, and perhaps other plants. The
fields left for seed are the ones in which bees
truly revel, the flow being, when conditions are

right, equal to the best clover, and lasting much
longer; in fact, during the last year, with an
exception of about two weeks, caused by rains,
there would have been a continual flow from
June 15 until Oct. 1, if insects had not destroy-
ed the bloom.

It has two insect-enemies — a small three-
cornered bug, green in color, and a yellow but-
terfly about the size of the cabbage-moth. The
bug feeds on the leaves and blossoms, but I
could never see that the butterfly did any thing
more than suck out the honey from the blos-
soms left by the bugs, but presume it must feed,
in the larval stage, on the roots or something
near by. This season there were so many of
them that it gave alfalfa-fields a golden hue,
and the whole field seemed to be alive. I am
sure I could have secured another 10,000 lbs. of
honey this season if it had not been cut off by
these two pests. The entomologist who will
discover some practical remedy for them will
confer a great favor on bee-keepers of Arizona.

The manner of preparing the alfalfa-fields
for the crop may be of interest to your readers.
First it is well to remember that it is a strong
grower and rank feeder, and requires a large
amount of water for its development— almost
twice as much as for any other crop— and is
essentially an irrigation plant. It may grow,
and even be profitable, without irrigation; but
to bring it to the highest development, water
so arranged that it can be given at any time is
essential.

This whole valley (Salt River) has quite a
uniform slope in one direction, of from 13 to 18
feet per mile, and seems to be especially ar-
ranged for irrigation. There are two plans of
irrigation used here — "flooding," in which the
water is allowed to flow over the whole surface;
and " trenching," in which it is allowed to flow
only in trenches, cut for the purpose, around
the plants or trees to be irrigated. Flooding is
used for alfalfa, barley, wheat, or any sown
crop; and the other system, for fruit-trees,
vegetables, strawberries, corn, etc.

Water is brought in broad ditches called
canals, but these se^m too small to an Eastern
man to merit the name, sometimes coming 30
miles before any of the water is used. When
the arable land is reached, these canals are tap-
ped by smaller ditches called "laterals," which
carry the water to the farms, where they are
in turn tapped by an opening under a lock and
key, which is under control of a public officer
called "zanjero" (pronounced zaiikero), whose
duty it is to open and close the head gate, and
see that every man is getting no more than his
share of water. The flow through the head
gate is regulated according to the number of
inches the land-owner has paid for, the price
being so much per square inch; that is, what
water will flow through an inch opening under
a 5-inch head. One inch is counted great plenty

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

157

for an acre of alfalfa. The purchase of an Inch
of water entitles the owner to the use of that
amount any time when the water is "on "in
the canal, unless there be a general shortage;
then he can get only his pro rata. In times of
shortage the matter is arranged by allowing
the water to run in a canal only part of the
time, and allowed to accumulate or go into
another canal the rest of the time. This ar-
rangement gives each man his full flow when
the water is "on."

In order to "flood " a piece of land perfectly
it is self-evident that it must be nearly or quite
level one way at least, and free from all in-
equalities of surface; otherwise, where water
is left to seek its level, and soak in, some places
would get too much and others not enough.
So the would-be alfalfa grower must therefore
smooth his land and see that the slope is uni-
form one way only, and that there be no in-
equalities in the surface. All this is done by
the use of a tool called a leveler, drawn by two
horses, and then the field is divided into lands
about two rods wide, having a slight ridge at
each side called the "borders," which are
thrown up by a V-shaped tool drawn by a team
along the line, and are to confine the water to
the land. The dirt must be moved for some
distance, for the "border," otherwise a trench
would be on each side, which would draw all
the water. The accompanying diagram may
make the "ditch," "lateral, and "border,"
plainer.

^f

irT^Wr^WftWoT^-

Water is usually turned on once after each
cutting of alfalfa; and, if well done, is sufficient
for that crop. The whole field is not watered
at once, but only so much as the head of water
will cover, and then other lands are taken in
succession. The opening from the ditch into
each land is called a tappoon, and may be a
wooden box with a tight-fitting slide, or only a
piece of the bank removed, to be again filled
when no longer needed.

The alfalfa-fields in this part of Arizona are
fully stocked with bees, and in some neighbor-
hoods overstocked. The crop last year shipped
through the Bee-keepers' Association at Phoe-
nix amounted to somewhere about 13 carloads,
of which your humble servant had the good

fortune to furnish over three carloads, or 70,000
pounds.

If any one desires to locate in this country
there are plenty of chances to buy bees with
the location, which would be the only way
advisable.

Pasadena, Cal.

NOTES ON GLEANINGS FOR JANUARY 15.

OVER 400 CA.KS OF HONEY FROM A SINGLE
STATE.

Bij W. A.H. OUstrap.

In Straws I see Wisconsin reported with
1,800,000 lbs. of honey, or 75 carloads, at 12 tons
to the car. Yes, Mr. Editor, John H. Martin
put the California crop of 1895 at over 400 cars
— about 435, 1 think. Last year I doubt wheth-
er we produced 50 carloads. But if any other
State can knock our average out. let's have a
show of hands. I think we are likely to put
up some large figures in extracted honey this
year.

LIGHT-WEIGHT SECTIONS.

Go for the editor, Dr. Miller. In this country
merchants usually call a 4}^x4:^xlK section a
pound, and I believe consumers generally be-
lieve them. He, therefore, cheats the consum-
er, and I more than half believe the producer
who sells the honey by avoirdupois weight— 1&
oz. to the pound— is o. 2->f"'il/ to the crime. An
old peddler by me talks in favor of light weight,
as he says it means " more money for less hon-
ey." That's " business."

GRADING.

I never heard of a half-crop of honey in this
valley, that was actuaUy water-white or that
had sections actually unsoiled by bees. I hope
grading-rules will not be among the impossi-
bilities next season.

DEFUNCT BEE-JOUENALS.

Tell Dr. Miller to add to his list TJie Western
Apiarian, published at Placerville, Cal., 1889-
'90, and The California Bee-keeper (San Fran-
cisco, I think), soon after the Apiarian died.
It lived but a short time. Mr. Israel once
wrote to Gleanings that California bee-papers
thrived until he wrote for them, and in a short
time they died. I think his latest nom de
plume is Skylark.

ALFALFA FOR HONEY.

Once Mr. Ball, of Nevada, gave an estimate
on the amount of honey obtainable from a stat-
ed amount of alfalfa, and I thought he was
imposing on the editor of Gleanings with
something too big to be true. Since that I have
learned alfalfa is very cranky as a honey-pro-
ducer, and I can believe almost any thing. Mr.
Aikin mentions some alfalfa traits which he
would not find here. Alfalfa usually produces
more honey here in rather dry localities. Where
enough water is found to make the plant very

158

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULUTRE.

Mar. 1.

rank it is not apt to yield much honey. Most
farmers in this valley cut the early crop of al-
falfa usually in May, to get the fox-tail (a
troublesome grass) before it fully matures.
This cutting is when it is not fully in bloom, or,
at least, not producing much honey. Later
crops are generally left until they bloom freely
and produce considerable honey before they
are cut. When left for seed it is the "boss"
for honey.

Last year my bees made a light run at the
start. Too much electricity in the air checked
honey secretion, I thought. Some light showers
also made trouble. Then millions of small yel-
low butteiflies helped empty the flowers. It is
not rare for alfalfa honey to fail after Aug. 1st
to 15th, in some localities.

Hanford, Cal.

[Over 400 cars of honey from a single State of
this great Union! If I am correct, no other
State has produced even half this amount in a
single season of any year. These 400 cars and
over, I suppose, do not take account of the
quantitiesof honey produced in the same State,
that are consumed locally. The government
reports put North Carolina in the lead, and
California near the end of the long list of honey-
producing States. North Carolina should be
near the foot. This only goes to show how
grossly inaccurate government honey statistics
are.

Tell the doctor to fire away; for, come to find
out, we have not been shooting at each other,
but in nearly the same direction. — Ed.]

--—ANSWERS TO c-
BY G.M.D0OUITTLE.B0ROOINO.N.Y.

BEE-PAKALYSIS

Question. — Are you still of the same opinion
regarding bee-paralysis that you were when
you wrote what is found on pp. 536, '7, Glean-
ings for 1896? I see that there are very many
who differ with you in their views in this mat-
ter ; and I thought it possible that you might
have seen something, since you wrote that arti-
cle, to convince you that queens do carry the
disease.

Answer. — In reply to the above I will say that
I have seen nothing to change my mind in the
least from what it was when I wrote the matter
referred to. The colony I spoke of as having
the queen from the colony which nearly died
with bee-paralysis the year before, made about
100 lbs. of nice section honey; while her colony
and the one on the old stand (the colony swarm-
ed), having the young queen, went into winter
quarters in fine condition. The one having the
disease when I wrote (the worst I had ever seen
at that time) gradually recovered, so that, by
the middle of September, no afi'ected bees were
to be found in or about the hive; so, unless It

should break out again, my apiary is free from
the disease. No one thing that I ever wrote
ever brought me so many letters of censure as
did that answer to the question on bee-paraly-
sis, many apparently thinking that I really fa-
vored the shipping of queens from colonies that
were known to have the disease. Some of these
letters were very unfair, to say the least,and
nearly every one wrote from a mistaken stand-
point. When I write or speak of things I must
give them as J find them, not from the stand-
point of somebody else. All know that no one
has proclaimed caution to a greater degree than
has Doolittle, along all lines where caution is
necessary; and I can not understand how any
one could have construed any part of what I
wrote regarding bee-paralysis to mean that I
thought it would be safe for myself or any one
else to be heedless or careless in the matter, or
use queens from such colonies, for aught but
experimental purposes. What I was aiming at
was the headstrong way that many had in in-
sisting that, the moment any signs of bee-
paralysis were seen, the colony so showing
should be eradicated from the apiary, and wip-
ed off the face of the earth, by each and every
one who saw those signs. If any person has
not the time nor the disposition for a thorough
and careful study of these matters, then such
advice is well ; but to so press matters that no
one, no matter how careful, could look into this
matter of bee-paralysis because he or she might
be a queen- breeder, savored of keeping us in
ignorance in the matter till the disease might
so progress as to ruin our pursuit. I quite agree
with the editor of this journal, ^that it is better
to take a road a good way off from a precipice
in our general driving; but if no one ever goes
and carefully looks over, how can it be known
that there is any precipice within a thousand
miles'? Neither do I believe it right for the
masses to rush into a house having a case of
smallpox; but that is not saying that no one
should go into such a house, leaving its occu-
pants to live or die as best they might, for fear
some careless nurse might carry the disease to
others. If you must be so careless that you are
liable to spread foul brood, bee-paralysis, or any
thing else, abroad, should a case of the same
occur in your apiary, then by all means cremate
any colony in which you find any signs of a
dangerous disease; but if you can be a thor-
ough, careful investigator, thus shedding light
regarding something yet unsolved about our
beloved pursuit, then go at it like a man, and
don't be frightened for fear some one may score
you if you stand for the right. Don't follow
Doolittle, Root, Hutchinson, or anybody else,
blindly, either, because they advocate some-
thing you are not familiar with; but investi-
gate, experiment, and observe, until you know
you are right, then go ahead, no matter what
the masses may say or do.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

159

In the world's broad field of battle,
In the bivouac of life.

Be not like dumb driven cattle-
Be a hero in the strife.

STORES FOR WINTERIXG.

Question.— in some of your writings I see that
you think it does not require as much stores for
wintering bees in the South as it does in ex-
treme northern iocalites. What do you mean
by this? Don't you think the bees will consume
as much honey in the South from the middle of
October to the middle of April as they would at
the extreme North ?

^?isu^er.— Answering the last question first, I
would say that 1 should estimate it would take
more stores to carry bees from the middle of Oc-
tober to the middle of April, in the South, than
it would at the North; but, if I remember right-
ly about what I wrote in this matter, I said it
would take more stores to lointer a colony whore
winter hfld as above than where we have win-
ter for only two months, as they do at the
South. After about the first of March, I under-
stand it Is spring in the South, while we often
have six weeks of winter weather after that
time. When bees begin to breed to any extent,
then is when a great consumption of honey oc-
curs; and if no honey is to be had from the
fields at such times of rapid breeding, the stores
in the hive are drawn upon so rapidly that
starvation often occurs, when the apiarist
thought his bees had sufficient stores to last for
months, he judging from the consumption need-
ed for the fall and winter months. Hence the
wise apiarist has "an eye out" in this matter,
from now on till the flowers give honey in the
spring, unless his hives were very heavy in
honey the preceding fall.

Some seem to think that mild weather, with
no honey-flow, is a trying ordeal on the stores
in the hive ; but it depends very much on when
this mild weather occurs. If in October, No-
vember, December, and January, and the bees
are on their summer stands, I have found that,
here in Central New York, they consume far
less stores than they do in cold weather, as at
this time there is no disposition toward brood-
rearing, and the mild weather does not call for
so much honey being used as " fuel" as does the
cold. At such times, colonies outdoors consume
but little more than do those in the cellar, or
about a pound a month, while with cold weath-
er the colony outdoors requires from a half more
to double that amount, and this with perfect
wintering. But let any colony become uneasy
from any cause (go to eating voraciously) which
always results in brood-rearing, and the con-
sumption will increase, from the average, one
to two pounds a month, to from five to eight
pounds a month, resulting in that colony dying
before spring, or its vitality becoming exhaust-
ed so that spring dwindling will be the result.
When any colony becomes uneasy we call it

"sick," and many think it can not be helped.
But the colony at its side remains quiet all the
time, and the two were as nearly alike as two
peas the preceding fall. If it is necessary that
the first shall become uneasy or sick, why not
in the case of the other? Who will tell us
something definite about the matter?

[I am glad you have no bee-paralysis now in
your apiary; but I infer if you had you would
not destroy or remove it. While you would
not, of course, send a queen from a diseased
stock, you seem to think there is no harm in
shipping queens from apparently healthy col-
onies, even though there may be a case of bee-
paralysis in the same apiary.

1 can not help feeling, friend D., that, with
the best of intentions, your position is wrong.
Before me is a letter from a bee-keeper in the
South, whose whole apiary of 70 colonies is dis-
eased with bee-paralysis. It is practically a
dead loss to him, and he has invested over $400.
He has tried every thing in the way of a cure,
and yet the disease rages. This man claims he
got the disease from a queen sent him by a
queen-breeder, or at least that the disease de-
veloped in the colony soon after this queen was
introduced. There are also others, whose names
I do not feel at liberty to mention, who feel pos-
itive it is very contagious, and that it is almost
criminal for any queen breeder to keep, know-
ingly, a colony in the apiary, affected with bee-
paralysis. If there is any bne- keeper in this
land, friend Doolittle, who would proceed with
caution, and who would be the least likely to
transmit the disease from his apiary, it is your-
self. But you will not forget that you have a
very great influence among the bee-keeping
fraternity; and perhaps some of them, less cau-
tious than yourself, would say, "If Doolittle
can do it, I can." You no doubt believe that
the disease is not carried through the queen.
Perhaps you are right; but?/ you are ?iot right,
and other queen-breeders who look up to you
should take your position, fearful results would
follow. I do not think any harm would result
if you wished to experiment, provided you iso-
lated such colonies as might have the disease;
but to keep them in your general apiary, out of
which you may ship bees or queens, is, to say
the least, unwise.

I grant that bee-paralysis in the North occa-
sions no alarm to the practical bee-keeper; but
in the South, evidences are coming up continu-
ally, showing that it is even worse than foul
brood.-— Ed. 1

THE DANZENBAKER SECTION; A STRONG POINT
IN FAVOR OF THE TALI. SECTION.

I find the Danzenbaker section a great acqui-
sition to my apiary. The tall handsome sec-
tions, nicely glazed, weighing a pound, sell
readily by the case at 20 cents each, while the
434 bring only 15 cents, and sell only when the
tall ones are not in sight.

I find that, the nearer we come to the thick-
ness of the brood-comb, the better they fill the
sections, and the more readily they enter them.

160

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mar. 1.

Dealers prefer the l^'i sectiou, whether the 4}^
or tall, and bee-keepers must cater to the de-
mands of traders if they look for success In dis-
posing of their product. I find the 4)^x4;^
section, 13{, glazed, filled, weighs a pound, and
the New York retail trade demands it.

A firm to whom I applied for cartons for 1%
sections said to me, " Why don't you become an
advanced bee-keeper, and adopt the regular 1%
or m sections, so that you may obtain goods at
regular prices?" I thought they needed a push
toward progress. I take it that a man ready to
make improvements is the advanced man.

Go on, dear brother, and may God strengthen
your hands in all good works. ''Take no heed
unto the morrow." I have been young and
now am old ; yet have I never seen the right-
eous forsaken nor his seed begging bread."

B. F. Ondekdonk.

Mountain View, N. J., Dec. 9.

pettit's new system of taking comb

HONEY.

An article in Dec. 15th Gleanings, by S. T.
Pettit, with the above heading, was read by
me with interest, and solves a problem for me
over which I have pondered considerably.
During the past season I have been testing 10
hives invented by T. I. Dugdale, of West Gal-
way, N. Y., who formerly worked in the hive-
factory of J. H. Nellis, of Canajoharie. This
hive has the entrance in what might be called
the hive-stand, and causes the bees to enter the
surplus-apartment in the same way that Mr.
Pettit advocates. I have been troubled a great
deal to get the outer rows of sections on the
Dovetailed hives properly capped; but to my
surprise the outer rows of sections in the super
of the new hives, although it contained 44 one-
pound sections, a part of which extended be-
yond the 10 Langstroth frames, seemed to be
just as readily filled and capped as in the cen-
ter of the super. Why in such a large super
the outer row of sections should be capped so
much more readily than a super holding 24 sec-
tions, is made clear to me by Mr. Pettit's ex-
periment.

I also wish to say that the article on " child-
training " is a valuable one, which all parents
will appreciate. Even a bear-story or a ro-
mance will give us a greater interest in our
bee-journals, as "variety is the spice of life."
Charles Stewart.

Sammonsville, N. Y., Jan. 25.

[The plan spoken of by Mr. Pettit can be
easily tried by any one who has the regular
Dovetailed hive. I hope others will try the
experiment, and report. It is by grasping at
things of this kind that we make progress. —
Ed.J

not tall but square sections, 43^x43^.

You ask what we think about tall and nar-
rower sections. My experience is that we want
nothing narrower than 7-to-foot sections, and

nothing larger than 4>^x43^. This size and
width gives the best of satisfaction here. We
use two tin separators to super. Wider sec-
tions are not built so well to the bottom -bar,
and narrower sections are sometimes built very
frail to the sides of the section. Do you see
the point? Neither do we use starters more
than 1}4 inches deep, but full sheets of brood
foundation 'n hive-body, every time, and wired.
We want a section that weighs as nearly a
pound as can be. Honey is getting too cheap
to fool with }4 or ^^ lb. sections. Look out for
Colorado and New Mexico. High prices on
honey are over. H. F. Hagen.

Rocky Ford, Col., Jan. 26.

COMBS ON WIRED FRAMES.

Tread somewhere in the current number of
Gleanings a report of some one, I have for-
gotten who, in regard to having natural combs
built on wired frames. I was somewhat inter-
ested in this, as I had been thinking about the
same thing myself. After thinking the matter
over I made soma experiments along this line
the latter part of the season after the hurry of
the honey season was over. I had anticipated
some trouble in having such combs built so that
the center or septum would come upon the
wire, or that the wire would be in the center of
the comb when it was finished. The result of
my experiments was very gratifying. They
were more perfect than I had even anticipated.
cOn thinking the matter over I had reasoned
that the bees would cluster upon the wires,
and that their first work would be commenced
upon the wires, thus forming the center or sep-
tum of the combs directly on the wires; and
the result of my experiments afterward proved
my reasoning to be correct. Although my ex-
periments were limited to but one colony, I am
satisfied that there are some gratifying possi-
bilities for bee-keepers in this direction,
c Of course, it will not be expected that combs
built in this manner will compare in perfection
with those built upon comb foundation; but in
these days of close competition bee-keepers are
looking for any methods that will economize
expense; and if perfectly natural combs can be
produced on wire it seems to me it must be a
step in the right direction.

In this experiment I shook a colony of bees
into the hive on wire frames, and fed them
sugar syrup and diluted honey with a Board-
man entrance feeder. I continued the experi-
ment only far enough to satisfy myself as to its
results, having the combs only partly filled.
These combs I have preserved, and should be
pleased to send you a sample of them if desired,
as they will speak for themselves. Possibly
you might think best to photograph them and
present them to the readers of Gleanings.

East Townsend, O. H. R. Boardman.

[Yes, send them on and we will show them to
our readers.— Ed.]

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

iJlBBlFkBTIl}.

"And why

RED looked at the few colonies
of bees and then at the doctor;
then at the bees again.
"Charity,'' said the doctor,
'l'*^'-JF' "suflfereth long and is kind; is

1 1 ^i, not puffed up: is not easily pro-

voked; thinketh no evil; bear-
eth all things, hopeth all things,
endureth all things."

" Doctor, you quote my favor-
ite passage of Scripture at an
opportune moment, for I feel
far from charitable."
" queried the doctor.
"Why! Well, then, the idea, doctor, of my
coming up here into these lonely mountains to
take charge of only ten colonies of bees when I
expected to manipulate a large apiary!"

" 1 don't remember of telling you that I had
a large apiary," said the doctor. " If I did. I
beg pardon; for it was far from me to convey
an erroneous impression. Besides, Fred, what
difference does it make whether I have ten
colonies or five hundred if you get your pay for
your labor? The pay will certainly be the
same for the few as the many.'

" I know our agreement is to that effect; but
1 hardly see how I can keep busy at present
upon ten colonies of bees; and unless I have
something to do, I— doctor, I'll— I'll fly— I'll be
that nervous, you see. But must I consider
all of your learned talk as merely theoretical
management?"

" Largely, largely," replied the doctor; " but
I have talked with you enough to know that
you are a practical bee man, and it is our duty
now to make the practical match the theoreti-
cal. There are ten colonies of bees before us.
Now, not only theory but practice tells us that,
in a good honey-flow, a colony of bees having a
prolific queen can be safely divided every two
months, or even oftener. These colonies have
ten frames, eight of them filled with brood.
When the colony is in condition to divide I
insert a tin division in the center of the hive,
equalize the hatching brood, secure the queen
in one compartment, and introduce a queen to
the queenless part. When the new queen is
accepted, and the bees get equalized, I take out
half the frames and bees and place them in a
new hive beside the old one. If this operation
is performed carefully, there will be no massing
of bees into one hive to the depletion of the

otner, for both have queens. I use division-
boards in the new colonies, and insert frames
of foundation as fast as they are drawn out.
The result is, that on an average the division
can be performed every two months, the year
round, in this valley. You can readily figure
what this will amount to. Doubling these ten
colonies every two months results in 640 colo-
nies at the close of the year, or 40,960 at the end
of the second year. There may be a few fail-
ures in queens, and we will call it an even
40,000."

" Let me see," said Fred, as he took out his
pencil and began to figure. "At that ratio we
should have at the end of the third year, say,
barring out the worthless queens, 3,000,000 col-
onies of bees."

" That is it," said the doctor; " you see there
is plenty of work ahead if you only keep ever-
lastingly at it."

" But, doctor, you do not really mean to in-
crease so rapidly? "

"Only the first year," replied the doctor;
"500 or 600 will be about all my field will at
present bear; and, although I hate to think of
it, I hope to open this valley to the public some
time; then the rearing of bees for sale will be
its profitable feature."

" Why, doctor, it would be necessary to run
a railroad up here to accommodate a bee-ranch
upon such a grand scale."

"That is coming in good time," said the doc-
tor. "A new line from Ukiah to Humboldt Co.
will pass within a mile of us."

The doctor now secured a smoker and two
veils from a neat box used for that purpose, and
they proceeded to investigate the interior of
the hives; and, though their exterior was
roughly made, and unpainted, the interior was
fitted with the latest improved Hoffman frames.
" Why, doctor, your bees are the finest I ever
saw," said Fred, with the eye of a critic.

" Yes, sir, and I want to show you a theoret-
ical queen."

The doctor held up a frame, and they both
looked for the queen.

"There she goes," said Fred, " through that
opening," pointing his finger toward the spot;
" but, my! she is a beauty, and so large!"

Thus they examined all of the hives; the bees
were large and gentle, queens such as Fred had
never seen, and new honey was coming in freely
so late in the season that Fred was full of ex-
clamations: and under them the doctor's face
wore a pleased expression.

" Your queens are so fine, doctor, that I am
anxious to know how you reared them."

" Well, then, I will briefly say that I have
the same theory in relation to the breeding of
queens that is put into practice in the breeding
of horses. Perhaps you know that California
horses beat the world for speed and other

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mar. 1.

qualities. The results are from breeding for a
series of years in locations noted for a high and
uniform temperature. Now, I have applied
the same principles to the breeding of queens.
For four years I have been experimenting; and
by keeping my breeding- hives at a high and
uniform temperature I have attained the re-
sults you have witnessed in the hives."

" Doctor, you say a high and uniform temper-
ature; what do you call a high temperature,
and how do you keep it uniform ? "

" I find," replied the doctor, " that, for queen-
rearing, 101 degrees brings the best results, and
with the hot sulphur water, as it flows from
the springs, there is no change of temperature;
and, taking it at a point where it is cooled
down to 101 degrees, and there placing my
queen-rearing hives, you observe I can keep a
uniform temperature both night and day. I
tell you it is of the utmost importance."

.. n^f%

_ ix^t'^%b^^y

'• THEY EXAMINED ALL OP THE HIVES.

" What strain of bees did you commence
breeding from ? " queried Fred.

" I imported an Italian queen through the A.
I. Root Co., and then I reared drones from a
native strain. It has taken much labor and
weeding-out. Within the past four years I
have reared hundreds of queens, and the ten ,
you saw are only the survival of the fittest, and
I guarantee they are the finest in the world."

"I think so too," said Fred, " and it is not
right to hide their value much longer in this
valley. Why, doctor, you have a fortune just
in the matter of queen-rearing in this valley."

" Possibly," replied the doctor; and, mount-
ing his donkey, he said, " I think we have talk-
ed bees long enough for to-day. We will now
return to camp by way of this terrace and the

Wis-ton-we; then we shall have seen about all
of the prominent features of the valley. But,
Fred, you can live here a lifetime and still find
something new and interesting to admire."

" Much upon the plan of the botanist," said
Fred, '* who, putting his hand down upon the
grassy lawn, said that under his hand there
was enough material upon which to spend a
lifetime of study."

" Yes, in comparison to the great world this
little valley is but a trifling afifair. But, Fred,
trifling affairs sometimes make a great stir in
the world. But, now, ' faint sounds the tink-
ling of the waterfall,' " quoted the doctor, as
they approached the upper end of the valley.
"The Wis-ton-we is an ever agreeable com-
panion."

As the donkeys carried them safely down a
steep grade, Fred espied the long glassy chute
in the face of the cliff, through which he had
been sent, or initiated, into the
valley.

" There, doctor, I came near losing
my senses in that thing; and until
Sam explained the matter I was
very angry at you. I was fighting
mad, I tell you."

"Charity," said the doctor, " suf-
ferelh long and is kind; thinketh
no evil; endureth all things."

After inspecting the peculiar ele-
vator with its rude rawhide water-
balance and rude mechanism, they
returned to the doctor's cabin.

"I think you now have a very
good idea of the valley," said the
doctor, "and will need no chaperon
to accompany you."

"Yes, doctor, and I think I will
take a run down to the sulphur
springs and take a bath."

Fred thoroughly enjoyed all he
saw that day; and, after a prolong-
ed bath, he felt much refreshed.

The evening shadows began to
gather before his return; and as he
followed the winding pathway up stream he
heard Sam's voice echoing down the valley:

" H-o-o, h-o-o! all ye! h-o-ol eberybody h-o-o!
Come disway! h-o-o! de coffee am a bilin'; de
hoe cake am aspilin'! h-o-o! h-o-o! all bans
roun for supper! h-o-oo!'

Fr d stopped to hear the music of that simple
call; and as the echoes died away in the crags
above he exclaimed: "I declare, if those ne-
groes are not always musical. Perhaps it is
because I am hungry: but that is the most
artistic call to dinner I ever heard."

The doctor wished to make more extensive
preparations for queen-rearing, and their con-
versation by night and by day was queens and
bees. The rest of the week they were busy in
the shop, talking, planning, and working; the-

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

163

ory and practice came in conflict quite often,
but were usually settled upon the practical side.

Late Saturday evening, when the doctor bade
Fred good-night, he said, " I must go out to the
rancheria to-uight. You and Sam will have
the valley all to yourselves over Sunday."

The doctor was expected back before Monday
morning: but Fred and Sam were left in an
increasing degree of wonderment until Wednes-
day morning, when the doctor did return. At
the breakfast-table he was disposed to be silent,
and appeared much depressed. When they
arose from the table he picked up his felt hat
and said, as he held it up, " That was a sound
hat when I went out Saturday night; now
there are holes through the crown. Those were
made by a bullet while the hat was on my
head."

" Dat's what I call hewin' close to de line,"
said Sam; "for gracious, if de lead'd come so
near my head, ebery kink in my wool 'ud been
straightened, suah."

" Why, doctor, have you such enemies out-
side?" asked Fred. "That was certainly a
close call."

" Yes," repUed the doctor; " there are enemies
without. Sit down again and I will tell you.
You have not lived long enough in this western
country to have learned the peculiar tactics of
the land-grabber. He takes up a government
claim of 160 acres, and then holds the several
thousand acres adjacent by bulldozing off every
would-be settler. If the settler is obstinate his
stock is usually stampeded or mutilated. If he
still persists in holding his claim, a bullet ends
his career, and the land-grabber is monarch of
all he surveys until another victim appears.
In these remote parts the murderer escapes
punishment, from the fact that the murder is
not even investigated There is such a land-
grabber just over the mountains from us. An-
other murder was committed on his domain.
In this case the murdered man had a spirited
son, and, having heard of the mysterious man
of the mountains, at the instigation of Mr.
Landgrabber he was upon the watch for me,
and that explains the bullet-holes. There are
so many intricate and even dangerous passes
around this mountain that I easily slipped
away from my pursuers. Now, if I mistake
not, this young man, if he persists in holding
his father's claim, will, in due time, join his
father in the spirit-land, and his taking-off will
be laid to the mysterious man of Crystal Moun-
tain."

" But. doctor, why don't you go right out and
clear up this matter ? "

"I fear, Fred, that there has been so much
evil laid to me, that, should I appear openly, I
should be shot on sight. I feel that, by and by,
something will turn up to relieve me. Mean-
while I must stay in the valley and work out
my destiny."

Secure in the hidden valley the doctor and
Fred pursued their planning and work with the
bees, and in a few weeks the episode was well
nigh forgotten. Fred found the little apiary
of ten colonies, which he at first despised, a
center of great preparations for larger opera-
tions. The doctor had for some months been
laying in a stock of supplies, and had enough
for all present needs; but, even after it became
dangerous for him to go outside the valley,
his Indian allies, who roamed the country at
will, brought him such small things as he
needed.

Preparations for increasing the bees were not
completed until the first of January. When
every thing was in readiness the work went
forward with much precision. Fred was de-
lighted at the ease with which the divisions
were accomplished, and said they could be done
every six weeks. But the doctor said there
was some uncertainty about it; and as two
months' time was safe, and fast enough, they
would stick to that.

As the months passed, Fred thought many
times of his outside friends; and when working
alone his mind was constantly upon Alfaretta.
Many talks he had with the doctor upon her
mental trouble. The doctor was always deeply
interested, and would often say, in an absent-
minded way, ■' Buell— Buell! If that name
were only Bull— any way. I shall investigate
that matter the next time I go to Sacramento."

Fred had been in the valley well toward a
year; had made the tlfth division of the bees,
and was now the proud manager of 300 colonies.

Matters in the valley were moving along in
their usual channel, when, one evening as they
were about to retire, two Indians came into the
valley in a much perturbed state of mind, took
the doctor aside, and, after a hasty consulta-
tion, he departed with them. Fred and Sam
sat for a long time speculating upon the unusu-
al occurrence, and both fervently hoped the
doctor would not again fall into the hands of
the land-grabbers. The doctor not returning,
they both at a late hour retired. Before sleep-
ing, Fred's last thoughts and last little prayer
were for the welfare of Alfaretta; and with her
name this night he included the doctor; but he
slept very lightly, and dreamed again of the
night episode with Dawson, and saw again the
white apparition on the stump. "I declare,"
said he, as he awose, "how real that did ap-
pear!"

Again he slept, and dreamed; and as the
streaks of dawn were breaking in the east he
again awoke; and, sitting up, he said, in an
undertone, " What a vivid dream ! I thought I
heard her singing."

Then to his astonished senses came the strong
clear tones:

The nig-ht is stormy and dark,

My lover Is on the sea;
Oh let me to the night winds hark
And hear what they say to me.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mar. 1.

Mr. B. K. S. Bennett, editor of the Pacific
Bee Journal, who published some reflections
upon the character of one of California's prom-
inent bee-keepers, Mr. Geo. W. Brodbeck, ref-
erence to which has already been made in our
columns, has, in his January number, publish-
ed a retraction expressing his regrets, as Mr. B.
is willing to forgive and forget. We are glad
to announce this happy termination.

THE NEW DRAWN FOUNDATION.

We are receiving quite a number of testimo-
nials expressing appreciation and surprise at
the success we have achieved in producing the
new article. Here is a sample of how a bee-
keeper who not only knows what he is talking
about, but who is well known to the whole fra-
ternity, writes:

The sample of drawn comb is this day at hand.
Thank you. I must say that it exceeds my expecta-
tions, and I predict great things for it it it can be
put on the market at a reasonable price. I have
had considerable experience with combs, and know
their value. E. T. Flanagan.

Belleville, ril., Feb. 23.

LOW PRICES ON HONEY, AND WHY.

It will be noted in another column that Cali-
fornia produced in one year about 425 carloads of
honey, not including small amounts consumed
locally. Arizona and Colorado are coming up
rapidly to the front as honey-producing States;
and one of the bee-keepers wrote the other day,
" Look out for Colorado when our honey gets on
your eastern markets." With continuous hon-
ey-flows from three to six months, is it any
wonder that our western brethren can produce
honey cheaply? Of course, the West has to
contend with the freights; but even then, with
their 600 or 700 cars of honey that is liable to
appear at some seasons of the year, it is not
much wonder that prices have had to drop
some. We are in hopes that the new comb will
help bee-keepers produce honey more cheaply.
We shall see. One thing, however, is very grat-
ifying. The fact that such vast amounts are
produced and consumed yearly, shows that hon-
ey is coming to be more and more a staple arti-
cle somewhere; for it is practically certain that
no such amount could have been carried twen-
ty years ago, even in proportion to the popula-
tion at that time.

THE NEW HOFFMAN FRAME, AND JULIUS
HOFFMAN.

Some days ago we received a letter from Mr.
Julius Hoffman, after whom the Hoffman
frames were named. Here is what he says :

Mr. Root:—l have noticed in Gleanings, page 94,
that you are doing your best to improve the Hoff-
man frame, and think the change will be a success.
As for me, I still use and make it as I had it at first.

but make liive and frame 1V2 in. shallower than be-
fore, as I now raise comb honey principally. I am
wintering 800 colonies. They seem to winter excel-
lently. Julius Hoffman.

Canajoharie, N. Y., Feb. 11.

Mr. Hoffman has for a good many years, in
effect, secured the same results that we sought
to obtain as set forth on page 94; namely, pre-
venting the end-sticking of the top-bars. He
long realized the necessity of keeping these in-
tact, but he does it in an entirely different
way. The hive-rabbets are shallow and nar-
row, and the frames come flush with the top of
the hive. The ends of the top- bars are widened
the same as the end-bars, and are entirely cov-
ered, so that the bees can not get at them to
chink in propolis. But the general construction
of the Dovetailed hive, or any hive based on
Langstroth dimensions, made it necessary to
depart from the original Hoffman somewhat.

Eight hundred colonies in winter quarters!
Well, that is the kind of bee-keeper Mr. Hoff-
man is. The fact that he was so extensively
engaged in bee-keeping, and that his appliances
worked so well, led us to believe that he was a
safe man to follow, and we did. The conse-
quence is, we have pushed the Hoffman frame
so that it is now used very largely all over the
United States, when formerly it was used only
In certain sections of New York.

APIS DORSATA AT THE LINCOLN CON\'ENTION.

One of our cotemporaries, in criticising the
action of the Lincoln convention regarding
Apis dorsata, jumped to the conclusion that it
was at the instigation of a so called "ring,"
made up of Drs. Miller and Mason, and York
and the Roots. This is what the editor of the
Nebraska Bee keeper says on the subject.

I have been reading with some interest the discus-
sion, pro and con, of the action of the Lincoln con-
vention In regard to the importation of Apis dorsata.
Now, 1 wish to say that 1 think but one or two gen-
tlemen know that such a resolution was thought of
until I read it and moved its adoption. As to the
why I feel opposed to the Importation of Apis dor-
sata by the general government at this time and in
the manner askpd for by the Ontario County Bee-
keepers' Association, I will say:

Fii-st. I do not think it is a bee that would do us
any good. A score of years ago we had in our em-
ploy a bright yonng man. A year or so later found
him on his way as a missionary to Africa. Three or
tour more years pass along and he revisits his boy-
hood home and parents in our town. While here
he described animals, insects, and bees, as found in
that far-off land. Although not particularly inter-
ested in Apis dorsata at that time, yet from his de-
scriptions, and those read later, I think they may be
identical, or nearly so, and I at present believe
worthless to us, other than as curiosities. * * •

Now, gentlemen, instead of growling, and throw-
ing stones and slurs at "Root, Miller, York, or Ma-
son," who did not introduce the resolution at the
Lincoln convention, throw them at some one out in
the Paeiflc Ocpan. If Root or Miller or York had
needed Apis dorsata in their apiaries, like gentle-
men they would have inclosed a $10 bill with a well-
provisioned queen-cage to some agent or missionary
in far-away lands, and had Apis dorsata queens to
sell to their customers before the government agent
could pack his gripsack ready to start. Whenever
we have learned that Apis dorsata is any thing desir-
able it will get here.

01 wish all of our bee-keeping friends could not
only hear but see Mr. Whitcomb give expression

B(1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

165

to the above;|seatiments.aIf you could feel his
personality once, and understand his good-na-
tured sparkle, you would no more think of
throwing "stones" at him than you would at
your grandmother.

"commercial ratings."
On page 73 of the American Bee Journal for
Jan. 3S, we find the following severe criticism
in regard to the way commercial ratings are
made:

" What !i contemptible system it is. though ! Now,
suppose I had been an enemy of this man. what an
opportuuity to have ruined his reputatlun! Ou the
other hand, had I been his most zealous friend, here
was a chance for me to give him a high but false
rating."

After having had many years of business ex-
perience with both Dun and Bradstreet, I want
to make a little protest to the above. No doubt
they sometimes get a report from a person who
is prejudiced against somebody in his own
town; but I am sure they recognize the possi-
bility of this, and take great pains to avoid in-
justice. For instance, sometimes it is hard to
get at once the exact facts in the case; addition-
al facts follow sometimes for several weeks or
months. The additional facts from some other
standpoint usually corroborate the first one, but
sometimes they present the matter in a different
light. Again, u^e assist these agencies in keep-
ing track of people connected with bee culture.
Sometimes they think we have been a little too
severe, or may be the reverse; and they often
go to much pains and expense in order to get at
a fair and impartial rating of the person. A
few times I have known them to be misled; but
I am sure such cases are the exception and not
the rule. We are continually asked in regard
to the standing of certain people; and where a
stamp has been inclosed I have always felt it a
pleasure to help business along by giving a rec-
ommend to any worthy man, or in cautioning
about giving improper credit to the unworthy.

A.I. R.

USING WIRE STAPLES OR SIMILAR DEVI9ES

FOR SPACING FRAMES; A. I. R.'S

RECOLLECTIONS.

In the earlier volumes of the American Bee
Journal this matter was discussed pro and con
at such length that our good editor, Samuel
Wagner, finally shut down on the discussion.
Nails were suggested; blind-staples, and pro-
jections of wood, not only from the top-bar but
end-bars. At that time I was using H. A.
King's American hive, and advocated projec-
tions to hold the frames in place when the hives
were to be moved. The editor suggested some-
thing like this: "The movable frames as given
us by Langstroth can be moved near together
or put far apart as you may choose. In using
the fingers of the hand we sometimes want them
close together. Again, we want them apart
more or less. Is not this much better than to
have them spaced at fixed distances ?" About

this time, or earlier, Ransom & Cobb, of Cleve-
land, who manufactured Langstroth hives, fit-
ted the frames all with wire staples driven at
a certain point and depth. When the extractor
came into use, a good many bee-keepers com-
plained that these staples dulled their honey-
knives. They caught against the ends of the
hives in putting the frames back in place, and
finally most bee-keepers decided to go to work
and pull out the wire staples, nails, and ever so
many other fixtures that had been attached to
the frames to help this spacing business.
When it was first suggested, a great many bee-
keepers went to the trouble of putting staples,
or something equivalent, into their frames
clear through some large apiaries. Well, if I
am correct, nearly every one who did this,
sooner or later went to work and pulled them
all out. There was no end of spacing-devices—
staples, tacks, nails, folded bits of tin, or sheet
iron, and pieces of wood tacked on where they
seemed to be needed. Years later, when out-
apiaries began to be so much in vogue, the
Hoffman frame was Introduced, and seemed to
find a permanent place. This frame, with re-
cent improvements, has several advantages
that none of the early experiments right along
in this line seemed to include.

It is said that history repeats itself. The
frames with staples as sirte-spacers, as friend
Boomhower uses them, were .not popular.
Why, then, should they be popular again?
Hoffman frames, although discarded by Indi-
viduals, have been used for perhaps twenty
years, and they increase in popularity.

A. I. R.

THE LINDEN.

I come with a song for a tree near my cottage—

A treasure God placed in his own garden-bed;
A tree wliich has stood while my wife and my chil-
dren

Grew sweet as the creamy-white blossoms o'er-
head .
Around it the giants of nature are standing—

The oak and the walnut— primeval and grand;
But nothing in forest or field can compare with

Tlie linden in whose cooling presence 1 stand.

When suns of mid-summer are hot and oppressive

We keep our noon-trysting beneath its deep shade;
Its emerald roof gives a promise of shelter

From fiery old Phoebus when scorching the glade.
The catbird and robin have left the ripe berries,

To rest in the boughs of my favorite tree;
They'll give me a song for the fruit which they pil-
fered,

And evening shall witness a bird-jubilee.

How charming to me is the music created

By swift-flying bees when exploring its bloom!
My dreamy repose as I swing in my hammock

Is often enriched by its grateful perfume.
Oh sing not to me of blest Araby's odors —

Of spices and incense from tropical seas !
But waft to my senses the fragrance of linden

Exhaled by the brea.th of the home-coming bees.
—Eugene Secor.

(JLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

167

GROWING STRAWBERRIES ACCORDING TO
OUR STRAWBERRY BOOK.

WHAT AN AMATEUK DID THE VERY FIRST

TIME AFTER HAVING DIRECTIONS FROM

THE BOOK TO GO BY.

I send you a picture of my strawberry-bed. I
have tried to i-;iise them sexeral times, but without
success. 1 finally sent for your hook on straw-
berries, and went as nearly as possible by the di-
rections in the book. I put in a small bed and had
good success. We sold nearly a hundred dollars'
worth besides all we could eat. I am only an ama-
teur. I have the Sharpless, Crescent, Haverland,
and Gandy. I forgot lo mention that, while every-
bofiy else's strawberries were a failure in this local-
ity on account of drouth this year, ours were a suc-
cess. You can see in the picture we send that
Master Verner S. is as fond of entiiio berries as he is
of picki)ni them. J. L. Schlegel.

Kichmond, Ky.

It is very seldom we get a photo of a nice
strawberry-bed of sufficient accuracy to show
the foliage and the berries. Our good friend
Schlegel owes his success largely to the fact
that he is a photographer as well as straw-
berry-grower. The ground was put in order,
probably, exactly according to Terry's direc-
tions; that is, by turning under a heavy growth
of clover for the berries to grow on, the
ground being, of course, duly enriched, that
the clover might make a great rank growth.
After the clover is turned under, and the
ground worked up fine, and firmed, then the
rows are laid out 4 feet apart, and the plants
set out early in the spring. Then the runners
were trained so as to have the plants evenly
spaced all over the ground, leaving only suffi-
cient space in the paths to walk between the
plants.

During the first winter the plants were
mulched with plenty of straw between the
rows, and with cut straw bet ween the plants;
then during the heaviest freezing weather just
enough straw was put over all to conceal the
green leaves. When frosts were past so the
plants began to grow, this surplus straw over
the plants was pushed aside just enough to let
the green leaves come out through them.
Spring rains do the rest in the way of packing
the straw down out of the way. The beds
were kept so clean that not a weed nor even
a spear of grass is visible through the luxuriant
foliage. Friend S. has evidently carried out
the plan to the letter, and every thing is just
right. No wonder he sold a hundred dollars'
worth from what he calls a " small bed." I am
sorry he did not tell us just how much ground
he did have.

Now it is not too late, dear friends, to get
your own strawberry patch into similar trim,
or at least partly so. As soon as the snow goes
off, and the ground is .soft, get out every weed
and spear of grass. If you have not put on the
necessary mulching, get at it right away as
soon as the snow is gone and the ground is not
frozen. Nobody wants muddy berries. They
must be kept clean; and straw mtilching, or
mulching of sotnething else, is about the only
way to do it. We use to a largf extent coarse
stable manure. We can get this at about the
price of straw. Of course, it is open to the ob-
jection of weed seeds that will probably spring
up and bother you before the berries are pick-
ed. If, however, you do not expect to run your
strawberry-bed another season, you may let it
get pretty weedy while you are picking the last
of the berries; btit do not let any of these weeds
go to seed; and just as soon as you decide there
are not enough berries left for another picking,
plow the whole thing under— weeds, stable
manure, strawberry-plants, and every thing

else. Then put in cabbage-plants, potatoes, or
any thing else you happen to want on the turn-
ed-under strawberry- bed, and then you will
have a crop for certain — that is, if the straw-
berries were manured as every strawberry-bed
ought to be.

THE SODA SPRINGS NEAR ROBERT PHINNEY S.

Along with the water, every now and then
there arose a great bubble of some kind of gas.
This gas is probably carbonic acid, although I
did not have time to test it. The spring water
is so strongly charged with gas as to give it
Quite a pungent tasie— something like the effer-
vescing springs of Manitou. It is so strongly
impregnated with soda, however, that one does
not. want to drink very much of it. There are
toward a dozen springs scattered along over
perhaps half an acre, and the water collectively
makes quite a good-sized little stream. It is so
warm that on a frosty morning quite a fog
hangs over the neighborhood of the springs,
and follows the stream of water for qtiite a
distance. The water is warm enough for a
comfortable bath; and if one or more of the
springs were inclosed even in a canvas tent it
would be a rare bathing-place. I have been
told by those who have tried it that it seems
almost impossible to sink in the water, as it
seems to buoy or push you up. This is proba-
bly caused both by chemicals contained in the
water and by the force with which it pushes
up through the- boiling sand. No doubt these
springs possess medical properties (that is, if
any of the warm or hot springs do. aside from
the matter of temperature); but it is so far
away from everybody that there is not much
prospect of their being developed very soon.
In this neighborhood they have mail only once
a week. How does that sound, friends, to those
of you who live in towns where you have mails
out and in, three or four times a day '?

Next morning we made a trip -till further up
into the mountains. We crossed the beautiful
clear Beaver Creek spring water several times,
past the schoolhouse where Mrs. Phinney was
teaching; and finally away up in a narrow
canyon in the mountains we came to the resi-
dence of R Cassner. Before reaching the
place, however, I was charmed by a little bab-
bling brook coming up out of the canyon, and
actually running up hill— that is, if I took my
eyes for evidence. It seemed to run up hill right
merrily, too. for it babbled and flashed in the
sunlight, and hurried along as if it had lots to
do and could not waste a minute. Its final
destination was an alfalfa field, where it spread
its liquid treasures over the green and growing
plants. We followed the stream until it came
clear up to the door of the house. In fact, you
could hardly get outdoors and in without jump-
ing over it. A party of dogs met us at the bars,
and barked so loud and long that the people
could hardly make themselves heard when
they tried to welcome us. I couldn't quite
make out whether the dogs wanted to eat us
up or whether they were simply manifesting
their pleasure at seeing visitors.

Right back of the Cassner cabin is a moun-
tain so nearly straight up for almost a whole
half-mile that it makes your head swim: and
away up under the very crest of the table-lands
on top we saw some clifif dwellings. While

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mar. 1.

friends Elvey and Carey took their guns and
went off for a hunt, I visited friend Cassner's
garden and fruit-orchards, all of which are
kept booming under the Influence of this bab-
bling brook. The growth of apple-trees, apri-
cots, peach, pear, cherry, and every thing else
up in the*e mountains, is absolutely wonderful.
Let me give you some figures. I was shown
one apricot-tree that had yielded ^.W 00 worth
of fruit during the past season: one Ben Davis
apple-tree only nine years old, the fruit from
which brought 825.00 during the past season.
Four peach-trees bore a ton of peaches. In the
garden, eight rows of peppers, each row 30 steps
lone, yielded S.50 00 worth of peppers, and they
were sold at 10 cts. per lb. Now, one secret of
the large amounts received is, that almost all
kinds of fruit brought at Flagstaff and Jerome
8 or 10 cts. per lb. The owner says he received
about S1.500 from the fruit grown on four or five
acres right around his little home.

Now, before you all get the fever for moving
out on some of these mountain canyons to get
rich raising fruit, let me tell you that this fruit
had to be all hauled over mountain roads from
30 to 50 miles. There are nine children in the
Cassner home; and, as nearly as I can make
out, pretty much all of the nine were busy dur-
ing fruit time, gathering fruit and getting it
to the city markets. I know the prices men-
tioned are not very much out of the way. be-
cause while I was present in one of the mining
towns a little girl came in and said her ma
wanted 50 cents' worth of apples. Now, if a
customer should give me such an order I should
want a stout man with a wheelbarrow to deliv-
er the .50 cents' worth. Not so in this case.
The storekeeper put the few apples into a com-
mon tin grocery-scoop. He weighed them up
as he would tea and coffee, put them into a
paper bag. and the little girl carried them home
without very much trouble. She got 5 lbs. of
apples for her half-dollar. Why not ship apples
into these mining towns, from the East? Well,
it is the old story of the awful freights. In one
of these raining towns they tell a story of a
peddler who wanted 5 cts. apiece for some sew-
ing-needles. When his customer remonstrated
he said it was as low as they could possibly be
sold, on account of the expense of shipping so
far over the mountains!

Now. there is something exceedingly strange
about these mountain-canyon homes. I sup-
posed I had seen all of the fruit- orchards; but
my comrade said he had another nice little
strip of orchard over there by the creek.

"But," said I. "there is no room for an or-
chard. On the further side there are the rocky
cliffs close up to the water, and we have already
seen every thins there is on this side."

"Oh!" said he, "you will find quite a little
strip of wonderfully nice ground when we get
there."

And when we did " get there," sure enough,
there it was. After we had seen the fruit-trees
with their wonderfully luxuriant growth, we
sat down by the donr and tasted some of the
beautiful apples. Although it was in the
month of January, they were as crisp and
delicious as any apple I ever tasted picked
right from the tree. In fact, it seemed that
day as if they were the handsomest and most
luscious apples I had ever tasted in my life. I
did not wonder then so much that people were
willing to give 10 cts. per lb. for them.

I expressed a wish to see the wonderful spring
where this babbling brook came out of the
mountain-side. All the time it looked to me
exactly as if we were walking down hill while
the brook was running up hill to meet us. It
looked down hill; but when I tried to walk I

could not get along as easily as on'* does in
going down hill in reality. The spring came
out of the rocky mountain in several places,
making the moss, grass, and other vegetation
grow with wonderful luxuriance wherever it
laved them with its magic touch. The banks
to keep the irrigating water within bounds are
sometimes very frail, and, it seemed to me, in-
secure. But evervbody has learned to be care-
ful. If in jumping across the bi-ook you should
put your foot on the soft edge of the bank, you
might let all the water get away in a hurry:
but, as I have said, every one learns to be
careful.

After I had finished my visit I jumped on my
wheel and rode along beside the babbling brook.
Oh, yes! sure enough, the wheel tells very
quickly which way is down hill and which is
up. Hills that looked too steep to climb up in
going one direction were surmounted without
any effort at all; but if you are going the other
way, a hill that seemed very moderate to the
eye would make you puff and blow till you
decided to give it up and walk. I can not tell
why these mountain canyons confuse one's
ordinary judgment in this matter of up hill and
down. There is something weird and enchant-
ing about the whole matter. Mr. Cassner has
the last dwelling-place up in the canyon. In
fact, the road ends at his little plantation. I
suppose there are hundreds of other places
where wonderful results could be accomplished
in the way of gardening and fruit-growing; but
the great trouble at present is the enormous
expense of getting your produce to market.

Our Homes.

Who forgiveth all thine iniquities; who healeth
all thy diseases; who redeemeth thy life from de-
struction; who crowneth thee with lovingkindness
and tender mercies.— Psalm 103:3, 4. J

I returned from my western trip so asi^to
reach home Saturday morning, Jan. 16. Sev-
eral had cautioned me about going north right
in the depth of the winter, especially in regard
to the sudden transition from a warm or tropi-
cal climate to the cold Ohio winters. Saturday
was a rather mild day for January, and I went
all around home looking after things, feeling
about as well as usual. Sunday morning I dis-
covered I had taken cold. I went to church in
the morning, but on the way home I felt pretty
well satisfied that something was the matter.
Next day a doctor was called, and he said my
old trouble, malarial fever, had got hold of me,
together with a very severe cold. He said I
should have to keep warm, and not even look
out of doors. He did not tell me my disease
was grip; but from what I had heard of it I
decided it must be "grip" for sure. At any
rate, some tremendous thing was gripping at
my vitals in a way I believe I had never experi-
enced before. By the time our blizzard got
along, 16 degrees below zero, I felt pretty sick.
I do not know what gave me such a terrible
cold unless it was the sudden transition. I was
whirled from New Orleans up to my home here
in Northern Ohio in just about 26 hours, thanks
to the L. & N. R. R. I was well bundled up,
and can not understand even now just how or
why I caught such a cold; but I do know that.
In a few brief days, my physical strength and
energy seemed entirely gone, and I fell aston-
ished to find my spiritual life also dwindling
away, as it were. Iremember of feeling strong-
ly i in pressed that a sick-bed was not the best
place in the world for one to make his peace

1897

IGLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

169

with God. For a little time I felt almost gtoo
sick to breathe even to myself thai old familiar
"Lord, help." I employed the same physician
who treated Mrs. Root: and in about a week
he said my fever was broken, but that I should
have to be caroful. and not be surprised if it
took me a good while to regain my appetite,
strength, and energy; and it was just about
four weeks from the time 1 was taken down
before I ventured to step outdoors.

I suppose others have had a like experience
to my own. The idea would keep getting into
my feverish brain that my work on earth was
done, and that I was too ricketty and broken
down to think of any tning regarding the fu-
ture. In fact, it seemed to tire me to think or
even to live. As usual, .Satan suggested that
it would be a fine thing 7iot to live. I remem-
ber one feverish night, while I was suffering,
the idea some way got into my mind that death
was not going to give me any relief, for I should
soon get awfully tired of beina dead. So I
rejected Satan's suggestions. And, by the way,
I am inclined to think there is a great truth
somewhere along in this line.

Within the past year there seems to have
been almost a mania for suicides. Somebody
has callea it an epidemic of suicides. Now, if
some of these poor deluded victims of Satan do
not get "tired of being dead," or, in other
words, if they have not already discovered that
they have made a terrible blunder, then I am
mistaken. Some have chosen death rather
than face the consequences of having their
criminal proceedings brought to light. They
seemed to think that in death, and a self-
inflicted death, they will find a refu^ie. I feel
sure they have made a mistake.

As 1 began to recover from the effects of the
fever, and my brain began to get clearer, I
remember a good many times, especially while
suffering, that I prayed very earnestly that
God would not only give me health, but that
he would give me wisdom that I might advise
and direct others in this matter of caring for
these bodies of ours. By the way, I think I
shall have to confess that 1 seldom pray with
much earnestness unless I am in trouble of
some sort. If this is true of all of us, dear
•Christian friends, we ought to be careful how
we murmur or complain of sickness and pain,
or trouble of any sort. For a time it seemed as
if my prayers were not heeded. But I have had
too many similar experiences to lose faith, and
I knew that the great Father would in his own
good time give me light amid the darkness.
Our text has it exactly: "Who forgiveih all
thine iniquities, who healeth all thy diseases."
Not only that, but in the next verse we have,
" Who redeemeth thy life from destruction."
Without faith in God, the inevitable conclusion
would be that I was going to destruction. I do
not know whether other people are beset by
similar despondent feelings like my own or not.
I remember of feeling it almost impossible to
shako off the impression that kept continually
getting such a firm hold on me that I should
never get well. The doctors told me years ago
that I should never again be a "well man;'
but since then I have had some most glorious
experiences in the way of health, energy, vigor,
and even rejoicing, because of my strength of
muscle. Well, there is still a little more of our
text: "Who crowneth thee with lovingkind-
ness and tender mercies." For many days it
would seem as if I was not making any gain at
all. Then there would be mornings when I felt
a good deal better, when I could sing with
feeble voice, "Praise God, from whom all bless-
ings flow." By the way, when we were out in
the desert, although we were all professing

Christians it did not seem convenient or prac-
ticable to have any sort of family worship; and
as a substitute I used to sing every morning,
and a good many times through the day, the
doxology.

Now, ihe purpose of this little talk to-day is
to tell how God answered my petitions for
health and wisdom, and how to teach others
along in this line of gelling well and keeping
well. While 1 prayed 1 made the matter a
study. 1 have sometimes wondered that God
gives us so little specific direction in regard to
what meaicines we should take or what phy-
sicians we should employ, or whether we should
use medicines at all or employ physicians at all.
I can only say that, for myself, I have been
forced to decide that he has perhaps wisely left
these things, at least to a considerable degree,
for us to uecide as best we can. The great
Father does not propose to do our work for us,
nor even to do our thinking for us. He will
uot hear a farmer's prayers, and grant him
great crops, unless the farmer uses both brain
and muscle to accomplisb the desired end.

The disease that had got hold of me was
gripping for my lungs. The doctor said a little
reckless exposure on my part might send me
beyond the reach of doctors or medicine. I
soon discovered that I should have to keep
warm— a good deal of the time too warm to be
comfortable. Unless I did, that unfeeling
giant, which we may as well call Grip as any
thing, made me feel his clutches. While doing
this, some fresh air and a little outdoor exercise
(not too much), I found to be of much benefit.
With a weak stomach and impaired digestion
I had to be very careful of my diet. Appetite
did not seem to be any guide, for I did not really
feel like eating any thing. After I got able to
be out I noticed the chills came back once or
twice a day, and kept giving me a setback. I
remember of wondering what the cause could
be, and I prayed earnestly in regard to the mat-
ter. One day after thus praying, the matter
seemed to be made very plain to me— almost as
if some kind friend had explained it. It was
this: I was getting hold of business a little, and
a good deal needed my attention. I would
oftentimes be busy until dinner-time or supper-
time. I sat down to mv meals, and remember-
ed, when I sat down, that I was iiery much ex-
hausted; then an hour later I would have a
chill. The suggestion that came to me was
this: That I must go home an hour or an hour
and a half before meal-time, and take a good
long rest. Since the return of my sickness I
had been troubled some with insomnia. I could
not go to sleep just before meal-time as I did
last summer. Then this suggestion, or this
kind friend who was advising, said, " If you do
not succeed in going to sleep, lie perfectly still
for an hour or more before you think of taking
food or nourishment." I felt happy in a mo-
ment; in fact, I felt sure I understood the cause
of those chills, and that I should not have them
any more, and I did not. A good many times
it was hard to stop work at half-past three,
especially when I did not feel faint or tired;
but when I woke up just as supper was ready,
I felt like a different person.

Perhaps you may say that Dr. Salisbury told
me the same thing twenty five years ago. So
he did, substantially; but I had forgotten it or
had neglected it. And here is a great truth:
God often answers our prayers by reminding us
of things we knew already, but which we had
forgotten or neglected. With the lean- meat
diet, I was troubled with constipation more
than I ever had been before. The grip seemed
to have crippled my digestive or other organs,
and the hot-water treatment did not seem to

170

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mas. 1.

do a bit of good. The doctor suggested a mild
physic; but I told him physic would not work
with me as It did with some people. When I
told him how it distressed me he said I was
right. By the way, I do not believe God in-
tended we should take physic;* and yet I knew
by sad experience that it would not do to neg-
lect a matter of this kind day after day for
almost or quite a week. I made this thing a
subject of prayer, always adding. "Not for
myself, but that I may safely advise others
who have like troubles." The answer to this
came also almost immediately. While talking
with my mother and sister, I happened to men-
tion the matter. My sister went at once to a
bookcase and pulled down some sort of medical
book. An old physician said that for eighteen
years he had prescribed and used ground
wheat, with scarcely a failure. 1 hau that
same feeling that her suggestion was in answer
to my -prayer. It was something I knew al-
ready; in fact, it has been several times print-
ed in these pages. My sister happened to have
some in the nouse. I took it right home, com-
menced using it at every meal instead of bread
and butter, and in three or four days the trou-
ble was gone. While Mrs. Root was preparing
It her eye chanced to alight on something in
one of the health journals. It covers the
ground so thoroughly that I give it to our
readers. We extract as follows from What to
Eat, published at Minneapolis, Minn.:

At this ])articular p3riod,when the times are so
hard, any thing' whicti will aid us to economize is
grasped very eag'erly.

The first step is to go to the miller and buy a bush-
el of his best wheat, and direct that it he recleaned
before delivery. At the present price this ought
not to cost over 75c for the wheat, and 10c or so for
the cleaning. The next article to purchase may be
a small-sized grinder, but it is not entirely neces-
sary. After using the ordinary coffee-mill, I found
a machine better suited to the purpose. It is a re-
duced size of the large spice-mills which one sees in
every well-regulated grocer's shop. I presume there
are others as good, but mine cost $3.00. and was
made by the Enterprise Mfg. Co., of Philad^ Iphia.
Every kitchen is supplied with the ordinary double-
bottomed tin boiler. You are now ready for busi-
ness. Time, and three hours of it, for cooking, is
one of the essences of this dish. Another impor-
tant feature to be observed is that the wheat should
not be broken until you are ready to start cooking
the same. Since three hours are necessary, a part
of the time during the preparation of the evening
meal will have to he used, and the rest in the morn-
ing; but. above all means cook it at least three
hours, and you have a dish fit lor every American
sovereign.

I came near omitting one point, which every one
will want to know, and that is, that each grain of
wheat should not be broken into more than four
equal parts (two make it splendid) before cooking.

About this time 1 happened to notice' Dr.
Miller's little tract, " Food Value of Honey."
I read it, and here seemed to be another sug-
gestion. I found that, while fruit and vege-
tables did not seem to agree with me at all, the
wheat with, say, a teaspoonful of thick nicely

* I have tried a great many kinds of physic in
years past, especiaHy the little pills that have been
recommended as being so " mild," and that work
along in harmony with nature's course. But my
conviction is that they are in one sense p'dsniis, all
of them. Of course, one may accustom himself to
take poison daily, i" moderate quantities: l)ut the
result, as your family physician will tell you, is
that the poison must be gradually increased in
quantity to produce the desired result. I have been
told there is an epitaph on a certain tomb.stone,
somewhere, that reads,

"I was sick, but would be better; took physic,
and died."

This epitaph was intended, I presume, as a warn-
ing to future generations.

ripened honey, would be digested without a bit
of trouble. Once more: :_:

Several friends have written me at different
times that, if I could not use milk as an article
of food, I would find by trial that a small quan-
tity of cream would be digested easily. I spoke
to our milkman, and he said he would bring me
five cents' worth of cream every morning, if I
wanted it. Some of you may think that half a
pint of cream every day is rather extravagant.
Look here, my friend: It costs a dollar or more
to have a doctor call. With this same dollar
you can get twenty rations of creatn; and for
my part I should very much prefer to take the
cream rather than the doctor's medicines (no
disrespect to the doctor; for if he is a good one
he is as anxious that you should keep well as
you are). If you buy cream instead of medicine,
you help the farmer Instead of the druggist,
and I think he needs help the most, just note,
at least.

I get a great many bulletins from the differ-
ent experiment stations. There are so many of
them that it is impossible for me to read them
all through; but I am rejoiced to note that
they almost always have a summary, and I
very much enjoy reading it. Now, suppose we
have a summary to the little talk on health
that I have been giving you to-day: r —

1. God does not always tell us which doctor
to employ, nor what medicine to take.

2. He does, however, teach us in many ways
to be careful of sudden exposures, and to keep
these bodies of ours well protected during
severe weather.

3. He also enjoins us to use both pure air and
pure water, and take as much outdoor exercise
as possible.

4. He tells us in different ways to be careful
about overdoing; to rest our bodies; to take
proper rest before partaking of our accustomed
daily food.

5. While both God and nature (which is per-
haps another name for God) do not seem to
recommend physic, he has provided in great
abundance food that will, at least to a great
extent, render physic unnecessary.

6. While God has not seen tit to tell us exact-
ly what kind of food we should use to nourish
our bodies, he has, in his holy word, specially
mentioned both milk and honey as things to be
sought for and considered wholesome. Perhaps
wheat has not been mentioned so specifically
as milk and honey; but I think every careful
reader of the Bible may gather that God's pur-
pose and intention was that he should use both
the flesh of domestic animals and the different
grains that are recognized the world over as
the obvious food, at least to a great extent, for
mankind.

The modern way of grinding and preparing
grains for food, 1 think, must be to a great
extent a mistake. The method of grinding
that has been outlined in this article is almost
exactly, in the results attained, like the ancient
methods of grinding grain.* All through the
Territory of Arizona I found scattered almost
everywhere stones hollowed out, somewhat
trough-shaped, in which they ground or bruis-
ed the grain they used for food. The smaller
stones, used to push back and forth inside the
larger ones, are also found everywhere. Many
of these are worn down to a thin edge at each
of the ends. When we get back to outdoor life
and broken or crushed whole grain, instead of
fine white flour, we may expect to enjoy such
health as God's children did in olden time.

* The ground grain is then cooked by slow heat a
long time; and the cakes called "tortillas" are a
staple article of food even now among many Indian
tribes.

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

171

Humbugs and Swindles.

Just now there is a great number of humbug
advertisements going the rounds, and they seem
to find a place in the columns of many other-
wise respectable journals. I allude to the kind
that are always signed "A Farmer's Daughter."
"A Reader," "A Brother Farmer," etc. This
kind of advertisements somewhere in the read-
ing-matter refer to certain firms. The writer
tells how much money he made in a very short
space of time by selling the wares of certain
houses. How to make a windmill is just now
having quite a run. You are to send a dollar,
or some smaller amount, to somebody for in-
struction.* Now, this whole thing comes right
in line with the business of selling secrets or
recipes or instruction. Let me repeat: All that
is valuable in agriculture or mechanics is very
soon published in book form; and any thing
neiv pertaining to rural affairs is almost al-
ways to be found in our agricultural periodicals.
Suppose, for instance, you send some stamps,
30 or 40 cents, for directions for making a home-
made windmill. You get in return instructions
on a piece of paper, generally one page of read-
ing-matter; or even if it were three or four
pages, they do not cost the man who sends them
more than a cent a sheet. For the amount of
money you send, you ought to have a consider-
able sized book 01) the subject. Another thing,
these home made windmills are generally prac-
ticable only wh^re the wind comes from a cer-
tain direction almost every day; and the mill
will not run unless the wind is very nparly in
that certain direction. The Nebraska Experi-
ment Station is now prpparing a bulletin on
home made windmills. Just as soon as it is
ready for distribution our readers will be noti-
fied. This bulletin will be worth ever so much
more than any of these plans which you get by
sending a dollar or a less amount, in stamps.

Special Notices in the Line of Gardening, etc.

By A. I. Root.

GREGORY ON SQUASHBS.

In my talk on raising Hubbard squashes, on page
134, 1 failed to suggest that everybody who proposes
to raise squashes ought surely to have Gregory's
squash-biiok. It will pay you to have the book,
even if you raise only a few hills in your garden;
and the exhortations laid down by that veteran gar-
dener will apply to raising almost any sort of crop
by high-pressure gardening; and, besides, it is such
interesting reading that any one who will pick It up
will be almost sure to read it through from begin-
ning to end. I like to read it through once in two
or three years to remind me of things T knew
already, but had neglected to keep in mind. We
now offer the book at the re'duced price of 20 cents.
Postage 5 cts. extra, if wanttd by mail. See revised
book- list.

TURKEYS. AND HOW TO GROW THEM.

[ The above is thetitleof abeautiful new book just
out from tlie O. Judd Co. In fact its daU' is as late

* We have just received instructions for making
a home-made windmill, for which we sent 36 cents
in stamps. The instructions are on a single sheet of
pHper. i^rinted on one side, and they are really an
advertisf ment for a set of castings for making a
windmill. The castings cost $4.00. The mill, when
it is made, does not turn to face the wind at all.
You have to wait till the wind blows in the right di-
rection to have the mill pump water. Still further,
and of much greater importance, there is no device
of any sort to stop the mill or to turn it out of the
wind during a gale — nothing, in fact, to prevent the
tbirig from being blown to pieces at the very first
moderate blow.

as 1897. In the frontispiece we have a picture of
the American wild turkey, and the book is fully il-
lustrated all through. It has 160 pages, 12mo, and
is handsomely bound in cloth. The cuts are, the
greater part of them, photographs from nature.
The book seems to cover the whole subject, not only
of raising turkeys on the farm, hut turkey-raising
as a business. Price, postpaid, $1.00. It can be or-
dered from this ollice, if more convenient. This re-
minds me that Salt Lake Valley is one of the great-
est places for turkey-iaising, perhaps, in the world.
They will thrive and grow fat on alfalfa, and you
can get a "turkey dinner " in Phoenix, better serv-
ed, and cheaper, than perhaps in any other city in
the United States.

ALL ABOUT PARSNIPS.

To-day they are quoted in the Cleveland market at
$1.75 to $3.00% barrel, and scarce at that. Now,
friends, on suitable si il you can raise them for 15 or
20 cts. a bushel, and make money at it. You do not
have to guard them from frost as you do potatoes,
squashes, onions, and almost every thing else. You
just grow J our cron and let them staud right in the
ground, and dig them whenever there is the best
demand for them. The season for selling is from
November till May; and anytime during the winter
when there happens to be a thaw they may be dug
and sent off to market. They are a very easy crop
to raise. You want to get the seed in very early, so
as to have them get a good start before most of the
weeds germinate at all. You need not be afraid of
frost; and after you get the plants two or three
inches high they will take care of themselves. You
need a deep, rich, bottom land to gruW them— not
too much muck, or the parsnips will be spongy and
of poor quality. The soil should be sandy enough
so the roots can make good shape without having so
many prongy ones. In case there should be a sur-
plus (which seldom happens), parsnips aie almost
always worth more than they cost, to feed to stock.
Catile, horses, pigs, and almost all domestic ani-
mals, will eat them greedily. Just now we are get-
ting Bets a lb. for them; and our man who drives
the wagon says, "we do not need to advertise pars-
nips—just say you have got them, and they will sell
fast enough." Now, if you want to go into the pars-
nip business we can give you a Hit; for we have
just purchased a two-bushel bagful of the very best
seed, and we are making the lowest prices on it
that we ever heard of: Oz., 5c.; 1 lb., 2,5c; 5 lbs.,
$1.00; 10 lbs., S1.50.

WANTED— BMSS RED TRIUMPH POTATOES.

While almost every other kind of potato is offered
at very low prices indeed, no one seems to have any
of the Triumphs, and yet they were the s'andard
table potato for many weeks last summer, and Tri-
umphs w* re quoted in almost every northern city.
They were shipped in from the South, and were the
standard early table potato. Now, if nobody has
saved any of the seed so that it can be sol<i at a rea-
sonable pi ice, it is a mistake somewhere. Of course
the White Bliss is just as good, and, in fact, a little
better lonking; I ut it is of recent date, and, of
course, high priced. Is it possible that our potato-
growers were so crazy after new sorts that they neg-
lected to plant this well known staple and standard
variety? I have noticed for several seasons, that
wten new potatoes first make their appearance, Tri-
umphs are (juoted everywhere at the highest price
of any variety. In fact, they are so well known
that in market reports they do not say "potatoes"
at all— just Triumphs, so much a barrel. Now, may
be somebody has a big lot of these saved up. If so,
and such party can offer them at the prices that
other standa'd early potatoes are selling— say $1.59
a barrel— there ought to be a good demand fur tliem
right oft'. In fact, in many places they are ready to
be planted.

THE AMERICAN COFFEE-BERRY.

There is just one thing more we want; and that is
the American coffee-berry, at a reasonable price.
It has been long enoujih before the American peo-
ple so somebody ought to have a stock. I should
like the job of raising them at $1.00 a bushel— that
is, if I could get the seed to plant at a reasonable
figure. I think they have all the advantage of the
ordinary soja bean; and, besides this, they are quite
a httle better for coffee. The beans ripen so (arly
that it is an easy matter to grow them here at the
North, and get them matured before frost. We are
offering the seed in .5-cent packages; but our stock
Is so limited that we shall soon be sold out.

GLEANINGS IN BEEoCULTURE.

Mar. 1.

A Dollar Saved

is better than one earned. Read my 87th
annual catalog, and don't send out West for
goods you caii buy cheaper here at home.

I have added 2400 feet of floor-space to my
store-house and shall keep in stock Root's
polished one-piece sections. Dovetailed
hives, new Weed foundation, etc., in addi-
tion to my old line.

GBest breeds of bees and queens at bottom
prices. Don't buy iintil you see what you
can do with me.

W. W. GARY, Colrain, Mass.

rsrinr?sponding to tills artvei-tlsement mention wlkanikhr

Our Prices are Worth Looking at!

IN THE

New Champion Chaff Hive Especially.

All other supplies accordingly. Send

for catalog-ue and price list. Address,

mentioning- Gleaninos.

R. H. SCHMIDT & CO., Box 187, Sheboygan, Wis.

I ^^1, t-i ^1 Do you need queens? the

Look riGrG ^ purest and best. If so,
LfUUIV lltl ^ . ^g ^^g prepared by re-
turn mail to ship the 3 band and golden Italians,
and silver gray Carniolans, untested, warranted
purely mated, for .501-: tested, 75c: breeders $2.25.
fc; JUDGE E. Y. TERRAL & CO., Cameron, Texas.

DEE SUPPLIES FOR SALE AT A REDUCTION.

*-* Consisting if comb bucket. Novice e.vlracior,
wax-extractor, bee-tent, Manum swarm Cdtcher, all
in good oondition, and not used mii'ii ''le latter
uamed not used at all. FRANK T. HOOPES,

E. Downington, Chester Co., Pa.

f\**r^ C r^n4- Invested in a postal card
\JIlC wt^nL will get my large cata-

•^' logue of all Root s goods.

Can save you money. M. H. HUNT,

Bell Branch, Mich.

MUTH'S HONEY-EXTRACTOR,
SOUARE GLASS HONEY-JARS,
ROOT'S GOODS AT ROOT'S PRICES,

Bee-keepers' Supplies in general, etc., etc.
Send for our new catalog. "Practical
Hints" will be mailed for 10c in stamps.
Apply to

CHA8. F. MUTH & SON, Cincinnati, 0.

BLOOM.

Gladioli onr specialty— 200 kinds

Send for our Catalog of Big Bargains.

10 Extra Choi, e Gladioli or 1 Gold Bond Lily. 15c.

6 Tubero-es. Chrysanthemums. Gei'aniums. or roses,

35c. Betscher Bros., Florists, Canal Dover, O.

larin responding to this advertisement mention (Cleanings.

[S HEAR ME! ffi

nJ Early Mammoth corn, 30 varieties of new U] >

[j| choice potatoes, garden seeds, i ee-flxtures. fu ;

ju Packet Chartier radish and ca'alog free. J] '

f{] J. F MICHAEL. [}j

LeOX R, GREENVILLE, OHIO. [U

i^Tn responding to this adveitisement viention GLKANING4

Early Queens
By Return Mail.

Best tested Italians, $1.00 each. Queens are vigor-
ous, healthy, and prolific. The workers are unsur-
passed as honey-gatherers. Send for price list.

J. W. K. Shaw & Co., Loreauville, La.
For Sale.

500 swarms of bees, at $3.00 each f . o. b. Sickness
the cause of going. Tlie bu-iness must be sold. Will
sell lot, buildings, and all pertaining thereto if de-
sired. I. W. HOUSE, Chittenango Falls, N. Y.

Strawberries! Strawberries! Strawberries I

If you want the finest and largest berries of the
following varieties, send me atrial order:. HaAer-
land, Crescent, Lovet. and Burt. $3.00 ppr 1000: 50c
per 100. F. B. YOCKEY, Paulton, Pa.

cy In responding to this advertisement mention Gleanings.

I^s

'INK

iNDEUBL^J
COPYIN^H

Will not Fade
nop Thicken.

Warranted First Class.

' 2 -pf. sample by mail,
<i cents.

^^_

HANDY MFMOfSS"-

HTIn responding to this advertisement menti-

r—

r—

rrii -n-r^

.-^ —

:=::

■ — ■

_ 5

M

5*

bs^

^

m

§

Urs^

fep^SrS

^^^

STRONG ENDORSEMENT

"In the spring of '88 1 put up 600 rods. 1 have never
had to repair it from that day to this. In '90 1 put up
about 3U0 rods, with equally good results. There is no
reason why a Page fence will not stand 20 years
without any expense for repairs."

Will W. Shepard.
Honeoye Falls, N. Y. lin letter Jan. 18, '97) to

PAGE WOVEN WIRE FENCE CO., Adrian, Mich.

rrF"ln responding: to this advertisement mention Gleanings.

Read what J. I. Parent, of
Charlton, N. Y., says— "We cut
with one of your Combined Ma-
chines ast winter 50 chaff hives
with 7-inch cap, 100 honey-
raeks, 500 broad frames, 2,000
honev-boxes, and a grea deal
of other work. This winter we
have doubled the amount of
bee-hives, etc., to make, and we
expect to do it all with this saw.
It will do all you say it will."
Catalogue and Price List free.
Address VV. F. &'JOHN BARNES, 545 Ruby Street,
Rockford, 111. :.. .-,^

When more convenient, orders for Barnes' Foot-
Power Machinery may be sent to

THE A. I. ROOT CO., Medina, O.

f^ln responding to this advertisement mention GLEANiNOa.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

]73

lOULTRY
SUPPLI

Our New 1897 Illustrated

Live=stock and Poultry=supply

Catalogue

is -'up to date." Many new
kinks in poultry culture are
suggested and illustrated
and no live "chickener"
should fail to see it. Has

]5EE nXI^TGS too.

What is YOUR name V
Where do vou live V

JOHNSONISrSTGKES,

^ S&EDSH^N.

> 217 a. 219 MARKET ST..

PHILADELPHIA .PA.

I itiiig advertisers please mention CiLE\Nl>us.

LADY MARTHA WASHINGTON.

The illustration presented above represents one
of the most remarkable B. P. Rock liens ever pro-
duced. She was hatched and raised by J. W. Whit-
ney, of Chatham, Ohio. Is now four years of age,
and has won the following list of prizes:

Isb orize at Washington, D. C, Jan. 13-16, 1897.

1st " Hagerstown. Md., October, 1896.

2d " West Chester, Pa.. October, 1896.

2d " Reading. Pa., October, 1896.

2d " Toledo, Ohio, January, 1896.

2d " Medina, Ohio, December. 1895.

3d " Medina, Ohio, January, 189.5.

To those of our readers who are interested in poul-
try we would say Mr. Whitney's circular contains a
full descriptioa of his fowls and valuable informa-
tion as well. It is free. Write for it.
Please mention this paper.

Sweet Potatoes,

% pk. G. C. Prolific, V2 pk. G. Grant, 3 pks. Yellow
Jerseys, all for One Dollak. Here is an opportu-
nity to try the new viJielexs varieties at a small cost.
J. Q. MuLFORD, Lebanon, Ohio.

Poultry.

p. Rocks, L. Brahmas, P.
Couhins, Leghorns, Wyan-
(lots, Bronze Turkeys, Tou-
louse Geese, Pekin ducks.
500 fowls for sale. Largest breeder in Ohio. Bar-
gains for 30 days. Wi-ite at once for price list.

CHAS. M'CLAVE,

New London, Ohio.

PleaFe mention this paper

Do You Want

An Incubator?

Want Our Catalogue?

a pretty book of 68 pages, finely tlluetrated;
rth doHars to every poultryman. A 2c stamp gets it. '

Geo. J. NissLY, Saline, Mich.

Please mention this paper.

s about the actual worth of .

• new book on Incubation )

i Poultry. Contains a ful 1 )

nd complete descrii'tion of ^

the Reiiable Incubator <

& tlie Brooder of same name, i

:- _ ~ ' 8 a/-- toKether with cuts

t ""^^Ss;^^ houses and much of interest at. d

/preat value to the pouk' yman. Sent on ri'c'rf of Iflc.

-• N^vxv^^#.«^>^>.<»^- •

Pie

se mention this paper.

LIFE PRODUCERS

"^yZIZ"^' pj THE SUCCESSFUL INCUBATORS. \ ■

1 LIFE PRESERVERS

I'/ THE SUCCESSFUL BROODERS. \

~ ^ i^ AH about them in our cataloRue. \

- — ^^ Sent for 6 cents. '

OES MOINES INCUBATOR CO.. Box 503 DES IViOINES. lA. I

EXCELSIOR Inciibator

Simple. Perfect, Self- Regulat-
ing. Thousands in succe.^sful
operation. Lowet<l priced
first-clsi's Hatcher made.
<;E«>. 11. STAML.
1JAfoloos.fithst.Qiiincy.IIL
h'le^vse nientiiin this paper.

WOVENJfMFENCEl

Bull- I

With J

:iin: ;'Siicken-tight. Wi
K\ arOMATSC Machine \

■ «0 rods a day for-

ydUi'Mii iMJiueovr luub it uav jor *

(2 to 20 cts. a Rod. I

Omt .")<> sivlcs. Cataloa-iie Free. J
KITSELMAM BROS., I

ition this paper

) Poultry Keeper at 25c. Every poultry
raiser wants this leading poultry paper. Sample free.
Address Pom-TCY Keeper Co., Box 63 Parkesburg, Pa.

174

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mar 1.

^^A thousand doIIa>s would not
buy a better bicycle than the
CoIumbia--nor ^just as good^
—because none so good ismade/^

100

TO ALL ALIKE

HartfordS are next best, *75, ^60, *50, '45

POPE MFG. CO., Hartford, Conn,

Greatest Bicycle Factory in the World. More than 17 Acres Floor Space.

Branch House or dealer in almost every city and town. If Col-
umbiasarenot properly represented in your vicinity, let us know.

You should know about bicycles. Send for the handsomest bicycle Cat-
alogue ever issued. Free if you call at any Columbia dealer; by mail
from us for one 2-cent stamp.

B. liendrickson, Agent.

- Medina, Ohio.

pCLIPSE CORN=PLANTER

WILL
PLANT.

And Fertilizer=Distributor Combined.

Weight 150 lbs.

CORN. BEANS. PEAS.
and BEET sEED

in Hills, Drills, and Clu'Clss. It is the
only plantfithHt will rlisirihute all fer
tiiizers. Wet or Dry, Hen Manure, Plas=
ter. Ashes, Etcwitb a certainty, ic
different amounts, each side of seed
Send for circulars.

Eclipse Corn=Planter Co.,

En ield, Grafton Co.,
New Hampshire. ^^_

In responding- to these advertisements please mention Gleanings.

1897 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Gardeners, Try Our Specialties.

Everbearina- Strawberry— June till October -40c per dozen; $3.50 per hundred, postpaid.
Hood River Strawb 'rry— bt^st shipping— 3.">c per dozen; $3.00 per hundred, postpaid.
Oregon \ elknv Daiivers Oni )n— largest yielder and best keei>er ijnown— 90c per pound;

.5 pounds to one address, *3 3."), postpiid.
Oregon Hubli.ird Sciuash— best yet-$1.0U per pound.

BUELL LAMBERSON, seed store. PORTLAND, ORE.

NORTHWESTERN AGENT ROOT'S BEE-SUPRLIES.

BIG BARGAINS

in ROSES, PUK7S
and SEEDS.

Grand SET of 13 Elegant Ever-blooming ROaES for only 50 cts.
by mail, post-paid, safe arrival and satisf::cticn guaranteed.

Li:i Fr!»iio«>,

r^^^^^'

;iiiik, fViTyliiHiy'e fuvuritc. Th<» 4Jueeii, pure wliite. Cleopatra,
Bfuiite Int'onstante. ainlur ruse and yellow. Coquette de

yrll.iw. Chui*. l><'STa«l,r. ml sliading to darkest rriiiis(.ii . Vielor
Mii'l 1 ariniiir. AiiB;^iB>>la Vaetoria. tlie bent wliite rest- ifluiiian
«'oeliet. riisv jiink ami silvi-r, Icvclj . .n«l. ,Sei|>>0'> I'ochet. will prdiluct. imue roses
arietN Henri Ki^non. Cuppery vellow, center lake reii. Pri>B«'<'S3 Siisan. rieliest.
lirjflesauaid. the best of all pink roses.

^iTVli^t "S'OTA CJ^ri ^iJLyr foi- OO Oonts.

r',4-13 Ev

bloomin'? Roses all dilTerent 50 e. Set 42—20 Large Flowered Pansy Plants

'■ .3.')— la Fragrant Carnation Pinks, 12 kinds. 50 c.

" 36— S Lovely Flowering Begonias, all sorts, .50 c.

" .■?7— 13 (Jeraniums, all colors and kinds, . .50 c.

• .38-1.5 Choice Prize Clirvsantlieninnis, . .50 e.

■ .3'i— 4 ' hoice Dero afive P;ltiiK. try them, 50c.

'' 411— 3 Uwarf French ('annas, .'■ kinds, . . 50 e.

'■ 41-13 Sweet Scented Pniihle Tube Roses, . .50 c.

V'oi] may select half of any two sets fi>r '.iiceiits,

entire l.Vsets for s.xn(K ..r half of carl, M't f..r ?2,:.m '

free OKOER TO-l»:*Y. \V<- will lioM the plant

THE GREAT WESTERN PLANT CO

50 c.

' 43—15 Coleus. will make a bright bed, . . 50 c.
' 44—12 Double and Single Fuchsias, all colorB,50 c.
' 45— 6 ("hoice Hardy Shrubs, 6 sorts. . . 50 e.
' 46—30 Pkts Flower Seeds, no two alike, . 50 c
' 47— 20 Pkts elegant Sweet Peas, all different 50 c.
' 4S— 18 I'kts Choice Vegetable Seeds is sorts 50 c.
ir 3 ci.niplete sets for S1.2.i, any .'i sets for ?2.on, the
■t yiiiii neighbor tn e!>ib witli ynn. Our catalogue
ami ship them any time ynn may desire. Address.

, BOX 51, SPRiNCFIELD, OHIO.

The Cultivator,

Published semi-moiithl.y at Omaha, Ne-
braska, is the leading authority on fruit
grown in Nebraska, and on general ag-
riculture in the West. Send for sample
copy and free strawberry-plaut otter.
Address

The Cultivator, Omaha, Neb.

Good Plants Cheap.

Palmer raspberry- plants,

Gregg

Wm. Belt strawberry,

Brandywine

Glen Mary

Bubach

Tennessee Prolific,

50c per 100, $4.00 per 1000

.50c " 4.10

75c

75c " 5.00

30c per doz.

75c per 100. 2.50

75c

DAN WHITE, New London, Ohio.

1500 Bbls. Sweet=potato Seed.

Yellow Jers y, Carolina, and Nansemond, select-
ed size, $2.5U per barrel; 3d size, $1.75 per Bbl.
Red Jersey and R. Nnnsemond. 3.50
, Red Bermuda and Red Spanish, 3 75
South. Queen and Bahama White, 3 75 "
Vineless or Gold Coin Prolific, 4 00

Discount of 25c per bbl. on 5 bbl. lots.
Send for free circulars. Adddiets

L. H. MAHAN, Box 143.

Terre Haute, Ind.

Manutn's Enormous.

The greatest-yielding
potato on earth, They
lead all at several ex-
peri ni e n t stations.
PriC's low. Potato and
Queen circulars free.

A. E. HANUn,
Bristol, = Vermont.'

Bicycles.

Every piece and part of the Cleveland
liicyele is made in our own factories by
the best of skilled workmen, under most
rigicl inspection. The result is a liicycle
embodying, in a marked degree, features
of safety, speed, and durability.

THERE'S HONEST VALUE IN IT.

We want the patronage of intelligent and dis-
criminating buyers. 1897 catalog mailed free
for the asking.

H. A. LOZIER «& CO.,
Cleveland, Ohio,

Send 4 cents postage for our booklet, "Shake-
speare and the Bic.\cle." Twe ve illustrations
in colors by F. Opper, of " Puck."

In responding to these advertisements please mention Gleanings.

176

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE

Mar. 1.

^'^^^'^^ Bingham Perfect Bee=sniokers and Honey=knives.

ive. Dozen. $13.0(1;

Doctor Sy, '• " 9.00;

Conqueror 3 " " e.-TO;

Larg-e 3H " " 5.00;

Plain 2 " " 4.7.t;

Little Wonder (Wt. 10 oz.) 3 " " 4..50;

Honey-knife " 6.00

Bingham smokers are stamped on the metal, Pat. ISTS-lf

'ach, b.v

)3— Knives.B

The Tour larger sizes have extra wide shields and double-coiled steel- wire
handles. These shields and handles are an amazing comfort— always cool
and ele in. No more sooty nor burnt Angers. Tlie plain and Little Wonder
have narrow shields and wire handles. All Bingham smokers have all the new improvements, viz.: Direct
draft, movable bent cap, wire handles, inverted bellows, and are absolutely perfect. With a Bingham
Smoker that will hold a quart of sound maple wood the bee-keeper''- trials are over tor a long time.

Who ever heard of a Bingham Smoker that was too large, or did not give perfect satisfaction? The
world's most scientific and largest comb-honey producer uses Bingham Smokers and Knives. The same is
true of the world's largest producer of extracted honey. Before buying a smoker or knife hunt up its rec-
ord and pedigree.

T. F. BINQHAfl, Farwell, Hichigan.

Our New Catalog is Now Ready.

<i<i<i

Send lis your name and address, and we r^^^^^
will take pleasure in mailing you a copy r I CC,

It Illustrates and Describes all the

Latest and Best Apiarian Supplies.

G. B. LEWIS CO., Wafertown, Wisconsin.

75

cts.

• •

Send this Coupon and 25 cts. for

TEXAS FARMER (Dallas) ONE YEAR.

Agricultural, Literarj, News, and Family Paper. Sample free.

Just Arrived!

My first carload of goods from The A. I. Root Co.

has airived, and I am in shape to fill all orders
promptly at their catalog prices. Send for my 36
page catalog; also send a list of what goods you
■will need, and I will make you special pric-es on
early orders.

GEO. E. HILTON,

Fremont, Mich.

Dovetailed Hives.

Sections, Extractors, Smokers,
and every thing a Bee-keeper
wants. Honest Goods at Close
Honest Prices. 60-page cata-
log free.

J. M. JENKINS, Wetumpka, Ala.

Bee=hives, Sections, & Bee Supplies

AWAY DOWN.

Queens and bees for 1897 at bottom prices.
Write for catalogue and prices.

CHAS. H. THIES, Steeleville.III.

CALIFORNIA.

Mountain bee ranch
for sale. Good loca-
tion ; telephone con-
nection with three railroad stations.

D. O. BAILLIFF, Banning, Cal.

Bargains in Second^liand Bicycles.

We have on hand two ladies' Defiance bicycles,
made by the Monarch Cycle Co.. of Chicago, and
listed at f "■'^.00. These are hist year's models, and
were used by the women of Rootville last season.
The two machines are in first class running order;
and as they were ridden but little they are practi-
cally as good as new. They have Garford spring
saddles, reversible handle-bars, lYs-inch tubing,
Morgan & Wright quick-repair tires. Weight, 25
lbs. each. Catalogs and particulars will be furnish-
ed on application. We will reenamel them, and
sell them for $35.00 each, or the two for $67.50.
Beeswax or honey at market prices will be accepted
in payment. Reason for selling— we are going to
have a tandem instead for '97.

A $100 Rambler Racer bicycle for $35.00 cash, or
$40.00 in trade for wa.x or honey at market quota-
tions. The wheel weighs only 20 lbs ; has a new
set of Rambler clincher tires, and is almost as good
as new. It was ridden by A. I. Root during part of
'96, and is just the bicycle for a boy or light-weight
man. Further particulars given by applying to
The a. I. Root Co., Medina O.

In responding to these advertisements mention this paper.

'^LEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

SYRACUSE

SUSPENSORY

SUPPORT" S

and protfits ilie s.TOtum, and should be woia in
every case where there is any drooping ol tlie scro-
tum. It is especially recommendtd to wheelmen,
equestrians, base-ball, foot-ball, and lawn-tennis
players, athletes, men doing- heavy work, much
walking or standing, etc. Ask your physician's ad-
vice about wearing a Suspensory— perhaps it will
relieve your backache. Our $1.00 grade is very pop-
ular, and your dealer, or we, will sell you one and
refund money if not perfectly satisfactory. For
sale by all druggists and dealers in athletic goods.
Send for price list. A. J. WELLS MFG. CO..

250 Tallman Street, Syracuse, N. T.

In writingr to advertisers please mention this paper.

L

UNC DISEASES.

,^o years' exoeri'" nee. If your case iS
sufficientlv serious torequire expert medi-
cal treatment, address

Or. Peiro, ion State St., Chicago.

to tliis adveitisement mention fST.KANTHfis

A BARGAIN IN BEf=: - KEEPERS'
SUPPLIES.
Is I The best quality of goods,

when } At Ihe lowest prices,
you I And get them prompt,

get ' And with small freight charges.

This is just wliat we can do by our 1897 custom-
ers. Estimates cheerfully given on any bill of
goods wanted. Special inducements for early or-
ders. Address

JOSEPH NYSEWANDER, Des Moines, Iowa.

^^^J::^^^j\ «toJ\)ii'Wjtta?y^x.W<sA. bs.4Xwc\ti,"cs.4b,WJAMv&.

pARLY QUEENS from good stock (one yard av-
•-^ erageU 420 |l3s. in '94) Have kept bees since '74;
sold thousands of queens the past six years. Price
$1.00, Marcli and April. Free catalog.

J. B. Case, Poit Orange, Fla.

r-OLUnBIAN RASPBERRY, *2..50 f erdoz; currant,
^^ gooseberry, grapevines, $1.00 per doz., prepaid;
chesttjut and English walnut, 25c each, prepaid;
Pearl go seberry, 50c each. it^

T. G. ASHMEAD Nursery, Williamson, N. Y.

WANTED.— To exchange Japan plum trees for ex-
tracted honey or offers. Abundance, Burbauk,
and Satsuma; 5 by mail, 60c. %^^^at

John Cadwallader, North Madison, Ind.

For Sale.

At only $3.00 per hive, fine Italian bees with good
queens.

UNO. A. THORNTON.

UMA, ILLINOIS.

Wants and Exchange Department.

WANTED.— A young man of 23 years wants to
take care of bees this coming season for wages
or on shares, in this or any adjoining State, or Cal-
ifornia. Have had successful experience. Ref.
given. Write at once. Address K T Stinnett,
Central Business College, Denver, Col.

ANTED.— To exchange nice comb honey for thm
foundation. L. Werner, Edwardsville, 111.

W

W

ANTED.— Ten nuclei; also Craig Seedling pota-
toes at Root's price's for sale. Address
P. M. Bverly, Farley, Dubuque Co., Iowa.

WANTED.— To exchange 60 York Imperial and 125
Yellow Transparent apple trees, two years old
in the spring, from whole-root grafts, valued at 8
and lOcts. each; also about 60 bushels while soup
beans, valued at 60 cts. per bu!-h., for two tested
Italian queens, an A B C book, smoker, etc., this
spring. Geo. B. Coon, Farina, 111.

WANTED.— To exchange for bees or offers, " reg-
istered " Jersey cow, butcher tools, foundation-
mill, bone-mill, double buggy, new cutter, and Light
Brahma chickens. Address

Elias Fox, Hillsboro, Wis.

WANTED.— To exchange a new Barnes Combined
Machine, with some special attachments for
bee-hive work. What have vou toofifer in exchange ?
Box '• D," Ronda, N. C.

WANTED.— To exchange 1 Perfect Hatcher (738
egg) Incubator for bees, power windmill, gold
watch, double-barreled shotgun, comb or extracted
honey, or offers. F. W. Dean, New Milford, Pa.

WANTED.— -To exchange Italian queens, bred from
imported mothers, for plants, seeds, pet stock,
or Cowan extractor. What have you to offer ?
J. H. Garkison, 1011 N. 23d St., St. Louis, Mo.

WANTED —To exchange camera, roller organ and
music, books, curios, Florida and Alabama town
lots, rubber-type outfits, clothing, jewelry, watch,
magic-lantern, skates, for ladies' bicycle, talking-
machine, bees, supplies, and honey.
W. 1. Cook, Haledon, N. J.

WANTED— To trade pear-trees, Gault, Loudon,
and Columbian raspberry-plants, for watch,
shot-gun, feed-mill, buggy harness, musical instru-
ments, camera, sheep, geese, turkeys, greyhound,
Newfoundland, or offers. J. McQueen, Baltic, O.

WANTED.— To exchange Belgian hares, homing
pigeons. White Leghorn eggs or breed ingsiock
for Italian queens from imported mother, pure-bred
geese, ducks, or ducks' eggs, or offers.

Eugene Manning, Jacksonville, N. Y.

WANTED.— To exchange pure Bronze turkeys or
Pekin ducks for new double harness; also want
pair deer and wild geese. Chas. Met 'lave.

New London, Ohio.

WANTED.— To e > change strawberry plants -Gau-
dy, Great American, Parker Earle, Sharpless—
and raspberry plants— Golden Queen, Cuthbert, and
Marlboro— for nice comb or extracted honey.

Dan'l. Leibe, Cherry Hill, Bergen Co., N. J.

WANTED.— To exchange 2000 Ohio aid Hopkins
raspberry plants, valued at $6.00 per 1000, for
extracted honey or comb foundation.

R. G. Robertson, Marshall, Mo.

WANTED— To dispose of part or all our bee inter-
est here, consisting of supplies and i ees to
run three apiaries of 100 colonies each. Famous
health resort on Cumberland Plateau ; best society,
plenty of bee-forage. What have you to offer in ex-
change? Thos. ('. Stanley, Monteagle, Tenn.

ANTED.— To exchange one Root's make section-
machine (in tine order) for band-snw or offers.
The Geo. Rall Mfg. Co., Galesville, Wis.

\\J ANTE D.— Canvassers to solicit orders for my per-
»' manent crayon portraits. Good wages assured.
Write for particulars. W. A. Baldwin,

Portrait Artist. Medina, Ohio.

WANTED.— To exchange 60-lb. cans in good order,
valued at 25 cts. each, delivered, for comb or
extracted honey at the market price.

B. Walker, Evart, Mien.

WANTED.— To excha- ge bees in Root's chaff
hives, for band-saw, or planer and matcher, or
bicycle. M. Ludtman, Hannibal, Monroe Co , O.aa

W

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mar 1.

FEED YOUR BEESi

WITH BASWOOD. PROTECT THEM WITH EVERGRENS. \

lOO, 2 to 5 leet, !B10. 100 Baswood Seedlings, *!. Delivered free. Other
sizes just as cheap. 50 Sl.OO Bargains by mail. Millions to select from. Also *
Fruit Trees, Small Fruits, Vines, etc. Liberal cash commissions forj
clubs. Illustrated catalogue free. Good local Salesmen wanted. Address <

D. HILL, Evergreen Specialist, DUNDEE, ILL. I

THE FINEST LOT OF.

Peach Trees

in the country, including the new TRIUMPH, SNEED,
GREENSBORO, FITZGERALD and BOKARA,

Everything else in the nursery line. Write for our i68 page catalogue free.
J^J.^ Cut prices on large lots. Correspondence solicited.

STORRS & HARRISON CO., Box 329 Painesville, O.

-None-Better-Grown-

No better trees, small fruits, vines, roses, ornamental slirul-s— no h- rger stock-
no greater variety — uo finer quality — anywlicre. We sell direct to the coustimer
and save him 50 per cent. ^^ rite for illustrated catalog and learn how we do it.
Frait crates and baskets. REID'S NURSERIES, BRIDGEPORT. OHIO.

M#Jr»-^J:JAVi.|^:i:l'J

M^'M;y.M»M=lf:T»i:^H^;j:yi

B

IIDpCC'C FARM ANNUAL

mM H I I ^^Lb ^S '^eUa the i)lain

1897

Hundreds of illustration.s
"The Leading Aniericci

The BEST SHEDS tliat Grow

lid remarkable Novelties, painted tifim nature. Known a
Seed Catalogue." *^ Mailed FREE to all.

W. ATLEE BURPEE &, CO., PHILADELPHIA, PA.

SEEPS

SPECIAL OFFER

MADE TO BUILD NEW BUSINESS.

A VEGETABLE GARDEN FOR THE COST OF POSTAGE.
PRIZE NOTE THE FIVE

COLLECTION. ASSORTMENT. PKCS.

Radish— lOvari^ties: Lettuce— '.'kinds ; Tom-
atoes—T tinest:Turriips— 3 splenuid;
and Onions— tJ best varieties.

'€» to cover postage and
, packing, and receive
of Beeds postpaid.
GUARANTEED TU PLEASE. Write to-day
and receive my new Seed and Plant Book.

H. W. BUCK BEE, •'"'""'•i'^ «■'-'' *'"-"'^-
" " "-C14 Rockford, III.

ASPARAGUS

il ni

kiiii'

pniduce

f 1 t' n Nfir- lUO roots, best vanety,
t i-,iiM, -',. Lid, 1,000 bj fi('i^'ht,$i.50,
•lib ( lit ill liirectioiis Larse illus-
u lit d ^1 I d ( ataloeue and Special Bar-
naul 1. 1st In (> It vou mention this paper.

IOWA SEED CO.. Pes Moines. la.

In writing advertisers

A FLOWER

GARDEN

FOR J5 CENTS.

K

SalplRlossIs, New Hybrids.— A most
L,'i- icefiil luiiiiial, rich in color and variations.

Po|»i»v, New Double Shirley. — En-
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.Mlvinoaette, New Golden Oem. —
KliiwtT^ rich ;;olilen yellow and sweet scented.

Kiuiii:i, New Curled and Crested.—
Till' lii-^i n\ :i 11; everyone should grort- them.

Heliantiiiis, New Double Multi-
flora. -IVi-u-ctlv doubl-^ L'olden .'iuntlowers.

Cosmos, New California Monsters.
— Ihe lil.u-y of the autumn tluwer garden.

One packet of eacli of the above
six Beautiful Animals, wlilcli at
catalogue prices amount to 65 cts.,
sent postpaid for only 15 cts.
C'DP'^ Witn every remittance of 15
°^ ** ^ ^"' cents f(ir the above collection
of llnwr seeds, f will include absolutely
free, il you ineiition this paper, one packet
of the New Dwarf Sweet Pea. "Cupid," which
only grows .5 inches hi^h. with pure white
flowers and a copy of ray 1S97 Seed, Plant and
Bulb Cataloorne, which contains everything
good, old or new, at right prices. Address

ii WM. HENRY MAULE, ^

% I7n Filbert St., Philadelphia, Pa. £

Yell, O Yell, O'YELLOWZONES.
YELLOWZONESfor PAIN and FEVER.

please mention this papei-.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

183

Contents of this Number.

ApisDoi>ata l«i lirt-au- t, U"lw- i, tl....' -Ji:!

Bee-esoa)ies iv;- liiir \..n.:_'- (■ ni iii'.i

Bee-paralysis .I'M !i .^ i. .1 n' ;.r,;i,,- I'l.".

Bee-space at End of Frames 1'.' I ii .. > .,.i i .i i. i m.m

Bee-wagon. Aikin's 1^ ■ i K i:i

Burr-ooiubs i.'i r-- ■' ...mI ii.(m\ lin;

Cider and the Deacon -i ' i , , - ,; - ii ^oo

Ciirarettes ■■ • - ■' Vicl.ling' . .Iftf)

Clover. Crimson i • i; . lu 201

Corn lorFncl i ■ n- I :m, t 21]

Ciiit.M! ( ., |.,r, ; :oi,<. lyip-.-uied ]!)•>

Eilii -' ■, 1 . . ,' - M.erFuel 1%

Elon .;: 1' ,.ri. Another 19'J

Elc,!:; .'. ,> ; ; :,;.,,_ \ > > i ,■ r closets 212

Foiiii cLti m:. Ii_,, .; i li.i, :■ \> lI.EB .- 206

Founilatioii.Our Ne«- Weed -Jtii Wnulmills 210

Fred Anderson 202!Wol!-huntin8- 197

Fuel for Smokers 1915 Woodchopper's Chips 194

Honey Column.

CITY MARKETS.

Kansas City.— Hojic?/.— No. 1 white. 12@13; fanry
amber, 11@I2; No 1 amber, lOrgjll ; fancy dark. 9@10;
No. 1 dark, 8®.9; white exlrMCied, 5@5V2; amber, 41-2
@5; dark, 4@4'/4; beeswax. 35.

C. C. Clf,mon8 & Co.,

March 3. 428 Walnut. Kansas City. Mo

New York.— Ho/iew.— Fancy white, 11; No. 1
white. 10: fancy amber, 9; No. 1 amber, 8; fancy
dark, 6^2®"; No. 1 dark. «: white extracted, 5@5V2;
amber. 4ii@5; dark. iv,@^% ; bi-eswax. 27@28 Comb
honey has sold fairly well of late, and we succeeded
in movinff off quite a bit of our st ck and think we
will be able to close out all of it before April 1. Ex-
traded is moving' slow, except buckwheat, which is
in g-ood demand. Beeswax quiet at 2'T-2Sc per lb. for
good average quality.

HiLDRETH Bros. & Segelken,

March 9. 28 & 30 W. Broadway, New i^ork.

MiNNEAPOT.is.—Hojie;/. — Fancy white, 12@13; No.
1 wliite, 10@13; fancy amber. 9@10: No. 1 amber, 8®
9; fanfy dark, 7@8: No. 1 dark, (j@7; white extract-
ed, 6@7; Utah white, 5@5'/2; a- ber, 5@6: dark.4@5;
beeswax, 22@25. Market quiet and without change.
S. H. Hall & Co.,

March 3. Minneapolis, Minn.

MiLWAtTKEE.—HoHey.— Fancy white, 13@14; No. 1
white, 11@12; fancy amber, 1U@11: fancy dark, 8®
10; white extracted, 6@7; amber, 5@.51/2 : dark. i@^\
beeswax, 2.5@27. Tlie receipts of honey continue
fairly good. The supply is fair, and quality very
good. The liejit quality sells best. Because the
trade is somewhat slow some receivers seem to
think the way to sell is to sVmijhtcr prices. Yet the
market is fairly sustained and we think all will work
off at fair rates before the new crop comes a^ain.
A. V. Bishop & Co.,

March 9. Milwaukee, Wis.

Columbus.— HoJiej/.— Fancy white, 12@12i'o; No. 1
white, 11; fancy amber, 9.

The Columbus Com. & Storage Co.
Feb. 23. 409-413 N. Hi jib St , Columbus, O.

Cincinnati.— Honey.— No. 1 white, 12@13; No. 1
amoer. 10®I2; white extracted. 5@6; amber, 4@5:
dark, 3H®4; beeswax, 22@2.5. D' maud is slow for
extracted and comb honey, wiih a fair supply.
Dark comb honey seems to be unsalable. There Is
lair demand for betswax, with a fair supply.

Chas F. Muth & Son.

March 9. Cincinnati, O.

Boston. — Horify. — Fancy white, 13; No. 1, 11®
12: fancy amber. 10: white extracted 7®8; amber. 6;
dark. .5; beeswax. 25. The demand is light for hon-
ey, with agoodsup >ly. E. B. Blake &Co.,

March 9. 57 Chatham St., Boston, Mass.

Albany. — Honey. —Fancy white, 12@13: No. 1
white. 11@13; fancy dark. 7®8: No. 1 dark, 6@7;
white extracted. 5@6; dark. 3'/2@4 There has been
quite a good demand for comb honey lately, and
stock very much reduced, especially clover. Ex-
tracted still moves slowly but should improve soon.
Chas. McCulloch & Co..

Feb. 26. Albany, N. Y.

San FKANOisco.—Honej/.— Fancy white. 9@10; No.
1 white. 8@9: fancy amber. 6'/2@7H ; No. 1 amber, 6
@7: fancy dark, 5®6; No. 1 dark, 4@5: white ex-
tracted. 5@6'/4: amber, 4®4X: dark, 2'/2@3'/2 ; bees-
wax. 22@25. Honey and beeswax both quiet. Slocks
are light. Henry Pchacht,

Feb. 29. San Francisco, Cal.

Philadelphia.- Hon/??y. — No. 1 white, 8; fancy
amber. 7; No. 1 amber. 6@6X; fancy dark, 6; No. 1
dark. 5@6: white extracted. .5@6: amber. 6; dark. 4;
beeswax. 26. Our In ney market is very low with
some call, but a big supply. We will not buy or sell
on c<imniissi()n any mure this season. White-clover
extracted always in demand, which we are buying
constantly. If you have any, send sample.

Wm. a. Sklseb,

March II. No. 10 Vine St., Philadelphia, Pa,

Detroit — /^loe;/.— Fancy white. 11@12; No. 1
white, 10@H: fancy amber, 9@10: No. 1 amber, 8®9;
fancy dark. 7@8; white extracted, .5(36: amber, 4@6;
beeswa.x. 24@25. There is more comb honey in coth-
niission houses than I think can be closed out be-
fore new crop, and prices rule lower.

M. H. Hunt,

March 12. Bell Branch, Mich.

Chicago. — Hone?/.— Fancy white, 11@12; No. 1
10; fancj amber, 9: No. 1 amber. 7; fancy dark. 7®8;
No. 1 dark, 6@7; white extracted, 5@7; amber. 5@6;
dark, 4@5; beeswax, 25@27. For all bee products,
with exception of beeswax, there is a slow market,
with ample stocks. R. A. Burnett & Co.,

March 9. 163 So. Water St., Chicago, 111.

For Sale.- $25.00 for one .5('0-lb. barrel of A No. 1
linn exiraeted honey, F. O. B. cars here; or 5'-4c in
packages of 60 lbs. each. J. B Murray, Ada, O.

FOK Sale.— 6000 lbs. extracted honey, in new cans
and cases, .¥3.50.00. Speak quick; who wants it ?

Blias Fox, Hillsboro, Wis.

Wanted.— To buy quantity lots of amber honey
in 60-lb. cans or Ibl.s. The price must be low, and
samples will be required. B. Walker,

.541 Van Buren St., Chicago.

Queens, Queens, Tested.

I have Italian queens, either golden or dark queens
from imported slock— good queens reared late In
season of 1896, at iPl.CO each. Ready to mail the first
of April. W. A. Compton, Lynnville, Tenn.

For Sale!

At Beevill°, Texas, 200 colonies of flrstclass Ital-
ian bees. 1600 cash for lot to close out. Address
S. A. Leeds, Avery Island. Louisiana.

CARLY QUEENS, northern raised Queens tested
'-' raised last fall are hardy and prolific; $1.25 per
return mail. Untested, in April, Jil 0(i. I Insure
safe arrival. Damei. Wuhth.

Falmouth, Ru'^h Co., Ind.

Texas Queens.

Alt.' ■> ^'■- Gallup says Ihey are the best he
AlDinO. < has in his yard.

J. D. GIVENS, Lisbon. Texas.

Bee=hives, Sections, & Bee Supplies

AAVAY DOWN.

Queens and bees for 1897 at bottom prices.
Write for catalogue and prices.

CHAS. H. THIES, Steeleville, in.

FAY'S CURRANTS.

Large stock, extra strong, 2 years old, 20 bushes
for SI, or $4 per 100; ] year old. 25 bushec for »1. or
$3 per 100. FRED H. BURDETT, Clifton, N. Y.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mar. 15

If You Want to Know

HOW to run out-ai>iarie8 for comb honey
Willi ;ilmost no swarminff, read the Decem-
ber Bee=keeper's Review. It joii want to

know ti e method followed by Mr M. M.

■-^— — """^"^ Baldiidge in securing drawn combs for use

in the sections, read the January Review. If you would know bow to make a home-made foot-power buzz-
saw, the equal of any fuot-power s-aw made, read the illustrated article, by the editor of the Review, on this
subject in the January Review. If you want a journal that is up with the times and full of practical in-
formation thai will help you in making money in the apiary, read the Review. It is $1 00 a year, but if you
are not already a subscriber see the special inducements offered to new subscribers in the advertisement
that occupies this position in Gleanings for Feb. 15. _

W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint, Mich.

Direct-Draft Perfect

BINGHAM

Bee Smoker

Bingham Perfect Bee=sniokers and Honey=knives.

Smoke Engine (""'e^made?"') ^-i"- ^tove

Doctor Sbi

Conqueror 3 "

Large 3^ "

Plain 3

Little Wonder twt. 10 oz.).... 3
Honey-knife

Bingham Smokers have all the new improve-
ments. Before buying a Smoker or Knife, look
up its record and pedigree.

Biijjiham i Hether-

ington Uncapping-

kuife.

FIFTEEN YEARS FOR A DOLLAR; ONE-llALF
CENT FOR A MONTH.

Dear Sir:— Have used the Conqueror 15 years. I was always pleased
with its workings, but thinking 1 would nted a new one this summer, I
write for a circular. I do not think the 4-inch ;-mc>ke Engine too large.
Jan. 37, 1897. Truly, W. H. Eagerty, Cuba, Kansas.

T. F. BINQHAH, Farwell, Hichigan.

Root's Goods at Root's Factory Prices

At Des rioines,
Iowa.

Immense stock of the latest 1897 goods now on hand, and more to follow.

ThnirsfltiHc fif Hi'vps and Millinns of Sections i^ our record, and other goods in proportion. n We
inousanas OI nives ana millions. UI attuuns .^^^ suie to pitas, you if the best goods at bottom

prices and good service will do it.

Eleventh'annual catalog free.

JOS. NYSEWANDER, Des Moines. Iowa.

160-page Bee-HfloK Sent Free win ^wm Bee Journal.

Bee-book
FREE.

Every new suhscriher sending SI. 00 for the wrcliJy American Bee Journal
for one year will receive a com- of Newman's 160-pa>ie "Bets and
Honey" free. The old American Bee Journal is great this ymr. You
ought to have it, even if you do take GLEA^iNGS. Sample of Bee Jour=
nal free. Write for it.

GEORGE W. YORK & CO., 118 Michigan St., Chicago, III.

In writing advertisers please mention tins paper.

Danzenbd^^Hih^ i Nuclei-Order Now,

Has valuable features
possessed by -no otlier,
and is surely winning

itc: iiTOTT. was awarded Spe-

First Premium for COMB
HONEY, at Mich. State Fair, 1896. Address

Francis Danzenbaker, Medina, Ohio.

Care The A. I. Root Company.

of the old reliable queen-breeder, a 2-frame
(Hoffman) nucleus and warranted queen
(Italian) that -ne will giv raniee will pro-
duce a large colony by June, for $2.75.

Direct the Philadelphl
THE A. 1
Wm. A. Selser, Mgr.

, branch of

ROOT CO.,

to Vine St., Phil., Pa.

i^^A full line of all bee-supplies.

• DE-VoTELD

•ANb Honey-'

•AHD HOME,

PubhshedyTHEA l"RooY Co.
ptRYtAR ^® "Medina-Ohio-

Vol. XXV.

HAR. 15, 1897.

No. 6.

Ten cents each is the price at which W. Z.
Hutchinson thinks he'd like ihe job of rearing
virgin queens, using a lamp-nursery.— Ameri-
can Bee Journal.

A HUNDREDWEIGHT OF HONEY COntalnS 32 25

lbs. of carbon, 53.75 lbs. of water in combina-
tion, 13 lbs of water of solution, and about 1 lb.
of salts and other matters.

Thin sheet zinc is recommended by H. W.
Brice in B. B. J. as the best covering for hive-
roofs. How does it compare in price with tin
in this country, Mr. Editor?

"Are bees domestic animals?" is a ques-
tion having some discussion in Europe. How
is it here? Some nice legal points may at some
time happen to hinge upon the answer.

Is A colony of bees an organism ? is a quf s-
tion over which German bee-keepers are hav-
ing a high old time. Gerstung and his sup-
porters say it is, while Dzierzon and others scout
the idea.

Dzierzon says in Noerdllnger Bienenzeitung
that starving bees throw om brood after suck-
ing out its juices only after the brood has died
from want of heat, but that bees never destroy
living brood.

John G. Corey spent $14 for a pump and
windmill, and S4 for a watering-trough for his
bees, and thinks he'll save it in bees that would
be lost going long distances for water.— Ameri-
can Bee Journal.

Ph. Reidenbach has discovered that, be-
sides formic acid, vinous acid (Weinsa^ure) is
also present in combs. He thinks it helps pre-
vent mold from dampness, and also helps in
changing cane to grape sugar.

A NICE SONG that, to the linden, p. 165. Now
what do you think? The author of it read a
fine paper on ornamental trees, before a horti-
cultural society, enumerating 13 varieties, and
never said "linden " once! O Eugene! Eugene!

Gravenhorst says that, while in most win-
ters bees have enough chance for cleansing
flights, no matter what direction they face, yet
once in a while there will be a winter when bees
not facing south will suffer from too long con-
fiuement. Facing south is always safe.

Bees will build combs in wired frames just
as readily as if no wire were present; and my
experience is that they'll not deviate a hair's
breadth to make the septum come where the
wire is. If the wire happens to be where they
want the septum, all right ; but if not, all
wrong.

A. F. Brown has at seven different times fed
200 colonies to get a full working force of field-
bees ready for the opening of a given honey-
flow, and says, "From this experience I find
seven to eight weeks to be nearer right than
five or six weeks, as usually given."— American
Bee Journal.

Sixty pounds of extracted honey per colony,
J. McArthur thinks a good average from sweet
clover, if it is abundant. R. Stolley thinks five
colonies will store moie from an acre of sweet
clover than would twelve, and estimates 400 to
.500 pounds surplus to the acre, if not overstock-
ed.—America?i Bee Journal.

Editor Boehm, of Deutsche Iniker axis
Boe?ime7i, has a colony of bees hanging in the
open air that has continued from 1894, having
a cloth hung around it in winter. It has twelve
combs, the middle one 24 inches deep and 16
inches wide. Last July it cast a swarm of 1-1
pounds, and an after swarm of IJ^ pounds.

" Can you get extracted honey from old
brood combs of as fine flavor as that in first-
class sections?" is asked in American Bee
Journal. Nine say yes, seven say no. The same
question would hardly have had so many
negative answers five years ago. [In five years
more the answers would all have been negative.
-Ed.]

German bee-keepers don't know much
about extremes of temperature if they all have
the weather reported in Centralblatt. In 1896
the hottest day showed 78° F., against 100°

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mar. 15.

here; and the coldest day was 12° above zero
against 3u° below here. The range in Germany
for the year was 66°, about what we sometimes
have here in two days' time.

Free ADVERTISING in American Bee .lournal
is given to John A. McCutcheon & Co., Chicago,
Williamson Produce Co., New York, and Unger
& Co., Buffilo, classing Ihem with Horrie and
Wheadon. Editor York sensibly remarks, "Far
better to donate your honey to some orphanage
and be done with it, than to give it to dealers
of no reputation, or that are not well known."

Six different colonies, according to a
report in Revue des Sciences, show six differ-
ent lengths of tongue, 7.1, 7. .5, 8.1, 8.4, 8.8. and
9.2 respectively— the last nearly a third longer
than the first. Now, if there's so much varia-
tion why can't a strain of long-tongued bees be
developed? Will my highly esteemed friend,
the sage of Lapeer, please answer?

"Avoid melting wax over too many timi s;
every time makes it darker-colored. Make the
cakes medium -sized, and don't pour into the
molds until cooli d so it will just run nicely.
Wet the dish, and you will not have to grease
it. If above directions are followed, your cakes
will not crack.— M". H. Hunt, in American Bee
Journal. [M. H. Hunt, according to our expe-
rience, is decidedly right.— Ed.]

How DOES it happen a bee can eat honey
for months without becoming overloaded? In
winter it eats perhaps three times its own
weigtit without a fly. Well. 99 per cent of honey
is oxygen, hydrogen, and caibon; and when
that's consumed it turns into vapor of water
and carbonic acid gas, neitherof which remains
in the intestines. In that light the only won-
der is that they become bloated as often as
they do.

By R. C. Aikin.

OUR WAGON; HOW AIKIN AVOIDS THE USE OF
BEE ESCAPES.

In building this wagon, three things were
kept in mind; viz., comfort, capacity, and ser-
vice. For use on our trip we needed room, and
at the same time protection. I will describe
the wagon first.

The running-gears are the same that I have
been using for my honey express to and from
out apiaries, etc. It is a regular platform
spring, and will carry 1000 to 1200 pounds. I

usually carried about 1000 on it in moving hives,
honey, or bees.

The box now on it is my own invention, got-
ten up for the trip, and to use as a honey-
wagon afterward. It is 13 feet long from front
bow to back, and 4 feet wide, outside measure.^
From the floor to the highest point under the
bows is 5 feet 5 inches — bows what are known
as square top. The part of the box forward of
the hind wheels is about 27 inches deep, and
between hind wheels 13>.2 inches. The sides
are J^-inch poplar, and the bows are cut square
off and set right on top of the sides, and iron
plates laid on both inside and out of the lower
end of the bows, extending down straddle of
the sides, and screwed to the sides. The man-
ner of fastening bows appears very plain in the
photo, but may not be so clear in the half-tone.
There are 6 bows. The one just in front of the
hind wheels goes clear down past the encZ of
the side-board that is scalloped over the front
wheel (this side-board goes back only as far as
the picture shows it), and is stirruped to it, so
there is no possible careening back and forth of
this bow; and the others, being fastened to it
by the slats above, all are rigid.

It is all covtred first with 11 -oz. duck; then,
over the top, oil-cloth. The part of the canvas
that is not rolled up on the near side is fastened
permanently, covering two spaces between
bows. Tlie next space— just front of the hind
wheel— has a wire screen sash to exclude flies
and other insects. The space just forward of
the screen, and the next one too. where the
wife and baby appear, each has rolling curtains
as well as the screened space. This makes 3
curtains on the side, so that the wagon can be
thrown open back to the hind wheels. The far
side is identical in arrangement, though in the
picture but one curtain is up.

There is also a curtain across the front to
close that opening, though it does not appear,
being rolled up under the " nose." Half of the
back end is boarded up solid to the roof while
the other half has in it a screen-dour with a
curtain on the outside of it. The writer stands
with his hand on the door-latch, the door being
partly open.

Now look at the front end again, and you will
see a sort of circular porch or step across above
the doubletrees. Under the top of that step,
and in the center, running parallel with the
wagon-tongue, is a short partition. The floor
of the wagon comes out almost as far as the
lop of the porch or step; and that little parti-
tion resting on the floor boards, and reaching
plump up against the top, makes the step solid.
Now, on the near front corner, just below the
scalloped sideboard, look close and you will see
ends of two hinges. Right there on the corner
of the porch, and extending around in front to
that partition under the porch, is a feed-box or
trough. On the other side is one just like it,

'•y

■mm

5*iJ

^&i

: aC. ' . 'Sffi.;**^ ^'■'

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE

Mar. 15.

hinged on the other corner. These boxes open
or swing outward and back against the front
wheels, and are the borses' feed-boxes when in
camp, and places for a wrench, grease-box, hal-
ter, or any thing we wish to carry there when
traveling.

You will wish to know why those side-boards
are scalloped so. The box is 4 feet wide— just
as wide as I thought I dared noake it, so that
mud and trash would not roll up and clog on
the wheels. Being so wide it was necessary
to have a " cut-under," somewhat like an ex-
press or delivery wagon in the city, else I could
not have turned in a 20-acre field. I did not
want a raised bottom up under the seat, as we
often see in family carriages, preferring to have
a smooth bottom from end to end; so 1 cut un-
der only part way across, making the floor be-
tween the froQt wheels in an oblong circular
form. The box directly between the fore wheels
is just as wide as any part; but back and for-
ward of the axle it is rounded in to allow the
wagon to turn in a reasonable space. The cir-
cular part of the side is made of ^ inch sheet
iron, back of the wheel being bent at a right
angle, and reaching out to the side board.
That scalloped board laps back over the lower
side-board, and is plated to it, and also has the
sheet iron fastened to it right between the
wheels, thus securing against any sag in the
box which would otherwise occur.

That door in the back is hinged in the center
of the end, hence, when open, it lies against the
closed half. Just inside the closed half, and
built against the back from floor to roof, is a
cupboard with shelves and drawers. This
makes it so that one may reach it from either
outside or inside. Just forward of the cup-
board, and almost to the hind axle, is an open
space, to be used as needed. From the hind
axle to the cut-under back of the front wheels,
is a bed-spring and mattress. The bed is up
about 16 inches from the floor, on a sort of hing-
ed frame of slats, so arranged that the whole
thing can be turned up against one wail and
strapped there. The bed, being up so high,
gives a lot of room under for boxes or luggage.
The bed comes plump forward against the back
of the seat. The seat is laid across the bench
formed on either side by the cut-under, and the
seat-back is reversible like car-seats, and at
night the back is reversed or thrown forward,
forming a little bed for the baby, just at our
heads.

The empty wagon weighs 800 lbs. Our load,
including ourselves, was 1000 to 12CX) pounds.
The wagon rides so easily that my wife says
she would rather ride in it than in any buggy
or carriage she was ever in.

I have given quite a long description of the
construction of the wagon, and its arrangement
for traveling; and now I want to speak of its
use as an

APIARIAN WAGON.

For two or three years I have had some ideas
in regard to getting off honey and getting the
bees out rapidly. Gleanings readers who
have also been reading the Review and Pro-
gressive will remember that I have written
somewhat of the bee-escape. I was not then
and am not yet satisfied with the work of the
escape, they being too slow. I know that the
man who has only a few colonies for pleasure,
home honey, or even for prjflt, but in a small
way, may find the escape a very handy appli-
ance; but the man who makes the bee-business
a specialty and his dependence, especially if he
is producing extracted honey, can not afford to
wait for the action of the e-cape as now used.
Extracting-supers must be off and extracted
before cold.

The plan I have had in mind for outapiaries
is to have a wagon that can be closed bee-tight,
wire-screen door or window, or even a cone
outlet so arranged that bees would find it easily.
Drive the wagon into or near the apiary; and
as fast as honey can be removed from hives,
put it into the wagon, and allow the bees to
escape while I continue my work removing
honey or otherwise. I thought that this would
beat the escape, and prove a very good thing.
The wagon would be a fine place to keep every
bit of honey from the bees where no house was
at the apiary.

Let me tell why I thought this plan better
than the escape. I have found by repeated ex-
perience, that, if a super be removed and !>tood
on end near the hive— say a foot or more from
it— the bees would rapidly leave it, except a
few of the very young. This I have done— not
once only, but at least 75 or 100 times. The bees
would often leave a super in 15 or 20 minutes,
and, in the majority of cases, in less than two
hours. The same thing occurs if the super be
placed in a room before a window so that the
bees pass out through an escape at the top of
the window. This I know by an experience of
several years, ana in the production of many
tons of honey. From beginning to end I can
remove and extract honey much more rapidly
by carrying into a room to let the bees out than
by an escape.

My experience with the wagon has been very
limited; but here is what I did with the wagon
here illustrated and described. Last August,
just before we starttsd on our trip, I had a few
full extracting-extras and a whole lot of partly
filled ones to remove at two out- apiaries, and
bring home two and thr-^e miles. This was
after the flow was over, and about the worst
kind of time for robbing. I drove the wagon
into the apiary close on one side. Myself and
an assistant began removing the extras. I
would take the cover off, at the same time ap-
plying the smoke, managing the smoke so as to
start the bees down, and closely following them

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

until they were nearly all down, when the as-
sistant would pick up the extra from the hive
and give along swinging motion, and rub or
brush oflF on the grass ihe bees collected on the
bottom-bars, then immediately carry the cham-
ber to the wagon and shove it in at the back
door. Thus he would proceed until he could
not reach to set any more in, when he climbed
inside and set them forward in shape to go
home. Each time he went with an extra, and
the door was opened, a cloud of bees was
brought out on the screen, and they at once
struck for home. In this manner we would
have the wagon loaded almost before the rob-
bers knew what was up; and by the time we
got every thing to rights, and ready to go home,
we bad, by occasionally opening the door,
almost freed the load of bees. Just as soon as
the team was hitched, the door was set open,
and Kept so till we were half a mile or a mile
from the yard, when we closed it again. It was
fully as much of a success as I expected. CTZZ.
DlnJ constructing this wagon I put in all bolts
and irons in such a!way that the inside surfaces
of the box are smooth, so that bee-hives, supers,
etc., can ^be shoved in and slid along without
catching. CThe running-gears are too light for
the size of the top and box; and if I am prosper-
ed so that I can do so, I shall get running-gears
and springs that will carry 2500 or 3000 pounds;
then with ordinaryahives I can load 40 or 50
hives of bees to^move.rl am° so^well pleased
with the method of removing surplus by carry-
ing into me house to let the bees out of it, that
at present 1 ao not wish to use an escape.

[I am well aware, friend A., that you have
had a large experience in the matter of taking
off honey; but there are others who have had
fully as much experience, who use bee-escapes,
and insist that they can not get along without
them. For instance, J. F. Mclntyre and M. H.
Mendleson con'iider them great labor-savers,
and would hardly know how to get along with-
out them.* The value of the bee-escape is spe-
cially great during robbing seasons. Very often,
comb honey has to be removed at such times;
and it would never do to let a super stand
twenty minutes or two hours near the front of
thp hive.

Verv possibly locality has every thing to do
with the matter; and no doubt you can by your
plan, in your locality, remove your honey more
economically than with a bee-escape. Rut last
summpr I tried setting supers out in front of
the hives on which no bee-escapes had been
placed. After waiting two hours I got tired,
and so I smudged and poked them out, any way
to get them nut. On other hives, where escapes
had been placed the dav before, the raking-off
of the honey was a real pleasure. There was
no shaking of the supers, breaking the back,
no smudging, but simply taking them off and
putting them on the wagon.

I believe Mr. Aikin shows a practical wagon
for bee-keepers. Many of the wagons, as usu-
ally constructed for carrying honey and remov-

* Mendleson is the man who moves 150 colonies ;it
a single load. See his article, page 817, last year's
volume.

ing bees, are ill adapted to the purpose. We
have a platform spring wagon, with a plat-
form extending over the wheels on each side of
the box, and about 14 inches inside of the edge
of the box. The bottom of the box is filled with
as many hives as we can crowd in, and then
the platform is loaded. We have carried as
many as thirty colonies at a load, but it makes
the wheels creak a little. Last summer we
brought home about 1000 lbs. of honey from our
out-yard in this same wagon. If we were going
to build again we would have the springs and
the general running-gear made so as to carry
not less than 2000 lbs.— Ed.]

APIS DOBSATA.

REASONS PRO AND CON FOR IMPORTING THEM.

Dr. C. C. Miller:— I should like to ask you for
a little information in regard to Apis dorsata.
I am a reader of Gleanings, and notice arti-
cles by a few on this subject. On page 6,
Straws, by yourself, I notice a clipping from
the American Bee Journal. Now, while I do
not believe there is a bee in existence that can
gather honey from red clover (except the bum-
ble-bee), please tell me what objection the 14
referred to on said page can have to the gov-
ernment importing them here, and giving them
a trial; for if there is such a bee as described,
let us by all means have it, and the sooner the
better. We know that there is more genuine
honey in red clover than in all other honey-
plants combined; and if we cau get a bee that
can and will gather it, we shall have a boom in
the honey business in every department. If
there is any good objectii^n to the importation
of Ajns dorsata I shouM like to know what it
is; and it would give me much pleasure and
satisfaction to have a reply through Glean-
ings. I have kept boes for thirty years, but as
a business only five David N. Ritchey.

Blacklick, O., Jan. 14.

It seems entirely natural and reasonable for
any one to take the view that you do upon first
being told that there is a bee so much larger
than the one that we now have that it can work
upon red clover. Tons of honey go to waste
every year that might be gathered from red
clover. It would cost very little for government
to introduce a bee that can gather it; if a suc-
cess, it would be a great gain; if a failure, no
harm can come of it except the small item of
expense incurred by government, and that will
be divided among the entire nation, making the
expense to each bee-keeper only a small frac-
tion of a cent. So it must be that there are
some objections or else the 14 to whom you re-
fer would hardly oppose the movement.

I will try to answer your question as to the
reasons given by the repliers in the American
Bee Journal, so far as they gave them. The
question asked was, "From what you have
heard and read concerning Apis dorsata, do
you consider it advisable for the government to

190

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mar. 15

import them?" The first answer, given by
Wm. McEvoy, is, "No," without any reason
added. E. France says, "Yes, try them." Mrs.
J. N. Heater says, " I think not." J. M. Ham-
baugh says, " I am in favor of making the ef-
fort." J. A. Green says, " I consider it an ex-
periment of doubtful value." R. L. Taylor
says, '■ No, not in the interest of bee-keepers
financially."

I do not know just why Mr. Taylor thinks as
he does; but if the project should prove a fail-
ure it would certainly not benefit bee keepers
financially. On the other hand, if it should be
a success above the highest expectation of any
one, and if it should be found that Apis dorsnta
should in this country prove as tractable in
every way as ^pis mellifl en, dnubWns the an-
nual yield of honey, does it necessarily follow
that beekeepers would make money by it?
One of the greatest difiBculties of the present
that confronts bee-keepers is that of finding a
market; and if the output should be doubled,
and the price cut in two, it would only increase
his labor without increasing his pay. But if
honey could be made plentier and cheaper, that
would certainly seem to be for the good of the
people in general, and the financial interests of
bee-keepers should not stand before the general
good.

W. G. Larrabee says, " Yes, if they would not
turnout like the English sparrow." He may
have in mind the possibility that Apis dorsata
would divide the harvest with our present bees,
without any additional benefit.

Chas. Dadant & Son hardly have any such
fears, for they say, " We do not believe Apis
dorsata would stand our climate." C. H. Dib-
bern says, "No. I think they would be of no
value to the bee-keepers of America." P. H.
Elwood says, " Probably not. There are other
things the government might do that would
help us more."

Prof. A. J. Cook is emphatic in his indorsi>-
ment, saying. " I certainly do. I think that is
just the kind of work for the government to
carry forward; " and G. M. Doolittle thinks it
can do no harm to try, for he replies, " There is
lots of money spent more fooli.-hly by the gov-
ernment than in importing Apis dorsata."

Dr. J. P. H. Brown says, " My opinion is that
they would not be a desirable acquisition to the
bee-keepers of the United States." Jas. A.
Stone says, " I have not made up my mind. In
doing so, I always think of English sparrows,
and I am very slow to say yes." Eugene Secor
says, " If the government wishes to experiment
with ^pis dorsata, I have no objections; but
as a bee-keeper I shall not ask it to do so at
present." Emerson T. Abbott says. "No. Gov-
ernment was not organized to import bees, or
any other kind of live stock. The sooner peo-
ple learn this the better it will be for them and
the government too." Rev. M. Mahin says.

"I do not. It is my opinion that they would
not be of any advantage to the bee-keepers of
America. If they were capable of domestica-
tion the people of India would have domesti-
cated them long ago."

Mrs. Harrison seems inclined to poke fun at
the scheme. She says, " I do; and put them In
the everglades of Florida. They are 160 miles
long and 60 miles broad. The water is from one
to six feet deep, dotted with little islands. The
Seminole Indian and Apis dorsata would go
well together, for he likes honey when it is to
be had for the taking; also fruit; but in his
wild state he has never been known to plant a
tree or keep bees in a hive."

G. W. Demaree says, " I should be glad if the
Agricultural Department of the government
would take the matter in hand and import the
big honey-bee of India, Apis dorsata. But,
really, I fear that the undertaking might fail
because the officials would most certainly in-
trust the management of the new bees to some
favorite dudes, who would make a windy fail-
ure of them." J. E. Pond says, "No! Most
decidedly not. ... I am of the opinion now
that the discussion tha' is being made is more
to subserve the purpose of some one who knows
that cranks and an easily gulled public always
exist, and are ' playing a tune to suit their de-
sire for dancing.' "

Less has been done by our government for
bee keepers than has been done bv other gov-
ernments—Canada, England, and some of the
European powers. It has done less for them
than it has for perhaps every othpr interest per-
taining to agriculture, so it would be nothing
very immodest for bee-keepers to ask such aid
as they might desire. But if ihev ask for some-
thing that proves of no benefit to the country,
will it not lessen their chances for getting aid
in other directions? Better first ask aid in the
way of experiment stations or something of that
kind— something as to whose success there can
be little doubt, and not a thing that many re-
gard as a will-o'-the-wisp.

You may ask what reason there is for consid-
ering success so problematical. Some have said
they think Apis dorsata might be successfully
domesticated here, and that possibly it might
be crossed with Apis mcUijica. Those of oppo-
site views point to the stubborn fact that it
nevtr has been domesticated in its own coun-
try. Tho^e who appear to know something
about the matter say it can not be domesti-
cated; that it will never stay in a hive, but at
stated times will desert its habitation just as
surely as a migratory bird. Surely it seems
reasonable that it is hardly worth while to
bring it here until success has been attained in
confining it to a hive in its own country.

You press the point that there is a great
quantity of honey to be had from red clover.
But it will do no good to get another bee to

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

191

work on red clover unless we can get the honey;
for lh«' bumble-bee works on it, but that doesn't
specially benefit the bee-keeper. Very likely
you may say. " Well, even if we don't find it any
better than the bumble-bee, it can't do any
harm to import it, even if it does no good. The
bumble-bt'e is the only bee that works on red
clover, and it will be no loss to let the two big
bees divide." Softly. You are quite mistaken
in thinking no bee but the bumble bee now
works on red clover. Many have had bees that
gathered more or less honey from red clover;
and very likely if you watch from year to year
you may see some of your own bees at it. It is
not at all impossible that we may breed Apis
mellifica with a tongue so long as to reach to
the bottom of the red-clover tubes. There is a
decided variance in the length of bees' tongues.
In France they have been making an effort to
breed larger bees, longer tongues coming with
larger bees. In our own country Dr. Murdock
has bred bees so large that the worker-cells are
almost as large as ordinary drone-cells. He
says they work well on red clover.

Now, suppose ^pis dnrsala is brought into
this country, behaves as it does in its native
land, and multiplies so as to gather nearly all
the red clover honey. Don't you see that it will
not only be of no use, but that it will be a posi-
tive damage to those who have a red clover
strain of bees? No wonder English sparrows
came up in the minds of two of the gentlemen
making replies. No, let us work to get ^pis
mellifica regularly instead of exceptionally to
work on red clover, and not run the risk of get-
ting AjjIs dorsnta here until we know for cer-
tain that we can make it work for the benefit
of its owner, and not to his detriment.

C. C. MllXER.

There are plenty of things we need at the
hands of the general government much more
than the imponatipn of ylpis dorsnta. If any
one wants these bees I doiint not that they can
be obtained from missionaries far more cheaply
than by sending «ome man desirous of a fat
government job after them.— Ed.]

ftUALITY OF COMB AND EXTRACTED HONEY
COMPARED.

IS THKKE ANY DIFFERENCE ? IF SO, WHY ?

By F. A. Sncll.

There is quite a difference in the views of
bee keepers upon this subject. Why this dif-
ference? It seems to me it must result largely
in the difference in management practiced by
the apiarists. Many claim that th« quality of
honey stored in new combs or in sections is of
better quality than that stored in old combs,
such as are used mostly for extracted honey,
while others as earnestly claim there is no dif-
ference. My experience has been that as good
honey can be secured in the extracted form.

stored in old combs, as in any other form; and
during some seasons, if anything it is better.

In ISitt and '96 our extracted honey was of
better body— that is, thicker and richer in flavor
than our comb honey. Other years there has
been no perceptible difference. Our comb honey
was well .sealed, but the honey was rather thin
or unripe the past two seasons from clover and
basswood. The combs on the extracting hives
were only partially capped. The honey was
left on the hives some time, which gave time
for thp moisture to be evaporated; thus it was
better ripened than our comb honey, which
must be removed soon after it is capped, to pre-
sent the best appearance and bring the highest
price in market.

My extracting combs are kept dry and sweet
when not in use. No pollen is stored in them,
nor brood, as I use a queen-excluder which
keeps the queen from these supers. In good
seasons I tier up. I first put on one super of
combs; and when thpse are nearly filled, and a
little capping done, I raise this super up and
put a set of empty combs under it, next to the
brood chamber, which gives the bees more
room. Storing is begun in the new super, and
the upper one is filled. Much of the honey be-
ing thus uncapped, it isripened more completely
even than when capped soon after being stored.
In a week or a little more the first supers are
emptied of well-ripened honey, as most of the
newly gathered honey has been stored in the
lower story.

If the honey-flow at this time continues good,
the emptied stories are put under the one put
on a week previously, and the work goes on,
and we shall have the (then) upper stories of
well-ripened honey to take off a few days or a
week later. All strong colonies are managed
as above described. Those not so strong are
run only two-story; but the honey is left on the
hives until of good quality. When taken off,
all our honey is stored in the honey-room, which
is a hot place, and air-dry.

In fine weather the screen-covered windows
are left open by day. Our extracted honey
is stored in open cans and barrels. With this
method we secure good honey if the flowers
yield. Of course, in past No. 1 seasons the
honey seems almost ripened when stored, and
need not be then left so long on the hives. Un-
fortunately we have had none of these since
1888. In 189.5 and "96 our fall honey was of bet-
ter body than that gathered during summer.

Mill, dgeville. 111.

[Whatever may be true of your extracted, the
average of extracted is not equal to the average
of the comb honey. There is one point that
you have not mentioned; namely, that in the
production of comb honey the bees begin to
store in shallow cells. As the honey is stored
the cells are increased in depth. Meanwhile,
the honey in these shallow cells is ripening as
it is stored, and more perfectly than if stored
in the deep cells (full depth) of extracting-

192

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE,

Mab. 15.

combs. The average consumer says comb
honey tastes better than extracted; and if there
is any difference it is due to the storage in the
shallow cells lo start with.— Ed.]

LOP-SIDED SECTIONS.

TWO OR ONE starter; a reply to dr. jhller.
By Q. C. Greiner.

In his strawy comments (I mean the com-
ments in his Straws) I am pleased to notice that
for once Dr. Miller agrees wirh the rest of us,
at least in so far that he does not lay the at-
tending trouble to oblong sections. But in ex-
plaining the cause by " weak colonies and poor
harvests," I believe the doctor is joking. Yes,
Dr. M., this is not the Eldorado of beekeeping;
we have occasionally weak colonies and poor
harvests, too, but no more lop-sided sections
when these conditions are prevailing than we
have when matters are more favorable. If col-
onies are too weak to work properly, what is
the object of letting them spoil what little they
do do? Why not unite, make one strong one of
two or three weak ones, and produce a desira-
ble, perfect article?

The bottom-starter theory may work with
Dr. M. to his entire satisfaction, but I hardly
think the extra work and expense of putting in
two starters instead of one would be a paying
investment with the majority of bee-keepers.
Years ago I experimented in that line to some
extent, but I could never see any great advan-
tage over the single-top starter.

In writing the sentence which Dr. Miller
quotes in Straws, I have probably been a little
too hasty, covering too much ground without a
sufBcient amount of backing. I have never ex-
amined unfinished sections for the sole purpose
of ascertaining the relative amount of drawn
cells and honey contained in the two sides. I
simply wrote from the impression which any
one receives from the glancing look with which
sections are handled when sorting and putting
them up for shipping.

Since Dr. Miller mentioned the lop-sidedness
of his sections, I have given a lot of unfinished
sections a thorough examination, and found
that my assertion made in the quoted sentence
in Straws is practically correct. This lot of
sections, six or seven 24-lb. shipping-crates, is
all I have left in the same shape it was when
taken from the hives, and is such honey as we
sort out for family use, home market, to give
away, etc. These sections range anywhere
from not quite finished to one-half to two-thirds
capped, and are just the right kind to have this
lop-sided work, if bees are inclined to do busi-
ness in that way. To be sure, if we count the
cells and measure the depth of honey they con-
tain, we can notice a slight variation on all of
them; but thevariation is almost always at the
very tip bottom end, so that the center of grav-

itation would not vary from the center of the
section more than a mere trifle, even if the
combs were not attached to the sides and could
swing back and forth, as when hung at the top
by hinges.
Naples, N. Y.

ANOTHER BEE-KEEPERS' UNION.

the duty of the hour.

By J. F. Mclntyre.

As I read the paragraph at the bottom of p.
129 in Gleanings for Feb. 15, 1 thought of the
article and footnote under this heading on p.
610, Gleanings for 1892. Please read them,
Mr. Editor, and tell us if you do not think that
much valuable time has been wasted, and a
great deal of foolishness indulged in, by bee-
keepers since these lines were written. Paul
said, "This one thing I do," and he made a
success of doing that one thing. Newman says,
" This one thing I do— defend persecuted bee-
keepers," and he makes a success of it. He
could not see his way clear to fight the glucose-
mixers, and make a success of it, and I do not
blame him for refusing to undertake the task.
I have a few dollars which I should like to
spend in prosecuting those men who are label-
ing glucose "Pure Honey," and spoiling my
market for the genuine article, and I know a
few other bee-keepers who have a dollar to
spend in this direction, and I propose that we
put our dollars together and authorize some
one who is interested in saving the bee-business
from destruction to spend them. I can see no
harm in forming a union for any purpose that
may be desirable to unite for, and not waste
time and energy in trying to get a union organ-
ized for another purpose, to change its purpose
and spend its money for something else. If I
put up a dollar to fight glucose I feel like say-
ing, " If you can't fight glucose with it, give it
back to me." I do not want it diverted from
its purpose, and used to fight Wheadon & Co.,
or carry on a lawsuit between two neighbors.
The more things a union can use its money for,
the less confidence people will have in it, be-
cause the manager may spend the money for
something that we have no interest in what-
ever.

Fillmore, Cal.

[I still honestly feel that one union could and
should do the work of the two; but now that
amalgamation is defeated we may be forced for
the present to have two unions— one for defsnse
and the other for fighting dishonest commission
houses and the adulteration evil. Of course,
there are many things I might say; but now
that the "war is over " 1 deem it both unwise
and unnecessary to say any thing further re-
lating to Mr. Newman's policies. The duty
of the hour is to beat our swords into plow-
shares, and begin work in harmony and
brotherly love. As you will notice in an-
other column, the new Union is laying its

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

plans to go to work; and it will be glad to
receive the names and the dollars of any who
are interested in the matter of fighting the
glucose evil; and while you and I may have
different opinions on these matters, we surely
can and will work in harmony in both Unions.
-Ed.1

CAN EXTRACTED-HONEY PRODUCERS AFFORD
TO BE HONEST T

A SIMPLE WAY TO DETECT GLUCOSE IN HONEY.

By Geo. L. Vinal.

Mr. Editor:— To illustrate why I chose this
subject, I will give a little of my experience in
the last two years— not but that I hope all
honey-producers are honest.

Last fall I sold some honey to a friend of
mine, one who ought to have known that I
would not sell any thing but straight goods (it
was extracted honey). About New -Years' day
I saw the parties, and they a^ked me what
made me mix so much sugar with the honey.
It was almost impossible for me to convince
them that it was not mixed.

Another case in a town about four miles from
here: I have sold honey to a grocer for four
years, put up in pint jars, labeled, etc. This
fall he bought at one time a gross, put up in
the jars, and at the same time he bought 335
lbs. of extracted in bulk and 100 lbs. of comb.
(I wish to state I had done quite a business .in
peddling in the town, and could generally sell
the second time.) As he was the principal
grocer, I did not go there to peddle, as he gave
me to understand that he was going to retail
the honey in the town. About two weeks ago I
went there and called at the store. nThe clerk
did not know me. I saw, arranged among my
labeled jars, jelly-tumbers and some pint jars,
unlabeled, filled with honey and a piece of
comb about an inch square in each, j I asked
the clerk (a lad about eighteen or nineteen

years old) where Mr. W was. He replied

he had gone to dinner. I talked about the
honey, sampled some of it in the tumblers, and
finally got the lad to say it was mixed with
syrup of some kind. When the proprietor came
in I asked him about it. At first he denied it;
but when I told him I knew it was mixed he
said, " Yes, it is about two-thirds corn syrup, or
glucose." He says it sells better. It does not
sugar, and people like it better, for they think
when it granulates it is mixed; and as long as
it stays liquid they think it is pure: and if they
want it that way why not let them have it?
He said, " I can make double the money that I
can to sell pure honey. "J

I asked him why he did not melt all of it.

His reply was, "There^are some people here
who have had your honey, and know that pure
honey will granulate, and will have no other.
That I keep to sell to my best customers, and

to use in my own family. I went to a confec-
tioner's, with whom I am acquainted, who is
making and selling honey caramels. I asked
him how much glucose he mixed with the honey
he sold. He said about one-third. I asked him
why he mixed it. His reply was, ' It does not
granulate; and, besides, it makes it cheaper,
and the people like it as well as or better than
the pure honey when it is sugared.' "

I thought 1 would see the opinion of the dif-
ferent experts. I got some glucose of him. He
said it was the very best quality made. I put
one-half good clover honey with it, and sent
out five samples to different experts, so called,
sending a stamped and directed envelope to
each, requesting them to give their opinion as
to what kind of honey it was.

No. 1 answered that, in his opinion, by the
taste, it was a fine sample of white-clover
honey.

No. 2 thought it was a good sample of bass-
wood and clover.

No. 3 thought It might be a mixture of some
kind of syrup and honey, probably glucose.

No. 4 said he thought it was clover and other
flowers mixed.

No. 5, whom I expected the least from, said
it was a mixture of glucose and honey, accord-
ing to Root's test.

Now, how is the general public to discrimi-
nate the pure from the adulterated ? Not one-
half of the people read the directions on the
bottles about liquefying the honey, or about its
granulating. I do not believe, Mr. Editor, all
that can be written in the bee-journals does
any good. Some able writers should write In
some of the daily papers, the agricultural pa-
pers, in the magazines, and in that way edu-
cate the masses, and thereby kill out the frauds.

Charlton City, Mass.

[It would seem that the policy of makine
public this article was somewhat questionable;
and yet 1 believe the readers to whom it goes
are just the very ones who should know the
facts, and thus be able to cope with the evil in
a proper and intelligent manner.

In the first place, it is evident that not all
the glucose-mixing is done by the large syrup-
nandlers and honey ('?)- houses of the cities.
Some confectioners know that, by adding glu-
cose, they can very materially increase their
profits— for a while at least; but after a little
they will find that their customers tire of such
insipid honey.

There are two kinds of glucose on the market
— the ordinary, tne metallic taste of which in
honey can be very readily detected by an ex-
pert. This glucose has a brassy and (to me) a
somewhat nauseating flavor; and from tests
which I made a few years ago I could detect
even 10 per cent of it in honey just by the mere
taste. Such goods will not sell long, for they
are too vile for the stomach of a hog. But
there is another kind of corn syrup, the very
finest, from which this brassy metallic taste
has been eliminated. It is this article, mixed
in honey, to which Mr. Vinal doubtless refers,
and which can not be readily detected by the
taste.

194

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mar. 15.

A tolerably sure means, and a very simple
one indeed, for determining the presence of
such glucose, is by what is known as the alco-
holic test, incorrectly called the Root test above,
but which in reality is a test that we obtained
from the Bie?ie?iw(fer (Bee-master), of Germany,
and which reads as follows:

Take a tiiblespoonful of the honey to be tested,
and pour it into a small bottle. Then add tliree
spoonfuls of alcohol, and shake the wliole tog-ether
thoroughly. In about a quarter of an hour thtre
will form in the bottle a cloudy, whitish sediment,
and from this one may be sure that the honey is
adulterated with glucose.

The directions above say shake; but a better
way is to stir it vigorously for some little time,
and then allow it to stand. In about fifteen
minutes it will look as if a very small quantity
of milk had been mixed with a little quantity of
water; that is, the mixture will have a bluish,
milky cast. While this alcoholic test does not
show the percentage of adulteration, it is very
reliable in showing the presence of the cheaper
article. In this State, at least, it is just as
much a violation of the law to put in a little
glucose as a large amount, without labeling it.
If there is any corn syl'up present at all, you
may be sure that the mixer would not stop short
of 50 per cent. If he is dishonest enough to
adulterate, he will make a job of it.

Now, I would suggest that bee-keepers buy
samples in their local groceries everywhere, of
jelly-tumblers containing the liquid stuff with
a piece of comb in it. Go to your drugstore and
get ten centx' worth of alcohol. Take the stuff
home and try the test. If it shows glucose, send
the label, detached from the tumbler, to us. If
it is not labeled, send the name and address of
the grocer handling it.

Although there may be such. I know of no
bee keeper or reliable honey-hou<e that puts
up pure honey in this shape. The piece of
comb is simply a cloak to cover up dishonesty.
The very fact that we have had repeated calls
for pieces of dry comb, from concerns whose
stationery shows they make a specially of syr-
ups, shows very plainly what the object is.

The heading at the top of Mr. V.'s article is
rather startling. I suppose friend V. put it
there for the very purpose of catching the eye;
but all our readers, or nearly ail of them, in-
cluding friend V., will conclude that the bee-
keeper can not afford to do otherwise than to
sell The pure product of the hive. You will no-
tice I put in a clause above, " nearly all." Per-
haps I should be justi6ed in striking it out en-
tirely. However, as there may be one or two
black sheep in our midst, and probably are, I
leave it in.— Ed. J

CHIPS FROM WOODCHOPPER.

THE USE OF BURR-COMBS.

Bees usually gnaw the cappings of sections
for several reasons. 1. Because they are scared
when they are disturbed, and proceed to get a
load of honey from the first that comes to the
touch. At such times they will cut the cap-
pings when there is plenty of unsealed honey
within half an inch of them. They seem dazed,
or get reckless. I have seen a black swarm
bite nearly all the cappings in the brood -cham-
ber during an examination, and it is expensive
business too; for thev never fix it up again, and
a few such scraps will use up a winter supply,

and unless there is a late flow they will have to
be fed, as I have found to my sorrow, some-
times, in requeening, when no honey was com-
ing in.

Another reason is, that they never leave the
sections and go back without as big a load as
they can manage to fly with; and unless this
is supplied in some other way they are obliged
to bite cappings to get it; and right here is
where the much-abused burr-comb does a good
turn if they are filled with honey, which, being
broken in removal, furnishes their load, and
starts them home much sooner than they would
otherwise go. I may add that, at any other
time, the burr-comb is a nuisance, although
bees will enter the sections sooner and work
better with them between the top -bars and the
super.

I know one man who had Langstroth hives
with light-top-bar frames which sagged half
an inch or more, and that space was filled with
combs which he never removed, but set the
surplus-receptacles directly on them with a
thin board bottom between to keep the combs
from being attached to the sections. He never
gave the bees any other attention than to put
them on at the beginning of the harvest, and
remove when full; and I have never seen a
whole apiary in my life that filled up as uni-
formly and in as good shape as that one did
year after year; but bees could not be handled
in that way if you ever wantei to know any
thing about their downstairs condition, for they
were as immovable as a box hive, but much
better for honey production. (Now, that chip
must be twice as large as the whole block.) If
that big cave had been located here for the last
two years there would be neither tons of honey
in it nor even pounds; and how do those fellows
know about the amount of lioney, any way, as
they say it can't be seen nor got at ?

BEEPARAUYSIS.

I've had quite a good many cases of it. Dr.
Miller, that did amount to something. I always
cure it, but it spoils the swarm for that season,
if it gets much of a start before it is attended to.

CURE.

Kill the queen and allow them to raise anoth-
er from the egg. Don't put in a cell or another
queen, buf let the brood get all out of the way
before another queen gets to laying. I never
had a hive affected again if treated that way.

BEE-SPACE AROUND END OF FRAMES.

Why. Dr. Miller, you are over thirty years
behindhand if you have just begun to use it.
It was the biggest nuisance in the whole busi-
ness—that is, to have the ends go down tight,
audit always made me out of patience to get
hold of such a hive. It's far worse than burr-
combs. I used nails for end-spacers once, but
discarded them years ago, and don't want any
kind now ; and if I wanted fixed frames I would

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

195

use uails in preference to any tbing else; but
I've no use for fixed frames either.

WHY DO I'LANTS YIELD HONEY SOMETIMES AND
SOMETIMES NOT?

Well, it is a disputed point, some thinking it
wants lots of electricity; out the poorest sea-
sons, and ihe most of them, with me, have been
just that kind of weather. Then others say,
dry and warm. Well, that is better for a little
while, but it's sure to cut the flow off by killing
the plants if it is very dry; besides, in my opin-
ion, drouth is very nearly always at the bottom
of the whole thing of honey failure. In an
experience of 37 years with bees I have never
had a good yield of honey in a season that fol-
lowed a very dry spell the year before; and I
never had a failure the next year after a wet
summer, no matter what the next year was —
hot or cool, wet or dry. Do you see the point ?
Some do, and some don't. Well, it is this: If
plants can have sufficient moisture all through
one season they will prepare for a good yield
the next year, and will give it unless something
kills them next year or they get winter-killed.
I have never seen it fail.

As to the theory of the condition of the at-
mosphere at the time of blooming, I don't be-
lieve ii makes much difference. Indeed, the
best yields of honey I ever got were in some of
the very worst atmospheric conditions possible.
I once had one week of great yield when it was
so cold and dry that it killed the clover in a
week, and killed all the field bees to get the
honey too. The sunshine was very bright every
day; but a cold northeast wind blew right off
Lake Erie. The clover belt was about a mile
from the lake, and about two miles from the
apiary (every thing nearer and on higher and
dryer land dried up without coming to bloom
at all); and the bees were obliged to face that
chilling wind to get there, and at the end of
one week there were no workers left, all having
perished except the younger ones not old enough
to work outside. The clover also perished
about the same time; but in that week the best
hive filled .50 1-lb. sections, and made a winter
supply, and the weaker ones got heavy for
winter. Trees are not so much affected as
plants, as they form their buds and get ready
for next year during the month of June, espe-
cially basswood, the buds of which are full
grown and all wood growth done usually by the
middle of the month; and although the latter
part of the season may be very dry, it does not
make much if any difference with plants like
buckwheat that grow and bloom all the same
year. I think the same conditions prevail, as I
never knew it to yield much honey unless it
could have moisture to make a good thrifty
growth up to the blooming period; but if stunt-
ed, and short of water when it was going up
to bloom there was little or no honey, no matter
how favorable the weather was during bloom.

I have had four good crops of honey in suc-
cession, every season of which had had lots of
rain; then that was followed by six years of
drouth, and not one of these gave any more
than enough to winter the bees; and since I
have been here we have had three dry seasons
followed by no honey the next year, and two
wet ones followed by good yields the next year.
This past summer was fairly wet, and I expect
honey next year any way, whether wet or dry,
unless it should be so dry that clover can not
grow at all, as it was two years ago.

BEE ESCAPES, ETC.

ANSWER TO MR. F. GREINER's INQUIRY, PAGE

83.

By S. A. Shuck.

It is one of the peculiar characteristics in the
natural instinct of our common bees not to de-
sert their home, by compulsion or otherwise,
without taking sufficient food with them to last
them two or three days. This is manifest in the
amount of honey taken from a hive by a swarm
just issuing; also, when bees ai'e drummed from
box hives in transferring; or in disturbing them
in any way so as to disorganize them from their
regular routine of business.

So pronounced is this peculiarity in their na-
ture that any disturbance of a hive that inter-
feres with the labor of its inmates seems to be-
get within them a fear that they are to be sum-
marily expelled from their home. The peculiar
individuality of different colonies of bees makes
this matter much more discernible in some col-
onies than in others, and is much more pro-
nounced in some races than in others. For in-
stance, the common black and Carniolan bees
are much more excitable and become disturbed
much easier than pure Italians. The former,
on becoming disturbed, do not look for open
cells from which to obtain a supply of food, but
in their excitement they tear open the cells
about them, take up a supply of honey with
manifest nervousness, and rush from the combs
in that pell-mell, hurry-scurry kind of way that
is so characteristic of those races, and which
make them so distasteful to the practical bee-
master.

Now, in answer to Mr. Greiner's question,
" Who can tell us why bees act so in one case
and not in another?" I wish to say that, when
the escapes are used in the height of the honey
season, the bees have all the honey in their sacs
they can conveniently care for; and when they
are disturbed by the insertion of an escape-
board, there is no occasion for their taking up
more honey; consequently the cappings are not
interfered with. But after the cessation of the
honey flow, and especially at the close of the
season, there are not only fewer open cells that
contain honey, but the bees have but little or

196

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mar. 15.

no honey in their sacs, so that, when they find
themselves cut off from the brood-chamber by
the insertion of an escape-board, they may per-
forate the cappings to obtain a supply of honey
to take with them. But, as stated above, there
is a great difference in the excitability of differ-
ent colonies; and while pure Italians will
usually pass out quietly without molesting the
honey, blacks, Carniolans, and their crosses are
liable to mutilate the cappings more or less late
in the season. And further: As the last bees
to leave supers are the ones that become most
excited over their more apparent isolation, it is
natural that they should mutilate the cappings
on the sections nearest the place of exit.

One of the leading features of rejoicing over
the introduction of a good, practical bee-escape
was the lessening of the damage to comb honey
by the bees perforating the cappings; for in the
old way of smoking and brushing off the bees
from sections, in many instances the cappings
were badly mutilated in spite of the bee-mas-
ter's efforts to prevent it. With the use of es-
capes, the bees do not become so alarmed; and
if the bee-master is up and doing in good time
there is but little excuse for complaint in this
direction.

Talent, Oregon.

FUEL FOR SMOKERS.

THE CORNEIL SMOKER ; SHAVINGS VS. STOVE-
WOOD; PRICES IN CALIFORNIA AND NEW
YORK; BRITISH markets; FOUL BROOD; HOR-
IZONTAL WIRING OF FRAMES.

By Wm. O. Hemes.

I have been testing your Cornell smoker, and
find it the equal of any other smoker in all
respects, except in price, and in that it is
superior, being less— a valued consideration in
these days of low prices for honey and only
occasional crops.

I notice you recommend burning hard wood
and shavings. Shavings are all right. Noth-
ing I have used suits me so well; but to burn
hard wood is better for the manufacturer of
smokers than for the bee-keeper, because the
great heat from the glowing coals of the wood
will burn out the smoker in half the time that
shavings, rags, punk, etc., will do. I find that
the fire-box and nozzle are the parts which first
give out; and I think that, if they were made
of heavy galvanized iron, the life of a smoker
would be longer.

At first I did not like the hinged nozzle, as I
found it very difficult to tip back when the
smoker was cold and tne creosote hardened;
but I find that, by tapping the nozzle lightly
with a bit of wood, where it fits over the tire-
box, it will readily open.

In the " Year-book of the Dept. of Agricul-
ture " for 1895, Secretary Morton, in his report,
has a few words to say in regard to the honey

market in England. He quotes "Thurber &
Whyland's white-sage honey," in one-pound
jars, as selling at 13.30 per dozen, or nearly 20
cts. per pound. " California, in original cans
(about 56 lbs.), per cwt. of 112 lbs., $9.60," or a
trifle over S}4 cts. per lb. As this honey was
purchased from the producers at an average of
about 4 cts., it can readily be seen tnat the
speculator made a good thing; but what, in our
Western vernacular, "breaks me all up," is
when I realize that Thurber & Whyland buy
my honey for 4 cents, put it into a quarter- cent
jug, and sell it for twenty cents. No wonder
they are multi-millionaires if they are in the
habit of making 400 per cent profit on every
thing.

It seems to me the British market is worth
investigation by our Exchange if we ever again
have a crop of honey to sell; and that jug
process, for multiplying by five the price of our
honey, gone through with at heme.

Secretary Morton further says: "Our agent
in England has had several inquiries as to the
honey market this year, especially from Texas,
and has supplied inquirers with names of im-
porters in England and with information as to
how to approach them, and this he will be
pleased to do for all inquirers." I should like
to request right here that, if any of these in-
quiring Texans made a shipment to England,
they tell through Gleanings what success they
met with.

The Secretary speaks of bee-keepers as
" honey - makers." I wish to inform him,
through the medium of this journal, that it is
not the bee-keepers who make honey, but New
York and Chicago merchants.

Foul brood seems to have been rather more
contagious the past season than usual. Api-
aries which had it several years ago, but whose
owners thought in 1895 they were rid of it, were
found the past spring to be badly infected
again. The foul-brood inspector, Mr. Hart,
was sent for, and he looked through all the
apiaries in this district, marking the diseased
hives; but I fear it does not do much good, as
he is not authorized to burn the hives, and the
owners often try to cure, which, if they are
inexperienced or careless, only results in spread-
ing the disease. Healthy districts are often
infected by the moving of a diseased apiary
into their midst. A desirable law would be
one preventing any person from moving bees
without first having them inspected and pro-
nounced free from foul brood. A similar law
is now in force in this State in regard to fruit-
trees.

Some years ago, when you published the
Keany method of wiring frames, I fixed about
one thousand in that way; but, as I found that,
when the foundation was drawn out in strong
colonies, it sagged and made a bad kink where
the wires crossed. I abandoned it for the hori-

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

197

zontal process, which I had used for a number
of years previously. There was one idea in
Keany's method, however, which was worth
retaining, and which I have retained, but
which I see by your circulars, you have not,
and that is the fastening of the wire to nails
bent in the shape of hooks instead of sewing
through holes in the end-bar. I find that,
when sewed, unless great care is taken when
scraping propolis from the frames, the wires
will be cut. and the work undone; and where
one has not machinery for making the holes it
will be found easier to drive and bend the nails
than to make holes with a punch. I do this
work on an anvil, as driving against something
solid enables me to sink the nailheads into the
wood. I use nails J^' inch longer than the
thickness of the end-bar. By a tap from the
hammer they are bent over, and, after the
wires are in place, another tap sinks the pro-
jecting points into the wood, and the wires are
a fixture.

[We very much prefer shavings in place of
stovewood; but some people have an idea that
a smoker is not good for much unless it will
burn stovewood. Our Cornell will burn hard
fuel as well as any.

It is a pretty big margin between the price of
your honey in California and the price as it is
about to leave New York. Would it not be well
for the California Exchange to seek to find its
own British markets rather than to pay some
one else a pretty big salvage for doing the same
business?

After we had tried the Keeney wiring for a
season we found the same difficulty you report.
We then took up horizontal wiring, and have
been using it ever since, and have as pretty a
lot of combs as you ever saw.— Ed.J

PETTIT'S SYSTEM OF TAKING COMB HONEY,
AGAIN.

HOW TO GET THE BEES TO FILL OUT THE OUT-
SIDE SECTIONS.

By S. T. Pettit.

I notice that you, on page 53, have mixed up
my system of taking comb honey with Mr. Dan-
zenbaker's system, and that you have come to
the conclusion that the results will be practic-
ally the same. But I think quite differently.
Mr. Danzenbaker's reversible bottom -board (I
wish you would let me say "floor" instead of
bottom-board) gives an entrance of one inch
high only, and the same elevation is kept up
all the way to the rear end of the hive. My
system gives an entrance 1% in. high, and the
bottom bars at the rear end are only ^ to X in.
from the floor.

Now, there are obvious reasons why the re-
sults will not be the same in the two systems.
Let us look at them for a moment. When the
bees come in from the fields a few times they
learn to realize pretty clearly that, with a l^i-
inch entrance, they can not reach the frames

near the entrance; a lower entrance would en-
courage them to keep on trying once in a while.
Then, again, when the rear ends of the frames
are within about % of an inch of the floor, the
bees are induced, or a |)art of them are, to go
right on until they can easily catch on to the
bottom-bars; so you see this places a lot of
them right away back where most needed, the
others going up the sides.

But with Mr. Danzenbaker's equal height
from the floor, all the way back, almost all the
bees would go up at the sides, or manage to
reach the frames some other way; they would
not go clear back; and the result would be a
greater or less neglect of the rear sections. But
in my system, the rear sections are equally well
cared for. And, further, I want the rear end
of the floor about an inch higher than the front
end. That position keeps out the water, and
helps the bees to keep their house clean.

Again, the section super should not be far
from level from front to rear. Well, now, we
see that the wedges fix these requirements just
right also. I may be allowed to point out that
there is less work in placing the wedges in po-
sition, and removing them, than there is in
reversing the floor twice.

Well, dear Ernest, I beg to say that footnote
is my excuse for these comparisons. I have no
axes to grind, and no desire to say an unkind
word against any one's hive. I believe that re-
versible floor is an advantage in giving more
roominess and more air, but at the same time I
am persuaded that there is a more excellent
way. It appears to me just now that so much
has been said about the lower arrangements of
the hive that there is danger of losing sight of
the important feature of giving two bee-spaces
at the sides of the supers. S. T. Pettit.

Belmont, Ont., Can., Jan. 23.

[I did not mean to convey the impression
that your system and Danzenbaker's were iden-
tically the same, but I am glad for your further
statement in the matter, for it will leave the
subject, I am sure, in such shape that there can
be no further possible misunderstanding. Mr.
Pettit is a careful bee-keeper, and our readers
will do well to try his plan.— Ed.]

WOLF-HUNTING.

interesting REMINISCENCES OF A BEE-MAN.

By E. France.

After living on the frontier in Iowa, trapping
and hunting 6 years, I came to Grant Co., Wis.
I found pretty good trapping here, so I went at
my old tricks again. Beaver were gone, but
there were some otter, coon, mink, rats; some
wildcats and wolves were quite common. A
few years after I came here the county put a
boanty of ?4.00 on the wolf. Then the county
raised the bounty to ?8.00 to kill a wolf; then
the State put on a bounty of $10.00 for wolves,

198

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mar 15

and ?10.00 for wildcats. That year I killed 38
wolves and ten cats. The next year the county
dropped the bounty to $5.00; the State also
dropped the bounty to ?5.00, providing the
county paid five; if the county paid no bounty,
then the State paid nothing; so in my county
the boimties amounted to .f 10.00 for young or
old; so I went to hunting young wolves. I
found that a different job from what it was to
trap old ones.

There were about 40 days, commencing April
5th, when the litter of young ones would be
likely to be found together, and could be captur-
ed in a bunch. The average litter was about
six. For several years I caught from 22 to 40,
average about 30, most of them young. But
sometimes the old one would be in a den of
rocks with the young ones, and she would be
very likely to make it lively for the hunter
to get them out. Very few haa their young in
dens. They would more often be found in a
thicket of brush or a hollow log, orin the grass,
strawstacks, or almost any place, like a litter of
pigs. But I found several litters in rock dens.

I had a hard fight with one in a den once. I
found them just at night, about sundown. I
stopped up the hole, or entrance, of the den, so
the old wolf would not move the pups, as she
would be very likely to do if she found that
some man had been there. After stopping up
the hole I went off to a farmhouse to get some
supper. After supper I went back to watch the
den until daylight the next morning. Two
farmer boys went with me. They said they
would stay all night, but they got cold and
went home at two o'clock. I stayed. There
was a little cave up the hill, about 15 rods
away, where I could keep out of the wind. I
stayed there most of the time. About once an
hour I heard something stepping around, and
would hear little stones rolling down the steep
side hill. I supposed it was the mother wolf,
and I was afraid she would dig the young ones
out and carry them off. So I would go to the
den, and feel to see that the hole was stopoed
up yet. At such times I would listen at the
den, and could hear the pups whimpering.

When it came daylight I went to work en-
larging the hole so I could crawl in. I worked
about two hours with a hoe that I was work-
ing with. It was dark in there, as I made the
hole only large enough for me to crawl in, my
body nearly filling the drift that I made.
When I got to the end of the den I pulled one
of the pups to me with the hoe. I took it out
and killed it, then went back for more. I
hauled another one to me, took it by the leg,
and then hauled another one to me; but in get-
ting it so I could reach it with my hand I hurt
it with my hoe, and it cried out. Then in an
instant I found out that the mother was at
home. She came for me; but the hole was
pretty small, and I kept pounding back with

the hoe; but she gained on me until I had the
hoe by the ferrule, just at the neck of the hoe,
and the wolf biting the blade of the hoe. I felt
her hot tongue on my fingers. 1 kept chopping
down on her toes and nose so fast that she gave
up the fight and went back to the nest again.
Then I crawled out, with the two pups that I
was holding with my other hand. Then I
walled up the den again, and made ready to get
the " old gal " out. I had a set of tools of my
own make— the head of a carpenter's brace,
with a hoe-socket welded on so that I could
fasten a pole to it. I had some spears, hooks,
twisters, etc., I could put in one at a time, the
same as we use carpenter's bits. I cut a handle
for my tools, and put in a long ugly-looking
spear. I lighted a candle (I always carried a
candle), then opened the den and went in with
my spear in one hand and candle in the other.
Mrs. Wolf was waiting for me, with her head
toward me. I instantly speared her in the
throat, killing her the first jab. I drew her out,
and then got out the rest of the young ones. A
spear is better than a gun for that work, as the
gun fills the den with smoke; and, if you don't
make a dead shot, you are in danger. With a
spear there is no smoke; and if the first jab
doesn't kill, you are pretty sure to have the
spear anchored in the beast strong enough to
hold the animal away.

ONE MORE DANGER.

I was hunting one spring along the Mississip-
pi River bluffs for young wolves. I found a
place where I was pretty sure there was a lit-
ter. About 150 feet up a perpendicular bluff of
rocks there was a narrow shelf of rock about
two feet wide the most of the way But there
was a part of the way where the shelf was only
a foot wide. The rocks above hung over the
shelf, so ihat one could not stand up; in fact,
I lay down and crept along the shelf for
50 feet or more. At the further end of the
shelf the space widened out and formed a cave
under the overhanging rock, big enough for a
a good-sized bed-room. In there lay seven
young wolves — seventy dollars' worth— too
young to fight or run away; old one not at
home. I killed and scalped the pups, and the
next thing was to get back safely. When I
looked back over that narrow shelf of rock,
and the ragged pile of rocks 1,50 feet below, I
would gladly have given up the seventy dollars'
bounty to be safely out of there. But the only
way was to go back the way that I came.
True, I had gone over the place once, and could
I not go back just as easily? In going over
the shelf to get there, at the narrowest place
there was a rock in the shelf that projected out
a little further than the rest of the shelf. After
I had got my body past I put my foot against
that rock to push myself along. I broke it off
and it fell below. That lessened my safety in
going back. I took a good rest, took off my coat

(iLEANINUS IN BEE CULTURE.

190

and dropped it over iho fall, and dropped my
halchet. and started back. I got back by hard
work. Then I sat down and rested for an hour
before I went down to get my coat and hatchet,
and 1 pro iilsed myself that 1 would not go
there again.
Platteville. Wis.

YOUNG'S CHAFF HIVE.

By J. M. Young.

If'you were to step into our workshop or api-
ary to-day you would see a lot of hives very
much in appearance like the small one I send
you by this m-dil. It will explain itself, and the
manner of construction will show to you what
we have been using to winter our bees in for a
period of fifteen years. At one time we had
quite a number of colonies in these hives; and
from what experience we have had in using
them we have met with excellent success, the
per cent of loss being very small, usually, when
the bees were in the proper condition for win-
tering.

The model will show that the lower story is
packed with chaff only; and the upper story,
being single-walled, can be removed by the op-
erator when handling the brood-frames in the
lower part of the hive.

The upper story contains frames also, but
they hang at right angles to those below. This
removing of the upper story in order to get at
the lower part is one special feature in making
and using chaff hives nowadays, and is one ap-
preciated by practical apiarists. The constant
use of this hive by us ever since its introduction
alongside of the new dovetailed, has clearly
proven that it is not far behind the single-walled
hives in manipulation, from the fact we use it
every summer, one as much as the other. The
outside dimensions are about 20x22, and 21
inches deep. We use the improved Hoffman
frame, size ^%xll%, and any of the single-walled
hive furniture is interchangeable with the chaff

hives, or vice versa. It can be made for 10 or 8
frame size, as the apiarist may desire, without
changing the dimensions, outside measure, by
simply making the inside box of the lower story
to suit the number of frames desired.

The 8 frame t-ize has three inches of dead-air
space for packing at the sides, while there is
only about one-half inch at the ends. It has
been our experience that this amount of dead-
air space is sufficient to obtain good results;
and wider than this is really not necessary. We
think this space should by all means be filled
with soMiethlntr. We find that dry, loose chaff
is more suitable than any thing else that we
have tried.

Any size of honey-case or super can be used
in this hive, or any width; the new dovetailed-
hive super can also be set in or tiered up as may
be desired, or, if preferred by the apiarist, a reg-
ular 8 frame hive body, with wide frames, may
be used in the upper story.

All our chaff hives are furnished with the
gable cover, this style suiting us the best.
They are about 2 inches deep at the sides, and
a sheet of tarred paper is placed under the roof-
boards to save leaking, should the lumber be
wind shaken or split. Three-quarter-inch holes
are bored in the ends of the gables, giving plen ty
of ventilation when wintering. Of course, the
Higginsville cover may be used, according to
the wishes of the bee-keeper; but we
prefer a cover that will fit over the out-
side of the hive, telescope fashion; then
there will be no chance for the weather
to beat in and wet the chaff cushions
or packing.

The bottoms of all our chaff hives are
stationary, and nailed on, with tarred
paper placed under the boards.

When the time comes to prepare the
bees for winter there are always colo-
nies in the single-walled hives that
want to be packed in chaff. Well,
it is not necessary to have any outside winter-
case, as is usually recommended, to set over
single-walled hives, but just take an empty
chaff hive (we always have plenty left over
after swarming), remove therefrom all the
frames, and fill up the lower story with chaff
or leaves. Next remove the top and bottom
frames of the single-walled hive that contains
your colony to be fixed for winter, and then set
it inside of the upper story of the chaff hive,
and pack all around with your packing ma-
terial. Of course, your single-walled hive must
rest on strips to enable the bees to work out at
the upper entrance, as shown in the small hive
sent as a sample.

Another special feature of this hive is that of
having an entrance at both ends, so that two
small or weak colonies may be wintered in the
same hive with only a division-board between
them. Two colonies in one hive will use less

200

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mar. 15.

honey, retain the heat, and winter better than
if placed in separate hives. Again, in rearing
queens these same large chaff-packed hives af-
ford ample protection to the nursing bees in
cold, bad, rainy weather. Such bees must have
protection in some way to insure the hatching
of the young queens. Thus, in case of an emer-
gency, these hives can be used, or will answer
to almost any purpose that comes up in the api-
ary.

In using single-walled hives during the sum-
mer they should be made with square joints;
but in using chaff hives we want them made
with rabbets or laps, so that there will be no
possibility of the weather beating in and wet-
ting the chaff cushions or the bees. In summer
the square joints in hives, if broken loose, will
be fastened up again by the bees, while in win-
ter they will not be.

It looks very reasonable that chaff hives made
with square joints are a grand mistake, and
will endanger the life of the colony by allowing
the wind and rain to drive in. It will be no-
ticed that all our chaff hives are made to pre-
vent this by cutting a rabbet or lap clear around
the hive, where the two stories come together,
one-half inch deep and seven-sixteenths inch
wide, the cover telescoping over the hive one-
half inch, thereby leaving no chance for the
water to get in.

The hives are all made of good average pine
lumber, thoroughly seasoned and dry. The
boards are all cut off square, and nailed under
the old-fashioned way, depending merely on the
strength of the nails in holding the hives to-
gether.

The manner of dovetailing the hives together
is one grand improvement recently made in the
construction of hives, and will be recognized by
all practical bee-keepers; but it takes special
machinery — something that all wood- workers
do not have.

In conclusion, we don't want it understood
that this hive will winter bees every winter
without some loss; but we believe that (and
our experience has proven this) if bees are in
proper condition they will winter as well in
this hive as in any chaff hive now made; but
the special feature of ihis hive is in summer
management, and the advantages it possesses
over other hives of its kind.

Plattsmouth, Neb.

■ANSWERS TO

BY G.M.D0O1.ITTLE.B0RODINO.N.Y.

PLANTING FOR HONEY.

Question.— 1 wish to sow or plant something
that will bloom about the time white clover
fails. What is likely to pay best for honey

alone, or for honey and some crop of fruit or
seeds?

Answer.— This question covers the ground of
much discussion which has come about during
the past; and I believe that the conclusion
come to by nearly all practical bee-keepers is,
that it does not pay to plant good land with
any seed or plants for a crop of honey aloae.
Where waste places maybe utilized, or some-
thing which will produce much honey be made
to take the place of weeds, burdocks, or briers,
then the planting for honey may be beneficial,
not only to the bee-keeper, but to all others, as
something of value to some one takes the place
of that which is of value to no one, and that
which is often worse than of no value, for the
scattering of seeds from these waste places is
often a nuisance to those who live where the
winter's drifting snows may carry the seeds of
noxious weeds far and wide.

If I were to think of planting for honey alone.
I can think of nothing better than melilot, or
sweet clover; for with us this plant commences
to bloom at about the time white clover begins
to fail, and continues to bloom from then to
frost, to a greater or less extent. Some say
that stock can be taught to eat melilot, in
which case it becomes a valuable forage-plant,
and pays better than almost any other forage-
plant, aside from its honey-producing qualities;
but, so far as I know, no| animal will touchj;it
in this locality.;^

zAlsike clover is one of the best plants for
both honey and^hay; and ;for [quick returns
there is probably nothing better, taking every
thing into consideration, than is this clover.
But unless precaution is taken it will bloom at
the same time white clover does; hence it is of
less value than it would be, so far as honey is
concerned, could it begin to bloom at about the
time white clover failed. But it can be made
to bloom at the time wanted by turning stock
on it, letting them keep it eaten down short till
about two weeks before you wish the bloom to
commence, when it will give a good crop of
blossoms and hay. though not quite as large a
crop as it would if it could have had its own
way.

If the questioner is young in years, and has
patience to wait, I would advise him to plant
basswood. In the list of honey-producing trees
and plants it stands first in bountiful yields;
and in the fine flavor and beautiful quality of
the honey produced, it is second to none, while
the day is coming when any thing in the way
of basswood lumber will sell at a price that will
make it profitable to the one who can furnish
any lumber of that name. Fifty years from
now this grand tree will have practically ceas-
ed to exist in our forests, and be little known
save as it is planted by enterprising persons, or
exists in some gorges or out-of-the-way places
not easy of access. Where there were fifty trees

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

201

in this section in my boyhood days of thirty-five
years ago, there is hardly one now; and the few
that are left are of the " second growth," or so
crooked and scrubby as to be of little value for
lumber.

To orolong the season so as to have honey in
August, I would advise sowing buckwheat.
The honey it produces is not of so great value
as the white honeys, yet it comes at a time
when it helps the bees in building up for win-
ter, and brings a price in market that will pay
for the labor expended, while the grain will
amply pay for the whole raising of the crop, so
that all that is secured by the bees and their
keeper is clear gain.

REPLACING QUEENS.

Question. — Is it best to change queens that
are three years old? I have some that were
just as good layers as ever last fall, in my
strongest colonies; but I am told that I should
change them in the spring, as they will fall to
give good results next season. How long do
queens live?

Answer. — Best queens live to be four, five,
and six years old; but the average life of queens
is about three and a half years. The length of
a queen's life, other things being equal, depends
upon the tax that is put upon her egg-laying
powers, and under our modern management
queens do not average so long-lived as they did
in box-hive days. I do not think that the ques-
tion of age, however, should be considered in
the matter of changing queens, except so far as
it may be taken as a sort of rule to judge of
when they will be apt to fail. I would not re-
place a queen so long as she lays up to her full
average, especially in the spring, for early spring
is a time when any queen that is of any value
can supply all the eggs that her colony can care
for and bring to perfection. A change at this
time results in a loss of bees at just the time
when each bee is of the greatest value to push
forward the rearing of others for the honey-
harvest; hence if queens must be changed I
would advise waiting till about 20 days before
the honey harvest; for the loss of eggs usually
sustained through a change of queens will then
be no loss at all, as they would produce bees
that would arrive on the stage of action after
the honey harvest is past, only to become con-
sumers instead of producers.

As to the changing of queens, I pay very lit-
tle attention to the matter where the colonies
are working for honey instead of queen-rear-
ing, for I find that nineteen colonies out of
twenty will supersede their own queens as soon
as they need changing; therefore it is a waste
of time for me to be worrying about this mat-
ter, keeping track of the ages of all queens, etc.,
when the bees will look after the matter at the
proper time. The bees will attend to this
changing, and make fewer mistakes than you
are likely to make, no matter how careful and

wise you may be. Now, if any think Doolittle
wrong in this matter, let them set apart a cer-
tain number of colonies to try each way, and a
term of years will tell you which will pay you
the better.

J. B.. Fa.— The Langdon device did not prove
to be a ?uccess, and was abandoned as not ac-
complishing the desired end. As to whether
the bees fought when thrown together, I don't
believe there was any trouble along this line.

J. B., Midi.— A good deal depends upon your
climate as to when you should take the bees
out. Better a little late than too early. Better
wait till about the middle of April or first part
of May. The usual rule is when soft maples
come into bloom.

E. A. C, TT'is.— An absconding swarm may
go anywhere from a few feet to several miles.
Usually they go to the woods, from one-half to
a whole mile from the point of starting. For
further particulars see "Absconding Bees," in
our A B C of Bee Culture.

A. R. W.. N. I".— 1. As a general rule, bees fill
the lower part of the hive or brood-nest full of
honey before they go up into the supers. 2.
Some bee-keepers have two entrances, especial-
ly if the hive is a tall one; but usually one is
enough, providing it is large. 3. About 25 lbs.
of sealed stores is required for a colony in a 10-
frame Langstroth hive.

J. M. C, Ala.— The item in regard to glucose
seems to be written by some one interested in
the glucose industry. Even assuming tnat it is
harmless, it has very little if any sweetening
power, and is almost invariably used for fraud
—that is, to piece out honey and other sweets.
It is never sold under its real name, unadulter-
ated, to consumers. Many of the statements in
it are absolutely untrue. A few years ago the
writer tasted glucose adulterated in various
mixtures of honey; also tasted liberally of the
pure glucose itself, and he had quiteaslck spell
after it.

G. B., N. y^.— It is not advisable to feed syrup
during mid-winter. Better give them a mix-
ture of powdered sugar and honey kneaded into
a stiff dough. The probabilities are, your bees
do not require any feeding all. The course you
are pursuing tends to stimulate them unneces-
sarily, and will be more likely to kill them than
to save them. If they have stores in combs,
better let them alone and keep them as quiet as
possible. The only information we can give
you on the subject of winter feeding is that
contained under " Wintering," in our A B C of
Bee Culture.

202

(iLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mak. 15.

RLD A^DElt>50]S huiriedly diew on h
^-^ clothing while stepping fiom his. cabin,
and saw, on the terrace below, Alfaretta dress-
ed in white as he had seen her many times at
her home. She was attended by two of the old-
er squaws from the rancheria.

" How on earth did she get here?" said Fred,
in an undertone.

In order to answer Fred's qiiestion, let us re-
turn to the Boell home, sixty miles away. Af-
ter Matt Hogan had so hurriedly left the Buell
wharf, as narrated in a previous chapter, Mr.
Buell returned to the house, and, in company
with Alfaretta, cared for the pony which Matt
had left picketed near the hedge. Alfaretta
petted and praised the pony in her demonstra-
tive way, insisting meanwhile that it was a jack
mermaid, and Jack it was thereafter called.

"How strange," said Prof. Buell to his wife,
"that Ralph Hayden should turn up so near to
us, and that, too, when we thought him dead!
It must be nearly fifteen years ago that news
came of his death in South America; but, my
dear, 1 feel it my duty to hunt this man up; and,
indeed, if it is our old friend and kinsman we
have some things to explain and some things to
regret."

" I suppose," said Mrs. Buell, " the regrets are
over our change of name. The doctor may
think it was done for purposes of dfception.
The thought of it, and of Alfaretta's condition,
quite unnerved me when Matt delivered his
message."

"Yes, my dear," said Prof. Buell. " now that
you have opened the subject upon which we
have been silent for years, I will say that I have
many times regretted the chang . Bull is a
good enough name for any family. My ances-
tors all lived under it, and were proud of the
name; and I have proved weak and recreant to
the pride of my sires."

"This is at too late a date," said Mrs. Buell,
"to repine over the past; the change is so slight
that it does not worry me, and you know I never
did like the name Bull."

"Yes," said Prof. Buell, reflectively, "but I
remember you kept it to yourself until after we
were married."

"Did I? Did I?" said Mrs. Buell. "How
did it compare with my beautiful name, Valen-
tine?"

" I know," said the professor, " that compar-

l^on^ are j-ometimes made odious. I know that
Valentine is a pretty name, but you appeared
real glad, and so did your family, to have it
changed to Bull."

"Oh me! oh me!" said Mrs. Buell, hysterical-
ly, " and I must take all the blame, all of it. I,
a poor weak woman, must bear it;" and she
rested her face upon her hands, and sobbed
aloud.

" There— there, my dear," said Prof. Buell,
softened by the sight of tears, " I think we had
belter drop this subject; let it remain buried
again as long as it has been in the past. In the
morning I will row up to Ghering's and find out
from Malt where ihis Dr. Hayden lives. We
may find another man. and all of these circum-
stances a mere coincidence;" and Prof. Buell
stepped out of the house and shouted for Gimp,
who was helping about the ranch for a few days.
As no reply came In his repeated calls, he asked
Alfaretta, who just then came up the walk, as
to his whereabouts.

' Oh! Gimpy— why, pa, he is out by the river
trying to change a sitting hen into a mermaid;"
and then she laughed wildly.

"Goodness!" said the professor, as he started
for the place indicated.

Just over the bank he saw Gimp, with a di-
lapidated-looking hen in his hands, ducking her
head under the water, then holding her up; and
while the poor hen gasped for breath he would
shout earnestly, " Now, darn ye, set, will ye?
darn ye ! I'll learn ye to hogsnoggle the hul
nest— darn— "

•• Why, Gimp, what are you doing with that
lien? ' shouted Mr. Buell.

"Darn her, she'll set," said Gimp; "but I'll
take it outen her." and the hen's head went into
the water again with a "darn ye, set. will ye?"

"Here, Gimp." said Mr. Buell, "bring that
hen right up here. Why, you've almost drown-
ed hnr now."

"Yes, pa," said Alfaretta, "she's almost a
mermaid."

" But that's the way mom allers cures a set-
tin' hen," said Gimp. " Mom says yer can't
drown a settin' hen. She ort t' had another
dose; but I reckon she'd be tentified now to lay
eggs, and not set."

" Well, Gimp, let the hen go; we will take
your word for it, that she will .not sit. Now I
want you to mount Jack and trot down to the

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

203

postoffice. Those Italian queens I sent for must
have arrived in the last mail."

" Wa', I reckon so tu," said Gimp; " this'l! be
the third trip I've made, and mom says three
times and out."

With a few divisions and a few colonies from
the trees, Mr. Buell had made a respectable in-
crease of his little apiary, and now the queen
phase of bee-keeping was upon his mind; and

upon Gimp's return this evening he was marie
happy by the safe arrival of three beautiful
golden Italian queens.

The queens in their neat little cages, with the
worker bees as escort, were examined with deep
interest by the entire family, and Mr. Buell
carefully studied the instructions for safely in-
troducing the queen to a colony of bees. He
was but a novice in bee culture; but the advanc-
es in bee-management in the last few years,
and the plain instructions that accompany
every phase of it. makes the attentive novice
equal to any emergency, and the professor pro-
ceeded confidently, the next morning, to intro-
duce his queens. Oq(fe of the colonies was already
queenless; and to this colony was due the queen
movement on the part of the professor. When one
colony greatly needs improvement, there are
others that can be benefited. It required but
little manipulation to place the cage containing
a queen into the queenless colony, and leaving
it so that the bees could release the royal occu-
pant.

The next two colonies that needed improve-
ment were black bees; and in the search for
the black queens, as frame after frame was re-
moved. Gimp saved Mr. Buell much time in the
search, for it was his sharp eyes that found the
queen in both instances. His training with
Fred Anderson had not been without good re-
sults In various directions, and especially in the
management of bees.

" Now, Gimp," said Mr. Buell, when the black

queen had been caught, " what shall we do with
her?"

"Do jes as Fred did with his old queens —
pinch thur heads off."

"These queens look so nice, though black, I
do not like to kill them," replied Mr. Buell,
musingly. " Here, Gimp, just skip over to the
shop and get a couple of those old queen-cages
that Fred left here."

"That's fine," said Mr. Buell, upon Gimp's
return. "We will now save these queens and
take them up to Matt Hogan; he may need
them."

"That are so," said Gimp, slowly; "and ef
you give Matt the queens, mebby he will give
you suthin'. Wish he'd give us his shotgun."

" Why, Gimp Dawson, "said Mr. Buell, in evi-
dent surprise; and then, said he, impressively,
" Gimp, you should not Jook upon a gift in that
selfish way. It. is our duty to help our neigh-
bor in every way we can; but when we help
that neighbor we shou'd not expect to receive
any thing in return. Why, my dear boy, if I
expected Matt Hogan to give me any thing in
return for the queens it would destroy much of
the pleasure I have in making the little gift."

"That must be <o. seein' you say it," said
Gimp, in a hesitating tone; " but dad alius said
real good folks never got rich; they was jest re-
spectable; but dad was a curus man."

"Yes," said Prof. Buell, in a musing way,
" jusi respectable; and in that way many a poor
man is rich and many a rich man poor. Oh how
mistaken is the world resppctiiig riches! Sordid
wealth has its pleasures for a day. The wealth
of a day well spent, of helpful deeds, are eter-
nity's jewels.

"How far that little candle throws its beams,
So shines a g-ood deed in a naughty world.

"Yes "(and as he said it Prof. Buell's hand
was laid gently upon Gimp's shoulder), "you
should learn from the good book that 'a good
name is rather to be chosen than great riches,
and loving favor rather than silver and gold.'
My dear boy, remember it." The queen intro-
duction had been completed. Gimp was now
directed to get the boat in readiness, and soon
the professor and Gimp were rowing toward
the Ghering ranch.

From Prof. Buell's personal knowledge of an
enthusiastic lover of the honey-bee, he expected
that, after so many weeks' absence from his
pets. Matt Hogan would be examining his bees;
and, as he fully anticipated, so he found Matt
in his apiary.

" Well, Matt, how do you find them?" said
Prof. Buell, as Gimp and himself adjusted their
bee-veils and approached the hives.

"Sure, and they are doin' as will as can be
expected of thim, seein' the ap'ry has had no
father to it for so many days. The corner hive
over there was undermined by the badgers, and
it was cocked upsidewise. likeauldTim Brady's

•304

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mar.15.

hat. The skunks have been scramblin' in front
of some; covers were awry, and the waads
choked the front and the raar of the rist of
them; and I am sorry, professor, to find three of
me hives where they are all poor motherless
children. There's no quaans,and the dear little
baas are as lonesome as— as — I am widout me
Biddy Malony."

" Well, Matt, I am pleased to be able to make
glad the poor motherless children in two of those
hives. I have been introducing Italian queens
to some of my colonies, and here are two black
queens. I did not like to kill them, and thought
possibly you could use them, and surely you
can."

Then Prof. Buell handed the cages to Matt,
who was much surprised and gratified over the
opportune gift; and with much gusto he said,
"Prof. Buell, it's mesilf that'd be after putting
yees name wid the saints. Nobody but yeersilf
would think of helping a poor fellow loike me;
but, professor, it seems yees are always think-
ing kindly of yees neighbors."

"There, there. Malt; let me help you intro-
duce the queens," said Prof. Buell, by way of an
interrupiion to Matt's grateful expressions.
When the work had been accomplished they
sat down upon some empty bee-hives, and Prof.
Buell said: "Matt, I came up here to ask you
about this Dr. Hayden you spoke of yesterday.
Where does he live?"

"Sure, I am not knowing where, professor.
He said he lived in the mountains; and as to its
bein' the Sary Nevada, the Coast Range, or to-
ward ould Shasta, it's a sacret he held fasht to."

"Rather indefinite," said Prof. Buell, "but
did Fred go off with this doctor, not knowing
where he was going to?"

" I think he did, sur, and its yeersilf that
wouldn't question the doctor, for he is that
kind, like yeersilf, professor. Its mesilf that'd
not be flathering yees, but I'm thinking there's
a family resimblance between yees."

"Possibly," said Prof. Buell; •'I Knew a doc-
tor Hayden many years ago; in fact, I had a
cousin bearing that name, and I would go a
long journey to find this doctor. Peradventure
he might be the same."

"An' sure it wasFrid and mesilf that mention-
ed yeer name furninst the doctor, and he said
neither aye or nay to it. He ounly said it would
sound better if the name was Bull— plain Bull."

The color of the professor's face heightened,
and in a nervous way he arose suddenly from the
hive upon which he was sitting and said, "Well,
Matt, I hope you will have the best of success
with your bees. We will not have Fred Ander-
son to give us instructions, so we must compare
notes often, and instruct each other. Hello,
Gimp! we must pull for home."

When the two disappeared over the river
bluff. Matt Hogan, with hands in his pockets
and eyes bent upon the ground, was evidently

struggling with a perplexing problem. Finally,
in an undertone which increased in intensity,
he said, "To me own thinking, there's somethin'
mysterious about this whole business. If I says
Adrietta, up go their hands in amazement. If
I says Hayden, oft" goes Mrs. Buell in a swoon;
and to-day it's Bull that stirs the professor off
his seat, off home, and red in the face. Now, be
gorry, I believe I'll shout calf to meesilf, and
run to cover in the chapparal."

"patent process foundation."
Mr. Hutchinson publishes an item that ap-
parently gives an unfavorable showing to the
new Weed foundation. In his introductory he
says: "They have been experimenting with dif-
ferent brands of foundation over at the experi-
ment station in Canada." Then he gives two
paragraphs from a report that goes to show
that the " patent-process " foundation gave the
poorest results of any of the samples tested.
The time this report was made (I think it was
in 1894) was before Mr. Weed conceived the idea
of making sheeted wax by his present plan.
The article designated as "Patent Process"
was not the same as is now made, and which
has received the universal indorsement, both of
experiment stations and private individuals.
The experiment in question was, according to
the experimenter, conducted late in the season,
and the results were not, therefore, satisfactory.

FACTS AND FANCIES ABOUT THE NEW DEEP-
CELL-WALL, foundation.
Mr. Leahy, of the Progressive Beekeeper,
says that the putting of this article upon the
market, to " accumulate w%alth, and prostitute
the teachings of the Bible," is " adulterating
that which is spoken of as sweeter than honey;"
that " they say it contains no more wax than
the thinnest foundation." If Mr. Leahy will
show us where we have claimed it was as light I
shall be greatly obliged; but I have said we
hoped we might make it— that we had not yet.
Again, he says: " I have before me a sample of
this luscious foundation, the side walls of which
are J< inch from the base. I have also a piece
of thin and extra thin foundation.' Then he
goes on to show how by weight the foundation
weighs less than half the " artificial comb," as
he calls it. and then adds, "It is also claimed
that this will be no more expensive than comb
foundation. This looks fishy to me." I never
said this. I stated distinctly, when we put out
these samples (see p. 80), that they were heavi-

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

205

er than we expected to make in the future; and
later on (page 129) I stated that the walls were
nearly three times as heavy as cell-walls of
natural comb, but that bees would thin it down
and make it as thin as the natural. Further
on, Mr. Leahy believes the product will sound
the death-knell of comb honey; that there is no
advantage in the new article except to the
manufacturers. In the first instance I have
shown that Mr. Leahy has set up a man of
straw, and, of course, knocked it over. In the
second instance he has put forth fancy rather
than fact. Practically the same claim was
made in regard to foundation, and yet the foun-
dation business has not hurt the honey business,
but has been of great benefit to it.

In the same issue of the Progressive Bee-
heeper, Mr. Doolittle editorially speaks in high
praise of the new article, and winds up by say-
ing: "Nor do I believe the Roots will risk their
reputation on any thing which will injure the
honey markets by pushing it to the front," and
Mr. Hutchinson in the Bee Journal gives ex-
pression to the same sentiment.

In the^merica?i Bee Journal friend Bing-
ham says of the new product: "Allow me to
enter a protest against more wax in comb hon-
ey." Mr. Bingham had probably not seen what
we published on p. 129, wherein we stated clear-
ly that our object in the new product was to get
Jess wax in comb honey. I don't believe he
meant to accuse us of trying to do things that
we are not ; and further on Mr. Bingham says:
" No one can blame the mixers for mixing low-
grade honey; neither can they be blamed for
buying drawn combs to put in bottles of honey.
It would be no worse to put combs made of
beeswax in honey than to put honey in such
combs. As to such combs doing away with
adulteration, nothing can so add to it." Mr.
Bingham has fallen into the error of believing
that the new article is drawn-out comb, and
that it can not be distinguished from natural
bee-comb. It is, in fact, nothing but deep-cell
foundation with flat bases. The walls in any
case will be less than half depth. The regular
mixers would hardly think of putting such an
article in honey, for it could be detected at a
glance, and a transparent fraud won't pass.

In the same issue of the American Bee Jour-
nal Mr. Hutchinson still insists that, without
trying.it, the new deep-cell foundation is going
to make a great " gob " in the mouth, and says:
"I feel absolutely certain that its use will great-
ly impair the eating quality of comb honey; "
that "the article will be tough and leathery."
Why does Mr. Hutchinson speak so positively
when he has not tried the comb from it?

Elsewhere in the same article he goes on and
describes how he thinks the new foundation is
made, detailing Mr. W.'s old experiment— how
the cell walls are formed, and how the base is
attached in some manner. Mr. Weed's original

method of making the article is very different
from his present one. He now uses a press,
similar in principle to the old Given machine,
but uses hydraulic pressure instead. If the
cell walls were formed, and the base stuck on,
very likely it would make a "gob" in the
mouth. And here I don't believe, either, that
Mr. Hutchinson meant to cast discredit on a
thing by attributing to it certain qualities
which it had not, and by telling how it was
made when he didn't know any thing about it.
Further on Mr. Hutchinson says, and very tru-
ly, " Great was the kick against comb founda-
tion when it was first introduced." Exactly;
and it looks as if history were going to repeat
itself on a small scale.

The brethren must not forget that we had
been experimenting with this thing for about a
year before we made it public. The quality
of the comb honey, and the manner in which
the bees accept the comb, have led us to put
into it hundreds of dollars. We do not even
now claim that we shall be able to put it on the
market at such prices as will be within the
reach of bee keepers — the future will have to
decide that; but we are in hopes we can. And
please remember, too, that we consulted before-
hand, some of the brightest and most intelligent
bee-keepers in the country, to whom we sub-
mitted samples. Among them I may mention
such men as G. M. Doolittle, R. F. Holtermann,
P. H. Elwood, Dr. C. C. Miller, Hon. George E.
Hilton. M. H. Mendleson, Byron Walker, Geo.
W. York, E. Whitcomb, besides all our local
bee-keepers. Some of the men saw the ma-
chinery, and saw the product in the hives, and
the product after it came out.

You may depend upon it, brethren, that we
shall not put upon the market any thing that
will in any way injure the comb-honey busi-
ness ; and friends Hutchinson and Doolittle
have our thanks for backing up the statement.
If we were to do so we should be doing our-
selves more injury than any one else — mark
that.

IMBEDDING FOUNDATION ON WIRES BY MEANS
OF ELECTRICITY.

Having recently made some improvements
in our electrical imbeddingoutfit, and having
prepared new directions and new engravings,
we thought our readers generally might like to
see how the job is done. The work is executed
very much better and more rapidly than by the
old-fashioned tracing-wheel plan.

DIRECTIONS FOR OPERATING BATTERY FOR IMBED-
DING WIRES IN FOUNDATION.

Into a wooden pail pour about two gallons of boil-
ing- water, and empty tne aci'ompanying' packag-e
(1 lb. bichromate of potash). Stir it well, and allow
It to become dissolved. This may take several
hours; then pour in half a pint of sulphuric acid.
In pouring- this in, be careful to pour slowly, and
do not get any of the acid on the fingers or cloth-
ing'. It is hardly safe to ship this, and you will,
therefore, have to get it at y ur nearest drugstore.
Now procure a couple of gallon crocks, such as are
used for holding butter. As these can be bought

206

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mar. 15.

for a few cents we do not ship Ibem, on account of
their being- bulky and heavj', and liable to break
the delicate carbons in the package during ship-
ment. , ,
Into each of these gallon crocks pour an equal
quantity of the solution. Place them on the bench
near where you expect to work. Into each jar set a
plateiFig. 3»with its set of carbons, leitiufrthe plate
Itself re>t on the top tdges of the jar. Now insert
the two zinc platep (as at Fig. 3). By means of one
of the wires, connect the zinc (A Fig. 2) of one of
the jure to the cast iron plate of the oiher (at B Fig.
2). Next fasten the terminals of the imtaedding-
fork (Fig 4) to the two remaining screw connec-
tions-one wire at B Fig. 2 In one of the plates and
one at A of the other. If you have done your work
right, one wire of the fork will be attached to one
zinc and the other to one ca.st-iron plate, and one
wire will connect the two bitteries. In the cut the
wires are not connected rierlit, although as there
connected the batteries will work.

You are now ready for work. Lay
a wired frame on the bench; over
this a Ihin sheet of foundation, letiing
it come directly in contact with the
wires. Now press the two feet of the
fork (just in-ide of the end-bars. Fig.
4) down on two opposite ends of one
of the wires or strands as sliown in
Fig. 1. This will cause a curr nt to
pass through that strand, and heat it.
The miinient the contact is made,
press the fingers of the other hand
along the wire until i' begins to sliow
through. Lift the fork up, and in the
same way imbed the next wire. A
mere stroke of the fingers back and
forth once ought to cause the wire to
sink into the foundation. Proceed
thus with all the frames you have,
after which lifi the zincs out, as they
corrode and waste away.

When one set of zincs is used up,
take the others out and fasten them
bet%veen wooden cleats, as the first
set was, and connect on the binding-
posts. When these are used up, ask
your tinner to cut some pieces from
hlB scrap zinc, same size. About once
In 100 or 300 frames it may be neces-
sary to pour in a little more sulpliurie
acid to "tone up" the solution. Some-
times a little stirring of the liquid
will answer the same purpose.

We send along a few extra carbons
(black sticks), so that, if any are
broken in shipment, they can be re-
placed. A little melted wax or par-
aflBne should be painted around
the carbon next to the iron, to
prevent the salts from creeping up after the bat-
tery stands.

The zincs will work better if coated over with
mercury. To do this, get a little muriatic acid;
moisten a rag in it, rub it in mercury (a few cents'
worth), and then rub it on the face of the zinc.
This will give the zinc a coating that will make it
last longer.

The accompanying imbedding-fork (Fig. 4) is made
to fit a Langstroth frame with the wire strung as
shown in the accompanying frame (Fig. 6). If your
frame is odd sized, or if you use the L. frame and
wire perpendicularly, it will be necessary to change
the distance between the feet of the imbedding-
fork*

Keep all wires and battery connections clean, and
be sure the zincs do not touch the iron or the car-
bons.

If the wire heats up quick enough to melt through
the foundation, lift the forks ofl the wire quicker.

Some of our readers of an electrical turn of
mind may prefer to make their own outfits.
The carbon sticks are the ordinary electric-
light carbons, and are fitted Into holes in a
' cast-iron plate, and held secure by set-screws —
see Fig. 2. There Is a slot in the plate between
and parallel to the carbon sticks. This is to
admit the sheet of zinc. A piece of inch board

having a parallel row of holes for the carbons
may be used instead of the cast iron; but the
carbons must all be connected together by a
naked copper wire wound around each carbon
at the top. But this home-made affair is not
nearly as efifective as the cast-iron plate with
its set-screws, for the latter make what is known
as " good electrical contact."

Fig. 4 is the imbedding-fork. H is a strip of
wood as long as the brood-frames. In each end
is fastened two heavy iron wires flattened at
the ends. To these wires are attached the
battery-wires running along the groove J,
uniting and passing through a hole near H.

The zinc plate is made of ordinary sheet zinc
cut as shown in Fig. 3. Two strips of wood, as
at D, are held in place by shellac or glue. It
won't do to use nails, as the heads and points
might stick through and touch the carbon, and
so " short circuit " the battery — that is, spoil it.
The theory and practice is, to send a sufficient
current through the wire to heat it. Once
heated, it is an easy matter to imbed it into the
foundation.

MK. E. B. WEED, THE INVENTOR AND EXPERT
WAX-WORKER.

It would be a revelation to some of you if you
could see the improvements that have been
made in making comb foundation. The old
way was to dip a thin board into a deep vessel
of wax enough times to secure a sheet on both
sides. It was then cooled in water, and the
film stripped off. It was next run through the
mills piece by piece, and each time it was
necessary to " pick " and " claw " at the ends

1897

•^LEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE

207

of the sheets sticking to the rolls as they came
through. This operation did not improve the
face of ihe mills, or the foundation. After the
sheets were milled they had to be piled up, and
cut to a size by hand, causing anywhere from
25 to 333:i per cent trimmings thai had to be
melted over again. Last of all, the sheets were
papered by hand and made ready for boxing.

Now if you were to peek into our wax- work-
ing department you would see an attendant
pick up a big cake of yellow wax (60 lbs.) aud
set it into the machine, as it were, and Wien
he leaves It and goes about other work. After
it comes out it is converted into a long contin-
uous sheet rolled up on a bobbin. This bobbin
is then put into another automatic machine by
the same or another attendant; the machine is
started, and when this long bobbin of wax
begins to unreel it is fed into the comb-mill,
and is cut to size without waste. There is a
click clack, and the trimmed sheet is next
made to lie squarely over a sheet of paper of"
the same size as itself, and pick it up; another
click-clack, and it takes a hop, skip, and a
jump on to the pile; and fingers almost human,
but as lifeless as your barn donr. trne up the
pile as evenly and nicely as you .tjuld do it with
your fingers.

MR. E. B. WEED.

Nearly all of this is the result of the brains
of one man, Mr. E. B. Weed, whose picture I
take pleasure in presenting at this time. If he
had done no more, his happiness would be all
but supreme. But he is the inventor of the
new deep-cell drawn foundation, to which I have
referred in former issues. Even before he came
here he was the inventor and patentee of a
number of other articles, one of which I know
he sold for a round sum.

Like every inventor, he has had his discour-

agements. His machinery and his appliances
for wax-working all seemed to fail to work until
he ran across the skilled employees of The A. I.
Root Co., and the confidence of the firm itself
in his inventions. Many and many a time it
looked as if failure was aure to meet him as it
had done when he worked for others having
less confidence in his wild (?) schemes; but Mr.
Weed, undaunted, and with a hope almost
superhuman, and with the assurance that our
firm would back him, would work and plod
away until success was his.

When trying to solve a problem I have seen
him so excited, and so thoroughly absorbed,
that he scarcely knew what was going on about
him. 1 remember once when one of his ma-
chines got into a "balky spell" (at the start
they all had 'em). In order to make his kid
"come to time," as he called it, in passing to
the other side of the machine he collided with
one of the women-folks carrying a pile of wax
—knocked the pile over, and the woman too,
nearly, but scarcely seemed to realize that he
had had a collision and scattered the nice wax
all over the floor. I have seen an idea seize
him so quickly when walking, that, when he
turned about face in his sudden, nervous
way, his feet slid out from under him, and
down he went in an ungainly heap. But he
quickly regained his fee', and, so absorbed was
he, that he seemed almost totally ignorant of
the episode; hut he had the idea; and notwith-
standing I was convul-^^ed with laughter he
went on to tell me what it was; and as I con-
tinued laughing he innocently asked what I
saw so funny.

During the last few days, Mr. Weed has been
fussing (I guess that's the word) with a machine
that would not do his bidding. It had balky
spell after balky spell. He kneiv it ivould work,
but was so tired out when I came into the room
that he could not think any more, much less
see where the naughty " kink " was. The next
day, after a night's rest— if, indeed, he rested
at all— he went at it again with a determina-
tion that I knew meant the machine had got
to work, and it did; and to-day he sees the
triumph of his perseverance and skill with that
particular machine. The benign smile that
now plays upon his face is contagious, for one
can not but admire such pluck.

While he does not profess to be a mechanic,
he seems to have a remarkable perception for
mechanical possibilities. He will grasp an idea
in an instant (he doesn't always tumble down).
As indicative of his quick perception, he will
take a whole page of reading-matter on the
most abstruse subject, catch the whole idea,
read every word of it in a tenth of the time it
takes people generally.

Just where he will turn his inventive genius
after he has made the wax business reach its
summit, is hard to say.

208

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mar. 15.

Our Homes.

Fear not them which kill the body, but are not
able to kill the soul; but rather fear him who is able
to destroy both soul and body in hell.— Matt. 10: 38.

THE CRUSADE AGAINST CIGARETTES AND TO-
BACCO.

In scanning the daily papers of late I have felt
like saying, " May the Lord be praised that the
United States of America is finally waking up
to the fact of what the cigarette business is doing
every day to kill off our boys, both body and
soul, where it is allowed to go on unrestricted."
The teachers of our public schools have become
so well aware of the fact that it kills the intel-
lect more speedily and surely than any thing
else that has ever started up that they are mak-
ing vigorous protests everywhere. Tobacco is
surely bad enough in its effects on the mind
of the boy in his teens; but cigarettes seem to be
tenfold more deadly. Perhaps one secret of this
is the fact that morphine or opium in some form
enters so largely into their make-up. For years
past we have had terrible stories of the baneful
effects of the opium habit in China, and among
the Chinese in this country. The manufactur-
ers of cigarettes are so devoid of conscience
that they have no scruple whatever. I have
sometimes thought that, even if they actually
knew the result of their work is death to our
boys, still they would not hesitate so long as the
traffic puts a few nickels in their pockets for
each boy killed. I am making terrible state-
ments, 1 know; but ask the teacher who has
care of your children and of your public schools
if I am not correct about it. Ask your pastor;
ask your family physician; and if the latter is
not addicted to the use of stimulants himself, I
think he will admit what I say to be true.

One reason why cigarettes are used so much
more than cigars is becau'ie they are cheaper;
and the fact that a ^lery small amount of opium
put into each cigarette will teach the boys the
opium habit is one reason why they are afford-
ed so cheaply. It is a terrible thing for a
grown-up man or woman to be an opium-eater:
but how much more terrible is it to think of
starting children ten or twelve years of age in
such a practice! One State in the Union has
already, in view of these things, passed a pro-
hibitory law. They declare broadly that cigar-
ettes shall not be manufactured nor sold in the
State of Tennessee.* It ought to stir the heart
of every one of us to see the South taking the
lead in such reforms as this. A similar crusade
seems starting up all over our land. A letter
right before me gives us a glimpse of what has
been done:

Mr. A. I. Root:— Your good friends Dr. Miller, of
Mareng-o, 111., and Mr. York, of Ravens wood, became
Interested in the great flg-ht our Christian Citizen-
ship Leag-ue is making against the tobacco habit.
I am now here in the interests of a bill absolutely
prohibiting the manufacture and sale of cigarettes
in the State of Illinois. The next issue of the paper
of which I am editor will be a special antitobaeco
number. Please write me briefly on receipt of this
your plan for rewarding abstinence on the part of

* In answer to an inquiry, we have just received
the following- in regard to the stand the State of
Mississippi takes, not only in regard to cigarettes,
but to cigars and smoking-tobacco:

^Thecode of Mississi)>pi imposesa tax of $50 on each dealer
In cigrarettes and cigarette paper. This law practically
exclude.^ cigarettes from the country stores and from
the villages. The code provides further, that If any per-
son shall sell or give cigarettes, cigars, smoking-tobacco,
or snuff, to a minor under the age of eighteen, without the
consent of parent or gnardian, given in writing, he shall be
deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and punished by fine or
Imprisonment. Code of 18!»2, Sec. 1005. T.S.Ford.

Scrauton, Miss., March 2.

tobacco-using bee-men. It will make a good point
for the paper.

Should you be blessed with something to help us
in the expensesof gettingout our large specinl issue
it will be most gratefully received. You could find
no other avenue through which the monej^ could
do more for the cause which, I am told, is near your
heart. Yours for clean manhood,

(Miss) Lucy Page Gaston,
Ed. Christian Citizen.

Springfield, 111., Feb. 24, 1897.

In answer to the above, permit me to reply
briefly, not only for the benefit of the writer
of the above, but that the older readers of this
journal may know something about the cru-
sade that Gleanings started against the use of
tobacco, and has kept up for almost twenty
years past. It started something in this way:

I was visiting a young bee-keeper, and he
lighted a cigar before attempting to open one of
the hives. I remonstrated, and he said he was
not in the habit of smoking; in fact, about the
only time he used a cigar was when he wanted
to handle his bees. I told him if he would
throw away his cigar, and promise not to use
tobacco again in any shape or manner, I would
give him a nice new bee-smoker. In this he
could use rotten wood, and therefore would not
be obliged to have tobacco around in any shape.

" But suppose I should get back to using to-
bacco again — must I then give you back the
smoker?"

"No; but you may pay me the price of the
smoker."

As there were several other bee-keepers and
others near by, this occasioned some merriment.

Another young man said, "If I promise to
give up the use of tobacco may I have a smoker
too, on condition that I pay for it if I ever go
back to the tobacco habit? "

I told him he could have one on the same
terms. If I remember correctly, a mother or a
sister gave me a bright encouraging smile at
about this juncture. The incident was related
in Gleanings, and I made the offer to all its
readers, that every tobacco-user who would
take a pledge similar to that above, and have
it published in the next issue of our journal,
could have a smoker on the same terms ; but if
he went back to using tobacco he was to pay
for the smoker, and also permit us to publish
his letter acknowledging his going back to the
habit. This was a very simple thing, but it
seemed to strike bee-keepers at large just right.
For many years quite a string of pledges was
published in each i«sue of Gleanings; and a
little later on we had enrolled a number of law-
yers, doctors, and ministers of the gospel; and
some pledges came from women in the South-
ern States, where it was then common for wo-
men as well as men to use tobacco.

When the calls for smokers began to come
pretty thick and fast, some of the brethren said
I might get "swamped," and have to back out
of my offer of a smoker free of charge to any
one who would give up tobacco. I told them I
had no fears in that line: that the great God
above would provide as many of the smokers,
and stamps to mail them with, in such an enter-
prise for temperance and purity as I needed;
and as I look back over the years that have
passed I think I may truly say he has done so.

Several years ago when we hunted up, we
found we had over a thousand pledges. We
have not kept the number of those who after-
ward paid for their smokers, but there were
very few comparatively. You see, when a man
makes a public statement through a journal
that is more or less read by his own family and
the neighbors, he feels a little backward about
going back to his old habit. As the price of
the smoker we have been giving away is only

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

209

oO cts., or 70 by mail, there is not very much at
stake a^uy way. A man can easily bo released
from his promise if ho should at any time so de-
sire. Below are the conditions on which we
have been sending these smokers during the
past years:

First, the candidate must be one of those who have given
up tobacco in consequence of what he has seen and read in
this department. Second, he promises to pay for the smoker
should he ever resume the use of tobacco in any form, after
ret'eiviiiff the smoker. Third, he must be a subscriber to
Gleanings. Any subscribei- may, hnwever, have smokers sent
to neig-hborsor p. r 1. 1 ' 1:1 ,;; ' n . whom he has labored
with oh thematti ■ • ' ■ - viding he give us his

pledge that, if th , , -moker ever uses to-

bacco again.he (tti 11 ,;, I. jr the smoker. The

one who receiver ihf -Ml k' 1 1:1 lin- ■:i>e need not be a sub-
scriberto Oleanings, though wefrreatlv preferthat he beone
because we think he would be strengthened by reading the
testimonials from time to time in regard to this matter. The
full name and address of every one who makes the promise
must be furnished for publication.

Before dismissing the subject of cigarettes I
submit a letter from my diiughter, Constance
M. Root,. The facis came under her observation
while she was making a visit to the State Asy-
lum at Columbus, for educating the blind chil-
dren of our State.

Duriag a recent visit to the Ohio Institution for
tlie Blind, at Columbus, 1 found myself constantly
woudeiing- what b;id caused these boys and giils to
be so afflicted; and on questioning the teachers and
otlieis I found that a great many of them were in
that institution as a result of transgression of God's
and nature's laws. The sins of the parents are
beinsf visited on their children.

But to me the saddest case in that institution is
that of a young man who brought this terrible
attlii'tion on himself. He is the sou of well-to do
parents, has had many advantages of educaticm
and retinement; but like many other boys he con-
tracted the habit of cigarette-smoliing- while very
young. He was working into his father's business,
and had a great desire to appear manly. Tiie habit
grew on him to such an pxient that he was seldom
without a cigarette in his mouth during the day.
When he was about eighteen years of age his health
suddenly broke down, and for months he was in
such a nervous state that he could not endure the
slightest sound in his room. By the doctor's orders
he was finally removed to a hospital, wliere not even
his mother was permitted to see him. When he at
last crept back to a degree of h-alth his sight was
hopelessly gone. He can see just enough to dis-
tinguish light from darkness, and to avoid running
into people on the street; but his physicians say he
can never hope to see more than that; and not only
is his sight gone, but the poison of the cigarettes
has injured his lungs tosucli an extent that it is
very difficult for him to draw a long breath. He
may some lime 'O-mpletely regain his health; but
his life secrns blighted by the loss of his pight. I
said, "seems blighted;" but that is ouly to those
who are not well acquainted with him. He has
recently become an earnest Christian, and I believe
God has yet some work for him to do in this world.
[J I know he means to flght the tol)acco habit in
every way he can, and it is by his permission that I
tell these facts; for although he is very sensitive,
he is willing to have his sad story told if there is a
possibility that it may keep some other young man
from suffering what he has.

It may be well to add. that all the physicians who
have had the care of him say that his blindness is
undoubtedly the direct result of his cigarette-
smoking. His physician published an account of
his sickness and subsequent blindness in one of the
daily papers In the large city where he lives, giving
the cause as cigarette-smoliing. One of the dealers
In that part of the city said his sale of cigarettes had
fallen off fifty per cent since that time.

THE PROGRESS OF THE CIGARETTE CRUSADE.

We take the following from a recent issue of
the Chicago Advance:

r The campaign against cigarettes is increasing in
strength. Like most reforms of the kind, it is large-
ly dependent on women; but women are a persist-
ent power in these days, and they are pushing anii-
cigarette bills into the legislatures of the various
States. In Tennpssee the governor has just signed
an absolutely prohibitory cigarette law. The Con-
necticut law forbids the sale of cigarettes to persons

under 16 years of age. The Kentucky law makes
the age-limit 18 The Massachusetts law, which is
generally ol)eyed, forbids the sale of cigarettes to
minors. Tlie anii-cigarette law in Iowa was declar-
ed unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. In
North Dakota a prohibitory law was passed two
years ago, but it has remained a dead letter. In
the Colorado legislature the lady members stood
bravely for a bill to stop the sale of "coffin-nails," as
cigarettes are appropriately ealkd, but the male
contingent of tlie body laughed the bill down. The
Utah legislature almost unanimously killed the bill
as soon as introduced, and the South Dakota legis-
lature did the same. But these legislatures proba-
bly think that there are too many people in the
world anyhow. In the Alabama legislature the
House passed the bill, hut it was defeated in the
Senate by a trick. In a majority of the other States,
bills are pending in the 1. gislature, and they will
slowly, but surely, get on the statute-book, for the
cigarette is too deadly an enemy to permit this
movement to go up in smoke.

N OTESnFROMlTHEc EVANGELISTIC ]"WHEEL.;

I was making calls in the village with the pastor.
We called to talk and pray witli one of his former
deacons, now a well-known drunkard. Of course I
was interested to know how such a terrible fall
, came about. The pastor told me the circumstanc-
es. He had been a drinking man years before, but
had become converted, joined the church, became
an earnest ana consistent working Christian, and
was finally elected deacon. All had nearly forgot-
ten his former habits. One fall they had some cider
in the house. The wife, a church member, and his
grown up son were drinking, and asked him to do so.
He refused decidedly, whereupon they began to
liugh ai him, as a very weak and foolish man.
They kept this up till, chagrined and mortified at
what they called his weakness, he yielded, and
drank the cider. From that time he has been a
drunkard. A. T. Reed.

The above should not only be a warning to us
all, but it should be a te;Tili?e warning. 1 know
it is true, because I have seen the same thing
myself— yes, in my own neighborhood, here at
home. It seems as if nothing could make peo-
ple understand— even good Christian people —
the danger that constantly hangs over the re-
formed inebriate. People have sometimes won-
dered vphat that strange passage in Mattnew
means: "A man's foes shall be they of his own
household." The illu-tration that Bro. Reed
has given us makes it clear. In following up
the story of many a sad downfall, I have found
that the victim was not nearly as much at fault
as were his friends; yes, and many times the
members of his own "family. This poor man
knew his danger, and very decidedly refused to
tamper with the old temptation. His wife and
his grown-up son laughed at him for his weak-
ness. It was so long since he had been addicted
to strong drink everybody had forgotten it. To
them the idea was ridiculous and absurd, that
he, a worthy deacon and Christian worker,
should drink to excess. May God help us all.
Dear friends, I have had glimpses of the bot-
tomless pit, but it was long years ago. I often
look back at those old times and wonder if it
could really have been I— myself. The idea
that I should long for or even think of anything
so foolish and wicked! Why.it is absurd. I
have often had this feeling: but. dear friends,
within a single hour after, that old temptation
has come back, and has towered above me like
a veritable giant. As 1 felt his clutches closing
down upon me I could only say as did poor
Peter, " Lord, save, or I perish." Apples have
been exceedingly plentiful, and no doubt cider
is also, in many places now. Many good peo-
ple drink it. and make sport of "temperance
fanatics " because they refuse to touch it. Re-
member this sad story, and do not ever again
urge anybody to touch or taste that which con-
science tells him to let alone. And can't we go

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mak. 15.

a little further, and say with Paul, " If meat
maketh my broiher tootlend, I will eat no meat
while the world standeth"?

Who redeemeth thy life from destruction, who
crowneth thee with lovingkindoess and tender
mercies.

By some mistake my closing paragraph was
omitted from our last number, and 1 have
thought best to give it here:

After I got to feeling pretty well I felt trou-
bled because my old interest and enthusiasm
seemed lacking. Even when the greenhouses
were doing their best along in the middle of
February 1 did not seem able to scrape up much
interest in seeing things grow, as I usually do.
I prayed over this matter. I asked God to tell
me what he would have me do with the strength
that seemed slowly coming back. I wondered
if it was his will that I should turn my thoughts
to something else than to cultivating the
ground, testing new plants, etc. Well, that
prayer has been answered. 1 am now rejoicing
in a degree of physical strength that makes it
a pleasure to use my muscles. I am rejoicing,
too, in enthusiasm and interest in all that is
going on about me, especially in this matter
that I have followed for so many years— culti-
vating the soil. I feel sure that I am doing the
work God wishes me to do. And right here
comes in that last part of our text. " W|io re-
deemeth thy life from destruction."' Without
faith in God, where should we be? Then,
again, how beautiful are those closing words,
so full of promise — " \V)io crowneth thee with
lovlngkindness and tender mercies " .'

THE UNUSED FOKCES OF NATUKE.

Terape lies about nine miles from Phoenix, on
the opposite side of Salt River. After you cross
the big bridge at Tempe there is one of the fin-
est pieces of road for wheelmen imaginable. It
is made of a sort of limestone found in the vi-
cinity, and it packs down like asphalt. I fre-
quently made the nine miles by moonlight. A
good many times when I wanted to meet some
of the bee-friends to get an early start. I would
take the road by moonlight, before daybreak.
When I had been there only a few days I start-
ed home late one evening from Pho?nix. At the
Half Way house one of the irrigating-ditches
had broken through the embankment, and the
road was covered with water. After picking
my way around on the banks I got ba.;k on
what I supposed to be the main road. I beean
to think after a while that things looked rather
strange, even by moonlight; but I thought I
would push ahead until I found a cross-road to
make mv way back to my route. No cross-road
appeared, and 1 knew by my wheel that I was
ascending at a pretty good speed. With such
beautiful roads, however, it was not at all diffi-
cult. Finally the roar of one of the waterfalls
on the great canal admonished me that I was
getting away ofi in the wilderness, and it was
also getting to be pretty well along in the night.
I stopped at a house and inquired. The people
were just going to bed; but our hostopened the
door an inch or two, and, after looking me over,
he evidently concluded 1 was telling a straight
story. In these regions they have reason to be
a little suspicious of strangers who come around

after bedtime. He said there was a cross-road,
and that I had come past it; but that if I would
follow along down the banks of the canal I
would reach the Tempe bridge, without any
difficulty.

Now, I do not know how many waterfalls ;I
passed by on that wonderful road. The sound
of rushing waters is always inspiring to me, and
under the light of the full moon every thing
seemed weird and romantic. The mountains
that loomed away up in every direction 1 might
look; the huge cacti, as tall as telegraph-poles,
and the ditferent features of the desert, made
me feel like building air castles. Shall I tell
you of the air castles I built ? This irrigating-
canal has been pouring great volumes of water
over these numerous waterfalls year in and
year out for I don't know how many years past.
Waterfalls are placed along at intervals be-
cause they want the water lower down. Any
one of them was equal to the task of moving a
turbine wheel that would furnish power to light
the whole city of Phoenix, and perhaps run all
her electric cars besides; and yet these falls are
scarcely five miles from the city. Wood and
coal here cost tremendously. Nobody has as
yet ventured to make the connection.

A few days later somebody told me that, with-
in about three miles of Tempe, there was a fall
of forty feet in the water of the great irrigat-
ing-canal; that a company was organized, and
they were already putting in an electric plant.
Romeo (my brother's son) and I mounted our
wheels, and were soon on the ground to investi-
gate. Sure enough, there was a turbine wheel
of 200 horse power already in place. The man
in charge invited us to go down inside of the
great water motor and see how it was made.
While we were talking he seemed a little sur-
prised at my enthusiasm in the matter, and —
what do you think? Why, he is a bee keeper,
has quite an apiary in that neighborhood, and
had just been reading a bee-journal when we
came up. He told me the turbine was exactly
like those in use at Niagara Falls. They ex-
pected to turn the water on in a few days.
While they were waiting for the necessary ap-
paratus to convert the power into electricity
they were going to use this great water-wheel
to pump more water from a well just sunk in
the gravel near by. You see, where there is a
considerable/t(/J in the irrigating-canal, and at
the same time not enough icater in the canal,
they are going to take the power of the water-
fall to lift more water from a lower level.

Now, with your permission I wish to digress
from my travels just a little. Salt River Val-
ley, Arizona, is not the only place where im-
mense volumes of nature's forces are going to
waste. The wind that is blowing over the roof
of your house while you read this can be har-
nessed with little trouble and expense. It will
light your homes with the most beautiful light
in the world ; it will warm your rooms and cook
your food: turn the coffee-mill, grindstone, op-
erate the churn, saw the wood, shell corn, and
crack wheat— see page 170. What will it cost ?
Well, great factories are at work making short
cuts to reduce the cost, every day. In fact,
while I write quite a busy little factory is run-
ning on our own premises, for the manufacture
of electric motors and dynamos. It is called
the Ahlm-Edwards Electric Co. You can get
one of their circulars by addressing them at
this place. Last week they showed me a little
dynamo noo much larger than a good-sized wa-
termelon. If I am correct, it takes one horse
power to work it, and it will run twenty lamps
of sixteen-candle power each. The price of
this machine is now reduced to about $70.00.
To light your house by wind power you will

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

need a storage battery to operate when the
wind does not blow. I do not know at present
who furnishes these storage batteries ; but I
think the Aermotor folks, of Chicago, can tell
you.

the claims are false and the plants utterly
worthless.

NOVELTIES IN THE WAY OF NEW FRUITS, ETC.

Like all the rest of yon, I have been reading
the new catalogs with great interest. I have
been looking anxiously for reports in regard to
the new fruits, more especially the Strawbi rry-
raspberry. Golden Mayberry, and Logan berry.
These three wonderful new fruits have been
before the public for several years, and yet al-
most every catalog continues to repeat the ster-
eotyped extravagant description made by the
originator or introducer. The plants now are
offered at a very low price— say 10 or 15 cents
each. Some of the catalogs assure us that these
plants will bear fruit this year; but I have not
yet found one where the proprietor says he has
grown the fruit on his own ground, and that the
claims for it are true. Now. gentlemen, what
is the trouble? If they can be grown so easily,
and bear such loads, and even produce some
fruit the first year, why can't you tell us some-
thing about it from your own experience? Are
we to infer that the men who make the catalogs
never go out into the garden at all? or don't
they have any garden? I purchased all three
of the above when they first came out, and I
have been nursing them alons: ever since; but
I have never yet succeeded in getting one of
them to as much as blossom, neither have I
seen anybody who has succeeded any better
than I have. If any of the readers of Glean-
ings have got these plants in fruit, esoecially
this Golden Mayberry. that ripens ahead of
strawberries, will he pjease stand up and tell
us about ir? Just one thine more:

You know what a stir Gleanings made three
years ago about the new forage plant sacaline.
Well, a great part of the catalogs still copy the
extravagant claims that were made for this
plant— ■' grows from ten to fourteen f'^et high
bvJune;" " stems or leaves, green or dry, rel-
ished by horses, cattle, or sheep;" " more nutri-
tious than clover, millet, corn, or any other for-
age plant." Now, all this has been paraded be-
fore us in our catalogs for three years. T pur-
chased some of the first plants sent out. I have
tried them in our rich plant-beds, and have put
them out in the fields; I have tried them on
various pieces of rich ground, both wet and dry,
and T nt ver yet have succeeded in getting a
stalk a vard high, to say nothing about doing
it by " June." The plant blossoms, bears seed,
and acts as if two or three feet were its normal
height. It is worth just as much for stock as
the common dock, which it so much resembles.

Now. I was just going to cast some severe re-
flections on the man who sent it out at 3.5 cents
a plant, and the catalogs that still continue to
boom it at ever so many dollars a pound for
seed; but 1 think I will wait till somebody who
sees this has a chance to assure me that he has
succeeded better. It seems to me that our
practical working people, gardeners, and fruit-
growers should make a vigorous protest against
these things. Why. the catalog men are killing
themselves, so far as business is concerned, by
hanging to these humbugs when our experiment
stations have declared for the third season that

At this season of the year, when all our space
under glass is crowded to its utmost, not only is
it desirable to have every foot of ground occu-
pied as soon as a crop is removed, but in plant-
ing seeds we can do still better. Let us lake
tomatoes for an example. We plant the seeds
in rows four or five inches apart. Now, as soon
as the plants get fairly up, make a little furrow
between the rows of plants, and put in some
more seed. By the time the older ones are
ready to be transplanted to another place where
there is more room, the second lot will be just
coming up. In this way we can have a growing
crop all the while on the same ground. At this
time of the year we cut a little strip of lettuce
every morning for the day's sales. This strip
is always cleaned off at once, the ground nicely
sifted and smoothed over, and seeds or plants
usually got right in the same day. and often
during the same hour the lettuce was taken off.
Where we go to the expense of having sub irri-
gated beds, with heat underneath, it is all the
more important that every foot of ground, as I
have said, should have a growing crop on it all
the while. When it gets warm enough so we
can plant stuflF in beds without heat, then it is
not so very important; but still it is an excel-
lent idea, after one goes to the expense of hav-
ing beds made, and providing sash, to keen both
beds and sash earning some money every day in
the weeli.

THE CRANDALL currant; SOMETHING IN ITS I' AVOR.

Friend Root :— In the Gleanings of Dee. 1. Mr.
Anderson, in spe;iking of the frauds in small fruits,
classes the Crandall currant Mmong- them. Now, I
have seen this currant fruiting for some years, and
I do tliink it has c place amonjr onr small fruits In
the first place, it is not the black current (R)?(c,s ni-
gnim), as Mr. Anderson says, but a fruiting- form of
the yellow or flowering- currant {Ribes KiDCiim).
The flowering- current is a well-known old-fasliioned
shrub which is planted quite larg-ely for its beauty,
blossoming very early in the spring, with yellow,
pendulous blossoms, very handsome and fragrant.
It is quite a honey-producer too; but the bumble-
bee seems to monopolize it. The corolla is very
long, and the flower very much unlike the black
and red currant Indira. The gooseberry flower is
much more like the red and black rurrant, I suc-
ceeded once in cros.sing the gooseberry and black
currant, but could do nothing with the yellow and
blaek currant. I always thought if I had a place of
my own I would plant a few of the Crandall cur-
rants for their beauty when in flower, and then for
the fruit, which is very good for pies, jf Hies, etc.,
and it hangs on thp bushes quite awhile after ripen-
ing, and does not ripen up all at once; so the fruit
is in seasf)n for a month or so.

Prof. Bailey, in Bulletin 15 of the Cornell Station,
says of it: "It represents a new type of small
fruits, which, when farther selected and improved,
will become a staple."

This currant was introduced in 1888 by Frank
Ford, of Ravenna, O. It has no dount been over-
praised by word and picture in the ca'alog of those
dealers who make a business of doing such thirig^;
but its good qualities will give it a place among our
small fruits, for I certainly believe it deserves one,

Columbus, O., Jan. 18. LE. C. Green.

Friend G., I am very glad of what you say.
When the Crandall currant first came out I
paid a I'ig price for a single bush. It is now
higher than I can reach, but it has never given
us a handful of fruit; and, in fact, it looks
almost exactly like a bush of yellow flowering
currant in our gardpu. purchased some years
ago of Storrs A: Harrison. The fruit of the two
is exactly alike, only that of the Crandall is
considerably larger. The Crandall has our very
richest market ground, and it is a perfect mass
of bloom every spring; but there is only a cur-
rant here and there, and very few ever reach

212

GLEANINGSSINiBEEuCULTURE.

Mar. 15.

maturity. We have seen half a dozen berries,
perhaps nearly the size of a Cnncoi'i grape. If
any of our readers have a bush or bushes of the
Crandall bearing crops of fruit, I should be very
glad indeed to hear from them. A great many
others have reported an experience similar to
my own. It has been suggested that some of
the plants are non- bearing, so that one needs
half a dozen or more in a group to get fruit.

THE FUEL VALUE OF CORN.

The Nebraska Experiment Station has been
making some experiments in regard to this mat-
ter; and, as nearly as I can understand, the
result is something like this: When you are
offered 13 cts. a bushel for unshelled corn, count-
ing 70 lbs to the bushel, and coal is worth $6 50
a ton, you can afford to burn the corn instead of
buying the coal. The estimate of 1 lb. of coal
is that it is equal to 2 lbs. of corn; or, to speak
exactly, 1.9 lbs. Even if this be true, it seems
almost wicked to burn the corn, especially while
millions are starving over on the other side of
the world. Just now it looks as if we wanted
cheaper methods of transportation as well as
more of the missionary spirit to go with it.

CRIMSON CLOVER.

At this date. Mar. 1.5, our crimson clover is a
" thing of beauty " and a " joy " to at least one
individual. I am glad to say that there are
acres of it where we dug our potatoes that are
a perfect mat of green. Not a leaf has been
iniured, and the clover has made a considera-
ble growth since the first of December. There
is no question about it, it has grown wonder-
fully during the months of December, January,
and February. Of course, we are not entirely
throueh the winter yet; but from what experi-
ence I have had with the plant. I can not for a
moment believe that this thick heavy mat is
going to be thrown out by the frost. Tho stand
is just about the same on our crepk-bottom
land, on some that is a little hicher. and clear
up on the hillside bv the windmill. I am a little
surprised that it should winter with us season
after season, when so many other parts of Ohio
report failure. Of course, our land is very rich.
The seed was put in after digging a crop of 375
bushels of potatoes to the acre. The last was
sown about the 15th of August, but it looks just
about as well at present writing as that put in a
month sooner.

Health Notes.

WATEKCLOSKTS; DRY-EARTH CLOSETS. ETC.; SOME

GOOD SUGGESTIONS FOR OtJT-BUILDINGS

for; RURAL HOMES.

itfr. Boot;— I was greatly pleased with what you
say in regard to closets, in Health Notes, page 868,
Dec. 1; and while the water-closet you mention is all
right, and perhaps the very best kind that Is used
at the present time (and I would strongly urge all
who can afford it to use no other kind), there are
many persons, especially in rural districts, who
can not afford to have a windmill and tank; and the
closet yon mention is of no use whatever without
water. To this class of persons I should like to de-
scribe my plan of closet, as used by myself and fam-

"!■

think it is fully conceded, that, next to the
water-closet proper, the dry-earth system is best;
and for rural districts or villages, if properly built
and rightly used, they are about all that is required.
My house, of course, faces the road. In the rear of
the house proper Is the kitchen, and in the rear of
this is the summer kitchen; immediately in rear of
the summer kitchen is a wood or coal shed, and just

back of and ad,ioining that is the closet, a vacant
space of about ;iii feet, and then comes the barn.
You will see by this that the closet is far enough
away from the lioiise, yet we don't have to go out-
side at all to get to it. The closet is boarded and
battened up tight, so that not a single crack is left
for the least bit of snow or rain to beat in. There
is a small window at one end to admit light. A
ventilator runs from the under side of the top of
the seat up through the roof. As the seat has
accommodations for two, a couple of large galvan-
ized pails are made to stand under the seat. I for-
merly used a drawer in here; but since reading Mr.
T. B. Terry's e.vplanations of his closet, in "Our
Farming," I have used the pails, which I find to be
far belter. Not allowing any of the liquid to soak
in as did the boards in the drawer, they can he kept
much sweeter. Of course, they have to be emptied
of tener; but having the stable so near the closet, it
is a very easy job to raise the top of the se it, which
is on hinges, and lift out the pails, and empty them
into the manure-pile at the stable. It is then drawn
away with the manure to the fields.

The most comfortable part about our closet is,
we have the whole of the seat covered with a nice
piece of brussels carpet, and I can tell you it is
almost a pleasure to go there at any time of the
year. A bin at one end holds the absorbent; and
after trying all the absorbents I have heard of, such
as dry earth, road dust, ashes, lime, etc , 1 have not
found any thing so good as dry sawdiiKt. It is clean
to handle, absorbs all the liquid, and keeps down
the smell better than any thing else I have used.
In fact, theie is hardly any smell at all when it is
used liberally.

Having occasion to visit quite a little through the
country, I have been amazed at the large number
of places where there is scarcely any attention paid
to the comfort of such places. In fact, in many
places where I have been there has been no closet
at all; and at others, the places they did have were
veritable death-traps, with cracks open and doors off
their hinges, and snow drifted all over every thing,
and the owners wonder how it is they catch cold so
often. I tell you, I am nearly always glad when I
return home from one of those trips, where I can
enjov the comforts provided by a little forethought
in laying out buildings and surroundings so as to be
handy as well as comfortable; and why can not
farmer's ;ind bee-keepers have such places when
they cost so little compared with doctors' bills and
otber "ills " ?

Of course, every one can not have these places
fixed just like the one described above; but. dear
reader, can you not improve considerably on the
surroundings you now have ? I should like to go on
and tell you how, in my eighteen years of married
life. I have, through sanitary measures, been able
to live and enjoy life with an expenditure of less
than fifty dollars for doctors' bills or mei'icine for
myself and family. But this is not bee literature,
and perhaps yourself and readers would not enjoy
it as much as i do. John MvEKB.a

; . Stratford, Ont.. Can.;

My good friend, before I got to the end'-'of
your excellent article I made up my mind that
you lived away up north somewhere; but when
1 got through I smiled just a little to find that
you are really a Canadian. I do not know why
it Is, but it has sometimes seemed to me as
though the further one goes south the less at-
tention is paid to this matter of tasty and at-
tractive as well as convenient closets. When
you eet down in P"'lorida— ves, and out in Arizo-
na— somi^ very stylish and modern hotels have
their closets away off somewhere in the back
yard, and not at all in keeping with the other
appointment^ of the hotel.

You have suggested a very simple way of
getting rid of the contents of the galvanized
bucket or pail. Whenever it has been suggest-
ed that these should be emptied on the garden I
have always felt as though it was not quite the
thing. Neither the average hired man nor
anybody else fancies the job; and, besides, un-
less the contents are immediately plowed or
spaded under, it is a very unsightly feature
around the home. In winter time almost the

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

213

only place is, as it seems to me, the manure-
heap, and it is but little work to incorporate it
thoroughly with the stable manure. But not
everybody has a stable. In my little book,
" VVh t to Do," I suggested having an all-metal
wheelbarrow. Have the closet so made that
the wheelbarrow may be whet^led in from the
back side, so as to stand directly under the seat.
Such a wheelbarrow can be made to hold the
accumulations of a month or more; and once a
month somebody can take a spade and spade it
under out of sight in the garden; but when the
garden is frozen up, what then? Will some
reader of Gleanings help us out? I like the
metal-wheelbarrow arrangement, because one
need not touch any part of it except the pro-
jecting handles.

Once more, our good friend from Canada has
given us the very best absorbent, in my opin-
ion. Before we had the water-closet we now
have, we used ashes or road dust. Mrs. Root
objected to both, because, whenever you throw
down a shovelful, unless you are exceedingly
careful a cloud of dust rises up; and unless the
seat is carefully dusted off, your good clothes
will get a dusting, to say nothing of that nice
Dew brussels carpet friend M. speaks about.
Well, now, the dry sawdust does not rise in a
cloud like road dust or ashes. If possible, use
haid-wood sawdust, for it is much better for
the garden. The very small quantity needed,
however, would not be very obji>ctionable,even
if it were pine. There is another objection to
wood ashes: They quickly liberate ammonia
from stable manure or any other kind ; and
along with the ammonia we have certain odors
that are not altogether pleasant. Sifted coal
ashes do very well; but with these we have the
objectionable cloud of dust unless the one who
handles them is very skillful and careful. I am
glad to see so much interest in regard to this
matter; for my suggestions referred to in the
above article have brought out many commu-
nications, and several requests for more light
on the same subject.

Humbugs and Swindles.

ELECTKICAI. HUitBUGS.

I have not " let up " on Eleclropoise and sim-
ilar quacks because they have been driven from
the held, but because 1 concluded I had done
my part in warning the public. Electropoise
still continues to be advertised in a good many
magazines, and especially by periodicals pro-
fessing to be religious. Let them go on, and
let God be judge as to whether such things are
consistent witn the Christian profession. My
attentioti has just been called to the matter by
a clipping sent me by Dr. Geo. E. Hailes, the
man who has the American Tongan beans.
Here is the clipping:

The Eng-lish government has undertaken to check
the manufacture and smIc of electric bells, brushes,
pads, etc., on tbe ground that they are sold on false
pretenses, and warranted to cure diseases over
which they have no influence. '^^

DThat is the talk, friends. Let the government
take hold of it. Our expert chemists and intel-
ligent physicians can very easily decide (by ex-
periment if need be) whether these traps have
any effect or not on the diseases of the human
family. It is an easy matter to decide whether
there is any electricity whatever about the
greater part of them; and I think it maybe
settled quite conclusively that they have no
effect whatever on the patient, except through
the agency of the imagination.

On page 171 of our last issue I spoke about
sending for instructions for making a home-
made windmill. 1 sent my stamps to Francis
Casey, St. Louis, and in the instructions we
read as follows: "The castings are worth $4.
Any one can gel the castings by sending to the
Mound City Dishwasher Co., St. Louis." In Ag-
ricultural Advertising for February we find the
following:

Tht' Newspaper Collection Ag-eucy of this city
reports that their office receives claims against
them at the rate of fr.>m one to six a day, ranging
in amounts from $;'> to i^oO. and in total to several
thousand dollars. No efforts on the part of the Col-
lection agency can get a settlement from the Globe
people.

The advertising that they are sending out is for
goods owned by the Globe people, and is placed in
such names as "Mound City Distiwasher," U. S.
Fruit Co., J. F. Casey & Co., and Miss A. M. Fritz.
On inquiry at the addresses given, it was found
that no such firms existed, but that the Globe people
got mail there in those names.

DPermit me to repeat, that all this class of
communications to newspapers, telling how
somebody made great prohts by selling a dish-
washer, churn, or some similar thing, and that
wind up by a pretense of wanting to benefit
their " brother farmers" or hard-working sis-
ters, are probably frauds. They try to get these
communications inserted among regular reports
from farming people or their wives. Where the
editor of the newspaper has little or no con-
science he will put it in the general reading-
matter if he gets paid for it. Sometimes he
puts it in without getting pay for It, as you will
see in the above. But even if the editor insists
that it shall go in the regular advertising de-
partment, and under the head of advertise-
ments, he is, in my opinion, more or less a party
to fraud and deceit: and, worst of all, he is
helping to defraud the very people who are
obliged to sell their corn, oats, and other prod-
uce at such ruinously low prices. It is not only
wrong and unchristianlike, but the papers that
help to push this kind of fraud, and try to shirk
the responsibility, will find, sooner or later, that
'•whatsoever a man soweth, that shall he also
reap." They will find that there is a surplus of
some things in this world of ours besides corn
and oats, and there is ju^^t now getting to be a
surplus of periodicals. The editor who is not
careful, not only of his reading-columns, but of
his advertising department as well, will find a
lack of readers, and a lack of dollars to keep
his paper going. Great is truth, and will pre-
vail; and our farming people are fast learning
to hold the editor of their family paper respon-
sible for the advertisements he sends into their
homes. Any editor can with little trouble as-
certain whether his advertisers are responsible
men or frauds.

WHO SHALL BE GREATEST?

On page 129 appears something that I did not
see till it was in print— I mean that item as to
who has done the most for the cause of apicul-
ture in years past. Once upon a time the fol-
lowers of our Lord and Savior were disputing
among themselves. When he asked them what
was the ground of their disagreement they all
hung their heaos down and said nothing; for
the facts of the case were they had been disput-
ing as to who should be greatest. Now, I hope
it will never be necessary to have such discus-
sions appear in the columns of any of our bee-
journals. Shall we not seek to cultivate that
beautiful virtue that "suffereth long, and is
kind," " vaunteth not itself," and "seeketh not
her own" ?

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mar. 15

A Dollar Saved

is bettei" tlian one earned. Read my 87th
annual catalog, and don't send out West for
goods you can buy cheaper here at home.

I have added 2400 feet of floor-space to my
store-house and shall keep in stock Roofs
polished one-piece sections. Dovetailed
hives, new Weed foundation, etc.. in addi-
tion to my old line.

Best breeds of bees and queens at bottom
prices. Don't buy until you see what you
can do with me.

W. W. GARY, Colrain, Mass.

Our Prices are Worth Looking at!

IN THE

New Champion Chaff Hive Especially.

All otlier supplies accordingly. Send

for catalog-ue anO price list. Address,

mentioning- Gteaninos.

R. H. SCHMIDT & CO., Box 187. Sheboygan, Wis.

MUTH'S HONEY-EXTRACTOR,
SQUARE GLASS HONEY-JARS,
ROOT'S GOODS AT ROOT'S PRICES,

Bee-keepers' Supplies in p-eueral, etc., etc.
Send for our new catalog-. " Practical
Hints" will be mailed for 10c in stamps.
Apply to

CHAS. F. MUTH & SON, Cincinnati, 0.

Early Queens
By Return Mail.

Best tested Italians. Jl.OO eicli. Queens ure vigor-
ous, healthy, atid proliflc. The workers are unsur-
passed as honey-gatherers. Send for price list.

J. W. K. Shaw & Co., Loreauville, La.

The Cultivator,

Published semi-monthly at Omaha. Ne-
braska, is the leading authority on fruit
grown i- Nebraska, and on general ag-
riculture iti the West. Send for sample
copy and free stra\vberry-plant offer.
Address

The Cultivator, Omaha, Neb.
Sweet Potatoes.

Vi pk. G. C. Proliflc, 'i pk. G. Grant, 3 pks. Yellow
Jersevs, all for One Dullar. Here is an opportu-
nity to try the new vinelet'x vari< ties at a small cost.
J. Q. MULFf)HD, Lebanon, Ohio.

1500 Bbls. Sweet=potato Seed.

Yellow Jers y, Caiolina. and Nansi-mond, select-
ed size, 83.5U p<-r tiarrel; 2d size, $1.7.5 per Bbl.
Red Jersey and R. Ni.nsemond, 2.50
Red Bermuda and Red Spanish, 2 7.5
South. Quet-n and Bahama White, 2 75
Vineless or Gold Coin Pr<iliflc. 4 00

Discount of 25c per bbl. on 5 bbl. lots.
Send for free circulars. Aflddie'-«

L. H. MAHAN, Box 143.

Terre Haute, Ind.
E^ln resiKjndIng to this advertlseraent mention GLKANiNoa

1897.

Cleveland
Bicycles. #'$'

Every piece and part of the Cleveland !
Bicycle is made in our own factories by
the best of skilled workmen, under most |
rigid inspection. The result is a Bicycle !
embodying, in a marked deg-ree, features
of safety, speed, and durability.

THERE'S HONEST VALUE IN IT.

We want the patronage of intelligent and dis-
criminating buyers. 1897 catalog mailed free
for the asking.

H. A. LOZIER & CO.,
Cleveland, Ohio,

Sf'ud Scents postage for our booklet, "Shake-
speare and the Bicycle." 'I'we've illustrations ]
in cdlois by F. < tpjier, of " Puck.'

S YRAC U S E

SUSPENSORY

SUPPORTS

and protects ihe S'-rotum, and shuuid ucworn in
every case wher,- there is any drooping ol the scro-
tum. It is espeL-ially recommended to wheelmen,
equestrians, b'lse-ball, foot-ball, and lawn-tennis
players, athletes, men doing heavy work, tnuch
walking or standing, etc. Ask your physician's ad-
vice about wi arintr a Suspensory— perliaps it will
relieve .\ our backache. Our $1.00 grade is very pop-
ular, and your dealer, or we. will sell you one and
refund money if not perfectly satisfactory. For
sale by all druggists and deah-rs in athletic goods.
Send tor price list. A. J. WELLS MFG. CO..

itir

i.')0 Tallrnau .Street, Syracuse, N. Y.
(tvertisers ptease mention this paper.

,JOM/V AfSOSL StSO*/. M/aHH/i-t.Mo.

EARLY QUEENS from good stock (one yard av-
eragetl 421) MiS in '91) Have kept bees since '74;
sold thousands of qu* ens the past si.v years. Price
$1.00, March and April. Free catalog.

J. B. Case, Poit Orange, Fla.

COLUHBIAN RASPBERRY, J2.60 f erdoz; currant,
gooseberry, grapevines. tl.OO per doz., prepaid;
chesti.ut and English walnut, 2.5c each, prepaid;
Pearl go'^seberry, 50c each.

T. G. ASHMBAD Nursery, Williamson, N. Y

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Post Yourself About ^

Bicycles

Read the new Columbia Catalogue. Handsomest catalogue ever issued.
Tells fully of Columbia and Hartford bicycles. Whetb.er you buy the
Columbia, the Hartford or any other bicycle, it will give you valuable
and desirable information that every cyciir:t should know Fully illus-
trated. Free by calling on any Columbia dealer ; by mail from us for
one 2-cent stamp.

THE WORLD

Bicycles

lOi^^

Hartfor(!s/7V60/5035

POPE MFG. CO. Hartford, Conn.

Greatest Bicycle Factory in the World. More than
17 Acres of p-Joor Space.

Branch House or dealer in almost every city and town. If Col-
umbias are not properly represented in your vicinity, let us know.

B. liendrickson, Agent,

Medina, Ohio.

PCLIPSE CORN=PLA[NTER

*--^ ..^-^ y^nd Fertilizer=Distributor Combined.

WILL
PLANT.

CORN, BEANS, PEAS,
.and BEET SEED

in Hills. Drills, and Checks. It is the
only planit'i- thHt will disiribute all fer-
tilizers. Wet or Dry, Hen Manure, Plas=
ter, Ashes, Etc., with a certainty, in
ditterent amounts, each side of seed.
Send for circulars.

Eclipse Corn=Planter Co

Enfield, Grafton Co.
New Hampshire.

Weight 150 lbs

lU.RANINGS IN BEE CULUTRE.

Mar. 15.

HENS

and eggs sell for cash and
if farmers would only learn
how to produce them they
would beat anything on the
farm. THE POULTRY

BEAT

KEEPER. Box 63 PARK-
ESBHRG, PA. only 5fr cents per
year, will show you how the
hens may beat the cows. Send
for FI?-E;E sample copy.

COWS:

OULTRY.
SUPPLIES

Our New 1897 Illustrated

Live=stock and Poultry=supply

Catalogue

is "up to date." Many new
■(Ai kinks in poultry culture are
^ ' suggested an d illustrate d
and no live "■ chickener ''
should fail to see it. Has

BEE FIXINGS too.

What is YOUR name V
Where do vou live?

JOHKSflN&^TOKES,.

? ^ SfiEDSMEN.

Jf; j / > ;2l7a,2l9 MARKET ST.. ■<

4lki^ij:^ie«itADSl.RHiA ;PA.

I GLEAN'INGS.

BUfifilES,;

Carts, Surries,

Phsetons,
Springrtagons,
Harness and Saddles shij^Jied C. O. D.
anywhere to anyone with
ivileye to examine at low-
\est wliolesale prices. Guar-
Janteed as i-epresented or
/money refunded. Send for
illustrated catalog and testi-
ials Free. Addr.du full)
C4SH BIYERS' FXION, l.JS W. Van Buren St., B:t45 CHICAGO
>'lease mention this paper.

RE^^«
INDEUB^J
COPYIN^H

ii/iH noc pade
nop Thicken.

Warranted First Class.
i-pt. sample by mail.

^^^_

blTjl^^^H

HANDY MrS.CO-'n'iS"'

ONh MAN Wlitt I Mb
UNION COMBINATION SAW

Can do the work of four men us-
jtifT haDd tools in Ripping, Cut-
ting off, Miteriiig, Riibbetiug,
Grooving. Gaining, Dadoing,
Edging up. Jointing Stuff, Etc.
Full Line of P'oot and Hand
Power Machinery. Sold mi Trial.
Catalog Free. l-24ei

SENECA FALLS MFC. CO..
44 Water St.. Seneca Falls, N Y

Do You Want

An incubator?

New Double Regula-
-tor; Model Egg Tray

Want Our Catalogue ?

It's a pretty book of 68 pages, finely Illustrate
worth dollars to every poultryman, A 2c stamp gets i

Geo. J. NissuY, Saline, Mich.

this paper.

LIFE PRODUCERS

THE SUCCESSFUL INCUBATORS.

LIFE PRESERVERS

H> THE SUCCESSFUL BROODERS.
1 ^ AH about them in our catalogue.

^J/^ Sent for 6 cents.

OES MOINES IHC'JSATOR CO., Box 503 DES MOINES. lA.

un this papLT.

I H ATC HChickens by st^e am-

EXGELSiOH Incubator

'ration. Lowerti priced
,st-cla"» llatfher made.
GKO. Jl. .'^TAIIL,.
4 tol 32 S. 6th ft. Qiiiney.IU.

mention this paper

CATCHES ROADMASTERS

Last spring several farmers on the line of a big
railroad rebelled against barbed wire, and demanded
board fences. They compromised on the Page, first
the company had used. Our man lately called on the
Roadmaster, who wanted him to "see those farmers,
who would hug and kiss you, and I've got to have
25 miles on mv division."

PAGE WOVEN WIRE FENCE CO., Adrian, Mich.

Please mention this paper.

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

,7.5,

I A Novelty Offer i
in Vegetables, S%\

ONLY 15 CENTS.

<l>

fl> -^— — — ^-^— — — ^^^

1^\ Xew Cardinal Beet.— Most desirable in ^j^
/M shape and color; very early; cooks dark red. •;;
jji Evergreeu Cuoumber. — Color, deep ^.J
jK green: desirable for sliciiii; or pickling. JIj

T Grand Rapids liCttuce.— Of superior Jx
2? quality and color; always crisp and tender. JK

fl> Soutliport Yellow Clobe Onion.- W
W Handsome in appearance and large in size. v/
4S Early White Box Kadisli.-One of \t/
<lfii the very best white turnip Radishes. vf/

/|S Isnotnm Tomato. — Very productive; \f/
fl\ good size; rich color; smooth and solid. \j/

2; One large packet of each of the ^
i^ above (six varieties In all) sent post- -K
i: paid, for only 15 cents. XJ

fl> r D r r "^^'itti every remittance of 15 VV

^fr r n^^. cents for the above collection. NW

/j> Twill mail (if requested) without additional \|/

^ cost, my Xew- Seed, Plant and Bulb \f/

^\ Catalogue, the gem book of the year, which \f/

^ contains everything good, old or new. at right y|/

/l\ prices. You need it, no matter if you pur- (ti

;S\ chase 10 cents worth or §10.00 worth of seeds yj

m

md plants. Address

» WM. HENRY MAULE, vj^

'1^ 171 1 Filbert St., Philadelphia, Pa. ,]?

SBif.'^C/ Choice Seedssure to grow |J| f^fS.
rf^i-.cis and Uo-ssrcL. postpaid for 8i» W 1 Ui

^aOTE THE VARIETSESS-Poppy, Mnewest
coIors;Verb3Ha, 15 be.st varieties, GOdetia, ^

s; Candytuft, 19 f'"-i'i-es,CvveGt Peas, 20
new kinds and Mignonette, 10 elegant varieties
I A. B. Webb, PhiladeiphiP, Fa., writes: The coJIect-
1 ion of seeds grew and bliivsom^il beautifully.

WRITE TO-OAY; MENTION THIS PAPER and receive
jlew. Instructive and Beautiful Seed aud Plant «""''

Manual's Enormous.

The greatest-yieldiug-
potato on earth. They
lead all at several ex-
periment station
Prices low. Potato an
Queen circulars free

A. E. HANUn,
Bristol, = Vermont

\^§^

HEAR ME! SI

Early Mammoth corn, 30 varieties of new "]

choice potatoes, garden seeds, I ee-flxtures. V^

Pacliet Charlier radish and caalog free. j|{

J. F MICHAEL., [}|

BOX. R, GREENVILLE OHIO. fU

I J^ Buy Direct

fi and pay but one profit. C
Our assortment is one »
of the best and most t
complete in >

^ Fruit and Ornamental j

Trees, Shrubs, Plants, ?

Roses, Vines, /^'^^i'

~ — ■ " V ' '^^ '^N

-* Bulbs, Seeds/ /^'^-i/^ _,

I Rarest New,Chorc8StO!d.J;j5?sf / f\*'^^
Send for our cata
logue today; it tells k
all; an elegant book.
168 pages, magazine size, piotuseK ill-

ustrated—free,

Seeds, Plants, Bulbs,
Small Trees, etc., byi
mail postpaid, safe arri-
val and satisfaction!
guaranteed. larger b\'
express or freight 43d |
Year, 32 Greenhouses,]
1,000 Acres.
THE STORRS &
HARRISON CO.,
Box 330 Pafnesville, O.

\ Woman Florist.

5

EVERELOOMSNG
ROSES

Eed, Wtite, Pink, Yellow and
Blush M ^^ I "< ,

AXL ■WTLL BLOOM THIS SUMMER.

Send in cents for the above Five colors of Bosea. I
want to ehow jou Bamples of the Kotea I grow, hence
this offer.

8 of the loveliest fragrant sverblooTnini? Roses, 25cts
8 Hardy Koses, each one different, fine for garden, 25ct8
8 Finest FlowerintiGeraniumsdouble orsingle, 2.5cts
8 Carnations, tho "Divine Flower," all colors, - 2.5ct8
8 Prize VVi.i.iiii ,' Olir;, sa:i;ueraums,world beaters, 25ot8
8 Lovely Gliuliol.-is, the preiiiest tlowergrown, - 25cts
8 Assorted i'la;its, suitable for pots or tlie yard, - 25cts
8Beautiful Ooleus, will nialioncliarming bed, - 25cts
1() Superb Lar.'eFlowererl I'.'cr.sTrlauts, - - - 2oets

eSweet Sceutei I)nuM6Tu!.ol;n?es, 25ct8

3 Be'^onias and 2 choice Palms, tinV' for house. - 25cts
3 Lovely Fu-hsias and 3 fra;rant Heliotropes, - 25cts
10 Packets Flower Seeds, a ChoiL-eAassrtment, - lOcts

PPECT AL Ox'FiiK.-An75sc's fir $1.00 ; half of any
5 sets, 6j -'s ; or the entire lot mailed to any address for
$2.50; or half of each lot for .$l,'.:o. 1 guarantee satisfac-
ti':'n. Op.-e a customer, always one. OataloBue Free.
riieso plants will all grow with proper care. My (jt-cnt
muiitiily '•How to tirow Flowers," tells how. Add 25cts.
to your order for it one year. Address,
MIS.S ELLA V. BA1]VE!*, BoillO, Sprlnjffleld, Ohio
([^•In responding to tills advei tiseim-nt mention GlkaMSGA

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mab. 15.

Gardeners, Try Our Specialties.

Everbearing Strawberry— Jime till October -40c per dozen; $3.50 per hundred, postpaid.
Hood River Strawberry— best shipping— 35c per dozen; $3.00 per liundred, postpaid.
Oregon N ellow Daiiver.-? Onion— largest yielder and best keeper known— 90c per pound;

5 pounds to one address, $3 25, postpaid.
Oregon Hubbard Squash— best yet— $1.00 per pound.

BUELL LAMBERSON, seed store, PORTLAND, ORE.

NORTHWESTERN AGENT ROOT'S BEE-SUPPLIES.

OMATO GOOD

Cnrr A package of the Earliest To-
rnLLmato in the World will be
sent to those who, in applying for our
Catalogue, will write the words GOOD
SEEDS and mention the paper in which
they saw this advertisement. «3=-Write
NOW as this offer will not appear again.

at Pair Prices. We aim to supply the Best Seeds that
Grow, at Prices in line with other Farm Products.
Pvf l*-V pjlfrnf I- should have Our Cata-
LrVCl^ r^Ctl lllCl logue, as we pay more at-
tention to Improved Farm Seeds (Northern Grown)
than any other seed house in America. Kead about the
Lincoln Oat, introduced by us: 817 bushels were grown
from seven bushels ot seed. Our price only 50 cents
a bushel in 2(l bushel lots. Get seed from the originat-
ors and secure genuine stock.

Every Gardener Se.'Tt^L^fi^nl^"

select list of the very best vegetable seeds, carefully
grown and tested. Quality high. Prices low.
Ovrfki^-sr I #i/4.«r who grows Flowers should have

every LdUy our catalogue. Our Imperial
Mixtures of Sweet Peas, Pansies, etc., cannot be
surpassed. OUR BOOK on GRASSES, CLOVERS,
FORAGE and FODDER CROPS, by Prof. THOMAS
SHAW, given away as a premium. Catalogue Free,
send for it NOW, as this offer will not appear agam.
NORTHRUP, KINO & CO., Seed Growers,
26, 28, 30 and 33 Hennepin Ave., Minneapolis, Minn.

FEED YOUR BEESl

WITH BASWOOD. PROTECT THEM WITH EVERGRENS. j
100, 2 to .5 feet, $10. 100 liaswood Seedlings, l»l. Delivered free. Other j
.sizes just as cheap. 50 *i.OO IJartfains l>,v mail. ^Millions to .select from. Also j
Fruit Trees, Small Fruits. Vines, eto. Liberal cash commissions for<
clubs. Illustrated catalogue free. Good lucal Salesuu-n want(

D. HILL, Evergreen Specialist, DUNDEE,

lliliyillllllllll i"TrrrrriT7 peach ]

The best for the least money. Biggest I
stock, conipletest a.ssortment. Small
fruits, fruit trees, roses, vines, shrubs— f
for the largest growers and the smallest.
Crates and baskets. Illustrated descrip-
tive and price catalog free upon request.
REID'S NURSERIES, BRIDGEPORT, OH!"

B

IIDpCC'C FARM ANNUAL 1897

^^■■" ^^ ^F The BESX SEEOS that Grow!

Hundreds of illustrations and remarkalile Novelties, painted from luiture. Known as
"The Leading American Seed Catalogue." Jtifir-HIailed FKKE to all.

W. ATLEE BURPEE &, CO., PHILADELPHIA. PA.

75

cts.

• •

Send this Coupon and 25 cts. for

TEXAS FARMER (Dallas) ONE YEAR.

Agricultural, Literarj, News, and Family Paper. Sample free,

In writing advertisers please mention this paper.

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

219

Are You Going to Buy_

Apiarian Supplies or Bees?

If so. You Want the Best.

This is tlio only qUMlitj' we offer. Our prices are
riglit. and our '97 catalog ueseribing tliein, and tlie
maiiaMonieut of l)ees. is yours for tlie Msikinfir.

We cairy ii large stoik, utid can ship promptly.
Freijiiit is a biy con-^iderai ion often aniouniing' to
20 per cent of the value of goods. Let us quote .vou
prices on wliat you need, delivered at your station,

Freight Paid.

They will cost but a trifle more than others charge
at the factory. Our aim is to please.
Apiary, I. J. STRINGHAM,

Qlen Cove, L. I. 105 Park PI., N. Y. City.

Don't Neglect Your Bees.

Bee-keeping may be made uniformly suc-
cessful by judiciou.s feeding. It is just as
important with bees as with other stock.
Success in feeding depends
very much on the feeder used.
When you have tried the

Boardmaii Atmospheric
Entraoce=feeder

you will be convinced of tliis.

For descriptive circulars
I price list, address

H. R. BOARDMAN, East Townsend, Ohio.

Just Arrived!

My first carload of goods from The A. I. Root Co.

has airivid, and I am in sliape to till all ordirs
promptly at I heir catalog prices, t^end for m> .36
page catalog: also send a list of what gotids you
will need, and I will make jou special prices on
early orders.

GEO. E. HILTON,

Fremont, Mich.

SEE THAT WINK ?

BEE SUPPLIES.

Root's Goods at Root's Prices.

Pouder's Honey Jars and every
thing used by bee-keepers. Low
freight rates; prompt service.
Catalogue free.
-u nhM;nph\ . WALTER S. POUDER,

WMt- pOVUCHiJ^p 162 Mass. Ave., Indianapolis, Ind.

Dovetailed Hives.

Sections, Extractors. Smokers,
and every thing a Bee-keeper
wants. Honest Goods at Close
Honest Prices. 60-page cata
log free.

J. M. JENKINS, Wetumpka, Ala.

Dovetailed Hives

and all kinds of bee-keepers' sup-
plies. Send for illustrated catalog.

Deans & Miner,

Ronda, = North Carolina.

In writing advertisers please mention ttus paper.

It is here.

The year 1S!)7 is here, and we are happy to in-
form our friends and i:u»ioniers that we are now
better prepared tliaii ever hi fore to fill your orders
for (jtieens and bees. We h.ave the largest stock
ever operated by us, and we mean to be ready with
plenty of bees and queens to fill all orders without
dehiy that are sent to us.

Bees hv t le pound. *1.00; ten or more pounds, 90c
each Untested queens for 1897, $1 00 each in Feb-
ruary, March, April, and May; $5.tiO for six.or J9.00
per dozen. For larger amounts write for prices.
Have your orders ho ked for your early queens.
Safe arrival gu.-iranteed.

Root's goods, Dadant's foundation, and Bingham
smokers. A steam bee-hive factory, and all kinds
of bee supplies.

The Southland Queen, the only bee-paper in
the South, monthly, $1 00 per year

Send for catalog, which is almost a complete book
on Southern bee-keeping, givint queen-rearing in
full, all free for the asking. If you want fuU infor-
mation about every thing we have, and the bee-
book, don't fail to ask for our ls97 catalog.

The Jennie Atchley Co.,

Beeville. Bee Co., Texas.

Fruit Packages of all Kinds,

. Bee=keepers' Supplies.

f 3

' I We iillow a liberal discount

J on early orders. Why not send
'(i'll'i V for your supplies now to save
■I'lil^ t ediscouut and avoid the rush
of the busy season? Catalogue
and prii'e list free. Address
BERLIN FRUIT-BOX CO.,

Berlin Heights, Erie Co., Ohio.

I I u I Do you need queens? the

Look llGre ' Pm-est and be.-,t. If so,
£wWIV IIV^IV, . \;^^ ^^^^ prepared by re-
turn mail to ship th(^:)band and golden liali;ins,
and silver gra.\- < 'ai niobins, untested, wjirranted
purely mated, to'- .511,-: tested, 7.5c: breeders $2.25.
JUDGE E Y. TERRAL & CO., Cameron. Texas.

r\f^ck C £ini^ Invested in a postal card
V/IIC V/dll will get my large cata-

^..^,«,^^^;.y,..m^^..^.. ,.;.,, logUC Of till KOOt S gOOdS.

Can save you money. M. H. HUNT,

Bell Branch, Mich.

For Sale.

At only $3.00 per hive, line Italian bees with good
queens.

UNO. A. THORNTON.

UMA, ILLINOIS.

Bees for Sale.

In 8-frame Dovetailed hives, queens from import-
ed mothers. Price $4.00 to $5 OH per colony.

EDW. SMITH. Carpenter, ill.

In writing adrertisers please mention Gleanings.

Our Agricultural, Horticultural, and Garden-

ing Exchanges.

Price with Gleanings.

Rural New-Yorker ($1.00) weekly ....$175

Ohio Farmer ($1.00) weekly 1.60

Am' rican Agriculturisi (1>l. 00) weekly 1.25

Country Gentleman ($2.50) weekly 3 00

Practical Farmer ($1.00) 1.50

Farm Journal (.50c) semi monthly 1.10

Farm and Fireside (50c) semi monthly 125

American Gardening ($1 00) weekly 1.76

Market Garden (.50c) monthly 125

Drainage and Farm Journal ($1.00) monthly. . . 1 75
Strawberry Culturist (.50c I montlily 1.25

THE A. 1. ROOT CO., Medina, Ohio.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Wants and Exchange ORp^rtnient.

sible for errors. You
have the notice as many liius as yuii please; but all over five
lines will cost you accordintr to ourreKular rates. This depart-
ment is intendert only f<.r lion.i-tkle exchanges. Exchanfres for
csah or for price lists, or notices offerinsr articles for sale, can
not be Inserted under this head. For such our regular rates of
20 c. a line will be charged and they will be put with the regu
lar advertisements. We can not be responsible for dissatisfac-
tion arising from these " swaps."

WANTED.— A youn^ man of 23 years wants to
take care of bees this cominsr sea'^on f<ir wap-es
or on sliare.s, in this or any adjoining- State, or Cal-
ifornia. Have liad successful e.xperience. Ref.
given. Write at once. Address U T Stinnett,
Central Business Colleg-e, Denver, Col.

ANTED.— To exehanRe nice comb honey for thin
foundation. L. Werner, Edwardsville, 111.

W

WANTED.— To exchang-e for bees or offers, " reg-
istered " Jersey cow, Vjutcher tools, foundation-
mill, bone-mill, double bugp-y, new cutter, and Light
Brahma chickens. Address

Emas Fox, Hillsboro, Wis.

WANTED.— Toexchange Ualiati queens, bred from
Imported motliers. for plants, seeds, ret stoclj,
or Cowan exiractor. What have you to offer ?
J. H. Garrison, lUll N. 33d St., St. Louis, Mo.

WANTED.— To exchange Belgian hares, homing
pigeons. White Leghorn eggs or breeding-sioek
for Italian queens from Imported mother, pure-bred
geese, duck«, or ducks' eggs, or offers.

Eugene Manning, Jacksonville, N. Y.

WANTED.— To exchange 2000 Ohio a' d Hopkins
raspberry-plants, valued at $6.00 per 1000, for
extracted honey or comb foundation.

R. G. Robertson, Marshall, Mo.

W

ANTED.— To exchange one Root's make section-
machine (in tine order) for band saw or offers.
The Geo. Rall Mfg. Co , Galesville, Wis.

WANTED— To exchange Pastel, Water Color and
handmade Crayon Portraits for api-nian sup-
plies. John S. Semmens, 3724 Woodland ave., Kan-
sas City, Mo.

WANTED— To exchange for any thing useful. 40
colonies bees; also 100 Simplicity sut)Prswiih
wide frames. A. Y. Baldwin, De Kalb, III.

WANTED— To exchange for bees in Fla. or Ga.,
one fine stereopticon, 120 plain, 31 colored views,
etc. Parties located elsewhere must buy.

G. F. Tucker. 326 S. Ash St., Nevada, Mo.

WANTBD-To exchange eggs from R. Rocks, W.
and Buff Leghorns, S. S. and Buff P. Bantams,
for wax or queens. J. Hallenbeck, Altamont,N. Y.

WANTED— To exchange yoiing laying queens for.
bee hive machinery or full colonies of bees; will
pay cash for bees if preferred.

H. G. QuiRiN, Believue, O.

WANTED— To exchange McDnwel Garment Draft-
ing Machine complete, with instructions, for
Guitar, Mandolin, or honey.

Virginia Lbnehan, Decherd, Teun.

WANTED— To exchange a br;ind-new set of Ency-
clopedia Britannica, cost $60. also a brand-new
Webster's Encyclopedic Dictionary, latest edition,
bound in sheep, cost $10. for strong hives of bees,
hybrids preferred. Fred Hoi.tke. care of F. Bendt,
cor. Sixth and Orange sts., Newark, N. J

WANTED— To exchange incuba or, hives, sup-
plies, rubber printing-outfits, or cash. Want
honey, wax, or fdn.

O. H. Hyatt, Shenandoah, Page Co , Iowa.

WANTED.— To exchange 60-lb. cans in good order,
boxe , valued at 2.5 cts. each, delivered, for comb
or extracted honey, of this or next season's crop, at
the market price. B. Walker, Evart, Mien.

WANTED— To exchange full colonies or nuclei of
bees for gun or W. Wyandotte pullets.
L J. Stringham, 10.5 Park Place, New Fork City.

W' ANTED— To exchange stamlard varieties straw-
berry plants and Tui-ner iaspbeir.\ -sets for any
tiling useful. H. R. Gebhaht, Miamisburg O

WANTED— To exchange turnip seed or bees for
mink, nniskrat, and hou-e-cat furs.

C. G. Marsh. Belden, Broome Co., N. Y.

WANTED— By young man, 10 years' experience,
position as apiarist, or apiary on shares

Address f?ox 24, Altamont, New York.

WANTED.— A young American man would like a
position in some western apiary. Had 3 years'
experience, vvould prefer a good chance to learn
raiher than first-class wages. Can give good rec-
ommend, eoi A. E. Ford, Fitchburg, Mass.

I INTESTED QUEENS, leather-colored Italian, in
'-' April, .')0 cents e;ich. If you want cheap bees,
queens, and sweet clover, send for my circulars and
price list Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed.
Address W. J. Forehand, Fort Deposit, Ala.

W

ANTED.— Ten nuclei; also Craig Seedling pota-
toes at Root's pric> s for sale. Address
P. M. Byerly, Farley, Dubutjue Co., Iowa.

Special Notices in the Line of Gardening, etc.

By A. I. Root.

OUR NEW SEED CATALOG FOR 1897.

This is finally ready to send out. It is twice the
size of any of "its predecessors, and embraces spray-
ing outfits, directions for usii g fungicides aid in-
secticides on all sons of plants and fruits; tools for
gardening, etc. Mailed free to any address on ap-
plication.

BUNCH YAMS AND VINELESS SWEET POTATOES.

Either liind, 20c per lb. by mail (or 10c per lb. if
sent l)V express or freight with other goods); 3 lbs.,
by mail. .")0c; '4 pk., 40c; pk., 60c; bu..$2 00; bbl.,
$4..50. The Aineless sweet potato is better known in
some localities as the General Grant.

FREEMAN POTATOES FOR TABLE USB.

Mrs. Root has been making careful tests of all
the new potatoes oftert^d for sale, and there Is no
one of them equal to the Freeman— not even the
old Snowflake. that has been given the high^•st place
of all. If you have never tried the Fr't-eman you
should have titi least a few f r-om our stock grown by
T. B Terry. Choice potatoes, carefully selected for
seed, are only $1.50 per barrel; seconds, ha f price.
The latter are just b auti'nl for a baking potato.

PREMIUM POTATOES TO OLD SUBSCRIBERS WHO RE-
NEW.

To every person who sends us $1 for Gleanings,
past, present, or future, where no other premium is
called for, we will allow 1 lb. of Thoroughbreds, or
the same value in any of the other kinds in the list.
But the recipient must pay all postage at the rate
ot 10 cts. per lb. for stamps and packing. Please
notice in Kind Words in this issue the quantity of
valuable potatoes that some of our readtTs secured
last yt ar from their 1 lb. of premium potatoes. Of
course, you can have your premium potatoes sent
bv express or freight with other goods, and then
tiiere will be nothing to pay for poi-tage.

a barrel OF potatoes TO EVERY ONE WHO SENDS
US A NEW SUBSCRIPTION.

Every present subscriber to Gleanings who will
send us a new name, inclosing $1 for the same, may
have as a premium a barrel of New Queen seconds,
worth 63c We do not make this offer because the
New Queen is in any way inferior, but because we
have a very large lot of them; and as it is an early
potato it ought to be planted pretty soon. Of
course, the one to whom the potatoes are sent must
pay freight. If it i* too much trouble for you to
get a new name, make somebody a present of
Gleanings for one year; but please remember
that this exceedingly liberal offer is made solely

1S97

CLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE

221

that GF,EANiN(iS may bo introduced into some fam-
ily or nolfiliboilidod where it lias not g-o'ie liefore.
Wfcan not send you tlie potat(,es if you simply
have (ii.KAMNOS sent to some other niembir of
your own family. It should go to some postoffice
where it is not already lakfu. If you want some
other \ ariety of poiatues t han the New Queen, each
new name sent us will cnli* le you to a dollar's wortli
of Thoroughbreds or 50 cents' worth of any of the
otlier viirieties in the list. For iistof other varieties,
see our issue of Feb. l.i, page 134.

OUTDOOR GARDENING FOR MARCH 1.5.

Just as soon as you can get a piei-e of ground so it
will work either with the spacing fork or plow, get
in some Alaska peas and spinach. If you liMveroom
to put in some American Wonders beside the Alas-
kas they will come in aliout a week later. Don't
forget spinach. It is as hardy as the peas, and I
have never yet seen any market overs ocked with
good spinach. To produce a nice article, however,
the gr.iund must be e.xceedingly rich. In fact, you
can not make it too rich. Spinach is now quoted iu
the city markets at about 75 cents a bushel. We
usually get as much for it as for lettuce (say 15c per
lb.) earl> iu the spring; but to get this big price it
must be started under glass. Fou want the ground
ricli enough so the h aves will be thick and heavy,
and of that dark ri. h coh.r which indicates extra
good s<jil. We prefer the Bloomsdale Extra Curled,
and can make the following low prices on the seed:
1 lb., 15 cts. ; 5 lbs., 60 cts. ; 10 pounds or over, 10 cts.
per lb. Our own grf)Ui d is just plowed.

GOLDEN SEl.t-JtiLA.NCHlNG CELERY.

Ever since this came out it has been a favorite
and staple vaiiety, and there has been considerable
said about getting a strain of seed equal to that
first sent out by the originator. We have taken
considerable pains in the matter, and have (jblained
a limited quantity of seed from Vilmorin, Andrieux
& Co., the origlnatois of the variety. Now, we can
not tell whether this is greatly or any supeiiorto
the best Americ-an grown; but we would naturally
suppose that the originator would h;ivj the very
best strain in his possession. We offer the best
American grown for 20 cts per ounce, or $3.00 per
lb. The seed mentioned above, imported direct
from France, can not be sold for less than 30 cts.
per ounce or $3.00 per lb. Of course, we furnish
five cent packages of each kind, but there are not
so many seeds in the high-prit-ed strain as in the
other. We are making careful tests of both kinds,
and will report in due time. If you order the high-
priced, please state that you want the "Vilmorin"
strain.

VEGETABLE-PLANTS READY MARCH 15.

We have a very nice stock of palmetto asparagus
roots, one and two years old: plenty of nice horse-
radish roots; WakeUeld cabbage-plants once and
twice transplanted. We have no cold-frame cab-
bage-plants, but we offer the twice tram-planted at
tl e same price. They are out in cold-frames, and I
think they are fully equal to cold-frame plants.
We also have a nice lot of cauliflower-plants and
Grand Ittipids lettuce-plants. We have no onion-
plants ready to send out except winter, or Egyptian.
These have been outJoors all winter without any
protection, and can be planted now anywhi re where
the ground is not frozen, and will g-r.)w an abun-
dtince ot onions for next spring. Price 15c per 100;
$100 per 1000; 87.50 per 10 000. We can also ship
promptly all the various kinds of strawberries we
advertise. We have also a very nice lot of Victoria
rhubarb roots at 10 cts. each; 60c for 10; 83.50 per
100. Small roots can be sent bj' mail postpaid at
the above prices. Large ones should go by freight
or express. The rhubarb is very hardy, and if they
should be a month on the way it would not hurt
them any.

THE AMERICAN COFFEE-BERRY.

Tt seems there are several varieties of this new
plant. Gregory in his catalog describes four kinds
of soja beans. The coff. e berry is one of the four,
and he gives it a very high Recommend for coffee.
Breck & Sons also describe it. and gi\e a picture of
tlie plant full of pods, with a coffi e not standing
beside it ; and. by the way, this coffee-pot picture is
exactly the same one used tiy Cole, of Buckner, Mo. ;
but we are not sure that Cole's American coffee-
berry is the same as Breck's. The coffee-berry rec-

ommerded by Gregory is dark-colored, and the
beans are flatish. Cole's are round, and of a bright
cream color. One may be just as good as the other;
but ours ripens its crop easily in our locality before
frost, and I think it is going to be a very valuable
variety of soja bean, let alone its value for coffee.
We have bought a liirger lot of the same stock we
had last season, and can now offer it, besides the
five cent packages as follows: 'o pint, 1.5c; pint,
25c; quart, 4(ic. If wanted by mail, add 15c per
quart lor postage We hope enoujih will be raised
during the coming year so that the present high
prices may no longer exist.

^

JN'-FCT E\1LI MLN \l()lt

At this present wiiiinv M.ik h 15 we have still an-
other powder-dusting bellows called the Insict Ex-
terminator Till.- machine, whKl. Cvnsist.-^of al.>ng-
handled bellows, so made as to get the powder all
down on the giound, and away from the operator,
promises to distribute Paris green, hellebore, or any
other iiiS: cticiJe. almost as well as the Leggett and
Hotchkiss machines, while the price is only $1. Of
course, we h n e not given it a practical test in the
field; but in experimenting with it on common Hour
ir throw-, the material in a little dusty cloud, and
seems to be proof against clogging or stopping up,
which has been the great fault of all the low-priced
machines. Sent by mail for 25c extra.

THE TONGAN BEANS.

Our own vines grown in the gieenhouse spread
and covered a large area, and ripened quite a quan-
tity of the beans, though not enough to test them
for cooking purposes. At the time I introduced
them a year ago I supposed there were none others
like it in America. Since then, Mr. Geo. E. Hailes,
box 1147, San Antonio, Te.xas, has sent me samples
of beans that so exactly resemble the Tongan I c-ou-
eluded they could not be a diff'treut variety. They
ate grown in the South solely as an ornamental
pla'it, and are there called "jack beans." Although
1 hey may be gooo for table u>e, they have never
used them there in that way. From what I have
seen of them I have no doubt that a single plant
will produce a tnishel of beatis. but they would have
to be grown in some locality where they would not
be killed by frost during winter. 1 think friend W.
S. Hart, of Hawks Park, Fla., has some plants that
have wintered over. We can still furnish seeds at 5
cents per packet to those who want to try them.
They can be grown here in the North so as to ripen
seed before frost if they are startid under glass.
We have succeeded in doing so without any trouble.

THE BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY, AND THE KIND OF
SEED REQUIRED TO RAISE BEETS.

There is one special strain of beet seed not kept
for sale by any seedsman in the United States, so
far as I know, but it can be obtained only by im-
porting it from Germany. You CHU all remember
the name without any trouble, for it is "Kleinwanz-
lebener." We have none in stock, but have made
arrangements .so that we expect to have it in about
ten days or two weeks. We can furnish it for trial
in five-cent packages, or 30 or 40 cts per lb. ; we can
not tell exactly until we know what the expense of
shippingwill be. The people at our experiment sta-
tion, Wooster, O., rC' ommend the Kleinwanzlebener
(this is a special strain, and is "stock seed "mbove
all others for the production of sugar— t.nat is,
where beets are grown for a sugar-beet factory.
The Lane's Imperial sugar beet, which we ha\ e sold
so many years, is also recommended by our station,
and for feeding stock. This we offer at the very low
price of 15 cts. |ier lb. ; 5 lb<., 60 cts.; 10 lbs. or more,
10 cts. per lb. By the way, we are told that good
beets, suitable for making sugar, can be grown aU
over Ohio, and probably in adjoining States.

THE UNITED STATES WEATHER BUREAU AT THE
PRESENT TIME.

The weather people have been doing some excel-
lent work of late. Since the first of March they

222

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mar. 15.

have made between 30 and 40 predictions, from 24 to
48 Flours in advance, and so far mt one sinjjle mis-
take. In some cases the prediction has been some-
what complicated For instance, here is the tele
gram received at 10 a. m., Maich 12:

Generally fair Siturdav, pre'-etied by local rain or snow.
Thi^ afternoon or to-night, cold wave; temperature will fall
20 or 30 degrees by Saturday morning.

Now. all the above took p'ace exactly according- to
program. In fact, ihey have been telliasr the weath-
er belor>='haiid almost as ; ceiir;itely as one could
write it down alter it had past and gone.

BRITISH BEE JOURNAL.

We are recelvins" every week live extra copies of
the British Bee JdunuiLioi vfU\ch we have no names
to send it to. We shall be pleaS' d to send these to
an f)f our readers, who care for it, at 75e for the
rest of tlie year 1897, and we will send you what back
numbers we have as well.

WHOLESALE LISTS TO DEALERS.

As this number is being- mailed we are sending
out whclesale lists to dealers in bee-keepeis' sup-
plies whose names we have on our list, li you are
handling-our goods as a dealer, and do not receive
one of these lists, write for it. We send it only to
legitimate dealers and agents. Others need not ap-
ply-

■WEED NEW - PROCE.'^S F()UNDATI,:)N AND DRAWN
FOUNDATION.

We shall be pleased to mail our new sample pack-
age of foundation, including a sm;ill piece of tlie
new drawn foundation with deeji Cflls, for 5 cents
in stamps to cover postage and packing. This pack-
age also shows the quali y and workmanship of our
extra polished sections.

ELECTRICAL WIRE-IMBEDDING OUTFIT.

If you have vei-y much foundation to put on wired
frames, it will (lay you to u~e this outdt. The sav-
ing in time and the tiiceiyof 1 ho work will more
than pay the extra cost. It includes a battery of
two cells, chemicals, and all the neces'-ary tools.
The batteries heat one strand of the wire at a time,
so that it sinks into the foundation by simply press-
ing lightly on the sheet on the reverse side. Direc-
tions for iise accompany eacli outfit.

Price of outfit complete, $2..50.

CARLOAD SHIPMENTS.

Since our last report a month ago we have shipped
a carload to Wra A. Selser, 10 Vine St , Philadelphia,
who has charareof our supplies at that point, and
■who will, when desired, make shipments from New
York Citv. A carload has gone to Jno. Nebel & Son.
High Hill, Mo.; another big car to the Bee-Ueept-rs'
Exchange at Los Angeles, Oal.: one to Buell Lam-
berson, Portland, Oregon. Besides we have ship;.ed
three carloads acros- the Atlantic— two for London
and one for Glasgow. Oiders are booked for lour
or five mote cars which we expect to ship during
the next ten days. While we have been a little be-
hind on orders we are catching up, and hope ijy
April 1 to be handling every thing promptly. Don't
delay too long in sendins in your orders.

MAPLE SUGAR AND SYRUP.

The delicious sweets of the sugar maple are al-
ready becoming plentiful in our market and we are
able to offer a ch( i e article of this year's make at
lower prices than usual. We handled last year over
15 tons of maple sugar, and upward of 1000 gallons
of syrup, so we are prepared to supply it in large
and small quantities. W e also guarantee what we
furnish to be absolutely pure maple. Choice first-
run svrup. in l-eallon cans, we offer at 90c per gal-
lon; 5 gallons, $4.2.5; 10 gallons, $8 00; 20 gallons and
upward, 75c per gallon. Good clear syrup, not first
run, at 5c per gallon less.

Choice first-grade sugar, 9c per lb. ; 'good second-
grade sugar, 8c per lb. ; fair third-grade sugar, 7c

per lb.; .50-lb. lots 'cc per lb. less; barrel lots of 300
lbs., Ic per lb less. At these very low prices we
ought to b^ ab'e to supply large quantities. Your
orders will receive prompt attention.

HONEY MARKET.

Wehaveengag'^d,and offer for sale at very favor-
able prices, the following lots 1 if comb honey, and
shall be pleased to hear from any inter^sted.

In Northwestern Pennsylvania. 400 lbs. of fancy
white clover in 12 lb. cases, and in 200-lb. lots at 13c,
or the lot at 12V4 cts.

We havf ali^o thrte lots in Michigan, consisting of
310 lbs. fan -y and No. 1 white, in 12 and 16 lb. cases,
which we offer at 12c per lb. for lot.

12(10 lbs amber, which we offer at 10c per lb., and
200 llis. buckwheat, which we will sell at 8Xc per lb.
in 200-lh. lots, or 8c for the lot.

Of extracted honey we have in stock a very choice
article of clover and basswood in 60 lb. cans. 2 in
ca-^e, for which we ask 7c per lb. ; 2-case lots at 6Xc.

We can al.so suppU choice basswood honey, direct
from Wisconsin, in 500-lb. b irrels, at 5)^0 per lb. In
l-gallon cans; lots of not less than 10 cans, at 6V4c;
50-can lots at 6c, or a ton at bViC.

4x5 SECTIONS IN THE 8 FRAME SUPER.

Those who wi-h to try the 4x5 sections in the reg-
ular 8 frame super which they have, without mak-
ing any chansre in them, can do so in this way: Pro-
vide a rim of the same outside dimensions as the
super, 13%x20. and M inch deep. Attach a strip of
tin to the b ttom inside edge of each side of this
rim. Procure or make 7-t<i-foot slats, 3< in. thick,
12,Jb long, and slotted from end to end. or to within
14 iii'-h of the end. Wood separators 4% wide, with
one long slot on the under edge ^i inch deep, com-
pletes fne outfit. You can put 30 sections, 4x5, into
an 8-frame superin this way. If sections I'^s wide
are used without separators, 33 sections can be
placed in a super. We can supply these %-inch
rims at 3i- each; 20c for 10; tin strips 19 in. long at
.50c per 100; 12f'g 7-to ft. slotted bottom slats. 60c per
100; 4%xl2r'6 slotted bottom separators, 60c per 100.
This makes the outfit needed for a super cost 18c
each, $1.50 for 10; sections extra. If you have to
buy the supers outright we recommend the regular
Danz. equipment.

KIND WORDS FROM OUR CUSTOMERS.

Find inclosed 20c for 100 of the leaflets " Food Value
of Hone.N ," by Dr. C. C. Miller. We have baked sev-
eral batches of honey -jumbles, and find ihem excel-
lent. John S. Snearly.

Williamsville, N. Y., Feb. 27.

good reports FROM THE THOROUGHBREDS.

I made 61 pounds of potatoes from the pound of
Thori ughlii-eds that 1 rect ived for a n(>w subscriber.
Tl'.ev had no mnnure or extra cultivation.

Isom, Maury Co., Tenn. J. S. Worley.

The 1 lb. of Thoroiighiirecis yielded 77 lbs. 11 ozs. ;
the 1 lb. of Craig yielded 23 lbs. 5 ozs. This yield is
not large, the conditions not being favorable, but
th.» immense superiority of the Thoroughbred is
plainly shown. A. Dawson.

Mohawk, Out.

The pound of Thoroughbred sent me yielded 92
lbs. Clayton Holl.

New Berlin, O., Feb. 23.

I expect to want some potatoes soon. By the way.
I raised 100 i^ lbs. from one premium pound of
Maule'sEarlvThoroughbred, in our garden, without
extra fertilizer. Mrs. M. A. Shepherd.

Barry, Pike Co., III.. Feb. 27.

I receivea the pound of Thoroughbred potatoes,
and raised 63 li-is. from it. A. K. Tuthill,

Welcome, Minn., Feb. 7.

hot-bed dSASHES, ETC.

I wish to emphasize your method of putting the
cold-frame sash totiether by using paint for the
joints. It makes them more solid and durable. I
prefer seed of your own raising, as I have had great
success with them the past three years.

Alexandria. Ind. Evan E. Edwards.

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

337

Contents of this Number.

Aiiulteiatiou Law. Califor':
Aplaiy Near Blossoms

Apple-tree Borers

Ba-sswood Seeds, To Plant.

Bees Filling Cracks

Bees in Steei-'s Carcass

Bee-cellar, Young's

Beets, Suprar

Borers, Apple-tree

Bunch Yam Sweet Potato.
Cabbage Seed, Danish —

California, Rains in

Cauliflower, March's Stiaii

Cigarettes

Combs on Wires 21i

Combs, Drawn. Value of. . .

Criticism vs. Slurs

Currant, Crantlall

Don't Pavs

Feedina- in Earlv Spring .
Fishbone. Talk About ...
Foundatiou in Full Sheets.
Foundation, Cl■oss-^<e^■tion
Foundation. Draun. Merits
Foundation, Flat-bott'ini .

Fred .\n,lei-..ii

Freislit-haudlei-,. Ciiefiil

Hive in Uieeiili.,u>e

Hive-carrier. YouuK's

Honey, Leaving at Stores..

Honev, Shipping

Honey Yield by States

242

l"ii.'> 234

".I liai.ids. ..257

2.54

<■ Killing Trees 2.')4

II Mails.. 257

- Castle 250

I tents 246

. yueeiis. Rearing,..' -HI

'iQueens, Late, Superior 2.3.3

i Queen-cells, Cause of 237

I Raspherrv-blaekberry 2,t4

: Hvr, PrM,-l;ed. for Food 257

'^ ■-' - 'id Honey 251

-i/eof 239

- I ! i-ht-weight 231

-■ I i -, Weightot 241

. Sr,M- l-M-r 3.'i3

; Siia'-c. ]>,■,•:., aii.l.-r Fiaii,.'-. ■■::f.

.240; Vinegar, Honey 234

232 Wheat, Cracked 257

.212 Woodchopper 239

Honey .Column.

CITY MARKETS.

Kansas City,— Honey.— No. 1 white, 12@13; fancy
amber, 11®12; No 1 amber, 10@11; fancy dark, 9@10;
No. 1 dark, 8@9; white extracted, 6@5;4; amber, iVi
@5; dark, 4; beeswax, 25.

C. C. Clemons & Co.,

March 23. 428 Walnut, Kansas Uity, Mo.

New York.— flonej/.— Fancy white, 11; No. 1
white, 10; fancy amber, 9; No. 1 amber, 8; fancy
dark, 64®"; No, 1 dark, 6; white extracted, 5@5y2 ;
amber, 4!/i@5; dark, 3/2@3>^; beeswax, 26@28. There
are no new features in the honey market. Demand
is fairly good, and stocks are gradually diminishing
at unchanged prices.^ Beeswax quiet at 26@28c, ac-
cording to quality.

HiLDRETH Bros. & Segelken,

March 20. 28 & 30 W. Broadway, New York,

Minneapolis.— Honey.— Fancy white, 13@14; No.
1 white, 10@12; fancy amber, 9@10; No. 1 amber, 8®
9; fancy dark, 7@8; No. 1 dark, 6®?; white extract-
ed, 6@7; Western white, 5®6; anjber,.5®6; dark, 4@5;
beeswax, 22®2.5. Market unchanged, and quiet for
both comb and extracted. Demand forjthe latter is
well supplied. S. H, Hall & Co„

March 20, Minneapolis, Minn,

Milwaukee.— Honey.— Fancy white, 12®13; No. 1
white, 10@11; fancy amber, 8@10; white extracted,
5yj@7; amber, 41/2 @5: dark, 4@.4'4; beeswax, 26@27.
The supply of honey continues very fair and the de-
mand is moderate, and the best quality usually
wanted, while the common qualities do not move.
Hence the argument is in favor of improved condi-
tions of package and quality of product. All choice
will be taken, and ^the common left. Give us the
best. A. V. Bishop & Co.,

March 19. Milwaukee, Wis.

Columbus.— Honey.— Fancy white, 12@12'2; No. 1
white, 11; fancy dark, 8!i.

The COLUi^rBUS Com. & Storage Co.
Mar. 23. 409-413 N. High St., Columbus, O.

Cincinnati.— Honey. — No. 1 white, 12®13; No. 1
amber, 10@12; white extracted, 5®6; amber, 4®5;
dark, 3H@4; beeswax, 22@25. Demand slow for all
kinds of honey, while supply is fair.

Chas F. Muth & Son,

March 22. Cincinnati, O.

Detroit. — Honey.— Fancy white, 10®11; No. 1
white, 9@10; fancy amber, 8®9; No. 1 amber, 7®8;
fancy dark, 7; white extracted, 6@6; amber, 4@6;
dark, 4; beeswax, 24@25. There is little demand for
comb honey, and quite a large stock in commission
houses. M. H. Hunt,

March 22. Beil Branch, Mich.

Boston. — Honey. — Fancy white, 13; No. 1, 11®
12; fancy amber, 10; white extracted. 7@8; amber, 6
®7; dark, 6; beeswax, 25. Comb honey is selling
very slowly, with a full stock on hand. Beeswax in
good demand, with a very light supply.

B. E. Blake & Co.,

March 20. 57 Chatham St., Boston, Mass.

Albany. — Honey. — Fancy white, 12@13; No. 1
white, 10@11; fancy dark, 7@8; No. 1 dark, 6®7;
white extracted, 5®6; dark, 3i/2@4. There is a fair
demtind for both comb and extracted honey, and we
are quite confident that we shall be able to close
out all desirable stock without much trouble within
the next four weeks.

Chas. McCulloch & Co.,

March 16. Albany, N. Y.

Philadelphia.— Ho/iey. — No. 1 white, 8; fancy
amber, 7; No. 1 amber, 6; fancy dark, 6; No. 1 dark,
6; white extracted, 5@5!4 ; amber, 452; beeswax, 26.
Season for comb honey about over; dealers do not
care to buy on account of warm weatlier so near.
Extracted honey selling slowly; prices very low.
Times are much harder here now than they have
been all winter, and honey is regarded as a luxury.
Wm. A. Selser,

March 20. No. 10 Vine St., Philadelphia, Pa.

Chicago. — Honey.— Fancy white, 11®12; No. 1,
10®11; fancy amber, 9; No. 1 amber. 7; fancy dark,
8; No. 1 dark, 7; white extracted, 5@7; amber, 5@6;
dark, 41/2; beeswax, 25@27. Stocks are working
down, but there is no improvement in price. The
season for comb honey is drawing to a close. Any
one intending to market in the cities should do so
naw. R. A. Burnett & Co.,

March 19, 163 So, Water St., Chicago, 111.

St. Louis. — HoJiey.- Fancy white, 12H@13; No. 1
white, ll®ll'/2; fancy amber, 10® lO'^; No. 1 amber,
9; fancy dark, 8; No. 1 dark, 7@8; white extracted,
QYi in cans, 5(4 in bbls. ; amber, 5^ in cans, 5 in
bbls.; dark, 31,4 in cans, iii in bbls.; beeswax, 3.3@26.
For the past two weeks there has been a better de-
mand for honey, especially on extracted. The pros-
p ctive tariff on sugar, 1 think, is mainly the cause,
as the demand is from manufacturers.

Westcott Commission Co.,

March 20. 313 Market St., St. Louis, Mo.

Denver.— Honey.— Fancy white, 11; No. 1 white,
10; fancy amber. 9: white extracted, 6; beeswax, 25.
We can not quote better prices than the above for
our market, and we will not give a false price to the
readers of Gleanings. K. K. & J. C. Frisbee,

March 24. Denver, Col.

For Sale,— a quantity of alfalfa extracted honey
in 60-lb. cans at 5!4c, f . o. b. here. Sample on appli-
cation. M. H. Hunt, Bell Branch, Mich.

For Sale.— 6000
and cases, S350.00.

bs. extracted honey, in new cans
Speak quick; who wants it ?
Elias Fox, Hillsboro, Wis.

For Sale.— $25.00 for one 50O-lb. barrel of A No. 1
linn extracted honey, F. O. B. cars here; or bV^c in
packages of 60 lbs. each. J. B. Murray, Ada, O.

The Insect=powder Distributor

or Dry=powder Sprayer for I897.

Pat'd in the U. S. and Can.

A perfect-working machine for
applying dry poison upon vines,
currants, cotton, tobacco, pota-
^ toes, fruit-trees, etc.

. '^ Manufactured by

'Hotchkiss Bros.,Wallingfora, Ct.

COR SALE.— Barnes foot-power saw. Perfect in
^ every particular. Have made over 800 hives
with it. Five saws; every thing in order; all good as
new; all out of bee business— no use for it. First
draft for $20.00 takes it, F. O. B.

E. D. Kbeney, Arcade, N. Y.

228 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Apb. 1.

Advanced Bee Culture.

During the earlier years of its puhlication, the Bee-Keepers' Review was deroted to the discussion of
special topics. Eacli number was really a liitle I'amphlet coiuainintr the views of tlie best men upon some
special topic. Alter publisliing the Review five years, its editor wrote "Advanced Bee Culture," a book of
nearly lOi) large, double column, well-illustrated pages, which is really a summ'ng-uj' — the cream, so to
epeak— of those first five volumes of the Review. It begins with the opening of the year, and takes the
reader through the whole season, describing the most advanced methods for perlorming all of the most
important operations until the honey is sold and the bees ready for winter. A single idea in the book may
be worth dollars to the reader. The price of the book is 50 cts , but, for advertising purposes, for the sake
of getting the Review into new hands, this book is given absolutely free to any one not now a subscriber
who sends l?1.00 lor the Review for 1897.

W. Z. HUTCHINSON. Flint, Mich.

The Danzenbaker Hive

and Honey won Highest Honors
at the Fairs, and Pays as Pre=
inrums to Purchasers

nt ,50 hives, $50 for the best 100

Danzenbaker sections,
of 35 hives, 3f25 for the best 50

Danzenbaker sections.
o^ 20 hives *20 for the best 40
Danzenbaker sections.
, $10 for the best 20 Danzer.baker sections,
of .') hives, -f5 for the best 10 Danzenbaker sections.

Further pariiculats regarding these premiums,
also special catalog of the Danzenbaker hive and
systtm, furnislie I tree upon application.

FRANCIS DANZENBAKER, Medina. Ohio.
Care of The A. I. Root Co.

of lOh

Nuclei==Order Now,

of the old reliable queen-breeder, a 2-frame
(Hoffman) nucleus and warranted queen
(Italian) that we will guarantee will pro-
duce a large colony by June, for $2.75.

Direct the Philadelphia branch of

THE A. I. ROOT CO,,

Wm. A. Selser, Mgr. 10 Vine St., Phil., Pa.

I^^A full line of all bee-supplies.

PRICES OF

Bingham Perfect Bee=sniokers and Honey=knives.

Smoke Engine (

Doctor .3^

Conqueror 3

Large 2%

Plain 2

Little Wonder (wt. 10 oz.) 2

Honey-knife

9 00; "

1.10 /f Ml

6.50; "

1-^0 /I ■

5.00; "

•90 /I ■

4.75; "

•™ /I ' 11

4.50; "

.60 't _i|

6.00; "

•SO c^m=m

Biugliam & Hether-

ingtou Uncapping-

kuife.

Bingham Smokers have all the new improve-
ments. Before buying a Smoker or Knife, look
up its record and pedigree.

FIFTEEN YEARS FOR A DOLLAR; ONE-HALF
CENT FOR A MONTH.

Dear Sir:— Have used the Conqueror 15 years. 1 was always pleased
with its workings, but thinking 1 would need a new one this summer, 1
write for a circular. I do not think the 4-inch ^raoke Engine too large.

Jan. 37, 1897. Truly, W. H. Eagerty, Cuba, Kansas.

T. F. BINQHAfl. Farwell, Hichigan.

At Des rioines,
Iowa.

Root's Goods at Root's Factory Prices

Immense stock of the latest 1897 goods now on hand, and more to follow.

Tliousands of Hives and Millions of Sections is our record and other goods in proportion, we

are suie to pleast you if the best goods at bottom
prices and good service will do it. Eleventh annual catalog free. Address

JOS. NYSEWANDER, Des Moines, Iowa.

160-page I BBG-fiooK SBut FreB m{\ flinerlGan M Joonial.

Bee-book
FREE.

Every new subscriber sending SI. 00 for the weekly American Bee Journal
for one year will receive a copy of Newman's 160 page "Beis arid
Honey" free. The old American Bee Journal is great this year. You
ought to have it, even if you do take Gleanings. Sample of Bee Jour-
nal free. Write for it.

GEORGE W. YORK & CO., 118 Michigan St., Chicago, 111.

^J

• delvotel

•andHoNEY
MD home:

TED

bli5hBdWTHEAl1^00YC0.

ptRYtAR'^^@ "Medina- Ohio-

Vol. XXV.

APR. I, 1897,

No. 7

G. C. Grkiner, p. 193. thinks it would be bet-
ter to unite two or three weak colonies and have
better work in sections. Right. Now if we
could only unite two or three poor seasons !

A. I. Root, p. 213, has " let up " on humbugs
because he concludes he has done his part in
warning the public. No, you haven't, A. I.
Don't " let up " till you're '• let down " into the
ground.

WooDCHOPPER says, p. 194, that burr-combs
between top-bars and super will make bees
work sooner and better in sections. So they
will if there's only foundation in the super, but
I don't believe they will if there's a bait in the
super.

A SPECIAL VFAGON for bee-keepers is a desid-
eratum. Why not have such a wagon on your
price list, as well as a wheelbarrow? [Can.
Send us your orders and we will give them our
attention. In lots of 10 and 100 the price will
be less.— Ed.]

A SERIES of experiments which have been car-
ried on under the direction of the Smithsonian
Institution has developed the fact that the col-
ored boys and girls in the Washington schools
have naturally much better memories than the
white children.— C/iicago Record.

Brood rearing is not repressed by R. Mc-
Knight at any time. He said at Ontario con-
vention: "I just let them go on as long or as
much as they please; and the more bees that go
into winter quarters with me in a hive, I expect
the more bees will come out in the spring, and
I shall have so much more working force."

Inquiries have come lately as to whether
bees are taxable. I know no reason why they
should not be taxable like any other live stock;
but as a matter of fact I think they are ex-
empt in some States. Assessors don't always
know the law, and it might be a good thing if
those who know would report as to whether or

how bees are to be taxed, so a condensed state-
ment might be made of all the States.

This winter, for the first time, I saw some
genuine honey put up in a tumbler with a piece
of comb in it. It came direct from the bee-
keeper to the grocer. I wouldn't infringe on
the adulterators' trade-mark in that way. [Yes,
come to think of it I have seen such honey; but
I agree with you that I would not adopt the
adulterators' trade-mark.— Ed.]

Bee-paralysis amounts to something in a
good many cases with Woodchopper— p. 194—
which means, I suppose, that he lives in the
South, for there it's a very serious matter.
Last year, however. I had one case so bad— the
only case I had— that I killed the colony, queen
and all — the only colony I ever deliberately
killed. [Woodchopper lives in Wisconsin.—
Ed.]

Crimson clover.— Not encouraging are the
words from the Experiment Station of Illinois.
It reports: "Crimson clover is less likely than
red clover to succeed in Illinois. Drouth and
cold are its great enemies— notably drouth, es-
pecially in the early life of the plant. [Crimson
clover around Medina is a great success. My
eyes are now resting upon a beautiful field on
the hill in front of the factory. Perhaps your
experiment station in Illinois does not know
how to grow it.— Ed.]

A divider, as described on page 52 by S. T.
Pettit, is before me, and I'm inclined to believe
it may nicely accomplish what he claims for it
—the sealing of the outside sections sooner than
it is accomplished in the ordinary way. At
any rate, it's easily tried. [Yes, I believe the
idea is a good one, and should be tried this
summer. The ordinary dovetailed supers have
a follower and tightening-wedge. In place of
these, but on each side of the sections, may be
placed a perforated separator with bee-space
cleats on one or both sides. This would carry
out Pettit's idea.— Ed.]

L. A. AspiNWALL, in Review, gives something
that may prove to be a decided forward step in
the matter of controlling fertilization. A day

230

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apr. 1.

or two after the virgin queen emerged he clip-
ped tt of an inch from both her wings, thus lim-
iting the time and distance of her flight, lessen-
ing the chance of mating with drones at a dis-
tance. In two or three cases he clipped J^ of
an inch with success. In some places this
would be practical isolation and control. [This
Is quite a point, and it might be well for our
queen-breeders to test it thoroughly.— Ed.]

"I ALWAYS LIKE to read footnotes to any ar-
ticle, and they catch my eye first, for they are
generally the cream skimmed from the milk,
and many a time these short notes contain in
substance the sense of the entire article." — J.
M. Young, in A. B. J. [From a private letter
from Dr. Miller I am rather of the opinion that
he makes this quotation as a gentle reminder.
We have had so much good matter lately, await-
ing space in the journal, that I reduced the
length and number of the footnotes temporari-
ly; but if that is not the wish of our readers I
will start them in full blast again.— Ed.]

Mixed. On p. 164 the editor quotes a passage
from Stilson, and then says it was Whitcomb.
In Review, p. 35, R. L. Taylor makes a slip, and
attributes Cheshire's views on foul-brood spores
in honey to Cowan. Or am I badly mixed my-
self? Say, Ernest, you and Taylor better have
that fish feast, and be sure to invite me. [I am
glad you caught Taylor. He is a man who is
not apt to make a slip, so I feel that I am in
good company. I discovered my mistake too
late, and wrote to Stilson, explaining that I
would call attention to the matter in our jour-
nal. This mention will set the matter right.—
Ed.]

Experimenter Taylor reports in Review,
that from a colony badly diseased with foul
brood he took outside combs of honey and fed
to a colony busy rearing brood, without infect-
ing it. A queen from a rotten colony failed to
give the disease to a healthy one. He con-
cludes that not all honey and not all queens
will carry foul brood, and that perhaps germs
are not carried about by the action of the air
nor upon the bodies of the bees. [I myself
have also taken the queen from a foul-broody
colony, and put it into a healthy one— yes,
done it several times with different queens;
but never has the disease been so communicat-
ed, and I somewhat question whether it is ever
so carried. — Ed.]

" I AM MORE THAN EVER Convinced that the
secret of successful wintering is to pack warm-
ly above frames, and that side packing between
the walls of hives is unnecessary. With plenty
of top packing and water-tight roofs, together
with plenty of food in store, no one need fear
the rigors of our winters." So says H. W. Brice
in B. B. J., and C. F. Muth preaches the same
doctrine. [Such advice will do very well for
mild climates, like that of England and the vi-

cinity of Cincinnati; but it will not do for cli-
mates even as cold as our own. We have tried
exactly the winter packing above described,
and found we did not get as good results as
where there was packed space all around the
brood-nest. A few years ago I tried some col-
onies in single-walled hives with large cushions
on top; but some of them died, while those in
regular chaff hives came through in good condi-
tion.—Ed.]

The Canadian Bee Journal has a report of
the late Ontario convention, and ii looks as if
our cousins across the line had given up quar-
reling and had spent the time in profitable dis-
cussion. The report is good reading. [The
Ontario association is in a flourishing condi-
tion. Besides a government grant, it is made
up of a lot of enterprising^ hard-working bee-
keepers. The geographical distances in Canada
are not nearly so great as in the United States;
that is, I mean that our neighbor bee-keepers
are not so scattered, and it is a very easy mat-
ter for tbem to get together and make a big
rousing enthusiastic convention. The Ontario
meetings are held from year to year at places
within comparatively few miles, while the
meetings of our equivalent association, the
North American, necessarily have to be scat-
tered at points a thousand or more miles apart.
For instance, last year the North American
met at Lincoln; this year it takes a big leap
over to Buffalo- a distance of about 1100 miles.
Very few of those present at Lincoln will be
present at Buffalo, and the consequence is there
is a " new crowd " at each meeting.

An article by Dr. Bourgeois is being copied
in the French bee- journals, explaining how bees
hang suspended by means of suckers on their
feet. Cheshire says there's nothing of the kind,
but bees hang by hooks, except on a smooth
surface, and then they stick by means of a
clammy secretion, and they can't hang to the
under side of glass if it's wet. A sucker would
work all the better on wet glass. [Cheshire, al-
though marvelously accurate in some things,
made some errors. He may, perhaps, be right
in stating that there is no suction-pad to the
foot of a bee; but some authorities, I know, as-
sert that there is such a device, and I have seen
what looks like it in the microscope. When I
was studying microscopy, some eighteen or
nineteen years ago, I observed what has been
termed a little sucker, or "pulvillus." While
much more apparent in the foot of a fly, it ap-
pears, at least, to be present between the claws
of the bee. Bees do not usually try to walk on
glass; and in their efforts to fly through it they
buzz up and down as though they could not
stick ; but after they are a little tired out I have
seen them many times walk up the perpendicu-
lar surface of a piece of glass. How could they
do it without a sucker?— Ed.]

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

231

By B. C. Aikin.

SECTIONS; WEIGHT, SIZE, SHAPE, ETC.

Oh! selfish man, unjust, untrup.

With longing eye and grasping mind.
Endeavors, by some hook or cue,

To beat his friend— yes, all mankind.
The largest eggs he'll keep at home:

The smaller ones must sell, says he;
And nature's realm he'll ever roam.

Excuse to find or conscience ease.
The sections thin, still thinner yet—

Fifteen, fourteen, twelve will do.
Still a pound is what we get.

With me 'tis so— no doubt with you.
O manhood I rise, be just, be true;

Your weights full measure always give;
Reward in kind awaiteth you.

If good or bad the life you live.

This discussion about the weight of sections
is still agitating bee-keepers. It seems to me
strange that so many are led astray. What
does it all mean ? Friends, just open your eyes
and you will see that the gist of the whole mat-
ter is a question of honest or dishonest weights.
There is a disposition to get more than our
money's worth — an evil that permeates the
whole mass of our people. We can scarcely
find a paper that does not carry advertisements
of one kind or another offering free goods. Oh
the hundreds upon thousands of ways to make
us believe we are to get more than our money's
worth!

I have observed for the past three or four
years the disposition to have sections of honey
light weight. I have no doubt that many-
yes, very many— of our apiarists have not seen
the spirit that underlies the whole matter.
Suppose two honfy-dealers do business on the
same street. A gets his honey from Dr. Miller
and such men, who would not produce any
thing but full-weight sections. He buys by
the case. If the sections are full weight he
gets 24 pounds, say for ■?3.40. He will retail
these sections at 15 cts. each, or two for a quar-
ter. Mr. B buys a lot of light-weight sections,
we will say at the same per case that A paid;
but while A got 24 pounds of honey at 10 cts.
per pound, B has paid just about ll;-.j cts. per
pound for 21 pounds, supposing the light
weights to run 14 ounces. So long as each
bought by the ca.se and sold by the piece, B,
having bought light weights, would make the
greater profitsi because he had less freirihts to

pay; but B's customers got less for their money,
and his producers got more for their honey.

Shrewd dealers (a vast amount of wickedness
is covered by that word shrewd) soon catch on
to these things, and the next step is to say to
the producer, "These cases are short weight;
we can not pay you by the case." I feel sure
that the greater part of the fraternity do not
really intend to do wrong; yet after all if we
watch ourselves we shall find we are willing to
take all we can get.

Supposing, however, that we are honest, we
shall ask pay only for net weights. It is very
easy, then, when the dealer can get 24 sections
at light-weight prices, to retail at a profit by
the piece— yes, a big profit. We must not for-
get that the commercial world is not governed
by the golden rule in its business. I am very
sorry to say that even those who profess to be
governed by this rule, many of them, leave the
rule outside of their business transactions.

I know that dealers have been advising light-
weight sections. It seems to me the reason is
to increase profits by buying by iveight and
selling by the piece— a. sort of deception. I am
afraid ive. too, have been hoping to get full-
weight prices for our light-weight goods.

One thing that has led beekeepers, probably,
to produce light weights is the fact that our
sections have not been proportioned right.
The A}:iyi'^}i\2 will nold a pound when well
filled between separators. The 1% thick will
hold a pound when full separators are used if
plump, and attached at the bottoms. We find,
however, that better work — nicer and better
finished sections— can be had if a thinner sec-
tion be used. I have no doubt that many bee-
keepers have come to produce the light weights,
not with intent to defraud, but to get a more
fancy article. It is no easy matter to change
the height or width of a section, but it is easy
to use a thinner one. Whatever the causes
that have led up to the thin or light-weight
section, it is altogether wrong to sell 12 or 14
ounces of honey for a pound. The sections are
supposed to be a pound. We call them pound
sections in catalogs and everywhere. Custom-
ers will buy them for pounds. People get so
used to being cheated that they expect to be,
and many submit because they think they can
not help themselves.

I have no argument to make against a thin-
ner section, for I believe that the two-inch sec-
tion is too thick to make a neat finish. 4Kx4J|'
x2 is too much of a chunk, and the more so in
appearance as commonly made with the gross
width of sides extending part way along the
top and bottom bars. A section whose sides
are one width, and top and bottom narrower
their extreme length, is nicer looking, and will
be better finished. This I observed years ago,
when I changed from nailed sections to the
one-piece.

232 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Apr. 1.

There is one thing that makes it hard to do clear through, we got a better finish to both top

justice and sell by the section or case; and that and bottom. All these years I have wondered

Is the fact that we can not govern the seasons why we could not have our sections that way,

— the flows— for we are sure to have lighter- but supposed that in making the one-piece

weight sections in a poor season than in a good section there was some trouble in the cutting

one, and this with the very same sizes and fix- that required the width of the sides to continue

tures. This can be remedied somewhat by the on to the ends.

apiarist understanding his business, and so Mr. Editor, can you not make a one-piece

managing by skill and improved fixtures and section with these features— i. e., tops and bot-

methods that the results in work will be more toms the same width throughout their length,

nearly equal. Our present hive system— or and sides ditto, just like the four-piece section?

whatever you may call it— is about like trying I favor such sections, and 4x5x1%, used with

to build a house a little at a time, and during a full separators. The top and bottom bars

term of ten or fifteen years, and all the time should be a trifle wider than the thickness of

trying to obtain the greatest amount of com- the finished comb, not more, if we want corners

fort, economy, and profit. When the structure nicely filled,

is done it is an expensive, ill-proportioned, in- Loveland, Colo.

congruous mass. About the only way to get [We can and have been making just such

the best results is to tear down the whole thing one piece sections as you describe in your last

and build anew; and in the new, profit bv the paragraph. Biit as there has been so little

fixneriencp nf the nast ' demand for them we have discontinued listing

experience or tne past. ^Yxe.m. The open-corner Danzenbaker section,

If we must stick to the present size of section but 4i:{ inches square, would, I think, meet
in length and width, let us keep it thick enough your approval— see No. 7 of our catalog, p. 12.
to make an honest section. I want here to Regarriinrr light weights, I can't see the mat-
^ ^ • ,. .u . t 1- r ^u ter just exactly as you do. The average con-
protest against the custom of speaking of the sumer does not know how much a section of
thickness of a section as its width. I know to honey weighs. He only thinks of it as a chunk
speak of a section when its mechanical con- ^^ }^°^^^ costing so much. I think you will
s.r„ct,o„ al.ne „ Involved, we might speak o, «r„J^.'t'r'i:ia'ir;.";,';1e'^?''.'h:r?Si'f;,li'p'oT,ifs'
the material as 17 inches long, 2 wide, and 3^' The tendency nowadays is toward smaller
thick; but when speaking of it in reference to prices, and in honey It liiust mean smaller or

its fanafitvif has Ipnp-rh wiHth a nrl thinVrnPss- thinner combs; and in regard to these latter

Its capacity it has length, w idth. and thickness, ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^.^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^.^,^_

and since the length and width are the same ness of thw average s^ore combs in nature; that

and regular, the variations the other way honey ripens more quickly and better in thin

should be thickness, not width, as many call it. rather than in thick combs. There are argu-

T ™v, _ . i u „ „:j ;n i .• meuts for thin combs out'iide of anv suppjsed

Lumber two inches wide will make a section g^eed on the part of the dealer.-ED.J
two inches thick.

I have indulged in a few figures to find out * ^

the capacity of various sizes of sections. At SHIPPING HONEY,
first I calculated by outside measure; but I

^ , , ^/^ , , , , THE CARELESSNESS <iP^ FREIGHT-HANDLERS.

remembered that, the further we get from the

cube or square, the more wood in the section ^'J C. Tlieilman.
walls. A 4i4:x43i section in the flat is 17 inches in Gleanings, page 9, we find a very valua-
long; and if one inch thick it contains, inside ble article on packing and shipping comb hon-
measure, 16 inches of space. A section 2i^x8K ey, by C. F. Muth. It should be read and re-
xl would contain 16 inches of space, but in the read by every producer and shipper for the
flat would be 21 inches long. This shows that benefit of both. I can agree with Mr. Muth on
the true way to count for capacity is inside nearly every point set forth, but would add one
measure. more of the most important points on the trans-
Here is a table comparing two sizes and vari- portation side.
ous thicknesses. There are probably but few shippers and re-
4J^ X 4}< x 2 32 cubic inches. ceivers of honey who have had actual experi-

t¥^^t¥^^ V^y o2 '^^^'^i'^ inches. gnce on the cars wh^re honey and other goods

4}^ X 43^x1% 28 cubic inches. j . , u- ^ t u v, ^ ■^■

3X X 5 X 2 .34t^ cubic inches. ^"^^ ^^ock are shipped, as I have had, riding

3% X .5 X 1% "32^^ cubic inches. with such goods on thu same train. Consider-

3% X 5 X 1% SOi^'V cubic inches. ing the way some of these cars are flung around

3%x5 xlM 27fiJ cubic inches. in switching on the different stations en route,

A 4i^x43^xlX section, used between separat- behind the engines, and sometimes sent a flying

ors, and with bottom starters, and well built on a down grade with such a blow against the

down to bottoms, will hold an honest pound. rest of the train as brings the stock on their

A 3Kx5xl% has just a trifle more capacity in knees, it makes you think there was a collision.

cubic inches of space, and will, I believe, hold It is a wonder that any whole section of honey

a little more honey. When we used the nailed is left on arrival at destination. No matter

sections with top and bottom bars same width how well it may be put up and packed, espe-

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

cially if the woather is cold. There is surely
more comb honey broken or daniacrert by the
train luen in this way tlian by any thing else
in transit. Even the large outer crates a'-e no
sure guard against this collision-like stroke
which I have witnessed at Chicago on honey
packed in large crates sent from the Home of
the Honey-bee, some of which was badly bro-
ken when we opened the crates. This mis-
management of the train men can not be too
strongly impressed on the manager and general
freight agents of the several roads.

I must say a good word for the men at sta-
tions on the C, M. & St. Paul R. R. All the
comb honey I have shipped on this road, prob-
ably 200,000 lbs., arrived in good condition
(without outer crates), only one crate being re-
ported broken. I tave watched their hands at
depots, and without exception they handled
honey as carefully as I would, without their
knowing that they were watched. They are
educated to it. On most other roads it is diliB-
cult to ship honey and receive it in good and
sound condition at destination points.

I can not agree with Mr. Muth when he says,
"Unless there is a collision, or cases are upset
or flung about, combs hardly ever break while
in transit, and they do not break if hauled in a
wagon over a rough pavement." This, of
course, depends very much on the kind of pave-
ment and wagon used. One without springs,
or the heavy trucks used by draymen, are sure-
ly not fit to haul comb honey on. Some will
get damaged, or more broken than it already is.

The pavements in Cincinnati must be in
much better condition now than when I saw
them in 1854-5, and in far better condition than
those in Chicago, or other large cities at pres-
ent, for considerable honey is broken down by
unsuitable wagons on those rough pavenipnts.
Comb honey should be hauled only on light
spring wagons, especially on rough roads or in
cold weather.

Theilmanton, Minn.t

[This is quite an important matter. It would
be well for our subscribers to give us the names
of those railroad companies who make it a
point to see that their men handle their freight
with reasonable care, and also tho-^e companies
which smash up honey. The employees are
not so much to blame as their companies. We
know that there is a great difference in roaas,
and. other things being equal, patronize those
which don't smash. Let's have the names of
the companies.— Ed.]

LATE-REARED QUEENS SUPERIOR, AND WHY.

Bu Geo. L. VinaJ.

Mr. Editor:— I noticed in Dr. Miller's Stray
Straws, Jan. 15, page 41, that he says, " Herr
Guenther, late-reared queens are the best," etc.
Now, I have kept bees about 25 years, but not
to study the subject much for more than about

10 years, and I found that out. Page 530, July
15, 1896, Gleanings.

Not to tell what my grandmother knew, but
she often used to say to me, when a boy, " A
swarm of bees that comes off in buckwheat
time, the swarm that is left will do better the
next spring than any of the others." Her
knowledge was from observation. She used the
box hives as almost every one did then, forty
years ago, and it was partly her observation
that led me to experiment on late-reared
queens; and I have frequently noticed that,
whenever I have purchased queens late in the
fall, from either you. Alley, Lockhart — in fact,
from almost any reliable queen-breeder— they
invariably proved better, longer-lived, more
prolific, and gave a larger and stronger bee,
than one purchased in the early part of the
season. I do not guess at this, or think it Is so,
for I keep a record of every hive, of every pound
of honey that comes from each hive, of every
swarm, when the queen was introduced, whom
purchased from, how many new combs each
colony builds, and have for a number of years;
and as I look back over my records I am con-
vinced more and more every year that for me,
at least, late-reared queens are the most profit-
able, and why?

1. I find them larger, as a rule.

2. Tney do not seem to want to swarm so
much, at least the first season.

3. They build up quicker in the spring, all
things being equal.

4. The bees seem more hardy, and are better
workers.

5. When they swarm it is generally a rousing
big one.

6. With me they winter better.

We have had quite a spell of warm weather
here; and in looking over the bees I find that,
in eight hives, the bees that are the most quiet
are some whose queens were hatched from the
5th to 18ih of October. The eight hives I speak
of I destroyed the queens. They were from
two to three years old in October, being some I
raised myself. I did it to try the experiment.
I think the experiment is worth trying. One of
the best queens I have is one that I got from
you. I wrote to you about her, and you
wrote me that some one in North Carolina, I
think, raised her. You sent him my letter, and
I afterward got a letter from him, stating the
queen that I had was raised late in the fall,
and he would like some of her daughters; but
it was then November, and I had none to dis-
pose of.

I wish some of the expert queen-breeders
would make observations; but perhaps it would
hurt the queen-business in the early part of the

Charlton City, Mass.

[A good many reports have come In, showing
that late-reared queens seem to be better. I

234

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apr. 1.

can hardly see how they can be better than
those reared in spring or summer, under proper
conditions.— Ed.\

HONEY VINEGAK.

KOT SUITABLE FOR PICKLES; HOW TO MAKE
HONEY LEMONADE.

By C. Davenport.

My experience in making honey vinegar may
be of interest to some of the readers of Glean-
ings who are thinking of making some of it the
coming season. A few years ago I tried making
it on quite an extensive scale in a number of
barrels which were set up from the ground in
an open shed facing the south. The heads of
the barrels were removed, and they were kept
covered with light cloth in order to exclude dirt
and insects, but still ailmit plenty of air, which
I found to be a very important factor. I had no
difficulty in maklngstrong vinegar, the strength
depending. of course, upon the amount of honey
used. Clover and basswood honey made vinegar
of fine flavor; but that made from dark and in-
ferior honey had a somewhat bitter taste, and 1
doubt whether there would ever be much de-
mand for that made from such alone; and there
is seemingly an objection to that made from
clover or basswood honey; for, while the flavor
and strength are all that could be desired, it
seems to cut up or soften pickles that are made
with it. I noticed this at our own place; and a
good many to whom it was sold complained of
the same thing. Most of the vinegars of com-
merce, instead of cutting or making pickles soft,
harden them. Of course, that made from hon-
ey is all right lo use on lettuce, salads, or pick-
les that are to be used soon; and if the defect in
it which I have mentioned could be remedied,
there could be a large amount of honey very
profitably used in this way; as I found that IK
lbs. would make a gallon of very strong vine-
gar, and it can be made in large quantities
without much work or outlay. Here we have
to pay from 20 to 35 cts. per gallon for vinegar,
and the cheaper grades are not fit to use.

There is much more vinegar used than any
one who has not inquired into the matter would
believe. Possibly a small amount of some kind
of drug or acid could be put into honey vinegar,
which would overcome its tendency to soften
pickles.

There is another way some honey can be very
profitably used by bee-keepers, and that is by
converting it into honey lemonade, ;is occasion
may offer. Ever since I read that article in
Gleanings, by John C. Wallenmeyer, in which
he spoke about honey lemonade, I have had a
desire to test the matter; and as the people of
our town celebrated the Fourth of July last
year, I resolved to give the matter a trial that
day. I was not able to leave home myself, but
I got twoyouugmen in the neighborhood inter-

ested in the matter, and they were eager to try
it on shares. We took a low wagon with a big
hay-rack on it, and fitted a canvas top over it
and to one side. The other side was left open
except for a strip of canvas at the top, on which
was printed in large letters of red and blue —
"pure honey lemonade."

I furnished a number of newly built combs
in brood- frames to hang up on the back side of
the rack. Quite a display was also made of
section honey, and extracted in glass of differ-
ent sizes; a frame of bees with a queen, in an
observatory hive, and two boxes with wire cloth
on both sides, containing bees, were also used to
attract attention. The whole was decorated
with evergreens, flags, and flowers I furnished
a steady team so the boys could haul the " rig "
around where the people were the thickest.

Before and after the Fourth we had some
very hot weather; but the glorious Fourth was
a cool, cloudy, even chilly day, compared with
the weather just before; and on this account
our sales were not what they would have been
on a WMr""> ' ly. Many of the other lemonade-
stands dio not pay expenses; but the boys gave
me $13.45 as my share of the profits on ihe sale
of lemonade. The whole time the three of us
spent in arranging the wagon was not over half
a day. The lemonade was made just the same
as any, except pure extracted clover honey was
used to sweeten it, instead of sugar. While I
do not know that many would like its taste any
better than that sweetened with sugar, it is
certainly much more refreshing, aud has a
pleasant or stimulating effect. We used a large
amount of it at our place last summer; and
many of the neighbors who drank some, bought
honey to make it.

In selling honey lemonade at a public stand,
those who buy it seem to notice its refreshing
effect, and return for more. I believe it is a
very healthful drink, and I am going to see if it
will keep when bottled up air-tight. If it will I
intend to put some of it on sale this summer
among druggists and grocers.

Southern Minnesota.

[Friend Wallenmeyer says all honev, as a
sweetener, is not as good as sugar and honey;
but, besides what Mr. D. says, quite a number
have testified that lemonade where honey only
is used as a sweetener is first class. There
might be, of course, a difference in tastes. — Ed.]

BEE CELL AE AND HIVE CARRIER.

BiiA\ youiKj.

As there were some inquiries made about a
year ago about cheap bee- cellars or caves I
herewith send you an illustration of a cheap
one I built, and a very good one, I think, or at
least it looks as though it would last for many
years. It is made as follows:

I first dug out a place 6 feet deep, 8 wide, 16

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

235

long; then I made the framework of old rail-
road ties by setting one in each corner of the
cellar and two on each side, about in the center,
letting them all into the ground about six inch-
es at the bottom. I then laid ties lengthwise on
top of the posts and spiked them on them.
Next, ties were laid crosswise close together,
forming the roof. As the ties are 8 feet long,
the top is 2 feet higher than the surface of the
ground. This space was sided up with ties ex-
cept at front end. The inustration will show
about how it is finished. All is then covered
with dirt, except the doorway. Those ties were
not much decayed. They were taken from
bridges where the railroad company was put-
ting in new work. I wintered a part of my bees
in this cave last winter quite successfully, and
have about 70 colonies in it this winter. The
remainder, 120, are under my dwelling-house in
the cellar.

Now I will tell you how I put my bees down
cellar by the help of the wire hive-carrier. See
description in Gleanings, page 425, 1896; also
illustrated here, showing front of cave, but
somewhat changed and much improved.

at the same time the one end is resting on a
bench about knee-high. This opens it up nice-
ly to receive the hive; then set on the hivo at
the forward end; raise the hind end; place pul-
ley on wire; unhook from post; then all you
have to do is to walk behind and hold back;
and when you get down where you want to
stop, let one end down on a box, or something
convenient, and then take off the hive.

This contrivance has worked first rate with
me; and as I have to handle my bees all alone
I think it a big help. I expect to take them out
of the cellar in the spring in the same way. It
will save all that lugging up the steps.

Ackley, Iowa.

.t^r—^-^.

First get a post about 8 feet long. Set it about
10 or 12 feet from the first steps of cellarway.
Now drive a stake about 12 or 15 feet further
back, which we will call the anchor stake.
Then put on wire or cable chain to hold the
main post in place. Now you must provide
some way to fasten the end of the wire to the
farther side of the cellar wall below. This I did
by setting a post in the bottom of the cellar and
nailing it to a joist overhead, and in range with
the center of the doorway and post above. Then
I put one end of the wire around the post in the
cellar about half way up, and about 6 feet high
on the post above on the outside, stretching it
tight with a wire - stretcher. The stretcher
should remain in place to tighten up when the
wire becomes a little slack.

The hive carrier I made for this work is made
as follows: I first got a board 5 feet long and
14 inches wide; then two pieces of 2x4 scantling,
10 inches long; set one at each end of the board
on top; nailed them fast; then next a board 6
inches wide and 14 long nailed to inside of post
and to bottom-board. Next put on the barn-
door pulleys; hang one end on wire as you see
in illustration; hook the other end to the post
by means of a wire hook— see illustration— and

VALUE OF DRAWN COMBS.

WILL THE BEES GNAW DOWN THE NEW DKAWN
FOUNDATION?

By Wm. Slaubaugli.

As soon as honey comes in I give from one
to two L. supers filled with as much drawn
comb as will reach around; that is, I fill up
a super partly filled with drawn comb and
foundation. As bees do not gnaw down drawn
comb for me, I put on supers with sections
before much honey is coming in; and to
give plenty of sections in time, is preventing a
good deal of swarming. As soon as a super of
sections is partly tilled I lift it up and put an
empty one in and the partly filled on top. If
the bees seem to be crowded I give them from
two to four supers of sections to prevent them
from swarming all I can.

But perhaps you ask, " How at the end of the
honey season, with so many unfinished sec-
tions'?" Giving the bees all the room they can
possibly occupy, if the honey season is not an
extra one, will result in a great many unfin-
ished sections, and also a great many drawn
combs not filled with honey. Will the drawn
comb balance the unfinished sections? Yes,
more than double, for me. I sort out all sections
less than two-thirds filled, and keep them for
bait sections. I do not want to put on a single
super of sections without one or two bait sec-
tions. These bait sections, in a poor season,
will sometimes be filled when the other sections
are left untouched. If I have drawn comb to
fill my supers, say half of the sections or more
with drawn comb, it is no trouble for bees to oc-
cupy sections at once. But how much more sn,
if The A. I. Root Co. could furnish us with
drawn comb for all the sections in the supers!

How about my sections that are filled more
than two-thirds? Well, I put my honey in sec-
tions into three grades. The sections two-thirds
filled I sell in my home market here for lOcents;
the sections more than two-thirds filled I sell at
123^ cents. These partly filled sections sell here

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apk. 1.

In my home market as readily as do the full
ones.

If we turn to the honey column for Feb. 1,
the fancy whites are only from 11 to 14 cents;
so I think I am doing well in my home market
by selling my unfinished sections from 10 to 12>^
cents. My full sections I sell at 15 cents per sec-
tion without regard to color or kind of honey.

As soon as you can give us drawn comb, then
we can do away with giving the bees so many
more sections that they finish just in order to
get a big lot of drawn comb by the bees for the
year to come.

But how about your drawn comb in the gnaw-
ing-down process? The comb drawn out by the
bees is never gnawed down by the bees, though
not a drop of honey is coming in, while they will
tear down foundation that is not drawn out. If
you can give bee-keepers drawn comb, both for
sections and brood- chamber, I think it would
add tons of honey to the bee-keeping fraternity.

Eglon, VV. Va., Feb. 13.

[The drawn comb referred to in the foregoing
article is that which had been previously drawn
out from foundation. In answer to the last
question, would say that so far the bees have
not gnawed down the new drawn or deep-cell
flat-bottom foundation. See result of an exper-
iment in the month of March, reported in the
editorial columns.— Ed.]

DEEP SPACE UNDER THE FRAMES.

THE IMPORTANCE OF A WARM BROOD - NEST
FOB COMB HONEY.

By F. Damenbaker.

Mr. Editor: — As you refer to my advocacy of a
deep space under brood-frames, in your foot-
note after Mr. S. T. Pettii's valuable article on
page 51, I wish to say that heat and ventilation
are two prime factors in the production of fan-
cy comb honey, of vital importance. He says,
" Bees generally commence at or near the cen-
ter of the super." They always cluster to-
gether and begin in the center of the cluster.
If the swarm is small and hive large, they will
cluster in the warmest end or even in a corner,
that the walls of the hive may help to retain
the heat on two sides while they form a living
wall of bees on the open side. They must gen-
erate and maintain 80 to JOo degrees of heat
continuously, even if it takes nine-tenths of
the bees to do it, and they need no more. In
warm weather three or four colonies may be
hived in a barrel, and fill it; but half a peck
of bees may be hived in a half -peck, if
carefully wrapped up to help retain the bee-
heat, and they will fill it too. But if half peck
of bees are put in a large hive they must clus-
ter in a corner of it, and have but few bees to
spare for gathering; and the little they collect
is stored within the cluster, to ripen. If a gal-
lon of raw nectar were placed in the bottom of
the hive they will not take up into the cells

more than they can cluster on to ripen, any
more than a horse will drink water when it
doesn't need it. Two hives may be standing
side by side when there is plenty of honey to be
had. One may be rushing, and the other doing
nothing. The one has the heat to cure the
honey, the other has not, and the thermometer
will prove it every time. The idle colony is
doing the best thing possible in staying in, to
hatch the bees needed to get the heat up to the
working pitch, which may be in a week, and
they are rushing too.

Many times I have found colonies with emp-
ty comb, only a few cells of uncapped honey
stored right around the brood, with the queen
cramped to laying several eggs in each cell.
Such a colony can be set to work at once by
supplying with young bees until the required
heat is supplied. The super is only so much
more hive space; it is of no use to a colony of
bees until they have bees enough to maintain a
working heat in it; but it is a drawback if it is
taking heat from the colony. Bees may be
working vigorously in one set of sections, and
when given another will almost stop and be ac-
cused of pouting, when they are doing the only
sensible thing by clustering at home until they
have the bees to keep up the heat to the ripen-
ing-pitch, not for a few hours in the middle of
the day, but for all the time, day and night
alike. A super that gets so cool at night that
the bees can noc stay in it, or so hot from 10 to
3 o'clock in the day that they are obliged to
leave it or suffocate, will not do— thus losing
half the day and two-thirds of the night. Bees
make honey by brooding on it, and they can
not succeed unless they are there all the time,
any more than a hen can hatch chickens and
leave the nest half the time. The fact that
bees do invariably begin in the super directly
over the center of the brood-nest, and finish
the honey there first, and best where the heat
is sure and steady, is proof enough, and they
are sure of the sides for the opposite reason.
A good cook can brown cakes with enough
heat; but with too little they will have a
scared-to-death look; and the cook caring for
reputation will wait until the heat is right,
that the food may be fit to eat.

Bees gather honey^to feed young bees; and
unless there is heat enough in the super to ripen
it there it will sour; so they store it in the
broodnest until they have it solid on all sides
and over the brood at the top of the deep
brood-frames. When Mr. Pettit says, "Bees
pass slowly and reluctantly over well filled
combs or capped honey in search of storeroom,"
and they will not at all— in fact, can not— until
the super is warm, he gives half ihe remedy
when he says, "Give an entrance Ifg inches by
the width of the hive," by supplying lots of
air, as it comforts the bees and retards swarm-
ing." This enables them to stay in the super

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

237

all day. Now, if he will wrap up the super in
such a way that a uniform even temperature is
maintained at SO or 10.5°, all right; he will Snd
the side* and corner sections filled too. and
nearly all at the same time. _ The super will
nofj get loo warm, if shaded from the sun. with
%-inch air-space under the frames. I have
used IM inches, and it is far better than 3^ inch
to get the bees in the super. When crowded
they will cluster on the outside for air. If they
were set up on four bricks it would make the
super the warmest part of the hive, and then
the honey would go there sure. Of two ex-
tremes, no bottom at all is better than the reg-
ular ^g" inch and deep frames for comb honey.
My new hive embraces these features with
others.
Washington, D. C.

[Here is another article that emphasizes the
same point. — Ed. J

^ I ^

KEEPING SUPERS WARM.

THE USE OF PACKING.
By Adrian Qetaz.

In reading over my last contribution to
Gleanings I find that two points need further
explanation. The first one is concerning the
necessity of having the first supers given in the
spring warm enough to permit the bees to work
therein freely, not only during the day but also
during the night. It is, perhaps, not generally
understood that during the day most of the
bees are in the field gathering honey. This is
deposited in the nearest cells, and only a part
of it carried to the supers. During the night a
great part of the field-bees (if not all of them)
helpbaild the comb and transfer the honey
from the brood-nest "up stairs," evaporating
it to some extent at the same time.

It is evident that, if the supers are not warm
enough, the night work will be curtailed, and
the honey will remain in the brood nest instead
of being stored up in the surplus apartments.
This is why our leading bee-keepers insist that
the supers should not be given too soon, and
not more at a time than the bee? can well fill.
DMuch has been said upon the necessity of
keeping the brood-nest warm in the spring, but
not much about keeping the supers warm
enough, at least during the fore part of the
honey-flow. Here in East Tennessee, on ac-
count of our elevation above the level of the
sea, the nights are cool through most of the
summer, and the above consideration is very
important. I suppose the same is true of all
elevated countries, the wholeof the Alleghenies,
part of California, and some of the Western
States.

As to the best way, " I don't know." 1 use to
a great extent double-walled chaff supers and
covers (the brood-nests are also double-walled).

The objections to them are the cost and the
weight. Outer cases can be used advantageous-
ly with temporary packing. For that kind of
packing I prefer rags to any thing else, as they
can be put in and taken out easily without
making a muss like chaff or shavings.

With sufficient protection, so as to retain the
heat of the colony fully, more room can be
given in the supers; and this will in a measure
take the place of drawn comb, for it i?i evident
that, when only foundation is given, what little
honey can be put in each cell will make a con-
siderable amount if enough cells are there.
And if the warmth is there, but little time will
be required to draw the foundation out. It has
often been stated that the bees failed to draw
thick foundation out sufficiently. I suspect
that the lack of sufficient warmth has very
often, if not always, been the cause of it.

excess of nurse bees and LARVAr, FOOD THE

CAUSE OF THE CONSTRUCTION OF

QUEEN CELLS.

I said in my last contribution that an excess
of larval food was the cause of construction of
queen cells. It may be remarked here that the
queen-cells (barring the case of loss of the
queen) are constructed only when three condi-
tions are prfsent.

1. Nectar and pollen coming from the field.

2. Numerous young bees, or, what is the same,
nurse-bees, producing larval food.

3. An insufficient quantity of brood to feed,
due either to lack of comb for the queen to lay
in or to a failure in her laying powers, or, I
think very often, both together.

If either of these conditions is lacking, no
queen-cell will be constructed; and even those
started may be destroyed when one of these
conditions happens :o disappear completely. T
will give a few exainples.

If you destroy the queen-cells of a colony
ready to swarm, and divide that colony in two,
completing both hives with empty combs, the
probability is that both will construct queen-
cells again, and, of course, swarm. In fact, it
will happen in the majority of cases. Now, if
it was merely a question of space, why should
they do so? But the fact is, the discrepancy
between the number of nurses and the amount
of brood to feed still exists in both hives, hence
the construction of quee^-cells.

But if in a few days you cut out these cells, a
second set will never be started (unless one of
the queens happens to fail and is about to be
superseded). Why? Because by that time
there is the brood of two queens to be fed, while
only the young bees of one are there to do the
work.

Very often people have tried to prevent
swarming by taking away a comb of brood
occasionally. The process has been sometimes
successful, and often unsuccessful. If the comb
subtracted was of eggs and young brood, the
remedy was worse than the disease; for it left

238

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apb. 1.

the nurse-bees still In excess. The comb taken
away should be of sealed brood, so as to dimin-
ish the number of nurses, and increase the room
for the queen to lay in.

Dr. Miller tried to prevent, not swarming,
but increase, by the following process: In the
place of the colony that just swarmed, put an
empty hive with one or two. combs of brood;
then the supers of the old colony on the top,
then the old colony itself on the top of the
supers, shaking the majority of the young bees
in front of the new hive below. Ke says that
the old colony will give up swarming entirely,
and destroy all the queen-cells— at least, they
did the first year he tried the process; but the
second year he was not always successful.

Well, the old colony on the. top was then
without enough young bees to feed the brood,
and that is why they gave up constructing
queen-cells. Probably there were not enough
bees left to protect the cells against the attacks
of the old queen, and she succeeded in destroy-
ing ihem.

I " don't know," but 1 am pretty nearly sure
that, if Dr. M. did not succeed as well the
second year, it is because he was careless and
did not shake off the young bees from the
combs as carefully as he did at fir^t, and there-
fore too many were taken " upstairs" with the
old brood-nest.

Again, Dr. M. tells us that he tried to pre-
vent swarming by giving a young laying queen
in place of an old one, destroying whatever
queen-cells might be there, but without suc-
cess. Now, why is it so, while, if you take the
old queen away, and let the colony raise anoth-
er queen of her own, no swarming will take
place with her? I see but one explanation.
In exchanging queens the conditions are not
changed, or, at least, but little, and that on
account of the superior laying power of the
young queen. But in allowing the colony to
requeen with one of her own cells (the apiarist
destroying the others), the bees are necessarily
without brood to feed at all — at least, during a
few days before the young queen begins to lay.
I think that, during these few da\s, quite a
number of the young bees take to the field work
and give up the nursing business; so when the
young queen begins to lay, the number of
nurses is considerably reduced; and this, cou-
pled with her superior laying powers, puts an
end to the discrepancy between nurses and
brood— provided, of course, there is sufificient
room to lay.

With sufficient room and a good queen I have
often prevented swarming by taking away a
comb of sealed brood before the number of
nurses was too large, and a second comb a week
later, perhaps a third one at most. This is a
very good way if a moderate increase is want-
ed, without giving up a honey crop.

Knoxville, Tenn.

RESULTS OF FEEDING BEES FROM EARLY
SPRING TO BASSWOOD BLOOM.

FEEDING A LA BOABDMAN NOT PBOFITABLE.
By F. A. Salishur-y.

Wanting to secure a large crop of honey in
the year 1896 we concluded to try the Board man
plan of feeding, and began feeding May 1, con-
tinuing till about June 25ih, feeding about 1 lb.
of syrup per day to each of 58 colonies. Syrup
was made in the extractor by the process given
in The A. I. Root Co.'s catalog; the same
amount of sugar and water by measure or
weight; it does not make any difference in this
regard, as sugar and water, bulk for bulk, weigh
nearly the same. After syrup was made it took
about 30 minutes to fill all the feeders. This is
made possible by having bees in the house-api-
ary with feeders made in the bottom-boards.
There is no coming in contact with bees, and no
occasion to use a smoker. The next morning,
when about to feed, a glance along the shelves
would show which feeders needed replenishing,
the feeders being 1-lb. Muth honey-jars. Some
colonies would empty the feeders in two or three
hours. As we said before, we kept this feeding
up nearly two months, feeding during that time
over 4 barrels of sugar. Cost of sugar about $9,5.

A short distance from us is an apiary of about
100 colonies. These bees were not fed during
this time. Ours were fed daily. One would ex-
pect to see our 58 colonies increase in strength,
and swarm early; but the truth is, ours were
later in swarming, and weaker in bees, by the
time basswood opened. Now, I do not know
why ours should be so backward, seeing they
had over four barrels of sugar fed them, unless
we fed so fast that all the available room in the
brood-chamber was filled with syrup which pre-
ventsd them from breeding. Last year, when
reading friend El wood's results of his feeding,
I said he was wrong; but now I agree with him
that it does not pay to feed bees. Our crop of
honey was about two-thirds of the average of
others near here; and with the cost of sugar
and work taken out it left us about even. I
shall feed no more sugar to stimulate. The
only time I see that sugar feeding can be made
profitable is in the fall when stocks are short of
of stores, when enough should be fed to carry
them through till honey comes again.

Possibly if we had feed all the four barrels of
sugar during the week just before basswood
opened we should have had a different show-
ing; but I do not think enough more honey
would have been gathered to pay for the sugar
and cost of feeding.

There is one thing I have noticed in making
syrup by the cold-water extractor process; and
that is, it does not granulate either in or out of
the comb. We have about 10 lbs. of syrup made
last June that has stood in the house apiary
from that time till now. Of course, during the

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

239

summer it evaporated down to a thick syrup,
and now is clear as crystal, and thick, with no
granulation. Syrup made by boiling will gran-
ulate more or less.
Syracuse, N. Y., Feb. 9.

[Two years ago when I visited Boardman he
was the only one around who secured any
honey, and he attributed it to the fact that he
fed them up to the honey-tlow. (illing the brood
combs, so that the first and all the honey hud
to go into the supers. This seemed to be a big
thing, and I can'c quite give up that it is yet.
However, one of our neighbors, M. G. Chase, of
Whittlesey, O.. has tried the plan and succeed-
ed no belter than you; at all events, he thinks
he can't afford to do it again.

Let's have more reports from those who tried
the plan, for many did try it. If nearly all
made it a failure then we must give up.

Regarding the cold process of making syrup,
Mr. Salisbury is the man who gave us the plan.
This is surely a success. Our bees have had
this syrup for two winters, and they never win-
tered better. To go back to the old mussy way
would be like goiug back to box hives. A Mr.
Laing, of Ontario, who visited us recently, said
this idea alone was worth to him several years
of Gleanings.— Ed]

CHIPS FROM WOODCHOPPER.

BEES GATHERING POLLEN IN THE MORNING,
AND why: a VALUABLE ARTICLE.

R. C. Aiken says bees gather more pollen in
the morning than later, and wonders why.
Well, they do, and then again they don't. It
depends upon the kind of things they are get-
ting it from. Some plants yield a somewhat
sticky pollen which they can pack all day: and
unless the supply is exhausted before night they
will bring it all day; but corn, ragweed, and
plants of that class, yield a very dry powdery
pollen which can not be collected at any other
time of the day than early morning, so they
simply take advantage of the best time to pack
it, which they can't do after the sun has been
shining a few hours, while they will bring near-
ly all kinds of tree pollen until dark, if the
weather lets them work so late, unless the sup-
ply is exhausted sooner.

CAUSE OF FOUNDATION BEING ATTACHED TO
SEPARATOR, OR GETTING OUT OF PLUMB.

It is caused by the weight of the bees more
than any thing else. If the bees come up and
fill the whole super en masse at once, there will
be no trouble; but if, as is generally the case,
they begin in a cluster in the middle, and en-
large the cluster as they get more in earnest,
the outside bees in the cluster will, by taking
hold of the lower edge of the foundation, and
hanging to it while other bees hang to them and
to the separator next nearest to the center of
the cluster, and other bees working at the foun-
dation, mostly from inside nearest to the center
of the cluster, it will slowly swing out of plumb;
and as they draw it out it becomes permanent,
and the result is a defective section. The same

thing and the same reason hold good in full
sheets of foundation in the brood-chamber, un-
less the frames are wired, and I get rid of the
trouble by turning the frame around, when it
will soon draw back and nearly always become
self-supporting before it gets too far back the
other way. But I like Dr. Miller's plan of bot-
tom starters much better than putting on a few
sections at a time, as Manum does. It's less
work, and makes a better job of filling down to
the bottom every time, and so it ships better,
and the sections weigh a little more. And, Dr.
M., if you will use medium brood for the bottom
starter, and make them only two rows of cells
wide, you won't be troubled with their tipping
over as they do if made from thin foundation,
and the bees work them just as well. But, Dr.
M., aren't you drawing on your imagination
when you talk about a hive being two inches
out of plumb? If one of my hives tipped over
that much I should think it might be trying to
roll over and crush me (but there would not be
much danger of the crush unless they get heav-
ier than they have for the last two years).

BEES STOPPING TO FILL UP CRACKS BEFORE
PUTTING HONEY IN.

It depends entirely on circumstances whether
they do or don't. If they are up in the sections
some days before they begin to work they will
chink them up; but if the weather is hot, and
the honey -flow good, they are just as apt to All
and seal them before doing any waxing at all,
and they sometimes used to fill and cap entirely
the large wooden boxes which I used to make
before sections came in vogue. I frequently
made the top out of two pieces, and they would
shrink so that I could see down, and I saw them
filled and capped, so that I could look right
down between every sheet of honey after taking
them off and getting the bees out, and not a
particle anywhere; but if left on long after
they were filled they would put in propolis;
while if the weather was cool, and they wanted
them warmer, they would fill them with white
wax, the same as they used in making comb.
But, doctor, it made me laugh just a little to see
you cite Doolittle to a case of bees storing honey
in extracting-combs with a crack 12x>^ inch
over their heads. Now, doctor, haven't you
been around bees long enough to find that they
never stop up a crack that they can go through
freely ? But may be your bees can't get through
a half-inch hole— must be some dorsata about
them.

SIZE OF SECTIONS AND LOW PRICES.

In answering a question as to the merits of a
tall section over a square one, one writer makes
a point which I think is a good one; viz., that
it is a detriment to bee-keepers when they
adopted the panel sections, and says the price
of honey would not have been lowered if we had
stuck to the large section, and he is right; and

240

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apr. 1.

another thing, besides the extra worl< of setting
up, putting in foundation, scraping, etc., is that
the bees will put up more honey in large sec-
tions than in small ones, just as they will beat
themselves if allowed to work all together in a
large hive, all in one body; but tnen, we don't
want to raise chunk honey, so must have some
kind of package to get it stored in. But I can
get about 10 lbs. more honey in i than in 1 lb.
sections, which would allow for a couple of cents
less; but then. I can't sell them all at any price,
except a limited number around home; they
won't sell at all in Chicago unless there is a
great scarcity. So much against my will. I
am obliged to use the 4J^x4Ji. and I prefer
them 1% wide, and use without separators, and
have but very few bulged or crooked combs; and
if well filled they weigh nearer an even pound
than any other size I ever had. Then I doubt
whether as much honey is sold as there would
be if the 2-lb. sections were all there were in
use, for scores of people would buy j ust as quick-
ly as any way, and. once bought, It would be
eaten, and they would buy again j ust as quickly
as if they had bought one pound.

LEAVING HONEY AT STORES TO SELL.

This, as T. S. Comstock says, would be all
right if all grocers knew how or cared how they
handle honey. I have seen just lots of honey
just murdered by grocers and their clerks, by
ignorance in removing sections from cases, or
by taking hold of it with the whole hand, letting
the fingers dent into the comb, and setting the
honey to running out; and some of them will
set a case on the counter, cover oil, and let
everybody who comes in stick a finger or knife
or pencil in just to get a little taste; and it is
surprising how many people will try that little
taste; and it doesn'i take much to spoil a case of
fine honey. So if you can't find a careful man
who understands handling honey you had better
sell it before you leave it, or. you may be told
when you come around again that the honey is
in bad order, and won't sell; and when you see
it you will believe he is telling the truth; but
it will not be so easy to make him believe he is
at fault in the matter. Woodchopper.

[Woodchopper is an old correspondent who
used to know how to hew pretty closely along
the line, and it is evident he hasn't forgotten
how to split off from his store of experience
great chunks of truth or fact yet. Let the chips
fly more and often, friend W., even if they do
hit right and left. Why the bees gather pollen
in the morning from some plants is very rea-
sonably explained, and I doubt if even a few
knew the reason. That other point, that bees
don't always stop to chink uo cracks before
storing honey, is well taken. Bees do nothing
invariably.— Ed]

If you would like to have any ofyoiirfrieuds
see a specimen copy of Oleanings. make known
the request on a postal, with the address or ad-
dresses, and we will, with pleasure, send them.

-—'ANSWERS TO c

ISEASOI^ABLEQUIESTII

BY G.M.DOOLITTLE.BOHOOINO.N.Y.
tiiiinmiiitiiiiii.niiiiii ni.imii-

APIARY NEAR BLOSSOMS.

Questio?i.— What would be the difference, if
any, in the quantity of honey gathered from a
certain field of clover, basswood, or buckwheat,
if my apiary is right among the blossoms, or
from one to one and a half miles away? I de-
sire to locate nearly a mile and a half from the
thickest pasturage, but am undecioed what to
do for fear my bees will not do nearly as well as
they would if I sacrificed my own convenience
and moved nearer the better bee-pasturage.

Ansiver. — Theory claims, in view of the fact
that bees do not know instinctively how to go
directly to the nectar-bearing floweis in the vi-
cinity of their homes, but must depend upon
their smell and an industrious search for profit-
able honey gathering, that therefore it stands
to reason that less time would be lost in getting
the whole force at work on the honey-producing
flowers, where the latter are plentiful very ne&r
the apiary, than would be the case if the pas-
ture-were from one to two miles away.Dit is
claimed that every young bee which enters
upon the service of field-worker must learn
where the best forage-grounds are before it can
work to the best advantage.^. Others claim that
a.hive whose bees all have to travel one or two
miles from home for their stores will soon be-
come'depopulated, the result being a half less
honey, with very weak colonies in the fall, over
what would accrue had the apiary been located
right in the midst of the flowers. Probably no
one could give a very definite answer to the
question without trying the experiment with an
equal number of colonies right in the midst of
the blossoms, and an equal number one or more
miles away. I do not pretend to be authority
in this matter; but my experience would indi-
cate that those who argue that bees must be set
right down in the very center of the honey-pro-
ducing flora do this more rrom theory than from
actual knowledge; for I am quite sure that
there would not be enough difference in the re-
sults, at the distance named, to pay for moving
the apiary up to the bloom during the time of
blooming of the flowers, and back again for the
rest of the year. Bees fly very rapidly, and the
exercise seems to be invigorating; and if those
who argue depopulation of hives could have
been here last season when my bees worked for
eight days on basswood from four to eight miles
from home, and seen how the honey in the sec-
tions grew as if by magic with hives gaining in
number of bees all the while, I think they would
not put forth such fallacious claims.D From
proof; given in back volumes of Gleanings, I
am convinced that bees go from one to three
miles from home from choice; and if I were in

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

241

the questioner's place I would not give to the
amountof ten dollars in sacrifice, in changing a
position a mile and a half from the honey flora
to one right in its midst. I have had good
crops of buckwheat honey stored when there
was not a square rod of buckwheat in sight of
the apiary, and not to exceed 13 acres within the
distance stated (a mile and a half), while hun-
dreds of acres lay from three to five miles away.
This, with tons of basswood honey stored from
the top of the heights, seven and eight miles
away from my apiary, during the past 25 years,
leads me to think that the center-location par-
ties have not had any practical experience
along the lines they are talking about.

REARING QUEENS.

Question.— I have seen it stated that queens
reared by natural swarming are superior to
those reared from eggs laid in worker-cells. Is
this a fact beyond reasonable question ? If so,
how do our queen-breeders secure the thou-
sands they send out, all from swarming-cells?

Ansiver —It would be but reasonable to infer
that a plan of queen-rearing which brought
vigorous healthy bees, all the way from before
Samson's time down to the present, in their na-
tive haunts, must produce queens that were
very good, to say the least. But to say that an
egg laid in a queen-call by the same queen was
a better and more vitalized egg than was one
laid in a worker-cell, is something that very
few would be ready to assume. From years of
close observation I can not think that there is
any difference in favor of the egg, no matter
where it is laid, whether in queen, worker, or
drone-cells, providing said egg is properly fec-
undated; but the difference; comes in the treat-
ment of the innate life ofitthat egg after^itahas
come to the larval form.cin natural swarming
a larva intended for a queenrfrom3the"time;it
first breaks its s,he]\\s\nnrse(ilallUs_lnrvar,life
with a fondness equal to any mother's fondness
for^her child; and in this nursing we^have the
part which plays for good or^evil in the future
queen. If by any means we cannsecure a like
condition for 'the^just-hatched 'Jarva.ofrom an
egg laid in a worker-cell, we can securefa like-
conditioned queen; and 1 have not a single
doubt that thousands of the queens sent out by
queen-breeders are every whit as good as those
reared under natural swarming, for the most of
our queen-breeders to-day spare no pains to
bring about an equally favorable condition to
that under which natural swarming is conduct-
ed while rearing their queens. Much poorer
queens than those reared under natural swarm-
ing can be produced, and will be, unless the
work of queen-rearing is done rightly; and it
was because that, in the infancy of the queen-
rearing business, very little attention was paid
to the condition of the colonies while feeding
the embryo queens that the subject of where
the eggs were laid was advanced. God placed

man at the head of and gave him control over
all animate nature, and thus it hf scome to pass
that he has been enabled to equal, if not to im-
prove, every thing which he has turned his
hand to, and queens are no exception to this
rule.

GOOD NEWS FROM CALIFORNIA.

I have just been out two hours in the rain,
guiding the torrent (as it passes my apiary) to
make it fill up holes, and level up things gener-
ally. The rain and snow have kept me from
the postoffice. Three inches of snow and 43i
in. rain (including the snow); this time 17 in.
total. This will ensure a honey crop here so
far as rain is concerned. R. Wilkin.

Newhall, Cal., Feb. 18.

HONEY AND SALAD OIL FOR COUGHS.

Our people down here in Canada place much
confidence in clover honey for medical purposes.
Physicians often order it. A mixture of honey
and olive oil is very efficacious for children
troubled with severe cough. A lady was telling
some time ago that her two little ones were per-
fectly cured in a short time by taking a tea-
spoonful three times a day, and said, smilingly,
"I had no trouble to get them to take it; the
honey did the coaxing for me."

A Bee-friend.

BASSWOOD seeds; A SUGGESTION IN REGARD TO
PLANTING.

I see in Gleanings that Bro. Root gave direc-
tions about planting basswood seeds. If we fol-
low his directions here in Iowa the seed will
stop in the ground two winters. I have had the
best luck by planting it in the spring, then it
would come up the next spring.

Lamont, la., Jan. 14. Chas. Blackburn.

WEIGHT OF IX-IN. SECTION.

I see you want an expression from your read-
ers as to the weight of sections with honey. I
use the IJi sections, and in the last three years
I find that the weight is from 13X to 14}^
ounces to the section. That would make the
average 14 ounces. If a section weighs 14>^
ounces it is well filled and of fine appearance.

Eudora, Kan., Dec. 14. Louis Moll.

ADVANTAGE OF FULL SHEETS OF FOUNDA-
TION IN THE SECTIONS.

I used last season brood foundation (as I had
some broken) for surplus cases, and they work-
ed well, for I put them in the full size of sec-
tions and reaped a good harvest by so doing.
Hereafter I intend to use for starters the thin

242

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apr. J.

or extra thin, and cut them full size and fasten
top and bottom, so as to have them drawn out
more perfectly and quicker. J. E. Fowler.
Newfields, N. H., Dec. 21.

FROM 77 TO 123, AND 3 TONS OF HONEY-

I have 123 colonies in the cellar, and 100 are
in dovetailed hives. Had about 3 tons of honey-
last year, comb and extracted together; about
5000 lbs. comb honey. I commenced the sea-
son with 77 colonies, spring count; increased to
123. I have lost but two colonies in my cellar in
three years in wintering them. I have a side
draft in my cellar all winter, and part of the
time it is cold enough so that icicles form on
the drip of the cistern. J. L. Roberts.

Bridgeport, N. Y.

BEES BUILDING COMBS ON WIRES, A LA BOARD -
MAN.

I read a letter in Gleanings of Mar. 1, from
H. R. Boardman, page 160. Two years ago I
wired SO frames as an exp riment, and I found
that it worked just splendidly. I put a starter
in each frame one inch wide, and I have some
as perfect combs in those frames as you ever
saw. You see, we can not all afford to use full
sheets, and I for one don't want to. As an ex-
periment I put one full sheet of foundation in
one of those 80 frames, and that same frame
was the most out of shape, and had the worst-
looking comb in the whole lot.

Panama, N- Y. J. R. Casselman.

[One swallow doesn't make a summer; one
frame of foundation proves nothing. Founda-
tion properly wired almost invariably gives
good worker combs.— Ed J

Hawkeye, and he does not want the name of his
State assailed. According to that table, Cali-
fornia comes in fifth. You can secure one of
those almanacs by sending to the Orange Judd
Co, These figures are for the decade from 1879
to 1889, compiled from census reports.

Albia, la., Jan. 23. C. H. Clark.

[The Avierlcan AgricuimristAJmnvac prob-
ably gets its ligures frum the government re-
ports, that are very unreliable so far as they
relate to ihe production of honey in the various
States. These statistics are gathered from as-
sessors' reports, and are by no means accurate.

A HIVE IN A GREENHOUSE, WITH ENTRANCE
OUTSIDE.

Could you tell me if it would hurt bees to be
taken from where the hive stood on the ground,
and put on the south side of a greenhouse,
where the opening of the hive is outside, and
communicates with the outside air all the time?

York, Pa., Jan. 11. Geo. H. Buck.

[The only danger would be that the extra
warmth inside the greenhouse would cause the
bees to fly out; and, once out, they would chill
before they could get back. A better way would
be to turn the entrance around to the inside.
Some bees will bump themselves to death on
the glass; but it is said by florists that they get
over this.— Ed.]

A COLONY OF BEES IN A STEER S CARCASS.

The following interesting item appeared in
the Galveston Dailu News of Dec. 19, 1896. It
may or may not be true:

BIBLE RECITAL RECALLED.

Waco, Tex ,Dec. 18.— Jerry Friend, a hunters' Ruide
and trapper, came down tlie iJrazos Kiver to day in
a skiff, part of his load belns- the carcass of a steer
full of honey. The steer appears 1o liave perished
from some cause, and dried up in the sun after be-
ing- hollowed out by mice and insects. The ribs sup-
ported the hide in almost lif .^-like size and sliape, and
the cavity formed a hive for a colony of bees. The
combs were fixed to the ribs and the backbone, and
were full of excellent honey. Mr. Friend says the
mention in the Bible of tiie bees maliinfr tlieir liive
in the carcass of a lion attracted Ids attention more
than any otlier story in tlie Scriptures, and was re-
called wlien he saw the carcass yielding twenty-two
pounds of honey and comb. It was sold as a curias-
ity to a Philadelphian.

HONEY STATISTICS.

I see you quote California as probably giving
the largest yield of honey— see page 42, Jan. 1.5.
I have the American Agriculturist Almanac
for 1896 page 326, honey product, which reads:
Iowa, 0,813,412 lbs.; Illinois. 4,602,941: Missouri,
4,492,178; New York, 4,281.964; California. 3 929-
889; Wisconsin, 3,.515.761; Texas, 3,286,386. I
should have thought that California would
head the list, but Iowa does; and you take a

HOUSE-APIARIES.

Dr. C. C. Miller:— In the spring of 1895 my
bees nearly all died. I wrote to you, and you
answered my questions. I got very little honey
this season. I have 50 colonies, I think, in good
condition, and I have been thinking of building
a house for some of my bees. I should like to
get some plans for a cheap house.
Markle, Pa., Jan. 11. F. Bair.

[As this is of general interest. Dr. Miller sent
it to us. — Ed.]

A good many have tried house-apiaries, and
given them up, while a few still think highly
of them. As it is somewhat uncertain whether
you would like any thing of the kind after trial,
it might be well for you to try it first on a small
scale, say a house for 12 or 16 colonies. The
simplest kind of building will do— just wide
enough for the hives and what space you think
you need between them— perhaps 7 feet in all.
If 12 colonies are to be housed then make the
house long enough for 3 hives; if 16 are to be
housed, make the house long enough for 4. The
lower tier of hives will stand on the floor, and
provision must in some way be made for sup-
porting the second tier of hives above the first.
A shelf may do this; and in order to avoid hav-
ing any thing in the way of the lower hives,
this shelf may be supported from above, some-
what after the fashion of a swinging shelf in a
cellar. At the entrance of each hive must be
cut a hole in the wall of the house, and a pass-
age must be made from this to the entrance so
that no bee can get from the hive into the house.
After you have tried a small house first, you will
know whether you want to build a larger one.

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

243

OR several days the routine of
duties arouud the Buell residence
was interruiiied by equestrienne
lessons, and soon Alfaretta be-
came an expert rider. For a time
Prof. Buell would mount old Jake and accom-
pany her; but observing that she managea the
pony with good judgment he delegated the
honors of attendant upon Gimp, and finally
Alfaretta was left to roam the country at her
will. Nearly every day herself and the pony
were inseparable companions.

Sometimes upon the verdant bluffs she would
picket Jack and stroll away to gather flowers;
but should she get far away. Jack's whinner
would recall her; or she would set up a com-
munication with the pony with a peculiar
whinner of her own. This horse language
seemed to be understood between the two, and
they were very fast friends. The river men.
as they plied their trade up and down the
winding stream, caught glimpses of the can-
tering black pony and the fluttering white
dress, and she became known to them as the
flying maid; and one of the boatmen went so
far as to thus name his boat. To landsmen for
miles around she was known as the '"mad
beauty."

The autumn and the winter wore away; the
free outdoor exercise developed strength and
litheness of body; a ruddy glow painted the
cheek; but, to the sorrow of the parents, no
relief came to the clouded mind.

Many times when starting out upon her
jaunts she would pat the pony's neck and say,
'■ Now, Jack, we must hunt up Fred Anderson
to-day." Her trystingplaces for that laudable
endeavor were at the old McBurger bee-ranch
or at a point on the river-bank opposite the
former site of the chalk butte and Fred's api-
ary. For many minutes she would search,
peering through the bushes, and calling, "Fred
Anderson! ho, Fred! come home — home!"
The last word died away with a mournful wail,
and with eager gaze and parted lips she listen-
ed for an answer. Receiving no reply she
would caress the pony's neck, and say, " Fred
is far away, but he will come to-morrow."

Prof. Buell continued his moral teachings at
the Dawson ranch, and the Sunday-school had
flourished in spite of the flood and hard times.
In fact, hard times seemed to draw the people
closer together for mutual benefit.

Early in the spring months a commodious
schoolhouse had been erected not far from the
Dawsons, and that was now the center for all
moral, educational, and social gatherings; and
on Sunday afternoon the school -bell called
together a small but wide-awake Sunday-
school.

The entire neighborhood had changed for
the better, and upon none was this uplifting
power more pronounced than upon Mrs. Daw-
son. The better nature and milder temper of
her youthful days returned. The hard lines
upon the face disappeared; and while greeting
all with a pleasant word and a smile, upon
none did she beam with more pleasure than
upon Gus Ghering. The latter was evidently
fascinated; and as matters progressed he was
subject to many bantering jibes from his neigh-
bors; and when he commenced to build an ex-
tended addition to his cabin. Matt Hogan took
occasion to remark to one of the neirjhbors that
Mr. Ghering was preparing to hive a whole
swarm of Dawsons. And no one was surprised
a few weeks later when a quiet wedding was
announced, and Mrs. Dawson became Mrs.
Ghering.

Matt Hogan, having a successful apiary in
mind, had taken up a parcel of land about a
mile from the river. Thither he had moved
his bees and built a cabin, and here he labored
and waited for his Biddy Malooney.

Alfaretta took but little interest in the trans-
actions of the neighborhood, and no name
would stir her to mental effort like that of Fred
Anderson. Then she would arouse to alertness,
and insist that she and Jack should search for
him. In her efforts to pursue that search she
came near crossing the river at the ferry a few
miles above her home. Prof. Buell had there-
upon instructed the ferrymen not to allow her
to cross. Finding opposition to her little plans,
she suddenly dropped all mention of Fred's
name, and her parents imagined she had en-
tirely forgotten him. But with all people who
have a certain degree of insanity there is also
considerable cunning; and Alfaretta possessed
enough to further her vague plans. In her
first futile attempts to find Fred she left the
matter of guidance entirely in the hands (or,
rather, feet) of pony Jack. Wherever Jack
would carry her, there she would find Fred
Anderson. Jack's idea of the matter was to
follow the course of empire and go west; but
the river and the ferrymen were a barrier to
the passage of the " mad beauty " and her pony.

Nearly a year had passed since Fred Ander-
son's departure. One beautiful moonlight eve-
ning Alfaretta retired to her room earlier than
usual, and to rest, as the parents supposed; and
they improved the occasion by making an eve-
ning call upon neighbor Jo Splinter, who lived
but a short distance from the river. Gimp
Dawson was instructed to remain near the

244

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apr. 1.

house; but the professor, while giving his in-
structions, listened to Gimp's earnest appeal,
and allowed him to go to the bend just above
the house, to fish. Gimp was an expert fisher-
man, and supplied the table with many a dainty
morsel from the river.

Gimp for a brief time had one eye upon the
house and the other upon his fishing-tackle;
but when the fish began to bite he lost all in-
terest in the house, and directed his attention
to the fine fish he was taking.

Alfaretta, after a half-hour's rest, came from
her room, and, finding the house deserted,
became nervously alert, laughing softly to her-
self. She tiptoed into the pantry, and put a
lunch into a little hand-bag. Then, taking the

ing, and he hastened up the river-bank only to
hear the sounds dying away. " Some o' them
Spaniards that live up at the cove," he remark-
ed as he proceeded to bait his hook again.
" But suthin' tells me tu go over tu the house;"
and, suddenly dropping his pole, he said, with
emphasis, " I'll go."

He found the house quiet enough; but when
he went to the corral and found Jack gone he
oecame greatly excited. "Jimminy crack-
horn!" said he; "that gal's clean gone — in the
night tu."

Gimp was a boy of action, and he hastened
down to the pasture lot for old Jake, and he
was soon ready to follow. Before leaving the
house he scrawled upon a piece of paper the

" THE WHITE SQUAW ! THE WHITE SQXJAW !

professor's heavy macintosh, she quickly ran
to the corral.

Jack met her at the gate, and rubbed against
her in an inquiring way, as much as to say,
" Where now, my dear?"

"S— h!— s— h! Jack." Then in an undertone,
while saddling the pony she crooned her old
song; and as she climbed into the saddle she
exclaimed, "Now, Jack, it is Fred Anderson we
must find— find; away to the hills! on fairy
tiptoes, away!"

Jack responded, and struck off up the river
at a rapid gallop. The lively staccato of hoofs
upon the hard road aroused Gimp from his fish-

following message:

"Alfaretta be gone; so be I gone after her,
up river."

This he left tied to the door knob.

Jake was no match for the lively Indian
pony, and for every mile Gimp made on his
back the pony made two. But Gimp was blind-
ly persistent, and had in mind that Alfaretta
would stop to rest the pony by and by, and then
he would catch up with her.

At the first ferry, where she had so many
times been refused passage, she did not halt;
but at the next, ten miles from her home, she
allowed the pony to have the bit. She imme-

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

245

diatply turned down the ferryway, and upon
the boat. A man on horseback, and a party in
a wagon were also crossing. Alfaretta being
envolopi'.a in the macintosh, and it being late
in iheevfiiing. the ferryman had no suspicions
that his boat was bearing the mad beauty
across the river until he made his round to col-
lect the fares. " Fare, please," saia he to the
dark figure upon the pony. For a reply, Alfa-
retta began to sway her body, and croon,
"Rumbles and gumbles, skies clear; gumbles
and tumbles, moon fair— fair."

Then turning suddenly in the saddle she
bent low, her face almost touching the surpris-
ed boatman. "Ha, ha!" she laughed; "see my
teeth!"

The latter was said with a hiss and a grimace
that gave a chill to the boatman. The front
end of the boat was now grating upon the shore
graviil. Alfaretta touched the pony with the
whip, and she responded by leaping into the
shallow water, and jumped to land; and the
last the occupants of the boat heard was a weird
song from the bluff:

"The night is stormy and dark," etc.

"That mad beauty, by ginger," said the
boatman. " Well, I can't help it. If her folks
can't keep her in nights, don't know- as I am
bound to chase around after her. Say, Jim,
you are on horseback; spose you follow her up."

" Not much," said Jim; "don't want my nose
bit off an' eyes scratched out. She's a witch."
And Alfaretta was left to pursue her journey
unmolested."

It was, to all appearances, a crazy idea of a
crazy person to start out under cover of night
to search for Fred Anderson, not having the
least idea of his whereabouts: but she had
great faith in her imaginary mermaids and the
utmost confidence in Jack. The latter was
worthy of it, for an Indian pony never forgets
its home. In their fishing-excursions to the
various streams, and in their annual migra-
tions as hop pickers to the hop-fields of the
Sacramento Valley, the Indians and their
ponies become familiar with a wide area of
country; and this night, after crossing the
river, the pony made rapid progress, for every
lope was toward its home.

But even horse flesh will tire; and about
midnight, Jack, of his own accord, turned into
a little arroyo where there was water and
grass, and began to browse and drink. Alfa-
retta, patting the pony's neck, dismounted,
removed the saddle, secured the long slender
lariat to a bush, and Jack was left to rest and
eat, while Alfaretta partook of her lunch, and,
wrapped in the heavy macintosh, she crooned
her song and kept a fitful vigil over the pony.
In the early morning, away pony and maid
again hastened. It was about midday when
Alfaretta galloped into the little settlement of

Covelo, just on the borders of the Indian reser-
vation. The pony halted for a drink at the
only watering-place— a tank in front of a saloon.

A stranger in these out-of-the way towns, be
it man or woman, is an object of curiosity; and
the pony's nose had scarcely touched the
water when a long lank individual, dozing in a
chair under the generous awning, aroused, un-
folded himself, and approached the rider, and
proceeded to get acquainted by saying, " How
d'y' du, gal? That's a ::"ht smart of a pony
yer have thar. Mout yei 'epoin'fur? Ef I
can be of sarvic" "—but the t. ■ n was suddenly
interrupted by Alfaretta leaning toward him,
and, with a grimace, she shouted, "Bum,
bum, go-baa-baa!" and concluded by striking
him over the head with her light riding-whip.
The pony immediately struck off at a gallop,
and *he discomfited meddler turned to the
laughing crowd that had collected, with the
angry remark. " By Jericho! ef a man had done
that, by Jericho I'd a shot 'Im dead; butefl
don't b'lieve she's that ar' crazy gal I've heerd
so much about down at Colusa."

"Ha. ha! Jim. that's a good way to turn it
off." said a woman in the crowd. " You
needn't think you are over in Missury, whar
everybody's bizness is your bizness, and your
bizness everybody's bizness. This is Californy,
whar yer've got ter mind yer own bizness. That
gal ain't crazy 'tall. She's one o' them tower-
ists who don't know any better'n to go gallup-
adin' round the country with a double-barreled
spy-glass and a camery a insultin' decent folks.
Oh! no, Jim, she ain't crazy onless the hul lot
on 'em are."

While the people were discussing Alfaretta's
action, the pony was rapidly carrying her into
Round Valley. As the pony approached its
former home its pace increased. Under the
heat of the day. and the exercise, Alfaretta had
thrown aside the macintosh, and her fluttering
white dress would have made her conspicuous
but for the lonely road she traveled. Two
hours' riding, and pony and white-robed rider
flashed into the broad plaza of the Indian
rancheria. The pony gave a loud whinner of
joy and recognition of home, and so aroused
the entire rancheria. The men awoke from
their dozing; the dusky half-clad children
scrambled into the wooden wickiups; the
squaws, after one glance at the white-robed
figure, one and all ran hither and thither in
confusion, hair streaming, arms uplifted, hands
clasped, and shouting in despair, "Ban-owoya!
ban-owoya!" (the white squaw! the white
squaw!)

Please allow me to congratulate you on the end-
spacing staple wViich you have already sl'own us in
Gleanings. I think it will prove one of the most
euccf ssful improvements that as yet have been of-
fered to bee-keepers. Jas. Pratt.

Cumminsville, Neb.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apr. 1.

Bees appear, so far, lo have wintered well.
Our own are ia excellent condition, and the
reports from over the country are good.

This NUMBER goes to press just too soon to
get the result of the vote for officers of the
United Slates Bee keepers' Union. It will be
given in our next.

We are and have been printing eight extra
pages. The large amount of good advertising
matter that we are now having makes this
necessary in order to give our readers the usual
amount of matter.

Prospects for the California apiarists are
good. They have had good rains, and that
usually means honey. Bees died last season
for many bee keepers who thought they could
not afford lo feed. Those who did feed will
now gel their money back with good interest,
probably.

Twenty years ago there were scores of
would be inventors who made a specialty of
moth-traps. The Patent Office has issued hun-
dreds of patents on these worthless things.
Strangely enough, there are bee-keepers even
to day— I do not believe they take any bee-
journal— who are wasting their time and money
in the same line. Two such chaps wanted to
sell their rights to us at fabulous sums. The
old saying is true: " The fools are noi all dead
yet."

TOO MUCH TALK ABOUT "FISHBONE."

Is there not danger that so much talk on the
part of bee-keepers regarding fishbone result-
ing from ihe use of foundation in sections, will
do harm rather than good ? Consumers are
■now satisfied; but if we as bee-keepers go to
lalking now aoout artilicial fishbone we shall
begin lo create distrust from our customers.
Foundation has been used in sections for 20
years or more, and yet the average consumer
has never made any fuss about fishbone, be-
cause he has not and does not know the differ-
ence between foundation comb honey and comb
h'lney in which no foundation has ever been
used. When we come right down lo it, there
is comparatively little fishbone; and as the
years go on, I feel confident that manufacturers
of foundation will be able to make an article
where the fishbone can not be detected by even
an expert. I confess I have said a good deal
about it in this issue myself, but I hope not in
a way that will prejudice the consumer against
comb honey, a very large proportion of which
is built from full sheets of foundation.

The editor of the American Bee Journal, in
referring to new appliances, gives the advice to
prove all things, lesting on a small scale. If
the first acquaintance in a small way proves to
be satisfactory, buy more next time. We have
several times uttered a similar thought in
our columns, but it will bear repelitioa. Anew
article that has honest value in it, with proper
adverti*ing, is bound to earn its way.

A SHORT time ago friend Bingham expressed
himself as believing there were no patents on
foundation-mills. Something like a dozen, I
believe, have been issued. The most impor-
tant were from the following-named parties:
W. C. Pelham, Mrs. Frances Dunham, E. B.
Weed, and last, but not 1-ast, the lamented
Samuel Wagner. The latter obtained the first
patent. For two years his assignee, Mr. Per-
rine, prevented us from making foundation-
mills and foundation, there being two years
more life to the patent.

PATENTS ON EXTRACTORS.

Something like 100 patents have been taken
out on honey-extractors, in the United States—
at least, we have on file in our office that num-
ber. It seems now as if no patent that might
be issued would be worth any thing to the
inventor.

By the way, certain parties are representing
that our four and six frame Cowan reversible
extractors are an infringement upon a recent
patent. The vital features of our Cowan ex-
tractors are 15 and 35 years old— at least, we
can show printed matter showing where such
principles were in use at that time.

THE "don't pays."

The editor of the American Bee-keeper, refer-
ring to a certain class of people who run in debt
and don't pay. says:

One of the meanest things that anyone can do
is t J buy goods of a firm on credit, luid when he has
reached that point where he will be trusted no
longer, to put off paying his account, and buy goodn
for cash elsewhere. This sort of thing is done to a
considerable e.vtent even among bee-keepers, and
we have in preparation a list of some who have
served us in this way.

It is indeed true that "this sort of thing is
done to a considerable extent." If the W. T.
Falconer Co. will send us a list of their "don't
pays" we will return the compliment by send-
ing them a list of ours. By the way, it would
do no harm if manufacturers and dealers would
exchange lists.

BEES BUXLDINO NATURAL COMB ON WIRES.

On page 160 Mr. H. R. Board man gave an
item regarding bees building combs on wires
without the use of foundation. Since that time
quite a nutnber have written that they have
tried the plan, and that it works very success-
fully. A few days ago Mr. Boardman sent us
a frame that had been wired perpendicularly.

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

247

It was interesting to note how th(! bees seemed
to follow down the wires (without foundation)
witn their tins and patches of comb. To secure
this result, the wires were first coated with wax.
It will be remembered that, in natural-comb
building, bees following the comb-guide will
build down several patches of comb more or less
pear shaped. These different patches, as they
enlarge, finally unite, and at the point of junc-
ture ther.' are necessarily irregular cells— many
of them drone cells. For our use we should
greatly prefer full sheets of light brood founda-
tion on wires, and then every cell is uniform,
leaving little chance for the rearing of drones.

FAIR CRITICISMS AND SLURS.

Referring to foundation made without any
side wall, as mentioned in atiother column, the
machine for making which we made, Mr. T. F.
Bingham says:

A macliine that will do such work is a great credit
totlie maker of it. Figs do not ijiow on tliistles.
Ttie man or firm of men using capital and talent in
development of enterpriser that are for tlie gt)od of
all and tlie iniuryor none should be recognized
witliuut a battle. T. F. Bingham.

Far well. Mien.

This is as generous as it is kind; for it must
be remembered that Mr. Bingham differed with
us in regard to the policy of putting out the
new drawn foundation. But such a spirit as is
manifested above will readily yield, if wrong to,
reason and to the developments of the future.
Almost the same sentiment has been put forth
by Mr. Hutchinson, who thinks or did think as
Mr. B. Such sentiments stand out in marked
contrast to the uncalled-for statements in the
Progressive Bee-keeper. We are willing to
meet fair criticisms, but prefer to ignore, as a
rule, any thing else.

CALIFORNIA HONEY- ADULTERATION LAW.

A LAW, a good stiff one, has recently been en-
acted in California, to prohibit the adultera-
tion of honey. It is very specific, defining the
meaning of extracted honey, and what shall be
construed as adulteration. It would be a good
one for other Slates not now in possession of
such a law. Here is the text:

Section 1. No person shall, within this State,
manufacture for sale, offer lor sale, or sell any ex-
tracted honey whi' h is adulterated by iheadmi.\ture
therewith of either rt fined or commercial glucose,
or any other substance or substances, article or ar-
ticles, which may in any manner affect the purity
of the liouey.

Section 2. Every person manufacturing, expos
ing, or ottering for sale, or delivering to a purchas-
er, any extracted honey, shall furnish to any per-
son interested, or demanding the same, who shall
apply to him for the purpose, and tender him the
value of the same, a sample sufficient tor the anal-
ysis of any such extracted honey which is in his
possession.

Section 3. For the purposes of this Act, " ex-
tracted honey" is the tran-formed ne> tar of flowers,
which nectar is gathered by the bee from natural
sources and is extracted from the comb after it has
been stored by the bee.

Section 4. Whoever violates any of the provis-
ions of this Act is guilty of a misdemeanor, and
upon conviction thereof shall be fined not less than

twenty-five nor more than four hundred dollars, or
imprisoned in the county jail not less than twenty-
five days nor more than .si.\' months, or both such
fine and imprisonineut. And any person found
guilty of manufacturing, offering for sale, or sell-
ing any adulterated honey under the provisions of
this Act, may, in the disciftion of the court, be ad-
judged to pay. ill addition to the penalties hereinbe-
fore provided for, all nec^^sary costs and expenses,
not to exceed fifty deiUars, incurred in anatjzing
such adulterated honey, of which such person may
have been found guilty of manufacturing, selling,
or offering for sale.

Section 5. This act shall be in force and take ef-
fect from and after its passage.

SELLING THE NAMES OF BEE-KEEPERS A BAD
POLICY.

The selling of the names of bee- keepers, I
firmly believe, is bad policy, and decidedly
detrimental to bee-keepers. We once sold the
names of catalog applicants; but we discontin-
ued the practice years ago. Since Bro. Hutch-
inson has begun selling his list of names I
notice that several snide commission houses
have got hold of them, and are sending out
their circulars, and, of course, some bee-keep-
ers bite, and get badly bitten in return. It is
truly astonishing to note the number of fake
commission houses that have started up in the
last year or so, and they all seem to make a
specialty of honey. The first thing they try to
do is to secure a list of bee-keepers. They
get in all the honey they can, sell it, and per-
haps skip the country, the same asWheadon did.
There are several other mushroom concerns
that probably contemplate the same tactics.
If they could not secure the names of bee-keep-
ers for love nor money, they probably could not
bait their suckers so easily. There is no harm
in selling names to reliable well-known bee-
keepers, but I believe it would be wise for Mr.
Hutchinson not tu sell tu outsiders.

The readers of bee- journals, I believe, are
not very often caught; for I have before me
the names of two bce-keeper.-> who are not sub-
scribers to our paper, and 1 should judge they
do not take any paper devoted to bees. They
have shipped their honey, large lots of it, to
these people. On referring the names of the
parties to us we can not find that they are even
mentioned in Dun or Bradstreet. One party
we had Uun hunt up. He finally found him in
New York, after considerable search. Liis
record is crooked, and, after getting in debt in
one town, he goes to another, and now he is
operating in New York.

It takes almost no capital, you know, to go
into the commission business. A few dollars
will pay for the rent of a room or two, a few
dollars more for stationery with a high-sound-
ing name, plenty of cheek, and just enough
knowledge of law to evade it. On this basis
some rascals do a thriving business. We have
said so much about crooked ways that I am
afraid it will get to be an old chestnut; but it
seems very necessary to keep harping, for occa-
sionally a subscriber to a bee-paper is caught.

248

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apk. 1.

A FEW MOKE FACTS ABOUT THE FLAT-BOTTOM
DRAWN FOUNDATION.

A GOOD deal of theorizing and useless specula-
tion is now being indulged in with regard to
the new drawn foundation, or what we have
been calling deep-cell-wall foundation— specu-
lation as to what it will be and will do— not
what it is or has done. Theory amounts to
nothing when set over against fact; and for the
purpose of enforcing some of our former state-
ments, and disproving some of the various opin-
ions recently set forth, we have called into re-
quisition the camera. There is nothing more
truthful than a photographic negative; and,
thanks to the new process of half tone engrav-
ing, a photo can be reproduced in ail its faith-
fulness for the benefit of the general public.

Mr. Weed has taken various samples of comb
foundation, of natural comb, of comb drawn
from ordinary foundation, and of his new
drawn foundation, and placed them in plaster
casts. It is impossible to get a cross-section of
a piece of comb or foundation without causing
a burr edge; but by placing them in plaster, and
then taking a cross-section of the whole, a clean-
cut sectional view is secured. The accompany-
ing engraving shows several chunks of plaster
through which a cross-section has been made.
These chunks are held together by means of
black dental wax to secure better contrasts in
the photo.

No. 1 shows a piece of comb drawn from light
brood foundation. No. 2 shows the foundation
itself before the bees have touched it. No. 4 is
a view of extra-thin foundation also untouch-
ed; 3 is natural c7ro?ie comb built by the bees
without the aid of foundation. No. 5 shows
the new drawn foundation; No. (5 the cast comb,
made by Otto Schulz, of Germany.

We have made the statement that bees will
thin down the ivalls of foundation to a natural
thickness, but seldom if ever touch the base.
That statement is abundantly proven by a
comparison of Figs. 1 and 2. It should be said,
however, that the sectional view of foundation
at 2 is not taken at the same sectional line as at
1. A little more slicing oiT would have shown
the base the same thickness at No. 1. Now,
then, if the base at 1 in the original foundation
had been thin, and plenty of wax in the walls,
we should have had a comb without a midrib.
It is apparent, then, that in light brood founda-
tion a very perceptible midrib is left; and even
in extra thin, as at 4, there will be some midrib.

Nos. 1 and 2 are only duplicates of dozens of
other samples we have taken. If, then, 1 and 2
are fair samples, as indeed they are, it goes to
show that what we at present need is thinner
bases and more wall. The results of R. L.
Taylor's experiments along these lines, as re-
ported in the Bee keepers' Review, are quite in
harmony with what I have just said, and with
the photographic view, and Mr. Hutchinson
appears to have overlooked or forgotten this,

for he seems to favor a foundation all base and
no wall. If it is all base, and the base could be
made as thin as natural, it would sag in draw-
ing out; and, besides, I think the bees would be
very much inclined to gnaw it down.

Very recently Mr. Hutchinson, Mr. Bingham,
and a few others, have been asking for a foun-
dation without wall. Accordingly, in a round-
about way we received an order for a mill that
would make the mere midrib but not the ivalls.
Wc had but little faith that such an article
would be of any use; but we made the mill, and
secured some beautiful results. This mill was
shipped to our customer. Later on It was
a little amusing to have samples of this same
mill sent back to us as tuo triumph of a new
achievement.

If one will look over the photo very carefully
he will see that it is not the absence of walls,
but the jjresence of them, that is needed. In a
word, thin bases, with plenty of wall, is the de-
sideratum. Mr. Weed realized this fact years
ago, and now because, forsooth, he proposes to
put the surplus of wax in a deeper wall (instead
of a thicker one) and make thinner bases, Mr.
Leahy hints that we are in league with the
adulterators — that we are about to ruin the
comb-honey business*. None are so blind as
those who won't see.

No. 5 is a sample of the new drawn founda-
tion, the walls of which are considerably deep-
er than would be practicable or desirable for us
to make. It will be observed that the base ap-
pears to be as thin as natural ; but it is in fact a
little thicker. The sample in question was
made on a smaller machine, with which it was
not possible to secure as perfect results as with
the larger one which is now nearly completed.
Let it be understood that .5 has not been touch-
ed by the bees in any manner whatever. It is
just as it left the dies. The product from the
new machine will have cell walls probably
about tV inch deep; or, in other words, it will
be deep-cell flat-bottom foundation. We might
make deeper walls, but there is no advantage
in it, and the probabilities are that the new
foundation with walls }4 inch deep will be deep
enough. It will readily be seen that there is
not the least danger that this article— a flat-
bottom foundation— will be put into tumblers
of glucose and be used to defraud the gullible
public.

While we may be condemned by a few, for
the present, we have perfect confidence that the
future will fully vindicate us. While we do
not even now claim that we shall be able to
make the article a commercial possibility, we
do assert that, if we ever shall do so, there
will be no fraud about it. There is only one
way the product can be made, and that will be
covered by patents that will prevent dishonest
persons, even if they could, from making a fraud-
ulent use of it.

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

249

I have said that the cell walls of No. 5 are
n)«inj inch thick; that those of the natural work-
er combs are -x-a^n, or the same as the walls in
No. 1. Now, then, if the walls of 5 are thinned
down to To^ij, will there be more "gob"' in the
mouth of comb built from it, than from natu-
ral dnme comb as shown at 4? As I have al-
ready shown, 4 has a much heavier base, and
the "gob," if present at all, will be more ap-
parent in 4 than in .5, for the naked eye easily
perceives the difference. Much has been said
of late in favor of natural bee-comb; that it is
more eatable, and has less fishbone, etc. As a
general rule, if bees are left to themselves with-
out foundation during the honey-flow they will
build drone comb; and careful measurements

wall appears to be a little heavier at the point
where it unites with the base in some of the
cells.

We have reproduced 6 because it is an inter-
esting curiosity. That the bees will accept it,
there can be no question ; that they will thin the
walls down to regulation thickness is probable;
but, oh dear me! who pays for the waste wax
that is taken off from these walls? or do the
bees utilize it in some mysterious way? No. 6
would be very much better if the walls were X
or ^e inch deep. It would then be much like
our old deep cell-wall foundation that we have
made on roller mills for years to supply our
German friends. It may not be generally
known, but it is a fact, that we have made

CKOSS-SECTION OF COMB AND COMB FOUNDATION KEFOKE AND AFTEK WOKKED BV THE BEES.

show that both the walls and the bases are much
heavier than those of worker. In fact, there
is as much "fishbone" in such comb, prob
ably, as \n worker comb made from extra-thin
foundation; but in the new drawn foundation
it is proposed to have the base f^mner than the
bees make it in drone comb without foundation;
and I leave to our readers to judge whether
there will be more "gob" or fishbone in comb
made from samples like 5, having cell walls
about ^K inch deep, and thinned down by the
bees, than in samples like 3.

It should be stated in connection with 5,
that in the corners of the cells the plaster
flaked off a little; and the consequence is, the

foundation with heavy walls, and deep enough
to make the foundation in the aggif gate about
!4 inch thick; but, unavoidably, there was a
very heavy base.

Later. — A few moments ago Mr. Weed
brought up a comb covered with bees, in the
center of which, 18 hours before, he cut out a
square hole, and inserted a piece of foundation
and a piece of the new drawn foundation.
The bees imme3iately began to tear down the
former and to build the latter out beautifully,
thinning down the walls at the same time.
Remember, this was in the month of March,
without feeding. What would be the results
in a honey-flow in June?

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apr. 1.

MONTEZUMA'S CASTLE.

Some ten or twelve miles from Camp Verde
there is an aggregation of clitf dwellings con-
taining one central block of dwellings, so exten-
sive that it has been named Montezuma's
Castle. We started out one morning to explore
ii; and when several miles away we caught a
glimpse of the cliff, and had a fair view of the
castle. When within perhaps half a mile of
the place— and it didn't really seem to be half a
mill — from a little eminence we had a very
good view of it. It was just over a little hill
that lay before us. Our road went around the
hill instead of going over it. Mr. Elvey, who
ha"* been ihi-re before, felt pretty snre we could
make a shorter cut by striking off across the
desert, anu to we ventured to try it, although
he and Mr. Carey both had told me several
times I had better not undertake going "cross-
lots" on my wheel where the road seemed un-
necessarily circuitous. You ought to have seen
the open luouthfd astonishment depicted on
our countenances when v,-e got over said hill, to
find thpre was a cliff, sure enough, but no castle
nor cliff dwellings in sight. Where had they
gone? There was still another hill before us,
and it seemed quite probable they were over
this hill. So we started again '"crosslois"
through the brush and desert herbage. Before
we knew it we came to the brink of a very steep
bank— too steep for any horse and wagon.
Then we spent some time going up and down
to see if we could not find a place to cross. I
made my wheel do service in this respect.
After considerable trouble in clearing away a
place for th(^ horseswe forded the creek and got
up on the opposite bank and into the traveled
road. Moral— beware how you leave the beaten
track, especially in a strange land. If we had
kept tho road the horses could have trotted
around to the place it had taken us toward two
hours to reach by our short (?) cut.

Before we explored the castle, Bro. Elvey had
to cut a bee-tree where he saw bees going in
and out of a knot hole several months befoi^e.
As neither bi es nor honey appeared when he
got into the hollow, we bantered him consider-
ably about imagining he saw bees going into
the hole when it was probably nothing more
than mosquitoes buzzing around. Finally, how-
ever, he reached his hand in and pulled out a
sheet of dry honey comb This restored his
reputation for veracity. It seems that bees do
starve out, even in a country where blossoms
of some kind are to be found almost every day
in the year.

I tried hard to g^t a picture of this castle, but
did not succeed. The cliff' is about 200 feet
high, the top projecting over so as to shield the
castle pretty well from the weather. As one
looks at the work away up under this over-
hanging cliff', he is again reminded of the swal-
lows' nests undor the eaves of the barn. The
castle is five stories high. There are perhaps
twenty or thirty rooms in it. The lowest one is
at least 7.5 feet above the stream below. Just
as we were gt^tting readv to esplorf^ our good
friend Rev. Mr. Healy joined us. Three of us
managed to creep up the sid^s of the rock by
means of a rude ladder; but Mr. Healy, who is
a rather heavy man to climb, discovered an
easier way by starting quite a distance away
and walking along a projecting ledee.

The structure was evidently added to at dif-

ferent times. The front wall runs straight up,
and the only thing to indicate where the differ-
ent floors are located are the projecting ends
of the timbers that support the floor. These
sticks of timber were probably cut off with
stone axes, or bu^-ned in two with fire, to judge
from the projecting ends. Round poles not un-
like what we use for bean-poles are laid across
these sills, and across the poles are spread wild
rushes, and over the rushes a layer of earth.
One is impressed again by the fact that these
people must have been small or else their rude
floors would have broken through; for with the
weight of a heavy man they spring down in a
way that makes it seem dangerous. I was the
only one in the party, in fact, that crawled up
to the very highest loft. There are no stair-
ways, and these people evidently carried lad-
ders to climb up from one story to another.
Some of the stories are so low that a tall, act-
ive boy could get up through the hole in the
floor from one story to another without the aid
of a ladder. The uppermost room is thp finest
of all. Back under the overhai ging cliff is a
i-ort of cave. This cave is so much larger than
tlie average cliff dwellings that I imagine it
mighi. have ht-av. used as a sort of council-
cham jer. This cave is walled in, like the rest,
but outside of the wall there is a sort of porch
or veranda running to the right and the left,
each way, perhaps twenty or thirty feet. On
the extreme edge of the porch the walls of the
cast'e below rise up so as to form a sort of par-
apet about waist-high. Here one can stand
and look over the valley below. In case of a
siege this would have been an excellent place
to cast rocks down 1.50 feet or more on the heads
of the enemy. The features of the separate
rooms in the castle are so much like the cliff
dwellings already described that I need not
mention them here.

We found great quantities of corncobs, such
as I have before described, and Mr. Elvey found
a shell that was, without doubt, from some sort
of squash. In fact, it looked very much like
the hard shell on the outside of a Hubbard
squash. In an article that appeared a few
months ago in Harper's Monthly. I am told
they have actually found grains of corn and
other seeds in these cliff' dwellings. Why don't
some of our enterprising (?) seedsmen advertise
varieties of corn or vegetables, the seed of
which 'was obtained from the cliff dwellings—
that is. if it is a possible thing to make garden
seeds of any sort grow after they are toward a
thousand years old? Fragments of pottery
quaintly ornamented, both inside and out, are
found everywhere. These people must have
had muscle and energy or else they never would
have consented to live where they had to climb
these cliffs every day when they went home to
dinner. It seems a little strange that no such
thing as a chimney was ever invented, for the
smoky ceiling and rafters indicate that fire for
cooking or to gpt warm by was built on the
earthen floor, and the smoke got out as best it
could. After the ceiling got smoked over so as
to make the room dark and sooty they had a
plan of mixing up a sort of whitewash made of
the limestone rocks all about them, and white-
washing the room very nice and clean. This
thing has been gone over so many times that
some of the rocky ceilings contain ten or twelve
different coats of whitewash and soot alternat-
ing. Strangely enough, the rooms smell of the
soot and smoke even yet. although hundreds of
years have probably elapsed since any fire was
built there.

In this vicinity several mummies have been
lately discovered, as I have mentioned before.
My companions, who were all heavy men, de-

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

251

clined going up into the battlement I have de-
scribed, because the masonry has already in
several places broken away from the rocky cliff
so as to leave considerable, fissures; and many
times even my weight made the structure ruck
as though it might soon all tumble down into
the valley below.

Our Homes.

Be not conformed to this world; but he ye trtius-
formed by tlie renewing of your mind, that ye may
pro\ e wliat is that g-oucl and acceptable and perfect
will of God.— Rum. 13:2. ■ -— i

There are a good many things thai are
wrong in this world; and ii puzzles a Christian
a good many times lo know jusi what he ought
to do under certain circumstances in regard to
these matters. Sumeiimes these wrongs that
come up before us appear so great that right-
eous indignation seems appropriate. As I grow
older, however, I tind it an excellent plan, when
1 feel like condemning others, and condemning
the world, to wait a little and inquire carefully
of myself whether I myself may not be more or
less to blame for the existing order and condi-
tion of things; and such examinations do me
good. Sometimes the searching power of the
Holy Spirit reveals so much that is bad in my
own life I feel almost as David might have felt
when Nathan said to him, "Thou art the man."
It is an easy matter to recite and relate the
iniquities that are going on round about us.
It becomes exceedingly easy, in fact, nowadays,
to raise our hands in holy indignation (if that
is not too strong a term) when we hear of the
tremendous salaries that some of our public
ofSeials are getting: and I do myself certainly
think it is not only too bad but a burning
shame that farmers who are getting such very
low prices for their produce sbould be taxed
just as they have always been in order that
county. State, and government officials may
have these great salaries and live in such style.
It certainly is wrong; but who is to blame for
It?

Now. dear friends, I think it will do us all
good. anJ, furthermore, it will help us to rem
edy the matter when we bi'gin to search our
own hearts, and see if we, at least a great
many of us, are not more or less to blame. A
few weeks ago there was talk about enlarging
and improving our Statehouse at Columbus,
to the extent of something like a million of
dollars. Our sensible governor, however, ve-
toed the measure. I remembered that some
one said through the papers, that, in order to
make these improvements, they would have to
tear ud and destroy a lot of sawed-flagging
walks that had only just been put down at an
expense of many thousands of dollars.

Now. dear friends, our beloved State of Ohio
is not the only one in the Union that is think-
ing about such pieces of extravagance. When
T was in the city of Albany, some years ago, at
a bee-keepers' convention, my attention' was
called to some beautiful and expensive carving
in the Statehouse, but it was put in some dark
out-of-the-way corners where ilobody could see
it. and probably had scarcely been noticed since
the work was executed. Those having the
matter in charge made an excuse for their ex-
travagance by saying they did it to furnish
needy people employment. To state it more
plainly, the great State of New York taxed her
hard-working farmers in order to get money
for expensive decoration; and after said decora-
tion was done, they admitted that it was of no

use to anybody, but they did it to furnish some-
body work

It is not only the fashion now, but it has been
a fashion for quite a few years back, to make
appropriations running away up into the mil-
lions, for doing something or other thai is only,
when you come right down it, " tomfoolery."
I know of no other word that expresses it more
briefly.

When I was in New Orleans friend Winder
took me through the great postoffice builaing,
which was completed a good many years ago;
but there were va^^t rooms, expensively di co-
rated, that had never been used at all. They
v/ere beautifully lighted, and warmed by steam.
In fact, they were too warm for comfort. I do
not know exactly whose money paid for mak-
ing great massive rooms that nobody needs;
but Uncle Samuel had to foot the bill, or is foot-
ing it in some shape or other. A good di'al of it
seems to be owing to stupidity and bad man-
agement.

Now, I think I had better stop right here
before I give many more such illustrations, or
our good friends may get the idea that A. I.
Root is not a true and loyal patriot. What
shall we do about it? Commence a reform at
home. Almost every large business establish-
ment makes more or less blunders, and throws
away more or less money in like tomfoolery.
Even when they are hard up, and paying heavy
interest, they often do this. I once heard of a
railroad engineer who expended thousands of
dollars in preparing for laying a track through
the hills of Southern Ohio. The company that
employed him, however, became so well satis-
fied that he lacked in judgment they turned
him off and got another engineer. The new
man selected a better route, and built the road
for less money than his predecessor had used in
getting hi" plan half done. This was a fearful
example of lack of judgment or lack of fitness
for his calling. In our establishment I could
take you down into some of th.Minused base-
ments, and tind machinery that cost a good
many dollars, which was discarded almost
before it was ever used at all. I can not well
blame anybody just now, for it was A. I. Root
himself who decided on making the purchase.

Years ago I happened to step into the back
room of a wholesale jewelry establishment. I
saw there a beautiful clockworth a good many
dollars, lying in the rubbish-heap. The dec-
orated glass front was broken in shipment, and
it was tumbled with other like damaged stuff
back into the corner, cover.'d with dust and
cobwebs. This jeweler failed in businf ss a few
years afterward, paying only a small per cent.

Now, it is not only our governmeni, and it is
not only at the capitol of our several States
where these things are going on. The great
railroad companies are not the only ones who
make blunders; neither is it the manufacturers
nor the wholesale dealers who alone waste
their hard earnings. When I happen to get a
chance look into the empty corncribs of some of
my farmer friends I find things that have cost
a good deal of hard earni-d money out of re-
pair, and stoi-ed away out of sight. They are
not always " out of sight," however, for some-
times nice and beautiful agricultural machinery
is left right out in sight, and out in the rain
and snow all winter long. You all know more
or less about this. And can we blame the gov-
ernment of the United States for doing what
many of her people do ? Yes, and the very men
and women who let high-priced tools stay out
in the weather, run in debt for more high-priced
things to keep in fashion.

And now I am getting around to the point of
my text, somewhat. I do not mean to say we

353

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE

Apr. 1.

should make no effort at all to dress like other
people, and to furnish our houses like other
people; but I do say that it is my honest belief
thai a great part of our trouble* are caused by
our trying so hard to conform to the "fashion
of this world " when we honestly can not afford
it. I have not (as yet) purchased or worn a
pair of toothpick-ioed boots or shoes. I do not
believe it would be best for me to say emphat-
ically that I am never going to wear them : but
I have been thinking pretty strongly that I
should never conform to this extreme fashion
in footgear— I mean the kind where they run
away out to a point so sharp that they may
well suggest the idea of tooihpicks. It always
makes me think of the caricatures where the
prince of darkness is pictured with exceedingly
long and pointed toe and heel; and I am really
afraid, fathers and mothers, and boys and girls,
that the evil one has may be a little to do with
these sharp-toed boots and shoes. When we
were discussing the matter the other morning
at breakfast, somebody said that everybody
who tried to be well dressed had bowed down
and accepted the new fashion. When our good
pastor the other »Sunday morning, however,
was speaking, I happened to look down to his
neatly dressed feet, and felt glad to see him
wear square-toed boots like my own, and I am
quite sure nobody in Medina would think of
calling him in aiiy respect old-fashioned.

In a certain household I heard them talk
about discarding a beautiful oval-top extension
dining-table. It was made of the finest wood,
and showed the very nicest workmanship; and
the careful housewife had kept it so it was
almost as handsome and perfect as when it
first left the cabinet-maker's store. I remem-
ber of thinKing, when the fashion came in for
cutting off the sharp round corners of our
dining tables, that it was really a humane im-
provement. Not many years ago a child was
killed by running against the sharp corner of
a table. The oval tables are so much prettier,
and more convenient (so it seems to me), that I
dia not think they would ever be discarded;
but I am told now everybody is getting rid of
them, no matter how good a table and how
much it cost. Square tables are all the fashion,
and we must be up with the fashion or we can
not sleep. A few davs ago a good friend of
mine said something like this:

" Mr. Knot, there are a lot of people^in our
town who live and think of nothing but keep-
ing up with the city fashions, or, at least, get-
ting as near to the city style as thev possibly
can, and these very people can not afford it."

A great many times the people who can ;not
afford it, or who ought not to afford it, are dis-
carding old things that are good and service-
able because the style is changed. I thought
once I would say something about women's
dresses and the big sleeves; but I might make
a blunder if I should undertake to do so. I
think I heard somebody say the cloth in some
of the big sleeves would make a very preity
dress for a little girl; but may be the statement
was an exaggeration. Just one more point:'5n

I am pained many times nowadays by seeing
children supplied with so many nice toys at
such low prices. You may smile at this, for
The A. I. Root Co. has dealt in toys quite a lit-
tle, and the catalogs have perhaps urged the
people to buy them. Well, I have felt bad
sometimes to read our own catalogs — not that
there is any thing in them that is positively
bad. perhaps, but they have reminded me of
the time whpn my good father used to whittle
out (for quite a family) our sleds and wagons
winter evenings. Oh how we did used to enjoy
seeing him cut things out of pine, and build

beautiful structures with that sharp knife of
his in just one long winter evening! We boys
coveted that sharp knife and the soft pine wood
he whittled so beautifully! Why, even the
coiled-up shavings that he made were hand-
some, and we boys tried hard to whittle out
something as nice as the one that "pa made."
My older brother became very expert in this
work. I remember his making about the
handsomest sled I ever saw, out of some hard
seasoned ash. Fifty years ago the ingenuity
of the boys and girls was called forth in the ef-
fort to make their own things; but now we get
them ready made by machinery for only a
nickel. They cost so little that, if a toy gets
out of order, it is thrown into the backyard,
or stored away in the corncrib I have been
speaking ol. No one tries to mend it, as it costs
so little; and even the farmers who sell their
corn at 10 and 1.5 cts. a bushel must supply
nickels for toys, or rides on electric cars, or for
the "slot-machines," and for all else that is
going on, or else they will not be " in fashion."
I have heard statements at our farmers' insti-
tutes to the effect that the farmer is entitled to
the best of every thing in the land; he should
have as many books and papers, and as nice a
parlor, as the banker and storekeeper in the
town. Had the speaker added, "If he can af-
ford it." I do no not know but I should have
said all right. But the idea that some agricul-
tural papers have advanced, or the ivay the
idea was advanced, that the farmer is entitled
to these things, even if it requires a mortgage
on his farm, it seems to me is a terrible error.

Now dear friends, I fear that we are all more
or less guilty. 1 am afraid that we who live in
the country, and raise garden-stuff for a living,
are somewhat to blame for the extravagant ap-
propriations that are being made at our state-
houses or court-houses in order that we may
get even with our rivals in other States or
counties in fine buildings. Progress and im-
provement are good things. But there are
thousands of other things vastly more impor-
tant just now than having toothpick-toed shoes
and other things to match because they are the
fashion. I do not believe these things bring
real happiness; and I know from experience
that I feel happier and better when I rescue
implements from want of care, than I do when
I go and buy new things because it is less
trouble than to go and fix up the old ones.
Christ Jes7is should come before fashion or any
thingelse that this world has to offer. Better,
a thousand times better, be ont of fashion than
to be without the love of the Savior in our
hearts.

THECDISGRACECOFaTHE^CENTURY.

All over the land there has been a lamentation
that our penitentiaries have to be built lareer.
Good people are also feeling sad that our pris-
ons are mostly filled with American hoys; and,
at the same time, at least one State of the
Union seems to think it a fine thing to encour-
age and develop the mania for prize- fighting.
I did not intend to mention the matter at all in
these pages, for many times it seems to be true
that " the least said the soonest mended." As
the fight is over, we might let it drop; but
science has been called in to perpetuate and
keep it up bv degrading that beautiful new in-
vention of Edison's to the level of making it
reproduce the hideous spectacle of one human
being pounding another to jellv amid the
cheers of a crowd of spectators. The W. C. T.
U. ha«, however, happily wakened, and is de-
manding, not only of the President of the
United States, but of the governors of the vari-
ous States, that the kinetoscope shall not be

CLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

253

paraded through the streets of our cities and
villages to educate our children toward vice, as
If they could not learn it fast enough through
the ordinary channels. God be praised for the
energetic measures started by tho W. C. T. U.;
and may all good people fall in line and second
their efforts, whether the governors listen to
our prayers or not. Keep the children asvay
from the thing, as you would keep them out of
a drunken row. I rejoice to kn'ow that Arch-
bishop Ireland, in St. Paul, Minn., has vigor-
ously indorsed the movement to suppress the
kinetoscope shows.

lean not help thinking of a little v^rse my
mother taught me in my infancy-
Let dog's delig-ht to bark and bite.

For God hath made tliem so;
Let bears and lions growl and fight.
For 'tis their nature too.

But boys and girls should never let

Their angry passions rise;
Your little hands were never made

To tear each other's e^ es.

And these little verses remind me that our
humane society, of the present age, with its
efficient laws, does not always let even dogs
bark and bite, and chicken-fights have been
justly ruled out. What inconsistency to permit
men to do so, and encourage crowds to witness
the shameful scene 1 Can't our veteran friend
Henry Berg lend a hand just in this crisis? If
he is gone, where has his mantle fallen?

MORE ABOUT CIGARETTES.

The following clipping has been sentln:
CThere is scarcely a high school, academy, or col-
lege in ihe land where studenis are not dropping
out of their classes, and failing to graduate, from
cigarntie (physical and mental) disintegration.
Their names are legion, and they are pouring into
the lunatic-asylums of all these lands, and commit-
ting suicide every hour of the day.

THE WORK OF THE ANTI- SALOON LEAGUE.

We clip the following from a Cleveland daily:

-' Leipsic, O., March 23.— Tlie town council last
evrning passed, upon the third reading, the screen
ordinance by a unanimous vote of those present, it
thereby becoming a law. The 3aloon-heepers are
loud in ihfir denouncement of the memViers of the
Anti-saloon League. The'Tdinancevirtuallvmeans
the liilliDg of the saloon business in tnls town.

It'may be necessary to explain to some of our
readers that the above alludes to the screens
placed in front of the windows of every saloon;
and I suppose it is true that the saloon-keep-
er's business would be ruined by letting God's
daylight shine in upon him and his customers.

THE GOVERNMENT DISTRIBUTION OF FREE
SEEDS.

With the stir that is being made in this mat-
ter it looks as if this blundering waste of the
people's money would soon be abatfd. It has
been pronounced a humbug and swindle again
and again, and Secretary Morton certainly did
all in his power to have it stopped; but. not-
withstanding, a million of dollars or more is to
be fooled awav again this present season.
Farmers are ta.xed to support this stupendous
fraud, and then la return some of them get

bundles of seeds ilu^v did not order and did not
want. So far as I can find, nottody is in favor
of it except public uflicials who want the seeds
to give away in order that they may make
friends among their immediati' constituents.
Of course, there has been a rtfurm in purchas-
ing the seeds of promineut seedsmen; but even
the seedsmen who receive the government con-
tract condemn the principle openly through our
periodicals.

THE OHIO EXPERIMENT-STATION REPORT ON
POTATOES FOR 1896.

Bulletin No. 76, devoted entirely to potatoes,
is of more than usual interest and value. Prof.
W. J. Green seems to have a faculty of making
every thing exceedingly plain that they have
learned by their numerous tests. After read-
ing every word of the bulletin I turned back
and read many passages over and over. The
summary is especially helpful. In fact. I have
deemed it worthy of a place in our pages as
below.

SUMMARY OF EXPERIMENTS WITH POTATOES AT
THE OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION.

Changing seed potatoes for the purpose of secur-
ing those grown on a dififerent soil maybe advan-
tageous, and it may not. More depends upon the
selection and keeping of seed than changing from
one soli to another.

Changing for the purpose of securing an improv-
ed variety is also uncertain as to results, '"New
blood" does not necessarily indicate an improve-
ment, for as a matter of fact many of the new va-
I'ieties are inferior to the old.

Keeping seed potatoes so as to preserve their vi-
tality is of the utmost importance. This can be
done fairly well by pitting; but cold, storage, when
the temperatuie is held at about 35 degrees Fah., is
the ideal method.

Oold-storage potatoes make a quick, vigorous
growth, and give a perfect stand in the field.

A storage room for potatoes need not necessarily
be CO led with ice, as ventilation answt rs very well;
but with ice the temperature may be controlled at
all seasons.

A good crop of potatoes may be secured if plant-
ing is delayed unlit the first of July, providing the
seed is kept ptoper'y.

As between budding or sprouting the seed in the
light, and cold-storage, there is but little choice.

Budding is accomplislied by spreading the pota-
toes, one layer deep, on the barn floor, on a loft, or
in shallow b >xe8. where thej^ get light, but are not
exposed to direct sunliaht. This is done several
weeks before the time of planting.

Potatoes treated in this manner come up in about
one week, and grow with astonishing rapidity.
Cold-storage potatof s are a few days later in com-
ing up, but mature at the same time.

Contrary to expectations, the best results have
been secured in using medium and late varieties
for late planting.

Usually, as large a crop is not secured by late as
by early planting; t ut the advantages lie in being
able to follow early crops in this manner, and in se-
curing lietter seed, because of the superior keeping
qualities of late grown potatoes.

It has been found advantageous to immerse seed
potatoes not more than an hour in the corrosive-sub-
limate solution, in the treatment to prevent potato
scab.

Seed potatoes, grown from treated seed, and
planted on land free from scab, may produce tubers
almost free from scab.

The treatment for potato scab does little or no
good if the potatoes are planted on land infested
with scab.

It is a good plan to treat seed potatoes some time
before planting, and to dry before storing.

Spraying to prevent potato blight has given vari-
able results, possibly because the same forms of
blight have not been present at all times.

Potatoes appearing to be sound, but showing a
dark ring when cut across the stem end, are dis-
eased, and will carry the blight to the field. The
Colorado potato- beetle, blister and flea beetles, may
carry the disease from one hill to another.

It is essential to reject diseased tubers, to keep
the " bugs" in check, and to plant on ground where

254

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apb. 1.

potatoes have not been grown for a year or two.
In spraying-, six ounces of Paris green stiould be
used lo a bari-el of Bordeaux mixture

Thorough • ultivation is important, so as to pre-
vent the wjiste of moisture, and to keep up a vigor-
ous growth, as a means of rendering- the plants
somewliat res-i^tant to blight.

The most promising- of the new early varieties
are. Burr's No. 1. Ri)vee, Early Michigan, Early
Thoroug-hbred, and VanOrmans No. 99.

The most piomising of the new late varieties are,
Carmiin No. 3, Country Gentleman. Enormous, Fla-
gle, Livingston, Table King, Uncle Sam, and Wise.
While Early Ohio, Pride of the South, and White
Bliss' Triumph are valuable for certain sections
and for sjjeciai purposes, but not for general culti-
vation.

American Wonder, Carman Nos. 1 and 3, Early
Norther, Early Harvest, Rural New-Y(jrker No. a.
Sir William, aud Wise, have been tested sufficiently
to warrant recommending them for general culti-
vation.

Superphosphate has increased the potato crop, in
our experiments, to a profitable extent, the cost
per bushel of increase being five to si cents.

There does not appear to be much difference in
the efficiency of di>soived bone black and acid phos-
phate, but slug phospiiate has given lower average
results than the other forms.

Wheat bran has given better results than linseed
meal.

Nitrate of soda and muriate of potash, when used
singly, have not given much increase.

Superphospliate, nitrate of soda, and muriate of
potash in combination have given better results
than eitlier alone, and the crop increase has been
nearly in proportion to the quantity used, up to
llUO pounds per acre.

In regard to the var'eties in addition to what
appears In the above summary, they give
Manum's Enormous a very excellent report;
also Maule's Thoroughbred. I am a little sur-
prised that they do not give the White Bliss
Tritimph a better report, both In regard to
earliness and large yield.

Perhaps many of our readers have noticed
the tremendous claims made by Halser in re-
gard to his wonderful potatoes. The experi-
ment station expresses the same opinion as last
year— that Salser's Earliest is the well known
Red Bliss Triumph that is sold all over the
country as the standard early potato shipped
in from the South. His Harvest King they
can not distinguish from the Rural New York-
er; and the King of the Earliest, so far as they
can tell, is identical with the old Early Ohio,
and so on. This puffing well-known varieties
under a new name in order to get extravagant
prices should be vigorously shown up wherever
it occurs. The Sir William receives again the
hearty commendation that it received a year
ago.

MEADOW-MICE GIRDLING THE TREES.

We have been in the habit of mulching the
ground around our apple-trees so as to keep
down grass, with all sorts of trash that has
accurhulated from the earden. I have, how-
ever, often cautioned the men about placing
the stuff close up to the trunk of the tree in
winter time. One man disobeyed my orders,
and the result was that the finest Gravenstein
tree in my orchard was completely girdled for
more than a foot. The mice burrowed down
into the ground, and even girdled the roots
wher(> they started out. Several other trees
were injured more or less. Where completely
girdled we inserted cions that reached from
the hark on the roots up to the bark above,
putting twenty of these in the Gravenstein tree.
Why, I would hardly spare that tree for a five-
dollar bill. After the cions were put in, every
thing was well covered with graftinpr-wax, and
we are watching anxiously to see the buds start
out. I know it was meadow-mice that did the
business, for we found four of them right at it.

They were dug out and killed. Now, please
remember that, while mulching is a splendid
thing around young trees, it is dangerous busi-
ness to put it right up against the tree.

APPLE-TREE BORERS, ETC.

Perhaps the worst enemy to fruit-growing we
have here in Northern Ohio is the borer. In
our own orchard it had killed several trees and
just riddled others befoi'e I woke up to know
what was going on For the past two or three
years I have been scanning the agricultural
papeis. and books on pomology, to learn if there
were a better remedy than digging them out of
their holes, but there seems to be no help.
Putting strong ashes around the trees, and
washing the irunK and exposed roots with
strong soapsuds may do very well, but you
ought to dig them out, even if you do this.
There are several substances that will kill the
borer, but they will also kill the tree. In some
recent investigations I found I could push a
slender copper wire into their channels half
way through the body of the tree, and some-
times to the depth of three or four inches.
With a little practice you can tell when the
point of the wire touches the borer. Of course,
you are to punch him up until he is unfit for
further mischief. Mr. E. C. Green, formerly of
the Ohio Experiment Station, was talking with
me about it, and we thought of bisulphide of
carbon; but he said he would not dare to u"-- ii^
without first getting Prof. Webster's opinion in
regard to it. I wrote him, and here is his !•■ ply:

In regard to the use of bisulphide of carbon for
borers, I would say that there might be some dan-
ger in injecting the fluid into the chambers made
by the borers; but if cotton were saturated, and
this placed in the cavities, so that only the fumes
would spread, I think no ill effects would follow.
Any other substance that would prevent the fluid
from running into the wood would be efl'ective, as
the fumes are as deadly as the fluid itself.

Wooster, O , Mar. 18. F. M. Webster.

Now, if anybody else knows any thing about
the use of bisulphide of carbon for this busi-
ness, will he please tell us about it? It may
not do harm to inject it into the holes made by
the borer; but to fill a cavity that extends into
the heart of the tree, and runs downward sev-
eral inches, might kill the tree; that is, the
liquid might do so, but I am sure the fumes
applied on cotton, as above, would not. Bear
in mind, the fumes of this liquid are so much
heavier than air that they will run down almost
like water.

This same borer, or at least a similar one, has
blocked all my attempts thus far at growing
peaches. Where they dig in close to the root
of a peach-tree, great quantities of peach-gum
ooze out, and the tree is soon used up.

THE LOGAN BERRY. OR RASPBERRY-BLACK-
BERRY.

In answer to my request in our last issue, we
have the following from friend Gault:

I must say that they have fully come up to my
expectation. The clusters were not as large as
shown in the catalogs; but the berries were large
and of good flavor.

I am exceedingly glad to receive this good re-
port; but I wish that friend Gault had taken a
little more space to tell how long he had had
the Logan berry before it fruited. Mv impres-
sion is, he procured one of the first offered for
sale as I did: and his experience with the cele-
brated Gault raspberry probably enabled him
to secure a better result. This beautiful
weather the latter part of March has started
the buds on my own plants, so that we have
some hopes of getting some fruit this year.

Since receiving the above we have had a

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

255

very pleasant visit from Mr. L. B. Pierce, the
well-known agricultural writer, and he says
the Logan berries at friend Gault's were about
the prettiest berries he ever saw in his life, and
thinks the plant is destined to be an acquisi-
t(ion.

SWEET CLOVER.

In Bulletin No. 70. from our Ohio Experiment
Station, subject "Forage Crops," we find the
following:

As a forap'e crop for feeding or for hay, we have
not found it of any special value, our cows and
horses having refu^^ed to eat it eltlier green or dried.

This to me is simply astounding. I can un-
derstand why cows and horses should be suspi-
cious of it when it is offered tht-ni for the first
time; but I can not understand how any cow or
horse should refuse to eat it after having once
had a taste of it when it is young and tender,
say a foot or two in height. Inasmuch as the
Srate of Ohio once called sweet clover a '' nox-
ious weed." this becomes an important matter.
Our horses will eagerly grab for sweet clover in
preference to any other green stuff that can be
given them: and they will eat it cured as hay,
and grab for the dried branches that have
riDen^d seed. In my travels I have watched
anxiously to see if I could find a bit of sweet
clover in any field where horses and cattle were
pastured, but I have never found it. I have
also watched to see if I could find it along the
roadside where horses or cattle were permitted
to feed, and I have never seen that. I wish our
readers would give us quite a lot of postal -card
experiences. I say " postal- card." because if
you write a long letter we can not publish a
large number of them. We want reports from
different localities. Let us settle this question
if we can: Is sweet clover of value, both green
and dry, as feed for stock, or is it not?

YELLOWCANDCWHITEfSWEET CLOVER.

Of late we are having quite a few inquiries
for both kinds of sweet clover— that is, some-
body wants a package of the kind producing
yellow and also a package of the other kind
producing white blossoms. Now. my experi-
enre is that the color of the blossom indicates
no difference at all in the plant A great many
times I have seen among the sweet clover a sin-
gle stalk producing yellow flowers instead of
white, but I have always regarde'1 this as a
sort of sport or accident, as it were. If I am
wrong I shall be glad to be corrected. So far
as I know it is one and the same plant that
produces the white or vellow blossom. We find
this peculiarity in other plants. In a row of
red-pepper plants there will freqppntly be one
producing yellow papers, and vice versa.

POTATO-TOPS fFOR MULCHING^! STRAWBERRIES.

Once more I can say. as I said a year ago.
that the best mulching I have ever got hold of
for str!\ wherries is potato-tops— especially the
tops of tlie new Craig, because tliere are so
many of them and they are so long. First, nil
of our strawberries covered with potato-tops
are bright and green. Not a leaf is frosted or
rotted or wilted, and not a plant is pulled out
of the eround. You can look down through
the tops and see them as green and fresh as
they were last fall. Second, although the
potato-tops are so light and loose, they are
never blown off by the wind. Third, there are
absolutelv no weed seeds atnong them. Where
we used strawy manure, with the ereat amount
of wet warm weather we had durinar the past
season, the strawberrv leaves are more or less
molded and rotted. Of course, the plants are
alive, and are going to start; but they will not
compare with those under the potato-vine

mulching. Again, where we use straw or
strawy manure, there will be more or less weed
seeds or seeds of grain, and the latter is about
as bad. Finally, the berries will grow rigiit up
through the potato-vines, which, by fruiting
time, will become packed down so as to be the
nicest thing in the world to keep the fruit out
of the din. Now, remember, when you dig
your potatoes, carefully remove the vines and
stack them up out of the way until your straw-
berries are frozen up the first time, then spread
your potato-tops along over the plants so as to
lie up from eight inches to a foot high. You
can see the plants down through the bfds by
looking closel',and the plants can look out
and see the stars all winter long. The vines
hold the snow, and they shade the ground suf-
ficiently to prevent the injurious alternate
freezing and thawing. Tomato-vines seem to
answer much the same purpose; but they are
almost too coarse, and do not lie in place as
well. Besides, they are not as plentiful.

Oh, dear me! I almost forgot to say that you
must keen your potatoes absolutely /ree from
weeds. Weeds that have gone to seed, mixed
in with the potato-vines, would not, of course,
be allowable under any circumstances.

Since the above was in print I fin l I am not
entirely original in my discovery. We clip the
following from Ficfe's Magazine for March, in
regard to mulching strawberries:
ELWe always lilcecl tlie plan of tlie old farmer who
grew potatoes largely, and who every year drew
and spread a good-sized load of potato-tni s over his
strawberry patch. The potato top is richer in put-
ash than much l)arnyard manure. anii the winter's
freezing and thawing reduces its bulk into fine
mold. It lias no weed sseds, which is more than
can be said of most stable manure. It protects the
plants just when it is most needed, which is
through the coldest weather, disappearing when
spring opens, and when the plants require all the
sunshine they can get.

the^wayoinwhichIthryImanagk to'" breed

UP".'SUGAR'fBEETS SoPaS'-'TOcGRtItHOSE

SHOWING THE'lARGEST AMOUNT

Ol^rsuGAR.

We extract the following from Bulletin No.
7.5. on beet-sugar production, from the Ohio
Experiment Station:

m Plugs are taken from roots having the desired
form and size in such a WHy as not to injure them
seriously, and tlie juice of the-je plugs is ansih zed
to detf-rmine the sugar. Those which are satisfac-
tory arf> plante'i the following spring to produce
seed. The seed thus secured is planted and the
beets resulting are agnin analyzed, as lieforo, and
on'y the be-t chosen. This process Is repeated for
several years, when, finally, h11 of the seed frown is
turned over to the farmers for producing beets to
be consumed hy the factory. The beet roots so
CHrefully selected for seed are called "mother
heels." Mllli"ns of dollars, literally, have been ex-
pended in scientifif' studies of tlie beet root, with
the wonderful results above note.l. All of Vns care
and selection resnlls in milking the beet- root one of
the most artificial of phi nts. and it responds imme-
diately to abuse byyielditig less sugar, or. under
good r-ulture, liy holding its sugar content up to the
high standard set for it.

nin the time of Napoleon Bonaparte they
thought they had accomplished considerable
when they had beet juice that was 6 per cent
suear; "now whole fields of beets are grown
which carry 14 per centof sugar in the juice;
while single specimens have yielded 20 and 25
per centof sugar." It was by breedins up in
this way that the Kleinwanzleben mode] siignr
beet has been produced. The sugar beet belt,
as it may be called, that is specially adapted to
the growing of sutrar beets runs throtieh Wis-
consin and along throngh Northern Ohio south
of Lake Erie. This belt is practically 100 miles

256

GLEANINGSIN BEE CULTURE.

Apr. 1.

wide. The town of Hudson, O.. is said to be
not far from the center of it, and it extends in-
definitely both east and west.

THE NEAV QUEEN AS AN KARLT POTATO.

Last year we had such a quantity of New
Queeu'^ that we took no pariicular pains to
test their earlineir^s with other earlv potatoes;
but we had one planting where the New Queens
produced potatoes big enough to eat (and a
large yield at that), in a shorter time, it seems
to me, than any other potato we ever planted.
In making out our list I felt inclined to put it
among the extra earlies, but finally did not do
so. Since then I find the following in a recent
issue of the Rural New -Yorker:

Mr. Albert Emerson, of Danville, III., tells the
writer of these notes that he fo ind the New Queen
pntato 10 da.vs earlier I h:in Eurly Ohio. Both were
plantid April 7, and tlie Queens were dug June 11,
yielding about 300 bushels to the acre, twice as
mucli iis tiie Chios. Both kinds were treated in pre-
cisely the same way. We j re jrlad to receive such
reports. They aid our readers in making selec-
tions.

Now, then, why not use the New Queen for
an extra-early potato for market? In consid-
eration of the quantity we have on hand, we
offer them lower than any other potato in our
list: and as they are now thoroughly dissemi-
nated, other dealers are offering them at like
low prices.

THE DIFFERF.NT SPECIES OF SWEET CLOVER.

By your seed-list I suppose the cocndea, or bee
clover, is not known by you to belong to the meliM.
Heie is its hotanical position:

Melil'iti>ffi,cinaiis [ye\U)\v). a n&tive of Europe. A
water is distilled from the blossoms that is used in
perfumery.

Mdilut vulgaris (or levcantha). This is a white
meliliit. It is the one you call M. nlha, wliieh is in-
correct: also the name, Bokhara, is incorrect, as my
desdiptioa later en will show.

Melilot coerulea (blue). This is the cccnifca of Eu-
rope, particularly of Switzerland and tlie Tyrol.
This hiis themed/ot odor in a high degree, and' was
much used formerly in medicine as a discutient,
sudorific, e.vpectorant.rndvulnerar.N : also the many
good qualities of the Schal^aieger cheese aie sup-
posed to be due to this »riert((;t, to which it is sup-
posed to owe some of its flavor.

Melilut arboiea (Bokhara). Valuable in some re-
mote parts ft^r its fiber only, which is supposed to
be closely allie I to hemp in quality.

Melilut maasimeuftis. A uaiive of the locality near
the Mediterranean Sea. and by the native ancients
given the name <t " L(Aus," whence the latter part
of the nan e meJilotiis is df rived.

Tlie foregoing inft)rmaiion m-iy be new to you,
and it may not. Gray's .N[anuKi does not thus c;lass-
ify the melihitvs, nor do any of our former botanical
works. It is classitiod thus only by our most class-
ical works. However. I believe this to be a correct
classification. The only thinsr ih;it I should like to
suggest is, could not the rcendexi be culti\aied and
eventuallx become acclimated to giow spontaneous-
ly like our common white clover?

Reading, Pa. L. L. Esenhowek.

My good friend, I am exceedingly obliged
for the facts you give us; but how is it that we
find stalks of sweet clover bearing yellow blos-
soms scattered through our white sweet clover?
Is not the difference only in color of the bloom ?
In regard to Bokhara, we first purchased our.
Bokhara seed of D. A. Jones, of Canada.
When planted side by side with our own sweet
clover no one could tell a particle of differ* nee.
I wrote him about it. and he said there ivns no
difference, only that seedsmen generally called
the hulled sweet clover Bokhara. Now, in
order to settle this I should like to have a little
btdofall the five kinds you mention, side by
side. We already have the first three, if I am
correct. Can you supply the last two? I shall
be specially glad to get the real Bokhara. We

have always made Gray's Manual our standard;
and if that is incorrect, as I take it from what
you say. I am afraid that at least a good many
of us will have to go wrong.

MORE ABOUT THE CRANDALL CURKANT.

It gives me great pleasure to give place to
the following:

Mr. A. I. R(ii)t:—1 have some Crandall currants,
but mine bore very well. They were so full that I
had to prop them. They were not as big as j'ours,
except where one was by itself. I planted these in
a rather low moist place. I had some on high dry
ground that did not do so well. They are easy to
raise, and spnutagreat deal. No insect seems to
harm them I send you a few plants, and you can
try how they do. H. L. Wise.

Berkeley Springs, W. Va., Mar. 22.

THE BUNCH YAM SWEET POTATO.

I presume most of our readers noticed the
spread-eagle advertisements that appeared in
most of the agricultural papers last year, of the
new sweet potato called Goldcoin. The claims
made for it were in the most extravagant lan-
guage, to the effect that nothing like it had
ever been seen or tasted since the world began,
etc. I felt satisfied at the time that it was a
swindle, but we could not just prove it. The
sequel finally appears in a circular just at hand:

Last yenr a prominent seed-house contracted for
all the stock I had to sell, and requested me to
christen the improved strain witli a new name,
which I did, viz., Goldcoin Vineless. They adver-
tised them extensively, and got a great many orders,
I am told: but what kind of potaioes their patrons
were supplied with I am not able to say, as they got
but very tew from me, and never j>aid me for what
they did get. W. T. Simpson.

Pine Bluff, Ark.

It is just as I expected. They had the com-
paratively well-known bunch yam. and nothing
else. But they did not get rich at the business
after all. So far as I can learu, there are just
two vineless sweet potatoes or yams before the
people, and each one of them has about half
a doz^n different names. The bunch yam is
different in vine and different in foliage, and
stands almost straight up until along late in the
season. The other kind— the vineless sweet po-
tato, called "General Grant" for short— has a
leaf like the ordinary sweet potato, and with
us, the latter part of the season, it makes con-
siderable of a vine. Now. something should be
done about confusing the agricultural world
with anv more names. If I have not got the
names right, or the best ones. I am willing to be
set risht. One enterprising advertiser calls his
the " McKlnley" bunch sweet potato. F don't
know but we shall have to call on the experi-
ment stations or the authorities at Washington
to give us the proper names of these new things,
and then expose attempted frauds in that direc-
tion. We ha\ e alreadv prepared printed sticks
for the two different kinds, labeled respectively
as follows: ziij

^~~: [Qen. Grant, or Vine!ess:Sweet Potato
Bunch for "Vineless") Yam.

march's STRAIN 'of JSN0WB.^LI4 CAULIFLOWER
SEED.

We have just received 1 lb. of seed from the
grower, and the following statement in regard
to it:

We send this time extra .stock, picked heads,
Puget Soxind Snowball. Weguarante ■ 98* to mike
perfect heads. H. A. March.

Just a word in regard to growing cauliflower.
We make our first' sowing of seed in the green-
house in January; then we sow some more
every two or three weeks, clear along until
somewhere about June 1st. The first and last

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

257

sowings make altogether the uicest heads, for
It is a hard matter to grow good cauliflower
durina hot weather. Plenty of water during a
dry time helps the matter very much; but as
for myself I never succeed very well unless the
weather is cool. Caulillower will stand a tre-
mendous amount of cold, especially in the fall.
In the spring we often have to sell nice heads
at the same price as early cabbage. People
won't give any more for it; and if it were not
for the expense of the seed we could raise \i
about as cheaply by the pound; but in the fall,
when it comes time to make pickles, there is
often a great demand for it. and none to be had.
We have seen women try to buy specimens on
exhibition at our county fairs, and they offered
big prices for it: but nobody had any to sell.
You want to have it head up so late that there
will be no trouble from insects, and no trouble
from the hot sun. Then you can get great
handsome heads; and those that peep up
through their beautiful green petals are ver-
itable "snowballs" indeed. Do not sow your
seed all at once Put in a little at stated peri-
ods as mentioned; and if you fail with one lot
you will probably succeed with some of the
others. Of course, we sell a very small pack-
age for .5 cts.; but if you are going to make sev-
eral sowings you had better have >§' or 3i ounce;
price, respectively, 25 and 40 cents.

GRAND3RAPIDS0LETTT1CE.

□ We are pleased to note that the low-priced
seed offered at 50 cts. per lb. gives just as good
plants, and as good a crop, as that which we
formerly sold at $1 50. This is indeed good
news to those who are obliged to purchase
seeds. The low-priced seed is, we are told,
grown in California, where they have Ions sea-
sons, and ground specially suitable. Well, the
friends who have been making a good thing
growing lettuce under glass will discover that,
at about this season of the year, the hot sun is
liable to turn the lettuce a darker green, and
make it toueh. Lettuce, like celery, should be
white and crisp. Perhaps you remember I told
you a vear ago about shading the crop from the
sun. Shutters instead of sashes will do it nice-
ly, but thev must not be kept on too long or the
lettuce will get so white and delicate that it
will wilt down when the sun touches it; and
about the very best thing to keep it just right
is the cloth covering. The cotton sheeting to
roll up on a pole, such as is described in the to-
mato book, is just the thine. Now. look out
and do not lose your nice trade in Grand Rapids
lettuce because'you let it get too much hot sun.
If the weather is cloudy, it is not so much mat-
ter: but do not let the sun turn it to a dark
green and make it tough.

HOLTjAND or DANISH CABBAGE SEED.

Perhaps the friends have noticed that the finest
cabbnge on the market— in fMct, the only real nice
cabbape on the market fornearly two months past-
has been the imported kind. It is quoted now at
from m to US' cts. per lb., wholesale. We retail it
on the wa^on at 2(4 to .3 cts., according- to quality.
Year after year the Hollanders succeed insetting
nicer Vi;ird cabbage than any thing we can prow in
the United States. What is the trouble? Is it their
superior so'l and mode of culture, or is it the supe-
rior strain of seed? About ten years iigo a corre-
spondent of Gleanings in Holland, or somewhere
over that way, sent me a paper of cabbag-eseed. and
told me to plant it by the side of our best American
strains, and let him know the result. Tiie seed was
of larg-er size than our cabbage seed ; tlie plants had
a rank, strong growth tliat I iiad never seen tlien
and lia vc not seen since. They seem to stand light
freezes better than our own, and tliey made the

finest cabbage I ever raised in my life. In fact, you
can find a picture of a load of them in the back part
of our book entitled Winter Care of Horses and
Cattle. But It t us now get back to the seed. I have
been to considerable expense to obtain a limited
quantity, which I am as-iured is the seed that pro-
duces the nice hard cabb ige to be found now in our
city markets. I allude to the imported cabbage. If
you want some of the seed we can furnish it in five-
cent packages or for 20 cts. i er ounce, or f3 per lb.
I do not know whether tliis seed came directly from
Holland t)r not; but if we have a subscriber to Gle.vn-
INGS anywhere in the Old World, where this hard
firm cabbage is grown, that will keep clear up into
the winter and even into March, without a bit of
trouble. I wish lie would send me some more seed,
and give me an invitation to go over there and learn
how to raise Holland cabbage. I have long been
wanting to take a trip where high-pressure garden-
ing is the rule every day in the week, and where
they have great windmills, not to pump tiie water
on to the gardens, as we do, but to pump it off.

MONEY LOST IN THE MAIL.S— WHO SHALL
STANDIT?

On page 655 of our issue for Sept. 1, 1896, I
published a part of the correspondence of S. S.
Meeks, of Meeks. Ga., omitting the name of the
writer, and substituting X Y Z. Since that time
we have had more or less correspondence, but
have not succeeded in getting even one copper
for the three smokers we sent Mr. Meeks— not
even the 3i) cts. in stamps that we paid out to
get them to him. He finally said he would
stand a part of the loss if we would give him
legal proof that the money he sent never reached
our office. In reply to this we sent him an affi-
davit, sworn to by my datighter and Mrs. Root's
sister— these two women being the only ones at
the time who opened the letters sent us. We
claimed that, inasmuch as he sent the 8180
mailed in a common letter (contrary to our di-
rections for sending money to us), he should be
the loser for at least a part of the amount.
Thus far he stoutly declines to stand even a
part of the loss. In our directions for sending
money, which are on the back of every order-
sheet, and which order-sheet Mr. Meeks ac-
knowledges he had before him when he sent
the money, we say:

If there is no liank, express office, or money-order
office near you, so that you can not use any of the
above methods, you may send by registered letter,
and we will be responsible; but if any of the meth-
ods first named are available, we will not be respon-
sible for money sent in any other way.

Notwithstanring the above, he put the .?! 80
in a common letter. When he wrote, complain-
ing that he had not received the smokers, tell-
ing us the circumstances, we felt so sorry for
his loss, and thinking the use of them might be
worth more to him than the value of them, we
sent them right along.

CRACKED WHEAT AND CRACKED RYE.

Dr. Mayer, in his excellent work "Domestic
Economy," gives substantially all I have men-
tioned in reeard to the use of cracked wheat
for constipation. Furthermore, he says for ob-
stinate cases substitute rye in p'ace of the
wheat. We have been using it for a week or
two past, and find that it not only does all he
says, btit that it is a most luscious article of
food. Get some nice rye, and have it ground
and cooked exactly as described on page 170,
March 1.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURK

A Dollar Saved

is better tlian one e;iined. Head my a7th
annual catalog, and don't send out West for
goods you can buy cheaper here at home.

I have added 2400 feet of floor-space to my
stoie house and shall keep in stock Roofs
polished one-piece sections. Dovetailed
hives, new Wee'd foundation, etc.. ih addi-
tion to my old line.

Best breeds of beew and queens at bottom
prices. Ddu't buy until >ou see what you
can do with me.

W. W. GARY, Colrain, Mass.

Our Prices are Worth Looking at!

IN THE

New Champion Chaff Hive Especially.

All otlier supplies ac^cordingly. Send

for fatalofrue and price list. Address.

menti.wiino- Oleamn'OS.

R. H. SCHMIDT & CO.. Box 187, Sheboygan, Wis.

MUTH'S HONEY-EXTRACTOR,
SQUARE GLASS HONEY-JARS,
ROOT'S GOODS AT ROOT'S PRICES,

Bee-keepers' Supplies in general, etc., etc.
Send for our new catalog. "Practical
Hints" will be mailed for 10c in stamps.
Apply to

CHAS. F. MUTH & SON, Cincinnati, 0.

Fruit Packages of all Kinds,

Bee=keepers' Supplies.

We allow a liberal discount

on early orders. Why not send
f(jr your supplies now to save
t e discount and avoid ihe rush
of the busy season? Catalogue
and pi ice li.-t free. Address
BERLIN FRUIT=BOX CO.,

Berlin Heights, Erie Co., Ohio.

1897.

It is here.

The year 1897 is here, and we are happy to in-
form our friends and customers that we are now
better prepared than ever before to fill your orders
for queens and bees. We have the largest stock
ever operatt d by us, and we mean to be ready with
plenty of bees and queens to fill all orders without
delay that are sent to us.

Bees by t'le pound, $1.00; ten or more pounds, 90c
each Untested queens for 1897, U 00 each in Feb-
ruary, March, April, and May; $5.00 for six. or J9.00
per dozen. For larger amounts write for prices.
Have your orders boi ked for your early queens.
Safe arrival guaranteed.

Root's goods, Dadant'8 foundation, and Bingham
smokers. A steam bee-hive factory, and all kinds
of bee supplies.

The Southland Queen, the only bee-paper in
the South, monthly, $1 00 per year

Send for catalog, which is almost a complete book
on Soutliern bee-keeping, givin. queen-rearing in
full, all free for- the asking. If you want full infor-
mation about every thing we have, and the bee-
book, don't fail to ask for our l>-97 catalog.

The Jennie Atchley Co.,

Beeville, Bee Co., Texas.

Cleveland
Bicycles. «$"$»

Every piece and part of the Clevehind|
Bicycle is made in onr own factories by i
the'best of skilled workmen, under most'
rigid inspection. The result is a Bicycle
embodying, in a marked degree, features
of safety, speed, and durability.

THERE'S HONEST VALUE IN IT.

We want the patronage of intelligent and dis-
criminating buyers. 1897 catalog mailed tree
for the asking.

H. A. LOZIER & CO.,
Cleveland, Ohio,

Smd 4< ents iiostage for our booklet, '"Shake-
speare and the Bicjcle." Twe've illustrations
in colors by F. Opper, of " Puck."

BUGfilES,

Carts, Surries,

rh.T;toiis,
Spriii^Ha^ous,
Saddles shipped C. U. D.
anywhere to aiijone with
jirivilege to examine at low-
Vest wliolesale prices. Guar-
-janteed as represented or
/money refunded. Send for
■'" Pirated catalogandtesti-
lialsFree. Addr.Cin full)
rtSH BrTERS' rSlON, 1.58 W. Van Buren St., K345 CHICAGO

Read what J. I. Parent, of
Charlton, N. V., says— "We cut
with one of your Combined Ma-
chines ast winter 60 chaff hives
with 7-inch cap, 100 honey-
racks, 500 broad frames, 2,000
honey-boxes, and a grea deal
of other work. This winter we
have doubled the amount of
bee-hives, etc., to make, and we
expect 10 do it all with this saw.
It will do all you say it will."
Catalogue and Price List free.
Address W. F. & JOHN BARNES, 545 Ruby Street,
Rockford, 111.

When more convenient, orders for Barnes' Foot-
Power Machinery may be sent to

THE A. I. ROOT CO., Medina, O.

ONE MAN WITH THE
UNION COMBINATION SAW

Can do the work of four men uS'

ing h^nd tools in Ripping, Cut

ting off, Mitering, Rabbeting,

Grooving, Gaining, Dadoing,

Edging up, Jointing Stuff. Etc.

Full Line of Foot and Hand

\\\ Power Machinery. Sold on Trial.

y<'% Cnlaloo Free. l-Uel

-(-S35,^ ' SENECA FALLS MFC. CO.,

"'' 44 Water St.. Seneca Falls, NY

Please mention this paper

GLEANINGS IN BKE CULTURE.

A BICYCLE TOUR

Three gentlemen for a European tour purchased new hundred dollar
bicycles. One a Columbia — the others of well-known high-grade
manufacture. They had an agreeable trip — particularly the Colum-
bia rider. Before returning to America, it being late in the year —
and wiihing to buy new machines in 1597 — they sold their wheels
to a London dealer. The Columbia bicycle brought $65.00. The
others $40.00 and $35.00 respectively. But one of the many proofs
of Columbia superiority, li you look a year ahead there is wise
economy in

STANDARD OF THE WORlD>

HARTFORDS, ^75, ^60, ^50, H5

Better than almost any other bicycles.

POPE MANUFACTURING CO., Hartfofd, Conn.

Greatest llicycle factory in the World. Alore tluin 17 Acre^ of Moor Space.
Branches or dealers in almost every city and town. If Columbias are not properly repre-
sented in your vicinity, let us know.

B. Hendrickson, Agent,

Medina, Ohio.

PCLIPSE CORN=PLANTER

And Fertilizer=Distributor Combined.

WILL
PLANT .

Weight ISO lbs.

CORN, BEANS, PEAb,
and BEET SEED

in Hills. Drills, and Checks, tt 1=; the
only pl.-micf tint will rlisTihule ill fei
tiliz^is. Wet or Dry, Hen Manure, Plas=
ter, Ashes, Etc., wiili a certainty, ia
dittereiii amounts, each side of
Send for circulars.

Eclipse Corn=Planter Co.,

Enfield, Grafton Co.,
New Hampshire.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apr. 1.

Are You Going to Buy.

We are Headquarters

Apiarian Supplies or Bees?

If so. You Want the Best.

This is tlie only quality we offer. Our prices are
right, and our '97 catalog describing them, and the
management of bees, is yours for the asking.

We carry a large stofii, and can ship promptly.
Freight is a big consideration often amounting lo
20 per cent of the value of goods. Let us quote you
prices on what you need, delivered at your station.

Freight Paid.

They will cost but a trifle more thaa others charge
at the factory. Our aim is to please.
Apiary, I. J. STRINOHAM,

Glen Cove, L. I. 105 Park PI., N. Y. City.

Please mention tnis paper.

for the albi-
no bees— the
best in tlie

woild. If you aie looking for the hee tiiat will gath-
er the mosi hnney. and the gentlest in handling, buy
the albino. We can furnish others, but orders stand
50 to 1 in favor of the albino. I manufacture and
furnish supplies genfral'v Send for circular with
prices. 5. VALENTINE, Hagerstown, Md.

*p «p *p «n *p «p «p

are lost by keeping old and poor queens. It pays
"big to replace them with young vigorous ones ear-
Ix in the season, and get a crop of lioney witli little
swaiming. I have now untested queens — either
light or d:irk Italians— at $1,00; 0. $4.50; 12, $8.2,5;
tested. Sl.tJO up. Giiarfintfcd to arrive safe at
your office, and to be good queens, or TCplaced free.
Remit by M. O. Send for catalosf free for particu-
lars. J. B. CASE, Port Orange, Fla.
Please mention thi.« paper.

For Sale. ~

150 swarms of bees, at J3 00 eai-h. f. o. b. Sickness
cai'goof !fi insr out. The bu iness must be sold. Will
sell lot, buildings, and all peitaininsr tliereto if de-
sired. I. W. HOUSE, Chittenango Falls, N. Y.

Bees for Sale.

In 8-frame Dovetailed hives, queens from import-
ed mothers. Price J4.00 to $5 on rer colony.

EDW. SMITH. Carpenter, III.

¥ I u I Do you need queens? the

I OOK nCrG ' purest and be^t. If so,
UUUIV Iltl C . ^g ^^^ prepared by re-
turn mail to ship tlie :J band and golden Italians,
and silver srray Carniolans, untested, warranted
purely mafrd. fo" .50.-: tested. 7.")c: breeders $2.25.
JUDGE E. Y. TERRAL & CO., Cameron. Texas.

For Sale!

At Beevill", Texas. 200 colonies of first-class Ital-
ian bees. $600 cash for lot to close out. Address
S. A. Leeds, Avery Island. Louisiana.

CARLY QUEENS, northern raised Queens tested
■-' lai^ed last fall are hardy and prolific; $1.25 per
return mail. Untested, in April, $1 On. I insure
safe arrival. Damei, Wukth.

Falmouth. Rush Co., Tnd.

Texas Queens.

Golden, S
Adel, \

ill.' { ^^ Gallup says they are the best he
Albino. J has in his yard.

J. D. GIVENS, Lisbon. Texas.

Bee=hives, Sections, & Bee Supplies

AAVAV I>OWN.

Queens and bees for 1897 at iKittom prices.
Wiite for catalogue and pi ices.

CHAS. H. THIES. Steeleville. III.

In writing advertisers please mention Gleanings.

Don't Neglect Your Bees.

Bee-keeping may be made uniformly suc-
cessful by judicious feeding. It is just as
important with bees as with other stock.
Success in feeding depends
very much on the feeder used.
When you have tried the

Boardman Atmospheric
Entrance=feeder

you will be convinced of this.

For descriptive circulars
and price list, address

H. R. BOARDMAN, East Townsend, Ohio.

Queens Given Away.

Gray Carniolans and Golden Italians. We will
give a fine tested queen (either race) to all custom-
ers ordtring 6 unte.-ted queens, and a fine select
tested queen to all who order 12 untested queens at
one time. The queens given away will be sent to
customers in August.

Grade and | rices of bees
and queens.

Apr.,May,!July. Aug.,
June. Sept.

Untested queen . .

.75
1 50
2.h0
5.00

.75
1.50

.5.00

65

1 25

Select tested queens

2 25

Best imported queens

1 L.-frame nucleus, no

2 L.-fran.e nuclei, no q
Full colonv of bees, no

in new Dov'd live ..

queen
ueen..
queen

4.00
.,50
LOO

4.00

We guarantee our bees to be free from all diseases
and to give entire satisfaction. Descriptive price
list free.

F. A. Lockhart & Co., Lake George, N. Y.

Please mention this paper.

Dovetailed Hives.

Sections, Extractors, Smokers,
and every thing a Bee-keeper
wants. Honest Qoods at Close
Honest Prices. 60-page cata-
log free.

J. M. JENKINS, Wetumpka, Ala.

Your Orders for
Untested Queens

will be promptly filled by return mail,
76c each : $8 (10 per dozen Testt d, $1.00
each: Jll tO lur dozen. Queens are
carefully bred from bf st Italian .stock.
Satisfaction guaranteed on every order.

J. W. K. SHAW <& CO.,
LOREAUVILLE. LA.

mW^y^ _ ^Of/M A/CBEL Se^OJ^. fflOH M/LL. ^O.

Barnes Foot=power Circular Saw for Sale,

with scroll-saw attachment; new; $15.00
cash. Van Deusn foundation-mill for
S!.1m; 10 inch; new; $8.00.
A. J. HUTTON, Edmeston. N. V.

THROAT!

AND LUNG DISEASES

>lt. FKIUO, Specialist.
Offices: 1019, 100 State St.
CHICAGO. Hours 0 to 4
In writing advertisers please mention inis paper.

1807

Gl-EANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

/^^I^DENERS! Try Our Specialties.

^^^^ Hood Rivor Strawberry— best shipping— S'lC per dozen; $3.00 per liundred, postpaid.

Kvorliearinu- Strawl)erry— June till Oct()ber--40c per dozen; $2.50 jrer iiundred, postpaid.

Orejfon \ (>llow Danvers Oniin— largest yielder and liest keeper known— 90c per pound;

.') pounds \o one address, $3.35, postpiiid. Oregoti Hubl) ird Sqnasli— best yet— $1.00 per pound.

Buell Lamberson,

Seed Store, Portland. Oregon,

Agent Root's Bee=supp!ies.

FEED YOUR BEES!

WITH BASWOOD. PROTECT THEM WITH EVERGRENS. I
100, 2 to 5 leet, SIO. 100 Baswood Seoilling-s, *'l. Delivered free. Other^
sizes just as cheap. 50 Sil.OO Barsains by mail, jlilliona t) select fi-om. Also f
Fruit Trees. Small Fruits, Vines, etf. Liberal c ish commissions

clubs. Illustrated eatalosue free.

ral

vanted.

HILL, Evergreen Specialist, DUNDEE,

BUY DIRECT ?

and pr'.'i' •J"'' o?ie proijt.
f-Ouv aa.-.ortme.'it is one
' : Of the bet-t and niosr
: '' lompletein

' FRUIT and ORMMEN-

,.; TAL TREES, SHRUBS,

4 ^fvii^wsr--^ PLANTS, ROSES,

Z Pf Wfl"? VSHES,3yLBS,SEEDS

♦ Rarest ue».v, clioicest oJ<l. Sena fc

♦ our catalogue to-day; it tells it all; an

♦ elcsant book, 168 pages, iiiagazisae

♦ size, profusely illustrated, IVee.

V boeds. Plants , Bulbs. Small Trees, etc. by

♦ mail postpaid. safe arrival and satisfaction
^ suaranteed. Larger by express or freight.

eiar. 33 Greenhouses. 1000 Acres'
iR^S & HAI^RISON CO.,
;ox33l PainesviMe, Ohio.

Five Per Cent Off

till April i5

to Reduce Stock.

When thr" order amounts to tlve or more dollars
the goods will be delivered f. o. b. cars Spriniifleld,

W. J. Finch, Jr., Chesterfield, 111.

1500 Bbls. Swcet=potato Seed.

Yeliow Jers- y, Carolina, and Nansemond, select-
ed size, $~.50 per barrel; 2d size, $1. '5 per Bbl.
Red Jersey and R. Nansemond, 2.50 "
Red Bei muda and Red Spanish, 2.75 "
South. Queen and Bahama White, 2 75 "
Vineless or Gold Coin Prolific, 4.00

Discount of 25c per bbl. on 6 bbl, lots.
Send for free circulais. Adddie-^s

L. H. MAHAN, Box 143.

Terre Haute, Ind.

Betscher s Bulbs & Plants '''"'"' ^Zm.

Gladioli our specialty— over S.'iO kinds. The best
in Arnerira. Tiy a few of our bargains.

1 FineGold B.tnd Lily or 1 Calauium, 15c; 2 for25c.

3 choice French Cannae or 2 Gloxinias, 25c.

8 Roses or Carn;ii'iisorP tunias or 6 Begonias, 25e,

6 New Niivelty Chrysanih'ms or 8 Geranium^, 25o.

8 Choice Cirrysanihemiims or Tuberoses or Helio-
trope. 2.5c, Any 5 collections SI. 00, or 5 half collec-
tions 60c, Foi- 15c and iianjes of your flower loving-
friends we will send 12 vf^rv tine Glad!' li bulbs.

BETSCHER BROS., Can 1 Dover, Ohio.

Manum's Enormous.

TiiegreaLest-yithluig
potato on earth. I'l
lead all
per
Pnc
Queen (

A. E. HANUn,
Bristol, = Vermont

FAY'S CURRANTS.

Large stock, extra strong, 2 years old, 20 bushes
for *1. or $'.i 50 per I'll); 1 vearnld. 25 bushes for $1, or
=t2.50 per luO. FRED H. BURDETT, Clifton, N. Y.

FARn FOR SALE. Farm of 40 acres, 30 cleared;
good new bui uing>; well at door; good old or-
i-hard; 7 miles from Traverse City; 1 mile from
school. Land is level. Good place for bees. Price
^9u0— the buildings cost me that. Can have picture
and description t)y writing me

OsCAK W. Jefferson, B. 15, Traverse City, Mich.

aio on eartn. i ni >
d all at several e\- /
inient statioris /
c s low. Pot.ito ■ind f J
Ben circulais fice \

The Cultivator,

Published semi-niOhlhly at Omaha, Me-
braska, isthe leading authority on fruit
grown i-i Nebraska, and on general ag-
riculture in the West, Send for sample
copy and free strawberry-plant offer.
Address

The Cultivator, Omaha, Neb.

j Second=hand Bicycles

offered recently have all been sold, but we have
; three more. One Remington Racer imi^de by the

Remington Arms C><.). He.j;ht 2n lbs., 114-in, tubing;

nearlv asgood as ne\v, and lisiiny JllO.flO. We offer
: for $5o. Also one f mo Remington Roadster, almost
I n^w, ridd>Mi but little by our Mr. Calvert, which we
I off. r lor $60. Reason for selling, A. I. R. and J. T.

C. expect v> ride 1S9? mode's. Also one $85 model 9
t Monarch, 1895 pattern, in good riding condiiion, for
t 130 Catalogs with full particulars, showing each
j model, furnished upon application. Wax at market
I price will he accepted in phice of cash.

THE A. I. ROOT CO., Medina. O.

ITALIAN BEES on seven frames in portico hives
at *4 and ^5. C. G. Fenx, Washington, Conn.

In

writing advertisers please mention this papei

262

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apr. 1.

OULTRYj

Our New 1897 Illustrated

Live=stock and Poultry=supp!y

Catalogue

is "up to date." Many new
kinks in poultry culture are
suggested and illustrated
and no live "cliickener '"
should fail to see it. Has

EE FIXINGS too.

What is youR name ?
Where do you live V

JJ^f^^ 217 8,219 MARKET ST.;
S^B^: ; PHFLADEtPHW .1

^S

'INK

RE^^BI

INDEUB^J
COPYING J

1-2 Pint Sample

ilack, Red, or Blue,

Six Cents.

^^

HANDY MFs.co"?;:;:''-

WOVEN wMFENGEI

Best on Uartli. UorM-liii;!!, Bull- ^
strong, Pig .lull Cliiekcu-tiglit. With A
our DUPLEX AnOMATI'J JIacliine ■
you can make CO rods a dav for I

12 to 20 cts. a Rod.!

Over 50 ..tylos. Catalnprue Free. J

KITSELMAN BROS,, I

Box 51. Rid^eville, Snd.T

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JACK AT ALL TRADES.

"A farmer should be able to construct everything
needed on the farm" (7) If he wants a wagon, buy a few
tools, spokes, hubs, felloes, etc. and make it. His
time is nothing— "he can't afford to help support big
factories." The average farmer will advise you to
"tell that to the marines," but many of them listen to
just such arguments on the fence question. Are
they wise?

PAGE WOVEN WIRE FENCE CO., Adrian, Mich.

Just Arrived!

My fli-st carload of goods from The A. I. Root Co.

has arrived, and I am in shape to till all orders
promptly at their catalog prices. Send for my 36-
piige catalog; also send a list of wliat gouda you
will need, and I will make you special prices on
early orders.

GEO. E. HILTON,

Fremont, Mich.

SEE THAT WINK?

BEE SUPPLIES.

Root's Goods at Root's Prices.

Pouder's Honey Jars and every
II ling used by bee-keepers. Low
freight rates; prompt service.
C.talogue free.

WALTER S. POUDER,
162 Mass. Ave.. Indianapolis, Ind.

finck C Ckty-^ Invested in a postal card

UnC WCm will get my large cata-

■■"■ logue of all Root s goods.

Can save you money. M. H. HUNT,

Bell Branch, Mich.

You Want
An incubator

Want Our Catalogue ?

It's a pretty book of 68 pages, finely Illustrate
worth dollars to euery poultryman. A 2c stamp gets it,

Geo. J. NissLY, Saline, Mich.

[H ATCH Chickens by steam-

EXCELSIOR Incubator

Simple. Perfect, Self- Regulat-
ing. Thousands iu succe.-slul
operation. I^owe^ prU-ed
flrst-claas Ilatoher mude.
GEO. H. STAIIL.
1 14 tot 2^ «;. fithst. Qiilnoy.Ill.

-=±jiLIFE PRODUCERS

^^Ll pj THE SUCCESSFUL INCUBATORS.

R^ll^l LIFE PRESERVERS

^^'^ ~~^ |-4i; THE SUCCESSFUL BROODERS.
— — ___ k^ All about them in our catalogue.

— ^J/^ Sent for 6 cents.

OES MOINES INCUBATOR CO.. Box ^03 DCS MOINES. lA.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

G. B. LEWIS CO.

A change in the udvertisemeut of this firm, re-
ceived too late for this issue, announces tliat E. T.
Abbott, of St. Joseph, Mo., is their special agent for
the Southwest, and sells their hives and sections at
factory prices.

BEESWAX MAKKET.

There is very little change in the beeswax mar-
ket. Values are a trifle higlier, so that we will now
pay 25 cents cash, ST cents in trade, for average wax
delivered here We have stock enough for two
mouths, but we can use all we get, as we are work-
ing up over a ton a week. We do not look for any
higher prices this spring, as there is considerable
stock in the hands of brokers.

QDINBY BEE-SMOKERS.

We do not catalog the Quinby smoker this year,
but there may be some who pi'efer this style. We
still have a few in stock here and in Chicago, which
we offer at special prices to close out. The 2-inch
single-bhist we offer with othtr goods at 35 cents
each: by mail, .50 cents, postpaid. These go from
Chicago only. A t*-w 214-Inch double-blast at 60
cents each, or by mail at 75 cents, postpaid, from
Chicago only. We have here a few SH-incli double-
blast hinge nozzle which we offer at 65 cents witli
other goods, or 85 cents, postpaid. Some large 3'2-
inch single-bla'-t at 90 cents each; by mail, f 1.10.
One or two double-blast, 10 cents extra.

DRAWN FOUNDATION.

As we go to press we are just getting started our
latest machine for the manufacture of drawn foun-
dation, sometimes called deep-cell foundation. Mr.
Weed, with one or more assistants, has been hard
at work on this machine for several months; and
when finished it is designed to make p'eces5x8 inch-
es in size. We were in hopes to have it finished and
tested sufficiently to warrant putting a price on
sample lots of the product in this issue: but for the
present we will agree only to book orders for our
5-cent sample package, and for a 25-cent pack,age,
which will include 6 pieces 2x4 inches, put up in a
414 section, mailed in a carton, and sent postpaid
for 25 cents in stamps.

HONEY MARKET.

The Cleveland market seems to be bare of choice
white comb honey. We know of several places
where it could be placed at fair prices, if there is
any to be had. Dark or off grade honey can hardly
be disposed of in this market at any price. Tliose
who have choice white comb honey still on hand
will do well to write us, with description of honey,
size and style of packages, quantity you have, and
price you hold it at.

Of extracted honey we offer choice Wisconsin
clover and basswood in 60-lb. cans, 2 in a case, at 7
cts. a lb. We can also supply it in one-gallon cans, 8
in a case, at $6 50 per case; 2-case lofs at $6.25: .5-
case lots at $6 00. which is 75 cts. per gallon— a low
price for such nice honey. It has been liquefied.

BUSINESS AT THIS DATE.

We are well up on small orders, which, with a few
exceptions, where something special is requii'ed,
are shipped within three or four days after being
received. Occasionally orders are delayed a few
days waiting for stock to arrive. We are not quite
so prompt on carload shipments, as we have gotten
behind on these, and seem unahle to catch up.
Since our last we have shipped a car to Mechanic
Falls, Me., where J. B. Mason has charge of our
Northeastern Branch. Another car has gone to St.
Paul, Minn., to our Northwestern Branch, where H.
G. Acklin has charge at 1024 Miss. St. Another car
has gone to the Chicago Branch, 118 Midi. St. We
have shipped a second car to Jos. Nysewander, Dcs
Moines, Iowa. A car has also been made up and
shipped to Salt Lake City, Utah, where Juo. H.
Back, 235 West Third North St., has our goods for
sale. We are loading a second car for Geo. E. Hil-

ton, Fremont, Mich., and another for M. H. Hunt,
Bell Branch, Mich. We have orders booked besides
for three or four cars more to go out as soon as we
can get them ready.

MAPLE SUGAR AND SYRUP.

The delicious sweets of the sugar maple are be-
coming plentiful in our market, and we are able to
offer a choice article of this year's make at lower
prices than usual. We handled last year over 15 tons
of maple sugar, and upward of 1000 gallons of syrup,
so we are prepared to supply it in large and small
quantities. We also guarantee what we furnish to
be absolutely pure maple. Choice first-run syrup,
in 1-gallon cans, we offer at 90c per gallon; 5 gallons,
84.25; 10 gallons, $8.00; 2u gallons and upward, 75c
per gallon. Good clear syrup, not first run, at 6c per
gallon less.

Choice first-grade sugar, 9c per lb. ; good second-
grade sugar, 8c per lb. ; fair third-grade sugar, 7c
per lb. ; 50-lb. lots, ^.^c per lb. less; barrel lots of 300
lbs., Ic per lb. less. Your orders will receive prompt
attention.

SECOND-HAND FOUNDATION-MILLS.

We now have on hand the following second-hand
foundation-machines, which we offer at the special
prices annexed :

One 6-inch hex. No. 1360. Price $6.00 This is one
of our late style of mills, which has been used by a
large manufacturer, and traded back for a new one.
It is in fair order, and will still make good thin
foundation 10 feet to pound. One leg was broken
in shipment, but, fortunately, on the end opposite
the crank, so that this hurts it little for use if
screwed down to bench. Good value for the price.

One 6-inch Pelham, No. YY. Price $4 00. If wax
is sheeted the proper thickness for the grade of
foundation wanted, this will make foundation
which will be much better than nothing, and at the
price It should serve some one a good turn.

One 10-inch round-ce^l. No. 1-505. Price $18.00. This
is one of our late style of mills, and is practically
new, having been used almost none, and it is a bar-
gain at the price.

One lO-inch round-cell. No. 1794. Price $12.00. Suit-
able for medium brood foundation. This mill has
been used in our wax-room, and is still in good con-
dition. Good value.

One 10-inch round-cell. No WW. Price $12.00.
This mill is in excellent order, and cheap at the
price.

One 10-inch round-cell. No. VV. This is an old-
style mill; has been used but little. While it does
not compare with late make, it will answer a good
purpose for those who wish to make only a limited
quantity for their own use. Price $8.ro.

One 10-inch round-cell. No. XX.- Price $7.00. This
is about the same as the last described— an old-style
mill in fair condition.

Besides the above second-hand mills we have a
few 6-inch ones: 12 inch round deep cell, and three
14-inch round-cell mills, which have never been used,
which we will sell at special prices. Samples mailed
to any interested.

Special Notices in the Line of Gardening, etc.

By A. I. Root.

ONION-SETS. ,

Our onion-sets are all sold out except the White
Multiplier and Wnittaker: and neither of these can
be strictly called onion-sefs. We can procure more
on short notice for our friends, but not less than $3.50
per bushel. They are getting to be scarce, and are
going up rapidly. Better use onion-ptoifs now if
you fail in getting sets.

NICE CURRANT-BUSHES AT LOW PRICES.

I take pleasure in calling attention to the Pay
currant-busl^es advertised in this number by Fred
H. Burdett, of Clifton, N. Y. Last year one of our
people picked two quarts of nice curi-ants from one
dozen of these bushes the same season they were
planted. Of course, he wants more of the same kind
this spring. Just think of it— five cents for a nice
currant-bush that will bear a crop the year it is set
out I

264

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apr. 1.

BLACKWALNUTS AND HICKORYNUTS.

As we are not S'>ld out, we thought best to re-
mind the frunds that, when ordering goods by
freight, we will put you in a peck of nice hulled
blackwalnuts for only 10 cts , or a peck of nice
shellhark liickorynu s for only 3i cts. Of course,
we can ship them bv themselves if you wish, but it
will hardlv pay to send a peck of blackwalnuts cost-
ing only iO cts., alone, when tlie freight would be
considerably more than that.

FORCING ASPARAGUS.

We are just now gathering our first crop, grown
under glass without heat. Tlie plants were put a
foot apart in a bed wide enougli to receive sash.
They have been growing strong for two years past.
The glass was first put on tl)e l ed about the first of
March, and now we luive beautiful sh ots 6 inches
long, two or three weeks in advance of any that
may he expected in the open air. This two or three
weeks, however, enables us to get 4ii cts. per lb. for
what would otherwise have been only about 10 cts.

YELLOW NANSEMOND, OR JERSEY SWEET POTATOES

As it is now about time 1o bed tliese for plants,
we can furnish ilie potatoes as follow>: lib., by
mail, 15 cts.; 1 peck, :J5 cts.; Vi bushel, 40 cts.; 1
bushel, 76 cts. ; barrel, if:J.25.

EARLY PEABODY RED YAMS.

These gave such excellent saiisfaction last year
that we shall offer plants and potatoes for sale this
seas-on. Prices of potatoes: lib., by mail, 20 i ts.;
31bs. by mail. 50 cts.; )^ peck, 40 cts.; peck,60cts.;
bushel, $2 00; barrel, $4.50.

Prices of bunch yams and vineless sweet potatoes
same as Early Ptabody red yams. See page 256.

OUR SQUASH-BOXES FOR FORCING STRAWBERRIES.

The squash-box whicli we have several times de-
scribed, with a pane of glass to slide in the top, is a
splendid thing for raising choice strawberries. It
gives tliem plenty of liglit, protects them entirely
from the hard freezing nights in the fore part of
A|iril, and the glass neid not be moved at all. So
large a part of the area is shade, and so little glass,
it never gets so liot at this season of the year as to
injure the plants. We are using quite a number of
them on chi)ice varieties tli:it we are very anxious
to have make runners just as fast as possible.

ONIONS AND LETTUCE DURING THE CLOSING DAYS
OF MARCH.

Day before yesterday some one came over from
the train, and otdered 25 lbs. of lettuce and two
dozen bundles of onions: yesteidaya like amount
went in the same direction, and another similar
order came to-day We packed the lettuce in a new
lya-bushel basket, costing 15 cents. We got for the
lettuce 1214 cts. per lb., or for basket and all about
$3.00. For the onions we got 3 cts. a bunch. A bunch
of onions at this season is 5 oz. Now, we did not
have to peddle these tilings, and did not have to
hunt a market. 1 presume some one saw our nice-
looking stuff while he was passing tlirough on the
trains, so he came to us for it. When a gardener
can so nandlehls business, and produce garden stuff
so choice tliat people come to his place of business
and take all the stuff he can raise, and carry it
away, then he is right up in '• high-pressure garden-
ing"—providing, of course, he gets a price that will
pay. I am quite well satisfied with the above prices.
The lettuce was, of course, grown under glass, but
the onions \fere right out in ihe open air, where
they have stood for the past five or six yeirs, with
almost no attention at all except an annual mulch-
ing of manure

In our sub-irrigated bed. where we had those fine
strawberries a year ago, we got a basketful of let-
tuce ($3 GO) from under a single sash. How is that
for high-pressure gardening?

"VEGETABLES UNDER GLASS."

We are having a big demand for this little book
by H. A. Dreer, and it is well that there should be.
But one unfortunate part of it is, by some blunder
of the writer the pr ce as given in our seed catalog
is 15 cts. —3 cts extra for postage If sent by mail,
when it should be 20 cts., and postage 3 cts. extra.
Ten thousand seed catalogs were sent out before
the mistake was noticed. We can not well write to
our customers and tell them there was a mistake,

for only 5 cents. And then here is another dilemma:
If I mention the matter here in print, it just calls
attention to the fact that you can get the neat little
book for 15 cents if you just send the money and
don't say any thing about it. I don't see any way
out unless 1 buy lOtO at once, and by this means
succeed in getting them at so low a figutetliat 1 can
afford to sell them for 15 cts. Remember, if you get
them at this low price j ou niust send 3 <,'ts. moie
for postage if wanted by mail. For many yeais we
have been making a distinction in price on bool-s
between having them sent by freight or express
with othtr goods, or i>08i paid by mail. It has al-
ways seemed to me unfair to cliarge a man the price
of the bO( k postpaid, wtien he does not pay an"
postage on it at all: and yt t this is the way th.i
greater part of the book publishers have been doing
for yeai's past. I notice also another blunder in tho
price of the standard work, ' Gaideniiig for Profit,"
by Peter Hendcisou. The new price of tliis hook is
$1.35; 12 cts. lor postage if wanttd liy mail. The
price given in tliat uutortunate seed catah g is $1.85.
The latter is the publisher s price. Tlie lower one
is the price re.:enily made. 1 suppose the icai-on
why your old fil iid made so m:iny blunders was be-
cause he wa> oliliged to correct the seed and book
cata og when he had not quite recovered from bis
recent attack of grip.

TWO THOUSAND BUSHEl B OF SEFD POTATOES TO BE
GIVEN TO OLD SUBSCHIBERS.

It looks just now as if we should have a great sur-
plus of poiaioes, as we did last year; and it we are
going to be obllgi'd to give them awaj we verj much
prefer to give them to our old subscribers, ;ind to
the patrons of Gleanings for years past. One or
two liave accused us of 1 eing more liberal to our
new subscribers than to our old ones. Hut that is a
mistake. We do not offer new subsiribers any
thing; but it is to our old friends who take a little
pains to get Gleanings introduced iii'O new locali-
ties and new families. Now, tlien, whoever will be
tlie means of gettii g GLEANl^GS started in some
place where it has not been gi ing before, may have
a dollar's worth ot potatoes lor every dollar he sends
us for a new subsciiber. The pei son who sends us
a new name must be a subscriber himself, and one
who has p;iid up all arrtsirajies. Every one who
gets a renewal, or renews himself (Hfier paiing up
all arrearages), can ha\e fifty cents' worth of pota-
toes for every dollar he sends us. Let me now re-
peat, so there will be no mistake: A dollar^'s worth
ot potati es to every one who sends a dollar for
Gleanings, with a new nsime; 50 cents' worth of
potatoes to every one who sends us a dol'ar for
Gleanings as a renewal one full year in advar.ce
for himself or somebody else; but plense take no-
tice. If you wiint your potatoes sent by mail you
must send at the rate of 10 cents per lb. for postage
and packing. Tl is offer refers to all the potatc es
enumerated in tlie list below except White Bliss
Triumph, Rural New-Yorker, Carman No. 3, Bur-
pee's Extra Early, and Manum's Enormous. What
stock vve have left of these will probably be sold out
without the necessity of giving them awjy.

Name

Varieties are in order as
regards time of matur-
ing:; earliest first, next
earliest second.and so on.

Wliite Bliss Triumph ..
E Thoro'bred, Maule's

Early Ohio

Early Norther

Burpee's Extra Early..

New yueon

Monroe Seedling

Rural New-Yorker No.

Sii- William

Carman No. 1

Carman No. 3

Koshkonong

Manum's Enormous...
New Craig

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*50 strong eyes, by mail, postpaid, $1.00.

We can furnish seconds of the Thoroughbred,
Burpee, Freemiin, New Queen, Sir William, Carman
No. 1, and New Cr-aig, at half the above prices. All
the others (seconds) are sold out. Pleas.^ note that
this low pt ice on seconds does not apply to potatoes
sent by mail postpaid.

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

KIND WORDS FROM OUR CUSTOMERS.

Gleanings is worth $35 a year. Long may it live
a d prosper, if you please, preaching God's word as
w ■!! as that of the bees. T. P. Murray.

t'ort Collins, Colo.

I am just finishing- putting up the 4-piece sections
I houjrht of you, and will i-ay tliey are ttie hest that
I have eser bouaht, and are away aliead of any
4-piece wliiie-poplar sections that I haveever seen.

Luce, Mich., Jan 20. Wm. Craig.

The new A B C of Bee Culture was received the
20th Inst., for which I thanli yi u very liindly. The
book is wortli twice tlie money. It is more complete
th;in any other I ever saw. F. A. Wade.

Tawas City, Mich., Mar. 22.

I am much pleased with the journal, and espe-
cially with tho^e talks of Uro. A. L,wliich aresoele-
vating in tone, .-o strengthening to Chiistians. The
ten cliafif hivts I purciinstd of you alunit two years
ago are veritable palaces, and the s^■lf-spacers are
quite perfection. R. C. Hugentobler.

Miami, O., Feb. 19.

I subscribe for 34 diff rent journals and Sfientiflc
papers, but I consider Glkamngs as among the
best; but the proper appreciation of an editor's
effort*, I believe, is to pay the subscription; tliere-
fore find enclosed $1.00. Geo. L. Vinal.

Charlton City., Mass., Jan. 1.

OUR SECTIONS IN ENGLAND.

Your sections and frames have given me and my
customers every satisfaition, since I got them
throuyh Mr. Boxwell, of Ireland. 1 lilie Gi^eanings
anditssiory. William Hogg.

Dalbeattie Road, Castle Douglas, Jan. 21.

V'our talks on Christ, and other religious matters,
arc of great benefit to me, and art- a help to keep
me in the straight and narrow way. Cast your
bread on the water, and it will leturn after many
davs with God's blessing on you aud yours.

'.Aove, N. Y. Jas. E. 'Way.

J sold a small lot of honey that was put up in box-
fs which 1 bought of your house last year. The
packages looked fine; and when filled with white
ramb and clear white honey, nothing could look
nicer. The sale was made March 20, and I got 15
•.-nts per box or section, they being full weight, a
p :und each. All who saw the honey declared it to
b as fine as they ever saw. Ti.e sale was made at a
home mirket (our county town).

'Juba, Kan., Mar. 24. W. H. Eagerty.

I received the A B C of Bee Culture, and to say I
am very much pleased with it is expressing it light-
ly, as I would no', take S.'-.OO for it if 1 could noi get
--other copy. It certainly ought to be the first in-

stment of every beglni er in bee-keepir)!r. I am
so much pleased with it ] could not help letting you
know what amount of gdod knowledge 1 have got
out of it. even if 1 have had it only six days.

N. Chester, Vt., Mar. 8. F. H. Guild.

HILTON'S car of GOODS.

We unloaded and invoiced the car of goois yester-
day, and to say that we are all pleased with the
manner in which the goods aie put up is putting it
very mildly. The foundaton needs special men-
tion, and 1 am more than phased with the manner
In which you put up my hives and supers. My cus-
tomers must i e pleased with them, not only for the
manner In which evtry thing is put up, but for the
quality as well. Geo. E. Hilton.

Fremont, Mich., Feb. 11.

I am probably your oldest bee-keeper. I have
been in the business ever since Langstroth invented
his hive (more or less). I went ten miles to see the
first Langstroth hive, and I paid $8 00 to R. K. Otis,
of Kenoshii, Wis., for an individu.tl tight. I also
went ten miles to see the flist Italian queen. She
was purchased by Joseph Pencil, of Stephenson
Co., III., of M. M. Bil.lrida-e, of St. Charle.s, III. I
have 35 hives. Your fi lend, John Babfohd.

Cross Keys,_De Kalb Co., Ga.

I iim well pleased with the varictji of reading-mat-
ter in Gleanings. A. I. Root's travels in the
Southwest, Mr. France's pioneer story, and Fred
Andirson, all help to break the dose. When we
have so much bee-literature and nothing els-e It
gets monotonous. I am great for variety, especial-
ly in reading-matter. I. N. Arnold.

Kalona, Iowa, Jan. 5.

THE lean-meat DIET, AND WHAT IT DID WITH
HOME TREATMENT— NO DOCTOR.

1 had an attack of old man's diarrhea, which last-
ed for several weeks last fall. 1 hunted up your de-
scription of the lean-meat diet, aud bought a cheap
sausage-grinder to prepare it The n)eat ht Iped me
out of the trouble, and probably added several years
to my life. O. B. Barrows.

Marshalltown, la^

THE IGNOTUM TOMATO FOR CANNING- FACTORIES,
ETC.

The Ignotum tomato seed I bought of you last
spring produced the b< st and largest tomatoes I
ever saw. Tlie proprietor, Mr. S Z. Hoffaker, of the
canning- factory at Belleville, said 1 brought the
finest tomatoes to the factory, all through the sea-
son, he had bought. I tell you, they were hard to
beat. Levi B. Yoder.

Belleville, Mifflin Co., Pa.

our ADVERTISING COLUMNS.

Please find inclosed 40 cents in payment for adv't
in Jan. 1 Gleamngs. I have been conflneatothe
house for three weeks with bronchitis, or would
have sent the money sooner. As usual the ad. ef-
fected an exchange promptly. I do not remember
an instance in which an ad inserted in Glkamngs
has not brought me prompt returns— not simply an-
swers, but actual trade or exchanae.

Newtown, O., Jan. 27. J. Ferris Patton.

QUEENS TO NEW ZEALAND, ALIVE.

Dear Sir:— I b g to inform you that, on the 6th in-
stant, 1 received jour card, and two tested queens.
The queens were all light; there were two workers
alive in one of ttie cages, and five or six in the other.
There wtis about one third of the candy teft. The
queens have started laying all right. I may tell
you that they are spendid, and 1 beg to thank jou
very much for standing tliem. Wm. Bikss.

Ohinewai, N. Z., Nov. 15.

THE NEW WEED FOUNDATION.

Those starters you sent for the hives are the finest
foundation that I ever saw. It is the first Weed
foundation that I have seen. I have for the past

two years bought my foundation of , with

whom I am personally acquainted. I expected to
tliis year; but those samples took my eye at first
sight. Thad. H. Keeler.

South Salem, N. Y., Jan. 10.

Inclosed find 25 cents to pay for Gleanings to
April 1, at wliirh time please disi ontinue it, if 1 do
not setid another remittance before tliat time. I
should have stopped it at the close of 1896 had it not
been for Fred Anderson, of which I want to see the
conclu.'-ion. Though past threescore years and ten,
I like to read any thing written in sucli a style as to
recommtnd the religion of our Lord Jesus Christ;
and sometimes this is best done by such stories, as
manj will not read more solid articJes. I still like
Gleanings, but my sight is failing.

Mansfield, W. Va , Jan. 20. Lucinda A. Zinn.

Mr. Roof;— I wish to express my hearty thanks for
Gleani>gs; it has been a welcome messenger at my
table for many month<. It always revives tlie
pleasant memories of my boj hood days when 1
studied your ABC, and had my mind tilled with
humming visions. I shall never forgtt the early
impr. ssion^ made on my mind by your earnest aud
tender messages. They seemed meatit for me, and
made me hunger for a holy life: and I must say
thHt it is with the greatest of pleasure that I still read
your Home talks and expositions of the truth. I
have but one sentiment for Gleanings— may God
bless it in its twofold mission, and spare its editors
for many years of precious seed sowing.

Yours fraternally,

Dresden, O., Dec. 3. Rev. W. H. Wilson.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apr. 1.

QUEENS TO NEW ZEALAND.

I am pleased to Buy I received the queens all right
—two of them alive and the other only just dead.
There was still a little movement in her when she
arrived. There was only one bee alive with one
queen, and two with the other. This shows the
advantage of their coming in an envelope In the
letter-bags. They arrived o e day earlier than
Gleanings did. Thi y all had two or three cells of
honey left, buttlie candy was all gone except In the
one tliat was dead. I believe it would be better if
the lid were put close on the wire, and the ventila-
tion to be by holes in the sides of the cage only, as
it seems to me that the bees worry themselves to
death. T. G. Brickell.

• Dunedin, N. Z,. Dec. 23.

[Mr. B., in his order, requested that we put on
letter postage, believing tbat would secure more
prompt delivery. We did as requested, and the
above is the result. But perhaps it would be well to
state that we sent other queens at the same time
and to the sajie country, with ordinary postage, and
the queen went through alive.— Ed.]

Root's Goods.

Before placing j^our order for this
season, be sure to send for Root's

1897 Catalog, ready now.

Our 1897 hives, with improved
Danzy cover and improved Hoffman
frames, are simply ''out of sight."
Acknowledged by all who have seen
them to be a great improvement over
any hive on the market, of last year.

Comb Foundation.

Cheaper and better than ever; clear
as crystal, for you can read your
name through it. Process and ma-
chinery patented Dec. 8. 1896, and
other patents pending. Samples of
the new foundation free.

The A. I. Root Co.,

Main Office and Factory, Mcdina, OhlO.

Branch offices at 118 Michigan St.,
Chicago; Syracuse, N. Y.; St. Paul, Minn.;
Mechanic Falls, Me.; No. 10 Vine St.,
Philadelphia, Pa.

FOR SALE. Cheap during 1897, Italian bees and
queens and iioot's bee-keepers' supplies. Ad-
dress Otto Kleinow, 123 Military Av., Detroit, Mich.

TpcfpH Oiippn for 90 cents; untested, 6.5 cents.
ICMCU V/UCCIl One frame nucleus, 6.5 cents;
2-frame, $1.10. Discount on quantities. Send for
circular. Cooper & Gillett, Quebeck, Tenn.

Money-order otHce. Spart;i, Tenn.

(A few black queens ai 15c each; hybrids, 20c.)

Wants and Exchange Department.

Notices will be inserted under this head at one-half our usual
rate. Advertisements intended for this department must not
exceed five lines, and you must say you want your adv't in this
department, or we will not be responsible for errors. You can
have the notice as many lines as .you please; but all over five
lines will cost you according to our regular rates. This depart-
ment is intended only for bona-fide exchanges. Exchanges for
cash or for price lists, or notices offering articles for sale, can
not be inserted under this head. For such our regular rates of
20 c. a line will be charged and they will be put with the regu
lar advertisements. We can not be responsible for dissatisfac-
tion arising from these " swaps."

WANTED.— To exchange Italian queens, bred from
imported mothers, for plants, seeds, pet stock,
or Cowan extractor. What have you to ofifer ?
J. H. Garrison. 1011 N. 23d St., St. Louis, Mo.

WANTED.— To exchange Belgian hares, homing
pigeons. White Leghorn eggs or breeding-stock
for Italian queens from imported mother, pure-bred
geese, ducks, or ducks' eggs, or offers.

Eugene Manning, Jacksonville, N. Y.

WANTED— To exchange for any thing useful, 40
colonies bees; also 100 Simplicity supers with
wide frames. A. Y. Baldwin, De Kalb, 111.

W ANTE D~To exchange eggs from B. Rocks, W.
and Buflf Leghorns, S. S. and Buff P. Bantams,
for wax or queens. J. Hallenbeck, Altamont,N.r.

WANTED— To exchange young laying queens for
beehive machinery or full colonies of bees; will
pay cash for bees if preferred.

H. G. Quirin, Bellevue, O.

WANTED— To exchange a brand-new set of Ency-
clopedia Britannica, cost $60, also a brand-new
Webster's Encyclopedic Dictionary, latest edition,
bound in sheep, cost $10, for strong hives of bees,
hybrids preferred. Fred Holtke, care of F. Bendt,
cor. Sixth and Orange sts., Newark, N. J.

WANTED— To exchange incuba'or, hives, sup-
plies, rubber printing-outfits, or cash. Want
honey, wax, or fdn.

O. H. Hyatt, Shenandoah, Page Co., Iowa.

WANTED.— To exchange 60-lb. cans in good order,
boxe , valued at 25 cts. each, delivered, for comb
or extracted honey, of this ctr next season's crop, at
the market price. B. Walker, Evart, Mien.

li'' ANTED— To exchange full colonies or nuclei of
VV bees fur gun or W. Wyandotte pullets.
I. J. Stringham, 105 Park Place, New Vork City.

ANTED— To exchange standard varieties straw-
berry-plants and Turner raspberri -sets for any
thing useful. H. R. Gebhakt, Miamisburg, O.

ANTED— To exchange turnip seed or bees for
mink, rauskrat, and hou>e-cat furs.

C. G. Marsh, Belden, Broome Co., N. Y.

W'

w

W' ANTED. —To exchange single-case World type-
writer (good as new); also hybrid bees in full
colon J', for extracted honey or oflers.

A. W. Gardner, Centreville, Mich.

WANTED.— To exchange strawberry-plants, Bu-
bach, Jessie, Wartleld, Crescent, Haverland,
Gandy, valued at $2 00 per lUOO; Cuthbert raspberry;
Snyder, Taj lor. Western Triumph blackberry, cheap
for beeswax. A. P. Lawrence, Hickory Cor., Mich.

WANTED.— To exchange bicycle for foot-power
sciew-cutting lathe, Barnes saw, or mechan-
ic's tools. Robert B. Gedye, La Salle, 111.

W

ANTED.- To exchange talking-machine, oOO bee
papers, and a23-caliber rifle for bees or offers.
B. W. Hopper, Garden City, Kansas.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

271

Contents of this Number.

niotiou 27a

ket. Blow at 282

liiitcat Home 280

tit's Method with287

low to 286

1 other Defunct... 2!il

Clover, Crimson, in N. York?S«IHivH

Combs, Character of ;'.•.• Hon,

Combs, Drawn, Ahead -.'ss II'm,

Comb, Drawn, Defined -.'s . lion, % i',iti

Comb, Drawn .'s In. i,,, , , ilo'

Cranberry. High bush :i' i , ,■ \,,,

Editor at Jerome ■"'. ' i'

Eucalyptus for Honev r i '!. h

Foundation, No Side Walls. "M ,., ,,

Fred Anderson -.'>'' I. :i ir,,MM r.

Gold mine, Jerome 2H7 1 Tenement Hive

Heater, Mrs.. Death of 292 Union, the New

Heat for Bee-cellars 288 1 Williamson Produce Co

Honey Column,

CITY MARKETS.

Kansas City,— Honey.— No. 1 white, 12@13; fancy

amber, 11@13; No. 1 amber, 10@11; fanry dark,9@10;

No. 1 dark, 8@9; white extracted, 6@5H; amber, 4

@4^; dark, 4; beeswax, 25.

C. C. Clemons & Co.,
April 10, 423 Walnut, Kansas City, Mo.

New York.— Honey.— Fancy white, 11 ; No, 1
white, 10; fancy amber, 9; No. 1 amber, 8; fancy
dark, 6; white extracted, .5@.5!^ ; amber, 4@4V4 ; dark,
no sale; beeswax, 26@27. There is some demand yet
for comb honey, and selling fairly well at above
quotations. While receipts are lignt it keeps com-
ing in a small way. Extracted quiet and without
change. Demand for buckwheat has ceased, and no
more sale for it. Beeswax about the same, arrivals
light and the demand likewise,

HiLDRETH Bros. & Segelken,

April 10. 120-122 W. Broadway, New Vork,

MiiiWATiKEE,—Ho7icj/.— Fancy white, 13@l4; No, 1
white, 12@13; fancy amber, 11®12; No, 1 amber, 10®
11; white extracted, 6@7; amber, 5@.5;4; dark. 4@5;
beeswax, 25@27, The season for siveet and beauti-
ful things has come. Springtime with its life and
hopefulness causes the lieart of humanity to throb
quicker, and the taste for sweet things is in har-
mony with what the eye beholds. The demand for
honey is better, and the supply is getting less every
day, and values on choice well sustained.

A. V. Bishop & Co.,

April 9. Milwaukee, Wis.

Chicago,— Hojiey.— Fancy white, 12; No, 1, white,
10; fancy amber. 8@9; No. 1 amber, 7: fancy dark. 7
@8; No. 1 dark, 7; white extracted. 5@7; amber, .5@6;
dark, 414; beeswax, 2.5@27. This month will close
the season for comb honey pending the new crop.
• R. A. Burnett & Co.,

April 10. 163 So. Water St., Chicago, 111,

St, LODiS,—iJoney,— Fancy white, 13; No, 1 white,
12; fancy amber, 11; No, 1 amber, 10; fancy dark, 9;
No, ldark,8; white extracted, in bbls,,.5>i@6; in cans,
eVs; amber, in bbl.s., 5; dark4H@4M; beeswax, 24Vi@
25, prime. We have sold 7000 lbs, of extracted honey
in bbls. this week at 5 cts. There is a good demand
for this class of goods from manufacturers. Fancy
and No, 1 white comb scarce, and in small way
would sell readily,

Westcott Commission Co.,

April 10. 213 Market St., St, Louis, Mo.

Boston. — Hone?/, — Fancy white, 13; No. 1. 11®
12: fancy amber, 10; white extracted, 7®8; amber. 6
@7; dark. 6; bees\vax. 25, Comb honey is selling
very slowly, with a full stock on hand. Beeswax in
good demand, with a very light supply,

B. B. Blake & Co.,

April 10. 57 Chatham St., Boston, Mass.

Detroit. — Honey. — Fancy white, 10@11; No. 1
white, 9@10; fancy amber, 8@9; No. 1 amber, 7®8;
fancy dark, 7; white extracted, 5@6; amber, 4@5;
dark, 4; beeswax, 24®25, There is little demand for
comb honey, and quite a large stock in commission
houses, M. H, Hunt,

April 10, Bell Branch, Mich,

Cincinnati.— Honey. — No. 1 white, 12@13; No. 1
amber, 10®12; white extracted, ■5@6; amber, 4@5;
dark, 3H@4; beeswax, 22@25. Demand slow for all
kinds of honey, wliile arrivals are fair. There is a
good local demand for beeswax with fair arrivals.
Chas F. Muth & Son,

April 9. Cincinnati, O.

Denver.— Honey.— Fancy white, 11; No 1 white,
10; fancy amber, 9; white extracted, 6; beeswax, 25.
We can not quote better prices than the above for
our market, and we will not give a false price to the
readers of Gleanings. K, K. & J. C. Frisbee,

April 12. Denver, Col.

Minneapolis,— Ho?iey,—Fancy white, 12@]3; No,
1 white, 10@11; fancy amber. 9@10; No, 1 amber, 8®
9; fancy dark, 7@8; No, 1 dark, 6@7; white extract-
ed,6@7; an ber,5®6; dark,4'/4@5i/2; beeswax, 22@25.
The demand for extracted has shown a somewhat
better tone of late, but prices are nominally un-
changed. Comb honey in light demand and nomin-
al. S. H. Hall & Co,,

April 12. Minneapolis, Minn,

Columbus.— Hojiey,— Fancy white, 12@12i/2; No, 1
white, 11; fancy dark, 8. Several shipments of very
fine buckwheat honey have been on the market the
past week, and sold under value, i.e., 6c.

The Columbus Com. & Storage Co.

Apr. 12. 409-413 N. High St , Columbus, O.

Philadelphia.— Ho?iey, — White extracted, ^@6;
amber, 4@5; dark, '6^2@i; l)eeswax, 26. No comb
honey in our market, except odd lots broken down,
no call whatever. Wm. A. Selzer,

Apr. 12. 10 Vine St., Philadelphia, Pa.

For Sale.— $26.00 for one 500-lb. barrel of A No. 1
linn extracted honey, F. O. B. cars here; or 5'4o in
packages of 60 lbs. each. J. B. Murray, Ada, O.

The New Gorneil Smoker.

Cheap,

Strong,

Serviceable,

Large Size.

iiiCT Tuc TUiMr^ for those who want a
JUbTlHtTHINU first-class smoker at
a medium price. Size of cup, 3M inches; curved
nozzle, hinged so as to .swing back ; legs of malleable
iron, secured by bolts. The blast is the well-known
Cornell principle. Weight of smoker, only 20
ounces.

Price $1.10, postpaid, or 85c if sent by express
or freight with other goods.

THE A. I. ROOT COHPANY,
MEDINA, OHIO.

pOR SALE.— Barnes foot-power saw. Perfect in
■ every particular. Have made over 800 hives
with it. Five saws: every thing in order; all good as
new; all out of bee business— no use for it. First
draft for $20,00 takes it, F, O. B,

E, D, Keeney, Arcade, N. Y.

272 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

A Tested Queen for 50 ct

s.

As usual, I ■ira re-queeniog- my apiary tliis sprioR with young queens, selling tlie tested queens, that
are remuved, at $1.00 each. These queens are flue Italians, right in their prime, being of last year's rear-
ing. I am also starting a large number of nuclei in which to test queens, and can soon give purctiasers
their ch lice between queens of this or last year's rearing. You ask, Where does the 50 cent queen come in ?
It comes in right here. To every one not now a subscriber who will send $1,00 lor the Review for 1897, 1
will send one of these tested queens for 50 cents.

There are thousands of bee-keepers in this broad land, who, if acquainted with the Review, would
read it year after year, and it is to once get it into such hands that this special offer is made. I will also
send the Review one year and 1000 strictly flrst-class sections for only $1^60. Or a Bingham Conqueror
smoker and the Review for only $1.75.

W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint, Mich.

DANZENBAKER
HIVE AND HONEY

won Highest Honors at the
Fairs, and pays Premiums to
purchasers

of .50 hives, $.50 for the best 100 Danzenbaker sections
" 25 •' 25 " " 50

" 20 " 20 " " 40

" 10 " 10 " " 20

" 5 " 5 " " 10

;^~Further particulars reerarding the premiums,
also special catalog of the Danzenbaker Hive and
System, furnished on application. Address
FRANCIS DANZENBAKER, Medina, Ohio.
Care of The A. I. Root Co.

Nuclei==Order Now,

of the old reliable queen-breeder, a 2-frame
(Hoffman) nucleus and warranted queen
(Italian) that we will guarantee will pro-
duce a large colony by June, for $2.75.

Direct the Philadelphia branch of

THE A. I. ROOT CO.,
Wm. A. Selser, Mgr. 10 Vine St., Phil., Pa.

full line.of all bee-supplies.

At Des rioines,
Iowa.

Root's Goods at Root's Factory Prices

Immense stock of the latest 1897 goods now on hand, and more to follow.

Thousands of Hives and Millions of Sections is our record, and other goods^ln proportion. We
, , ,, are sure to please you if the best goods at bottom

prices and good service will do it. Eleventh annual catalog free. Address

JOS. NYSEWANDER, Des Moines, Iowa.

^^^ Direct-Draft Perfect

Bingham Perfect Bee=sniokers and Honey=knives. ^^ bingham

Bee Smoker

Smoke Engine ('"'Ir ,nade? ) *-in- stove. Doz., $1.3.00; each, by maii,'$1.50

Doctor .'. ..SH

Conqueror 3 "

Large 3^ "

Plain..

Little Wonder (wt. 10 i
Honey-knife

2

.)....3

9.00;
6.50;
5.00;
4.75;
4. .50;
6.00;

Bingham & Hether-

ington Uncapping-

kiiife.

Bingham Smokers have all the new improve-
ments. Before buying a Smoker or Knife, look
up its record and pedigree.

FIFTEEN YEARS FOR A DOLLAR; ONE UALF
CENT FOR A MONTH.

Dear Sir:— Have used the Conqueror 15 years. 1 was always pleased
with its workings, but thinking 1 would need a new one this summer, 1
write for a circular. I do not think the 4-inch Smoke Engine too large-

Jan. 27, 1897.

.Truly, W. H. Eagerty, Cuba, Kansas

T. F. BINQHAH, Farwell, Hichigan

160-page Bee-liool Sent Free wltQ mm Bbc Journal.

Bee-book
FREE.

Every new suhsci-ihei- sending f 1.00 for the weekly American Bee Journal
for one year will receive a copy of Newman's 160-page "Bees and
Honey" free. The old American Bee Journal is great this year. You
ought to have it, even if you do take GLEANiNGS.BSample of Bee Jour-
nal free. Write for it.

GEORGE W. YORK & CO., llS^Michigan St., Chicago, III.

• DELVOTE

•andHoNEY
'ML HOME.-

•1NTE.FIEST.S

bhshedyniEAll^ooYCo.
peryIar 'x© "Medina- Ohio-

Vol. XXV.

APR. 15, 1897.

No. 8

r The subsoil plow that costs least money of
any I know about is sweet clover.

I WONDER if a thin section is not likely to be
raore uniform in weight than a thick one.
[Yes, sir!— Ed.]

J. M. Hicks says that, 40 years ago, there
were in Indiana .50 colonies of bees for every
one now.— American Bee Journal.

J. E. Fowler says, page 241, he intends to
cut starters full size of the", section, and fasten
top and bottom. Better try it first on a small
scale, friend Fowler, for I think they'll buckle
badly, and the thinner the worse. [Yes, in-
deed.—Ed.]

A 1%IN. SECTION weighs how much? 16 oz.,
when well filled, p. 231; lliojoz. ten pages later.
The next man will give a different weight, and
Aikin and Moll will give a different weight
another year. □ You mav as well give up first as
last that there is no uniform loeightofor a sec-
tion of a given size.

"Some of the very people who at one time
condemned footnotes to articles by the editor
are now asking for them. . . . There will be
more footnotes in future." — Canadian Bee
Journal, Editorial. [I am sure our readers
would almost unanimously vote for the foot-
notes. If for any reason, through a crowd of
work on the psirt of the editor, they are left off,
I hear from it.— Ed.]

Foul brood. Col. Whipple reports as en-
tirely successful afoul-brood cure he found in
"Straws." Equal parts thoroughly mixed of
pure carbolic acid and common'pine tar; put
two tabiespoonfuls into a shallow tin box, with
perforated cover under the brood-frames, and
renew in three months if not cured.— Proceed-
ings Colorado State ConventionHn American
Bee Journal. [See answer toaC. Davenport.—
Ed.]

Here's my postal on J- that sweet clover
question, page 255. I've seen lots of sweet
clover growing along the roadside where horses
and cattle were allowed to feed, and it contin-
ued in health, but was never permitted to grow
tall. And I've seen a few stalks in a pasture
that werejallowed to grow undisturbed, but I
think it might have been different if there had
been more of it so the stock would have learned
to eat it. •

" A 43^x4)^ section in the flat is 17 inches
long," says R. C. Aikin, p. 232. I got caught on
that too. I know it figures 17, but it measures
-^ or >a less. Take your rule and see. [That is
true; but I suspect that the majority of people
do not know that there is this difference. It
has to be less than 17 inches, or the section
would be a trifle more than 43^ when folded.
The reason is, the fold at the V Is not a sharp
right angle.— Ed.]

Your figures on page 232 must be amended,
friend Aikin. You've taken off H in. for thick-
ness of wood, but you must take off also Ja in.
from thickness of honey for two bee-spaces. " A
3Kx5xl% has just a trifle more capacity in
cubic inches than a i^xiH^'^K," but it will hold
about }h in. less honey, if I4 in. is the bee-space.
A 4x4x2 section contains just twice as many
cubic inches as one 4x4x1, but^it will contain
just three times as much honey.

R. C. Aikin is perhaps nearer right than the
editor in thinking there's lots of cheating with
light- weight sections; but he's wrong in think-
ing I produce only full weights. Of late I
rather favor their being so light that the custom-
er can't be fooled into thinking they weigh a
pound each. [I am not going to say any thing
more about light-weight sections; for somehow
the more I say about them the more I am mis-
understood. I suspect that, if we could get to-
gether and " argufy" for a while, we should find
that we are pretty much all of a mind.— Ed.]

Doolittle, in American Bee Journal, is
rather down on outside diagnosis. He quotes
one of the outside-diagnosers who talks of
going out every day during early spring, in cold

274

GLEANINGS IN BEE CQLTURE.

Apr. 15.

storms, to place the ear at the side of the hive,
and rap, to see whether they need feeding.
Thinks he'd rather take frames out once than do
all that every day. [So would I. I believe in
outside diagnosis to determine certain condi-
tions. When I want to make a sure thing of it
I pull out a frame or two.— Ed.]

WooDCHOPPF.R, what ails you? On p. 239
you've mixed up Danzenbaker with Doolittle,
and think I'm off to cite a crack so big that
bees could go through freely. No matter how
big, doesn't that prove my point that the bees
commenced storing before filling the crack?
But you're wrong in thinking " they never
stop up a crack that they can go through free-
ly." They'll not stop up a crack that they do
go through freely, but many a one that they can
go through freely, and in the very case in hand
they filled thatX-inch crack about half.

The Colorado State Bee-keepers' Associ-
ation passed a resolution denouncing supply-
houses for changing " the present style of the
standard 4>|' section to^any other style."— Amer-
ican Bee Journal. [So far as I am aware,
only two sizes of sections are standard— the
4M square and the 4x5; and even the last
named costs 10 cts. per 1000 extra. Practically
there is only one standard section on the mar-
ket, and that is the 4:}4 square. The sales of
any other are as a drop in the bucket compared
with the 4>4 . Do not denounce the poor supply-
houses just yet.— Ed.]

In reply, Mr. Editor, to your question how
bees can walk up a perpendicular surface with-
out a sucker, Cheshire says the pulvillus gives
out a clammy secretion by which the bees stick
on the glass, the pulvillus being thrown auto-
matically into action when the claws fail to
catch. After the bee has walked on the per-
pendicular glass for a time the adhesive ma-
terial gives out, and the foot slips. High pow-
ers of the microscope reveal traces of the se-
cretion left on the glass. [Yes, I remember
Cheshire did say something about a secretion
from the foot of the bee. Without taking time
to look it up now, I am of the opinion that he
also spoke of the little sucker that seems to be
partially developed. — Ed.]

C. Davenport exposed to the fumes of bisul-
phide of carbon for 10 hours a piece of brood
comb advanced with foul brood, then put it in-
to a healthy hive, and it did not convey the dis-
ease. The fumes kill worms, moth, and eggs,
but spoil the flavor of comb honey, and make it
thinner. — American Bee Journal. [If bisul-
phide of carbon would always disinfect combs
it would be a great boon for those afflicted with
foul brood; but I question very much whether
it would kill the spores. 1 should rather ex-
pect to find, in Mr. Davenport's healthy hive,
foul brood in about three months' time, or about
the time when the spores should have hatched,

and the active disease begun Its work again.
So far our own experience seems to show that
nothing but actual boiling heat will kill the
spores, although the bacilli themselves can very
often be killed out by doses of carbolic spray. —
Ed.]

"Syrup made by boiling will granulate more
or les^s," says F. A. Salisbury, p. 239. Yes, but
only, I think, because it's thicker, not because
it's boiled. Make the unboiled the thicker, and
see if it doesn't granulate more. The bees op-
erate chemically on the thin more than on the
thick. [I suspect you are right; but heating
water has a tendency to make it take up more
sugar than it will hold when cold. If it is
never heated at all it will take up only what It
can hold. In making syrup, people are a little
careless, sometimes, and get in too much sugar
for the water; but they are not as liable to do
this when the water is cold, for the very reason
that they can not get in too much, because it
will not hold it. What it will hold at a co'd
temperature it will hold rightalong. What the
water will hold when hot, it will not hold when
cold.— Ed.]

The vitality of the spores of Bacillus alvei
is destroyed when exposed to atmospheric air
for from 24 to 36 hours, according to Dr. How-
ard's book. Prof. Harrison, of Ontario Agricul-
tural College, finds them uninjured at the end
of six months, if kept in shade.— Canadian Bee
Journal. [It is well known that sunlight is a
strong germicide. If people would let the sun-
light stream more into their rooms there would
be fewer disease-germs in them. . What if It
does fade the carpet some? Faded carpets are
much more to be preferred than pale children
faded by disease. Perhaps the difference In the
opinions of the two authorities as above given
can be explained by saying that one contem-
plated sunshine when the other did not. In
that case, both may be right. One thing I am
sure of, however; if I knew positively that the
inside of the hive contained the spores of foul
brood I would not risk 24 or 36 hours of sunshine
to kill them. While it might do so, I should
greatly prefer immersing them for a few sec-
onds in boiling water.— Ed. 1

honey in place of sugar, for cooking.

I wonder if our bee-friends know that honey
can be used for every thing that sugar is used
for. I never buy sugar to preserve. I use
honey for jellies, jams, preserves, and butters.
Fix your fruit, and cover with honey; set it on
the stove to cook. You can put a cover on. I
make jelly as usual on the stove. I also sweeten
fruit to can, make gingerbread and snaps. I
do not like it in tea or coffee. It is nice in
fruit cake. Flavor highly to hide the twang.
A Woman Bee-keeper.

(JLEANINCJS IN BEE CULTURE.

275

Uij R. C. Aikin.

HIVK-CONSTKUCTION; 1'KESE?,T dischepanciks,
ANT) THEIR REMEDY: A DIVISIBLE BROOD-
CHAMBER HIVE. WITH SUPERS AND BKOOD-
CHA.MBER>! OF THE SAME DEPTH.

In my article on "Sections; Size, Weight,
Shape, etc.." in the preceding number, I spoke
of our present hive system as being liki' trying
to build a nice tine house, but doing it a little
at a lime over a term of years. Langstroth in-
vented the movable frame— not to fit or work
with any system or set of fixtures then in use —
but a 7ictt; departure to facilitate handling
bees, and in a way altogether different from
any pr.-ceding method. He did not have the
two and one pound sections, but made a frame
that, in general shape and size, would be con-
venient and still make a hive surface on top,
giving large room for surplus boxes.

In the course of years came the invention of
sections, or single comb boxes. They were a
grand step in advance: but both the frames
and sections were crude as in any new develop-
ments. Improvement has gone on until our
hives, in point of workmanship and finish, are
very fine.

Having adopted the L. frame and 4}{x4:}{x2
section, many devices have been resorted to to
get the combination of brood and surplus
apartments in the most convenient working
order. We built a little at a time. As new
features were added, the difliculiy was to get
the new additions to fit on to what we already
hai, and at the same lime retain all the good
points. Any one who has built a house, adding
a room here, a porch there, at some iiiher time
a bay-window, etc.. knows how expensive^ and
unsatisfactory such a structure is. It seems to
me this is just where we are in the matter of
hives. The thing to do now is to commence
anew, make a thorough study of the old struc-
ture to find its faults, then form into a new
combination the valuable featiiies in one har-
monious structure.

The L. frame, in general principles, is a guod
one. A deeper frame of the same length would
give too large a comb— more liable to break
with heat or handling. Its length, when used
in an eight-frame hive, makes the hive too long
and narrow. A square house both conserves
heai and save^ material. The L. frame takes
a chamber 183i inches long. B'our 4K sections
equal 17 inches: licnci;, when we put these sec-
tions over the L. frame we have IW inche> to

lag up in some way. If wide frames or section-
holders are used we can fill the surplus room
with their ends. Wide frames are undesirable.
Holder-bottoms and pattern-slats must match
the section-bottom, and even then two difficul-
ties appear — saggingof the bottom, and slightly
out of-true sections. These two features make
a lot of room for propolis. The T super has
fewer objections on account of propolizing, yet
the sections are necessarily loose or wide apart
at the tops— corresponding to the thickness of
the T's. This super is better than wide frames
or holders.

In the earlier days, the great ubject sought
after was a knowledge uf tl e habits of the bee,
and to cuntrol swarming. Our hives were con-
structed more for that than any other purpose,
the shape and appearance of the surplus honey
being a secondary consideration. Research
into the habits of the bee has brought that
down to a science, and in such shape that we
now can learn from books and journals what
then we sought by personal observation and
practice. Our great object now is to apply our
knowledge in such a way as to make it yield
financial returns.

Since, then, we are not now keeping bees so
much to study their habits as to profit finan-
cially, and since this profit must come from the
surplus apartment, I deem it proper to put that
first. Instead of tilting the super to the brood-
chamber, I wo:ild fit tlie brood-chamber to the
best surplus fixture. Having arrived at this
conclusion, let us find out what is

THE BEST SECTION AND SUPER.

In the previous article I discussed sections at
length, and therein took my stand for a 4x5x1%
section, the sides 1% their entire length, and
the tops and bottoms a trifle wider, their entire

i-IG. S

TIN AND WOOD SEPERAT0R5.

J

l|

I" ^

J-e

S

i i

c

'jr

Tl^4 SUPPORT.

length, than the thickness of the./j?iii7iCfi comb.
If tije section be 1% thirk, the top and bottom
should be abour. two ben spaces less in width
than the sides, or IJ^ inches wide. Pour4-inch-
wide sections i qnal IG inches, the inside length

276

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apr. 15.

of my super. Being 5 inches deep, my super
must be 5^ inches deep. Eight 1%-thick sec-
tions equal 14 inches. I am going to recom-
mend separators J^^' inch thick; and where the
section uprights join the separator I will cleat
It across with >8 -inch cleats, so my separator
will be % inch thick where the section joins it.
having a half bee-space in each face, between
cleats. See illustration of wood separator in
Fig. 5. Since I allow a half bee-space — count-

ing ^ inch as a bee-space— in each face of the
separator, I will cut down the thickness of my
sections just that much. This will make my
sections just ly, instead of 1%. My super will
then be 8 sections l^o', plus 7 separators %, plus
3^-inch strip on each super side, a total inside
width of 14% inches. The super is to have ad-
justability in its width, so I have it 5J^xl5xl6.
Fig. 3 shows rim or body.

If one uses t'he tin separators, the sections
should be J^ inch thicker than with the cleated
wooden one. If the cleated one be used with
the thin section, when the sections are cased
for market there will be only X inch space
between comb faces, whereas with the plain
separator there is y inch space. These thin
sections will not require the case to be so wide
by 1}4 inches in the 24-section size.

with surplus fixtures, except when extracting.
I purpose having brood-chambers, extracting-
supers, and section-supers completely inter-
changeable, that the same body may be used
for either. To accomplish this I make the
brood and extracting frames just the depth of
sections, and just as long as 4 sections, and
close-fitting wide end-bar. See frame in Fig. 4.
The sections are supported in the super by
the separators, the little spurs shown at A and
B— see Fig. 5— being imbedded in the uprights
of the sections, and all held there by compres-
sion, the compression being applied when the
super is filled, and sustained while on the hive
by the bolts, shown in Fig. 1, or by rods as in
Fig. 4. The rod method, as in Fig. 4, is the
original form as patented in the Aikin-Knight
"K. D." hive. The bolt method, as in Fig. 3,
is equally good, is neater, allows greater lati-
tude in adjustability, and places the nuts and
threaded parts away from wet and rust. The
separators are longer than the net inside
measure of the super, and reach past the sec-

Our old hives have been so constructed that
the brood-chamber could not be interchanged

tions into the inset or gain in the super ends,
hence the compression has simply to hold the
mass together, the weight being carried by the
separator ends on the shoulder in the inset.
The brood-frames are held in the same way,
except that the tin support (see Fig. 5) hangs
on the inset shoulder and under the frame end
at the bottom.

This hive is a divisible-brood-chamber one,
hive-bodies to be used as brood, extracting, or
sections, at will. Taking out frames and tin
supports, and putting in sections and separators,
converts it from one to the other. Both comb
and extracted can be produced at the same
time.

SWARMING CONTROLLED.

My method of controlling swarming is by
unqueening. This, with ordinary hives, re-
quires removing queens, then nine days later
emoving all cells but one, or even all, and giv-

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

277

ing a queen. This ninth-day work comes after
the honey-flow has begun — a busy time — and
the labor increased, because of much honey in
thn ccmbs. I propose to cut olT that trouble by
putting the queen excluding honey-board bo-
twenn the brood-sections ten days beforp the
flow, and the eighth, ninth, or tenth day take
away the chamber that has the queen and operi
brood, leaving the one with sealed brood and
working force on the old stand with the sections
on. Three or four days later I can give the old
colony a ripe cell or virgin queen. You see I
left them with only sealed brood, when I took
the queen, so they could not build cells, nor can
they till the young queen gets to laying, and
by that time the brood is hatched, and they
are just like a colony that has swarmed and
reared a young queen of their own

How long and how extensively have I used
the "fixin's" here described? Of the princi-
ples, I have used nearly all of them— some quite
largely. The complete hive, just as illustrat-
ed, has not been used. I have supported sec-
tions in this manner, used shallow frames in
divisible hives, as shallow as i'-^-inch frames;
have tried both forms of compression— in fact,
almost the entire thing. I know it will work.

Loveland, Colo.

[There is quite an advantage in having
brood-chamber and super of the same depth;
but there is the disadvantage that one brood-
chamber is too shallow for many localities, and
two (one on top of the other)— well, many don't
like them for the reason that, for some opera-
ations, there are too many frames to handle for
one brood-nest.

Mr. Aikin's method of supporting sections by
means of the separators is a little like the plan
advocated by Oliver Foster some ten years ago.
The sections were supported by cleated sepa-
rators, and the super sides were made to com-
press against the sections and separators by a
locking-device at the corners; but I think he
used the arrangement only a short time.

I should say the old clamping-device, as
shown in Fig. 4, would be very much better
than the new one shown in Fig. 3. The screw
and tins in Fig. 3 appear to me to be too
"flimsy."' Moreover, they would always re-
quire the use of a screwdriver. The thumb-
nuts in Fig. 4 could be worked by the fingers,
and. when clamped, would be much more sub-
stantial. I believe Mr. Aikin would make a
mistake to discard the thumb-nut and bolt
arrangement that he has tried, for something
he has not tried that has the appearance of
being "flimsy." — Ed.]

THE EUCALYPTUS AS A HONEY-PLANT.

ITS VALUE TO BEE-KEEPERS AND ADAPTABFL-
ITY TO CALIFORNIA SOIL; THE CHAR-
ACTER OF THE HONEY.

By W. A. Pryal.

A quarter of a century ago the eucalyptus
was a rare tree in California; but to-day it is
one of the most common of the numerous for-
eign trees to be found here. Perhaps it might
be safe to say that it outranks either the olive.

the grape, the lemon, or the orange; and we all
know that these are extensively grown here,
and have attained a world-wide fame by their
productiveness in their adopted home.

Of the several hundred varieties of this genus
of trees to be found in Australia, Tasmania,
and sparingly in the Malay Archipelago, but
comparatively few have been introduced into
California. Of these the Tasman'an blue gum
(Eucalyptus globuUis) is by far the most com-
mon. The accompanying illustrations are of
this tree

The engraving of the flowers of a gum-tree,
shown on page 155 of the current volume of
Gleanings, and therein described in the ac-
companying letter-presrs by Mr. J. H. Martin,
is a variety that is rare in California, especially
in the central portion, where the great majority
of the gum-trees are grown, because of the
more moist condition of the soil there. There
are several varieties that are quite ornamental,
among them being that described by the above-
named writer. As briefly stated in previous
issues of Gleanings, this genus of trees is in-
teresting to bee-keepers on account of its being
a prolific yielder of nectar.

A FEW observations IN RELATION TO THE
TREE IN GENERAL.

The trees (I am going to confine myself al-
most entirely to the red and the blue gum in
this article, and when I speak of the tree it
will be understood that it is of these two vari-
eties, unless otherwise stated) grow to a great
height. Some have been found in their native
country almost as tall as some of the celebrat-
ed big trees of California. Some of the trunks
of these tall trees have a diameter of from 8 to
16 feet. The wood of a well-matured gum-tree
is very durable, and may be used for a variety
of purposes. It is necessary to work it up as
soon as possible, as it soon becomes very hard.
When green, it is as easy to work as willow.

There as several peculiar things about the

THE EUCALYPTUS; THE HONEY-BEARING TREE OF CALIFORNIA.

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

379

gum-tree that are not found in other trees.
We have all observed that, in the leaves of the
trees we have about us every day (of course,
some of us do not see many leaves In winter,
which is not the rule in California and other
favored parts of the earth), the upper surface
is turned to the sun, while the lower side is
facing the earth. In the gum, this is different.
One of the edges of the tree is turned toward
the sun, thus always exposing the leaf to the
light. The color of the leaves is not of that
green appearance that we are wont to see in
the leaves of the trees we find in this country.
The color is generally of a bluish or pearly -
green hue. The leaves of the red gum are
much greener than those of the blue, and do
not nave the gray color while young. Botan-
ically they are what are called alternate,
though in the young trees they are opposite,
and of a more blue or pearl color. The first
form is shown in the cut of the flowers; the
latter is apparent in the young growth of shoots
shown in the left of accompanying half-tone.
Shoots that spring from the stumps of trees
that have been cut down, or branches that
have been severely trimmed, have the same
characteristic of leaves as those of young trees.
When the young trees have attained their
second or third year they begin to put forth
their alternate leaves.

I do not know of any tree that is easier to
raise from seed than is the gum-tree. Of course,
they will not stand a cold climate, and some-
times even in California a sharp frost is apt to
nip the tips of the young plants. For this
reason it is well to start the seed under glass in
the fall, and in the spring transplant the little
seedlings into shallow boxes, say 50 plants in a
box 16x20 inches. When a foot high they may be
set out where they are to remain. It is always
best to set them out where they are to grow up
into trees as soon as possible, that the tap-roots
that the tree sends deep into the earth may
give it that anchorage required to maintain
aloft the large amount of trunk and branches
that it may spread out.

For a long time it was thought here the tree
would not self-seed in this climate. But since
several generations, so to speak, of the trees
have been grown here from seed from home-
grown trees, it is now found that seed that falls
upon any thing like fertile soil germinates and
grows into thrifty trees. The finest growth of
self-grown trees that I have seen is on the
banks of the Temescal, where a hotel had been
destroyed by fire. The heat of this fire killed
some of the gum-trees that stood near by; but
the trees, in dying, shed their seed that was in
the seed-cones, some little time after the fire,
upon the debris of the ruined building. To-day
the spot is covered with gum-trees fully sixty
feet high, that sprung from the seed that thus
fell upon the site of the burned hotel.

The trees shown in the half-tones herewith
are about 20 years old. Those on the hill back
of the house in the valley were planted by the
late J. Ross Brown, the American humorist,
traveler, and United States Minister to China.
The tops of the trees in the left foreground are
on the bank of the Temescal. and are fully 150
high. The scene of a bit of a gum forest is
taken in a grove of 100 acres or so known as
Rockridge Park, a private property in the hills
east of Temescal. A clearing was made in
that portion shown in the left foreground of
the photograph a year before it was taken; but
the cleared part was soon covered witk a
growth of young trees or "suckers" that
sprang from the stumps that remained in the
ground. The gum is like the California red-
wood in this, that it is a hard tree to kill unless
it is rooted out.

By looking carefully in among the trees in
the center of the photo, just above the upper
fence, two cords of wood may be seen piled up.
This forest is being thinned out so as to give
the remaining "bean-poles" a chance to be-
come good-sized trees.

Quite a trade is carried on in Alameda County
by persons who cut and sell blue-gum wood for
fuel. There is a company in Oakland that
secures the leaves of these trees, and, by a
patented process, converts the resinous and
volatile liquid obtained therefrom into a pre-
ventive for the Incrustation of steam-boilers.

I have found that the leaves and bark, espe-
cially the strips that the trees voluntarily shed
each year, are an excellent fuel for bee-smokers.
The aromatic odor of the smoke seems to have
a salutary effect in quieting bees, and the odor
is not unpleasant to the apiarist after he be-
comes used to it. The smoke of the leaves is
recommended by physicians for the cure of
asthma.

The numerous varieties of the eucalyptus
have an extended period of florescence, and it
may be possible to plant half a dozen varieties
and thereby obtain a continuous succession of
flowers the year round. Some varieties are
said to bloom twice a year, though I have not
noted any doing so. I have seen some blooming
a few months after the tree last ceased its
round of inflorescence. The two varieties com-
mon in the central portion of the State, the
varieties already named, bloom for a good part
of the year, and, as stated, at a time when
honey-secreting flowers are most needed for
the bees.

The blue gum, the flowers of which are
shown in the illustration, usually begins to ex-
pand its petals or anthers in December, and I
have known it to continue in flower for five
months. One may well imagine the amount of
flowers a tree 150 feet high will produce. At
the writer's home on the Temescal. a few miles
north of the city of Oakland, are several blue

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Ape. 15.

gums and one red gum (the tops of two of the
former are shown in one of the scenes in the
cut) that are probably over 150 ft. tall. One of
these trees has a diameter a little over 3 ft. As
these trees will grow much taller for some
time, they are beginning to fil' out in girth.
They are nearly 25 years old.

The flowers begin to open on the sunny side
of the tree, beginning usually on the branches
nearest the earth, and gradually extending
upward and about the tree. The whole of a
tree is never in bloom at one time; neither are
all the trees of the same variety in a period of
florescence at the same time.

The flowers of the blue gum are about 2
inches in diameter; those of the red gum, about
K inch; but they are much more numerous,
and are borne in clusters of twos and threes.
These flowers are rich in nectar. A gum-tree
in bloom is a veritable paradise for bees. They
just swarm amid the flowers.

Generally speaking, the chief a'm of the bee-
lieeper is to sell his honey at the highest price
possible. To do this his honey must approach
nearly a water "whiteness." Yet there are
times when honey is of more value to the api-
arist than when it is of the character mention-
ed. This is true in a great measure of eucalyp-
tus honey. The honey is, so far as I have been
able to learn from experience, dark, and, when
well ripened, thick. Its taste is aromatic and
slightly unpleasant, partaking of the tannic
and resinous properties of the fluid secretions
of the body of the tree. This honey is said to
possess medicinal virtues.

The value of this honey to the apiarist lies in
the fact that it is produced at a time when his
bees are generally sorely in need of winter or
early spring stores. One of the greatest causes
of loss of bees in this State is the open winters,
during which time bees consume much honey,
and have little or no chance of gathering any,
owing to the want of a supply of native or other
flowers at that season of the year. The euca-
lyptus is the only tree that flowers in California
during this period, except the bay, or laurel,
which is more of a pollen-producer, as it is not
known to yield honey. For this reason the
family of eucalypti is a boon to the California
apiarist.

I do not believe that the honey will ever
prove of any merchantable value to the hon^y-
producer unless it is discovered to have some
special medicinal properties. But as a means
of keeping weak colonies from starving, espe-
cially where the owner does not feed his bees,
and for promoting early brood-rearing, so that
the colonies will be in strong condition when
the harvest of light-colored honey is ready for
the bees, the eucalyptus is of inestimable value.

Where the bees have been able, by being close
to a gum-tree grove, to gather a surplus, it may
become necessary to extract this honey iu the

latter part of April, otherwise the bees may, as
I have known them to do, carry this honey
from the brood-chamber up into the supers.

I would advise bee-keepers in all parts of the
State, where it is not too cold, to set out all the
young trees of this great honey- producer tney
possibly can. Besides being valuable to them
for the nectar it will afford their bees, they will
find it valuable for shade, windbreaks, posts,
fuel, and other purposes that will suggest
themselves.

North Temescal, Cal., March 25.

HOW I SOLD HONEY.

SOME OF THE DISAGREEABLE FEATURES OF

THE BUSINESS; A VERY INTERESTING

ARTICLE.

By Alice Harding Grossman.

We had a large crop of honey on hand, and I
felt sure we could sell a quantity at the house
if people only knew we had it for sale.

I persuaded my husband to put up a sign, so
he nailed up a large board on the gate-post,
" Pure Honey for Sale, 10 cts. per lb." I was in
ecstasy. Now I felt sure we should sell honey.

We lived on a main road not far from the
city. I waited patiently for some one to buy
honey. "It will take a little while to adver-
tise." I surmised. It was delightful to imagine
money coming in for honey.

My husband was away during the day, so I
felt I had the business to myself. One morning,
when I had the busiest day before me, and
things seemed to pull backward any way that
particular morning, my baby was sick and my
head ached. But I was trying to hurry, when
I heard a knock at the front door. I opened it,
and there stood a little boy.

" Got honey to sell ? " he asked.

"Yes, we have honey."

" Well, I want a dime's worth, but ain't got
nothin' to put it in. I want to hunt bees." I
hunted a can and gave him the honey. This
took quite a while. When I returned to the
kitchen I started with new energy at my work,
when knock ! knock !— some one else. I open-
ed the door. This time it was a young man in
hunting costume. He took off his hat and said,
"I should like to get some honey."

He wanted thirty cents' worth to take on his
trip. A few moments was taken in directing
him. Then I went back to the kitchen. "Oh!"
I thought, "I wish people would not come un-
til I get my work done." I left the dishes, and
prepared to churn, for the butter must not be
neglected. I was just taking the butter from
the churn, when there came a continued rap-
ping at the door. I hastened to open it. An
old man glared at me a moment, then said, " I
see you have honey for sale."

"Yes, sir."

"Ten cents a pound ? "

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

281

"Yes, sir."

" I want to see some of It."

"Very well; I will bring you a sample."

I hastened through the house on out to the
honey -room to get some honey. "Why did a
man leave his] honey so far away?" ..Then'I
remembered I had never asked my husband]to
bring any sample honey to the house. I drew
some and hurried back to the house, and found
that horrid old man in the kitchen. I felt
afraid of him, but bravely handed himi the
bucket of honey and a spoon. But he Ignored
that spoon, and sent a long brown finger down
into that bucket. He stripped it to his mouth,
smacked his lips, then dived into the bucket
again. I could not stand that. I hastily drew
the bucket away. After heshad licked his fin-
ger clean he said:

"I want some of that honey, shore and cer-
tin; have you got any thing to put it In ? "

I felt anxious to get rid of him. "Yes; we
have buckets. I can sell you one."

" But I don' need any buckets," he said, glar-
ing at me.

I then tried to explain that, if he would bring
the bucket back, I would refund his money.
He didn't seem to hear me. He was looking
about him. I thought he had forgotten me,
when he turned on me and said:

"You could put it in a jar, a glass ; jar,
couldn't you?"

"Yes," I answered, not knowing what he
was going to do. j Without a word he stalked
out of the house.

" Great Scott ! what should I do ? "J I thought
I would go and see what had] become of him.
I stepped to the front window in time to see
the old man take a half-gallon Mason jar from
his old buggy. nIt was filled with sweet milk.
He hesitated, turned the jar around, and looked
at it as if undecided. I stood and wondered
what he was going to do. At last he had set-
tled the question in his mind, for he removed
the lid and tilted the jar and began to drink,
riaughed aloud. It did look too funny. D He
drank half of the milk, then seemed undecided
whether he could finish the rest. After looking
all about him he scrutinized theljar again. After
some hesitation he proceeded to empty it^into
the same gullet. I can never keep from laugh-
ing when I remember that sight.a He was'com-
ing back to the house. I went to the door,
thinking perhaps he would not' come in; but,
no— he followed me back to the kitchen.:' He
spied the butter. He began to ask questions.

"That's shore tine butter. n What do ye feed
yo' cows?"

I told him.

"How many cows have ye got?"

"One."

"You didn't make all this yer butter ofif'n
one cow ?"

"Yes, sir, we have only one cow."

" How much milk did ye have? "he asked,
tipping the barrel churn.

" I churn the cream; this is the milk, I said,"
pointing to a jar. " How much honey did you
want?"

"Hey!" He looked at me, then continued:
"Oh ! you must be mistaken; you couldn't get
that much butter off'n one cow."

" I will get your honey," I ventured to say.

After more quizzing he followed me out.

"That jar is clean," he protested, when I
started to wash it. "Yes," he continued, "of
course it's clean; it only had sweet milk in it."

" But wouldn't it spoil the honey ? "

" Wall, may be so; yes, wash it. Now fill it
full," he said.

"It will hold fifty cents' worth."

" I don't care; I want it full."

After a long time I had the pleasure of seeing
him get into his buggy. It was after twelve
o'clock. The baby's fever was high, but I hur-
ried as fast as I could. Company came in di-
rectly after dinner. As they were leaving I
fancied I could get something done. I was
hardly at my work when I heard a knock.
Two well-dressed ladies this time.

"Will you come in?" I asked, as thoy did
not state what they wished. I noticed they
had a small five-pound lard-bucket. They en-
tered the parlor.

" We came to see about buying some honey;
have you nice honey ? "

" Yes, we have extracted honey."

My fancy took up the theme. Now I was go-
ing to sell, oh! perhaps a great quantity."

I tried to look as sweet as honey, as I was so
very glad I was about to sell some. I would
show my better half that it wasn't "useless"
to put up a sign.

" Let us see some of your honey," one woman
said.

I hastened out and brought back a sample.
They tasted, and bragged and commented. Oh,
I was so delighted ! I was thinking what I
would tell my husband. They tasted again,
then fell to discussing how much they would
take.

"You can get some this time, Lura, and I
will get some next time."

"Well, all right," Lura answered.

" We will take ten cents' worth. I brought a
bucket."

My feathers fell. When I came back with
the honey they were looking at the photo-
graphs, and every thing in that room was ex-
amined. Supper-time was at hand. Why didn't
they go? I found they were in no hurry. I
felt desperate.

"You will have to excuse me; my baby is
sick, and I have my work to do," I said, rising
from my chair in what I intended for a very
suggestive manner.

"Certainly," they both said.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apr. 15.

" Is the baby much sick ? '' Liira asked.
•' I declare ! I uever dreamed you had a child,
you look so young."
"I am not old enough to have very much

"Oh! you really look so young; don't she,
Ida?"

I looked around me.

"Yes, I can't do my work and entertain com-
pany at the same time." I had no thought of
leaving these two women in that room alone.
" My husband is coming. I think he will want
his supper."

"I expect we had better go, Lura," Ida sug-
gested.

With much adieu they departed. I wished I
had been a large commanding figure about that
time. I felt I would at least make people un-
derstand I was not playing housekeeping.

"What success?" the partner of my joys
asked when he came in.

"Not much success, but I guess it will be
different to morrow."

When I told him about the old man and the
jar of milk we had a good laugh together.

I will get a good start in the morning, before
any one comes; and I did get the dishes wash-
ed when I heard a loud knock. I hastened to
the door. " I want to get some honey."

" Yes, sir; come to the honey-house."

The man followed, saying, " I am in a hurry."

He sampled the honey, and bought a dollar's
worth. I was filled with new hope. I reached
the kitchen. A knock ? Yes. A girl wanted a
pound of honey. She came in and kept me
from my work. It was not long until I opened
the door and found a peddler. He tried to sell
me soap, or exchange for honey. At last I shut
the door in his face.

Ti) be continued.

DRAWN COMBS,

COMB AND wax; THE MEI.TED-BUTTER ARGU-
MENT SIFTED; THE HEAVIEST BLOW
AT THE COMB -HONEY MARKET.

By C. C. Miller.

If I remember correctly, it was A. I. Root who
first advised taking a super or one or more sec-
tions in which bees were at work, and giving
them to another colony that was slow at get-
ting to work in sections. Bees and all were to
be taken. Then I think it was G. W. Demaree
who said bees would start work in supers if in
the supers were put a section each that was
partly filled with honey, no matter when it had
been filled, and no bees need be given with it.
Possibly I misunderstood him as to the necessity
of having honey in the section; but that was
the way I understood it, and it was not for some
time that I discovered, perhaps accidentally,
that neither bees nor honey was needed. All

that was necessary was to have sections con-
taining comb that was partly or wholly drawn
out, and from that time I have always used one
such in the first super of the season given to
each colony, giving such section the name of
" bait" section, or merely " bait."

Atone time there was a wide divergence of
opinion as to the advisability of using unfinish-
ed sections, some insisting that the bees would
commence on the raw foundation and fill and
seal the sections before the baits were filled,
that the honey was of poorer quality in them,
and so on. The character of those making these
objections was such that there was no doubting
that in their cases the objections were well
founded. The one objection I can easily under-
stand; for if in the bait the least speck of honey
from the previous season is left, the granulation
will affect the new honey stored. That the bees
would be slower at filling the bait sections than
the other ones, I can not possibly understand,
unless it be th|it the sections had been left on
the hives unused so late in the season of the
previous year that the bees had varnished the
foundation or comb with propolis. I have, un-
fortunately, had a large experience in deciding
which sections would be sooner accepted and
filled by the bees. In different years of failure
of the honey crop, I have put on supers con-
taining bait-combs, and the baits have been
filled and sealed, and the sections with founda-
tion left untouched. Not merely an occasional
case, but hundreds of them. Just the one sec-
tion in the super was filled and sealed, and the
others left as empty as when put on.

I have seen it stated that, when unfinished
sections were used, they should be cut down or
leveled down until the cells were not more than
^8 of an inch high, the idea being entertained
that B. Taylor used his Handy comb-leveler
simply for the purpose of having cells not so
deep. I think this Is an entire mistake. I am
not positive about it, but I think- Mr. Taylor
used the leveler for the sake of removing any
objectionable part, no matter how deep the
cells might be. If unfinished sections have
combs that are drawn out full depth, there will
be a variation as to depth; and when these sec-
tions are used over again there will be places
where the comb will come so near the separator
that the bees will bridge between. So the comb
is leveled down enough to avoid the possibility
of having the sections thus spoiled.

Another reason for leveling down, and the
principal reason, perhaps, is that the unfinished
sections are those generally that have been on
somewhat late in the season, when bee-glue is
plentiful, and having been left on for at least a
short time after the cessation of the honey-flow,
the bees have laid a rim of glue about the
mouth of each cell. Such sections would be un-
fit to use without first removing this rim of
glue, and the removal is quickly effected with

189^

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE

283

the leveler. Except for these two reasons I
would not cut down the depth of the cells. If
it's a good thing to have the colls built half, it's
a better thing to have them entirely built out.
For bait combs 1 always prefer those built out
as much as possible, only so they are perfectly
clean and white, and will not come close enough
to the separators to be bridged.

It may be said that, with such deep cells, the
honey will not be evaporated so quickly as in
those more shallow, and there may be a very
little in this. But if that is any argument in
favor of cells ^g" rather than %. it is equally an
argument in favor of }% rather than ?8.

The question as to how much more honey
could be secured by having drawn sections than
by having merely foundation is one not easily
settled. Great difference of opinion prevails as
to the difference between the amount of comb
honey and extracted from the same colony,
some saying nearly the same, and some saying
three or four times as much extracted as comb.
Whatever the difference may be, it seems there
ought to be nearly as much honey obtained in
drawn combs in sections as of extracted. If the
cells are of the same depth in each case, and the
extracting-combs are sealed before extracting,
there ought to be no difference.

Interest in this whole matter has been freshly
aroused by the advent of the new foundation
with side walls J^ inch deep or less. I confess
that I have not been so enthusiastic as some in
thinking this new product will be of such im-
mense advantage.

A year or so ago I received from Germany a
sample of comb made by machinery, the cells
being of full depth, and German bee-journals
seemed quite jubilant over it. It was so heavy
that there was no thought of using it in any
thing but brood-combs; but it took so much
wax as to make a brood-chamber full of it
rather expensive. So little has been said about
it since, that I doubt if it has gone, or, indeed,
ever will go, into general use. The sample I
have received from The A. I. Root Co. is a
marvel of delicacy compared with the German
sample, yet before we know how much advan-
tage it will be we must know at what price it
can be had, and it must be fully and fairly put
to the test.

There is probably no question that, in gener-
al, bees will store more honey in old combs than
in combs that must be wholly built as the stor-
ing is going on. And the nearer we come to
furnishing complete combs, the more we help
the storing. But cells 3€ or % deep will not be
as much help as cells of full depth. Even if
wax enough be furnished to make full-depth
cells, it isn't easy to figure how much the draw-
ing out will cost the bees.

Again, it is a problem whether under any and
all circumstances the bees will thin down the
cells to natural thickness. While in some cases

it might be profitable to pay 1.5.00 a pound for
drawn comb to be used as bait, a single section
in the first super of the season, it by no means
follows that it would be worth any such figure
to fill the whole super. After the first super,
bait is perhaps of no value: for when an empty
super is put under one partly filled, there is no
trouble as to bees commencing promptly to fill
the empty super if they have any thing with
which to fill it. All these things must be taken
into consideration in trying to settle upon the
real value of the new invention.

Another thought presents itself. Suppose
every thing goes according to or beyond the
highest expectation of the most sanguine, and
just as much comb honey can be produced as
extracted, comb honey not requiring the special
skill for its production that is now required, the
producers of extracted honey will largely turn
to the production of comb honey. That will
lessen the amount of wax thrown on the mar-
ket, increasing the price of foundation, and the
greater amount of comb honey will at the same
time lower its price. Will those two changes be
a distinct advantage to the present comb-honey
producer?

While I think it wise to look on all sides of
the question in considering what may be the
real value or lack of value to bee-keepers, of
foundation having side walls much higher than
at present made, and while I think it may be
wise to be somewhat conservative in one's ex-
pectations, I do think one ought lo be entirely
fair; and some of the objections raised seem
not only unfair but against the real Interests of
bee-keepers. It might be fair to say, "I don't
believe it will do to give bees side walls of
greater depth than are now given, for they can
not be made as thin as the natural comb, and
I'm afraid the bees will not draw them out to
the natural thinness," but such an objection,
uttered by any fair-minded person, would be
followed by the remark, "But it is certainly en-
titled to a trial; and if, upon trial, we can have
by its use just as good comb honey as we now
have, then I can have no objection to it." But
that isn't the way the matter is treated. The
Review and Progressive teach that the great
objection is to the material used.

Let us look at the argument of the Review.
" Comb, natural comb, is of a light, friable na-
ture—like the feathery, new-fallen snow."
Now, that reads quite smoothly, and, taken
with what follows, would make a novice think
himself imposed upon if a bit of foundation in
comb honey were imposed upon him. But it is
misleading, and I can not help wondering that
W. Z. Hutchinson, a man whom I look upon as
remarkable for his fairness, should be led into
such sophistry. Natural comb is " light." Per
contra, we are to suppose that foundation is
" heavy." Cut a piece of the side wall of a
comb, and then cut a piece of the side wall of

284

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apr. 15.

foundation of the same shape and size in every
way, and isn't one as light as the other? How
much more friable is comb than foundation?
"Friable," according to the dictionary, means
" easily crumbled or pulverized." Natural comb,
dried with age, becomes brittle and friable; but
freshly built comb, at summer temperature, is
soft and yielding— pliable rather than friable.
I doubt whether there is a perceptible differ-
ence in the friability of fresh comb and fresh
foundation. Both become more friable with
age.

" Once this snow has been melted, it can

never be restored to its former state

In a like manner, once comb has been melted
into wax, iis character is changed. It is no
longer comb, but wax.'' Is it possible, friend
H., that you don't know that freshly built
comb, made entirely by the bees, without any
intervention of man, is wax, and nothing but
wax? " Butter is butter; but melted butter is
grease; so comb is comb, but melted comb is
wax." I suppose in the strict sense of the term
that butter, either melted or unmelted, is
grease; but probably the word is here used to
stand for something objectionable.

Since writing that last sentence I have had
my dinner, and had three kinds of butter— some
that had never been melted, some that had
been heated just enough to melt it, and some
that had been thoroughly heated for some
time, and kept above the boiling-point. Tested
separately, the last had a distinct cooked taste;
but on bread I don't know that it could be de-
tected; and the sample that was merely melted
had no change that could be detected. All
were excellent; and, living in the heart of the
Elgin butter region, I think I know what good
butter is. I wonder, when friend Hutchinson
quoted that sentence, whether he stopped to
think what melted butter really is like, and
whether he had often sampled it. Did he ever
eat hot biscuit, butter, and honey? If he did,
he surely ate melted butter, or " grease," as he
calls it. Did he never eat melted butter on hot
toast, beefsteak, in cake? Do his folks cook
asparagus, green peas, and all other vegetables
without melted butter? When he eats butter
on his potato, does he always manage to keep
the butter unmelted?

Now I'll tell you what I think. I think when
he used melted butter as an illustration he sup-
posed he was giving an excellent illustration of
the difference between wax unmelted and wax
afterit had been melted. And so he was. And
he also thought that the melting materially in-
jured each article. Prejudice in case of the
butter, prejudice in case of the wax. Now if he
is allowed to sample a piece of bread on which
is spread butter that had once been melted, and
another piece spread with butter never melted,
I don't believe he could tell which was which.
Neither do I believe he could detect any differ-

erence in taste between a piece of comb honey
whose wax had all been melted and one whose
wax had never been melted. Of cour.-e, I as-
sume that the cell walls should be equally thin
in each case, the possibility of which he admits.

The Review speaks of "comb honey with its
delicious, fragile, toothsome, flaky comb."
First and last there has been a good deal of
that sort of talk, which, carefully analyzed and
properly classified, would probably come under
the head of nonsense. Comb is fragile, w hether
made of melted- or unmelted wax; but Is it
" flaky"? I never saw any of it flake apart; did
you? Does the pleasure of eating comb honey
come from the honey, or is it the wax that is so
"delicious, toothsome"? Here's a section of
honey that was cut a day or two ago, and cut in
such a way that a good part of the liquid has
drained out on the plate. Do you find the
drained honey on the plate so insipid that you
cut some of the comb that now contains no
honey, in order to make the honey " toothsome"?
Or if you cut off a piece, do you prefer to cut
from thecpart mostly drained so as to have a
larger proportion of the "delicious" flavor?
Isn't it a little strange that an article that
passes through the digestive organs unchanged,
and that is not in the slightest degree affect-
ed by strong sulphuric acid, should yet be so
"delicious, toothsome"?

But after being melted, this delicious, fragile,
toothsome, flaky comb is nothing ;but "tough,
leathery, gobby wax." More than that, not
content with being an " abomination," as the
Revieiv puts it, in and of itself, according to
Progressive it takes unto itself horrors not of its
own originating, in passing through commer-
cial centers. It has consorted with "tallow
that has been rendered from animals which
have died from disease," and " has a lot of this
filthy grease adhering to it. When this wax is
melted, this filthy grease that adheres to it
while coming in contact with sheep pelts that
have been skinned from the bodies of sheep
that have died of disease, and the filthy tallow
and soap-grease aforementioned, will become a
part of it."

Now, suppose there are furnished to the
bees cells one fourth or one-half inch deep, and
a consumer has read \yhat is said in Review and
Progressive, have you any idea that you can get
him to put such comb honey into his mouth?
You say. " No, and he ought not to put it into
his mouth." Well, then, I go to him and say to
him, "I don't use manufactured comb; I just
use foundation such as all comb honey general-
ly contains. It's made of the same kind^of ma-
terial as that other fellow's, but there's only
half as much of it in a pound, so you'll have to
eat only half as much nastiness." Do you sup-
pose he'll buy an ounce more of one than the
other?

Now brethren, in all honesty, if the material

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

285

used is half as bad as you have painted it, is it
right to use comb foundation at all? After we
have gone on all these years fllling our sections
with full-sized sheets, why have you not lifted
up your voice against it before? If it was all
right to use a certain amount of it, why does
the character of the material become so very
objectionable when it is proposed to double the
amount used? If the material is as bad as you
say, then let us know it. and let us as honest
men use not even the smallest starter in sec-
tions.

I am not specially interested in the new prod-
uct; but along with thousands of others I am
interested in the market for comb honey, and I
am sorry to say that I believe you have done
your share toward striking the heaviest blow at
the comb-honey market it has ever received;
and this, even if not the slightest change is
made in the foundation used. For what you
say, if it applies at all, applies to the thinnest
foundation that may be made, even without
any side walls at all; and let a belief in what
you say get a lodgment in the minds of con-
sumers, then good-by to the market for comb
honey.

Marengo, 111.

[See Editorials.— Ed.]

■ — I m*

DRAWN COMB DEFINED.

DEEP CELLS, AND THE ADVANTAGE OF SHAL-
LOW CELLS.

Dr. C. C. Miller:— I believe you are our lexi-
cographer of words pertaining to bees and bee-
keeping, and I wish to appeal to you for a def-
inition of "drawn comb." >The editor of
Gleanings, in the Feb. 1st' issue, adefines:
"Drawn; comb— comb that has ^^beeno leveled
down to cells about ^g" of an inch deep." Two
other writers, following, seem to agree with
this definition. The third writer appears to
make a distinction between "drawn comb"
and "bait comb." They all refer to natural
comb made by the bees, and cut down.^jl don't
exactly know how cutting it makes "drawn
comb " of it. ^ My idea of " drawn comb " here-
tofore has been that, when artificial comb
foundation was given to the bees, it was drawn
out (lengthened) without addition of new wax,
or very little of it, and became "drawn comb."
If the former definition is correct, what are we
to call the last product? Is it proper to call
any natural comb "drawn comb"? I have
not seen your new dictionary. I have only
Webster, and find "drawn butter," but no
"drav/n honey " nor "drawn comb."

Thaddeus Smith.

Pelee Island, Ont., Feb. 15.

[Dr. Miller replies:]

I don't assume to be lexicograpner for the
bee-keeping fraternity, having been chosen to

say in only one book what was the customary
usage of bee-keepers. I have some doubts
whether I know enough to clearly define
"drawn comb." I think I could point to a
specimen and say clearly, "That's drawn
comb," and then to another, saying without
hesitation, "That's comb foundation." But
I'm not so sure that I could clearly draw the
line between foundation and drawn comb. As
the word is ordinarily used, I think all comb is
called drawn comb. Ordinary comb founda-
tion is not called comb, but foundation. Give
a piece of foundation to the bees, and when
they have drawn out the side walls to the depth
of H inch we should probably agree in calling
it drawn comb, although we would not call it
so when they have just commenced nibbling on
the side walls. Just at what point to begin
calling it drawn comb is something like decid-
ing on what day we are to cease calling a
human being a boy and call him a man. I
think the term " drawn " generally adds noth-
ing to the meaning, but is used to give empha-
sis to the distinction between comb and comb
foundation. In a super I put a bait of comb,
and you can hardly misunderstand that expres-
sion; but by way of emphasizing the fact that
the bait section contains comb and the other
sections only foundation, I say the bait contains
"drawn comb." I should say that the term
as used by bee-keepers applies to all comb,
whether the cells be two inches or more deep
or very shallow. You see I'm a little careful to
say "very shallow," without giving any exact
measurement. I should also say that the term
" drawn " has no reference to whether the sam-
ple is natural or artificial.

The editorial remark to which you refer is
probably the one on page 78, " What I mean by
drawn comb is some that had been leveled
down to cells about ^s in. deep." Evidently
the editor did not mean that as a definition of
the term, but simply as explaining the particu-
lar kind of drawn comb used in that case, and
exactly the same idea would have been given
if he had said, "The drawn comb used had
been leveled, etc." If he had meant it for a gen-
eral definition he would have used " has " in-
stead of "had," saying, "What I mean by
drawn comb is that which has been, etc."

Messrs. Crane and Snell, to whom you refer,
hardly limit the word to comb with cells only
^4 deep: indeed, Mr. Snell expressly speaks of
drawn comb 1}4 inches thick— that is, having
cells % inch deep. Mr. Crane thinks drawn
combs should not be used with cells more than
% deep, but that does not say they would not
be drawn comb before cutting down. Mr.
SchaefHe makes a distinction between " drawn
comb " and " bait comb " in the heading of his
article, but I suspect that heading was written
by the editor. Between the two I think there
is no possible distinction as to kind. Every

286

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

bait comb is drawn comb, and every drawn
comb may be used as bait. But there is a dis
tinci difference as to use, and I suppose this
difference was in mind in writing the heading.
Every drawn comb may be used as bait comb;
but unless so used it would not be bait comb.

I may remark, in passing, that, while I should
prefer bait combs with cells deeper than % of
an inch, 1 should not want them as deep as Mr.
Snell says, % of an inch. From past experience
I should expect them to be built more or less to
the separators, unless used in sections more
than two inches wide. C. C. Miller.

Marengo, 111.

[Dr. Miller is right in explaining tbai drawn
combs ^8 det p referred to a particular kind to
which attention was drawn. I did not intend
to give a general definition. I think Mr. Crane
is nearly right in saying that in any case
"drawn combs should not be used more than
% inch deep." To u^e. them deeper would make
an inferior grade of comb honey. Before bee-
keepers learned that unfinished sections could
be leveled down a la Taylor, and make as good
comb honey as that built from foundation, they
had come to regard unfini-hed sections as unfit
for use to put back into the sup'-r except for
bait Years ago, when the question of unfin-
ished sections in supers was talked over, it was
generally concluded that comb honey was of
second quality, and that in the end it did not
pay. We did not then kn iw that the trouble
lay in the full depth of cells. We have since
learned that reducing those cells by means of
a hot knife or hot plate to somewhere about ,9^
inch deep, and then putting all such sections
back into the super again, not only produces a
first-class article of comb honey, but that the
supers are filled much more rapidly than in
poor seasons.

Mr. Wetd found that it was possible to make
the drawn founlation full depth if necessary ;
and to illustrate the pos'^ibilities of deep cells,
his first set of dies showed cell walls nearly full
depth; but later on he came to the conclusion
that such depth was entirply unnecessary.

For the purpose of avoiding confusion.'the A.
I. Eoot Co. decided to call the new product
"drawn foundation," which, indeed, it is. To
call it deep cell-wall foundation might cause
confusion, because we have for yoars made
foundation on the old foundation-mills that
was nearly U inch thick: but we never supplied
such foundation to our trade, a* Americans did
not care to pay the price for so much wax.
But our customers in Germany have very often
sent in specifications for deep-cell-wall mills.
For the purpose, then, of avoiding confusion,
we called the new product "drawn founda-
tion;" the German foundation. " deep-cell-wall
foundation;" and combs drawn out by bees,
but leveled down. " drawn comb." As it will
be found to be impracticable to use any other
than combs leveled down, only this article
would be used in the discussion. In the mul-
tiplicity of terms we must be careful at the out-
set to use short ones as well as those that are
descriptive.

To sum up, then, the different grades of foun-
dation, we have the " thin " and " extra thin;"
the " light brood " and the " medium " (the old
" heavy " having been discarded); in Gprmany,
the "deep cell-wall foundation;" in this coun-
try, "drawn foundation;" for comb drawn out
by the bees, but afterward leveled down,
"drawn comb."— Ed.1

'——ANSWERS TO 0-— >
BY G.M.DOOLITTLE.BOROOINO.N.Y,

INCREASE AND EXTRACTED HONEY.

Questio?i.— Which is the better plan when
working an apiary for extracted honey — to
make the increase by natural swarming or by
division? If by division, when is the best time
to do it in latitude about forty-one, white clo-
ver being the main plant giving surplus?

Answer.— My favorite mode of increase is by
natural swarming; and as a general rule I pre-
fer such increase for the reason that I have
found that colonies made by division lose much
more time getting ready for work than do the
bees when permitted to follow the natural laws
of increase. But there are exceptions to all
general rules, and this is one of these excep-
tions. Should we desire, ever so badly, increase
by natural swarming, it would be very little
we should get if the colonies were worked to
the best advantage for extracted honey. A
good yield of extracted honey is obtained only
by providing the colony with an extra set, or
more, of empty combs, putting the same in up-
per stories at the beginning of the honey flow,
or as soon as the bees have increased sufficient-
ly to receive them without any detriment to
their building up the most quickly. Bees do
not swarm until the hive is well populated and
honey coming in from the fields; hence if we
put on combs as above (and we must to secure
the best results in extracted honey), these
combs go on before any preparation for swarm-
ing has been made. Ernest Root never uttered
a truer saying than he made when he said that
"plenty of empty combs is the best preventive
for swarming," and by fixing our bees as we are
obliged to to secure the best results, we very
nearly if not quite prevent all increase of a
natural kind.

In all of my experience with the extractor I
have never had a single colony cast a swarm
before the honey harvest was beginning to
wane; and not ten per cent of the colonies
thus worked ever offered to cast a swarm at all.
Hence we see, if we wish increase, it must be
done in some way other than natural swarming,
or we must sacrifice our honey crop quite largely
by not putting on the combs till the colonies
have swarmed. Hence we have increiise by
division, where increase is wished, as the only
way when working for extracted honey.

Having decided this question, the next thing
which confronts us is, " When is that division
to be made ? " Verv many of our most practic-
al apiarists tell us that, where we make in-
crease by division, this should be done a little
before the honey harvest, or at its commence-
ment. The will) of such advice, I have never
been able to understand. It is argued that.

IS'JT

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

287

after ihe (iivi>ifin. >ou would havi^ two qiinens
laying iii-toad uf one; ami in this tht-re is gnat
gain. But such reasoning as this is mysterious
to me, for the bees which hatch from those
eggs laid by the two queens after the division
can never become honey - gatherers in the
white clover-honey harvest, unless said har-
vest is much more prolonged than it ever is
here; so the bees raised from the eggs of the
extra queen will only become consumers, with-
out adding one iota to our crop of honey. Yea,
more: instead of adding to the crop of honey
It will lessen that crop by just the amount that
it will take to feed and nurse the brood and
the young bees after hatching, which is a clear
loss to us.

Then, again, all admit that one strong colony
will store far more honey when kept together,
it not having the swarming fever, than the
same colony would if divided and placed in two
separate hives, thus making two weak colonies
of it. Hence, by dividing at the commence-
ment of the honey harvest, or a little before,
we have two weak colonies to do the gathering,
up to about the time the harvest closes, instead
of the one very strong one; while after-results
from fall flowers are no better for an increase
at this time. Still again: By such division we
shall have many combs from half to three-
fourths full of honey to extract from during
the season or at the end thereof, instead of lit-
tle if any more than half the number of chock-
ful combs which will yield bountifully of hon-
ey every time we put them in the extractor.
Hence we have very much more work in the
extracting arising from this division, just be-
fore the honey harvest.

For these reasons my plan has been to work
the colonies as above given till very near, or
just at the close of the harvest, when I go to
work and make what increase I wish, by divid-
ing as many of the colonies as I wish increase.

If any happen to swarm near the close of the
honey harvest, or at any time during the latter
part of the same, I accept their increase as far
as they do so, thus lessening the number de-
sired, according to the number which swarm.
About ten days before the honey harvest will
naturally close, I start queen-cells In upper
stories (the colonies thus used for cells should
have a queen-excluding honey-board between
the stories), according to the plan given in
"Scientific Queen-rearing," to the needed num-
ber, these queen-cells being built without any
detriment to our honey crop, as the old queen
is still doing duty below; and when these cells
are ripe I proceed to divide the required number
of colonies by an equal division of brood, bees,
and combs, allowing the old queen to remain
on the old stand, and giving the nearly mature
cell to the part removed, twenty-four hours after
removal, when they will readily accept the
same without using any precaution against the

bees tearing the cell cpen and destroying the
young queen.

If queen txcludi'rs are used between the two
stories of each colony, as I think it well pays to
do, then I like this plan a littlt? better: Four
days before I expect to make the division I go
to the hive and raise the more nearly mature
brood to the upper story; and if I see the queen
I leave her below; but I take no special pains
to look for her. At the end of the four days I
take a look at the combs; and if the queen is in
the upper story it will be revealed by there be-
ing eggs in the combs. If there are no eggs
found I insert a queen-cell and let the hive
stand as it is till near sunset, when I take off
the upper story and carry it to where I wish it
to stand, and the divi.^ion is made. If eggs are
found I hunt out the queen and let her run in
at the entrance below, and at night carry the
upper story to a new stand, giving the cell 24
hours later, as I did by the first plan, as the
bees having a queen in this upper ^tory would
be likely to destroy the cell if no precaution is
taken. If I do not readily find the queen,
where one happens to be in an upper story, I
either shake off the bees in front of the en-
trance to the lower hive, or shake the bees off
their combs into the upper hive, smoking the
bees down through the queen-excluder, when
the queen will be easily found trying to get
through the zinc. If I wish to catch the queen
I use the latter way; but if I only wish to have
her in the lower story, the first is the more
quickly accomplished.

pettit's method op producing comb honey;
perforated followers.
Will you kindly refer back to page .52 of the
present volume of Gleanings to that part of
the article by Mr. S. T. Peitit, beginning, "But
there is another new and valuable feature to be
described " ? Read to the end, and I think you
will conclude, as I have, that Mr. Pettit ex-
presses it well when he speaks of this feature as
"new and valuable." I have scanned closely
all articles in Gleanings and the Amer. Bee
Journal for a good many years; but, so far as
I can remember, this is the first time this sim-
ple but practicable idea has been placed before
the bee-keeping fraternity. The morel think
of this suggestion the more it grows in import-
ance, until I feel impelled to revert your atten-
tion to its sterling worth. Not only so, but,
original and weighty as this feature appears, I
was somewhat disappointed to find that, in your
footnote, you failed to give it even a passing
notice. But what is this new feature? If I

(iLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE

Apr. J5.

understand Mr. Pettit aright, it is simply a thin
piece of perforated wood, the size of an ordinary
separator, placed on the outside row of sections,
and a bee-space from the side of the super, held
thus by J^-inch strips. This "divider" admits
of two bee-spaces and the clustering of the bees
therein, while the %-inch holes allow of easy
access to either side. With this feature applied,
the bees will be able to ascend along the sides
of the hive from the bottom -board to the top of
the uppermost supers.

This device is easily and inexpensively applic-
able to the dovetailed super. As now arranged,
the follower and wedge occupy a half-inch space
unused by the bees. By substituting a piece of
perforated zinc for the A-in. follower, presto! a
bee-space is secured on both sides of the suoer;
3^-in. strips, 4K in. long, three to a side, one at
each end and one in the middle, stood upright,
to be used as wedges. So much confidence do I
place in the likelihood of this new contrivance
enabling the bees to fill and finish the outside
of the outside sections in an ordinary flow that
I have decided to give it a thorough test the
coming season. The long wedge with which to
raise the hive and guide the bees, described in
the first part of Mr. Pettit's article, is good; but
the perforated followers, securing a double bee-
space, warmth, clustering, and free communi-
cation, while avoiding brace-combs and bulg-
ing, is the latest and best. Like many another
invaluable idea, it seems so simple, withal, that
we are forced to exclaim, " Why didn't I think
of that before?" I believe the progressive bee-
keeper who adopts this happy hint will be a
great gainer thereby; and we all owe Mr. Pet-
tit a debt of gratitude for the generous way he
has given this advanced idea to the public.

Wadena, la., Mar. 12. Geo. G. Scott.

[I noticed the idea of the perforated follower;
but as practically the same sort of dpvice had
been used before. I did not refer to it particu-
larly. Perforated separators have been used
between sections and next lo the outside rows
with a bee-space on each side of the separator.
I can not now point to the page where such is
illustrated in our older literature; but our Brit-
ish cousins have long used the arrangement.
The only difference, if any, is that the perforat-
ed strips were used beUceen the rows of sections,
as well as on the outsides. But, even if old, this
would not in itself make the idea any the less
valuable. It struck me, however, that the
slanting bottom board has the more important
of the two ideas advanced bv friend Pettit. and
so I referred to it particularly in the footnote.
I am glad you have called particular attention
to the other idea, as do doubt it needs more em-
phasizing than it received on page .52.— Ed.]

a lamp in my cellar, and had it well shaded, and
a good burner on the lamp; but it seemed to
disturb the bees, although there was a door be-
tween them and the lamp. This I ascertained
by listening through the ventilation-hole on
top; and I could smell the gas mixed with the
bees' breath. Is there any danger of keeping
the cellar too tight if the temperature inside
does not go above 3S or 38° ?
Gait, Mich., Jan. 5. Fred B. Gavanagh.

[As Dr. Miller has had more experience than
we along these lines I asked him to reply. — Ed.]

A lamp or oil-stove should not be used to warm
a cellar unless there is some way of carrying off
the gases that arise from combustion. A can or
jug of hot water is entirely safe provided the
water is corked in so tight that no vapor es-
capes. But if you use a common five-gallon tin
can, with boiling water corked tight, it will
spoil the can ; for when the water cools the sides
of the can will cave in— that is, in case the can
is only partly filled. If filled full there will be
no trouble. " Stoves in the cellar have probably
done more harm than good," as stated in A B C;
but there are those who have had much experi-
ence in their use. who insist that the harm has
always come from the wrong kind of stoves, as
oil-stoves without chimneys, or else wrong use
of the right kind of stoves.

There is not often much danger of having a
cellar too tight, for there are usually enough
cracks and chinks for the air to pass through;
but there is danger from cold if your cellar con-
tinues from 35 to 38°. Better warm it up some
way. C. G. Miller.

HEAT FOR BEE CELLARS.

I see in A B C of Bee Culture that you recom-
mend lamps for heating bee-cellars; but as the
physiology says that a common lamp uses as
much oxygen as 12 people, I should think
enough more ventilation would be required to
make up for the extra heat of the lamp. I tried

REPORT ON CRIMSON CLOVER IN YORK STATE.

Your report on crimson clover. Mar. 15, re-
minds me of my own experience with it. I have
had it freeze out completely; but last year, the
middle or latter part of July I sowed a piece of
it with buckwheat, and have to-day as perfect
a stand of it as could be desired. The fall was
favorable for a good growth, which it made,
completely covering the ground, and even in
several comparatively wet spots, where it
would winter-kill if anywhere, it is growing
nicely, and is probably out of danger at this
writing, March 22. I think the principal cause
of my failure heretofore has been to sow too
late, not getting a perfect mat of leaves before
winter set In. C. Weckesser.

Sanborn, N. Y.

DRAWN COMBS AHEAD.

In regard to using drawn combs in boxes I
have the best of luck with them. I generally
put one-half drawn combs and the other half
foundation, and I always find the drawn combs
filled first; and I have often wished that full
combs could be made for surplus and brood-
chamber. I think I should rather pay more for
the same. G. S. Brown.

Salisbury, Vt., Feb. 19.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

m-=pr^

»■/•-'

"%."'/-

John f^ ^ART/zy^

'>'^^a/'GAouT^t<^''^

E olemont of con-
fusion displayc^d
around Alfaretta
when she entered
the rancheria was
just suited to her
mental condition. The people were so differ-
ent from those she met in her home life, and
appeared so frightened, that she hastily dis-
mounted from her pony and gave chase to the
nearest squaw; and it is needless to say that
the " confusion was worse confounded." There
was a stampede of nearly the whole population.
In their minds the ancient tradition was about
to be verified. The white squaw had arrived,
and to snakes they were to be changed. The
older men, however, collected in a group and
awaited with much show of dignity whatever
ordeal might be practiced upon them.

Failing to catch the squaws, Alfaretta ap-
proached the group, flirting her riding-whip
toward them, shouting, *' Shoo, bad men, shoo!"
" We no bad men," said the chief. " We
much good Indian. We no kill, no scalp white
man; much good, much good Indian."

" You good Indian?" said Alfaretta; "then
tell me where Is Fred Anderson ? "

"Fred Anderson?" said the chief, shaking
his head; "him hard case to find. Him way
up mountain; you see him some time. Go rest
in wickiup, white squaw; we much good In-
dians."

The idea of rest was a proper one for Alfa-
retta to entertain. The violent ride and ex-
citement had left her very weary, and a cabin
and a cot were gladly accepted, and she was
soon fast asleep.

Since Dr. Hayden had been confined ^o closely
to the valley he had instituted a novel mode of
communication with the Indians. Upon a
prominent point upon the rim of the valley,
and on the side nearest the rancheria, he had
placed a vigorous colony of bees. This colony
sought nectar from the flora outside the valley,
and the doctor instructed the young Indians to
observe closely their movements; and if he was
urgently needed outside the valley they were to
dust flour on several bees; or if there was dan-
ger threatened, they were to use a red pigment.
By a combination of colors the doctor worked
out a good signal-code; and upon the after-
noon, soon after Alfaretta's arrival, the colors
read, " Meet parties at the entrance; danger."

Alfaretta enjoyed a profound slumber in the
rancheria; and the women, finding no harm
came to them, issued from their hiding, and the
boldest peeped into the cabin to see the sleeping
white squaw.

The purport of her mission was discussed by
the older Indians, and two of the older squaws
were delegated to escort her to the valley,
while, aside from the telegram over the bee-
line, two Indians were sent to the valley in the
early evening to consult with the doctor. Be-
fore the squaws left the rancheria that night
the Indians had seen enough of Alfaretta to
know her mental condition, and their fear of a
few hours previous changed to pity. Their
conversation denoted solicitude for her welfare,
and that Neo-a-ho-a, their great medicine man,
should exorcise the evil spirit that possessed
her.

Alfaretta upon her pony, and the two squaws
trudging beside her, entered the mountains
through a blind canyon a little past midnight.
Dr. Hayden, with the two Indians, was await-
ing them in an obscure retreat near the great
balanced rock that guarded the entrance to the
valley.

Gimp Dawson had encountered various epi-
sodes in his day's journey, and, but for the con-
trariety of old Jake, he would have overtaken
Alfaretta at Covelo. Here Prof. Buell and Joe
Splinter found him; and the snarl of questions
with which Gimp was trying to tangle the
saloon loafers was soon made plain by Prof.
Buell, with the result that the man Jim. locally
known as Slim Jim, and Pete Armstrong, who
made it his business to hunt, with loaded rifle,
for the mysterious man of Crystal Mountain,
made two more willing additions to the search
party, and young Armstrong, after an unsuc-
cessful search at the Indian rancheria, led the
parly directly to the old cabin in the obscure
canyon. Here they camped, and posted their
watchers at various points. Gimp, the young-
est and the most inexperienced, was posted in a
little obscure passage opening nearly behind
the big balanced rock, and ending, apparently,
among the boulders beyond. " There, young-
ster," said Slim Jim, " ye can take a nap, for
nobody'll disturb ye in there."

All was quiet about the mountain; for in
these solitudes, as night deepens, not a chirrup
of a bird, the piping of an insect, nor even the
rustle of a leaf, is heard.

290

(JI.EANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apr. 15.

Gimp sat in the dark, lis<^euing to his own
heart-beats so long that he became drowsy, and-
finally fell asleep. Alfaretta was escorted to
the valley's entrance through this very intri-
cate and obscure passage. Silently each one of
the escort glided along. Dr. Hayden had met
them at a point some distance out, and guided
their movements. When he found Gimp asleep
he stood beside him. motioning the rest to pass.
All had entered the dark passage under the
rock, and Dr. Haydeti was about to leave Gimp
when the latter sprang to his feet and was about
to shout. The doctor's strong hand was placed
over his mouth, and he too was hurried into
the passage. But Gimp was strong and active,
and, getting advantage of the doctor, he shout-
ed at the top of his voice, •' Help! help!" His
mouth was this time bandaged, and the great
rock fell to its place with a crash, and Gimp
was lost to his companions.

They heard the shout, and the crash of the
rock; but the keenest search failed to reveal
the least trace of poor Gimp.

In the morning Alfaretta's saddle was found
half a mile down the valley; but neither Jack
nor the rider was to be found.

Prof. Buell's feelings can better be imagined
than described, and he was not consoled by the
tales of Slim Jim and young Armstrong, for
they painted the mysterious man of Crystal
Mountain in hideous colors.

For several days the mountain passes were
searched as they had never been before. Prof.
Buell even essayed to cross that terrible obsid-
ian barrier, but with only one result— deep
gashes in his feet and legs. He finally gave up
the search, and returned to his home, with a
sad heart, but with the hope that is always in
the heart of a Christian— that all will be well.

In the morning, when Fred Anderson heard
the well-known song, and realized that Alfa-
retta was in the valley, he quickly sprang down
the terrace and was at her side.

"Alfaretta!" said he with deep emotion.

"Ah! this is Fred Anderson," said she; "my
mermaids told me where to find you — away,
away up the sunny mountain. We will part
nevermore— nevermore."

" Oh that she were sane, how gladly would I
listen to such a prophecy!" said Fred half
aloud. " But, Alfaretta"— but Fred was inter-
rupted by the approach of one of the squaws,
who said, "Neo-a-ho a am in cabin. Him feel
bad. He no like white squaw. You best see
Neo a-ho a;" and she turned an obsequious
attention to Alfaretta, who led the way up the
terrace, singing her song and collecting the
beautiful flowers that hung in profusion on
every hand.

Fred hastened to the doctor's cabin. The
latter sat in deep abstraction. He noted not
Fred's entrance. Tears were flowing from his
eyes.

" Doctor." said Fred, gently; but there was
no movement. Fred realized that something
of unusual interest was upon the mind of his
friend, and he stepped softly out of the cabin
again and strolled down to the little stream
that ran through the valley. Upon nearing a
clump of oaks he heard Sam talking in a con-
soling way to some one. " Now, honey, you
shouldn't cry. You's in de mos beautiful val-
ley in de whole world. See de red posies, de
blue posies; see de rocks, de trees, de sparklin'
Wis-tonwe; and jus' see me, de brack posy."

"Darn ye and yer posies, yer dirty Injuns
an' yer squaws. Le'me go, will yer?" and
there was a struggle.

" Why, Gimp Dawson," said Fred, as he
hastened through the bushes. " Gimp, you
here? Sam, what have you tied that rope
around him for? '"

" You see. Mister Fred, this young kid wants
ter own dis hyar whole valley. He's had more'n
forty tantrums this mornin'. I spect he's got
to be reconciled."

"le'me go, will yer?"

" Well, Sam, take off the rope. Here, Gimp,
you know I am your friend. Alfaretta and
you and I are all in this valley now, and we
must make the best of it until we can get out.
Sam is a good fellow, and will treat you well."

" Don't want nuffin' to do with the nigger,"
said Gimp.

"Don't hurt yer feelin's a callin' me names,
honey. Tain't de color ob de skin dat makes
de man; it's de actions. But, Mister Fred,"
said Sam. suddenly, "I wish ye'd go up to de
cabin an' rouse de doctor; he eats no breakfas',
an' sits a gloamin' an' gloamin'. Dis hyar
white gal has a strange effec' upon him. Jes
as he was a joicin' about a bachelor's paradise
dis gal pops in to spile it."

After giving Gimp some further advice, and
telling him to see that rfo barm came to Alfa-
retta, he again w'ent to the doctor's cabin.

" Doctor," said he, bruskly, as he entered, " I
see that you have visitors this morning."

"Yes, yes," said the doctor, slowly; "we
have visitors, a visitor, and, Fred, do you know
the lady in white? "

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CaLTURE

291

" Yes, doctor, she is the lady we have talked
about so much. Her name is Aifaretta Buell."

" Fred Anderson, you are mistaken. You
have been deceived;" and as the doctor arose
and paced the floor he said, in terrible earnest-
ness, '* Fred Anderson, that young lady's name
is Aifaretta Hayden— my long-lost daughter."

" No, doctor," said Fred, with equal earnest-
ness, " you can not mean it. Your daughter,
doctor — ha, ha! are we all going crazy ? are we
dreaming?"

The doctor stepped across ihe cabin to a little
cabinet, and took from an inner recess an old-
time ivorytype; " look upon this picture, Fred."

"Aifaretta, for sure," said Fred.

"Alfaretta's mother," replied the doctor.
" Now, Fred, sit down. I must talk. Let me
tell you the story of my life. I believe I have
told you that 1 was born in Western New York.
The farm adjoining ours was owned by my

'LOOK UPON THIS PICTURE, FKED."

uncle, Wm. Bull. His son Clarence was about
my age, and we were always fast friends, and
were always together until we graduated from
college. Our ways parted then for a time. I
went to Germany to finish my education in
medicine, and he to the far West as a surveyor.
The civil war brought us together again— I a
surgeon and he in an engineer corps. We
escaped the dangers of war, and returned to
our paternal homes. We longed for the quiet-
ness of home life, and, soon after our return,
we both found suitable companions, and set-
tled down to a happy domestic life— Clarence a
teacher, and I in the practice of a country
physician. Perhaps our lives were too full of
joy. Our homes were the scenes of happy
gaiherings, and the sunshine of love filled our
cozy homes; but in the midst of this happiness

the storm lowered, and in the birth of Aifa-
retta the life of the one I loved went out. Ah,
dear Fred! little do you know of the sorrow in
losing one so near and dear as a wife. No more
the face greets you at the window; the smile
that gave the heart a stronger throb of joy is
now only a memory; where there was cheery
presence, laughter, song, all is still. In the
deep silence of night, in some lonely trysting-
place, I uplift my clasped hands and cry, 'O
lovely spirit! dear one, come and whisper words
of love and hope to me; clasp my hand; let me
but feel thy presence.' The summer breeze
stirs the foliage above me, but there comes no
answering word— lonely, so lonely; and when I
retrace my steps to that desolate home, an un-
rest seizes me and I would haste away to the
far corners of the earth. The young life that
had come into my home under such sad circum-
stances was taken into the home of my bosom
friend, Clarence Bull. Their little Adrietta,
after a few mouths of life, had died, and Aifa-
retta found a warm welcome there. It is need-
less for me to tell you that, from the hour of the
death of my wife, I became a wanderer. I first
went to Mexico, then to Peru. I became a
prominent factor in one of their periodic revo-
lutions, and upon the defeat of our party I was
sent far into the interior, and for several years
had no communication with my distant kindred.
When I did return to my old home, things had
greatly changed. My cousin Clarence had
moved to Denver; thither 1 went in search of
him: but he had left his position there under a
cloud— some scandal connected with his school,
and no trace of him could be found until I met
you. But the changed name misled me. His
wife's pride, or perhaps the scandal, led to the
change.

" I have had some bif^er feelings against him
this morning, but I am sure my old-time friend
is far too (generous to ever deceive me. I shall
trust him. But, O my daughter Aifaretta!
would that I had not found thee."

The doctor's reflections were suddenly inter-
rupted by a great noise from the terrace above,
like the crushing of glass, followed by shrill
shouts by the squaws, the agonized braying of
a donkey, and Gimp shouting, "She's killed!
she's killed! oh she's killed!"

ANOTHER DEFUNCT .JOURNAL.

Noticing in your January 15th number an ar-
ticle by Dr. C. C. Miller, giving a list of defunct
bee-journals, as the subject seems to be of in-
terest to your readers I write to call attention
to The American Bee Gazette, which started
some time in the '60's in New York City, under
+he management of E. Van Slyck, and, after a
few issues, was absorbed by the American Bee
Journal, of Washington, D. C.

Bellaire, Mich. Roswell Leavitt.

GLEANINGSIN BEE CULTURE.

Apr. 15.

Bees appear to have wintered unusually well
all over the country, up to this writing; and so
far the spring has been favorable.

The Caliiornia anti-honey-adulteration law,
spoken of in last issue, is already bearing fruit,
for, according to the Pacific Bee Journal,'' The
fight is already on, . . . and many arrests
have been made." This sounds like business.
Let other States follow suit.

The use of drawn combs in sections, and
their value in supers, is being commented on
very favorably in the Review and in the Amer-
ican Bee Journal. By " drawn combs " is
meant those that are built wholly by the bees,
but have been previously drawn out to catch
the honey-flow."

The new machine for making drawn founda-
tion is now able to turn out samples with cells
about T^ deep, running somewhere about 9
feet to the pound. The base is very much
thinner than in that of any sample of founda-
tion that we have hitherto turned out, and the
walls themselves are about rAn thick— i^u be-
ing the natural thickness. We are at present
using only a small portion of the die surface.
Later on we hope to make larger samples the
same weight.

In the last Review, experimenter Taylor, of
the Michigan Experiment Apiary, details his
experiments with the Aspinwall non-swarming
hive. He has used two of these hives in his
apiary for two seasons, and yet he says " the
results, so far as determining the true value of
its non-swarming quality is concerned, are thus
far negative." Elsewhere he states that
" swarms from other hives were exceedingly
few. The hjve is a marvel of ingenuity," he
says, "with closed -end frames held compactly
together with a screw which works against a
movable side." An objection to the hive, he
urges, is that it would cost considerably in
excess of the regular Langstroth hive; and the
present times and low prices and small profit
speak too eloquently in the ears of the producer.

Personally I have always liked the appear-
ance of this hive, and it has seemed to me that
it contained good features providing it did not
make the hive too expensive.

MRS. J. N. heater.
It is with much regret that we announce the
sudden death of Mrs. J. N. Heater, of Colum-
bus, Neb.— one of the leading lady bee-keepers
of her State, and at the time of her death she

had attained almost natiomal distinction. She
was present at the Lincoln convention, and
gave us a valuable paper. Mrs. Heater had
undergone an operation, which was supposed
to have been successful; but it seems the anes-
thetic—chloroform—was too powerful for her.
She was an earnest Christian woman, and at
the time of her death we have no doubt she
had placed her hope in Christ Jesus. The
manner of her death is told in one of the local
papers in this way:

On Friday night, March 12, Mrs. Heater could not
sleep; and toward morning- Mr. Heater, who was at
her bedside, said, " Sliall 1 sing to you ? Perhaps it
will put you to sleep." The suffering one nodded
assent, and Mr. Heater softly sang a favorite song,
and she seemed to drop Into a gentle sleep; but,
alas ! the watching husband soon found to his sor-
row that it was the sleep of death.

The untimely death of Mrs. Heater reminds
us of the very sudden death of another lady al-
most equally prominent, who was present at
the Lincoln convention— Mrs. A. L. Hallen-
beck. It will be remembered that she died
from the result of injuries received in a run-
away, about ten days after the convention.

the majesty of the law.

Just as we go to press, the April number of
a bee-paper (monthly) is at hand. It is filled
almost from cover to cover with articles attack-
ing the new drawn foundation. Some of the
writers have not only resorted to gross misrep-
resentations and ridicule, but have gone so far,
in our judgment, as to libel our name and
attempt to injure our business. Indirectly, but
very pointedly, we are referred to as " unprin-
cipled men," " adulterators," and the like. The
editor is evidently making the effort of his life
to injure our name, reputation, and business.
He has written bee-keepers everywhere to se-
cure sympathy. From some of them, as we
know, he has received cold comfort in return;
and the letters from others he has, of course,
published. We have fully explained our course;
and any reasonable person knows we do not
and would not do any thing to injure the honey
business.

One thing is certain— we shall not weary our
readers with an extended reply in defense of
our name. As to what we shall do further, we
have not yet decided. It may not have occur-
red to some of these writers that they may be
rendering themselves as well as the publisher
amenable to the law.

character of combs containing honey; a
distinction in terms
In the April 1st issue of the American Bee
Journal is an article from W. Z. Hutchinson,
the last paragraph of which is as follows:

I recently expressed my views regarding the new
deep cell foundation, with which The A. I. Root Co.
is experimenting, and have only to add, when such
a man as E. R. Hoot says that the comb resulting
from the use of this new foundation is as brittle
and "eatable " as natural combs we can only wait—

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE

293

suspend our judgment until we can tiy it ourselves.
If It should turn out that the use of tliis product
does not debase the comb honey, and it can be pro-
duced in commercial quantities at a low price, it is
quite likely that it will solve the question of how
drawn combs should be produced. In the mean-
while we can go on gretting drawn combs according'
to the plans that we know are sucessful.

Mr. Hutchinson quotes me as saying that the
comb resulting from the new foundation is
" brittle " and eatable. By the term '• brittle "
he means the same thing that I do; but it
seems to me that brittle is not the correct word.
If I am any judge, comb is never brittle when
filled with honey. It is only when empty and
dried out that it becomes such. I think what
Mr. Hutchinson means by "brittle" is flaky;
and yet to my mind this gives a wrong notion.
Comb containing honey should be soft and
yielding, whether natural comb or that made
from ordinary foundation or from drawn foun-
dation.

Mr. Hutchinson's position is very fair. We
are quite willing to place this whole question
before the bar of the future; and if that future
shall decide against the new product, even
though we have invested a heap of money in it
we shall drop it. But the past has most emphat-
ically given its decision in favor of the new
drawn foundation.

THE NEW UNION AND THE RESULT OF THE
ELECTION.

The following report has been received, and
will explain itself:

To the :.i.
We, til-
ed in H- 1
ing as (in
States B ■■

nited States Bee-keeper.s' Union:—
imittee, according to the power vest-
-^fitution, hereliy appoint the foUow-
and Board of Directors of the United
1, to hold .their offices during the re-

mainder of the year 18117, or until their successors are elected
and qualified:

General Manager— Hon. Eugene Secor. Forest City, Iowa.

Board of Directors— Ernest R. Root, Medina, Ohio ; Hev. E.
T. Abbott St. Joseph, Mo.; Dr. C. C. Miller, Marengo, Ul.; W.
Z. Hutchinson, Flint, Mich.; E. Whitcomb, Friend. Neb.; C. P.
Dadant, Hamilton, III. George W. York, Pres.,

E. Whitcomb, Vice Pres.,
A. B. Mason, Sec,

Chicago, 111., Apiil 1, 1897. Executive Committee.

[Mr. York, of the Bee Journal, comments as
follows:]

Now as the United States Bee-keepers' Union is
fully equipped as to its officers, we trust that bee-
keepers everywhere will at once send in their dollar
membership-fees to the General Manager, Hon. Eu-
gene Secor. Forest City, Iowa, or to the Secretary,
Dr. A. B. Mason, Sta. B, Toledo, Ohio, so that there
may be ample funds to begin to carry out the ob-
jects of the Union, which are expressed in the fol-
lowing paragraph taken from the new Constitution :

ARTICLE II.— Object.s.
Its objects shall be to promote and protect the interests of
its members; to defend them in their lawful rights; to en-
force laws against the adulteration of honey; to pi'osecute
dishonest honey-commission men; and to advance the pursuit
of bee culture in general.

What more do you want? Where is the bee-keeper
that doesn't want to help carrry out every one of
those splendid "objects " V Surely, every bee-keep-
er in the land will be glad to have his name enrolled
as a member of the new Union.

I say amen to every thing that Mr. York has
said. Article 3 shows the object of the new Or-
ganization. Its field is large— very large. Per-
haps this season it will not be able to make a
very great showing until we can get it on its
feet. First of all, we need funds, and that

means a large membership. Those who are
anxious to see some of the crooked ways of
commission men brought to light, and the glu-
cose evil fought, should plank down their dol-
lars at once. Unless the officers are supported,
they can not very well compass much in the
lines indicated.

THE WILLIAMSON PRODUCE CO. ; S ANFORD & CO. ;
COMPLAINT.S.

Mr. J. H. UoYT, of Otisco. N. Y., shipped to
the Williamson Produce Co., commission mer-
chants, of New York, 2000 pounds— his entire
crop— of honey last September. He has their
note, but it would appear he will not be able to
realize upon it. The Williamson Produce Co.
gave as references on their card the name of R.
J. Dean & Co., bankers, New York. We wrote
to that firm, inquiring about the responsibility
of said Williamson Produce Co., and received
the following reply:

The A. I. Root Co:— In reply to your letter of
March 19, we would say that we never gave the
Williamson Produce Co. permission to refer to us.
From the complaints that have been coming here,
we should say that they are anything but responsi-
ble. Yours respectfully,

R. J. Dean & Co.

302 Greenwich St., New York, March 23.

On the 19th of March we wrote to the Wil-
liamson people, calling their attention to the
complaint of Mr. Hoyt; but as yet we have re-
ceived no reply. It is possible that they will
take up the noie; but in the mean time our
readers can draw their own conclusions.

In the last American Bee Journal there is
recorded a complaint regarding the now extinct
firm of Sanford & Co., of New York. Com-
plaints have also come lo us concerning the
same parties. A word to the wise "'s sufficient.

When will bee-keepers learn not to trust the
product of their honest toil to entire strangers?
In the first instance, it is possible that Mr.
Hoyt was misled by the fact that the William-
son Produce Co. referred to a responsible bank-
ing house which he knew. If he had taken
pains to write to this house before he shipped
his honey he might now have something to
show for his year's work with the bees.

A few days ago we received what we thought
was quite a bad complaint against one of the
firms that furnish quotations for Gleanings.
On referring it to the firm in question we learn-
ed that the bee-keeper had sent the honey
without orders, as well as some other produce;
and the firm wrote us that, if their patron had
simply asked for instructions, they would have
advised him to hold his produce until they
could have found for him a customer in his own
vicinity. But, no; our friend, without orders,
shipped the produce to the city, at a distance
from his own home, where the goods (apples in
this case) were a drug on the market, and were
actually being dumped by the hundred bushels
because there was no sale.

294

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apk 15

Moral.— T)o not trust unknown firnas, even if
they do furnish good references. Write to the
references first; and while you are about it
write to us too, for we are on the track of near-
ly all the honey firms. Second, do not ship
your honey or any thing else without first re-
ceiving orders from the commission house.

FOUNDATION WITHOUT SIDE WALLS.

Allusion was made in our last issue to the
fact that a number of bee-keepers had clubbed
together to purchase a foundation mill that
would turn out an article without side walls.
Mr. Bingham, in a recent article in the Review,
in writing of this, says: "While not strictly an
invention, it is practically such."

I do not know whether he meant to say that
such foundation was new or not; but, if I am
correct, the first foundation that was ever made
had no side walls. Cheshire, in his "Bees and
Bee-keeping," second volume (1887), has a good
deal to say about what he calls " artificial mid-
rib;" and in Fig. 48 he shows a wax-press for
making the product. One of the earliest pat-
ents on foundation, I believe, showed the foun-
dation without the walls. Something like
twelve or fifteen years ago we made a mill for
W. W. Bliss, then of Duarte, Cal., that turned
out a foundation without side walls, running
about fifteen feet to the pound— in fact, an al-
most exact duplicate of that which is turned
out on the mill made for the members of the
Michigan State Bee-keepers' Convention, the
product from which has been so greatly ad-
mired by Mr. Bingham and others. The first
foundation that was ever made by A. I. Root
was from small plates that were an exact
counterpart of the midrib without wall. One
of these old die-plates was used in the office, as
a memento of old days gone by, but serving in
the exalted position of a paper-weight. Sin-
gularly enough, up till recently it was wont to
hold down the piles of orders for the new Weed
process foundation.

Artificial midrib, if we adopt the word of Mr.
Cheshire, is not a new article; but the mere
fact that it has been tried in the past, and
seemed to have been forgotten for some reason
or other for the regular foundation, is some-
what significant. But many another good
thing has been abandoned, which later on has
proved to be of value. Possibly this may be
true of the article over which a few of the
members of the Michigan State Convention
were so enthusiastic.

But if it is a light foundation that is wanted,
we can make, and, in fact, have made, an extra
thin, having side wall, running 15 feet to the
pound : and I am not sure but we could make it
as light as 18; but the very light grades do not
seem to meet with a very favorable reception
by the bees nor by their owners.

Mr. Bingham seems to feel that the septum,
or midrib, without side walls, would be less lia-
ble to sag than that with. To me it would
seem as if it were the other way. The grounds
for Mr. Bingham's convictions are that a side
wall is unnatural, and that, in the effort of the
bees to improve it, they fall into all sorts of ca-
lamities. These are points that this season's
experimenting will very easily settle.

THE ORTON TEN COLONY TENEMENT HIVE.

Some little time ago we received two fine
photos of a tenement double-walled hive, and
along with them came a short description.
This last seems to have been mislaid during
the interim in which the engravings were being
made. I have been waiting for it to " turn up,"
but as the subject-matter will soon be out of
season I decided to submit it to our readers,
without a description, and let the pictures do
their own talking.

As will be noticed, it is a double-walled hive
made to take ten colonies. The cover easily
tilts back on hinges, to permit of the manipula-
tion of the colonies, though I imagine it would
be a little cramped in working under the cover.
The whole material for making up the hive, in-
cluding the drop siding, if I remember correct-
ly, was less than $5.00; and from the pictures
almost any one could construct one like it. Of
course, he would have to figure out his own di-
mensions.

One objection to the ordinary tenement hives
is that they are unwieldy. As usually con-
structed they are made to take four colonies.
When sufficient space is allowed for packing, it
makes the space so large that it will not go in-
to an ordinary wagon. By taking off the
wagon-box, and extending the reach, this hive
of Mr. Orton's could be skidded up on to the
wagon; but as a general rule, after it is once set
down it should stay in that location. Such a
hive would be convenient at out-apiaries; and
if located in sight of a house, and the cover se-
cured down by means of a padlock, it ought to
be reasonably free from the depredations of
thieves and heavy winds.

It will be noticed that the upper stories of
each brood-section are packed with sawdust or
other loose material. By looking very closely
you will notice on the back side of the open
hive that there is a space for packing-material
around the ends of the hives. If there is only
thin wood between each brood-nest the two
contiguous colonies would be apt to cluster up
next to this on account of the warmth. When
we kept our tenement hives running, the win-
ter clusters in the four hives were huddled to-
gether as closely as possible, and I have no
doubt that Mr. Orton finds his colonies have a
tendency to cluster in pairs— one on each side of
the thin board separating the two colonies.

1897

GLEANliNGS IN BEE CULTURE.

ORTOX'S TENEMENT HIVE, CLOSED— FRONT VIEW.

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ORTONS TENEMENT HIVE, OPEN— REAR VIEW.

296

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apr. 15.

Our Homes.

And Joseph gathered corn as the sand of the sea,
very much, until he left numbering; for it was
without number. . . . And all countries came
into Egypt to Joseph for to buy corn; because that
the famine was so sore in all lands. — Gen. 41:49, 57.

A few days ago a paper was sent me from Ne-
braska, with a marked article for me to read.
After reading this article my eyes wandered In-
to the next column where there were market re-
ports of the different grains. It read something
like this: ''Corn in yie ear, 10 cts. per bushel."
As I read this I concluded it must be for just a
bushel basketful of ears of corn; but the next
quotation dispelled this delusion, for it read,
"Shelled corn, 10 cts. per bushel."

When we were at Lincoln, Nebraska, some of
the friends explained that you could buy the
shelled corn at about the same price as corn in
the ear, because the cobs are worth the cost of
shelling, for fuel; and they explained that,
where corn is quoted at so much in the ear, out
west, it means enough ears of corn to make a
bushel shelled. A whole bushel of shelled corn
for only 10 cents! Six pounds of one of the
most nutritious and sustaining foods that the
world ever saw, for just one cent! No wonder
our farming friends felt blue and discouraged.
And then I wondered why they did not stop
raising corn until the price went up a little:
but I went on reading the market reports, and
I found oats per bushel, 12 cts.; rye, per bushel
— I do not now remember exactly whether it
was 30, 35, or 40 cts., but it certainly was a ri-
diculously low figure. How can farmers go on
and prepare their ground and put in their crops
with old corn standing around wanting a pur-
chaser, at only 10 cts. a bushel? Why. it seems
to me they can not do it. Things are coming to
a standstill. Farmers can not buy books and
papers, nor even hives and garden seeds. They
can not go to the store and trade. They can
not even afford postage-stamps, let alone nick-
els, unless something is done for their relief.

Now, please do not worry, friends, and fear
that A. I. Root is losing his faith in God and
God's plans. If I were losing faith I would not
be writing these Home Papers; for it was faith
in God and faith in my fellow-men that first
started me; and God will give me faith— and at
least a degree of wisdom, I am sure, to discuss
some of thesesocial problems. Something must
be done, and done right speedily, to take this
corn that 'is at present, as in the language of
our text, "as the sand of the sea." I do not
know but the friends out west have left off
numbering, as Joseph did, because the quantity
is so great, and nobody to purchase it. In the
latter verse of our text, please notice that "all
the countries came into Egypt for to buy corn,
because the famine was so sore." Is it a famine
that is needed? Well, we certainly need not
pray that God may send a famine, for already
there are millions starving, and millions that
will die unless this corn is carried to them. In
the last issue of the Chicago Advance we are
informed that a company has been formed, and
a great steamship line has volunteered to move
the corn from our Western States right to the
sufferers in India, /ree of charge. One of the
great problems in the matter— in fact. I might
say the great problem— has thus already been
solved— the cost of moving the corn to the suf-
ferers. Mav God be praised for this much. In
the article I have alluded to in the Advance,
so far as I can gather, the impression was left
that the farmers out west should contribute the
corn free of charge. They can get only 10 cts. a
bushel for it any way, arid they might as well

give it away to get rid of it. That seemed to be
the impression left, but perhaps I am mistaken.
At any rale, I wish to make a little protest
right here against asking the average farmer
to give any thing. If he sells the corn at 10
cts. a bushel, or something like that price, he
has done enough. Let the rest of the world—
the moneyed world— pay him this small price
for his corn. It need not be an act of charity;
for if the West can not be set to work raising
more crops, we are going to suffer, each and all
of us. The manufacturers of the world, and, in
fact, the merchants of the world, depend, either
directly or indirectly, upon the farming people
for customers. We shall surely come to grief,
all of us, if we do not remember with kindly
feelings the people who till the soil and raise
the crops. I do not believe that business men,
as a rule, are at the present time inclined to
look down upon the farmer. There may be a
certain class of dudes and a certain line of aris-
tocracy who have a foolish sort of pride in
thinking they do not have to work down in the
dirt, as the farmer does. These people are not
worth noticing, and some of them, at least, end
their days in poorhouses and asylums. I have
seen this sort of retribution. As a rule our
people have respect for the tillers of the soil.
Our great cities are obliged to bring in boys
and girls from the country, to do."their work
with both brain and muscle.

The farmer does not ask for charity from the
merchants and manufacturers. He would not
take it, for he has at least a wholesome degree
of pride; but he does ask that, from motives of
self-protection and common interest, he be re-
membered. It is certainly to our interest to
turn in and help him dispose of his crops. The
United States of America can, if it wakes up,
raise enough money in 24 hours to relieve our
farmers of their surplus grain, and set them
going on their ways rejoicing, and at the same
time feed the starving brothers and sisters
across the water, and set them also to rejoic-
ing. Just look into the matter, and read the
letters from the hard-working missionaries in
our foreign fields. And this work need not be
altogether "cross- bearing" either. The man
who contributes till he feels it, feels happier,
and is prospered in every way a hundred times
more than the miser who gets all he camand
keeps all he gets.

Why, dear friends, we can not even enjoy a
good dinner without making some sort of sacri-
fice for it. My good friend and dear brother
the Rev. A. T. Reed, who is riding that " evan-
gelistic wheel," took dinner with us yesterday.
He had been having one of his first wheel-rides
for the season; and while enjoying his dinner
he told me that no one could believe, until he
had tried wheel-riding, what a keen zest and
enjoyment it gives one for his food. It gives
such an appetite that even the plainest food
becomes delicious. Some of you know about
this. Surely there is no excellence without
great labor; and this may apply to a dinner as
well as to literature and mechanical work.
The man of wealth can not enjoy the good
things of this world and life in general unless
both he and his capital are doing icork of some
kind. Why, dear friends, you all know that
money does not make a man happy. There
have been several reports of u illionaires who
committed suicide: and only yesterday I read
of a man who put an end to his life, who was
worth something like four millions. Had that
man gone west and bought corn, to be shipped
to the starving people in India, he would have
been so happy that no thought of throwing
away his life would have entered his head. If
he had learned to ride a wheel, and had then

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

297

gone around among tho farmers on the wheel,
giving ihem checks for the contents of their
corn -cribs, I think he would have enjoyed a
good dinner of corn-meal mush and maple
moias^ses as he had never (Zrcamed of enjoying
a dinner before.*

Now, friends, there are probably not many
millionaires who read Gleanings. There may
be a few— I do not know. If there are, may
God's Holy Spirit bless this little message, and
make it bear fruit; and even if you are not a
millionaire, may you catch the inspiration from
the Holy Spirit, and cast your mite into the
fund to move these great masses of corn, that
is like the sand of the seashore, to where it
will do good. Won't it make you happier to
put off buying something you had planned to
buy, and give at least a part of ynur possessions
to the Lord ? You see, there aro three birds to
be killed with one stone: First, the saving of
precious human life; second, relieving the
farmers, and setting them at work rejoicing;
third (I put it last because it comes the nearest
to self), open the way for prosperity in your
own business by helping your brothers both
east and west. Why. bless you, it will not be
lost. In this short life of mine I have many
times thrown money away, as some people
would look at it— yes, as some of my friends
have said— but it was really, however, casting
my bread upon the waters; and in many days
this bread so cast forth for Christ Jesus' sake
has come back with renewed and wonderful
interest. You can not think how cheering and
encouraging it has been while ofT on my travels
to find that I had, away '^ack, helped to benefit
somebody, and had forgotten all about it. I
need not tell you of these things, because it
would seem like boasting; but the very fact
that our business has been prospered is owing
very much indeed to occasions where I had for-
gotten business, as it were, and contributed
sometimes pretty heavily to demands from
foreign fields. Ever since I became a Christian
I have given heavily to the cause of missions —
many times when i was paying interest on Dor-
rowed money to do it; and again and again has
business come along in some unexpected and
unheard-of way because I had years before
listened to the call and promptings of God's
Holy Spirit rather than to heed the promptings
of selfishness.

Perhaps there are many among the readers
of Gleanings who really can not give very
much consistently. If so, then let them give a
little trifle and back it up with earnest prayers
that God may move the hearts of men during
this beautiful springtime.

It is not only in sulTering India just now, but
w^ithin the past few days the floods in the South
have been so severe that great quantities of
corn and other things will be needed there as
well, in all probability. Even as I write, an
organization has been formed, and the Presi-
dent of the United States has been asked to
give governmental aid. Now, let us spring
forward as we did during the Chicago fire, and
later during the .Johnstown disaster, and let
these suffering friends know that at least we,
who profess to be a Christian nation, do love
our neighbors. Even if we do not quite come
up to the scripture injunction to love them as
well as ourselves, let us show that we have re-
gard for those who have lost their homes and
their farms through no fault of their own, but
rather through a wonderful dispensation of
Providence which we can not just now under-

* May I digress just a minute to say that the corn-
meal mush should be boiled at least four hours as
we do the wheat and rye ?

stand. I do believe good is coming out of it all,
and I rejoice that as yet there has been so little
loss of life. , Let me digress again just a little:

House-breaking and highway robbery have
been worse during the past year or two than
perhaps ever before in the United States. This
matter of "holding up" and taking a man's
money is now getting to be alarming. It is
said that even the boys are practicing it.
There seems to be a sort of wave, or. as some
would call it, a '" fad " to take a man's money
away from him by force. God forbid that this
craze or fad should go any further. Is it not
possible that, in God's providence, it may be
counteracted by another and a greater wave in
the line of the little text which says, " Do good,
and lend, hoping for nothing again " ? and
may not this wave be so great as to throw
accounts of prize-fighting into the background?
May it not sweep away and blot out the cigar-
ette business? May wholesome activities in
the way of benevolences toward our fellow-men
crowd out selfishness and brutality 1 May the
Lord bless and help in this work that comes
just now before our beloved United States of
America!

It se-^ms a little funny, but just now the very
best recommend that the Anti-saloon League
of Ohio has ever heard from any source comes
straight from our enemies. May the Lord be
praised for such testimony as they have seen
fit to give publicly and in print.

The following is an extract from the Wine
and Spirit News. ofBcial organ ofgthe Ohio
State League, of Feb. 24, 1897:
c: You are scarcely aware of the activity of the Anti-
saloon League. It is but little over three years old,
and yet in that brief time it has accomplished more
than any organization ever formed in a similar
time. The first year it held 2000 meetings. The
second year it held 6000 meetings, and the third year
13,000 meetings were held in the State of Ohio. In all,
the officers and members of this league have slan-
dered your business and my business in the pres-
ence of 300,000 people in the three years, or at the
rate of 100,000 every year. The highest number of
saloons In this State at one time was over 13,000;
now the total number has been reduced to less than
9000. The Anti saloon League has reduced the
number within the last year and a half 1500. In the
same length of time they championed a bill in the
legislature that would make sixty counties of this
State vote "dry" at the very next election, which
would have been this spring; and, what is more
amazing still, they actually secured fifty votes in
favor of its passage. Two years have almost gone
by, and we are face to face with the same issue
again. The same enemy is again in the field, better
equipped, with more men and more supplies than he
was when the Haskell bill was defeated in ihe last
General Assembly by the narrow margin of seven
votes. Our duty, therefore, as business men, en-
gaged in the liquor-traftic in this State, ought to be
plain. We must fight fire with fire.

L On page 26, Jan. 1, I told you I was getting in
training for an expedition of 380 miles overland
to the Grand Canyon. A little more than half
this distance had been made. When we were
at Robert Phinney's, up in the mountains, we
were about 30 miles from Flagstaff; and Flag-
staff is about 75 miles from the Grand Canyon.
Our trip of 150 miles or more overland had been
gradually ascending. The city of Phoenix is
but a little above the level of the sea, with its

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE

Apk. 15.

mild temperature. At Campe Verde we are
told it is almost a mile above the sea level.
There was considerable frost every night, and
the mountains were more or less covered with
snow. Before reaching the Grand Canyon I
must go almost a mile more, nearly straight up.
I was told everywhere that it was a dangerous
trip to take in winter; and the cool nights and
the raw northeast winds had begun somewhat
to affect my health. Very reluctantly I gave
up the unaertakiug until at a warmer season
of the year. You see, as we got up in alti-
tude the weather was colder and colder; and
when neariug the Grand Canyon there is con-
siderable danger of being snowed under; and
this, in a locality that is almost entirely unin-
habited, would be risky and dangerous. Rather
sadly we turned our horses from the well-
beaten road, and headed toward the Jerome
gold-mines. The locality of this mining town
was plainly visible from the crest of every hill
by the volumes of black smoke that seemed to
surround and envelop the neighborhood. Down
into the valley we went over a very pretty and
romantic road until we crossea again the Verde
River. Then began our gradual ascent over a
good road up toward the mines. The road was
so fine I tried my wheel, and rode several miles.
Finally I stopped to rest As my companions
came up I said:

" Why, I do not see what makes me get so
tired. I have had a beautiful road; and al-
though I have not ridden more than about two
miles, it really seems as if I hadn't strength to
go any further."

This remark was greeted with a laugh from
my comrades on the wagon. One of them said:

" Why, Mr. Root, instead of two miles you
have made six or seven, and, besides this, going
up hill at a tremendous rate pretty much every
foot of the way. We are now within a few
miles of the great incline that takes us up to
the city. By all means, get on and ride, and
get rested enough so you will be able to foot it
up the great hill."

It began to be evident, as we came nearer
and nearer, that we were getting into the sub-
urbs of a toivn of some sort. The dwellings
were better, and there were slight evidences of
wealth on every side. At a most romantic
notch in the mountains we came in view of the
incline. Said I:

" Why, you do not mean that the horses and
wagons go up that hill ? "

" Indeed they do, and carry heavy loads too,
as you will presently see."

Our ponies were watered, and the sagacious
animals looked anxiously up at the task that
lay before them. The ro'd was so hard and
smooth it was not so very hard after ail; but it
was a terribly long pull, not only on the horses,
but our whole crowd were puffing and panting
as we reached a turn that gave us the first
glimpse of the city. Jerome is built on the side
of a clifT. I think it has between one and two
thousand inhabitants. The dwellings are
notched into the side of the mountains all
along. The streets are necessarily very nar-
row, for one side must be cut into the rocky
mountain side, while the other is built out by
a wall. The houses are so much one above
another that you can not only look down your
neighbor's chimney, but many times you could
easily jump down, or at least it would almost
seem so. There is one single church in the
town, built by the Baptists; and I verily be-
lieve it cost about as much to put up a structure
of timbers to hold the projecting edge of the
building as to make the building itself. Every
house has one edge jutting into the rocky
mountain side; then the other is propped on a

stone wall or on timbers. There is only one
street in the town wide enough for a wagon.
The others are mere walks, or walks wide
enough to accommodate a burro. Said burros
deliver provisions, fuel, and every thing elge.
Instead of haying streets go up and down the
mountain, they have an endless amount of
stairways. The town is supplied with electric
lights, and waterworks. There is not any
sewage at present, and it may be a little diffi-
cult to manage it; for slops and rain water will
go straight down hill any way. The tank that
supplies the town with water is a hundred feet
or more above it; in fact, it is so high up that
it looks like a good-sized barrel; but it really
holds enough for all purposes.

It was toward dusk when we got in, and be-
fore reaching the residence of my good friend
F. E. Jordan i caught a glimpse of the wonder-
ful pyrotechnic displays that can always be
seen day and night. Great tubs of melted slag
are constantly being poured out over the cliflf
as they are carted out from the great Jerome
gold and copper mines. In fact, the company
is constantly making a level platform on the
edge of the mountain, with the molten slag.
A guard is placed around the melted lava (as I
should call it), so that it cools on a perfect
level, hard and smooth as ice, and as firm as
the rocks. More slag is then poured over the
edge of the cliff until it accumulates for a
groundwork, and the floor thus laid is used for
building out the constantly increasing works of
the mining company.

My friend Jordan used to be a bee-keeper at
Camp Verde. He has taken Gleanings many
years, and bought goods of us until he feels
perfectly well acquainted. He occupies a very
pretty little cottage, one of the three latest
built, and almost the highest up in the town of
Jerome Within his beautiful home we found
quite a contrast to camping out in the desert.
After supper he kindly piloted us over the
works of the great mining company. It is im-
possible to do any thing like justice here on
paper, but I will try to give you a little sketch
of it.

Years ago a mining company located here
and dug out a small quantity of copper ore con-
taining some gold. They supposed they had
exhausted the mine, and it was entirely or
partly abandoned. This new company, by
going a few feet further into the mountains,
discovered endless quantities of copper ore — I
think some of it going as high as 75 or 80 per
cent pure copper. A shaft was sunk down 500
feet or more, and they found ores in paying
quantities clear to the bottom. Out of this
shaft drifts were led out at different levels.
The ore is mined, and placed on cars which are
run up to the bottom of the shaft, then it is
elevated to a room level with the mines. The
cars run right up the elevator, and the con-
tents are then pushed otT into the melting-
furnaces. The ores, with the proper materials,
are dumped into a huge cupola, similar to that
used for melting iron. This is mixed with a
sufficient quantity of coke, and by the assis-
tance of a tremendous blast of air the whole is
raised to such a great heat that the metals run
out. This melted metal is conducted into a
great pot or crucible. These pots are large
enough — well, I think some of them would
accommodate a good-sized family, tea-table
and all. By means of a powerful crane, oper-
ated by electricity, these great caldrons of
seething metal are tipped up as one would tip
a coffee - pot, and the contents poured into
brick-shaped molds. These bricks of copper
ingots contain more or less gold; but none of
the workmen, nor anybody but the assayer.

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

299

knows any thing about it positively. While
they are pouring out the melted metal you will
notice a man with a little ladlt^ about the size
of a teacup. He keeps dipping this in for a
sample, as it were. These samples are given to
the assayer, so that the company has at least
some knowledge of the value of the metal they
are mining and shipping every day. The works
run day and night, week days and Sundays as
well. There is no stopping.*

After we were tired of exploring this wonder-
ful industrial plant away off in the wilderness
of Arizona, we rested from our labors (climbing
up and down), and waited until next morning.

At this point I was reluctantly obliged to bid
adieu to my good friends Elvey and Carey, who
had been "with me so long. They said that,
with the bad cold I had, I must not undertake
to go home by the route we came; and it is
well I did not, for they encountered some storms
on the way that would have been at least a
little trying to a " tenderfoot." My good friend
Jordan got off from duty during the afternoon,
and we had a rare time in exploring by daylight.

I said the ores were taken from the mine and
dumped into the furnace. This is true of only
a part of them. The greater part are run out of
the drifts on cars along the track that runs
around the mountain-side on a dead level. All
along this track are heaps of roasting ore.
The ore (sulphuret of copper) is piled up with
alternate layers of wood. When the wood is
igni ted the ore contains sulphur enough to keep
it burning. In fact, sometimes the sulphur
runs out and runs around loose. 1 suppose
there is not demand enough for it at the Jerome
mines so that it would pay for refining and
sending to market. This roasting process is in
order to get rid of the sulphur and other waste
products if I am correct. The fumes of the
burning sulphur are so strong that no plant,
tree, shrub, or bush can live near or around the
town of Jerome. Mrs. .lordan told me that
some of the women brought house-plants, and
kept them alive for a certain length of time;
but when the wind changed so as to blow the
sulphur fumes the right way, every thing in the
way of vegetable life gave it up. The first in-
quiry a stranger makes is whether or not these
sulphur fumes are unwholesome. Well, the
people claim they are not. How nice it is that
folks should be so loyal to tlieir own town and
climate! My companion told me that people
suffering from catarrh or throat troubles were
found to be greatly benefited. I remembered
then that our good friend E. T. Abbott, of St.
Joseph, Mo., when talking at farmers' insti-
tutes, recommended sulphur fumes for curing
poultry of the roup. I heard him remark that,
if you had a very bad cold, nothing would give
you relief quicker than to inhale the fumes of
the sulphurous acid while you are treating the
poultry. I remembered, too, I took particular
pains to see what effect it had on my cold, and
I was obliged to confess that it gave at least
temporary relief. I am inclined to think the
fumes of burning sulphur are not necessarily
deleterious.

Well, one of the most wonderful things about
the Jerome gold-mine is a spring of water that
runs out in considerable quantity from the
lower drift. The water runs out beside the

*The machinery and fixtures of this mine are
said to have cost about a million of dollars; and the
company claims that there is ore enoug'h now in
sight to keep them at work for the next fifty years.
An English syndicate that talked about buying
them out was told that no proposition could be con-
sidered short of about sixty millions of dollars. I
shall have more to tell you about this copper-mine
in our next issue.

track. It is carried into a wooden flume some-
thing like the irrigating-flumes; and this wood-
en flume runs along the mouniain side pretty
nearly level for a mile or moie. The flume is
perhaps ten or twelve feet wide, and the water
in the bottom is several inches deep. Now, on
the bottom of this flume they have laid all
sorts of pieces of refuse old iron. The water
from this spring from the mine is considerably
impregnated with sulphate of copper, or blue
vitriol, as it is generally called. Perhaps many
of our friends have observed that, when they
dip a bright piece of iron or steel— say a knife-
blade— into a solution of sulphate of copper,
the blade soon becomes coated or plated with
copper. When you are spraying fruit-trees
with the copper sulphate, you may have notic-
ed this. The explanation is that the sulphuric
acid has a stronger liking for the iron than for
the copper; so it lets go of the copper, as it
were, and grasps hold of the iron, which is an
easy solvent. The copper must go somewhere,
so i t is left on the surface of the iron. Cast-iron
articles are often copper-coated by this means.
Well, at this Jerome mine the copper is held in
solution in such quantities that the iron causes
it to drop the copper, not only all over the iron
articles, but even on the bottom of the wooden
flume. Every little while this loose mass of
copper dust or mud is shoveled up. When they
get a carload or more it is melted down, and it
gives ingots of almost pure copper. Strangely
enough— at least it was strange to me— this
precipitated copper aJso contains a percentage
of gold; and my friends told me that a sharp
Yankee down by the Verde River had com-
menced speculating on his own hook by precip-
itating an additional quantity of copper from
Copper Creek after the Jerome mine had got
through with it and let it go to waste. Before
the mine was ever discovered, people knew this
spring and called it Bitter Spring because no
man or animal could drink the water. Now
this spring yields a mint of money when you
get it out, by chunks of old iron, in the way I
have described. Of course, there is a great deal
I did not understand at all about the Jerome
mine; and even Mr. Jordan himself could not
enlighten me on all points. For instance, when
I was in the jewelry business (years ago) I
learned chemistry enough so that I could ex-
tract all the gold, by means of acids, from old
jewelry of any sort. This was done by dissolv-
ing out the cheaper and baser metals by acids,
and recovering the gold by quicksilver. Now,
then, if 100 II'S. of copper contains one ounce of
gold, how do the folks at the mint.or other metal-
lurgists, get this one ounce of gold and save the
copper also? Surely they do not dissolve this
quantity of copper in acids, then precipitate it
and restore it to its metallic state. If I under-
stand chemistry, this would cost ever so much
more than the copper is worth. Can any of our
readers enlighten us on this point?

A word about gold-mining. Almost every
man in Arizona (and perhaps a good many
women and children besides) has been more
or less affected at different periods in his
life by the gold-mining mania. People are
prospecting everywhere, sending samples to the
assay, rs, taking out claims, and selling their
chances on said claims. One night by the
camp-fire an old miner told me that it was his
opinion there were not more than a dozen gold-
mines in the whole of Arizona that were really
paying expenses. He said, furthermore, that
not one of a thousand of the prospecting miners
succeeds in making even day's wages, counting
all the time they spend at the business. At one
point in our travels Mr. Elvey pointed out a
mountain-side where he said he had on a for-

300

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apr. 15.

mer trip seen a dozen men hunting over the gul-
lies and ravines after a heavy raia, to find the
precious metallic gold that had been washed
out by the storm. 1 asked him if he did not
think it likely that I might Hud ]usi & little bit
of gold if I went on foot up some of the dry
canyons while the horses were climbing some of
the hills. He said it was possible, but he did
not think it very probable. Off I started. He
told me the gold, being so heavy, it would
bu clear down to the bottom, under every thing
else; and sometimes a little nugget would get
stuck in a narrow crevice in the rock, right in
the bottom of the run. I soon bfcame full of
entnusiasm, and pictured to myself holding up
a nugget the size of a small hen's egg. and tell-
ing my friends that I myself picked that out of
the ravine while I was off on that ride to the
Grand Canyon. As I got tired a little I thought
a lump of gold the size of a hickorynut would
have satisfied me very well; then a little later I
concluded I would go home satisfied if I could
get a piece as large as a pea. Finally I fished
my spectacles out of my pocket, and concluded
I would try very hard to be satisfied if I could
only show to the admiring ones at home a piece
of gold of a?iy size that I found in the moun-
tains. When I was about tired out I discovered
the wagon was waiting. As I reached my
friends, panting from my exertions, I announc-
ed my convictions something as follows:

" Look here, friends, I have looked every-
where, and worked hard, and I have not been
able to find a piece of gold even as large as a
pinhead, and I have spent as much as twenty or
thirty minutes of time, and looked very sharp.
I believe I shall hereafter try to make my
money in some other way."

They greeted my announcement with a great
deal of pleasantry, especially when they re-
membered my sudden enthusiasm for gold-
hunting, and how quickly it had vanished.

BUFFAl.O BERRV, HIGH-BUSH CRANBERRY, ETC.

I do not know but I shall have to take back
some of my severe strictures in regard to a few
of these small fruit-. High-bush cranbrrry
certainly was not fit to eat last fall; but after
the fruit had remained on the bushes all win-
ter, looking very pretty and ornamental, I
found the bitter taste had largely disappeared,
and along the last of March Mrs. Root made
some jelly or marmalade of some of the berries,
that was to me quite delicious and wholesome.
Why didn't the nurserymen tell us that the
fruit should be left on the bushes all winter,
and made into some sauce in the spring? The
buffalo berry this year was in bloom the first of
April— in fact, before the bush had leaves on.
If it comes any thing near being equal to Ele-
agnus longipes, I should be much pleased.
Another thing that gives me courage is my
Logan berries. These have wintered over
all right, and are leafing out quite profusely.
They will probably bear this season. The
strawberry-raspberry is also starting up out of
the ground quite thrifty and strong. The won-
derful May-berry does not look quite so prom-
ising, but we are beginning to take courage.
The Japanese wine-berry has been killed dur-
ing the winter, except several inches of the
wood belonging to the tips that took root last

fall. May be we shall be able to get a few ber-
ries from these.

THE IGNOTUM TOMATO.

Our veteran seedsman, J. H. Gregory, of Mar-
blehead, Mass., on his experimental grounds
last season, tested 45 different varieties of to-
matoes. In the account given of this experi-
ment, in a recent issue of the American Agri-
culturist, we find the following:

If I were asked what one variety for both market
and liome use I would select out of the entire lot
tested in the experimental plot, and combining- in
tiie largest proportion all the most desirable traits, I
should incline to select the Ignotum.

The above is exceedingly gratifying, espe-
cially as your humble servant had the honor of
first giving the Ignotum to the world; and I
have just interviewed our boys in regard to the
matter. While the Ignotum many times seems
to be about equal to any other, there are sea-
sons when- we are inclined to give the prefer-
ence to some of the other kinds mentioned in
our catalog. For instance, the Earliest in the
World tomato is quite a little ahead of the
Ignotum in earliness, but is small. Dwarf
Champion and Livingston's Beauty are of a
brighter color that takes the eye of many; and
Livingston's New Stone, for a late tomato, is
sometimes larger and of a little belter shape.

THE "NEW CELERY CULTURE;" AN IMPROVE-
MENT ON IT.

From a recent number of the Farm and Fire-
side we take the following, which is high-pres-
sure gardening, and no mistake:

Those who have tried to grow celery for market
by the method known as the " new celery culture"
have probably found it difficult to Dlunch it perfect-
ly. Boards can not be easily used for blanching it
wben the rows are so close together. Tney have
also found that, unless large quantities of fertiliz-
ers and water are supplied, the bunches are too
small to be marketable, and that frequent irrigation
is required because of the rapid escape of moisture
during the long hot days in summer. I think I have
developed some methods by which these difficulties
have been largely overcome. My experiments were
not very satisfactory with the " new celery culture"
until last year, when I grew very fine celery in rows
at an average distance of one foot apart. Some of
this celery, marketed at a fancy price to some of the
summer resorts near mj' village, paid me at the rate
of five thousand dollars an acre; and from one large
plot of early celery I realized at the rate of between
two thousand and three thousand dollars an acre.
I am so well satisfied with the results of my plan
that I shall use it in my large celery field this year.
The plot on which the celery was grown haJ receiv-
ed a heavy dressing of stable manure for several
successive years, and was veiy rich. Another dress-
ing was applied last spring and plowed in, then the
ground was finely harrowed and smoothed with a
light plank drag, and White Plume celery-plants
set in May. Instead of setting the plants in rows
one foot apart, as had been my custom, I set two
rows six or seven inches apart, leaving an eighteen-
inch space between the double rows. My plan was
to board two rows together in blanching the celery,
and to leave a space wide enough to walk in when
placing the boards. The most of the cultivating
was done with a wheel-hoe until the plants were
eight or ten inches high, when the blanching-boards
were set up and held in place by crosspieces notched
and set over the top of the boards. It is very im-
portant that the boards be kept well apart until the
celery has nearly reached its growth, for the leaves
must be kept exposed to the air and sunlight. Near
the celery-field is a large brook. Water from this
was elevated into a large tank, and used for irrigat-
ing purposes. Iron pipes were laid from this tank
over the celery-field, with hose attachments every
few rods. In this tank I placed some loosely made
bags filled with poultry manure. After the water
had been allowed to stand a day or two it was dis-
tributed along between the celery rows with the
hose. To retain the moisture and keep the ground
from baking, the eighteen-inch space between the

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

301

boards was mulched with manure and other mate-
rial. One could almost see the celery grow. In a
short time it grew above the top of the eighteen-
inch boards, and in the dark space between them
soon commenced to blanch. It grew over two feet
high; and when the boards were then crowded close
together, the blanching was completed in a very few
days. All who saw it said it was the finest field of
celery they ever saw. I began to ship it to the deal-
ers in near-by villages and to summer resorts along
our railroad. After they had learned about the
quality of the celery the demand was so great that
I was unable to supply it, and the field of celery was
marketed in a very short time. The celery grew so
rapidly that it was very tender, and there were no
hollow stalks. I have often been troubled with cel-
ery going to seed when planted so early, but on this
plot of celery, which was nearly all marketed in
August, hardly a single stalk went to seed. Celery
grown in this way is very easily prepared for mar-
ket. I take down the boards, and with a sharp
knife cut the plants off a little below the surface of
the ground, leaving the roots in the ground, which,
with the celery trimmings, add something to its fer-
tility. As fast as the plants were trimmed they
were tied in dozen bunches and packed in six dozen
baskets.

There is a large saving in labor with this method
as compared with the old one of wide rows and
banking with earth. Three or four times as much
can be grown on the same land, and there is no
banking, no digging up the plants with a spade,
and no washing, for there is no soil put around the
celery. The plan is an improvement over the one
of setting the celery so close together that it will
blanch by its own shade, for it blanches the celery
perfectly. It is also an improvement over the plan
of blanching it with boards in single wide rows, for
In boarding double rows one-half of the boards
are saved. The mulch between the rows retains the
moisture, and less water is required in irrigating
the celery. No one can be successful in growing
celery by this method without making the soil very
rich, and there must be water available for irriga-
tion. With the conditions all right there is money
in it. ;m. Jenkins.

We are sorry the editor did not give Mr. Jen-
kins' place of residence, for some of us might
like to go and see him work on the plan he
gives. It can be done, without question. In
fact, I have at different times produced almost
the same results; but to do what he claims, the
ground must be exceedingly rich— in fact, a
great part of the soil should be old well -rotted
stable manure. The mulching with stable ma-
nure to keep the ground moist and hold the
moisture is an excellent suggestion; ana coarse
strawy manure will answer very well for the
mulching. After you have learned just how, it
may be an easy thing to do; but I would caution
beginners to commence with a rod square or
less; and when you can make this work all
right, then increase your area. I believe the
greater part of the attempts at the new celery
culture have failed just because there was not
old well -rotted manure enough, and water in
sufficient quantities. Now, then, who among
us is going to succeed in getting at the rate of
ttvo or three thousand dollars an acre for a sin-
gle crop of celery?

Health Notes.

SANITARY HIGH-PRESSURE GARDENING.

Our good friend R. B. Hugman, of Hastings,
Texas, sends us some suggestions in regard to
dry-earth closets. Instead of using dry dust,
such as we get in the roads, for instance, he
advises using common garden soil sifted, but
not so dry as to make a dust; then the product
of the closet, after being shoveled over, is just
right to work into the garden, or to be plowed
under. With his letter he incloses a circular
from a London firm, entitled "Moule's Patent

Earth closets and Commodes." This circular
describes an arrangement very similar to my
own for disposing of house slops, etc. From it
I make the following extract:

Where there is a garden, the house-slops and sink-
water may, in most cases, be made of great value,
and removed from the house without the least an-
noyance. The only requirement is that there shall
be a gradual incline from the house to the garden.
Let all the slops fall into a trapped sink, the drain
from which to the garden should be of glazed socket
pipes, well jointed, and emptying itself into a small
tank, 18 inches deep, about one foot wide, and of
such length as may be necessary. The surplus rain-
water from the roof may also enter this. Out of
this tank lay 3 inch common drain-pipes, 8 feet
apart, and 12 inches below the surface. Lay mortar
on top and bottom of the joint, leaving the sides
open. If these pipes are extended to a considerable
length, small tanks, about one foot square and 18
inches deep, must be sunk at about every 20 to 40
feet, to allow for subsidence. These can easily be
emptied, as often as required; and the deposit may
be either mixed with dry earth or be dug in at once
as manure. The liquid oozes into the cultivated
soil, and the result is something fabulous. This
simple plan will effectually deal with the slops; there
is no smell, no possibility of any foul gas to poison
the atmosphere, and with this, and the product of
the earth-closet, any ground may be made produc-
tive and profitable.

The following fact will illustrate the value of this
system of dealing with house-slops, etc.

On a wall .55 feet in lengtli and 16 feet high a vine
grows. A 3-inch pipe runs parallel with this at a
distance of 6 feet from it for the entire length; the
slops flow through this pipe as above described. On
this vine, year after year, had been grown 400 well-
ripened bunches of grapes, some of the bunches
weighing three-quarters of a pound. During a pe-
riod of four years, for a certain purpose, the supply
was cut off. To the surprise of the gardener, scarce-
ly any grapes during those years appeared; but
afterward the supply was restored, and the conse-
quence was an abundant crop, the wood grew fully
16 feet, of good size, and well ripened.

The suggestion of small tanks to collect the
sediment is a very important addition to my
apparatus; and when I construct any more I
shall put them in. The idea Is the same thing
that is often used in underdraining, and called
a silt-basin or silt-well. The simplest way to
make such a tank is to set a large drain-tile on
end, say a foot or more across. If there is a
large amount of subsidence, a two-foot length
of sewer-Dipe 18 inches or 2 feet across would
be nice for the purpose; and these silt-basins
should be covered in such a way that they can
be emptied when necessary. In our own work
we have used a common 13-lnch drain-tile cov-
ered with a stone crock-cover. If the whole Is
covered with earth you must put an iron rod, or
something similar, down where the silt-wellis
located, or you may not be able to find it.
Where simply house-slops and nothing else are
run into the tiles it will be a long while before
these basins need emptying.

In regard to the value of slops for the garden,
for fruit-trees, currant-bushes, or any thing of
the sort, there is no possible question. This is
a sort of sub-irrigation that every household
can invest in. It will save the good wife
laborious steps, will save doctors' bills, will
keep the home looking neat and tidy, and will
give you luscious fruit and vegetables at a very
insignificant cost. The owner of any home
should have ingenuity enough to adapt the
apparatus to his immediate surroundings.

Now, friends, when I come to visit you do not
have any unsightly slops in the back yard, but
have some fruit-trees and vegetables that are
utilizing every day all these waste products. I
do not know of any work I enjoy more than
constructing such an apparatus, for disposing
of slops and sewage from the home.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

For Women

Model 46 Columbia. A bicycle with
which none others compare. Strongs
handsome, graceful, easy running'.

1897

Bicycles
are the best and strongest bicycles in the world

*IOO

TO ^&.L. i^L^BKE.

Hartfords, next best, $75, $60, $50, $45

POPE MFG. CO., Hartford, Conn.

Greatest Bicycle Factory in the World. More than 17 Acres of Floor Space.

Handsomest bicycle Catalogue ever issued free from any Columbia
dealer ; from us for one 2-cent stamp.

Branch House or dealer in almost every city and town. If Columbias are not
properly represented in ycur vicinity, let us know.

B Hendrickson. A|>:ent,

Medina. Ohio.

pCLIPSE CORN=PLANTER

1— ^ ^ ..*«*-* And Fertilizer= Distributor Combined.

WILL

PLANT.

CORN, BEANS, PEAS.
. and BEET SEED

in Hills, Drills, and Checks. It is tlu
only planter that will disrribute all fer
tilizeis. Wet or Dry, Hen Manure, Plas=
ter, Ashes, Etc., with a rcitainty, ir
different amounts, each sifle of seed
Send for circulars.

Eclipse Corn=PIanter Co.,

Enfield, Grafton Co.,
New Hampshire .

Weight 150 lbs.

f •' " ^

ri

i

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

A Dollar Saved

is better than one. earned. Head my H7th
annual catalog, and don't send out West for
goods you can buy cheaper here at home.

I have added 24()(ifeetof lloor-space to my
store-house and sliall keep in stock Root's

f)olished one-iuece sections. Dovetailed
lives, new Weed foundation, etc.. in addi-
tion to my old line.

Best breeds of bees and queens at bottom
prices. Don't buy until \ou see what you
can do with me.

W. W. GARY, Colraln, Mass.

Our Prices are Worth Looking at!

IN THE

New Chafflpion Chaff Hive Especially.

•corditiM

iv. Srnd
Address.

All other sup|)lies ;

for oatalotriie and |iiireli

mentidnintr GLKANiNriS.
R. H. SCHMIDT & CO., Box 187, Sheboygan, Wis.

MUTH'S HONEY-EXTRACTOR,
SQUARE GL.ASS HONEY-JARS,
ROOT'S GOODS AT ROOTS PRICES,

Bee-keepers' Supplies in geuer;!,!, etc., etc.
Send for uur new catalog. "Practical
Hints" will be mailed for 10c in stamps.

Apply to

CHAS. F. MUTH & SON, Cincinnati, 0.

Fruit Packages of all Kinds,

Bee=keepers' Supplies.

We allow a liberal discount
on early orders. Why not send
for your supplies now to save
t ediscuunt and avoid 1 he rush
of the busy season? Catalog-iie
and price list free. Address
BERLIN FRUIT-BOX CO.,

Berlin Heights, Erie Co., Ohio.

It is here.

The year 1897 is here, and we are happy to in-
form our friends and customers that we are now
better prepared than ever before to fill your orders
for queens and bees. We have tlie larg-est stock
ever operated by us, and we mean to be ready with

Slentyof bees and queens to fill all orders without
elay that are sent to us.

Bees by the pound, 81.00; ten or more pounds, 90c
each Untested queens for 1897, U 00 each in Feb-
ruary, March, April, and May; $5.00 for six, or $9.00
per dozen. For larg-er amounts write for prices.
Have your orders booked for your early queens.
Safe arrival guaranteed .

Roofs g-oods, Dadant's foundation, and Bingham
smokers. A steam bee-hive factory, and all kinds
of bee supplies.

The Sautliland Queen, the only bee-paper in
the South, monthly, $1.00 per year

Send for catalog-, which is almost a complete book
on Southern bee-keeping, giving queen-rearing in
full, all fi-ee for the asking. If you want full infor-
mation about every thing we have, and the bee-
book, don't fail to ask for our 1897 catalog.

The Jennie Atchley Co.,

Beeville, Bee Co., Texas.

Every piece and part of the Cleveland
Bicycle is made in our own factories by
the best of skilled workmen, under most
rigid inspection. The result is a Bicycle
embodying, in a marked degree, features
of safety, speed, and durability.

THERE'S HONEST VALUE IN IT.

We want the patronage of intelligent and dis-
criminating buyers. 1897 catalog mailed free
for the asking.

A. LOZIER & CO.,
Cleveland, Ohio,

Send 4 cents postage for our booklet, "Shake-
speare and the Bicycle." Twelve illustrations
in colors by F. Opper, of " Puck."

BifiaiEs,:

CtSH Br VERS' rsioN

Carts, Surries,

FhEPtons,

Spi'ingUaeons,

and Saddles shipped C. (3. D.

anywhere to anyone with

ivile^e to examine at low-

t wholesale prices. Guar-

.teeil as represented or

i>ney rt-lundeil. Send for

usti-atcd cataloprandtesti-

iinials Free. A(ldr.(in lull)

W. V^m Huron St., IW45 CHICAGO

ONE MAN WITH THE
TJT^IION COMBINATION SAW

( ir do the work of four men us-
in^ hand tools in Ripping, Cut-
ling off, Mitering, Rabbeting,
Ginoving, Gaining, Dadoing,
uig- up. Jointing Stuff, Etc.
I nil Line of Foot and Hand
Pouer Machinery. Sold on Trial.
( (itiilitij Free. l-34ei

SENECA FALLS MFC. CO.,
44 Water St.. Seneca Falls, »* V

Dovetailed Hives.

Sections, Extractors, Smokers,
and every thing a Bee-keeper
•A ants. Honest Goods at Close
Honest Prices. 60-page cata-
log free.

.). M. JENKINS, Wetumpka, Ala.

f I ¥j I Do you need queens? the

I OOk rlPrP ' purest and best. If so,
IvUlirV lIV^l \^ • „g j^pp prepared by re-
turn mail to ship The:} band and golden Italians,
and silver trray Carniolans, untested, warranted
purolv matfd. for .50.-: tested. 75c: breeders. 12.25.
JUDGE E. Y. TERRAL & CO., Cameron, Texas.
Please mention this paper

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apr. 15.

Are You Going to Buy^

Apiarian Supplies or Bees?

If so. You Want the Best.

This is the only quality we offer. Our prices are
right, and our '97 catalog describing them, and the
management of bees, is yours for the asking.

We carry a large stock, and can ship promptly.
Freight is a big consideration, often amounting to
30 per cent of the value of goods. Let us quote you
prices on what you need, delivered at your station.

Freight Paid.

They will cost but a trifle more than others charge
at the factory. Our aim is to please.
Apiary, I. J. STRINQHAM,

Olen Cove, L. I. 105 Park PI., N. Y. City.

Please mention this paper

READ!

READ!

E. T. Flanagan, Belleville. Illinois.

Dear Sir:— The queen I received from you last year beats any
queen I ever saw. If I ever neefl more queens I now know
where to get them. Yours truly. M. Smischnt,

Brentwood, Ark., May 8, 1896. Dealer In bees and honey.

E. T. Flanagan, Belleville. Illinois.

Dear Sir:— The four three-frame nuclei and one full colony I
bought of you last May, all arrived in excellent order and
have done exceedingly well, eonsidei ing the.v had a journey
of over two thousand miles to reach my place in Idaho. Three
of the nuclei gave a large natural swarm each. and. in addi-
tion, stored over 100 pounds of surplus comb honey each. The
other one did nearly as well. The full colony swarmed also,
and stored over 200 pounds of splendid comb honey in one-
pound section boxes I now have nine good strong colonies
with plenty of honey to winter on, and have taken from them
over 500 pounds of choice comb honey. I am well pleased with
my venture. Yours truly, B.F.White.

Dillon, Montana, Jan. 5, 1897.
E. T Flanagan. Belleville. Illinois.

Dear Sir:— One of the S-frsme nuclei I got of you on May 8 is
ahead of any thing I ever saw. I tell you they are doing nice-
ly Yours truly, H. W. Savage.

Baraboo, Wis.. June 3, 1896.

Dear Sir:— From one of theS-frame nuclei I got of you on
May 8, 1896. 1 have had five good swarms, one of which got
away to the woods, I raised 13 splendid queens and got 69
pounds of No. 1 comb honey from it; besides plent.v of honey
to winter on. Can that be beat? 1 shall want about 35 nuclei
for myself and about 25 for other parties, in the spring. Yes
sir. I am well satisfied. Yours truly, H.W. Savage.

Baraboo. Wis., Jan. 10. 1897.
E. T. Flanagan, Belleville, Illinois.

Dear Sir: - The bees and queens I got of you last season were
very good, and pleased me very much. They are beauties, and
splendid workers. Yours truly, E. C. Haskett.

Palestine, 111., Jan. 10. 1897.

Dear Sir :— I have bought bees and queens for the past 24
years, from all parts of the United States, and I never received
any that gave me greater satisfaction than the nuclei ,and

?[ueens I received from you You can book my order now for
our nuclei to be delivered the coming spring.
Kingman, Kansas. Yours truly, J. W. YouNG.

Mr. Young has bought bees and queens of me for
a number of years.

The above are only a few samples ri reports from
bees and queens I have sold the past ^easou. I have
beeti nearly twenty years in the business, and it is a
real pleasure to please and satisfy my customers.
This will not appear a?rnin. Sec small advertise-
ment for hives. fomidHtion. etc.

E. T. FLANAGAN,

Box 783, == BELLEVILLE, == ILLINOIS.

For Sale.

ITALIAN and HYBRID BEES

In Eight-Frame Langstroth Hives.

Italian, $4.50; Hybrids, $4.00; delivered at depot
in Jefferson, free of charge. Discount on five col-
onies or more.

MRS. C. GRIMM, Jefferson, Wis.

Golden, s Texas Queens.

Adel s

' c Dr Gallup says they are the best he
Albino. 5 has in his yard.

J. D. GIVENS, Lisbon, Texas.

In writing advertisers please mention Gleanings.

Don't Neglect Your Bees.

Bee-keeping may be made uniformly suc-
cessful by judicious feeding. It is just as
important with bees as with other stock.
Success in feeding depends
very much on the feeder used.
When yf)U have tried the

Boardnian Atmospheric
Entrance=feeder

you will be convinced of this.

For descriptive circulars
and price list, address

H. R. BOARDMAN, East Townsend, Ohio.

Queens Qiven Away.

Gray Carniolans and Golden Italians. We will
give a fine tested queen (either race) to all custom-
ers ordering 6 untested queens, and a fine select
tested queen to all who order 12 untested queens at
one time. The queens given away will be sent to
customers in August.

Grade and prices of bees
and queetis.

jApr., May, July, Aug.,
I June. , Sept.

Untesiecl queen

Tested queen.

Select tested queens

Best imported queens

1 L. -frame nucleus, no queen

2 L.-frame nuclei, no queen..
Full colony of bees, no queen

in newDov'd hive

.75

.65

1.50

1.25

2.50

2.25

5.00

4.00

.75

.50

1.50

LOO

We guarantee our bees to be free from all diseases
and to give entire satisfaction. Descriptive price
list frpe.

F. A. Lockhart &1CoTlake George, Nrv.

Please mention this paper.

4^ «P «P «P «P *P «P
are lost by keeping old and poor queens. It pays
big to replace them with young vigorous ones ear-
ly^ in the season, and get a crop of honey with little
swarming. I have now untested queens — either
light or dark Italians— at $1.00; 6, $4.,50; 13,88.25;
tested, fl.OO up. Guaranteed to arrive safe at
your office, and to be good queens, or replaced free.
Remit by M. O. Send for catalog free for particu-
lars. J. B. CASE, Port Orange, Fla.
Please mention this paper.

Five Per Cent Off

till April 15

to Reduce Stock.

When the order amounts to Ave or more dollars
the goods will be delivered f. o. b. cars Sprinu field,
111.

W. J. Finch, Jr., Chesterfield, 111.

^^;;1j^^;^[^^)jl iiX>a\>X'\wJiii!Y.)c\\i<SA, btC^wvxt^.'vjMb.C^oAlWVSi.
lias fe t^MWK9^^^ _ ^omat /i/saei. ec £of/. HiaM M/ll. Mo.

Your Orders for
Untested Queens

will be promyitly filled bj' return mall,
75c each : $8.00 per dozen Tested, $1.00
each; $11.00 per dozen. Queens are
carefully bred from iDest Italian stock.
Satisfaction guaranteed on every order.

J. \N. K. SHAW & CO..
LOREAUVILUE, LA.

In writing advertisers please mention tnis paper.

<^LEANINGS IN REE CULTURE.

/^^l^DENERS! Try Our Specialties.

^te-^ Hood River Strawberry— best shipping— 35c per dozeu; $3.00 per liundred, postpaid.

Everbearins: Strawberry— June till October— 40r per dozen; $3.50 per hundred, postpaid.

Oreg-on Vellow Danvers Onion— largest yielder and best keeper known— 90c per pound;

5 pounds to one address, $3.35, postpaid. Oregon Hubbard Squash- best yet— $1.00 per pound.

Buell Lamberson, *''" ^'°'^' •"•^'""k^l.TKt.s Bee-suppnes.

FEED YOUR BEESi

WITH BASWOOD. PROTECT THEM WITH EVERGRENS. <
lOO, 2 to 5 feet, SIO. lOO Baswoofl Seedlings, *1. Delivered free. 'Other'
sizes just as cheap. 50 Sll.OO Bargains by mail. Millions to select from. Also J
Fruit Trees, Small Fruits. Vines, etc. Liberal cash commissions for j
clubs. Illustrated, catalogue free. Good local Salesmen wanted. Address <

D. HILL, Evergreen Specialist, DUNDEE, ILL

t mi *i»»*»*4»>»t»»f »»»♦♦»

BUY DIRECT

and pay but one profit.
Out issortment is one
of the best and most
I oniplete in

FRUIT and ORNAMEN-
TAL TREES, SHRUBS,

PLANTS, ROSES,
ViNES,BULBS,SEEDS

Rarest new, '-lioioost old. Send for
' our cataloKiic to-daj ; it tells it all; an

• elecaut book, 168 pages, magazine

• size, protusely illustrated, free.

» Seeds, Plants , Bulbs, Small Trees, etc. by
mail postpaid, safe arrival and satisfaction
guaranteed. Larger bv express or freight.
43d Year. 33 Greenhouses. 1000 Acres-

STORRS & HARRISON CO.,

Box33l Painesville, Ohio.

»»»»♦# ttl I f^imiiKi'^^Ki

1500 Bbls. Sweet=potato Seed.

Yellow Jersey, Carolina, and Nansemond, select-
ed size, $2.50 per barrel; 3d size, $1.75 per Bbl.
Red Jersey and R. Nansemond. 3.50 "
Red Bermuda and Red Spanish, 3.75
South. Queen and Bahama White, 3.75 "
Vineless or Gold Coin Prolific, 4 00

Discount of 26c per bbl. on 5 bbl. lots.
Send for free circulars. Adddress

L. H. MAHAN, Box 143.

Terre Haute, Ind.

Manum's Enormous.

The greatest-yielding-
potato on earth. They
lead all at several ex-
peri me nt stations.
Prices low. Potato and
Queen circulars free.

A. E. HANUn,
Bristol, = Vermont.

The Cultivator,

Published semi-monthly at Om-aha, Ne-
braska, is the leading authority on fruit
grown ill Nebraska, and on general ag-
riculture in the West. Send for sample
copy and free strawberry-plant offer.
Address
The Cultivator, Omaha, Neb.

FAY'S CURRANTS.

Large stock, extra strong, 3 years old, 30 bushes
for $1. or $3 .50 per 100; 1 year old. 35 bushes for SI, or
13.50 per 100 FRED H. BURDETT, Clifton, N. Y.

BEES

^^gy FKEE at4ilogue. £. '

QUEENS

Smokers, Sections ,

Comb Foundation,
And all Apiairan Supplies
rheap. Send for
£. T. FLANAUAN, Belleville, III.

RED=CLOVER ITALIANS

Are fine large bees that work well on red clover.
Are bred for business. One untested queen, 65c;
two for $1.35; one warranted queen, 8lJc; two for
$1.50; one tested, $1.35; 1 select, $3.00. Queens fur-
nished in season, and satisfaction guaranteed.

C. n. HICKS, Hicksville, Wash. Co., Md.

Q

s.-w.r>.^N./^.~-N Either Golden or Imported by
i«/a£»nc return mail. Untested, 75c;
UCCIld, Tested, $1.00; Breeders, $3.00.
*'^-'^'~~~'^^ None better.

W. M. LAWS, Lavaca, Ark.

niimiO Either 3 or 5 banded, 75c each; 6, $4.25.
llllrrllA. Nuclei, and all kinds of supplies
<^UUkl1U| cj,g.^p Eggs for hatching B. P.
Rocks, 7.5c; S. C. B. Leghorns, .50c per 13. Catalog
free.

CHAS. H. THIES, Steeleville, in.

UNTESTED QUEENS, leather-colored Italian, in
April, 50 cents each. If you want cheap bees,
queens, and sweet clover, send for my circulars and
price list Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed.
Address W. J. Forehand, Fort Deposit, Ala.

Queens, Queens, Tested.

I have Italian queens, either golden or dark queens
from imported stock— good queens reared late In
season of 1896, at $1.00 each. Ready to mail the first
of April. W. A. Compton, Lynnville, Tenn.

Second=hand Bicycles

offered recently have all been sold, but we have
three more. One Remington Racer (made by the
Remington Arms Co.), y. eight 30 lbs., 1^-in. tubing;
nearly as good as new, and listing $110.00. We offer
for $5o. Reason for selling. A. L R. expects to ride
1897 model. Also one $85 model 9 Monarch, 1895 pat-
tern, In good riding condition, for $30. Also one
Hartford, made by the Pope Mfg. Co., '94 pattern,
in good condition, for $30. Catalogs with tull par-
ticulars, showing each model, furnished upon ap-
plication. Wax at market price will be accepted in
place of cash.

THE A. 1. ROOT CO., Medina, O.

In writing advertisers please mention this paper.

(CLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apr. 15.

m

suppliePL

Our New 1897 Illustrated

Live=stock and Poultry=suppIy ;

Catalogue

is "up to date." Many new
kinks in poultry culture are
suggested an d illustrated
and no live " chickener "'
should fail to see it. Has
r.EE FIXING? too.

What is vouB name V

Where do vou live V

Jdl1N5ONg:^T0KES,

^SEEDSMEN

>":;, ■ 217,8.219 MARKET 51...
PHILADELPHIA. PA.

KILLS ALL BUGS

You can dust one acre of potatoes in 40

minutes by doing two rows at once.

No placter or water used. With tliis

macliine you can dust tobacco,

<f cotton, fruit trees, currant

■^ ^ V , bushes, etc. BOOK FREE.

■^ Write to

HOTCHKISS BROS.,
Wallingford, - Conn.

HNK

1-2 Pint Sample

Black, Red, or Blue,

Six Cents.

INDEUB^J
COP^nNG^
BLuT'^^l

^^_

HANDY MFG.eO.°M';cH:^'

m^

§

P

s&

^

^

^^^

^

~

~

^

~

:;:;;

:::•

itsf.

~

■"■

Jn

C'~

"

-

3a_L„U_

u

-1

Unruly Stock at ^ Premium

We want animals to show off our fence, persistent
fighters for "liberty," wiiuse war cry shall be "up and
at 'em" again. We .bought a Jersey bull, "highly
recommended" for the position, but two rounds satis-
fied him, and neither dogs or red rags could induce
him to give the Page Fence another trial.

PAGE WOVEN WIRE FENCE CO., Adrian, Mich.

CSrin writing' ailvei tisers please mention Gleanings.

Just Arrived!

My second carload of goods from The A. I. Root Co.

has arrived, and I am in shape to till all orders
promptly at their catalog- prices. Send for my 36-
page catalog; also send a list of what goods you
will need, and I will make you special prices on
early orders.

GEO. E. HILTON,

Fremont, Mich.

SEE THAT WINK ?

BEE SUPPLIES.

Root's Goods at Root's Prices.

Pouder's Honey Jars and every

tliinff used by bee-keepers. Low

freisrht rates; prompt service.

Catalogue free.

•a, «h->.mF.ftc ♦ WALTER S. POUDER,

1/flicn P0VDCH5 ^p I62 Mass. Ave., Indianapolis. Ind.

i^ r^/iri-f Invested in a postal card

UnC ^Cni will get my large cata-

■»■■■■■.■, , — -^ -.-■........,.. .i logue of all Root's goods.

Can save vou money. M. H. HUNT,

Bell Branch, Mich.

Do You Keep Hens?

IE so, you want Nissly's Poultry Annual and '
cataloff of "Everything for the Poultry Yard "
for 1897, (13th year). It's a pretty book of
6x9 pages, finely illustrated and full of infor-
mation. It illustrates and describes Micliigan ,
Poultry Farm and its stock; describes
prices the biggest atTl cheapest stock of

POULTRY SUPPLIES

in the TJ. S: tells all about the New American
Incubator and Brooder, the triumph of incu-
bator and brooder manufacture. You need
tliis catalog; it will save you dollars. The book
> free, but we request a 2c stamp for postage. 1

Address

GEO. J. NISSLY, Saline, Mich.

W Dealer in ' ' Everything for the Poultry Yard.

LIFE PRODUCERS

THE SUCCESSFUL INCUBATORS.

; LIFE PRESERVERS

'i THE SUCCESSFUL BilOODERS.
All about them in our catalogue.

Sent for 6 cents.

OES MOINES INCUBATOR CO., Bo^ 503 DES MOINES. lA.

EXCELSIOR Incubator

Simple. Perfect, Self-Uegulat-
ing. Thousands in successful
operation. Lowefjl priced
flrst-claMS Hatcher made.
<iE». II. STAIIL.
1 1 4 tol 2^ S. 6th Xt. Qiilncy.III.

GLEANINGS IN HHE CULTURE.

Root's Goods at his prices in Northern Michigan,

i-s supplicti :it do:

L>rs niits. (iuoils sliipped from Mt. Pleasant,

B. WALKER, Evart, Mich.'

'oleiiiaii, i)r lOviitt

Wants and Exchange Department.

Notices will boinsi'ited under this head at one-half our usual
rat«. Advertisements intended for this department must not
exceed five lines, and you must say you want youradv't in this
department, or we will not be responsible for errors. You can
have the notice as many lines as you please; but all over five
lines will cost you accoi-ding to our regular rates. This depart-
ment Is intended only for bona-tlde exchanjres. Exchanges for
cash or for price lists, or notices offering articles for sale, can
not be inserted under this head. Kor such our regular rates of
80 c- a line will be charged and they will be put with the regu-
lar advertisements. We can not be responsible for dissatisfac-
tion arising from tliese " swaps."

WANTED.— To exchange Italian queens, bred from
imported motiiei-.s. for plants, seeds, pet stock,
or Cowan extractor. What have you to offer ?
J. H. Gahiuson, 1011 N. 23d St., St. Louis, Mo.

WANTED.— To exchange Belgian hares, homing
pigeons. White Leghorn eggs or breeding-stock
for Italian queens from imported mother, pure-bred
geese, ducks, or ducks' eggs, or offers.

EcGEXE Manning, Jacksonville, N. Y.

WANTED— To exchange eggs from B. Rocks, W.
and Buff Leghorns, S. S. and Buff P. Bantams,
for wax or queens. J. Hallenbeck, Altamont,N.y.

WANTED— To exchange young laying queens for
bee-hive machinery or full colonies of bees; will
pay cash for bees if preferred.

H. G. QuiRiN, Bellevue, O.

WANTED— To exchange incuba'or, hives, sup-
plies, rubber printing-outfits, or cash. Want
honey, wax, or fdn.

O. H. Hyatt, Shenandoah, Page Co , Iowa.

WANTED— To exchange standard varieties straw-
berry-plants and Turner raspberry-sets for any
thing useful. H. R. Gebhaht, Miamisburg, O

WANTED.— To exchange single-ca.se World type-
writer (good as new) ; also hybrid bees in full
colony, for extracted honey or offers.

A. W. Gardner, Centreville, Mich.

WANTED.— To exchange strawberry-plants, Bu-
bacli, Jessie, Warfield, Crescent, Haverland,
Gandy, valued at $2 00 per ICOO; Cuthbert raspberry;
Snyder, Taylor, Western Triumph blackberry, cheap
for bees%vax. A. P. Lawrence, Hickory Cor., Mich.

WANTED.— To exchange bicycle for foot-power
screw-cutting lathe, Barnes saw, or mechan-
ic's tools. Robert B. Gedye, La Salle, 111.

WANTED.— To exchange Barnes foot-power saw,
Wilson bone-mill, double-barrel shotgun, for
bees or nuclei. J. T. Elliott, Colliers, W. Va.

ANTED.— To exchange a fine new Story & Clark
upright piano, for honey or offers.

E. T. Abbott. St. Joseph, Mo.

ANTED.— To exchange all kinds of bee-supplies
for 2 H. P. gasoline-engine or offer.

DEAJtES & Miner, Ronda, N. C.

WANTED.— L. drawn combs and Langstroth or
Simplicity hives. Second hand. Describe, and
give price. N. E. Boomhower,

West Groton, N. Y.

W

ANTED.— To buy an apiary of .50 to 100 swarms,
or to exchange pure-blooded McKarp chickens.
B. F. Howard, Havt Corners, X. Y.

WANTED.— To exchange Prairie S. incubator
and brooder. No. 1 Zimmerman fruit-dryer.
White Leghorn eggs, small-fruit plants, for Italian
bees, team harness. Eureka and Louaon raspberries,
or offers. G. M. Ames, Tamaroa, 111.

W.\NTEI). A young American man would like a
position in some western apiary. Had 2 years'
experience. Would prefer a good chance to learn
rather than flrst-class wages. Can give good rec-
ommend, eoi A. E. Ford, Fitchburg, Mass.

ANTED.— Bees by pound or colony. Answer
quick. M. Alexander, Hartford City, Ind.

W

WANTED. —To exchange one microscope in ma-
hogany case, for photographic outfit, kodak
preferred. L. L. Esenhower, Reading, Pa.

WANTED.— To exchange 60- lb. cans in good order,
boxed, valued at 2.5 cts. each, delivered, for
comb or extracted honey, of this or next season's
crop, at the market price. Quantity lots at reduced
rates. B. Walker, Evart, Mich.

Root's Goods.

Before placing your order for this
season, be sure to send for Root's

1897 Catalog, ready now.

Our 1897 hives, with improved
Danzy cover and improved Hoffman
frames, are simply "out of sight."
Acknowledged by all who have seen
them to be a great improvement over
any hive on the market, of last year.

Comb Foundation.

Cheaper and better than ever; clear
as crystal, for you can read your
name through it. Process and ma-
chinery patented Dec. 8, 1896, and
other patents pending. Samples of
the new foundation free.

The A. 1. Root Co.,

Main Office and Factory, Medina, OhlO.

Branch offices at 118 Michigan St.,
Chicago; Syracuse, N. Y.; St. Paul, Minn.;
Mechanic Falls, Me.; No. 10 Vine St.,
Philadelphia, Pa.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apr. 15.

MAPLE SUGAR AND SYRDP.

We are still prepared to supply maple sug^ar and
syrup at prices noted in our last. We have a supply
on hand for prompt shipment.

DOVETAILED HIVES, 1896 PATTERN.

Those who prefer last year's pattern of frames
and cover and style of packing-, we are prepared to
supply on short notine, as we have quite a stock of
No. 1 Dov. hives, put up before the changes for 1897
were decided upon. These are furnished at 5 cts.
per hive less than the list price of 1897-pattern hives.

HONEY.

We have the choicest Wisconsin clover and bass-
wood honey to offer in 60-lb. cans, 3 in a case, at 7 cts.
In l-gallon cans, 8 in a case, at $6.50 per case; 2 cases
at $6.35; 5 or more at $6.00. Just think of it! the
choicest honey in one-gallon cans at 75cfe. a gallon!
There are few families who would not take a gallon
of such honey at $1.00 if they had the opportunity.
It has all been melted.

SECOND-HAND FOUNDATION-MILLS.

Since our last we have added two choice mills to
our stock of second-hand machines as follows: One
10-inch round-cell. No. ZZ. Price $13.00. This will
make foundation about 6 feet to the pound, and has
had excellent care; is practically as good as new,
and good value for the price. One 6-inch hex , No.
1331. Price $13.00. This has been used just enough
to get it into the very best condition for work, with
very thin base. Will make 11 feet to the pound.
Practically as good as new. We have most of the
mills listed in our last issue.

CARLOAD SHIPMENTS.

Since our last issue we have made up a large car-
load of e ^ port orders, the principal shipment going
to Sydney, Australia. We have another car to load
for same port, and one for Liverpool, England. We
have also put up a large car for Keno, Nevada, and
Inyo Co., Cal. A second carload has been shipped
to the Northwestern branch at St. Paul, and we
are shipping a third car to Jos. Nysewander, Des
Moines, Iowa, and one to Henry F. Hagan, Rocky
Ford, Colo. We have also two or three other carload
orders entered to go as soon as possible.

We are running eleven hours a day in most de-
partments, and the section machinery fifteen hours
a day to keep pace with the demand.

DRAWN FOUNDATION.

We are now turning out drawn foundation in
pieces 3x4 inches in size, with cells %, inch deep on
each side the base. There are eiglit of these pieces
In an ounce, or 138 to the pound, or about 8 square
feet to the pound; with cells only ig inch deep each
side, there are 13 pieces in an ounce, or 12 square
feet to the pound— as light as extra thin foundation.
By rolling the sheet wax down still thinner it can be
made lighter than any foundation now offered lor
sale, or wh ch has ever been produced. With a lit-
tle more work on the machine, and more pressure,
we shall be able to turn out pieces 5x8 inches in
size. For the present we offer only the pieces 3x4,
two of wliich fill a Mb. section. To enable many to
try a little of it we will send 6 pieces, 2x4, put up in
1-lb. section, postpaid to any address, for 12 cts. in
stamps, or the same shipped with other goods for 10
cts. These will have cells about X inch deep. A
packagfi containing 10 pieces 2x4, with cells X inch
deep, mailed for 15 cts.; shipped with other goods
^or 12 cts.

"The proof of the pudding is in the eating," even
so the proof of the value of this drawn foundation
will be finally in the eating of the honey produced
with it, and the way the bees take t old of it. A little
practical experience in this line will be worth more
than all the theory you can pack into all the arti-
cles and editorials which may be printed in a gener-
ation. We believe that, for a perfect article of
comb honey, it Is going to entirely remove the ob-
jection which is often urged against the use of ordi-

nary foundation. We hope many will give it a care-
ful trial this season on a small scale. We shall then,
at the close of the season, have testimony of some
value as to its utility^and desirability in use.

A'AN ALLEN & WILLIAMS' CLAIM.

^'an Allen & Williams, of Barnum, Wis., are claim-
ing that our four and six frame Cowan extraftors
are an infringement upon the patented automatic
reversing extrai-tor of their own. We have before
us a copy of the patent, dated Nov. 15, 1893. The
object of the invention is to secure automatic re-
versing of the pockets. There is only one claim, and
that a combination claim, and a very narrow one at
that, covering a peculiar method of automatic re-
versing. Our extractors do )iot reverse automatical-
Ill. One hand turns the crank, and the other re-
verses the baskets without even stopping the ma-
chine. Moreover, we can prove by plenty of print-
ed references that the vital features of our Cowan
extractor, including the sprocket-wheel and chains,
are old ideas. The claims of Van Allen & Williams
are preposterous. It is unnecessary to state that
we shall protect all.those who are using Cowan ex-
tractors.

Special Notices in the Line of Gardening, etc.

By A. I. Root.

DWARF ESSEX RAPE.

We are pleased to tell our friends that we have
succeeded in making the following low prices for the
coming season: 1 lb., by mail, postpaid, 20 cts.: 6 lbs.
or over, 8 cts. per lb.; 100 lbs., 7!4 cts.

A special leaflet in regard to above sent every
purchaser, or mailed on application.

GRAND RAPIDS LETTUCE.

Since my statement on page 364, of our last issue,
in regard to lettuce, we have sold 376 lbs., and the
greater part of it came from two beds, each 50 feet
long. The plants were set out in November in one
of the beds, and in the other about the middle of
January. We arranged the heat so as to have them
mature just when there was the best demand for
them. We have been getting a dollar a bushel for
spinach grown under glass in the same way, and
the demand bids fair to be beyond our supply, for
we are nearly sold out of both lettuce and spinach,
and our customers come risht to our beds and take
it away. So much for having a nice crop maturing
just about the middle of April, when there is the
greatest demand for such products.

VEGETABLE-PLANTS READY APRIL 15.

We have a very fine stock of almost everything.
Our twice-transplanted cabbage-plants have been
through so many freezes and snowstorms, without
protection, that we consider them fully equal to
cold-frame plants started in the fall. These large
twice-transplanted plants are 10 cts. for 10; 75cts. for
100; S6.00 per 1000 We have also a fine stock of
those once transplanted, at just half the above
prices.

Of cauliflower we have the finest lot I think I ever
had at this season. The price is the same a« the
cold-frame cabbage-plants. We have also a nice lot
of very fine tomato-plants, including the new Ear-
liest in the World. The price of these also is the
same as the cold-frame cabbage-plants. Twice-
transplanted plants, large and stocky, double above
prices. Celeiy-plants, White Plume, Golden Dwarf,
40 cts. per 100, or $3.00 per 1000. Sweet-potato plants,
four different varieties— General Grant, Bunch
Yam, Yellow Jersey, and Early Peahody. Price 5
cts. for 10; 40 cts. per 100; $3.00 per 1000 Sweet-po-
tato plants, however, will hardly be ready before
about the last week in April. All plants wanted by
mail will be 35 cts. per 100 extra, and the twice-
transplanted plants are, as a rule, too large to be
mailable.

POTATOES FOR PLANTING.

We still continue our offer made on page 364 of
our last issue, of a dollar's worth of potatoes for
every new name for Gleanings, and ."lO cents' worth
for renewal. Please read carefully the conditions
as given in last issue. In addition to this the price
of Thoroughbreds will be reduced from $5.00 to $3.50
per barrel; bushel, $1.50; Yi bushel, 85 cts.; peck, 50

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

309

cts; I, peck, HO cts. Koniomber. tlie TlH)ro(iKJil>rod
Is probiitily the bost ylcUler juiioiifi: all tlu> t-urly po-
tiitdos: nnd in qiinlitti it is iioxt to Ilie Krooiiiaii. We
liiid soiiio for tlinnor yt'Stenlav, and It was a prettj-
hard mutter to di'cido wlutlu r tiie Kro» mans were
any ahead. Tlie Freeman is the better-shaped pota-
to when Krown on our soil; l)ut tliose fjfrown by
friend Manly, in MiihiKiui, are as jroort sliape as
any Freemans Our stock of Carman No 3 is just
sold out.

LiUrr.— At the present writintr, April U. we have
plenty of jiotatoes to ^rive awav to our suhsciilnis.
of each of tlie following kinds: F/irly rhorou^rh-
bred. Early Ohio. Fieeiuan. New t.)ueen, Sir Willi mi,
Mauum's Enormous, and New Craijf. We have scc-
ftnils to p-ive away of only Thoroughbred, New
Queen, and New Craijr.

We have :i limited sui>plv for sale of Early North-
er, Burpee's E.\tra Ktirly, Monnu- Seedling-, Rural
New-Yorker, ("arnian No. 1, and Koshkonong. The
latter we can flU orders for promptly, at prices giv-
en in table. Seconds are all gone of Early Ohio,
Freeman, and Rural New-Yorker.

Name

Varieties are in order as
regards time of matur-
ing:: earliest first, next
earliest second, and so on.

WTiite Bliss Triumph .... J
E. Thoro'bred, Maule's*

Early Ohio ....

Early Norther

Burpee's Extra Early —

Freeman

New Queen

Monroe Seedling

Rural New-Yorker No. 2..

Sir William

Carman No. 1

Carman No. 3

Koshkonong

Manura's Enormous

New Craig

*50 strong eyes, by mail, postpaid, $1.00.

01

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in S.i

$ 60

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M

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1 50

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to

7ft

20

3fl

60

2h

40

75

20

30

60

20

M

50

20

30

50

20

30

50

20

30

60

2ft

,Sft

60

2(1

Hh

4<l

75

2ft

40

75

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60

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20

35

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1 00

1 50

2 00
200
2 50
2 50

LATEST AND LARGEST OFFER YET M.ADE IN THE WAY
OF PREMIUM POTATOES.

The New Queens are an early potato; in fact, we
have some testimony to the eflect that they are al-
most if not quite as etirly as any potato we have; at
least, this 1 know— they are in more of a hurry to
sprout in the spring than arjy other potato we
handle. Now, then, ours are beginning to sprout,
although they have not as yet sprouted so as to in-
jure them in any way for planting; and on this ac-
count they must be moved off quicKly; therefore,
until they are closed out we will give a barrel of
firsts to every one who sends us a dollar for a new
subscriber, and a barrel of seconds to every one who
sends us a dollar for a renewal, subject to the con-
ditions heretofore mentioned, that the new sub-
scriber must be in a new locality, where Gleanings
has not been gointr, and that the renewal shall be
from somebody who has paid up all arrearages; and
in both cases the monej is to be sent by somebody
who is at present a subscriber. A barrel of New
Queen firsts is worth 11.2.5; in fact, no other seeds-
man advertises them any lower than tins, that I
know of. A barrel of seconds is certainly worth
half price— 63 cents. Now, then, friends, if jou
want some nir-e early potatoes for immediate plant-
ing, make some of your relatives or friends a pres-
ent of Gleanings, and get a barrel of firsts, or pay
up your own subscription two or three years ahead,
if you want to do so, and get a barrel of seconds for
every year you pay for.

SNAILS WITH GARDENING UNDER GLASS.

When your plants, either in the greenhouse, hot-
beds, or cold-frames, are having their foliage eaten
off without your being able to find any insect or
otner enemy around, you can be pretty sure it is
snails, and they do t heir work in the night. We suf-
fered a good deal of loss from them until I deter-
mined to sit up all night if I could not find the cul-
prits otherwise. With the light of a lamp with a
good shade on it I found them' right at the mischief.
They are worse in damp w»"ather, and they get in
from the sides of the bed. Wlienyou see the plants
clear up against the outside boards nibbled off, and
nowhere else, you may know it is snails. The best

remedy we have ever found is tobacco dust. If you
sprinkle it around the walls of the greenhouse, or
against the damp edges of your cold-frames and
hot-beds, you will probably see no more of thesnails.
Rt>niember, we now furnish KM) lbs. of nice tobacco
dust for only $1.7.5. For |)rlces in smallerquantltles,
see our seed and plant catalog.

THE HOTCHKISS INSECT-POWDER DISTRIBUTOR.

We may say to our readers that the implement
shown on page linti can be order.d ditert from us at
the same price as from the inanufael in ei's. We also
furnish with t lie machine an atlacliiiiein, not shown
in the cut, to throw a limited quantity of Paris-
green dust right dver the potato |)laiits when they
first come up. This attachment also serves to keep
tlie dust well awav from the lace of the operator,
and is <iiiite a convenience when the weather is the
least bit windy. We used one last season on our
IMitatoes, currants, and gooseberries, and on almost
every thing else, in fact, where insects troubled us.
Commence early to fight insect-foes— almost before
they get on your ground— and you will find it much
easier to keep ahead Until last season we had
more or less trouble with worms on our currants
and gooseberries. In spite of us they would get
the leaves trimmed off more or less. By using Paris
green as above, and commencing as soon as the
first leaves showed, scarcely a worm was seen on
the bushes during the season; and weattribute*our
great crop of currants and gooseberries largely to
our thorough dusting with Paris green very early
in the spring. Of course, you do not want to use
Paris green when berries of any kind are nearly
large enough to use.

SOME OF THE NEW STRAWBERRIES, ETC.

Some time last fall, Thompson? Sons, of RioVista,
Va., sent me half a dozen strawberry-plants named
"Eai'liest." We gave them good care, and to-da.v,
April 14, every one of the half-dozen is in blossom.
No other plants out in the open air have any signs
of blossoms at all. Of course, we can not tell yet
how they will turn out, but I think they are going to
bear berries earlier than any thing we ever got hold
of before.

There are two other new strawberries that make
me happy every time I go past the bed where they
are growing. They are the " Nick Ohmer" and the
" Margaret." Of course, I have not seen them fruit
yet; but they are growing with such strong rank
luxuriant foliage that it i.i a pleasure to see the
progress they are now making day by day. The
plants cost us 25 cts. apiece, and on that account
we have been covering them with squash-boxes
every frosty night. The pane of glass on top of
the box gives them all the light they need, even if
the I30X is not taken off every day when the sun
gets well up. A little protection to strawberry-
plants during the frosty nights of April certainly
goes a great way toward making them early, be-
sides protecting the buds from frost. I have not
yet tried cotton cloth; but 1 firmly believe we could
get berries enough earlier by the use of cotton
cloth, rolled up as explained in the tomato-book, to
pay for the investment. You see we should tuen
have this matter of injui-y from late frosts right
under our thumb.

THE HOT SUN DURING THE LAST OF APRIL.

Look out for it in the middle of the day, especially
on recently transplanted plants. A little practice
will enable you to tell when they are suffering seri-
ous injury. Just before this time arrives, protect
them from the sun with shutters or cotton CK)th, or
both. Where the sun is very hot and the air very
dry, better put on the sashes just as you would keep
out the frost, then cover the glass almost entirely
with shutters. I say oZmosf entirely, because plants
are better with a little light, if they do not get too
much; and they are belter with a little air if they
do not get too much ; therefore you can provide the
right quantity of both by leaving the sashes and
shutters a little space apart. All this takes time
and fussing, I grant; but when orders are waiting
for plants you can not affor'd to leave any stone un-
turned in order to push tlierji forward ; and where
every thing is done just right, plants will grow atan
astonishing rate; and if you Inn the plants you will
soon learn to enjoy with a keen zest prt)tecting
them and providing for them so as to make them do
their very best.

310

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE

Apr. 15.

Kind Words From Our Customers.

The new drawn comb foundation is grand. I hope
it may become practicable. C. F. Pujlsifer.

Dryad, Wash.

I wish to express my sincere thanks for the cour-
teous, honorable, and kmd treatment which I have
always had at your hands. Ohas. B. Wilson.

Norfolii, Va., Feb. 5.

I have taken Gleanings since '88, and it grows
better every year. Don't forget footnotes and
1. Give the swindlers Jtssy; every

Notes of Trave
thing good in it
Trumansburg, N. Y

L. D. Hopkins

FROM A PROFESSOR OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NE-
BRASKA.

I have received the watch which I ordered from
you recently, and find it all right. I am well pleased
with it, and could recommend your firm to my
friends. Lawrence Bkuner.

Lincoln, Neb.

A bee-keeper 77 YEARS OLD, AND A BICYCLE-RIDER.

1 am now in my 77th year and do not expect to
keep bees any more. 1 shake A. L R.'s hand, and
bid him farewell Tell him that 1, too, ride the
bicycle daily, and hope he will be able to do so when
he is 77 years old. Joseph Sinton.

Henrietta Court, Pasadena, Cal

those honey-jumbles— a suggestion.
Please have your folks try putting a teacup of
granulated sugar and one cup of water in making
the honey-jumbles, instead of the molasses and a
small quantity of water, as in the recipe. We pre-
fer the sugar, but perhaps it may be because we did
noi have the right kind of molasses.

Mrs. 8. H. Collins.

TREATING SCABBY SEED POTATOES WITH CORRO-
SIVE SUBLIMATE.

Friend Boot:— My seed potatoes last year were
very scabby. You advised me to treat with corro-
sive sublimate, which I did, and the potatoes were
perfectly free of the disease. G. M. Whitford.

Arlington, Neb., Apr. 1, 1897.

[Pull directions for treating scabby seed potatoes
will be found on tlie last page of our new seed cat-
alog.] ________^

MORE ABOUT THE CRANDALL CURRANT.

I bought two Crandall currant-bushes some years
ago; pliinted apart about 50 yards. They bloomed
abundantly every spring, but gave only a few ber-
ries. I saw in some catalog that they appear to be
male and female. Last spring 1 dug one of them
up and planted it by the side of the other. Last
summer you ought to have been here to see my
bushes loaded with those big black Crandall cur-
rants. John Slaubaugh.

ANOTHER report FROM THE LOGAN BERRY.

The last Gleanings asked for information about
the Logan berry. It is a cross between the black-
berry and raspberry, and has the color of the rasp-
berry, but is sour and tasteless. A nurseryman
near Watsonville plowed up ten acres of them.
They were no good. A neighbor did the same to a
smaller patch. The berries look fine in a slide, and
they have sold as high as ninety cents, but the de-
mand Is light. Tlie originator is Judge Logan, and
I believe he lives at Santa Cruz.

Aromas, Cal., Mch. 26. Elsie L. Torrey.

The ABC came all O. K. and I am very much
pleased with it. It is very much improved since I
ordered my last one.

I can not understand why any one should say that
sweet clover is not good for stock. I have not very
much of it, but what I cut and fed green was eaten
up very greedily, after becoming used to it, just
the same as alfalfa. In fact, stock must become
used to any new thing. I turned tliree calves out
this morning on blue grass. One of them is six
months old, and I have not seen them take a bite of
grass yet. They were turned out five hours ago.

All the complaint I have heard about sweet clover is
that it is a bad weed; but as it dies every two years,
and conies from seed. I do not see how that can be
very bad. J. T. Van Patten.

Linn, Kan.

Porter Honey-House Bee-Escape.

Have you seen it '( Just the thing to put on the
doors or windows of your bee-rooms. Indispensa-
ble, you'll say, after you have tried It.

Price bv mail, 35 cents.

Cowan and Novice
Extractors.

These are the best. We are
prepared to furnish on short
notice, from any of our several
branches, Z, 4, and 6 frame Cow-
ans, and 3-frame' Novices.

If you want the genuine, see
that they bear our name.

A 36-page catalog sent free on
application.

THE A. I. ROOT CO., Medina, Ohio.

FOR SALE. Three -frame
nuclei on Langstroth frame,
$3.25; two-frame, $1.85, with
queen.
W. H. STANLEY, Dixon, Lee Co.. III.

NUCLEI

"^^^^^t, ^2f from ten-pound Pekin Ducks
J^VjrVjri9 for sale; $1.00 per 12.

TILLIE INGLES, Mulberry Grove, III.

Bees for Sale.

In 8-frame Dovetailed liives, queens from import-
ed mothers. Price $4.00 to $5.00 per colony.

EDW. SMITH. Carpenter, ill.

npESTED QUEENS, ^t^^r^-^^^

I tested, 75c. per return mail. I have had 30
years' experience witli bees.
DANIEL WURTH, Falmouth, Rush Co., Ind.

For Sale.== Bees and Queens.

Queens, $1.00. Bees by the pound, $l.tK). Nuclei,
two frames, with (jueen, $2.50; one Iranie, $2.00

Also liarred and wiiite P. Rocks. Silver Laced
Wyaiidottes. Eggs for sitting, at *l.(i(l for 15.

MRS. A. A. SinPSON, Swarts, Greene Co., Pa.

Large ;|
Book t
Free! JS

To every new subscriber who
sends us $1.00 we will send him
our journal, Qleaninics in Bee
Culture, one year, and the book
by A. I. Root, containing 190
pages, the size of this, entitled
What to Do, and How to be
Happy while Doing it, postpaid.
Tlie regular price of this work
Is .50 cents. If you prefer, the
jouinal may be sent to a
friend, and you can keep the
book for j'ourself.

THE A. I. ROOT CO.,
Medina. O.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

315

Contents of this Number.

Alfalfa Hoiu'v Oofemleil. .•a.'i|H..

Apis Doi-sata' .■W9| H. .

Beds. Clearinu off .S4fil H -

Bees and Gi-apes. Calirornia.S£<,l<M

Bee escapo-i .S26 11 m

Bee-keei>lnif. StaitlUK ln....."B2 .1.-

BeiryiAnioi-s ...f. 347|I.'i

Black Bees Pi cfened StT, Na

Borers in Trees 347 [ N ■ ■

(.'aires for Loiitr Distances. ..XMiN"
Combs ill Wired Frames ...SMl'.i

Entrances, Deep 337 I'c:

FancvComli Honev S»4lPc

Flat fea :tl7 gii

Foiindnt b'l, \. ■■• . K'v I, .':'ji Sm,

Fonndiit. 1,1 S:,l

Foundati' i , I . i - s.-l

FoundiU !■ ii :.i I- 11. ■ . \ Ik III. i:' Si|i

FI■anle^. Ku.i-i-u. ui^; .-.. Su

Frames. Ciatiiit; oH :«S:\ ■■■

Frame. Boomhower Xa\ \ 1 1

History Repeating Itself ... .340 \\.
Hive, ftoomhower xa'w I

, I'. ...:i;i7

[;i '.I i.:.Mi'i,„lV'-:WI

I I 1 . k,. i.Uiim:ti2

I liciende'ii.'.'..3.'«)

. <<■ I. IK' xm

II, III. i.ut xn

11. I Swarming. ..337
-.. 1 iMoof 322

(■..ml. HV>ney.;!!!!;S29

..■lu.icil 340

347

" Oregon SSR

Discussed 32.5

.indBuprs :!46

^.'l iK.f Eaten 346

!.■- UiMtii .^•io

Mm 327

Honey Column.

CITY MARKETS.

('LEVF,L.\ND.— Honey.— Fancy white, 11@13; No. 1
white, 9@]0; fancy amber, 8@ii; white extracted, 5
@6; beeswax, 23@2.5. Honey moving very slowly,
even at low prices. A. B. Willi.\ms & Co..

April 19. 80-82 Broadway. Cleveland, O.

Milwaukee.— Honej/.— Fancy white, 13@li; No. 1
white, 11@12; fancy amber, .s@10; No. 1 amber, 8@9;
white extracted. "6@7; amber, .5@5!4: dark, 4@.5;
beeswax, 25@26. This weeli there has existed a fair
demand for honey of all grades, both extracted and
comb. And demands for fancy comb honey exceed
the supply, while medium and lower grades are hard
to move. Now, this is a stiong argument for apia-
rists to remember; and aim at putting everything
possible on the fancy list and grade, and good re-
sults will follow. A. V. Bishop & Co.,

April 17. Milwaukee, Wis.

Boston. — Honey. — Fancy white, 13; No. 1. 11®
12; white extracted. 7®8; amber. 6; beeswax, 25@26.
As warm weather approaches, the demand for honey
drops oflf; but there is still a fair demand for best
1-lb. sections in cartons. Beeswax wanted.

E. E. Blake & Co ,

April 17. 67 Chatham St., Boston, Mass.

Chicago.— Honey.— Fancy white, 12; No. 1, white,
10®11: fancy amber, 9@10; No. 1 amber. 7; fancy
dark. 7@8; No. 1 dark, 7; white extracted. 5@7; am-
ber. .5@6; dark, mi%: beeswax, 26@37. The market
is bare of the best grades of white comb honey.
R. A. Burnett & Co.,

April IT. 163 So. Water St., Chicago, 111.

Columbus— Hon«y.— Fancy white, 12@12'/2; No. 1
white. 11; fancy dark, 8. While arrivals of white
comb are light, the demand corresponds; would not
advise any shipments without making direct in-
quii J'. The Colu.mbus Com. & STf)RAGE Co.

Apr. 21. 409-413 N. High St , Columbus, O.

Albany.— Honey.— Fancy white, 10@12; fancy am-
ber, 7@8: fancy dark, 6. There is some little de-
mand for both clover and buckwheat comb honey,
but most of the stock on our market is candied, and
on that account hard to sell. No demand for ex-
tracted. Chas. McCulloch & Co.,

April 20. Albany, N.Y.

Cincinnati.— Honey. — No. 1 white, 12@14; No. 1
amber. 10®12; white extracted, 6®6; amber, 4@.5;
dark, 3H@4; beeswax, 22@2.5. Demand slow for all
kinds of honey. Demand fair for beeswax.

Chas F. Muth & Son,

AprillQ. Cincinnati, O.

St. Louis.— Honey.— Fancy white, 12'i@13; No. 1
white, lli4@12; fancy amber, 10'/2®11; No. 1 amber,
9; fancy dark, 8; No. 1 dark. 7; white extra<'ted, in
bbls., .5H : in cans, 7; amber, in bbls., .5; in cans, 0Y2:
dark, 4@4K; beeswax, 24@3.5. Stocks of honey well
reduced. Good demand for choice stock both comb
and extracted. Westcott Commission Co.,

April 19. 213 Market St., St. Louis, Mo.

New Vork.— Honei/.— Fancy white, 11; No. 1
white, 10; fancy amber, 9; No. 1 amber. 8; fancy
dark, «; white extracted. HOtrtV, • amber. 4®4!4 ; dark,
no sale; hefswax, 2«(a)-'7. We have no changes In
prices to ri'port. Stooks are pretty well cleaned up,
very little left of any kind. We ha\e yet some de-
mand for comb honey, and are selling some light
along. We expect new crop of Southein latter part
of next month, and judging from reports we receiv-
ed the South will have a good crop.

Hildhkth Bros. & Seoelken,

April 19. 120 i:.';.' W. Broadway, New York.

Philadelphia.— Ho?iey. — White extracted, .5@6;
amber, 4®'); dark, 3H®4: beeswax, 26. No comb
honey in our market, except odd lots broken down,
no call whatever. Wm. A.Selzer,

Apr. 19. 10 Vine St.. Philadelphia, Pa.

Kansas City.— Honey.— No. 1 white, 12@13; fancy
amber, 11®12; No. 1 amber, 10@11; fancy dark,9®10;
No. 1 dark, 8@9; white extracted, 5; amber, 4'/i;
beeswax, 2.5. C. C. Clemons & Co.,

April 19. 423 Walnut, Kansas City, Mo.

Minneapolis.— Honey.— Fancy white, 12@13; No.
1 white, 10@12; fancy amber, 9@10; No. 1 amber, 8®
9; fancy dark, 7@8: No. 1 dark, 6®7; white extract-
ed, 6@7; anber, 5®8; dark, 4@5; beeswax, 22®25.
Market remains unchanged for both extracted and
comb. S. H. Hall & Co.,

April 19. Minneapolis, Minn.

Detroit. — Honey.— Fancy white, 10®11; No. 1
white, 9®10; fancy amber, 8@9; No. 1 amber, 7@8;
fancy dark, 7; white extracted, 5@6; amber, 4@6;
dark, 4; beeswax, 2.5@26. There is barely any sale
for comb honey. Extracted, fair demand at a tend-
ency to lower prices. M. H. Hunt,

April 20. Bell Branch, Mich,

For Sale.— $25.00 for one ,500-lb. barrel of A No. 1
linn extracted honey, F. O. B. cars here; or 5V4c in
packages of 60 lbs. each. J. B. Murray, Ada, O.

Do You Use

INK?

Send jour ad-
dress, with 6
cents, to the
They will mail you
when put

Handy Hfg. Co., Detroit, Hich.

one package of Handy Crystals that wil
with lukewarm soft water, instantaneously dissolve
and make one-half pint of blue-black ink, worth 50
cts. Warranted not to fade, or thicken in the bottle.

FOR SALE. In 8-f rams Dove-
tailed hives, queens from im-
ported mothers. Price $3.00
to $4.00 per colony.
EDW. SJVIITH. Carpenter, III.

rTIP <sAf P The Great French Strawberry,
pUK OALC. "LOUIS GAUTHIER."

The only large fruiting kind that bears on young
runners. Old plant fruits in .Tune, making runners
which fruit in September. Write for particulars.
ARTHUR T. GOLDSBOROUQH,

West Washington, D. C.

BEES

By mail, in July and
August. 60 cts. each.

Tested
Italian
Queens } J. C. Wheeler, Piano, III.

Southern Cow=Peas.

One hundred bushels of the speckled or Whippoor-
will variety, which is the earliest and best for gen-
eral cultivation, will be delivered f. o. b. at $1..50 per
bushel. W. H. GREER.

Box 16, Paris, Tenn.

For Sale.== Bees and Queens.

Queens. $1.00. Bees by the pound, fl.OO. Nuclei,
two frames, with ijueen. $2.5(1; one frame, $2.00

Also Barred and White P. Kocks, Silvei' Laced
Wvandottes. Eggs for sitting, at fl.OO for 15.

MRS. A. A. SinPSON, Swarts, Greene Co., Pa.
Please mention this paper

316 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. May 1.

A Tested Queen for SO cts.

As usual, I am re-queening my apiary tliis spring: with young queens, seliinp tlie tested queens, thai
are removed, at $1.00 each. Tliese queens are fine Italians, rig-ht in their prime, being- of last year's rear-
ing. I am also starting a large number of nuclei in which to test queens, and can soon give purchasers
their eh <ice between queens of this or last year's rearing. You ask, Wliere does the 50 cent queen come in
It comes in right here. To every one not now a subscriber who will send $1.00 for the Review for 1897,
will send one of these tested queens for 50 cents.

There are thousands of bee-ket-pers in this broad land, who, if acquainted with the Review, would
read it year after year, and it is to once get it into such hands that this special offer is made. I will also
send the Review one year and 1000 strictly flrst-class sections for only $:i 60. Or a Bingham Conqueror
smoker and the Review for only $1.75.

W. Z. HUTCHINSON. Flint, Mich.

DANZENBAKER
HIVE AND HONEY

won Highest Honors at the
Fairs, and pays Premiums to
purchasers

of 50 hives, $50 for the best 100 Danzen baker sections
.. 25 " 25 " " 50

" 20 " 20 " " 40

" 10 " 10 " " 20

" 5 " 5 " " 10

{^"Further particulars regarding the premiums,
also special catalog of the Danzenbaker Hive and
System, furnished on application. Address
FRANCIS DANZENBAKER, Medina, Ohio.
Care of The A. I. Root Co.

Nuclei==Order Now,

of the old reliable queen-breeder, a 2-frame
(Hoffman) nucleus and warranted queen
(Italian) that we will guarantee will pro-
duce a large colony by -June, for $2.75.

Direct the Philadelphia branch of

THE A. I. ROOT CO.,
Wm. A. Selser, Mgr. 10 Vine St., Phil., Pa.

|^~A full line of all bee-supplies.

At Des rioines,
Iowa.

Root's Goods at Root's Factory Prices

Immense stock of the latest 1897 goods now on hand, and more to follow.

Thousands of Hives and Millions of Sections is our record, and other goods in proportion. We

are sure to pleast- you if the best goods at bottom
prices and good service will do it. Eleventh annual catalog free. Address

JOS. NYSEWANDER, Des Moines, Iowa.
^^^^^^ ^^ to^ Direet-Draft Perfect

Bingham Perfect Bee=smokers and Honey =knives. ^^ bingham

Smoke Engine (''^■■|;.''^„*,„^S;^'^-) 4 in. stove. Doz., $13.00; each, by mail, $1.50 ^™ BeeSHLOker

Doctor Sy, " " 9.00; "

Conqueror 3 " " 650- "

I^arge 2>4 " " 5.00; "

Plain 3 " " 4.75; "

Little Wonder (wt. 10 oz.) 2 " " " 4.50; ■'

Honey-knife " 6.00.' "

Biuyiiaiu >Sc Hetlier-

ington Uiicapping-

knife.

Bingham Smokers have all the new improve-
ments. Before buying a Smoker or Knife, look
up its record and pedigree.

FIFTEEN YEARS FOR A DOLLAR; <)^E UAI F
CENT FOR A MONTH.

Dear Sir:— Have used the Conqueror 15 years. Lwas always pleasi
with its workings, but thinking I would need a new one this summer 1
write for a circular. I do not think tlie 4-inch ."^moke Engine 100 large.
Truly, W. H. Eaqerty, Cuba, Kaus:is.

Jan. 37,

T. F. BINQHAfl, Farwell, Hichigan.

160-page MM Sent Free Willi HmBnGan Bee JOiirnaL

Bee-book
FREE.

Every new suhscriher sending $1.00 for the weekly American Bee Journal
for one year will receive a copy of Newman's 160 page "Bees and
Honey" free. The old American Bee Journal is great this ye.ir. You
ought to have it, even if you do take Gleanings. Sample of Bee Jour=
nal free. Write for it.

GEORGE W. YORK & CO., 118 Michigan St., Chicago, III.

r^

• DELVoTED'

•To -Be. ELS

•ANdHoNLY
•AliD HOMEL

•INTERESTS

I-/ '^

'ubii5hE<)yTHEAl1^ooYCo.
Si°»PERVtAR'^\@ Medina- Ohio-

Vol. XXV.

MAY I, 1897.

No. 9

A 4>4x4>4 SECTION, no matter what its thick-
ness, will be J^ inch thicker without separators
than with, and will weigh nearly three ounces
more.

Vinegar can nol be made from honey, says
C. P. Dadant, in American Bee Journal, if you
make it stronger than 3 pounds of honey to a
gallon of water.

Skylark reports feeding boiled juice of Mus-
cat grapes for winteiing, and this spring he's
boiling raisins and then pressing the juice for
spring feeding.— u4rjie7'ica7i Bee Journal.

A HUGE BEE-TREE, in 1884, In Australia, ac-
cording to a report in Progres Apicole, yielded
7700 pounds of honey. Wonder if a decimal
point couldn't be worked in somewhere to ad-
vantage in that 7700!

In SOME RESPECTS thick separators are better
than thin; but a strong argument in favor of
thin separators is that they are so cheap they
can be thrown away when used once, saving
the trouble of cleaning.

The Pacific Bee Journal blames light-weight
sections for demoralizing the Los Angeles mar-
ket. The buyer buys light weights at 9 cts. by
the piece, then uses that as a leverage to buy
the next lot at 9 cts. a pound.

Some French writers say a queen will not
go up to lay in a super if the direction of the
combs crosses that of the combs in the lower
story, unless there are drone-cells above. There
seems no reason for that, but they claim it holds
good.

Drawn comb with cells }4 inch deep mea-
sures 8 feet to the pound, and thin foundation
10 feet. Is it worth while to make much fuss
about 25 per cent more "gob" in a section, es-
pecially if that "gob" is mainly a matter of
imagination?

Those definitions on p. 286 are all good but

the last, which might better be called " leveled
comb," for it's "drawn comb" just as much be-
fore it's leveled as after. [Yes, I like your term
"leveled comb;" and as we have only just begun
the use of the word. Gleanings will adopt it in
preference to drawn comb.— Ed.]

Tell us how you fasten drawn foundation
in sections. I suppose a Daisy fastener might
be arranged to work, but hardly a Parker. But
no one who has tried a Daisy would use a Par-
ker. [Wo have been using the Daisy so far. It
would be impossible to use the Parker, of
course.— Ed.]

DooLiTTLE, p. 286, favors natural swarming,
and thinks if artificial increase is practiced it is
greatly better to wait " till very near, or just at
the close of the harvest." He gives such good
reasons for this latter that it raises the question
whether it may not be better than natural
swarming, which comes generally near the be-
ginning of the harvest.

Apis dorsata, it is generally taken for
granted, has a longer tongue than the common
bee. John A. Pease questions this, seeing dor-
sata is an entirely distinct species. "The bear
is a much larger beast than the cat, but he has
a shorter tail, and it may be so with this bee's
tongue. — Pacific Bee Journal. [See editorials
regarding Apis dorsata.— Ed.]

Just as much fun watching the bees get to
work this spring as it was 35 years ago. [It is
a pleasure to know, doctor, that you have not
lost your old-time enthusiasm. Young chaps
like you and I, even if there is a difference of
31 years between our ages, can not afford to
lose our love for the business. Some people
never grow old, and you are one of them. —
Ed.]

C. Dadant thinks it not necessary, but a
damage, to give bees water in transit. They
need much when Hying, but not when shut
in.— Revue Internuti07iale. [We used to give
bees water in transit, but gave it up prin-
cipally because the water leaked out, softened
the prepared sugar feed, and daubed the bees
up. Personally I should be inclined to think

318

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May 1.

water is an advantage, providt-d the difficulty
mentioned could be successfully eliminated.—
Ed.]

Hon. Eugene Secor is a good man wher-
ever he has been tried so far, and he's likely to
keep up his reputation as General Manager of
the U. S. Bee-keepers' Union. [Yes, indeed,
he is a good man all round. He is popular, in-
fluential, and a thorough-going business man,
and one whom it is a real pleasure to know.
With all his other accomplishments he is the
poet laureate among the bee-keepers of Amer-
ica.—Ed.]

The price of drawn foundation must come
down a good bit before I can afford to fill sections
with it, but I think I might afford it for bottom
starters. [Of course, it is understood that our
drawn foundation is now made on small dies,
and at present prices could not be sold very
cheaply. We hope, before the season is out, to
have dies 5x8, at which time we shall be able to
supply our friends with the product, at reduced
prices. Next season, if the article proves to be
the success that is now seems assured, we shall
make dies and hydraulic machinery on a suffi-
ciently large scale to supply the article in
quantities, and at prices within the reach of
bee-keepers. — Ed.]

Dr. L. Latinne says in Progres Apicole that
drone comb within the cluster of bees in winter
is detrimental. Each empty cell has a bee,
making the cluster ,50 per cent less compact
where drone-cells are. He thinks spreading the
combs for winter is at least useless, as with
empty cells the bees are practically clustered
solid. [Before the advent of Hoffman frames,
in our apiary we invariably spread the frames
in the fall for winter, thinking it to be an ad-
vantage; but since using the self-spacers we
have been in the habit of leaving the frames
just as they are In summer; and our success In
wintering has been just exactly as good; indeed,
we have had much better results in the last
four or five years. While we would hardly at-
tribute It to the closer spacing it is very evident
that just as good results can be and are secured.
-Ed.]

EiETSCHE, the inventor of the Rietsche foun-
dation press, of which 10,000 are now in use, a
press turning out 150 sheets in an hour, now
uses a lubricant made as follows: Put into a
little bag 2 ounces soft soap; stir the bag in 5
quarts warm water till the soap is thoroughly
dissolved; then add 5 qts. cold water. [Strange-
ly enough, we sent for and obtained one of these
presses, and we made it work after a fashion,
but it was altogether too slow. It now stands
on a shelf, unused. It is doubtful whether such
a machine would find a sale in this country,
even if advertised at the same price as in Ger-
many, because, at present prices of foundation,
no bee-keeper could afford to make his own, es-

pecially if he could turn out only 150 sheets an
hour. Foundation-making in this country is
now left almost entirely to the large makers;
and very many of the large supply houses can
not afford to make their own, because they can
buy cheaper. — Ed.]

My EXPERIENCE has led me to like thin sur-
plus foundation better than extra thin. How
does that compare with the general drift?
What's the proportion of thin to extra thin
manufactured? [The foreman of our founda-
tion department tells me there is about a half
more of thin called for than of extra thin, not-
withstanding the fact that, since the advent of
the new Weed process, we have made the thin
about as light as the old extra thin, and the
extra thin lighter still. The new process of
sheeting makes the foundation so much tougher
that we found we could make all our grades of
foundation lighter; and I believe that our extra
thin, light as It is, 13 to 13 feet, will be more ac-
ceptable to the bees than our old extra thin of
11 to 12 feet to the pound. Another season it
may be possible to reduce the weight still more.
Your experience that led you to prefer the thin
was reported in Gleanings, and was at the
time we were making foundation by the old
process. — Ed.]

I don't know every thing, Mr. Editor, but I
thinli I know that you don't know what you're
talking about on p. 286. I've used drawn combs
by the thousand, and I don't care how deep the
cells are so they're nice and clean, and don't
come close enough to the separators to be bridg-
ed. [While you are perhaps able to use full-
depth cells, the majority do not seem to make
a success of It. While I may be wrong, I base
the reasons for my opinion, as stated on p. 286,
on two things: Honey stored in shallow cells,
the cells being drawn out gradually as they are
filled, acquires a certain delicious flavor that I
do not believe will be found in honey stored in
deep cells at the start. Theoretically, at least,
honey will ripen in shallow cells more perfectly
than in deep ones. A good many people always
believe that comb honey is a little finer-flavored
than extracted; and I believe the real founda-
tion for this belief lies in the fact that honey In
sections is generally produced from foundation
(comb- building keeping pace with the storage),
while the extracted is almost Invariably stored
In full - depth extracting- combs. My second
reason for favoring the shallow-depth drawn
(or level) comb is that the bees have a chance
to work the cell walls over, where, if they were
full-depth, they would let them alone. In any
case, full-depth or not, one object of leveling is
to take off the top of the cells the slight ring of
wax that the bees always leave, because the
cell walls themselves without this ring would
not be strong enough to withstand the constant
travel of the bees.— Ed.]

'iLKANIN(i» IN BEE CULTURE.

3Ht

Uu li. C. Aihiii.

FOUNDATION FA8TKNEH.

It seems tome there is yet much imperfect
worK in fastening foundation in sections. I
have used the pressure method, pressure and
iieat combined, and heat alone. Utre is a le.-t
to prove to any one who "ill try it ihat pr<-s-
sure or mashing it on is not good work: Pre>-s
on a piece of foundation, then bring it into
position in whicn it should iiang. and look
closely at the point of contact with the >ection.
Here is an i nlarged vi. w of how ii will appear.

5ECTI0N

The foundation is pressed into a wedge shape,
the thin edge of the wedge adhering. If the
wax would adhere before being cut partially
off, there would be no difficulty; but as the
pressure increases, the wax is pressed out thin-
ner; and by the time the pressure is heavy
enough to make tiie wax adhere, the founda-
tion is about half cut off; and as the sheet is
bent to bring it to proper position, a portion
peeis from the wood.

I have a rude machine that I have used for
several seasons, and it does good work. It is
original with me. is not patented, and is not
on the market, so do not order one, for I am not
manufacturing them. It is a hot-plate founda-
tion-fastener and section press, in one machine.
I wish, however, to speak particularly of the
fastening work, for that is the more important.

The plate stands at an angle of about ^'i de-
grees, and the section is placed under the lower
end. I put the foundation in before the section
is folded. Here is the method. Before me at
easy working height is a table (1). Above the
table is arranged the plate (2), pointing toward
me and downward, while under the table is the
lamp (5) for heating, and a tread (4) that throws
the plate forward (toward me) and downward,
sliding at the angle at which it is set. The
sections are previously dampened at the grooves
only, by pouring a small stream of water
terough the grooves before opening the crate,
or bunched. I pick up a section and put it on
the I able, and by the foot-lever throw the plate
out till it rests on the section just where the
foundation is 1o go on. While the plate was
at rest, the wax left on from the previous fas-
tening accumulates on the very end, and when
it comes down on the next section the hot wax
is at ouce, as it were, fried into the grain of the
wood. The plate must be so hot that it will
instantly melt the edge of the sheet of wax
when applied, and the wax must be quickly
applied and the plate withdrawn before the
section is heated, and the foundation set in the
line of the melted wax on the section. The
plate must be hot, the section and foundation
both cold, then the wax sets or hardens quickly.
Just as soon as the foundation is in place,
and almost as rapidly as one can handle the
sheets, thi^ wax will be cool enough to almost
support the foundation in an upright position.
I use a bottom starter and put it on first, then
put on the full sheet and support it with my
fingers while I pick up the section and bring
the ends together with the foundation in a
hanging position, place the section in the press,
and fasten it, and at once set it in a super.

The illustration shows the starters on in such
a way that, when the section is in the hive, the
dovetailed corner is down. This is the way
many us- it, and has in its favor the fact that
the dovetailing does not show so plainly when
the section is set right side up. Some also pre-
fer them so because, otherwise, when they take
hold of the top to lift a section, the corner is
apt to pull loose. The former idea in regard to
appf-arance has some little weight, though not
enough to be seriously considered; but the lat-
ter has no weight whatever, because when
ouce a section is properly filled with honey any
pull that would pull out the top is altogether
unnecessary in any manipulation.

I prefer to put the bottom starter where the
illustration shows the full sheet being put on,
and the full sheet or top starter on the end
where appears the bottom starter, so when I
lift the section from the table to place in the
folder I have the full sheet hanging instead of
stayiding, a,nd the dovetailing comes up under
the head-block just above the numeral 6. The
folder (6) is set just as close to the plate as It

320

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May 1.

cau be, to have it as nearly as possible imme-
diately in front of me. As the pressure neces-
sary to close the section is much greater than
that used in operating the plate, I put the folder
to the right, that the right foot may operate
the lever (7) in closing the section.

I think all will see at a glance the manner of
handling the section while putting on the foun-
dation. The little blocks at either end of the
table are so placed that, when the section is
shoved to one end, it is just right for the bot-
tom starter; and, shoved to the other end, just
right for the top starter.

The illustration I have prepared for this is
not just as I have my machine, and not what it
should be. The machinery I use in operating
the plate and folder is not all shown. It would
require two or more engravings to show it all.
This, however, shows the manner of getting
the foundation on and the section closed, which
is what I wish to write of here. To illustrate
in detail, so that one may copy exactly in build-
ing such a machine, is rather beyond my skill
as a draughtsman, and no doubt more than the
editor would care to have engraved.

As for the work of this machine, it is first
class. When it is operated rightly the fasten-
ing is so perfect that the foundation will part
somewhere else before it will let loose from the
wood.

The only difficulty is in getting the section
closed without injuring the fastening by
springing the top by the heavy pressure needed
to set the dovetailing, or by allowing the sheet
of foundation to lop over when neither soft nor
hard. It requires some pretty good judgment
to handle it just right, and something that is
very hard to tell.

The reason for putting foundation in before

folding is because of the difficulty of getting
the fingers in to hold the foundation when the
section is folded. I had intended to devise
something to hold the foundation, and to cut
off the required length, though up to this time
I have never had the time to accomplish it.
These things might be developed
faster if some inventive g nius could
receive the proper stimulus; but as
it now is, the man who invents
some good thing is usually more of
a benefactor than benefited. I have
been told— but can not say as to the
truth of it — ihat some manufactur-
ers of large nutans and extensive
works keep one or more experts in
their establis-ha-enis, whose duly it
is to study out belter metljods and
improvements.

Thai bottom starter is a grand
thing. I have ju-^t read in the
American Bee Journal some of Ed-
itor York's experience in getting a
lot of broken-down comb honey.
The total shipment was 3300 pounds,
and 5.50 of that broken down— almost
one-fourth of it. I have had a little
break down myself, but I know it
is possible to have sections so firm
that nothing short of smashing the
case would break the honey loose from the sec-
tion. I have had some such, and know whereof
I speak, and know that bottom starters are a
great help in getting such. There should
always be a bottom starter, whether only start-
ers be used or full sheets.

The producer of comb honey for the general
markets can not afford to do any half-way
work. There must be no foundation pulling
down in the section, and there must be no
breaking down of the finished product in the
case. I know what it is to have fine plump
finished sections, and I know what it is have
such poor finish that I hardly dared to hold the
section sidewise for fear the honey would drop
out of its own weight. I must say that our
honey is put on the market in a crude way, and
especially is this true of the extracted product.
Loveland, Col.

[I agree with you that the heated-plate plan
gives a much better fastening, and I may add
the work is more rapidly done. While some
prefer two machines in one (folding the section
and fastening the foundation) we prefer two
machines— one for each operation. We find
the two are more rapid, simpler, and cheaper
than any combined machine we have ever op-
erated; and we have tried a good mauy. We
have never tried the Aikin machine, and, of
course, are not prepared to speak of its mprits.
— Ed.1

If you would like to have any of your friends
see a specimen copy of Gleanings, rrutke known
the request on a postal. %viih the address or ad-
dresses, and we will, with pleasure, send them.

(ilvEANINOS IN BEE CULTURE.

321

THE GRANULATION OF ALFALFA HONEY. ETC.

LACK OK lUIDY AND rUOPKR M ANII'ULATION

(ArsK OK gr.\nui..vtion; ai.kai.fa and

SWKKT CLOVKK THK IIONKV- PliODlCI.Nd
ri.ANT.S OF THE FUTUKK

Bii Emcrgnu Tmilor Ahbntt.

I have read with considerable interest Mr.
Aikin's article on alfalfa honey; but as his ex-
perience and mine are not in full harmony, I
wish to make a few remarks on the subject.

There are some things which occur under the
operation of what we call natural laws with
that unerring certainty which enables us to say
positively that they are so and so. but the gran-
ulation of honey is not one of them. The read
er will more thoroughly understand what I
mean when I say that I now have in my posses-
sion alfalfa honey of last year's crop which has
shown no signs of granulating. I have had al-
falfa honey from the same party. Mr. Oliver
Foster, of Los Animas, Col., for a number of
years, and my experience with it has been in-
variably the same.

I know that, generally speaking, alfalfa
honey granulates very quickly; but 1 am in-
clined to think that this is due more to the way
the honey is handled that\,to any inherent ten-
dency in the nectar of the alfalfa plant. I am
well aware that there is a wide variation in the
body and appearance of the honey found in the
open market which is known as " alfalfa." I am
not inclined to think this difference results from
the locality in which the nectar is produced. I
think it was Dr. Miller who offered the sug-
gestion that alfalfa from different localities
might show different characteristics; but I
hardly think this is true if the honey is abso-
lutely pure alfalfa, and is handled in the same
way. I think that the variation in color is due
almost, if not entirely, to the fact that the nec-
tar of other flowers has been mixed with that of
alfalfa. The " body" and flavor of the honey is
due largely to the method of handling it. Es-
pecially is this true of the "body," a very im-
portant factor in the make- up of a fine quality
of extracted honey. I am also of the opinion
that the tendency to granulation is largely due
to a 1 ck of "body." This is strikingly illus-
trated in the basswood honey of my own State,
when it is thrown out of the combs beforeit has
been thoroughly ripened by the bees. In a
word. I incline to the opinion that the great
tendency to granulate shown by extracted alfal-
fa honey is due to improper manipulation, and
I would advise the other extracted-honey pro-
ducers of Colorado to take a few lessons from
Mr. Booster, and to work for qiudity rather than
quantity, and then they will not say that all al-
falfa honey will granulate In a very short time.
I know from experience that it will not.

I do not think there is any finer honey in the
world than extracted alfalfa when it is properly

handled from start to finish. It is the only
honey that I have ever seen that can be used
for general sweetening purposes without spoil-
ing the flavor and desirable qualities of some
articles of food into which it is put. Especially
is this true of all drinks, such as tea or coffee,
which, by the way, I seldom use.

I look upon alfalfa and another member of the
same family, sweet clover, as the honey- produc-
ing plants of the future. The honey produced
from the nectar of these two plants is very
much alike, as is also their habit of growth,
even though one is a biennial and the other a
perennial. Opinions seem to differ about as
widely as to the merits of sweet-clover honey as
they do as to alfalfa; and I am inclined to think
that this also results from a mixture of the
nectar of other flowers with that of melilot.
All of the pure sweet-clover honey that I have
ever seen (and I have had considerable experi-
ence with it) has been uniformly of the best
quality. My experience has been confined en-
tirely to the honey from the white variety.
There may be some difference in the honey pro-
duced from the yellow or blue varieties. The
former runs wild in Great Britain, and we are
told that the "herbage is relished by cattle."
The latter is a native of Africa, but is cultivat-
ed in Europe, and is used in Switzerland for
flavoring a certain kind of cheese.

I apprehend that the two plants are some-
times confounded, as there is also a yellow-
flowered variety of alfalfa, which is a biennial
the same as melilot. The name, Bokhara clo-
ver, being applied to it, tends to confirm me in
this opinion, as lucerne is extensively cultivated
in that country, and I find no mention of sweet
clover as one of its products.

St. Joseph, Mo.

[The alfalfa honey that has been produced
for us by W. K. Ball, of Reno, Nev., has been
no more inclined to granulate than any other
honey. In fact. I believe I should have said
that it was less so. The honey that we have
received has been of heavy body and of extra
tine quality.— Ed. J

SUPPOSED GRANULATION OF ALFALFA COMB
HONEY.

THOSE HONEY CARAMELS OF DR. MILLER'S;

CREATING A MARKET FOR GRANULATED

HONEV.

By F. L. Thompson.

On page 11.5 Mr. Aikin braces himself for a
thumping. I'm not big enough to administer
it, but I'd like to ask a few questions.

Is it not true that there is a marked difference
between early and late honey in this respect?
Is it not true 'that early alfalfa comb honey,
k^pt in a warm dry place, will generally pass
the winter without granulating ? Is it not
true that early honey constitutes the bulk of

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May 1

the crop ? Is it not true that there are enough
No. 1 sections among the late honey to account
for the prevalence of the general idea that
alfalfa comb honey candies quickly, and that
that idea would never have been formed in the
minds of persons who had never bought any
but early honey, or in the minds of honey-
producers who had taken care to keep the two
crops separate? How is it that not more than
two cases were candied among 60( 0 pounds sold
in March, 1893, by a Denver bee-keeper? In
1892, 60 lbs. of my early honey were kept until
late the following spring before being used up.
without showing any signs of candying. Oihers
besides myself have had ihe same experience.
The same season, the late honey was candied
before it was taken oif the hive. But that was
an exceptional year for the rosin weed Mr.
Aikin refers to. (I think its botanical name is
Orindelia squarrosa.)

Referring to Dr. Miller's suggestion on page
113, I dn not think honey caramels are what I
am groping after. They may be delicious, but
they have to compete with any quantity of
saccharine-sweetened glucose confections. But
honey itself competes with nothing, in delicious-
ness, at least, because, so far, nothing in this
country imitates its precise flavor. Any kind
of honey confections is not honey itself. I am
not against all possible uses of honey, but I
don't think it pays to make much fuss over
them, for the reason that the same amount of
energy expended in extending the consumption
of honey itself pays far better.

The children of my customers got tired of
honey just as quickly as adults, if I may judge
by what was told me.

Referring again to Mr. Aikin's remarks on
marketing extracted honey, here is some un-
expected and very important confirmation,
from a Colorado bee-keeper: ''We put about
8000 lbs. of extracted honey on the market, in
lard-pails, last year, and think it the best way
we have found. The three-pound lard-pails
hold five pounds, and the five-pound size seven
and a half of honey. We fill them from the
extractor, and let them granulate, then put on
a neat label with instructions for liquefying,
and state that Colorado honey will always
granulate if pure. Three years ago we could
hardly sell a pound of it granulated. Now we
can not produce enough to supply the home
demand. This last year we have had orders
from several towns and many other places, and
not one complaint."

Now, who says it does not pay to sell granu-
lated honey? I don't think it comes very near
the truth to say that " people never read
labels."

Does not the distrustof marketing granulated
honey arise from allowing the honey to granu-
late in the hands of the consumer? Has any-
body ever made a fair trial of selling honey

fl/ter granulation, and failed? Let him hold
up his hand, and tell us why.

The above was written before Geo. L. Vinal's
article came to hand. I see he says, " Not half
of the people read the directions." But wheth-
er they do or not, how did those four tons of
granulated honey get sold in one district?
When people buy granulated honey, they can't
help knowing what they are doing; but when
they buy something that need.s careful explana-
tion (ifterioard. we all know how many of them
will be so smart that you can't tell them any
thing.

Denver, Col., March 23.

HOW TO KEEP INSECTS OUT OF COMB HONEY.

By Prnf. A. J. Cook.

Your inquiry from H. Price Williams, for-
warded to me, has awaited opportunity to an-
swer until now. Mr. Williams wishes to know
if there is a paper made that is absolutely
insect-proof. He says he wants something that
he can wrap cases of comb honey in so that it
can be kept until sold. Mr. Williams states
that in his region (Miami, Florida) red ants and
every other conceivable insect abound in incon-
ceivable numbers.

The problem which Mr. Williams sets for
solution is very much the same which confronts
us who make collections of insects and plants
for our cabinets. There is, however, one dif-
ference in the cabinet — we are not careful to
avoid ill smelling substances which might be
detrimental to honey. The first way we fence
against insects in our cabinets is to use boxes
which are so tight that no insect can gain ad-
mittance. I know from quite a long experience
in producing and keeping honey that the same
means may be successfully used in protecting
our honey from our insect-marauders. A good
way to make a cover that fits tightly (of course,
there is no difficulty in making a perfectly
tight box), is to set a rubber in a groove so that
the cover will press upon it when closed. This
is cheap, and absolutely efficient, as I have
proved. I believe this would be the cheapest
way to protect honey and also combs from in-
sect depredation. We also find that certain
substances like napthaline, carbolic acid, and
kerosene oil, are so offensive that their presence
is almost sure to keep the insects from making
an attack upon our museum specimens. It
might be, however, that these substances would
injure the sale of the honey, and so they should
be tried before being generally adopted.

I think that, in most cases, simply wrapping
such packages in paper will prevent insect
attack. The thing to be sought is to keep the
odor of the honey from passing through the
paper so as to attract the insects. This might
make it necessary to seal the package hermeti-

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE

m

cally. To do this the beckooper has an easy
iiiPihod right at his hand. Ho hus only to dip
the paper in hot melted wax, getting just as
little wax as possible on it. Then if ho wraps
the sections while the wax is a little warm he
will so seal the package that no odor of honey
can escape, and so the insects will not be
attracted. I should have great confidence that
this would work, but of course it would have to
be tried before we would warrant it. I should
also have great faith if we u^ed paralline in-
stead of the beeswax.

California is much like Florida in this respect.
The climate is so delightfully genial the year
round, that it is a perfect paradise for insect
life. The ant is on deck, gay and festive, every
day of the year, and thus ever ready to become
a nuisance in pantry or storehouse. For this
reason extracted honey is more suitable for
production in California than is comb honey.
This is another reason, then, why the Califor-
nia honey-producer may well turn his attention
to the production of extracted rather than
comb honey. When the honey is thoroughly
sealed in the tin cans it is entirely safe from
any such molestation.

Claromont, Cal., April 1.

[I know that bees seem to have an aversion
for paraffine paper, or. in fact, of any thing
paraffined; and I was under the impression
that certain other insi-cts seemed to show a dis-
like to its slight flavor of kerosene. A package
of comb honey can be wrappf^d in it. I am told,
so that it may be sealed hermetically by plac-
ing a flatiron over the foliis until the paraffine
melts, when the iron is released.— Ed.]

BEES AND GRAPES IN CALIFORNIA.

VAT-UABI.E TESTIMONY FKOM ONE WHO PRO-
DUCES HONKV BY THE 40 TONS AND RAIS-
INS BY THE CARLOAD.

By O. F. Merriam.

In the discussion of the " bees and grapes"
question in the papers, I have waited, hoping
some one else in this State would take up the
subject; but as no one has done so I will give
my experience, which runs through 16 years.

I happen to own a vinery planted in 1880 to
the raisin grape and wine varieties. I have
kept from 100 to 500 colonies of bees within }4
to X mile of this vinery all these years, and
have made raisins by the carload, and honey in
30 to 40 ton lots at the sartie time; so I presume
I may write understandingly.

One year I shut my bees in their hives four to
five days at a time, releasing them for an hour
or so just before night, closing at daylight the
next morning; but it was a useless labor, be-
cause bees came from every point of the com-
pass to do the same work I tried to keep mine
from doing. My experience tallies exactly with
that of the Dadants and others, who own large
vineyards— that bees never touch a fresh grape

until the skin is broken by birds or some other
means.

In raisin-making, the grapes are laid on trays
made of thin shakes 2x.'! feet square— each tray
holding about 20 lbs. of fresh grapes, laid one
laycrdeep only. In the picking and laying out,
more or less of the grapes are slightly loosened
from the stems, whence a tiny drop of the
sweet juice comes out; and as the trays are laid
out on the drying-beds, or in the rows between
the vines, the pickers are followed by a swarm
(almost) of bees, which run over the bunches
and speedily clean up all of these little drip-
pings.

Within ten minutes after a tray is laid out to
dry, all the bees have left it and gone to the
next later picked, and so they follow the gang
of pickers day after day.

The bees let the grapes alone then for about
ten days. When ihe upper half of each bunch
of grapes has turned brown, small wrinkles ap-
pear in the skin of the grape. As long as these
bunches remain dry, the bees let them alone;
but if a heavy dew or fog or light shower falls
on the grapes, early in the following morning,
while the skin is yet wet and soft, and while
the grooves in the skin furnish a chance for a
bee to get hold, they will tear open the skin of a
few of the sweetest grapes, and for several
days from three to fifty bees will be seen on that
bunch, patiently eating away at the half dried
grape, and keep at it until only seeds and skin
are left. A good-sized bunch will keep a gang
of bees busy over a week before it is all gone.
The bees act, while eating these grapes, as if
they were eating candy. They get Quiet, and
act as if half torpid, and scarcely fly when
brushed off.

The loss to the raisin-maker by this is not
very material— furnishing only a little more
offal when run through the grading-machines,
which are large fanning-mills arranged so the
sieves sort out and drop the different sizes of
raisins into separate boxes.

In wine-making, if conducted outdoors, the
cru'^hed grapes attract the bees in clouds, and
force the wine-maker to do the crushing in a
house.

The year 1894 was exceedingly dry here; and
by fall, when we began making wine and rai-
sins, there was scarcely any honey left in the
hives, so the bees carried in the juice, which
dried in the cells into a brown, sugary mass.
This juice was placed around the brood, the
same as honey, and the next spring these combs
in colonies that had become disgusted with the
sour ill-smelling stuflp. and gone oflf to hunt a
sweeter and better home, were unfit to use
without cutting out this candied grape juice.
In most instances the bees carried this out like
candied honey; in others it was cut out and
rendered for its wax. I think it is a detriment
for bees to have access to grapes in quantities

324

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May 1.

suflScient to more than meet their daily wants.
That bees will live and breed and do fairly well
on fresh grape juice alone, in a season of
drouth, I am certain.
Three Oaks, Cal.

[Your testimony is very valuable, friend M.,
and our only regret is that there are not more
such men as yourself who are willing to give
from their store of practical experience.

It is pretty well settled now that bees do not
themselves puncture fruit, although we have
to admit that they often help themselves free-
ly to that which has been broken in handling
or which has been punctured by birds or other
insects. Although the bees do bother in raisin-
drying time, it is evident that friend Merriam
manages to produce raisins and honey simul-
taneously, without any very great inconven-
ience. This goes to show that the.:amageon
the part of the bees can not be very great.
That being the case, the honey-producer ought
to be able to make some reasonable and fair
compensation to the raisin grower in his own
immediate vicinity. If the damage is only
slight, a very moderate compensation would
sufBce. We shall hope to hear from friend
Merriam again.— Ed.]

"CAN EXTRACTED-HONEY PRODUCERS AF-
FORD TO BE HONEST?"

A TEXAS bug-kaiser's OPINION.

By W. W. Somerford.

I see in Gleanings, page 193, the question
raised, "Can extracted-honey producers afford
to be honest?" I say, yes— surely they can if
the chance for cheat and rascality lies along
the line of glucosing honey in order to get a
little more out of a crop; for unless they can
beat me selling honey in the way of getting a
good price, they would be left buying glucose
at the price it brings down here (taking it home,
and mixing the stuff in). Hauling, handling,
and paying freight on the stuff would more
than cost the little possible gain a chap might
get.

My experience has taught me that people
who buy honey know just what it is. I used
to be so well up on peddling honey that I fan-
cied I could tell a would-be customer at sight.
Just one good look at his face generally told
me whether there was much chance to make a
sale or not. Then when the question comes
to an honest man, with an honest man looking
him square in the face, " Is your honey abso-
lutely pure?" what kind of stuff would a
fellow be who could face an honest man and
sell him glucose to take home to his wife and
family for an extra treat ?

Peddling, I am sure, would be the only chance
for a fellow to make way with a honey and glu-
cose mixture; and as peddling is something
bee-keepers who produce honey in large quan-
tities won't generally do, except in drummer
style, there is not any danger of glucosed honey
being sold by beemen in quantities. I have
sold honey often by the barrel, to grocers who

would conduct their mixing experiments (with
me present) before purchasing; and I am sure
there are not many honey-eaters who can't ea-
sily detect 25 per cent of glucose in ordinary
honey, taking ordinary glucose to make the
mixture.

So, in conclusion, I will suggest, that, if a
man has energy enough, with sagacity enough
(mixed in) to sell glucosed honey at a profit, he
is amply qualified to go at and make a success
of some business that will pay him many more
dollars, and give him much more satisfaction
than he could ever get peddling out a fraud to
his neighbors. A good bee-keeper can make
1300 or $400 a month during the time he has his
bees to attend to, and it would take a hustler
with glucosed stuff to clear $100, or even S50 a
mouth.

Navasota, Texas, Mar. 28.

[I am glad you have answered the question
in the affirmative; but I do not believe I could
agree with all you say. I wish it were indeed
true that all glucose mixtures, if disposed of at
all, would have to be sold by the laborious and
disagreeable method of peddling. But I am
afraid many consumers are so gullible, and so
unfamiliar with the real flavor of pure honey,
that they get the glucosed honey without the
medium of a honey-peddler. They buy it right
in the open market because it is cheap and
" looks nice."

1 once took the ground, as you do, that there
were not very many honey-eaters who could
not detect 25 per cent of glucose in honey.
While I now believe that ordinary commercial
glucose can be recognized in such quantities, I
know there is a rt?ie quality that could not be
certainly detected when used to the extent of
even 50 per cent as an adulterant. Generally
speaking, however, I believe it may be true
that one who knows the flavor of good honey
could detect the ordinary commercial glucose
even when only 10 per cent is used — at least,
that was my experience if I may call myself an
expert in glucose-tasting; for you may remem-
ber that, two years ago, I was able to detect,
almost unerringly, by the mere taste, glucose
mixtures of 10, 25, 33, 50, and 75 per cent, and,
in most cases, the approximate percentage of
adulteration, just by the mere taste. But the
glucose used as an adulterant was the commer-
cial article, the brassy metallic taste of which
is very pronounced, even in small percentages
of adulteration. — Ed.]

FANCY COMB HONEY.

AKE THE GRADING RUl.KS IN FORCE TOO RIGID?
By T. b\ Hingham.

On page 45, present volume, I notice objec-
tions to the present plan of grading honey. An
old adage is, " He builded wiser than he knew."
That is the upshot of the present grading.
Said plan contemplates only the benefits ac-
cruing to the bee-keeper having honey to sell.
Nothing is best which is not good for all.

The conditions which render the grades fancy
are not merely the looks and appearance but
the quality. It is true, that irregular thick-

18'. "7

CLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE

325

nesses of combs do not Impair the quality of
the honoy, which, though ill formed, has-ibeen
made under the same practical oouditions]'as
that which has been stored according to' the
higher art of modern bee-keeping.

The word " fancy " means, as used in grading
comb honey, vastly more than shown. It
means the best honey stored when thatcpartic-
ular crop or llower product was approximating
its climax, and not its decline. The combs are
white, madeof 7ie«' uia-r— not of old gnawings
brought up before new wax was secreted. The
corners were filled out because the honey flow
was strong; cai)ped up because the honey was
ripe and ready to cap.

Honey made under such conditions should
bring more money than honey put up in drawn
combs, half of which has been brought up from
the previous years' gathering, to make room
for brood, and capped with scraps of propolis,
or left uncapped along the edges. When ex-
posed to cold and damp, it has undergone such
changes that it is made faulty in other re-
spects than in appearance.

Were it possible for the bee-keepers to raise
the fancy or best honey, and market it directly
to the consumers, only a very short time would
be required to establish a market almost with-
out limit for fancy honey. The consumer
would soon find that fancy meant more in the
selection than the word '■ honey " implies. It
is from the general meaning of the word honey
that consumers losei-atheir appetites Jfor fit.
"Fancy" honey stimulates the appetite and
increases the demand.

Farwell, Mich.

[Mr. Byron Walker, and some others, take
the ground that the " Fancy " in the Washing-
ton grading is drawn down too fine. In fact,
Mr. Walker once advertised that he would pay
a dollar a pound for all honey that would be
sent him conforming exnctly to the require-
ments laid down in the Fancy. He says he
was perfectly safe in making the offer, for he
never got a pound. Mr. Bingham's point, how-
ever, is good, a fancy article of honey should
be /ajicjy. Perhaps the trouble is our descrip-
tion for that term is not comprehensive enough.
— Ed.1

WHAT ABOUT THE SELF-HIVER ■?

HOW FAK WAS IT A SUfCKSS?

B)/ C. H. Dihhern.

SJSomehow a strange silence seems to have set-
tled on the self-hiverof late, and I suspect none
of the various inventions have proved very suc-
cessful, r Judging from my own ^experience,
extending over a number of years. I should say
that the perfect self-hiver is an impossibility;
and yet the impossible of to-day may be the
accomplished fact of to-morrow.
DNo doubt many*a bee-keeper, having an out-
apiary or two on his hands, is anxiously look-
ing for something of the kind— something, ^you

know, that will hive the swarms when they
issue during his absence, change over the
honey-cases, remove old colony to a new place,
etc. One man wrote me that he wanted a hiver
that he could put on his hives in the spring,
and place the empty hives, provided with hon-
ey-sections, on them; and when he called
around in the fall, to find the swarms all safely
hived, honey-cases all filled, and every thing
lovely. That would be very nice, and almost
any one could go into bee-keeping, and make it
a success.

Now, the trouble with all self-hivers is that
where bees issue out from the hive they will
also return again when they miss their queen.
If the queen is trapped in a new hive, or in a
queen -trap, only a handful or so of bees will
remain with her; and if more bees are not giv-
en her within a few days, she will either die or
get lost in some other way.

My latest device, as described in Gleanings,
has proved reasonably successful in my own
experience. If I am present when the bees
swarm out, I have only to close up the direct
entrance; and the swarm, upon their return,
finding their queen in front of new hive, and
no way to get back into their old hive, have no
choice but to go into the new hive. In this
way I get good-sized honey-gathering swarms,
and I usually change over the surplus arrange-
ment at once, but it will not do to leave the old
hive more than a day or two without giving
them a direct entrance of their own. At first
I thought it would be a nice thing to allow the
bees from the old hive to reinforce the new
swarm for a week or two; but I soon found
that perhaps, for want of water, the bees in the
old hive would destroy the unsealed brood, and
in about two weeks the hive would contain
nothing but comb and a very few bees. The
new colony would prosper greatly, however,
and possibly this may be a point for those bee-
keepers who want no increase.

The main advantage I claim for my device
over the queen-trap is that, when a swarm is-
sues during my absence, almost any member of
the family can take a smoker and close the en-
trance to old hive; and when I return in the
evening I find the full swarm nicely hived, and
can then fix them in a moment to suit me. With
ihe drone-trap I should have to divide the bees,
as but a small handful would be found with
the queen in the trap.

Some of the drawbacks I have discovered
are that the bees dislike traveling the whole
length of the new hive before they can fly.
They are also liable to become sulky, and try
to gnaw holes where the bridge covers the
space between old and new hive. Still I be-
lieve I can overcome these objections by a
more perfect arrangement, and allow more
space through the zinc — four rows of perfora-
tions instead of two; but further experiment-

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

MayI.

ing is necessary to make it an entire success.
Until we have something better, bee-keepers
had better stick to the Alley queen and drone
trap for hiving-purposes. Indeed, where one
can be present, or have some competent person
there when swarms issue, nothing better can
be desired. With my arrangement I usually
allow the bees to swarm out once through the
swarmingdevice, and return before preparing
the new hive to catch the swarm. This saves
much work in preparing new hives for each
colony, many of which might not cast a swarm
at all. As the back of my device will allow
bees and queen to pass, but exclude drones, I
cover it with wire cloth when used as a queen-
trap. This enables me to see readily when a
hive has swarmed during my absence.

I have no patents or swarmers for sale, and
the above is written simply to show what prog-
ress has been made.

Milan, 111.

[The self-hiver (the Pratt) worked very well
with us. Several summers ago it hived over
half our swarms; and while I was pleased with
its working at the time, it required special fix-
tures, some tinkering and patience to make all
go right. I am not sure it was very much
ahead of entrance-guards or the Alley trap.—
Ed.]

BEE-ESCAPES.

HOW THEY SAVE TIME, AND PREVENT ROBBING.
By F. A. Snell.

The bee-escapes now in use are of much val-
ue, and I would not think of doing without
them, even if the cost were much more than it
is. Every apiary should be supplied with
them. There are times when I do not care to
use them very much. In removing surplus
comb honey, if this be done during a good
honey-flow, I simply remove the supers from
the hives and place them to one side in the bee-
yard, in the shade, and in a short time the bees
will have left them, and I then carry them to
the honey-room.

In extracting honey under the same condi-
tions as to honey flow, the work can be done by
the shaking-ofif plan very well; yet for this
work 1 rather prefer to use the escapes, as it
causes less confusion among the bees, and their
work is not retarded in the least; and I think
the work of the operator is thus made more
pleasant. It is essential that the escapes be
put under the supers to be emptied 24 hours, or
the day before the extracting is to be done, so
the supers may be clear, or nearly clear, of
bees. With all colonies I put over the brood-
chamber a super of empty combs; the escape
on top of this, and the filled super over this.
By so doing, the bees have abundant room in
which to store the honey being gathered, and
seem to leave the upper story a little sooner.
Another advantage is, that none of the newly

gathered nectar is in the supers to be emptied,
which would be the case where only one super
is used and the shaking-off method practiced.
This gives us honey of a little better quality
than if the escape were not used, and no pains
should be spared so slight as this to better the
grade of honey. The above applies to times of
good honey-flow more especially. With us
these occur during warm weather, when, if the
honey be cooled a little by the exclusion of
bees, no inconvenience from this results. Later,
as the honey-flow begins to slacken or is closed,
comes a time when the escapes pay their cost
very quickly, to the delight of the apiarist.
Before the advent of the escape, taking off sur-
plus at such a time was very unpleasant work,
and required the best efforts of an expert to
keep from demoralizing the whole apiary, es-
pecially when extracting. Now all this is
changed, and an unpleasant task made easy,
by the escapes. Thanks to inventive genius.

During a time of scarcity 'we do not in our
apiary take off any surplus except by the aid
of these. The supers are simply raised up
(using a little smoke to keep the bees under
control), the escapes placed, the super set on,
and we pass on to other hives until each super
has been arranged as described. The comb-
honey cases will be cleared of bees in a few
hours, and can be removed and taken to the
honey room. The extracting supers are man-
aged the same, only a longer time is needed to
get the bees out of these. Thus hundreds of
pounds of honey can be taken from the hives,
and at the same time^perfect order reigns
throughout the apiary. Work goes on in per-
fect order. How different from the old way,
under same conditions ! The air was_then
filled with robber and angry bees stinging each
other, and by no means neglecting their owner"^
I have used the Dibbern, Hastings, and Porter
escapes. The Porter has proved to be the best
one, after a thorough comparison. The bee-
escape has come to stay as a boon to bee-keep-
ers, and one of the most useful implements.

Milledgeville, 111.

[Our experience has been almost identically
yours. I can not conceive how any one can
prefer the shake-off brushing plan to the bee-
escape method. To shake the bees off the comb
causes more or less spilling of honey not yet
ripened down, and for an hour or so that colony
is so completely broken up that honey-gather-
ing is entirely suspended. After crawling into
the hive, if they do not stop to do ii before, they
have to lick each other off; then if it is during
the robbing season there are plenty of other
bees that are prying their noses into the other
bees' business; then the shaking and brushing
necessarily results in killing and maiming a
few bees at least, and the possible loss of the
queen; and. moreover, it requires a large ex-
penditure of strength to shake the bees off from
every comb. My last experience resulted in
blistering my hands and giving me a lame back
for several days afterward; and I vowed then
and there thai for me, at least, the bee-escape
should be hereafter used.— Ed.]

(;leanin(;s in ree culture

327

HONEY VINEGAR.

WHY IT "KATS" IMCKI.KS; HOW TO MAKB GOOD
HONKY VINKGAK; WHY IT CAN'T COMPETE
WITH THE VINEGAK OF COM.MEHCE; A VAL-
UAULK ARTICLE.

By K. Jrhitcomh.

On page 234 Mr. C. Davenport complains that
honey vinegar oats or softens pickles. This is
not necessarily the fault of the material of
which the vinegar is made, but because the
vinegar is too strong. Vinegar made from any
other material, and of double strength, will
soften or eat pickles; and we think if Bro.
Davenport will reduce his vinegar with water
nearly a half, or to about forty-grain strength,
he will not complain of its eating or softening
pickles. One pound of honey ought to be sufiB-
cient to make one gallon of good vinegar.
However, its strength is entirely regulated by
the amount of material used; and it can be
made of triple strength, or about ninety grains.
Where an inferior or low-grade honey is used,
the fluid, before it is finished, should be run
about twice through a generator, during which
process it should pass through bone charcoal.

I have been unable to notice any material
difference in the strength or flavor of vinegar
where the generator process is used. Of course,
dark honey will make a darker-colored vinegar,
while the lighter honey will make an article
almost as clear as water.

A honey-dealer in Ontario wrote me, after
the Lincoln convention last fall, inquiring why
we did not manufacture honey vinegar, and
thus create a market for low-grade honey.
The vinegar of commerce doesn't cost, for the
material there is in it, to exceed one cent per
gallon, either made from corn or any of the
cheap syrups, and sold on the market as pure
cider vinegar; and it can be made pure with-
out any acids or adulterations at the a'^ove
price, barring the labor of making it; or, in
other words, the barrel costs more money than
the vinegar which it contains.

There is no article of universal use in the
household, upon which the general public have
so little information as vinegar. The whole
secret of vinegar-making quickly hinges upon
how much you can expose the fluid to the air
at a temperature of seventy or more degrees of
heat; and good vinegar may be made from
cider, honey, or syrup, within the space of 24
hours; and the reason that we can not make
vinegar out of honey, and thus create a market
for the low grades of honey, is because no one
will sell his honey at less than one cent per
pound. If he did, honey vinegar would go into
competition with corn and syrup vinegars.

This is not material with the man or woman
who has a few pounds of inferior honey which
they desire to convert into vinegar. We would
use one pound of honey to a gallon of soft

water, setting in an open barrel, and covering
with thin cloth to keep out Insects and dirt;
and after the barrel is filled we would add a
gallon of good yeast to every barrel, stirring up
occasionally for the first three weeks, when the
result will be very good vinegar. When suffi-
ciently strong, draw olT with a siphon, such as
can be drawn without sediment, and make the
second barrel in what is left in the barrel, and
you will find that the second lot will make
much quicker than the first.

Of course, the strength of the vinegar will be
gauged entirely by the amount of honey used.
Vinegar is an industrious fellow; but when he
has used up all the materials you have given
him to work on he will stop; nor will he stop
until he has accomplished this.

Of course, it must be borne in mind that a
temperature of above 70° must be kept up,
either by the sun's heat or oy artificial means,
during the process of making.

Friend, Neb.

HOW I SOLD HONEY.

SOME OF THE DISAGREEABLE FEATURES OF
THE BUSINE.SS.

By Alice Harding Crossman.

While I was very busily engaged preparing
dinner I heard a loud knock. I opened the
door, and found a tall gaunt old man, apparent-
ly a gentleman:

" Have you honey to sell ? "

"Yes, sir."

"What kind?"

He waited at the door while I brought a sam-
ple. Then he gave me a lengthy description of
his physical condition. He had nervous dys-
pepsia. Did I think honey would hurt him? I
told him it would do him good. I could smell
something burning. I darted into the kitchen,
and found the potatoes burning. When I re-
turned, the man had decided he would take
half a pound if I could let him have a can to
put it in. He hastily explained that he would
find if it agreed with him. I found a baking-
powder can. Guess I had better get a supply
of old cans if my business keeps like this.
Dear me! a whole nickel's worth! I knew this
old man was very rich. Five cents wouldn't
pay for the time I had lost and those potatoes!
It will be better soon, I thought, as I set the
table. Shortly after dinner I opened the door
to see a gentleman, really and truly a gentle-
man. He stood with hat in hand. "This is
Mr. 's place, I believe ? "

"Yes. sir."

" I wish to get Sl.OO worth of honey."

" Do you wish to see it ? "

"No, I know the honey. Can Mr. deliver

it?"

" Yes, sir."

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May 1.

He gave me his card, and, wilti " good-day,"
walked away.

'•Now, he is a daisy. Yes, sir; if all of my
customers were like that."

But I noticed the address was that of an old
customer. After all, the sign had not brought
this one.

I had just ri'ai;hed the baby when another
knock. .\ Gernian this time, with a large sack
of beeswax. He said he wished to sell. But
Mr. , I knew, didii't want it.

" Vel, I leaf it here; he take it."

He put the sack down, and asked questions
about the sign and honey. At last he went
away. Not another customer came that eve-
ning. I felt glad.

The following morning I was hoping no one
would come, when, rap, rap! and there was an
old man with a ten-pound lard-bucket. He
came in, and told me how much he paid for
honey during the war. He at last told me he
wanted honey, but wanted to taste some of it
first. I went into the kitchen. He followed,
and sat down. I gave him a " taste." He
thought it was not as good as honey he bought
during the war, and we asked too much for it.
He said he would take ten cents' worth. When
I weighed it the bottom of the bucket was
scarcely covered. He seemed content to sit and
talk.

" I can't waste my time," I thought. I pro-
ceeded to skim my milk. Then he gave me
full directions how to make butter, and also
gave me all the " inside secret in raisin' bees."
Yes, he was very wise.

I had finished my milk before I opened the
door for a little boy who wanted honey for his
ma, who had a bad cough. I filled his cup,
and he departed. After receiving another lec-
ture from the man in the kitchen I found he
was really going to leave. Then I found a little
time to get dinner. I was trying to finish
washing the dishes, when I heard a knock. I
hastened to the door. Four ladies, handsomely
dressed, stood on the porch.

" Will you come in ? " I asked.

" Yes, thank you, we have time," one said.

They filed into the parlor. When they were
seated they began to talk. Yes, they were very
talkative. At last they decided to buy a fifty -
cent bucket of honey. It took them just one
hour to decide. Oh how glad I was when they
went away!

I had just put the baby to sleep, when knock !
knock! It was for two young women this time
that I opened the door. They had such merry
laughing faces I said, real pleasantly, '* Come
in."

In they came, and sat and talked until sun-
down; but they bought two bits' worth of
honey. I laughed as they rode away on their
donkies; but my head ached so bad I concluded
I was tired of selling honey.

The next morning I found I was sick. My
husband went for a colored girl. When she
came I said, " Millie, do the best you can."

After a good nap I felt better. I thought I
would go to the kitchen; but while I hesitated,
there was a knock at the door.

"Go quick. Millie," I said to the girl. She
obeyed, and came back followed by the strang-
est looking woman. She stood staring at me.
Millie looked at me and grinned.

" Go.id-mortiing," I said.

After a little she said, "Mornin'! are you
sick ■? "

■■ No, not much." I answered, smiling.

She was very slender; her face was small,
and had a pinched expression. She wore an
old-time short-waisted calico dress. She wore
a hat— ah that hat! It was almost as large as
a peck measure. I never did see any thing like
it before. It seemed to be made of shucks. It
was lined with green silk, and the outside was
loaded with green ribbon and bright flowers,
with huge bows of bright-yellow bunting. The
poor little head looked miserable under that
hat.

" I come to git some honey, fur I seed you
had some to sell. I wuz goin' by, an' I jest
thought I'd get some. I live 'way up in the
forks of the river. I'd like to get some honey
if ye'll let me have a bucket to put it in. I
don't want but a dime's worth."

On she talked in a queer, squeeky voice. 1
wondered if she would ever stop. She told me
—I think she exhausted her supply of words—
that she had determined in her mind she would
get a bucket. I at last said:

" Go out to the honey-house; and if Mr.

is there, ask him about it."

She went, but she bought a bucket and the
honey. She came back through the house.

"1 got me some honey. I jest thought I'd
come back an' see if you knowed of anybody
what wanted work done, i don't want hard
work, though."

" I will let you know if I hear of any one who
wants you," I replied. " Did you say Mrs. Beat
or Miss ? "

" I'm a young lady— that Is, I ain't married
yet, but guess I am old 'nough, though."

With a few more explanations she then de-
cided to go.

"Fo' de Ian' sake! did you eber see de likes
obdat?" Millie said, laughing.

" No, I never did," I answered.

The following day I was myself again, and
was determined not to feel worried. I was
making my light bread, thinking how brave I
would be, when bang! bum! bum! some one
was trying to knock down the front door. I
tried to get the dough off my hands. Open
went the door. In came that horrid old man,
carrying his fruit-jar half full of honey.
" Gracious! what can he be bringing back that

1S'.17

(J LEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE

329

honoy for?" I asked myself. lie came blun-
dering along.

"Got more honey?"

" Yes. sir."

"Then fill up this jar."

" Why." said I, "you haven't used—"

"No, but I was comin' back this way, and I
was afraid I'd get out," he said. "But go
'head with your fixin's; I can wait."

I finished my bread, and he talked on. Then
came the fnn of filling that jar. He could not
tell how I was going to know how much honey
I had sold him. At last I made him under-
stand. The honey was ready; he could go, but
he sat down and talked about his chickens, his
cows, and calves.

When he went away at last I was determined
to have that sign taken down. " I must quit
trying to sell honey, or go crazy. It might do
In some places, but not here," I thought.

In the evening three men came horseback.
They had been drinking. I was nervous when
they left, and was glad to have the company of
a woman who had come to buy ten cents'
worth of honey. When my husband came in
that night he asked innocently:

" How is the honey business ? "

I just gave up and said, "I am tired; take
down that sign. I just can't sell honey this
way, and be tormented so. They don't come,
buy honey, and go away, but they make me
waste my time, spoil my cooking, neglect the
baby, and scare me half to death."

How the partner of my joys did laugh!

"I thought you would get tired."

" Well, I tried, but I can't keep house and sell
honey."

PETTIT'S NEW SYSTEM OF PRODUCING COMB
HONEY, AGAIN.

A REPLY TO BRO. DOO LITTLE.

Bu S. T. Pettit.

Brother Doolittle, I was pleased at your kind
reference, on page 119, to my article on page .51;
but you did not seem to see that I was not dis-
cussing the question as to whether the field-bees
go right up to the supers and deposit their loads
of honey in the cells, or whether they hand it
over to younger bees who do the depositing.
However, I did not intend to say any thing at
variance with the fact that field -bees generally
give their loads of honey to younger bees; but
I am not so sure that they always do so under
all circumstances.

PDSsibly you will point me to what I said in
the following: " Now, as the bees come in they
generally go up somewhere near the center;
and as they find the sections advanced well nigh
to completion the honey must go beyond."
Well, I confess I might have been more specific

if I had thought it necessary. We say the sun
rises, the kettle boils. John Smith Is building a
house, when in reality he has let the job to a
builder, and he neither pushes a plane nor
drives a nail. But why. under my system, do
bees fill and finish the outside sections as rapid-
ly and as well as they do any other sections in
the super? is the question at issue. Let us con-
sider the matter.

THE EFFECT ON THE SUPER WHEN THE HIV^E
IS UNDER A SHADE-TREE.

We all know that, if a hive of bees be placed
under the side of a spreading tree or under any
other obstruction, so that the bees all come in
at one side of the entrance, said entrance being
the full width of the hive, the woik will pro-
gress more rapidly on that particular side,
whether working for comb or extracted honey,
than on the opposite side. The facts are sim-
ply as follows: Where the bees go in and up,
there the young bees will in a measure congre-
gate to meet them. If they go in and up at the
center, the young bees will congregate there,
and the outside sections will be more or less
neglected; but when the field-bees distribute
themselves, and go up at the sides and rear end
of the hive, the young bees distribute them-
selves also to meet the field-bees where they go
up; and as the dividers (see page 51) preserve a
double bee-space, or, rather, two bee-spaces,
at the outsides, room is provided and preserved
for a double portion of bees — a nice little cluster
along both outsides of the sections, and so the
work at the outsides keeps pace with all other
sections in the super.

Right here I may be allowed to make the
claim that, under this system, more honey, and
that in better shape, can be taken than under
the old way of either comb or extracted honey.
I do not use dividers for extracted honey, but I
use the wedges for distributing the bees.

Brother D., what you insinuate anout my bees
being weak, or what you say about their getting
strong enough, needs no reply further than to
say that they are strong enough, and ready the
year round, to take any crop of honey that may
come along. I have no trouble in building up
every spring; and, further, my hives are so
constructed that the section supers will hold
36 sections each; and when the clover season
sets in I put on these big supers, and the bees
are glad to go up to get " standing " room. Of
course, I select the strongest for comb.

Your caution about stretching the bees over
too many sections will do good; but after all It
is also a serious and losing mistake to fail to
give the bees room according to their strength
and the honey-flow.

To several swarms last year I gave 72 sec-
tions each in the start, and to some I gave 108.
It is only fair to say that the latter got some
bees from other swarms, and all the sections In
these were well finished. But it is better to

330

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May 1.

give toi few tlian loo many: tmt who can tell,
someiiiues!, jiisl what to do';'
Belmont, Ont., Can.. March 10.

fl didn't see it .^o strongly at first; but the
more friend Petti t has to say regarding his new
system the more I am convinced that he has
got hold of a valuable idf^a. It is well worth
a trial by practical comb honey producers as it
will cost very Utile. The plan is given on page
51 of our Jan. 1.5th issue.— Ed J

J. VAN DEUSEN'S DEATH.

We have to record the passing fro ii earth to
a wider sphere of usefulness the veteran Justus
Van Deusen, in the eighty-third year of his
life.

We do not know what heaven is like; but we
have a right to assume that thos^e qualities of
heart and mind that we are commanded to cul-
tivate here will, under perfect liirection, find
wider scope and more ample employment in
the hereafter. We rejoice that our friend was
spared the period of decrepitude that usually
falls to the aged. Attendants at our national
conventions, no matter how distant, have usu-
ally found him present, displaying the vigc^r of
body and mind of men a score of years his jun-
ior. Ilis presence was delightful, and a visit
with him was an incentive to the ways that
lead upward. As his nephew, Capt. Ilether-
ington, well says, he was a fine example of the
Christian gentleman.

From early manhood to 1848 he was engaged
in the jewelry business. In the year following,
the Van Deusen family built the woolen facto-
ry at Sprout Brook, which he ran for many
years until he converted it into a comb-foun-
dation factory. He was a fine mechanic, and
was satisfied with nothing but the highest
grade of material and workmanship. It is but
justice to say that every skein of yarn and ev-
ery foot of foundation turned out from his fac-
tory had worked into it the trademark of his
life— the best. From small beginnings, because
of the prejudices of bee-keepers against the
flat-bottom cell, the trade in this foundation
has steadily increased to large proportions;
and the greatest tribute ever paid Mr. Van
Deusen's good judgment is the recent adop-
tion, by the most extensive manufacturers of
bee-keepers' supplies in the world, of the flat-
bottom cell in their highest grade of improved
foundation.

He was the father of the late C. C. Van Deu-
sen, the originator of several valuable inven-
tions in bee-keeping, and whose tragic death,
together with his wife, on their way to the
World's Fair, so shocked the bee-keeping
world. P. H. Elavood.

Starkville, N. Y., April 13.

[Photo of J. Van Deusen has not come to
hand. We will try to give picture in our next.
—Ed.

THE NEW DRAWN FOUNDATION.

ARGUMENTS IN ITS FAVOK FROM A STRONG
MAN

By P. H. Elwoiid.

You are to be congratulated on the success of
your deep cell foundation. Should you never
make it a commercial success it is a great
mechanical tiiumph, and calls forth the high-
est praise fmrn all fair-minded persons. I
showed your first sample to Capt. Hethering-
ton. and he pronounced it wontZer/ut- qiiite a
cont.ast to the dog-in the manger treatment
it receives fro certain sore headed persons.
Many of those who have in the past used and
sold heavier foundation than your deep cell
now find that there is entirely too much " gob "
and "fishbone "in yours, where a part of the
wax is taken from the septum and put into the
side walls.

Some of us for years have asked bee-keepers
and dealers, as a matter of principle, to abstain
from the use or sale of thick foundation for
surplus. What we have failed in accomplish-
ing by appeals to the conscience, you make
plain by one little jab at the pocket book.
" Great is Diana of the Ephesians."

One of the chief merits of flat- bottomed comb
foun iation for surplus is the fact thai it usually
contains less wax than the natural base as
built by the bi'es. The greatest objection to it
with us is that the bees, during a scarcity of
honey, will gnaw it more than the thick foun-
dation. Occasionally they will remove the
entire side walls, leaving only the plain sheet,
after which it is entirely worthless except for
remelting. What is needed to prevent this
destructive work is a higher side wall, say one
of a little less than ^ of an inch in height.
Whether a side wall of sufficient height and
thinness can be put on with a roller machine I
can not say. I would not care for deeper cells
than is sufficient to prevent gnawing. A deep-
er cell will cost more, of course, and, except for
bait comb, is not needed; for with this start
the average swarm will complete all the comb
necessary to store their honey. Then, again,
this depth of cell could be readily transported,
while the deeper would be very bulky, and
liable to injury. For bait comb and other
special purposes there will be a demand for the
deeper, if such can be made successfully.

I had written so far when the April 1st
Gleanings came with the editorial on the
deep-cell foundation, and I consider it compli-
mentary to me that we so completely agree on
nearly every point presented in this able ar-
ticle. Especially would I emphasize the fact
that drone comb is usually thicker than worker.
I have also noticed that both drone and worker
are much thicker when built in large sheets in
the brood apartment than when built in the
small surplus-receptacles. It is also a fact that

18i>7

(ir.KAN'INCS IN 1{EE CULTURE.

331

dmwn-onv voiiih lii'ked oloan after oxlrac.ting is
niiich harder than the same set away covered
with honey. In the latter case, however, the
lioney stored in them is much more liable to
candy. Before the production of Hat-bottom
foundation, and when foundation for surplus
probably weighed fully twice what it dues now,
Mr J. E. Crane, of Vermont, visited us. He
sunk the knife into a plate of honey, and, on
meeting much resistance at the midrib, looked
up and said: "Do you use foundation in your
sections?" I answered, "No." Again he
pushed, and again he looked up with inquiry,
surprise, and I mistrusted doubt, written on
his countenance. The section of honey he had
sampled was probably a bail comb wintered
over, and drone.

For some years we have used in our surplus
the Van Deusen flat-bottom foundation weigh-
ing not less than 12 ft. to the pound, and we
have been spared any experiences similar to the
above; for on the average our honey has less
wax in it than natural comb honey. To disarm
criticism, and because wax used in making
foundation is not of as good quality as the
newly built comb, I prefer to have the base
somewhat thinner than the bees make It.

The samples from your new machine are just
received and show a marked improvement over
the first. With my present knowledge, until a ,
thorough trial proves me wrong. I prefer the
sample with 3^-inch side walls, and weighing
12 ft. to the pound. This must prove very ac-
ceptable to both bees and consumers. The
part of the side wall that the bees sometimes
neglect to thin is at the very bottom, where It
is attached to the midrib. I notice in your
samples that this purt shows no greater tlnVk-
ness to the naked eye ihan the remainder of
the cell wall. The cell walls and septum of
these samples are so thin, and the quality of
the wax is such, that, after repeat' d trials, I
have not succeeded in chewing a mouthful into
a " gob." Thick foundation made of poor wax
has the "gob" at both start and finish. I do
not wish to flatter you; but I believe you have
the most valuable invention of recent years in
bee-keeping.

I do not share the opinion of some, that this
invention, nor any thing else, wilf stop the pro-
duction of extracted honey. Comb honey can
not take the place of extracted for hot cakes
and other domestic uses; also large quantities
are used in the manufactures. The proposed
tariff on sugar will soon increase the wholesale
price of extracted honey, while the retail price
in the home market is usually two-thirds the
price of comb honey, and a much greater quan-
tity can be retailed of the former. Allow your
honey to remain on the hives until well ripened,
and you will have no trouble to dispose of a
large quantity.

Starkville, N. Y., April 20.

[After such an able article as this it Is unnec-
essary for me to add any thing; for the writer
shows that he knows what he is talking about.
It is well known tliat Mr. Elwood is one of the
most extensive beekeepers of the world. His
large experience, his thorough knowledge of
the business, his scholarly attainments, and
gentemunly bearing, lend great weight to what
he ha>i so ably said. One such article as this is
worth hundreds of ariicle.^of abuse directed at
our name and honor at the instigation of a sin-
gle competitor.

Here is another strong article from a bee-
keeper of international reputation who feels
deeply indignant over the unfair and unreason-
ing mi'thoiJs that have been taken. He prefers
to use a 710/71 de plunie.—Ei).]

NOTHING BUT NOISE.

THE NEW DRAWN FOUNDATION AND ITS
EXEMIES.

Adulterators'? Yes. Who are adulterators?
Nearly all of the great multitude of bee-keepers
of the world. Who says so? A late issue
of one of the bee-papers. How do you
make that out ? By their own words; for every
writer of that symposium is using, and has
been using during the past, something which is
just as much of an adulteration as the proposed
drawn or deep-cell-wall foundation which they
are now crying out against. If there is any
difference between a comb foundation with
heavy rudiments for cells, from a thirty-second
of an inch to one-sixteenth of an inch high, and
a comb foundation having those rudiments
extended to three sixteenths of an inch on each
side, thus forming the same amount of wax
into short thin cells, nearly as thin as the
bees themselves make, then the writers of
those articles in that bee paper have failed to
sho'w it. If the one is an adulteration, then
the whole foundation business is an adultera-
tion, and they are sittin<? in the same "saddle"
with the Roots and Weed in this matter, as the
words of their own mouth prove— they not giv-
ing any practical argument to the contrary.
Come, gentlemen, bo consistent, and give us
some proof in this adulteration matter, or else
throw the whole foundation business overboard
as a sinful thing. You say you use only enough
foundation to secure combs built straight in
the sections, and to start the bees in the same
as quickly as possible. Is not the new deep-
cell-wall foundation for the same purpose?
and will it not answer that purpose better?
Why have you not been shouting to your cus-
tomers in the past, " Second-hand chewing of
wax," "shipped with tallow," "stinking hides,"
"old lard," and " in-contact-with-all-nastiness"
wax, before, when you have been pushing the
same thing on the public, for lo! these many
years ? You must have forgotten that all com-
mercial wax goes through a cleansing process
with water, etc., by the Dadants, the Roots,
and others, and yourselves probably, that takes

332

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May 1.

out all impurities and filth (if there is any) be-
fore it is made into foundation, deep-cell-wall
or otherwise.

I believe Doolittle told the truth in that
bee-paper, when he said that this deep-
cell-wall foundation was much nearer perfec-
tion for what it was intended than was the
foundation which was accepted "with the
tossing of hats " by all, with its advent; and
there is not a thing, nor has there been any
thing uttered by the opposition to shake the
truth of his assertion. Many have thought
that comb foundation was something sent from
God (as are all good things which are appro-
priated by men), and if so (and who has doubts
in the matter ■?) then this deep-cell-wall foun-
dation stands in the same category, so far as
any proof to the contrary has been given.
Would it not be well for the opposers to turn
and read Acts 5:34-39, inclusive, till they can
give us sometning besides prejudice to sustain
their position ?

While much more fair than many of the
others, 1 am surprised at some of the things
written by Bro. Hutchinson. The desire to
prejudice against the deep-cell-wall founda-
tion is quite apparent in one of his articles. In
this he is only doing what he considered very
unfair in the sugar-honey controversy. Some
sensitive people, while eating honey at my
house, have piled up bits of wax about their
plate, when eating honey, before the advent of
foundation, equal to any thing that 1 have
ever seen since, when the same persons were
eating comb honey from sections which were
filled with foundation; while the one who
found no wax in his comb honey before founda-
tion came, finds no wax now. There has been
such a desire to prejudice against this deep-
cell-wall foundation that matters have been
only partly stated, all evidently having been
given with a desire to create an opposition to
it, and not in its favor.

Go on, friends Root and Weed; for in this
abuse and desire to prejudice, instead of argu-
ment, you have no reason for complaint. If
those opposed choose to fire in the air, why
should you complain? Keep right on with
your work. Waste no lime in answering state-
ments that are not arguments. Do not spend
time and effort in trying to defend yourselves
from these personal attacks. The utmost you
need to do is to remind the opposition (unless
something is presented different from what
there has been) that your personal character or
ability is not the " question before the house,"
and that your opponents, in attacking you per-
sonally, concede thai they have no argument to
produce.

From what I have read so far, as put forth
by the opposition, I am constrained to give
President Lincoln's little story, in closing: In
conversing with a friend about the way his

administration was criticised and attacked, he
said: "After all, it reminds me of a couple of
immigrants fresh from the Emerald Isle. They
were making their way westward in search of
work, when, one evening, coming suddenly
upon a pond of water, they were greetod with
a frog chorus— a music they had never heard
before. Overcome with terror they clutched
their sticks and crept forward. The enemy
could not be seen. At last a happy idea seized
the foremost. Stepping to his companion's
sid^ he exclaimed, " And sure, Jamie, it is my
opinion it is nothing but noise!" Justice.

[Both of these articles came unsolicited; for
we have not thought it necessary to scour the
whole bee-keeping world writing letters (as
the opposition has) to secure sympathizers.
With the exception of the party mentioned we
have not received one word of protest to the
drawn foundation (and we have sent out now
hundreds of samples) from our subsribers and
patrons. On the contrary we have received
scores of letters of encouragement and praise
at the success of the new foundation. — Ed.]

ANSWERS TO

|5Ei^OMABLS:£l0]ESTn

Br G.M.DOOLITTLE.BOROOINO.N.Y. I

liUlH^llMlHllmlllllll^!llll^^!^ll!HLr-^-

STARTING IN BEE-KEEPING.

Question. — Having been persuaded by a
friend to take Gleanings in Bee Culture,
through the reading of the same I have a de-
sire to start in bee keeping. Seeing that you
have a beginners' department in that paper I
am led to ask you how many colonies I had bet-
ter purchase to start with. I had thought of
buying 50 colonies. Do you think that number
would be as many as I should buy?

Answer.— M.Y answer would be, that said num-
ber would be from twelve to twenty-five times
as many as any beginner should buy unless he
has considerable knowledge of the business be-
fore thus starting into it. The beginner should
guard against going recklessly into bee-keep-
ing by putting his last dollar into a business he
knows nothing of. It is this getting crazy over
a business which looks to be a good thing, but
with which we are not acquainted, and invest-
ing all we have in it, expecting to make a for-
tune, which ruins so many. To be successful
in any thing, a man must "grow up" in it by
years of toil and study till be becomes master of
the business, when, in nineteen cases out of
twenty, he will succeed. I was brought up a
farmer, and educated by my father as such, so
that, were I to change my occupation at any
time, it would be to that of farming, unless I
could have time to study up some business more
to my liking before I left bee-keeping. Pardon
a little personal reminiscence, given by the
help of old diaries.

In the winter of 1868-'9 I became interested in

1S07

,LEAN1NC;S IN HEE CULTURE.

333

beos by nMiiiiiK tbo lir>=t edition of " King's
Hi't>-kiH'pers Tt'xt bool<," which chanced to fall
into my hands. Next I subscribed for one of
the bee papers, read Quinby's and Liingstroth's
books, and in March bought two colonies of
bees and the hives which I thought 1 should
need for two years, paying ^'M)X)0 for the whole.
The year 18()(t being the poorest one I have ever
known. 1 had but one swarm from the two col-
onies bought, and had to feed sss.OO worth of su-
gar to get the bees through the winter. In 1870 1
received enough from the boes to buy all the
fixtures I wished for 1S71. and a little to help on
ray other expenses from the farm. So I kept on
making the bees pay their way, as 1 had resolv-
ed, during the fall of 1 869, that, after paying
the 5^35. I would lay out no more money on the
bees than they brought in, believing that, if I
could not make the three colonies pay which I
then had, I could not three hundred.

In the fall of ]872 I found that I had an aver-
age yield of SO pounds of comb honey from each
colony which I had in the spring, which was
sold so as to give me ^^r^e free of all expense in-
curred by the bees, except what time I found it
necessary to devote to them.

That season I procured an extractor, and
being determined to give the bees the care they
needed, and knowing that the time the bees
needed the most attention would come in hay-
ing and harvest time, I hired a man to take my
place in the hayfield. It so happened that he
commenced work on the day basswood com-
menced to bloom. Previously I had hived a
single swarm in a hive filled with empty combs,
and concluded to devote them to extracted hon-
ey. The man worked sixteen days at $1.75 per
day; and I extracted, during those sixteen
days, honey enough from this colony to sell for
a few cents more than enough to pay the man
for his work. I state this to show that one new
swarm of bees, properly worked, was equiva-
lent to myself in the hayfield for sixteen days;
yet how many, keeping from 30 to 50 colonies of
bees, leave them, to go into the hay and har-
vest fields, and then tell us bee-keeping does
not payl You can hire a man to take your
place in the field; but if you expect to become
master of the bee-business, so as to make it
pay, you can not hire a man to take your place
in the apiary during the honey season; for, ac-
cording to my opinion, it takes much more
skill to be a successful honey-producer than it
does to do the ordinary work on a farm. When
the bees do not require any special attention,
then they can be left, and the apiarist do other
work, as he may have time; but the b^es must
not be neglected for a single day when that day
will put them in condition to bring us dollars in
the future, if we are to be successful bee-keep-
ers.

In 1874 my honey was sold so as to bring me
§970, free of all expense from the bees, not

counting my time, and I now began to think of
giving up the farm, but finally concluded to
iiold on to it one year more, to make sure that I
could make bee-keeping pay as a specialty.
After deducting the expenses of the bees from
the sales, I found that I had the next year (1875)
the amount of .S1431, and hesitated no longer,
but gave up farming and embarked in the bee-
business, with nothing else as a source of rev-
enue, although since then I have had other
"irons in the fire." Now, had I bought .50 to
100 colonies to start with, the expense in start-
ing would have been not less than 1300 to §400,
which, in all probability, I should have lost in
the business, for I should not have had a
knowledge equal to the doing of so large a busi-
ness on the start.

My advice to the questioner, and all others
who think of trying bee-keeping as a business,
would be, procure two or three colonies of bees;
post yourself by reading and experimenting
with them, as you can find time to do from the
business you are already in, and thus find out
for yourself which is the better for a livelihood —
the business you are already in or keeping bees.
If successful, after a series of years you can
give up your other business if you wish to. On
the contrary ,;if bees are a failure in your hands,
then you will. '.be but little out for having tried
your hand at it.

THE BOOMHOWER HIVE AND FRAME.

Mr. Root:— I want to give you a little idea of
the style and construction of the hive I use.
We have 300 colonies, and have used this style
of hive for the last four years, and some of them
longer. I have discarded all Hoffman frames.
We used them two or three years, but found
them too expensive and unhandy for rapid han-
dling, crushing and killing too many bees. I
have now passed my twentieth year in this bus-
iness, making it my only occupation. I spent
one year in A. E. Manum's apiary and queen
business. I have in that time spent a small
fortune in experimenting, but have at last a
perfect hive at a little cost, and simple to make.
I will boldly make this assertion: That I with
this hive can do the work, and take up less than
half the time required in any other style of hive.
If you want to see something nice and handy, I
will send you a complete hive by freight. I
know you will laugh at the ease it can be han-
dled with. You can't possibly crush a bee in
handling the frames. A blind man with one
hand can run bees in it.

You will see there is a complete bee-space
all around the frames, and no possible chance

334

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May 1.

for the bees to glue them fast at any point.
The frames are always free to handle: and.
when the follower is in, not a frame can leave
its correct position in the hive. I want nothing
heavier than % inch thick for top-bar.<. The
staples are no hindrance in using the uncap-
piug-knife, as I know we can and have extract-

ed 1800 lbs. of honey from the hive in less than
three hours, with two of us, one to take them
from the bees and one to run the extractor.

F. BOOMHOWER.

Gallupville, N. W, Jan. 25.

[This is the hive and frame I promised (page
128) to show, although, as I have already point-
ed out. some of the principles are over 20 years
old. The new e?u7-spaced Hoffman, I think,
would generally be preferred to frame as above
shown; still, others may think differently. — Ed.]

NATUBAL COMBS IN WIRED FRAMES.

In perusing your March 1st issue I was some-
what surprised to find a great discovery had
just been made and commented upon as some-
thing new in bee-keeping, and the great possi-
bilities for bee-keepers to produce natural
combs by having them built directly in wired
frames, straight and true, without the aid of
foundation. I must say that I could not refrain
from a broad smile at our friend, the discover-
er of this new (?) process.

To me this process of getting fine straight
combs built in wired frames is quite old, as I
have been practicing it successfully for more
than ten years, and have had many hundred if
not thousands of true and straight combs built
in my apiaries.

Two or three conditions are requisite for the
best results, and must be strictly observed in
getting these combs built true in wired frames,
and true on the wires. The frames should
have a V starter or its equivalent, and the hive
must stand level from side to side, and be el-
evated one or more inches higher at the back
than front.

If brood-combs are desired, a foundation
starter can be used about one inch wide, to in-
duce the bees to build more worker comb; and
if drone combs are wanted, place your wired
frames with or without foundation starters, in

or near the center of a populous colony that is
gathering, and well stocked with honey and
brood; or wired frames placed above the brood
in the second story of the hive will generally be
filled with drone or store combs for extracting.

Yes, the progressive bee keeper can get fine
natural combs, built without the aid of founda-
tion, by observing the above suggestions, and
compete with the closest competition, if the
present methods of adulteration are not taken
into account. J. W. Winder.

New Orleans, La.

CAGES FOR SENDING QUEENS LONG DISTANCES.

I am much pleased to inform you that the last
two queens you sent me arrived in good order. I
am glad that you have adopted my suggestion
and made the cage deeper, and also veutilated
one end only, and left the other snug and warm.
The cage as now made is nearer perfection than
ever. There are no small passages, as in the
Manum, for the dead bees to close up, and the
bees can now adapt themselves to the tempera-
ture through which they may be passing, by
moving from one end to the other. I have now
been corresponding with you for several years
in regard to the construction of these cages;
and while you have maintained all along that
the food had much more to do with the success-
ful conveyance of the queens than the cage, I
have insisted that the construction of the cage
is equally important, and I think so yet. I am
not yet convinced that honey as a part of their
rations conduces any thing to success, and I'll
tell you why: By the mail before last I received
8 queens from you, of which4 were dead; and in
one of the cages with the live queen the honey
had not been touched. The candy, if properly
made, will never run and daub the bees, and it
contains all the essentials necessary to sustain
the bee to the end of its natural life, and honey
can't do more. When the time arrives I intend
to send you 4 queens by the same mail, put up
in cages similar to your latest, but in two of
them I will fill the " honey " compartment with
candy, and you can carefully note the condition
of those cages containing a part ration of honey
and those with none.

In regard to those two queens that I received
last, in one cage the queen was the only inmate
alive, but she was so lively that she was amus-
ing herself by flying around the cage. The
other cage, however, made my heart jump, for
it contained 33 clean, lively workers, and only
17 dead ones. By the same boat I received two
queens from Jennie Atchley, put up in a parti-
tioned box similar to those sent out from Italy,
with oae small frame of honey ouly for food,
and about 100 escort bees. In one compartment
the queen and all the bees, with the exception
of a solitary worker, were dead, while the other
compartment contained two live workers and
the queen.

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

335

So far this soasoii I have received 14 queens
from yon. of which (i have come alive. From
othordtnilers I have received 11, out of wliich
number only one has come alive. How does
this speak for the superiority of your style of
cage? You are on the right track, and practi-
cal perfection is not far ofT. H. L. Jones.

Cioodna. Queensland. Aus., Nov. 20.

[I can't agree with vou in thinking that the
honey docs not conduce to sued ss. In two
other shipments sent about the same time as
yours, ((?/ the honey was used, and but a part
of the candy. If you tear up the capping I
think you will find that the honey was used.
We found, owine lo the lack of room and the
coating of paralline, that the bees tunnel under
the capping. At first sight the honey appears
untouched.— Ed.]

LUCKRXE OK ALFALFA HONEY INJU.STLY AS-
SAILED; QUALITIES OF OTHER HONEYS.

Some months ago there appeared in your col-
umns a letter from Mr E. Lipper. editor of the
A}ist. D. DuUetin, in which he referred in most
disparaging terms to the quality of lucerne
honey. Surely you, Mr. Editor, and the many
bee-keepers of your land who have given such
high opinions of the quality of alfalfa honey,
can not have recognized that it was your old
friend who was thus, though under another
name, being abused. Neither a footnote, nor
any article that I have noticed since in your
paper, makes any defense of alfalfa honey.

At a recent meeting of the Hunter River Bee-
keepers' Asso., Mr. Munday, the pioneer of
modern bee-keeping in this district, drew at-
tention to this particular portion of Mr. Lip-
per's letter, and elicited the fact that the expe-
rience of every bee-keeper present directly dif-
fered from that given by Mr. Lipper. A few
years ago, when, after the great flood of 1S93,
there was none but young lucerne- fields, the
yield was light, and the quality nearer like that
described by Mr. Lipper; but now that the
plants have become strong and deep-rooted, the
yield is good, and the quality in color, density,
flavor, and aroma, such as to suit the most fas-
tidious taste, pleasing eye, palate, and nose.

At the last Maitland show it was an exhibit
of lucerne honey that carried ofif first honors,
and the same was the case at Singleton.

Surely Mr. Lipper has made a mistake in
slandering the quality of this honey, gathered
from the only source yielding much honey, near
the town where he resided for many years.

Trusting you will find room for the insertion
of this letter, written by instruction of the II.
R. B K. A., as an expression of the unanimous
opinion of those present at that meeting, I re-
main, etc.,

Mich. Scobie. Hon. Sec. H. R. B-K. A.

West Maitland, New South Wales.

[The matter to which you refer appeared on
page .570 of last year. I have again read over
the paragraph, and I do not see that the char-

acter of alfalfa is assailed, for I could hardly al-
low that without a protest. Mr. Lipper simply
says the honey is very thin— almosi sweetened
water— and that he has not bi en able to get it
thicker. I simply supposed that the climate
had soiTiething to do with it. for the same honey
in this country is beautifully thick, and of the
very finest quality. You probably have not
seen what has appeared in our columns in favor
of alfalfa. A couple of years ago it was extolled
by quite a number (among them the writer) as
the richest and finest honey in the world, and to
this day I have not tasted the equal of It, al-
though the ordinary northern clover approaches
it very closely. Next, according to my notion,
would come sweet clover, basswood, mountain
sage, and thistle. Among southern honeys, pal-
metto, mangrove, and Texas horsemint stand
high.-ED.j

END- SPACING OF FRAMES.

Your sketches of end-spacing devices are
timely. End-spacing, to a large degree, does
away with one of the principal objections to
Hoflman frames. I have found that propoliz-
ing ends of frames makes them harder to move
than the little they may stick on end-bars. I
am afraid, though, that the staples will cause
some annoyance to bee-keepers who, being un-
accustomed to them, and being used to full-
length top bars, will, in replacing frames, get
the end in line with hive, and bring down the
frame with a jar on the tin rabbet. Why not
bend wires like enclosed cut? You see the

lower end is left rough to go a natural distance
into the end -bar, using the templet as guide to
driving, as suggested in Gleanings.

B. F. Onderdonk.
Mountain View, N. J.

[This same idea was submitted to us, I think
by F. Boomhower, of Gallupviile, N. Y.; and
our Mr. Calvert, before his samples came to
hand, had bent some wire nails and attached
them to the frames. But the more we consid-
ered it, the more we bncame convincel that
the staple, which we have since adopted, is
the better. An objection to the bent nails
above shown is the diflicuky of driving them
into position. I can not explain it; but one
will discover it when he comes to drive very
many of them. Moreover, the lower projection
can do very little more than prick into the
wood; and this end would not be as stable for
that reason as it ought to be. But the most
serious objection is. the moment the frame is
raised a little there is too much end play. We
tried frames stapled and frames as above, and
we very soon discovered that the stapled

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May 1.

frames would hold their position much better.
For instance, in hauling over rough roads, the
bent- nail spaced frame is liable to hop out of
position, and then the wide ends of the Hoff-
man frames interlock. The stapled frames can
be jarred up a quarter of an inch from the rab-
bet, and still be end spaced correctly. Here is
another idea:]

In reading over your description of the Hoff-
man frame for 1897, the idea Struck me, " Why

[M

m

not do away with the wooden ends altogether,
and replace them by nails thus?"
Knoxville, Tenn. Adrian Getaz.

[At first thought this seems like a very sim-
ple solution of the problem; but here actual
experience is very much at variance with the-
ory— at least it was so in our experience and in
that of some others who have reported in re
gard to it. The worst trouble is, that the nail,
even if it does not bend itself, as it does, has
too small a bearing in the wood; and a 15 or 20
lb. frame in time causes the top-bars to be of
uneven height.— Ed.1

A VS^HEELBARROW FOR CARRYING EXTRACTING-
FRAMES.

Inclosed find a drawing of the wheelbarrow I
am going to use the coming season in the apia-
ry. It is all made of pine lumber, and is very
light, using 13^-inch band-saw for tire, and 1^{-
inch spring-steel for the springs, which are 30
inches long, and fasten on to the bottom of the
box with two 3€-inch bolts in each spring, as
shown. The wheel is 17 inches in diameter.

with IK-in. rim and 14-in. hub. The box is 44
in. long, 12K in. deep, and 18 in. wide, outside
measure; handles 32 in. long, projecting 16
inches, and screwed on the sides of the box;
legs 11 inches, projecting below the box, mak-
ing the box stand level when not in use. The
box can be made to suit the length of frame

used. I hang my frames in crosswise, because
I have them all wired. If one wants, there can
be a rabbeted piece put in crosswise, and they
• can be hung in lengthwise. If not wired, that
would be better. I can carry 27 frames in this
box; and as I use 9 frames in my hive I can
take the combs from 3 uppers at a time. It
seems to me that this would suit bee-keepers
much better than the ordinary wheelbarrow;
and it cost me only 11.75, and I did the work, and
have it all painted and ready for use.

Last year we had no honey to speak of in
Southern California, but hope to get a good crop
this season, as we have had an abundance of
rain— about 16 in. in all— and every thing is
looking very promising, and my bees are in fine
condition. We are rexpecting- to get a good
flow of orange honey, if the weather is favor-
able the latter part of-this month.'before-mov-
ing our bees^to the hills. M. H. Dunn.

Fullerton, Cal., March 8.

[Your wheelbarrow idea will do very nicely.
The only objection is that it places a pretty
heavy load on the man. Some years ago we il-
lustrated a comb-carrying cart used by Mr. Os-
burn, then of Cuba, constructed somewhat on
the same plan, only that it had two cart-wheels,
and an axl^tree. a little forward of the center of
the cart. This would place almost the entire
load on the wheels, and of course be much easier
for the man. But your wheelbarrow would
have the advantage that it can be run in a nar-
row path, and would be a little more easv on
the load if not on the man.— Ed.]

THE ARTESIAN WEl.LS OF SOUTH DAKOTA. D

Gl think A. I. might have been satisfied with
seeing artesian wells that threw out water 100
to 150 ft. high at the rate of 600 to 1000 gallons per
minute; also one at Aberdeen, that has not
been properly cased, that is washing out the
town so that several houses have had to be
moved to save them from being undermined.

A FLSH-STORY; catching $1000 worth OFFISH
A DAY FOR 16 CONSECUTIVE DAYS.

At The Dalles, Oregon, are immense salmon-
canneries where they catch fish in large wheels
costing $500 each. These are turned by the
water, and elevate the salmon above water, in-
to a large box. I was told that one man owning
10 wheels that cost $.5000 had caught and sold
$16,000 worth to the cannery in 16 days.

At that place was my first sight of an im-
mense lumber and wood flume, 20 miles long,
that brought large quantities of wood and lum-
ber from the mountains. On our way to Van-
couver by steamer are many fine scenes. At
one place is a waterfall of 850 feet.

HARNESSING UP NATURE.

nAt Bois6 City, Idaho, they are "harnessing
uprnature," as Uncle Amos advises, by warm-
ing^ the business houses and depot with hot
water out of deep wells. It seems the deepar
the well, the hotter the water.
Well, I expected rain in Oregon, and we got

1807

«LEANIN(}S IN BEE CULTURE.

337

it; lint whtMi I got to California 1 oxpoctod
honoy but failed. I stopped in hotels in Marys-
ville, Sacratnento. Oakland. San Kranci*co, San
.lose. Santa Margarita. liOs Olivos, and San
Luis Obispo, ou stage route, and Los Angeles
and Santa Monica and at several private
houses, and at no place was honey on the table.
I saw several apiaries on the stage route over
the mountains between Los Olivos and Santa
Barbara. I think it is time the bee-men creat-
ed a home market for their honey.

If you ever wheel this way, call on me. I am
not far from Mr. Cole, the garden plow man.
Mr. Porter, the bee-escape man, lives at Lewis-
town. M. W. MURPHEY.

Cuba, 111., Dec. 8.

RETAILERS MITSSING UP HONEY.

Woodchopper's complaint in April 1 Glean-
ings, concerning retailers mussing honey In
handling, etc., and frequent complaints of oth-
ers In the same strain, caused me to think that
perhaps my way of getting around that un-
pleasantness might be generally appreciated
by honey-men, as I already know It Is appre-
ciated by a number of grocers I supply with
honey.

It Is merely a small cupboard, about 20 inches
square, If you use the 4^4 square, and 23 Inches
high, made of fancy pine, oiled and polished,
with a 14xl6-lnch glass In front, thus showing
the faces of 16 sections. I make it with a shelf
in the middle; place a paper on the bottom and
shelf, and set the sections on narrow strips >8
Inch thick, which prevents all mussing from
leakage from any cause. I extend the paper on
the shelf down just below the top of the first
row of sections underneath, so that nothing but
honey meets the eye of the purchaser, and they
—well, they just look, admire, and buy, but
never handle and muss, as the door opens be-
hind the counter.

Two grocers told me that It more than doub-
led their sales the first year, and my order-
books prove It. It makes honey as clean to
handle as canned goods, which Is a great con-
sideration with dealers. W. W. Case.

Baptisttown, Pa.

"non-swarmers" sw^arming.
To-day at 11 o'clock I experienced the novel-
ty of uniting two swarms of different races of
bees. Swarm No. 1 was headed by a Carniolan
queen from Miss Amanda Atchley, of Bee-
vllle, Texas. It settled on a limb nearly op-
posite a hive of H. Alley's celebrated non-
swarming Adel bees. This latter hive showed
a disposition to swarm some two weeks ago,
when I took the precaution to clip the non-
swarmer's wing, and added another story, mak-
ing a three story hive. Just as I finished saw-
ing the limb, and was lowering It to a new
hive at the foot of the tree, the uon-swarmlng

Adels issued; but their queen failed to follow,
and they began settling down with the Carnl-
olans, seeing which I promptly added another
story with full sheets of foundation, and in less
than ten minutes every bee was inside.

I moved the hive to a new location; and up-
on examination this evening I find the beauti-
ful grays and the golden Adels (making an
elegant variegation) busily engaged in fitting
up their new home. Both stories showed them
Intermixed, and every indication of being thor-
oughly united. Will they stick?

Franklin, Tex. .Tno. C. Mitchell.

[The fact that the two swarms united Is
nothing unusual; but the fact that the "non-
swarmers"did come out Is rather of a joke on
friend Alley. However, there are exceptions
to all rules, and In the case of bees there are a
good many, especially when it relates to
swarming.— Ed.]

the advantage of deep entrances in get-
ting ALL the sections FILLED.

In response to your request as to whether the
raising of the brood-chamber from the bottom-
board causes a more even distribution of the
surplus In the sections above, I will say that I
think it does. I use a %-lnch frame between
brood chamber and bottom-strips on bottom-
board, making an Inch clear of bottom-board
for wintering. The dead bees then drop
down out of the way, and do not mold the
combs. Last spring I left 10 hives with these
deep entrances, as they were large colonies, but
I never thought it was the cause of every sec-
tion In the super being well filled, as the case
proved to be. Flow was only moderate.

J. C. Wallenmeyer.

Evansvllle, Ind., Jan. 27.

DRAWN FOUNDATION AND ITS ENEMIES.

It Is really amusing to see so many alarm-
ists brought In line by a little editorial fire, to
fight an Imaginary foe In the shape of drawn
foundation. With " Progression " Inscribed on
their banner they would deal the death-blow to
deep cell walls, the acme of genius and skill,
condemned and untried. But all opinions
found prior to a fair test of the comb Is no
proof of Its failure. Bring It to the front, re-
gardless of the unkind thrusts at your reputa-
tion; for It Is said, " Woe unto him of whom all
men speak well." A. B. Baird.

Belle Vernon, Pa.

BLACKS BETTER FOR WINTERING THAN
ITALIANS.

My black or common bees have come out
uncommonly strong In numbers; but half my
Italians have died in the hives with plenty of
honey. I set my hives In outside cases large
enough so that I packed three inches of leaves
around the hives and on top. Still the bees
are dead. I like black bees best.

Hinsdale, Mass. C. G. Ascha.

(il.KANlNCiS IN BEE CULTURE.

May 1.

Special attention is called to the articles by
P. H. Ehvood and Justice, elsewhere in this
issue.

The flood of orders for supplies from all quar-
ters seems to Indicate that the prospects for the
season are unusually good.

For several issues back we have been giving
eight extra pages to make room for the extra
advertising, and it looks as if we would have
to continue giving this extra space for a while.

The copy for the Fred Anderson serial came
to hand just too late to get in this issue; we re-
gret, therefore, that we have to leave it out
this time. Copy is in hand for the rest of the
story, and there will be no skip from this time
on. It is drawing to a close, and the " mystery
of Crystal Mountain" will soon be made clear.

There is some talk of a change of name for
the. United States Bee-keepers' Union, to some-
thing else, to avoid confusion with the other
orgauizaiion, the National Hee-keepers' Union.
If there are to be two Unions, then a change
should be made. Personally I like the name
United States Bee keepers' Association. At the
next annual meeting in Buffalo this thing will
be discussed.

We put into winter quarters last fall 241 col-
onies, most of them in fair condition; but there
were a few weak ones. We find at this date,
April 24, 330 colonies; 5 of the 11 seem to have
died during winter from the extreme cold, the
other () having spring-dwindled during the last
two or three weeks. Some of the weather of
late has been unfavorable. There have been a
good many raw days, some of the nights going
down to freezing and below. The consequence
is, we have had a little touch of spring dwin-
dling.

" Successful, Bee- keeping'' is the title of a
booklet on bees, by W. Z. Hutchinson, publish-
ed by the W. T. Falconer Mfg. Co., Jamestown,
N. Y. It takes up the subject of learning the
business, selecting the locality, the kind of
bees to get, transferring bees, introducing
queens, producing comb honey, etc. Several
years ago we realized the necessity of getting
out a booklet on the management of bees, be-
cause we noticed that there were many who,
even if they could afford to buy the more com-
plete text-books, would not take the time to
read them, and we therefore put this matter,
not in a booklet, but in extra pages of our cat-
alog. It is not possible to estimate the amount

of letter- writing that this has saved. Mr. A
will write in and ask how to transfer bees. To
refer him to the text-books at the price of 81.00
or Si. 25 is apt to have a wrong effect; but giving
him the information needed, boiled down in a
nutshell, at no cost to him, very often gives
him an appetite for more knowledge, and this
means an order for a text-book. The fact that
W. Z. Hutchinson's name appears as author of
the booklet mentioned Is a guarantee that the
instruction is boiled down and orthodox. We
do not know whether any price is charged or
not. Inquiry can be made of the publishers, as
above.

HOW TO make end-spacing FRAMES OUT OF
OLD-STYLE HOFFMAN FRAMES.

Next week we shall cut off the top- bars and
put on the end-spacing staples to all the frames
in use In our apiary. The projections of the
top-bar are % inch, and we shall therefore
have to cut off about J^ of an inch from each
end. To do this most expeditiously we have
constructed a tray without bottom. 4 inches
deep. The length of this tray, inside dimen-
sion, is iV iuch longer than the outside dimen-
sion-* of the Uangstroth- . oft'man frame. The
width should be the same as that of the hive
used, and in our case that of an eight frame
hive This frame is mounted on legs of K-inch
stuff', 2 feet long, the legs being braced. We
now have a topless table two feet high. The
length of the projtclion of the top-bar to end-
spacing Hoffman frames is J^ inch; therefore
the thickness of the ends of the tray should be
a scant 3^ inch.

We are now ready to cut t ff' the top bars of
all the old-style Hoffman frames in the apiary.
We set the topless table near the hive; shake
the bees oft' the frame* in front of the entrance,
and slip them one by one into the tray or topless
table. If the table has been made right, the
frames v/ill just slip between the ends of the
tray, and the top-bar projections will stick
over J^ inch. A saw now cuts them off just
even with the end of the tray at both ends.
After the staples are put on according to the
directions previously given on page 95, the
frames are ready to be put back into the hive.
The other hives are then treated in a like man-
ner. Usually it will be found advantageous to
have an assistant, because two can work to
better advantage.

MORE EXPERIMENTS WITH DRAWN FOUNDA-
TION; HOAV BEES MAKE COMB.

According as the weather has permitted dur-
ing this spring, we have been putting into the
hives at different times samples of the drawn
foundation, together with a sample of ordinary
foundation in the same comb, side by side. As
it was cool weather, and no honey was coming
in, the foundation of course in every case was
either untouched or gnawed Into, while the

i

;i.KANIN(JS IN liEE CULTURE.

ilnncn (or deep oi'll) artii-li>\v;is a>^ ofliMi acci^pt-
(Hi. A vory notii-oablo fact is that, when the
now product i.< put into the bivo, it is transpar-
ent. After iho bees have had it for 24 hours tlie
new transparent cell walls seem to as.xuuie the
color of natural comb or appearance of ground
class. The bees began immediately, it seems,
to thin down the walls to their natural thick-
ness, and in doing so they seem to take olT thin
scales of wax, and add them on to the ring of
wax at the top of the cells. While tin- new
product is accepted at once, it seems to be all
worked over with the e.xception of th(- base,
which is flat, and apparently untouched, so far
as thickness is concerned.

From experiments Mr. Weed has conducted,
it would appear, although we may be mistaken,
ihattho bees do not generally, at least, straddle
the cells of common foundation with their man-
dibles, and continue this proce.ss of pinching un-
til the cell is elongated, but. on the contrary,
take ofl little minute films of wax at the point
where it is not needed, and add it to the thick
ened ring at the lop of the cell. It would ap-
pear that, in natural-comb building, the comb
itself is made up of small particles pressed and
kneaded together into a perfect comb; so, then,
when we give them the new drawn foundation
they reduce the thickness of the wall by taking
off small particles and adding them to the top
of the cells. This process of scooping off the
minute film, and adding it to another point,
gives the cell walls a sort of .scraped or scooped
ground -glass appearance to the naked eye. tak-
ing away that delicate transparency that is so
noticeably characteristic of the new Weed
drawn foundation. If the bees build their comb
in this way, as we have reason to believe they
do, then we can account for the flaky condition
that Mr. Hutchinson describes; and it is possi-
ble that by "flaky" he meant — well, easily
crushable comb, not brittle, as the term would
seem to indicate. If this is a desirable charac-
teristic it will be just as marked in the new
drawn foundation as in the ordinary product.

In the experiments Mr. Weed has been con-
ducting, it seems to be apparent that bees take
the new drawn foundation quicker when the
cell walls are somewhat defective or broken
than when they are perfect, because they seem
to regard the broken article as their own prod-
uct that has been damaged, and must, of course,
be repaired at once.

We are now sending out hundreds of samples
of the new product; and I hope others will ex-
periment. If the new thing can not stand the
examination of impartial critics then it is not
fit to stand. I say " impartial," because I am
fully aware of the fact that there are those who
show by their very writings that they have no
disposition to give the new article a fair test.
Fair criticism we are prepared to meet, but
don't care to waste time on anything else.

Ai-is i)()i:sata; a sr iikmk to gkt tiiksk hkks

IMI'OKTKI) INTO AMKKICA ATA SIJGHT COST.

Wio have just had a very pleasant visit from
Mr. W. K Rambo. at present located at Hiram,
O., but who has been until recently a mission-
ary at Damoh. India. He is now recuperating
in this country, but expects to go back to his
mission field this fall to take charge o-f a boys'
orphanage and industrial school. While here
he is posting hirasiMf up on various industries,
wiih the view of introducing them into his new
work among the boys. He has been a subscrib-
er to Gi-eanings for a year or so, and in the
mean time has been reading and studying so
that he may be competent to teach bee-keep-
ing.

When I learned that he was a missionary
from India, a subscriber to Gleanings, and an
enthusiastic bee-keeper, the suggestion of Mr.
W. A. .Stilson, of the Nebraska Bee keeper,
flashed through my mind. You will remember
how he showed up the folly of sending a man
over to India, at an enormous expense on the
part of the general government, to secure Apis
dorsata. He urged that, if these bees were
really desirable, and could be domesticated,
they should be obtained through missionaries
already in the field, at a very slight cost.

After talking with Mr. Rambo in regard to
the famine in India, the general climate, the
characteristics of the people, of tigers (especial-
ly the man eating kind), we began to discuss
the feasibility of importing Apis dorsata and
Apis Indlca from that country to this. He
described to me a small bee that seemed to be
vtry common in his vicinity, and which I feel
very sure is Apis Indica. They build a single
comb under the limb of a tree, and their nests
are very common. He has also seen what he
believes to have been the Apis dorsata, and
the nests themselves.

The upshot of the whole matter was that we
are to equip hith with hives, material, etc.,
necessary to test Apis dorsata right-in its own
climate— in other words, determine whether
they can be domesticated at home. He was,
however, of the opinion that neither race I
have mentioned could be confined to a hive;
but if they could he was sure that he and his
native helpers, who are quite familiar with the
bees, could do so just as well as and far more
cheaply than Uncle Sam by sending a man
over.

When Mr. Rambo leaves this country in Sep-
tember we expect, of course, to send along with
the general shipment some mailing-cages as
well as some small boxes for express shipment.
Arrangements can be made to have the bees
shipped to some beekeeper' in England, where
they can have a cleansing flight, and. after a
few days, be forwarded to the United States.

There, now, don't you see we can get dorsata,
if it can be kept in hives at home, at an infini-

340

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May 1.

tesimal part of the cost that it takes to send
some one after them ?

If thpy can not be domesticated in India they
certainly could not be in this country; so we
would determine this point tirst before we
went to further expense. But even if they
could not be domesticated they might be of
advantage in the way of the fertilization of
certain flora by letting them run wild in Cali-
fornia and the South.

Now, I suggest that bee-keepers, instead of
trying to encourage a scheme that would cost
the general government thousands of dollars,
wait to see what the A. I. Root Co. can do
through Mr. Rambo. This would cost the
general bee-keeping world practically nothing.

We expect to have another interview with
Mr. Rambo before he leaves for his mission
field, and all details will be further discussed.

QUEENS EXCLUDED FROM THE MAILS.

A GENTLEMAN conversant with mail matters
informed E. T. Abbott, ex-president of the N.
A. B. K. A., that the government was " talking
of excluding queens from the mails." This
would indeed be a calamity to the bee-keepers
of the United States. The sending of queens
by mail has grown to be a large and important
industry. Anywhere from five to ten thousand
dollars' worth of queens are sold in a single
season in this county alone. Great good results
in the interchange of stock, and without this
Interchange there would very soon be in-
breeding.

Our older readers will remember that there
was a time when queens were debarred from
the mails, simply because one ignoramus of a
bee-keeper attempted to send a queen and some
bees in a flimsy paper box. Of course, the box
broke and let the angry bees out into one of the
important offices of the service. The result
was that Uncle Sam shut down on sending any
more queens through the mails, and we all had
to send queens by express at a charge of from
15 cts. to $1.00. These charges, for the time
being, killed the industry. I wonder if another
ignoramus has tried sending bees or queens in
another paper box, or doing something else
equally foolish. It would be interesting to
know why the government should be talking
at this time about "excluding queens from the
mails." Bee-keepers have enjoyed the privi-
lege for the last 15 years, and we were not
aware that there had been any trouble since
the paper-box incident.

It was Prof. A. J. Cook who made a special
trip to Washington to get the queens readmit-
ted to the mails, and he was successful: but
the condition was made that there should be
two sheets of wire cloth over the opening
to the cage. But in later years bee-keepers
have. Instead of two sheets, used one, and a
thin strip of board over the wire. This con-

forms to the spirit of the law— in fact, is better
than the two pieces of wire cloth.

WORK FOR THE NEW UNION.

The United States Bee-keepers' Union, re-
cently organized, has been advised of this mat-
ter; and as a member of the Advisory Board I
feel sure it will take energetic and prompt
action. But in order to accomplish much in
this or any other direction there must be more
means and more funds at the disposal of the
General Manager, Mr. Secor. Under the cir-
cumstances, the new organization has made a
good start; but it needs something more than a
good beginning to do the work that it has laid
out for itself. Bee keepers everywhere who
are interested in seeing that queens are not
shut out from the mails, in fighting dishonest
commission men, in coping with the adultera-
tion evil— in fact, in any and every thing that
needs intelligent and organized effort, should
send in their names, accompanied bv 61 00, at
once to the General Manager, Eugene Secor,
Forest City, la., or to the Secret 'ry, Dr. A. B.
Mason, Station I> Toledo, O. If more conven-
ient, the moroy may be sent to Mr. G. W. York,
lis Michigan Sr,., Chicago, or to this office, and
we will see that ihe money is duly forwarded,
and the persons enrolled as members. Remem-
ber, the amount is $1.00. This entitles you to
all the privileges of the organization, and al-
lows you to have a voice in certain matters at
the annual mi eting, whether present or not.

HOW HISTORY REPEATS ITSELF.

The little opposition that has been stirred up
against the new drawn foundation is not so un-
like the opposition that was urged against rail-
roads in China, where, after using one a while,
they tore the rails up, as the cars "disturbed"'
the repose of their ancestors. (The new drawn
foundation seems to have disturbed the " re-
pose "of a few bee-keepers). When railroads
were first suggested in this country, so great a
man as Daniel Webster " proved" in Congress
that a railroad train could never go up grade,
could not be stopped within twenty miles on a
level, and never on a down grade; that it was
not safe, and yet he lived to see them stopped
in their own length at any point. The English
bridgebuilder, who built the great Victoria
bridge over the St. Lawrence River, declared
that the proposed suspension bridge at Niag-
ara would never hold its own weight up, that
it was not safe, and "proved" it— by riding
over it in a car while on his way to dedicate
his own bridge further on. In these latter days
a few have tried to make out that the new
product is going to ruin the bee-keeping indus-
try, and, according to their opinion, they have
"proved" it too. As prophets they can look
backward better than forward. But railroads
and suspension bridges have come to stay, and
so has the new drawn foundation.

i

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

341

1 think I told you the population of .lorome
w-is about •-•(KW. Of thi:. number about GuO
are at work in ihn mines. Wages average
about ?=:< Taaday. Now IJKure this up for seven
days in a week and you will see huw much
hard casii is paid to workmen in that one mine
every wet k; and 1 suppose it is true ilut some-
thing like $15,000 a wei-k is what the fompany
pays its men. Hut, hold on. friends. They not
only work week days and Sundays, but ihey
work i:ay and night. There is no stopping at
all of the ponderous machinery. If 1 am cor-
rect, there are extra engines and dyn.mios and
other machines, so that one can be hitched on
while the other is being overhauled and repair-
ed. When the machines wear out they get
new ones; and when the men wear out they
get new ones You may think the wages pretty
high; but please remember that board, even by
the week, is about a dollar a day; and if you
rent a decent house to live in, your reut is a
dollar a ilay. and other things in proportion.
Wnnd is -i^T.iK) a cord. They do not draw it in
wagons, a> we do, but it is carried on the backs
of patient and faithful burros. These burros
need no graded road, such as a wagon must
have. They toil patiently up and down a foot-
path or trail sometimes almost too rough and
narrow for one to go on foot. I was greatly in-
terested in the burros. The man who furnishes
wood comes into town with perhaps half a
dozen. He talks to them as he would talk to a
well-trained dog, and they are wonderfully
obedient to his voice. Their load is so great
that it is sometimes a difficult matter for them
to keep their balance. A sort of rack made of
wood and ropes holds the load of wood — not so
much on their backs, but each side of their
backs being about equally balanced. They
seem nervously afraid of running against any-
body or against each other; in fact, it makes
me think of a rider on a wheel carrying a con-
siderable burden. If you look at the feet of tne
burro and the size of his slender legs, it seems
almost incredible that he can carry such loads;
and, in fact, they often do jostle over and go
rolling down the mountain. In that case it is
no great financial loss if the burro is killed, for
they cost only nbout five or ten dollars. When
they come into town each seems very anxious
to have his load removed. The driver is always
careful to take the wood first from one side and
then the other, so as not to throw the little
animal out of balance. When he is relieved of
his burden he seems very thankful; and while
his master is unloading his comrades, he takes
the opportunity of looking about to see what
he can pick up in the way of provender. I
asked one of the clerks at a grocery what burros
fed on. He replied:

•'Oh! any sort of rubbish they can pick up.
In fact, they eat almost any thing. Some folks
say the burros eat tin cans when they can
not do any better. This I can not prove, but I
do know they eat all sorts of waste paper; and
when a burro can get hold of the outside casing
of smoked hams then he has a picnic indeed.
Why! they are regular scavengers. They pick
up almost every thing that is thrown out of
the front door or the back door, all over town."*

*Mrs. Jordan told me Fhe saw a burro one day
that must have got strayi d away from his comrades.
He came into town alone, and marched up to a

I had quite a curiosity to know more about
the source of the waterworks that supplied the
town. In the afternoon, when niji-good friend
Mr. Jordan was obliged to resume nis work, f
secured the services of Master Harold .j.ruan.
fie is just about the age of Huber, and. like
Huber, Is greatly interested in any thing about
electricity. I told him some things he wanted
to know, and lie tola me a good deal that /
wanted to know. Among other things, he said
if I did not mind the walk he would go with
me to the spring that feeds the flume that
pours its contents into the great water-tank,
iiOO feet above the town. First we took a burro-
path up over the mountains. On the way we
passed under an apparatus that strongly at-
tracted my atteniloii. It is what they call a
■■ bucket-line." It was pui. up ten years ago,
before the railroad was built This bucket-line
is an arrangement of a stationary cable and a
movable cable elevated on posts or poles, so as
to run a bucket along the wire for a distance of
nine miles. I should say, rather, a strUirj of
buckets, for the buckets are perhaps 100 feet
apart. On one side they go to the town of
Jerome loaded, and on the other side they go
back empty. Of course, a steam engiue works
the machinery. Harold toM me it took the
buckets from morning till night to make the
trip; for one of the boys wrote something on a
piece of pap r and put it into a bucket in the
morning, and it did not reach Jerome until
night. This bucket-line brought in fuel, lime-
stone from a distant quarry, and supplies of
other kinds that might be needed. Of course,
such an apparatus could run from cliff to clilT,
over and through tree- tops, and across yawn-
ing chasms where even a burro could not make
his way.

Now we went up hill and down hill in going
to that spring; but when we found it, it was
off in a little valley or canyon where a little
stream came down between the hills. Said I:

■' Why, Harold, this spring can not be higher
up than that great tank away up above where
you live ? "

"Why, it looks so, Mr Root; but if it were
not higher, how in the world would the water
run? and it does run all the way, and seems to
be down hill too, for we boys have followed it
away around the mountain. It i.s a good way
farther than the way we came, but it is surely
down hill all the way."

Here, again was another illustration of that
queer feature of these mountainous regions.

The United Verde & Pacific Railroad comes
into Jerome away up above the town. If you
want to see the railroad station you have to
look away up. This railway is proud of the
distinction of being the crookedest road on the
face of the earth— at least, folks say so. In-
stead of following watercourses through the
valleys it runs a good deal of the way along
the crests of the mountains; and of course it
has to do a great deal of twisting and turning
to keep any sort of level. I suppose one object
in bringing it in at such an elevation above the
highest point of the smeltingworks is that the
freight may be all dropped down an incline to
such a point in the mines as it may be most
needed. In loading the cars with the copper
and gold, these metal ingots are simply run up
on a powerful elevator.

By the way, there can not anybody steal gold
from this mine — not even the workmen. Every

woodpile and looked around in a pleading sort of
way to have somebody unload him; a .d then he
went to anoth r woodpile, and so on all around the
neighborhood. Nobody could unload him, because
nobody had a right to do so, and so the poor fellow
was in trouble indeed.

342

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May 1.

dollar's worth of gold Is securely locked up iti,
say, a hundred dollars' worth of copper, and
it would take an expert burglar, I tell yon, to
break the lock that holds the gold cotubined
with the copper. So these great bricks are
loaded on tu fr.-ight-cars, and run clear across
the Uniu-d States, with as much safety as if
they were blocks of paving stones, and yet
they may contain millions of gold. In fact, it
has been estimated that the Jerome mine has
produced as high as eight millions of dollars'
worth of gold in a single year.

ELECTRICITY VERSUS MULE POWER IN MINING.

The Jerome mines are said to be the first in
the world to pull out their ores by substituting
an eleciric motor in place of the time honored
mule. With ordinary mining, a mule or other
animal pulls a single car; but the eleciric motor
will pull a train of a dozen cars or more, all la-
den with ore. It wa^ my good fortune to stand
at the mouth of one of the tunnels when the
motor came out with its string of ore. Said
motor is about the size and shape of a good-
sized cooking-stove. Imagine a large sized
cooking-stove mounted on wheels, with the en-
gineer sitting on the stove-hearth, and you have
it. He sits on the stove hearth, or a low down
seat, because his head would be hitting the
roof of the mine were it otherwise. Then he
does his switching and backing up and going
aJtiead, etc., by simply " pressing" the proper
'• button." I was kindly invited to take a seat
on the motor, and ride around the yard in the
open air while he pushed certain cars here and
there as the workmen wanted them for conven-
ience in building up the piles of wood and ore for
roasting, as 1 have described.

1 was very anxious to accompany the motor
away back under ground into, the mountain;
but my companion had told me that nobody
was allowed to view the mineral wealth the
company had discovered in their underground
tunneling. Not even the bosses and proprii'lors
of the mine were permitted to view the com-
pany's wealth unless they were specially em-
ployed in the mine, and the workmen were not
communicative, for reasons best known to
themselves.

Now. lest some of you may think it worth
your while to take a trip to the Jerome gold-
mines to get a job, let me tell you there are men
standing around all the while, waiting for a
chance to work. Mr. Jordan told me of a man
who walked over that crooked railway all the
way from Prescott to Jerome, then waited for a
chance to get a job, without any thing to eat
until some time in the middle of th^ night,
when a man was found lacking. Then he
worked several hours without any sleep or food,
so as to secure a place. The man who is not on
hand to take his place when the whistle blows
loses his place, and somebody else steps into his
shoes. If he makes an arrangement to be ab-
sent, or gives some good reason why he can not
be at his post, I presume he might hold his job;
but the man who is awav, with no explanation,
is out. I wonder what the friends in our estab-
lishment would say if we should substitute a
similar rule.

A competent physician is employed by the
year, and a small per cent of each man's wages
is held back as a fund to pay the doctor's bill;
so that the man who is sick does not have
to stand the expanse of medical care. I am
not sure but this fund, or a similar one, supports
the man's family while he is sick, or in case
of accident and loss of life. Each man as he is
employed is oblieed to submit to this small
assessment as required.

I was obliged to take my departure from Je-

rome before daylight. This I greatly regretted,
because I missed a view of the grand scenery.
There was just a glimpse of dawn as we start-
ed; and after we were out four or five miles I
could see tolerably. The San Francisco Moun-
tains loomed up in glorious majesty at almost
every point around Jerome. In fact, we had
them constantly in view when we were making
that trip between Camp Verde and Jerome.
The two peaks are just a little north of Flag-
staff, right on the road to that wonderful Grand
Canyon. I do not remember now their height;
but it is great enough so they are constantly
white with snow. A little further west, and
the celebrated peak "Bill Williams'' looms
proudly up in the distance.

Before leaving the locality I want to give you
a little bit of illustration in regard to that
crooked railroad. In railroading all over the
United States we often see a " horseshoe" fea-
ture as it is called. In order to avoid the ex-
pense of a bridge across a valley, railroad men
often run around, as it were, so that the track,
after making quite a horseshoe loop, comes
around m^ar to the place of starting. Now, the
Jerome railroad not only makes some wonder-
ful horseshoes, but it has a horseshoe within a
horseshoe. In the figure below I have not
tried to draw a man's face.

First we have the large curve; then, in order
to get in and out around the mountain, we
have the short curves bark and forth, so the
passfuger, if he keeps his eyes open, and fixes
them on some point on the mountain, sav at A,
he will be able to see this point again at B, then
after a while at C, then again at D, and finally
at E, where he will be only a few rods from
where he left A perhaps an hour before, only a
little lower down, and this sort of thing is being
enacted again and again on that United Verde
Railway.

I was exceedingly fortunate in having for my
traveling companion my good friend F. E Jor-
dan, as he had business in Prescott. He told
me there is one place just out of Jerome where
the railroad has 14 miles of track in order to ac-
complish a distance of only h}4 miles— nearly
three miles of crookedness to get ahpad one
straight mile. The railroad is about 2.500 feet,
or nearly half a mile, higher than the Verde
River, which seems like a slender thread of sil-
ver all along the valley.

About 40 tons of copper are sent off by this
crooked railway every day in the year. At the
moderate price of 10 cts. per lb., tne copper
alone would be worth $8000 a day; and there is
a sort of understanding among the workmen
that the gold in these ingots is worth about
ticice as much as the copper.

Our Homes.

The cares of this world, and the deceitfulness of
rici)es, and the lusts of other thlng-s entering: in,
choke the word, and it becometh unfruitful.— Mark.
4:19.

The principal thought I have in mind in the
above words, spoken by our Savior, is that part
about the deceitfulness of riches. Probably

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

343

nine- tenths of those whose oye8 rest upon this
printed page (irmly believe that greater riches
\voiiK1 make them happier; and I fear that
a good niiiny. at li'ast. think that worldly pros
perity wonld make them better Christians. In
my recent iravels in Arizona I met with people
almost continnally who are more or less inter-
ested in gold mining. It is the absorbing topic
of the day. Several times I questioned bee-
keepers, and I found to my surprise that almost
every one of them had at different times hud at
least a taste of the gold-mining mania. Now,
there are devoted Christians in Arizona; in
fact, there are some of the most beautiful self-
sacriticing Christian characters away out on
the deserts that I ever met in my life. Some of
them were interested in gold-mining. Ves, I
know some good and faithful souls who have
prayed that God wonld bless their efforts in lo-
cating a paying mine, or in so managing a
mine already started that the expense would
not exceed the value of the product. You may
perhaps he aware that I was then, and am now,
rather prejudiced against the gold-raining
business. I was several times assured that
it might be, and in fact should be, .just as hon-
orable as growing crops, selling goods, or any
thing else. I replied that it had bid associations
connected with it, Christian people usually
ob.iect to card playing because cards are the
gambler's tools, and most people would prefer
to have them out of sight if they thought the
minister was likely to come. VVell. in a like
manner it seems to me that those who are af-
fected with the craze for mining gold would
hesitate a little to talk about it among Chris-
tian p'^oplc. Now, please do not misunderstand
me. Most of the men engaged in the mining
business are a hard hearted and ungodly class.
Let me illustrate:

One evening, when we were discussing the
matter. I said something like this:

" Dear friends, when a man makes a lucky
hit. and find'^ a good-sized nugget of eold, does
he not usually thank (}nd for this gift that has
for ages been stored away for him. hidden in
the earth, as it were?"

My friends looked at one another and smiled;
and they finally admitted, each and all. that
they never heard of a case of thanking God be-
causp one had made a lucky find.

"But when the proprietors of these mines
'strike it rich.' as they say, do they not. at
least .soTTiefimes. give thanks to God that they
are enabled to set a large party of men at work,
paving them promptly every Saturday night,
putting in nice and expensive machinery, etc.?"

Aeain my friends shook their heaf^s, and
smiled. Nohodv had ever heard of any thing of
the sort* In the first place, all the successful
mines, so far as I know or could learn about,
are worked not only nights, but Sundavs also.
Several times this course was defended, and
some of the friends assured me that, if I were
right in the business. I would do as the rest do.

"Why. look here. Mr. Root. Where they
have tried paying their men everv Saturday
night, and letting th m have their Sundays
without work, they all get on a hie drunk.
Sometimes there is abis' fight along with it. and
so the men entirely unfit themselves for busi-
ness on Monday morning. The miners are

*One of the men s!iid he had heard that, the own-
er of onf of the richest minos in .Arizona was in
the ha>)lt of fiper^ff\Tie ii million xf duUnifi a year at
>fonte Carlo, that celdiratfd rampin(f-e' onrd where
all the p'eat p-amblprs of the wf)rld ;irp wont to
meet: and our proof-reader informs mo that a writ-
er at that placp sa.vs the numhpr of suicirtes there
laot year was 800, which is about a fair yearly aver-
age.

mostly of a class that can be kept from drink-
ing and fighting only by keeping ihem busy.
I f they get drunk, and can not be on hand when
the whistle blows, they lose their. jobs; and this
is the only thing that will keep them sober "

•" But." said 1, ••have not the owmrs of the
mines tried Sunday schools and churches?"

•'Not so far as we know. They have excel-
lent reading-rooms. You yourself have seen
some of them. They have tine schools and ex-
pensive teachers: but the propri»-tors of the
mines do not seem to recognize the importance
or need of churches."*

The miners are not, as a rule, paid every Sat-
urday night, as we pay our helpers. I believe
they are paid about once a month or at longer
periods. One reason why they make their pay-
days as far apart as possible is because, when
the men set their money, the bosses are abso-
lutely obliged to give them a day or two to get
over the effects of payday. Well, it is not only
gambli rs who keep track of these paydays, and
are promptly on hand around the mines a^ such
times, but I am told that lost women come
from distant cities, even as far oft' as Los Ange-
les, that they may, while the poor miners are
undtr the influence of drink, contest for their
share of the spoils insteal of letting the gam-
blers get all of it. Fights are common, and but
few arrests are made. If a man is on hand
when his time comes to go to work, that
is about all that is required of him. Atone
place where I visited, a drunken man fell into
an abandoned shaft. Some of the men were
talking about it. and when I asked if any
attempt had been made to recover his body, the
reply came:

"To be sure, not. What do we want of his
bodyf He was given to drink so badly that he
was no good before, and we cm not bury him
any cheaper than where he is now. Why
should we bother about him?"

If I am correct, the matter was dropped then
and there. Ihire was not a coroner within
forty miles or more, and nobody thought it
worth while to "bother" about it. Now to our
text:

I told you I knew good devoted Christian men
who were praying that God would bless their
efforts to locate a profitable gold mine. If God
should hear that prayer, would it increase the
faith of the one who prays? and would he be
likely to make a good use of the money that
comes? I am afraid, dear friends, that past ex-
perience shows that money does not make bet-
ter Christians. I mpuLioned not long ago that
our good pa<tor said he had never known a man
brought to Christ or nearer Christ by prnsper-
itv. but many and many a one by adversity and
affliction.

»0n pajre 130. Feb. 15. I spoke of the Rev. Mr.
Healy. and his afipointments for preaching in vari-
ous place'* One of these nla^es is in Jprome.
There is a BapiM ihurrli tliere. as I have explxined,
tiut it is at prest'iit without a mini.sier. Mr Healy
gets around once in two woekp. if I am correct, and
T)reaches in the evening. I spoke of the fact that
his people find it difficult to raise even a small por-
tion of his salary. Well, if I mistake not lie said
the church at .lerome in tin; vicinit.y of that great
mine, witli itsuntokl millions, finds more difficulty
In raising the small sum of money they pay him
than even the country places away out in tlie and
plains. Now, may be 1 have not got the facts in the
case e.vactly riglit ; but T tliink I am not far out
of the way. And this little incident, it seems to me,
points out to us all a tremendous moral. It is not
because of lack of money that cmr missionaries are
going without their pay, end our teachers in foreign
lands are being called home by the scores. It cer-
tainly is not t)ecause of the hard titncs so much Jis it
is because of the hardnei's of people')! hearts. There
is money enough to build railroads clear around

344

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

MayI.

Toward twenty years ago I was quite well ac-
quainted witn a bee-keeper who seemed to be a
very devoted man. He had some trouble with
another man in regard to the sale of some bees.
The matter was left to me. Both parties were
professing Christians, and we soon had the mat-
ter pleasantly adjusted. It was years after-
ward that I met my bee-keeping friend. It was
at a convention in a large city. 1 was sur-
prised that he did not seem very cordial, and
only incidentally referred to our former ac-
quaintance and the service I once did him. I
aid not exactly understand it. A mutual friend
explained. Mr. had got out of the bee busi-
ness, and gone into something else. He was
prospered, and became quite well off. With the
prosperity his Christianity slowly faded away,
and he excused himself from attending an eve-
ning session of the convention by saying that he
and a friend of his wanted to attend a place of
questionable amusement. As he took his cigar
out, of his mouth and looked over toward me
with a smile it brought a sad feeling to my
heart. I said to myself, "Is it really possible
that this is the man who wrote me those kind
letters, and expressed in them such devotion to
our Lord and Savior? and was it prosperity
alone that has changed him from what he was
then to what he is now?"

Dear friends, this is a sad thing to confess.
Each and every one of us declares in our own
heart that, if God would only try us, he would
find that ive are an exception. While I write I
have in mind some plans of my own that have
not turned out as I expected. I have been pray-
ing over them, and was almost rejoicing in the
thought that God had answered my prayer. It
turned out, however, otherwise, and I have
been for several days feeling a good deal disap-
pointed, and I asked myself the question, " Had
God granted my prayer would it nave brought
me nearer to him?" I am afraid, to tell the
truth, it would not. I know that prosperity—
at least getting money easily— is not conducive
to my best spiritual development. Some of you
may think it a little strange that I. who have
been greatly prospered, should write in this
way. It is true, God has answered many of
my prayers that might be construed in the line
of worldly prosperity; but no prayer has been
answered that did not require faithful and ear-
nest hard work to bi'ing about its fulfillment. I
have tried to avoid any thing that might look
like show or display in the way of riches; and
could you visit our own humble home I am sure
none of you would say that Mrs. Root and my-
self have any thing about us that exhibits more
display of wealth than you meet among quite
ordinary people. I am afraid of what the world
calls riches; and I pray that God may keep me
from its "deceit," and, in the language of our
text, from " the lusts of other thingsentering In"
to " choke the word." Just a word more about
the gold-mining business:

I confess I do not really know why it should
be so much in the hands of sharpers. I do be-
lieve a man might be a consistent Christian, and
manage a gold-mine. Let me give you a

the world, aod enoug-b to build hotels (that cost
a million or more); and these things may be all
right in their places; but there is certainly not any
need in this world of ours tbit there should be
starving bodies, and (sadder still) that millions of
people should be starving for the bread of life. In
speaking of Mr. Healy I am reminded of a postal
card that came to me some time aero. Here it is :J D

ZBro. Root:— In your sermon on p. 130 yoii'state that Bro.
Healy is a " joun^ Irishman, or at least he came from Ire-
land." This IS a mistake; he was born in lUbiois, of Irii-h par-
ents; was converted under the M. E. Church South, in Missis-
sippi. L. B. BELL.
Camp Verde, Arizona, Mar. 2.

glimpse, however, of one little transaction in a
quiet rural neighborhood in Arizona:

A stranger came into a little town and cau-
tiously approached the bank. He told the cash-
ier that he had some gold that he wanted to
leave with him for sate keeping. The cashier
handled the chunk with some curiosity, and
asked him how he came by it. He saia he got it
onto! a mine of his own, something like 80 miles
off among the mountains. The man seemed to
be very simple and uneducated. The cashier
showed the gold to a neighboring business man,
and they both asked the man more about his
" tind " away out in the wilderness. Before
many months had elapsed, the cashier of the
bank and this business man had bought an in-
terest in this mine, raking and scraping and bor-
rowing all the means they could get hold of. The
owner of the mine, in order to have every thing
fair and honest, permitted them to take entire
charge of the works and run them for a week.
The output of clean gold was, if I remember,
several hundred dol'ars per day, and the ore
seemed to be getting richer and richer as the
miners went further. As soon as ihis simple,
uneducated countryman, who could neither
read nor write, got possession of the notes and
securities, the yield of the mine suddenly drop-
ped to thirty or forty dollars a day instead of
three hundred or four hundred dollars as be-
fore. In spite of any thing they could do, the
new owners could not make it yield any more.
An experienced expert was finally called in. He
made a careful analysis of the ore, and reported
that the ore never did and probably never
would furnish gold enough to pay the work-
men. An expensive lawsuit followed, which
revealed the fact that the owner of the mine
had ■' salted " it during the week its purchasers
had it on trial. Of course, he was standing
around to instruct the new owners how to man-
age the different apartments; and while do'ng
this he had smuggled several hundred dollars'
worth of gold into the amalgamating works
each day. He invested something in doing
this; but his notes and securities amounted to
many thousands. Of course, this was a state-
prison offense; and although the evidence seem-
ed complete, the man in some way eluded just-
ice. I believe the purchasers recovered a part
of what they lost. In undertaking to dispose of
the expensive machinery they had invested in
they were swindled and cheated again until
it seemed as if the very spirit of the prince of
darkness himself had got a lodging-place in the
heart of every may who bought or sold, or had
any thing to do with the matter of mining and
working gold.

As I have said before, I do not really know
why this should be; but this is true: There is
danger lurking about any spot where gold is
handled in considerable quantities. The pa-
pers are continually warning people— especial-
ly people who live in the country— against
keeping money in their homes. Some time ago
a man got an idea that our banks and govern-
ment were going to the dogs. He got all his
Possessions into gold, and then started to carry
is gold home, so as to have it safe. He was
warned repeatedly that he would be robbed,
and perhaps murdered, if he undertook to carry
out his plan. After he had passed through sev-
eral escapes, and had come near losing his life,
he carried his treasured coins back to the bank,
and concluded that he did not want anv more
of that sort of exoerjence.;

There is a fragment of an old hymn that just
now comes into my mind. It may seem to you,
my readers, a sudden break in my talk, and a
very abrupt way of cutting away from my sub-
ject; but yet I am going to give you a verse

ISUT

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

345

right here. It has given comfort and joy and
peace to manv a poor soul—poor, perhaps, in
this worlds goods, but rich in iroasures that
neither perish nor pass away. Here it is:

Know, then, soul, 11i> full salviilion;
Rise over sin and grief and care;

Joy to fltul iu every station
Sonietliiujr still to do or hoar.
One thing that has endeared this verse of
this old hymn to my heart is that about re-
joicing because that, no matter where we are
nor what our station, whether rich or poor, we
may every day lind something to " bear." And
if we bear it for Christ's sake we are rich in-
deed.

CLEARING OFF THK BED^S WHEN A CKOP IS
NEARLY MATURE.

There are a thousand things that need wisdom
and experience in high- pressure gardening;
and with a dozen boys to do the work, a smart
man can be kept just as busy as he can be,
directing the boys to work to the best advan-
tage. No matter how good his boys are (we
think we have some in Medina as good as there
are anywhere), they want their work laid out
and carefully planned. A good many times
the boss wants .somebody with rare wisdom to
plan and direct him in turn. Just one illus-
tration:

Our plant-beds are now all made up of very
rich ground. The manure has cost so much
money, to say nothing of bone dust, ashes, etc.,
that we can not afford to have a bed stand idle
for even one day. Just as soon as one crop
comes off. another must follow in its wake.
We frequently gather onions, lettuce, etc.,
taking off, say. the space of three or four sashes
each morning. Well, this ground should be
raked and spaded over, and planted again right
off within an hour after the crop is gathered.
When some more stuff is gathered, commence
where you left off, and break up ground again,
and put in the crop. As a rule, our plants are
raised in the seed-bed, as thickly as they can
stand, until they get the third or fourth leaf.
Then they are transplanted, as I have said, to
where a crop has just been gathered. In trans-
planting, we use the transplanting-boardsl have
so often mentioned. We now have in use five.
The closest spacing-board is for celery-plants,
2 inches apart. The next is for cabbage-plants,
beets, onions, etc.. 3 inches apart. Then we
have one for stuff that is a little larger, or
wants more room, 4J^ inches apart. This is
used for twice transplanting, or tomatoes and
bushy plants for first transplanting. Then
comes the board with the points 7 inches from
center to center. This is just right for lettuce,
spinach, tomatoes twice transplanted, and a
variety of other stuff. The fifth and last one
has the points a foot apart. Of course, they
are all arranged hexagonally. so as to utilize
space that is valuable. This last board, that
spaces them a foot apart, is for strawberries
where the runners are kept off; for early cab-
bage-plants to mature under glass, for potatoes
grown under glass, etc.

Let us now get back to gathering the matur-
ed crop, or nearly mature Before cleaning off
the bed entirely (say of lettuce, spinach, etc.),
we first cut out the lareest plants where they
seem to be crowding. With spinach we go over

the bed in this way and keep out any that seem
inclined to shoot up to seed. This process can
be carried on until it is evident that all the
plants in the bed have plenty of room, and are
about as good as they will ever get. Then we
begin at one end, say wheie plants are the
largest and strongest, and will probably not get
any better by being left longer, and clean the
bed off entire.

It is a great mistake to cut a crop when it is
half grown. Sometimes, however, it pays to
do this. In February a customer was very
anxious for some spinach. I told him if he
was willing to pay 20 cts. per lb. for it I would
cut some tliat was only half grown. This they
agreed to do. Now, when the plants are about
as large as they will be we get 10 cts. per lb. for
it. It is packed for retailing, one potind in a
clean new half-peck basket, and the demand is
beyond the supply. Why, friends, if this beau-
tiful plant can be really grown under shutters
instead of sashes it would be about the nicest
business in the world to grow it at 5 cts. per lb.

J^or spinach the grouno must be exceedingly
rich — just such ground as we talked about in
our last issue, for the new celery culture. The
beds where it grows should be largely well-rotted
manure. If a part of it is cow manure, all the
better; then put on some bone dust and ashes
besides, and make the leaves take on that
strong rank dark-green appearance. If grown
in this way, spinach, like lettuce, will sell al-
most every day in the year; but on ordinary
soil, where the leaves look yellow and sickly,
your customers will tell you that they " don't
want any."

Speaking of shutters reminds me that I have
never yet had a shutter that suited me, and I
have spent a good deal of time and experiment-
ing along that line. One of the heaviest ex-
penses in our market gardening is broken glass.
If the children do not break the glass in throw-
ing stones, somebody's dog will take a notion to
walk over the beds. Well, shutters made of
boards will do just as well as glass when the
plants are only to be covered nights, or, say,
during the most severe freezing weather.
These shutters are not broken like glass— that
is, if well made; and they ought to be so light
that one man can easily handle them. Friend
Cummings. of the Lake Shore Canning Facto-
ry, has grown nice tomatoes with only boards
for protection. The boards are only one foot
wide. Sometimes when the frost is severe he
uses a cloth cover with baards on top of it.
One man can pick up boards a foot wide, and
pile them up quite rapidly; whereas, to handle
sashes it usually takes two men. Well, now,
the idea' shutter should be exactly the size of
our sashes. It should be as tight as a sash,
and it should stand storms of snow and rain,
and the Intense heat of the sun, without shrink-
ing and swelling so as to roll up the lumber or
make the cracks large enough to let frost
through, and at the same time we want it light.
The board covering need not be more than %
of an inch thick, if the frame around the out-
side is made of something heavier to protect
the edges. If any of our gardening friends
have succeeded in producing a light shutter to
take the place of glass I should be very glad to
see one. I think there is a field here for in-
ventive genius. The ordinary way i<. I believe,
to use thin matched lumber in narrow strips,
for the narrow strips will not shrink and swell
as badly as the wider pieces; but ,?8 stuff, or
even X- >•'* very apt to get shattered and broken
unless it is well protected bv batten*. The
nails should be driven through and cliyiched.
Then the extreme end of the shutter should
have some protection as well as the edges along

346

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

MArl.

the sides. The picture of shutters given in
Dreer's book seems to be simply narrow raatch-
eJ lumber H or % thick. That will do very
well, but this makes them heavier to handle
than they r<!aily need to be. After snowstorms
are all over, cotton cloth will do very well in
place of shutters. But cotton cloth is liable to
be weighted down by heavy snow.-i, even in
April, in our locality. Shutters are not only
needed to keep out frost, but to protect the
plants from the hpat of the sun when they are
just put out; to shade lettuce so as to have it
bleached as I have explained; to protect lender
tomato plants from being whipped by cold
winds, and tor ever so many other purposes.
Even if we have the cotton sheeting to be roll-
ed up on poles, we want shutters to cover little
patches of something or other to follow up
where we are transplantincr. Now, if any of
you have studied on this matter of cheap shut-
ters. I wish you would send me a description of
what you have, or a little model, by mail.

HOW TO GROW SQUASHKS AND NOT HAVE THEM

ALI. DESTROYED BY BLACK BUGS AND

BORERS IN THE ROOTS.

I have tried every tiling- that T have heard of ex-
cept late planting-. Tbey understand raising tliem
in Ohio, for there are lots of Hubbards sliipped in
here from Toledo. I havp bad a total failure for
two yenrs. One year I had two at^res, and lost every
plant after going-over them five times, picking- bugs
and dusting the vines. C. H. Billinghurst.

Albion, Mich.

We have had more or less experience every
year for many years past in growing squashes,
and we have "licked " the iDugs every time —
that is, where we grew them on our rich creeK-
bottom land. On our upland soil we have sev-
eral times made almost entire failure. First,
you want rich bottom land suitable for
squashes. Then it wants to be manun d tre-
mendously with old well rotted manure. You
want to read '' Gregory on Squashes " to get an
idea of the amount of manure really needed for
a crop.

In regard to bugs, when the squashes are
small the only dead-sure thing we have ever
found is to cover them with wire-cloth bug-
protectors. These are pressed down over the
hills, and the dirt packed arouna so no bug,
black or striped, can get under the edges. It
takes a good many bug protectors for an acre,
it is true; and we have of late years succeeded
very w^ll by coverine the young plants pretty
well with tobacco dust. This is worth almost
all it costs, for a fertilizer; but if you have fre-
quent rains h^avy enough to wash the tobacco
dust off. it will take several applications. Aft-
er the plants get so large as to crowd against
the wire cloth they will usually take care of
themselves, but not always. If they do not,
you have got to fight; hand-pick the bugs;
examine the under side of the leaves for eggs;
and if you follow the business right up you will
generally come out ahead. The bugs evidently
know when a man really means business. The
squash grower ought to have a good-sized fam-
ily of children; and if they all have a common
interest with thp father in the work the bugs
will generally give it up.

The worst trouble when the vines get to run
ning is the borer in the pith of the vine; and
there is only one remedy I know of, and that is
to cover the vines with earth every yard or so
as soon as they begin to run. In good soil, and
with plenty of rain, the vines will take root at
the joints very quickly; and if the borer com-
mences near where the plants started origina!-
Iv, the damage it does will be only temporary.
Plant-lice on the roots are something I have

never had any experience with; but I have
been told that, if you make a little hole in the
soil with a stick, and pour in a little bisulphide
of carbon, you will get rid of the plant lice.
Of course, you must be careful not to kill the
plants. Hubbard squashes are raised success-
fully all over Northern Ohio; and we had some
very fine ones brought us as late as the first of
April this year.

Let me again emphasize having the ground
exceedingly rich. I know a man who cleaned
out his poultry-house, and put the contents on
his garden so much in one place that he could
not grow any thing that season— not even
squashes. The next year he plowed it up very
deep, and had an enormous crop of Hubbard
squashes. The ground was so exceedingly rich
that the bugs could not stand it. In fact. I
have heard of putting so much strong manure
around squash-vines that the bugs could be
seen going away holding their noses. Strong,
rank, offensive manure will very often give the
vines such a start that the biigscan not well
harm them, and at the same time will repel
them by the rank odor. Where the ground is
too poor to give a vigorous growth, the bugs
seem to make the most havoc.

THE FIRST REPORT OF COWS THAT WILL NOT
EAT SWEET CLOVER.

My cow has the range of 40 a res part of th time
—one acre in sweet clo er, now in luxuriant growth,
a foot high, in its second year, and I have not yet
seen her touf h it, though she eats the alfalfa next
to it with relish.

SUGAR-BEETS.

You say the sugar-beet belt is through Wisconsin
and Nonhern Ohio, south of Lake Erie. Perhaps
you are not aware of the thousands of acres here in
the Pecos Valley, where our coo.sfaof sunshine en-
ables us to raise sugar- btets, which, with our crude
experience of a first season just closed, enabled us
to raise beets not only of 14 r'. but by the scores of
acres 16 to 20* sugar. One carload ran from 19 to
3! '. ; and tiiis can be done on 10,000 acret- yet in un-
broljen natural state, with our irrigation facilities.
I raised beets last season, one of which— not an ex-
ceptionally large one by any means — weighed 15
lbs. 6 ozs. with top, and 9 lbs. 11 ozs. as trimmed for
the factory.

A HOUSE-APIARY THAT PROVES SATISFACTORY.

On page 242 in Dr. C. C. Miller's temarlis on house-
apiaries, he says some like them, some do not.
I have one for l'^9 colonies: have just liad photo
taken of my ranch. You will have no dilMculty in
picking out the house-apiary. I can do more work
at my hees in th house in three hours than I can
at the bees outdoors in a whole day; no need for
veil, and very little for smoljer. Every thing is at
hand to worls with inside. Bees are not so irritable
—no robbing to amount to anything: all in shad^;
swarming, not enough to consider; liave not had
a swarm yet, and have used it over one yt ar Mine
is, I think, unique— so far as I know ihe only
"adobe" bee-house in existence. If there is. or has
been one befcne, I should like to know. My hives are
set back 3 inches from wall; bees at liberty to come
int'i the liouse if they wish, but they don't.

Eddy, N. M., Apr. 12.?ji:t::.<!^i:^ John Singleton.c

li'nenu 8 , it your cows should run out of feedi
and be obliged to eat that sweet clover, my
opinion is that, after they have learned how,
they would take it in preference to any thing
else. Your locality, however, may make a dif-
derence. It is not at all strange that they
should take the alfalfa first, especially if they
are used to it; for I t<ll you alfalfa comes pret-
ty near being the best "feed" that the world
supplies.

We rejoice with you in regard to your suc-
cess with the sugar beet.

In regard to the house apiary, that may be a
little out of this department, but I guess most
of the bee-friends will see it. I am very glad to

1S'.)7

GLKANINGS IN BEE CULTURE

347

roceivo such a report; and If yon did not livo so
vory far away I slionUI b(' almost tPinptcd
to take a trip down thorc to set> oiio that works
so successfully, and Is liked by its owner. I
wish yon would tell ns how many years yon
have used it. Lots of people have reported
somewhat as yon do; but after they have had
the thing thn^e or four years, somehow it gets to
be neglected and " beeless.*'

MORE ABOUT THK AIM>LE-THKE IIOKKHS.

Quite a number of remedies have been sent
In of late, and among them while )i lint applied
to the trei s from the roots up abf'Ut, two feet.
Beftire giving space in print to these remedies,
however, I thought lest to submit them to our
Ohio Experirtient Station. Helow is what our
good friend Prof. Green says in regard to the
matter:

1 do not know any thi'p- rejrardin? the viitue of
white lead for borers, tint 1 do not think it would do
any jrood. Whitewash contMiniriK carbolic acid is
good. Soft s<i,ip and c:irholic acid are pood also—
perhaps the l>est pi-ep;ual ion known. Carbolic acid
is the active ajrent; ,itid if it were added lo pnint
the nii.xture nn>rht lie trood. There is noihinf?
known that will keep away all borers, and the best
prep rations are only partially effective

Wooster, O., April 23. W. J. Green.

This corroborates, I believe, the experiences
of the experiment stations of other States.

" Unknown" cow-pea.— Large, irregular, li^ht
brown. Best of all peas for forage or jrree ma-
nure. This pea has been imposed on the pul)lic
under name of " Wonderful." It is a very late i)oa.

Very likely this pea would not mature seed as
far norih as we are; but it is not a very expen-
sive matter to get the seed from a little further
south where it is grown.

SACALINE AND FLAT PEA.

The following is the report the North Caro-

SO.METHING NEW FOR BERRY-PICKERS.

We are in the habit, as our readers may be
aware, of advertising, free of charge, new
things that come up, where they are sutficient-
ly meritorious. The arrangement below, we
think, comes un ler this head.

Our friends will notice that No. 4 and No. 8
have handles for carrying them, and they are
so made that they may be set down in the path
or on top of the berries, without crushing any
of the fruit nor being liable to tip over. No. 2
is to be fastened around the waist with a buck-
ling strap, piece of tape, or any thing suitable.

For picking raspberries. No. 2 is especially
handy. We know this because we have used a
similar arrangement for carrying the single
boxes. Having two boxes is still better. Here
is what the inventor says in regard to it:

Tlie whole idea is less than sixty days old. and
born of necessity. I wunted to soit slrsuvberries as
they were pi(!ked. and I could not do it with one bas-
ket. 1 will make any size opeuiiifi- desired lor boxes.

Pittsford. Midi. N. J. Kidokh.

KIDUER'S liKUKY CAUKIERS.

Una Experiment Station has to make in regard
to these two plants. Their verdict differs but
little from that of our Ohio Experiment Sta-
tion.

Sacaline. — Pdlyfjinium mylialinse. Perennial,
tall, bushy, broad-leaved plant of the knot-weed
family. Grows about four feet hi«rh. Siems are
woody, and the broad, oval, heart shaped leaves
are diseased by a species of rust fungus. Has no
value for North Carolina.

Flat pea.— Lathynis sj/lvestris Wagneri. A peren-
nial lepumine. Grows ihree or four feet long, weak
and fiat on the ground Requires three or more
years to secure a stand, and is then of no practical
value for North Carolina.

COW -PEAS.

This same station has the following report to

make in regard to the cow-pea. which we have

advertised in our seed catalog as "' Wonderful "

by name:

The Carriers aie made entirely of nn'ial, and
are to be either varnished or gaivanizt-d so they
will stand all kinds of weather. With straw-
berries our boys have been in the habit of tak-
ing a nest of boxes; and as fast as they get a
boxful it is set down in the path. When they
get to the end of the row they go back and
gather them up. The greatest objection to
this plan is that every little while a box of nice
berries will be skipped and leftoutover nightor
longer. Another trouble is. some juvenile
kicks a box over. When the sun is shining hot
we always want our berries in the shade about
as soon as a boxful is picked. One trouble with
baskets holding eight or sixteen boxes is that
every little while somebody loses the slats, or
they are stepped on and broken. These carri-
ers have nothing loo^e about them, to get lost.
I should mention that the handle in No. 8
shuts down so that the carriers may be nested
in transportation, one slipping inside of the
other.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE

May 1.

Strongest Bicycles

IN THE WORLD.

1897 Columbia Bicycles are made of 5 per cent. Nickel
Steel Tubingo We control the entire production of this
tubing and use it exclusively in

STANDARD OF THE WORLD.

HARTFORDS,

60, *50, *45

SECOND ONLY TO COLUMBIAS.
POPE MFG. CO., Hartford, Conn.

Catalogue free from Columbia dealers. By mail for one 2-cent stamp.

COMPLETE MODEL OF THE GREAT COLUMBIA FACTORIES, lithographed
in colors, ready to be cut out and built up, affording unlimited amusement and instruct-
ion to old and young, sent by mail on receipt of five 2-cent stamps.

B. Hendrickson, Agent,

Medina, Ohio,

PCLIPSEC0RN=PLANTER

And Fertilizer=Distributor Combined.

WILL
PLANT .

Weight ISO lbs.

CORN, BEANS, PEAS,
and BEET SEED

in Hills, Drills, and Chocks. It is the
only planter that will dis(rihute all fer-
tilizers. Wet or Dry, Hen Manure, Plas-
ter, Ashes, Etc., with a certainty, in
different amounts, each side of seed.
Send for circulars.

Eclipse Corn=Planter Co.,

lliltl'iiiiiiiii

J/

Enfield, Grafton Co.,
New Hampshire. .

1897

c; LEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE

Don't Neglect Your Bees.

Hee-keeping may be made uniformly suc-
cessful bvjimicious feeding. It is just as
important witli bees as witli other stock.
Success in feeiiing depends
very nuichcn the feeder used.
When you have tried the

Boardman Atmospheric
Entrance^feeder

you will be convinced of this.

For descriptive circulars
and price list, address

H. R. BOARDMAN, East Townsend, Ohio.

Queens Given Away.

Gray Carniolaiis and fioklcri Italians. We will
give a fine tested queen leithef raee) to all custom-
ers ordi ring ti unte.*ted ((necns, and a flne select
tested (jueen to all who order 12 untested queens at
one tinu'. The queens g-iven away will be sent to
customers in August.

Grade and prices of bees Apr.. May, July. Aug.,
and queens. i June. Sept.

Untested queen

Tested queen.

Select tested queens

Best imported queens

1 L.-frame nucleus, no queen

2 L.-t'ranie nuclei, no queen..
Full colony of bees, no queen

in new Dov'd hive

.75

.65

1.50

125

2.m

2.25

5.00

4.00

.75

.50

1.50

1.00

We guarantee our bees to be free from all diseases
and to give entire satisfaction. Descriptive price
list free.

F. A. Lockhart & Co., Lake George, N. Y.

Please mention this paper.

»P »P «P »P $ «P •?
are lost by keepiner old and poor queens. It pays
big to replace them with young vigorous ones ear-
ly in tlie season, and get a crop of honey with little
swarming. 1 have now untested queens — either
light or dark Italians— single T.5c; 6, S4.00; 12, $7.50;
tested. fl.l.O up. (innranttccl to arrive safe at
your office, and to be good queens, or teplaced free.
Remit by M. O. Send for catalog free for particu-
ars. J. B. CASE, Port Orange, Fla.

Please mention this paper.

Five Per Cent Off

till April 15

to Reduce Stock.

When the order amounts to Ave or more dollars
the goods will be delivered f. o. b. cars Sprini; field,
111.

W. J. Finch, Jr.. Chesterfield, III.

^OM/V~A/£aEL & £o/sf. HlOH /t

Your Orders for
Untested Queens

will be promptly filled by return mail.
7.nc each : I».(i0 per dozen Tested, f 1.00
each: $11.00 per di.zen. Queens are
carefully bred from best Italian stock.
Satisfaction guaranteed on every order.

J. VJ. K. SHAW <& CO.,
LOREAUVILLE. LA.

writing ad vertiserB please nnjntion tnis paper

Are You Going to Buy.

Apiarian Supplies or Bees?

(If so,<You|Want|the:Best.

This is the only quality we offer. Our prices are
right, and our '9i catalog describing them, and the
management of bees, is yours for the asking.

We carry a hirge stock, and can ship promptly.
Freight is a big consideration, often amounting to
20 per cent of the value of goods. Let us fjuotc you
prices on what you need, delivered at your station.

Freight Paid.

They will cost but a trifle more than others charge
at the factory. Our aim is to please.
Apiary, I. J. STRINGHAM,

Qlen Cove, L. I. 105 Park PI., N. Y. City.

A Full Line oi

Root's Goods.

mni

Bee Products.

Bees and Queens.

Apiaries Bought and Sold on

Commission.
Good Locations Selected for

Buyers.

W. A. Webster, Pylema, Kern Co., Cal.

We are Headquarters ll'£e%^'^%

best in the
world. If you are looking for the bee that will gath-
er the mosD honey, and the gentlest in handling, buy
the albino. We can furnish others, but orders stand
50 tol in favor of the albino. I manufacture and
furnish supplies gcnerallv. Send for circular with
prices. S. VALENTINE, Hagerstown, Md.

For Sale.

ISO swarms of bees, at $3.00 each, f. o. b. Sickness
cause of going out. The bu iness must be sold. Will
sell lot, buildings, and all pertaining thereto if de-
sired. I. W. HOUSE. Chittenango Falls, N. V.

T<»c+oH flitAAM for9U cents; umested. 65 cents.
ICSLCU yuccil Ore liame nucleus, 65 cents;
2-frame. $1.10. Discount on (juantities. Send for
circular. Cooper & Gillett, Quebeck, Tenn.

Money-order oUice, Sparta, Tenn.

For Sale.

ITALIAN and HYBRID BEES

In Eight-Frame Langstroth Hives.

Italian. $4.50; Hybrids. $4.00; delivered at depot
in Jefferson, free of charge. Discount on five col-
onies or more.

MRS. C. GRIMM, Jefferson, Wis.
Golden, S

. ' \ Dr Gallup says they are the best hi
Albino. C has in his yard.

J. D. OIVENS, Lisbon, Texas.

Texas Queens.

The Cultivator,

Published semi-monthly at Omaha, Ne-
braska, is the leading authority on fruit
grown ill Nebraska, and on general ag-
riculture in the West. Send for sample
copy and free .strawberry-plant offer.
Address

The Cultivator, Omaha, Neb.

In writing advertisers please mention Glea.ni.vgs.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May J.

BUY DIRECT

and pay but one profit.
Our assortment is one
of the best and most
i-ompletein

FRUIT and ORNAMEN-
if^ TAL TREES, SHRUBS,
/s^ PLANTS, ROSES,

VINES, BULBS,SEEDS

Rarest ne^v, clioicest ol«l. Send for

our catalogue to-day; it tells it all; an
elegant book, 168 pages, magazine
size, profusely illustrated, free.

Seeds, Plants , Bulbs, Small Trees, etc. by
mail postpaid, safe arrival and satisfaction
guaranteed. Larger by express or freiglat
43d year. 33 Greenhouses. 1000 Acres'

STORRS & HARRISON CO.,

Box33l Painesvilie, Ohio.

850 Rods— 5 Years—No Repairs.

That is the Page fence exi'erieiic-e of ;i iniiniinent
land owner in IVilclUjiaii. aiiii it s the real seru t of
oursuccesswitli all eiab!^e.•^. Wlienaii inaividual or
a Company adopt the Page, it settles the fence
question with them for at least one generation.
Why not investigate'.' Sena for evidence.

PAGE WOVEW WIRE FENCE CO., Adrian, Mich.

BUGGIES,

Carts, Surries,
Phaetons,

rid Saddles shipped C. O. D.
anywhere to anyone with
privilege to examine at lew-
dest wholesale prices. Guar-
iteed as represented or
/money refunded. Send for
illustrated catalog'and testi-
monials Free. Addr.(ln full)
C4SH BUYERS' CTHON. 158 W. Van Buren St., B343 CHICAGO

Read wli.it J. I. Parent, of
riuirlton, N. Y"., says— " We cut
with one ot your Combined Ma-
chines ast winter 50 chafif hives
with 7-inch cap, 100 honey-
racks, 500 broad frames, 2,000
iKinev-boxes, and a grea deal
of other work. This winter we
I'ave doubled the amount of
bee-hives, etc., to make, and we
expect to do it all with this saw.
It will do all you say it will."
CHtalos-ue jind Price List free.
Address \V. F. &JOHN BARNES, .545 Ruby Street,
Rockford, 111.

When more convenient, orders for Barnes' Foot-
Power .MMchinery ma\ be sent to

THE A I. ROOT CO., Medina, O

ONE MAN WITH THE
UNION COMBINATION SAW

Call dii ihe work of fmir men us-
ing hrind tools in Ripping, Cut
ting ofif, MItering, KMbbeling,
Grooving, Gaining, Dadoiig,
Kdg-ing up. Jointing Stuff, Etc.
Full Line of Foot and Hand
)^ Power Machinery. Sold i in Trial.
^i. Cdtnlag Free. l-24ei

•<u^if-:^ SENECA FALLS MFC. CO.,
44 Water St.. Saneca Falls, ►« V
lt^"In writing advertisers i)lease mention Gleanings.

Do You Keep Hens?

If so, you want Nissly's Poultry Annual and i
I catalog- of '• Everything for the Poultry Yard" ,
for 1S97, (13 h year). It's a pretty book of 73
6x9 pages, finely illustrated atid full of infor-i
raation. It illustrates and describes Michigan ,
Poultry Farm and its stock; describes and
prices the biggest and cheapest stock of

POULTRY SUPPLIES

in the U. S: tells all about tlie New American
Incubator and Brooder, the triumph of incu-
Oator and brooder manufacture. You nt ed ,
tins catalog; it will save you dollars. The book
IS fi ee, but we request a 2c stamp for postage.

Address

GEO. J. NISSLY, Saline, Mich.

r Dealer in " Everything for the Poultry Yard."

KILLS ALL BUGS

You can dust one acre of potatoes in 40

minutes by doing two rows at once.

No plaster or water used. With this

machine you can dust tobacco,

cotton, fruit trees, currant

Mltj «, V , bushes, etc. BOOK FREE.

s^4 ■"% T Write to

%m m^ HOTCHKISS BROS.,
Wallingford, - Conn.

Porter Honey-House Bee-Escape.

Have you seen it ? Just the thing to put on the
doors or windows of your bee-rooms. Indispensa-
ble, you'll say, after you have tried it.

Price by mail, 25 cents.

Gowan and Novice
Extractors.

These are the best. We are
prepared to furnish on short
notice, from any of our several
branches, 2, 4, and 6 frame Cow-
ans, and 2-f rauje Novices.

If you want the genuine, see
that they bear our name.

A 36 page catalog sent free on
application.

THE A. I. ROOT CO., Medina, Ohio.

1S97

(4LEANIN(}S IN BEE CULTURE.

/^^l^DENERS! Try Our Specialties.

^fc.^^- Hood KiviT StiMwbciiy t)i'si sliippi'inr— :i")c poi' do/.eii : .*2.(in ptT ImiKlrcd. i)osti);iid.

Evcfbi'ariim Sti-iwhoi-ry .luii»> till Oclobor Mr per dozen: ^2.511 per liuiKircd, postpaid.

OrciroM ^ (■llo>v DativtT-; Onion iKfRot yicldor :iiiil t)ost kccpn- known - itUi' per pound;

■> p<iiiiids to one address. ?:v2.'), postpaid. Ofcfroii Hiil)l) ird SiiiiubIi best yet -*1.0U per pound.

Buell Lamberson, '"" *"'^'' ""^"^"AVn ' ro.Vs Bee-suppnes^^
Root's Goods at his prices in Nortliern Micliigan.

Local dealers supplitd at dealers rates. Goods shipped from Mt. Pleasant, Coleman, or Evart.
B. WALKER, Evart, Mich.

A Dollar Saved

is better than one earned. Read my 87tli
annual catalog, and don't send out West for
goods you can buy cheaper here at home.

I have added 2400 feet of floor-space to my
store-house and siiall keep in stock Roofs

Eolished one-piece sections. Dovetailed
Ives, new Weed foundation, etc.. in addi-
tion to my old line.

Best breeds of bees and queens at bottom
prices. Dont buy until you see what you
can do with me.

W. W. GARY, Colrain, Mass.

It is here,

The year 1897 is here, and we are happy to In-
form our friends and customers that we are now
better prepared than ever before to fill your orders
for queens and bees. We have the largest stock
ever operated by us, and we mean to be ready with
plenty of bees and queens to fill all orders without
delay that are sent to us.

Bees by the pound, 81.00; ten or more pounds. 90c
each. Untested queens for 1897, *1 00 each in Feb-
ruary, March, April, and May; $5.00 for six, or 19.00
per dozen. For larger amounts write for prices.
Have your orders booked for your early queens.
Safe arrival guaranteed.

Root's goods, Dadant'8 foundation, and Bingham
smokers. A steam bee-hive factory, and all kinds
of bee supplies.

The Southland Queen, the only bee-paper in
the South, monthly, Jl.OO per year.

Send for catalog, which is almost a complete book
on Southern bee-keeping, giving queen-rearing in
full, all free for the asking. If you want full infor-
mation about every thing we have, and the bee-
book, don't fail to ask for our \x9'! catalog.

The Jennie Atchley Co.,

Beeville. Bee Co., Texas.

Just Arrived!

My se<'ond carload of goods from The A. I. Root Co.
has arrived, and I am in shape to till all orders
promptly at their catalog prices. Send for my 36
page catalog; also send a list of what goods you
will need, and I will make you special prices on
early orders.

GEO. E. HILTON,

Fremont, Mich.

s.-^^v'>.^>.~~-w Either Golden or Imported bj^
llia^nc return mail. Untested, 7.5o:
U^^lia, Tested. $1.00; Breeders, 12.00.
*'^^^"''^'^'~~^ None better.

W. H. LAWS, Lavaca. Ark.

^

SEE THAT WINK ?

BEE SUPPLIES.

Root's Goods at Root's Prices.

Pouder's Honey Jars and every
thing used by bee-keepers. Low
freisfht rates; prompt service.
Catalogue free.
n f A-n nmx >- WALTER S. POUDER,

W^° P0\'1'CK:>^ ,^2 jyjggg ^ye., Indianapolis, Ind.

/^ f r\*\4- Invested in a postal card

UIlv VClll will get my large cata-
.,...x—..,.,^..^...,-....n..u.^ logue of all Root's goods.
Can save you money. M. H. HUNT,

Bell Branch, Mich.

Our Prices are Worth Looking at!

IN THE

New Champion Ctiaff Hive Especially.

All other supplies accordingly. Send

for catalogue and price list. Address,

mentioning Glkanings.

R. H. SCHMIDT & CO., Box 187, Sheboygan, Wis.

MUTH'S HONEY-EXTRACTOR.
SQUARE GLASS HONEY-JARS,
ROOT'S GOODS AT ROOT'S PRICES,

Bee-keepers' Supplies in general, etc., etc.
Send for our new catalog. "Practical
Hints" -will be mailed for 10c in stamps.
Apply to

CHAS. F. MUTH & SON, Cincinnati, 0.

Dovetailed Hives.

Sections, Extractors. Smokers,
and every thing a Bee-keeper
wants. Honest Goods at Close
Honest Prices. 60-page cata
log free.

■I. M. JENKINS, Wetumpka, Ala.

I I U I Do you need queens? the

I ftOk nPrP ' purest and best. If so,
L,WI\ II VI V^ • ^^ jjrg prepared by re-
turn mail to ship the :{ band and golden Italians,
and silver gray Carniolans, unte.sled. warranted
purelv mated. for.50f: tested, 7.5c; breeders. $2.3.5.
JUbQB E. Y. TERRAL & CO., Cameron, Texas.

Honey Leaflet, by Dr. C. 0. Miller. Why honey is
more wholesome than cane sugar; honey as an ar-
ticle of diet; honey i-ooking recipes. This leaflet is
written for the behetlt of consumers, and is put out
at an extremely low price so that honey i)roduc-
ers may di'tri ule them free to their customers.
Prices; 10, 5c; 100,20c; .500,7.5c; all postpaid; 1000,
75c; carriage extra.

THE A. I. ROOT CO., Hedina, Ohio,

In writing advertisers please mention this paper.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

MArl.

Fruit Packages of all Kinds,

Bee=keepers' Supplies.

\||>"

Order your supplies now
before the busy season
catches you. Price list
free. Address

BERLIN FRUIT-BOX CO.,

Berl.n Heights, Erie Co., Ohio.

FOR SALE. Three -frame
nuclei ou Langstroth frame,
$3.25; two-frame, $1.85, with
queen.
W. H. STANLEY, Dixon, Lee Co.. 111.

TpESTED QUEENS, JS?,r.e?ul'S„';

1. nUceach; \v.iir;mied pui'ely-mated queens, 7.5c—
by return mail My cells are all built in full
colonies. Ri mi by mouev order.

DANIEL WURTH, Falmouth, Rush Co., Ind.

NUCLEI

f^^-^ ^C-!"-^

i^

QOEENS

Smokers, Sections ,

Comb Foundation,
.4nil all .*pi;iirHn Siippries
plip.ip. Send for
. FLANAGAN. ReHevillc. III.

The New Gorneil Smoker.

"^

BOTTOM

My'

■'-1

Cheap,

Strong,

^.''

Serviceable,
Large Size.

flrst-class smoker at
a medium price. Size of cup, SJ^ inches; curved
nozzle, hinged so as to swing back; legs of malleable
iron, secured by bolts. The blast is the well-known
Corneil principle. Weight of smoker, only 20
ounces.

Price $1.00, postpaid, or 75c if sent by express
or freight with other goods.

THE A.

I. ROOT COnPANY,

r.EOINA OHIO.

Second=hand Bicycles

offered lecently have all been sold, but we have
two more. One Remington Racer (made by the
Reming-ton Anns Vo.}. weight 20 lbs., lV|-in. tubing;
nearly as good as new, and listing $110.00. We offer
for $45. Reason for selling, A. L R. expects to ride
1897 model.

One Hartford, made by the Pope Mfg. Co., '94 pat-
tern, in good condition, for $20. Catalogs with tuU
particulars, showing each model, furnished upon
application. Wax at market price will be accepted
in place" of cash.

THE A. I. ROOT CO., Medina, O.

n!irr|k|S> Either 3 or 5 banded, 7.5c each; 6, $4.25.
UULLIiUi Nuclei, and all kinds of supplies
^ ' cheap. Eggs for hatching B. P.

Rocks, 7.3c; S. C. B. Leghorns, iOc per 13. Catalog
free.

CHAS. H. THIES, Steeleville, 111.

either golden beauties
or 3 banded imported
stock. Tested, $1.00 each; unt.sied.
70r each; half dozen. $4.00. One queen to new cus-
tomer, 6.5c. P. O. M. O. fflee. Ljiv.n'a. Ark.

E. A. SEELEY, Bloomer, Ark.

BEES FOR SALE, CHEAP.

L. frames; in good condition.

O. F. SNOW, East Dennis, JMass.

To every new subscriber who
sends us ll.OO we will send him
our Journal, Gleanings in Bee
Culture, one year, and the book
by A. 1. RiOt, containing; 190
pages, tlie size of this, entitled
What to Do, and How to be
Happy while Doing it, postpaid.
The regular price of this work
Is .50 cents. If you prefer, the
journal may be sent to a
friend, and you can keep the
book for yourself.

THE A. I. ROOT CO.,
Medina, O.

Italian Q"5^0!'

A %
Large ;|

Book %

Free! t

Wants and Exchange Department.

Notices will be inserted under this head atone-half our usual
rate. Advertisements intended for this department must not
exceed Ave lines, and you must sat you want your adv't in thi?
department, or we will not be responsible for errors. You can
have the notice fts many lines as you please; but all over five
lines will cost you according to our.regular rates. This depart-
ment is intended only for bona-flde exchanges. Exchanges for
cash or for price lists, or notices offering articles for sale, can
not be inserted under this head. For such our regular rates of
20 c. a line will be charged and they will be put with the regu-
lar advertisements. We can not be responsible for dissatisfac-
tion arising from these " swaps."

WANTED— To exchange standard varieties straw-
berry-plants and Turner raspberry-sets for any
thing useful. H. R. Gebhakt, Miamisburg, O.

WANTED.— To exchange single-ease World type-
writer (good as new); also hybrid bees in full
colony, for extracted honey or offers.

A. W. Gardner, Centreville, Mich.

W

ANTED.— To exchange all kinds of bee-supplies
for 2 H.. P. gasoline-engine or offer.

Deanes & Miner, Bonda, N. C.

WANTED.— L. drawn combs and Langstroth or
Simplicity hives. Second hand. Describe, and
give price. N. E. Boomhower,

West Groton, N. Y.

WANTED. —To exchange one microscope in ma-
hogany ca.se, for photographic outfit, kodak
preferred. L. L. Esenhower, Reading, Pa.

WANTED.— To exchange Italian queens, bred from
imported mothers, for plants, seeds, pet stock,
or Cowan extractor. What have you to offer ?
J. H. Garrison, Cor. Louisville and
Cheltiugham Aves., St. Louis, Mo.

Black and Hybrid Queens for Sale.

I have about 30 fine golden, mismated. and hy-
brid queens at 25 cts. each, for five for $1 00. They
are good queens. G. Routzahn, Meuallen, Pa.

A few mismated and hybrid queens for sale at 2
to 30c each. F. C. Morrow, Wallaceburg, Ark.

GLEANING8 IN BEE CULTURE.

353

SECONn-HAND FOUNDATION-MILLS.

Those Intorestod in second-hand foundation-mills
will do well to write for a list of what we have, with
samples of foundation made on them. Indicate the
size you want, and the grade of foundation you
wish "to make. ___^_____

SPECIAL BAKGAINS.

We call attention to the three bargains on the
third cover pape of this issue. We are already
shipping quantities of the Mas 'n jars, and the bi-
cycles are sellitig here like hot cakes. We have al-
ready sold here in Medina almost two dozen of these
Aja.x wheels, and they are giving- the best of satis-
faction.

MAPLE SUGAR AND STROP.

Our surplus stock of these has been sold, although
we shall doubtless be able to secui-e what is needed
for any orders that we may receive. We shall hard-
ly be able to make quite as low prices on syrup as
we have quoted. For the present we ask for syrup
90ct8. per gallon; iO gallons, $8.50; 20 gallons and
upwards, 80 cts. per gallon.

EXTRACTED HONEY.

Those in need of choice extracted honey to sup-
ply tneir home market till the new crop is
harvested, we can furnish in one-gallon cans the
choicest Wisconsin honey at f6..50 per case of 8 gal-
lons; 2 cases at S6 2'); 5 cases or over at J6.00 per
case. Less than a full case at 8.5 cts. per gallon (12
lbs.). We have also the same quality honey in 60-lb.
cans, two in a case, at 7 cts. per lb.

DRAWN FOUNDATION.

The demand for sample lots of the drawn founda-
tion is such that we have not been able to get suffi-
cient stock ahead to keep going while we complete
the dies to their full size. 5x8 inches. We are still
furnishintr the drawn foundation in pieces 2x4
inches, about 8 feet to the pound, cells about H inch
deep; 6 such pieces with other goods 10 cts., or post-
paid <'orl2cls. A box of V2 lb., or 72 pieces, lor 75
cts., witli other goods, or prepaid for $1.00.

BUSINESS AT THIS DATE.

Orders, especially for sections, were crowding us
at such a rate that we have for the past two weeks
been running our wood-working department night
and day, with two gangs of workmen, and may con-
tinue to do so for several weeks to come. We iire
turning out sections at the rate of 100,000 every
twentj'-four hours, yet we have been obliged to
order a car from anoiher manufacturer to help us
out. We don't propose to get behind on orders very
far if we can avoid it. We are filling all orders with
reasonable promptness, very few remaining in oui'
hands unfilled for a week or longer, and most orders
going out within one to five days after being re-
ceived.

Several carloads have been shipped since last re-
port— one to New York for export, another to Liver-
pool. England: one to Rawlings fmp't Co.. Balti-
more. Md ; one to .los. Nysewander, Des Moines,
Iowa, and one to Henry F. Hageti, Uocky Ford,
Colo. As we go to press we are loading a car for
Syracuse Branch, and another for M. R. Madary,
Fresno, Cal.

Special Notices in the Line of Gardening, etc.

By A. I. Root.

CANAD.\ FIELD PEAS.

We can furnish a very nice article. i4 peck, 2.5c;
peck, 40c; 'i bushel, 70c; bushel, $1.2.5. Ten bush-
els or more, SI 00 per bushel. The above includes
bags for shipping.

SWEET-POTATO PLANTS.

We have now a splendid stock of the two vineless

varieties— General Grant and Bunch Yam. We
liftve also nice plants of Yellow .lersoy and Early
Peabody. Pric(> r.c for 10, 40c per lOO, or $.3.00 per
1000. You will nolii-e wc are offering the new Gen-
eral Grant and Hunch Vain at the same prices as
the ordinary Hwtet iiotatocs. Later in the season
we may be able to give bettei' prices on lots of .5000
to 10,000.

TWO MORE VALUABLE BOOKS.

Our veteran friend Henry A. Dreer has given us
two more books, companions to that excellent work
which is having such an immense sale, " Gardening
under Glass." The titles of the new books are, re-
spectively, "Grasses and Clovers, with Notes on For-
age-plants;" and the other, ''Open-air Vegetables."
The three are called " Dreer's Library." Bee keep-
ers will be especially interested in the "Grasses and
Clovers " book, because it has so much to say about
plants that bear honey. The frontispiece shows us
a photo of six tons to the acre of hay grown by Geo.
M. Clark, of Higganum, Ct .and he tells exactly how
Mr. Clark did it. The book discusses fully all the
clovers, and, in fact, all plants that have "butter-
fly " blossoms. Those we are most interested in are
alfalfa, alsike, bokhara, crimson clover, cow pea,
flat pea, Japan clover, mammoth, medium, soja
bean, tares (or vetches), trefoil, etc. The b ok gives
the quantities of seed to sow per acre for eveiy one
of them, and more or less particulars in regard to
the cultivation. There is also a chapter on root
crops. Reports from crimson clover are given from
different States. The impression seems to be that
crimson clover will grow more or less throughout
the Northern States when we learn how to manage
it. If our readers could see our crimson clover this
morning (April 26), I think they would have faith
that it can be grown in Northern Ohio.

The other book. "Open air Vegetables," is a a-en-
erai treatise on growing vegetables without glass.
There are quite a number of pictures of crops that
are alone worth considerable to the gardener.
There is just one picture of a crop of spinach,
grown under shutters, that is worth to me a great
deal m re than the price of the book. I have for
some time had the impression that spinach might
be grown to perfection, without any glass at all-
just board shutters— but 1 did not know that any-
body had ever tried it. Here is a picture of the
whole thing. The worst part of it is, however, the
picture is all tliere is to tell the story. The book
does not give any directions at all how to do it.

We can furnish either of these books for 20 cts. ;
postpaid by mail, 23 cts. each.

THE HAND-POWER BREED WEEDERS.

This morning, April 28, I feel like calling the
Breed weeder the greatest invention that was ever
made in agri( ulture. The company make a hand-
weeder that costs about .50 cents. I will try to give
an illustration of it in our next issue. This imple-
ment has been lying in our tool-house almo^-t a year,
and yet nobody had found out how to use it. Last
Sunday we had a tremendous April sliower. It
made such a crust between our plants in the plant-
beds that the ground liad l)egun to crack. I knew
by experience that this would greatly injure and
even kill many plants just set out. 1 thought of
the Breed weeder, and in a few hours 1 had the
ground nicely broken and fined up between beets,
radishes, cabbage-plants, lettuce, and almost every
thing else. It is really a stiff' broom, made of steel
wires, that m.ashes up the dirt and little weeJs while
the wires slip around all plants that have sufficient
root to stand In some beds of choice strawberries,
planted 18 inches apart, it just made the whole bed
look beautiful; and it was done about as quickly as
you would sweep a floor with a broom.

After we had got the beds finished we took the
tool out among the currant-bushes, choice raspber-
ries, and even among the pie-plant that had just
been cultivated. The ground was in just tnat st ite
of mellowness after the rain so the weeder wijuld
pulverize and smooth it down. Why, it made eveiy
thing look as it the whole premises had been swept
with a broom, sweeping out all the little weeds, and
leaving the plants. If you want to know more
about tiiese machines, write to the Z. Breed Weeder
Co.. 26 Merchants Row, Boston.

After we got through in the garden across the
street, two boys took the onion-weeder and went
through a patch of onions that were just coming
through the ground; and in a very short space of

354

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mat 1.

time they made that onion-patch Jock as if it had
been swept with a broom, killing all the weeds, and
not hurting the little onions. You see, the onions
were planted deep enough so they would not pull
out, while the weeds on the surface were all pulver-
ized. Then we went over some ground where we
had sown parsnips and carrots, but the seeds had
not yet come up. The success of these tools depends
absolutely on working the ground when it is just
right after a rain, and keeping it stirred so the
weeds have no chance whatever to get a start. We
have just planted out half an acre of strawberries,
and we pi opose to do the whole cultivation of these
entirely with the weeders.

CHOICE POTATOES TO BE GIVEN AWAY.

We find ourselves in much the same predicament
that we were a year ago, with more potatoes on
hand than we are likely to sell; and if we are oblig-
ed to give things away we much prefer to give them
to patr. ns of Gleanings; therefore we make the
following exceedingly liberal offers:

A BUSHEL OF MAULE'S THOROUGHBRED, WORTH
$1.50, FOR ONE NEW NAME.

You will notice by the table on page 309, last is-
sue, that a bushel of thoroughbreds is worth f 1.50
according to our latest reduction. Instead of a
bushel of firsts you may have, if you prefer, two
bushels (if seconds.

HALF A BUSHEL OF THOROUGHBREDS, WORTH 85
CTS., FOR EVERY RENEWAL AFTER PAY-
ING UP BACK DUES.

Or you may have a whole bushel of Thorough-
breds, seconds, for renewing.

A WHOLE BARREL OF POTATOES, SIR WILLIAM OR
NEW QUEEN, FOR ONE NEW SUBSCRIBER.

Or we will give a barrel of New Queen seconds for
every renewal,

A WHOLE BARREL OF NEW CRAIG SECONDS, WORTH

$1 35, OR Vi BARREL OF FIRSTS FOR EVERY

NEW SUBSCRIBER, OR HALF THAT

AMOUNT FOR EVERY RENEWAL.

We do not make the above extraordinary offers
on these potatoes because they are inferior or of
poor quality, but because they were mostly raised
on our own grounds, and we had such an extra
large crop that we can afford to be liberal with
them.

Now, if you prefer some other potato you may
select any thing from the table on page 309, at the
rate of a dollar's worth of potatoes tor every dollar
sent us for a new name, or 50 cents' worth for every
renewal; and you may have any thing mentioned
on the table in this last offer tliat is not sold out.
There are several kinds of which we are nearly sold
out, but not quite. We have sold out all of our own
growing of the White Bliss, but have made a pur-
chase of some grown away up north in Maine.
These will be on hand by the time this reaches your
eye, and we will include them at the same rate.
Permit me to say that our potatoes are all of tbem
in much better condition than they were a j'ear ago.
We are learning by experience. At present writing
there are none of them sprouted to hurt them, and
very few of them are at all wilted. You need not
be afraid of its getting too late to plant potatoes,
for you will notice by the report from our Ohio Ex-
periment Station, page 253 of our last issue, about
planting as late as July. For many years our best
crops of potatoes have been secured from planting
along the latter part of June or fore part of July
providing the seed is kept In good order unlit ready
to plant.

We have m t made any special offers on Manum's
Enormous, because of its wonderful keeping prop-
erties. We planted them last season toward tlie
middle of July, and the seed was firm and solid, with-
out a sprout or any wilting. We also secured a
good crop of nice potatoes, from this very late
planting.

Kind Words From Our Customers.

Tlie goods came all riglit, every piece being a per-
fect fit. I am much pleased with the hives, which
are just beautiful when completed.

Sand Lake, N. Y. Arthur M. Peck.

Going to have a great year for honey; took off
some new comb honey last week. J. I. Foote.

University Heights, Cal., Apr. 17.

T have taken Gleanings a good many years. 1
like it very well. 1 like Rambler's story. When it
ends, by all means give us another one. Yes, con-
tinue footnotes; they are the spice of the paper.

Colebrook. O. James Kelly.

CONVENTION NOTICE.

The sprin
Association
atonira, on
attend. Me
efit of those

Northern Illinois Bee-keepers'
■ residence of H. W. Lee, at Pec-
S'.iT. All are cordially invited to

will be at the depot for the ben
ns B. Keknedy, Sec.

Root's Goods.

Before placing your order for this
season, be sure to send, for Root's

1897 Catalog, ready now.

Our 1897 hives, with improved
Danzy cover and improved Hoffman
frames, are simply '^'out of sight. "
Acknowledged by all who have seen
them to be a great improvement over
any hive on the market, of last year.

Comb Foundation.

Cheaper and better than ever; clear
as crystal, for you can read your
name through it. Process and ma-
chinery patented Dec. 8, 1896, and
other patents pending. Samples of
the new foundation free.

The A. I. Root Co.,

Main Office and Factory, Mcdlna, OhlO.

Branch offices at 118 Michigan St.,
Chicago; Syracuse, N. Y.; St. Paul, Minn.;
Mechanic Falls, Me.; No. 10 Vine St.,
Philadelphia, Pa.

pOR SALE.— 200 Cases, two60-lb. cans to case, at
• 3.5 cts. a case. I liave a large quantity of them;
they are new cans, clean and nire inside, but my
using steam in storage warehouse caused them to
be a little rusty outside. Or<ier lit cans as sample;
speak quick. WH. A. SELZER,

10 Vine St., Philadelphia, Pa.
The A. I. Root Go's Philadelphia oflice.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

359

Contents of this Number.

Apis iloi>ata II ;,, ^ IM I K. in..viiisr....363

B*e •• PlJieii " - w ■■ . ^ 1^. . 11, :<oinr) .. 363

B«e^-ellar. To Make ■ H - ii|i •ml) 3*0

Beeraiitre. Lentrth of ii • u.. il:ii.i 37S

Bee-ti-aps - :. • l . im- m :i87

Bees, Lcnirth of Klt>rlit...:iT-,' J i ■ i liout Sugar 374

Bellows. Cleats on l • n v .390

Blsiilphi.leOBibononTie.- - ; . .390

Borei>. T.. Piov.iit - \' .1 . ■ i m-iI with Houey .377

Cum- M. . live.. .384

Cl.'^. v. ., I ,: \ , M , ' ■ - 890

C'l' v Hi I I, \\iiittaker .390

C.'iiH. i;.,i,- . ': w . r. •■,' \,.. System 382

Coii.l. 11. ui .N. .'. IMu - 1 n. ;, M'...\s,r„ltivat'g..388

Corn in Nebraska 1; 1:. 381

Currant. Craiidall < . i \\ ( Usale .364

Disputes. Arbitratinyr ^ ,' \ ''I 377

Editor in Arizona -^ i I 372

Electropoise . -, .'. i ,i 37.5

Fastening &in. Top and Si. h - i I t 375

Flood in Mississippi - ! i .389

Florida. DiSk'ouratrin^ foi-. ^ - . -^ l i-ium....369

Flour Mixed with K\e ' w. i. lii, r. 1 389

Foul Brood. Hurrixln on .. . .'Si Window eMiipf > 3fi3

Foundation. Tlie New 3761 Wintering E.\perinient . . . .383

Honey Column.

CITY MARKETS.

Chicago.— i/odcj/.— Fancy white, 13; No. 1, white,
10@12; fancy amber, 9; No. 1 amber. 7; fancy dark,
7@8; No. 1 dark, 7; white extracted, 5@7; amber, 5®
6; dark. 4@44: beeswax, yellow, 2r@38. The market
Is bare of comb honey, and it is well, for there is
practically no call for it. A few people u.se it all
the time, but their wants are provided for. Bees-
wax active for fancy grade.

R. A. Burnett & Co.,

Mav 7. 163 So. Water St., Chicago, 111.

Milwaukee.— Hooey.— Fancy white, 13@li; No. 1
white, 11@13: fancy amber, 9@10; No. 1 amber, 8@9;
while extracted, 6@6>4 ; amber, 5®5Vi: dark, 4@5;
beeswax, 26@27. Since our last advice the market
on honey has been f<iirly sustained, and the supply
has beeu somewhat leduced; yet our stock is fair,
but we are inclined to the opinion that it will all be
wanted before a new crop. The common quality of
comb we And rather difficult to dispose of. Extract-
ed has been in fair dematid at quotations. Most
demand for the lowest value.

A. V. Bishop & Co.,

May 7. Milwaukee, Wis.

St. Louis.— Honey. — P'ancy white, 12i4@13; No. 1
white, 11'5@12; fancy amber, lli@ll; No. 1 amber,
8yj@9; white exiracied, i!i bbls.,.5: in cans. 6; am-
ber, in bbls.,4'/2; iti cans, ifi: dark, 4@4?4; bees-
wax. 27(S28. It is a little late in the season for man-
ufacturers to use much extracted honey In barrels.
Choice white comb honey in good demand.

Westcott Commission Co.,

May 8. 2J3 Market St., St. Louis, Mo.

Cincinnati.— Honey. — No. 1 white, 13@14; No. 1
amuer. 1H@12; No. 1 dark, 9@10; white extracted, 5@
6; amber, 4@.5; dark, 3H@4; beeswax. 22®2.5. De-
mand slow for all kinds of honey. Demand fair for
beeswax. Chas F. Muth & Son,

May 7. Cincinnati, O.

New York.— flo/iey.— Fancy white, 11; No. 1
white. 10; fancy amber. 9; No. 1 amber. 8; fancy
dark, 6'4 ; No. 1 dark, 6; wliite extracted, .5@.5I^ ; am-
ber. 44@5; beeswax. 26.

HiLDKETH Bros. & Segelken,

May 8. 120-122 W. Broadway, New York.

Minneapolis.— Honey.— Fancy white, 12@13; No.
1 white, 10@12; fancy amber. 9®10; No. 1 amber, 8@
9; fancy dark. 7@8: No. 1 dark. 6@7; white extract-
ed, 6(^7; a ber, .')@6; dark. 4@5: beeswax. 22@2.5.
Market remains unchanged for both extracted and
comb. S. H. Hall &Co.,

May 8. Minneapolis, Minn.

Kansas CiTv.-Honey.— Fancy white. ]2@13; No. 1

white. 11®12; fancy amber, KXi^l I; No 1 amber, 9@

10: fancy dark, 8@9; No. 1 dark, 7@8; white extraci-

ed, 5@.5i4; amber, 4i4®5; dark, 3^@4; beeswax, 2.5.

C. C. Clemons & Co.,

May 8. 423 Walnut, Kansas City, Mo.

Columbus — Hojicy. — No honey on the market.
Quotable fancy white, 12'A: No. 1, 11.

The Columbus Co.m. & Storage Co.
May 8. 409-413 N. High St , Columbus, O.

Denver.— Honey.— Fancy white, 11; No 1 white,
10; fancy amber, 9; white extracted. 6; amber, 5;
beeswax, 25. We And the sales are imi)roving, but
we can not quote better prices. There is too much
off grade in the market, tmd it keeps the price down.
R. K. & J. C. Frisbee,

May 10. Lock Box 1014, Denver, Col.

Philadelphia.— flo7i«y.— White extracted, .5®6! 2;
amber, 4@4»4; dark, 3'/4@4; beeswax, 2.5. No comb
honey in tliis market but odds and ends. Nobody
wants comb honey now. Considerable call for ex-
tracted. Beeswax in constant demand.

Wm. A.Selzer,

May 8. 10 Vine St., Philadelphia, Pa.

Boston. — Honey. — Fancy white, 13; No. 1, 11®
12; white extracted 7@8; amber. 5@6; beeswax, 2.5.
As warm weather advances, the demand for honey
drops off; and, while supply is light, it is fully equal
to the demand. Beeswax wanted.

E. B. Blake & Co.,

May 10. 57 Chatham St., Boston, Mass.

Cleveland.— Honey.— Fancy white, 12@r3>2; No.
white, 11; fancy amber, 8@9; fancy dark, 7@7i4;
white extracted, 6; beeswax, 28@30.

A. B. Williams & Co.,

May 14. 80-83 Broadway, Cleveland, O.

Detroit. — Honey. — Fancy white, 10®12; No. 1
white, 9@10; fancy amber, 8@9; No. 1 amber, 7®8;
fancy dark, 7; white extracted, .5@6; amber, 4®5;
dark, 4; beeswax, 2.5®26. Fancy white comb is not
so plentiful, and has sold a shade nigher.

M. H. Hunt,

May 11. Bell Branch, Mich.

For Sale.— Fancy extracted in 60 lb. cans, and
fancy comb (Danzy sections) mangrove honey in
30-lb. cases. Cash offers wanted, f. o, b. here.

H. Price Williams. Miami, Florida.

For Sale.— Several hundred pounds extra-quality
white extracted honey, in new 60-lb. cans (by sam-
ple) to the highest bidder. O. H. Townsend.
Alamo, Kalamazoo Co., Mich.

QUEENS I

Untested, 50c; doz., $6.00
Varranted, 60c; doz , $7.00
Tested, 75c; doz., $8.00

Imported Italian mothers only are used, and for
industry, gentleness, and beauty their bees are un-
surpassed. We have in our yard bushels of drones
from imported mothers and their daughters, and a
mismated queen is rare. No defective queens sent
out. Remember that we are in the far South, and
can send queens bj- return mail. Safe delivery.
Money-ordi r office. L)e<'atur.

CLEVELAND BROS., Stamper, Miss.

CIosing=out Prices
on First=class Goods.

10 No. lE Dov. hives, 8-frame, - $7..50

10 No. lE Dov. hives, 10-frame. - - 8..50
Best polished sections, $3. .50 per M. Other
goods in proportion. Let me make an es-
timate on vtur wants.

W. J. Finch, Jr., Chesterfield, III.

Thp k'ina Wind wheels. Only 1 inch thick edge-
1 lie IVlll^ wise. Six-foot wheel does all gener-
al work. Weight of wheel 61 lbs. Latest and highest
standard of excellence. Best of galvanized towers.
Write to diiv for full information to

C. O. WEIDMAN, Sole Mfr., Medina, Ohio.

RED=CLOVER ITALIANS

Are fine large bees that work well on red clover.
Are bred for business. One untested queen, 6.5c:
two for $1.25; one warranted queen, 80e; two for
S1..50: one tested, $1.25; 1 select, .$2.fK). Queens fur-
nished in seiison, and satisfaction guaranteed.

C. n. HICKS, Hicksville, Wash. Co., Md.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May 15.

1000 First=class Sections for only $1.50.

I have on hand about 40,000 strictly flrst-class 4}4x4}4 one-piece sections. For such sec-
tions the leading dealers are asking from .$3.25 to $3.00 for a sinjjle 1000. but I am anxious to
turn these sections into mcmey as soon as possible, and also anxious to incieas>- m\ sul)sc rip
tion list; therefore, as long as any remain unsold, I shall offer 1000 sections and the Review,
to new subscribers, for only $2.50. I will also furnish a tested Itali in queen and the Review
one year, to new subscribers, for only fl.50; or a Bingham Conqueror smoker and the Review
for only Sl.re.

W. Z. HUTCHINSON. Flint, Mich.

DANZENBAKER
HIVE AND HONEY

won Highest Honors at the
Fairs, and pays Premiums to
purchasers

of 50 hives, $50 for the best 100 Danzenbakcr sections
" 25 " 25 •• " 50

" 20 " 20 " " 40

" 10 " 10 " " 20

" 5 " 5 " " 10

i^Turther particulars resrarding the premiums,
also special catalog of tlie Danzeubaker Hive and
System, furnished on application. Address
FRANCIS DANZENBAKER, Medina, Ohio.
Care of The A. 1. Root Co.

Nuc!ei==Order Now,

of the old reliable queen-breeder, a 2-frame
(Hoffman) nucleus and warranted queen
(Italian), that is j ast running over with bees,
for $2.75; or will pay express to any part
of U. S. east of Mississippi Eiver for $3.50.

Direct the Philadelphia branch of

THE A. I. ROOT CO.,
Wm. A. Selser, Mgr. 10 Vine St., Phil., Pa.

At Des rioines,
Iowa.

Root's Goods at Root's Factory Prices

Immense stock of tl\e latest 1897 goods now on hand, and more to follow.

Thousands of Hives and Millions of Sections ^^ our record, and other goods in proportion, we

are sure to pleasi you if the best goods at bottom
prices and good service will do it. Eleventh annual catalog free. Address

JOS. NYSEWANDER, Des Moines, Iowa.

PRICES OF

Bingham Perfect Bee=sniokers and Honey=knives.

■) 4 in. stove. Doz., $13.00; each, by mail, $1.50

Smoke Engine (-f,-\«r

Doctor

Conqueror

Large

Plain

Little Wonder (wt. 10 oz.).
Honey-knife .

9.00;
6.50;
5.00;
4.76;
4.50;
6.00;

1.10
1.00
.90
.70
.60
.80
Before buying a

tiwl-traft Pirfttl

Bee Smoker

Bingham Smokers have all the r.ew improvements.
Smoker or Knife, look up its record and pedigree.

FIFTEEN YEARS FOR A DOLLAR; ONE UALP CENT FOR A MONTH.

Dear Sir:— Have used the Conqueror 15 years. 1 was always pleased
with its workings, but thinking ] would need a new one this summer, I
write for a circular. 1 do not think the 4-inch Smoke Engine too large.

January 27, 1897. Truly, W

Bingham & Hether-

ington Unciipping-

knifi-.

H. Eagerty, Cuba, Kansas.

T. F. BINQHAfl, Farwell, Hichigan.

A Penny Saved is a Penny Earned.

Yes. it's bettei' than that, for the saved penny you don't have to earn twice. Well, the
Weekly American Bee Journal will help you save your pennies. It is a real money-
saver to the bee-keeper who will read and practice its teaching. Tlie regular price is
$1.00 a year, or only about two cents per copy. But in order that new readers may give
it a trial we will send it for only 50 cents from the time we receive your sub.scription to
the end of 1897. Now, the sooner you send tfie half dollar, the more copies you will re-
ceive. Send Ic stamps if more convenient. Sample copy free.

GEORGE W. YORK & CO., 118 Michigan St., Chicago, 111.

• DELVoTED-'

•andHoNLY .
•AND HOME!- Ti

Medina-Ohio-

Vol. XXV.

MAY i5, 1097,

No. 10

Sections fresh from the factory don't ueed
any welling before making.

One pound of Root's thin foundation, cut to
fill sections /itii (3% x3X), will fill from 93 to
112 sections.

Gali-up reports in American Bee Jmirnal
that his bees worked on buckwheat six miles
away, and didn't seem much exhausted with
the journey.

EoTTOM .STARTERS have been objected to by
some; but I am reassured by the strong in-
dorsement R. C. Aikin gives them, p 320, and
feel just a little proud that I was the " start-
er " of the plan— at least I think I was. [Yes, I
think you were the starter.— Ed.]

Pious men are reminded that, if the Lord
hears the grace they say at meals, he also hears
the comments they make to their wives after-
v.ixr(i.—AtrMson Olohe. [That is so— pass the
paragraph around. Perhaps its general circu-
lation will lift the plane, of Christian living in
the heart of many a man. — Ed.]

If sections must have joints wet before
making, use boiling water. Use a funnel with
a wooden plug that nearly stops it, and have
the plug whittled down to a point. Then the
fine stream of hot water running from the point
will run down through the whole box, using
little water and welting only the joint.

Bro. Aikin, on p. 319 you think the difference
in appearance of sections with the dovetailed
corner is "not enough to be seriously consider-
ed." Your morals must be looked after. When
the dovetailed cornt r is up it has an unpleasant
one-sided appearance, and, besides, you can't
clean the glue from the dovetails as you can
from a plain corner. [What do you say to this,
Bro. A.?— Ed.]

Mr. Editor, on page 338 you say you'll cut
off }4 inch from each end of your lop-bars. I

did that thing, and now wish I had cut oflF only
T%, for I ihink you'll find the projections of
Hofifman top -bars are }-J instead of %. [If you
will turn to the editorial in question you will
find that I said abo^lt 14 inch. For the Dove-
tailed hive, f^ is a little more exact than " about
Jl' inch," and perhaps I should have so staled.
-Ed.]

Apis dorsata. The plan of testing their
domestication on their own ground, as pro-
posed on p. 839, is just what I have advocated
But I think it's a serious mistake to say, "If
they could not be domesticated they might be
of advantage in the fertilization of certain flora
by letting them run wild in the South." What
flora needs fertilization? Wouldn't wild dor-
sata consume honey that without them would
go into hives? [Very likely you are right.—
Ed.]

Extra-thin foundation has not suited me
as well as thin, for two reasons: It sags more,
and the bees gnaw it when a lull comes in stor-
ing. Now, if drawn foundation doesn't sag,
and the bees don't gnaw it, and it can be had
as thin as extra-thin foundation, I think I want
it. [You do not even now state, doctor, wheth-
er the extra-thin foundation that did not suit
you as well as the thin was the new or old pro-
cess. The new process thin is now as thin as.
the old extra thin.— Ed.]

T. F. Bingham may be right, p. 325, about
sections being filled with honey, "half of which
has been brought up from the previous year's
gathering, to make room for brood," and I
think he's in accord with the popular idea; but
I'm a little skeptical about it. Before the
honey-flow begins, don't the bees empty the
cells of honey full faster than they fill them
with brood? and when the flow begins don't
they carry the neiv product upstairs? Did you
ever find buckwheat honey in sections before
clover harvest ?

" An OB.JECTiON to the bent nails" for end-
spacing of frames, you say, Mr. Editor, on page
335, " is the difiiculty of driving them into po-
sition." I take straight nails, drive them in

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May 15.

straight, then bend them after driving. No
tricli at all. See the sample I sent you some
time ago But I'm going to try the staples,
and shall be glad if they prove better than
nails. LYes, it is true that a nail can be bent
over; but on account of the spring of the wire
the point of the nail generally fails to imbed
itself into the end -bar; but staples, if you will
try them, you will find to be very much better
than nails. With the former the frames will
hold their end-spaced position nearly % inch
above the tin rabbet.— Ed.]

Of ten colonies wintered outdoors, 80
per cent came through alive. Of the remain-
ing 90 of the same apiary, wintered in cellar, 100
per cent came through alive. Those outdoors
were well packed overhead with an extra story
beneath, but no packing at sides. The winter
was unusually mild. The other two apiaries
were wintered in cellar, and all lived except
three queenless, and one that (say, Mr. Printer,
couldn't you print the next word smaller so it
wouldn't be noticed?) starved. [I am surprised
that you obtained as good results as you did
with your ten colonies outdoors. If they had
had packing all around I think you would
have saved the other colonies, and the other
eight would have been stronger. Packed space
above is good, but not enough— at least for our
locality; and, if I am any judge, the winters
are much colder in Marengo than here in Me-
dina. But your results in the cellar were good
—very good.— Ed.]

Probably T. F. Bingham and B. Walker are
both right. Honey to be called '• fancy " should
be fancy, and our fancy grade is so worded as
to admit scarcely any honey. One trouble is,
that the designation of grades is not strictly
honest. When you stop to think carefully
about it, you'll not consider the names " fancy "
and " No. 1 " a very strong testimony to the
truthfulness of bee-keepers. [I have been con-
sulting with a number of prominent bee-keep-
ers in regard to the present rules for grading,
and it is very evident that they need some
slight modification. I believe it is useless to
try to get a convention of bee-keepers to fix up
a set of rules that will be generally acceptable;
and if Bros. York and Hutchinson will go in
with me we will take our present rules and
make them more nearly what they ought to be.
After all, it is the bee-journals that give cur-
rency and value to any system of rules that
may be adopted. — Ed.]

Paper between sheets of foundation is a
nuisance /or this loenlity. It takes an hour to
pick the paper out of a 25-pound box, and it
must takesome time to put it there, and I don't
know of any possible good it does. This year I
had one box come without paper, and it came
just as nicely as the papered. What's it paper-
ed for, anyway ? [Our brood foundation is pa-

pered by machinery, and a little later on our
thin and extra thin will also be papered in the
same way. I am rather of the opinion, how-
ever, that there is no very good reason why pa-
per should be used; and why we do is because
we are afraid to try tbe experiment of leaving
paper out. While the expense to us is but tri-
fling, we should be very glad to leave it out en-
tirely, if the trade would not object. We should
be glad to hear from our readers on this point;
and when authorized to do so we will willingly
send out shipments without paper, but hardly
dare to do it otherwise.— Ed.]

One reason why the Rietsche press is so
popular in Europe is the amount of adultera-
tion in the foundation that is sold. I'm heart-
ily thankful that we can order foundation, and
feel just as certain of its purity as of the water
in our wells — perhaps more so. [The founda-
tion-makers of this country know that the
adulteration of beeswax for foundation pur-
poses would be bad policy, both financially and
morally; and very fortunately, as I have ex-
plained, the new Weed automatic sheeting-ma-
chine will not handle paraf3Qne or ceresino, even
when mixed with beeswax. There is a dental
trade that calls for mixtures of beeswax and
earth waxes; and in endeavoring to make the
Weed sheeter handle such products we found it
was worse than a balky horse. Even ten per
cent of paraffine with pure beeswax would show
itself in the sheets. Bee-keepers can, there-
fore, aepend upon it that the new-process found-
ation musi necessarily be pure, for it can not
be new process and be adulterated. — Ed.]

Emphatically, I believe friends Abbott and
Thompson are right, on p. 321, in thinking that
well-ripened honey, honey with a "body," is
slowest to granulate. Also, friend Abbott is
correct in placing alfalfa as the honey that in-
terferes least with the flavor of whatever it
sweetens. It has the least flavoring of any
honey I know of, and I like it best in tea or cof-
fee— or, rather, postum cereal. [We have been
using postum cereal at our house for months
back, and personally I very much prefer it to
the best grades of Java or Mocha cofl'ee. Late-
ly we have been using what is known as magic
cereal, and are inclined to prefer it, because
there is no sweetening in it as is the case with
postum cereal; and from a health standpoint,
as a substitute for coffee it is very much better;
and I believe the time is coming when many
will say that it is not only better but very much
cheaper. Cereal drinks are nutritious, while
coffee is a narcotic, and decidedly an enemy to
good digestion, if the word of our best physi-
cians means any thing. Magic cereal, having
no sweetening, would be more acceptable to the
beekeeper, as he could sweeten it with alfalfa
honey just to his liking. Hurrah for magic
cereal and alfalfa honey!— Ed.]

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE

i>'(/ R. C. Aikiii.

WINDOW ESCAPK8 AND TRAPS.

In a formor ariicle I told how I used our cov-
ered wagon in removing surplus, and some
little about my method of carrying the honey
into the honey-house and letting the bees out
through the window. For several years I have
had my honey-house windows screened in such
a way that, as the bees passed up, they massed
at one point and passed through a hole into a
box or trap placed above. As an illustration
will tell this better than words, we will show

you the arrangement. The trap should be
about 8 or more inches high, as much wide, and
4 or .5 inches thick. One of the 4 inch sides
should be ma':e into a slide door, or at least
removable, and the whole trap made detach-
able from the building or window. The trap
is designed to remain on the window at all
times when not needed off, yet when removed
there is still the point of exit above the window
— the same principle now in use all over the
country in honey-house windows. The trap
will act as a fly-trap, and catch any insect
passing out that can not pass the meshes of the
screen.

UKMO\ING SECTION HONEY.

In taking off sections, the times that they
can not be reniovid without the bees breaking
the cappings are very tew. Much depends on
the manner in which it is done. I have had so
very little trouble of this kind that I never stop
to consider the question, though I know there
is sometimes danger by careless work. Aside
from robbers there is never any likelihood of
the cappings being marred if there is honey
being gathered, or if there be plenty of open
cells within easy reach. I have many, many
times removed supers that were solid sealed,
and no caps disturbed, when no honey was
coming in.

Let me tell you how to have the bees bite the
cappings, then tell how to prevent it. Just go
to the hive and work about it carelessly for five
or ten minutes. Get the bees alarmed by a
little smoke, and yet let them remain in the
super. Take plenty of time to get the super off,
and perhaps look around awhile or talk to
some one who may be about. In short, go
about it in a leisurely, careless manner, and if
there is not open honey in the super, and some-
times when there is, you will get some cappings
cut that the bees may load their sacs.

Here is the other way: Go with your smoker
in good trim, start the cover, and, before the
bees know what is up, shoot smoke over the
sections. Keep things moving; and as the
cover is clear removed from the super, and the
bees starting down, follow them with the
smoke and keep them going. Do not smoke
ahead of them, and do not smoke too much at
one place, but smoke all parts of the super,
turning the smoker at various angles to hit all
corners. Just as soon as the bees are well down
in the super, at once remove it from the hive;
and if your yard is nicely grassed, swipe the
bottom of the super on the grass to brush off
the adhering bees, or brush them off with a big
grass or other brush, then set the super on end
in the yard or remove at once to the house and
set it before the window. In this operation the
bees have not had time to dig open cells of
honey, but rush around to get away, and those
that go into the house on the honey will soon
make for the window. It is possible a little
damage may sometimes be done; though if
honey be removed when it should be there is
almost no trouble to speak of. I have practiced
this at all times when bees could fly, and I
think not one super in 100 is damaged.

KEMOVIN6 EXTRACTED HONKY.

Extracted honey I remove in the same way
as sections, though it is more difficult to get
the bees out of deep combs than out of sections;
hence more bees are carried into the house.
Suppose I am at the home yard, and want to
extract, say, 500 or 1000 pounds. I go to the
yard and remove the extras, not stopping to
handle frames singly or brush bees off, putting

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May 15.

on another chamber in the place of the one
removed, or not, as the case requires. When I
carry the honey in, it is set near a window so as
to leave the supers as open and airy as I can;
and by the time I am ready to extract, the bees
are out sufficiently.

Those bees that pass out are, of course,
trapped. It would not be necessary to trap
them; but the young that do not know their
home will congregate on the window or house,
and stay there, so I just trap all and carry
them to the yard and liberate them there. If
one wants to get those young bees in some cer-
tain hive to strengthen it, just lay the open
trap on or near the hive they are wanted in;
and while the most of the young will go there,
the older will mostly go to their respective
homes. Should the bees all be from an out-
apiary, they ciin be hived where wanted, and
will all stay there, for they are in a " strange
land."

Hive-escape^ I have not used very extensive-
ly; but smoking and brushing I have practiced
largely, and the window method in a wholesale
way. The escjipe no doubt has its place: but
for large and out apiaries thfy will not do the
work rapidly enough. My experience had
taught me that I could rapidly free supers of
bees in the open air and in the house, and that
is why, a few years ago, I raised the question
of improvement in escapes. Since then the
matter has been discussed over and over; new
forms of escapes have been brought out, yet it
remains a fact that the question is not solved.
My opinion is that it will not be solved by any
method that leaves the super and the colony in
a manner connected so that communication can
be had, or that has a small outlet. Either of
those factors will defeat the purpose. The
super bees must be lost from home; and when
the excitement is on they must not be hamper-
ed in their going.

[M. H. MendleSDu. one of the most extensive
bee-keepers in the worlo; J. F. Mclntyre. an-
other big honf^y proaucer. besides a score of
others who raiso honey by the ton and carload,
think the hive-escape is a great success, indis-
pensable, etc. It does not sfetn lo nie that the
hive escape problem is an unsolved problem in
view of the opinions of such bee-keepers. Your
instructions on how to and how not to cause
bees to uncap honey in removing th<^ same are
excellent. — Ed.)

QUEEN-CELLS BY WHOLESALE.

NEW VS. OLD METHOD.

By H. L. Jones.

Friend Root :~'UDder separate cover I am for-
warding you photos illustrating results achiev-
ed by the " new-fangled plan " of queen-raising
that you wrote unfavorably of in Gleanings,
July 1 and Aug. 1, 1895. I felt sure that some
of your leading breeders would take exceptions

to your evident retrogression in going back to
the "good old-fashioned way;" but if silence
gives consent they must all indorse what you
have said, which is indeed quite incomprehen-
sible to me unless conditions for queen rearing
are not identical in our respective countries.

Your first objection, that the cell-cups are too
expensive to make, is soon dispensed with, since
there is no necessity for making the cups, as a
strip of drone comb, which can be prepared and
attached in a couple of minutes, is preferable. I
have not made a cell-cup for years, but have
raised thousands of queens on the drone-comb
principle, as per Fig. 1. In the lower frame you
will notice 17 tine large cells completed out of 19
furnished; in the center frame, 17 out of 18 have
been accepted; while in the top frame all the
cells are in a fair way toward success. Could
you, by the " good old-fashioned method," av-
eracje the same number of fine available cells?

One big advantage of the" new-fangled plan"
is that you know that all queens are started
from young larvae, and will, therefore, be fully
developed. You can also tell to within a few
hours when the queens will hatch, if you have
been careful to utilize larvas of only the right
age, and experience will soon teach you this.
By the method you follow, of allowing the bees
to build their own cells as they wish in colonies
from which you have removed breeders, the
cells must, to make a sure thing of it, be cut out
on the tenth' day. and will then continue to
hatch up to the sixteenth, instead of the lot in
about IIJ2 days, and you can figure out what a
vast difference in the net results this variation
in time must make where over 1000 per annum
are raised. Then, again, these drone-cell cups,
by being built all together in one compact clus-
ter, require fewer bees to maintain the requisite
temperature; the cells are not joined together
so that they can not be separated without de-
stroying one or more cells, and there is no muti-
lation of brood-combs.

Another good feature about these cells is the
ease with which they all fit into the West cell-
protectors, just as if they were built to order;
and I may mention that I would just as soon
think of producing extracted honey with an old
one-frame honey-slinger asto raise queens in
quantity without the aid of cell -protectors and
cages. I give a ripe cell in one of these cages
at the same time that I remove the reigning
queen ; but when sending off young queens that
have been laying only a few days I usually give
a virgin queen from one to three days old, liber-
ating her right on the combs at the same time,
and have very few destroyed. Look at the
lower row of cells in Fig. 1, which are within
34 hours of hatching, and you will notice that
they are so much surrounded with comb that
only the points of the cells are visible; and I
find that, when used without protectors, they
are less liable to be torn down than theordina-

(M.KANIN(;s IN l!EE CULTURE

FIG. 1.— QUEEN-CKLI.S FKOM DRONE COMBS.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CQLTURE.

May 15.

ry cells, as the thick incrustation of comb pro-
tects them. In removing these cells from the
bar I place my queen-cell knife on the hot bar-
rel of the smoker for a few seconds, and then
cut off the whole row of cells as easily as cut-
ting butter; the warm knife is then slipped be-
tween each cell, dividing them ready for the
cages. I can assure you that it is a pleasure to
.handle these cells after those built hup-hazard

have bright cloudless days, and the increased
warmth thus generated induces the bees to
breed more rapidly, and I thus manage to se-
cure thousands of tine drones much earlier than
I otherwise should. When the weather becomes
warmer, and the strength of the colony will ad-
mit of it, the glass is dispensed with. A zinc
honey-board is placed on, and the bees induced
to work in the upper story, and are then devot-

[NSEllTING THE LARV.T:.

on the combs. I don't know whether you have
ever tried this drone-cell planr'but in any case
I will describe briefly the viodus operandi.

Toward the end of winter I select several of
my finest colonies as drone-producers, and, af-
ter removing the lids, place an empty super on
each, and then cover the frames with good thick
cushions stuffed with cotton, and then on top of
each super I lay a sheet of glass. We usually

ed to completing cells as per photo. Sometimes
I place the prepared cells at once into these up-
per stories, but usually place them in a strong
queenless colony for a couple of days before
placing them in theupper story, by which meth-
od very few cells will be refused, and results
identical with those shown in the photo will
be achieved.
To prepare these cells I cut off a row of drone-

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

cells, and thPii.cut them downrto about >4 Inch
in depth, after which- 1 attach them to thelbar
with melted wax. A little royal jelly [is then
placed in each cell nicely, at the bottom. Next
I obtain a frame containing newly hatched.'lar-
v;o from one of my choice ;breedors, and;;then,
seating; myself in a chair^in front of a strong
light, I place a sheet of paper on my knees,'and
on this lay the frame of brood, and .transfer the
larv;o as per Fig. :.'. The center bar beinglsecur-
ed by one nail only at each end,; is grasped, as
shown, and can be moved to any angle so as to
strike the light. The little stick used for trans-
ferring the larvivj is simply a piecejof section
stuff about 2^2 inches long, one end being about
}^ inch wide, and the other about ^, and as fine
as can be sharpened, with the point bent just a
little so as to slip under a larva. The larger
end of the stick is used for placing the royal
jelly in the cells, and occasionally for bruising
down a cell so as to get conveniently at the lar-
va. Fig. 2 shows the act of placing a larva in a
cell; and the supporting-bar, being wider than
the cells, acts as a rest to steady the hand, so
that the larva can be placed in the bottom of
the cell very gently. I can't, for the life of me,
imagine how you can raise more queens by the
old-fashioned method.
Goodna. Queensland, Australia.

[The proof of the pudding is in the eating.
The proof of your statements is shown in the
half-tone plates herewith reproduced, and I
am very glad to take back all I have said that
could be in any way construed as reflecting on
the new way of queen-rearing. If the results
shown in Fig. 1 are what you secure on the av-
erage (and I have no reason to question it),
then any queen-breeder who does not use your
method, or one equally good— for instance the
Doolittle. is not looking to the interest of his
pocketbook. It was G. M. Doolittle who first
made a success of having cells built In regular
"rows on a stick." A good many have since
made a success of his plan, although some of us
did not succeed to our satisfaction. It was
J. D. Fooshe, I believe, who first made a prac-
tical success of raising queen-cells from drone-
cells. As I judge, you have simply followed
out or elaborated his plan. One thing is cer-
tain, friend Jones: If you and Fooshe and
Doolittl'^ can get such results as these, then we
old fogies who have not made a like success
had better work and plan until success is
achieved. You may be su-e the plan outlined
above will be fairly tested in our apiary; and
if we do not succeed we shall keep on fussing
until we do.— Ed. J

BEE-CELLAE EXPEKIENCE.

HOW TO COX.STRUCT A BKE-CELI.AR.

By G. C. Oreiner.

The severity of our winters in this mountain-
ous section of Western New York makes win-
tering of bees on their summer stand in single-
walled hives an uncertain aflair. I find that a
proper bee-cellar is a necessity if we expect to

be successful in the pursuit of bee-keeping. The
cellar of which we give an illustration is the re-
sult of one complete rebuilding and several
thorough overhaulings, caused by faulty con-
struction and mistakes at the beginning. We
all make the common mistake of reporting our
successes— are too apt to give the bright side of
the picture, while we are very reticent about
saying any thing regarding our failures. It
would have a tendency to keep others from
making the same mistakes if we would be a lit-
tle more frank in reporting ours. For this rea-
son I will mention a few points that made ray
bee-cellar the source of a great deal of work,
and caused the loss of many colonies.

The cellar is dug lengthwise into a bank of
such elevation that the 2:3 feet of length makes
the front just level with the outside, and the
back wall 7 feet high. The bank is perfectly
dry ground. After the top soil is removed, per-
haps 1)^ or 2 feet, the soil is what we call hard-
pan— bluish clay mixed with gravel, and so
hard that it requires an extra effort to pene-
trate it with any kind of tool. After the exca-
vation had been completed there was no sign of
any moisture, nor any indication that there
ever would be any, and, in consequence there-
of, the first and most serious mistake was made
by not providing proper drainage in case it
might be needed.

Inside of this excavation, about 1.5 in. from
the bank walls, a frame of 3x4- inch scantling
was erected, using the same for sills and plates,
and setting the studding every 2 ft. all around.
The inside was ceiled up with matched chest-
nut lumber; and as fast as this advanced, a
loose stone wall was laid between this and the
bank. The covering was twofold — 2x6 joist,
with the same ceiling on the under side for the
lower one, and rafters with a tight layer of
roof-boards, and about 1.5 Inches of dirt on top
of them for the upper one. The whole, when
finished, had the appearance, very much, of one
of our common potato pits. The front was
ceiled on both sides of the 2x4 studding, leaving
a dead-air space of 4 inches between. An air-
tight partition, 4 feet from the front, divided
the cellar into two apartments — an entry, or
hall, and the cellar proper.

At the proper time, in the fall of 1886. I put
90 colonies into this cellar, and what was the
result? All went well the fore part of winter.
The temperature in the cellar remained about
46 degrees, and the bees seemed to be doing
nicely. About the middle of January the wea-
ther changed; winter seemed to be broken, and
a warm springlike spell took its place. This
did not affect the cellar at first; but after the
ground thawed out more and more, the bottom
began to show signs of moisture, which increas-
ed from day to day at such a rate that, in a
short time, the cellar bottom was flooded. The
only way out of this dilemma was to dig a ditch

368

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May 15.

through under the doors into the open air, and

let the water run ofif.

But this was not all. With the thaw we had
rain, and soon the ceiling overhead became
moist also. After a little, drops began to trick-
le dewn here and here. They came thicker and
faster, until the bees were exposed to quite a
respectable rain-shower. I had made the (sec-
ond) mistake of considering the 15 inches of
dirt covering as a rain -proof roof. As long as
the ground was frozen it did very well; but
when it was thawed out it was no roof at all.
Under these extremely unfavorable conditions
we could not expect bees to winter, and it was
a wonder that any lived until spring.

Of the 90 colonies I put into the cellar in
the fall, about half were dead in the spring,
and most of the survivors were only fractions
of colonies at that.

The succeeding fall I built a board and slate
roof over the dirt. I imagined that all the wa-
ter trouble was caused by the imperfect roof.
This made the cellar water-proof from above,
but it remained the same under foot. The first
thaw we had that winter, water again made its
appearance, and the cellar remained wet the
rest of the winter. The loss of bees was about
the same as the winter before— a half or over.

About this time I concluded that wintering
bees at that rate did not pay, and decided to
have a bee cellar if mechanical workmanship
could produce one. The first move was to take
the whole structure down and out of the way.
A ditch was then dug next to the bank, a foot
wide, commencing in the center of the back
end, with one foot deep, gradually increasing
each way to \}{ feet to the outside corners. As
the bottom of the cellar had already a fall of 6
inches from rear to front, this gave the bottom
of the ditch a fall of one foot to 36 ft. in length,
and this fall was continued to the outlets of the
ditch, about 3 ro'^is from the cellar. The ditch
was stoned up in the usual blind-ditch fashion
—a throat, by laying round stones on each side,
and flat ones to cover, and the remainder tilled
with small round ones just level full.

thicker than the ditch is wide, lapped that
much on to the solid cellar bottom, and, with
the cement paint reaching well down and fill-
ing the bottom corner, shut oft' all possible pas-
sages from ditch to cellar, so that the structure
is positively mouse and rat proof from that di-
rection.

Fig. 1.

On this ditch a substantial 18-inch stonewall,
7 feet hieh, was laid, using first class mortar
throughout, and giving the inside a thorough
painting of waterlime. The wall, being G in.

Fig. 2.

A frame of 6x8-inch timber, with 2x8-inch
joists framed in at every 2 ft., rests on the wall.
The joists are ceiled with matched lumber be-
low, and covered with a double floor above,
forming dead-air spaces all along between the
joists. The impression received during school-
days of early life, together with what has been
written now and then in the different journals,
on the subject of a dead-air space being a non-
conductor of heat and cold, and consequently a
safe protector against atmospheric changes, led
me to the conclusion that my bee-cellar would
be perfectly safe with this protection overhead.
Besides, another dead-air space, formed by the
roof, protects the former from coming in direct
contact with the atmosphere.

From the first two winters' experience I am
fully convinced that the dead-air-space theory
is greatly overestimated. It is all right so far
as it goes, but it does not go far enough. I
made these observations:

Every thing seemed to be satisfactory until,
with the lengthening days, colder weather set
in, the mercury ranging for weeks in the neigh-
borhood of zero, at times going as low as 15 or
16 degrees below. At this time the ceiling
again began to show signs of moisture. The
moisture gradually increased ; drops formed
here and there, and occasionally they could be
heard to strike on the hives or cellar bottom as
might happen. Although this was not a pleas-
ing feature of a bee-cellar, no serious results
followed. Bees wintered quite well; every col-
ony that was put in in the fall answered to the
roll-call in the spring.

The next winter brought nearly the same ex-
perience—not quite satisfactory, on account of
the moisture overhead. I then tried chaff pack-
ing instead of the air-spaces. By opening the
floor in the middle, all spaces between the
joists were made accessible, and these I filled
with oat chaff, using a tool something like a
stable-scraper, to pack this filling as tight as
possible. Since this change was made the ceil-

1S97

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

ing has romained porfectlyrdry every winter,
showing plainly thai, for protection, a non-
conducting material is more eiTectual than an
air-space.

The ventilator shown is a wooden tube six
inches square, with a four-foot elbow in the
roof, and a slide to close it, if desired, on the
lower end. While this provides an outlet, no
provision is made for an inlet, and I hardly
think this is necessary. The same current of
air which escapes through the ventilator must
be replaced by an equal current of outdoor air
from somewhere; and that this circulation is
going on all the time can be plainly seen by the
constant escape of vapor when the weather is
cold enough to condense the warmer air from
the cellar and make it visible. Our so-called
air-tight structures are by no means hermeti-
cally sealed. Doors do not shut air-tight; the
matchings are a little defective here and there;
the lumber itself may have small openings,
cracks, or pinholes: the ditch may be the means
of supplying a certain current, etc.; so that,
take it all in all, a sullicient amount of air may
find its way into the cellar to cause quite a cir-
culation.

The illustration. Fig. 1, has also a storm-
house attached to the cellar, which was built a
few years ago. I did not deem it necessary for
the comfort or better wintering of the bees, al-
though it may be an additional protection; but
I built it for my own benefit. I found that it
required a considerable amount of work, every
time I went into the cellar, to clear away the
snow, frequently two or three feet deep, to let
the door swing open. The stormhouse pre-
vents all this trouble. The door swings in, and
can be opened at any time, snow or no snow.
In entering, of course care must be taken not to
let any snow tumble in, as this would interfere
with shutting the door.

Naples, N. Y.

[Although this article is a little out of season,
recent experiences will be fresh upon the mind,
and so I have thought best to give it now rath-
er than in the fall.— Ed.]

SWEET-CLOVER SYMPOSIUM.

Will Horses and Cattle and Other Stock Eat

Sweet Clover if They Have a Chance to

Get at it T

NAMING SWEET CLOVER.

Bro. /Joot;— Permit me to suggest that you
do not be in a hurry to change your views as to
the classification of sweet clover given by Prof.
Gray. There is just as good ground, and I
think better, for accepting his classification as
that given by Mr. Esenhower. You will not
need to examine any more "classical" work
than the Edinburgh edition, of 1878, of Cham-
bers' Encyclopedia, to find the classification as
given by him; for it appears there in almost

the same language in which it is given in
Gleanings. This is an English classification,
and I am at a loss to know why it is so made.
The yellow melilot (M. ojji emails) is so called
from its early use in medicine; but as it is the
species which runs wild in Europe, and is com-
mon everywhere, there is more reason for call-
ing it M. vulgaris, or common, as this is what
the Latin, vulgaris, means. M. alba, as given
by Gray, is after the old and long-accepted
classification of Lamarck, and simply means,
as every one knows who has any knowledge of
the Latin, white melilot; and as it is not com-
mon, except in a few localities in Europe, this
seems the most fitting name for this species, in
that country at least. There might be some
ground for changing the name to vulgaris in
the United States; but as the species has the
special characteristic of a white flower, as well
as being common. It would seem a needless
change. The name leueantha, which is also
given in the English classification, is a Greek
word which means the same as the Latin alba,
white; so that this is practically the same
classification which Prof. Gray adopted. The
tendency to name the species according to the
color of the flower is further seen in M. coirulea,
as this simply means blue melilot. If it had
not been for the supposed medicinal qualities
of the yellow sweet clover, it would no doubt
have been called M. gilva, taking the specific
name from its color, the same as in the other
two species. I am very much inclined to agree
with Mr. Jones' idea. that"bokhara clover"
is the same as M. alba, and that the name,
"bokhara," has been wrongly applied to it.
As I suggested in another article, I think the
name bokhara more correctly belongs to a
species of alfalfa.

M. arborea simply means " tree melilot," and
I can well understand why the tree-like form
and rank-growing M. alba should come to be
called "tree clover," when compared with the
low-branching and finer-strawed yellow sweet
clover.

I think perhaps the other species mentioned
by Chambers, which was found mostly on the
islands of the Mediterranean Sea, and along
the coast, is simply a variety of one of the
species named above.

If my position is correct, you are not likely to
be able to get seeds of any more species than
you now have. My presumption is that we
shall be entirely safe to trust to the classifica-
tion given in the new edition of Gray's Garden
and Field Botany, as revised by Prof. Baily.
1, for one, am willing to take my chances in
agreeing with these two eminent American
botanists as against the writer of the article in
Chambers' Encyclopedia, or any other so-called
"classical " work. E.merson T. Abbott.

St. Joseph, Mo., Apr. 17.

[In regard to the tree sweet clover, some-

370

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May 15.

body in Florida or Texas wrote some years
ago that " away down south " sweet clover
makes a hard-wood tree, and stands over win-
ter; and they seemed to think it was the same
sweet clover we have here in the North. Who
can enlighten us?— Ed.]

STILL, MORE ABOUT OUR VARIOUS SWEET
CLOVERS.

Mr. Boot:— You express the belief that there
is no difference between the plants of yellow
and white sweet clover. On the following page
(266) of Gleanings you give a letter from Mr.
Esenhower, which I found interesting, though
I shall be obliged to disagree with the gentle-
man, or his authority, in regard to some points.

He names but a few varieties of sweet clover.
I can add a little to his list, though I can not
complete it, for there are at least ten known
species — some authorities say twenty — many of
which have never yet been classified. He says:
"Gray's Manual does not thus classify meli-
lotus," while you say you have always made
Gray your siandard, etc.

Gray is all right In the main, when yt)U keep
within his range; beyond that he counts for
nothing. His range ends at the 100th meridian,
where he is met by Prof. Coulter, with his
"Manual of the Rocky Mountains." How,
then, can Prof. Gray be expected to classify
plants belonging strictly to the Old World?
There are mistakes in his manual, it is true;
but they are those of omission rather than com-
mission. Strictly speaking, none of the sweet
clovers are natives of the United States; and
up to the present, M. officinalis and M. vulgaris
(or alba) are the only two that have ever taken
out papers of naturalization, and become bona-
fide citizens. You say you have M. cmrxilea.
(the blue-flowered melilot). I was intending to
send to Europe for seed of that variety; but if
you have it I shall not cross the ocean to ob-
tain it.

Let me call attention to a somewhat curious
fact. English botanists do not refer to melilot
as sweet clover, but only as melilot, or melilot
clover— meaning honey clover, the adjective
sweet being of pure American origin.

lam aware that authorities often differ on
many subjects, all of which is very confusing
to the earnest seeker after truth; and the best
thing left us is to discriminate as far as possible
between them. I have a good many authors
on botany. I have encyclopedias, and various
works of reference. How many Mr. Esenhower
may have I don't know; but certainly his and
mine don't seem to agree in all things. All
mine do agree in one thing; viz., that M. alba
or vulgaris are both correct as applied to the
white- flowered variety of sweet clover; also
that bokhara clover ana M. alba are one;
while the two varieties he mentions, M. arborea
and M. massimensis, are entirely ignored by
any work I have.

The word massimensis, taken as it stands,
would mean, as translated from the Latin, a
monthly bloomer. AH the melilots are derived
from two Greek words— meZi, honey, and lotus,
meaning the quantity of honey it contains.

Permit me now to quote from the New Ency-
clopaedic Dictionary, page 3087. constituting
what I regard as a true botanical classification
of the melilot.

"Melilot, a genus of papilionaceous plants,
sub-tribe Trifolim. Leaves trifoliate, the flow-
ers in long racemes; calyx, five-toothed; petals
distinct, deciduous; keck, obtuse; legume, one
or few seeded indehiscent, longer than the
calyx. It is found in the warmer parts of the
Old World; known species, ten. Two are wild
in Britain— 3/. officinalis and M. alba. A third,
ilf. arvensis, is an escape. A decoction of the
first is emollient, and sometimes used on the
Continent in lotions and enemas. The second
produces swelling in the belly of cattle which
graze upon it.

" The flowers of M. cccrulea are used to give
the peculiar odor and fla^'or to Schabzieger
cheese made in Switzerland, and more particu-
larly in Glarus; the plant is said to be a styptic.

" The seed of M. parviflora is useful in diar-
rhea, especially of infants; the plant is es-
teemed in India as forming good pasture for
milch cattle."

^[. officinalis is the common melilot. M.
arvensis is the field melilot, and M. parviflora
the many-flowered melilot. M. officinalis (yel-
low flower) is the only one of the list officinally
recognized by the chemists as of great medicinal
value. The word common, when used in a
botanical sense, becomes the distinguishing
name of some the best-known varieties of
plants.

A word now in regard to the name bokhara.
No reason seems to be assigned for the word.
If, as you and others assert, it means hulled
seed of M. alba, why not with equal reason call
hulled seed of any of the clovers bokhara ? In
my opinion it is a local term only, and about as
misleading and Incorrect as the name hearts-
ease when aoplied to a polygonum. These
things serve but one purpose, and that a bad
one — to befog the average reader.

Again, Mr. Root, you ask. " Why. if the yel-
low and white sweet clovers are not the same,
do we find stalks of the yellow growing among
the white?" Either of several agencies may
have effected this. First, by the bees carrying
pollen; second, by the wind; third, by a few
stray seeds becoming mixed with a bulk of the
white. Seed mixtures will take place some-
times, careful as we may try to be.

Mrs. L. E. R. Lambkigger.

Niobrara, Neb.

[In regard to the term " bokhara." it is used
in various catalogs, and by wholesale seedsmen.
In a circular just at hand from Johnson &

IS'.!'

GLEANINGS IN IJEE CULTURE.

371

Slokos. of Pliiladi'Iptiia. among thoir grass
seeds and clovers tlu-v di'siuMiiitc it as follows:
" Bokhara clover iMiiilntus Uiininthd)." Now,
this seed tliat they iiatne iii this way is always
hulled. When father Langstroth iirst called
my attention to it as a honey plant he called It
.^fcUlittus U'ucttnthd.

If we quote one of the names, a good many
people will not know what it is; therefore we
have mentioned both names, just as we do
when we say *' basswood, or linden trees;"
and even then a good many of our customers
will say, "Send me half a dozen each of bass-
wood and linden trees," thinking there are two
kinds. If somebody could invent a way of
getting rid of so many names for one and the
same thing, it would be a wonderful help all
along the line.— Ed.]

SWEET CLOVER, WHITE AND YELLOW— AKE
THEV THE SAME?

On page 255. in speaking of yellow and white
sweet clover, you say, " My experience is that
the color of the blossoms indicates no difference
at all in the plant." As our little girl would
say, you make a •' mistaken " if you think that
it is one and the same plant. On dumping-
ground in Peoria, III., I have seen a sheet of
gold on this plant a full month before a blos-
som appeared upon the white. The leaves and
stalks are finer and more abundant, making
better hay, and curing more readily, and not so
woody as the white. The white variety grows
taller than the yellow.

On my return from St. Andrews Bay, Fla.,
Apr. 13, every colony of bees answered to roll-
call, and most of them were populous. They
are busy carrying water to-day.

A good crop of honey has been secured in
that part of Florida, from the ti-ti bloom. The
country is fast recovering from the disastrous
freeze of two years ago. A few orange-trees
bloomed and set fruit. Mrs. L. Harrison.

Peoria, 111., Apr. 19.

MORE ABOUT SWEET CLOVER, WHITE AND YEL-
LOW, ETC.

I do not think white and yellow sweet clover
are identical, judging from the manner it grows
here. Although its manner of growth is simi-
lar, the yellow is considered to be not as good
for producing nectar as the white. Here in
Albany Co. we have both kinds, although we
have the white in greater profusion. I notice
each kind generally isolated; that is, there
will be patches of each in different places,
showing that each perpetuates its own kind.
Where they grow near each other the seeds
may have been mixed, which would account
for an occasional stem of yellow growing among
the white, as remarked on page 255.

Is sweet clover of value, both green and dry,
as feed for stock ? Slock refuse to eat it green
when growing in pasture fields. When pasture
fails they will eat it green. Cut and cured
before stalks get woody, say when blossom-buds
appear, stock will eat it in winter, and it makes

excellent fodder. Sweet clover will perpetuate
only where no cultivation is done. Plowed
under before it ripens Its seed, it Is as easily
eradicated as any other clover.
So. Bethlehem, N. Y. G. J. Flansburgh.

THE TWO KINDS OK SWEET CLOVER — YELLOW
AND WHITE.

I know of a kind growing on the streets of
Beatrice, Neb., that is distinctly a yellow, and
does not grow so rank or tall as the white
variety, which also grows along the roadside
around the same town. This yellow variety is
much earlier to bloom, but you can not tell one
from the other before the bloom starts to open
I am told that this yellow kind was sown by
a German bee-keeper several years ago, and it
is believed he either brought or had them sent
from Europe for that purpose.

Steinauer, Neb. Chas. J. Harris.

SWEET CLOVER FOR STOCK.

In regard to sweet clover, I find that stock
eat it as readily as alfalfa, and I have noticed
my horses leave their corn to bite a choice tid-
bit that happened in their prairie hay. I also
notice that there is no sweet clover growing in
the pastures, but it is coming in rapidly along
the roads and hay land. I think persons sow-
ing it should put it in a field by itself rather
than along the road. B. G. Sowle.

Kearney, Neb., Apr. 10.

IN KANSAS, STOCK EAT RIGHT DOWN INTO THE
GROUND TO GET IT.

□ Is it not very strange that some people's stock
will not eat sweet clover, green or dried ? My
horses and cattle are running on a piece this
early in April, and they eat right into the
ground to get it, and yet they are well fed; but
stock that have never been used to it will not
eat it at first sight. ' Joseph Shaw.

a Strong City, Kan., Apr. 10.

IN [NEBRASKA THEY' LEARN TO EAT IT DUR-
ING A DRY' YEAR.

^Out in Western Iowa the lanes were full of
sweet clover until we had a very dry year; and
the stock, in driving them to pasture, got to
eating it, and seemed toulike it as well as any
thing they can get since. E. W. Morehouse.
Sutherland, Nebr., Apr. 7.

CASES, SECTIONS, AND BEE-RANGE.

EXTRACTED -HONEY' CASES.

By W. A. H. Oilstrap.

I am interested in the article on shipping
honey, p. 232. I don't know how it is done,
but somehow the Southern Pacific can smash
cases holding two new GO-lb. cans of extracted
honey, when well-nailed coaloil cases are used.
With a partition between the cans I have never

372

GLEANINGS IN BEE CITLTURE.

May 15.

known an accident. A 11 m in Boston once
wrote me that it was i.nsafe to ship honey
without partition, and my experience corrob-
orates the statement. I believe the damage
here is done by cars bumping together. Care
in packing, shipping, and selling is just as im-
portant as in producing. We should get the
cheapest package possible, to be sure it will
entirely accomplish the purpose for which it is
intended.

THIN SECTIONS.

Nothing should be considered settled until it
Is settled right. I have heard the integrity of
Gleanings seriously questioned when edited
by its founder because of its persistently claim-
ing, as an advantage of light-weight sections,
that they would be bought by many on account
of their cheapness. Gleanings is evidently
honest about it, but is certainly mistaken, at
least in this country.

When I see comb honey in a store I generally
ask the price. Next I ask the weight of a sec-
tion. The salesman calls it a "pound," or
"about a pound." If I know it is light I tell
him so. If he is honest he weighs some; if he
knows it is light he prefers evading the point,
or changing the subject. I have never found
the light-weight sections selling for less price
than full-weight, in a single case. Who has?
Ordinary customers see a 4^4 x4J^ section, and
consider it "a pound," "about a pound," or
"nearly a pound," and far the most take the
former position. If we use thin sections, let us
change their rim measure.

J. P. Flory, of Lemoore, Cal., who has prob-
ably changed his hives, sections, frames, etc.,
more than any other man west of New York,
has been using a 4!^x5i4Xl>^ section, without
separators, for three or four years, and says it
weighs a pound. Some call it Flory's big sec-
tion, and it does look big. About half a dozen
men who run the smaller part of their bees to
comb honey use it. You can show one to a cus-
tomer, and call it a pound, with a clear con-
science; he is pleased with it, and buys sooner
than he will with a 4}4'x4)i of the same weight.
I use the standard, honest, 16-ounce avoirdu-
poise-pound section because it is more con-
venient, and shippers would rather buy it.

Mr. Flory claims that bees will build a comb
from a " starter," fill with honey, and seal it,
before they will fill and seal combs on each side
of it, such combs to be placed IX inches apart.
From this he argues in favor of thin sections
being built sooner, as well as looking better.
The experiment is worth trying.
bee-range.

On page 240 it seems Borodino bees do profit-
able work from four to eight miles. I am
thoroughly convinced that bees owned by C.
M. Davis, of Selma, Cal., gathered considerable
camphor-weed honey, which grew within three
miles of my bees, while my bees could not

nearly make a living. The ground intervening
was rough, but no great heights or winds for-
bade the free passage of bees. If that was an
exceptional case we should all know it, as it
seems to me a very important question, how
far bees can work to best advantage.
Caruthers, Cal., Apr. 20.

CLEATS ON BELLOWS TO BEE-SMOKERS.

PRACTICAL suggestion FROM A BEE KEEPER
OF A THOUSAND COLONIES.

Bij W. L. Coggshall.

I sometimes know a good thing when I see it.
Here is one of the best little things, that I dis-
covered some time ago, and it costs only a little
time.

Take one side of a section (or a honey-box),
and with a knife cut it into four equal parts
lengthwise, and, with some very small tacks,
tack them on the edge of your smokers where
you take hold, like this,
on both sides, and then
see how much easier
you can handle the
smoker and not drop it.
The action of the hand
in opening and shutting
a heavy smoker renders you liable to drop it.

The best fuel that I ever used for a smoker is
burlap phosphate-sacks, or gum bags. They
can be had very cheaply at junk-shops. I roll
them up, not too tightly nor too loosely, so they
fit the smoker. I light one end, and lay a stick
by the side of the burlap, when I put it into the
smoker for draft.

A smoker filled in that way will last three or
four hours, with light work at bees. There are
no sparks, and no danger of fire.

Bees wintered well, 2 per cent loss. My hon-
ey is nearly all closed out— 78,000 lbs. We shall
have about 1000 colonies this season.

I think it would be to your advantage to call
on me next August. I extend you an invitation.

West Groton, N. Y., March 26.

[One of our men, a couple of y ars ago, in the
apiary, I noticed, was using cleats on his
smoker-bellows; and on trying them I noticed
that they aflforded a much better " grip " for
the hand. I am not sure but it would be a good
plan to put them on all the bellows of our
higher priced smokers; but instead of using
cleats we would groove the boards on each side
so as to leave a molded edge that would look
better, and feel more comfortable to the fingers.
We will have a lot made soon, and later on send
a smoker having this feature to Mr. Coggshall,
"with our compliments." In the mean time
those who already have the plain bellows-
board can very easily fix them in the manner
suggested.

It was Mr. Crane, of smoker fame, who first
suggested to us a smoker fuel similar to the
gum sacks. He uses, or did use, old propolized
cloths or quilts that had been used over the
frames. We tried some of this, and found it to
be an excellent fuel.

1897

Ur^EANINCS IN BEE CULTURE.

373

Thanks for your iuvitatlon. I have conclud-
ed to accept it. and at the same time call upon
other bee keepers of your State. It was seven
years ago iliat I visited beekeepers of your
State, and at your kindly hint 1 am in hopes to
repeat that trip in part.— A. I. R.]

APIS DORSATA.

WHY THE CO>!VENTION DID NOT INDORSE THE
I'KOJECT TO GET THEM.

By W. C. Frazier.

This question has been asked on an average
of once every tv?o weeks since the convention;
and while many good reasons have been given,
still the inquirers do not seem to be satisfied,
and think there is some selfish motive behind
it that prevented the indorsement. Xnthing of
the kind existed. Now, I am something of a
bee-importer myself, and am aware that if
Apis dorsatd would prove only half as good as
it has been painted, the man who succeeds in
introducing It could carve his name above that
of Dzierzon. Berlepsch. or our own father Lang-
stroth. He would not only be respected and
honored, but he might make a snug little for-
tune out of it. Now, I, or half a dozen others
whom I could mention, who understand the
business, and have had some experience in im-
porting, could lay down at our own apiaries 12
of these queens at a cost not exceeding one hun-
dred dollars for the dozen; and the man who
furnished them, the one who gave them a rest
in Europe, before crossing the Atlantic, and
the express companies that handled them,
would all get a satisfactory equivalent for their
labor and care.

Now, what's to hinder some one sending for
a consignment? It is not the want of means,
as that could be secured, even if the one want-
ing to send did not have the money himself.
It's simply the lack of queens. This bee has
been known as the giant bee of India or Ceylon,
or somewhere else. Now, before the govern-
ment or any one else undertakes to send for it,
would It not be well to locate it? India or
Ceylon is rather indefinite. I might say there
is gold in South Africa or in Alaska, or even in
the United States; but it would require con-
siderable panning to locate it on such meager
information. There are Englishmen all over
India; and if this race of bees could be domes-
ticated it seems rather strange that some of
them have not tried their hand at it. English-
men usually have an eye to what will pay them,
quite as much as we Americans.

These matters were talked over to some ex-
tent by a few of us at Lincoln; and the way
the thing now stands, I should not feel like
investing any of my money in the uncertain
venture of trying to get them, and I don't think
at present the government could be induced to
with the meager information at hand; and

should any one anj/w/iere succeed in domesti-
cating them, and have queens to dispose of,
there would be no necessity for the government
to step in, as some of us would have an order
in for them before he could get his papers and
his trunk packed.

If any one will take the trouble to look over
the reported honey yields given at the Lincoln
convention by those present, many receiving
from 100 to 450 lbs. per colony, he will readily
see why Apis dorsata did not create more
enthusiasm. Sensible men let well enough
alone. Most people would be satisfied with
such bees, and would only want a few more of
them. At some future convention, where the
honey yield has been a failure, they will per-
haps highly indorse them.

Now, lest I be misunderstood I want to say
that, personally, I have not the slightest objec-
tion to the government's sending after them;
and there never was a time when there was a
Secretary of Agriculture who would give such
a proposition more attention than we have at
present, and it would not be necessary to ex-
plain to him that there is such a pursuit as
bee-keeping. But if such a petition is present-
ed, if you want to succeed, get things in shape
and locate the bees first.

Atlantic, la.

[This was written before the editorial ap-
peared on page 339 in May 1st issue. I had not
seen his manuscript when I wrote the editorial
in question. It will be seen that our thoughts
run much in the same line.— Ed.]

ANSWERS TO

ISEASOMBLEQtnESTII

Br G.M.DOOLITTLE.BOROOINO.N,Y.'

MULTIPLICATION OF COLONIES.

Question.- 1 have purchased some bees, and
wish to increase them. Is there any way of
multiplying colonies, except by swarming, as
the bees conduct this, for increase? I must be
from home from 8 a. m. to 4 p. m. each day, ex-
cept Sundays; and if there were any way to
multiply my colonies except by natural swarm-
ing it would be much more convenient for me.
Please tell us something about this in your de-
partment in Gleanings.

Answer.— The multiplication of colonies of
bees, outside of natural swarming, is some-
thing that is as old as the most ancient of the
things about bee-keeping. In the latter part of
the seventeenth century, Swammerdam told of
a bee-keeper who knew the art of producing
queen-bees at pleasure, and who secured four
times as many colonies annually as were usually
obtained; and in 1762 Grewell gave directions
for making artificial swarms and dividing colo-
nies. Others announced previously to the nine-
teenth century, that bees were able to raise

374

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May 15.

a queen from worker br d, which fact was
then Known to only a fe But as the hives
then in use were ill adapted to artificial in-
crease; and as many facts having an impor-
tant bearing in the mattt^r were then unknown,
the practice seems to have met with little suc-
cess. When Huber partially developed the
movable comb system, and made important
discoveries in the physiology of the bee, a
greater success iu artificial swarming wis at-
tained; still, it was seldom practiced successful-
ly, even then, except by the most expert and
well-informed apiarists. It would be well for
the readers to consult our books on bee culture
before undertaking artificial increase to any
great extent; for in the most of them this sub-
ject is discussed quite extensively, and at great-
er length than would come in the space allotted
to this department.

Artificial swarming is based on the following
facts: First, a queen and some workers, 500 or
more, constitute a swarm or colony of bees, ca-
pable of carrying on all the labors of the hive.
Necessity for drones comes only in case of
young unfertile queens. Second, worker bees,
without a queen, can rear a queen if they are
furnished with a comb containing eggs or larvfe
under three days old. Third, a part of the
bees of any colony, unless too small, may be
taken from the hive, with or without the
queen, without disorganizing the others.
Fourth, a part or all of the comb may be taken,
with its contents, from a colony of bees without
destroying them, as they will immediately go to
work to replace it, if fed, when honey is not
coming from the fields. Fifth, queens can be
reared in any desirable number by taking the
queen away from any populous colony or colo-
nies, according to the number desired; and,
when nearly mature, they can be given to the
queenless part of any division made.

These facts, while they form the basis for ar-
tificial swarming, are subject to many qualify-
ing conditions; and a knowledge of them alone
would not enable a novice to multiply his colo-
nies to the best advantage. But a thorough
knowledge of the economy of the hive, and
of the habits and peculiarities of its inmates,
coupled with the above, will, with a person
of ordinary ability, give success in proportion
to the energy and perseverance of the person
undertaking the matter.

The greatest and most damaging error that
nearly all beginners fall into is an Inclination
to overdo the matter. After getting started
they generally "swarm" their bees to death, as
the multiplying seems so easy during the honey-
flow, and they find themselves in possession of
a great number of weak colonies, with few
stores, when winter arrives, only to drag out a
miserable existence for a little while, or die
of spring dwindling before settled warm weath-
er arrives.

Another error, in the average locality, is
almost as bad as the above, which is, putting
off the multiplying of colonies till too late in
the season. No definite time can be given,
as much depends upon the season and locality;
but it is well to do it as early as you can. In
the Northern States it can generally be done
with safety from the 10th to the 25th of June,
and in the Southern States from one to two
months earlier, according to latitude. The
only safe guide is the condition of the colonies
to be operated on. The hives should be well
filled with brood and bees, and honey coming in
from the fields, to have the proper condi lions
exist. This will often occur from two weeks to
a month before natural swarming would take
place. The parent colony, as also a swarm
made at that time, will, by the time when
honey becomes abundant, be filled with comb
and brood, and ready to take advantage of the
honey harvest by storing a nice surplus; while,
if left till later, each part would have all this
work to do at the most important period of the
year. Two or three weeks, thus saved, fre-
quently amounts to the difference between an
excellent yield of honey and not enough to pay
expenses. Many colonies of bees will not come
into proper condition for dividing when the
more advanced are ripe for the operation, on ac-
count of all not coming through the winter
in equally good condition, having old or failing
queens, etc. Such colonies may be united with
others, after destroying old queens; or if the
queen is vigorous, a frame of hatching brood
may be given from one of the most prosperous
colonies, as soon as the weather becomes warm
enough so there is no danger of the brood per-
ishing on account of too few bees to care for it
properly. Having the colonies in proper con-
dition, it is well to decide whether a great in-
crease of bees is desired or a good crop of honey.
Both can not be secured at the same time. If
we are satisfied with doubling our colonies, and
do that in time, a fairly good yield of honey can
be expected in most localities; but a greater in-
crease can not be ventured upon without a
great sacrifice of honey, often to the exclusion
of the whole crop. As I have given, in a recent
■issue of Gleanings, different plans for dividing
colonies, I will not attempt to touch on that
matter here. This reply has been written from
a comb-honey standpoint.

HONEY-JUMBLES WITHOUT SUGAR OK MOLASSES.

I will give you a recipe for making honey-
cookies or cake, that does not need sugar or
syrup. It is one of my own devising. I kept

'^Li'^ANMNMiS IN BEK CULTURE

375

on trying for over four years, ever sinco we
went Into the bco business, and I think I have,
found one that can be relied on. either for cake
or cookies. You can try it, and if it works all
right with you, let your neighbors try it. You
can make it richer if you like by uj^ing clabber-
ed cream instead of buttermilk. Bake in a
rather slow oven, as it burns very easily. I
hope it will work as well with you as it did
with me. To make the cookies, use a little
more flour, so that they will roll out well with-
out sticking to the board. Any kind of flavor-
ing will do. I use ground orange-peel mixed
soft. It makes a very nice ginger bread.
Termiuous, Cal. Makia Fkaser.

[It seems the honey-jurable recipes, and, in
fact. Dr. Miller's leaflet on the fooil value of
honey, came out when I was in Arizona; and
after what the leaflet has to say of the advan-
tages honey has over sugar from a sanitary
point of view, I was somewhat surprised to see
Dr. Miller— yes. Dr. Miller himself— {who wrote
the leaflet) advising us to put sugar and mo-
lasses in In in cy - jumbles ! Well, our good
friend who writes the above has demonstrated,
at least to the satisfaction of all Rootville, that
honey-jumbles, made entirely of honey, are
away ahead of any made with sugar or cane
molasses, and, in fact. I might have known
they would be. This honey-cake is not only
the nicest cake I ever ate, but I can eat it with-
out any trouble, which is more than I can say
for some of the recipes given last winter, where
they use not only cane sugar, but cheap mo-
lasses, and, worst of all, lard. Just think of it
—recommending lard for /loney jumbles ! yes,
and nobody even protested. — A. I. R.]

not dry out like sugar or molasses cake, and age
improves or develops the honey flavor.
New Hampton, N. Y. E. D. Howell.

THE HOWELL HONEY-CAKE (iT IS A HARD CAKE).

Take 6 lbs. flour. 3 lbs. honey, 13^ lbs. sugar,
1>^ lbs. butter, 6 eggs,K oz. saleratus: ginger to
your taste.

DIRECTIONS FOR MIXING.

Have the flour in a pan or tray. Pack a cav-
ity in the center. Beat the honey and yolks of
eggs together well. Beat the butter and sugar
to cream, and put into the cavity in the flour;
then add the honey and yolks of the eggs. Mix
well with the hand, adding a little at a time,
during the mixing, the }4 oz. saleratus dissolved
in boiling water until it is all in. Add the gin-
ger, and finally add the whites of the 6 eggs,
well beaten. Mix well with the hand to a
smooth dough. Divide the dough into 7 equal
parts, and roll out like gingerbread. Bake in
ordinary square pans made for pies, from 10x14
tin. After putting into the pans, mark off the
top in K-inch strips with something sharp.
Bake an hour in a moderate oven. Be careful
not to burn, but bake well. Dissolve sugar to
glaze over top of cake. To keep the cake, stand
on end in an oak tub, tin can. or stone crock-
crock is best. Stand the cards up so the flat
sides will not touch each other. Cover tight.
Keep in a cool dry place. Don't use until three
months old at least. The cake improves with
age, and will keep good as long as you will let
it. I find any cake sweetened with honey does

WEIGHTS OF 1% SECTIONS,

Weights of filled sections, as taken from sales
book of last fall. Those cases that held out
weight best were clover honey; the lighter,
buckwheat.
40 ^e^iii US. :<(; lbs. 40 sections, 34 lbs.
L'4 •• -M •■ 40 •' :{7

•M •• 21 ■• 40 " 38

20 •• 17 •• 40 •' 413^ "

40 ■• 40 " 20 •' 18K "

20 •• HI ■' 24 " 243^ "

20 '• 19 •• 20 " 19

20 " IS •• 40 " 38 "

40 '• 40 •• 40 " 38 "

24 ' 22 " 20 " 19 "

200 •' 170 '• Buckwheat.
40 '• 33 "

13 '• 12 " Wliite.

I use 43^x43^x1% sections, with slotted sepa-
rators. You will find by figuring that they av-
erage very nearly 15 oz. The above figures
were taken just as they appear on our book —
no skipping about. R. A. Tobey.

Caton, N. Y.

AN UNUSUAL EFFECT OF BEE-STINGS.

I have read a good deal about bee-stings cur-
ing rheumatism, and affecting people in differ-
ent ways; but I have read of none who say
bee-stings affect them as they do me. I have
handled bees since I was a child, or about nine
years, and have been stung frequently, as all
bee-keepers are, and until the last two years
the stings did not affect me a particle; but now
if am stung on the hands my eyes will become
inflamed and swollen. It doesn't seem to make
any difference as to the part of the body I am
stung, it seems to settle in my eyes. It seems
to affect my eyes more if stung several times
on the hands. Perhaps the very idea of the
bee-stings affecting my eyes may seem ridic-
ulous to softie of the more experienced bee-
keepers. I can't claim experience only as to
the bee-stings, for I am one of the few girl bee-
keepers.

This is the second year I have kept the bees
although I have worked with them a little
for eight years. I always thought any one was
a bee-keeper who owned a few hives of bees.
LuvERCiA Beebe.

Rocky Comfort, Ark., Apr. 2.

[While your experience is a little bit unusual
I have known quite a number of instances
where persons were affected in the same way.
In your case I would advise you to veil yourself
very closely, and perhaps wear gloves. At the
same time, be very careful about approaching
the bees when they have the least tendency to
be cross, after a rain or during a time of rob-
bing. As you say you have the ABC book, I
would advise you to read the subject of " Bee-
stings," especially that item concerning jerking
the hands back.

You need especially to have a good smoker.
If you have the bees thoroughly smoked, if dis-

376

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May 15

po>(id to be cross, you will be able to avoid
stings almost entirely; in fact, the writer goes
through the season with very few stings. We
use exclusively in our apiary the pure Italian
leather-colored stock, not the five banded bees.
They are apt to be more or less cross. I am
careful to make slow motions immediately over
the open hive, and very often work day after
day without a single sting. There is no good
reason why anyone should be stung from six to
eight times a day.— Ed.]

BUILDING COMB OX WIEE WITHOUT FOUNDA-
TION, A LA BOARDMAN.

I have been somewhat interested in the ad-
vancement of apiculture for the past twenty
years, and am not a little surprised at reading
H. R. Boardman's article on page 160, March 1.
I had supposed that the most of the bee-keep-
ers of to-day were using wired frames. As far
back as 1880, when I lived in Wisconsin, we
wired all of our frames, using two wires hori-
zontally across the frame, but we found it was
difficult to get them taut enough without
springing the bottom-bar; and to obviate this
we substituted a strip of wood, about M inch
thicK, horizontally across the frame; but this
took up too much room. We now use wire,
and find the bees build more readily on them
than they do without. We use about an inch
of foundation for a starter, and we get as line
combs as one would wish to see. We have 1000
frames wired, and ready to be filled with comb.
This season we put our wire lengthwise of the
frames, running it from the end of the top-bar
to the end of the bottom-bar on the opposite
end of the frame, using two wires running in
opposite directions, and we find it stays the
frames, and the bees take readily to it. We
use No. 24 wire, but I think 26 or 28 would
be better, perhaps 30. In this climate, when
the mercury registers 120 we find that new
comb is pretty apt to fall down when it Is full
of brood and honey; whereas if it is wired it
would have to melt before it would fall, and
the wire does not seem to interfere with brood-
rearing in the brood-nest.

Now, Mr, Root, perhaps I am behind the
times; but it sometimes seems to me, when I
am reading Gleanings and some of the other
journals (for I read every thing I see that says
b's b's b's) that there are others who are be-
hind the times a little as well as my unworthy
self. M. H. Dunn.

Fullerton, Cal., Mar. 10.

FASTENING FOUNDATION TO THE TOP AND
SIDES IN SECTIONS AS A REMEDY FOR ONE-
SIDED COMBS.

I see in Gleanings there is considerable dis-
cussion about comb honey being stuck fast to
the separators, making a one sided comb. I
don't see how the foundation could swing to
one side if it is fastened to the top and both
sides. I use full sheets in sections, and fasten

to the top and sides with melted beeswax, and
never have any such trouble.

Perhaps these large bee-keepers use founda-
tion fastened to the top only. This, I think, is
a very poor way. One will find that most one-
sided combs come by the foundation swinging
to one side by a jar in handling the supers be-
fore they are put on the hive. That has been
my experience. Edwin Rickard.

Schoharie. N. Y.

THE NEW DRAWN FOUNDATION; IS THERE DAN-
GER THAT IT WILL REDUCE THE PRICE
OF COMB HONEY ?

Your samples of deep-cell foundation came
to hand perfect. I congratulate you on your
success. It Is a veritable triumph of mechanical
skill, and will doubtess prove the same as a
business enterprise. There are some questions
in connection with it that have not been men-
tioned in the bee-journals so far, and which
time only m.ay determine. For instance, will it
increase our output without lowering the
price? Wm. Russell.

Minnehaha Falls, Minn., Apr. 24.

[I think there can be no question but that
the new product will enable the beekeeperto
produce more and better comb honey— more,
because the bees will enter the sections quicker,
and better because the sections will be better
filled out. It may possibly reduce the price;
but I hardly think so. because the price is
already too low to leave much of a margin.
The effect will be to make more profit, and the
better-filled combs will tend to increase the
price if any thing. — Ed.]

FLIGHT OF BEES FOR HONEY.

Please tell me how I can get my bees to go
about 2}4 miles where there is abundance of
poison oak that afl'ords quite an amount of bee-
pasture, and do not wish to remove the hives
there. W. C. Myer.

Ashland, Or.

[I can not imagine why you should desire
your bees to find pasturage on the poison oak.
If the tree is poisonous in its character there
will be a great liability of its affecting the
honey, rendering it a source of danger to bees
as well as human beings. Usually bees will
not fly over a mile and a half; but they have
been known to go not only two miles and a
half, but even five and ten miles; but the latter
distance was across a body of water. Such
cases as these are exceedingly rare. Our bees
have gone two miles and a half; but when the
honey flora gave out within a mile or a mile
and a half they extended the distance a little
further until they reached the distance named.
You can generally set it down as a rule that,
when bees find plenty of forage within a mile
and a half, they will not go further. — Ed.]

I have a young queen a few days old. I see
no drones nor drone-cells. What must I do in
order to get her fertilized ? D. L. Perine,

Good Hope, W. V., Apr. 15.

[If there are other colonies in the vicinity,
there will be no trouble about the queen mat-
ing. There are always a few scattering drones
early in the season. — Ed.]

GLEANINGS IN IJEE CULTURE.

an

now TO PUKSKRVK MKAT WITH IIONKY.

Aft('r ihe pork is proporly smokod, take pure
hoiH'y (fall lioiiey will do) and litiiiofy It if can-
died, and stir in enough finely ground black
pepper to make it pretty thick; then with a
cloth or a cheap new paint-brush rub this noix-
ture ail over and well into the meat; then hang
in some cool dry place until wanted for use.
A wheat-granery is a good place. Try this and
see how sweet and nice the meat will be.

Nye. Ind. C. A. Bunch.

J. T. £., W. T'a.— You can remove the outside
frame, as you suggest, and put an empty comb
in the center of the brood-nest profitably now.

J. B., Minn. — Bees sometimes gather maple
sap; but as tne conditions favorable to the flow
of sap are not generally favorable to the flight
of bees, very little sap is gathered in this way.
The bees may gather honey from flax-blossoms.
They will gathor nectar from almost any flow-
ers in some seasons.

L. T., Out. — If your neighbors' bees rob yours
it indicates that your colonies are weak or your
entrances are too large. Contract the entranc-
es down so that only one bee can pass at a time;
and as the colony increases in strength, en-
large the entrance. For particulars, see '• Rob-
bing," in our ABC book.

J. M. S., Cal.— To get rid of ants, flud the
nest; and, with a crowbar, or stout pick, make
a hole in the center of the nest aoout a foot
deep. Then pour into it about five cents' worth
of bisulphide of carbon, and stop the hole up
tight at the top. This will kill all the ants.
For further particulars, see "Ants," in our A B
C of Bee Culture.

M. E. S.. Fla.—H is very seldom ttiat the
bees show a disinclination to go through a bee-
escape. Sometimes it may be advisable to give
them a little start with smoke. After they get
started going through they will pass into the
brood-nest below with a rush. Of course, if the
queen or brood should happen to be above In
the sections, that of itself would have a tenden-
cy to hold the bees above.

JR. L. S., K(in. — The idea that bees will injure
alfalfa is perfectly ridiculous. It is well known
by all those who know any thing about the fer-
tilization of flowers that bees, .so far from doing
any damage, are a positive benefit. We send
you a pamphlet on "Bees and Fruit" that
ought to settle the matter. If you hand it to
your neighbor we think it will convince him—
that is, if he is open to conviction.

A. R. D,()rc{}(>n.—\n your climate you can
probably introduce (jiieens at any time now.
The royal jelly referred to is a milky food that
is found in queen-cells. It is usually dipped out
by moans of a tiny wooden spoon, so to speak,
and deposited in cell -cups along with the egg
from which the queen is to be reared.

W. TI. W., Ky.— The, first thing to do is to
determine whether your hive is queenless. In
ord(M- to do ihis. put in a frame of unsealed lar-
vn> or eggs from one of your other colonies; and
if the bees build queen-cells then you may know
absolutely that they are queenless. If you have
no other colony from which yon can get eggs or
larvte, then look thiungli the hive two or three
times very carefully, and see if you can see the
queen. If you do not find her, it might pay you
to send and get a queen.

J. D. W., Md.— It is true that we speak of
sending larvie by mail for the purpose of rear-
ing queens; but it is not practicable to have
them go any great distance— -in fact, out of our
own State; Rnd even when sent to points with-
in the State, it has so often proved to be a fail-
ure that we have abandoned the practice. The
price at which untested queens are sold makes
it entirely unnecessary to send for larvic and
run the risk of raising queens. When you get
an untested queen you get entirely new stock,
and probably a queen that is fertilized by a pure
drone.

D. L. P., W. Va. — We would advise you to put
a frau:e of unsealed larvte or eggs from one of
your other colonies into the hive which you
think is queenless. You can not always be pos-
itive, at this time of year, whether a colony is
queenless or not; but by putting in the eggs or
larvci? you can determine the point by noting
whether they build queen-cells. Some drones
will doubtless be flying by the time your young
queen is ready to mate. If there is already a
queen in the colony which you think is queen-
less, putting in the larvie will do no harm, but
good. If no cells are built you will know there
is a queen in the colony.

W. O., Okla. — In answer to your question as
to whether bees will clear their own hives of
drones themselves, I would state that they will
not do so until after the honey season. Just as
soon as the honey-flow is stopped they will be-
gin killing off their drones. The modern bee-
keeper does not care to raise any drones unnec-
essarily, as they are consumers during the
honey-flow. By the use of comb foundation
there is nothing but worker-cells in the ordi-
nary comb; and the consequence is, there are
very few if any drones reared. It does not pay
to keep drone comb in the hive. If there is
any it should be cut out and replaced by work-
er. If the drones are already raised and in the
hive you can catch them in the Alley drone- trap
illustrated in our catalog.

378

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May 15.

gjIk^Vs^cpi; of '^-,
Qp^3taIJKooi)tair)

HE doctor and ± red im-
mediately hastened to
the cliff, the latter almost
flying up the terrace.
Upon the edge of that
tract of obsidian points
they found Alfaretta lying insensible if not
dead. The donkey was, sure enough, dead; in
his struggles upon those knife-like projections
he was litera'ly cut to pieces. Gimp had tried
to rescue Alfaretta, but had sustained only
severe cuts from those knife-like edges. Fred,
more methodical, secured a club and broke
down all intervening points: then, tenderly
lifting Alfaretta in his arms, he carried her to
a place of safety. When thrown from the
donkey she struck the obsidian points in such
a way as to break them off. Blood was flowing
profusely, and the doctor ordered her to be
borne to the cabin. A cot was sent for, and
she was carefully carried down the terrace to
her cabin.

The doctor, with the aid of the two squaws,
made an examination of the wounds, and found
nothing serious except that there was a piece
of obsidian driven firmly into the skull in the
parietal bone near the coronal suture.

The doctor explained to Fred that he dared
not just now remove it; " for," said he, "there
are certain conditions that may follow which
may result in death. But how did this all hap-
pen ? The donkeys have always kept at a
proper distance from those places."

Gimp, whose wounds had been carefully ban-
daged by Sam, gave the following explanation:
" Yer see, mister doctor, Alfaretta was a ridin'
that ere donkey jest as proud as ef she was the
queen of Sheber; and yer know that ere little
queen-rearin' row of hives on the heeltrope
terrace? Wal, the donkey tipped one over;
the bees want much cross, but one stung the
donkey's ear, and then he jest landed his heels
right an' left, an' jest run over an' kicked over
the hull row, Includin' them big swarms in the
center; then he seemed ter think that place
out amongst the glass knives a good place to
roll, and, accordin', he rolled; an', poor donkey !
he'll never roll any more; an', what's more,
I'm feared Alfaretta never'll ride any more.
D'y' think, doctor, she'll die? Doctor, she's
been gooder'n a sister ter me, even if they du
say her mind has sprung off the hinges."
"Gimp," said the doctor, "I hope she will

recover; and, though her life hangs by a slen-
der thread, we must hope on."

Then, after pacing up and down before the
cabin a few moments, he stopped, and, address-
ing Fred, said. "Fred, that piece of obsidian
must be removed, even if death follows. Come
with me."

Dr. Hayden prepared himself with the neces-
sary accessories, and proceeded to perform the
delicate operation. Fred was too excited to be
of any aid; but the two squaws were stoical
enough to correctly render the little aid the
doctor required. The scalp was turned back
from each side of the wound, and the piece of
glass-like substance was carefully removed
with a pair of pincers. A perceptible pallor
came over the doctor's face at the crucial mo-
ment; but a little later an expression of sur-
prise shone from his eyes; for, with the piece
of obsidian, there came a piece of the skull
about the size of a nickel. The doctor carefully
laid this to one side and proceeded to dress the
wound by first trepaning the skull. Alfaretta
began to show signs of reviving under this
operation, and a little chloroform was used to
complete the operation. As soon as the scalp
had been replaced and a few stitches taken,
the doctor left his patient in the hands of the
squaws: and, taking the small piece of skull in
hand, went out to where Fred was anxiously
waiting and pacing to and fro beneath the oak-
tree.

" See here, Fred," said he, holding the little
bone in his hand; "this piece of skull came
away in the operation."

"But. doctor," said Fred, in deep anxiety,
" what is to be the outcome ? "

" Wait a moment and I will tell you," replied
the doctor. " By a wonderful chance— no, I
will say providence— this obsidian splinter pen-
etrated Alfaretta's skull at the identical point
where she was injured by the spar striking her
head in San Pablo Bay. Now, see; this little
'^one, or granular formation, or bubble- like ex-
crescence, protruded and crowded against the
brain; and so wonderfully delicate is that
organ that the least displacement of some por-
tions of it causes trouble. In the case of Alfa-
retta it was so-called insanity. Now, further-
more, if I mistake not, when she revives she
will be a sane, sensible young lady."

" Doctor, I am overjoyed at what you tell me.
Alfaretta sane! I can hardly picture such a

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE

379

to her parents—
— to htT foster

future: and to return her thu
or — or — excuse, me, doctor
parents."'

" Yes," said the doctor. " It is hard for you to
realize that she should be any other than Miss
Buell; and whatever occurs. Fred, you must
not hint to her my relationship to her; for if
she does indeed recover, as I think she will, I
wish to make all these matters known to her
myself, and in my own way."

" Your admonition shall be respected," replied
Fred.

"And. Fred, there is another thing which
may seem strange to you; and upon this
point I will give you warning. When Alfaretta
returns to consciousness she will take up the
events of her life where she left them in San
Pablo Bay. Her life since that day will be a
blank, and she will have no memory of you or
any other person she has met
since."

"Is it possible?" exclaimed
Fred; "then 1 shall have to get
acquainted with her as though
she were a stranger."

"Yes. Fred; and if you have
inaulged in higher sentiments
toward her you will have to
renew them now to a sane per-
son; and. if I mistake not, to
win her will require talent. But,
come; Alamantapola is calling,
saying there is a change in the
patient."

They both hastened to the
cabin, and there was indeed a
change. Alfaretta was sitting
up in the cot. There was an in-
telligence in her every look as
she surveyed the group around
her.

"Where am I? oh! where am I?

(so inconsistent is Imman nature) began to wish
she were insane again.

Alfaretta began to regain streneth, and, after
many days' con linemen t to the cabin and to the
tender care of Alamantapola, she was permitted
to take short walks under the oaks. A ham-
mock had been slung in a convenient place,
and many hours she sat here, either reading or
In revery. Her appeals to those around her to
know about her people, and why they were not
with her, were put off under one pr> text and
another, but all bearing upon the point that
she was not strong enough.

" Why, F'red," said the doctor, " the revela-
tion that we have to make to her will require
all of her strength; in her weakened condition
it might prostrate her again; but now in a few
days I think she can bear it, and you can break
the matter to her as you see fit."

'the doctor proceeded to dress the wound.'

and she

grasped the clothing around her neck as if to
loosen it for better breathing. " Where am I,
and why am I left with these strange people'?
Where are my parents? Where are Mary,
Fanny, and William? Were my companions
drowned? Oh! that terrible moment! Oh!
where am I ? Take me to my home, to mother
and to father!"

"There, there!" said the doctor, soothingly,
as he observed her excitement. " You are with
friends, and many strange things have happen-
ed to you since the boat was capsized. Your
parents and friends are well, and you shall see
them all in good time; but now you are weak,
and must rest."

The doctor and Fred again left the cabin, the
doctor giving Alamantapola and the other
squaw instructions respecting the patient.

"That seems strange," said Fred. "After
following me, and taking such an interest in
finding me, she does not know me." And Fred

And so it came to pass that, one day while
Alfaretta was sitting under the oak-tree, Fred
sat down near her, and said:

"Miss Buell, it seems that you have no re-
membrance of meeting me previously to seeing
me in this valley ? "

" No. Mr. Anderson, I have no recollection of
meeting you."

" Do you remember living upon the Sacra-
mento River?" said Fred: " and do you remem-
ber seeing a bee-ranch on the blufT, where I
produced a nice lot of honey ? and then do you
remember the fearful flood that washed my
bees, Mat Hogan, and myself down the river?
and do you remember helping to rescue me,
and" —

" Why, Mr. Anderson," interrupted Alfaretta,
"what a fantastic story you are telling me! T
Med in Berkely with my parents; and, Mr.
Anderson, you must have some other person in
your mind; and," said she, with a little laugh,
" you are a romancer Indeed."

380

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May 15.

"Now, Miss Bucll,"said Fred, " If you will
tell me the date of the accident in San Pablo
Bay I will try to reveal what seems a mystery
to you, and why you are not with your parents."

" Let me think," saiti she; " vacation— ah,
yes! it was the 25th of September."

"What year?" askt-d Fred.

"Why, what a question, Mr. Anderson! you
are so puzzling!— this year, of course, 1887."

finally the cause of her recovery. She said not

a word during the recital, but sat in a stupor of

bewilderment.
"So strange!" said she, finally. "My poor

dear mamma!" said she; " how she must have

suffered ail these years! Let me go to her — let

me go now."
" You shall go in good time," said Fred; " but

Dr. Hayden thinks you are not strong enough
to take the journey."

"Hayden! Hayden!" said Al-
faretta. "Hayden! why! papa
had a cousin by that name; but
he was killed in South America
several years ago."

"That was a false report,"
said Fred; "this Dr. Hayden is
your kinsman, and you are in
safe hands. Be ijatient; all will
be well. Remember there is a
providence in all this. There is
a divinity that shapes our ends,
rough hew them as we may."

WHERE HAVE THOSE FIVE YEARS GONE?"

"Now, Miss Bue]l,you must not besurp.'ised;
but look at this almanac."

"What!— 1892!" she said, slowly: "impossi-
ble, sir," said she, severely; "are ycu deceiv
ing me? "

"How can that be. Miss Buell, when this
almanac speaks for itself? Take it and look it
over thoroughly. You observe there can be no
deception, but—"

"Five years! five years! O sir. how strange!
how very strange! Am I dreaming? am I
sane ? " And she gave way to tears, and, look-
ing at the almanac again, she said, brokenly.
" Where have those five years gone ? "

" Miss Buell, you surely are now in your
right mind; but for Ave years ana a half you
have been mildly insane."

Then Fred told her the story of the past five
years, as far as he knew it, and all the incidents
in which she had taken an active part, and

PREPARING COMB HONEY FOR
shipment; EXCELLENT SUG-
GESTIONS.

In regard to shipping honey,
are there not a few things to be
observed by the shippers that
have not been mentioned? One
is to mark crates, requesting
them to be loaded lengthwise of
the car, so the jar will come
against the edge of the combs.
Another is, when using small
crates nail two or more together
so they can not be tossed from
one man to another. There is
more freight injured in this than
in any other way while being
handled. A box of a conven-
ient shape, weighing less than 50 lbs., is fre-
qui-ntly tossed by local freight men. They
are paid by the trip, while men at regufar trans-
fer stations are paid by the day, and are not in
such haste, consequently do but very little
damage to freight. Trainmen are expected to
use particular care to avoid damage to goods
or property, and frequent occurrences of the
same aie regarded as incompetency on their
part; but they are obliged to judge principally
from the damage to property, for they can not
find liut so well about goods.
Reynoldsville, Pa. A. M. Applegate.

DISCOURAGING FOR FLORIDA.

Prospects here are for an almost absolute
failure of this season's noney crop. Bees are
in splendid condition, but the saw-palmetto is
putting on not much over a tenth as much
bloom as usual. O. O. Poppleton.

Stuart, Florida, April 7.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Wisconsin now has a good foul-brood law, and
N. E. France, of Platteville, Wis., is inspect-
or. It goes without saying that foul brood will
be cleaned out of Wlsiconsin, root and branch.

In our last issue, page 340, we inadvertently
said that anywhere from Sr)00() to SIO,()00 worth
of queens was sold in a single season in this
county alone. Of course, the general reader
will understand that we meant country.

We are having a large amount of fruit-bloom,
heavy rains, and lots of brood-rearing. In our
locality It looks as if the season would be two
or three weeks backward. Brood-rearing hav-
ing started a little later than usual, we shall
hope that basswood and clover will come on a
little later.

I CAN not see why there should be any acri-
mony shown over the fact that the new organi-
zation, the United States Bee-keepers' Union,
has a name similar to the National Bee-keep-
ers' Union. As every one knows, when the
constitution was drawn up it was with the
idea of amalgamation. As that was voted
down by the old organization, the new one had
to go under the name proposed for the two
amalgamated societies. Just as soon as there
can be a meeting I do not think there will be
any question but that the name will be chang-
ed; and, by the way, I do not see that there
needs to be any feeling of rivalry between the
two Unions. They have separate lines of work,
and to a large extent the members of one soci-
ety belong to the other.

THE CHARACTEK OF COMB FROM DRAWN FOUN-
DATION.

We are constantly experimenting with and
testing the new drawn foundation. The results
of the former experiments have been confirmed
in every case; namely, that the bees accept the
new product immediately, no matter whether
honey is coming in or not. In cases where or-
dinary foundation is gnawed into, the new
drawn article is accepted at once. We placed a
sample of it in the center of the brood-nest, be-
tween two dark combs. In a day or two its
whole character w&s completely changed. In-
stead of being of a pearly, transparent, polished
white, as it leaves the dies, it assumed a dingy-
yellow, opaque, roughened appearance, like the
comb around it. The surface of the walls had
been completely worked over, so they were as
thin as natural. There can be no question
about its utility in the hive; and its " charac-
ter " is made to conform almost identically to
comb made wholly by the bees. Except for the
flat base, which the bees do not change, the

fully completed comb, empty, could not bo dis-
tinguished from the natural-built comb made
by the bees without even the use of foundation.

WORK FOR THE NEW UNION; PURE FOOD LAWS
IN EVERY STATE.

Thk Board of Directors of the new Union, if
I am not very much mistaken, will recommend
that the organization devote its attention to
the enactment of pure-food laws in every State
of the Union. Of course, this work can not be
done in a day nor in a year, and perhaps not in
several years, and in some .States, perhaps,
never. It has been recommended that the or-
ganization commence first with Illinois. In
that State, more than in any other, there is
need of just such a law, as Chicago now seems
to be the center of glucose-mixing. If the U. S.
Bee-keepers' Union were to send C. P. Dadant
and J. A. Stone to Springfield, to buttonhole
the members of the Illinois Legislature, there
might be a good prospect of a law being enact-
ed in our favor. Both of the bee-keepers men-
tioned are strong and influential men, and I be-
lieve that Dadant, as a lobbyist, can stick and
hang like a tiger.

The salutary effect of a pure-food law in Illi-
nois would have its immediate effect in Chica-
go. The adulterators in that city know that
there is no law, so they can palm ofl' their vile
mixtures as much as they like. The effect of
the recent enactment of a pure-food law in Cal-
ifornia has been most gratifying to the friends
of pure honey. I have already announced that
glucose mixers have been arrested, and now, of
course, the rest will proceed very cautiously in
their nefarious business. There are already
good laws in Ohio and Michigan, as I happen
to know. There are doubtless other States
with good laws ; but in the great majority
there are no pure-food laws.

A BACTERIOLOGIST AND FOUL BROOD.

F. C. Harrison, Bacteriologist of the Ontario
Agricultural College, is about to make the sub-
ject of foul brood a special study. He has
written us for the privilege of consulting our
works here at Medina— a privilege which we
have most gladly accorded him. After acknow-
ledging his thanks he writes:

E. R. Boot:— I should be g-lad to make bacterio-
logrical examination for foul brood of any suspected
material that may be sent me, without charg-e, and
1 should be indebted to you to publish this fact in
your paper. My object in doing this istogret hold
of as much material, and from as widely different
sources, as possible. F. C. Harrison.

Guelph, Ont., Apr. 28.

Those of our readers who have foul brood in
their apiaries will, we hope, be kind enough to
forward specimens of the disease to Mr. Harri-
son. If they are doubtful as to its being real
foul brood, send a sample any way, and learn
what it is. The only regret is that Ontario,
with its splendidly equipped agricultural col-

382

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May 15.

lege, is not in the United States. But even if it
is not, I am sure we bee-keepers on this side of
the line will be very glad to assist in any way
in our power.

ARBITRATING DISPUTES BETWEEN COMMISSION
HOUSES AND BEE-KEEPERS.

A DIFFICULTY arose between one of our prom-
inent commission houses and a bee-keeper.
Both parties finally agreed to have the matter
arbitrated by the National Bee-keepers' Union.
All correspondence was submitted to General
Manager Newman, and by him turned over to
a board of arbitrators. Each arbitrator turned
in his own decision independently and without
the knowledge of what any of the other mem-
bers had decided or would decide. These deci-
sions were laid before the General Manager,
with the result that the commission house was
to pay the bee-keeper a difference of SIO.OO as
settlement. These three or four men, acting as
arbitrators, certainly could have no interest
one way or the other; and while the decisions
would probably please neither party exactly, it
is probably as nearly fair as any thing could be.

It strikes me that this method of settling dif-
ficulties between an honest commission house
and a bee-keeper equally honest is the way.
Very often I have been called upon to act as ar-
bitrator in disputes of this kind; and, no mat-
ter which way I have decided, I was sure to
merit the ill will of one of the parties; but
when a body of men reach a conclusion, and
unanimously decide upon a certain plan of set-
tlement, neither party has much ground for
feeling that he was not given fair treatment.

" BEE PIZEN."

General Manager Newman does not seem
to take it very kindly that the editor of the
American Bee Journal, Mr. York, should deem
his official acts and utterances as proper sub-
jects of criticism; and in replying to an edito-
rial on page 348 of the American Bee Journal
he uses some pretty harsh language. Refer-
ring to the present editor of the paper that he
himself once edited, he says: " If the writer in-
tended to bo honorable he would not attempt
to misinterpret the quotations from my report."
Other expressions, such as "bombastic," and
"contemptibly mean," are uncalled for when
directed at one who worked with him for years
in the same office — in the same harness, as it
were— striving to make the "Old Reliable" the
good paper that it was. In another bee-paper
Mr. Newman refers to the publishers of the
Bee-keepers' Review and of this journal as the
" worst enemies " of the pursuit of bee- keeping
—one for one offense, and one for another.

I remember of once hearing Mr. Newman at
a convention recess say that he often found it
necessary to withdraw the " stings " from cer-
tain articles that were sent in to him for pub-

lication, as he thought it was unwise and un-
necessary to wound; that argument courteous-
ly given was more effective. His policy was a
good one, and is practiced by many a wise ed-
itor. Now that he is out of the editorial har-
ness of the American Bee Journal, it seems to
me he has forgotten himself. The /orce of his
articles would have been very much greater if
he had pulled out the stings rather than to
have sent them as they were for publication,
bristling with "bee pizen." Such violence of
language quite defeats its end, and I am sur-
prised that Mr. Newman should not see it so.

PETTIT'S new system of PRODUCING COMB

honey; experiments at the ONTARIO

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

On pages 51 and 160 we have published arti-
cles relating to Pettit's new system of produc-
ing comb honey, or, rather, a method by which
the outside surfaces of the two rows of sections
next to the super sides may be filled out as well
as the surfaces in the center of the super. Ex-
perimenter R. F. Holtermann, in the Twen-
ty-second Annual Report of the Ontario Ag-
ricultural College, says: "Comb-honey pro-
ducers know that, with rare exceptions, in the
comb-honey supers now used, sections having
their faces to the wood are filled last, and the
inner sections have to be left capped and fin-
ished on the hive, waiting for the bees to finish
the surface of the sections joining the wood."

The idea of S. T. Pettit, of Belmont, Ont., al-
ready outlined in these columns, was made the
subject of an elaborate experiment last sum-
mer at the Ontario College. The main objects
in the experiment, which I give in the lan-
guage of the experimenter, are thus set forth:

1st. To compare the number and size of pop-holes
in the sections of supers with the bee-space above
and those without. Those without had a quilt next
the sections; those with, had a board with ;^-incb
hee-space over the super, between the board and
the sections.

2d. To compare comb honey having- the face of
the last sections and wood sides of supers separated
by only the usual one bee-space, and those having-
two or more bee-spaces. The two or more bee-spaces
were secured by means of dividers of different
construction. Some were of solid boards with holes
bored in them. Others were made of strips. The
bee-space used was Ji inch in every case, and it is
very important that this should be exact.

Following is the result of the worls of seven col-
onies with cloth and no bee-space over the sections.
Hive No. 1— An average percentage of pop-holes.
Hive No. 3— Same as number one.
Hive No. 3— Pop-holes slightly more numerous than

the averagp.
Hive No. 4— Rather better than preceding supers.
Hive No. 6— Althougli sections were particularly
well filled, the pop-holes were remarkably numer-
ous.
Hive No 6— A still larger percentage of pop-holes in

the corners both at top and bottom.
Hive No. 7— About the same as No 6.

The result of experiments with i^-inch bee-space
over the sections, nine colonies in the group, is as
follows:
Hive No. 1-— About 10 per cent fewer pop-holes than

the average of the above.
Hives Nos. 3 and 3— Same as number one.
Hives Nos. 4, 5, and 6— About 7 per cent fewer pop-
holes than the average of above.
Hive No. 7— Still fewer pop-holes.

GLEANINGS IN liEE CULTURE.

Hives Nos. s iiini ".i-A very rteoided advar.tajre over
no beo-i'scape.

Hivo No. 10 -About the same as the average of
those havinjr no space above.

Nos 11 to It) showed a smaller percentage of pop-
holes.

OKNEHAL HEMARKS.

One fact was very conspicuous, viz., that the pop-
holes in sei-tions with .!j-inch bee-escape were small-
er than in those wit liont. Tliis re|ioit tallies with
results olitaineil ffoiii experiments coiulucleil in
previous years. l)ut not before reported. The prol)-
able reason for there being: fewer and smaller poj)-
lioles with the bee-spact' above the sections, is, that
the bees appear to require a space to pass from sec-
tion to section, and a bee-space above facilitates
this passage.

The result of the e.\-i)erinient with two or more
bee-spaces between the side of the super and the
face of the section ne.xt the side, is as follows:

Two bee-spaces and divider at one side of the su-
per and only one bee-space at the other.
Hive No 1— The outside of sections with the two
; bee-spaces and divider were better finished and

cleaner than tlie side with only one.
Hives Nos. 2 and 3— Same as number one.
Hives Nos. 4 and 5— No perceptible difference as to
► finish of comb, but the sections were cleaner.
Hive No. 6— A difference in favor of the two bee-

spiices.
Hive No T— A marked difference in favor of the two

bee-spaces.
Hive No. 8— The side with two bee-spaces decidedly
i jcleaner and better finished.

Hives Nos. P and 10— Two bee-spaces on each side of
Gthe super, both sides clean and perfect.

The dividers were differently constructed. One
set had holes bored fg inch in diameter and 3% inches
wide, and material was i inch thick. The other set
were made of strips the entire width of the divider,
SJi inches, and seven strips Is inch wide with ,'4 -inch
spaces between. The dividers with the holes gave
the best satisfaction. With the strips there were
more burr-combs and the comb opi osite the space
between tlie strips was ridged, giving the entire
section a ribbed and uneven appearance, a modifica-
tion of what we find in the common washboard.
Five other hives were supplied with two sjjaces on
one side and one on the other. In three there was
no marked difference; in the other two there was a
difference in favor of the two bee-spaces. Two
hives were provided with qucf n-excluding metal as
dividers. The result was as good as with any other
divider: but owing to the limber and pliable nature
of the zinc and the importance of having the bee-
space neither more nor less than H inch, we would
not recommend this material.

The results of the above test and those obtained
from other hives in the apiars', show a marked dif-
ference in favor of the two bee-spaces. The reason
would appear to be that, with two bee spaces, the
extra layer of bees on the outside keeps up day and
night the normal heat necessary for comb-building
and capping. With more than the regular bee-
space and no divider, the bees would, as is well
known, extend the comb until, before the point of
capping is reached, the space would be reduced to
the regular size. Several tests were made compar-
ing a still larger number of bee-spaces and dividers,
but no additional advantage was shown, and pos-
sibly they furnished too much loaflng-space for the
bees. The one divider and two bee-spaces, during
the past se;ison, showed a great advantage in this
method of taking comb honey.

Engravings from photos reproduced show a
marked difference in favor of the Pettit system.
These I would reproduce here; but for lack of
time I bring it before our readers at this time,
as^just DOW is the time to tix up supers in order
that the experiment may be tested.

By the old plan these outside rows of sections
had to be sold at a considerably lower price;
and the little expense^uecessary to make this
experiment is so trifling that every comb-honey
producer can well afford to try it, as it can be
adapted to any hive or super.

In brief, Mr. Pettit's- system is a scheme to

get the bees to seek the sides and ends of the
hives after they come in loaded with honey,
rather than to crawl up throtigh the center of
the brood-nest, thence into the center of the
super. By dispensing with one row of sections
Mr. Pettit uses a divider or separator perfo-
rated and bee- spaced on both sides, between
the outside rows and the sides of the super. As
there is only a bee-space on each side of this
divider, bees will not utilize this room for
building comb; but there will be a double row
of bees here on each side. The consequence is,
additional warmth is secured— at least, enough
it is said to make it eqtial to the center of the
super. This extra warmth, and the fact that
the bees find it easier to seek the sides of the
hive than the center, induces them to fill all
the sections simultaneously, and to make the
outside faces of the combs of the outside row
of sections as perfect and as nice as those of
the center comb.

Although theoretically, at least, this scheme
of Mr. Pettit's seems to be good, and although
it has worked well in his hands and at the ex-
periment station, Ontario, it may not prove to
be equally successful with bee-keepers at large;
but nowadays, in consideration of the low price
of honey, we should all grasp at every idea
that promises to give us more and better honey.

EXPERIMENT IN WINTERING.

This experiment related to the advantage of
having a horizontal open space through the
center of the brood-nest during the winter so
that, when the cluster contracts by reason of
the cold.it could draw, up toward the center.
The experiment seems to show that a divisible
brood-nest with a horizontal space between the
two sets of frames allowed the bees to contract
to better advantage than in a deep brood-nest
made up of one set of frames. Mr. Holtermann
calls attention to the fact that "as long as
many bees are together they do not easily chill;
but when one or more become separated they
soon chill and perish. The natural direction
for the bees to travel when the cluster con-
tracts is toward its center; and it will be found
that the bees which, by contraction, become
detached from the main body of the cluster,
perish, owing to their inability to travel around
the top and bottom of the combs. With a 14-
mch space between the two sets of combs the
swarm can expand or contract without break-
ing the cluster, the bees passing between the
two sets of frames."

Mr. Holtermann states that "an experiment
will be made during the winter of 1896-'97 to
test the value of winter-passages cut in ordina-
ry combs." The experiment has now probably
been made, and the results determined, but not
yet published. Mr. Holtermann expresses him-
self as believing that " if these passages prove
as advantageous as the space in the two sets
of frames, they will be much more desirable."

3S4

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May 15.

MEDICINES FREE OF CHARGE; ELECTRO -
POISE ; THE AIR-SHIP, ETC.

Doubtless many of you, at least if you read
the advertisements, have noticed the great
number of remedies that are sent absolutely
free, postage paid and all. The quantity sent
is only a sample, of course, so you may see the
thing really has virtue. When I first saw it I
said to myself, " Why, it certainly must have
something of real merit or they could never
afford to send it free of charge and pay postage
besides."

But to make sure of the thing I sent for a
sample. The first was the wonderful " kakava."
The sample received looked like dried bark or
leaves of some plant. The taste of the "tea"
prepared from it reminded me at once of War-
ner's Safe Cure. No doubt it is a preparation
from the same plant. I once took about a
dozen bottles of the Safe Cure, as you may
remember. This kakava was warranted to
have a wonderful effect on the kidneys. It
would " save the trouble of getting up several
times during the night," etc. I was very
anxious to have the medicine succeed, and I
certainly had a great amount of faith. Now
may God help me to advise wisely and carefully
in regard to this matter of medicines for many
infirmities.

Along with the sample came, free of charge,
a little box of pills. There were a dozen or
more. In order to have the root do its best, the
patient was to take a pill every night. I took
the pill, as a matter of course. I had been
troubled with constipation, as most people are
who are on the lean-meat diet. The pills were
certainly very good ones— that is, they were
the pleasantest and mildest physic I think I
ever found, and, as a matter of course, they
made me feel better. The pills certainly gave
at least temporary relief; but the kakava root
without the pills, I honestly believe, had no
effect one way or the other. Perhaps I ought
to be ashamed of myself to grumble or find
fault when the medicine was furnished free o^'
charge, postage-stamps and all. I am not going
to complain; in fact, I have sent them enoug'u
to pay for the medicine and the postage, be-
cause I do not want the remedy for nothing.
You may say, " Why not keep on with their
medicine, and why not take the physic?"
Because I am sure God did not intend that his
creatures should force Nature to do her work
by the use of physic.

Apples are even now quite plentiful around
Medina. Farmers have been bringing in
some very tine ones at prices ranging from 25
to 50 cts. a bushel; and there are a few apples
in the market at that price even now, this 6th
day of May. All along during the spring, I
thought of the apples I enjoyed so much from
our own trees last fall, and tried repeatedly
those offered for sale this spring. Either I am
different or the apples are different, I am forced
to conclude, for they did not " set " well. They
made me think of the Irishman who had just
eaten his first peaches. He said he liked the
flavor of the fruit very well, but the "seeds"
lay rather heavy on his stomach. You see the
poor fellow had swallowed stones and all. not
having seen peaches in the old country. Well,
a few days ago a boy drove up with some re-
markably fine apples, and asked me if I did not
want some Belmonts.

" Belmonts ? " said I in surprise. " Why, my
dear young friend, the Belmont is a fall apple."

"Yes, I know; but these were kept in cold
storage. We just took them out to-day."

He then handed me one. Now, you would
all think me foolish if I should tell you just

how much I enjoyed those Belmont apples.* I
«t,e one, then another, and then a third one,
then waited to see what Nature said. Why,
they were so mellow and rich and delicious I
could not believe for a moment they would dis-
tress me, and they didn't. In the afternoon I
ate three more. The next day I ate half a
dozen in the forenoon and half a dozen in the
afternoon. Then I ate all I wanted as long as
they lasied. Now, please do not call me such
names as some of you called my good friend
Terry when he ate so many strawberries.
Nature was calling for just what my digestive
apparatus and physical system in general lack-
ed; and when she got hold of the thing she
craved she just in her own way said so, and
said, as well as she knew how, "Pass it along,
a good lot of it." The constipation let up at
once. Every thing got into natural channels,
and I felt like swinging my hat and giving a
big hurrah, and then using my muscles for
chopping wood or doing something useful.
Now then:

God did not intend us to use pills, but he did
intend that we should select tender, luscious
fruit, and that we should use enough of it to
induce Nature to perform her appointed work
with regularity and thoroughness. Since the
Belmonts are gone I have tried greenings, Bald-
wins, russets, Ben Davis, and other apples that
we are likely to find in the spring, but all of
them proved to be more or less indigestible.
They are something like the Irishman's peach-
stones.

The cold-storage building where these apples
were kept is in Wellington, Ohio. The apples
were worth 15 or 20 cts. a bushel when stored
last fall; but they sell now readily at 50 cts. a
bushel, and we retail them on the wagon at
about 75 cts. Here is an opening for fruit-
growers, and here is a hint, too, for those who
are in pursuit of health. I have furnished this
same kind of apple to my friends and relatives
who have been unable to eat ordinary apples,
and their verdict is just like mine. Let^us now
go back to free samples of medicine.

1 answered another advertisement, and got a
bottle of liquid (postpaid) that tasted to me
exactly like brandy and good honey shaken
together. Please do not lose your respect for
Uncle Amos if he tells you he found it a very
nice medicine to take. Along with the medi-
cine came a free box of something to put on
chapped hands or sore feet. I found the latter
very good; but the medicine, I feel quite sure,
had no effect, one way or the other. If this be
true, how, then, is it possible for these people
to continue furnishins free samples, yes, and
filling our periodical* with expensive advertise-
ments. that thev may be permitted to furnish

* The Belmont apple is the same thing, I believe,
that is known in many localities as the"Gat«s"
apple: and it is also very similar to what we used to
call in my childhood the Golden Pippin. These lat-
ter I can remember in my grandfather's orchard.
Their special characteristic was a peculiar honey
sweetness just about the blossom end; and we
children used to think so much of them when they
were fully ripe that we devoured them core and all.
How well" I remember of going down ceUar on a
winter evening to get some Golden Pippins ! Some-
times the tallow candle, held by unsteady juvenile
hands, let a drop of melted grease fall on the Pip-
pins. But that did not spoil them for the juvenile
taste and appetite. Since I have grown to manhood
I have procured trees and grafts of the old Golden
Pippins; but of late years they are affected by a pe-
culiar rotting at the core. The Gates (or Belmont)
apples do not seem to have this infirmity; but I
hardly think they are equal to the Golden Pippin.
There is still another apple that, when grown to .
perfection, reminds me of that old Golden Pippin.
It is the Vandevere.

1897

CLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

thiir siutT f n o of cliargo.aiid ijustpuid l)t'sides'?
Wlitti is tlio I'xplanation of this? Both tiruis I
have iiKMiiioiu'd are quoied as being worth
many thousands of dollars. They are prompt
and stralgin in their bnsiness. What Is the
secret of all this? How can they atTord to
throw away their money in this way? Why, I
will tell you. If you like the medicine, and
want soriie, it i> ^^J.OO a bottle, or two buttle? for
WOO. If yon buy four bottles at one time they
will pay the express charges to any place in
the United States. They may have to give
away a good many samplos free without getting
any thing for them; but once in a while a cus-
tomer thinks he is benefited, or gets better from
some cause or other, and keeps'on buying. A
friend of mine told me her father had used
some eighteen or twenty bottles. He at tirst
thought it was doing him .wod, but finally
decided he was not sure it had any elTect what-
ever. It is the old Eleciropoise business over
again.

Take the people at large, and you will find
certain impressible natures that imagine they
are benefited, and hand over their money. Yes,
there is a (jrcat (irniy of people, perhaps, scat-
tered through our country who stoutly insist
they are greatly benefited by a humbug toy
hitched to their ankles by a piece of wire. In
fact, some of them are oflfended if you even
suggest the thing has no virtue.

Providentially I have been furnished with a
most overwhelming proof of the truth of my
position. You have all heard more or less
about the air-ship. May be some of the readers
of Gleanings have seen it. If you have, please
write and tell me about it. There certainly is
an air ship sailing about the country over our
cities and villages at night time, for dozens of
people have seen it and are seeing it every day.
Their testimony is just as plain and conclusive
as that of those who use Electropoisr — yes,
even more so. If you have been reading the
papers you have sein the testimonials, with
name, place of residence, etc., signed to it.
Now, the air-ship has done us some good, and
it is doing good. It demonsiraies that, without
question, there is this queer phase in humanity.
It is scattered all about; it may be in your
next door neighbor; in fact, you yourself may
be one of the victims. Medical mpn and sci-
entists had long susnected it. Electropoise
confirmed this supposition. Why, bless your
heart, the proprietors claim to have testimoni-
als from a hundred ministers of the gospel, and
religious periodicals all seem ready, or at least
nearly all, to accept their silly advertisements.
I have not yet learned that any ministers of
the gospel have seen the air-ship. God forbid!
This talk n^eds a brief summary. The sum-
mary is this:

Be careful, dear friend, how you let your
imagination lead you into paying out good
money for some worthless medicine or other
trap that some worthless and swindling concern
may try to push off on to you. Furthermore,
be careful how you even accept samples that
are furnished you free of charge. These men
know what humanity is made of, and they are
not wasting their postage-stamps or throwing
away their money in this or any other way, you
may be sure.

The people who declare they have seen the
air-ship are honest, or a great part of them are
honest, no doubt— at least we wiH try to believe
they are so. Almost every town or village in
our broad land furnishes one or more of these
peculiar impressible people: and when the air-
ship. Electropoise, or a certain patent medicine
is talked about these are ready to give their
testimony.

Before reaching Prescott we came down out
of the mountains acros-; quite a long level plain.
This plain is called Lonesome Valley, and no
wonder — not a tree, not a human habitation,
not any thing except the grt-at mountains away
off in the distance. Friind Jordan told me
some experiments had been made, and they
felt pretiy sure that sugar beets could be grown
in that "' lonesome " valley. They have a little
rain along the latter part of the winter; and
this rain, it Is said, is suflicient to cause the
seed to germinate; and after the plants once
get down into the desert soil they will mature
a crop of beets large enough, and of the best
per cent of sugar, without any later rain.

There is one station in the middle of Lone-
some Valley. It is called Davis; but instead of
being a town or village there is not a building
of any sort— not even a coalhouse. All you can
see is some lumber - piles. This lumber is
brought in from a sawmill away up in the
mountains, too far away to be in sight. Je-
rome Junction has two or three buildings. Be-
tween this point and Prescott there is some
very fine scenery, but none to compare with
that further along. Although the turns in the
railway are not quite as stiarp as near Jerome,
the scenery is grand and beautiful. Great
rocks shoot up like needles. All you have to
do is to fix your eyes on these and then watch
and see how the train curves in and out around
the mountains. Great mountain peaks rise up
in their grandeur, and the railway seems to
hover around them for an hour or two almost
as if it were loath to break away from their
awful presence. There was one round-topped
peak that it seemed to me was in view a great
part 01 the day. The turnings in and out,
horseshoe within a horseshoe, as I described in
my last, were incessant. As the weather was
mild I spent the greater part of the lime on the
platform at the rear of the train, drinking in
the wonderful scenery before me. Skull Valley
I have casually mentioned before. It is so
named, I presume, because of the great number
of skulls and skeletons of cattle scattered
for miles around. I suppose this was caused
during some season when the usual amount of
rain was lacking, and the vegetation of the
whole country was scorched and burned up by
the terrible Arizona heat. But when we got
several n lies away from Skull Valley, down
toward Kirkland, we found what is called a
"cienega." This is a piece of land where
Nature has worked out sub irrigation, and it is
just about as nicely fixed as our folks at the
Experiment Station at Wooster have it in their
greenhouses. It is caused by a valley or de-
pression with an Impervious subsoil, so that
the water stands so near the surface of the
ground that the roots of plants or farming
crops will go down into it; and with the intense
heat every thing just thrives wonderfully with-
out any assistance from rain. Such tracts are
found at different points all through California,
and occasionally in Arizona. At one point near
Tempe the ground became so wet from frequent
irrigation that water stood on it the year
round, and no crops could be raised until some
deep canals were cut through to let off the sur-
plus. This surplus was used for irrigating
other grounds at a lower level. I climbed down
into one of these canals, and saw the water
coming out of the gravel like a beautiful spring.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE

May 15.

A little further down below this cienega a
river takes its soui-ce. The name of this river
is the Hassayampa. I presume this is an In-
dian name. Most of the mountains rivers, and
even towns in this locality, are called by Indian
names, and 1 am glad of it too— if for nothing
else, to keep in memory the existence of the red
man. Well, ihere is an ancient Indian tradi-
tion that whosoever drinks of the Hassayampa
River can never tell the truth again afterward.
Some of my friends cautioned me, and declared
that they had known people who had drank of
this water who could not tell the truth, even
when they tried to; and I am really afraid I
have seen a few people affected this way who
never even saw the beautiful Hassayampa.
Now, I pledge my word and honor, dear read-
ers, that I did not taste a drop of that magical
water. I stood on the car platform and watch-
ed the river in its windings; admired the gor-
geously painted cliffs and beautiful scenery all
along its tortuous course; but I did not drink
any, because 1 did not have a chance.

In passing through these deserts and over
these mountains, for the most part so uninhab-
ited, one begins to wonder if people can really
live and be happy amid such wastes; but when
it comes dinner time, and the train slows up
beside some unpretentious building or dining-
station, you look about you in surprise to see a
well-spread table, with roast turkey, and veg-
etables and fruits to match, almost in keeping
with a city restaurant. Yes, there are neatly
dressed obliging women to wait on you besides,
and the price of the dinner is not extravagant
either.

I was so much interested in the wonderful
things about Jerome a good many told me I
would have to visit Congress; but I decided
that one gold-mining town was enough for me.
I was considerably interested, however, in a
white-looking village otT from the railroad a
piece, up in a mountain canyon, which I was
told was called Fools Gulch. It puzzled me at
first to know whether it was really a village or
a cluster of wigwams made of cotton sheeting.
I am told they have there all sorts of dwellings
unless, may be, it is a three-story brick. The
houses are of all sorts and sizes, but they are
mostly made of cotton cloth. Even the " Grand
Hotel" has no cover, or walls either, thicker or
more expensive than sheeting.

All around in this locality the one topic is
mining. A man got on the train at a little
station. As he was a resident of the vicinity I
asked him some questions, and the subject of
bees came up. He said his business was that
of recovering gold from the ores by what is
called the "cyanide" process. I believe he had
an invention along that line. He said when he
iirst built his vats in the open air, to hold the
cyanide solution, the wild bees came in great
numbers to the vats because the vats made
such a convenient place for drink. In the des-
ert, bees go miles for water. The cyanide, as
you know, is a deadly poison. Said he: r l rzzi
n'*Now, stranger, you may not believe it; but
when I saw I was going to poison all the bees
in the country I felt a good deal troubled.
Pretty soon, however, they seemed to 'catch
on 'to the fact that everyone of their com-
rades that drank at those vats soon turned up
his toes. In my work I have just one vat of
pure water, and the bees in a very few days
abandoned the cyanide-vats entirely, and now
they drink regularly, thousands of them, at
the vat containing pure water, and nowhere
else."

Now, you need not suggest that this man
had been drinking of the waters of that en-
chanted stream. I think he told the truth, but

I rather suspect his deductions were not exact-
ly correct. The bees probably discovered that
cyanide is not very palatable, and so settled
down finally to the vat of pure water, just as
they choose a drinking place where salt water
is furnished, rather than the other kind.

At just about sundown the train drew uprat
the station of Phoi'nix. I pumped up my wheel,
and was soon flying over the limestone road
where I started out before daylight just two
weeks before that. My brother's folks were re-
joiced to see me, tanned up like an Indian.
The allotted time for my vacation was up, and
I very soon hustled back to old Medina, arriv-
ing exactly in the middle of January, and you
know how it turned out.

Our Homes.

Inasmuch as ye did it not to one of the least of
these, ye did it not to me.— Matt. ^5:45.

Dear friends, I suppose you have all read
more or less in the papers in regard to the
starving millions in India. Yes, it is millions
who will doubtless starve unless they have aid.
There are some people who will say, I presume,
" Well, what is that to us ? " " We have all we
can do to take care of our own people," etc.
But here lies the difference between Christian-
ity and no Christianity. The gospel of Christ
Jesus admonishes us to love our neighbor as
ourself ; and it further teaches us by that beau-
tiful parable that our neighbor is anybody who
is in want — starving, if you choose. Even
though he may be on the opposite side of the
globe, he is our neighbor still. It has been es-
timated, and generally published, that a dollar
of our money will, as a rule, carry one of those
starving people through the season so as to
save his life, in all probability. There are
something like three and a half millions who
will be likely to starve unless they have help.
Three and a half millions of dollars would save
them. That is an awful big sum to send away
to starving heathen, as some term it, I know;
but we have single individuals in this country
who alone are worth enough; at least they
have control of sufficient funds to do the work.
I can not refrain from adding, "More's the
pity." This expression may not be good gram-
mar, and it may be slangy, but it expresses the
matter. From my point of view it does not
seem as if one person ought to control such an
amount of money. Never mind; we are not
going to discuss political economy or social
economy just now. Let us give nourishment to
the starving millions, and settle the other ques-
tions afterward. Of course, we are not called
upon to perform impossibilities. We are x\oz
expected to starve or neglect our own children
in the effort to feed those in that far-off coun-
try; but it does seem to me that God calls on
each and every one of us to be careful about
extravagance and luxury.* In our town it is
quite fashionable to have various kinds of
socials and clubs and gatherings in the eve-
ning, and they have expensive suppers and
banquets. I have never attended more than
one or two of these. In Rootville we all have
a good supper at home, every night the year
round, and I always thank God for my part of
it, not only iq words when I ask a blessing at

* Since the above was in tj'pe I have fmind Mie
fdllowinp ill a recent number of the Chicagro Ad-
vanre: "In viow of the woes and adversities of the
poor, no condemnation can be too severe for those
rich men who make needless ostentation of their
wealth, no matter how honestly gained."

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

387

the table, but from the bottom of my heart. 1
iim well and strong now, and enjoy my daily
food; Init 1 do think it is \vicl<ed to get up ex-
pensive suppers, and more wicked siill to par-
take of them after we have had a good one at
home. I would save the money that these
suppers cost, and give it to starving India.
Why. one's canscicncc ought to keep him awake
nights, even if the unwholesome food at an un-
seasonable hour does not do it. The saddest
part of tills whole foolish fashion or craze Is
that it is mostly done by Cliristuin jjcaple.
Yes. our churches— a great part of them— seem
to encourage and foster this feeding of people
who have already been well fed. The laws of
health and the laws of God should protest
against it.

Now, this is only nnc of the things that occur
to m>^ that we might cut off in order to save
suffering and avoid the loss of life. There are
things we do not need— things we should be
better off without— that most of us are paying
money for. We profess to be followers of Christ
Jesus; and in our text he himself makes the
startling statement that wh^n we are leaving
these people to suffer and die for want of food
we are leaving him to suffer and die. Human-
ity nailed him to the cross, even after he left
his heavenly home, and came to save a suffer-
ing and sinful world. We of this age claim we
have nothing to do with this act of his cruci-
fixion; but if we leave these people to starve
while we are ruining our health in consequence
of the great plenty around and in our homes
we are neglecting and ignoring the very first
principles of Christianity. Our own govern-
ment, in a Christianlike manner, has agreed to
move 4000 tons of corn or other food from New
York to India, free of charge; and this makes
me feel glad, because in it there is a glimpse
that, with all our faults, we are in some re-
spects a Christian nation. The Christian Her-
ald. 160 Bible House. New York, seems to be
pushing this matter with more vigor than any-
body else. T. Dewitt Talmage is in the field,
and seems to be taking the lead, and appeals
are coming through all the papers.

And now, dear friends, for humanity's sake
and for Christ's sake shall we not each and all
of us look about us and see what we can spare,
and that, too, without very seriously depriving
ourselves, that we may help ju>t a little poor
famine stricken India? A human life for only
one dollar, or a dollar's worth of something you
have to spare!

And that is not all. Jesus' ministry was not
altogether preaching. He healed the sick and
fed the hungry. America has the greatest op-
. portunity to heal the sick and feod the hungry,
perhaps, she ever enjoyed. Corn and other
food supplies are in such great abundance that
the prices offered hardly pay the cost of produc-
tion. Our missionaries are on hand already
organized, and prepared to feed the starving.
There is an opportunity before them such as the
world never saw before to gain the confidence of
the heathen, to glorify the God of our fathers.
and to proclaim the gospel of Jesus Christ to
all these Ignorant and bf^nighted people. A
few days ago Rev. W. E. Rambo was h<^re on a
visit from the famine-stricken region. He look-
ed over my high-pressure gardening, and said
something like this:

"Mr. Root, your high-pressure gardening is
the thing of all things that Is needed In India
to ward off the«e terrible famines. If these
people knew— if they were once taught — how
much good nourlshine food can be grown on a
little patch of ground, our famines would be
ended. They need to have reservoirs to store
up the water in time of floods. They need

irrigating-canals to spread the water over the
ground. They need to be taught intensive
gardening."

Now. these people have been backward in
accepting our teaching's. In China they tore
up their one railroad and demolished the loco-
motives, and, if I am correct, these very loco-
motives might have saved most of them from
starving a few months later on Now is our
opportunity to teach and [yreach successfully.
That you may not think I am talking about
something that does not come within the prov-
ince of bee-keepers, permit me to submit the
letter below from a constant reader of Glkan-

INGS:

A LETTER FROM A READER IN STARVING INDIA.

Gleanings has been sent to me for years. I can
not forbear writing you a few words as to the sad
times that liave fallen on India in these last days.
Plague on the west of the peninsula and famine over
at least one-third of this empire of 300 millions.
The plague has done no such damage to life as the
famine, but it has caused untold damage to busi-
ness, and has carried away about 1,5,000 lives.
Three-fourths of all the cases that have been smit-
ten with the disease have died, and all medical
skill seems so far of little use. By famine, already
in the last few months about 200,000 have perished
of hunger, and at Ihe present time about three and
a quarter millions of persons are being fed on fam-
ine-relief funds. Of these, one in five is in a state
of helple'^sness, and is in what are termed hospital
camps. The famine is not at its worst, in these
parts; but the distress is now closing down on the
poor, and the next few months are full of dread for
thousands about us. We are in a forest part of the
country, and the forest produce has kept the people
on a kind of food, that answers for the time, some
six months longer than the people in the open
countiy could pull on ''or. Now, even this is fast
coming to an end. I>.^iiy in the villages about us
are now living on exactly what the wild swine do-
that is, on roots, wild yams, berries, flowers, herbs,
etc.

Recently I felt that I could not rarry to do some-
thing for the poor near by, and so, on a village that
I secured for the mission a few years back, I mark-
ed out some work in the .shape of a dam for the stor-
age of water when the rain comes, and gave a lot of
the poor work at very low rates— $1.00 per 1000 c. ft.
1 had no funds; but a friend lent me some, aud
about 100 people are at work. They represent fami-
lies that number perhaps ,500 souls. The work will
give about $1000 in work, and help to pull through,
to the time of the expected rains, 1000 souls. We
get our regular rains in June; and the thought that
rain may not come then is too terrible to contem-
plate.

All the seed grain has been eaten up; and when
rain comes the condition of the people is one of
great helplessness. They must b,' helped then.
When I saw your note to-day 1 tliought thai some of
the bee-men of America might be moved with pity
for the distressed of this land, and tliat you might
put some note in your journal that would give them
a chance to send them something through you. It
may seem incredible, but millions will not get one
dollar's worth of food per i)erson in the next three
months, and yet will live; $.500 will help us to keep
.500 souls here out of tie reach of starvation for the
next three months.

T have read for years in Gleanings what leads me
to think that you are Cliristian men, and thus dare
to hope that tiiis plea for the poor heathen of India
will not fall on unsympathetic ears, though this
writer be an utter stranger.

1 have been over ,'iO years a Methodist missionary
here in India, and expect to spend all my remaining
days Iiere in the Master's work.

I am an Illinoisian by birth, and all my people
still live near Bloomington. 111. My family are at
present in Wheaton, 111. My wife left India, broken
down, in '94, and 1 expect her and the children
back here this year. If you wish an- referenre to
satisfy you as to who I am, I will refer you to Rich-
ard Grant, Esq., 181 Hud.son Street, New York, or
Anderson Fowler, Esq., Produce Exchange. New
York. Twenty years have 1 given to the Lord's
work in this land, without salary from any mission-
ary society. I have trusted the Lord and his peo-

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May 15.

pie, and what the Lord has sent me; and what I
have been able to earn has supported me and mine,
and a great deal of work for the Lord. To this sort
of work and life my wife and I are pledged.

In closing-, let me ask you to continue Gleanings.
And if the Lord move your sympathies on behalf of
the suffering- here, I hope you will speak the word
to your friends through your journal, and pray that
some help may come through you to the suffering
here. lam not in. need, nor are my Christians; but
the poor heathen, who know not God to cry to, fteed
your prayers and sympathy. God is full of mercy,
and these famine and plague voices are his, and as
full of mercy as any ever sent to the perishing.

C. B. Ward.

Yellandu, Nizam's Dominions, India, Mar. 25.

Let us now come back to our country, and
read a letter from a brother bee-keeper who
seems to preserve a very cheerful spirit, even
although he has had terrible trials and losses: j

A SAD STORY FROM ONE OF OUR BEE-KEEPERS WHO
HAS SUFFERED FROM THE FLOOD.

Friend A. I. Root:— I am sitting in our humble
domicil, not able to leave our door unless we go in a
boat. Our stock is standing on the levee, in front,
flghtiog the buffalo gnats; the younger of the fam-
ily out tbere trying to keep the g-nats from kill ng
horses and cows; the water at our door is 28 inches
deep. What bees we saved, some 30 colonies, are up
on stilts, hurriedly made when tlie levee broke
some five miles north of us. We lost some 200 head
of hosrs, but have saved horses and milch cows so
far, though they are uetting very poor. We feed
them all we can; but being about out of feed, we
are cutting- and boating to them green willow and
Cottonwood to try to save them. The river is fall-
ing a little, but very si iwly— about one or two inches
in 24 hours. It looks very dark about making any
crops in this vicinity. The levee is crowded with
horses, mules, cattle, and negroes, driven from
their homes by the worst flood we ever had.

I said the water is 28 inches deep in our dooryard;
but it is much deeper in most of the town. On the
main street, on which are the court-house, postofBce,
and most business houses, it is from 5 to 8 feet deep.
All business is suspended: no trains here in 25 days.
The levee broke on the last day of March, and we
were flooded in a few hours. I saw Mr. Diver, and
he tells me he lost all his bees, as did Syples at Gun-
nison, 8 miles north of us. When our bees swarm,
wbich they nave been doing, we have to let them go
—can't save them. This is a gloomy picture, but
not nearly as bad as it actually is.

There have been several persons drowued, and a
great amount of stock; in fact, the stock are still
dying fast after being- gotten out on scaffolds and
the levees. I guess there are 200 or 300 head dead
within less than a mile of Rosedale; and. to make
matters worse, they have the measles among the
people, and some are dying from that cause. I have
received but one copy of Gleanings since the
water got us. K. J. Mathews.

Kosedale, Miss., April 26.

CULTIVATING PLANTS AND CULTIVATING BOYS.

Right over in the greenhouse across the way
I noticed yesterday, April 27, a good-^ized bed
of Earliest in the World tomatoes that were
getting crowded. In fact, the whole seemed all
at once to have erot to the point where they
were discussing " who should be tallest." With
the present line weather they would be two or
three inches taller than I want them, in 24
hours or less. They must be moved. Fred and
Frank were busy filling orders for potatoes and
other stuff that had to go at once. Mr. Green
was superintending the boys planting half an
acre of strawberries. I felt as if I could not

have those tomato-plants in that rich soil one
day longer.

Pretty soon school was out, and three bright
earnest boys were ready for a "job." There
was a bed already made, ground tined up and
nicely leveled off, and even marked for the
plants, 7 inches apart from center to center.
The boys would take up the plants and set
them out in the bed, without any question, if I
asked them to do so, (I'it/iotU any instruction;
but they would get the dirt all off the roots,
and would probably make other blunders, and
my beautiful early plants, growing so nicely,
would be injured, and many of them killed. If
I could be with them for fifteen or twenty min-
utes I was pretty sure they would do it almost
if not quite as well as some expert men. The
boys were from thirteen to fifteen years of age.
I called them.

"Here. Carl, you get every thing ready to
put out those tomatoes. Have a couple of bars
to stand on; and here, Clyde, you take the hoe-
handle dibble* and make the holes just large
enough for the plants that Carl is going to set
out; and, Clare, you come with me. Bring
along two trays and a trowel." Clare has not
had as much experience in gardening as the
other two, but he is a skillful boy when he
knows what we want.

I showed him how much water to give the
plants, where to place his tray, how to handle
his trowel, and then held up a plant with a ball
of rich black soil hanging to it, say as large as
a good-sized hen's-egg. I took up three or four,
placed them on the tray, tops all one way, and
told him to try it. He soon had a dozen on the
tray very nicely. Then I called Clyde to take
the tray over to Carl. Carl lifted the plants
so carefully that little if any of the dirt tum-
bled off — set them down in the holes widened
out with the hoe handle dibble, and pressed the
earth close around them When he had got
out the dozen. Clyde carried back the empty
trav and swapped it for a filled one. While he
was gone I carried the hose over to where Carl
was putting the plants in. and opened the valve
just so as to give a small stream. Then Carl
let enough on to each plant, without wetting
the foliage, to get the roots well soaked. After
I had instructed each boy just how to work I
watched them for five or ten minutes and knew
they would do it all right. In two hours over
.500 plants that were crowding and struggling
for more daylight were put outdoors and moved
from three inches apart to seven. As fast as
Carl got a row of plants in, one of the light
board shutters was laid over them, and moved
along so as to cut off the sun. The plants stand
up this morning. April 28. just as proudly and
gracefully as they did in the greenhouse; and,
shaded by the shutters during the heat of the
day, I do not expect a leaf to wither or even
scarcely to droop.

Now, friends, when plant raising can be made
to go along like clockwork, and have all the
plants live, it is one of the nicest things to work
at in the world. But when you do your work
bunglingly, and have failure after failure, I do

* I will e.xplain that our hoe-handle dibbles are
made from any hoe that gets broken oft' at the
shank. We have the blacksmith lieat up the shank
and draw it down to a blunt point. While doing
this he keeps the handle of the hoe wet so it will
not Ourn ; then it is finished up with a file or emery
wheel, and kept polished and bright. Instead of
having to stoop over, as you do with short handled
dibbles, the operator stands upright, and makes
the holes almost as fa^t as he can walk along. In
using this dibble in our plant-beds (rolling it as it
goes down) the operator stands on one of the wood-
en bars laid across the bed, for we never set foot on
the ground in the beds at all.

IS'.'

GLEANINGS IN REE CULTURE.

::s'.i

not wotidor that pooplo call growing plants a
piittoring small business, and want to get out
of It.

TluTP, I declare I I almost forgot my head-
ing. While you are succeeding witli the plants
you are also succeeding in training the boys.
The boy who can successfully perform the op-
erations I have described, and have his plants
nil tjroii', is pretty well fitted to do other im-
portant business in life. For instance, without
the careful instruction I gave them they would
probably have taken the plants out of the
greenhousf>. without watering, and rattled all
the dirt oflf. They would have laid them on a
tray or in a basket with the delicate tender
tops bent or broken. In watering, if I had not
cautioned them and showed them how to do it
they would have turned on a flood of water and
washed out the plants and knocked them over,
besides spattering their clotnes and making
the paths a sloppy muddy place. As it was,
they did not soil their clothing nor the plants.
I like to see plants grow and thrive; but. dear
friends. I hope I am speaking truthfully when
I say I try to recognize every day and every
hour that it is of a thousand times mor^ im-
portance that these boys should grow up care-
ful, trustworthy, successful, obedient boys than
it is to grow the finest fruit or vegetables that
the world ever saw. God gave us the fruits
and the vegetables, and they are indeed a pre-
cious gift; but Christ Jesus himself came down
from his home in heaven, into this world, and
lived— yes, died— that the boys might have life
eternal.

THAT "earliest" STRAWBERRY.

CA few weeks ago [ spoke about the abov^
strawberry, and alluded to the fact that it was
putting out blossoms before any other we have
on our grounds, say a week or ten days earlier
than Michel's Early, Rio, or any other of the
extra earlies. As soon as Mr. E. C. Green saw
It he said I would find it had the same fault as
Michel's Early — tbat it makes a great swamp
of plants but bears very few berries. Pointing
to one of the plants he remarked:

" There, you see those runners coming out al-
ready along with your extra-early blossoms."

The plant now has runners a foot long; but
each and every plant seems to have stopped the
blossom business, and comnuiiced putting its
energies into runners. Very likely this is a
fault of most of the extra earlies.

rjTHE BREED WEEDER AFTER HEAVY RAINS.!r

3After having written my enthusiastic notice
on page 3.53, la*t issue, we had a heavy soaking
rain which settled our clay soil down so solid
that it threw the weeders out for some days.
Before the soil was really fit to run the weeders
again, we had a rain lasting three or four days;
and now the weeds have got such a start that
we are obliged to use the cultivators instead —
at least until we get the ground fined up once
more in proper condition to use the werder. At
the time I wrote I had a little misgiving, and
therefore I used the expression, "This morning
I feel like calling the Breed weeder the greatest
invention." etc. We can with some trouble get
the ground in proper order to use the weeder
again: and on certain soil, say on muck land or
sandy ground, the weeders can be used almost as
soon as it stops raining. Our ground is very
thoroughly underdrained; but notwithstanding
this it takes some time for the water to get
away: and after a heavy rain it is apt to leave
a crust that the weeder can hardly break up.
Where we have made heavy applications of
stablf manure season after season this reme-
dies the defect in a great measure.

Below we give you a cut of the Breed weeder,
made especially for onions and other small
stuff where there is not room for a horse be-
tween the rows.

BREED WEEDER FOR ONIONS, ETC.

rWe use the above mostly with two boys.
One of the boys pushes, an l the other pulls on
a small cord hitched to the front. This cord
he puts under his arms and over his neck so the
draft corner just a little above the waist. Both
boys either straddle a row of the plants or else
go between the rows. They are expected to
keep the wheels and their feet ofif the plants.
Where the onions are of proper size we run
crosswise of the rows as well s,^ lengthwise. In
this case the wheels bend a few plants over;
but the harm this does i-< more than counter-
balanced by the more perfect pulverizing we
get. Where we use boy power instead of horse
power these weeders can be run crosswise on
all sorts of crops as well as lengthwise. Good
results are obtained by going crosswise at one
time of cultivatine. and lingt^hwise the next.

"EARLEEST IN THE WORLD" TOMATO.

We clip the following from Horticulture for
March:

I have just inspected a patcb of the "Earliest in
the World" tomato, in the garden of an acquaint-
ance in Ontario County, N. Y. It was a sight indeed.
All plants were trained to a stake, and trimmed
to one stalk each. There were immense clusters,
from five to seven speimens in a cluster, all of
good, singularly uniform size, and as smooth as an
apple, not a wrinkle to be seen in anj' of them, and
evenly colored. My friend claims to have left the
specimens unpicked, on some of the plants, tmtil
about half of the crop had i ecome fully ripe, and
then to have picked as much as half a bushel of
perfect ripe fruit from one plant, leaving about as
much green fruit on to mature later. This would
prove unusually good keeping qualities, too. The
plants were seven feet liigh and upward. Of course,
we can train any tomato up like that. When all the
growth is forcef] into a single stem, on rich ground,
we .?an run the plants up 10 or 12 feet high easily
enough. From the great thrift of the plants in my
friend's patch, I infer that growth lias been stimu-
lated by heavy manuring, possibly with liquid ma-
nure, and that tliis treatment may possibly account
for t he remarkably fine fruit and the great produc-
tiveness of the plants. It points out a way how to
get fine tomatoes, and plenty of thtm.

Half a bushel from one tomato-plant, of per-
fect ripe fruit, is a pretty big story; but I
shouldn't wonder if w-e gathered a. good half-
bushel from some single plants on our grounds
last year, and they were left to sprawl about
just as they chose. I was astonished to see so
many tomatoes, each and every one " as smooth
as an apple." While reading the above it made
me feel glad to think we have a tremendous big
planting in our clant-bods, of this same variety,
both once and twice transplanted. We also
have plenty of seed of our own saving, for
tho.se who care to plant the seed as late as this.
Very nice tomatoes may be grown even now by
planting the seeds in the open ground.

KILLING APPLE-TREE BORERS WITH BISULPHIDE
OF CARBON.

Bisulpliide of carbon will surely kill trees if ap-
plied to them. Prof. Stedman, entomologist of the
Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station, at Co-

390

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May 15.

lumbia, Mo., and also Judge Wllkerson, horticultur-
ist of this State, made repeated experiments of in-
jecting bisulphide of carbon in the ground around
the roots of apple-trees for the purpose of destroy-
ing the root-louse, or woolly aphis, and in every case
where the bisulphide came in contact with the
roots of tlie trees they were killed.

A full report of these experiments is contained in
Bulletin No. 35 of Missouri Experiment Station. I
enclose a clipping from Prof. Stedman in regard to
keeping borers out of fruit-trees. These wooden
wraps are made to encircle the tree, and are for
sale by a St. Louis firm who deal in berry -box ma-
terial, cm ... cz- __; nwM. H. CoMBs^

Will you give a subscriber whose orchard is infest-
ed with borers a way to keep trees from the attack
of this destructive enemy? J. A. H.

Maishfleld, Mo.

REPLY BY PROF. STED.MAN,CCOLUMBIA.

There are two well-known methods by means of
which one may prevent a large percentage of the
injury from apple-tree and peach tree borers. The
first (and for some reason the best) method is to sur-
round the base of the tree with a wrapper of some
sort. For this purpose a common newspaper is fre-
quently used; but where wire mosquito-netting is
too expensive one would do better to purchase
common wooden wrappers that can be obtained
for about $3 00 per 1000. These should be loosely
placed around the tree, and pushed into the earth
just enough to prevent the insects from crawling
under; and the tops should be closed up with cot-
ton to prevent the adults from crawling down be-
tween the wrapper and trunk of the tree. These
wrappers will also prevent rabbits from injuring
the trees. The wrapper should be about eighteen
inches high.

The other method is to apply a wash to the trunk
of the tree. This wash is to contain some substance
that is unpleasant to the insect and will cause it to
seek trees not so treated. For this purpose carbolic
acid is more often used, and the wash vai ies in the
other ingredients. The simpler the wash, however,
the better in most cases. A good wash is made
as follows: Two ounces of crude carbolic acid is
! laced in one bucket of water, and one-halt pound
of sulphate of ircn dissolved, and the whole thick-
ened with lime to make a thick whitewash. This is
applied to the trunks of the trees by means of a
whitewash brush, and is usually effective when so
used in the spring, and again later in the summer or
early fall

THE CRANDALL "TREE" CURRANT.

I paid Frank Ford one dollar for one root of the
above currant the first year he sold them. Late
in the season I was at his place at Ravenna, Ohio,
and saw his bearing bushels. They were all he rep-
resented as to prolific bearing. As it was necessary
tor me to move my bush several tim s it never had
a fair cliance; but one or two years it has had a
fairly good crop. As to the "tree'" part, it is no
more a tree style than any other currant or goose-
berry bush, only as it is trimmed to represent a tree.

THE JAPANESE MAYBERRY, THE STRAAVBERRY-RASP-
BERRY, AND THE LOGAN OR RASPBERRY-
BLACKBERRY.

1 got some of each of the above last spring.- All
were very small, in two-inch pots. Of the four
strawberry-raspberry, all lived and made a good
growth; one set two blossoms in August. One blos-
som amounted to "nix," the other set and matured
one seed. They have come up very thickly this
spring, each original plant filling a space o"f two
feet in diameter. One entire plant I dug up and
divided into 12.5. They sucker from the roots, like
the red raspberry, and very freely too. My three
Golden Mayberries grew to average about 15 inches
high, and quite branchy, but winter killed about to
the ground, but are sprouting nicely now.

My one Logan made one branch 6 feet, and one 4
feet, the tips of which I put into the ground.

I will give reports on all next fall.

Brooklyn, O., Apr. 19. A. A. Fradenburg.

onion. The winter was very hard on onions, how-
ever, the very warm autumn bringing them up to
6 or 10 inches in height; then the January freeze,
down to 16 degrees below zero, took them. I expect
to lose all. The Whittaker, however, stood the test,
and are the best-looking onions I have.
Rugby, Tenn. M. S. Percival.

The Whittaker onions have wintered again
with u-s the best of any we have ever had
except the winter Egyptian. Our stand this
spring is regular and conipleie; and they make
the largest onion early in the. season (far
ahead of the American Pearl in size) of any
we have ever got hold of. Your experience
points a caution. If onions to be wintered over
outdoors make too strong and rank a growth
they mav not winter as well as those planted
later. With us the best time for American
Pearl. Whittaker, and White Multiplier seems
to be just about the time farmers are sowing
wheat, or, say, with the late sowing of wheat.

NEBRASKA CORN, MUSHROOMS, ETC.

Our Homes is read with much interest, and also
your travels and Ernest's. In April 15th issue it
seems you do not exactly understand our western
way of corn bushels; 56 lbs. of actual corn is a bush-
el if it is shelled; in early gathering (before the
corn is dry), 80 lbs., cob and all; later, as the corn
and cob become dryer. 75 lbs per bushel; and after
about Christmas it is called seasoned; and from
that on to 70 lbs., cob and corn go as a bushel.
Our to-day's market here is, corn, 17cts.; oats, 15;
hogs $3.75 to $3.80; but the cholera took nearly all
last fall and winter', and so the corn must be sold at
some price!- The winter has killed most of the
wheat. There will not be nearly enough this year
to seed us.

I think if you were here I could feed you on
mushrooms that are not poisonous. They are not
the shape of a toadstool, but more like a corncob,
point end up; in length from VA to 5 inches, and
diameter '4 to 3 inches. They grow under or near
dying apple or oak trees. Yesterday I picked 80 on
less area than 16 feet in circumference, under one
tree. M. W. Murphey.

Cuba, TIL, May 4.

Health Notes.

A GOOD WORD FOR THE WHITTAKER ONIONS.

The White Multiplier onions, set last fall, wer-e al-
most a failure— only two or three surviving, set
same time and manner with my common potato

WHEAT FLOUR CONTAINING A LITTLE RYE, ETC.

Your Notes of Travel are very interesting to me,
especially those from the thinly settled country
through which 1 have been traveling. We find but
few places for any distance without some settlers
far or near. What surprised me the most of any
thing all over the Rocky Mountains is how they
make their living. Tn some places indeed it is a
mystery until you get acquainted with their occu-
pation. Of courst^, they live more simply, with
fewer luxuries and less high style than is fashiona-
ble in thickly settled places. Their common food,
as a rule, keeps them in good health and spirits,
while we live too finely and luxuriously, as well in
food as in clothing.

This cracked wheat surely beats the lean meat
and hot water all to smash. I believe a little rye
mixed with the wheat will make it still better for
many people. The other day T rode on the cars
with a baker. In our conversation I told him that
I had about 400 bushels of wheat, with a little vol-
unteer rye in it, which is rejected by wheat-buyers.
I got part of it ground for flour, which we use for
our family. We like it better than clear wheat.
This baker will buy all I can spare. He told me he
had regular customers for such bread— those who
are costive naturally — and this bread regulates
their system. C. Theilmann.

Theilmanton, Minn.

Friend T., no doubt the cracked wh^'at and
rye will do very well with many people, without
the necessity of lean meat; but where one is
badly out of health I would advisehim to adopt
the lean-meat diet, using just enough of the
cracked wheat or rye, or both, to avoid the ne-

18VC

(JliEANlNGS IN BEK CULTURE.

cessliy of using physic. A groat many of us,
probably, can got along very W(>11 without the
lean moat. In that oaso wo should thank God
that we arc more fortunate than some other
people.

A Dollar Saved

is better tli;in one earned. Keail 013^ H7tli
annual catalog, and don't send out West for
goods you can buy cheaper here at home.

I have added 2400 feet of floor-space to my
store-house and shall keep in stock Root's

Eolished tMie- piece sections. Dovetailed
ives, new Weed foundation, etc.. in addi-
tion to my old line.

Best breeds of bees and queens at bottom
prices. Don't buy until you see what yotx
can do with me.

W. W. GARY, Colrain, Mass.

Onr Prices are WortFlooking at!

IN TDK

New Champion Chaff Hive Especially.

Ail other supplies accordingly. S. nd

for cataldjriie and price list. Address,

mpiitii'-iino- r.i.KAMNns.

R. H. SCHMIDT & CO., Box 187, Sheboygan, Wis.

MUTH'S HONEY-EXTRACTOR,
SQUARE GLASS HONEY-JARS,
ROOTS GOODS AT ROOT'S PRICES,

Bee-keepei» Supplies in geutrul. elc, etc.
Send for our new CMtalo«. "Practical
Hints" will be mailed for KJc in stamps.
Apply to

CHAS. F. MUTH & SO;^, Cincinnati, 0.

Are You Going to Buy

SEE THAT WINK ?

BEE SUPPLIES.

Root's Goods at Root's Prices.

Pouder's Honey Jars and every
tliintr used bv bft-keepers. Low
freiirlit rates; prompt service.
Cataloy-ue f rf e.
•w ,«hMinFh-^ . WALTER S. POUDER,

WftT'-'^pOVDCBi^p 162 Mass. Ave., Indianapolis, Ind.

f\f^r^ C c^rt-i- Invested in a postal card
Ullt Wv^ni will get my large cata-
——"-==—= logue of all Root s goods.
Can .save you money. M. H. HUNT,

Bell Branch, Mich.

Tac+pH niiPAM lor '.^0 ccnis; iin'cstecl.ti.") cents
ICblCU yueen o,„. f,a,ue nucleus. 6.5 cents:
2-frarne, .Jl.lO. Discount on rniantiiies. Send for
Circular. Cooper & Qillett, Quebeck, Tenn.

Monej'-order otlice. Sparta. Tenn.

^ *P «P «p <p *p «P
are lost by keepinff old and jioor queens. It pa vs
big to replace them with yf)uns: vigorous ones 0/1 r-
23' in the season, and get a crop of honey with little
swarming. I have now untested queens — eitiier
light or dark Italians— single T.)c; 6, $4. (JO; 13, tT-IO;
tested. $1.0i» up. (iuiiriiiitea<l to arrive safe at
your ollice, and to be good queens, or replaced free.
Remit by M. O. Send for catalog free for particu-
ars. J. B. CASE, Port Orange, Fla.

Pleo-se mention this paper.

Apiarian Supplies or Bees?

If so. You Want the Best.

This is the only quality we oll'er. Our prices are
right, and our '9i catalog describing them, and the
management of bees, is yours for the asking.

We carry a large stock, and can shi|) in-omptly.
Freight is a big consideration, often amounting to
30 per cent of tin' value of goods. Let us (juole you
prices on wliat you need, deli\-eiod at your station.

Freight Paid.

Tliey will cost but a trifle more than others charge
at the factory. Our aim is to please.
Apiary, 1. J. STRINQHAM,

Glen Cove, L. I. 105 Park PI., N. Y. City.

Don't Neglect Your Bees.

Bee-keeping may be made luiiformly suc-
cessful by judicious feeding. It is just as
important with bees as with other stock.
Success in feeding depends
very much on tlie feeder used.
When you have tried the

Boardman Atmospheric
Entrance=feeder

you will be convinced of tliis.

For descriptive circulars
and price list, address

BOARDMAN, East Townsend, Ohio.

Dovetailed Hives.

Sections, Extractors. Smokers,
and every thing a Bee-keei er
wants. Honest Qoods at Close
Honest Prices. eO-pnge cata-
log free.

J. M. JENKINS, Wetumpka, .Ala.

I . ^ I U ^ ^. ~ I Do you need queens? the
I OOk tlCrfi ' purest and best. If so,
LrWIV 1IV.1 t • ^_g j^pg prepared by re-
turn mail to ship the 3 band and golden Italians,
and silver gray Carniolans, untested, warranted
purely mated, for .50c: tested, 7.5c: breeders. $3.35.
JUDGE E. Y. TERRAL & CO., Cameron, Texas.

Just Arrived!

Mysec-oiid -arlondof goodsfromThe A. I. Root Co.
has arrived, and 1 am in shape to till all orders
promptly at their catalog prices. Send for my 36
page catalog; also send a list of wliat goods you
will need, and I will make you special prices on
early orders.

GEO. E. HILTON,

Fremont, Mich.

mP <iAI F The Great French Strawberry,
t-*\JtK 0/\LC. "LOUIS GAUTHIER."

The only hirM'e fruit'iig ki d 1 lai brar-. on young
runners. Od plant fruits in .Inne. niakiug runners
which fruit in Sei.iemtM-r Wri'e for particulars.
ARTHUR T. GOLDSBOROUGH,

West Washington, D. C.

o

v.''.^v>--v.-..~-N Eitliei' Golden or Imported by
flfkpktlc return mail Untested. T.5c:
UCC;ild, Tested. $100: Breeders. .$2 00.
•■^•^-•^'^^•^'^^''••^ None better.

W. H. LAWS, Lavaca, Ark.
Please mention tbli' paper

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May 15.

If you want a Bicycle

You want
the BEST
there ss.

It doesn't pay to buy a bicycle whose guarantee is unidentified with
responsibility simply because it is ciieap. There is v/ise economy in
every dollar that the Columbia costs.

Columbia Bicycles

STANDARD OF

THE WORLD. .^

Hartford Bicycles, Second only to ColumbiaS;

100

TO ALL
ALIKE.

*60, 550, $45.

POPE MFG. CO., Hartford, Conn.

Catalogue free from dealers or by mail for one 2-cent stamp.

Complete Model of the Great Columbia Factories, lithographed in colors,
ready to be cut out and built up, affording unlimited amusement and instruction to
old and young, sent by mail on receipt of five 2-cent stamps.

sia

B. Hendrickson, Agent.

Medina, Ohio.

CLIPSE CORN=PLANTER

And Fertilizer=Distributor Combined.

Weight 150 lbs.

CORN, BEANS, PEAS,
and BEET SEED

in Hills. Drills, uMd Clncks. It is the
only planter thnt will disiriiiute all fer-
tilizers, Wet or Dry, Hen Manure, Plas-
ter, Ashes, Etc., with a certainty, in
different amounts, each side of seed.
Send for circulars.

Eclipse Corn=PIanter Co.,

Enfield, Qrafton Co.,
New Hampshire.

ciJOAN'iNcs I.N i:i:i<: riii/riJKK.

/^^I^DENERS! Try Our Specialties.

^fci^^ lluoii HiviTStrawbi'iTj— best. sliip|>itipr—;i'V per dozen: $3.(10 put- luindifd. postpaid.

Rvorbearinu' Strawberry— June till IK'tobcr 40i' per dn/.cn; ja.."!!! per buridrcd, posrtpaid.

Orrffon ^ oilow Dan vers Onion— largest yielder and i>est keeper known— 90<' per ))ound:

■"> pounds to one address, $3.a'i, postpaid. Oregon Hubbird Siinash— best yet— $1.00 per pound.

Seed Store, Portland, Oregon,

Agent Root's Bee-supplies.

Buell Larnberson,

Root's Goods at his prices in Northern Michigan

Local dealers supplied at dealer's raies. Goods sliipi^ed from Mt. Pleasant, (olenian, or Kvart.

B. WALKER, Evart, Mich.'

ALL QUEENS

that aresliipped from our
apiary are to be depended on to produce strona' col-
onies of fine hont-y-yaiherers We have but the
purest Italians, and .ve take pride in fiirnishlnf;- the
best of queens. Tested. *I 00 each ; $11.00 per d.<zen.
Untested, 75 cts. eadi. $8.00 per dozen. Safe arrival
and satisfaction guaranteed on every order.

J. w. K. SHAW <e CO.,

LOREAUVILLE, LA.

Queens Given Away.

Gray f'arniolans and Golden Italians. We will
give a flue tested queen (either race) to all custom-
ers ordvring- 6 untested queens, and a fine select
tested queen to all who order 12 untested queens at
one time. The queens given away will be sent to
customers in August.

Grade and prices of bees Apr., May. Jul.v. Aug ,
and queens. l June. Stpt

Fruit Packages of all Kinds,

Bee=keepers' Supplies.

Order your supplies now
l)efore the busy season
cat -hes von. Price list
free. Address

BERLIN FRUIT=BOX CO.,

Berlin Heights, Erie Co., Ohio.

TSie li@w Osriiail Smoker.

.75
1.50

t)")

125

Select tested queens

3.50

2 25

Best imported queens

6.00

400

1 L. -frame nucleus, no queen

.75

50

2 L.-lrame nuclei, no queen..

1.50

100

Full colony of bees, no queen

5.00

4 00

We guarantee our bees to be free from all disea-es
and to give entire satisfaction. Descriptive price
list free. '

F. A. Lockhart & Co., Lake George, N. Y.

Please mention this paper.

Golden, \
Adel, '

.... X Dr Gallup says
Albino, i has in his yard.

Texas Queens.

lie the best

J. D. QIVENS, Lisbon, Texas.

Honey Leaflet, by Dr. C. C. Miller. Why lioncy is
more wholesome than cane sugar; honey as an ar-
ticle of diet; honey cooking recipes. This leaflet is
written for the bclieflt of consumers, and is put out
at an extremely low price so that honey produc-
ers may di^tri lUle them free to their customers.
Prices; 10, .5c; 100,20c; 500,75c; all postpaid; 1000,
75c; carriage extra.

THE A. I. ROOT CO., nedina, Ohio,

Tested ^ By mail, in Julj'^ and

Cheap,

Strong,

Serviceable,

Large Size.

Italian ^ August. (iO els. each

Queens J J. C. Wheeler, Piano, III. NUCLEI
For Sale.== Bees and Queens.

Queens, Sl.OO. Bees by the pound, $1.00. Nuclei,
two frames, with queen. I2..50: one frame, $2.00

Also Barred and white P. Rocks, Silver Laced
Wyandott.s. Eggs for sitting, at fl.nO for 15.

MRS. A. A. SinPSON, Swarts. Greene Co., Pa.

igic^ TUC nruiMO for those who want a
JwOT I nt I nirsu flrst-class smoker at
a medium price. Size of cup, 3>i inches; curved
nozzle, hinged so as to swing back: legs of malleable
iron, secured by bolts. The blast is the well-known
Cornell piiuciple. Weight of smoker, only 20
ounces.

I'rice $1.00. postpaid, or 75c if sent by express
or freight with other goods.

THE A. I. ROOT COflPANY,
MEDINA. OHIO.

KOR SALE. Three -frame
nuclei on Langstroth frame,
$2.25; two-frame, $1.85, with

W. H. STANLEY, Dixon, Lee Co.. III.

In writinf? adverticers please mention inis paper.

RESTED QUEENS, JJ?I^';^,K-iS^s

I ftdceach: warranted imiely-matcd queens, ".oc—
by return mail My cells are all built in full
colonies. Kf mi bv money order.

DANIEL WURTH, Falmouth, Rush Co., Ind.

Please mention this paper

.LKAMNCiS IN BEE CULTURE.

May

BUY DIRECT

and pay but one profit.

Our assortment is one

of the best and most

\ vNIS^ K^' J' J^ complete in

V^#>^ j^ FRUIT and ORNAMEN-

\\m TAL TREES, SHRUBS,

PLANTS, ROSES,

VINES, BULBS,SEEDS

Rarest neiv, choicest old. Send for

our catalogue to-day; it tells it all; an
elegant book, 168 pages, magazine
size, profusely illustrated, Tree.

Seeds, Plants , Bulbs, Small Trees, etc. by
mail postpaid, safe arrival and satisfaction
guaranteed. Larger bv express or freight. « '
43d year. 33 Greenhouses. 1000 Acres' •'

STORRS & HARRISON CO.,

Box33l Painesville, Ohio.

BIGGIES,:

Carts, gurries,
Pbictous,
' SprineHasons,
and Saddles shipped C. 6. D.
/where to anyone with
privilege to examine at lew-
dest wholesale ijrices. Guar-
Janteed as repiesented or
/money retuntled. Send for
ilhistfated oatalograndtesti-
ialsFree. Addr.dn lull)
CISH BITERS' TNION, 158 W. Van Kuren St., BSto CHICAGO

"~

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^

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T"

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■

■

■

■ -

■ — 1

■ — -

— ~,

— J

, — .

^

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w

'ilit

^

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Mg5*

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TWO VALUES FDR ONE PRICE.

Every user of Page fence gets full value in the
way of protection for crops and stock. Then there
is the Katlstaetion in having the best article there
is made,, something durable, something that actu-
ally adds value to the premises. Better think of
this. Write lis and investigate.

PAGE WOVEN WIRE FENCE CO., Adrian, Mich.

FOR SALE. Id 8-f rame Dove-
tailed hives, queens from im-
porter! mothers. Price $3.00
tn $4.00 per colony.
EDW. SMITH, Carpenter, III.

BEES

It is here,

The year 18'.*" is here, and we are happy to in-
form ouf friends and cu!*tomers that we are now
better prepared Miati ever bt fore to fill your orders
for queens and bees We have the largest stock
ever operati d by uh. and we mean to be ready with
plenty of bees .ind queens to fill all orders without
delay that are sent to us.

Bees by t le pound, ?1.()0; ten or more pounds, 90c
each. Untested queens for 1897, $1 00 each in Feb-
ruary, March, April, and May; $5.00 for six, or $9.00
per dozen. For larger amounts write for prices.
Have your orders booked for your early queens.
Safe arrival guaranteed.

Root's goods, Dadant's foundation, and Bingham
smokers. A steam bee-hive factory, and all kinds
of bee supplies.

The Soutlilancl Qtieeji, the only bee-paper in
the South, monthly, $1.00 per year.

Send for catalog, which is almost a complete book
on Southern bee-keeping, giving: queen-rearing In
full, all free for the asking. If you want full infor-
mation about every thing we have, and the bee-
book, don't fail to ask for our 1897 catalog.

The Jennie Atchley Co.,

Beeville, Bee Co., Texas.

-^/%/^^/%^/%/^

^ Do You Keep Hens?

'^^^

If so, you want Nissly's Poultry Annual and
I catalog- of '•Everything for the Poultry Yard "
for. 1897, (13th year). It's a pretty book of 72
'6.\9 pages, finely illustrated and full of infor-l
mation. It illustrates and describes Michigan ,
Poultry Farm and its stock; describes and
1 1 rices the biggest and cheapest stock of

POULTRY SUPPLIES

in the U. S: tells all about the New American '
Incubator and Brooder, the triumph of incu-
liat"r and brooder manufacture. You need
tins catalog; it will save you dollars. The book '
is free, but we request a 2c stamp for postage.

Address

GEO. J. NISSLY, Saline, Mich.

Dealer in " Everything for thePoultry Yard.'

d ^ KILLS ALL RUfiR

You can dust one acre of potatoes in 40

minutes bv doing two rows at once.

J No pla^ tor or water used. With this

'•v niaclime you can dust tobacco,

>,v? cotton, fruit trees, currant

, hushes, etc. BOOK FREE.

* Write to

,^Z HOTCHKISS BROS.,
W ^ Wallinnford, - Conn.

-ei s please mention Gleanings.

ONE MAN WITH THE
UNION COMBINATION SAW

I'an d(i the work of four men us-
ing Iwind tools in Ripping, Cut-
ting off, Mitering, Rabbeting,
Giooving, Gaining, Dadoing,
Edging up. Jointing Stuff, Etc.
Full Line of Foot and Hand
Power M;iehinery. Soldon Ti-ial.
C'lhtlnii Free. l-24ei

SENECA KALLS MFC. CO.,
44 Water St.. Seneca Falls,!' V

Porter Honey-Kouse Bee-Escape.

Have you seen it ? Just the thing to put on the
doors or windows of your bee- rooms. Ihdispensa-
ble, you'll say, after you have tried It.

Price by mail. 25 cents.

Gowan and Novice
Extractors.

These are the best. We are
prepared to furnish on short
notice, from any of our several
branches, 2, 4, and 6 frame Cow-
ans, and 2-frame Novices.

If you want the genuine, see
that they bear ovir name.

A 36-page catalog sent free on
application.

THEjA. I. ROOT CO., Medina, Ohio.

1S07

<^LEANINGS IN BEE CUI/rURE

395

NO. -• SECTIONS, Ol'KN 4 SIDKS.

Our friends who order No. 3 se tloiis will, some of
thorn, have to be dis;i|>poinlod iinles.s tliey can use
them open 4 sides. Thiic arc ver.\ few places where
a seiM ion open 4 sides will nor work jusi as well as
the rejriilai' open-top inui-lioi loin sections. Over in
Europe they iige at least twice as many sections
open 4 sides as they do of the 3 opcuing-s. W" can
supply the No. 3. 4 openiiijrs. 3 inch, l\i. I's. l?i. and
7 to foot. Wh.on you order Xo. 3 grade, let us know
in order if we m;iy send tlie sections with 4 openings
provided wc are not able to supply iIidsc with 3
opening^! in No. 3 jtrade. If you order from any of
our branches or wholesale dealers, advise them as
well, if you etin use tliose with 4 openings.

BUSINESS BOOMING.

We never had quite such a run of orders as we are
having this spring. If we were no better oi-panized
for taking care of so much business promptly than
we were in 1890 we should be hopelessly behind As
it is, we are working a man in every available place;
and in the wcx)d-working department two turns of
workmen keep the machinery going 22 hours out of
the 24. In the shipping department tiien^ are sev-
eral wlio are working 14 or 15 hours almost every
day to get orders oti promptly. By these extra
eflforts we are able to keep the goods going out as
fast as the orders come in, so that orders do not re-
main in our hands unfilled verv long.

We have shipped a carload of 430,000 sections and
numerous other goods to M. K. Madary, of Fresno,
Cal., who is the principal supply dealer in Central
California. Another car has gone to Buell Lamber-
son, Portland, (>i- , our agent for Oregon and Wash-
ington. Two carloads, the fourth and fifth for this
season, to Jos. Nysewander, Des Moines, la., have
been shipped since our last. We have also shipped
one to our Chicago branch, and are loading another
for same place as we go to press.

We have also shiiiped the; ninth car for export for
the season, this one going to London. Wm. Box-
well, of Patrickswell, Co. Limerick, Ireland, is oiir
wholesale representati\e for the British Isles. He
has stores i . London, Liverpool, and GlHsgow, and
has had five carloads of goods of us this season.

Special Notices in the Line of Gardening, etc.

By A. I. Root.

SWEET-POTATO PLANTS.

As we now have an excellent stock we will make
the Yellow Jersey and Early Peabody, 25 cts. per 100,
or$2.C0perl000;eitherof the vineless sweet potatoes,
bunch yam, or General Grant, as you choose, 40 cts.
per IfX), or $3.00 per 10(0. If wanted l>y mail, add 25
cts. per 100 for postage and packing.

BEET SEED FOB MAKING SrOAR.

We are finally prepared to furnish the very best,
giving the largest per cent of saccharine matter, and
the kind most generally used for the purpose, at
the low price of 1.5 cts. per lb. ; .5 lbs. for 60 cts.; 10
lbs. or over. 10 cts. per lb. If wanted by mail, add
the usual 9 cts. per lb extra for postage and pack-
ing. We have two kinds.

H.AVE YOC GIVEN ALL YOUH FRUIT-TREES A THOR-
OUGH SPRAYING?

Our apple-orchard, and, in fact, all of our fruit-
trees, were thorr)uglily sprayed when tlie leaves
began to show. Then t hey were thoroughly sprayed
again just before the blossoms began to open. The
spraying was done with the Boidi-aux mixture,
with J4 lb. of Paris green in every barrel. We not
only gave the new leaves and blossom buds a thor-
ough drenching, but we took pains to make the so-
lution rundown the limbs and trunk of the tree.
The latter I regard as specially important. The
limbs and body of our fruit-trees are very percep-

tihly improved since we began this thorough spray-
ing. Tlie trunks are clean and smooth, and the
wood has a thrifty, healtli.v look. Our I'urrant-
bushes were given the same treatment. We expect
to spray tliem two or three times more after the
blossoms have fallen. Von need not be afraid of
rain unless it should wash off the mixture before It
gets dry.

THE WET WEATHER.

1 do not know how it is with you, friends, but
right here we are having a tremendous time in get-
ting our ground in condition. I have plowed one
pivce to get in some cabbage, caulillower, and early
potatoes when it was too wet. The teamsters scold-
ed, and the hor.ses remonstrated, and I made up my
mind I would not try to work ground again when it
was in that condition; but the condition has been
getting worse pretty nearly every day since; but the
cal)bages and cauliflower are doing pretty fairly,
even if they have not had any cultivating, and the
potatoes are coming up pretty well. It is very well
to say," Wait till yoiirground isdry enough to work
nicelj'." But suppose it gets to be the first of .June,
and you have not got any thing planted. Our Alas-
ka peas, put in in March, are now a foot high, and
we are looking every day for l)lossoms The plant-
beds are all booming; but that is about the only
place where we can make garden at all. Never
mind; there will be all the better demand for early
.stuff when we get it.

POTATOES TO BE GIVEN AWAY.

We still find ourselves wit h more or less of a stock
on hand of all the potatoes in the list below, except
Carman No. 3; and for the rest of the season we
make every reader of Gleanings the wonderful
offer that we made just about a year ago. Every
one who sends us i^l.OO for Gleanings, past, pres-
eni, or future, may select a dollar's worth from the
table below; or you may have Gleanings for one
year for every dollar you send us for potatoes. You
can send Gleani.\gs ^''here you choose, or the pota-
toes either. We give the table once more to facili-
tate making your;, selection. We have seconds of
only the following: Thoroughbred, New Queen,
an<l New Craig. Of these three we cm furnish sec-
onds at half the prices below.

Varieties are in order as
refrards time of matur-
in;;; earliest first, next
tarliest second.andso on.

White Bli.ss Triinnpli .... $
E. Tlioro'bred, Maule's*

Early Ohio

Early Norther

Burpee's Extra Early

Freeman

New Queen

Rural New-Yorker No. 2.

Sir William

Cai-man No.l

Carman No. 3

Koshkonontr-.

1

i

_l_

i .3.5
.50

20
25

8
i

20
25

25

n

i

1

^.

10
35
l">

30

i«

40
60
60

■3
7.

i

75
60
75
60
.50
.50
fiO
60
fiO
75
75
I 00
1 OO

35

3.^
35

35

35
35
35
35

$ 20
30

20

20
20

« 2.50
3 50
2 00
1 50

1 50

2 00
200
2 50
2 50

Now. even if you do not want the potatoes to
plant, in many localities they are well worth the
money for table potatoes at this time of the year;
and if you have never tasted of a genuine Freeman,
I would advise you to liave a barrel of these, grown
by T. B. Terry, for your table— thnt is, if you want
something c.rtra. At the present writing, May 11,
tliey are, the most of them, in almost if not quite as
good order as when put in last fall.

.maule's early thououghbhed.
This, although not the earliest potato we have, is
undoubtedly the best early potato so far as yield
and qualilii are concerned. All things considered, I
believe it has given us the larg st yield of any pota-
to we ever planted; and the general decision, the
country over, indorses our opinion. Now, in order
that everylwdy may have a cliance to get a good
start with this very valuable new potato, we make
the following exceedingly liberal offer:

A barrel of THOR<jrGHBREDS FOR ONE NEW SUB-
• SCRIBER.

These, of course, will be seconds; but you may
have half a barrel of firsts for one new subscriber.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May 15.

We make these exceedingly liberal offers because
we have still a large stock on hand. The Thorough-
bred matures so early that you can plant them
through the remainder of this month, through
June, and even up to the middle of July, and still
get a good yield. We hope that none of the readers
of Gleanings will fail to try at least a few Thor-
oughbreds.

Our first planting of early potatoes was half Thor-
oughbred and half Early Ohios. At present writing,
May 11, the Thorouglibreds stand head and shoul-
ders above the Early Ohios. Very likely they will
not mature the crop as early as the Early Ohios,
and judging from the looks and from the e perience
of last year they will give a yield of about four
time as many potatoes. If you have not grown any
Early Thoroughbreds, by all means avail yourselves
of the liberal terms on which we now furnish them
to the readers of Gleanings.

THE NEW CRAIG.

While this potato does not give as great a yield in
every locality as it does with us here in Medina, I
believe it has generally been received with favor.
It has been one of the best late potatoes, and we
think its power of resisting bugs and blight is equal
to any. It is also, perhaps the best potato known
for making vines to mulch strawberries. In conse-
quence of a large stock still remaining on hand, we
make the following liberal offer on Craigs:

For every new subscriber we will send a barrel of
firsts, worth I2..50, and for every renewal a barrel of
seconds worth $1.25

Perhaps our friends may be interested in knowing
just how many potatoes we have at this date, May
15, to be given away to our subscribers. We have
the following number of bushelsof each kind : White
Bliss, 9; Maule's Thoroughbred, 250 (also 300 of
seconds); Early Ohio, 23; Early Norther, 4; Bur-
pee's Extra Early, 4; Freeman (Terry's growing),
200; New Queen, 110 (also 120 of seconds); Monroe
Seedling, 18; Runt New -Yorker, 15; Sir William,
220; Carman No. 1, 30; Koshkonong, 5; Manum's
Enormous, 12 (3 of seconds); New Craig, 100 (70 of
seconds)— nearly 1500 bushels in all, as you will
notice. All of these are to be given to our subscrib
ers, a dollar's worth of potatoes for every dollar
sent for Gleanings, as long as they last.

LETTUCE, spinach, AND ONIONS.

Lettuce is still retailing at 20 cts. per lb., and the
demand is greater than the supply. I tell you it is
fun to get a nickel for a stalk of Grand Rapiiis let-
tuce before it is fully grown. We have one com-
petitor in our town, and he has quite a good-sized
greenhouse. Both of us are sold short. We are cut-
ting ours before it is much more than half grown,
because people keep wanting it. Spinach has also
brought 10 cents per lb. till just now (May 14); and
real nice spinach, grown on extra-rich ground, will
bring 10 cts. per lb. now at retail. Of course, our
town does not furnish a market for a very large
supply of either; but it is refreshing to note that,
notwithstanding the low prices on most crops, we
have sold more lettuce this spring than ever before,
and have obtai ed a better price for it. 1 suppose
that, as soon :is strawberries get to be plentiful,
however, people will drop off on the lettuce.

People are calling now for onions large enough to
cook; but with the backward spring we have none
yet quite the size of hen's-eggs, and it hardly pays
to pull them when they will probably double in
weight inside of a week or ten days. I see onions
are quoted in the cities at $5.00 a barrel. Imported
Spanish onions are somewhere about $2.00 a bushel.
Now, there is a moral right here: I have never yet
seen the time in the gardening business when there
were not a few things that commanded gO' d prices,
what you are to do is to be on hand with the thing
that people are willing to pay a good price for. If
by extra care, rich soil, thorough cultivation, and
protection, you are able to get a crop a little ahead
of the general run, you are pretty sure of a big price.

A BOOK ON RHUBARB CULTURE.

I have for some time been thinking that we
ought to have a book on jfrowing rhubarb for mar-
ket; and I assure you ii was a pleasant surprise
when I discovered that there was such a one al-
ready. It was written in 1894 by Fred. S. Thomp-
son, of Bay View, Milwaukee, Wis. W. W. Thomp-
son &Sons grow rhubarb by the acre. In fact, they
have one plantation of several acres, and they sell

about 10,000 dozen annually in Milwaukee alone, for
making pies. They also make quite a business of
growing it in winter, and they even commence put-
ting it on the market for the holidays in December.

One thing I was pleased to learn was to find that,
like asparagus, rhubarb must be frozen first, and
then thawed out by an artificial S|iring or a real
one before it will grow successfully. This tells us
why so many failures have been reported in regard
to growing rhubarb in Florida. It can be done suc-
cessfully, however, by shipping roots south after
they have been once frozen up

The book contains several illustrations from pho-
tographs pertaining to the industry, ttiat are valu-
able. The author says, " No reliance can be placed
on the seed producing tbe identi al variety of its
parent." If this is true, what are we to think of
St. Martin's rhubarb, the seed of which is offered
by Pete ■ Henderson at JilO 00 per lb.?

The book treats of two different arieties in par-
ticular— the Victoria, the kind we grow and recom-
mend, and the Mammoth Red. Tliis latter, from
the description, we should call much the same
thing as a plant introduced years ago as the " wine
plant." It was to be grown for making wine; and
not only were wonderful stories told in regard to it,
but some of our people paid out a " wonderful " lot
of money for it, only to throw it away and get back
to the Victoria when they wanted gnod pies. I be-
lieve several made wine by the barrel ; but as it was
all soon dropped and forgotten, I judge it did not
amount to much as a wine-p\nnt; and, by the way, I
am heartily glad of it.

This rhubarb-book contains 76 pages; price 50 cts.
In fact, that is what I paid for the one I have in my
hands. We have, however, made arrangements
with the publishers so we we can furnish it to our
readers for an even 40 cts., postpaid. The author is
supposed to be the largest grower of pie-plant In
America. Their yearly output is something like 125
tons of "i)ie-timber:" and it is estimated that It
takes 120,0110 Uis. of suyar to sweeten up the tartness
resulting annually from their plantation.

A NEW(?) PROCESS FOR KEEPING APPLES.

In a recent number of the OMo Farmer we find
the following:

WRIGHT'.S PERFECT APPLE-PEESBRVER.

I have a discoverv of incalculable value to apple-growers.
For the small sura of fifty cents I will send a printed recipe
for the preservation of ai)ples in their natural state througli-
oiit the winter. Fruit put awav hy my method will remain as
solid, crisp and perfect as when jpicked from the trees. No
rot. no shriveling. My method will not only keep vour apples
■^.ifr. riTi.l -,.>ii;.! t'M-.iiv.-h tbf> wii'to-, iMit h\- its use you can
\r<' ■■' tii.-iM i..r I,..:. ,,r ,,, ,,-!,-, .t I;. I.. <:: iin. .,,, , n _- when the fruit
i - I , ■ I _, liut a valuable

^h- •■ . • !!>,,' I;-.- ;...!• ;. i> ,:,,-,..,.,, ,:,,.rit fully dem-

nii-f,i',i \;i\ ;i-i -II |i;ii.i,-. :i":i\ i.-;i Ihi -liels of apples
tor the winter will save money liy usmu- my method, which is
quite simple, and costs uothiiijc. Send 50 cents for the recipe;
try it, and if it does not prove satisfactory your money will
be refunded. Address

C. B. Wright, Belmont, Belmont Co.,0.

The readers of Gleanings, at least the older ones,
are well aware o^' the position that we liave taken
for twenty years or more in regard to selling infor-
mation, recipes, etc., for doing something. The
above illustrates the point exactly. If Mr. Wright
really had something valuable, why did he not sell
it to the Ohio Fanner folks and let them give it to
their readers ? He offers a printed recipe. Each
reader of the Farmer, if he wants it, is expected to
send 50 cts.; and yet the whole recipe could be put
in the Farmer and occupy less space than the adver-
tisement. Besides, what is to hinder the first man
who gets it from publisning it to the world, thus
saving a large amount of money spent uselessly?
We sent the 50 cts. just as soon as we saw the adver-
tisement. Below is the recipe:

RKCIPK FOR USING WRIGHT'S PERFECT APPLE-PRESERVER.

In Storing your apples if using either barrels, boxes, or
bins, first cover the bottom with two inches of dry sawdust;
then place a layer of apples, covering the same with another
layer of sawdust of like depth, and so on, alternating |ach
layer of apples with one of sawdust. Leave room at the top
for a covering of six inches of sawdust. This will make the
fruit perfectly air-ti)jht. and the preservation will be com-
plete. C. B. Wright, Belmont, Belmont Co., O.

I judge that Mr. Wright soon found this method
of doing business was not quite satisfactory; for
inclosed with the letter was perhaps half a teaspoon-
ful of gray powder. The envelope containing the
powder had printed on it the following:

Take Notice.- Dissolve the powder contained in this en-
velope in one quart of hot water. Sprinkle a sufficient quan-
tity of sawdust with the solution, and mix thoroughly. The

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

397

illssolv,..! an.lnsr.l »r . , , i, ,- , i. > . , mii

••ienl I.M'<'i-r<vth ]<■ -' • '\ \ i -^ -

P.irtios li.iNintr .., ,•., n i m h . ■ .i . ■ : ■ i. i \\ n^ln's
IVilwt Applo i>it-fi \ .1 "ill I .■ -i-iii 1,11. I il,. |M.\\.|i-r
for (ISC tlio next yitti .■II n.i i|it .1 1 i i uiip to piiy

postiiRt'. . t\ B. WuKillT. I ' Ml ntCo.,0.

Mr. Wright may be liones) :.i ;• .-i I li.M'e ho is:
but I take thelihi'iiy of telliiiir Imii ihai (In- powflor
ho semis li;is tiotliiiip wbiili'xor to fici willi iniLldnjr
tlu> sawdust i>ro^crvf /i"' /un/i ?.s of ai>pk's or poi a-
toes. Vory likely lio has kcut ai>i)les nicely by the
dry sawdust plati. The nioi hod is uot l)yaii> means
new.* Sometimes the fruit keeps all rig-lit, and
sometimes it dots not: but the plan lias not been
sutliciently successful for anybody to continue us-
ing it. This man may lie honest, as T have said:
but. notwithstanding, his plan of taking 50 cts. from
our people at large, especially from our impoverish-
ed farming people, is a l.umluig and swindle, and I
apiieal to our experiment stations to back mo up in
what 1 say. I do not know how many other jiaijers
are accepting this advertisement. I know that
there are sone others I'osides the Farmer; but the
periodical that lielps to swindle tlie farmers just
now will lose a hundred times more tlian tlie small
amount it gets lor the space occupied by the adver-
tisement. Whatsoever a man soweth, that shall he
also reap. Instead of a dozen lines of printed mat-
ter on a small card, 50 cts. should pay for a consid-
erable htiok. with appropriate illustrations, in re-
gard to keeping winter apples, or any other rural
industry.

KIND WORDS FROM ODR CUSTOMERS.

Gi.E.\NiNG8, April 1, 1 consider well worth a year's
subscription. Alonzo Knight.
Plain City, Utah.

Mr. Riiot: In regard to your footnote to article
on •' New Celery Culture." pages 300 and 301, we
will sav the author's full address is Mr. W. H. Jen-
kins, Sidney Centre, N. Y.

Springfield, O. Editor Farm and Fireside.

I like Gleanings very much. 1 especially enjoy
reading Mr. A. I. Roofs Notes of Travel and Home
Talks, especially through Arizona, as I lived there
for five years. Maria Phaser.

Terminous, Cal.

I received the barrel of potatoes yesterday. Thej^
were larger and nicer than I expected to get. Tii'e
freight charges were 90 cts. Thank you for being
80 prompt in sending them.

Giidden, Iowa. Mrs. M. E. Moffatt.

Thanks for the very valuable assistance of adver-
tisement in Gi>eanings. It appears the Gleanings
people are a very plea«arit and pn^gressive family;
and the surprising thing is, there does not appear
to be anv other kind of people in it.

Terre Hhu e, Ind. L. H. Mahan.

The sections you so kindly forwarded have come
to hand, and are very satisfactory indeed. I am
.surprised to get such good sections for "creams."
They are even better than the No. 1 sections made
at a local mill or factory, and the dovetails put to-
gether fifty per cent better. W. J. Manley.

Sanilac, Mich.

The goods ordered Mar. 11 reached me April 1, all
right; and to say I am pleased with the manner in
which the goods were put up fs putting it very mild-
ly. I also find that 1 can get gfiods clieapef from
the Department Store, after paying freight, than I
can at home. Please accept thanks for the careful
attention you gave my order. A. E. Roop.

Estey, Mich.

The car ot goods has arrived, and I have been un-
packing them. I am very much pleased with the
improvements in the hives. Surely the Danzy cover

* Other substances, such as bran, oats, cut straw, etc.. and
dry sand for potatoes, hare been used .successfully in place of
the sawdust. Protectincr the fruit from the air by wrapping'
It in tissue paper, exactly as oranges and lemons are shipped,
amounts to the same thinsr. It usually helps to preserve the
fruit, but it is not a sure thing, by any means.

is by all moans the nicest I have ever seen. Hut
what surprised me most was the new Weed founda-
tion. I thought sure at first 1 was5(X) lbs. short on
foundation, but on opening a largo l)ox I found it
filled with nice jiaslo board bo.xes. 1 said, " What in
the world is this?" 1 opened one, and was I pleasedV
Well, 1 can not tind words to o.vpress my pleasure.
Surely. The A. I. Root Co. le ids in iinpiovomenis in
bee supplies I now fool sure that whoever gels an
order tilled with this foundation will lie a custonuir
for all time. I have never seen any t hing to com-
pai e wit h the packing or the fine appearance of this
foundation, J. B. Mason.

Mechanic Falls, Me., Apr. 12.

As long as there is "Our Homes" department in
Gleanings (1 haven't owned a colony of bees in
three years) I do not know how 1 can get along
without Gleanings. It is the only thing that
comes to me now which came to my once happy
home away back in Ohio. I then had a kind and
loving wife, and nearly a hundred colonies of bees.
But continued poor seasons and foul brood (I suc-
ceeded in eradicating the latter, however), drove
me to other business, and in May, 1893, pneumonia
robbed my liome of its only charm — my precious
darling wife; and, friend Root, Gleanings was one
thing that helped to make my home a happy one,
for it helped me to be a better man than 1 ever
would have been had it not been for Gleanings;
and my wife, too, used to enjoy the Home Papers so
much.

I hope you, Bro. A. I., will be spared many years.
I am afraid I should lose my interest in Gleanings
if the time ever comes when there are no more
" Home Papers," and I may lose my interest in the
bees too; but I hope I shall neuer lose my interest
in the risen Lord, in whom you have helped me to
strengthen my faith. Basil T. Bleasdale.

Shell Rock, Iowa.

A KIND WORD FROM " MERRIE ENGLAND."

My Dear Mr. Root:— 1 suppose I may call you a
brother, not only as a bee-keeper, but as a follower
of the Lord J sus Christ. 1 must express my sin-
cere thanks to you for Gleanings, with many val-
uable points, not only beewise but otherwise. I lend
Gleanings to my friends here who are not bee-men,
and they are ciiarmed with it, and look out for it as
anxiously as I do. I may say. also, I have your A B
C, 1891 edition, and con.sider it one of the rao.st valu-
able and helpful books I have among my bee-books,
and I hcve over forty V" lumes devoted to bres and
subjects pertaining to bees.

r note in Gleanings several articles on founda-
tion with deep cells Would you kindly mail me at
once several samples of some? I am making up a
bee-cultural exhibit for our Notts County Show, in
June (early), and I should be grateful if you could
send me at once a few samples of deep-cell founda-
tion. I used the Weed foundation once last year,
and had splendid results. In this district (Notting-
hMm) we have had a trying spring for bees, and in
my own apiary spring dwindling has been greater
than I have ever known. If tlie fine warm days do
not come soon I shall not hjive my colonies strong
enough to take full adv;intage of the honeytlow.

Let me also say I j.'in hands with you in'your cru-
sade against smoking. 1 am tplensfc tcithoiU eijolium)
a local preacher, Sunday school teacher, Bana of
Hope worker, and am anxious for any thing to lift
up my fellow men and women around me; and I
must sincerely thank you au'ain for the inspiration
and help I have derived from your Home Talks, etc.
I may not meet you on this side; but, dear brother,
I will meet you at "the I'ountain " by and by, in
God's good time. With every good wish I remain,
dear sir and brother, faith fullj^ yours.

Stapleford, Eng. Peteh Scattergood, Jr.

[Many thanks for your exceedlngl}' pleasant
words, my good friend S. By the way. it occurs to
me that you are rightly named. T have been won-
dering whether it is because of your name that you
have taken up all of this good work. If it were tlie
fashion nowadays to give a man a name according
to his haliits, we might undorstiind why they shouhi
call you Scattergood. 1 assure you Mrs. Root will
value your kind left r, for England is her old home.
We have been talking some of visiting the 8<-enes of
her childhood; and if we do we shall try to give you
a call, dear brother. May God bless and sustain
you in your good fight.— A. I. R.l

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Root's Goods.

Before placing your order for this
season, be sure to send for Root's

1897 Catalog, ready now.

Oar 1897 liives, with improved
Danzy cover and improved Hoffman
frames, are simply "out of sight."
Acknowledged by all who have seen
them to be a great improvement over
any hive on the market, of last year.

Comb Foundation — ^

Cheaper and better than ever; clear
as crystal, for you can read your
name through it. Process and ma-
chinery patented Dec. 8, 1896, and
other patents pending. Samples of
the new foundation free.

The A. I. Root Co.,

Main Office and Factory, Mcdlna, OHiO.

Branch offices at 118 Michigan St.,
Chicago; Syracuse, N. Y.; St. Paul, Minn.;
Mechanic Falls, Me.; No. 10 Vine St.,
Philadelphia, Pa.

Untested Italian Queens.

Queens ready t(i mail, either goldi n or dark
queens from selcr-t sto-'k, at 65 cents each; k dozen,
$3..50; dozen. S6 50; two or more dozen at $6.00 per
dozen. Tested (jiieens. 75 cfMits each.

W. A. COnPTON, Lynnville, Tenn.

f\rders filled by return mail or freight for A.I.
^-' Root Cos supplii s. our ciioice strain Italian
queens; one, two, and thrte frame nuclei. If you
want good goods at low prices and in a liurry. send
us your orders. 3(i v.tgp eatalotr free.

JOHN NEBEL & SON, High Hill, Mo.

QUEEMS

Smokers, Sections ,

Comb Foundation,
And aU A|>hiir:in Siippliet
cheap. .Sonil for
T. FLAKAIiAN. Belleville. !!!.

QUEENS

Roclii
free.

Either .3 or5 lianded, 75c each; 6, $4.25
Nuclei. Mud all kinds of supplies

' cheap. Eggs for hatching B. P.

S. C. B. Leghorns, 50c per 13. Catalog

CHAS. H. THIES, Steeleville. III.

May 15

f-^nl!^*.* OllPPn<5 either golden beauties
ItShfln V"^*^"»» or 3 banded imported
■ *^""**" stock. Tested, $1.00 each; untested.
70c each; half dozen, H.OO. One queen to new cus-
tomer, 65c. P. O. M. O. ' ftice. Lavaca, Ark.

E. A. SEELEY, Bloomer, Ark.

Pure Italian Queens.

No black
rrival guaran-

40

SWARMS OF FINE BEES,

Fifty cents eacli. Warranted fi
bees here, and no disease. Safe
teed.
W. C. OATHRIGHT, Dona Ana, New Hex

FOR

SALE

ATA ^"^ in healthiest localitv in the South.

BARGAIN. Address F. J. ROHHER,

Forest Home Apiary, Grand Bay, Ala.

pOR SALE.— 75 Colonies of Italian Bees,

■ in eight-frame Laugstroth hives.
Price U to H.oO per colony.

Discount on five or more colonies.
L. Vandereike, Lake Hills, Jefferson Co., Wis.

Second=hand Bicycles

oflfered recently have all been sold, but we have
two more. One Remington Racer (made by the
Remington Arms Co.>, weight ::.'0 lbs., ivi-in. tubing;
nearly as good as new, and listing $110.00. We offer
for $45. Reason for selling, A. I. R. expects to ride
1897 model.

One second-hand Victor, '95 pattern; wood rims;
W( od handle-bars; Morgan & Wright tires. Sold
originally for $100 00. We i ffer for $25.00. It is in
good riding condition, having been overhauled in
our bicycle-repair shop.

Wax at marliet price will be accepted in place of
cash.

THE A. I. ROOT CO., Medina. O.

pOR SALE. -200 Cases, two60-lb. cans to case, at

■ 35cts. acase. 1 have a large quantity of them;
they are new cans, clean and nice inside, but my
using .steam in storage warehouse caused them to
be a little rusty outside. Order in cans as sample;
speak quick. WH. A. SELSER,

10 Vine St., Philadelphia, Pa.
The A. 1. Root Co's Philadelphia ollice.

Wants and Exchange Department.

WANTED.— To exchange Italian queens, bred from
imported mothers, for plants, seeds, pet stock,
or Cowan exi ractor. What have you to offer ?
J. H Garhison. Cor. Louisville and
Cheltingham Aves.,St. Louis, Mo.

\\/ ANTED.— To exchange single-case World type-
Vl writer (good as new); also hybrid bees in full
colony, for extracted honey or offers.

A. W. Gardner, Centreville, Mich.

\l ANTED —To exchange Pekin ducks or eggs for
}} Italian bees, African gte^e, or offers.

John Bcrr, Braceville, 111.

U' ANTED.— To exchai.ge a Given press, as good as
W new, lor offers, or any thing useful on a farm.
J. W. H., Bronson, Mich.

\r ANTED.— To e.xcliange empty L. combs, free
Vl friim dise.ase. in Hi ffman frames wired, drawn
from full sheets foundation for sections, shot-gun,
foundation, talking-machine, team harness or of-
fers. C. S. YoiNKiN, Confluence, Pa.

vi, ANTED To exchange » 2-horse-power gasoline
Vl engine. Wanted— lathe and mechanical tools.
Robert B. Gedve, La Salle, III.

U, ANTED.-^ To exchange fcr any thing useful, St.
Bernard puppies at greatly i educed prices;
also pure-bred Poland China hogs and Pekin ducks.
W. W. Prevey, Elroy, Wis.

\\ ANTED.-25 second-hand bee-hives. Describe,
>» stating price. E. T. Brock. Danby. N. Y.

UTANTED.— To e-xchante Belgian hares, homing
YV pigeons. White Legliorn eggs or breeding-stock.

for Italian nueens from imported mother, pure-bred

geese, ducks, or ducks' eggs, or oflers.

Eugene Manning, Jacksonville, N. Y.

1897

(iLEANlN(JS IN BP:E CULTURE.

Contents of this Number.

..tU H^'i- N -.iK. i;,. ire, Kriist'i-.407

..4ir. ii.T. > •• Ml -lish liw

. iti H > Ml' k. I Hi- 407

..41« Mi.M .11 r.. ;i-'v ~ 418

. 40fi Oil -1..V,.- II. (Vlliu-.s 413

.411 l'i,.-|>iMI>. Kllclsof 407

.4i:! giurii~ III Miiil- 416,42;i

. i-U yn.-ii..ii- .\ii~»,Te.l 417

..hi S«aiMi.M-. l-M' ol 412

. .41.S Thieves. To CaU-h 415

. 412 Tweezers, Queen 412

. .427 VanUeiisen, J 423

.422 WelldiRKinK. 425

Honey Column.

CITY MARKETS.

Chicago.— Hoiif J/.— P\incy white, 13; No. ], white,
11; far.cy amber. 9@]0; No. 1 aniljer. 7; fancy dark,
8@9: No. 1 dark, T; white e.\tracied. 5®"; amber, 5®
ti; dark, 4@4';; beeswa.x. :JT. Clioire comb honey
would sell freely at lop guoiatioi), as market is bare.

K. A. UUKNKTT & Co.,

May 19. 163 So. Water St.. Chicago, 111.

Milwaukee.— flojicj/.— Fancy white, 12@l4; No. 1
white, ll@12; fancy amher, K'@ll; No. 1 amber, 9®
10: while extracted, 6@.T; amber, 5®.5V2: dark. 4@o;
beeswa.x. 26@2T. The trade in honey since our last
has been dragging, and demand fallen off some-
what Our supply of choice quality is not large, and
think will all be wanted beioie new crop. The
common grades of comb will oe the last to dispose
of. Hence the inotal, impro%'e the quality to a per-
fect degree, and better sales will follow and better
values will accrue. A. V. Bishop & Co.,

May 19. Milwaukee, Wis.

St. Louis. — Honey. — Fancy white, 12®13; No. 1
white, 1]@13; fancy amber, 10@10'2; white extract-
ed, in bbls.,4'2; in cans, 5; amber, in bbls., 4; in
cans, 4'2: dark, 3!^@i. in bbls.; heeswa.x, 24y2@25.
The demand for honey is and will be light from
DOW to the first of October. Bakers and candy-fac-
tories not using any this season of the year, and
they consume most of our extra stock.

Westcott Commission Co.,

May 20. 213 Market St., St. Louis, Mo.

Denver.— floney.— Fancy white, 11; No 1 white,
10; fancy amber, 9: white extracted, 6; amber, 5;
beeswax, 2.5. We are having an unusual demand
for our brand of extracted honey. It has been well
advertised of late, and our customers know a good
article when they use it. There are several brands
of honey shipped to our market that arf not pure,
but we believe all Colorado honey on our market to
be pure. The great trouble we have to contend
with in this dry climate is granulation. We are
looking for a good crop of honey this season.

K. K.& J:0. Frisbee,

May 22. Lock Box 1(114, Denver, Col.

New York. — flonew. — Our market is in good
shape— the old crop well cleaned up, both comb and
extTa(!ted. New crop extracted is arriving from
the South, and in fairly good demand at 50@.52 per
gallon for average common, and .5.5@6U per gallon
for better grades. Beeswax rather quiet at 26@'.i7.
HiLDRETH Bros. & Segelken,

May 20. 120-122 W. Broadway, New Vork

Minneapolis.— HoHej/.— Fancy white, 12@14; No.
1 white, 11@13; fancy amber. 10@12: No. 1 amber, 9
@10; fancy dark, 8@9; No. 1 dark, 7@S; white ex-
tracted, 6@7; amber, .T®6; dark, 4V4@6'/i; beeswax,
2.5®27 Comb honey nominal. Movement very light
and will probably continue so during warm weather.
Extracted steady demand, moving on new water
white at full quotations. S. H. Hall & Co.,

May 20. Minneapolis, Minn.

Philadelphia.— Honey.— White extracted, •")®5' i ;
amber, 4®4'2; dark, 3'4@4; beeswax, 2.5. No comb
honey in tliis market but odds and ends. Nobody
wants comb honey now. Considerable call for ex-
tracted. Beeswax in constant demand.

Wm. A.Selser,

May 21. 10 Vine St., Philadelphia, Pa.

KANSAsCiTY.-Houey.— Fancy white, 12(g)13; No. 1
white, 11®12; fancy aml)er, 10@11 ; No. 1 amber, 8®
10; fancy dark, S@H; No. 1 dark, «; white extracted,
6@5H; amber, 4H@r); dark, 3'/,®4; beeswax, 2.5.
C. C. Clkmons & Co.,

May 20. 42;» Walnut, Kansas City. Mo

Boston. — Houey. — Fancy white, 13; No. 1. 11®
12: white extracted 7®8; amber. 5@6; beeswax, 2,5
@26. Our market is without change as to price, but
we note a lighter demand natural to the warm
weather. E. K. Blake & Co.,

May 19. 57 Chatham St., Boston, Mass.

Detroit. — Honfy.— Fancy white, 10®12; No. 1
white, 10®11; fancy amber, 8®9: No. 1 amber, 7®8;
white extracted. 5®6; amber. 4@r); beeswax, 2.5®26.
Dark comb not much called for. and what there is
in sight is dot attractive, and buyers of it can make
the prices. M. H. Hunt,

May 20. Boll Branch, Mich.

San Francisco.— Ho)icy.— Fancy white, 10; No. 1
white, 9; fancy amber. 7; No. 1 amber, 6: fancy
dark, 5; No. 1 dark, 4; white extracted, 5; amber, 4;
dark, 2; beeswax, 24. New honey of very fine qual-
ity is coming in the market. The crop will be a
good one. but less than expected three weeks ago.
Looked-for late rains did not come.

Henry Pchacht,

May 14. San Francisco, Cal.

Cincinnati.— Himey.— No. 1 white, ]0@13; No. 1
dark, 8@10; white extracted, 5@6; amber, 4@5; dark,
3H@4; beeswax, 22@25. Chas F. Muth & Son,

May 18. Cincinnati, O.

Columbus —Honey.— Fancy white, 12@12X; No. 1,
white, 11: fancy amber, 8. Strawberries aie now
arriving so freely that honey is slow sale. Advise
no shipments without direct communication with
us. The Colu.mbus Com. & Storage Co.

May 22. 409-413 N. High St , Columbus, O.

Cleveland.— Hoxey.— Fancy white, 12@12V2; No.
1 white, 10@11; fancy amber, 8; fancy dark, 7.

A. B. Williams & Co.,
May 2.5. 80-83 Brondway, Cleveland, O.

-For Sale.— Fancy extracted in 601b. cans, and
fancy comb (Danzy sections) mangrove honey In
30-lb. cases. Cash offers wanted, f . o b. here.

H. Price Williams, Miami, Florida.

rfm
AT REASONA
By J. A. OSB<
PATENT L
579 The Arca;le,
riALL Tip WRITF.

PROCURED
PROMPTLY

AT REASONABLE RATES

A. OSBORNE Sl CO.,

(YdRS,

CLEVELAND, 0.

CALL OR WRITE.

\ HALF PRICE

'\^^^^^\/\^%/%/^^

After .June lOtli we sell effgs from all our yards
at hai f price ($1 per 15). Eggs will be from I
I our best pens, and handled with the same care (
, early orders receive. Our breeds!
Barred & White PI. Rocks, Lt. Brahmas,

Lan^shans, Bf. Cochin.s, White Wyandots,
Brown & Buff Leghorns, Pekin Ducks.
, Our stock will surely please you; order now.

POULTRY SUPPLIES.

We are America's Headquarters. Biggest
Stock, Lowest Prices, Quick Shipments.
Nissly's Poultry Annual and catalogue of '
•'Everything for the Poultry Yard" is ai
I book of 80 6x9 pages, finely illustrated and full ,
or Information. The book is free to all, but
request a 2c stamp for postage.

GEO. J. NISSLY, Saline, Mich.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June 1.

1000 First=class Sections for only $1.50.

I have on hand about 40,000 strictly flrst-class 414x414 one-piece sections. For such sec-
tions the leading dealers are asking from $3.25 to $3.00 for a single JOOO, but I am anxious to
turn these sections into money as soon as possible, and also anxious to increase my subscrip-
tion list; therefore, as long as any remain unsold, I shall offer 1000 sections .and the Review,
to new subscribers, for only $3.50. I will also furnish a tested Italian queen and the Review
one year, to new subscribers, for only $1.50; or a Bingham Conqueror smoker and the Review
for only f 1.75.

W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint, Mich.

DANZENBAKER
HIVE AND HONEY

won Highest Honors at the
Fairs, and pays Premiums to
purchasers

of 50 hives, $50 for the best 100 Danzenbaker sections
" 25 " 35 " " 50

" 20 " 20 " " 40

" 10 " 10 •' " 20

" 5 " 5 " " 10

^^Further particulars regarding the premiums,
also special catalog of the Danzenbaker Hive and
System, furnished on application. Address
FRANCIS DANZENBAKER, Medina, Ohio.

, Care of The A. I. Root Co.

Nuclei==Order Now,

of the old reliable queen-breeder, a 3-frame
(Hoffman) nucleus and warranted queen
(Italian), that is just running over with bees,
for $2.25; or will pay express to any part
of U. S. east of Mississippi River for $3.50.

Direct the Philadelphia branch of

THE A. I. ROOT CO,,
Wm. A. Selser, Mgr, 10 Vine St., Phi!., Pa.

Root's Goods at Root's Factory Prices ** "U^^r"''

Immense stock of the latest 1897 goods now on hand, and more to follow.

Thousands of Hives and Millions of Sections ^^ our record, and other goods in proportion, we

are sure to please you if the best goods at bottom
prices and good s-ervice will do it. Eleventh annual catalog free. Address

JOS. NY5EWANDER, Des Moines, Iowa.

PRICES OF

Bingham Perfect Bee=sniokers and Honey=knives.

Smoke Engine (''^''f/made."''") * i"- stove. Doz., $13.00; each, by mail, $1.50

Doctor ....SYi

Conqueror 3 "

Large 3!4

Plain 2

Little Wonder (wt. 10 oz.) 3 "

Honey-knife .

Bingham Smokers have all the new improvements. Before buylng"a
Smoker or Knife, look up its record and pedigree.

FIFTEEN YEARS FOR A DOIjLAR; ONE HALF CENT FOR A MONTH.

Dear Sir: — Have used the Conqueror 15 years. I was always pleased
with its workings, but thinking 1 would need a new one this summer, I
write for a circular. I do not think the 4-inch Smoke Engine loo large.

January 27, 1897. Truly, W. H. Eagerty, Cuba, Kansas.

T. F. BINQHAn, Farwell, nichigan.

A Penny Saved is a Penny Earned.

Yes. it's better than that, for the saved penny you don't have to earn twice. Well, the
Weekly American Bee Journal will help you save your pennies. It is a real money-
saver 10 the bee-keeper who will read and practice "its teaching. The regular price is
$1.00 a year, or only about two cents per copy. But in order that new readers mav give
it a trial we will send it for only 50 cents from the time we receive your subscription to
the end of 1897. Now, the sooner you send the half dollar, the more copies you will re-
ceive. Send Ic stamps if more convenient. Sample copy free.

9.00; "

1.10

6.50; "

1.00

5.00: "

.90

4.75; "

.70

4.50; "

.60

6.00; "

.80

GEORGE W. YORK & CO., 118 Michigan St., Chicago, III.

^'^.,4^^-9

• delvoted;

•andHoNE-Y
-AND home:- "' '

.TED

^^'^^biishedy THE>l1^ooY Co.
" ^^■- '^ '""Medina- Ohio-

!PtRYtAR.

Vol. XXV.

JUNE I, 1897.

No. II

The Pacific Bee Journal reports good pros-
pects in California. Glad of it. Some nice peo-
ple there.

Bokhara clover probably is not so called
because the seed is hulled, but because it comes
from Bokhara, in Asia.

Bottom boarus painted with heated coal-
tar 27 years ago are good yet, says C. P. Dadant,
in American Bee Journal.

Replying, Mr. Editor, to your remark, page
361, the extra-thin foundation that didn't suit
me was several years ago, ^0 of course it was
old process.

Editor York thinks there is a possibility
that, in the near future, bee-keepers might do
well to co-operate with the American Fruit-
growers' Union in effecting sales of honey.

Took first honey of the season May 8.
Didn't extract— just shook three combs, getting
two pounds of thin dandelion honey— light,
with a very pronounced flavor; liked by some,
disliked by others.

R. C. AiKiN is heterodox when he says of
hive-escapps, " They will not do the work rap-
idly enough;" but some others of us can't wait
for them at out-apiaries, and don't like to offer
a premium to thieves by leaving them on over
night."

Trees barked by rabbits can be saved, says
Fred Grundy, in Epitoniist, by splitting open
a drain-tile, wiring the two parts together
around the tree, then filling up the space with
earth. Why not prevent the gnawing in the
same way ?

Le Progres Apicole says the British Bee-
keeper's Guide Book has reached its thirty
thousandth copy, and that no other apicultu-
ral work has reached so large a circulation.

Mais,mon cher Progres, Root's ABC has about
doubled that.

The more stores a colony has in winter, the
le's it consumes; for honey is a splendid ther-
mic regulator, making the bees suffer less from
sudden changes of temperature, so consuming
less. — Dr. L. Latinne, in Progres Apicole.
[There may be something in this. — Ed.]

C. C. Parsons, in American Bee Journal,
says that, after a trial of seven years, he has
never had a swarm desert its hive, no matter
what the shade or ventilation, if he put mto
the middle of the hive an empty comb, filling
out with frames of foundation or starters.

What you say, p. 371, Mr. Editor, reminds
me. Years ago a citizen of Marengo called my
attention to some shade-trees four feet high In
his yard that he had just got from the nursery.
They were lindens, and he had cut down some
big basswoods to make room for them. Actual
f ac o !

Watering bees. Take a common stone
crock; cut a board }4 inch smaller than the
diameter of the crock, then bore several % holes
in it, and fill each hole with a wick. Put more
boards under it when water-soaked, so as to
keep it a little above water level.— Michael
Haas, in American Bee Journal.

Hit 'em again, friend A. I. (p. 387). The idea
that a number of sensible people can not meet
socially of an evening without eating some-
thing unseasonably is an absurdity worthy of
the dark ages. But, sayl You just report to
us when you have a gathering of that kind at
your house without feeding them. Dassent!

I'm not dieting now— I'm eating. I never
had so much fun in my life eating apples.
Three for breakfast, three for dinner. When I
don't eat three I eat four or five. Before the
beef diet, half an apple was too much for me,
[Yes, indeed; the beef diet, after one has been
on it for a year, puts him in much better condi-
tion to eat articles of food that formerly were
almost poisonous.— Ed.]

406

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June 1.

The new Union, since it has turned out
there are to be two, needs another name so the
old and new Union will not get mixed. "Alli-
ance" has been suggested, also "League."
The latter has the advantage of brevity. [I do
not like either name. What is the matter with
"Association" — the name we formerly had?
" The United States Bee-keepers' Association "
— that sounds well. — Ed.J

R. A. Tobey, p. 375, gives a fair showing of
the variation in the weight of section*. While
the average of all was 14% oz., that of the
heaviest case was 16.6 oz., and that of me light-
est 13.2 oz. Of course, single sections in the
heaviest were more than 16.6, and in the light-
est less than 13.2. Is it just the thing to sell
such sections by the piece, charging as much
for the lightest as the heaviest?

Wm. McEvoy, Canada's Foul-brood Inspector,
says the Wisconsin foul-brood law is the most
perfect one in the world, and one that every
State and province should copy after.— Ameri-
can Bee Journal. [McEvoy's opinion of the
Wisconsin law is worth much, for certainly he
ougnt to know. Perhaps it would be well for
bee-journals to hold up this law as the ideal
law fo. other States to enact.— Ed.]

R. Wilkin thinks we ought to have a word
to express the contents of a hive exclusive of
the box containing the bees. Seems to me there
are several new words needed. Who'll furnish
them? [Supply-dealers, in referring to that
which goes to make the inside of the hive, with-
out the bees, speak of it as " inside furniture,"
as " fixtures," as "frames and sections." To my
notion, the first name is the best.— Ed.]

Supers ought to have been put on my hives
the first week in May, according to the ortho-
dox rule, that they should be put on as soon as
white wax is seen along the top-bars. Possibly
some of them might store dandelion honey in
sections, but I'd rather have the honey worked
up into bees for the clover crop. [The season
is considerably later this year, and we shall
have to make our calculations accordingly.—
Ed.]

Pkof. a. J. Cook, in American Bee Journal,
says, "We used to hear a good deal about di-
viding bees, or artificial swarming: but in
these latter days I think very few attempt any
increase except by natural swarming." Tut,
tut, professor! don't think that, because we
don't talk as much about it as when it was new,
we don't practice it— lots of us. Last year I
increased 121, only two of which were natural
swarms, and one of them ran away before it
was hived.

That good-looking Australian presents a
strong argument in favor of queen cells in
drone-comb, p. 365. [Photography always tells
the truth, and a half-tone reproduction is the
same thing in printers' ink. If friend Jones

had told us what he could do, may be we might
have disbelieved him; but when he gave us a
peep of ihe thing itself, so that we could actu-
ally see it, then there was no room for doubt.
I hope many of our readers will try the method
there described.— Ed.]

So magic cereal is ahead of postum cereal,
Is it? First I've heard of it. Can't you send
me a sample, Ernest? [Just ask your grocer
for it and he will have to get it. It is made, I
think, by the Akron Cereal Co., Akron, O.; and
while you are about it, ask him to give you a
sample of "Gran-o." This is another substi-
tute for coffee, and it is said to go twice as far
as any other for the money. We are just trying
it at our house, and have not come to any defi-
nite conclusion.— Ed.]

Bees stinging each other are generally sup-
posed not to lose the sting. R. Wilkin rescued
a queen from hostile bees, but one of them had
stung her below the eye; and when pulled
apart the sting and poison-sac remained firm
with the queen, killing her. [It seems to me
that, when I was working with the bees in
queeu rearing, whenever a queen was stung in
a ball she was more apt to hold in her body the
sting she received than not. I remember very
distinctly of drawing the stings from several
queens, hoping thereby it would not be too late;
but they were all fatal.— Ed.]

Prof. Bruner, so favorably known by those
who attended the Lincoln convention, has been
employed by the Argentine Republic to study
the grasshopper plague they've had for ten
years. He sailed April 24 from New York, hav-
ing a year's leave of absence from the Univer-
sity of Nebraska. Success to him. [The selec-
tion of Prof. Bruner from the number of very
able men in this country, by the Argentine
Republic, is indeed a compliment. The bee-
keepers who attended the Lincoln convention
will not soon forget his very interesting lecture
on the " Wild Bees of Nebraska," and the kind-
ly way in which the many questions which
were plied to him, right and left, were answer-
ed. If I mistake not, his selection was due to
the fact that he is a real student of nature.
He does not go to other authorities so much as
he goes to Nature herself, and from her gleans
the actual facts. From a boy up he has been a
bug-hunter.— Ed.J

" It would have a tendency to keep others
from making the same mistakes if we would be
a little more frank in reporting ours," is a
truth G. C. Greiner puts on page 367 that will
bear repeating. If a department, " Mistakes
and Blunders," is published in Gleanings, I'll
promise not to skip it in my reading. [" Mis-
takes and Blunders" as a department in
Gleanings— a capital idea! and for fear that I
may forget to carry it out, I will ask you right
now, doctor, to give us the first batch. They

1897

(CLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

imiy bo short, like Straws, if you want thorn so,
or ihoy may be longer, just as you see fit to
touch them up. After you have given us the
first batch, then I should be glad to have Mr.
(Jreinor ijlve us the second; later on. perhaps
Mr. Doolittle, Mr. Crane, Mr. Manum, and
others, can keep the department alive. I am
rather of the opinion that some of our best and
most successful bee-keepers can give us some
interesting and valuable facts from their expe-
rience. Such a department may show the
truth of what Josh Billings once said: " Egspe-
rieuce keeps a good skuie, but the tewishun
comes nurty hi."— Ed.]

On page 343 it reads as if prosperity never
brings a man nearer Christ. You don't mean
that, do you? friend A. I. When I'm full of
real gratitude for prosperity, I'm sure that is
being brought nearer. [Dear old friend, it
seems a sad reflection on humanity, but I am
afraid it is true that prosperity seldom if ever
moves one nearer to Christ Jesus. When I had
that pleasant visit at your home some years
ago, your pastor said to us something like this:
" I presume each person who sits before me
would like to take the risk of sudden prosperity;
and each and all of you think you would be an
exception to the general rule. But the sad
fact remains, demonstrated over and over again,
that there is more to be feared from riches than
from poverty." Since I heard that, I have been
watching for instances to the contrary; but if
I have found them, they are few and far be-
tween.—A. I. R.]

Uncle Amos, why can't you be fair? You
come down on me because I couldn't in four
months do what Maria Eraser did in four years
— makegood jumbles without sugar or molasses.
After four years she thinks she has found a
recipe that can be relied on, but I don't think I
could find it in twice four years on page 375.
At any rate, I give it up. Now tell me where
to find it. [Mv dear old friend, I will take back
every word I have ever said against you, and I
won't ever try to look down on you again if you
will forgive my stupid blunder. We went and
published the good lady's remarks about that
beautiful honey-cake, and told how we manage
it. and then left out the recipe entirely. I won-
der what Maria Eraser thought of us, to see her
recipe come out in that style. But, fortunately,
we have succeeded in hunting up the letter,
and fishing the recipe out of the waste-basket,
and here jt is: "Two cups honey; one cup but-
ter: four eggs (mix well); one cup buttermilk
(mix) ; one good quart flour; one level teaspoon-
ful soda or saleratus. If it is too thin, stir in a
little more flour. If too thin it will fall. It
does not want to be as thin as sugar cake. I
use very thick honey. Be sure to use the same
cup for measure. Be sure to mix the honey,
eggs, and butter well together."— A. I. R.]

Bu R. C. Aikin.

MARKETING HONEY; A VALUABLE ARTICLE.

This is another subject much written upon
and talked about. However much has been
said, the subject is by no means exhausted, and
comes up at every convention, and will not
settle.

Go with me into any grocery and look at the
goods there handled. Everything in the way
of liquids, except perhaps vinegar, sorghum,
and honey, are so put up that they can be han-
dled by the piece. All solids are either in pack-
age form, or in such shape that they can very
quickly be weighed or counted out. Vinegar,
coal oil. and such, are measured out, it is true:
but there is of necessity a vessel in each house-
hold for these things, and the vessel is taken to
be filled again, when empty. Just think it
over for yourself and answer the question: Is
there a single article in the grocer's line so
awkwardly handled as extracted honey? I
have no particular criticism to make in regard
to retailing comb honey, but I must say that
extracted is very poorly marketed.

We put our extracted honey in 60-lb. cans,
barrels, etc., and ship to the wholesale or com-
mission dealer. These in turn sell it out to the
retail men in small lots: and when they come
to get out the honey they find it candied. Even
if it did not candy, it is a hard article to retail
in this way, because it must be kept warm or
else the dealer must spend much time waiting
on it to run out. I have retailed a number of
tons of extracted honey, and I know what kind
of a job it is. If you were a storekeeper, and
had your choice of selling maple and other
syrups in regular pacKages, or honey drawn out
into the customer's vessel, would you not choose
the regular package? I am sure you would,
and that is just what is done.

But how are we to get it into regular pack-
ages? There is the rub. We have no suitable
regular package — in fact, no regular retail
package. The Root establishment Is supposed
to carry about every thiiig of value going, and
I will just look over tiieir list. First, I find
glass vessels. There are the Ponder and Muth
jars. One-pound size costs about 4 cents each
by the 100. Other glass packages of Ipound
capacity from 2^ cents to nearly ,5 cents each.
These are the prices there, not delivered to the
producer. We must pay the freight on these,
and then we must be at the expense of casing

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June 1.

or crating them in some safe way to ship. The
result is, that by the time the honey is ready to
go to the wholesale market it has cost us about
5 or 6 cents per pound for packages alone. If
the honey is worth .5 and the packing 5 more,
there is 10 cents right at your honey-house;
and by the time we add freight, and commis-
sions to both wholesale and retail dealer, say 1
cent freight and 25 per cent for commissions, it
costs twice as much as the best sugar.

Of tin packages, first comes the 60-1 b. can.
These are wholesale packages, and cost us, the
can and freight, % of a cent per pound on the
honey put in them. Next comes the 12-pound
square screw-nozzle cans. These will come at
about \M cents per pound— possibly a little
more. Then there is the "Jones honey-pails
with screw-cap," that the catalog says "are
the most convenient pails that we know of,
that are suitable for shipping liquid honey in."
One-pound size comes at4K cents— all of 5 cents
by the time we get it; five- pound pails at
almost 3 cents per pound. There are next " tin
pails with raised covers," but these do not seal,
and will not answer. The last on the list is
"Record's tight-seal cover pail." These are
not made for honey, but for butter and lard. I
don't know whether they will shut tight
enough to risk shipping honey in them when
they are stood on their heads or in any position
other than right side up. The cost of these is
a trifle less than the others.

These vessels are not crated or boxed ready
to ship full of honey. Even if the cost were low
enough, every apiarist is not fixed for crating
them. By the time we crate them we have put
the cost of packages considerably above the
foregoing figures— just about what the honey
now brings at wholesale in 60-lb. cans and bar-
rels. We can not put honey in packages that
cost as much as the honey alone will bring.
Suppose the honey worth 4 cts. and the pack-
ing 4, then the freights, etc., on that, and
" where are we at? " Do not forget that I am
not talking about the local retail trade from
our honey-houses, but the general markets.

We must have a regular package. We have
a standard for comb honey, sections of certain
weight, and so many in a case. A dealer can
order so many cases of 12 or 24 pound size; and
when he retails it he sells it out by the piece or
pound, and no bother; but here we are with
extracted honey in all sorts of vessels of wood,
tin, or glass, some of the packages costing more
than the honey itself can be bought for. The
only way a retail dealer can get extracted
honey to his customers is to get it put up for
him by a local apiarist, or buy it in wholesale
packages and then repack it, and run the cost
to or above comb, or draw It out into the pur-
chaser's pail. If we are to sell to bakers or
manufacturers, then the large can or barrel is
all right; but we want to sell for table use too.

and the purpose of this article is to tell why we
do not, and how we can get the table trade.

Extracted honey is not nearly so largely used
as it should and would be, because it is not put
up so that the people can get it as they do the
competitive sweets. I know that Mr. C. F.
Muth and some others are doing good work;
but Muth can not handle all the honey. What
we must do is to get our goods in shape so that,
when it is once packed, it is there to stay till
the consumer gets it. Other syrups and sweets
are so put up that the packages are regular, go
from packer to wholesale house, and through
the regular channels of trade, in unbroken
cases till the local grocer gets it, when the case
is broken and the original can sold to the
consumer.

But how are we to get it so ? At present I
see but one way. We must co-operate. We
can establish packing-houses at suitable places
to receive the product in its vicinity. This
house (or association) can have its trademark
or label; buy its cans in car lots; can, case, and
market the goods in a regular way. You will
say, "Why not each apiarist pack his own
honey, get his cans from the general house, or
depot, and pack at home?" The reason why.
this will not work is plain. Suppose the api-
arists about Denver would undertake this.
Perhaps no two of them would grade just alike.
Perhaps one out of 10, 25, or 50, would either
ignorantly or willfully pack a lot of off-grade
honey. It would, of course, go out with the
rest, and eventually damage the reputation of
the association or firm which guaranteed it.
No; it must be packed by an experienced pack-
er who knows his business. The farmer may
just as well pack his own pork, or the fruit
man his own apples; but these and other prod-
ucts must go to the regular packer. We may
pack for local trade or special customers, but
we can not do this for the general trade.

One difficulty that meets us here is that there
is not enough honey produced. There, now,
won't I catch it? The idea of saying there is
not enough produced when we can not sell
what we have! Yes, I say it, and it is a fact.
If there were ten times as much produced there
would be some inducement for capitalists to
start packing- houses, depots, or honey head-
quarters in every city, so that, when we have
honey to sell, we should have a place to put it.
Let me illustrate this: I am supposed to be
writing this in Colorado; but I am really writ-
ing it in Iowa. Well, Iowa is a corn» hog, and
cattle country. There are here always corn,
hogs, and cattle; and since these things are
always here, and in abundance, there are
always places to market them. Buyers ride
the country hunting up the products. In Col-
orado, where I live, wheat is the main product,
and hogs are scarce. Well, Colorado has its
wheat-elevators everywhere, so there is always

18it7

(JLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

409

a place to put wheat; but If you want to mar-
ket a hog you must hunt a. buyer. Now don't
you see the point '?jOur honey Is always; hunt-
ing a market, like the Colorado.hog.

Since, then, wo do not produce in quantities
that will cause the market to/.come to us,';we
must take measures to help it to-come.nWe
can organize in some way that we [may have
market-places that take our honey, put itinto
suitable shape, and find customers. GThereis
all the work of " iutroducing our goods;" that
the small producer can not do; but if it were
packed in regular cases and weights, so that
the traveling salesmen can represent the goods
and lake orders just as they do for other lines,
honey might be sold so as to make a demand
that we know nothing about now.^Thousands
upon thousands who never eat honey would do
so if it were to be had as conveniently as maple
syrup. I see no reason why honey may not be
put up in cheap cans as fruit is now put up.
Put up in this way it might go into the homes
of the poor people who never see honey. J We
have been working the fancy trade by the use
of glass and other expensive packages at such
prices that it must be a luxury, while the poor
people and laborers have been left out.

There is yet the question of honey candying,
local markets, etc., that will receive attention
in our next article.

Loveland, Col.

[This, I am free to say, is one of the best
articles we have received this season. It dis-
cusses this very important subject of market-
ing extracted honey, not in the old stereotyped
ways, but on lines that are both sensibl and
feasible, and I hope every reader will take
pains to peruse it carefully.

Before discussing some of the points, I would
stale that friend Aikin, either because of error
In figuring or because he had got hold of an old
catalog, has put the price of retail honey-
packages too high. The Pouder and Muth
jars, in lots of 100, cost a little over 3 cts., in-
stead of 4, as Mr. A. ha« it. Then there are
some other reductions that should be made on
the other figures. Square cans, in ten-box lots,
cost about 3^ cent per lb., for the honey, not
including freight, and the same can be shipped
from Chicago, St. Louis, or New Orleans. Two-
thirds of a cent per lb., including the freight
from a locality in Central Colorado, would not
be very far from correct. But very few would
have lb pay such freight.

I grant that the selt-sealing honey-packages
seem rather expensive; but they are designed
for a fancy city trade. Some of the self-sealing
devices are patented, and that makes the pack-
ages expensive. Perhaps the most popular
honey-package is the Mason jar. The 3 lb.
size (1 quart) in gross lots, costs about lU cts.'
per lb , and the consumer rarely objects to the
expense of this jar, because it has an intrinsic
value in every household. In the case of any
other package, with the possible exception of
the jelly-tumblers, the package itself is of no
particular value after the honey is out of it.

I have said that self-sealing devices made the
ordinary screw top packages expensive. In
the case of some, the price is 2 and 3 cts. per lb.
Without it, it would be less than half. It has

occurred to me, in view of what Mr. Aikin has
said in the last paragraph, that we as bee-
keepers ought to make use of some standard
tin package, such as is used for canned toma-
toes, peaches, etc. Fruit-growers have long
since come to the conclusion that a :Mb. tin
can. made of light tin, having the fruit itself
soldered in, is the cheapest of any package they
could get. This same 3lb. package would hold
about 4K lbs. of honey, and would cost the
bee-keeper, who bought it in a large way, prob-
ably not to exceed a cent a pound for the honey
they would hold. But, you say, bee-keepers are
not skillful enough to solder these fruit cans
when filltdwith honey. Perhaps; but I know
a good many who are. We will suppose, for
instance, that Mr. A has bought .^OO cans, each
can to hold about 4Jij lbs. of honey when filled.
We will say that he has filled them, and is now
ready to have them soldered. I venture to say
he can get his tinsmith to solder the whole
batch in about one day's time; and the cost
ought not to exceed .$2.50, or half a cent a can.
Honey put up in this shape can be put up in
standard packages; and, when neatly labeled,
said label going clear around the can, will com-
pare favorably with any other goods on the
markets. They can be tipped upside down,
any way, and there will be no danger of leaking.
I grant that this idea of tin fruit-cans for honey
is not new; but I am of the opinion that it has
not received the recognition it deserves.

But it would be no very great trick to do the
soldering oneself. Soldering-kits are furnished
very cheaply now. and the directions that go
with them make the whole thing plain. I have
known of a number of instances in California
where the bee-keepers soldered all their own
square cans.

In Mr. Aikin's last paragraph he touches
upon a point that is by no means a visionary
scheme. The California Bee-keepers' Exchange
is organized, if I am not mistaken, for the very
purpose of seeking an outlet for the honey from
its members; that is to say. it is to take the
annual crops of honey from bee-keepers, in the
bulk, and put them in uniform packages of
various sizes for the general market. Such a
scheme ought to be favorably considered by the
bee-keepers of the East; and I believe it would
be well for the United States Bee-keepers'
Union to discuss the matter at its nexlmeeting.

Let us now consider some of the advantages.
One large packing-house, or, if you please, sev-
eral of them, scattered at strategic points, could
buy up the honey from bee-keepers in every
direction, in the bulk form. If uniform pack-
ages were agreed upon, and this honey were
put into such packages, with neat labels, and a
guarantee of absolute purity, it would do much
to help bee-keepers secure better prices. I
know of one large under-buyer who mixes his
strong-flavored honey with that which is milder
flavored, thus making a honey that is both uni-
form and pleasant. One honey-buyer mixes
alfalfa and strong basswood, and calls it" lin-
cerne." The alfalfa alone sometimes has a
flavor that is loo mild, and the basswood is
sometimes too strong. Combining the two
makes a llavnr t>ial is just right. You see the
point is here: A large packing-house could take
the honey from several sections of the country,
and combine them in such a way as to make
one kind of honey of uniform flavor, and thus
it would bring a good price. I do not mean to
say that buckwheat should be mixed with
clover, hut that two or three grades of amber
might be mixed, or two or three grades of
white honey, and both the white and the amber
would be much the better. I hope this ques-
tion will be thoroughly discussed.— Ed.]

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

411

W. W. CARYS APIARY ANDjBUSINESS.

My fathpr's apiary was established about
1S40. Mr. Laiigsirolh was a familiar visitor in
my early reeoUections. and made many experi-
ments with my father when inventing his hive.

My apiary usually contains about lOO full col-
onies, and in summer is sometimes increased to
300. including nuclei, and has been for 3.5 years
devoted almost exclusively to breeding bees and
queens, only a few colonies being run for hon-
ey, and these for experimental purposes. My
father was the first man to propagate the Ital-
ian bee, as you will see by catalog, page 4; also
testimonial of Mr. Langstroth, page 4.5. I have
spent considerable money in testing all the dif-
ferent races of bees, and find none but the Ital-
ians that seem to fill the bill for all purposes.

I have reared and sold many thousands of
queens, and my trade in full and nucleus colo-
nies has amounted to 150 to 200 in a single sea-
son.

My mill and storehouses contain over 13,000 ft.
of floor spac». I have made a specialty of the
manufacture of bee-keepers' supplies ever since
the invention of the movable-comb system, and
have added 3400 sq. ft. of floor space during the
past season, including a new room for working
wax, 12x50, which is fitted with four founda-
tion-mills and a steam-heater for melting the
wax. My father and I bought two of the first
mills sent out by A. I. Root, and have used sev-
eral different machines since. I can not tell
you what my annual output of goods is, but
will say that it amounts to several thousand
dollars annually. W. W. Carv.

Colrain, Mass.

[Mr. Cary, senior, was one of the old pioneers
in American be- culture, and one who did
much to help faiher Langstroth in his apiari-
an career. Some years ago there appeared in
these column's a portrait of him, the biograph-
ical sketch having been written by Mr. Lang-
stroth himself.

It was a pleasure to do business with the el-
der Mr. Cary. as it is now with his son, who
like his father has been one of our good cus-
tomers—En.!

SOME SPECIAL TOOLS FOR THE APIARY.

SOME GOOD IDEAS.

By Oeorge W. Lefmard.

I send you models of some tools that I have
been using with much satisfaction. When I
sold my farm, and apiary of one hundred colo-
nies of bees, I sold all my tools and bee-fixtures.
I send you a sample of foundation that was
made on a set of foundation-plates that I made".
The die-faces are dipped into melted wax, the
same as the sheets for other machines are
prepared; consequently the septum is formed
when the wax is in a liquid state. That leaves
the grain of wax in a compact state. When
the bees draw the foundation out, it does not

expand and bulge as foundation does that is
manufactured on machines whore it is pressed
into shape while, in a cold or plastic state. Ihls
leaves the grain of the wax in a crumbled form.
The bees do not tear it down when not in use.

In making this foundation I use three plates,
one of which is engraved on both sides, and the
other two on one side only. The plate engrav-
ed on two sides is dipped into melted wax, then
taken out and quickly laid squarely on one of
the other plates, and the third plate is laid on
top. The three plates, with the two interven-
ing films of wax, are then run between rolls,
the same as in other machines, except that the
rolls are not engraved. I then plunge the die-
plates into cold water, trim off the edges, and
strip off the two sheets of foundation. The
plates do not require any lubricant — nothing
but pure soft water. Alkali in hard water cuts
the wax and makes it sticky. If one wishes to
wire the foundation he should wind the wire
around the middle plate before it is dipped. I
used that machine fifteen years, and made
thousands of foundation sheets on it, and it was
good when I sold it.

CENTRIFUGAL COMB-FILLER FEEDER.

The model will speak for itself (see Fig. 1).
The quantity of honey put into the reservoir
regulates the quantity that is put into the

FIG. 1.

combs. To fill the combs full, the reservoir
must be two-thirds full. If it is wished to have
a large brood-chamber left, fill one-third full.
A few turns of the crank of extractor will fill
one side. Then open the lids, and with the
pliers reverse the combs, and turn as before.
'Next take out and set over something to drip.

412

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June 1.

Put sticks between to prevent their touching,
or it will form a siphon and the honey will run
out. If the honey is blood-warm the machine
can be worked much faster.

The pliers (see
Fig. 2) are forged
out of Bessemer
steel. The wide
handle is made
Fio- 2. for scraping pro-

polis and burr-combs. When dull, file square
across the edges. The spurs on the inside of
the handles are made for lifting sections and
drawing separators out of the hives.

QUEEN AND DKONE TRAP.

I use mica springs for the escape. These
being transparent, the bees make more effort to
get through than when metal springs are used.
Some twenty-six years ago I used metal springs.
When you wish the queen to return into the
hive, draw out the mica slide that covers the
escape, M inch or more. The only objection to
mica springs is, that some swarms will nick off
the edges until they ruin the springs.

BELLOAVS SMOKER.

I did not send a complete smoker, but only

the lower part of the barrel (Fig. 4),

to represent the double-action mica

valve; also a mica valve for the

bellows, on a piece of board (see

Fig. 5), to represent its attachment

to the outside of the bellows, where

It can be easily removed when it

needs repairing. I find
mica the best material
for valves. Ii is light.
and prompt in action,
and not apt to get out
of order. When you
^^<*- ^- blow with the bellows

it presses the valve against the draft-tube (see

Fig. 4), and that forces the air out of the nozzle.

When you stop blowing, the valve springs back

and closes the tube connecting the barrel to the

bellows, which prevents the smoke and cinders
from going into the

bellows.

I have for a number
of years been using an
automatic-spacing re-
versible-frame hive (see
Fig. 1). Fig. 6 shows
the position of the
frames in the hive. The
frames are in the pack-

FI6. 4.

FIG. 6.

The wooden tweezers
fFig. 7) are for picking
queens out of the clus-
ter of bees,by the wings.
Queens should never
be touched with the

fingers when it can be avoided. Scent of the
fingers causes the bees to ball the queen.
Central Valley, N. Y., Feb. 5.

[Frame-pliers will never become very popu-
lar with practical bee keepers. The bare fin-
gers with perhaps a screwdriver is all that is
needed to loosen frames and handle them prop-
erly.

The smoker-valve arrangement is quite in-
genious, and there may be something in it.
We purpose trying it in a sample smoker; and
if it works I will report regarding it further.

There may be cases where queen-tweezers
may be an advantage, but in my hands I should
be more afraid of pinching the queen. The
ends of the fingers are about as good as any
thing that can be used, at least by the average
queen-breeder.

The idea of filling empty combs by centrif-
ugal force in the same way that we. extract
them is feasible; but anything that the bees
can do for us can be done by them far cheaper.
I should prefer to let the bees take the syrup
from feeders and put it in the combs. It is a
rule in plowing to save the man and make
the horses do the work as far as possible. The
same should be true of the bee-keeper and his
bees.— Ed. 1

FIG. 7.

THE USE OF S WARMERS.

THEIR ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES;
HOW^ TO CONSTRUCT ONE.

By A. Oetaz.

Every once in a while somebody asks me if
non-swarmers could be used to any advantage
when the apiarist can not be at, the apiary eve-
ry day. If the apiarist can be there twice a
week, or at intervals of not more than three or
four days, a queen-trap will do as well as a non-
swarmer; or even an entrance-guard will do.
With the trap there is the advantage of finding
the queen there, and also the dead drones,
which would obstruct the entrance-guard more
or less.

In using an entrance-guard it is necessary
that the hive proper should have an entrance
the full width of the hive, and at least IK in-
high. The guard should be not less than 2 in.
off the entrance, full width of the hive, and
four or five inches high. All this is in order
that the ventilation be not obstructed. All this
applies also to swarmers and queen-traps.

If, notwithstanding, the colony is too hot, the
best way is to add one or two or even more
empty supers on the top, enough to bring the
temperature down to the proper point. These
supers may have sections, or be without them
if necessary.

Under no circumstances whatever have any
opening above the entrance m order to have
better ventilation. In warm weather, when
the outside temperature is nearly as high as
the Inside, they are almost useless, as they ven-
tilate only on account of the difference. On the
other hand, during the night and the cool days
they create a draft which, under such circum-
stances, is a positive damage to the colony, es-

1S79

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

413

peciftlly coiicorning eomb-biiilding in iho sec-
tions. If tlie apiarist can bo thore but once a
weolv or less, then a swarmer or uon-swarmer
or self hiver, or whatever name you may call
the apparatus by, is better than a queen-trap.

After trying all sorts of contrivances imagin-
able during several years, the only kind I can
recomm<>nd issomething like a queen-trap with
the upper part large enough to admit two or
three combs. These need not be full size, ex-
cept for convenience. The lower part of the
upper apartment in front of the cones must be
of perforated zinc, partly to allow the bees to go
in and out, partly because the cones must be
where the light strikes them. Neither queen
nor drone will go up a cone placed in the dark.

Well, a swarm issues. The old queen goes up
into the swarmer. There she will remain with
a certain number of bees, and go to work. The
bees of the brood-nest, relieved of the quarrel-
ing between queen and queen-cells, or, rather,
their attempt to protect the queen-cells against
the queen, will also do good work until a young
queen emerges. Then the racket starts again;
the young queen comes out with a swarm, gets
into the swarmer, and kills the old queen. The
others follow until there is but one left in the
swarmer and one in the brood -nest. This last
comes out to mate, and meets the other in the
swarmer, and then there is but one left in the
swarmer. By that time the apiarist must be
on hand, and permit the last queen to mate.
Further delay would practically ruin the colony.

When the apiarist comes he will probably
find some that have just swarmed, and some
that have swarmed or have been repeatedly
swarming.

If the old queen is yet in the swarmer, the
colony can be divided. If no increase is desir-
ed it is necessary to prevent further swarming,
to destroy or remove the old queen, and allow
reqxieening. It is not absolutely necessary to
destroy all the queen-cells, but yet it is better
to do so, except, of course, one or two. At the
next visit, only one queen will be there, proba-
bly in the swarmer, no brood young enough to
raise more queens, and possibly some of the last
queen-cells constructed. These can be destroy-
ed, and the young queen allowed to mate.

If a young queen is present, destroy all the
remaining cells and let her mate. There is no
danger of more swarming if the brood is all
capped or too old to raise more queens; and I
think there is very little danger, if any, even
with young brood, destroyed cells, and a virgin
queen; still, I am not positively sure. At any
rate, requeening as described above will end
the swarming for that year, provided enough
room is given in the surplus apartment, even if
the brood-nest is not larger than S L. frames.

If, instead of allowing the colony to requeen,
the apiarist will introduce a young laying
queen, it will be necessary to wait until the

bees have been two or throe days with no un-
capped brood. The nurse-bees have not then
taken to the field, and there will not be enough
of them to construct more queen-cells after the
young queen begins to lay.

Two points need consideration here:

Dr. Miller says the perforated zinc will not
prevent the queen from going out with the
swarm. Well, my experience disagrees com-
pletely with his. I have had but one case
where I think the queen went through the zinc;
but in all the other cases where the queens
were missing with the swarm I found some
crack somewhere, generally in the most unsus-
pected places. The queen will remain in a
swarmer; but with a queen-trap she will event-
ually (in the course of two or three days) find
her way back through the cone; and if she is
then killed by a young queen the apiarist may
think that she has escaped through the zinc.

Another drawback is this: It may happen
that, when a young queen goes to mate, a
swarm comes out from another hive, joins the
young queen, and the whole outfit goes to the
woods, but not often. I once had a young
queen that brought the swarm to her own hive.
In fact, the young queen will often return to
her hive without paying any attention to the
flying queenless swarm; yet a few may be lost
that way.

The only way I know of to prevent such loss
absolutely is for the apiarist to let the young
queens mate only when he is present. After a
young queen has tried several days to go out,
and failed, she is very keen to do it; and if, af-
ter one or two o'clock in the afternoon, the api-
arist opens the zinc, she will, in nearly every
case, mate at once. Should a swarm issue at
that time, the apiarist being there could take
care of it.

Knoxville, Tenn.

HEATING A BEE-CELLAK ARTIFICIALLY.

OIL-STOVES NOT SATISFACTORY.
By O. C. Greiner.

The closing sentence of Dr. Miller's answer to
Mr. Fred B. Cavanagh's inquiry, " Better warm
it up some way," is exactly what I should want
to do if the temperature of my cellar averaged
as low as ?.5 to 38 degrees; but the question is,
" How?"

Years ago I had the same trouble. My cellar
was not at that time filled to its full capacity,
perhaps not more than one-half or one-third
the number of colonies it would accommodate,
allowing about 1.5 cubic feet to the colony. Be-
sides, it had not the outside protection it now
has. I mistrusted that, through the colder
part of winter, artificial heat would be necessa-
ry, and planned to use an oil-stove in the entry.

414

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June 1.

The latter was a four-foot room, divided by an
air-tight partition from ilie cellar proper. As I
had had some experience with oil-stoves before
that, I was well aware of the fact that one
could not be used in a bee-cellar without being
more or less detrimental to the comfort of the
bees on account of obnoxious gases and befoul-
ing the air. For this reason 1 took special pains
to make the partition air-tight (as 1 thought),
and provided, as an additional safeguard, an
extra ventilator, 6 inches square, right over the
place which the oil-stove was to occupy.

When the temperature went down to 38 de-
grees, after it had stood at about 43 the fore
part of winter, I lit the stove, which was well
trimmed and filled, and the blaze was turned up
to where it would give, according to directions,
the most perfect combustion, and leave no
smell in the room. After six hours (the time
that amount of oil is calculated to run the
stove) I went to see the effect. On opening the
door I found the little room dark, quite warm,
and with an offensive oil smell. As the stove
went out on account of the oil burning out, I
gave the dying blaze the credit of the bad odor,
and decided that, thereafter, I would either re-
fill the stove or turn it out before it would have
another chance to die a natural death.

The next time I entered the cellar after I had
the stove started again, it was still burning at
full blaze, but, to my surprise, the disagreeable
smell was the same. The bees seemed to be
equally displeased. On listening I could hear
their roaring through the partition — a decided
increase over their natural quiet hum wben not
disturbed.

Further investigation showed a rise of tem-
perature of 3 degrees in the further end of the
cellar, where the thermometer is placed. Now,
whether this rise of temperature was caused by
the heat of the stove alone, or whether the ex-
citement of the bees had something to do with
it, I am not certain ; but I am inclined to think
it had. The oil scent had also penetrated the
partition, and, undoubtedly, disturbed the bees
more than the rise of temperature. I agree
with Dr. Miller and the ABC, that stoves in
the cellar have done more harm than good.

Since making the above observations I have
made but very little use of oil-stoves for that
purpose; neither have I tried wood-stoves or
boiling water; in fact, I do not need either
since finding, by experience, better, cheaper,
and safer means for keeping my cellar at the
desired temperature. First, better outside pro-
tection; and, second, filling the cellar to its full
capacity, or, if the necessary number of colo-
nies is not available, reducing the size of the
cellar. By these means my cellar maintains an
average temperature of about 45 degrees, with
a variation of not more than one or two degrees
either way.
Naples, N. Y.

[While the ABC does not exactly recommend
artificial heat for bee-cellars Dr. Miller certain-
ly does if the temperature goes too low; but he
uses a small hard-coai stove in the bee-cellar
itself, and of course there are no odors because
the products of combustion go up the chimney.
Oil-stoves, I know, he would not use A common
stove carries away the foul air at the bottom of
the cellar, starts the good air circulating, and
raises the temperature.— Ed.]

<-— ' ANSWERS TO

SEASOMBLEdtflESTlMl

BY G.M.DOOLITTLE.B0ROOINO.N.Y.

PREVENTION OF AFTER-SWABMS.

Question. — I wish you would tell us in Glean-
ings how to prevent after-swarming. I know
you have written on the subject before, but I
can not now turn to it; besides, I wish you to
go into the minutiae of the matter so that "a
wayfaring man though a fool need not err
therein." Last year I thought I could stop
such swarms; but I failed, hence appeal to you.
Please give the matter your attention in the
first issue for June, as my bees commence
swarming about that time.

Answer.— There are various methods of pre-
venting-swarms, such as removing the old col-
ony to a new stand as soon as the swarm has
left it; setting the hive containing the new
swarm on the stand it previously occupied ; cut-
•ting off all of the queen-cells but one on the
fifth or sixth day after the first swarm issued;
hiving the after-swarms in a box on top of the
old hive till the next morning after they came
out. when they are to be shaken out of the box
in front of the old hive, and allowed to run in,
so that the young queens will, all but one, be
destroyed, etc. Each of these plans has its va-
rious advocates. I have tried them all, besides
many others put before the public, and not so
given; and, after trying the many, have set-
tled down on the two following as being the
cream of the whole. I have used these plans
with success for years, and use them in accord
with what I wish to do with the old colony.

The first is used only where the old hive Is
carried to a new stand while the swarm is in
the air. on the principle of using the new swarm
for the main dependence for comb honey, hiv-
ing the new swarm on the old stand. To ac-
complish what I desire, I proceed as follows:

As soon as the swarm is seen issuing from any
hive I go to the shop where I get a box or hive
used for carrying combs, which has previously
been prepared, having the desired number of
frames in it, either filled with combs or comb
foundation, taking it to the hive from which
the swarm came, when the frames are set out
of the box near the hive. I now take off the
super and take out the frames of brood, put-
ting them into the box. If the combs of brood

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

415

seem to bo well covered with bees, and the
woatlier Is warm, 1 shake a part of them off in
front of the hive before putting the combs into
the box. If few bees or cool weather, I put ail
into the box, setting the box in the shade, and a
rod or so from the hive, as soon as ail of the
frames of brood and bees on them are in the
box.

I now put the frames brought from the shop
into the hive and rearrange it, by which time
the swarm will return, if the queen has a
clipped wing. If the queen is not clipped, then
the swarm is to be hived in this prepared hive
on the old stand, the same as any swarm is
hived. I next put the combs of brood and bees
which are in the box into a hive where I wish
the colony to stand, and adjust the entrance to
suit their wants, when they are left till the next
morning. By this time nearly all of the old or
field bees have gone back to their old location,
so that the young bees which remain are ready
to accept any thing in the shape of a queen.

I DOW go to my queen-nursery, where I gener-
ally have on hand virgin queens just hatched
(or if I do not have these I get a ripe queen-
cell)., and select such a queen as I wish them to
have, place her in a wire-cloth cage, and take
her to this hive. Upon opening the hive I take
out one of the central combs, holding the same
up before me. As the bees are all young they
will at once take to filling themselves with
honey; and while they are so doing I let the
queen run on the comb where there are a few
cells of honey not occupied with other bees fill-
ing out of them, when the queen will commence
to fill herself the same as she sees the others
doing.

The frame is now lowered down into the
hive, and the^hive closed. In this way the bees
and queen appear natural, and I have yet to
lose the first queen put in under such circum-
stances.

As the bees now find they have a queen, they
proceed at once to destroy all of their own
queen-cells, so that no after-swarm ever issues
—at least an experience covering 15 years says
that none do.

The other plan which I use is fully as suc-
cessful as the above, but is used where I wish
to treat swarms the way they are generally
treated by hiving them on a new stand, in
which case I proceed as follows:

As soon as the swarm is hived I go to the old
hive from which it came, and mark on it with
a pencil, "Sw'd, 6-10." which tells me at a
glance that a swarm came from that hive June
10, should that be the dale on which the swarm
issued, and the one which was marked on the
hive. If it should be another day the date is
different;r.but the plan is the same, and suited
to any day on which any first swarm is cast.
On the evening of the eighth day from the date
on the hive I listen a moment at the side-of the

old hive; and if swarming has been " according
to rule " I hear the young queen piping, when
I know that a queen has hatched, and an after-
swarm will be the result if not stopped. If no
piping is heard I do not listen again till the
evening of the 13th day; for the next rule is
that the colony swarmed upon an egg or small
larva being in the queen-cell, which allows
the queen to hatch from the 12th to the 16th
day after the first swarm. If no piping is
heard by the evening of the 17th day no
swarm need be expected. With cool weath-
er and a failure of nectar very few after-swarms
issue, or none at all; but with continued good
weather and honey- flow, scarcely a colony will
fail to try for after-swarming so that, with the
bad weather, it is hardly worth while to listen
at all. In nine cases out of ten, if the colony
intends to swarm, the piping will be heard on
the eighth day after the first swarm is cast, so
that this listening is no tedious job, for not
more than a moment is generally required at
any hive. When it is heard, I go early the
next morning and take every frame out of the
hive, shaking the bees off from each (in front
of;the entrance) ;as I take'themjout, and return
themj^again, so I may be*'sure not to missjja
queen-cell, but cut all off, for we know that
there is a queen hatched from the piping which
we have heard. Once in a great while the bees
will take a notion to go with the queen when
she goes out to be fertilized, but such an oc-
currence is rare, and has nothing to do with
what is known as after-swarming.

In'the above two we have sure plans for ac-
complishing what we desire, under all circum-
stances which may arise, while those spoken of
at first will work at times and at others not.
The sure plan is to be preferred in the end,
though it may take a little more time when
doing it.

PROTECTING THE APIARY FROM TBLTEVES BY
AN ELECTRIC ALARM.

I wish to protect my bees from thieves, with
an electrical bell, such as you describe on page
266, 1895, but " I don't know " the first thing
about putting up the wires. I might fasten
them so the current would be grounded, or lose
all of its strength before reaching the bell.
Will a home-made battery, such as you use for
wiring frames (described on page 105, 189.5),
answer? Does it need three batteries? Will
an ordinary door-bell ring loud and long enough
to wake a sound sleeper? I can get an electric
door-bell for 75 cts. of Montgomery Ward &
Co., Chicago; a battery for 50 cts., or the whole
outfit for $1.75, including 100 feet of insulated

416

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June 1.

wire, etc.; but this is simply a door-bell, and I
don't know whether it is the right outfit or not.

There is a gang of wild boys here who take
delight in robbing bees— not only mine, but all
over the neighborhood. They took about $3.00
worth of nice white comb honey from one hive
last year, and held a grand pow-wow on the
corners. I saw honey and wads of wax there
the next morning: found out who was there,
got the sheriff on track of them, but they de-
nied having any honey or any knowledge of it.
I could not prove it in court, or, at least, the
prosecuting attorney thought so. No arrests
were made, but the sheriff told me he knew I
was on the right track, for they all showed
guilt when questioned. I have lost honey ev-
ery year. Sometimes they destroy the whole
hive, and I am getting sick of it. I always give
them all they want to eat, but there is no " fun "
about it then. They like the fun of " cooning "
it. I can't work hard all day and watch every
night, so I wish to try some kind of alarm to
wake me. H. L. Hutchinson.

Mayville, Mich.

[The battery described in Gleanings, page
206, current volume, would hardly be suitable
for an electric alarm; that is, it would be too
strong and too expensive. The one that you
mention, which you can get of Montgomery
Ward & Co., including battery, door-bell, and
insulated wire, is just about the thing, and the
price is very reasonable. The bell should be
stationed in your bedroom, and the two wires
should attach the bell to a point outside the
house. The bell and battery may be in the
same room. Directions which go with the out-
fit would show you how to arrange the bell and
battery, so there will be no trouble along that
score. But very little wire will be needed. The
spool of linen thread, mentioned on page 266,
1895, should be long enough to go clear around
the apiary, or the space of ground that you
wish to protect from depredations of thieves.
As there explained, the thread should pass
through eyelets fastened to trees or posts, and
should be low enough, say about two feet from
the ground, so as not to be seen by those who
go into the apiary. As there explained, one
end of the thread is made fast, and the other
end fastened to a wooden plug tbat separates
the two brass springs forming the two poles of
the battery, as explained in our journal, 1895.
By following directions there given, together
with the directions that go with the battery
outfit from Montgomery Ward & Co., I think
you will be able to make the thing work all
right.— Ed.]

QUEEN-BEKS IN THE MAILS; SLIPSHOD QUEEN-
BREEDERS.

The monthly Postal Guide for May is before
me, and I see in the classification of mail matter
that queen-bees are mentioned as admissible
when properly packed, and this is a matter I
think you ought to call the brethren to in big
words of warning. Have a notice in every
journal, and ask the other journals to do like-
wise. It is a serious matter, and one that needs
attention. A few years ago I was going to
write you, but neglected to. I got a queen, sent

me from a queen- breeder, in a second-hand
cage. The candy was put into the wrong end
of the cage; and in place of the cork he used a
piece of corn-stalk. It must have dried out, or
was too small when put in; anyhow, when I
took the cage out of the mail-bag, the queen
was nearly out. I just said then I wouldn't
have had those bees get out in the mail for a
dozen such queens. C. M. Hicks.

Hicksville, Md.

[I am glad you have called attention to this
matter, friend Hicks. We can not afford to
lose the valuable privilege we now have of
sending queens in the mails, by such careless-
ness on the part of queen breeders. If there
are any queen-breeders who put their queens up
in any such manner as above explained, send
us the" particulars.— Ed.]

HOW BEES CHOOSE A LOCATION SOMETIMES,
PREPARATORY TO SWARMING.

On page 293 of the ABC book you say that
bees choose a location sometimes before swarm-
ing. This I know to be true. To-day it was
verified. Yesterday, when I returned to the
ranch, my brother told me that there was a lot
of bees out in the wagon-shfd. Going thereto
see what the matter was I found probably a
hundred bees buzzing excitedly around some
empty hives that I had tiered up. By dark all
had disappeared. This morning I closed the
entrance to all but one, the highest, and in the
front tier I prepared it with frames of founda-
tion, and left it. This afternoon the hive was
taken possession of by a strong colony of black
bees. They are not from my own apiary, half
a mile away, as I have only Italians and hy-
brids. John M. France.

Moreno, Cal.

BOARDMAN EXTRACTOR AND'OLD COMBS.

Does the Boardman sobr extractor take out
the wax of old combs near enough so that the
refuse is not worth while fussing with, even
with sulphuric acid '? Gustave Gross.

Milford, Wis.

[The Boardman wax-extractor, if used prop-
erly, will get almost every particle of wax out
of old combs; but the old stuff needs to be
stirred occasionally so as to let the wax out of
the refuse. It may take a week, however, for
all the wax to run out. The stuff' that remains
is hardly worth fussing with.— Ed.]

WEED DRAWN FOUNDATION.

A Step in the right direction has been taken
by our American cousins in the manufacture
and introduction of the new "Weed" founda-
tion, which must necessarily mean a saving of
time and labor to the industrious insects; and
experience has taught us that, where drawn
comb is used, bees commence work much soon-
er. The " Weed " foundation will be especially
useful in comb-honey production.— R. Hamltn-
Harris, Bristol, Eng., in British Bee Journal,
March 18.

1S07

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

417

J. 37., Flii.—Wa should be glad to hear from
you further in regard to how you cured bee-
paralysis; but, as you know, this disease very
often goes away itself, and comes back again
in some mysterious way which no one can ex-
plain. We should be very much inclined to
question whether you have a remedy which is
infallible.

G. W. M., Pa.— It is the usual rule among
some honey-producers to kill all queens over
two years old, as it has been found more profit-
able to do so. \oung queens are more prolific,
and consequently the colonies are stronger, and
strong colonies mean honey; but where a
queen-breeder has a valuable queen as a breed-
er, it is usual to keep her just as long as she
will live, as her daughters of the last year are
just as good as the daughters raised during the
first year.

C. H. P., Xeb.— We can not explain why the
bees should be robbing the colony if, as you
say, it is strong and the entrance contracted so
that only two or three bees can pass at a time.
Possibly they are black bees. Such bees usu-
ally do not make a very good defense. If you
can put in a frame of hatching brood from a
pure Italian queen, shortly after the young
Italians hatch out, they will begin to defend
the entrance. Italian bees are very much bet-
ter than black or hybrid for defense.

M. D., Ohio.— It will be a good plan to cut out
all queen-cells just before swarming-time, be-
fore putting on the supers. Some cage their
queens at that time and then cut out the cells
again. This effectually prevents swarming,
and at the same time puts the bees into that
condition where they will keep on storing hon-
ey in the supers. If the bees swarm out from
under the super, you can take the queen out,
as you suggest, or you can cage her; but you
will need to cut out the cells in about eight or
nine days, otherwise they will swarm out as
soon as one of these cells hatches. To make
sure that you miss no cells, shake the bees all
oflf the combs, and then scan them very care-
fully, destroying all cells that you discover.

C. H., Miyin.—lt is quite a common practice
to hive two swarms in one hive, especially if
both are not quite as strong as the average, Of
course, one of the two queens will be killed. It
very often happens during swarming time that
several swarms will come out at once, and then
when they cluster together in one place It is the
practice to take out enough to make one swarm
and put them into a hive, and then another,
and so on until there are as many swarms as

originally came out into the air. When they
unite in this way there is no fighting; but there
is a liability of there being a loss of some of the
queens, owing to the fact that one or more
queens may got into one bunch of bees and be
put into the same hive.

C. P., ^riz.— The only satisfactory way to
disinfect hives in which there has been foul
brood is to immerse them in boiling water and
keep them there for a few seconds. Some have
advocated smearing the inside of the hive with
kerosene, and then touching a match to it, and
letting the fire char the inside out; but this
blackens and disfigures the inside of the hive.
For further particulars regarding foul brood,
see the article under that head in our ABC
book.

C. R. B., 0.— Twenty- five colonies of bees at
$1.00 apiece is very low, and I do not see why it
would not be a good bargain for you to take up
with— that is, providing you have had experi-
ence, as you say you have. You will find very
full particulars in regard to shipping bees un-
der the head of " Moving Bees," in the ABC
book, which you have just purchased. The
frames or combs in the hives should be held se-
curely in position by sticking up. If they are
not already fast. It is best to remove the cover
of the hive and tack mosquito-netting over the
top, or, better yet, wire cloth. The entrance
should be closed. The hives themselves should
be set upon loose straw in the bottom of the
car, with the frames running' parallel with the
rails of the track. If they are crosswise there
is a liability of the combs breaking out when
the car bumps against another.

M. B., Texas. — Referring to the short method
of transferring, as given in our catalog and our
ABC book, I would state that queen-cells,
of course, will start in the old hive having the
remnant of bees to take care of the brood. If
you wish to prevent these from making any
trouble at the last shaking out, in about eight
days drum the bees out again, cut out the comb,
and then destroy what cells may be built.
These loose pieces of comb you can put on top
of the colony that has been transferred and is
in the new hive. When the brood hatches out,
remove these pieces of comb and render them
into wax; but it will do no harm, ordinarily, to
let the cells be completed and hatch out young
queens. At the end of three weeks, in this
case, drum all the bees out; and if there are any
young queens they will go into the new hive.
Either the old queen and bees will kill the
young queens or else one of the young queens
will supersede the old queen. In either case
the result will be that only one will be left, all
the others being destroyed. When colonies are
transferred from box hives, the probabilities
are that the bees will be blacks or hybrids, and
the young queens would not be very valuable.

418

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June 1.

d \ ( J > ije
culiar to Tred to
address Alfaret-
ta as Miss Buell,
and to be ad-
dressed hy her as
Mr. Anderson; and, though the familiar face
was before him, they were, under the new reign
of reason, strangers. Then her voice, her eyes,
her general bearing, betokened a sensible young
woman. Showing signs of fatigue, Fred per-
suaded her to retire again to the cabin, and
rest, assuring her that the separation from her
parents should be looked upon as a providential
occurrence; for, had she never been separated
from her parents in this strange way, the
chances were that she never would have recov-
ered. Now in a few weeks she could return,
and surprise her people by the recovery from
her terrible malady.

When Alfaretta had entered the cabin, Fred
strolled down to the little grove of oaks, and
there, an hour later, Dr. Hayden found him in
deep thought.

"Fred," said the doctor. " I think I can di-
vine your thoughts. Alfaretta sane is not the
young lady she was to you. Remember, all the
past must be a blank, and your acquaintance
must be renewed from the present."

"Yes," replied Fred, "those were the very
thoughts thai were occupying my attention.
When I thought myself well acquainted with
Alfaretta I Hud that 1 must commence my ac-
quaintance over again. She is so different that
I hardly know how to act in her presence."

"I see," said the doctor. "In her evident
desire to seek you, and to be near you, you have
allowed your sentiments to get the best of yon."
" Compelled, you mean," replied Frrd; " who
could withstand such loveliness, even though
the subject were insane? and now that she is
sane, I fear 1 am unworthy to approach her."

"Ah! well," said the doctor, as he moved
toward the cabin, "young people are liable to
build air-ciistles, and tenant them with fairies
and angels; but I think you will find Alfaretta
very human after all."

The days and weeks sped all too fast for
Fred. He applied himself assiduously to the
management of the bees; and had he been in
any other place he would have avoided Alfa-
retta; but the narrow confines of the valley
made that impossible.

The increase of the apiary was checked, and
the energies of the apiary were being prepared

for a honei lidrvt>-t The doctor was much
worried in getting hi^ supplie", he spent much
time with his signal colony, and he learned
from the returning bees from day to day that
there was danger outside. The disappearance
of a girl and boy almost before their eyes led
the people outside to use every means to solve
the mystery. Even the Indians were abused,
and threatened with removal to a reservation
in the far south. But the mystery remained
unsolved.

As Alfaretta became stronger she longingly
looked over the cliffs to the south, and entreat-
ed the doctor to allow her to return to her home.

" Why, my dear," the doctor would say, " you
are not strong enough to endure, the hardships
of a horseback journey. When I think you can
endure it you shall return."

;n her tramps around the valley she became
familiar with every portion of it. At first
Gimp was hrr leading chaperon. She real-
ized that she had followed Fred to the valley,
and, in consequence, was very reserved toward
him; but. being passionately fond of flowers,
which passion had never left her, even while
insane, and finding many new varieties, she
would take them to the doctor for the name;
and, though he knew the names, he would send
her to Fred. In that way they were thrown
much together, against their wills, and finally
tney were taking many twilight strolls together,
or singing songs to the accompaniment of
Fred's guitar, with evident pleasure.

" Why, Mr. Anderson," said she, one evening,
" I find new beauties here every day."

"That has been my experience,", replied
Fred; "but there is one beauty you have not
invostigated yet; you should study the wonders
of the bee-hive."

" I fear I have as much abhorrence of them
as our colored friend Sam has," she replied.

" Well, you ought not to," said Fred; "for it
was the bees that indirectly returned you to
health again."

Alfaretta, after much hesitation, consented
one day to he veiled and gloved, and then Fred
posted her in a safe portion of the apiary, and
hims"'lf and Gimp entertained their guest for
an hour by manipulating the hives before her.
From this time she became a constant visitor
to the apiary, and, under Fred's kind directions,
she soon learned to manipulate a hive herself;
and with what pride she related the circum-
stance to the doctor!

" But didn't you get stung ? " said the doctor.

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

419

.. \vhy.yes-ha, ha!" she laughingly replied;
"a little bee suing nie on the finger, and at first
I Uiouglit Fred was going lo kiss the finger;
but he\' hanged his mind and sKu-k a lump of
mud on it."

•'How eould he?" asked the doctor; "but
then, mud is a more efficacious remedy for

stings than kisses. I guess Fred was sensible,
after all "

So time sped rapidly along. The doctor seem-
ed in no hurry to get rid of his patient. She
had been in the valley nearly four months, and
springtime had well advanced. Oin! day, as
they gathered for their noonday lunch, she

'THERE WAS AN UPLTFTINO OF THE ENTIRE VAT>LEY

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June 1.

returned from the hot sulphur springs in haste,
and said, " Doctor, there is a peculiar phenom-
enon at the sulphur springs. The spring you
call the little geyser has disappeared, and there
is a boiling mass of black mud all around it."

"That is peculiar," said the doctor thought-
fully. " That spring has held the even tenor
of its way ever since I have lived here. I don't
understand such an ebullition. It will bear
examination."

Then the doctor and Fred hastened to the
springs.

" Surely," said the doctor, "she must be mis-
taken; there is no chance for mud around those
rocks;" but the doctor changed his mind when
he looked down upon the familiar place, and
an exclamation escaped from the lips of both.

"See," said Fred, in alarm; "that rock on
which we had our nucleus colonies has been
undermined, and there it goes into the seeth-
ing mass."

" Yes," said the doctor, " that pit is enlarg-
ing; there goes another section of rocks."

A puff of steam now belched from the center;
and as the wind blew it toward them they were
nearly stifled by sulphur fumes. Another large
section of rock and earth sloughed off between
them and the abyss, and, after a tremor, sank,
and hot steaming mud came uppermost. Fred
felt the rock under his feet, and found it hot.

" Doctor," said he, " what does all this mean ?
We are in danger."

"Oh! no, Fred; this is merely an ebullition
of an old crater, and will soon subside."

"Don't flatter yourself too much upon that
point, doctor; craters have more back of them
than we can imagine. I propose that we seek
safety while we may, with the precious lives
we have here. There," said Fred, in alarm,
" goes an area as.large as a garden-patch. Dr.
Hayden, this very spot upon which we siand is
liable to melt away. Hasten, doctor; we must
save Alfaretta."

The doctor was loath to go, but followed
Fred, who ran speedily toward the cabin, shout-
ing to Sam and Gimp as he ran. When at the
cabin he tried to appear cool, and briefly ex-
plained the situation; and when the doctor
came up it was decided that they take a few
valuables and proceed to the upper terrace,
near the entrance. The doctor, from his age
and experience, viewed matters very coolly;
and when Fred thought the very ground under
them might sink at any moment the doctor
seemed unconcerned, and was the last to leave
the cabin. While they were hastening toward
the elevator there was an unusual tremor of
the whole valley, and the upheaval of mud
was greater than ever. The entire lower end
of the valley appeared like a steaming caldron.
Every one of the little party was now thor-
oughly frightened, and, with various exclama-
tions, rushed for the elevator. This frail home-

made apparatus would carry but two persons,
and Alfaretta and Alamantapola were sent up
first. While the rest were taking their turns
under the doctor's directions there were more
seismic manifestations. The surging hot mud
was engulfing every thing. The doctor's cabin,
recently so pleasant with life, had disappeared.
The boiling mud became more violent, the
fumes mere stifling. The doctor and Fred were
the last to leave; and as Fred was stepping
from the elevator there was another violent
tremor, and the elevator tackling gave way,
and the apparatus, with some rock from above,
went crashing down. Fred came near falling
with it; but the quick hand of Alfaretta saved
him. But what a terrible view was before
them! The whole of the beautiful valley was
breaking up. The little party seemed spell-
bound at the fearful scene before them. Fred
heaved a deep sigh, and averted his gaze as he
saw a portion of the apiary slough off into and
under the hot mud.

"All going," said he; "all, all."

" Yes," said the doctor, " all is lost here. We
must away;" but in a moment more there were
shouts of terror — the passage was closed! The
tremors increased in violence. There was an
uplifting of the entire valley; hot mud and
sulphur fumes were thrown high in the air, and
now any moment the little party would be
overwhelmed.

The two Indian women commenced the
death-chant of their tribe, and all waited for
the fatal moment.

We are trying a smoker having the bellows-
boards grooved, as stated on page 372. It adds
but a trifle to the expense of the smoker, and is
a great convenience to the manipulator of the
instrument.

We have just received two lots of imported
queens direct from Italy, from two different
breeders, by mail, and there was a loss of only
4 out of 24. The success of last season, and
this so far, would indicate that we shall not
have to resort to the expensive method here-
after of obtaining these queens in little boxes
by express. But in order to attain success we
find it necessary to prepare the cages ourselves,
and ship them to the breeders in Italy, with
instructions to return queens in them.

W. F. Clarke seems to rejoice in being a
heretic in theology and apiculture and in keep-
ing out of the beaten track. He believes in
sugar honey; that the honey-extractor has
been on the whole a curse; he would not join

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

421

an organization for the special object of prose-
cuting adulterators, because he believes in pro-
ducing comb honey exclusively as the best way
to meet the adulteration evil.

The Nebraska Bcc-kccpcr has been merged
into the Busii Dec, with Kmerson T. Abbott as
editor and proprietor. It is monthly as before,
and published at 50 cts. a year. The new series
starts out well, for its editor is a practical man
of experience. The journal will be devoted to
"farm bee-keeping and other minor interests
of progressive agriculture." Mr. Abbott is, I
believe, employed by the State every fall and
winter to deliver a series of lectures on rural
subjects at farmers' institutes. If he can throw
himself into his paper as he does into his talks
his venture will be a success.

In order to give the membership of the United
States Hee-keepers' Union a boost we have de-
cided to give Gleaxings one year, and a mem-
bership in the Union for the same length of
time, for §1.75. But in every case the money
must be paid in advance; or if there are ar-
rearages, back subscriptions must be paid up
to the present, to entitle any one to take advan-
tage of this oflfer. Or if there are some who
feel that they can not afford to pay 5=1.75 we
offer Gleanings the rest of this year to new
subscribers, and membership in the Union, both
for SI. 35. On this basis you will get seven
months' subscription to Gleanings for 35 cts.

PREDICTIONS OF FAILURE AND DISASTER.

In referring to the attacks that have been
made on deep-cell foundation, the editor of the
Reviev: says he has '"no sympathy with the ex-
travagant predictions of failure and disaster "
— italics mine. He further adds that he has no
fears except that the new product may be
tough and leathery, like foundation; and while
he can see no reason why it should not be so,
yet "so long as Mr. Root says that the side
walls, after being finished, compare favorably
with natural comb, I prefer to wait till I can
try it myself." Gleanings has no fault to find
with this. As one other writer has said, " If
the new deep-cell foundation is a good thing it
will go; and if it is not, it will not be heard of
long." And I may add, malicious attacks to
push it down will and have had the opposite
effect, for very often the best way to help along
a thing is to fight it tooth and nail.

OTHER machines FOR MAKING CONTINUOUS
WAX SHEETS.

Since the advent of the new Weed continu-
ous-sheeting machinery, it would appear that
two or three others are trying to make ma-
chines for making continuous sheets. One par-
ty employs a large wooden wheel, the rim of
which revolves in a vat of melted wax. While
continuous sheets can be made in this way,

and have been so made for years, they are
nothing but dipped sheets, or what we now
style " old process wax." We have seen sam-
ples of wax sheets made in one of these ma-
chines, and they are identically the same in
texture and quality as the old dipped sheets.
The Weed sheeting machine not only turns out
continuous sheets, but produces a wax of supe-
rior texture and quality — tough, pliable, and
translucent.

MARKETING HONKY.

After preparing the footnote to Mr. Aikin's
article, found in another column, the Bee-keep-
ers' Review for May comes to hand containing
an editorial something in the same line on the
Fruit-growers' Union. After mentioning the
fact that the California Bee-keepers' Exchange
expects to work in cooperation with it, the edit-
or goes on to explain the working of the Fruit-
growers' Union. This is what he has to say:

To their eorrow, many gi-owers of perishable fruit,
like berries, tomatoes, peaches, and the like, know
that a glut in some market so reduces prices that
the fruit does not sell for enough to pay the freight
and commission. At the same time, within less than
200 miles, the same kinds of fruit may be selling at
good prices. The trouble is not that too many
strawberries are raised, but that the distribution is
unequal. They are often massed in a few points.
The grower writes to the commission man, and
receives a favorable reply. He ships his fruit; but
hundreds of growers have done the same thing.
The tendency is to ship to central points like Chi-
cago or Cincinnati, and neglect the smaller towns.
The great object o^^ the Fruit-growers' Union is to
prevent this massing of products. It has agents
scattered all over the Uiiiied States, and these
agents are constantly reporting to headquarters the
condition of their respective markets. In tr.e case
of perishable products, or whenever the ease de-
mands, the telegraph is free y used. Reports are
also constantly being received in season regarding
the condition of the crops. The General Manager
knows, for insta ce. all tli rough the strawberry sea-
son, where the berries are being grown, when they
are ripening, how they are are "turning out," etc.
He also knows where they are being sent, and is
promptly notified if there is any tendency towards
a glut in the market, or if ;iny market is needing
more berries than it is receiving When a grower is
ready to ship, he notifies headquarters by telegraph,
saying how many berries he has, and is at once no-
titled bv telegraph where to send his berrifs. The
Union has absolute control of the product of its
members; and so closely are the markets watched
that a shipment is often diverted after it has been
started. For instance. It started for Chicago; but
while on its way, notice is received that there is a
glut m Chicago, while Jackson, Mich., is "short."
By means of the telegraph the shipment that start-
ed for Cliicago lias its route changed to Jackson.

Ten per cent of the proceeds is retained as com-
mission; but at the end of the year ll think it is), it
it has not cost ten per cent, then there is a rebate.
In other words, a member has to pay only what it
actually costs to sell his product, and he has the
satisfaction of knowing th;it his product has been
sold in what was, in all probability, the best possi-
ble market he could have reached.

That one central organization such as the
Union is able to prevent a glut in any particu-
lar market, for the very reason that it has facil-
ities for surveying the whole field at once, even
calling to its aid the telegraph, is h, big fact. It
is high time that bee-keepera were keeping up
with the fruit-growers ; and Gleanings will
cheerfully give space to a thorough discussion
of the matter.

422

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June 1.

THE THREE STAGES OF AN INVENTION.

An eminent judge has said that nearly every
successful invention has to pass through three
stages. First, the invention can never be made
a practical possibility ; it had better be let
alone. Second, when its practical success is
assured, " nobody wants it — it will work harm
rather than good." Third, after it has passed
these two stages, and it is shown to be a good
idea, and everybody wants it, then the cry is
raised, " It is old; it was in use before; it is
common property." The new Weed drawn
foundation has now passed the first and second
stages. First it was said that foundation with
deep cell walls as thin as or nearly as thin as
natural comb could not be made; but now that
it can be made, it is argued that it will be "ru-
inous^to the industry." If history rf^peats it-
self we may soon expect the third stage.

plenty of room and air for the great toe. Put
me down as in favor of thick cork-sole shoes
with pointed toes, A. I. R. notwithstanding.

TAMING APIS DORSATA AND SEMINOLE INDI-
ANS.

The following note, received from Mrs. Har-
rison, will explain itself:

Mr. Editor:— 1 hope you will succeed In introduc-
ing .4 pis dorsa^a into this country. You appeared
to think I was poking fun when I recommended
turning- them loof^e in the everglades of Florida,
among the Seminoles The everglades are like
lakes dotted with small islands, covered with a
semi-tropical vegetation. Wouldn't dorsata feel
more at home there, in that warm climate, with its
large flora, than in Medina, Ohio ?

If you ever succeed in getting them alive to this
country, take a few of them to Biscayne Bay,
Miami, or Fort Myers. You could put in your win-
ters in taming them and the Seminoles together,
and tell us all about them. Teach the Indian chil-
dren on Sunday, and dorsata to live in a hive on
week days. You might succeed in making the
price of honey and wax so low that the adulterators
will have to take to the woods.

Peoria, 111. Mrs. L. Harrison.

If we succeed in getting luese bees over to
this country we will send our Mr. Root senior
down to Florida to see what he can do to tame
Apis dorsota and the Indian children in that
far Southland.

CORK SOLES FOR USE IN THE APIARY.

For a few months past I have been wearing
thick cork soles on my shoes. Instead of find-
ing them clumsy, as I feared they would be,
they are the easiest shoes I ever wore, and,
moreover, they seem to be proof against wet
and damp sidewalks. Usually, when going out
into the apiary with thin-soled shoes, in walking
in damp places the soles would get soaked
through, and the result would be damp feet.
This spring I found that, with these cork soles,
I can go all around in damp places, and my feet
keep dry— almost as much so as if I were wear-
ing rubbers. Rubbers are all right; but for one
who goes in and out of the apiary, as I do, they
are never on when I need them the most; and
these cork soles are ready for all kinds of
weather.

Oh. yes! I also wear pointed toes, and I con-
sider them a great comfort. The point forms

DRAWN FOUNDATION AS VIEWED BY ANOTHER
EDITOR.

In the last issue of the Southland Queen the
editor speaks very hopefully in regard to the
new deep-cell foundation. This is what he has
to say:

We have received samples of the Root deep-cell
foundation, and it is as niie as any kind of founda-
tion we have seen: and, while we have not tried it,
on account of a honey-dearth being on ever since it
came, we do believe it will prove a boon to the
extracted-honey producers, if not to the comb-honey
raisers. We have had a flow on three days; and as
we have been shipping a great many bees lately, we
are scarce of combs, and we now ask a question:
" Who will be able to tell us what drawn combs or
deep-cell foundation would be worth to us just
now?" Yea, who can estimate it? If we had this
comb to use in 200 strong colonies today we should
likely get ten to twenty tons of honey in the next
ten days, while, as it is. the flow may come and go
before the bees can build comb to store the honey
in.

A little further on, in the same editorial, re-
ferring to the attack upon the article elsewhere
in the same journal, the editor says:

On page 15 of this issue, Bro. Hyde puts forth the
idea that this drawn comb is a fraud. Now. while
it may look a little as though it would injure the
sale of comb honey, how can it be classed as a
fraud? As a rule, frauds are something that get
our money without an equivalent, and this deep-cell
foundation will be sold, we suppose, in the same
manner as other foundation to tho^e who wish to
purchase; and, as one good friend says. "If this
deep-cell foundation is a good thing it will go; and
if it is not. it will not be long heard of." We think
that is just it to a T, and we have no right to be
kicking until we have something to be kicking at,
and this is just why we have kept as still as we
have.

QUEENS IN THE MAILS.

A SHORT time ago von may remember I re-
ported, from information which seemed pretty
straight, that there was a movement on foot in
the Postoffice Department to bar queen-bees
out of the mails. The United States Bee-keep-
ers' Union promptly took the matter up. Gen-
eral Manager Secor wrote to the department,
asking if there was any truth in the report,
and received the following letter, which will
explain itself:

POSTOFFICE DEPARTMENT.

Office of the General Superin- )

TENDENT RAILWAY MATL SERVICE, >•

Washington, D. C, May 14, 1897. )
Respectfully returned to Mr. Eugene Secor, Forest
City, Iowa.
There must be some mistake about this matter, as
no one at the department has any knowledge of a
change of the regulations excluding queen-bees be-
ing contemplated. James E. White,

General Superintendent.

This settles the matter. While it did not
seem possible that queens should be excluded
from the mails, it seemed to be advisable to
be forewarned and thus forearmed. The priv-
ilege we enjoy of sending queens in the mails
is so great that we can not afford to take any
chances. In another column there is a case of

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

423

carelessness reported on the part of a bee-keep-
er who ought to be severely reprimanded by
the whole fraternity.

.T. VAN DKVSKN.

In our issue for May 1 appeared an obituary
notice of Mr. .7. Van Deusen, senior member
of the firm of J. Van Deusen A: Sons. Mr. V.
was 83 years old at the time of his death, and
one of the veterans in the bee business. For
years the firm with which he was connected
has been noted for turning out a beautiful
translucent, flat-bottom foun ation. The old
gentleman had a secret process of sheeting,
and by this process he was enabled to turn out
a beautiful article of foundation.

Mr. Van Deusen's face was quite familiar to
those who were in the habit of attending the
national conventions. One would hardly think
that a man of his years could make as long
journeys as he did, and yet seem to be hale and
hearty, notwithstanding his age, at all the
conventions at which we had the pleasure of
meeting him. He always had with him sam-
ples of his goods, both wired and unwired.

He is the only one, I think, who ever, in a
commercial way, incorporated wires into the

J. VAN DEUSEN.

foundation itself, the wire being inserted, evi-
dently, in the process of milling. It is doubtful
whether the wire could be inserted in the natu-
ral-base foundation. It could be put in, but
would be kinked up by the faces of the mill, so
as to make it practically a rail fence that would
stretch as much as the foundation itself.

The firm is still operating, the younger mem-
ber, I believe, having charge of the business,

and I have no doubt the quality of goods will
be up to its former high state of excellence.

It is a pleasure for me to stale that the half-
tone portrait is very natural, and will be in-
stantly recognized as such by ail who have had
the pleasure of meeting the senior Van Deusen
at the various conventions.

A HONEY-LEAFI.ET IN ENGLAND.

A LITTLE pamphlet entitled "Koney and its
Uses," by Rev. Gerard W. Bancks, is being cir-
culated, as I judge, among honey-consumers in
England. There are several good things in it,
and from among them I make the following
extracts :

Apart from the consideration of the many other
valuable properties claimed for honey, the follow-
ing' facts, which see-n well authenticated, must cer-
tainly go far to recommend its use as an article of
food:

1. The snj?ar of honey, being in the most suitable
form for assimilation, requires hardly any diges-
tion. It is in a condition to enter at once into the
system. ^3: ; •il8fc«?...-Sif'WiS — = -i:^

2. It is, in a usml way, not liable to occasion any
disorder of the system, and may therefore general-
ly be used by those with wliom ordinary sugar is
found to disagree.

3. The grape sugar of honey does not cause decay
of the teeth as cane sugar does.

These statements, of course, have reference only
to honey that is absolutely pioc. Erroneous opin-
ions, and much mistaken prejudice, have unfortu-
nately arisen with regard to the u«e of honey, ow-
ing to the unpleasant effects upon many persons of
the various compounds, consisting chiefly of glucose
made from potatoes or rice, and sulphuric acid,
which of late years have been in such large quan-
tities sold as a substitute for pure honey. It is of
the greatest importance, if its beneficial effects are
to be enjoyed, that the honey consumed be pure.

Till comparatively recent times honey was the
chief sweetening agent In use. After the introduc-
tion of cane sugar, however, the use of honey in
this and other countries largely declined. But there
is no doubt that of late years it has been more and
more realized that pure honey does possess qualities
which it is impossible to replace. There has been a
larger and over increasing demand for it. till there
seems every prospect of its coming again into gen-
eral use in every household. Thousands of tons of
honey are now annually consumed in this country;
while in North America alone, it is estimated that
more than a hundred million pounds are produced
every year.

But it is not only as a palatable and nourishing
food that honey has again come to be so highly ap-
preciated. It is now pretty generally acknowledged
to be a really valuable medicine. And when we
bear in mind that the nectar gathered by the bee is
a secretion in whicli we may expect to find the essen-
tial virtues of the plant from which it is obtained,
that there is more or less pollen always present, and
that, when converted into honey, it contains. In
addition, a certain amount of formic acid, we can
easily account for its wonderful medicinal proper-
ties.

Honey is especially recommended as likely to
be beneficial in cases of dyspepsia, rheumatism,
asthma, hoarseness, shortness of breath, and all
affections of the chest. Consumptive people are
known to have derived great benefit from its con-
tinued use, and it is said to have been recently of-
ten used as a substitute for cod-liver oil, with very
satisfactory results.

In bronchitis great relief may be obtained by tak-
ing a small (luantity at frequent intervals. Ttie
regular use of it is sa d to aid digestion, and to
strengthen the nerves. As a gentle laxative, and
purifier of the blood, no better medinine can be tak-
en; while its peculiar acid property has caused it to
be generally recognized as a valuable medii'ine in
oases of sore throat. Indeed, for coughs, colds, and
all affections of the throat it is universally acknow-
ledged to be the best of remedies.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

JtlNE 1.

Owing to the uaus^ual amount of wet weather
I did not get off for a wheelride this spring
until yesterday, May 18. Once more I passed
through that remarkable experience of a long
wheelride. For some time back I have been
troubled with my old chills. I have been wear-
ing my overcoat and fur cap. In fact, I debat-
ed some as to whether I should not take my
overcoat along when I started out for my ride.
For some days back I have been getting so
tired before noon and before night that I really
began to question whether I had strength
enough for a long ride. A good nap of about
an hour before dinner, and another one before
supper, had helped me to get along and look
after my appointed part of the work. Well, I
decided to leave my overcoat at home, even
though I felt chilly for the first four or five
miles. I not only felt chilly, but began to get
tired; and had it not been for my previous ex-
perience I think I should have turned around
and goce back home and given it up, thinking
I was too old and too much out of health for
any such bard exertion. After I had gone
about ten miles, however. I was singing my old
hymns, and thanking God for the "second
wind " that was beginning to thrill my whole
being. When the usual time for my nap came
I felt unusually wide awake; and in an hour
later I was in excellent trim for a good dinner
which I found at a hotel on my route. I rode
the last ten miles in my shirtsleeves, with my
coat tied to the handle-bar, and I wished sev-
eral times I had one of my summer hats instead
of the fur cap. I made about 30 miles easily,
and arrived home just in time to take charge
of the boys, and worked hard until supper-time,
with no thought of a nap, and then helped to
push some other work that needed to be done,
until well toward sundown. Then I slept a
good hour as only the tired laborer can sleep,
and had an excellent night's rest after that.
During the latter part of my ride I chose an
untraveled road because it was shorter, and
this threw me into a good perspiration. After
1 arrived home I drank as much water at inter-
vals (from that new soft-water well) as I drink
ordinarily in a whole week. Today I am feel-
ing very much better than if I had not taken
any ride at all.

But most of my readers, I suppose, know all
about this. Wheels are now so common that it
is hardly worth while to go over such experi-
ences, and I have given this mainly for the
benefit of the elderly ones who think they are
getting to be too old, or that their health is too
poor for such youthful sports. Perhaps some
of you wonder why the craze for wheeling holds
out, and increases to such an extent. Well, I
suppose it is for the reason I have just given
above.

At the Creston celery-farm I found my friends
all busy; and expert women were swiftly trans-
planting the little seedlings into boxes, on the
plan I have several times described. These
boxes were then put in the hot-beds outside.
And, by the way, this perhaps quarter of an
acre of hot-beds and cold-frames is a sight
indeed. I wish I might give you a photograph
of it. It reminded me of the chapter in our
tomato-book, about supporting a family on a
quarter of an acre. Mr. Jordan says this
quarter-acre \.ould keep a pretty good-sized
family busy several months in the year. Some

of the beds are covered with cloth, and some
with the glass sashes. All of the glass is, how-
ever, whitewashed at this season of the year.
The greater part of the beds have pipes under-
neath them for steam heat; but this spring
they have added a new block without steam
heat. These answer every purpose a little
later in the season, or they will answer earlier
for hardening off plants that are pretty well
rooted. By keeping the beds damp with plenty
of water and a cotton-sheeting cover'ng, they
make them stand up from the day they are
planted until they are ready to go out into the
field. In fact, I saw one bed full of plants put
out only yesterday, and every leaf stood up
apparently full of life and health— no hurt from
the transplanting process whatever; and yet
when the plants are taken from the seed-bed
the soil all drops off, and nothing but the naked
roots are put into the boxes. This speaks well
for their compost of swamp-muck and well-
rotted manure.

It seems to me I never saw such beautiful
beds filled with boxes of plants. These boxes
are lifted into a wagon made for the purpose,
and carried right out into the field; and their
arrangements were so complete that it did not
seem to me as if there was a missing plant in
ten thousand. Each plant has a great bushy
root, and in fact this bushy root carries along
a goodly lump of the compost contained in the
box in which it grew. This compost is swamp
muck, two parts, old well-rotted manure one
part, thoroughly commingled.

Before I got in sight of the grounds I broke
forth in an exclamation of surprise. Yes, I
have done this a good many times at the beauty
of these newly plaiitpd celery-fields, but this
time there was a new juiprise. Off in the dis-
tance there was something more enchanting
than any thing I hud ever seen before. It was
a whole block of five acres devoted to the new
celery culture. The Jordan Brothers, however,
have modified the process somewhat, so as to
fit appliances of their own. The plants were
spaced at an exact distance of 33^ inches apart
in the row, and the rows were a foot apart.
This spacing is all done by appropriate machin-
ery. The rows run crosswise of the beds, and
they are just 15 feet long. Then between the
beds there is an alley or driveway wide enough
for a narrow-tracked wagon. This driveway
is to carry in the boards, and to afford a place
for the workmen to stand as they handle the
boards and place them up against the rows of
plants. It is the "new celery culture." but
they use boards for bleaching. They say they
do not get any real nice celery without the
boards. Now. with the rows 15 feet long, and
the boards 16 feet, a man in each alley can
place them without tramping on the plants at
all. You see they have my idea of plant-beds
so the ground need not be tramped down hard.
Tney use about 24 tons of good stable manure
to the acre, besides a large quantity of bone-
dust, and ashes or potash in some other form.jj

The variety used almost exclusiWiy^is the
Golden Self-blanching; and it was this golden
color that caught my eye. No flowering plants
ever grown by florist were so handsome to my
eye as that block of five acres. It looked as if
a gorgeous sunset had blazed down for a mo-
ment on that little square block of swamp
muck. What astonished me was to see each
plant so exactly like its neighbor; and there
they stood, thousands upon thousands — no
failures, no weak puny plants. Mr. Jordan put
down his hand and pushed away the muck to
let me see the great masses of snow-white roots
that were reaching out for food and drink.

I took a new route home. In my wheelrides

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

425

you know I iilways lako a now road when 1 can.
Constance says this Is so I shall get lost and
have some adventure. I did not get lost this
time. I did. however, run across another celery-
ranch. A bright gleam of color caught my eye
from a sort of plant bed or greenhouse. This
bit of color was Grand Rapids lettuce. It was
still standing In the seed-bed; but its cotton-
cloth covering had bleached it so it had that
fascinating light green, almost white. I asked
the young man who owned the ranch if his
lettuce-plants were not getting pretty tall. Ho
explained that they cut off the tops with
shears, and used or sold the lettuce, and then
waited until the roots had started again, pro-
ducing much the same result as transplanting,
with less expense. This man had an engine to
warm his beds and pump his water, and a lot
of iron pipe to carry the water all over his little
farm. He has not got his drainage quite as

Eerfect yet as the Jordan Brothers, but I think
e will make a success of it eventually. In
drilling for water he struck a flowing well — at
least the. water boils up over the top of the iron
pipe, and runs away. The water rises only a
little higher than the level of the surface water
in his ditches.

Further on I visited the onion-farm of Mr.
Barnhart. and found him using one of the
Breed weeders 1 illustrated in our previous
issue. Excessive rains prevented him from
using the weeder so as to kill the weeds before
they were "horned;" but his men were at work
with wheel-hoes and weeders, getting his patch
ready so the weeder would do the work for the
rest of the season if we are not drowned out by
too many heavy rains. If the price of onions
will only hold up to 81.50 a bushel or 1.5.00 a
barrel, what a picnic we shall have when mar-
keting time comes! and, as usual, I expect to
have American Pearls and Whittakers on the
market before anybody else has any thing large
enough to call an onion.

Our Homes.

And it came to pass the same day, that Isaac's
servants came and told him concerning- the well
which they had digged, and said unto him. We have
found water.— Gen. 26:. 33.

And whatsoever ye shall ask in my name, that
will I do, that the Father may be glorified in the Son.
— JOHNl4:13.|

!i:That whole 26th chapter of Genesis has
always been interesting to me because it has so
much to say about digging wells. In my earli-
est childhood I was greatly interested in wells
and springs, especially the soft-water springs
round about my hilly home in Mogadore, Sum-
mit Co., O.; and I soon learned to enjoy drink-
ing the pure cool water from certain springs;
and when away from home, where I was oblig-
ed to drink hard water from wells, I always
found it quite a cross. In view of this it is not
strange that, when the oil excitement broke
out in 18^,0, I became deeply interested in ex-
ploring the depths of old Mother Earth for the
treasures (or God's gifts, if you choose) which
were just then found to be stored away, await-
ing man's energy and inventive genius to bring
them to light. I have told you about well-
digging on our own premises, and of the two
soft-water wells that rejoiced our hearts as a
reward for our researches in the way of well-
digging or drilling, rather. And, by the way,
I am now feeling happy every day because one
of those wells I told you about is now supply-
ing our whole town of Medina with pure soft

water. While putting in new waterworks there
was no readily available plan of keeping the
town supplied unless the pumping-engine was
located at our lirst soft-water well; and it is at
this very moment while I write doing duty by
supplying the town.

Perhaps I have already told you that we
have digged and drilled seven difl'erent wells
on our premises, and all of these have been put
down since we came here, nineteen years ago.
After securing these two wells of soft water,
especially when we were using only one of them
for our own premises, it would seem that we
should be content. Not so, however. The well
at the windmill upon the hill was put down 99
feet, and gave an abundance of very hard
water, unfit for steam-boilers, and unfit for
drinkimj after you have once tried the water
from the soft-water wells— at least, that would
be my verdict.

The windmill has been standing idle ever
since the soft water was found. It must have
continued to stand idle unless we did one of two
things— move it down to the creek bottom,
where there is comparatively little wind unless
we have a very expensive high tower, or drill
the well deeper at the windmill, so as to strike
the same vein of soft water. We finally decid-
ed, during the month of March, to try drilling
the well deeper. The well-driller preferred to
make an entirely new well at his usual price-
something like a dollar a foot for a six or
eight inch bore. He said he did not like to fuss
with wells already put down; but he agreed,
however, to work for me, giving the use of his
tools, and one man besides himself, for a dollar
an hour; but I had to take all chances of pull-
ing up the old tubing, and getting the smaller
hole reamed out, etc. I chose the latter plan.
In the first place, it was somewhat doubtful
whether the old tubing could be pulled out, for
it was driven very securely into the rock (sixty
feet deep), and had been in place over seven
years.

We procured a stick of timber for a lever, 30
feet long; made a very substantial foundatioa
for a fulcrum; and although we succeeded in
breaking our heavy chains, the tubing would
not budge. After we had wasted considerable
money in this way, we substituted two power-
ful screws in place of the lever. Once more it
seemed as if no power on earth could pull up
that iron pipe. We might pull it in two, but it
it seemed so firmly imbedded or driven into the
rock that it would never move. I began to feel
nervous over so much waste of time and money,
and, as a matter of course, began to pray that
God would help us in our efforts to get pure
water, as I had prayed more or less over all the
other wells on our premises.

" Boys, are we not getting it started just a
little?"

The man who was bossing,the job replied:

" I do not think, Mr. Root, it has started a
particle."

I had prayed over the matter in the morning
before starting the work, and I mentally pray-
ed again that God might help us where we
seemed to be helplfss. If I remember correctly,
it was not many minutes after this silent prayer,
that somebody called out:

" We are all rightl she's starting!"

We could hardly believe the good news until
careful measurement showed that it had moved
something like an eighth of an inch. The
screws were turned again until every thing
began to snap, and the boss told us to hold on a
little and giv.e it t(//ie to come. Pretty soon we
had made a whole quarter-inch; then a whole
inch; finally several inches, and the little
steam-engine with its powerful derrick soon

426

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June 1.

grabbed hold of the rusted tubing and laid it
safely on the bank. We were all right. But
the rock was now found to be 60 feet deep in-
stead of 40, as I had estimated it. No record
had been kepi of our former drilling; therefore
we were at a standstill until some more eight-
inch casing could be ordered The men were
on hand, the machinery in position, and every
thing ready to go on. We telegraphed for tub-
ing, but it did not come, and could not be found.
The owner of the machinery consented to wait
a reasonable lime at his own expense; but when
day after day passed, and no trace, even when
we wired tracers again and again for it, I pre-
sume he too began to tire of wailing.

Dear friends, on some accounts I dislike to
tell in public print how I have worked and
prayed in building up our present business. I
do not feel backward about telling my wife or
my good old mother about these answers to
prayer; but I have often thought I ought to be
very careful about telling these things in such
a public place as a printed journal like this.
I would say to you, however, that this little
incident about drilling this well is no new ex-
perience of mine. For nearly twenty years
past, or ever since my conversion, it has been
my daily custom to breathe that little prayer,
" Lord, help!" whenever I get into any sort of
trouble. Of course, I keep in mind that God
can not consistently answer my prayer unless
my undertaking is a praiseworthy one. If I
were going to build a finer house than my
neighbor's, or if I wanted a gold watch and
massive gold chain to make people stare, I
should not think of asking God to help me in
getting either one. No doubt many of my
desires are selfish ones, for I am human, and
sometimes I am led to feel thati am exceedingly
human. We are told in God's holy word, "If I
regard iniquity in my heart, the Lord will not
hear me." Therefore he who expects the Lord
to hear and answer his prayer must be very
careful that no iniquity or selfishness is at the
bottom of his undertakings.

The pipe did not come. My friend over at
the depot, the agent, said there was no possible
way for the tubing to get here before the next
afternoon; and theowner of the well-machinery
did not want to wait much if any longer, unless
I paid him for his time. Besides, I felt impa-
tient at the delay, and was exceedingly anxious
to have the work go on. I was up quite early
next morning. The weather was just beautiful
for this outdoor work, and we had been having
previously some very bad weather. I was up
in that particular room in the office where I
often pray over my plans, and I was wondering
if tliat tubing could not come in some unexpect-
ed way so we could have it right off that morn-
ing, notwithstanding what the agent said. I
remembered that passage in Scripture which
says, "The Lord's hand is not shortened,"*
and the other one that speaks about even the
winds and the waves obeying him. 1 prayed
that, if it were consistent with God's will, he
might, in some way beyond my comprehension,
bring about the missing pipe, even before the
afternoon train. I went downstairs with a
lighter heart. Just then one of the men who
had come early to commence his day's work
said to me with a smile, " Mr. Root, that iron
pipe you wanted so badly lies out there on the
end of the sidewalk."

You may be sure I was somewhat startled.
Yes, I have been startled in this way many
times before. The explanation of it was quite

* Behold, the Lord's hand is not shortened, that it
can not save: neither his ear heavy, that it can not
hear.— ISA. .59:1.

a simple matter after all. The railroad com-
pany, by some blunder, had carried the pipe
past its destination. They brought it back and
unloaded it some time in the night. The fore-
man of the lumber-yard, knowing how badly I
wanted it, had pulled it up on his horse-car and
placed it where I might have almost stumbled
over it. In fact, it was lying right there in
plain sight at the very time I was praying alDout
it. Some of you may suggest that it was no
answer to prayer at all, because the prayer had
nothing to do with it. It was already there.
In reply, let me refer you to a passage in Isaiah,
65th chapter, which says, " Before they call I
will answer; and while they are yet speaking,
I will hear."

Please be patient with me once more, dear
reader. The large eight-inch well-casing I had
purchased was second-hand. I chose this kind
because it was a good deal cheaper; and as it
was to be pulled out afterward it would likely
answer every purpose. When it was nearly
down to the rock (in order to cut off the hard
surface water) the well-man stopped and listen-
ed. Water was pouring down in the well. In
fact, there was a little waterfall. I laughed,
but he looked sober. Said he:

"There is a break in that casing. I was
afraid of it, as it was so old and thin.'-

They put on the tongs in order to see if it
could be screwed up; but he soon announced
that the thread was spoiled away down in the
well, and then he looked more troubled still.
Said I:

" Mr. H., can't we pull it up and fix it ?"

" We can pull up the top part of it, but there
is no way in the world to pull up the lower
part, that I know of."

All at once I thought of my answers to prayer
in pulling out the old tubing, and in having
this very same u"w casing delivered that morn-
ing right at my feet when I so little expected it.
To my poor human vision it did not seem prob-
able that God would hear me in that way if it
were to result in hopeless disaster like the one
right before us. I said again, mentally, " Lord,
help!" Let me explain that I was at the time
worried with other cares down at the factory,
besides this well business, and I could ill spare
the time to look into the matter and direct
what was to be done next, in order that the
expensive men and machinery might not stand
still waiting for direction.

"Mr. H., I can hardly believe the pipe has
pulled in two. Put on your tools and see if it is
not possible to screw it up so it will hold at
least long enough to draw it out."

" I will do just as you say, but I am sure it is
not a bit of use. We have turned it and turned
it; and from its actions I am satisfied it just
slips a thread every time we go around. The
top will lift right off. but the bottom is gone.'"

I was thinking of the duties and responsibil-
ities that called me to other places, but waited
until they began turning the great pipe to see
if it might not catch on again. Pretty soon the
face of the manager began to soften into a
smile.oP''inallv he said: ^ !___

" Well, I declare! I believe that has caught
and screwed down solid; but I never before, in
all my experience, saw any thing get into shape
away down in the ground like that."

They tapped it gently with the big pile-driver
hammer, and it seemed to go down all right.
Another piece was screwed on, and before night
it was firm and solid in the great bed-rock, and
we were ready to go on with our drilling. Mrs.
Root and some others asked how we could be
sure of getting soft water away up there on the
hill. I replied that there was hardly a question
about it, for we had got soft water in so many

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

placos; and when word cainc to me along in
iho afiornoon that they had got tho soft water,
I remember disiiiiotly of feeling a little asham-
ed of myself bvciiiii<c 1 did not thank (Jod more
earnestly in my heart for having brought us
safely through our troubles, and enabled us to
secure the coveted soft water once more. 1 di-
rected, however, that they should drill five or
ten feet deeper in order that the sediment might
settle below the point where we expected to

Elace the pump. Well, after we had drilled
ve or six feet the water was hard. I did not
examine the water myself, or at least not very
thoroughly, when they told, me they had soft
water. It was now louiucstioiiahly hard. We

Eut down the pump and worked it for several
ours. There were great quantities of water,
but it was unfit to put into the great tank be-
side the windmill. It would spoil all of our
good water. I was a good deal disappointed. I
feel ashamed to acknowledge it, but I am afraid
I began to be just a little doubtful in regard to
those strange answers to my prayers at the
different times I have spoken of. I am afraid I
was forgetting one of my good old father's texts
—"Though he slay rae, yet will I trust in him."
Please, friends, do not pass judgment on my
Home talk in this issue until you hear what
further I have to say on the same matter; and
do not. let me beg of you. lose your faith in the
great God above, even if he does not give you
just what you ask for, in just the way you e.v-
pected it to come.

HOW TO TEI.L WHEN-THERE IS GOING TO BE A
FROST.

Candidly, I don't know; but I do know from
experience something about it. On the night
of May 20 we had a big rain. Before the rain
the thermometer stood between 70 and 80. The
next morning it was down to .50; and I knew,
before the Weather Bureau said so, that the
conditions were going to be favorable for a
frost that night— that is, if it cleared off. So
you may be sure I watched both the thermom-
eter and the barometer all day long. About a
week ago the indications were so strong for a
frost that we spent a couple of dollars in get-
ting our sashes on, and covering tomatoes,
strawberries (that had been grovpn under glass),
etc., for three nights. We came very near
frost, but there was not any to do any damage.
All our fuss in carrying things, and the attend-
ant litter, was time wasted. A year or two
ago, however, one night when I decided to take
the chances, we had lots of nice tomatoes badly
damaged after I had carried them through
March, April, and a part of May. Well, last
evening I felt very much averse to getting out
our sashes again. They were nicely put away
for the season, with the big boxes that sit over
them inclosing and protecting each pile. It is
heavy business lifting off those large boxes,
and we almost always have more or less broker
glass in handling our 1.50 sashes. I was watch-
ing the barometer and thermometer, watching
the wind, and watching the clouds. The boys
were quite willing to go to work and make
every thing safe, but I told them I would take
the chances.

By the way, just across the street from where
I write there are some of the Earliest in the

World tomatoes trained upon poles. Some of
them are three feet high already; and I tell
you it is a job to blanket them. We did it,
however, last Saturday night, and the struc-
ture looked so queer that passersby began to
banter me about fixing for a variety show. On
Sunday morning, before I got my cotton sheet-
ing and other "'drapery " off from the plants a
horse got frightened at the unusual spectacle.
Well, in thinking this all over I decided to take
my chances, even though the barometer was
hitching up a little for a clear night, and the
thermometer was down to just about .^O at sun-
down. (One of our rules has been that there is
never much danger of frost while the mercury
stands above 50° at sundown.) Besides, it was
a little cloudy in the west, and I told the boys
they might all go home. Just as the sun was
disappearing, however, it met a streak of clear
sky under the clouds; and by nine o'clock we
had a clear starry night. The thermometer,
however, stood a little above 40. I got up at
midnight, and the mercury was down to 38°. I
told Mrs. Root I was going to have a " picnic "
about the first glimpse of dawn; for I had no-
ticed several times that the coldest period was
between dawn and sunrise. In fact, I have
seen plants frozen after sunrise that were not
hurt a bit until that time. At half-past three
it was light enough to see, and the theroaome-
ter stood at 30, The frost was white and thick
on the roofs of buildings, sidewalks, and every
piece of exposed timber. At first I thought the
tomato-leaves were frosted; but a little more
daylight showed they were simply loaded with
a very heavy dew.

Wnen the thermometer got down to 35K I be-
gan to think I should have to call up Huber to
help me cover up the stuff, even to protect it
for a single hour. I walked all over the gar-
den, watched Nature's performances, and then
held my breath (so as not to breathe on the
bulb) while I watched the thermometer again.
It would not budge a bit from 3.5J^. About four
o'clock, however, it was perceptibly rising, and
I began to rejoice. At half-past four it went
down again all it had risen, and a little more.
I climbed up to the highest point accessible,
and watched for the sun. I would have hur-
ried old Sol up a little, but I did not know how.
When his rays began to. touch the top of the
windmill tower the thermometer deigned to
hitch up a little. I kept fingering the tomato-
leaves, and saw they were all right. When the
sun was clear up above the horizon, and his
rays burst forth in all their glory over the to-
mato-plants and every thing else, then I re-
joiced. Not a sash had been moved, not a
sheet or blanket carried out, and my whole
garden was unharmed. Out in the apiary a
few sweet-potato plants had theirfoliage black-
ened a little— that was all.

I have gone into all these details, dear read-
ers, bpcause it is exceedingly important that
the gardener should learn to judge with con-
siderable accuracy, that he may not waste
money in handling sashes needlessly, and, on
the other hand, that he may not take risks
recklessly, and do a worse thing. Now, if you
know of any better way of steering clear of
both these extremes I should be very glad in-
deed to get hints on the subject.

!tHEC" earliest;" nSTKAWBERRY.

These berries are now ripe, but there are not
very many of them. Thompson's Sons, of Rio
Vista. Va., say that it will be more productive
in two or three year-old beds. This I can read-
ily understand, if the runners are pulled off.
In fact, by the way it commences to send out
runners as soon as blossom-buds are visible I

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June 1.

feared we should never get any good berries
unless I pinched the runners off, which I did
on a few, and the berries are very much finer
and larger. The introducer says one dozen
plants will make & thousand on ordinary soil
In a single season. The shape is perfect. The
color is pretty light, and the berry is .soft. But
it, is so far ahead of every thing else in ripening
that I think it will be worth while to have at
least a small plot of it on which to open up the
season. It very much resembles Michel's Ear-
ly, but I think it is considerably earlier — prob-
ably just about as productive. My impression
Is that all berries of this class should|be plant-
ed in hills, and the runners kept off.

WHAT STRAWBERRY AMONG OUR WELL-KNOWN
VARIETIES WILL GIVE THE GREATEST NUM-
BER OF BUSHELS PER ACRE?

"Mr. Green, the Ontario Experiment Farm
have made a test of 121 varieties of strawber-
ries, including almost everything that is known
and talked about, and they have given the
number of ounces produced by one dozen plants
—that is, one dozen plants were put out and al-
lowed to make a matted row, and the berries
were gathered and weighed the next season.
Now, can you guess which plant gave the larg-
est number of ounces in the whole 121?"

My remarks were made to Mr. E. C. Green,
who was formerly connected with our Ohio Ex-
perimental Farm. As I spoke he smiled good-
naturedly, tipped his head a little to one side,
and said:

"The largest yield? Let me see. Why, I
shouldn't wonder if our old friend WarfleldhSiS
found a place oretty near to, if not quite at the
head of the list."

Then I had a big laugh. As sure as you live,
Warfield heads the list of the whole 12i, with a
yield of 294 ounces. Edgar Queen comes third,
with 244. Haverland falls in line as No. 10,
with 205 oz. You may be sure I felt a little
pleased to find at least three that we have held
on to for many years standing so near the head.
Bubach comes along as No. 18, with a yield of
185 oz. Michel's Early is 48, 140 oz. I have not
retained this because of its large yield, by any
means, but because it was earlier than any
thing else, Jessie comes in 66 in the line, with
105 oz. On our grounds I think it would do
rather better than this, although it does not do
tiptop except during an occasional season. I
was a little disappointed to see the Marshall
put just one ahead of Jessie, and I was still
more surprised to find Parker Earle No. 91, at
only .56 oz. The truth is. the Parker Earle
wanted richer ground and larger quantities of
manure.

Now, what do you suppose was the poorest in
the lot? Why, it is the Alpine Everbearing;
and it would hardly be worth while to give the
Alpine a place at all were it not that it fur-
nishes a few berries all summer long, and these
few have that wonderfully delicious musky
flavor.

Let me now go back to No. 1. It has been
one of my favorites for a good many years, and
I feel like petting it a little, as below:

" Dear little Warfield. it rejoices my heart to
see my faithful little friend given such ahigh
post of honor. Your berries are not as large as
the Bubach. Sharpless, and some of the newer
varieties, it is true; but not one of them all has
that beautiful rich garnet that makes it shine
like a gem, as you do down among the green
foliage. And there is no humbug about your
shining, either, dear little friend;"for whenever
one utters an exclamation of surprise at your
beauty— beauty in shape and beauty in color-
he gives place to a still more joyful expression

of pleasure when he tastes that delicious tart-
ness; and I suspect, little friend, that if you
had plenty of room, rich soil, and had the run-
ners taken off, as we do with some of the newer
kinds, you would show us some wonders in the
way «f size thai you can not when everybody
lets you set the plants so thickly that it makes
me think of a family of children so large that
the good mother can hardly find food for them
all."

CRIMSON CLOVER.

Our crimson clover is now in full bloom, and
it is a sight indeed I learn from Prof. Thorne,
of the Ohio Experiment Station, that they also
have succeeded during this last winter in win-
tering it over. A neighbor was in here a few
hours ago, who says he has ten acres. It was
sown among corn at the last cultivating. He
thinks the stand was almost as good as mine.
He plowed it under, and is now going to grow
corn again on the same ground. From reports
received it seems to be succeeding well through
Northern Ohio, especially along near the lake,
and several reports have come of successful
wintering in York 8tate.

POTATO-BUGS ON TOMATO-VINES.

If you plant tomatoes on ground that pota-
toes have occupied the year before, you will be
sure to be troubled with bugs; and if you do
not look out they will eat up your tomato-vines
entirely. Dust them with Paris green, just as
you do potato-vines. Any of the dust-distrib-
uting machines we advertise will do it to a dot.
A very little of the Paris green suffices, and it
lays them out almost instantly.

THE GLEANINGS CONTRIBUTION FOR THE STARV-
ING PEOPLE IN INDIA.

We did not expect to open a subscription-list
in Gleanings for this purpose, but I do not see
but we shall be compelled to do so. See below:

A. I. Root:— I read to day in your journal of the
f amlDPStricken people in India. Inclosed find $3.00
which I wish to send to them. I knew of no place to
send the money, so I thought you would see that it
reached them. Lydia Wagner.

Calamus, Iowa, May 21.

Mr. Root:— A woman in Kansas sent me this flve-
doUar bill, to liave me put a white wreath on a
friend's srave next Sunday morning'. I will put
the wreath on the grave, as she desires, but it
seems too bad for so little good. I will send it to
you, to send the quickest way to help some of those
famishing children in that land of darkness and
drouth. May the Lord's blessing go with it.
p'^ Pleasant Hill, Mo., May 26. _:_ Geo. M. Kellogg. f3

Wei'wlll add S25.00 to the above, from the
A. I. Root Co., and forward the whole to Sec'y
Judson Smith, D. D.. Congregational House,
Boston. To save time I would advise contribu-
tors to remit oirect as above. You can, at the
same time, inform us what amount you sent,
and we will publish your letters, if brief, in this
department of (^leanings. God will surely
bless those who make a sacrifice to relieve
starvation and suffering.

THE AIR- SHIP.

I am told there is an air-ship, after all, and
they have it at the National Exposition at
Nashville. I am very well aware that they
have a balloon there that they call an air-ship:
but a balloon that goes wherever the wind hap-
pens to blow it is quite a different affair, dear
friends, from a ship that sails through the air
wherever one wants to go, as a steamship goes
over the water to its destination.

•^LEANINCJS IN BEE CULTURE

4-.'0

S€^

BUSINESS

bi:

MANAGER

NO. ~ ^K< riDNS Ol'KN AM, AltOUND.

We are still short on No. 2 .sections, e.xcept as you
can use them open on lour sides eau supplj this
style in No. ~. 3 in.. 1)8 in., or 1 ,^a inches wide, very
promptly. We are tiirningr owl !KI to UKI M sections
every ~4"liours during thi' week except. Sunday, and
theyV'ootit as last as we can make them. We are
now making: from inch lumlier. and have a surplus
of n.ii row widths. 1':. I's, and T to foot. The ten-
dencx i< t. .f the use of narrower sections. In Can-
ada the standard is 1 'a-

smith's novelty force pu.mp.
The spraying season is not yet past, but just at its
height. We have an extra supi>ly of Smith Novelty
force pumps. This is undoul)tcdl>- the licsi tin
pump ever made. We have sold lliem for upwards
of fifteen years, and they t;ive universal satisfac-
tion. For a cheap force pump they have no eciual.
Being made of tin thc\ will not last as long as a
brass i)ump. but you e;in afford to buy four or five
of these for what you would pay for a good brass
pump. For the next oil days wc offer these pumjis
at the foUowinj.' special prices: T.") cents each; Ji for
J?2.00: 12 for fV.otl; 24 for *14.(Ki; a crate of 3 doz., if20.

MOHERMAN SPl{AY-P,UMP.

We have also an extra supply of the Moherman
spray pump which we took in a trade. It is an ex-
cellcTH lirass |>uiiip. with air-chamber, ruiibertube,
and sprinkler and sjuax nozzles; is very similar to
the Mvers pump we have been .selling for several
years, usuallv retailing for *.5.0(l. For the next 30
days we offer these at $2.00 each, or *."> 00 for 3; *1S.00
per dozen. Catalog and fuller description of these
pumps will be found in our seed catalog, among our
other .spraying-pumps. We make these special
prices for only a limited time, to reduce stock.

BUSINESS AT THIS DATE.

We have not had such a rush of orders since 1890.
and we hear from other manufacturers that they
are having a rush as well. We have been running
our factory day and night for the past six weeks in
the effort to keep up. but we have been losing
ground the past two weeks. We are about one
week behind on orders. Of course many orders go
out in less time, some of them the same day re-
ceived, or next day, hut the larger p.itt of ttie or-
ders take a week before we gel to them. As the
demand usually is grt-atest in May and lets up in
June, we expect to gain rapidly on orders from now
on so that we hope within the n- xt two weeks to
catch up. We liave on hand ready for immediate
shipnK-nt several liundred regular No 1 Dov. hives,
1896 style, with Higginsville cover. If any want
hives in a hurry and can use these we will agree
while they last to get them off promptly. The price
is .5 cts. each less tfian this year's style, and they are
packed in crates of five in tiat complete. Our Chi-
cago and St. Paul branches can also supply the
same kind.

Special Notices in the Line of Gardening, etc.

By A. I. Root.

PACKING WINTER APPLES IN SAWDU.ST, ETC.

I am reminded that, in my editorial on page .398,
last issue, I was a little more severe tlian the cir-
cumstances perhaps warranted. I confess I wiis a
little bit stirred up to see this man getting .50 cts for
telling people how to keep apples in sawdust. I
received the recipe just before going to press, and
barely had time to get in a note of warning. I had
seen the advertisement in the Oliio Farmer only;
but I did find a scrap from an agricultural paper,
advising everybody to send for this recipe. 8a.\ing
they had just received a basket of beautiful apples
from Mr. Wright, etc. This scrap of paper was not
from the Ohio Farmer; but I am now told the same

advert isvmnit had been previously aeccjited by three
other agricultural. papers, i'erhaps the reason why
I saw the a<lvertiseme t- in the Oliiii Fiiniirr and
overlooked it in the three other papers i for I hey all
come to mv desk regularly) is that I tead the 0?iio
Fariiiir with more care, advertisements and all,
than almost any other agricultural paper. It is
pul)lislieil near my home, and 1 am personally ac-
quainted with some of its editors, and I hope and
believe they are personal friends ol mine. T have
known the /<V(/7/ie;-. and read it, almost all my life,
and I humbly beg i ardon of tUv F((///irr people and
of all of our readers if by my vehemence 1 seemed to
show want of respect to or throw discredit upon
that excellent agricultural journal. I do not know
of any other agricultural periodical that has more
articles fr'om our best piactical farmers— good com-
mon-sense articles publislH'd without fear or fa-
vor, than the Ohio Funiur: and if it went into more
of the homes of our farmers all over the country
there would be a " heap" less money wasted on ag-
ricultural swindles.

SELLING RECIPES AND SECRETS FOR DOING SOME-
THING.

One of our readers thinks A. I. R. had better go
for the poultry-journals. He says they are full of
recipes for making things for killing vermin on
poultry, to make hens lay, etc. Now. what in the
world is to prevent the editor of each and every
poultry-journal, accepting such advertisement,
from sending the .50 cts., getting the recipe, and
publishing it to all his readers? The recipe often-
times takes less space than does the advertisement
that proclaims the wonderful virtue of the "great
discovery," etc.

XKi UUSHELS OF POTATOES GIVEN AWAY
DT'RiyG THE LAST TWO WEEKS; 1000

C MORE TO BE GIVEN AWAY DURING THE
MONTH OF JUNE.

At the present date. May 39, we have remaining
of Maule's Thoroughbred, 12.5 bushels of firsts, 238
seconds; Early Ohio, 20 bushels firsts; Early North-
er, 4 bushels; Kurpee's Extra Early, 4 bushels;
Freeman. 130 bushels firsts, Terry's own growing;
New Queen, 95 bushels firsts, 90 of seconds; Monroe
Seedling, 15 bushels; Rural New-Yorker. 5 bushels;
Sir William, 185 bushels; Carman No. 1.22 bushels;
Koshkonong. 5 bushels; New Craig, 83 bushels of
firsts. 12 of secouds.

Our friends will notice that we have more of
Maule's Thoroughbred than of any other variety.
I i)resume this is owing to the fact that they gave us
such an enormous yield last season. We want
every reader of Gleanings to try the.se and have a
good stock: therefore we make the following otfer
until they are sold out or planted:

a1bAI{REL of THOROUGHBRED POTAT()ES"FOR EVERY
NEW NAME.

igEvery reader of Gleanings who sends us a new
subscriber, and introduces it into some new locality,
:is we have heretofore explained, may have a barrel
of Thoroughbred firsts far every new name sent: or
hi' may have a barrel of an j' other vaiiety named
above; or a barrel made up of mixed varieties, as
he chooses: a barrel of potatoes for every new sub-
scriber, with $1 (10 accompanying.

A^BARKEL of TH01U)1(!I1BRED SECONDS FOR EVERY
DOLLAR RECI'-iVED FOR GLEANINGS.

.iFor every renewal, or every dollar sent us for
Gleanings, ])ast, present, or future, you may have
a barrel of Thoroughbred seconds, or a dollar's
worth of any other potat<jes mentioned in tlie list.
With the (Niol weather we have been liaving through
all the month of May. our potatoes are in very fair
order for planting, and we think they may all, or
nearly all. be planted safely at any time during the
month of June, but the sooner you get in your
orders the better, as a matter of course.
All votatoes go off first train.

I write to say that potatoes were received in good
time, and in the most perfect order. The Rural
New Yorker potatoes were the most handsome of
the kind that I ever saw. In fact, all were fine.

Pleasant Valley. Va. C. W. Rice.

[Friend R., I wonder if it is not somewhat owing
to the name of the place of your abode that you are
so well satisfied. — A. I. R.]

liLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE

June

Root's Goods at his prices in Northern Michigan.

Local dealers supplied at dealer's rates. Goods shipped from Mt. Pleasant, Coleman, or Evart.
B. WALKER, Evart, Mich.'

SEE THAT WINK ?

BEE SUPPLIES.

Hoot's Goods at Root's Prices.

Pouder's Honey Jars and every
thin^r used by bee-keepers. Low
freight rates; prompt service.
Catalogue free.

WALTER S. POUDER,

W^'- powLKO^D i63Mass.Ave., Indianapolis, Ind.

Tested ^ By mail, in July and
Italian ^ August, 60 cts. each.

Queens ^ J. C. Wheeler, Piano, III.

MUTH'S HONEY-EXTRACTOR,
SQUARE GLASS HONEY-JARS,
ROOT'S GOODS AT ROOT'S PRICES,

Uee-keepers' Supplies in general, etc., etc.
Send for our new catalog. "Practical
Hints" will be mailed for 10c in stamps.
Apply to

CHAS. F. MUTH & SON, Cincinnati, 0.

OurPrices are Worth Looking at!

IN THE

New Champion ChalT Hive Especially.

All other supplies accordingly. Send

for catalogue and price list. Address,

mentioning Gleanings.

R. H. SCHMIDT & CO., Box 187, Sheboygan. Wis.

Golden, S

. . ' C Dr. Gallup says they are the best he
Albino. I has in his yard.

J. D. QIVENS, Lisbon, Texas.

Texas Queens.

For Sale.== Bees and Queens.

Queens. $1.00. Bees by the pound. $1.00. Nuclei,
two frames, with queen. $2.50; one frame, $2.00

Also Barred and v\ hite P. Rocks. Silver Laced
Wyandottes. Eggs for sitting, at $1.00 for 1.5.

MRS. A. A. SinPSON, Swarts, Greene Co.. Pa.

Read whiit J. I. Parent, of
Charlton, N. Y., says— "We cut
with one of your Combined Ma-
chines ast winter 60 chaff hives
with 7-inch cap, 100 honey-
racks, 500 broad frames, 2.000
honevboxes. and a grea deal
of other work. This winter we
have doubled the amount of
bee-hives, etc.. to make, and we
expect to do It all with this s.'iw.
It will do all you say It will."
Catalogue and Price List free.
Address W.F. &JOHN BARNES. .545 Ruby Street,
Rockford, 111.

When more convenient, orders for Barnes' Foot-
Power Machinery may be sent to

THE A. I. ROOT CO.. Medina, O

Honey Leaflet, by Dr. C. C. Miller. Why honey is
more wholesome than cane sugar; honey as an ar-
ticle of diet; honey cooking recipes. This leaflet is
written for the benefit of cousumcrs. and is put out
at an extremely low price so that honey produc-
ers may distribute them free to their ciistomeis.
Prices; 10. 5c; 100,20c; 500,75c; all postpaid; 1000,
75c; carriage extra.

THE A. I. ROOT CO., Hedina, Ohio,

QUEENS

Untested, 50.;; doz., $6.00
Warranted, bOc; doz , $7.00
TfSted, 75c: doz., $8.00

Imported Italian motheis only are used, and for
iiidusiry. gentleness, and beauty their bees are un-
surpassed. We have in our yard bushels of drones
from imported mothers and their daughters, and a
mismated queen is rare. No defective queens sent
out. Remember that we aie in the far South, and
can send queens by return mail. Safe delivery.
Money-ord. r office. Decatur.

CLEVELAND BROS., Stamper, Miss.

Closing=out Prices
on First=class Goods.

10 No. lE Dov. hives, 8-frame, - $7.50
10 No. IK Dov. hives. 10-frame. - - 8.50
Be^t polished sections, $2.50 per M. Other
goods in proportion. Let me make an es-
timate on your wants.

W. J. Finch, Jr., Chesterfield, III.

Thp I^Jna ^'"''''*'''^^'*- Only l inch thick edge-
1 lie: IVIII^ \N\Be. Six-foot wheel does all gener-
al work. Weight of wheel 61 lbs. Latest und highest
standard of excellence. Best of galvanized towers.
Write to dav for full information to

C. a. WEIDMAN, Sole Mfr., Medina, Ohio.

Fruit Packages of all Kinds,

also

,^ Bee=keepers' Supplies.

Order your supplies now
before the busy season
catches you. Price list
free. Address

BERLIN FRUIT-BOX CO.,

Berlin Heights, Erie Co., Ohio.

ALL QUEENS

that are shipped from our
apiary are to be depended on to pioduce strong col-
onies of fine hont y-gatherers. We have but the
purest Italians, and we take pride in furnishing the
best of queens. Tested, $1 00 each ; $11.00 per dozen.
Untested, 75 cts. earh, $8.00 per dozen. Safe arrival
and satisfaction guaranteed on every order.

J. W. K. SHAW <£ CO.,
LOREAUVILLE, LA.

Queens Given Away.

Gray Carniolans and Golden Italians. We will
give a fine tested queen (either race) to all custom-
ers ordtr-ring 6 untested queens, and a fine select
tested queen to all who order 12 untested queens at
one time. The queens given away will be sent to
customers in August.

Grade and prices of bees
and queens.

Apr.. May. July. Aug..
1 June. , Sept.

.75

.65

1 50

125

Select tested queens

2.50

2.25

Best imported queens

5.00

4.00

1 L.-frame nucleus, no queen

.75

.50

2 L.-frame nuclei, no queen..

1..50

1.00

Full colony of bees, no queen

in new Dov'd hive

5.00

4.00

We guarantee our bees to he free from all dlseasn
and to give entire satisfaction. Descriptive price
list free.

F. A. Lockhart & Co., Lake George, N. Y.

Please mention this paper.

1807

(} LEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

^^A thousand doIIa>s would not
buy a better bicycle than the
Columbia— nor 'just as good'
—because none so good is made/'

100

TO ALL. ALIKE

Hartfordsa

re ncKi best.

$60, «50, *45

POPE MFG. CO., Hartford, Conn,

Greatest Bicycle Factory in the World. More than 17 Acres F"loor Space.

Branch House or dealer in almost every city and town. If Col-
umbiasarenot properly represented in your vicinity, let us know.

Vou should know about bicycles. Send for the handsomest bicycle Cat-
aloiiue ever issued. Free if you call at any Columbia dealer; by mail

from us fir cut 2-Lfnt stamp.

B. Hendrickson, Agent,

Medina, Ohio.

FCLIPSE CORN=PLANTER

"'^ And Fertilizer=Distnbutor Combined.

WTLf,
PLANT

CORN, BEANS, PEAS
and BEET SEED

in Hills. Drills, ;ir d Checks. It is tli
only plnnicr thiit will disa-ihut« all fei
tllizers. Wet or Dry, Hen Manure, Plas
ter, Ashes, Etc., with a certainty, it
■different ainoudts, encfi side of seed
Send for circulars.

Eclipse Corn=Planter Co.,

Enfield, Grafton Co
New Hampshire.

In writing

432
Are You Going to Buy.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE

June 1.

Apiarian Supplies or Bees?

If so. You Want the Best.

This is the only quality we offer. Our prices are
right, and our '97 catalog describing them, and the
management of bees, is yours for the asking.

We carry a large stock, and can ship promptly.
Freight is a big consideration, often amounting to
20 per cent of the value of goods. Let us quote you
prices on what you need, delivered at your station,

Freight Paid.

They will cost but a trifle more than others charge
at the factory. Our aim is to please.
Apiary, I. J. STRINGHAM,

Qlen Cove, L. I. 105 Park PI., N. Y. City.

Don't Neglect Your Bees.

Bee-keeping may be made uniformly suc-
cessful by judicious feeding. It is just as
important with bees as with other stock.
Success in feeding depends
very much on the feeder used.
When you have tried the

Boardmau Atmospheric
Entraace=feeder

you will be convinced of this.

For descriptive circulars
and price list, address

H. R. BOARDMAN, East Townseod, Ohio.

Dovetailed Hives.

Sections, Extractors. Smokers,
and every thing a Bee-keeper
wants. Honest Goods at Close
Monest Prices. 60-page cata-
log free.

J. M. JENKINS, Wetumpka, Ala.

¥»^l U~ I Do you need queens? the

LOOK rlGrG ! Pui-est and best. If so,
-■^i'M ^ • ^^.g ^j.^ prepared by re-
turn mail to ship the;) band and golden Italians.,
and silver gr.-iy Carniolans, untested, warranted
purely mated, for .50c: tested, Ihc: breeders. $3.25.
JUDGE E. Y. TERRAL & CO.. Cameron, Texas.

Btth
FltEC ;Hill,i-iii-. K. '

QUEEI^S

Smokers, Sections ,

Comb Foundation,
Anil lUl A]>i:iii-un Siippliee
clieaji. SpiiiI for
r. KLANAtJAN. Iti'llpvillc. SlI.

Untested Italian Queens.

Queens ready to mail, either golden or dark
queens from select stock, a1 65 cents each; X dozen,
$3..50; dozen. $6.50; two or more dozen at $6.00 per
dozen. Tested queens. 75 cpnts each.

W. A. COnPTON, Lynnville, Tenn.

01 1FFN<S Either 3 or 5 banded, 60 cents each ; 6
\f%JI^L,iy^. ,or$3(0. Nuclei and supplies cheap.
CHAS. H. THIES, Steeleville, III.

Q

ueens,

Either Golden or Imported by
return mail. Untested, 75o;
Tested, $1.00; Breeders, $3.00.

'^'^ None better.

W. H. LAWS, Lavaca, Ark.

Please mention this paper.

IF YOU WANT BEES

that will just "roll"' in the honey, and that are
wonderful red-clover workers, also gentle to han-
dle and exceidinglv hardy, then try MOORE'S
STRAIN OF ITALIANS, the result of 18 years
of careful breeding.

Warranted queens, $1.00 each; 3 for $2.50. Safe
arrival and satisfaction guaianteed. Circular free.
Those who have never dealt with me I refer to A. I.
Root, who has purchased of me over 850 queens.

J. P. Moore, Morgan, Pendleton Co., Ky.

What More?

Queens from best working stock.
Reared by best methods.
('ells and queens selected.
Poor queens replaced free.
20 years' experience— 7 as a q. breeder.
7-^e; si.x, $3 50; twelve, $6.50.
Promptness.
Safe arrival.
Free catalogue.
J. B. CASE, Port Orange, Fla.

QUEENS BY RETURN MAIL.

Daughters of best imported queen mother, war-
ranted purely mated to drones of imported stock
from a different source; hence, a direct cross. 12
years as a honey-producer on a large scale has
taught me what good queens lopan to the producer
as well as how to rear them. Price of queens, 50c
each. Safe delivery and satisf action, or money re-
funded. L. H. ROBEY, Worthington, W. Va.

out puffing; burns in the
center; heats only the top; burns chips without
drizzle; makes all the smoke wanted, without work;
the best bee-smoker ever made; doesn't tip over.
T. F. BINGHAM, Farwell, Mich.

nilPPM^ Pure Italians, 3 or 5 banded, tested,
V;UL,L,n.3, 75 cts.; untested, .50 cts. I have 500
nuclei. Can send queens by return mail.

DANIEL WURTH, Falmouth, Rush Co., Ind.

The New Gerneil Smoker.

Cheap,

Strong,

Serviceable,

Large Size.

JiiCT Tuc TtJttar* for those who want a
UOT I Mt 1 niraWi first-class smoker at
a medium price. Size of cup, 314 inches; curved
nozzle, hinged so as to swing back; legs of malleable
iron, secured by bolts. The blast is the well-known .
Cornell principle. Weight of smoker, only 20
ounces.

Price $1.00, postpaid, or 75c it sent by express
or freight with other goods.

THE

A. I. ROOT COnPANY,
MEDINA, OHIO.

(CLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

433

Send Your Beeswax

to At. H. HUNT. Bell Branch, Hich.,

ami have it raado luto fouiniaiion.
It will iMst yon only 1~";C per II). for
thin surplus, jmkI ir>o for e.xtra-thin
light brood; lOo, medium brood, or
heiivy, .'^c. A carload of Root's goods
at bottom prices. Let me quote you
prices, wliolesale or retail. Large
free price list full of information.

In wrltinp advertisers please mention Glkanings.

/^rders filled by return mail or freight for A. I.
^^ lioot Cos supplies, our choice strain Italian
queens; one, two, and three frame nuclei. If you
want good goods at low prices and in a hurry, send
us your orders. :ii> page catalog free.

JOHN NEBEL & SON. High Hill. Mo.

Pure Italian Queens.

Fifty cents each. Warranted tlrst-class. No black
bees here, and no disease. Safe arrival guaran-
teed.

W. C. GATHRIOHT, Dona Ana. New Hex.

POR SALE.— 75 Colonies of Italian Bees,

' in eight frame Langstroth hlv^es.

Price $4 to $4. .50 per colony.

Discount on five or more colonies.
L. Vandereike, Lake Hills, Jefferson Co., Wis.

either golden beauties
'» or 3 banded imported
Uofk. Tested, $1.00 each; untested,
70c each: half dozen, ^^4. 00. One queen to new cus-
tomer, 6.')C. P. O. M. O. I ffice. Lavaca. Ark.

E. A. SEELEY, Bloomer, Ark.

Italian Q"5'ni'

Second=hand Bicycles.

One Remington Racer (made by the Remington
Arms Co.), weight :iO lbs., ]»4-in. tubing; nearly as
good as new, and listing $110.00. We offer for $4.5.00.

One second-band Victor, '95 pattern; wood rims:
wood handle-bars; Morgan & Wright tires. Sold
originally for $100 00. We offer for |!2.5.00. It is in
good riding condition, having been overhauled in
our bicycle-repair shop.

One ladies' Century, used but little, wood rims,
26 inch wheels, Morgan & Wright tires; weight 26
lbs. We offer for only J20.00. This is a bargain.

Wax at market price will be accepted in place of
cash.

THE A. I. ROOT CO., Medina, O.

Wants and Exchange Department.

W

ANTED.— To exchange for any thing useful, St.
»T Bernard puppies at greatly i educed prices;
also pure-bred Poland-China hogs and Pekin ducks.
W. W. Pkevey, Elroy, Wis.

WANTED.— To exchange single-case World type-
writer (good as new); also hybrid bees in full
colony, for extracted honey or offers.

A. W. Gardnkr, Centreville, Mich.

WANTED.— To exchange three 100-gallon heavy
tin tanks— improved honey-faucet, four bands,
worth $.5.0U— for extracted honev.

Wm. a. Selser, 10 "V'ine St , Phila., Pa.

ANTED.— To exchange Pekin ducks or eggs for
Italian queens, African geese or offers.

John IJukr, Braceville, 111.

w

KIND WORDS FROM

CDSTOMERS

We never had such a call for the Root goods as
we have this season. Everybody praises tliem, and
we are nearly a carload of goods ahead of our sales
from the Philadelphia branch over last season. The
honey crop is ver* promi.sing Wm. A. Selser.

Philadelphia. May 19.

1 think your Home talks and Notes of Travel are
excellent; and exposure of advertisements that
only rob people of their hard earnings are all right.

La Fayette, Ind., May 24. Stephen W. Buady.

I received th(! books all right, for which accept
my sincere thanks. I would say that 1 would not
take double what they cost, and be without them.
I was a little surprised, though, when I received
your letter yesterday returning the small amount
of five cents. Now, i)lease, brother, don't do so any
more. If 1 should order any tiling and send a few
cents more than the regular price, just keep it and
don't go to snending half the amount to return it.

Paducah, Ky. D. U. Sma^ley.

Bees in Texas are just booming. The whole coun-
try seems flooded with honey. They are swarming
more than I ever saw before. We are using the
Langstroth hive, hut we have decided to make a
change. We shall try the Dovetailed. 1 think it
the most complete hive I ever saw. Bee culture is
coming to the front just now in Texas. The people
are more interested in the line of bee-keeping than
ever before. G. H. Reed.

Boyd, Tex, May 14.

I received the ABC book. Thanks for the same.
I have read " Langstroth on the Hive and Honey-
bee,"and also Langstroth as revised by the Dadants;
also King's "Bee-keeper's Textbook," and many
lesser works. I think the bee-keeping world owes
A. I. Root and son quite a debt for their able work.
I want to til auk Mr. Weed for his great improve-
ment in comb foundation. The foundation I got
this spring works very nicely. I shall be pleased to
send to you for any thing I may want in your line.

Cuba, Kan., May 15. Wm. H. Eagekty.

MItil/IONS OF dollars IN "APPROPRIATIONS," AND
CORN 10 GTS. A BUSHEL.

Dew old Friend:— J write to say how pleased I am
that in Gleanings, p. 296, you have at .last admitted
there is something wrong in this United States. It
has taken you many years to see it; but I don't won-
der; such men as I am have kept you busy. But I
can just say, if you had sold noney, strawberries,
and eg^sfor n liviitg, you would have had your eyes
opened long ago to that fact Reduce a community
so low that they must live on potatoej^ and ,sn7f, and
they will not buy much honey, or clothing either for
that matter. Robt. B. Lanchester.

Hagerman, Idaho.

A KIND WORD OF WARNING FROM SOME SAD-HEART-
ED FRIENDS.

Mr. Roof .-—Last Wednesday, the 19th, right after
breakfast, my wife took our little baby boy off his
chaiv to let him play in the yard. He then followed
one of the boys out of the lot gate and wandered up
the road to a railroad-crossing. A Wabash freight
train came along at full speed and ran over the
poor child and killed him almost instantly. This
happened a little after T a.m , while I was at work
in the apiary. I tell you it was a shock for us. It
happened all in about ten minutes. He would have
been 20 months old June 4. He was our beloved
baby boy. His name was Henry Frederick Werner.

Edwardsville, III., May 34. Louis Werner.

Dear brother and sister, we all try to sympathize
with you; but I suppose none but those who have
been through a similar trial can realize what you
must suffer. Your warning may, however, do us
all good. We live almost as near the railroad as you
do, and we have had the same trials with our two
grandchildren. Finally we made a little fence of
wire netting to keep them within bounds until they
were old enough so the danger could be explained
to them. The netting costs but little, and with
some sharp oak stakes it can be put up in a few
minutes; and even now our little granddaughter,
just about the age of your lost one, lias to be re-
strained by a gate on the porch, which she can
neither open nor climb over. Those who live near
railways should lie exceedingly careful As soon as
(he little one is old enough to understand, it should
be warned again and again, until it is made to com-
prehend the terrible results that may occur from
wandering away. May the great God above give
you consolation and help in this your great trouble.

(JLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE

June 1.

and pay taut one profit.
fOur assortment is one
:)f tlie best and most
omplete iu

\ BUY DIRECT

r^4?/« ^^^^. FRUIT and ORNAMEN

[^^) TAL TREES, SHRUBS,

^ PLANTS, ROSES,

V1NES,BULBS,SEEDS

learcst uew, clioicest old. Send for
ourcataloiiue to-day; it tells it all; an
oleuaut book, 168 pages, magazine
s»ize, prolu-.ely illustrated, free.

Seeds, Plants , Bulbs, Small Trees,
mail postpaid,safe arrival and satisfaction
guaranteed. Larger by express or freight.
43d year. 32 Greenhouses. 1000

STORRS& HARRISON

Box33l , Painesville,

In writing advertisers please mention tnis paper.

"Tife KILLS ALL bugs"

t- r% You C1I1 dust oue acre of potatoes in 40
Z \^-- 1 11 nitcs by doing two rows at ones.
* T;^** J ^opla tcr or water used. With this
> /y O I .achine you can dust tobacco, '

0) I i \ -^ cotton, fruit trees, currant

i- '^ ( . 2 ,i. •■ , bushes, etc. BOOK FREE.

o Ali^i ^ ^^ HOTCHKISS BROS.,
< ^*- ^-' ^^^Wallinnford, - Conn.

WUeu more couvement orders fur the above ma-
chine may be sent to the A. 1. Root Co., Medina, O.

ONE MAN WITH THE

UHIOM COMBINATION SAW
Can do the work of four men us-

ug- hand tools in Kipping, Cut-

lug off, Mitering, Kabbeting,
iji-ooving. Gaining, Dadoing,

dgiug up, Jointing Stuff, Etc.
Full Line of Foot and Hand
I'ower Machinery. Sold on Trial.
Catalog Free. l-24ci

3ENECA FALLS MF.G. CO.,
■ 1 WatftrSt-.SenecB Falls, >« V

FOR SALE. In 8-f rams Dove-
lalntl hi\ es, queeus from im-
l>ortefl mothers. Price $3.00
t.) $4.00 per colony.
EDW. SMITH, Carpenter, IU.

BEES

It is here.

The year 1897 is here, and we are liappy to in-
form our friends and custom' rs thiit we aie now
better prepared than ever before to till your orders
for queens and bees. We have the largest stock
ever operated by us, and we mean to be ready witli
plenty of bees and queens to fill all orders without
delay that are sent to us.

Bees by the pound, 81.00; ten or more pouuds, 90c
each. Untested queens for 1897, $1 00 each in Feb-
ruary, March, April, and May; $5.00 for six, or S9.00
per dozen. For larger amounts write for prices.
Have your orders booked for your early queens.
Safe arrival guaranteed.

Root's goods, Dadant's foundation, and Bingham
smokers. A steam bee-hive factory, and all kinds
of bee supplies.

The Souttiland Queen, the only bee-paper in
the Siiuth, monthly, $1.00 per year

Send for catalog, which is almost a complete book
on Southern bee-keeping, givinv queen-rearing in
full, all free for the asking. If you want full infor-
mation about every thing we have, and the bee-
book, don't fail to ask for our ]>*97 catalog.

The Jennie Atchley Co.,

Beeville, Bee Co., Texas.

■^

■^

•«

"*

—

' ■

'

■

...^

. .

_

i

1

^.4.*

S?5

Wk

'S

y^

i

i

i

Luek or ierit ?

Our competi1oi-< M»y it's I^iick that enables us to
get:iUtbebestIlailroacl trade. thebestt'armtrade.and
all the Parks anil Game preserves. Our customers
buy the fence on its merits, we sell on its merits,
and noone obiefts totheffOOCi luclv that goes with it.

PAGE WOVEN WIRE FENCE CO., Adrian, Mich.

C^"In writing: adveitisei's please mention Gi.k.a.nings.

A Dollar Saved

is better than one earned. Read my 87th
annual catalog, and (loii"t send out West for
goods you can buy cheaper here at home.

I have added 2400 feet of floor-space to my
store-house and shall keep in stock Root's
polished one - piece sections. Dovetailed
I lives, new Weed foundation, etc., in addi-
tion to my old line.

Best breeds of bees and queens at bottom
prices. Don't buy until you see what you
can do with me.

W. W. GARY, Colrain, Mass.

Just Arrived!

My second carload of goods from The A.I. Root Co.

has arrived, and I am in shape to fill all orders
promptly at their catalog prices. Send for my 36-
page catalog; also send a list of what goods you
will need, and I will make \ou special prices on
early orders.

GEO. E. HILTON,

Fremont, Mich.

Porter Honey -House Bee-Escape.

Have jmi seen it y Just the thing to put on the
doors or windows of your bee-rooms. Indispensa-
ble, you'll s;iy, after you have tried It.

Price by mail. 25 cents.

K Gowan and Novice
Extractors,

These are the best. We are
prepared to fuinish on short
notice, from any of our several
branches. Z, 4, and 6 frame Cow-
ans, and 2-f ranie Novices.

If you want the genuine, see
that they bear our name.

A 36-page catalog sent free on
application.

THE A. I. ROOT CO., Medina, Ohio.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

439

Contents of this Number.

Adulteration Detwtetl 4f>7|(}liu-ose as Ailiiltemiit.. .

After-swanuliiit, ri-event'if. liV) Hoiiev, ENtiacted, Siiell <
Apts Dorsata. Dr. Miller on. 4WH(

Beekoepers' rnions UK\ H.

Bee-pa ralvsis. Cure for *47 1 K .

Bees ami (iraiies Us\\\

Candvinir of Honev u:iU\

Eilit^Vr in Baniesvllle 460: N -

Fotnulat ion. Home-made — 444 1 Su
Foundation. Papered 4M|.Sv

fl>iTiw' Qualitie

I ki'tiiiif

I >^ Yield ....

Fred Anderson..

UVheellmr

Dun

Honey Column.

CITY MARKETS.

New York.— Ho?ici/.— The demand for honey for
the last few weeks lias fallen off quite a little.
Supply bore is rather light: some call for buck-
wheat comb houe.v; quite a little call for fancy
white-clover comb honey. Beeswa.x is held strong-
er, market has advanced within tlie last week, sup-
ply here is light. Considerable demand. Fancy
white honey, 10c; No. 1 white, 9c; fancy amber, 8c;
No. 1 amber, 7c; fancy dark, 7c; No. 1 dark, 6c.
White e.xtracted. o^c; amber. 4;^c; dark, 3X@33^.
Beeswax, 36!/,@27Hc

Francis H. Leoof:tt & Co..
West Broadway, Franklin and Varick Sts.

May 29.

Chicago.— iTo/iey.— Fancy white, 13; No. 1, white,
11; fancy amber, 9@10; No. 1 amber. 7; fancy dark,
8@9; No. 1 dark, 7; white extracted, 6@7; amber, 5®
6; dark, 4@4'-2; beeswax, 27. Choice comb honey
would sell freely at top quotation, as market is bare.
R. A. Burnett & Co.,

May 19. 163 So. Water St., Chicago, 111.

Milwaukee.— Honey.— Fancy white, 12@l4; No. 1
white, 11@12; fancy amber, 10@11; No. 1 amber, 9@
10; white extracted, 6@7; amber, 5®5y2: dark. 4@5;
beeswax, 26®27. The trade in honey since our last
has been dragging, and demand fallen off some-
what. Our supply of choice quality is not large, and
think will all be wanted before new crop. The
common grades of comb will be the last to dispose
of. Hence the moral, improve the quality to a per-
fect degree, and better sales will follow and better
values will accrue. A. V. Bishop & Co.,

May 19. Milwaukee, Wis.

St. Louis. — Honey. — Fancy white, 12@13; No. 1
white, 11@12; fancy amber, 10@10'/2; white extract-
ed, in bbls.,4V4; in cans, 6; amber, in bbls., 4; in
cans, 4'2; dark, 3X@4, in bbls.; beeswax, 24V2®25.
The demand for honey is and will be light from
now to the first of October. Bakers and candy-fac-
tories not using any this season of the year, and
they consume most of our extra stock.

Westcott Commission Co.,

May 20. 213 Market St., St. Louis, Mo.

Denver.— Ho?iei/.— Fancy white, 11; No. 1 white,
10; fancy amber, 9; white extracted, 6; amber, 5:
beeswax, 2.5. We are having an unusual demand
for our brand of extracted honey. It has been well
advertised of late, and our customers know a good
article when they use it. There are several brands
of honey shipped to our market that are not pure,
but we believe all Colorado honey on our market to
be pure. The great trouble we have to contend
with in this dry climate is granulation. We are
looking for a good crop of honey this season.

R. K.&.I.C.FRI8BEE,

May 22. Lock Box 1014, Denver, Col.

New York.— Honey. — Our market is in good
shape— the old crop well cleaned up, both comb and
extracted. New crop extracted is arriving from
the South, and in fairly good demand at 50@.52 per
gallon for average common, and 55®60 per gallon
for better grades. Beeswax rather quiet at 26®27.
HiLDRETH Bros. & Seoelken,

May 20. 120-122 W. Broadway, New York.

Cleveland.— Honey.— Fancy white, 12®12'2; No.
1 white, 10@11; fancy amber. 8; fancy dark, 7.

A. B. Williams & Co.,
May 25. 80-82 Broadway, Cleveland, O.

Kansas City.— Ho^^ey.— Fancy white, 12@13; No. 1
white, 11®12; fancy amber, 10®ll; No. 1 amber. 8®
10; fancy dark, 8®9; No. 1 dark, 8; white extracted,
5@r.^; amber, 4H®f); dark, 3i4®4; beeswax, 25.
C. C. Clemonh & Co.,

May 20. 423 Walnut, Kansas City, Mo.

Boston. — Honey. — Fancy white, 13; No. 1, 11®
12: white extracted. 7®8; amber. 6®6; beeswax, 26
@26. Our market is without change as to price, but
we note a lighter demand natural to the warm
weather. E. E. Blake & Co.,

May 19. 57 Chatham St., Boston, Mass.

Detroit. — Hmey. — Fancy white, 10®12; No. 1
white, 10®11; fancy amber, 8®9; No. 1 amber, 7®8;
white extracted, 5@6; amber, 4@5; beeswax, 25®26.
Dark comb not much called for. and what there is
in sight is not attractive, and buyers of it can make
the prices. M. H. Hunt,

May 20. Boll Branch, Mich.

San Francisco.— Hojiey.— Fancy white, 10; No. 1
white, 9; fancy amber, 7; No. 1 amber, 6: fancy
dark, 5; No. 1 dark. 4; white extracted, 5; amber, 4;
dark, 2; beeswax, 24. New honey of very fine qual-
ity is coming in the market. The crop will be a
good one, but less than expected three weeks ago.
Looked- for late rains did not come.

Henry Schacht,

May 14. San Francisco, Cal.

Cincinnati.— Ho7iey.— No. 1 white, 10®13; No. 1
dark, 8@10; white extracted, 6@6; amber, 4@5; dark,
3V4®4; beeswax, 22®25. Chas. F. Muth & Son,

May 18. Cincinnati, O.

COLUMBUS.-Honey.-Fancy white, 12@]2X; No. 1,
white, 11; fancy amber, 8. Strawberries are now
arriving so freely that honey is slow sale. Advise
no shipments without direct communication with
us. The Columbus Com. & Storage Co.

May 22. 409-413 N. High St , Columbus, O.

Minneapolis.— Honey.— Fancy white, 12@14; No.
1 white. 11®13; fancy amber, 10@12; No. 1 amber, 9
®10; fancy dark, 8@9; No. 1 dark, 7@8; white ex-
tracted, 6@7; amber, 5@6; dark, 4!^@5'/i; beeswax,
25®27. Comb honey nominal. Movement very light
and will probably continue so during warm weather.
Extracted steady demand, moving on new water
white at full quotations. S. H. Hall & Co.,

May 20. Minneapolis, Minn.

Philadelphia.— Honey.-Whiteextracted, 5®5^;
amber, 4@4i4; dark, 3V4@4; beeswax, 2.5. No comb
honey in this market but odds and ends. Nobody
wants comb honey now. Considerable call for ex-
tracted. Beeswax in constant demand.

Wm. a. Selser,

May 21. 10 Vine St., Philadelphia, Pa.

For Sale.— Fancy extracted in 60-lb. cans, and
fancy comb (Danzy sections) mangrove honey in
30-lb. cases. Cash offers wanted, f . o b. here.

H. Price Williams, Miami, Florida.

HALF PRICE.

After June 10th we sell eggs from all our yards
at half price ($1 per 15). Eggs will be from (
I our best pens, and handled with the same care (
early orders receive. Our breeds:
Barred & White PI. Rocks, Lt. Brahmas,

Langshans, Bf. Cochins, White Wyandots,

Brown & Buff Leghorns, Pekin Ducks.

Our stock will surely please you; order now.

POULTRY SUPPLIES.

We are America's Headquarters. Biggest

Stock, Lowest Prices, Quick Shipments.

Nissly's Poultry Annual and catalogue of '

"Eaterything for the Poultry Yard" is ai

I book of 80 6x9 pages, finely illustrated and full .

, or Information. The book is free to all, but

we request a 2c stamp for postage.

GEO. J. NISSLY, Saline, Mich.

440 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. June 15.

What Has Been Told Lately

In the Bee-keepers' Bevieiv ? did you ask ? Well, in the Jan. issue Mr. Aspmwall explained a simple plan
whereby the mating of queens at the Lome yard may be secured with almost ahsolutc certainty. E. L. Tay-
lor, in the February issue, describes an experiment made to determine if honey stored in the super of a
foul-broody colony was infected with the germs of foul brood. In tbe March number, Isaac Lundy told
"How to Get Drawn Combs right in the Sections, and Secure Comb Honey at the same Time." In the April
issue, R. L. Taylor tells at what a high temperature he kept his bee-cellar last winter, and the results. The
June issue contains a long article from Mr. Lundy, explaining liis methods, and giving the details of a plan
whereby he secures drawn combs during the white-honey harvest. Of course, there are other articles,
editorial comments, extracts, notes from foreign bee-journals, Hasty's " View of Current Bee Literature,"
etc.

The Review is 81.00 a year; but for the sake of getting new subscribers I am offering it for 1897, and 1000
flrst-class sections, for only $2.50; or the Review and a Bingham Conqueror smoker for $1.75; or the Review
and a fine tested Italian queen for only $1.50.

W. Z. HUTCHINSON. Flint. Mich.

Nuclei==Order Now,

of the old reliable queeu-breeder, a 3-frame
(Hoffman) nucleus and warranted queen
(Italian), that is just running over with bees,
for $2.25; or will pay express to any part
of IT. S. east of Mississippi River for $3.50.

DANZENBAKER
HIVE AND HONEY

wor Highest Honors at the
Fairs, and pays Premiums to
purchasers

of 50 hives, $.50 for the best 100 Danzenbaker sections
" 25 " 25 " " 50

" 20 " 20 " " 40

" 10 " 10 " " 20

" 5 " 5 " " 10

^"Further particulars regarding the premiums,
also special catalog of the Danzenbaker Hive and
System, furnished on application. Address
FRANCIS DANZENBAKER, JWedina, Ohio.
Care of The A. I. Boot Co.

Direct the Philadelphia branch of

THE A. 1. ROOT CO,.

Wm. A. Selser, Mgr. 10 Vine St., Phil., Pa.

At Des iloines,
Iowa.

Root's Goods at Root's Factory Prices

Immense stock of the latest 1897 goods now on hand, and more to follow.

Thousands of Hives and Millions of Sections is our record, and other goods in proportion, we

are sure to please you if the best goods at bottom
prices and good service will do it. Eleventh annual catalog fkee. Address

JOS. NYSEWANDER. Des Moines. Iowa.

PRICES OF •• • '

Bingham Perfect Bee=sniokers and Honey=knives.

Smoke Engine ('^'"frmade!"'") 4 in. stove. Doz., $13.00; each, by mail, $1.50

Doctor 3hi

Conqueror 3 "

Large 24

Plain 2

Little Wonder (wt. 10 oz.) 2 "

Honey-knife

Bingham Smokers have all the new improvements. Before buying a
Smoker or Knife, look up its record and pedigree.

FIFTEEN YEARS FOR A DOLLAR; ONE- HALF CENT FOR A MONTH.

Dear Sir:— Have used the Conqueror 15 years. I was always pleased
with its workings, but thinking 1 would need a new one this summer, I
write for a circular. I do not think the 4-inch Smoke Engine too large.

9.00; "

1.10

6.50; "

1.00

5.00; "

.90

4.76; "

.70

4.50; "

.60

6.00; "

.80

January 27, :

Truly, W. H. Eagerty, Cuba, Kansai

Biii,i;iiani \- Ib-ther

iug-Uiij Uiirrippiaj;-

kiiif.'.

T. F. BINQHAH, Farwell, Hichigan.

A Penny Saved is a Penny Earned.

Yes, it's better than that, for the saved penny you don't have to earn twice. Well, the
Weekly American Bee Journal will help you save your pennies. It is a real money-
sa^er to the bee-keeper who will read and practice its teaching. The regular price is
$1.00 a year, or only about two cents per copy. But in order that new readers nmv give
It a trial we will send it for only 50 cents from the time we receive your subscription to
the end of 1897. Now, the sooner you send the half dollar, the more copies you will re-
ceive. Send Ic stamps if more convenient. Sample copy free.

QEORQE W. YORK & CO., 118 Michigan St., Chicago, III.

JOURHW^x
• DELVoTE

•andHoNEY
»flKD HOME-

•1NTE.F?EST^

TublishEdyTHEA'll^OoY Co.

ptR\tAR '\@ "Medina- OHIO'

Vol. XXV.

JUNE 15, 1897.

No. 12,

Yellow sweet clover blooms about two
weeks before white sweet clover, according to
J. L. Gandy, in A. B. J.

Gargle for sore throat.— Salicylic acid and
borax, one-half drachm each; honey, one
ounce; water, eight ounces.

To TAKE GREASE out of cloth.— Take S parts
alcohol, G parts honey. 5 parts soap, 5 parts wa-
ter. Wet the cloth with this solution and rub
lively. Keep the mixture well corked.— J/ode
Franeai.se.

While it's tkite that stoves may have done
more harm than good in ben-cellars, it needn't
be so. You can do mischief with almost any
good thing by using it wrongly. But an oil-
stove isn't a good thing.

"Inside furniture "is all right for what
the hive contains before bees have ever occu-
pied it, but I think what E. Wilkin wants is a
term to include bees. comb, and brood. ["What
does R. Wilkin want another term for?— Eb.]

"Would you use sections with foundation
put in thern two years ago?" is asked in yl. B.J.
Of the 23 repliers, only three say no. Several
advise warming in^sun before using. I wonder
if they won't be warmed by the bees suffi-
ciently.

In the statement, quoted p. 423, that " the
nectar gathered by the bee is a secretion in
which we may expect to find the essential vir-
tues of the plant from which it is obtained," I
wonder if imagination has not been allowed
considerable play.

Another drawback to the plan of fastening
queens in hives that A. Getaz might have add-
ed, p. 413, is that sometimes, after they have
swarmed times enough, several swarms will
settle on a tree together, and sulk all day. I
think they'll do it without a queen.

An editorial in A. B. J. shows a strong
leaning on the part of the editor toward the
view that every beginner in bee-keeping
should have a text- book. If I couldn't have
both a bee- book and a bee- journal I'd get the
book first, and then pawn my watch for a jour-
nal.

"Don't try to go too fast into bee-keeping.
Better grow into it," says Editor York. Sound
advice. [That is true; but many a man does
not believe it in actual practice; or if he does,
he shut his eyes and jumps— all the more reason
why such folks should be made to open their
eyes.— Ed.

Prof. Cook thinks the old_ Union ought to
make a big fight against adulteration in Cali-
fornia. He says, in A. B. J., "The Union has
got to do thi.s, or something akin to it, or
else it will be dissolved and possibly merged
into the other organization." [Prof. Cook is
right.— Ed.]

For years I've kept my bees in two cellars.
I thought they had better air than in one. But
it's less trouble to haye all in one cellar, so last
winter I put all together; wintered splendidly,
and had fire only once, just for five days. I
think G. C. Greiner is right in wanting a cool
cellar filled up. [A good point. Those who
cellar their bees next year would do well to
bear it in mind.— Ed.]

Doolittle, p. 414, has given an unusually
full collection of plans for managing after-
swarms, and he might have added two others.
Except for the trouble, there's no better way
than the old box-hive plan of returning the
swarm as often as it issues. One of the best
plans is to hive the swarm on the old stand;
set the parent colony beside it, then set the
parent on the new stand a week later.

A COMMON OPINION scems to be that, when
you take away a queen, the bees in their eager-
ness to replace her make use of larvae so old
that a good queen can not result. I'm skeptic-
al. In hundreds of cases that I have observed,
the queen rarely emerges before the eleventh

442

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June 15.

day from removal of queen, making the larva
only one or two days old at time of queen's re-
moval. [You are right, doctor, according to
my experience.— Ed.]

I HAVE ONE of the late smokers with grooved
bellows-boards, and as yet see no objection to
it. On the other hand it's refreshing to weary
muscles to handle it, and the grooves will save
the smoker many a fall. [The new grooves in
the boards are a great comfort, and we shall
adopt them in all our smokers as soon as possi-
ble. They cost but little and are a great con-
venience, especially where one's hands are
sticky with honey.— Ed.]

To THE QUESTION, whether it's best to use
drawn foundation in sections, repliers in .4. B. J.
assume more or less of a "don't know" atti-
tude, with a preponderance toward giving it a
fair show. [Even those who answered unfa-
vorably, in some instances at least, would have
given a different answer had they seen the ar-
ticle itself. A case in point is that of Mr. Mc-
Evoy, mentioned on page 456.— Ed.]

The American Bee Journal and Canadian
Bee Journal agree that they are not called on
to help every new enterprise in the way of a
bee journal; but Review thinks it would be im-
polite to refuse a free ad. to an intending rival.
[Gleanings takes middle ground. It believes
in recognizing real merit, from whatever source
it may come. At the same time, it also believes
that possibly more harm than good is some-
times done by recognizing journals which are
not yet out of their swaddling-clothes. — Ed.]

Curious how persistently some passages of
Scripture are incorrectly quoted. There's that
one on p. 414, " A wayfaring man though a fool
need not err therein." Just half of those ten
words are like those in Isaiah, which reads,
"The wayfaring men, though fools, shall not
err therein." [What harm is done, providing
we get the idea, the essence of the truth, and
live up to it? lam one of those unfortunate
persons who can not quote Scripture correctly
to save my neck; but I can generally remem-
ber the idea, and that is worth tenfold more
than the exact language without the thought.
It is better, I grant, to remember both if one
can.— Ed.J

I'm sorry to say that, although my horses
eat a little sweet clover green, they don't like
it as well as grass. It seems to go better dry
than green. [For policy's sake, doctor, perhaps
I ought not to publish the above; but I am go-
ing to give it a place all the same. Let us al-
ways have the truth, no matter which way it
cuts. Did you ever taste the leaves of sweet
clover then those of other clovers ? You will find
that those of sweet clover have a bitter taste,
or at least a pungent weedy flavor that the
others do not have. If the " likes " of horses is
similar to mine I do not know that I blame the

horses for manifesting their preference. The
flavor of the leaves is a little like the taste of
sweet-clover honey. This, while it is nice
white honey, and brings a good price, can not
rank with the honey of other clovers. But all
the same we should remember that sweet clo-
ver is the only fodder that will grow in some
parts of the west, and as such is an invaluable
crop.- Ed.]

A writer in A. B.J. condemns the bee-space
in bee- hives as causing a loss of heat, and in a
subsequent number W. Z. Hutchinson comes
vigorously to its defense, thinking there can be
no great loss of heat if it only escapes from one
part of the hive to another. Not much danger
the bee-space will be given up. [I should like
to see the man who could be really good-
natured all the time, and get along successfully
without bee-spaces in hive-construction. There
is hardly a single feature in modern apiculture,
to my notion, that is more essential. We could
almost as soon dispense with movable frames.
—Ed.]

If YOU haven't yet seen crimson clover, it
would make you open your eyes to see the
beauty of my patch now in bloom. It's well
worth a place in the front yard. [A big field
of it looks better, doctor. In fact, my eyes are
now resting on one within a stone's throw. It's
the town talk now, and, oh how the bees do
hum on it ! I verily believe a given acreage of
crimson clover will furnish more nectar than
any other plant. It is a more rapid grower
than any other clover, yields honey before any
other, has larger heads than the white, and
short flowrets. Surely a great future is in pros-
pect for crimson clover, both for the farmer
and for the bee-keeper. Say a good word for it
wherever you can. brethren— at conventions,
anywhere; and if you do not succeed in grow-
ing it, learn how. We make it grow every
year.— Ed.]

I FOLLOWED you With much interest, friend
A. I., on page 427, as you watched all night for
the frost, and felt quite relieved when you got
through safely without the expense of moving
those 150 sashes; but I couldn't help wondering
if your wife didn't think your broken night's
rest fooling around in the chill night air was
paying just a little too much for all you saved.
[Why, dear doctor, you seem to forget that I
take a nap every forenoon and another nap ev-
ery afternoon; ?o if my sleep is cut short a
little I just make the afternoon or forenoon nap
a little longer. See? Another thing, I am
usually awake by daylight, or a little after, the
year round. I do not always get up, of course,
as soon as it is light, but it is not very much of
a task for me to get up as soon as I can see, if
any thing happens to require it; and I make it
up somewhere about 10 or 11 o'clock, as I have
mentioned.— A. I. R.]

1897

QLEANIN(}S IN BEE CULTURE.

443

By R. C. Aikin.

MARKETING HONKY.

In a preceding article, on page 407, I discuss-
ed this question, showing that there was no
regular p(icka<jc or method of getting extracted
honey on the market in shape to retail. We
have the wholesale packages that are all right
for the bakers' and manufacturers' trade; but
what we want is a strictly retail package— one
that can be both wholesaled and retailed. I
suggested that the honey be canned as fruit
and vegetables, crated as they are, then it can
go through the regular trade channels. If we
do this, there is the

CANDYING QUESTION.

I have been making it a practice to sell all
my extracted honey liquid, both wholesale and
retail, except to those who wanted it other-
wise, or who were prepared to liquefy for them-
selves when they wished it so. I have had
local customers vafco would take it as quickly
candied as liquid, and some who preferred it
candied. There are two main reasons for put-
ting it out liquid; viz.: If in wholesale pack-
age, the purchaser will want it so he can draw
it out for retail. Few who buy at wholesale
are prepared to liquefy, and neither the dealer
nor consumer, as a rule, knows how to properly
liquefy. It would not be a hard matter to edu-
cate the dealers to do the liquefying; but sup-
pose they do melt it, it will candy again if not
soon used, so, after all, the consumer has to
liquefy— rather rellquefy. If, then, the con-
sumer must liquefy, why not do away with the
whole matter, and, just as soon as the honey is
extracted, put it in small cans of, say, 1, 3, or
5 pound sizes — or, possibly, better only two sizes,
say 3 and 5 pound? Let it candy, and let the
consumer follow printed instructions and lique-
fy for himself; or, if he prefers, use it in the
candied state. This would save the darkening
and flavor-killing process of so many meltings.
Just give the people a chance to buy honey at
or near the price of other sweets of similar
grade, and they will soon learn to do the melt-
ing. If only she had or could get it, would not
every housewife soon learn how to prepare
honey? It is an insult to the intelligence
of our women to say that they would not
learn to liquefy honey when every can has
plain instructions on it. They will learn it as
they learn how to prepare the many kinds of
food products. If anybody doubts this, just let

him establish a trade on honey in candied form;
always have the article at regular trading-
places, at prices that will compete with other
sweets of same grade, and I am sure he will
find customers; but rest assured that, if you
are constantly changing size, style, and cost of
package, and do not keep the goods always on
hand to be had when called for, you will soon
lose your trade.

Mr. J. L. Strong, of Clarinda, la., who has
been for many years producing honey there,
tells me that, by a little instruction now and
then to his customers, they soon begin to call
for the candied honey, many preferring to use
it that way. No, no, friends; the people are
not so slow to use our products as we are to put
it in proper shape and get it to them. They
want it so they can buy it at the stores with
their other purchases of groceries, and we
must put it there.

Last year a number of Colorado apiarists
talked very seriously of organizing a company
and buying honey-cans in car lots, putting up
our own and neighbors' honey. In correspon-
dence with one of the most extensive honey-
dealers in Chicago they said they would not
take the responsibility of selling such goods;
but if I would make a start and put up my
honey that way they would try to introduce it.
The plan we had in mind was to organize and
get a registered trade-mark, put the goods out
under an association guarantee, and that all
goods should be standard grade. On account
of failure of crop, and the heavy loss of bees
from some unknown cause, the matter was
dropped. I am very much interested to know
the outcome of the efforts of the California
association. Very few men produce in quanti-
ty to undertake any thing of the kind; but by
organized effort there could be a great change
wrought, and much good done. Let me here
repeat what I said in the previous part of this
discussion, that there is not honey enough on
the market to make it an object for people to
invest in honey-depots or packing-houses, or to
get the product properly before the public.

HOME MARKETS.

Last year— 1896— I had a very light crop,
amounting to two tons or less. As I wanted to
get off on our tour in the wagon, 1 wanted to
dispose of the honey as quickly as possible. I
found the quotations were from 5 to 7 cents,
delivered, in the wholesale markets, iireights
to Denver are about X cent, and to Chicago
about II 90 per 100 lbs. If I sent the honey to
these markets, and took what was left after
freights and commission were out, I should
have only 4 or 5 cents, to say nothing of cost of
cans, and the risk. If I left the honey for some
one e'se to look after, the liquefying and bother
would eat up a large per cent of it. I had sold
much more honey the previous year than my
present crop, right at the honey-house, at from

444

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June 15.

6 to 8 cents. So I said if I must sell to Denver
or Chicago at 6 or 7 cents less freights and com-
missions, I would let the people at home have
it just as cheaply as some commission man. I
then advertised that I would sell from the
honey-house in any amount at 6 cents if pur-
chaser brought his vessel; but if I furnished
the vessel I would charge its cost extra. You
see, the poor family that could not buy 50
pounds could get 5 or 10 pounds at the same
rate as the more wealthy. I sold the crop out
in a very little while, it going about as fast as I
could extract and get it ready.

I suppose many would tell me that I was
ruining prices by putting the price so low. Let
me explain that. If I had been staying there
right along I could have sold the crop during
the year at about 8 cents. The reason I say 8
cents is because sugar can be had at about 6
cents, and makes a very good syrup; and if I
get too much above the price of sugar I should
lose the trade of all but those who will pay
more for the honey because they like honey
better than sugar syrup; but to those who
must economize, the cheaper sweet would take
the preference. In order to get as much as pos-
sible into the poorer families, and to insure
sale, I put the p'rice at only 6 cents, which was
better than 7 cents in the city markets, because
it was net price. In fair to good seasons there
is much more honey produced in my locality
than the local trade will take. I have sold
quite a little to peddlers who go to the moun-
tains, and to localities where there is no irriga-
tion. The question practically is, whether I
shall sell in the home market as cheaply as in
the cities. If I make the local price about a
retailer's commission above what the honey
would bring at wholesale I have not damaged
myself, and have marketed more of the crop at
home than I could have done at higher prices.
If the local demand is greater than the produc-
tion, and honey is shipped in to supply the
deficit, then it is proper tbat our local product
be sold at the price the foreign goods must
bring to pay first cost, freights, and commis-
sions. As my locality does not import any
honey, but, on the other hand, I must export
my surplus over local demand, it is but just
and right that I put the price to the local trade
just enough above wholesale to pay me for
dealing it out. This will increase the local
demand, and in so far relieve the pressure on
city markets.

That our local markets are not properly
worked, I am sure. We must " introduce" our
goods; and, when once we have a trade, keep it
supplied. Remember that the dealer who gets
the business is the one who keeps the goods
wanted, and at reasonable prices. Will not
some of our men of means take up the matter
of packing honey and establish houses in all
producing districts to handle the surplus prod-

uct in those fields? We must have something
of this kind, regular standard packages, and
our goods put before the people in a systematic
way, or we must be content to sell locally, and
raise or lower the price as we may have a small
or large crop. These are my conclusions after
studying the problem for several years.
Loveland, Col.

[I question whether we could get the general
public to look with very much favor on a pack-
age of extracted honey that is candied— one
that must be brought to a liquid condition be-
fore it is consumed. However that may be, I
think you are exactly right in urging the im-
portance of a uniform package; and if some
organization does take hold of it, the A. I. Root
Co. will. If there is a demand for it. we will
place on sale at our various branch offices and
depots fruit-caus of a standard size, in car lots;
but before we can go into any enterprise as gi-
gantic as this, we must have the assurance that
bee-keepers generally would accept the stand-
ard can used by all fruit-men. In the mean
time we solicit the opinions of the brethren.
The standard fruit-can package in question is
the one described in our last issue, page 409. It
has no patent fastening or screw-top, but is
simply a common fruit-can that is sealed by
soldering. For this reason it should be put on
the market considerably below the cost of or-
dinary self-sealing packages of equal capacity.
We are at present writing for prices.— Ed.]

HOME-MADE VS. FACTORY-MADE FOUNDA-
TION. ^

SECTION-PKESSK-. KTC; THE EDITOR'S STATE-
MENTS CRITICISED.

By F. L. Thompson.

On page 318 a footnote says, speaking of the
Rietsche press, " At present prices of founda-
tion, no bee-keeper could afford to make his
own, especially if he could turn out only 150
sheets an hour."

Beeswax in Cleveland and Cincinnati is quot-
ed highest at 25 cents a pound in that issue of
Gleanings. Suppose one makes his founda-
tion as thin as 8 L. sheets to the pound. This
grade, when bought, costs 42 cents a pound in
quantity. By making one's own foundation,
17 cents a pound is saved, and 1.50 sheets of
foundation an hour means 18K pounds per hour
worked, or $3.14^ per hour, or about S35.00 per
day saved— say $20.00 net, so as to take account
of the fuel, lubricant, interest on value of all
articles used, etc. If I could do one quarter as
well, and save ?,5.00 a day, I should feel as if I
were making money. And yet, " no bee-keeper
could afford to make his own I " Mr. Editor,
you could not have been thinking of the bee-
keeper, but of the big supply-dealer, when you
wrote those words. What is "altogether too
slow " for the latter is extremely fast for the
former. Consider, too. that the press (or, rather,
mold) is very easily worked, does good work,
and turns even small portions of wax to ac-
count. (It has been improved of late). It is

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

hard to understand why it would not be a most
protitablo luvestmont forjthe ,/)tT-/cccpcr— not
the supply-dealer. It is true, its product soon
beeonies brittle if stored away; but its other
advantages completely destroy this objection;
for if tiie foundation made from it is used at
once it is not brittle; and when the machine is
right at hand, and works up oven small quan-
tities with ease, it pays to make foundation
only as wanted.

I must also question the footnote on page 330,
relating to the use of combined machines for
folding sections and fastening foundation, say-
ing, "We find the two are more rapid, simpler,
and cheaper than any combined machine we
have ever operated. "J If you find it so, that
simply proves that your operatives are accus-
tomed to separate machines. Let a man work
lone at one thing, by the piece, and he inevita-
bly acquires great dexterity. Let him then try
to accomplish the same thing by another meth-
od, even a superior one, and a few hours' or a
day's practice is entirely inadequate to enable
him to equal the speed of the method which
has become automatic with him by long prac-
tice. But is that a fair test? Of course, not.
Equal familiarity Cso far as that has a b jaring
on speed) with both methods is absolutely nec-
essary before pronouncing judgment. I have
never used the Daisy foundation-fastener, but
have one before me as I write, also specimens
of its work. On comparing it with the founda-
tion-fastening portion of the machine which I
use, I find it impossible to believe that it can do
quicker or better work, if as good. But with
the machine I use, there is the distinct advan-
tage that one does not have to handle the sec-
tions twice in their passage from the crate to
the super. There is no getting around this;
and when both portions of the machine do just
as good and as fast work, separately, as the
separate machines, it follows with mathemat-
ical certainty that, when one handling of the
sections is saved, the combined machine must
make better time when there is the same degree
of familiarity with the combined and the sep-
arate machines. Of course, one of your crack
workmen might beat me with the Daisy and
the Hubbard, or, with a few hours' test of the
combined machine, might not equal his record
with the two former; but such comparisons
would be obviously unfair. Little influences
which are hard to describe hamper one's agil-
ity in changing from one machine to another.
A good performer on the organ can not do as
well on the piano unless he has practiced the
piano also, ^nd vice versa. I can do faster
work with the combined machine (the Rauch-
fuss. which, by the way, you have never tried)
than with the separate machines I have tried,
and that settles it for me; and I feel sure the
average bee-keeper, approaching the separate
and combined machines with the same degree

of practice or non-practice, will have the same
experience, and vote the latter ahead.

THE GUANULATION OF ALFALFA HONEY.

On page 321 it is claimed that alfalfa extract-
ed honey does not granulate on account of lo-
cality, but on account of lack of " body." This
seems a natural inference from the (somewhat
meager) circumstances given; but I know the
writer is mistaken. There are plenty of pro-
gressive bee-keepers in Colorado, though he
seems to doubt it. That "body " depends on
the handling is one of the A B C's here, and
the handling is as well understood as in any
State. I never extract before the cells are
completely capped, if I can help it, and am in
no particular hurry to extract then, if combs
are numerous enough to tier up with. More-
over, I have frequently extracted from combs
which have been two months or more over the
bees since being capped. The " body " of such
honey can hardly be surpassed. It is difficult
to extract at all. But this very honey, kept
separate in a reasonably warm and dry place,
granulated just like the rest — generally sooner,
if any thing, perhaps from some admixture of
fall honey. Extracted fall honey here granu-
lates much sooner than early honey of the
same degree of ripeness (though the early honey
is really inferior in body), showing conclusively
that something else than handling influences
granulation here; and if by "handling" is
meant heating as soon as extracted, that also
is known here, and practiced by some; but,
with a few exceptions, it only delays granula-
tion, and does not prevent it.

This leads me to say that I rather doubt
whether Dr. Miller's scheme of draining off the
liquid part would work with alfalfa honey, it
candies so uniformly, reminding one of solid
lard rather than any thing "granulated." I
have frequently noticed, though, that some
honey in the combs granulates coarsely, here
in Montrose Co., as well as around Denver. But
such honey is generally, perhaps always, of a
golden yellow, and I think is always stored in
the latter part of the season, containing a large
per cent of something not alfalfa honey.

Montrose, Cal., May 28.

[Your implication, that my statement in ref-
erence to the cost of foundation was made on
purpose to favor the supply-dealer and not the
bee-keeper, is a sort of "left-handed compli-
ment"— that is, if you mean I would be willing
to twist the truth for the sake of booming our
wax-working department. I shall assume, at
all events, that you did not mean to hit as hard
as this. I have endeavored, so far as possible,
to have the truth come out, let it cut where it
may; but when the truth favors both the bee-
keeper and the supply-dealer, I can not see any
harm in giving emphasis to it. I believe that
nothing would kill a journal quicker than to
have it give one-sided truth, and that favoring
some manufacturer. Realizing this, it is our
constant purpose to make Glkanings give im-
partially all sides of important questions.

446

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June 15.

In regard to the point at Issue, I think I can
show you that you are away off in your flgures.
You do not say anywhere that you have actu-
ally tried the Rietsche press yourself. If you
have, it is likely you would have said so. But
if you have not tried it, you are basing your ar-
gument, not on what you actually know from
experience, but on what you have read, or what
you think would be true concerning the press.
You say, "Suppose one makes his foundation
as thin as eight L. sheets to the pound." Right
here I can not help feeling that you are assum-
ing that that number of sheets can be made
with the press in question, for you say, "Sup-
pose," etc. I do not say that this number can
not be made under very favorable circum-
stances, and with a special press; but I do not
believe that the average bee-keeper can pro-
duce that number of sheets. We have one of
the Rietsche presses ; and the best we have
been able to make so far has been three sheets
to the pound, L. size. And such foundation! —
clumsy, and with a great waste of wax in the
bases. With the directions that came with the
machine, the manufacturer states that a kilo of
wax will make one square meter of foundation.
If I figure correctly, this would be the equiva-
lent of SJi L. sheets, nearly, to the pound. Is it
not reasonable to assume that the manfacturer
would place the number of square inches per
pound at its highest limit? At any rate, it is
altogether improbable that he would put the
figure lower than could be secured by the aver-
age bee-keeper ; yet you " assume " that eight
L. sheets of foundation could be made per
pound on the Rietsche press.

Now, I am going to " suppose," for the fun of
it, that three sheets is all that you can make,
for, in fact, that is all we have made with our
machine. Allowing you a speed of 150 sheets
per hour (which I think is altogether improba-
ble), then you will have about 50 lbs. of wax
worked up. This, at 25 cts. a pound, would be
a total of $12.50. Allowing you 25 cts. an hour
for your time, this would make the 150 sheets of
foundation cost $12.75. That number of sheets
of foundation made by a supply-dealer, just as
good, and even better, without any unnecessa-
ry waste in the bases, and running eight sheets
to the pound, would, at 42 cts., cost $7.87: or. in
other words, you would be " in the hole " $4.88
per hour, or $48.80 per day, to say nothing of the
cost of the press itself, and the mussing-up of
things generally.

Perhaps you will say it is not fair to assume
that only three sheets per hour can be made.
Well, then, let us assume that five sheets can
be made — nearly up to the limit allowed by
the manufacturer : then you would make 17
cts. per hour 'provided you could turn out sheets
at the rate of 150 per hour, which I very much
doubt. But you say it is not fair to compare a
less number of sheets per pound from the Riet-
sche press with the larger number of sheets per
pound from the manufacturer. If the dealer's
foundation is just exactly as good as and even
better than the Rietsche, at the lesser weight,
and costs less, I can not see that there is any
thing wrong in the comoarison

I did not dispute the flgure that 1.50 sheets
could be made p6r hour, on p. 318, that you re-
fer to. It did not occur to me at that time how
many it would make. While an expert might
equal it under favorable circumstances, I doubt
wnether the average bee-keeper could make
many more than a sheet every minute. With
our press we can't begin to equal even that
rate. We had trouble with the sheets sticking
to the die-faces, notwithstanding we used sev-
eral different kinds of lubricant.

The majority of bee-keepers who have used

the modern roller machines, of which we have
sold so many, and who are able with them to
beat the wax-press all to smithereens in speed,
have long since come to the conclusion that it
does not pay to make foundation for their own
use. It is an art — a trade in itself. If a roller
machine can't compete with the large factories,
how can an inferior cheap machine? In Ger-
many, bee-keepers can not always be sure of
securing pure wax in the foundation procured
from supply-dealers in that country, and hence
has arisen this demand, I believe, for a cheap
machine to make their own foundation of their
own beeswax.

With regard to combined section -folders and
starter-machines, perhaps you have not had
the experience we have. We have carefully
tested every machine that has been sent to us;
and I have always told our workmen that we
desired to have them test the machines careful-
ly; and in every case we found we could oper-
ate not only much more rapidly, but do better
work with our two machines. All the combin-
ed machines I have ever seen take too much
physical power to fold the section, and even
then they do not do a satisfactory job. The
Hubbard machine makes use of a long toggle
joint, by means of which great power is secur-
ed with a very small expenditure of effort on
the part of the operator. Even if the combined
machines would do the work more rapidly, we
should still prefer the Hubbard on account of
the superiority of the work. You admit your-
self that you have not tested the Daisy ma-
chine, although you have one before you. Per-
haps you have not tested the Hubbard. If not,
then I can hardly see how you are any more
unprejudiced in the matter than we are. The-
oretically a combined machine ought to do the
work more rapidly; but in actual practice it
does not do so — in our hands at least. We have
had parties write to us before now, praising the
merits of their combined machines, for they
could do a certain number per hour— that is,
fold and starter the sections. It has been a lit-
tle amusing when we have compared their fig-
ures with those from our two machines, with
which we doubled and trebled their best speed.
Assuming that the inventors of these different
machinps were reasonably expert in the use of
them, they ought at least to be able to turn out
within 75 per cent of the best output of their
machine. By giving their machines credit for
doing at least 25 per cent more, even then we
have in every case been a long way ahead. I
do not know whether I have tried the machine
you refer to or not— I think not. If you can do
better and faster work, I should be very glad to
know it. We are constantly looking for the
best in apiculture, and should be glad to know
more about it. — Ed.]

EXTRACTED HONEY.

HOW WE RUN OUR BEES TO PRODUCE IT.

By F. A. Snell.

Each bee-keeper has his own favorite way,
and I will give ours. In the extracting-supers
we use the same comb-frames, or those of the
same size as used in the brood -chambers. We
make it a point to remove from the brood-
chambers all frames containing a large amount
of drone comb, and put in their place good
worker combs. By so doing we have but a
small number of drones reared, or not more
than desired. These drone combs are used in

1879

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

447

the supers. Just beforo tlu> surplus-honey sea-
son opens we look over all these supers and see
that no spider-webs or any thing objectionable
is pre^ent. The bits of comb, if any, are re-
moved, frames are put back in place, and these
are ready for the bees. Our queen-excluders
are brought from the storeroom. The smoker
is lighted; the bees are given a little smoke, the
excluders placed over the brood-chambers, and
one super or story is put on over an excluder on
all colonies to be run for extracted honey that
are strong enough to need extra room. Later,
as other colonies become more numerous they
are given a super each.

Many years ago we practiced equalizing brood
to some extent in the spring, with a view to
uniformity in strength, but have not done so
for about twenty years. We do not believe in
pulling down a good colony to help a weaker
one. only to save a queen that we may prize.
After the honey-flow fairly opens we make it a
rule to see what is being done in the supers or
colonies not yet having extra room, so that, if
more room is needed, it may be given at once,
never allowing a shortage of room for storing.
In doing so, two objects are desired. One is to
discourage swarming from overcrowding; the
other, to secure the greatest amount of surplus
honey. We run all colonies two and three sto-
ries high, or one or two supers on each hive of
full-depth combs during good honey-flows.
When theshaking-ofif plan is practiced we have
two men in the bee-yard. Extra empty combs
are at hand. Man No. 1 opens the top super, or
the one with the well-ripened honey; removes
the combs and hands them to No. 2, who shakes
off the bees at the hive-entrance, brushing off
the few remaining ones with a brush made of
asparagus-tops; places the honey in an empty
hive-body on the cart. The one who opens the
hives removes the filled combs and places emp-
ty ones on the hives, and stands behind the
hives, the other in front. As soon as the bees
are shaken off at the hive-entrance he steps
back a few feet and puts the combs in the emp-
ty story. When the honey from the first hive
is on the cart it is run to the honey-room door,
and the honey carried in. Man No. 1, after
filling the first super with empty combs, shuts
up the hive and opens the next hive. This
man keeps the bees under control by using a
little smoke as needed. The cart is run back to
hive No. 2, with a set of empty combs, and so
the work proceeds in the yard. The one in the
honey-room removes the combs from the filled
super, which was placed, when brought in,
on a bench about 18 inches high, with two one-
inch strips running lengthwise at each side on
top, on which the supers are placed, giving
room for the fingers in placing and removing
under the sides of supers. Three supers single-
tier, or six double-tier, can be so placed if it is
desired.

The one in the honey-room does the uncap-
ping, extracting, and pours the honey into the
large cans or barrels, using a cloth strainer at
all times, which excludes all except the honey.
We use an uncapping-can in principle like the
Dadant. When the apiary has been gone over,
third stories are placed on all the stronger colo-
nies. As stated in a former article, I now pre-
fer to use the escapes as there mentioned to the
shaking-off as herein described.

To those not experienced, and who have no
escapes, the hints here given may be of some
value. In a small apiary the bee-keeper can
readily do all this work where his time is near-
ly all devoted to his bees.

The use of a great amount of smoke in han-
dling bees should be avoided. A little at a
time is usually sufficient. A great amount of
smoke will injure the flavor of the honey. With
escapes, very little if any need be blown on the
combs when extracting, which is another point
in favor of their use.

Milledgeville, 111.

^ I ^

BEE-PARALYSIS.

ANOTHER CURE ; A GLEAM OF HOPE.

By Joseph Monnier.

Last fall my prospects as a bee-keeper were
very unsatisfactory by reason of "paralysis"
among the bees, nearly my whole apiary being
infected. The bees had a greasy appearance,
and were dying in front of the hives by thou-
sands, and I thought seriously of giving up the
business. So, just before starting for Miami to
pass the winter, I doubled up several of the
very weakest and left them for all winter in
discouragement.

About the first of last March I went to take a
look at them, and found about half of the colo-
nies entirely dead, and the others very weak;
but I was surprised to see the hives I had dou-
bled up. They were as strong as any I ever
saw— had a bright healthy color, and not a sick
bee. They were full of honey. This set me to
thinking, and I formed this theory:

The bees were loath to kill off their own sick
brethren, but killed the sick strangers without
mercy, and thus threw off the disease; so I
went to work and put two colonies together,
where I thought they were too far gone; and
where they still had enough bees I simply
changed their places, putting No. 1 in the place
of No. 2, and No. 2 on the old stand of No. 1. I
did this In the middle of the day, when the
bees were at work, also shaking some combs of
bees before their entrances, so as to mix up
thoroughly the bees in both hives. The results
were astonishing. They went to work on the
sick bees and in a few days I saw a marked im-
provement; and now my apiary is as healthy as
any I ever saw. I have already extracted 550

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June 15.

gallons of honey, besides increasing my bees
back to last fall's count. The bees are bright,
full of life, and are as cross as any I ever saw.
All a hive needs is bees from another colony, to
cure themselves. So sure am I of this, that, if
I were buying bees now, I would not discount
them on account of paralysis. If, as you say, it
may come again, let it come. It doesn't take
long to apply the remedy; and if you could see
my bees now it would be difficult for you to re-
alize the condition they were in only three
mouths ago.

Please let the brothers know of this remedy,
and I shall feel myself amply repaid if those
who are benefited by it will write me and ac-
knowledge the fact.

Planter, Fla.

[Bee-paralysis has been one of those difficult
diseases to cope with, first, because we hardly
know what it is; and, second, hitherto no sug-
gested remedy has worked invariably; and all
of them, sooner or later, have resulted in fail-
ure with nearly every one. But your manner of
treatment affords us a gleam of hope, both for
what it has done in your case, and because,
from a sanitary point of view, it looks reasona-
ble. Good sanitation nowadays means separat-
ing the sick from the well — at least in cases of
contagious diseases; and this is the whole se-
cret of your method of cure, if I am correct.
Under ordinary conditions a colony will not kill
off its sick when it becomes weakened down;
but by mixing the races, as it were, family ties
have no particular influence, and then it is that*
the sick are separated from the well, and Na-
ture does the rest. Although, as I said, friend
M.'s treatment gives us a gleam of hope, yet
not until I shall find that it works with equal
success in the hands of others as well shall I
begiu to believe that we have a real cure for
bee-paralysis.— Ed.]

BEES AND GRAPES IN CALIFORNIA.

DAMAGE DONE BY BEES INFINITESSIMAL.
By F. D. Lowe.

On page 223 I see an article from G. F. Mer-
riam, relative to bees and grapes in California—
their harmony with each other, etc.; and, fur-
ther, that you solicit such valuable testimony
from that source where it has been said that
bees were a great detriment to the fruit indus-
try.

I will just say that I happen to be in that
particular locality. The principal fruit grown
there is the muscat grape, which is made into
raisins. Also large fields of alfalfa abound
here, and, of course, the honey-bee has claimed
a home. Apiaries of 150 colonies, more or less,
are located from K mile to 1}4 miles apart. On
my ranch of 60 acres I have 25 acres of muscat
grapes, which I convert into raisins. In the
center of this, vineyard I have an apiary of 115
colonies in Jumbo hives.

About the 10th of September the grapes are
highly sugared, and are then picked and even-
ly laid on trays of 25 lbs. each. Immediately

after these trays are delivered over to the heat
of the glorious sun they are all visited by a
merry gang of bees; but, watch them closely
for a few minutes. Here and there they dart
with vivid rapidity, for they seem to scent
something that is sweet. In the picking of the
fruit there will always be a few grapes that
have lost the minute stem that holds it, and
the deli«ious nectar has begun to ooze, and the
bee has claimed it for its own. There are also
some grapes that are bird-picked, and the bees
proceed to finish them, leaving nothing but the
hull, which the grader always blows over.

So far bees have done no damage to my rai-
sins; but I do know that some people here have
been so zealous they actually gave testimony
that the bees were boring right through the
skins, when, in fact, the puncture was always
made by something else.

Among other fruits I have apricots, and as
yet the bees have the first time to molest them
in drying time.

The damage done to raisins by bees is so in-
significant that it is hardly worth mentioning.

On page 320 you have illustrated a huge ma-
chine in the shape of a section-press and foun-
dation-fastener combined. It has always oc-
curred to me that the essential thing in modern
inventions that counts best is speed. There is
no question in my mind but that the Daisy
fastener caps the climax over all; and the
strangest part of all is that more prominent
bee-keepers do not use it. As for his section-
former, there is unquestionably too much ma-
terial in its construction. I have a press, the
invention of which is original with me— is the
simplest device that has come to my notice.
Regardless of its merits and demerits I desire
you to know that I have attained a speed on it
of 1000 per hour. Its work is first-class, and,
like Mr. Aikin's machine, there is only one
made, and it is not for sale.

Rosedale, Cal., May 24.

[If you do not object we should be glad to re-
ceive a photo or drawing of your press, togeth-
er with a short description. With no desire to
throw your feat in the shade, I would simply
state that one of our girls folds, with the Hub-
bard press, 1000 sections in 40 minutes, and this
is her average right along. She has folded 500
in just 15 minutes.

Thanks for testimony regarding bees and
raisins. It is another clincher among scores of
others of similar character.— Ed.]

THE BEE-KEEPERS' UNIONS.

IS THERE NEED OF TWO SUCH ORGANIZATIONS?

By Prof. A. J. Cook.

Dear Editor Oleaninqs:—! like the thought
and spirit of your editorial in which you urge
that there ought and must be no feeling in the
matter of the old and new Bee-keepers' Union.

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

449

I do not, however, agre*^ with you that there is
room for both orgauizations. We as bee-keep-
ers are not numerous or rich enough to main-
tain the somewhat expensive machinery of the
two organizations. One or the other, I believe,
wili soon cease to be. I thinl< so, because I be-
lieve there is no excuse for both.

The tirst proposition, that there should be no
ill will or bad blood, is too abounding in good
sense to admit of argument. The day of ani-
mosities and invective among apiarists is long
past. You remember, Mr. Senior Editor, when
you and I first put hands to the apicultural
plow, before the '70s, how much of rancor there
was in our ranks. You remember the storms
in the days of the Cleveland convention, when
you and I tirst met. Happily that spirit and
feeling are wholly gone. Surely happily for
us, for I veritably believe that, if it had not
gone, wc would not have come. You, my friend,
have done much to bring the better day; and
God be praised for the success. No, we have
no time or room or appetite for aspersions or ill
will. A letter from Manager Newman, of the
old Union, leads me to conclude that there is a
serious misapprehension among the members
of the old Union. I certainly did not under-
stand the matter: and if not I, an oflficer, then
probably not many of the others.

Mr. Newman says the old Union can not
attack any evil but such as it has combatted in
the past. Thus it can not fight adulteration.
The last vote, he says, has settled that question.
Now, I did not think our vote took any such
effort from the hands of the Trustees or Execu-
tive Board. If so, laam not sure but. on the
plea of "self-preservation," we should disregard
such vote, for the old Union [has got to fight
living issues, or die.:ilt can not live on its past
record, excellent as that record is; nor can bee-
keepers afford to support two unions. Such
action is senseless, and bee-keepers have sense.
Dl|voted against amalgamation, not because*I
objected to it personally, but because I believed
quite a number of the members did oppose it as
unwise; and it seemed to me that, when men
had joined an organization, and paid money
into its treasury, we should not change that
organization unless the vote was nearly or quite
unanimous. I was assured that a goodly num-
ber did seriously question the wisdom of amal-
gamation. I did not suppose I was voting to
tie the hands of the Union, or confine its labors
to lines no longer important.

As suggested above, I fully believe that one
or the other of the present organizations will
die. The division is expensive, has no excuse,
and the fruits of one strong vigorous organiza-
tion will be abundantly greater than of two
struggling feeble ones. It will be a case of
"survival of the fittest." Emerson said of the
individual, " Not to change is to die." I believe
we can say the same as truly of the old Union.

Thus I wish to urge all the members of the old
Union to write at once to Manager Newman,
20!U) Market St., San Francisco, and urge that
the Bee-keepers' Union at once grapple with
the question of adulteration in California. If
he replies that ho can not do so, then ask that
a vote be taken. We now have a splendid law
iu this State, and the people are alive to the
iniquity of the business. A pure-food congress
has just been held in San Francisco, and the
people are fired with a sense of the enormity of
the evil and the necessity ol fighting it to the
death. A vigorous blow struck now by the
Union will do untold good, and will inspire
people with the thought that it still has power,
and is willing to show it by striking effective
blows at any threatening evil.

Mr. Editor, I come to you, for I know you will
heartily agree with this proposition. I hope
you will urge its importance, and that action
may be commenced at once that will, incite the
old Union to grapple with this monster evil. I
have no feeling in this matter other than for
the good of the cause. I take it no one has. I
have already urged, in the strongest terms pos-
sible to me, in the Araerican Bee Journal, that
we take this matter in hand. May I not ask
that you urge the Vice-presidents of the B. K. U.
to write at once to Mr. Newman to commence
action or else take a vote on the matter? We
have a rare opportunity to achieve great good.
We must not let it pass unimproved.

NOTES.

This bids fair to be an exceptionally good
year, even for California. The large rainfall
of last winter, and the genial warmth and sun-
shine, coupled with damp nights and absence
of hot winds, almost insures a remarkable hon-
ey product in 1897. Already the crop has meas-
ured up well, and we are yet only at the dawn
of the season. I never sampled finer honey
than I have eaten this season — first from the
orange bloom, and now from the sage.

The white sage is now in its prime, and the
bees are jubilant as they fairly swarm upon
the delicate flowers. The sage grows in long
stems, and the bloom is in long racemes, which
commence to blossom at the bottom, and open
upward. Thus the plants are in bloom for long
weeks. This is one reason why the amount of
nectar produced is so great. I believe that this
flower has few equals, and California climate
is just the one to bring it to its perfection.

The above remark regarding the long-time
bloom of the white sage is not alone peculiar to
that plant, but Is a characteristic of all of the
California flora. Flowers that opened in Feb-
ruary and March this year are still in bloom.
Some of the most important honey-plants, like
"California buckwheat," bloom for months.
The blossoms are now out, and will be in De-
cember. I believe it is this duration of bloom

450

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June 15

that will ever place California at the extreme
front as a honey- producing State.

I have seen and tasted comb honey the past
few weeks that certainly was the equal of any
I ever saw anywhere. Yet comb honey will
never be the chief California product. The
distance to market, and liability to break down
in transit, the danger from insects, and the
greater labor of production, and less yield, all
give preference to extracted. Extracted honey,
then, will always take the lead here.

Last year I handled several tons of extracted
honey. There were only two complaints made;
one that some of the cans were old; the other,
that the honey was often mixed. This is im-
portant. No man can afford to put honey in
old gasoline-cans, no matter how well cleaned
or how cheaply secured. Sage honey is water-
white; buckwheat, beautiful amber. The lat-
ter will never sell for so much as the former;
therefore it behooves every bee-keeper to keep
a sharp watch and not mix the two kinds; for
all that contains the amber honey, even though
in small proportions, will be discounted in the
market. Carelessness in this regard will be
expensive. Clean new cans and thorough grad-
ing will pay a tremendous profit on the extra
expense.

It is reported that San Diego County will
ship fifty carloads of honey the present season.
It is probable that the other counties of South-
ern California will do as well.

This is a good year for testing the value of
the Bee-keepers' Exchange. It is certain that
this is a move in the right direction. Before
many years all our industrial pursuits will have
exchanges. Why not all join now and speed
the glad day? The gain in purchase of sup-
plies and in sale of product must be consider-
able. It is hoped that nearly all in California
will join the Exchange.

Claremont, Cal., May 31.

SYou are not the only one. Prof. Cook, who
not understand bow he was voting on the
question of amalgamation that was submitted
time ago. I had hoped that it would not be
necessary for me to say any thing by way of
criticising the policy that Mr. Newman has all
along pursued; but 1 can hardly avoid doing
so if I explain why I can not fully fall in with
the plan you have suggested.

A few years ago, you, with the rest of us, voted
to have the constitution of the Union changed
so that it could take up the question of adul-
teration, or, in fact, any question that might
be decided upon by its otBcers. When it car-
ried unanimously we thought something would
be done. But Mr. Newman has persistently
kept the old Union working practically along
the old line of defense; and I see no reason for
thinking he would not continue to do so as long
as he is General Manager. For this reason we
do not feel like using the influence of Glean-
ings in trying to force upon him the necessity
of taking up adulteration in California, when
he is so manifestly unwilling; for one can not
carry out a plan that he is not heartily in sym-
pathy with.

I feel that we must look to the United States
Bee-keepeis' Union or to the California Bee-
keepers' Exchange for help in the manner you
have indicated in your article. The same ef-
fort in those organizations, along the line of
fighting adulteration at least, would be produc-
tive ox much more good. Personally 1 should
be glad if the old Union would help along the
good work already instituted in California;
and I am authorized lo state that A. I. Root,
one of the directors, would be in favor of hav-
ing the old Bee-keepers' Union take up the line
of work suggested.

There is just as much room now for the two
organizations in the United States as formerly.
If the old Union shall insist upon continuing in
its old work, its field will be narrow. The new
Union is practically the old North American,
with added functions of usefulness. There has
been room for the two organizations in the
past, and I do not see why there should not be
room for them now. I feel confident with you,
however, that, if the old Union does not make
a change, it will die a natural death, and a new
one will take up the work along lines that are
commensurate with the needs of the times.

I am glad to note that you. Prof. Cook, are
heartily in favor of the object of the new Union
as set forth in the constitution of the new one;
and therefore it seems to me your efforts should
be directed in the channels of that organiza-
tion. While it will not be able to accomplish
much the first year, it has a backing of men in
it who will make it do something in the future
if others will take hold and help with their dol-
lars.—Ed.]

■—' ANSWERS TO c

ISEASOMBLlEdtfESTIl

BY G.M.DOOLITTUt.B0B00INO.N,Y.

PREVENTION OP AFTER- SWARMING.

QuesUo7i.—Wou]d not a queen-cell just about
to hatch, or a virgin queen, introduced into a
hive immediately after its colony has cast a
prime swarm, prevent after-swarming by the
young queen tearing down the cells before they
were ready to hatch? In this way would there
not be a great advantage by furnishing the
colony a laying queen a week sooner than they
would otherwise have a laying queen, besides
stopping after-swarming?

Answer.— The above seems very simple and
easy to answer at first sight ; but upon a closer
look it will be found to embrace some of the
most perplexing questions which ever come up
to the thoughtful, practical apiarist. Let us
look at the matter somewhat closely and see
what we can find in the text given us. It Is as-
sumed that, if a queen-cell or virgin queen Is
given to a parent colony immediately after it
has cast a swarm, said queen, from the cell or
otherwise, will go to tearing down the queen-
cells left in the hive when the swarm issued
therefrom. This is not the first time I have
heard this assumption; but it is rarely that a
greater mistake is made; for in nineteen cases
out of twenty, if the swarm is hived on a new
stand the cells will not be torn down, and not

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

451

once in five times where the old colony is re
moved to a new stand, the swarm being hived
where the old colony stood — at least, this has
boon my experience In a practice of nearly 'M)
years. The bees do not want those cells torn
down, for in them is cradled the choicest thing
they have — that which they valued more than
they did their own dear mother, and that
which sent her out from her own home to seek
a now one in, some strange land ; and if they
considered them belter than their own mother,
are they now going to sacrifice them for any
stranger, one on which they had bestowed no
care or wish? T?y no means, only as they are
forced to do so by being thrown out of a normal
condition by having all of the field-bees drawn
off by a removal of the hive from its old stand,
or by the apiarist cutting off all of these queen-
cells. And even in this latter case they will
often kill the virgin queen given, or destroy the
cell, preferring to rear a queen from their own
sisters in the egg or larval form, which still re-
main in the hive, rather than to accept a
stranger.

But, in passing, let me notice that expres-
sion, " the young queen tearing down the cells."
We read it in this way more often than any
other ; but an experience of over a score of
years (watching) along this line proves to me
that, only where the queen has access to queen-
cells without other bees, or in very weak nu-
clei, does she do the work of tearing open the
cells, but the workers do it themselves. All
know that, when the bees wish to protect these
queen-cells, they can do it against the wishes of
the most enraged queen; and when they change
their mind they are just as ready to secure the
destruction of the inmates of the cells as is the
enraged queen; so all hands turn to, and the
inmates of the cells are dragged forth and cast
out of the hive, without even a single mourner.
Whenever an introduced young virgin queen is
accepted by the bees, of course the cells are all
torn down and all after-swarming given up;
but the rule is that it does not work that way,
but the cell or queen is destroyed ; and unless
they conclude not to swarm when the first of
the queen-cells left when the swarm issued
hatches, after-swarming is the result, just the
same as it would have been had we not given
the queen or cell, and we find we have had all
our labor of raising and giving the queen or
cell for naught.

But, suppose we did succeed in this matter;
would there be any gain aside from stopping
after-swarming ? Well, that depends altogeth-
er upon the locality, and ine result in the end.
With a continuous honey flow from the time of
swarming to the end of the season there would
be considerable gain, provided the advantage
were not lost by swarming again. With such a
continued honey-flow the colony having such
queen given to it would be far more likely to

conclude to swarm again than would the one
where the bees had their own way, and they
did not get a laying queen till near the time the
brood had all matured which was in the hive
when the old queen left. The conditions bring-
ing about prime swarming are, plenty of brood
in all stages, plenty of bees of all ages, and
honey coming in from the fields. With any of
these lacking, prime swarms rarely issue.

Now, where the honey-flow keeps right up,
and the bees take their own course, or all after-
swarming is prevented by the apiarist cutting
all cells after the first young queen has hatch-
ed, the colony is without a laying queen for
from eighteen to twenty days, as a rule, which
makes a break in the usual hatching of bees for
that length of time, so that, when the bees
from the young queen begin to emerge from the
cells, the hive does not contain bees of all ages,
hence such a colony rarely ever swarms again
that season unless more prolonged than we
generally have it in the most part of the Unit-
ed States and Canada. But where a virgin
queen is given, this break in bees is not very
pronounced ; hence colonies having such queens
given them are quite likely to swarm with a
prolonged honey-flow. Where the honey-flow
is mainly from one or two sources, as it is with
us, I think such giving of a queen a positive
disadvantage, for the larvae from her eggs are
fed on honey which the bees are gathering
from the field, which otherwise would go into
the sections, that these larvae, when hatched
into bees, may become useless consumers of the
honey of the hive, they having come on the
stage of action after the honey-harvest from
basswood is past, and before fall flowers think
of giving any honey.

Where the colony has its own way, no honey
is consumed by larvae for 30 days, hence that
much more is saved, and the break in bees
comes just at a time when they are not missed,
no honey-harvest being on, with enough bees
remaining to care for all the brood the young
queen produces, and this brood matures into
bees in just the right time to take advantage
of the honey-flow from fall flowers. A " weath-
er eye" sufficiently skilled to secure a maximum
of bees just in time for the honey-harvest, and
as few at all other times as is consistent with
this object, is something worth coveting by
every practical apiarist.

M. L. R., Pa.— Where a colony is very strong,
having, as you say, half a bushel of bees, and
the hive is of good size so as to give them plen-
ty of room, they are not nearly so liable to
swarm as where the colony is smaller and their
quarters are cramped. The circumstance you
relate of this half-bushel of bees not having
swarmed for six years is perhaps a little out of
the ordinary, but by no means rare.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June 15.

APIS dorsata; dr. miller's position ex-
plained.

Mr. David N. Rltcfcie writes that he is not
satisfactorily answered on p. 189 ; that I do not
object to the importation of Ajns dorsata. and
that those who do object give no satisfactory
reasons for their objections. He thinks it need
not be an expensive job for the government, and
especially condemns any objection that it would
bring down the price of honey, for we should be
glad to have the poor supplied, and hopes gov-
ernment will be urged to import the big bee.

J. S. bcott takes a different view, and says:

"If it is good policy to increase the produc-
tion xjf honey solely for the good of the public
by making it cheaper, why does our govern-
ment place a duty on foreign honey?"

No doubt if all the bee-keepers would unite in
asking to have th3 tariff taken off from honey
the request would be granted. Mr. Scott says:

" Is it not likely that, if the giant bee should
prove a good honey-gatherer, and, like the
bumble-bee, be of no use to us as to the produc-
tion of honey for use, Apis dorsata might also
divide the honey secreted by other flowers fre-
quented by our own bees? "

If nothing I have heretofore said gives friend
Ritchie the impression that I object to the im-
portation of Apis dorsata, I will here say that
I do object in the most emphatic manner to
their importation till it is flrst known that they
can be domesticated — not on selfish grounds,
for I don't believe Apis dorsata would live in
Northern Illinois; and if they should hurt the
honey crops of the South, that might benefit
me. But if they can not be domesticated, I see
no manner of use they can be; and I can see
that, whatever honey an undomesticated bee
should gather, would be just so much less to go
into hives.

As I have already said, if the government is
to do any thing about it, let the appropriation
be doubled, if necessary, and let domestication
of Ajjls dorsata be thoroughly tried in its own
country; and when that is satisfactorily set-
tled it will be time enough to bring it here.

But it isn't best to get into any heated con-
troversy about it, for The A. I. Root Co. seem to
have taken in hand to solve the problem as to
domestication; and if the attempt to domesti-
cate should prove successful, no doubt their en-
terprise will land the bees here before the gov-
ernment could decide what to do about it.
Now, mind, I don't know whether Apis dorsata
would be a benefit or a damage; but I do know
that I don't want it here till we know we can
control it if we get it. C. C. Miller.

Marengo, 111.

THE KEEPING QUALITIES OF PURE HONEY; THE

CALIFORIA ANTI-HONEY- ADULTERATION

LAW.

What have you to say as to the keeping qual-
ities of pure extracted honey? A late issue of
the California Fruit Grower has the following
gem in the body of an article commenting on.
our new anti-adulteration law. Addressing the
article to dealers, grocers, shippers, and han-
dlers of honey, it says: "They can not put up
an extracted honey which in any way is a com-
pound, even though it be a fact that an abso-
lutely pure honey is lacking in keeping quali- •
ties. They can not manufacture or sell a honey
which is an admixture, no matter how innocent
or desirable that admixture may be."

From all information obtainable I judge the
alleged lack of " keeping qualities " is going to
be the plea of justification for adulterating
honey. I wish you would take the matter up
and bring out all the real information, both
scientific and general, within reach. Let us be
forearmed. C. H. Clayton.

Lang, Cal., May 1.

[That sort of argument in favor of adultera-
tion, coming as it does from a representative of
the middlemen, is mere bosh. It looks a little
specious on the surface ; but the fact of the
mailer is, there is nothing in the world, in the
way of sweets, that will keep better than hon-
ey. A few years ago middlemen tried to tell us
that it was necessary to put in a little glucose,
at least, to prevent grauuiaiion; but after hav-
ing carefully tested numerous samples with va-
rying amounts of glucose, I know there is no
truth in it. The stuff has got to be nearly all
glucose before granulation is held in check.
California has a good food law, and I hope it
will stay on the statute-books in spite of the
soft-soap nonsense of the glucose sympathiz-
ers.—Ed. J

THE PETTIT SYSTEM OF PRODUCING COMB HON-
EY; A correction; importance of

STRONG colonies.

Will you kindly allow me to trouble you and
your readers witn a few more words about my
way of taking comb honey ? I notice on p. 288,
in Mr. Geo. G. Scott's very kind letter, a mis-
take that has crept in somehow. Mr. S. says,
"The divider admits of two bee-spaces and the
clustering of the bees therein, while the %-inch
holes allow of easy access to either side." That
% inch should be ^ inch. I beg to say that the
system, for best results, must be used as a
whole. Both the wedges and the dividers are
indispensable for best results.

Another point : The bees must be strong.
There must be bees enough to take possession
of the whole super, or nothing will be gained —
may as well go on in the old way. Now, if this
statement is against the system, then so much
the worse for it. I want to tell all I know con-
cerning it.

The perforated zinc, as suggested by Mr.
Scott, works well ; but it is pretty hard to keep
it straight. Only for that difficulty, and the

1807

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

453

fact that it is not (juiio as warm as bassvvood, 1
shovild have advised the use of it for dividers.
S. T. Pkttit.
Belmont. Ont., Can., May 18, 1897.

AN nn^ROVK.MENT ON DUNN'S WHEELBARROW.

Tell M. H. Dunn that I think he can materi-
ally improve his wheelbarrow, illustrated May
1st, by cutting his cover in two, not having it
hinged to his box. Use wire hinges where he
saws it in two, so the lids (two half-lids) will
fold over on to each other, out of the road. I
make mine with a very light frame covered
with drill, letting the rim of the frame project
down on the outside of the box all around to
exclude bees more effectually. The frame is
stiffened by fastening triangular pieces of tin
on the corners. His suggestion, to place the
combs lengthwise in the box, is an improve-
ment. R. W. Wilkin.

Newhall, Cal.

NO PAPER IN FOUNDATION PACKAGES.

In " Stray straws" of May 15, as to paper be-
tween foundation. Dr. Miller asks, "What's it
papered for, any way?" Well, I say for no
use, for I made up 100 sheets one year ago, and
they lay in a pile until a few days ago, and
they were just as I left them, and separated as
easily as the day I made them: and, still more,
I had about the same number of sheets dipped
and trimmed ready to put through the mill.
They were laid up then, and a few days ago I
examined them and found them as I had left
them nearly a year before. I put them through
the foundation-mill, and they were easily part-
ed, and made fine foundation. No use for pa-
per here in this hot climate. If I were ordering
foundation I certainly would have the paper
left out.

In Straws for May 1st it was said that, if the
frames in the supers were crosswise of the
brood chamber, the queen would not go alone.
I shall try that soon as my hives are all square
and will sit either way.

Prospects for much honey very poor here.
John Craycrapt.

Aster Park, Fla., May 25.

IN FAVOR OF USING PAPER IN FOUNDATION.

In regard to paper between sheets of founda-
tion, page 362, I would say that from my expe-
rience with foundation in this climate, owing
to the heat, and long distance it has to be
shipped, much of it would get matted together,
and be unfit for use, and have to be rendered
into wax again, and sold at a loss to bee-keep-
ers. J. B. Griffin.

Cat Creek, Ga.

HOW TO GET STOCK TO EAT SWEET CLOVER;
fjS^. .,_ BY A 12-YEAR-OLD READER.

EOur bees came through the winter and spring
all right. First swarm, May 18. 'J We have a

bettor prospect this spring for honey than we
have had for many years. They are storing
surplus from locust. Wo moved into this val-
ley this spring, and found that there were but
few bees here, and what few there are have
very little attention. You can easily guess the
result.

There is sweet clover along the road for four
or five miles. No one seems to know how It got
there, but I suppose some bee-keeper knows.
Papa kept his stock on dry feed till they were
nearly starved for something green. He thought
they would eat any thing. When they were
turned out on sweet clover they smelled of It
and gave a snort and ran away for something
else. So mamma cut some in a box and put
some salt and bran over it, and they ate it all
up, and have eaten it ever since.

Bernadotte, 111. Nora Neff.

Big prospect for honey; it is coming in like
an avalanche, working me a little above the
upper notch. M. L. Williams.

Maysville, Ky., June 8.

We are having a regular old-fashioned honey

season. Bees are "just rolling in " the honey.

Morgan, Ky., June 8. J. P. Moore.

M. D., Tex.— We can give you no information
in regard to producing honey wine, or, as some
call it, honey mead. We have never given any
thought to this use of honey, as we believe
there are other and better uses for it, both from
a moral and financial standpoint.

C. H. O., N. F.— There is no method that we
know of for bleaching comb honey after it has
once been taken from the hive. Comb honey
in the first place should not be left in the hive
any longer than is necessary to have the cap-
ping completed. This will prevent travel-
stains.

W. W. Y., ^y.— Sometimes swarms in the air
are very cross, and no definite reason can be
given why they are so, ilnless they are vicious
hybrids in the first place. Pure blacks or pure
Italians, when they swarm, are usually quiet
unless they are molested or jarred unnecessari-
ly in taking the cluster off the limb.

R. T., iTy.— Transferring should usually be
done before the honey season. We recommend
frnit-bloom; but shortly after will do nearly as
well, providing you do not get the bees to rob-
bing. For particulars on how to transfer, see
page .32 of catalog, also "Transferring," in our
ABC book.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June 15.

John an*

HE passage througti
this portion of the
mountains was
merely an enlarged
cleft; and immense layers of obsidian, like
great sheets of black glass, rested against and
were part of the mountain above. The tre-
mors of the earthquake had dislodged one of
these layers, and, sliding down, it had complete-
ly covered the passage. The heaving mass of
mud and lava was now rising slowly but surely.
All semblance of the beautiful valley had dis-
appeared, and again the place was returning
to its primeval condition— a turbulent volcanic
crater.

The squaws, in weird tones, repeated their
death-chant, Alfaretta kneeling near them,
her beautiful face turned upward in silent
prayer.

The rest of the party for a few moments were
mute with their various emotions. Fred seem-
ed to forget self, and to divide his attention
between Alfaretta and the rising tide of de-
struction. Walking quickly to the sheet of
obsidian that had cut off their means of exit he
found that it was only two inches in thickness;
then hastening along the terrace he luckily
found a heavy iron bar that had served as a
part of the elevator. With this he approached
the obstruction on the run, and under his rapid
blows it soon gave way and finally came down
with a crash. Sam and Gimp were on hand
with a shout, to help clear away the debris.
There was hope again lighting up every face,
as the exit was cleared. The doctor bade Ala-
mantapola take the lead into the passage.
Alfaretta followed, and, forcing every one hur-
riedly along, he brought up the rear. For a
moment he looked back over the strange scene
of desolation, and seemed loath to stir until
Fred, retracing the few steps he had taken,
urged the doctor to hasten.

" I can not help looking back," said he, sadly ;
"and my memory always will look back long-
ingly to what was once my beautiful valley.
Our loved ones, our homes, our things of beauty,
our attachments to earth, must all be taken
from us."

" But, doctor," said Fred, " we can not think
of these things now. We must hasten. See!
the boiling mass is near our feet now, and
there may be other obstructions in the passage."

^5^^ '^/. /--^^

"True, true," said the doctor, sadly, and has-
tened with Fred into the passage.

There was, fortunately, no further obstruc-
tion, and at the outer exit even the great rock
door was toppled from its balance, never more
to respond to the bidding of its master. The
doctor again stopped and looked regretfully at
the massive stone.

" The broken key, the ruined safe, robbed of
quietness and pleasure, what is there now to
live for ? " said the doctor.

Another tremor of the mountain, and a hot
puff of sulphur smoke came from the passage
they had left, and they all made greater haste
down the canyon; and while the doctor was
brooding over the catastrophe to his valley
Fred felt a new sense of freedom as he sped
along, helping and half supporting Alfaretta in
her flight. When fully two miles away they
felt it safe to rest, and sat or reclined upon the
brown earth as fancy or their condition of
fatigue dictated.

Alfaretta here, after regaining her composure,
said, with much feeling, " Fred Anderson, how
grateful we should all feel toward you! But
for your timely action I really believe' every
one of us would have been swallowed in that
terrible pit."

" Let us say it was providential," modestly
replied Fred. "As I think of my action it
seems to me I was but an instrument to accom-
plish a desired end."

"Aye," said Dr. Hayden, " 'Behind the dim
unknown standeth God within the shadow,
keeping watch above his own.' "

Again they were admonished to proceed, by
other tremors of the mountain; and after a
long and tiresome walk they arrived at the
Indian rancheria. To the doctor's astonish-
ment the Indians had been so exercised by the
earthquake that they fled to the valleys further
west, and near the coast.

It was near evening, and the party made
themselves as comfortable as the circumstances
would permit. Each person had brought a
blanket, and, with a roaring fire in the large
round house of the rancheria, each one felt safe
for the night. Alamantapola and her compan-
ion found food enough cooked near the ranch-
eria; and, though the food consisted of dried
grasshoppers, these, when cooked properly with
a little flour, made an appetizing meal.

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

455

During the night ihoro were continued tre-
mors of the earth, and sleep was not enjoyed in
that camp that night, and all faces wore traces
of anxiety.

Early the next morning preparations were
made for a long weary walk to Covelo. The
two Indian women would not leave their ranch-
eria. When urged by Alfaretta to go with her,
Alamantapola replied, " Um Indian return
by'm-by. Me no 'fraid. White squaw go to
her people. Me stay with my people, um good-
by." Then the two women squatted stoically
on the ground, as was their custom, and they
crooned a song of farewell.

"It shall be," said the doctor; "and while
we wait here, Fred may ride back to the
rancheria, whore perhaps he can find a saddle."

As Fred disappeared, Alfaretta, addressing
the doctor, said, " Hut, doctor, do you own the
pony ? "

" No, my dear, I do not; but is it possible,
Alfaretta, that you never remember riding that
pony ? "

" I certainly do not, doctor."

" That," said the doctor, " is your own pony,
and the one Fred has told you about so many
times."

"Oh dear, dear!" said Alfaretta, leaning her

TAKE THAT, YOU LOW-LIVED MISCREANT!"

The little party, now reduced in numbers,
had proceeded but a mile when they saw a
couple of riderless ponies coming in the dis-
tance. When they approached, one of them
proved to be Alfaretta's pony Jack.

" Up to his old tricks," said Fred ; " has taken
French leave of the Indians, and made for
home, and how opportune!"

Fred and the doctor looked anxiously toward
Alfaretta, and she, her face lighting up with
a smile, said, " What a pretty pony I I do wish
it were mine."

head upon her hands; "this is all so strange.
1 wonder if I shall know my own people."

For half an hour they conversed about her
past insanity, and the great change that had
been wrought for her in the beautiful valley;
and while she was now sane, the valley Itself
had gone crazy.

Fred soon returned, having found the saddle;
and with the two ponies Alfaretta and the doc-
tor were provided with easier transportation.

When the little party entered Covelo, Alfa-
retta was recognized as the lost young lady.

456

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June 15.

The man Slim Jim would never forget the girl
who gave him the lashing with her riding-whip.
Dr. Hayden was also recognized as the mysteri-
ous man of the mountain. The people were
not so terror-stricken by the earthquake but
they could give attention and create quite a
commotion around the doctor and his compan-
ions. Pete Armstrong, who had hunted the
doctor with guns, and had once shot at him,
was anxiously looked for by the crowd.

Slim Jim evidently had no good feeling
toward the party, and, remembering the episode
in which Alfaretta had struck him over the
head with her whip, his questions and his con-
duct toward her were so covertly insulting that
Fred, though indignant, kept his temper, and
in a gentle tone of voice reminded Jim that it
was the part of a gentleman to treat a lady
with respect.

This excellent advice Increased his ire, and
he now turned a good share of his abuse upon
Fred. The latter was pleased that he had
drawn at least a portion of the abuse from
Alfaretta. The continued abuse, however, so
wrought upon Fred's sensitive nature that at
length, forgetting to curb his spirit as he
should, and forgetting that he endangered the
welfare of the rest of the party, like a knight
defending a fair maiden he slapped Slim Jim
on the mouth.

" Take that, you low-lived miscreant, and
that," as he followed it with another.

The crowd fell back, shouting, "A fight! a
fight!" "Make a ring!" "Come, Jim, will
you take that?"

" No, I won't take it," said Jim, livid with
rage. " But I'm no fist fighter. I want deadly
weapons. I say I want deadly weapons. Now,
young man, ef you have any sand in yer dandy
body, jest walk right out with yer deadly
weapons; and the quicker ye decide, the
better."

At this juncture Pete Armstrong rode up,
and, dismounting, made his way into the crowd.
It was not necessary for him to ask about the
excitement, for several voices shouted, "The
mystery man of the mountains."

Pete Armstrong was a noble type of the
young American, and Fred and the doctor felt
instinctively that they would have fair treat-
ment at his hands, while the crowd was so
vicious and unreasonable as to refuse to listen

to the explanations the various members of the
party had essayed to present.

Young Armstrong gathered the party under
the saloon-awning, and said:

" Gentlemen, I believe iu the great American
idea of fair play; and while I would have shot
this mystery man had I met him in the moun-
tains, it is no more than fair that, as he is in
town, and has in his party the young lady and
boy alive and well, whom we thought dead, I
propose to listen to each person's story; and if
their explanations are founded on reason, I am
willing to let those who are innocent go their
way, and the guilty receive the punishment
due them."

"But, Pete,"' said Slim Jim, "this young
dandy slapped me in the face, and I have chal-
lenged him to meet me with deadly weapons,
and I don't want to be interrupted in this thing
by your personal matters."

"Ha, ha! personal matters!" said Pete.
"Well, then, young man, what do you say?
Are you willing to meet this aggrieved man
with deadly weapons?"

"I certainly am," said Fred. "And as lam
the challenged party I have the right to choose
the weapons. We can settle this matter in a
few minutes."

"All right, boys," said Pete. " We'll let the
fun go on, and attend to serious matters after-
ward."

Seconds were duly chosen, and, though the
doctor mildly persuaded, and Alfaretta urged,
even with tears, to prevent the disgraceful
scene, Fred was determined; and, though a
very conscientious and moral young man, he
seemed just happy at the prospective danger
before him. Pete Armstrong, seeing that both
were determined, told Fred to choose his deadly
weapon, time, and place.

"Well, then," said Fred, "I propose that a
circle eight feet in diameter be marked oil upon
the ground. Each party to the duel shall take
his stand inside said circle, bareheaded, and
his body stripped to the waist. Each party
shall be provided with a peck basket, with a
cloth cover. Inside said basket must be at
least two quarts of live honey-bees. Each
party, while keeping within the eight-foot
circle, shall throw honey-bees into the hair and
upon the naked body of his opponent, until one
or both are stung to death, or until one cries
'Hold, enough!' "

A SHORT time ago a question was asked in the
Question-box department of the American Bee
Journal, whether it was advisable to use deep-
cell-wall foundation in sections. A few ans-
wered no. It is very evident that some had
never seen it, or at least had the impression
that the new foujidation was clumsy ,_and_nqt
the beautiful delicate article it is. Mr. Mc-

Evoy, one of the respondents, not having seen
the new foundation, answered in the negative;
but later on he saw a sample, and frankly ac-
knowledged to Mr. Holtermann that, if he had
seen it at the time he made the answer, he
would have replied in the affirmative. This, I
judge, would have been the case with the oth-
ers who answered no.

itLeanings in bee culture.

457

Thk next convention of the United States
Bee-keepers' Union will be held on Tuesday,
Wednesday, and Thursday, Aug. 24, 25,26, 1897,
In Buffalo. These dates occur during the reg-
ular meeting of the G. A. R., and of course rail-
road rates will bo low.

After the foregoing was in type the following
from Dr. Mason came to hand:

Railroad rates have been secured by the G. A. K.,
of two cents a mile for tlic round trip, that is, one
cent a mile each way, in all territory east of the
Mississippi river, including Canada; and in all terri-
tory west of the Mississippi the rate will be one
fare for the round trip, tickets to be g-ood froing- on
the21st to24tli inclusive, in all terriory. TicJsets
must be liouurht for the G. A. R. encampment, and
not for the L". S. B. K. tJ., and will be good for thir-
ty days if vi.sed at Buffalo, information in regard to
which will be given to those attending the conven-
tion. Information in regard to hall and hotel rates
will be given as soon as obtained.

To those living west of the Mississippi, I weuld
suggest, although it may not be necessary, that it
may be cheaper to buy tickets to the east side of
the river at tlie regular rate. A. B. Mason, Sec.

PROSPECTS FOR HONEY- FLOW.

In our locality at least, basswoods will yield
no honey, for the reason that not a single blos-
som can be found upon any of the trees in the
streets of Medina, nor on those in the forest.
Examination of the buds at our basswood or-
chard shows a like condition. I do not know
how far this condition may prevail throughout
the country.

The heavy rains in the early part of the sea-
son have given clover a great stimulus, and
reports everywhere show that it is growing
profusely. If these cool nights will only give
way to warm ones, we shall expect at least a
good flow of honey from clover. Taking it all
in all, the late spring and early summer have
been decidedly cooler than for several years.
It is generally supposed that warm nights and
hot days are favorable to a honey-flow; but
judging by the way the orders are pouring in
from every quarter of the country, making it
necessary for us to run day and night, it would
look as if honey were coming in, even if the
conditions were not exactly favorable so far as
temperature is concerned.

A MILLIOX-DOLLAR COJIMISSION FIRM.

It is not often that I mention editorially the
name of a new commission house; but lately
we have received application for space in our
Honey Column, from Francis H. Leggett & Co.,
Franklin and Varick Sts., New York. Refer-
ring to the commercial agencies. Dun and
Bradstreet, we find that their rating is of the
very highest that either could give. We are
very careful whom we admit into this column,
and accordingly wrote to the firm in question,
saying that it was our custom to allow space

in our Honey Column to reputable and respon-
sible commission firms, free of charge, on condi-
tion Ihattliey neither handle adulterated goods
in the way of honey, nor encourage the sale of
it if they know it. In reply I received the fol-
lowing letter, which 1 take pleasure in submit-
ting to our readers:

Editor Olr(iniiiiis:—ln reply to yours of the 1st
inst. wc would say that, iu regard to handling adul-
terated honey, that is not our intention, and wo
certainly will work with j^ou on this line. Any in-
formation in regard to producers, etc., will be
cheerfuUj' received.

Trusting that our relations will be of a pleasant
nature, and hoping to see our ad. in your next
issue, we remain

Very respectfully,

Francis H. Leggett & Co.

New York, N. Y., June 3, lb9T.

This firm, with its capital of a million and
over, we feel sure, will be a great acquisition to
our Honey Column; and although we have
received numerous applications for space in
this department, many of which have been
rejected on various grounds, we take pleasure
in giving these people space, even though they
are strangers; and if they do not give their
customers satisfaction we shall drop them out.

HONEY adulteration; CANE SYRUP AND GLU-
COSE.

When an analysis of honey shows only 10
per cent of cane sugar as an adulterant, and no
glucose, it does not necessarily signify adulter-
ation. I believe the United States chemist
stated, some time ago, that very small percent-
ages of cane sugar found in honey could not be
taken as positive evidence of fraud. If I am
correct, nectar, just as it comes from the flow-
ers, is chemically, to a great extent, a cane su-
gar; but after it has passed through the ripen-
ing process it is converted into what we call
honey. Sometimes, when the honey is gather-
ed and stored rapidly, it is not as thoroughly
ripened at some times as at others. The conse-
quence is, analysis shows a trace of cane sugar.

Perhaps our readers may think that, even if
this is true, it would not be wise to give public-
ity to it, for the reason that dishonest persons
would think they could add at least 10 per cent
of cane sugar to their honey, and not be detect-
ed. No fear need be apprehended along this
line, for the reason that good qualities of hon-
ey are sold so near the price of cane syrup it
would not pay to put in so small an amount.
But then it may be argued that it might pay to
put at least' 10 per cent in dark honey ; but
here, again, the price is as low as or lower than
the syrup. If adulteration were practiced at
all it would be syrup adulterated with honey,
rather than honey adulterated with syrup.

But you may ask what specially called forth
this editorial. A short time ago an innocent
party was accused of adulterating, because the
chemist found 10 per cent of cane sugar in his
honey. I wrote to the party in question, giving
the position of the United States chemist, and
added that it was my opinion his honey wasn't

458

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June 15.

adulterated; that, if he were bad enough to go
into any such fraud, he would not stop at 10
per cent, but would put in enough to pay him
for doing it, and that would be 50 or at least 33
per cent.

On the other hand, when analysis shows a
very small percentage of glucose, it is pretty
certain that some one put it there. Glucose is
very easily detected by the chemist, and it is no
difficult matter to determine even the very ex-
act per cent of it. The adulterant (glucose) by
reason of its very low price, and the fact that it
is almost devoid of any color, is what we have
to fear. It pays, from a financial standpoint, to
mix honey and glucose, provided the mixture
can be palmed off as pure honey. But our food
commissioners in our various States are becom-
ing more and more alert; and with good laws
back of them in every State in the Union, the
chemists would enable them to hunt down the
guilty parties and make them pay the penalty
of the law. The United States Bee-keepers'
Union will undoubtedly work to secure the en-
actment of pure-food laws in States where they
have none. There is no question but this is the
proper way to handle the glucose problem.

HIVING SWARMS AT THE HOME OF THE HONEY-
BEES.

Swarms are beginning to come forth, and it
sometimes happens that several of us have to
take a hand in hiving them. The bees seem to
take special delight in coming forth exactly at
the noon hour, when we would like to have a
little quiet, for we are, and have been for some
time, running night and day.

On Friday, June 4, as I was standing in front
of the basswoods near my house, talking with
A. I. R., some one called out, " Swarm of bees ! "
They were just emerging from between the
tall evergreens surrounding the apiary; and
the way they were piling through led me to be-
lieve they meant to "light out" for parts un-
known. I grabbed up a pail of water and a
spray-pump, and started after them. As I
sprayed, the little fugitives did not drive back
like a flock of sheep, as they ought to, or as I
have made other swarms do on many former
occasions. They seemed to be driving right
through my artificial storm. I followed them,
nevertheless, slopping the water on myself, but
keeping up a continual spray among the thick-
est* part of the swarm. Mr. Weed, the foun-
dation man, seeing my predicament, rushed to
my assistance; and A. I. R. called on two of
the gardeners to bring me buckets of water as
fast as I used them up. Still the bees kept
moving northward over the berry -patches, and
over the raspberry-bushes, seeming to take
special delight in gliding over objects that
were serious obstructions to us poor mortals

* Here I made the mistake. I should have sprayed
the bees in the lead.

who had to climb through the bushes. Pailful
after pailful of water was used up, and the bees
were nearing the railroad track, and immedi-
ately over a pile of tile. I then got clear around
on the outskirts of the bees, aud wet down
thoroughly the outposts, as it were, and finally
succeeded in holding them at bay. As I was
getting tired with the continual squirting, Mr.
Weed took up the pump and Avent at it like a
regular steam-engine. He set such a hot pace
for himself that he was soon " outwinded," to
use a little bicycle parlance. But he managed
to hold them where I stopped them.

The bees hitherto seemed fairly wild to get
away, and it looked at one time as if they
would accomplish their object. Spectators
here and there were eagerly watching to see
which side would come out ahead, while the
spray-pump was forcing water out among the
bees. After getting them pretty well wet down
they alighted on the tile, in the grass, in the
road, all over every thing, and finally, to our
delight, they began to form a cluster on one of
the raspberry-bushes. Mr. Weed and I, in our
eager haste, had sprayed almost as much water
on each other as on the bees; for as soon as we
drove back one set of outposts, another set
would start in another direction "to make a
break." and immediately the spray was turned
in that direction, and it did not make any dif-
ference whether any one was in the way or not
— he had to take his dousing with the bees.

To-day, June 10, another swarm came forth,
and was starting off in a like manner; but this
time I managed to get the spray on the very
outskirts of the flying bees. I got them started
back in the opposite direction, and with very
little trouble forced them to cluster on the
evergreens, and then of course we had things
our own way.

I know of nothing that will ordinarily change
the course of a flying swarm of bees so effectu-
ally as a spray-pump. As I have often de-
scribed in these columns, 1 have generally been
able to drive swarms like a flock of sheep in
almost any direction I chose. I remember once
a swarm was making off. I ran ahead of it,
sprayed the leaders, changed the direction of
their flight, and then chased them toward a
certain tree; and, having arrived there, I held
them until they chose to alight.

I never had a case before, I believe, where
we came so near losing a swarm in spite of the
spray-pump as the one I described at the outset,
for it is very rare that we are not able to make
them cluster very quickly.

We keep a pail of water, a spray-pump, a
Manum swarmer, and a long pole, in the center
of the apiary. As soon as a swarm comes out,
we make for these implements of swarming;
and if the bees act as if they were going to run
away and leave us, then we douse them until
they are glad to alight.

ULKANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Our Homes.

Shall wo roceivo nooi\ at the liami of God, and
shall wo not n'ooive o\ il?- Jon 2:10.

Ill my last I lold you that I was greatly dis-
appointed to tind that tliP outcome, aftor all of
our pains, and success aftor our mishaps, was
that tho woll should givo us only luinl water.
I went up at different times and tried it, but it
was of no use. The water was not like that
from our other two soft-water wells. Very
reluctantly I was obliged to let the men take
down their tools and pack them up. Mr. H.
said he would gladly do the work for me, but
he did not believe we should succeed by going
any deoper, and so the matter was dropped.

For a good many days I felt sad and discour-
aged whenever I looked up to the top of the
hill at the windmill and tank. Yes, whenever
I took hold of a piece of soap to wash my hands,
and commenced to make suds, before I realized
what it was I would get to wondering what
queer and unpleasant cloud had come over my
spirits all at once, or had given me a twinge,
as it were. Why, the sight of the soap and
water suggested the expensive failure of my
last operation of drilling for water. Something
over a hundred dollars had been paid out, and
we were no better off than when we started. T
thought of what I had been saying about sav-
ing money for the sufferers in India; and then
I thought of those several singular and appar-
ently direct answers to prayer, and I could not
understand why this should be the outcome of
it all. In fact, I had been thinking of writing
up this very thing as an illustration of how
God directs and helps those who put their trust
in him. But what point would there be in
it If the final outcome were just nothing at all
but a waste of money? I kept pondering the
matter; in fact, I am afraid I sometimes let my
thoughts get to planning in regard to that well
when I ought to have been listening to a good
sermon on God's holy day.

Finally some one said to me that the foundry
near by secured soft water by eoing down deep-
er than we had drilled, and I had the well-
drillers put their tools back in place again, and
tried going deeper. We pulled out our tubing,
drilled the hole larger, and tubed off again to a
point low enough to cut off the heavy vein of
bad water. We succeeded nicely in this, and
soon had a well absolutely free from water,
down over a hundred feet.

" Now," said I, " when we get water again it
will be soft."

"But, Mr. Root, I am afraid we may not get
a good vein of water again," said Mr. H.
oBut I was very sanguine, and kept watching
hopefully. We got down 120, 125 feet, yet no
water. At about 127 feet I noticed a queer
smile on the driller's face as he remarked:!
□ " Mr. Root, we have not got any water yet of
any account, but we have some gas. How will
that suit you? " en ' '^ — - - -,

D Let me explain right here,' that, when the gas
and oil excitement first broke out, nearly forty
years ago, 1 became greatly taken up with the
Idea of these new wonderful gifts that God was
giving as a reward for drilling away down deep
into the earth, and I very soon had a well of
my own where I was drilling for gas or oil.
During all these years, as you may know, I
have been watching with new interest all de-
velopments in this line; but never before had I
discovered or been the fortunate possessor of
natural gas on my own premises. All at once
the truth seemed to break in upon me. The
great Father, in his providence, had been plan-

ning to give me this new -'happy surprise;"
and then 1 thought what a grand thing It
would be to write up the whole matter for Our
Homes. Now, I meant to do this truthfully
and honestly. I meant to write under God's
all-seeing eye, and to please him and not to
please mankind. Said I:

"Mr. II., how do you know It Is gas? May
be it Is only a pocket of air, such as we found
before we struck the rock."

" Oh ! I know it is gas well enough this time,"
replied Mr. II.

With trembling hands I got some matches
and prepared to throw a lighted one down into
the iron tube.

"Look out there, my friend! You may get
more than you bargain for," said Mr. H.

"Oh! I know how to manage these things.
I won't get hurt."

But he cautioned me again. I then dropped
the blazing match into the tube, and dodged
back; and it was well I did. An explosion fol-
lowed, and a sheet of flame shot up several feet
high, and singed my whiskers just a little. We
put in a plug, and the gas burned several inches
high out of the top of the small iron pipe. But
my friend said there was not enough gas to be
of any practical use. He thought that, by going
deeper, we might get more. Before we started
drilling again, however, his quick ear detected
a faint bubbling sound in the well.

"There," said he, "we have struck water
along with the gas, and it will probably soon
rise up high enough to stop the flow of gas."

It did so to a partial extent. We decided to
keep on drilling, however, and went down to
155 feet. All this time I was, of course, build-
ing my hopes away up, and planning what I
should do with the gas, both at home and in
the factory. Finally we struck a considerable
vein of water; but it was salt water, and not
soft. Salt water would be of no use to anybody
unless I wanted to start a saltworks, and that,
of course, would be clear out of my line. This
salt water was of no use— not even for irrigat-
ing. Once more, and with a still sadder heart,
the tools were taken up and the derrick moved
away. I felt I had no right to invest more
money in such a scheme, when calls were com-
ing on all sides for help— help not only for
needy ones, but for those who were actually
starving.

As we did not find the soft water, and as the
gas did not amount to any thing, of course there
was nothine to be gained by writing the matter
up for the Home Papers— at least, so it seemed
to me for a time. I studied over the matter,
and prayed over it, and now I feel at least com-
paratively reconciled to my failure with the
well; and I feel sure, also, that God was teach-
ing me an important lesson by the failure, that
he could not have taught me had he given me
success.

And now you see the point of our text, dear
friends. Job said to his wife, when she gave
him evil counsel, " What! shall we receive good
from the hand of God, and shall we not receive
evil? ' Perhaps our readers had better look
up that second chapter of Job. When all his
success in life was suddenly changed to disaster
and trouble, his wife lost faith and advised him
to "curse God, and die." He rebuked her, and
called her a foolish woman, and then he gave
us the words of our text.

Let us stop a minute and consider what the
result would be if God wera to grant every
request made to him In prayer. In mv talk
to you in our last issue I used the text, " What-
soever ye shall ask in my name, that will
I do." This very text has stumbled and
puzzled a good many, but it need not do so.

460

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June 15.

We should have to be more than human if we
could so banish self and selfishness from our
hearts that all our petitions would be asked in
his name— ; hat is, if our requests were to be
consistent as coming from one who loves rieht-
eousuess more than self. When we can do
this, then God can safely answer our prayers.
I was working and praying over that well with
the thought in mind that ihe soft water would
be a benefit to our town and to humanity; but
I think that really my own selfish plans were
mostly at the bottom of it. When we struck
that vein of gas, so far as I can remember, my
plans for utilizing it were all selfish ones— that
Is, the very plans I was so busy going over, and
perhaps to some extent on God's holy day. and
in his place of v/orship. It does seem a little
singular that things fivored us in such unex-
pected ways in getting it started; but we can
not expect to fathom God's plans and purposes;
and perhaps this very Home Paper may do as
much good as I have given it, honestly and
truthfully, as any I have ever written. My
experience, in fact, just now calls to mind that
of a .levoted Christian, an old friend of mine,
several years ago. He was greatly given to
new projects — to starting out in some new kind
of business. Soon after the war, when rents
were high, and people could buy lots and build
houses on them, and sell out at a large profit,
he got a scheme into his head of buying lots
and making nice little homes for laboring
people, lie was sure he could plan something
attractive and convenient, and something that
would sell. In fact, he could think of nothing
else, and prayed again and again that God In
his providence would induce some good friend
to place the means at his disposal. Just about
this time a relative told him he had several
thousand dollars lying idle, and that he could
have it at a low rate of interest— perhaps at no
interest at all — I can not quite remember now.
This friend saw in it at once a wonderful
answer to prayer. He took the money, thanked
God for it again and again, and built his houses;
but, unfortunately, there was a reverse, and a
great decline in real estate and rents; and the
outcome of it all was, that, in borrowing this
money, he got himself into the worst trouble of
his life. He came near losing his faith in God
and in prayer. When he stated the case to me
I told him at once where, as I thought, he had
been making a mistake. Our prayers should
all be prefaced and closed with the words of
our dear Lord and Savior — " Nevertheless, not
my will, but thine, be done."

I have sometimes thought that perhaps God
answers our prayers in order that, by so doing,
he may teach us wholesome lessons. Many of
you have doubtless heard of the woman who
prayed that her boy's life might be spared when
he was very sick. She finally asked God to
spare him under ajiy condition— even to take
her life if need be, but to spare the boy. He
lived, and she lived to see him die on the gal-
lows. This may be true or it may not be true;
but I think it points a wholesome moral to us
all. The human will should never be set up
against God's; and if our faith is of a kind that
causes us to doubt God because he does not give
us just what we ask for, or because we can not
exactly understand his reasons, then it is a very
poor kind of faith indeed. Let us hold on as
Job did; and let us also hold fast to our faith
as did the patriarch of Uz when he said, as he
rose sublimely above the narrow range of all
things pertaining to this world, "Though he
slay me, yet will I trust in him."

still at thy meroy-seat, seat, Savior, I fall;
Trusting thy promise sweet, heard Is my call;

Faith win^s my prayer to thee ; this all my song shall be,fl
Jesus has died for me, Jesus my all.

THE STRAWBEKKY INDUSTRY AT BARNESVILLE,
OHIO.

For several years I have been thinking I
should like to visit Barnesville, and see how
they manage where they grow strawberries by
the carload and trainload, and also see what
varieties, whern they plant whole farms to
strawberries. Well, last Saturday evening I
received the card below:

Dear Friend Root:— The strawberries are ripening
now, rather late. I think th- first of next week
would be a good time to visit the patches. I shall
be pleased to show thee around. Wm. L. Ashton.

Barnesville, O., June 4.

With the rush of business now upon us. It
was hard for me to be away for even one day,
and I could not afford to waste any time by
waiting for trains. So I looked up the state of
things on the new wheel-book sent out by the
L. A. W., and found that our Medina railway
strikes a station in Belmont Co. called Bannock,
where a limestone pike goes down to the old
national pike; and by making a wheelride of
tov/ard 20 miles over these stone pikes I found
I could reach Barnesville without any waiting.
I will not stop to tell you about my wheelride,
but only say that I met with about the usual
number of adventures. In fact, I am bearing
the scars of some of them while I write.

I was warmly welcomed by our Quaker
friend and his boys, for he proved to be the
superintendent of the Quaker school, a mile out
from Barnesville. Near by was one of the
strawberry- fields; and my first introduction to
the strawberry- grower brought back a host of
memories belonging to forty years ago or more.
Shall I tell you why? Well, it was because
the introduction was something like this:

" Brother Smith, this is Amos Root. Brother
Root, I make thee acquainted with Solomon
Smith."

"Amos RootI" Away back in my boyhood,
when I was so bashful that I wanted to slip
around out of sight rather than meet strangers,
they used to call me " Amos Root;" and some-
how or other it did my heart good to be called
by that old familiar name. It seemed to say to
me, " You are at home, and among friends-
yes, /rie?ic7,s indeed;" and it seemed to strip off
business and business cares. Just the very
words made me feel that I was a boy again — a
quiet, backward, awkward boy; and it made
me feel, for just a little time, loose from all
business entanglements and complications. I
do not know but I drew a long breath of relief.
"A. I. Root" does not sound boyish; neither does
"The A. I. Root Co." And, oh I do so love to
be a boy once more when I get away off with
my wheel!

My first glimpse was of a patch of berries on
a southern slope; and, by the way, there are
slopes and nothing but " slopes " around Barnes-
ville — every thing slopes — garden-patches,
whole farms; but, notwithstanding, I believe
Belmont Co. is the most thrifty and the finest-
looking agricultural county I ever saw any-
where in all my travels. Every bit of ground
is covered with something green at this time of
the year. No matter how steep the hillsides,
nor how high their summits, something is
growing. The forests have been mostly cleared
away, and cultivated fields — that is, fields over
the hilltops and down in the valleys— take their
places.

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

461

Tho strawborrios ar(> jfrown in matted rows,
just about acv-ordiua; to Terry's directions.; The
ground was well mulehed with straw in the
fall, and there has been no cultivation since,
except to pull the weeds; and just now they do
not even do that very much, because the weed
brings up a lot of dirt, and that is pretty sure
to make the berries gritty.

The first row I struck was our old frieud War-
field, that I have just been talking about ; but
the Warfield berries were larger than we have
ever grown them here in Medina Co. This is
owing to having the plants not too thick in the
rows, to the rich gravelly loam on the hills, and
to the great amount of stable manure or other
fertilizer used. Almost every grower I visited,
however, threatens to stop putting stable ma-
nure on strawberries, on account of the weed
seeds. 8ome are using phosphates ; but the
greater number, I think, are using bono dust
and ashes, or some other preparation of potash,
in place of stable manure.

L' I felt anxious to know how many of the vari-
ties we have been advising and recommending
were flourishing there ; and my good friend
Ashton smiled when Bro. Smith told us that
one of their best berries was the Warfield. Now,
they have around Barnesville the very berries
we have settled down on, and but only a few
other kinds. The Jessie has been partially
dropped, although a few growers still stick to
it; and the same with the Parker Earle. Mi-
chel's Early they grow for extra early, but for
no other reason. Bubach takes the lead for a
large strawberry. Where Bubachs are grown
with the plants far enough apart, so as to have
plenty of room, they select choice specimens for
fancy city trade. Such berries bring from 2.")
to 40 cts. a quart. Where you can get, say, ten
berries that will fill a quart basket, it i^* not
much trouble to find a purchaser for them,
among traveling people on the railways, at
from 30 to 40 cts.

Since my visit I think more of the Bubach
than ever before. The Edgar Queen. I believe,
is not grown around Barnesville. and it is the
only one we catalog that has not found a place
there. Brandywine is just beginning to attract
considerable attention. It does not bear as
many berries as the Bubach, perhaps, but they
are so firm they can be handled and shipped
almost like potatoes, even when they are well
colored all over. This is certainly a wonderful
thing in its favor. The Marshall has been
grown to some extent, but I believe it does not
produce berries enough' for field culture, as a
general thing.

One of the largest berry-farms in the neigh-
borhood of Barnesville is managed by the
Cowan brothers, one of them having over 100
acres devoted to small fruits, and, if I am cor-
rect, something like 40 acres entirely in straw-
berries. We were a little surprised to find the
proprietor a colored man; and it was a surprise
indeed to see how he was making berries grow
on every foot of the land, hilltop and valley.
Even in the ravine back of his house, where it
was about as steep as the roof of a house, great
rank luxuriant strawberries were growing and
bearing there. Mr. Cowan says the .sicle of the
hill is much better for strawberries than the
extreme top. He thinks this is much owing to
the cold winds that strike the summit, while
the berries part way down, especially where
the hill slopes to the southeast, are protected
from the cold northwest winds. It was indeed
amusing to see the great clusters hanging over
and spread out on the straw mulching on the
down-hill side of each row. The Haverland,
you know, is remarkable for its long stems,
and these wre literally piled up in heaps. The

day before our visit, they had picked and ship-
ped 'tO bushels.

Mr. Cowan objects, like the rest, to stable
manure for a mulch, especially that which
comes from the livery-stables in town. I do
not know just why manure from livery-stables
should contain so many weed seeds, but per-
haps it is because they have to purchase large
quantities of hay from all sorts of farmers. A
man who has a horse and cow of his own, or
who grows the feed for his stock, would not be
so likely to risk taking weeds on to his premises.
Several men told me they had got their ground
filled with kinds of weeds they had never seen
on their premises until they brought them in
by purchasing stable manure for their berries.
Now, this is indeed a serious matter. Another
source of weed seeds is the straw mulching
put under the berries to keep them clean. The
small quantity of grain left in the straw makes
trouble, but the trouble is not as bad as with
pernicious weeds. The prickly lettuce is one
of the worst, because it will mature seed, and
send it flying about even while the. berries are
fruiting.

Permit me to mention here that Mr. Cowan
was using very successfully over a part of one
of his fields the refuse from a cane-mill near
by. It answers the purpose perfectly, contains
no weed seeds whatever, and he said the only
objection in his case was the distance they
were obliged to go for it. In their work they
use two tons of straw per acre, or its equivalent
in something else. This, of course, is for
mulching, to protect the plants from heaving
out in the winter, and to keep the berries out of
the dirt in fruiting-timt.

The berries grown on this piece of 40 acres
are mostly those I have mentioned. Warfield,
Haverland, and Bubach are sure to be found:
then Parker Earle, .Jessie, and Michel's Early
are grown more or less.

I asked Mr. Cowan how often he shipped
berries that sold so low as to pay for only the
packages, express charges, and cost of picking.
He said he had never come out quite as badly
as that, even on a single bushel, although he
had heard of others who had to advance money,
besides the value of the berries, to pay the ex-
pense of shipping and marketing. I was some-
what surprised at this; but when I became bet-
ter acquainted with the man I found that he
was unusually bright and wideawake. He is a
hard worker himself, and he keeps right along
with his help, which, if am correct, is mostly
colored people.

nThere is-a factory at Barnesville for making
crates and boxes for berry-growers; and they
have certainly got the prices down very low.
The cheap gift crates to hold one bushel, or 32
one-quart boxes, are furnished at Barnesville,
nailed up, for only 133^ cts.; and as the nailed-
up quart boxes are sold for $3. .50 per 1000, the
whole expense of a package for a bushel of ber-
ries is only about 23 cts.

The raspberries and blackberries were won-
derfully luxuriant over those gravelly hills. It
reminded me of mv visit to Prof. Grannis, a
year or two ago. When I asked how they got
along with this matter of wash and gullying on
the hillsides when under cultivation, friend
Cowan explained that they made their rows of
berries around the hill, something on the plan
described at the last end of our tomato-book;
then when the water gets through, and com-
mences to cut a gully, they stop it by tramping
in the trimmings of the berry-bushes. These
are tramped down in place, and then held there
by refuse stones until the ground settles around
them so that vegetation gets sufficient hold.

Our colored friend keeps up with the times,

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June 15.

subscribes to the periodicals devoted to grow-
ing small fruits, and is a live man in every
sense of the word. As we prepared to take our
leave he informed me that, when he started in
the berry business some years ago, he had only
about S'-'OO or $300 to make a payment on the
farm. The place was already pretty heavily
mortgaged. It was only a short time ago that
the last dollar of the mortgage was paid; and
now he can breathe a little easier while he
plans to make every yard of ground produce
fruit of some kind. Besides the strawberries
he has considerable ground devoted to currants
and gooseberries, and these have always paid
him well. Instead of paying large sums of
money to nurserymen for plants, he grows his
own, makes cuttings from the currants and
gooseberries, and has a very pretty little nur-
sery where they are cultivated and cared for
until they are ready to go out into the field.
As we prepared to go, I said:

" Mr. Cowan, this visit has been specially
interesting to me because it is so unusual to
see one of your race doing business and owning
property as you are. I am sure the example
you set before your people must be worth a
good deal. You are not only succeeding in
business, but you are doing missionary work
among your people."

" Mr. Root, 1 know what my people are, the
greater part of them. There are men who
come here and pick berries, and I have seen
them work until they had earned perhaps
twelve or fifteen dollars, and then I have seen
these same men go and waste this money, or
worse than waste it, in two or three hours'' time.
The saddest part of it is, they seem to feel no
compunctions of conscience or regret, but start
In to work, and do the same thing over again."

While my friend was talking I could not help
feeling sad to reflect that it was not only the
colored people who "spend money for that
which is not bread, and labor for that which
satisfieth not."

When I got out on the national pike I called
on two more strawberry-growers. One of ihem
told me how he had been growing berries a
great many years, but had just made a discov-
ery—in fact, had just got his eyes open so as to
know how to grow berries profitably. He took
me down a side hill to show me his new inven-
tion—another patch of Bubachs fertilized with
our old friend Sharpless; and, oh such berries!
not only in size, but in luscious sweetness; and
I actually believe I would rather have the
Sharpless berry for my own eating than any
other berry grown. But, let us get to the new
Invention.

The plants were all put out last fall; and
neither the Sharpless nor the Bubach had pro-
duced a very thick matted row. In fact, in
some places there were not enough plants; but
they had had good care, and each plant had an
abundance of room so that it was growing
great whoppers, even if there were not so many
of them. This man sells the greater part of his
crop by sorting out the largest ones and selling
them at fancy prices. It is almost like grow-
ing berries in hills. The runners are kept off,
or mostlv off, as soon as a sufficient stand is
secured for large berries. He does not get as
many bushels per acre, but he gets better prices
for what he does grow. A neighbor near him
was managing a plantation a good deal the
same way, but he was using the Brandywine.
Here again we had great berries that could be
tumbled about like potatoes, while the Bubachs
in the same patch would be, many of them, too
soft to handle before they were fully ripe. But
I am afraid the Brandywine Is not going to give
us as many berries as the Bubach. The latter

stands to-day, if I am correct, at the head of
the list for large berries, and a lot of them.
Some of the new varieties may get ahead of it;
but introducers have been working hard for a
good many years, and the Bubach seems to hold
its own year after year.

^^^^-^m

--^m

A NEW TRANSPLANTING -machine; ALSO SOME-
THING ABOUT BASSWOOD- SEEDLINGS.

Something like two years ago a transplanting-
machine was sent to Matthew Crawford, but for
some reason or other he forwarded it on to me,
asking me to test and report. On account of
many cares, and other things to be looked after
and tested, the little machine was laid under my
desk until well along into the season before I
took the trouble to take it out and try it. An-
other thing, I have tested so many machines
that did not seem to be as convenient as some
we already had in use, I was a little skeptical
about it ; but when I did get hold of it I was
agreeably surprised to find that I could in a
twinkling move any small plant to another lo-
cation so quickly and so safely that it seemed
almost as if it must be some sleight-of-hand
performance.

Thedrawingwill
make the machine
plain, almost with-
out any particular
explanation. You
hold the machine
in both hands, and
with an auger-like;
motion back and |
forth you set the
steel tube. No. 1,
over the plant. It!
is pressed down till
it will bring up the'
plant, roots and all,
in a lump of dirt
like No. 2. It is
not advisable to
push it any further
down than is nec-
essary to get all the ^ new machine for transplanting
roots. In fact, if small plants.

the tap-root is broken off, with most plants they
will do just as well.

After the plant is out of the ground in its ball
of earth, you place your two thumbs on the lev-
er at the top of the macbine. and push down,
releasing the ball of earth. With strawberries
you can load these balls into a wheelbarrow, or
with appropriate trays you can load them into
a wagon. Fit your ground nicely, as described
in our book on strawberry culture; mark it out
according to your notion, then with the trans-
planting-machine make holes to drop your
"potted plants" into, for they are potted
plants, to all intents and purposes.

Some time in the fore part of April we put
out with this machine several thousand straw-
berry-plants, including all the different varie-
ties; and if there is one failure in the whole
lot, I have not seen it. Almost any boy, with a
little instruction, will operate it nicely; and
with any soil that I have yet used it on, the
dirt, if wet enough, will hold around the plant
so it can be handled. The nicest way, in my
opinion, is to grow your plants in a plant-bed
made up of exceedingly rich compost; then you

1897

<^LEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

463

carry enough of this compost out to the field to
give your plants a big start, oven If the ground
Is comparatively poor. We have noi yet tried
shipping plants by express, taken up In this
way; but by breaking off a part of the ball of
earth, so as to decrease the weight as much as
possible, and yet have enough left to keep the
roots perfectly, then packing these balls of
earth with sphagnum moss, I think valuable
plants could be sent this way with profit. The
weight of the adhering soil would, of course, be
a serious objection to sending any plants in this
way unless it were a small number of somo-
thlngexceedingly valuable. Sometimes Itseems
desirable to swap places with certain valuable
plants. With the above machine this can be
done in a twinkling; and even the plants that
have been transplanted do not seem to know
they have been swapped. Although we have
never used more than the one machine, I think
it would be quite desirable to have another
size a little larger; or two sizes might be found
convenient. The one we use has a cylinder 3
inches in diameter and 5 inches in length. The
whole thing amounts to the same thing as our
transplanting-tubes; but you have no tin tubes
at all to pick up and put away. The machine
itself does the whole business.

Perhaps I should explain that cylinder No. 1
is made of the very best crucible steel; and
while in use it is as bright as a dollar, and as
smooth as a polished saw-blade.

And now we come to the unfortunate part of
it. I have lost the letter from the man who
sent the machine. I wrote him once, asking
his permission to have an engraving made and
have it published. He replied (I think it was
about a year ago) that he was just about get-
ting out an improved machine, ani asked me
to hold on a little. I have held on until I feel
as if it would be wrong to keep people, who love
gardening, any longer In ignorance in regard to
this wonderful invention. It has now been
tested by manv competent men. and there Is
butone verdict In regard to it— it is away ahead
of any other transplanting-arrangement of the
kind that has ever been brought before the
public. When our good friend gives me per-
mission I want to make them and offer them at
a reasonable price.

The little plant you see in the picture is a
basswnod-seedling. One day when one of our
small boys was out of a job I told him to mark
out one of our plant-beds with one of our mark-
ers (several times described), then pick up the
basswood-seedlings all over the garden, wher-
ever be could find them, and put them in the
bed. No. '.* shows one of the basswood-seed-
lings just as we picked them up. In a little
while he had a bed of .300 nice one»J. And this
reminds me that we have pretty much failed in
getting basswoods to grow where we planted
seeds; but wherever we are making up beds
near the basswood-trees. these little seedlings
come up plentifully. Under one small bass-
wood-tree we picked out over forty plants. A
friend sugeests that perhaps the basswood-
seeds should lie on the top of the ground, and
endure the freezing and thawing throueh the
winter ; and he thinks that If. after this, we
were to plant them in the spring, they would
germinate successfully. Last fall, as you may
remember, we planted something like a peck of
seeds, but not more than a dozen plants came
up out of all that quantity.

Will the friend who sent us the above ma-
chine, when this meets his eye, please let us
know about it? I do not know whether it is
patented or not ; but the owner can, without
question (In my opinion), procure a patent on it
if he chooses.

FlUMING THK SOU. FOK .STKAWBEHHIKS.

On page C/.tl. Sept. 15, 18%, I spoke about the
wonderful luxuriance of some strawberries at
Matthew Crawford's. They were planted In a
bed where the soil had liern pounded down with
a stamper, as you would pound the dirt around
a post. Of course, the soil was first made fine
and light, and plenty of manure was mixed
with It. When I got home I had one of my
plant-bods prepared in the same mannc^r. It
was spad(^d up very fine and soft, with plenty
of manure mixed in. The ground was very
rich, for plants had been grown on it for sever-
al years. After the fining-up it was pounded
down as hard as the boys could stamp and
pound it. It was so late in the fall that I did
not see very much difference, and had rather
forgotten about the matter. But it occurred to
me a few days ago that each one of the four va-
rieties on this bed was doing wonderfully. We
have a new berry, the " Carrie ; " anoth(;r one
called " Darling," and the " Earliest," the last
of which I have been talking about. Each of
the three is putting out runners that are just
wonderful. A single strawberry-leaf will cov-
er a teacup, and the stems stand up all of a foot
high. The one called " Darling " has this morn-
ing, June 4th, the prettiest heap of fruit, ripe
and partially ripe. I think I ever saw around a
strawberry -plant.* I began to think all three
varieties were something wonderful in the way
of luxuriance; and then it occurred to me about
stamping the ground. P>iend Criwford's soil
is somewhat sandy, and I was thinking that
perhaps it would do better on such ground than
on our own. Where our plant-beds have been
manured heavily for so v^eral years the ground
has a tendency to get light so it dries out easi-
ly. I believe this stamping will correct this
trouble to a great extent. Remember, howev-
er, that all the stamping and pounding must be
done when the ground is dry and fine. Mash
all the lumps; have the soil soft and fine for a
foot deep or more; then pound it down as hard
as you choose. Of course, out in the field we
would roll it with a heavy roller and some
heavy horses to pull it, and also to stamp it
with their big heavy feet. But you can test
the matter on a small bed, to show what com-
pacting will do.

Our bed of Nick Ohmers and Margarets is
just beginning to ripen, and they are little
"peaches." without question. Mrs. Root was
looking at them to-day, and she asked if almost
any sitrawberry would not do wonders in a sim-
ilar manner if I were to give it such rich soil
and so much petting. Of course, we must al-
low for this. In the open fioH Michel's Early
are just beginning to ripen. We shall probably
make our first picking to-morrow morning,
June 4. I do not think there is any other vari-
ety on our grounds that shows any ripe berries
in the open field. In the plant-beds, where we
kept off the frost by the use of glass, we are
getting Marshalls. and have been getting them
for two weeks past. The Jessies are also be-

• This new kind has another peculiarity that
makes It wonde'ful'.y attractive. When it hegins
to color it is a light rose pink — almost exactly like
the blush on a peach; and the strawberry, when
ripe, is of a pinkish red instead of a brick red; the
shape is also almost perfect, and. taking it all in
all. I do not wonder that the originator named it
"Darling." To be fair, however, I must tell you
that, out of six plants we obtained last fall for trial,
one of them has not borne a berry: four of them
produced fruit fairly; and it was only the fifth that
gave us these little beautiful handsome berries that
made me feel like saying, "O you precious little
darlingof a strawberry-plant!" In point of earli-
ness I think it will be fully as early as the Michel,
and next to the one called the " Earliest."

464

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June 15.

ginning to ripen in the beds where they had a
little protection. You can hurry strawberries
along very much indeed by covering them dur-
ing severe weather; and a covering of cloth,
while it protects the blossoms from frost, will
also do quite a little toward making the straw-
berries ripen earlier.

CKIMSON^CLOVER ATOTHISQDATE, JUNE 5.

Just before decoration day, people were stop-
ping their teams to inquire in regard to the
beautiful new plant that decked the field by
the roadside; and when it came time to prepare
bouquets for our national day, great crowds
were begging permission to gather some of the
heads. In this way it was paraded and shown
and admired all over our county, and people
have been coming constantly to see it. It is
now a miniature sea of crimson, and it is cer-
tainly as heavy as any clover of any sort ever
grown on our premises. In one of the agricul-
tural papers I saw a criticism to the effect that
It did not produce any such stand as the com-
mon red clover. Now, I don't think I ever saw
any more clover of any kind on a piece of
ground, unless it was at T. B. Terry's; and if
he were to grow the crimson 1 do not know but
he would make it come fully up to his red clo-
ver. But, dear friends, suppose the crimson
clover does not give as large a stand as red clo-
ver. Please consider it is a catch crop, or a
stolen crop, if you choose. The seed was sown
after taking off that heavy crop of potatoes.
The ground was not plowed at all— simply har-
rowed over hurriedly. The cost of the seed and
fitting the ground was not more than Sl.-'SO per
acre (say 75 cents for seed); and nothing more
has been done to it till the present time. We
are letting it mature seed in order that we may
have not only home-grown but northern-grown
seed to offer for sale.

There is plenty of time yet to plow it under,
either for corn or potatoes. If the farmer
should be short of feed, there is an immense lot
of it that is equal to any clover known. It oc-
cupies the ground when the latter would other-
wise be barren and useless. I believe, with the
Rural New -Yorker, that, even if it winter-kills,
it furnishes enough fertility to pay all the cost
of seed and putting it in. To get it in after po-
tatoes. I presume an early variety should be
selected and planted earlv. Where our clover
now stands we planted New Queen potatoes
last year the 10th of May. They were dug
somewhere between the 1st and 15th of Septem-
ber, and the clover was sown just as fast as
we could get a strip through the field wide
enough to cultivate. The potato tops were
used to mulch strawberries near by. Some of
them were afterward scattered evenly over the
crimson clover. We managed this without very
much labor by throwing the vines off to one
side, and, as soon as the clover was sown,
throwing the same vines back again, taking
pains to spread them over the ground evenly.
Most of the clover has fallen over, or partially
so, in consequence of its heavy growth. The
bees are, of course, making a constant roar over
the whole field. Two or three swarms have
come out while the clover has been in bloom;
and as it comes in just after apple-blossoms are
gone, it hits the needs of the bee-keeper to a
dot. If the clover is saved for seed it will fur-
nish honey all through the -'ntf^rval between
fruit-blossoms and white ciuver.

A NEW^PLUM— THE PRIDE OF FLORIDA.

I send you to-day by mail a sample of a new plum.
Pride of Florida. I send it to you because you are a
lover of fine fruit, and because I hope to advertise
it in Gleanings next fail, and wish you to know

that the claims I make for it are true. It is a seed-
ling- of the Kelsey plum, the earliest shiioping plum,
and a good bearer. The plums I send are from one-
year-old trees, and have suffered in size from the
long dry weather. Aug. Leyvraz.

Francis, Fla., May 23.

Every one of the plums reached us in perfect
condition; and just as soon as I tasted one it
brought back old memories of finding plum-
trees in the woods in my boyhood days. I
showed one to Mr. Green; and before ho tasted
it he said. "This is an American plum, and it
will grow just as well here in Ohio as in Flor-
ida." Of course, they are not very large, but
they are perfect in shape and color; and in
flavor I should put them ahead of many of the
very large plums. They have something of the
appearance of the sloe, but are considerably
larger. 1 presume our friend means the trees
bear fruit one year after being planted from the
nursery. This seems to be, however, a good
deal owing to the Florida climate. We should
be satisfied if we got plums in two years.

THE NEW STRAWBERRY "EARLIEST."

Friend Root:— I cotice you mention the Earliest
strawberry in your May 15th issue as showing very
early blossoms. Well, Mr. B. C. Green may be right.
It may be all runners and no fruit in Ohio, but here
during the past season It gave a fine lot of berries
that (because of its earliness) sold at 15 to 20 cents
per quart, while large fine berries a little later sold
down to 50, 75, and $1.00 per 32-qt. cases, and some of
our gi-owers could not sell them at all after paying
picking. Our Earliest, we can say, for dollars and
cents, has brought more money than any thing else,
per acre. It is not the best berry, nor is it the most
productive; but it is productive enough to pay well
here. Don't let the i)lant8 stand too thickly. Give
them a chance. It will (or does with us) do better
the second year than the first. We shall be pleased
to hear how it does with you, this year, any way.
The Carrie has done nobly here this year. We shall
just about cease picking Friday.
L Rio Vista, Va., May 27. M. T. Thompson.

All together this new berry pleases us so well
that wo have decided to put down runners and
offer plants for sale. We can, perhaps, furnish
a limited number by mail, say about the first of
July. Some of the plants have furnished a
pretty good lot of berries. The shape is perfect;
the color is perfect also, but it is rather light.
In flavor it is one of the very finest of the tart
berries. The plant is a rampant grower. Those
set out last fall have now a mass of foliage as
large as a bushel basket. As I have said be-
fore, I think it will be a very nice thing to plant
to a limited extent on account of its extreme
earliness. With us it has been at least two
weeks, in time of ripening, ahead of Michel's
Early.

THE BELMONT OR GATEdAPPLE.

1 hope you will follow it up and see if they are
surely the same. I believe the genuine Golden
Gate has smoky blotches on the skin. 1 consider
the genuine old-fashioned Golden Gate one of the
best apples on earth. I have been tiying to get a
tree to plant in my lot, but failed. Storrs, Harrison
& Co. could not furnish it. I understood it did not
grow well in nursery rows, and the best way to get
it is to top-graft another apple-tree. I hope you
will do all you can to revive this and the Rambo.
Fruits of great merit should not be allowed to die
out through neglect or inattentiou caused by newer
things not so good. iJgjjPHiLO S. Dilworth. G

Ingram, Pa., May 22.

A r.^tional remedy^forSthe apple-tree borer.
I have protected my trees completely for 30 years
from the apple-tree borer by wrapping the base of
the trunk with any old cloth or carpet, or old feed-
sacks, or cloth of any kind, putting them about 18
inches high, not too tight. They are held in place
with strings. This does not hurt the trees, as about
the second year the string bursts, and the rags, or

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

4G5

whatever yon nsc. hy that timo Btlcks to tho tiark
tightly, ami will hl>t for several years if properly
done ' Willi nie ii has lieen ;i eompleto siieeess.
Swissvale. I'a., Mav 10. Uoirr. C. Smith.

SWKKT CLOVER IN NEW MKXICO.

Please tell Bro. A. I. that my sweet clover begiin
blooanng 10 clays ago; Is now 6 to 7 ft. high (one
aere). 1 dug one plant to bring to town on the .")th
in.st. It nieasui-ed. asitstotd in tleld (alone), 8 ft.
across and si.\- feet high, and weighed, when i\»g,
with root, li'^ lbs. My cow won't eat it. but the
Ijorses are bcgioning to taste it occasi(<nally.

Eddy, New Mexico, June 10. J. Singleton.

Sweet clover grows here in abundance, mostly
white bloss ins; but there is quite a good deal of
the yellow blossoms. Williamson & Newell.

Trumansburg, N. Y., Afay 8.

the whittaker onion.

I have known these Whittaker onions very well
for more tlian 30 years, in Franklin Co., Pa. ; and if
these you have are the same kind I shall be pleased
to use them again as an onion to be plantea in the
fall. C. T. Reed.

Greensburg, Pa.

1 sent one new subscriber, and received two
Maule's Early, about equal size. I gave one to the
subscriber. The other one made 18 hills, one eye to
the hill; it was planted March 31, 1896, in good gar-
den soil. I cultivated them with the hoe, and dug
27^ pounds of potatoes. Miss Mary C. Sharp.

Montreal, Mo.. Apr. 19.

Special Notices in the Line of Gardening, etc.

By A. I. Root.

vegetable-plants ready to send out.
Cabbage-plants, all kinds; cauliflower; onion-
plants; tomato - plants; celery - plants; pepper -
plants; sweet-pot atq plants. No strawberry-plants
until a month later, or toward the first of August.

CRIMSON clover.

We have already secured the following low prices
on crimson clover for the coming season: Sack, 3
bushels, 55..50; bushel, $3.00; 'i bushel, $1.60; peck,
85cts.; lib.. Sets. If wanted by mail, add 10 cts.
per lb. for postage and packing. We will send 3
lbs. bj' mail, postpaid, for aO cts. From 8 to 1.5 lbs.
of seed per acre is needed. Sow it on ground where
a crop has been removed, in July or August; or sow
it the last time of hoeing and cultivating among
growing corn, melons, or any sort of garden stuff,
where the ground is but little disturbed in harvest-
ing the crop.

seeds that may be sown in the .middle of JUNE.

First, all kinds of beans, beets fand cab>)age if
you have good plants), and carrots. This is just the
time to sow cauliliower seed in order to have the
heads form in cool weather. It is also just the
time for celery if you have good plants: all kinds of
sweet corn; the very best time for cucumbers; just
right for lettuce if "you have a market for it in the
fall. But you must keep it out of the hot sun by
means of cotton cloth, as I have explained. There
is aLso time for all kinds of melons if the fall is
favorable. You may sow onion seed for sets, and
you may put out plants if you have them, providing
the weather is fa orable. Sow now all kinds of
peas; peppers if you have the plants; Early Sugar
pumpkin. By the way, we can furnish you regular
fleld-pumpkin seed, just such as is used by the
Lakeshore Canning Factory, lor 1.5 cts. per lb., or 25
cts. if sent by mail postpaid. Now is also the time
for tomatoes if you havejilants; all kinds of tiir-
nips, if they don't get spr)iled by the hot weather.
This is just the time for the coffee-berry and soja
beans; just the time for bucliwhoat, or a month
later if you choose; a good time for rape, either for
bees or forage; also for cow peas.

the Hotchkiss machitie advertised In our last issut;.
We are using, for almost e\i'i-\- thing, pure I'aiis
greeit. I'ut on in the form ol a dry jxiwdcr ii re-
quires ever so much less labor tas you art; not oblig-
ed to carry around a greal (|uantity of wateri, so
that we are using it lor .ilniosi ('very t liing. When
gooseberries, cnrrimts, and siuiilar fruits get to be
so large that you do not want to use Paris green,
use pyrethrum or hellebcjre. We have the best suc-
cess with the pyrethrum. We use tobacco dust for
melon, sijuash, and ail other vines. Since the dust
has become so cheap we just put a little heap of it
right over the plants as soon as the bu^s begin to be
troublesome. It will not hurt the melons or
squashes if you cover them ail ii|) with it: and you
may be sure the most i)ertinacious bugs will never
dig into the tobacco dust to get at the plant. See
prices of all these things in our new seed catalog.
If you haven't one, it will pay you to ask for one by
postal card, even if you don't buy a cent's worth.
The information it contains is very valuable to have
at band.

the pot.\to premiums.
After our exceedingly liberal offer in our last is-
sue, the Thoroughbreds went off very quickly — in
fact, very much quicker than I supposed they
would, for I rather expected they would last clear
through the month of June. The sudden taking-up
of our offer was, I presume, a good deal owing to
the fact that old potatoes began to get scarce, and
new ones are high-priced on account of the cold,
wet, and backward spring We have at present
nothing to give away except about 60 bushels of
New Queen seconds, and we will hold to our offer as
long as they last--a barrel of potatoes tor every one
who sends a dollar for Gleanings. To those who
send us a new subseriber. and find the potatoes
gone, we will give them any of the premiums we
offered to you last year for a new subscriber. If
this is not satisfactory we will return the money.
This latter course, however, might be a little rough
on the new subscriber; but we will try to make it
satisfactory all around if it is not already so. Those
who have paid up away ahead, with the view of
getting a barrel of potatoes, may have their money
back again if they prefer it; or they may avail
themselves of any offer we have made during the
past year for renewing ahead. We sincerely hope
that the potatoes that have been distributed so
lavisbly will be the means of doing good in the way
of giving our friends better varieties than they had
before. Those who received the Thoroughbreds
will, I am sure, find it a profitable transaction.

insecticides and powder-bellows.

The fl.OO bellows pictured in our price list answers

our purpose splendidly; but if you have several

acres of potatoes to go over I think I would have

the gleanings contribution for the starv-
ing people in INDIA.

Since our last we have received the following re-
ceipt:

Boston, June 8, 1897.

The American Board of Commissioners for For-
eign Missions acknowledges the receipt of thirty-
nine dollars, from A. I. Root, Pres ; contributed by
The A. I. Root Co.. $2.5; Geo. M. Kellogg, $5; W. C.
Gault, $5: Lydia Wagner, $3; A. W. Harman, $1;
Mrs. C. E. Hatch, $1. for famine relief in India.

Frank H. Wiggin, Treasurer.

Also the following since then: Mrs. G. J. Size,
Scarboro Junction, Ont., .fl.CO; G. R. Noren, Waver-
ly, Neb., $2.

".TESUS MY ALL."

The Home talks in this issue were closed with the
last verse of hymn 103, Christian Endeavor Edition
of Gospel Hymns No. (>. If our friends will hunt up
this hymn and sing it in tho family circle, they will
get the iaea that filled the heart of the writer. I
wish especially you would sing it to the music in
the book. I heard it at prayer-meeting just after I
had finished my Home Paper, and it seemed to me
that never before did praise and trust in God blend
together so beautifully as on that Saturday after-
noon.

THE WAY THINGS ARE WORKING AROUND.

At the present time you might almost as well
expect to find a duck that does not know how
to swim as to find a boy who cap not carry a
bundle and ride a wheel.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June 15.

A BICYCLE TOUR

Three gentlemen for a European tour purchased new hundred dollar
bicycles. One a Columbia — the others of well-known high-grade
manufacture. They had an agreeable trip — particularly the Colum-
bia rider. Before returning to America, it being late in the year —
and wishing to buy new machines in 1897 — they sold their wheels
to a London dealer. The Columbia bicycle brought $65.00. The
others $40.00 and $35.00 respectively. But one of thz many proofs
of Columbia superiority. If you look a year anead there is wise
economy in

STANDARD OF THE WORLD.

HARTFORDS,

'60, '50, *45

Better than almost any other bicycles.

POPE MANUFACTURING CO., Hartford, Conn.

Mor

Greatest Bicycle Factory in the World,
Branches or dealers in almost every city and town

sented in your vicinity, let us know

than 17 Acres of Floor Space.
If Columbias are not properly repre-

B. Hendrickson, Agent,

Medina, Ohio.

Are You Going to Buy.

Apiarian Supplies or Bees?

If so. You Want the Best.

This is the only quality we otter. Our prices are
right, and our '97 catalog- describing them, and the
management of bees, is yours for the asking.

We carry a large stock, and can ship promptly.
Freight is a big consideration, often amounting to
20 per cent of the value of goods. Let us quote you
prices on what you need, delivered at your station.

Freight Paid.

They will cost but a trifle more than others charge
at the factory. Our aim is to plea.se.
Apiary, I. J. STRINOHAM,

aien Cove, L. I. 105 Park PI., N. Y. City.

Q^^^N'^^^.~->-^ Either Golden or Imported by
ll^ckf^c return mail. Untested, T5c;
U^^llSf Tested, $100: Breeders, $3.00.
-^'N^^-^^ W. H. LAWS, Lavaca, Ark.

Don't Neglect Your Bees.

Bee-keeping may be made uniformly suc-
cessfnl by judicious feeding. It is just as
important with bees as witli other stock.
Success in feeding depends
very much on the feeder used.
When you have tried the

Boardman Atmospheric
Entrance=feeder

you will be convinced of this.

For descriptive circulars
and price list, address

H. R. BOARDMAN, East Townsend, Ohio.

nilFFN^ Either 3 or .'> l).Mndod, tJO cents each; 6
VVJL'L'i^O. for $3 CO. Nuclei and supplies cheap.
CHAS. H. THIE3, 5teeleville, III.

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE

467

Queens Given Away.

Gniv ("ariiiulans ;ind (uiUloii Italians. Wo will
givo li tlno tested quovu lOillier race) to nil L'listom-
ers orderiiiK *> untei-ted (Hiootis, and a ttne select
tested queen to all who order 13 untested queens iit
one time. The queens jrivon away will be sent to
customers in Au^rust.

Grade and prices of bees Apr., May, July. Aug.,
and queens. I June. bept.

Untested queen

Tested queen.

Select tested <iueens

Best imported queens

1 L.-frame nucleus, no queen

2 L.-frame miclei, no queen..
Full colony of bees, no queen

in new Dov'd hive

.76

.65

1.50

1.26

2.50

2.25

5.00

4.00

.76

..50

1.50

1.00

5.00

4.00

We guarantee our bees t<

be free from all diseases

and to jrive entire satisfa

ction. Des-Tiptive price

list free.

F. A. Lockhart & Co.

Lake George, N. Y.

QUEENS

Untested. 50c; doz., $6.00
Warranttd, 60c; doz, $7.00
Tt'Sted, 75c; doz.,$8.00

Imported Italian mothers only are used, and for
industry, gentleness, and beauty their bees are un-
surpassed. We have in our yard biishels of drones
from imported mothers and their daughters, and a
mismated queen is rare. No defective queens sent
out. Remember that we are in the far South, and
can send queens by return mail. Safe delivery.
Money-ord. r office. Decatur.

CLEVELAND BROS., Stamper, Miss.

Orders filled by return mail or freight for A. I.
Root Cos supplies, our choice strain Italian
queens; one, two, and three frame nuclei. If you
want good goods at low itrices and in a hurry, send
us your orders. ;W pag-e catalog free.

JOHN NEBEL & SON, High Hill, Mo.

Italian Q"««5i'

either golden beauties
or 3-banded imported
stock. Tested. $1.00 each; untested,
70c each; half dozen, $4.00. One queen to new cus-
tomer, 6.5c. P. O. M. O. office. Lavaca. Ark.

E. A. SEELEV, Bloomer, Ark.

The New Cornell Smoker.

Cheap,

Strong,

Serviceable,

Large Size.

iiic^ -ru e: TUi^i/^ for those who want a
JU&T rut 1 HINU flrst-fiass smoker at
a medium price. Size of cup. .3^ inches; curved
nozzle, hinged so as to swing back; legs of malleable
iron, secured by bolts. The blast is the well-known
Cornell principle. Weight of smoker, only 20
ounces.

Price $1.00. postpaid, or 75c if sent by express
or freight with other goods.

THE A. I. ROOT COHPANY,
MEDINA, OHIO.

Send Your Beeswax

to M. H. HUNT, Bell Branch, Hich.,

and have it made Into foundation.
It will cost you only 12'/4c per lb. for
thin surplus, and 15c for extra-tliin
light brood; 10c, medium brood, or
heavy, 8c. A carload of Root's goods
at bottom prices. Let mo quote you
prices, wholesale or retail. Large
free price list full of information.

In writintf advertisers please mention Glkaxinos.

RED=CLOVER ITALIANS

Are fine large bees that work well on red clover.
Are bred for business. One unt(!8ted queon, 65c;
two for $1.25; one warranted queen. 80c; two for
$1.50; one tested, 5=1.25; 1 .select, $2.00. Queens fur-
nished in season, and satislaction guaranteed.

C. n. HICKS. Hicksville. Wash. Co., Md.

ALL QUEENS

that are shipped from our
apiary are to be depended on to produce strong col-
onies of fine honey-gatherers. We have but the
purest Italians, and we take pride in furnishing the
best of queens. Tested, $1 00 each ; $11.00 per dozen.
Untested, 76 cts. each, $8.00 per dozen. Safe arrival
and satisfaction guaranteed on every order.

J. W. K. SHAW <£ CO..
LORBAUVILLE, LA.

Dovetailed Hives.

Sections, Extractors, Smokers,
and every thing a Bee-keeper
wants. Honest Goods at Close
Honest Prices. 60-page cata-
log free.

J. M. JENKINS, Wetumpka, Ala.

I _ I U I Do you need queens? the

I nriK MfirG ' purest and best. If so,
IwUVIV lltl ^ . ^.g are prepared by re-
turn mail to ship the 3 band and golden Italians,
and silver gray Carniolans, untested, warranted
purely mated, for .50c: tested, 75c; breeders. $2.25.
JUDGE E. Y. TERRAL & CO.. Cameron, Texas.

QUEENS

Smokers. Sections .

Comb Foundation,
And all Apiuiran Siippliet
theap. Send for

K. T. FLANAGAN. Kelleville. III.

What More?

Queens from best working stock.

Reared by best methods.

Tells and queens selected.

Poor queens replaced free.

20 years' experience— 7 as a q. breeder.

7r'c; six. $3.50; twelve, $6.50.

Prf)mptness.

Safe arrival.

Free catalogue.

CASE, Port Orange, Fla.

QUEENS BY RETURN MAIL.

Daughters of best imported queen mother, war-
ranted purely mated to drones of imported stock
from a ditferent source; hence, a direct cross. 12
years as a honey-producer on a large scale has
taught me what good queens mean to the producer
as well as how to rear them. Price of queens, 50c
each. Safe deliverv and satisfaction, or money re-
funded. L. H. ROBEY, Worthington, W. Va.

Rin WflMnFD! The Smoke Engine goes with-
DIU VYUI^UCIVI out puffing; burns in the
center; heats only the top; burns chips without
drizzle; makes all the smoke wanted, without work;
the best bee-smoker ever made; doesn't tip over.
T. F. BINQHAM, Farwell, Mich.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June 15

WEED DRAWN FOUNDATION.

We have been compelled to disappoint a good
many who have ordeitd a supply of drawn founda-
tion. Our machine was finished for a strip only two
inches wide, and that not as perfect as we wanted
to make it. A mishap occurred to the dies, making
it necessary to repair. In doing so we have made
them over new, and full size, .5 by 8 inches, and
they are almost completed. We expect to have the
machine running by the time this number is mail-
ed. We have a number of orders wailing; but with
increased capacity of the machinf we hope to be
able to supply promptly all that will be needed from
now on for experimental use this season. If you
have not seen any, and wish to try it, send on your
orders. Pieces 4x8 inches (or 2 4x4), 5c each; 6 for
25c. A box of 'i lb., 75c, or prepaid for 90c. There
is still time to give the drawn foundation a good
test this season.

BUSINESS STILL BOOMING.

There is very little let-up on orders yet; and as
the season advances the demands for immediate
shipment become more imperative. We are in a
little better shape than we were June first, but are
still several days behind. If this week does not
bring too many new orders we liope, by the end of
the week, to have almost all orders filled. We con-
tinue to send out three full carloads a week, besides
the multitude of smaller orders. We are shipping
this week the ninth carload for the season to Jos.
Nysewander, Des Moines, Iowa, and the fourth car
to Syracuse, N. Y.; have shipped the fourth car to
St. Paul, and also to Chicago; the third to Geo. E.
Hilton, Fremont, Mich., and the flr.st to Byron
Walker. Evart, Mich. We have also shipped a car-
load to L. A. Watkins Mdse. Co., Denver, Colo. Our
records show that, up to this date, we have shipped
over fifty full carloads this season, while up to the
same date last year we had shipped forty cars. We
are still running night and day, aod are likely to
continue the rest of this month, from present out-
look.

KIND WORDS FROM OUR CUSTOMERS.

ROOT S CATALOG.

A short time ago I had occasion to look over your
catalog more closely than usual. I read a few par-
agraphs here and there; and the more I read, the
more I was interested in its contents, until I had
the whole pretty well perused. It is not only a cat-
alog or price list, but it is a veritable bee-keeper's
cyclopedia. It contains a little of every thing, and
that " little " seems to be the cream of ail beeiitera-
ture. It contains more matter of real value on its
few pages than some ISOO page volumes. I am sur-
prised that we have not before realized its worth, or,
if we have, have not mentioned it. There is hardly
a question in the line of apiculture that the pam-
plilet does not answer in some way. Its condensed
information makes it valuable, not only to the ama-
teur and professional bee-keeper, but to every one
who is the least interested in bees. I should not
consider a library complete without it.

Naples, N. Y. G. C. Greineb.

Mr. Boot:— Tours was a kindly, generous thought,
to send out potatoes to your Gleanings family;
and when the nice new barrels came so promptly,
filled with choice potatoes, it was too much, and we
hoped it might be returned to you, "in basket and
store," pressed down, full, and running over, for
many years. Lizzie Hurley.

Mt. Carroll, 111.. June 9.

My dear friend, you do not know how your letter
softened up some of our faces, and brought a smile
to the face of one overworked faithful clerk. We
had just been trying to untangle a snarl because two
barrels of potatoes got " swapped," in our hurry in

getting off over 500 bushels of premium potatoes in
a little over a week. The two barrels of potatoes
that got swapped contained other things of value,
which made the matter more complicated. After
some search among tiie records, overhauling the
clerks, etc., I uttered an exclamation when I picked
up your letter. The clerk mentioned said, "Oh
dear! I hope it is not another mistake." In reply I
handed her your brief but kindly epistle. Had you
seen her face soften you would have felt amply re-
paid tor your kind words. May God bless you for
them. Such letters are sometimes like glimpses of
oases in the desert of business, especially when
business is rushing and crowding until almost ev-
erybody is overworked.

Single=tube Bicycle Tires.

Good ones, too, for

$5.00 Per Pair.

Including repair kit and pump. We have given
them a thorough test and find them well made and
durable.

THE A. I. ROOT CO., Medina, O.

nilFFlV^ P"""^ Italians, 3 or 5 banded, tested,
yUL,uno, 1100; untested, 50 cts I have 500
nuclei. Can send queens bv return mail.

DANIEL WURTH, Falmouth, Rush Co., Ind.

cn Cts. Each for Untested Leather=colored Italian
*''^ Queens. It you want cheap Bees, Queens,
and Sweet-Clover Seed, send tor my price list.
Address W. J. FOREHAND. Fort Deposit, Ala.

w

ARRANTED Three and Five Banded Italian
Queens at 50 Cents each.

GEO. W. COOK, Spring Hill, Kan.

Limited Number of Untested Italian Queens

from pure stock, at 65 cts. each.

T. N. BRIGGS, Marion, Mass.

Wants and Exchange Department.

Notices will be inserted under this head at one-half our usual
rate. Advertisements intended for this department must not
exceed five lines, and you must say you want your adv't in this
department, or we will not be responsible for eiTors. You can
have the notice as many lines as you please ; but all over five
lines will cost you according to our regular rates. This depart-
ment is intended only for bona-flde exchanges. Exchanges for
cash or for price lists, or notices offering articles for sale, can
not be inserted under this head. For such our regular rates of
20 c. a line will be charged, and they will be put with the regu-
lar advertisements. We can not he responsible for dissatisfac-
tion arising from these " swaps."

w

ANTED.— To exchange Belgian hares, homing
pigeons, White Leghorn eggs or breeding-stock,
for Italian queens from imported mother, pure-bred
geese, ducks, or ducks' eggs, or offers.

Ecgene Manning, Jacksonville, N. T.

WANTED,— To exchange for any thing useful, St.
Bernard puppies at greatly reduced prices;
also Pekin ducks. Bee hives 16x16x10 in,

W, W. Prevey, Elroy, Wis.

WANTED,— To exchange three 100-gallon heavy
tin tanks— improved honey-faucet, four bands,
worth $5,00— for extracted honey,

Wm, a, Selser, 10 Vine St., Phila., Pa.

WANTED,— To exchange Pekln ducks or eggs for
Italian queens, African geese or offers,

John Burr, Braceville, 111.

Black and Hybrid Queens for Sale.

I have a few mismated Italian queens, also a few
black queens, very prolific. Will sell for,35c each,
or 5 for $1.00. E. A. Seeley, Bloomer, Ark,

(JLIOANINUS IN BEEaCUI/niRE.

Root's Goods at his prices in Northern Michigan,

l.ix'iil (lealois siipp

:';tl(M's riiU's. (!<)0(ls sliipped t'lom Mi

B. WALKER, Evart, Mich.

SEE THAT WINK?

BEE SUPPLIES.

Root's Goods at Root's Prices.

Poader's Honey Jars aiul every
tiling: used liy bee-keepers. Low
freiirht rates; prompt service.
C.ttaluifue free.
'If .rthM/nphV; «' WALTER S. POUDER,

W/itcn P0VUCH:> ^ 162 Mass. Ave., Indianapolis, Ind.

A Dollar Saved

is better than one earned. Read my 87tli
annual catalog, and don't send out West for
goods you can buy cheaper here at home.

I have added 2400 feet of floor-space to my
store-house and shall keep in stock Root's

Eolished one - juece sections. Dovetailed
ives. new Weed foundation, etc., in addi-
tion to my old line.

Best breeds of bees and queens at bottom
prices. Don't buy until you see what you
can do with me.

W. W. GARY, Colrain, Mass.

MUTH'S HONEY-EXTRACTOR,
SQUARE GLASS HONEY-JARS,
ROOT'S GOODS AT ROOT'S PRICES,

Bee-keepers' Supplies in g-eneral, etc., etc.
Send for our new catalog. "Practical
Hints" will be mailed for 10c in stamps.
Apply to

CHA8. F. MUTH & SON, Cincinnati, 0.

Onr Prices are Worth Looking at!

IN THE

New Champion Chaff Hive Especially.

All other supplies ai^cordlngly. Send

for catalogue and price list. Address,

mentioning Glkamngs.

R. H. SCHMIDT & CO., Box J87, Sheboygan, Wis.

Golden, S

.' c Dr Gallup says they are the best he
Albino. 5 has in his yard.
J. D. GIVENS. Lisbon, Texas.

Closing=out Prices
on First=class Goods.

Ill No. IK Dov. hives, 8-frame, - $7..50
111 Xo. Ik IJov. hivep. 10-frame. - - 8..50
Be-t polished sections, *rJ..50 per M. Other
goods ill proportion. Let me make an es-
timate on .v'ur wants.

W.J. Finch, Jr., Chesterfield, III.

Honey Leaflet, by Dr. C. C. Miller. Why honey is
more wh(jle>ome than cane sugar; honey as an ar-
ticle of diet; liotiey cooking-recipes. This leaflet is
■wriiteu for tl.e Ijeneflt of consumers, and is put out
at an extremely low price so that honey produc-
ers may distribute them free to their customers.
Prices: 10, .5c; 100,20c; .oOO,7.5c; all postpaid; 1000.
75e; carriage extra.

THE A. I. ROOT CO., Hedina, Ohio,

Texas Queens.

Three Car Loads.

My third car of goods from The A. I. Hoot Co. has
arrived, and I am prepared to All orders for regular
goods by next train at Root's prices. Send for my
36-page catalog, or send nic a list of goods wanted
and I will make you l)ottoni prices.

GEO. E. HILTON,

Fremont, Mich.

From ^hp ^

Queen Specialist.

Light Italians ot the 3-banded
variety, bred from the same strains that gave such
universal satisfaction from 188.5 to 1890. All queens
warranted purely mated, and shipped by return
mail if so requested. Price 75 cts. each. Address

JAMES WOOD, North Dana, Mass.

Queens by Return Mail.

We are filling orders for queens, when required,
by return mail. Untested, either Italians. Holy-
Lands, Carniolans, or Cyprians, 75c each, $4.25 for
six, or SB. 00 per dozen. Tested queens of either
race, SI. .50 each.

We will give one untested queen and the SOUTH-
LAND QUEEN one year for $1.00. This offer is for
new subscribers only. We wish you to read the
only bee-paper published in the 8outh. Sample
copy and our catalog thai tells all about queen rear-
ing, and almost a complete book on Seuthern bee-
keeping, free for the asking.

Root's goods, Dadant's foundation, and Bingham
smokers. Steam bee-hive factory and all kinds of
bee-supplies. Write your name and address on a
postal card and we will do the rest.

The Jennie Atchley Co.,

Beeville, Bee Co., Texas.

Tested
Italian
Queens

By mail, in July and
August, 60 cts. each.

J. C. Wheeler, Piano, III.

IF YOU WANT BEES

that will just "roll" in the honey, and that are
wonderful red-clover workers, also gentle to han-
dle and exce;dingl\ hardy, then try MOORE'S
STKAIN OF ITALIANS, the result of 18 j'ears
of careful breeding.

Warranted queens, 7.5 cts. each: 3 for $ZM; -er
doz., $7.50. Select warranted, gl.OO. Safe arrival
and satisfaction guaranteed. Circular free. Those
who have never dealt with me I refer to A. I. Root,
who has purchased of me over 85(1 queens.

J. P. Moore, Morgan, Pendleton Co., Ky.

For Sale.== Bees and Queens.

Queens. *I.O(i. Bees by the pound, Jl.OO. Nuclei,
two frames, with queen, $2.50; one frame, $3.00

Also Barred and white P. Rocks, Silver Laced
Wvandottcs. Kggs for sitting, at $1.00 for 15.

MRS. A. A. SinPSON, Swarts, Greene Co.. Pa.

bees;

FOR SALE. In 8-frarae Dove-
ailed hives, queens from im-
>orted mothers. Price $3.00

to $4.00 per colony.
EDVV. SMITH, Carpenter, 111.

470

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE

June 15.

J?4 Gleanings at ^S

::' Reduced Rates.

^& With a view to encouraging memlDership ifk

^ new subscribers may take advantage of "T
M this offer; but in the case of the old, all tZi
JT back subscriptions must be paid up before ^
ia the T5-cent rate tor a year will be allowed ; tSf
JT otherwi8eonly9months will be credited. Jr
fejT We must either require all subscriptions f5r

^ at this reduced rate to come through the *
^•f secretary, or we must have evidence of ^gl

^ some sort that you belong to some bee-keep- JT
^•Jl ers' society. Simply a line from thesecre- W

.^ tary, stating that you are a member in reg- -
^jf lar standing, will suffice. At your next 5;J
•^ annual meeting, bear this in mind; and if .^
»JJI you wish to become a subscriber to this «5
^^ journal, hand 75 cents to your secretary, .^
ijjl and when that amount is received by us »J5
^^ your name will be placed on our subscrip- .^
»J5 tion list for 13 months. »JJI

j^ If you do not now belong to any associa- ^^
lj5 tion, send $1.75 to us or to Secretary Dr. <ij5
^^ A. B. Mason, of the United States Bee-keep- -^
ij5 era' Union, at Toledo, Ohio. StationB. This i.;5
^w will entitle you to a year's membership and ^^
»J5 protection in the Union, and one year's »i5
^fc subscription to this journal. ^w

^^ The A. I. Root Company, ^^

ifi Medina, Ohio. df^

6UY DIRECT

and pay but one profit.
Our assortment is one
of the l)est and most
complete in

FRUIT and ORNAMEN-
TAL TREES, SHRUBS,

PLANTS, ROSES,
VINES,BULBS,SEEDS

Rarest new, choicest old. Send for
our catalogue to-day; it tells it all; an
elegant book, 168 pages, magazine
size, profusely illustrated, free.

Seeds, Plants , Bulbs. Small Trees, etc. by
mail postpaid. safe arrival and satisfaction
guaranteed. Larger by e.xpress or freight.
43d year. 33 Greenhouses. 1000 Acres-

STORRS & HARRISON CO.,

Box33l Painesville, Ohio.

Fruit Packages of all Kinds,

also

Bee=keepers' Supplies.

Order your supplies now
before the busy season
catches you. Price list
free. Address

BERLIN FRUIT-BOX CO.,
Berlin Heights, Erie Co.

iBTEHTS

PROCURED
PROMPTLY

V

^^ AT REASONABLE RATES

f By J. A. OSBORNE & CO.,

^H PATENT LAWYERS,

■ 579 The Arcade, CLEVELAND, 0.

^^* OALL OR WRITE, ADVICE FREE.

Confidence Restored.

Not Page confidence, that was never lost. Sales
increased evc'iv year through the late "unprosper-
ousness." Kovr corues 8.5 per-cent increase for the
month of April. This shows that people like the
Coiled Sprinif and like to buy it ofthe oviner,
rather than those who attempt to appropriate it
without leave or license.

PAGE WOVEN WIRE FENCE CO., Adrian, Mich.

(t^"In writing advertisers idease mention Glkaninbs.

ONE MAN WITH THE
UNION COMBINATION SAW

Can do tlie work of four men us-
ing hand tnols in Ripping, Cut-
ting off, Mitering, Rabbeting,
Grooving. Gaining, Dadoing,
Edging up. Jointing Stuff, Etc.
Full Line of Foot and Hand
Power Machinery. Sold on Trial.
Catalog Free. 1-2461

Seneca Falls Mfg. Co.,
44 Water St. Seneca Falls, N. Y.

TUp. I/;||«. Windwheels. Only 1 inch thick edge-
1 lie IVIII^ wise. Six-foot wheel does all gener-
al work. Weight of wheel 61 lbs. Latest and highest
standard of excellence. Best of galvanized towers.
Write today for full information to

C. O. WEiDMAN, Sole Mfr., Medina, Ohio.

Porter Honey-House Bee-Escape.

Have you seen it ? .lust tlie thing- to put on the
doors or windows of your bee-rooms. Indispensa-
ble, you'll say, after you have tried it.

Price by mail, 25 cents.

Cowan and Novice
Extractors.

These are the best. We are
prepared to furnish on short
notice, from any of our several
branches, Z, 4, and 6 frame Cow-
ans, and 3-frame Novices.

If you want the genuine, see
that they bear our name.

A 36-page catalog sent free on
application.

THE A. I. ROOT CO., Medina, Ohio.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

475

Contents of this Number.

1 Cook....4W

Eilitiu- at BaiiuiK-k.

United States Bee=keepers' Union.

Organized to advance the ))uisuit nf Aiiicultuie; to pro-
mote the interests of bee keepers; to protect its mem-
bers; to prevent the adulteration of honey; and to
lirosecute the dishonest commission man.

Membership Fee-$i.OO Per Annum.

Hxec^titii'e C'nniniil tec.
President— George W. York.

Vice-Pres.— E. Whitcomb.
Secretary— Dk. A. B. Mason,

Station B. Toledo, Ohio.

-Board of -directors.

E R. Root. E. Whitcomb. W. Z. Hutchinson.

E. T. Abbott. Dr. C. C. Miller. C. P. Dadant.

General Afanag-er and Treasurer.

Eugene Secor, Forest City, Iowa.

Next Annual Meetin? at Buffalo, N. Y., Aug. 24—

26, 1,S97.

Honey Column.

CITT MARKETS.

San Francisco.— Ho/icy.— Fancy white, 9@10; No
1 white. 8@9; fancy amber. 7: No. 1 amber, 6®7;
fancy dark, 5@6: No. 1 darii, 4@-5: white extracted,
iii&i''.: amber, 3i4@3?j : dark, 2®)^; beeswax, 24®
2.5. Honey crop is of unusually fine quality, and
yield is fairly large. The demand is not active, and
apiarists are unwilling to sell at prevailing prices.
Henry Schacht,

June U. San Francisco, Cal.

Chicago.— Honey.— Not any new comb honev on
the market. Some new extracted is offered without
sales of consequence, yet tho«e effected are such as
to establish a decline of half a cent per pound from
our previous quotation. Beeswax without special
change. R. A. Burnett & Co.,

June 24. 163 So. Water St., Chicago, 111.

New York. — Honey. — No comb honey on our
market. Some demand for white comb at 10@11.
Extracted is arriving freely from the South, and
selling fairly well at 50-.52o per gallon for average
grade, finer grades at 5.5-60c per gal. New Califor-
nia is beginning to come in. and sells at 4yt@iK for
Hght amber, and hli.^Vi for white. Beeswax in
fair demand at 26@27

Hildreth Bros. & Segelken,

June 22. 120-122 W. Broadway, New York.

Milwaukee.— Hon«i/.— The supply of honey in
this market continues to hold out equal to the de-
mand, altliough the choice quality is getting reduc-
ed, and ihe demand exists for sui-h. while the com-
mon and poorer grades are hard t'i move at any
price. Can quote white choice 12@14; white com-
mon, 10@11; dark, 8@10; extracted white, in barrels
and half-barrels, 5'4®6i/4; ext. amber, in barrels
and kegs, 5@5V»; ext. dark, 4@4H; beeswax, 2.5@27.
A. V. Bishop &Co.,

June 23. Milwauiiee, Wis.

Kansas City.— Honey.— Fancy white, new, 1.3@14;
No. ) white, new, 12@13; fancy amber, new, lir(512;
No. 1 amber, new. )0@11; fancy dark, new, 9@10;
No. 1 dark, new. 8@9; No. 1 white, old. 10@11; No. 1
amber, old, 8@9; No. 1 dark, old, 7@8; extracted
white, old. 5@.JH : amber, old, 4!/2@.5; dark, old, 354
@4; beeswax, 35@30. C. C. Clemons & Co.,

June 22. 423 Walnut, Kansas City, Mo.

Philadelphia.— Honey.— Old conil) honey mostly
cleaned up. Odds and ends sold at any reasonable
offer. Very liltlc new in yet- not (Miougli to estab-
lish a price, and will 1». no call till Scptetiiber. Ex-
tracted dark, :i';r,;t; amber, 4@4'i; liglit, .5@.5'/2.
Prices will rule low; big crop everywhere. Bees-
wax, 25. Wm. A.Selser,

June 22. in Vine St., Philadelphia, Pa.

Cleveland.— Honey. —Fancy white, 12@13; No. 1
1 white, 10@11; fancy amber, 9; fancy buckwheat 6
@7; beeswax, 28@30. Honey is moving very slowly.
A. B. Williams & Co.,

June 21. 80-82 Broadway, Cleveland, O.

Cincinnati.— Woney.— There is a fair demand for
extracted honey at 3!-4@l), according to quality. De-
mand for comb honey is slow at 8@13. Consider-
able new extracted honey has been arriving for the
past two or three weeks, and finds a pretty ready
sale. Demand for beeswax is fair at 22@2.5 for good
to choice yellow. Chas F. Muth & Son,

June 22. Cincinnati, O.

Boston. — Honey. — Fancy whitte. 13: No. 1, 11®
12; No. 2, 10; white extracted 7; amber. 6@6.
E. E. Blake & Co.,
June 2.5. 67 Chatham St., Boston, Mass.

St. Louis. — Ho?iey.— Fancy white, 12®13!4 ; No. 1
white. 11@11»»; amber. 9@10y2; extracted amber,
4^®4u; while, ^%@o}i\ beeswax, 25'/2@26. We
quote you nominal price, of honey. Not much be-
ing sold at present, and what is. is a speculative
way. Westcott Commission Co.,

June 26. 213 Market St., St. Louis, Mo.

Detroit. — Honejy.- Fancy white, 10®12; No. 1
white, 10@11; fancy amber, 8®9: No. 1 amber. 7@8;
white extracted, 5@6; amber, 4@6; beeswax, 25®36.
M. H. Hunt,

June 25. Bell Branch, Mich.

Columbus. — Honey. — Very limited demand for
honey. No new crop on the market, but expect
small lot next week. Do not look for very good
prices. White clover selling at 12Vi@13: amber, 7®
8. The Columbus Com. & Storage Co.

June 33. 409-413 N. High St., Columbus, O.

Minneapolis.— Honey.— Best white-clover comb
honey. 14; amber, 10®12; water white ext.. Wis., BM
@6^; amber, ext.. Wis , o®nVi: Cal. water white, 6
@6V^; Cal. amber, .5@5;^. Market nominal.

S. H. Hall & Co..

June 22. Minneapolis, Minn.

For Sale.— Fancy extracted in 60-lb. cans, and
fancy comb (Danzy sections) mangrove honey In
30-lb. cases. Cash offers wanted, f. o. b. here.

H. Price Williams, Miami, Florida.

1 1_ <• nKoonc either golden beauties

It^ll^n VU*'*'"=»» or 3-banded imported
**-"■■*"•" stock. Tested, 90c each; untested,
.55c each: 6 for ¥3.00. One -ample queen to new cus-
tomer. .50c: breeders. $3.00 to f;!..5ti ea<-h. P. O. M. O.
office, Lavaca. E. A. SEELEV. Bloomer, Ark.

nilFFM^ Pure Italians, 3 or 5 banded, tested,
V^ULLrl'^O, $100; untested, .50 cts. I have 500
nuclei. Can send queens bv return mail.

DANIEL WURTH, Paimouth, Rush Co., Ind.

Tested ^ By mail, in July and
Italian ^ August, 60 cts. each.

Queens ^ J. C. Wheeler, Piano, 111.
Headquarters for Red=clover Bees.

Tons of honey are wliat they are gathering now.
Queens wholesale and retail. One queen, 50c ; 3 for
$1.35. 0. ROUTZAHN, Menallen, Pa.

w

ARRANTED Three and Five Banded Italian
Queens at 50 Cents each.

GEO. W. COOK, Spring Hill, Kan.

GLEANINOS IN BEE CULTUKL:.

JULV 1

What Has Been Told Lately

In the Be&-keepers' Review ? did you ask? Well, in tlie Jan. issue Mr. Asp uwall oxplantd a simple plan
whereby the mating of queens at the home yard may be secured wiih almcsl ahsiAutc certainty. R. L. Tay-
lor, in the Fetiruary issue, describes an experiment made to determine it' l;oiiey stored in ihe super of a
foul-broody colony was infected with the germs ot foul brood. In the March number, Is lac Lundy told
" How to Get Drawn Combs right in the Sections, and Secure Comb itorey at ' he same Time." In the April
Issue, R. L. Taylor tells at what a high temperature he kept hi-: bee-cellar last winter, and the results. The
June issue contains a long article frotn Mr. Lundy. explaining his meti ods. and giving tae details of a plan
whereby he secures drawn combs during the white-honey harvest. Of course, thete are other articles,
editorial comments, extracts, uotes from foreign bee-journals, Hasty's "View ot Curient Bee Literature,"
etc.

The Review is 11.00 a year; but for the sake of getting new subscribers T am ofl'ering it for 1897, and 1000
flrst-class sections, for only $2.50; (^r the Review and a Bingham Conqueror smoker for $1.75; or the Review
and a fine tested Italian queen for only $1.50.

W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint. Mich.

DANZENBAKER
HIVE AND HONEY

w(u Highe.-t, Honors at thei
Fairs, an i pays Premiums to
purch?.sers

of 60 hives, $60 for the best 100 Danzenbaker sections
" 25 " 26 " " 50

" 20 " 20 " " 40

" 10 " 10 " " 20

" 5 " 5 " •' 10

^^Further particulars regarding the premiums,
also .special catalog of the Danzenbaker Hive and
System, furnished on applicatiou. Address
FRANCIS DANZENBAKER, .Tiedina, Ohio.
Care of The A. I. Root Co.

Philadelphia Office of

THE A. I. ROOT CO.,

10 Vine St., Philadelphia, Penn.

Now is the time to order

Shipping = cases, Winter Cases,
Chaff Division=boards, etc., etc.

Order from catalog ; prices are same
as from factory.

At Des rioines,
Iowa.

Root's Goods at Roofs Factory Prices

Immense stock of the latest 1897 goods now on hand, and more to follow.

Thousands of Hives and Millions of Sections i* ^^ur record, and other goods in proportion. We

are suie to pleasi you if the best goods at bottom
prices and good service will do it. Eleventh annual catalog free. Address

JOS. NY5EWANDER, Des Moines. Iowa.

Bingham Perfect Bee=sniokers and Honey=knives.

Doz., $13.00; each, by mail, $1.50

9.00;
6. .50;
5.00;
4.75;
•1.50;
6.00;

Smoke Engine (""e^made."" ) * i"- stove

Doctor ....SVs

Conqueror 3 "

Large 2V4

Plain 2

Little Wonder ( wt. 10 oz. ) . . . . 2

Honey-knife

Bingham Smokers have all the new improvements
Smoker or Knife, look up its record and pedigree.

FIFTEEN YEARS FOR A DOLI.,AR; ONE-HALF CENT FOR A MONTH.

Dear Sir: — Have used the Conqueror 15 years. I was always pleased
with its workings, but thinking 1 would need a new one this "summer, I
write for a circular. 1 do not think the 4-inch Smoke Engme too large.

January 37, 1897. Truly, W. H. EAGERTY,Cuba, Kansas.

1.10
1.00
.90
.70
.60
.80
Before buying a

T. F. BINQHAH, Farwell, Hichigan

A Penny Saved is a Penny Earned.

Yes. it's hetier thuii 1 hut, for the saved penny you don't h^ive to eiirn twice. Well, the
Weekly American Bee Journal will help you s;.ve your pennies. It is a real money-
saver lo the loe-keeper who will read and practice its teaching. The regular price is
$1.00 a ye ir. or only about two cents rer copy. But in order that new readers mav give
it atrial we will send it for only 50 cents from the time we receive your subscription to
the end of 1897. Now, the sooner you send tiie half dollar, the more copies you will re-
ceive. Send Ic stamps if more convenient. Sample copy free.

GEORGE W. YORK & CO., 118 Michigan St., Chicago, 111.

• DELVoTEI

•To -Be. ELS *
•AND Honey

'Mh HOMEL-

•lNTE.FlESTi-

^ m

^T?^^^-^*

pjbiishedy theA'II^ooY Co.
iPERVtAR 'N® "Medina- Ohio-

Vol. XXV.

JULY I. i8{)7

No. 13

When nights are so hot one can't sleep,
bees seem to get in their best work.

What size should starters be in sections? is
asked in American Bee Journal. Three of the
21 repliers want small starters, the rest full
sheets.

I'm rather gi.ad friend Thompson's figures
, as to economy of making one's own foundation
are countered on page 446. I'd rather not
believe it's cheaper to make my own founda-
tion. Don't want the bother and worry of it.

Never before, I think, were railroad rates
so low to a big bee convention as to the Buffalo
convention, Aug. 24—26. As attendance is gen-
erally in proportion to cheapness of travel, this
ought to be the biggest convention we have
ever had.

F. L. Thompson is right, page 445, in think-
ing you can'tdrain the liquid partfrom all kinds
of granulated honey. It's only that with
coarse grains, and T. F. Bingham thinks it can
be done in no case with properly ripened honey.
Possibly that's true.

June 9, No. 156 was unqueened. June 15 it
had an egg in a queen-cell. Where did that
egg come from? Had it remained there 6 days
without hatching? or was it the product of an
aspiring worker? I incline to the latter view —
have had several such cases.

When you had such a tough time with that
swarm, Ernest, p. 4.58, didn't it meander along
your backbone that it might have been better to
have had the queen clipped? [Yes, if we were
not selling queens right along we would clip
all our queens after they were laying. See
editorials; also Doolittle's article.— Ed. J

N. E. France, the Wisconsin Foul-brood In-
spector, writes American Bee Journal, " I find
many Wisconsin bee-keepers who did not know

their bees were diseased, and nearly every case
is where they do not take a bee-paper." May
be one section of a foul-brood law ought to
compel every bee keeper to take a bee-journal.

It is possible that the Monnier treatment
for paralysis, page 447, had nothing to do with
the cure. It is also possible that it had every
thing to do with it, and it is so easily tried that
many ought to report as to its efficacy within
the next two months. Won't some of you par-
alytics, for the general good, try it, and prompt-
ly report success or failure ?

In reply to your question, p. 441, Mr. Editor,
R. Wilkin wants a term that in one word com-
prehends the hive with its contents— bees,
combs, and all. What word have we now for
that? [There is no term covering such an
idea. Perhaps " stock " would come the near-
est to it. This term is sometimes used in the
sense above described, and sometimes applying
in a sense to the bees only. — Ed.]

The few lindens to be found here are doing
better than your Medina trees. Most of them
are loaded with blossom-buds. [I hope your
basswoods may more fairly represent those over
the country generally. It would be worth much,
if we could know the probable prospects from
basswood over the country. If no bloom is to
be expected, then this will have a tendency to
stiffen prices a little on white clover. — Ed.]

It looks .strange to see supers nearly filled
with honey, and no sealed honey in the brood-
frames; but that's common this year. Strong
colonies and a sudden flow of great abundance.
[We do not find that condition here at Medina.
I suspect the reason is, that our home apiary is
overstocked. We are this week starting an out-
apiary to give some relief to the home yard.
Later.— Yard is located. Bees at the out-yard
are doing better than at the home yard.— Ed.]

An unusual feature of swarming this year
is the very little preparation made in advance.
The old rule, that the swarm issues when the
first cell is sealed, is utterly ignored, and in
most cases queen-cells have only eggs. It may

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

JUI.Y 1.

be different later. Possibly it may be account-
ed for by the change within a week from very
cool to very hot weather, and from the point of
starvation to a flood of honey. [There are
some other unusual features about swarming
this year. See editorials. — Ed.]

Professok Cook is right, page 449, and he's
wrong. We ought never to have had two or-
ganizations, and we never would have had
them if he and the other members of the old
Union had understood correctly. But when
amalgamation was killed, there was nothing
left but to start the new organization. If wise
counsels prevailed there would even yet be a
union of the old Union and the new Union.
[Many of us hope that wise counsels will yet
prevail.— Ed. j

Tkansferring 21 days after swarming is
perhaps better than during fruit-bloom. [Yes,
perhaps; but during fruit-bloom there is very
little honey in the combs, comparatively.
Twenty-one days after swarming the combs
may be crammed full. I have transferred a
good many colonies after the honey-flow, and
it was no pleasant job. It also occurs to me
that, 21 days after swarming, robbing would
be bad, and cutting up combs filled with honey
would only aggravate matters. During fruit-
bloom, combs would be comparatively light,
and bees would be busy on fruit-blossoms. — Ed.]

There! I'm glad we have a standard set
for rapid section -folding— 1000 in 40 minutes.
But, say; that girl has the advantage of long
and exclusive practice, and common people
needn't be discouraged at 1000 or less in an
hour. Now give us a mark to aim at in using
the Daisy foundation-fastener? How many
starters does your expert put in in an hour !
[Our people have never timed themselves on
startering sections; but a fair average speed is
about 500 an hour. They say they could do it
a little faster, but never tried to see what they
could do at their best.— Ed.]

The a. I. Root Co. will take hold of a uni-
form honey-package if some organization will.
Page 444. Why wait for some organization ?
But I suspect there was a shortage of " nots "
in the printer's case when he set that sentence.
[You are right, doctor. One little not was in-
advertently omitted. I tried to say if no one
else would take hold of the cheap extracted-
honey package the A. I. Root Co. would. But
we do not care to do so unless the demand is
made sufficiently strong to warrant us in lay-
ing in stock at our branch offices and agencies.
-Ed.]

John McArthur, in American Bee Journal,
thinks it is ridiculous to describe the markings
of workers and not of queens and drones. It
does seem a little so, but I couldn't give a dis-
tinct description of an Italian drone; and while
belaboring me for my ignorance he fails to give

such description himself. [The fact of the
matter is, that the color of the drones and
queens may vary all the way from black to a
light yellow in very pure stock. On the other
hand, workers themselves must show uniformly
three yellow bands. When these three show,
the other characteristics are present. Some of
the blackest queens we ever had, produced uni-
formly nicely marked three-banded Italians.
The drones from one of the best breeding-
queens we ever had were almost black.— Ed.]

The Bee Master is the name of a new bee-
journal published in England. It makes the
unique statement that it has no editor, and its
columns show it; for a good editor would not
allow so many abusive personalities. It is for
Punic bees and against the British Bee Journal.
[While nominally there may be no editor to this
new bee-paper it is pretty evident that John
Hewitt is the presiding genius. The fact of
the matter seems to be that this gentleman is
sore over the fact that the British Bee Journal
and Gleanings said some plain and truthful
things about Punic bees. Having started a
journal of his own he is again extolling the
merits of Punic bees — a variety that is cross
and bad propolizers, with hardly a redeeming
quality.— Ed.]

AiKiN AND Tou, Mr. Editor, don't agree as
to the advisability of selling consumers candied
honey. Tm with Aiken. C. F. Muth has for
years had his customers educated to demand
candied honey. Suppose you sell it liquid.
Before it's half used up it candies; and the
customer, knowing nothing about properly
melting it, considers it spoiled, and doesn't
want any more honey. Wouldn't more honey
be sold in the long run if it were sold granulat-
ed, and people instructed what to do with it?
[Aikln may be right for his class of trade,
especially if he has educated his customers up
to the idea of candied honey; but the general
run of consumers do not take very kindly to
candied honey. The retailers nearly all say
that the honey should be liquid, and kept so.
Mr. Chalon Fowls, M. H. Tweed, and numerous
others, hold to this idea. They visit the grocers
selling their honey, and any bottles containing
honey candied, or partly so, are exchanged for
those that are liquid. Later. — After writing
the above, J. A. Buchanan, who retails so
many carloads of honey, says Aikin's idea
" looks well on paper, but in practice it is dif-
ferent." He promises to write an article ex-
plaining his position more fully. — Ed.]

Conflicting testimony as to foundation
without papering comes from two southerners,
p. 453. Now, whose testimony shall be taken —
that of the man who, without saying he has
tried it, says it would get matted together, or
of the man who says he tried it and it didn't
get matted together? This week I used brood

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.-

47'.l

fouiidiitlon made five years ago, kept lii boxes
without papering, standing through one sum-
mer where the sun shone through the window
directly on the boxes, and It was as good as
ever. [Since those items were published in re-
gard to papering we have received a letter
from a customer in the South, who. having or-
dered the foundation unpapered, reports back-
that some of the sheets stuck together. We
have hardly dared not to paper unless we have
received special directions to the contrary. It
makes lots of extra work in unpapering. and if
It could be dispensed with It would save one
extra automatic attachment to our machine,
for the great bulk of our foundation is now all
papered by machinery. So far as we are con-
cerned, it makes very little difference whether
we paper or not. If I were in the North, how-
ever, I think I would order all my foundation
unpapered. In the South it might make trouble
to leave the paper out.— Ed.]

Dii R. C. Aikin.

BEES evaporated; a new malady.

In the spring of 1891, when I had the care of
Mr. N. C. Alford's apiaries at Fort Collins,
Colo.. I had an experience that I had never
heard the like of before nor since until the past
spring.

The bees I had charge of were in three api-
aries—one in town, and two about seven miles
out. The out- apiaries were about 1}4 miles
apart— one on the river-bottom, and the other
a mile or so from the river. It was my custom
in the spring to go to each aj)iary about once
in two weeks or thereabouts, my visits becom-
ing more frequent as the season advanced to
near the honey-flow. The books in which I
made the records were, of course, left with the
proprietor when I left his employ in the fall of
1891, so I shall have to speak from memory and
approximate the dates, etc.

I had been watching carefully the progress
of brood rearing, and had the colonies quite
strong in both bees and ^rood. The bees had
been packed in chaff, and all in ten-frame
hives. Many colonies were so strong that they
were clustering out, although we had not un-
packed yet. This was in May. While they
were so, I had looked all over and equalized
stores and brood, then was absent about ten
days, I think. About the last days of May or
first of June I went to the out-apiaries to again

inspect as to stores, remove packing, and do
such work as would guard against swarming.
I had not noticed any thing wrong at the home
apiary, nor any very marked features Indicat-
ing wrong conditions at the first apiary visited;
but when I reached the river apiary, and began
to look at the hives, I was astonished at the
very few bees in them. 1 went to some hives
that I knew had been clustered out about ten
days previously, and I found not enough bees
to cover the brood. The weather was warm,
the bees packed in chaff, and the few bees left
were spread all through the hives caring for
the brood. The weather was so warm that
there was no loss of brood; and as they had
from four to seven combs well filled, the hives
were soon very populous again.

My employer said the high winds had blown
the bees into the river. The stream is only a
small one, from 10 to 25 feet wide. The other
apiary, 13^ miles away, showed some loss too,
as a careful inspection showed, though, as I
said before, it was not so marked as to call
special attention to it until I had visited the
river apiary. There was also another apiary
some three miles away that the owner said was
afflicted in the same way. Some of the colo-
nies were so depopulated that, when I lifted
combs, I could lay my open palm on the face of
a comb of brood and scarcely touch a bee. It
was not what I understand as spring dwindling.
The bees were mainly young, for bees had been
hatching for weeks. At the time, I doubted
the loss being the result of winds, though I
could not account for It in any other way, so I
said little or nothing more about it, because
others said it was the wind.

From the above experience until the last
spring (189G) I did not see or hear any thing
more of the trouble; but the apiarists about
Denver had a rather vivid experience last
spring, that brought the matter u? in a very
serious light.

At the annual meeting of our State Associa-
tion that met in January we had arranged to
hold a spring meeting. In arranging dates
through the executive committee I was in cor-
respondence with Mr. Frafik Rauchfuss— our
secretary— who lives near Denver. I live 50
miles north of Denver. Mr. Rauchfuss report-
ed that he thought it useless to do any thing
toward a meeting, for all the bee-keepers there-
about were completely discouraged, because
their bees were nearly all dead. However, we
went ahead and had a meeting, although but
few came out, and they all had the blues.

The trouble about Denver covered a diameter
of fifteen or twenty miles, as nearly as I could
find out. The Rauchfuss Brothers are good
apiarists and close observers, and they told me
the trouble came very suddenly. I think they
said it lasted only three or four days. The
time, I think, was about the middle or last of

480

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July 1.

May. There were many hatching bees, and
brood in three to five combs. The bees just
vanished, and were nowhere to be seen. If
they had died in or about the hive, possibly we
might have found out what was the matter;
but they seemed to evaporate, hence I have
called it " evaporation." The trouble this time
was more sweeping and disastrous than in my
experience in the spring of 1891. The loss of
bees was so complete that many colonies had
not half a teacupful of bees left, where, less
than a week before, they covered brood in three
combs and upward. The queens, it seems,
were always left; but the workers so complete-
ly evaporated that the brood perished. The
Rauchfuss Brothers reported they had over 300
colonies, and there were not enough bees left to
make 25 good ones. All apiaries were not alike
affected — that is, to the same extent. I saw
but one of the apiaries affected (the malady did
not extend to my territory), and that was a few
colonies that Mr. W. L. Porter had in North
Denver. Those few colonies had three to five
times more brood than they could care for. In
fact, they were so very weak that it was only
the most favorable weather that would enable
them to pull through, and this was about the
second week of June.

As I said of the experience I had in 1891,
many said it was high winds. Others said it
was the smelter smoke that killed them. It
was just as windy at Loveland, and in badly
affected districts protected apiaries were as bad
off as unprotected ones. Then, too, it hit hard
where the smelter smoke did not go, and places
it did go were "O. K." It seems that it could
not be accounted for by fruit-bloom spraying,
either, though it occurred about that time. It
remains yet a complete mystery. Should it
strike a whole State as-it struck Denver last
year, the consequences would be almost anni-
hilation of the bee-business. I hope our Colo-
rado apiarists will be on the lookout this year
to watch the trouble if it should appear.

Later. — Since writing the above the Colorado
State Association has had another meeting. I
understand the new disease, or whatever it is,
was largely discussed, but I believe without
any definite results. Paralysis has been more or
less in Colorado, but I can not think this trouble
is the same. I have several times had some
loss of bees in May, especially if there came a
cold rainstorm. Bees would bloat, and crawl
out and die about the yard, many getting from
twenty to thirty feet from the hive, jumping
and hopping in their effort to fly. Some call
this " May sickness." It comes about the time
of apple-bloom. I had one colony that was
afflicted in this way last year, and it did not
get over it for a number of weeks.

Before this is published I may possibly learn
more of these matters. I hope to see many of
the apiarists in Colorado in April and May— at

least by May; and as I shall be going by wagon
I shall have some opportunity to gather in-
formation.
Loveland, Colo.

[What you have described does indeed seem
to be a new sort of disease— at least I never
heard of it before, or at all events where the
malady seemed to be so destructive and far-
reaching. At two different seasons in our own
apiary we noted quite a loss of the workers.
Examination of the grounds showed that hun-
dreds and almost thousands of workers with
defective wings were flying about, and crawl-
ing up blades of grass. The bees were not
bloated nor distended, and were apparently per-
fect in every respect save the wings. I believe
I am quite familiar with bee-paralysis, and I
feel very certain that it is nothing of this or-
der. It is possible that what I have described
was a milder form of what appeared about
Denver. In our own case we could scarcely ac-
count for the trouble— at least, why the wings
of the bees should be defective. It is possible
that a peculiar kind of flora tore the wings as
the bees went in and out of the blossom in quest
of honey or pollen. I should be glad to have
our readers report any similar cases that may
have come under their notice. By comparing
notes we may be able to determine what the
trouble is.— Ed.]

RULES FOR GRADING HONEY.

the impeefections of the accepted gbad-
ing; criticisms and suggestions.

By J. K. Crane.

On page 157 of Gleanings, W. A. H. Gilstrap
says, '"I never heard of a half-crop of honey in
this valley that was actually water-white, or
that had sections actually unsoiled by bees. I
hope grading-rules will not be among the im-
possibilities next season." I have underscored
the !last 'sentence in this quotation, fiand will
use it asoa text for a short discussion of^ that
already much-discussed subject, Orading.\
nThe bee-keeperscof this country were two or
moreryears' in discussing and making rules for
grading; and now we have had two or more
years in which to practice these rules; and our
bee-journals have certainly done their duty in
trying to enforce them or bring them into gen-
eral use. May it not be well, before another
crop is gathered, to inquire what have been the
results, what the advantages to bee-keepers,
what the defects, if any, in those rules? And
yet very few, I fear, will care to stand up and
express their dissatisfaction, however they may
feel, with these rules adopted by the assembled
wisdom of the American International Bee-
keepers' Association; yet Mr. Gilstrap gives us
to understand that those grading-rules are
among the impossibilities. He does not say
they are impossibilities, but hopes rules will be
adopted that are not impossibilities.

For one I should like to know how many bee-
keepers have tried to grade exactly by those
rules, and their success. How many dealers

IS'.lT

GLEANINliS IN HEE CULTURE.

481

bought and sold honey graded accurately by
those rules, and thoir exporieiicc?

Exporience-mectings are often of value. The
last year we had an unusually fine crop of
honey in this section, and I said to myself, "I
will try to grade my honey just right if I can.
1 even cut out the rules, as adopted by our In-
ternational Association, from one of our jour-
nals, and tacked it up on a door close by where
I was at work, that they might be handy to
refer to often, as I was in doubt. Let us see
how it worked.

I pick up a section. It is unsoiled, either
wood or comb; is of even thickness, and comb
to wood attached all right; but, alas! it is not
" Fancy," for a dozen cells on one side, inside
of the outside row, at the bottom, are unsealed I
It does not matter that the outside rows on both
sides of the comb are nearly all sealed; those
unsealed on the next row from the bottom con-
demn it.

I next handle a section that seems all right;
but, hold: the separator was a little warped,
and the comb is not exactly of even thickness.
Not one person in twenty would notice it; but
a bee-keeper will, and it must be thrown out.

Again, I find a section that fills the bill; but,
again. I am disappointed; for on one side, near
the bottom, a little brownish tint shows travel-
stain. This section will not even answer for
No. 1, for is not No. 1 to be without travel-
stain? And yet I would as soon place this
comb on my table as any other, even if Presi-
dent McKinley were my guest.

I pick up another section; and, while the
comb is faultless, the section is a little stained
with propolis. The propolis has been removed,
but it does not look " unsoiled." This must not
be labeled No. 1. Let us be accurate.

The next comb proves a great success. It is
" Fancy " in every respect. We are more hope-
ful. We shall yet have a few cases of real
orthodox "Fancy;" but the very next comb,
although otherwise all right, has two little
cells with their eyes open, inside of the row next
to the wood. Half the cells next the wood are
sealed; but nothing is said about that in the
rules, and we are going to grade our honey by
rule. So this section is not fancy— only No. 1.

Again we try it, and are rewarded in finding
one or two fancy combs with another equally
good: but a small knot-hole in the separator
caused a little bulge on one side of the comb,
while another is "just a little" soiled on one
side by the very industrious Italians bringing
up cappings from the brood-chamber and mix-
ing with the new wax, and thus soiling it
enough to be perceptible, and we can not even
grade it No. 1; but as there seems to be no
grade below that, what shall we do with it? I
believe some of our largest dealers say they
have no use for only two grades. And so I
might go on giving my experience in trying to

grade by rule; but after trying it a while I
gave up in disgust. It seemed as if the bees
had never been informed that these grading-
rules had been adopted in Washington some
years ago by a lot of very wise bee-masters, and
so they have kept right on finishing off their
surplus without any regard to them in more
than twenty different ways, putting pollen into
some of the whitest combs, leaving a cell un-
capped here and there, or forgetting to attach
the combs at their edges firmly enough to sat-
isfy the rules, although strong enough to bear
transportation to the ends of the earth. Worse
than this, they have desecrated and tramped
over their own work until it is unfit for any
grade according to the rules.

I said I gave up trying to grade by rules
adopted by our N. A. B. A., and so I did— not
because it was impossible, perhaps, but wholly
Impracticable and unwise. Had I succeeded in
getting one-fourth or one-half of my honey to
correspond with "Fancy" of the rules laid
down, I have no reason to believe I should have
received a penny more for it than for it as
graded, while I should have been quite sure to
receive less for the remainder.

1 asked one of the largest dealers in New
England to make any suggestions or criticism
upon my honey, or find all the fault with it he
could. He wrote me it was entirely satisfac-
tory, except that it was rather heavy weight.
The season being good, the boxes were heavier
than usual. I took 24 cases out of a pile of sev-
eral tons, and shipped to Liverpool, and soon
had an order from there for 240 cases just like
those I sent, which sold in the open market
there at the same price as very best grades of
English honey, notwithstanding the English
prejudice against foreign goods.

In looking it over I do not see how I could
have graded my 1896 crop of honey to any bet-
ter advantage than I did. And, again, I feel
that had I tried literally to follow the rules
laid down I should have missed it. It is un-
doubtedly desirable to have some general rules
in grading for commercial purposes, or to facil-
itate the trade of honey in large lots. I do not
see how half a dozen lines can describe the
process of grading so as to do justice to both
producer and purchaser. Much must depend
on the good judgment of the one who grades,
as well as in following the rules.

Brevity is said to be the soul of wit; but I
doubt if brevity in rules for grading honey is
any part of wisdom. According to the rules as
they now stand, a speck of propolis on the out-
side of a comb, or even the section, would spoil
it for "Fancy "or even No. 1, while a heavy
base or septum of wax, or even several cells
partly filled with pollen, might pass for
"Fancy."

I take up a bee-journal and look at the quo-
tations, and I am not surprised to find consider-

482

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July 1.

able variation in the price in the same market
of a single grade of honey. In the Bee-Tieepers''
Revieiv for March, now before me, I notice that
R. A. Burnett, of Chicago, one of the largest
wholesale dealers in the country, quotes
" Fancy " at 11 to 13 cts., while No. 1 white he
quotes at 10— as much difference between dif-
ferent lots of "Fancy "as between "Fancy"
and No. 1.

Batterson & Co., of Buffalo, in same issue of
Review, quote " Fancy" 9 to 10 cts., and No. 1
white 8 to 9— quite as much difference in price
in the same grade as between different grades.

Middlebury, Vt., May 7.

[For some little time before the article above
came to hand, we had been having some cor-
respondence with a number of bee-keepers,
asking for their private opinion in regard to
the grading rules adopted by us and other pub-
lishers of bee-journals. Up until a year or so
back there had been no grading-rules in force,
and it finally occurred to me that the bee-jour-
nals might themselves adopt a set of rules
without reference to any convention or organi-
zation, and I selected, for Gleanings there-
fore, those prepared by Dr. C. C. Miller, which
I herewith give you at this time along with the
Washington North American grading side by
side.

Washington.
Fanct.— All sections to be well
filled; combs straight, of even
thickness, and firmly attached
to all four sides ; both wood and
comb unsoiled by travel-stain,
or otherwise ; all the cells seal-
ed except the row of cells next
the wood.

No. 1.— All sections well filled,
but combs uneven or crooked,
detached at the bottom.or with
but few cells unsealed; both
wood and comb unsoiled by
travel-stain or otherwise.

In addition to this the honey
is to be classified according to
color, using the terms white,
amber, and dark. That is, there
will be " fancy white," " No. 1
dark," etc.

ight.

Miller.
F.ANCT.— All combs str
white, well filled . firmly f
ed to wood on all four sides ;
all cells sealed; no pollen, pro-
polis, nor travel stain.

No. 1.— Wood well scraped, or
entirely free from propolis;
one side of the section sealed
with white cappings, free from
pollen ,and having all cells seal-
ed except the line of cells next
the wood; theother side white,
or but slightly discolored, with
not more than two cells of pol-
len, and not more than ten
cells unsealed beside the line
of cells touching the wood; the
comb fastened to the wood on
four sides.

No. 2.— Three-fourths of the
total surface must be filled and
sealed; wood well scraped of
propolis.

No. 3,— Must weigh at least
half as much as a full-weight
section.

For the classes of honey I
would suggest the four already

After 1 started to put these in force for
Gleanings, Mr. Hutchinson, of the Review,
wrote, asking why we should adopt a neiv set
of rules when the Washington grading had
been adopted by him for two years, without
one word of dissatisfaction or complaint. This
seemed like a clincher, and accordingly I threw
Dr. Miller's grading overboard (and I guess I
must have shut my eyes when I did it). I
adopted the Washington grading, and immedi-
ately suggested the wisdom on the part of the
publishers of the other journals to help us put
the grading rules into force. Some of the
brethren (not the editors) demurred, but (again
I shut my eyes, I think) demurrers I would not
accept any more, because I thought it was high
time that we should try something, and not
keep continually " talking," and doing nothing.

Well, two years have elapsed. The Wash-
ington grading has been tried and found want-
ing; referring to which, one intelligent bee-
keeper, in a private letter, says:

"The first thing that strikes me is a feeling
of wonder that a set of honest and intelligent
men could agree to the Washington grading.
I can see how intelligent rascals or honest ig-
noramuses might do so, but not men both in-
telligent and honest."

Now that I have my eyes wide open I do not
know whether to call myself an "honest igno-
ramus" or one belonging to the other class.
Whichever it is, I am in good company. Broth-
er Crane himself was present in Washington
when the grading rules were adopted, and so
was Mr. Secor, Mr. Frank Benton, and a score
of others; and later on was added to the list
the editors of the various bee-journals.

Mr. Byron Walker at the very outset showed
that the Washington rules were drawing things
down too fine— that it was impossible to grade
honey strictly according to them. To prove
his assertion he actually advertised to pay .?1.00
a pound for " fancy " honey graded strictly ac-
cording to the Washington grading. I was al-
most inclined to refuse his advertisement, for I
hardly thought the man was in his right mind
to offer such a price on honey. But you sef> he
had his eyes open (though mine were shut) and
knew what he was doing. It is needless to say
that he failed to get a single pound of honey.
I suspect that, if we had sat right down, as Mr.
Crane did. and actually tried the rules in Wash-
ington, that city wnere wisdom sits supreme,
we should have seen they were practically good
for nothing.

I asked some of the brethren, with whom I
had been having correspondence, to give us
their ideas regarding the rules already in force,
and to make such amon Tients as. in their
judgment, would make thfin all right. The
following letter from Byron Walker has been
lying on my desk for some time, and will ex-
plain itself:

I find it quite difficult to make any amend-
ments in a few words that would give my ideas
of what the grading should be. Mr. Thomp-
son's suggestions are mainly in the right direc-
tion; but I think it necessary, in order that
such rules be of practical use, that more defi-
nite terms be used with reference to the matter
of discolored and unsealed combs. In fact, I
see no reason for materially altering the crit-
icism in my article on this subject, published
in the American Bee Journal, vol. 28, page 817.
Certainly more than two grades are necessary
to include the bulk of marketable comb honey;
but the suggested fourth grade could be dis-
pensed with. I would suggest that combs va-
rying considerably in thickness, but which
would otherwise find a place in the fancy grade,
be assorted so that they will not vary in weight
more than two or three ounces in any shipping-
case. I have no doubt that too much stress
has been placed upon sections being entirely
free from propolis, in order to be ranked as fan-
cy. The fact is, while reasonably neat sections
are quite desirable, the suspicion of there being
manufactured comb honey on the market is so
prevalent, both among grocers and consumers,
that at least a slight soiling from propolis will,
as a rule, help rather than detract from the
sale of even the fancy grade.

Chicago, 111. B. Walkek.

1879

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

483

The following is the draft of the gradlng-rulos
aiiuMuiod by him. By referring to the VVash-
ingtiui rules abovo, the reader will see just
where they differ. You will notice that he
leaves out some things that are almost impos-
sible of attainment in " Fancy." and makes No.
1 flexible enough to take in the great bulk of
the best honey of the bee-keeper.

walker's AMENDKD WASHINGTON RULES.

Faxcy.— All sections to be well filled, combs
straight, of comparatively even thickness, and
firmly attached to three sides, the comb un-
soiled by travel-stain, or otherwise; all the cells
sealed except the row of cells next the wood.

No. 1.— All sections well filled, but combs un-
even or crooked, detached at the bottom, or
with one-eighth part of comb surface consider-
ably soiled or unsealed, or the entire surface
slightly soiled. While a slight soiling of sec-
tions by propolis should not exclude them from
the fancy grade, the sections must be reasona-
bly neat in both grades.

Prior to the reception of Mr. Walker's letter
and his rules of grading, I had received a draft
of the rules from Mr. B. J. Thompson, of Wa-
verly. Wis., which he had modified to read as
follows:

THOMPSON'S GRADING RULES.

Fancy.— All sections to be well filled, combs
straight, and firmly attached to all four sides,
the comb unsoiled by travel-stain, or otherwise.;
all the cells sealed except the row of cells next
the wood. The wood, if stained, to be thor-
oughly cleaned in every grade.

No. 1. — All sections well filled, but combs un-
even or crooked, detached at the bottom, or
with but few cells unsealed; comb may be soil-
ed a little by travel-stain, propolis, or other-
wise.

Dr. Miller, having seen both Mr. Thompson's
and Mr. Walker's drafts, wrote as follows:

After carefully comparing the gradings, put-
ting much faith in Walker's grading as an hon-
est man of intelligence and much experience,
and after considerable discussion with Emma,
who doesn't entirely agree with me, here's
what comes:

Fancy. — All sections to be well filled, combs
straight, firmly attached to three sides, the
comb unsoiled by travel-stain or otherwise; all
the cells sealed except the row of cells next the
wood, the outside surface of wood well scraped
of propolis.

No. 1. — All sections well filled, but combs un-
even or crooked; one-eighth part of comb sur-
face soiled or unsealed, or the entire surface
slightly soiled. Outside surface of wood well
scraped of propolis.

Mr. Thompson leaves out of fancy "of even
thickness," and Mr. Walker says, "of compar-
atively even thickness." I leave it out entirely.
If you have "combs straight" there won't be
much trouble about "even thickness," and
" comparatively " Is indefinite at bast.

Both men omit "both wood and," which I
think is all right; but by putting nothing in its
place they jump to the other extreme, and you
will see that allows a man to put in fancy honey
all his sections without a knife ever touching
one to scrape the propolis. So I add " outside
surface of wood well scraped of propolis."
Walker comes at it indirectly by saying, "rea-
sonably neat in both grades."

In No. 1 1 omit " detached at bottom." as that
is not necessary, being already allowed in fan-
cy by saying, "attached to three sides." I
think it might be better to word No. 1 thus:

" No. 1.— The same as fancy, only the combs
may be uneven or crooked, one-eighth part of
comb surface soiled or unsealed, or the entire
surface slightly soiled."

The other way leaves it that the comb need
be attached only at the top, which would hard-
ly do for shipping. Please understand that this
last No. 1 stops at the paragraph quoted.

I've tried without prejudice to say what
change would allow such men as Walker and
Muth to use the grading; but no amount of
tinkering will make it right to call the bulk of
the crop fancy and the rest No. 1. It isn't hon-
est, and that's all there is about it.

Emma objects, and with no little reason, to
"combs unsoiled by travel-stain or otherwise."
If it were really fancy it would be all right.
But as fancy is really the bulk of the crop, and
No. 1 the seconds, it will be impossible to get
more than half the sections to come up to the
requirement in that particular. It Isn't the
general thing to take off a super of sections in
which every section is snow-white. Some of
the comb surfaces are slightly discolored before
three-fourths of the sections are sealed. A very
slight discoloration does not and ought not to
rule them out. But perhaps that can stand,
as in practice it can not be strictly adhered to.

I don't like any of it, but I think I've tried to
follow out the spirit of what you want.

C. C. Miller.

Marengo, 111.

[Now, I am not going to say at this time which
set of rules is best; but one thing is certain:
Before we adopt another set for Gleanings, we
shall need to know that the set we do fix upon
shall receive the approval of the brethren who
have so kindly shown up the mistakes of the
accepted Washington grading. I am not sure
that any thing we can patch up of an old thing
will be as serviceable as something that has
been made by one person and is brand-new.
What think you of the first set of rules, or the
one originally proposed by Dr. Miller? As for
myself I am at present inclined to believe that
the Washington grading as amended by Walker
or Miller would be as good as any. They would
have the advantage that they would be the
same as the ones with which we have been fa-
miliar, without their objectionable features. Of
the two, the Miller- Washington is the briefer.
Let's have brief expressions on postals from a
large number. The revised rules, to be of any
use for this season, ought to be ready for our
next issue. — Ed.]

484

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July 1.

RETAILING FROM SQUARE CANS.

IS GLUCOSE A LEGITIMATE ARTICLE OF COM-
MERCE ■?

By B. McKnigM.

"Selling Extracted Honey;" "Valuable Se-
crets." Such is the caption over an article
published in Gleanings over the signature
of Mr. Chalon i^owls, and copied into the
American Bee Journal. Doubtless Mr. Fowls
is satisfied he has discovered the secret of
selling extracted honey. Let us look up for a
moment what he considers these secrets to
be. It is to be " of the finest flavor, and in color
the whitest." These are certainly requisite in
the rapid sale of honey. It is to be liquid in
form — this is also desirable. Then it is to be
put up in flint glass jars holding a pint each,
and in third-pint jelly-glasses. This is not a
good way to sell much honey rapidly. At the
present price of honey it is folly to put it up in
any kind of package that compels one to sell it
to the trade at what Mr. Fowls says he charges
for it — 23 cents a pint. True, the Mason jar is
worth its value to the purchaser; but as a rule
people won't buy honey or any other article of
food because of the character or quality of the
vessel that contains it. It is very necessary
that this should be neat, clean, and attractive.
I think bee-keepers may settle down to the con-
viction that, all things considered, tin vessels
are the best and most economical receptacles
for extracted honey when put on the market.
These should be of such size as to meet the re-
quirements of the purchaser. Few people
care to buy more than 20 pounds of honey at a
time, and five people will buy five pounds for
one who will buy twenty pounds. For the gen-
eral retail trade a 20- pound package is the larg-
est needed. More extracted honey can be sold
when put up in from five to ten pound tins
than in any other form.

For some years past I have found a seven-
pound square tin package the most popular
with both the merchant and his customer. A
few years ago they retailed readily for a dollar
each. I never could understand why the or-
thodox 60-pound tin is so generally used to put
up honey in. It certainly is not a suitable
package for the retail trade.

A dozen years ago or so I was in a neighbor-
ing town. While there I called upon a grocer
who happened to receive an order for two
pounds of honey while I was present. He
dragged a 60-pound tin of candied honey from
under the counter, and through a four or five
inch opening in the top he proceeded to extract
the 2 lbs. of extracted honey asked for. Before
he was through with the job his knuckles were
daubed with honey to an extent calculated to
make him forswear handling such stuff in fu-
ture. I then and there made up my mind I would
never send such a package to a grocer, and I

never have. The best plan is to put it up in
quantities of from 5 to 10 lbs. I am sure the
lady who ordered the 2 lbs. I have referred to
would have bought a 5-lb. package if the mer-
chant had had It.

When liquefying honey, Mr. Fowls tells us
he never allows the water surrounding the ves-
sel containing it to boil. Can he assign any
good reason for such caution? It is not wise to
allow honey to boil; but honey can not be
made to boil by surrounding it, or keeping it
surrounded with boiling water. It requires a
good deal higher temperature than 212° to
cause honey to boil.

I should like to enter my protest against the
frequency with which bee-keepers (Mr. Fowls
included) refer to glucose as " vile stuff." Glu-
cose is not vile stuff. It is a legitimate article
of commerce, and its production and sale are
as honorable as the production and sale of any
other article of commerce when sold for what
it is. We are apt to boast of the healthfulness
of honey. The sugar of glucose is chemically
identical with the saccharine matter of honey.
It, too, ought to be healthful.

R. McKnight.

Owen Sound, Ont., Canada.

[Square cans are used very largely by pro-
ducers for putting up honey in bulk, in the
same way that barrels are used; but, unfortu-
nately, some climates will not admit of the use
of these latter, owing to the shrinkage of the
staves. In cases where the square cans are
used for retailing from, a honey-gate should be
used, costing only 15 cts. ; and the producer who
does not supply his grocer with such a gate is
very shortsighted. When a grocer daubs his
knuckles as you describe, just because he has
not a proper appliance, both he and his cus-
tomer are liable to become disgusted with the
whole business. Perhaps in many instances it
would be wise to let the grocer have only 2, 5,
and 10 lb. cans of honey, and perhaps he would
daub his knuckles any way, for some men are
always daubing.

I believe nearly all our readers will take ex-
ceptions to your last paragraph; at least, from
a bee-keepers' standpoint it can hardly be re-
garded as orthodox. In the first place, I can
not agree with you that glucose is not "vile
stuff." The article that is ordinarily used for
purposes of adulteration is hardly fit to put into
the stomach of a pig, let alone that of a human
being. A few years ago, in testing samples of
glucosed honey I made myself sick, and it took
me nearly a week to get over the effects of
sampling the "vile stuff." It was nauseating,
to say the least; and even now it brings to my
mind the horribly nasty taste that clung to me
for days after tasting it. I grant that there is
a glucose of very fine quality that does not
taste bad; but we seldom find such used as an
adulterant, because the cheaper grade when
put into honey looks just as well, and fools the
uninitiated just as easily as the better grade.

You say, further, that glucose is a " legitmate
article of commerce;" I don't know how you
make thai out. If glucose were not used for
adulterating syrups and honeys it is doubtful
if there would be a glucose-factory on the con-
tinent. It is true, glucose is sold in bulk for
what it is; but to whom, pray, does it go ? To
the mixers, who will put it into syrups and

1897

GLEANINGS IN JBEE CULTURE.

485

honey, cover np its identity, and who will name
it either " pure maple syrup '' from Vermont or
Ohio, or "pure farm honey," etc. Ifglucosois
to be ranl<ed as an honest product in the sense
that honey, flour, and meat are, why do we
never .see it advertised in the general run of
papers? In common market quotations it is
never mentioned Is not this fact alone enough
to convince any one that this stuflf goes direct-
ly from the factories into the vats of those who
mi.x it with the product of honest labor to rob
the farmer to just the same extent they enrich
themselves? Did you ever hear a grocer rec-
ommend an article because it contained glu-
cose? Does he not always carefully conceal
that fact if he can? It signifies nothing to say
that it is a legitimate article of commerce. So
are whisky and opium, but surely in this case
the altar does not sanctify the gift.

I have been told that glucose has been used
to preserve dead bodies: that, when immersed
in the " vile stilfF," said bodies will keep indefi-
nitely. There are other "vile stuffs," such as
alcohol, etc., that have the same property.
But alcohol has a few legitimate uses; but glu-
cose, beyond the possible one mentioned, is used
first, last, and all the time for cheating and de-
frauding, unless when it is used for making
beer or spirituous liquors.

I will grant that the sugar of glucose is chem-
ically identical with the saccharine matter of
honey. Chemically the diamonds in the Brit-
ish crown are identical in substance with char-
coal.—Ed.]

BEE BTJZZINGS.

EXTRACTING.
By E. E. Schaeffle.

I prefer to take off honey very early in the
morning. Over night the honey has all been
evaporated, and there is then no thin honey re-
quiring after-evaporation, or souring for the
want of it; the bees are not flying, and so do
not become excited. During the day the combs
are all extracted, and returned late in the eve-
ning, thus preventing robbing as the combs are
all cleaned up over night, and do not attract
the robbers on the following day. As a rule I
leave an unfinished comb in the super for the
bees to store in during the day's absence of the
other combs.

EXTRACTOR.

I use a Cowan, and should like it still better
if there were a groove in the bottom, where the
gate enters the can, so that all of the honey
would drain out with the can standing level.
Frequently a black mixture of iron and honey
oozes out of the bottom bearing, and is a nui-
sance to scoop out of the honey. This, I think,
could be remedied by reversing the position of
the bottom pin and bearing, and using ba'l bear-
ings placed above the honey. As the extractor
is now built, if five gallons is allowed to accu-
mulate, the honey works into and the iron out
of the bearing, and trouble follows. It is not
possible to oil the lower bearing; but with ball
bearings this would not be required. The ma-
chine would run far easier, and, with a more
rapid gear, make extracting less laborious.

With the present slow gear the operator must,
if the honey is as heavy as that which I am ex-
tracting, run at his utmost speed. I do not find
it necessary to evaporate my honey after ex-
tracting, as I allow the bees to do that for me.
While I may not secure quite as large a crop in
consequence, I am satisfied it is enough better
to offset the loss. I find a light block and tackle
a great convenience in extracting. With it I
can pick up the extractor, when full, place it
on a table, strain out the honey, and drop the
extractor back on to the floor, without any spe-
cial effort.

FEEDING.

In a recent number of Gleanings a subscrib-
er advised the use of honey only in feeding.
Recently there has been a pure-food crusade in
San Francisco. One of the city's leading gro-
cers was arrested, fined, and greatly injured in
trade by an analysis showing the honey he
sold to contain a small per cent of cane sugar.
Now, this grocer, to be s.ure of the purity of
the honey he sold, bought direct from an apia-
ry whose owner guaranteed the purity of the
honey under a penalty of $150; but the chem-
ist said "cane sugar," and the grocer suffered;
the bee-keeper lost a good customer (yours tru-
ly got him). I feed only pure honey, and fear
no honest analysis.

It is evident that the bee-keeper had fed
sugar syrup in the fall or spring feeding, and
the bees, when crowded, had extracted a por-
tion of it to make room for the queen, and car-
ried it up into the super, where it was thrown
out with the other honey, and while the per
cent must have been exceedingly small, the
chemist found it in his test, and the fines and
losses followed.

HONEY yield.

February, March, and a portion of April was
an almost continuous shower, with an unusual
amount of bloom in April, and one of the best
spring flows that the State has ever produced.
Since then it has turned hot and dry, with the
result that reports from all parts of the State
agree that the flowers are withered and gone,
and the remainder of the season will be very
light, and In some sections feeding will be re-
quired to carry the bees over to the fall flow.
This in most sections is barely suflHcient to fur-
nish the bees with a good supply of winter
stores. With me it varies. Some seasons my
fall flow is better thau that of the spring; as a
rule, however, it is only fair.

PRICES.

The dealers write me that I must be mistak-
en about the yield, as the bee-men, jobbers, and
country storekeepers are all trying to force
their honey on to them in large amounts. This,
I think, is the result of the past short seasons.
The bee-keeper is hard up, and hastens to real-
ize, fearing a drop in price, with the result that
the price is forced down, notwithstanding the

486

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July 1.

crop is small; and now that glucose is barred
out, the consumption is double that of former
seasons.

TAKING OFF SECTIONS.

Smoke excites the bees, and causes them to
uncap the honey, as does any rough handling.
I find the following method works nicely: Ear-
ly in the morning pry up the super containing
the sections, doing it as gently as possible;
move along to the next hive; and when you
have three or four loose, go back to the first
hive, where the bees have quieted down, and
quickly raise the comb super; slip on the bee-
escape board, and replace the super. The bees
are slow to move early in the morning; and if
care is taken in prying up the super, giving
them time to quiet down, and skill used in slip-
ping on the escape, the bees will not become
excited, no caps will be cut, and the bees will
work out as nicely as though they had been
driven wild with smoke, and remain gentle.

PRIMING SECTIONS.

By reference to old articles of mine I think
you will find that I used both a bottom and
lower corner starter. With me the bottom

are unnecessarily heavy. A steel fire-box and
a perforated cover are all that is required,
which, with a tin bellows, would decrease the
weight a half.
Murphy's, Cal.

[We formerly made extractors with the
groove in the bottom where the gate enters the
can. After we changed to our present plan we
found that it is not only cheaper, but bee-
keepers appreciate it. The directions that go
with the machine are to screw it down so the
honey-gate will be directly over the bunghole
of the barrel or other receptacle. It is not de-
signed to let the honey accumulate in the can.
When that is desired we make deeper cans and
raise the bearing up a few inches. Of course,
we have to charge extra for such change. The
great difficulty with the old grooved bottom
was in cleaning. With the present plain bot-
tom slanting toward the honey-gate, every por-
tion of it is " getatable."

The Crane smoker will not go out, usually, if
you get it well going in the first place, and use
the right kind of fuel. The Corneil, however,
seems to have the preference nowadays; and
while it does not give as strong a blast it will
never go out as long as there is fuel to burn
and of the right sort. We prefer the stringy
sawdust that comes from making the hand-
holes in hives. Planer-shavings answer nearly

starter had a bad habit of curling over. The
corner starter seemed to work for a time, but
In the end I found there were more of them
gnawed out by the bees than there were left
standing, so I left both bottom and corner
starters out. At present I use a strip down
both sides, and a triangular piece in the center.

BEE -SMOKER.

I found my Crane smoker had a bad habit of
being out just when I needed it badly. To
remedy this I punched a %-inch hole in the
front, just above the floor, and covered this
with a piece of finely punctured tin. Now when
I get the smoker going it keeps a going. For
convenience in handling I have a strap nailed
across the top, with suflQcient room under it to
slip the hand in. I find the strap comes in very
nicely in going to and fro in the apiary after
combs when extracting, as with it I can hang
it on to the handle of the barrow, and it always
keeps right side up. The body of the bellows
should be of tin to make it lighter. Smokers

as well. Small sticks of stovewood we have
used some, but very much urefer the loose ma-
terial, as it gives a denser smoke.— Ed.]

THE NEW DRAWN FOUNDATION IN ENG-
LAND.

APIS DORSATA, BY ONE ^VHO HAS SEEN THEM
IN THEIR NATIVE HOME.

By F. W. L. Sladen.

Mr. Root:— I am in receipt of your letters
of May 1st and 17th. The sample package of
foundation, containing a small piece of the
new drawn comb, also came safely to hand.
With regard to the drawn comb, I congratulate
you on your marvelous achievement, which
must ever stand out in bee-history as a record
of advance. I think the new drawn comb will
prove particularly useful in the rapid harvest-
ing of honey, and also for the prevention of
"pop-holes," which are frequently nibbled

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

487

through foundation, noxt the wood, in frames
and soctions. Tho uso of the new drawn foun-
dation will make the adulteration of comb
honey hardlv any ea-sier than in the past. It is
always possible for unscrupulous persons to
get the bees to fill their combs with syrup,
whether drawn comb, ordinary foundation, or
no starter at all be given.

I am pleased to see in Gleanings that you
are taking practical steps to sift the Apis ilor-
sota mystery, and wish you every success. As,
perhaps, you know, I took a voyage to India
last winter for health, and spent a month there
taking specimens and getting information
about the various types of bees to be found in
the country, especially of the genus Apis. I
set out with the firm belief that any of the
Indian honey-bees, to be of any value to us, in
our climate at least, should come from the
mountains and not from the plains; and after
my month's tour I felt more than ever con-
vinced of this. Now, A. dorsata is essentially
a plain bee, though I did meet with a deserted
comb at 2(XX) ft. elevation on the southern slopes
of the Himalayas: and I am almost afraid that
you will make nothing of it— at least in honey-
producing. If properly managed in the South-
ern States it might give wax, but I doubt if
you could make Weed foundation of quality
as at present with dorsata wax. I met with
A. dorsata fairly commonly in a ramble taken
at Siligari at the foot of the Himalayas. The
sky was cloudless, the air still, and the ther-
mometer stood at 7,5° in the shade Cthis in
January), but A. dorsata did not see fit to ap-
pear for more than three hours in the day;
viz., from 10 a.m. to 1 p.m.

My heart sank at first sight of a dorsata
worker on the wing. With its heavy, dusky
wings it emits a low-pitched hum, indicating
the slowness of vibration. It goes from flower
to flower in a lazy, unsystematic way, frequent-
ly pausing for rest on a prominent leaf, forci-
bly calling to mind Cheshire's interesting
Illustrations of the comparative feebleness of
large creatures. To say that A. dorsata bears
the same similarity in behavior and appear-
ance to an ordinary honey-bee that a hornet
does to a wasp would give a very good idea to
an observant Englishman of the "nature of
the beast."

I made a dissection of two of A. dorsata on
my return, and the following figures may be of
interest to you. I have had to suspend all this
kind of work for the present until the winter.

L'gtli of Approx. I'g-th of
body. tongues (ligula).
A. dorsata (fTonx Si\iga,rl}15 m. m. 4 m. m.

A. rnclUfica (England) 12..5 m. m. 3.6 m. m.

A. florca iC-dlcuitii) 7.8 rn. m. 1 m. m.

Bomhu-i hoHorinn
(England), worker 1.5 m. m. 9 m. m.

I brought a case of specimens of wild bees
back, many of them of exceedingly interesting
structure, which I have not time to enter into

here. I have a largo collection of wild bees
froui many parts of the world. If you know of
any one in the Northern States who takes an
interest in these things would it be too much
to ask you, when communicating with him, to
give him my name and address, as I should be
pleased to make exchanges? I have a cor-
respondent In New Mexico, and several in
Canada, but none at present in the Northern
States.
Ripple Court, England, June 8.

[This is very interesting and valuable, espe-
cially the comparative measurements of Avis
dorsata and other bees. It would appear from
the foregoing that their tongues are but little
longer than those of the common bees, while
the tongue of the bumble-bee is more than
twice as long as that of the so-called giant
bees. The claim has been made that these
bees would be especially valuable in this coun-
try, for the reason that they could get honey
from red clover and other flora having deep
flowerets; that they would be able to do for us
in the way of fertilization what the bumble-bee
does, and more. If the comparative measure-
ments of bees' tongues are correct the claim is
rather flimsy. We should be glad to hear from
Mr. Sladin further on the subject.

After the article above was in type, the fol-
lowing, from our old friend and correspondent,
A. Bunker, the one who has written in years
gone by, on the subject of Apis dorsata, and
who has been living right in their native cli-
mate for a good many years, is especially op-
portune and valuable:

My dear Friend and Bro. Root: — Once more,
after four years' absence on the Burman field
of missions, I am permitted to greet my family.
I find a large place empty by the death of my
boy while away. God has, however, given me
many spiritual children to make me glad. We
baptized 4.57 converts during the last two years;
added over 1600 to the attendance at our Sun-
day-school, and organized five churches during
the last year. Praise the Holy Spirit, who gives
the increase.

I see considerable speculation about Apis
dorsata in your journal. Having studied that
bee in its native habitat I am afraid it can
not be domesticated more than it has been. It
is a migratory bee. During the dry season it
travels south, and takes up its home, usually in
the same place, from year to year, among great
flowering trees. As the rains come on, it leaves
for the North, and I have found its home in
high mountainous tracts, where the natives
plant stakes in the side of a hill horizontally,
digging a ditch under them, and leaning a few
boughs against the stake for protection.

The amount of honey gathered by this bee
always seemed to me to be small when com-
pared with that gathered by other bees, and
taking into consideration the s'ze and numbers
of the bees. It is possible their habits can be
changed, but I doubt it. If any one wants to
study them for himself tell such a person to go
to Tongoo, Burma; get a camping-out kit, and
go back into the forest 20 miles to the east of

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July 1.

that city, in December, and he will find many
swarms for study; or, if he will apply to the
missionaries at Toungoo he will getguides who
will take him to the bees, and secure swarms
for him if he wishes them to do so.

Bro. Root, I prize your Home Papers very
highly. They are practical; and religion, if
not practical, i.e., reduced to practice, is not
worth much. Long live Gleanings. Its ed-
itor, A. I. Root, ivill live forever, because Jesus
lives. A. Bunker.

54 Willow St., Providence, R. I., June 24.

[I believe there is no one in the world who is
more competent to speak on the subject of the
general characteristics and habits of Apis dor-
sata than is Mr. Bunker. Both he and Mr.
Sladen, as well as others, express strong doubt
that these bees can ever be domesticated. It
is claimed they could be, and t% kept in com-
mon hives in this country. It looks as if this
claim w^^re made in the interest of a fat govern-
ment job for some one; and if so, bee- keepers
all over the land should enter a most decided
protest against the use of public funds for this
purpose. The missionaries already in or about
to be in the field. Mr. A. Bunker and Mr. W. E.
Rambo, can conduct experiments, an :,if neces-
sary, ship the bees to this country, at a merely
nominal cost — a cast so low, in fact, that the
expense can be borne easily by private enter-
prise.

We had lost sight of Mr. Bunker; and had I
known where I could have written him I would
have asked his opinion long ere this. Now
that we have got hold of him again, we shall
hope for his advice and co-operation, in con-
nection with the proposed efforts on the part of
Mr. Rambo, in securing these bees.

I am sure our readers will deeply sympathize
with Mr. Bunker in the loss of his son. At the
same time, we shall also rejoice over the grand
and noble work that he has done through
Christ. The self-sacrificing work of such a
missionary leaving home, family, and friends,
to carry the gospel to heathen lands, to express
it mildly, commands our admiration. Could
any work be more noble and unselfish? — Ed.]

THE MONGOOSE IN JAMAICA; WOULD THE IM-
PORTATION OF APIS DORSATA BRING
DIRE RESULTS?

I send you a clipping from the American
Field, in reference to the mongoose in Jamaica.
I fear Apis dorsata might prove to be a similar
curse to bee-keepers in this country. I for one
am satisfied with Italians.

The introduction of the mongoose into Jamaica
marks one of the standard instances of unexpected
results following- upon an attempt to artiflcialize
the process of natural selection, and takes rank as
a warning with the plague of rabbits and thistles in
Australia, says the Academy. The mongoose was
introduced from India, in 1873, in order to abate the
pest of rats which infested the sugar-canes; and
after performing this salutary duty it increased and
multiplied to such an extent that not only the rats
and mice but most of the living species of the
island were threatened with extinction. Poultry
suffered first; but the depredations extended to
young pigs, kids, lambs, newly dropped calves,
puppies, and kittens. Game of all kinds was attack-
ed, both living and in the egg. The marauder ate
even fish, and made such a specialty of snakes,
ground-lizards, frogs, turtles, and land crabs, that
many kinds of these entirely disappeared. Finally
the mongoose developed a ravenous desire for
bananas, pineapples, young corn, avocado pears,

cocoas, yams, and the sugar-canes, which it had
been called in to protect, winding up its tastes with
an appetite for salt meat. The result was a whole-
sale disappearance of species. A few birds, like the
ground-dove, had the sense to shift their breeding-
places to the tops of the prickly cacti, where they
were safe; but other animals, and the reptiles in
particular, suffered so severely that many kinds
were believed for years to be extinct. As a conse-
quence there arose yet another plague Insects like
the ticks and "jiggers" (or chigors), whicn used to be
kept down by the snakes, increased so overpower-
ingly that men and cattle were grievously infested.
One could not walk without being covered with
them. The victory over the island remained with
the tick and the mongoose, until, within the past year
or two, a fresh stage set in. The mongoose sudden-
ly began to be less plentiful, and it was found that
he had fallen victim to the tick. The results of the
diminution are shown in a gradual reappearance of
other beasts, birds, and reptiles. Among the snakes
there is a very marked increase; and even the
ground-lizard, supposed to be quite extinct, has
become common again. The balance of life has
begun to reassert itself, and naturalists will watch
with curiosity for a complete reinstatement of the
previous fauna. The renewed depredations of rats
are hailed as an advent of salvation, and, odd as it
may sound, the increase in numbers of the croco-
dile is taken as a.happy omen. The Jamaicans are
not likely to make further experiments in this
interesting domain of natural history, but will ad-
here in future to such present evils as they have.
For them, at any rate, it has been no "imaginary
mongoose."
Chambers, Ala., May 24. J. M. Cutts.

' ANSWERS TO

BY G.M.DOOLITTJ.E.BORODINO.N,Y.

CLIPPING queens' wings.

Question.— Do you believe in clipping queens'
wings? If you do, will you tell us in Glean-
ings all about it— how you clip, why you clip,
etc.? I am told by a neighbor that it is too
much bother to hunt up the queen, and that it
is a delicate job to clip her wings when she is
found, and that there is more harm than good
in doing it, anyway. Is this neighbor right?

Answer. — While there may be a grain of
truth in what your neighbor tells you, yet
when we come to " count noses" the greatest
weight of evidence from the "dollar and cent"
apiarists of our country is in favor of clipping
queens' wings; and as I believe in so doing I
will give some of the reasons for such a belief.

By having the wings of all queens clipped
you have the bees perfectly under your control,
and can handle them as you wish, separat-
ing them with pleasure when two or more
swarms cluster together, and hive them with-
out climbing trees, etc., on the returning plan,
when they come singly, they virtually hiving
themselves. In using this plan all you have to
do when the swarm issues is to step to the en-
trance of the hive with a little wire-cloth cage
into which the queen is let run, when the
cage is stopped and laid in some convenient
place. The old hive is now moved to a new
stand, and a hive fitted for a new colony set in
its place. In from a few minutes to half an

1897

CLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

489

hour tho bot'S miss tluMr qiiocii and come back
to hpr or their supposed old home, which was
there when they wiiit out. On changing hives
tlie Quoen was placed near the entrance, so
that, as soon as the bees returned, they might
find her. and not scatter about tho apiary to
other hives, as they sometimes will if they do
do not have ready access to their queen. As
they return they will commence to run into
the new hive with fanning wings, when the
queen is liberated and goes in with them. I
have followed this plan for more than a quarter
of a ceutury, and know it to be a good one, as
good yields of honey will testify— no climbing
of trees, cutting off limbs, or lugging a cumber-
some basket or swarming- box about. It is
straightforward— remove the old hive to a new
stand, put the new hive in its place, and the
returning swarms hive themselves with little
or no trouble, save the releasing of the queen.

Again, I clip the larger part of the queen's
wing off. so that she may be the more readily
found. In making nuclei, changing frames of
brood and bees, extracting, making swarms
artificially, if we wish, etc., if you find the
queen you can always know that she is just
where she belongs, and not in some place where
she ought not to be. By having her wings cut
short you can see her golden abdomen as soon
as your eyes strike the side of the comb she
is on.

Once more: There is no loss of bees by going
to the woods when the queen's wings are clip-
ped. That bees do go to the woods, all can
assure themselves by reading the reports given
in our various bee-papers, if they do not know
of the same by actual experience. The bees
may try for the woods, and they often do; but
as soon as they miss their queen, back they
come, for they realize that swarming is of no
purpose to them unless they have a queen with
them to repopulate their home after they die of
old age. Many a time have I had swarms start
for the woods and be gone from sight and hear-
ing for some little time; but as soon as they
missed their mother, back they would come,
setting up a joyful hum when they found her.

But how to find the queen, and how clip her
wing, is something we must know about if we
practice this:method.zThe time of the year in
which wecundertake'.:this matter has much to
do'^with.-the pleasure of this work. ':;If we wait
till just as swarming is upon us, and attempt to
hunt up a queen 'in a hive that is overflowing
with' bees, and especially one which will prob-
ably swarm 'in a day or two, when the queen
has'?ceased her Haying pretty much, so that a
burdenfof eggs need not hinder her from flying
with the swarm, and thus cause her to become
no larger than she'wasiwhen unfertile, we shall
well speak of thermatter as " a bother;" for to
find.'a queen' under'tsuch' circumstances often
bafifies'lthe'most experienced apiarist. But if

we do this work in fruit-bloom, when there are
comparatively few bees for the brood they are
covering, and the queen very largo from her
prolific egg-laying, using the time from 9 A. m.
to 3 i>. M. to look for queens, it will be a rare
thing that one will evade the efforts of even the
novice. Take along an empty hive and set It
where you can easily place the combs, as han-
dled, into it, when you will proceed to open the
hive, using just as little smoke as possible-
only just enough (or none at all) so that the
bees are kept from stinging. Do the work
carefully, so as not to jar the hive or frighten
the bees. Carefully lift the first frame; and as
it comes from the hive, glance at It to see if
there is brood in it, for It is useless to look on
combs having no brood in them if you have not
stampeded the queen by careless operations.

As soon as you find brood, look closely for the
queen, glancing first down the side of the comb
next to you in the hive, and then on the oppo-
site side of the one you hold in your hand, hold-
ing the comb a little obliquely as you look, for
the side of the queen gives a better view than
straight on her back. As the combs are taken
from their hive, set them in the one you
brought, so that, should you not find her the
first time over, you will be likely to do so in
setting them back. In this way, after a little
practice, you will have little or no trouble in
finding any queen, even should it be a black or
German queen. Having foun'd her I take her
by the wings with the thumb and forefinger of
my left hand, when, with my right, I place the
sharp blade of my jack-knife on the part of the
wings I hold in my left, lowering both hands to
within an inch or so of the tops of the frames,
when I draw the blade just a little, thus sever-
ing the wings, when the queen runs down into
the hive the same as if nothing had happened.
There is no danger of cutting fingers if you stop
drawing the knife as soon as the queen falls.
Some use scissors; but after clipping off a leg
or two with them I took to the plan here given.

J. R. PP., JIL— Drones from pure Italian
queens vary all the way from black to quite
yellow, while the bees should be uniformly
marked, having three distinct yellow bands.
The fact that drones from a yellow queen do
not show any bands whatever is no evidence
that the queen is not pure. It is also true that
queens vary just as much as the drones in color.
See paragraph on this subject on page 29 of our
catalog.

CONVENTION NOTICE.

The Texas Bee-keepers' .Association wiU meet at Cameron,
.Tulvie, 17. All parties will purchase one-way ticket, paying
full fare, take receipt at time ticket is sold, and these receipts,
aifter having been siomed by the secretary at Cameron, and
stamped by agent, will authorize return tickets at one-third
fare, provided there are fifty certificates presented.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July 1.

RED'S method of duel-
ing was so novel that
it elicited no end of
comments from the
crowd; and, while
vehemently opposed
by his opponent, the
crowd was the more
vehement in their
approval of it.
" Say, young man,"
said Siim Jim, " whar d'y come from, anyway?"
" I came from Maine," replied Fred.
"Jest as I mustrusied." said Jim; " fur no-
body but an infernal Yankee'd ever thinli of
sech a way of fitin' as that. My way is pistils,
and it's pistils or nothing."

" I don't see that there is any difference as to
how we fight, if it is only with deadly weapons,"
said Fred; "and I'll guarantee that the bees
are as dead shots as any pistol you can produce."
" Yes," said Jim, " they may be deadly to me,
but how's it to you ? You mout be one of them
fellers that bees won't sting."

" Well, then," said Fred, '• I would have about
the same advantage that you would with a
gun. You are a dead shot, and I am not. I
had a right to choose my weapon, and will
fight with no other; am I right, gentlemen?"
said Fred, turning to the crowd.
"Right! right!" assented the crowd.
Fred icnew that, in drumming bees from a
hive, they would fill themselves with honey,
and be comparatively harmless, and could be
thrown promiscuously into a crowd, and no
stings result. But to those ignorant of the
traits of the bee, the idea was full of terror;
and Slim Jim's view of it was of the nature of
a lingering death.

Fred was thoroughly opposed to dueling in
every form; and in making his proposition he
sought to make as much of a burlesque of it as
possible, and was happy over his success; for
after much talk, Slim Jim, after many impre-
cations against the "onusual ways of the in-
fernal Yankees," made an ignominious with-
drawal.

With Slim Jim out of the way, young Arm-
strong directed his attention to Dr. Hayden.
The doctor told the story of the valley, his
finding of it through the Indians, etc.; and
when he had concluded, he said, " Now, if you
doubt my word, here are my companions. Ask
them."

Sam Johnson, in giving his experience in the
valley, dwelt more upon what Dr. Hayden had
done for him morally than he did upon a de-
scription of the valley, and concluded by say-
ing, "Dr. Hayden am elevated me from de
mire ob de dirty slough to de beautiful heaben-
ly gardens; and though de beautiful valley am
gone, de heabenly gardens remain in my soul,
glory hallelulla!"

Fred interested the crowd with a description
of his first acquaintance with the doctor, and
of his wonderful success with bees in the valley.

" Well, now, by snumra," said one of the
crowd; " that explains a mystery. I've hunted
bees all around Crystal Mountain, and the lines
always led me right into them' glass knives. I
calculated there was a big cave in there some-
where: but instead there was a whole valley,
and who'd a thought it?"

Gimp Dawson gave some of his experiences
with Sam Johnson, and said:

" When I was fust pitched inter the valley I
hated that ar' nigger," pointing to Sam; "but
afore I came out I come to conclude that,
though he's black, thar are some white streaks
in his heart. D'ye see that ar' scar on my hand,
and that on my shin" (pulling up his trousers)?
" then thar is another on my hip— got cut on
them glass knives. Wall, Sam done 'em up
like a horsepital man, and on the hull we had a
happy time, as Sam says, in de heabenly
valley."

When Alfaretta told her story there was a
visible effect upon the crowd. Many had heard
of and a few had seen the " mad beauty " of the
Sacramento; and now to have her in their
midst, sane, and talking to them so pleasantly,
was too much for them, and they broke, from
murmurs from one to another, into a hearty
cheer, and the cheer was as pointed for Dr.
Hayden as for Alfaretta.

" Well, Dr. Hayden," said Pete Armstrong,
" we had an impression that you were an evil
genius, and an all-round bad man. Now, there
is such a man and a murderer somewhere
around that mountain. My father was shot in
cold blood; that Dutchman Kishinka was also
killed, and no telling how many men have been
driven from the vicinity by burning of cabins
or killing of stock."

" But why should I do such things," said the
doctor, " while living peacefully inside the val-
ley ? No one was injuring me, and I am not a
vicious man, as you have now learned. As to
who has committed these crimes, I have noth-
ing to say; but if you look sharp you may now
find some one outside the valley who is inter-
ested in running people off a certain tract of
land."

There was considerable quiet thought over
the matter, and finally Pete Armstrong said, half
to himself, "If I only knew!— but, wait; there
is an Irishman squatting on a parcel of land on

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

491

the west end. We will see what becomes of
him."

It was well into the evening before the con-
ference ended; and that which started out with
a prospect for a duel ended in a general peace-
ful hand-shake, and our party of homeless val-
ley e.Klles were cared for in the combined gro-
cery store, hotel, and saloon.

Late in the evening parties came in from
Ukiah, and brought news of a startling nature
about the earthquake. The State Capitol
building at Sacramento had been demolished,
and at Napa and Winters there had beeu a
general wreckage of buildings and loss of life.

his early life and schooldays with Clarence
Bull; " and now," said he, " it seems strange to
know of him as Buell."

"But, doctor," said Alfaretta, "do you not
think Buell much the prettier name? and only
one little letter makes tjie change."

"Oh, yes!" replied the doctor; " it does sound
pretty, but not so strong. Bull has an aggres-
sive sound; and when you change it to Buell
you sort o' knock the horns off, and make a
muley of it; but, I beg your pardon for my
blunt speech," said the doctor, as he observed
a trace of a pout on the fair lips. " I will try
to conform to the new order of names. It is

" A VERITABLE CONCERT WAS ENJOYED."

" Of course," said the doctor, " these are but
rumors, and the damage can scarcely be ex-
pected to be as extensive as reported."

The next morning the party proceeded lei-
surely on their journey, and followed the old
trail over the mountains toward the Sacramen-
to River.

It was a constant cause of wonder to Alfa-
retta as to how she could have traversed those
regions alone and in the night.

" Why," said she, " I should be afraid to
travel this road alone in the daytime; but pony
Jack, you say, was my guide and guardian.
Dear Jack!" said she, patting the pony on the
neck.

During the forenoon, as they rode along, the
doctor conversed with Alfaretta much about

very handy to address you as M'ss Buell; but
should I see my old friend I fear I should say
Bull to him unawares."

" Well, doctor," said Alfaretta, with a smile,
"my papa is good-natured, and you shall have
that privilege. I anticipate the great pleasure
it will afford him to meet you."

After the noonday lunch the doctor relapsed
into silence, and rode some distance in the rear.
Fred never enjoyed himself better than during
that afternoon ride. Their pace was not rapid,
for the ponies packed with the camp material
could travel no faster than a walk. The home-
ward journey was a happy one for Alfaretta,
and as much so for Fred, for he felt as though
he had been in some degree instrumental in
restoring his fair companion to health again.

492

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July 1

and he knew there would now be joy in the
Buell home where there had been sadness
before. Their exuberance of spirits found ex-
pression in snatches of song; and around the
campfire that night a veritable concert was
enjoyed, Sam contribuWng an important ele-
ment to it with his plantation songs.

The next day, in his conversation with Alfa-
retta, the doctor dwelt much upon filial love,
and said:

"Alfaretta, I suppose that, after your recov-
ery now, you feel the same love for your parents
as before."

"Love them!" said Alfaretta. "Ah, doctor!
It seems that I should love them more and more.
Dear mamma and papa, always so tender, so
kind, and the agony they must have endured
these five long years!" and she brushed away a
tear.

Again the doctor rode a long time in the rear.

He called Sam to his side, and their conversa-
tion was earnest and long. That evening the
doctor was quite jovial, furnishing his quota of
entertainment with reminiscences of his South
American travels.

When Alfaretta retired to the little tent and
cot provided for her, the doctor took her by the
hand and bade her good-night.

For a long time Dr. Hayden sat gazing into
the campfire. Fred addressed him a couple of
times, but he seemed as abstracted as when
Alfaretta first entered the valley. Fred, realiz-
ing his mood, rolled himself in his blanket and
was soon sound asleep.

It was past midnight when Fred was aroused
by a gentle shake. Upon opening his eyes Sam
Johnson was kneeling beside him. In an un-
dertone he said, " Fred, de doctor wants to see
you jess beyond de sycamore-trees yonder. I
have suffin' to say to you."

Look out for irresponsible or new commission
houses. They will offer big inducements and
talk big about their ratings. They are still
abroad in the land, and are waiting to rope
you in if they can.

It is reported that the glucose factories have
formed a trust aggregating two millions of dol-
lars. We bee-keepers hope this trust will put
the price of the stuff up so high that it will not
pay to use it in honey. Sometimes a trust is a
good thing. Perhaps this will be an example.

The convention of bee-keepers which is to be
held in Buffalo, Aug. 24-26, will be a big one,
from present prospects. The unusually heavy
flow from clover throughout the country, and
the very low rates of travel (one cent a mile)
are two of the elements that will contribute to
make the next meeting of the United States
Bee-keepers' Union a grand success. Plan to
go if you possibly can.

The following clipping was sent to us by
some unknown person. It is a gratifying piece
of legislation, and we hope it will be conta-
gious in our different legislatures until they all
"catch" it as severely as the law-makers in
Vermont did. It is just what we need:

One of the shortest laws we have seen is the fol-
lowing-, which was passed by the last Vermont leg-
islature, and approved Nov. 20, 1896:

Section 1. If a person sprays or causes to be
sprayed, or puts or causes to be put, any Paris
green, London purple, or other poisonous substance
upon fruit-trees while in blossom, he shall be fined
not more than $40 and not less than $10.

Sec. 2. This act shall take effect from its passage.

This law was passed at the request of the Vermont
Bee-keepeis' Association, which asserted that honey-
bees may be poisoned by visiting trees that are
sprayed when in bloom. This assertion is, doubt-
less, correct; and since it is not necessary to spray
fruit-trees when in bloom, this law will not prove
injurious to fruit-growers. The best advice now is
to spray after the blossoms fall, since we can then
do most injury to the insects.

This goes to show that State and National
associations will be heard if only the right
methods are employed.

Judging from present prospects It looks as if
there were going to be an enormous crop of
honey from white clover. The tendency on the
part of a good many will be to rush their honey
off to the cities, and, of course, this will make a
glut on the market. Bee-keepers ought to
make every effort possible to dispose of their
honey around home. Create a home demand.
Make it as attractive as possible, and help the
grocers to sell for you. In the next issue I will
tell you about how to draw a crowd around a
grocery window. I would tell you now; but
the boss printer says, "N o more room."

OUR BASSWOOD OUT-TABD.

It has been a very noticeable fact, during
the white-clover year, that our home-yard has
been much overstocked. During those seasons
when we have a flow from basswood, the differ-
ence is very much less. Notwithstanding there
is only a couple of trees in our whole orchard
that has any buds on it, it seemed wise to "re-
lieve the pressure " in the home yard by remov-
ing some of our best colonies there. The wis-
dom of this move was almost instantly appar-
ent. Those same colonies at the home yard
were gathering honey very slowly; but almost
on the first day in the new location they began
to pile in the honey. In four days they almost
completely filled full -sized eight-frame sets of

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE

493

extract!' iig-combs. At the rato they were stor-
ing at the home yard it would have taken them
almost two weeks. As the pressure does not
yet seem to be "relieved" in our main apiary,
we expect to take down another lot of colonies.
The home yard is located on one side (west
side) of the town, and as the town is a mile
wide and long the bees have no pasturage ex-
cept on the west side. Then besides there are
something like 1.50 colonies.

OFF TO CALIFORNIA.

"TiMK and tide wait for no man," and the
time to start for the Christian Endeavor con-
vention at San Francisco has come. Business
at the Home of the Honey-bees is still booming,
and it is necessary to continue running our fac-
tory day and night to keep pace with the
orders which come by wire as well as by mail.
Usually business has slacked up so much by
this time of year that there is opportunity for
vacations. Most of them will have to be de-
ferred a little this season. The San Francisco
convention can not be deferred, and, having
made my plans to go, I am off, feeling sure that
the wants of our many friends will be carefully
and promptly looked after by the many faithful
helpers left behind.

I expect to be in Salt Lake City July 3d to
5th; Reno, Nev., 5th; San Francisco, care of
Mechanics' Pavillion, July 7th to 14th; Los
Angeles, care John H. Martin, box 1.53, from
15th to 19th; and, unless I change my plans, I
shall be back to Medina by July 34th. I hope,
in later issues, to tell something of my trip, and
may also bring you some views, as I take along
a Kodak with me. J. T. Calvert.

BETTER PURE-FOOD LAWS.

A SHORT time ago I indorsed the suggestion,
made by some of the members of the new Un-
ion, that its first work, as soon as its funds
should be available, should be to work for the
passage of pure-food laws in every State in the
Union where such laws were needed. I sug-
gested that, in the city of Chicago, where adul-
teration is practiced more extensively than in
any other city (for the reason that the State
lacked a good pure-food law), the Union be-
gin its work in Illinois first; and that C. P. Da-
dant and James A. Stone should be the men to
buttonhole the members of the Illinois Legisla-
ture. In referring to this in the American Bee
Journal, Mr. Dadant says:

Mr. Root has evidently more faith in my capacity
as a lobbyist than I have myself, for I would make
a sorry politician.

But, let me ask. Is It really necessary to have
more laws than we now have to prevent the sale of
glucose under the label of honey? Can a man sell
you salt for sug-ar, or dust for pepper, garlic for
onions, or silver for gold, with impunity? If so,
we are not a civilized race, and all the vaunts of the
so-called progressive men are empty bubbles.

I am not a lawyer, and perhaps my reasoning goes
astray; but, in my opinion, we need less laws than
action.

I have no doubt that, if such laws as are al-
ready on the statute-books were rigidly enforc-
ed, the adulteration evil would be largely cur-
tailed. But I understand the laws in Illinois
are not as strong as they might be, or at least
have been so garbled, or amended in the inter-
est of the adulterators of food, that they are
practically a dead letter, and that this is the
reason why adulteration in Chicago is much
more rife than in New York, where there are
better laws. In Cleveland, for instance, it is
very risky business to handle adulterated hon-
ey, or, in fact, in any city iu Ohio, because we
have good pure-food laws and an energetic food
commissioner. The daily papers have contain-
ed accounts of the good work already done.

Let there be an equally good law enacted in
Illinois, and elBcient officers appointed to see
that such laws are enforced, and the adultera-
tion evil will begin to wane at once, just as it
has done recently in California. In this latter
State, you will remember that the efifect of the
pure-food law was almost instantaneous. I do
not believe it is so much the lack of action as it
is the lack of good laws to make an action, when
begun, result in something. An action backed
by a weak law seldom amounts to any thing.

I have every confidence in Mr. Dadant's ca-
pacity. The henchmen of the food-adulterat-
ors have done so much lobbying that it is time,
or will be, when the new Union has funds to
back it, to do some lobbying too.

CANE SUGAR IN HONEY.

The following letter received from Mr. W.
A. Selser, an expert analyzer of honey, will ex-
plain itself:

Mr. E. R. Rixit:— In .vour issue for June 15, page
457, you make a statement that is not correct; and,
knowing you are misinformed, I want to set you
right. As you may know, I have taken a special
course in analytical chemistry, in its bearing on
honey; in other words, I consider myself a honey
specialist. When honey shows 10 per cent of adul-
teration with cane sugar, it does show downrigh
rascality, and proves the adulteration by mans's
agency of 10 per cent with cane sugar. I consider a
man a rascal if he steals 10 cents from my pocket
or 75 cents. I see no difference, except that the 10
cents won't do him much good, neither will honej'
adulterated with 10 per cent of cane sugar. I can
explain just where this mistake occurs. It is in
mixing up chemical and commerical terms. Pure
honey (or nectar either) does not contain any cane
sugar commercially speaking; that is, there is no
sugar of any kind, as sold in the market, that is
found in pure honey; but there is a very large per-
centage of sucrose, and sucrose is a chemical term
for cane sugar, but it is not the cane sugar of com-
merce, under any circumstances. If you ask a
chemist what sucrose is he will tell you cane sugar,
but also tell you, not as you understand cane sugar
of commerce, and has not the same chemical
properties by any means. 1 am very sorry that an-
other chemical word has ever been adopted to dis-
tinguish the difference.

I have been doing some expert work on honey
adulterations for parties in comparison with gener-
al chemists, and my analysis has proven the most
satisfactory. We also find a large percentage of
what chemically is called reducing sugar in pure
honey. This is another purely chemical term.
Kindly correct your item and let the bee world un-
derstand that there is not one per cent of cane or

494

GLEANINGSN BEE CULTURE.

July 1.

common sugar in pure honey. In this statement I
defy contradiction. Wm. A. Selser,

Wyncote, Pa., June 32.

In referring to Wiley as authority for the
statements I made on page 457, 1 had reference
to a special bulletin on the subject of honey
and syrup adulterations that was issued in 1893.
The chief chemist, in speaking of the proper-
ties of pure honey, says: " The amount of cane
sugar varies from nothing to eight to ten per
cent, according to quantity of cane sugar in
the nectar, and the extent of inversion to
which it is subjected in passing the organism
of the bee." In September of the same year,
in Gleanings, page 688, Prof. Cook speaks of
the diificulty of detecting cane-syrup adultera-
tions, especially if they have passed the organ-
ism of the bee.

It may be, as Mr. Selser points out, there is a
confusion in terms, and that the cane sugar of
the market is different from that referred to by
the chemist. The point that I made, however,
still holds good — that, if one is dishonest
enough to adulterate at all, he will not stop at
10 or 15 per cent, but will put in enough to
make it pay. It does not seem right that small
percentages of cane syrup or sugar, when
found in honey, should be taken as absolute
evidence of fraud, either on the part of the
dealer or the producer. Witness, for example,
the case spoken of by E. H. Schseffle in this
issue. Only a small per cent of cane sugar was
found in the honey, and yet it is evident that
neither the producer nor the dealer meant to
defraud.

THE beekeepers' UNIONS; A REPLY TO PROF.
A. J. COOK.

The following is just received from General
Manager Newman:

Editor of Gleanings:— In your issue of June 13,
page 449, Prof. Cook attempts to show that the
members of the National Bee-lieepers' Union did
not understand what they were voting on at the
last election. As my name is connected with that
statement, allow me a few remarks.

I give the members of the Union credit for more
sagacity than that, and I do not think the professor
will dare to stand by his published statements.

In the first place, Prof. Cook mukes this state-
ment: "Mr Newman says the old Union can not
attack any evil but such as it has combatted in the
pagt." I beg to say that I never made any such
statement, either to Prof. Cook or any one else, and
I demand the proof, or the withdrawal of that as-
sertion. Let me state a few facts which none can
dispute:

Thirteen years ago the National Bee-keepers'
Union was formed in order to 'defend bee-keepers
in their rights as citizens of this republic. This it
has done to the satisfaction of all. The Adx-isory
Board has been consulted in every important case,
and the General Manager lias always been in per-
fect accord with the Board, there never having
been a single disagreement,. Indeed, there has been
such unanimity up to this time that there has never
been a dissenting voice relative to the coui-se to be
pursued. The instructions given by the Board in
the past have been by me carritjd out to the letter:
and what the Board decides to do in the future will
be done ; but I can assure Prof. Cook and every other
member that neither the decision of the Board nor
the vote of the members will be clisregarded. as he
advises in the third paragraph of the article in
question. Such a thought is unworthy of a loyal
member of any organization.

Last fall the Board gave every instruction neces-
sary to the voting, how the ballots were to be dis-
posed of, who were to count them, etc. For extra
caution, :is I imagined there might be a question, I
directed that they be counted in the presence of a
public official, and they were so counted and certi-
fied to by the County Clerk, and the correctness of
the count was Httested by him under the seal of the
Superior Court.

At Lincoln, Neb., last fall, a new"LTnion" was
formed for doing the particular work of prosecut-
ing the adulterators of honey. Its originators offer-
ed to amalgamate with tlie" National Bee-keepers'
Union, and that amalgamation was submitted to
vote — the result being for amalgamation, 51;
against it, 106— more than two-thirds vote against it,
when it would have needed two-thirds for It to have
carried. This was an overwhelming defeat.

As Prof. Cook says he voted against amalgama-
tion, he voted with the gre;it majority to continue
the two organizations as they were "before, even
though he now says it was " senseless " to do so.
He now intimates that the line of defense which
has occupied the Union for the past 13 years is "no
longer important." The many bee-keepers who are
being legislated against all over the country, and
are in danger of being fined or sent to prison, will
certainly demonstrate that the defense of the piir-
suit is yet quite "important."

Again, the Professor says. "The old Union has got
to fight living issues or die." Wliy, my dear sir,
tliat is just what it has been doing all the while-
living issues— yes, and for the pursuit, the very
right to live — its very existence. It will still be
"fighting living Issues " when its enemies are no
longer able to " kick."

The editor is right in saying that there is now as
much room for the two organizations as formerly—
for the old North American Bee-keepers' Associa-
tion simply changed its name to be able to prose-
cute adulterators. The two lines of work are dis-
tinct—one to prosecute adulterators, and the other
to "defend" bee-keepers: and, if the members so
decide, there is no reason in the world why they
should not remain separate organizations and each
do its work, and prosper.

If the next meeting of the North American Bee-
keepers' Association at Buffalo shall amend the
rejected constitution so as to be consistent and
effective (as indicated in my criticisms of that docu-
ment), and it is desired by the Advisory Board of
the National Bee-keepers' Union to resubmit it to
the members, I shall be pleased to have it done at
the next election. If not, then the two organiza-
tions should act in harmony, and let the matter of
amalgamation drop.

If I am standing in the way, as Editor Root inti-
mates on page 4.')0, let the members of the Union
elect Manager Secor, or some one else, and I shall
gladly welcome my successor, as I have often plain-
ly stated before. Until then, let us have peace.
Thomas G. Newman.

San Francisco, Cal., June 22.

If Mr. Newman did not utter the sentiment
attributed to him by Prof. Cook, he has said
something very much like it. I have not the
time to go back over his ofScial utterances, but
I do find in the last report he says: " The Na-
tional Bee-keepers' Union was brought into
being for a special purpose— that of defending
bee-keepers in their rights as apiarists." And
again: " If the Union is to be reorganized to do
this work, it will subvert its original purpose
and mainly change its character." And again:
"The funds in the treasury were accumulatecj
as a defense fund, and should not be appropri-
ated to other uses, without a full and well-
understood vote." After this vote was taken,
in an article in the Americmi Bee Journal,
page 291, Mr. Newman again says, with an air
of triumph: "The National Bee-keepers' Union
decided by an overwhelming vote that it would
not consent to amalgamation nor to the use of

1807

GLI0ANING8 IN BEE CULTURE.

495

Its funds for a purpose for which thoy were not
created." It will be seen from the quotations
above that Mr. Newman practically recom-
mended that the Union continue in its old line
of work, and the voters simply followed his
recommendation: that, while the thought set
forth in the quotations may not be prcci.sely the
same as that attributed by Prof. Cook to Mr.
Newman, it is so much like it that, to argue the
point, would be splitting hairs.

I am with Mr. Newman and Prof. Cook both
in wishing for peace; I am also glad to note
that Mr. Newman will be willing to submit the
question of amalgamation, providing a union
of the two organizations is still sought by both.
-Ed.

A VISIT TO VERNON BURT'S APIARY; HANDLING

SWARMS AT AN OUT-APIARY RUN FOR

COMB HONEY.

On Thursday. June 24. 1 called upon our old
friend Vernon Burt (about three miles out),
who has the reputation of securing a crop of
honey every season, good, bad, and indifferent.
I had not seen Mr. Burt this season; and as
clover was unusually abundant, I had a curios-
ity to know how he was coming on. I strapped
the Kodak on my back, mounted the wheel,
and in a short time I was at his home yard.
He had just returned from his out-apiary, that
he is running for comb honey without an at-
tendant, and I had caught him nicely at home.
The bees were roaring and pouring in at the
entrances, not in the pellmell style as they do
on basswoods, but in that quiet way they do
during clover bloom. Said I:

"They tell me you have just returned from
the out-yard. How do you manage about
swarms during your absence without an at-
tendant?"

" All my queens are clipped, and I make sure
to see that they have plenty of room."

"Well, what do you do when swarms come
out when you are away ? "

" I let them come out and go back again. I
visit the apiary about every day, and if they
come out while I am away, they will also be
likely to come out again when I am there, and
it is then that I hive them."

" How do you hive them ? "

"I move the parent hive to one side, put a
hive of empty combs in its place, and on this I
put the super that was on the old stand with
its sections completed and partly completed.
All the flying bees will, of course, go back to
the old location."

" What do you do with the cells in the parent
hive?"

"Let them alone. The colony will be so de-
pleted that there will be no after-swarms; and
the tirst swarm itself will not swarm again, but
go right on storing in the supers."

"But don't you lose any swarms in that
way?"

" Not that I know of," said he.

"How do you manage with swarms at
home?"

"In the same way."

" Who looks after your bees here?"

" Mother. She lays a stick on top of the hive
from which the bees came out, and lets them
fly around till they get ready to go back. When
I see a stick on the hive, or some unusual mark-
ing, on my return, I know what it means, and
treat them accordingly."

" Have you come to any conclusion as to what
size of hive for general purposes you prefer?"

" I did think at one time," said he, "that I
preferred the ten-frame. I can get the bees in
shape easier in the spring in that size than in
the eight; but lately I have found that I can
increase the bees up to the proper strength in
the small hives, and they are more easily han-
dled."

"Which hive do you use at your out-apia-
ries?"

"The new dovetailed eight- frame. I leave
all double-walled and ten-frame hives in this
yard."

"I notice your bees appear to be quite busy.
You will probably secure 50 lbs. per colony."

"Oh, yes! I shall do as well as that, any
way."

Then he opened several hives and showed me
how his bees were working in supers. I no-
ticed particularly that the bees were doing just
as well on the outside rows of sections as on
those in the center; and the sections in all
partes of the super seemed to be keeping pace
with each other. He went over his hives at
random, and every one of the supers seemed to
show this even building of the combs.

" How do you account for this?" said I.

" By the slow even flow from clover and plen-
ty of bees."

I then took several snap shots with a No.
5 Kodak, and if all goes well I will show you
how nicely Mr. Burt keeps things in and about
his apiary. He seems to take things pretty
easy, notwithstanding he has 135 rousing col-
onies at his home yard, and 100 at the out-yard.

"You do not seem to be in a great hurry or
excitement," I said.

" No," he replied; " my queens' wings are all
clipped; and before the honey-flow sets In I
have every thing all in readiness — supers, sec-
tions, etc., so that, during the harvest, I do not
have to be bothered with startering sections or
any thing of the sort. I simply pile on supers,
and watch the bees pile In honey; and the
swarms, when they come out, weM— I take care
of them when I get ready."

" Do you use bee-escapes ? "

"Yes, sir. I hardly know how I could get
along without them."

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jtxlt 1.

And a man's foes shall be theyfof his own house-
hold.-MATT. 10:36.

Din my last I told you that in my trip from
Bannock to Barnesville I met with about the
usual number of adventures, and I want to tell
you something more about it. When i got off
at Bannock Station I found the pike without
any trouble, and started off in a southerly di-
rection. It was sprinkling just a little at the
time; but I always enjoy a sprinkle that will
lay the dust; and when I am on a stone or
graveled pike, so far as J am concerned I do not
mind quite a little shower. Mrs. Root does,
however, and she always objects to my riding
in the rain unless I have on some old clothing
that is of no account; but with this old clothing
I am not presentable before strangers. Well,
the gentle sprinkle changed to a pretty smart
rain after I had gone a mile or two; and in-
looking about for shelter I discovered a large
wide-open gate with a graveled drive that led
up among beautiful flowers and shrubbery;
yes, and in the midst of the shrubbery was a
fountain playing. Of course, the summer
shower made every thing look still more lovely;
and the beautiful lawns spreading out on either
side made me wonder for a time if I had not
alighted upon enchanted ground. Come to
think of it, I think there was some enchant-
ment about the place. Now, do not look dis-
gusted when I tell you that I soon discovered I
had wheele,d into the open gates of the Belmont
Co. infirmary. It is a beautiful place, any way,
and does credit to the people of that county.
After I had had a pleasant chat with the gen-
tlemanly superintendent the shower abated,
and I took another graveled driveway out to
the main road again. When I came into the
grounds I was well satisfied that the main road
or pike ran south or pretty nearly so. It might
have been somewhat southwest. When I got
on to the same road again (out of the "en-
chanted" ground) it seemed to be going west-
ward; and by the time I had got to the bottom
of the long hill, I was going just about north,
as it seemed to me; and nere the pike from
Bannock struck the national pike just as I had
been led to think it would; but it did not occur
to me at the time that it was a little strange
that I should come into the national pike from
the south side instead of the north. Never
mind; here was the pike, sure enough, and, no
matter how I got there, the thing to do was to
turn westward to Barnesville, and this I pro-
ceeded to do, feeling as happy as a schoolboy
because I was away from business, and out on
a vacation, with nothing to do but to have a
good time.

Well, I admired the pike, people, and the
scenery, even if it did rain. Finally, in order
to be a little sociable with my fellow-men, more
than because I had any doubt about the proper
course I should take, I asked about how far it
was to the Barnesville pike.

"Barnesville pike! Why, my good friend,
you are going away from the Barnesville pike,
and at a pretty good pace too. If you want to
go to Barnesville you want to turn around and
go the other way."

Now, I was as much astonished at this piece
of information as if I had seen the sun setting
in the east. (By the way. I have several times,
in traveling, been greatly astonished to see the
sun doing this very thing.) I reflected a little.

and finally, in a sadder and wiser frame of
mind, I turned around and climbed the great
long hill that I had just ridden down. The hill
was wet and slippery, and I was having quite
enough exercise without running down hills
and then turning around and climbing them
again just for the fun of it. I tried in vain to
convince myself that west was in the direction
the man said it was; but that stubborn part of
a person when he is turned around would not
be convinced. It made me think of the old
adage, "A woman convinced against her will is
of the same opinion still," and I mentally de-
cided that, if any woman was as contrary as
this other part of myself, she must be pretty
bad indeed.

Permit me to digress just a little right here.
I have before alluded lo the fact that there
seems to be in every one of us another person —
a somebody who seems to be involuntarily
managing for us. If we fall into the water this
other self draws in a great big breath or a sort
of gasp. I do not know what he does it for
unless he thinks he may get under water and
not find plenty of air, so he will lay in a great
stock. If somebody goes up behind you noise-
lessly, this other chap makes a great start.
You do not do it. In fact, you have nothing to
do with it. You could not help yourself, even
if you tried to. This queer fellow is right along
with you, sleeping and waking. You do not
seem to be able to get along without him, and
sometimes it is a pretty hard matter to get
along ivith him. He and I had quite a tussle
about this matter of getting lost. I was vexed
because I had lost so much time and strength
in going several miles out of my way, through
the rain and mud, and I threw the blame all on
him. Said I:

"Why, you might have known when you
came into the big pike that you were to turn to
the right to go to Barnesville. What on earth
possessed you to turn to the left? "

But this fellow said:

" I think the left is the right way yet. I am
sure it is straight west, no matter what the
man said. I do not believe he knew."

And (would you believe it?) this fellow was
so contrary I asked another person. Then said I :

" Why, you stupid idiot, how could you get
into the national pike on the south v/ithout
crossing it somewhere, when you started'out on
the north side? "

At first this other fellow would not say any
thing: but when I insisted on some sort of
answer, he said he did not know how " we " got
there on the south side of the national pike,
but we certainly came into it on the south, and
he would always stick to it. Did you ever hear
of any thing more illogical or provoking ? Of
course, we two dropped the subject. There did
not seem to be any thing else to do under the
circumstances; but in spite of every thing I
could do he would have it that we were going
to Barnesville by traveling eastivard; so I at
last gave up; and when I got mellowed down
a little I began to enjoy that beautiful pike.
Of course, there were great hills to climb, and
it was rainy enough to make the stone roadway
a little slippery; but the grand country that
showed itself at the top of every piece of rising
ground was ample compensation. It seems to
to me I never saw so much white clover before
in all my life as on that trip. I was told there
used to be quite a business in keeping bees, but
most of them had given it up in consequence of
the repeated poor seasons. Just now everybody
told me, however, they were having a great flow
of white-clover honey.

The rain began to increase again; but I tied
up my coat on my handle-bars so it was pretty

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

-1(17

<;ifi>. and wliilc in my shirtsleeves I greatly
I'lijoyed '■ lotting it rain;" in fact, I was feeling
ahont as happy as I nsually gel, riding in thai
Slimmer sliower. I began to feel somewhat
thirsty; but the great delicions breaths of that
damp water laden air gave me a peculiar en-
joyment that I have mentioned once or twice
before. If one could get intoxicated on pure
soft uiitcr. I do not know but I should call it a
grand kind of intoxication. When I was breaih-
ing the heavy spray at Niagara I felt the same
exhilaration. I finally came to one exceedingly
long hill, still traveling east, as it seemed to me.
The rain was increasing to such an extent that
I knew I sliould have to stop at the tirst con-
venient dwelling. On top of the hill there was
a very pretty little home, on the right hand
side, and on the south side of the road— at least
this other fellow I have been telling you about
insisted it was on the south side, while I was
traveling east to get to Barnesville. I have
made a little diagram below to show you how
I was situated.

C, L. & W. R. R.

II

I a Xational Pike.

You will readily notice the Cleveland, Lorain
A: Wheeling Railroad where it crosses the pike
at Bannock. I have put on the points of the
compass so you will have no difficulty in under-
standing the situation. When I left Bannock
I was all square with the world. When I got
to the national pike I was ' turned exactly
around. If you take your book and turn it
upside down you will see how I was turned
around. I was going to Barnesville by travel-
ing from left to right, or at least so it seemed
to me in my lurned-around condition. I reach-
ed the top of the great hill, turned down a little
lane, and pushed my wheel into an empty coal-
house or shed; but as it continued raining I
told the good people who I was, and finally
induced the proprietor to take his team and
carry me to Barnesville; and the course he took
seemed just like going back to Bannock; but
yet we found Barnesville all right. Of course,
I was turned around all the time I was there;
and when I started to go home I left the place
exactly as it seemed to me as I left Bannock
the day before.

Now, my good friend Campbell, when he car-
ried me with his team the day before, took a
commf)!! road over the hills; therefore when I
took the pike to go home with my wheel it was
a road I had never traveled before: but I should
get on to familiar ground when I reached Mr.
Campbell's, where I had left some of my wet
clothing.

Now comes the strange part of my adventure.
In running from the Barnesville pike down to
the national pike I went through the same
kind of experience that I had in leaving Ban-
nock. I started, as it seemed to me. going
southward toward the national pike. When I
reached it I was turned around again, and
came into it from the south. Getting turned
around twice brought me right.

When I discovered this .second change I

thought of the man who was "clothed and in
his right mind." and felt happy that I could
make the rest of my journey by the points of
the compass, and have them sr'em as they really
were; and 1 began speculating, before I reach-
ed Mr. Campbell's, as to what the probable
result would be when we came to the house
where I had stopped in the rain the day before.
In my present '• frame of mind " I should lind
that liouse on the top of the hill on the opposite
side of the road. I could not make it seem pos-
sible. Now, let us imagine that there was a
discussion between myself and this stubborn,
contrary other part of mvself. I said:

'• Now, look here, old fellow, you were pig-
headed yesterday, and got me into a lot of
trouble. I tried every way in the world to con-
vince you by solid reason and plain facts that
east was not icest, but you would not give up.
Now, sir, I have got you in a corner. When
you come to Mr. Campbell's, where we stopped
yesterday, you are going to find it on the other
side of the road. Yesterday you declared he
lived on the south side of the road. Now, when
you find his house, barn, and coal-shed all
moved over on the north side, what are you
going to do ? My good sir, how will you explain
your inconsistency and foolhardy course ? "

Would you believe it? The fellow would not
say any thing, except that I would find the
house on the south side of the road, just as it
was the day before. In fact, it seemed to me I
was traveling the same road I traveled the day
before, or at least in the same direction, but the
scenery was different.

Just before reaching Mr. Campbell's from the
west I passed through one of the most beauti-
ful valleys I have ever seen — in California,
Arizona, Florida, or anywhere else. I do not
know of a more beautiful spot on the face of
the earth. I got off from my wheel and gazed
my fill again and again; and then I drew in
long breaths of life-giving air, and rejoiced
that God had given me a human life to live.
Yes. I rejoiced in the thought, even though
God had seen fit to send this other fellow I have
been telling you about along with me to trouble
and perplex me, perhaps until the last day of
mv life.

I was nearing Mr. Campbell's home, and so I
got off froiii the wheel and walked. If the
whole facf' of creation was going to swing half
way round all of a sudden, as they swing a
locomotive on a turntable, I wanted to see the
thing done; and so I kept saying to this other
fellow, "Now, then, old chap, which way are
you going to have it? Are you going to stick
where you are now, or are you going to whop
over when you see the old familiar landmarks
of ^yesterday ? "

Dl waited in breathless silence. I looked before
me over the hill toward the place where the
sun rises, and barely caught a glimpse of Bro.
Campbell's house, and, as sure as you live, his
whole farm and surroyndinys had been moved
during the night to the opposite side of the
road. This illusion was only momentary, how-
ever; for, just as I was going to crow over this
other fellow, quicker than the wind I myself
was swung around to the east, where I had
been looking, and approached my friend's
home in the very direction I went from It the
day before. My right position of the compass
was only short-lived. This other fellow tri-
umphed, and I went all the way back to Ban-
nock turned squarely around; but I inquired
my way, so that I did not get into any more
mishaps.

I have told this little story, dear friends,
simply to illustrate to you the fact that there is
a part of myself — yes, a part of your old friend

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

JUL,T 1.

A. I. Root— thai will not listen to reason or
common sense. He is a dangerous adviser and
an unsafe counselor; but yet I can not get rid
of him. He has been wiih me as long as I can
remember — at least I can remember of being
bothered by getting turned around in certain
localities, even as far back as when I was four
years old; and that very spot where I was
turned around at that time bothers me to this
day. The sun does not come up in the right
place, neither does it set where it does here in
Medina, and I have to be constantly figuring
and planning when I am in that locality unless
somebody is with me to keep me straight.

I shall have to explain to the friends in Bel-
mont Co. that I started on my trip with such a
sudden rush that I actually forgot to look up
our list of subscribers in that locality. And
another thing, work was so much crowding
here at home that I had absolutely no time for
more than a flying trip. I was so much pleased,
however, with the beautiful country, nice
farms, and farmers' homes, that I contemplate
another visit after we are through with our
present rush. So don't think your old friend
purposely passed by you.

GUIDE-POSTS.

My story in the present issue, about getting
turned around, missing trains I expected to
meet, etc., illustrates the great need of legible
guide-posts throughout our land. Since the
wheelmen have agitated the matter, however,
we have a good law in this State, a copy of
which is as follows:

Section 4734. The township trustees shall cause
to be erected and kept in repair, at the expense of
the township, at all intersections of the public ways
of the township which lead to any city, town, or vil-
lage, depot, or other important place or road, post
and guide boards, displaying, in legible letters, the
name, and indicating the direction and distance to
all such places to which each of said roads leads.

TJpoa presentation to one of the trustees of a
petition signed hy ten free-holders, electors of the
township, asking for the erection of a post and
guide board at any designated intersection of the
public highways of such township, and naming the
Inscription desired thereon, the trustees shall forth-
with cause the same to be erected; and, failing or
neglecting to do so for the period of sixty days, the
petitioner may cause the same to be erected, and
collect the cost thereof, not exceeding five dollars
for each post so erected, from the township trus-
tees.

Section 3. This act shall take effect and be in
force from and after its passage.

In spite of this, however, I did not see a single
guide-post on my route, although I looked care-
fully and anxiously for them.

Our Homes.

And the Lord God formed man of the dust of the
ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of
life; and man became a living soul.— Gen. 3: 7.

Dear friends, it may not be true that this per-
verse part of us that will not acknowledge the
truth when it is presented to us (when we are
" turned around ") is the evil part of humanity,
but it is certainly a stubborn and perverse
spirit that exists in us all, or at least nearly all.
When I can plainly see the sun rise and set,
then this stubborn, unyielding spirit usxially
gives up, but not always, even then. Instead
of confessing that he is wrong, he sometimes
insists that all creation, including the sun it-
self, is out of joint rather than acknowledge
his own blundering. As I am saying, it may

not be true that this unreasoning spirit is the
spirit of evil that is within us all, yet in some
respects it is much like it. A good Christian
mother was reasoning with a little boy: She
said:

"Sammy, aren't you sorry you were so
naughty? "

But he shook his head. She repeated the
question, and insisted on his answering. But
he only replied that he was not sorry. Poor
Sammy! He was perhaps depraved and wick-
ed, but he was truthful; and even since I have
got to be 57 years old 1 have had some expe-
riences like Sammy's.

One day when 1 was tired out in both mind
and body, and thirsty besides, and suffering
also for my morning nap, 1 came into the house
for my daily drink of hot water. I fell so tired
and worried I would have gladly kept out of
sight of anybody until I could reach my desired
resting-place. But it did not seem possible
unless I went without the cup of hot water I
longed for. In securing it, something vexed me
and I uttered .some impatient words. Then
came a conflict that lasted not only several
hours, but I felt some of the effects of it for
several days. The bad spirit said, " It surely
is your privilege to have rest and a drink of
water if you ask for nothing more, even if you
do make somebody else a little trouble in get-
ting it."

But another spirit (and I trust it was the rul-
ing one) kept remonstrating by saying:

'"Are you living for self or for the good of
others ? Are you going to take care of your-
self through life? and when you come to die
are you alone equal to the task of closing your
dying eyes, or do you expect others to care for
you when you can not not care for yourself ?
Is your life in this world ' to be ministered unto
or to minister ' to others ? "

And then comes the thought of my favorite
text, about bearing not only our own burdens
but those of other people, for Christ's sake.
Christianity opposes point blank the idea of
self and selfishness. At such times this other
spirit, or " other fellow,'' will say:

"Oh! these nice texts are all very pretty to
talk about in prayer-meeting. The idea of
self-sacrifice is very well to sing about in
hymns; but when it comes right down to living
it out in every-day life, it is a good deal hum-
bug and folly."

Yes, dear reader, it is true that I, who have
been a Christian, or at least have called myself
one, for 35 years or more, have something with-
in me that suggests thoughts like the above.
There is the selfish, unreasoning brute nature
remaining still. Somebody has suggested that
we were created brutes or savages, and would
have remained so had not God himself breathed
his spirit into us; and, in the language of our
text, from that time forward " man became a
living soul." That word "living," I think,
should be taken in the sense that our Savior
uses it in speaking of life— John 10:10: "lam
come that they might have life, and that they
might have it more abundantly." We do not
understand by this simply animal life, but
spiritual life born of God. The Bible enjoins
us on nearly every page to beware of this selfish
animal nature. In some places It is spoken of
as the old Adam. In one text It says, " He that
ruleth his own spirit is greater than he that
taketh a city."

There Is a suggestion that the God part with-
in us should hold In check this unreasoning
animal nature. This "other fellow" that I
have spoken of in my travels in this Issue would
urge to strike back when we are Injured. The
God part says, however, " Love ye your enemies;

1S97

^LEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

490

do Rooii to thoso thai liatp you." In one of the
roLVMit pri/.i>ti(j;ht!5 it is reported that tho crowd
checrtHi on ono of tho parties, urfjiiig him toklll
his opponent. In the hist tight of all, it is said
that even a woman used such an expression.
Now. there is not only no Christianity in such
an attitude of the human heart, but there is no
sense or reason, and Christianity should be rea-
sonable above all other things. A small boy
pushed a larger one off from the walk into the
nuid. and soiled his clothing badly. The larger
boy got up, but did not do any thing by way of
retaliation. Somebody asked him why he did
not give that boy as good as he got. Ho replied
good-naturedly, "Then there would have been
two suits of clothes to be cleaned instead of one."

The boy might have added that two tired
mothers would have been obliged to clean up
two suits of muddy clothing instead of one.
This boy was not only a Christian but a phi-
losopher. He let sense and reason guide him
instead of the low passion of revenge.

A few days ago one of our boys came to me
saying a man who works near him had struck
him several blows. The man admitted he did,
but said the boy called him a bad name, and
for a time he insisted that it was the right and
proper thing to do— that a man is justified in
striking a boy just because the boy " sasses "
him. How sad it is that so many people will
still hold fast to this old-fashioned silly idea,
thai, to make things right, one man must strike
another, or strike a boy, if he chooses, simply
because of something he saysl This ''other
fellow," of whom I have been talking, says,
" Knock a man down when he abuses you."
Sense and Christianity say, "'Not so;" and
Jesus tells us to turn the other cheek also when
we have received a blow. After I had talked a
while with these two friends of mine (the man
and boy) the older one got the upper hand of
the brute spirit within him so far as to tell me
he was sorry that he let his temper get the
better of him, and finally he told " Johnny " he
was sorry, and asked his forgiveness. When
he had got thus far, Johnny, not to be outdone
—for a good spirit is catching as well as an evil
one— said. "All right. I am willing to let it go,
and I will ask him to forgive me for my foolish
talk, which would not have happened if I had
been attending to my work."

Many great and good men would have been
almost perfect in iheir characters had it not
been for their tempers. Our lamented friend
and teacher, Drummond, in his little book,
"The Best Thing in the World," savs a bad
temper is " the vice of the virtuous." I sup-
pose he means by this that people who are so
intelligent and well bred that they would be
above any other sinful habit are sometimes
guilty in just this one respect. I told you that
this '• other fellow," who always goes with me,
had tormented and vexed me since I was four
years old. Well, I can remember that this
same "other fellow," or one of his relations,
used to torment and vex me when I was scarce-
ly more than three years old. We lived then in
a log house with only one other apartment, and
that was the woodshed. Sometimes when
mother's boy was persistenlty bad she would
say to me, "Amos, I think you will have to go
out into the woodshed and stay there till you
can get rid of the bad boy." Well can I re-
member of going out there and sitting down
and endeavoring to quell the tumult in my
childish heart. Sometimes mother would call
to me, " Have you got rid of the bad boy yet ? "
But I think I was like Sammy. I could tell the
truth, even if I could not drive out the evil
spirit. So I replied, "Not yet, mother." In
due time, however, I would come in smiling;

and in answer to her inquiry, "Are you sure the
bad boy is all gone? " I could look up frankly
and smilingly into her face and say, "All gone,
mamma," and then I was happy, and she was
happy too. I presume that old mother will
read these very words, and remember the inci-
dent as vividly as I do now.

Our older readers will remember of a minister
who was a bee-keeper who used lo write for
these pages some years ago. Although he was
a minister of the gospel, and a good one too, he
was all his life tormented by a disposition such
as I have described. It even followed him at
times into the pulpit, and again and again the
evil one was driven away only by earnest prayer
to the Savior and Redeemer of mankind. On
his deathbed he said to his wife and children
something like this:

" Dear friends. I feel and see that the evil
one has finally lost his power and hold on me
for ever and ever. Nevermore, through all
eternity, shall I feel his touch and abiding
presence again; and I glory in the thought of
being with Jesus, where sin and temptation
and remorse shall never reach me again."

Now, then, friends, the question' comes home
to you and to me, " Who is going to rule and
guide— the ' other fellow,' who would lead us
into trouble and snares, or shall sense and rea-
son, and the influences of the Holy Spirit, lead
your life and mine through the remainder of
the years we have to live ? "

Return, O Holy Dove! return.

Sweet messenser of rest:
I hate the sins that made thee mourn
And drove thee from mj- breast.

KEPOKT ON THE NEW VARIETIES OF STRAW-
BEKRIES IN THE MIDDLE OF .IXJNE.

The Marshall has done grandly, both under
glass and in the open air. Brandywine is just
beginning to ripen, and grow berries that can
hang on the vines for two or three days, and
still be so firm and solid that they may be tum-
bled about like potatoes. The Wm. Belt is well
loaded with fruit, but only just beginning to
ripen. Margaret has given us some of the
largest and finest berries I ever saw; but the
Nick Ohmer caps them all, not only in great
size, but in producing berries as round and sym-
metrical as a peach, and pretty nearly the size.
I kept one on the vines for three days to show
to visitors, and it was very solid and firm when

Eicked. It weighed almost an ounce and a
alf. This was from a plant set late last fall.
The runners were not picked off, and it was al-
lowed to mature a full crop of fruit. Carrie, a
seedling of the Haverland, is a much larger
berry than " her mother," and considerably
firmer, and I hope as prolific, although I am not
certain, for I had only half a dozen fall-set
plants. The shape of the berry and the appear-
ance of the variety are almost exactly like the
Haverland. Clyde started out to give a great
lot of berries on spring-set plants. One of the
plants set so full, in fact, that, when it got its
great cluster of berries almost ripe, it — up and
died: I suppose it was the hot weather that
did it while the plant stood by itself unpro-
tected. It seemed almost like " cruelty to ani-
mals "to let it undertake to ripen such a big
lot of berries. Now, when you are testing new
plants take a warning from the above.

500

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July i.

WHO wouldn't be a gardener?

Sometimes I think it strange that there is
anybody in this world who aoes not have a gar-
den; and then at other times, when prices are
low and we can not get the cost of our stuff,
and every thing seems to go wrong, I do not
wonder that so many people say they would
rather buy their stuff, what they want, than to
be bothered with any sort of garden. Well,
yesterJay and to day have been bright days
for the gardening business. After a severe
drouth we had a succession of refreshing show-
ers. Our beas were so full of plants that I
began to fear we should never have customers
for all of them; but after the shower the people
came in crowds for plants. I stationed myself
near the gar'en, and called in help for the boys,
and it kept me as busy as I could be in answer-
ing questions and giving directions.

In putting up vegetable plants quite an
amount of time may be saved by a little prep-
aration beforehand, and the exercise of some
study and brainwork. Unless I am around to
take charge of things, our boys will go with the
customer aijd let him select the plants he
wants. Then they will take them up and carry
them to a stand or table, and sometimes right
into the store, and they used to tie them v/ith
wrapping-paper and string. But I have shown
them a much better and cheaper way. Get
some stout paper bags, such as hardware deal-
ers use to wrap up nails, etc., with. Have three
or four sizes of these bags at different points,
and especially near the beds where the plants
are growing. When a customer calls for plants,
and tells how many he wants, select a paper
bag of the proper size, put your hand in it and
straighten it out so the top will stay open; then
take up your plants and lay them in a heap,
shaking off most of the dirt as fast as they are
taken from the soil. When you get the right
number, take both hands and press the roots
up into a small compass, letting the tops come
up between the wrists. Now, if your paper
bag was opened properly, and is of the proper
size, you can put the ball of roots right down to
the bottom. The paper bag protects them
from the air, keeps the dirt from rattling off,
gives the tops just enough ventilation, and not
too much to have them keep without wilting.
If you do up your plants first, and handle them
twice, you rattle the dirt off a good deal more,
and expose the roots to the drying effects of the
air. I supnose, of course, no plant grower
would undertake to remove plants without
first thoroughly soaking the bed with water.
Even after we have had a long rain we think it
best to soak the ground, either with the hose
or watering-pot; then with a gooil stout trowel
push clear under the plant, and loosen it up so
all the small fibrous roots will come out along
with it. A smart boy who is trained to the
business, and carries his paper bags along with
him whenever he goes for plants, will wait on
a dozen customers, and have things in better
shape, in less time than some people would take
to wait on a sinele customer

While the "boom was on" for plants people
began to go for the strawberries lively. They
had just got down to 8 and 9 cents, and some-
body in the store was complaining that there
was not a quart of strawberries to be had. and
customers waiting. But there were some big
rows of Bubachs, Marshalls. and Brandywines
waiting to be picked; and in a twinkling we
had a lively time a!oii;! ; the strnivherry -heils.
We might have put up a notice, "Beautiful
strawberries picke<i while you wait." In fact,
that is what we did do. With myself on hand to
show off the plants, and give the names of the
different varieties, it was not at all surprising

that customers would say, " Well, I think I will
have a quart;" or, "Why. I will take two
quarts of those great big ones, if you give heap-
ing measure like that," etc.; and just when I
began to fear there were more strawberries
than we could easily get rid of, they were all
cleaned up— in fact, so much so that the boys,
in their efforts to get a few more quarts for a
customer, picked some that were rather green.
Oh how the new varieties have brightened up
and enlarged since the rain!

This year we are testing our new varieties,
as I have explained, by putting them in our
plant-beds 18 inches apart. This is just about
right; and if you do not step on the beds at all
it gives plenty of room for putting down run-
ners. It is wonderfully interesting to me to
note the peculiarities and desirable traits in
the different candidates for public favor. For
instance, Clyde, that has been considerably
talked about, is really bearing a wonderful crop
— wonderful consiaering that the plants were
put out only this spring. The Ideal, planted
at the same time, is giving the handsomest
berries in shape and color, almost, that one
ever saw. The berry called "Pet" (I do not
know where it came from) is the sweetest berry
I ever tasted. It really brings forth an excla-
mation of surprise when one puts it into his
mouth. I do not know how good a berry it will
be, for all I have mentioned above were put out
last spring. Brandywine and Wm. Belt are
both d.iing wonders. These were planted out
late only last fall, and yet an acre of such ber-
ries as they are bearing would be a pretty nice
thing to have, I assure you. Great big berries,
with the boxes heaped up, bring just about
double the price of ordinary varieties, such as
Warfield and Haverland.

Some years ago Peter Henderson recommend-
ed a plan for market-gardeners, for growing
strawberries. It was. to put out potted plants
in the fall (of course the earlier the better), on
rich ground where some crop had been removed.
All the runners were to be kept off, the plants
stimulated to their utmost, and then, after they
have borne just one crop, eight or ten months
after planting, plow them all under and do it
over again. On account of the difficulty of
working up the ground thoroughly while it is
occupied by a crop of berries, and also the tre-
mendous expense of weeding out a weedy
strawberry-bed, I often think I should like
Henderson's plan pretty well. Work your
ground up deeply and thoroughly, after any
spring crop comes off, then plant your straw-
berries, get one crop, and then do it over again.

At present writing, June 22, ail of our straw-
berries may be said to be in their prime; and I
tell you we have got some wonderfully nice
berries among the new ones that are now before
the strawberry loving public. There are so
many splendid berries I really feel troubled in
deciding in regard to them The Marshall has
done grandly. The berries are large, there are
lots of them, and they are quite early. The
color is beautiful, the shape is almost faultless,
and the flavor delicious. Our bed where we
grew them un.'er glass is even now putting out
blossoms for a moderate crop to ripen along in
July, just as we had them last year. But. why
is not the Marshall eoor" enough? Well, the
Nick Ohmer and.the Margaret are considerably
larger than the Marshall. On my small experi-
mental bed, however, they are not bearing as
many berries as the Marshall; but it should be
remembered that they were planted late only
last fall. The Brandywine comes in just after
the Marshall, and the berries are immense; but
it does not furnish the quantity that the Wm.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

501

Belt does coming a Utile later. The plants
were, however, put out lato last fall, and may
not be up to their best; but the VVm. Belt was
also planted late last fall. This spring they
did not seem to have withstood the winter
nearly as well as the Brandy wine; in fact. I
was somewhat disappointed in regard to its
hardiness. But they liegan to grow, and, almost
before I knew it. had put out iireal fruit stems,
and now it is ripening the largest berries I ever
saw in my life; and in qtinntity they are piled
up almost like the Haverlands.

As Matthew Crawford says, the first berries
to ripen are a good deal cockscombed; but
after that you get berries as nice in shape aa
the Marshall or Nick Ohmer. Just a word
about these first cockscombed berries. We had
one that seemed to be great flat berries united.
There were four lobes to it. in fact, and it was
a good deal the shape of a cube. Its weight
was 2V ounces— I think the heaviest berry I
ever grew. If you take a peach or an apple
weighing 2I4 ounces, you will get some idea of
its size. The cube was 2}4 inches on each side.
Of cotirse, the berry had to be eaten as you
would an apple, and it took several bites to eat
the whole of it. At present writing there are
lots of these berries that are simply great
chunks of fruit. It is almost as sweet as the
old Sharpless. and they are good eating without
any sugar at all. When one is tired and thirsty,
say along between ten and eleven o'clock, three
or four of these large berries make quite a nice
little lunch. In Mr. Crawford's spring catalog
he answers the question, " Which is the best
strawberry?:" as follows:

I will say tliiit the Wm. Bel tlisIthelSbest. berry that
IJhave ever grown here.-^

I do not know but I prettyjnearly'agreelwith
him. lie adds further:

For vig-orous growth, great productiveness, large
size, and good quality combined, I never saw its
equal. Under liigh culture, the first berry on the
fruit-stalk is apt to be cockscombed: but who will
object to liaving a few of their berries flat and tliree
inches in diameter? I am not sure that I ever saw
two misshapen berries on one fruit-stalk. All but
the first one are uniformly of good shape. The color
can not be improved. It is neither -rimson nor
scarlet, but bright, glossy red.lW^ C^z < — -~i Z~:~

CNow, mind you, from ray siandpoint this 22d
day of June I feel like placing the Wm. Belt
equal to any thing I have ever come across in
the way of a desirable berry. Of course, we
want some earlier berries, before the Wm. Belt
begins to ripen, and we are just now making
our last picking on Michel's Early.

Our friend Dan White, of New London, O.,
was here a few days ago, and he tells me he is
putting out an .^cre and a half this year on the
plan I gave on page 782. Oct. 15, 181)5. He says
there is not a ripe berry to be found among his
Gandys as yet, and he places the Gandy as the
latest berry to ripen he has ever found.

By the way, the berry that I was so well
pleased with last year, and that came as the
Great American ("see p. 508. issue of July 1st, last
year), I am obliged to think is only our old
friend .Sharpless under another name. The
berries are now in their prime; and the reason
they were so much later than every thing else
last year was on account of their being grown
in such a thick solid bed. The rank foliage
and the close planting kept the sun out so as to
make the berries late. Well, even if it is the
Sharpless the incident has opened tojne a new
possibility in strawberry culture. Make your
ground exceedingly rich (it had better be heavy
clay soil underdrained), then let the plants
grow all over. Let them stand just as thick as
they have a mind to. Perhaps some currant

bushes or something of the sort to help shade
the ground will assist in making them back-
ward. Now, notwithstanding its cramped cir-
cumstances, the Sharpless, after all other ber-
ries are gone, will produce great monstrous
fruit. Of course, the t:erries will not be colored
up very much, or at least not to amount to
much; but the »SharpIess is very nice to eat
when it is partly ripe. But you will find a
purchaser at good prices while other berries
are too small to bother with. Besides, such a
plantation would be little or no trouble. When
once started it would choke out every weed
that attempts to grow. I have now in bearing
some of the (jenuiiie Great American which I
received from the originator a year ago. It is
a very nice large berry, much like the Marshall,
but later; but the plants which were set out
last fall do not bear as many berries as the Wm.
Belt put out untier similar circumstances.

SUBIRKIGATION FOK STKAWBERRIES.

At this date, June 26, right here, we are hav-
ing a pretty severe drouth, and it comes almost
right in the midst of our strawberry crop. It
affects us worse because the groun J was packed
down so hard by our excessive rainfalls that it
cracKS open and does much damage except
where the surface has been fine J up by culti-
vation. Our choice strawberries that were
planted out late last fall, and which are in nar-
row rows. We have cultivated and fined up the
space between the rows, so as to obviate the
drying and cracking, it least as much as we
could without interfering with the mulch. The
mulch of straw and potato tops is not suflicient
to prevent damage entirely. Our berries are
drying up, the greater part of them, and look
as if they had been cooked. Had the soil been
worked up down deep aft^r the heavy packing
rains, the damage would be but slight. In
fact, corn and potatoes planted in well-pulver-
ized ground after the rains are not suffering
perceptibly. We have just had an opportunity
of testing the benefit of water in one of our
sub-irrigating beds. It is planted to strawber-
ries, but no water was turned on during the
spring. I purposely left the bed until the ber-
ries began to be small and dried up somewhat.
Then we turned on water until it came up from
below, so as to dampen perceptibly the surface.

In 48 hours the whole aspect of the bed was
changed. Every green berry began to fill up
and expand wonde-^fully. Those that had be-
gun to shrivel, plumped out. looked very glossy
and juicy, and they were juicy too. I tell you.

There has been considerable said about sell-
ing strawberries at the low price of 4 and 5 cts.
a quart. Well, that is pretty low; but if we
had our beds so arranged that we could water
them from below, letting the water gradually
rise uo until it comes just near enough the sur-
face, I do not know but we could do a pretty
good thing by selling tvnter at 4 or 5 cents a
quart. Choice varieties like the Brandywine,
Wm. Belt, Marshall, and others, bring 6 and 7
cents a quart— sometimes 8.

By the way, the latest berry to ripen on our
ground this season is the Champion of England.
I think the location of the bed. however, helped
to make it late. It was on the north side of a
grapevine-trellis, and protected from the sun
pretivwell all through the day: then it was
mulched with potato vines last fall, so that the
plants had to creep up through the vines to get
out into th.' open air. This helped to make
them late. This morning we made our first
picking. A good many of the finest hr-'-ies
were scattered through the potato-vine mulch-
ing. The drouth had hurt them but very li ttlp,
and the great clean luscious berries hidden

502

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July 1.

away In the dried-up potato-vines were in
beautiful shape. To get berries extra early
they should be in thin rows, or, better still, in
hills, and we should work the ground without
any mulching until just before the fruit ripens;
but for a very late berry, heavy mulching is
needed all through the spring to iceep them
back, and then the shade of a grapevine or of
trees will also help. This, with heavy matted
rows, will enable us to have fine large berries
after the others are gone: and my impression
is, that sub-irrigation, with the water let on
at just the right time, will also help to prolong
the crop.

WIXTEK OATS— ONE OF MY FAILUKES.

Perhaps I have been telling about some of
my successes a little too much, while I have
said little or nothing about recent failures. A
year ago I reported that our Pairal New-Yorker
winter oats came through all right, or with but
little injury. We saved the seed and put in
between two and three acres last fall. They
came up promptly and showed a good stand all
winter, although I remember of several times
thinking they looked a little queer for oats.
They wintered perfectly, and this spring we had
a magnificent stand. In some places they were
a little scattering; but they stooled out so they
just kept down the weeds and every thing else.
When they began to head out, my teamster
suggested that the cold winter had turned the
oats into chess. I told him what the experi-
ment stations and agricultural papers say about
it; but he said he knew all about that; but when
I saw a whole field of grain turn into chess he
thought I probably might have my faith shaken
a little, or something to that effect.

My oats kept growing, and they kept looking
more peculiar. There was some real old-fash-
ioned chess among the oats, and I sent a man
over to the field to cut it out. Another friend
suggested there were two kinds of chess, and
that my winter oats looked very much like one
of the kinds.

About a week ago, when the oats came into
bloom and there were going to be three or four
grains where there should be one of oats. I was
obliged to give up that something was the mat-
ter. I sent samples to our experiment station
and to the Bural New-Yorker folks I also
sent a sample of the oats I sowed, and told them
som'^thing like this:

" We sowed oats such as we send you by this
mail, and we have a beautiful crop of green
stuflf such as I also send you by this mail. We
sowed oats, and shall we reap chess ? If not,
' what shall the harvest be •?' "

After my two samples and missives had gone
I began to feel still more uneasy. 1 v/ent down
to the seed-room and asked for a sample of our
winter oats. I showed them to the teamster,
to let him see that they were oats and nothing
else; but while we were looking them over he
said. " Why, there is some chess in this oats, as
sure as you live." Then I looked over the
handful, and, to my astonishment and dismay,
I found perhaps one grain in five or ten that
was a large kind of chess. We could easily
sort out the chess from the oats; and my pres-
ent explanation is that the cold winter killed
out every grain of oats and left the chess. In
fact, when we plowed it under we could not
find a single stalk of oats in the whole two or
three acres; but there w 's a nice even stand of
chess. It seems to me almost incredible that
the few chess grain* should have made so per-
fect a stand; and it seems also exceedingly
strange that not one grain of oats survived the
winter.

As soon as I discovered the chess, of course I

notified both the Rural New-Yorker and the
experiment station in regard to the matter.
Prof. Hickman replied, before he received my
second communication, as follows:

Mr. Root:— I am sometimes mistaken, but I think
you will have sown oats and reaped chess. I tnink
I am entirely safe in arriving at the conclusion that
your experience with tlie winter oats will be like
ours at the station ; and that Is, that your oats have
frozen out, and in their place you have chess. This
is not oats turning- to chess, but simply history
repeating- itself. Cut the chess and make hay out
of it before it g-ets too hard, and before the seed
ripens or even matures sufHclently to reproduce
itself. I thank you for calling- our attention to this
matter. It is one of interest.

Wooster, O., June 15. J. Fremont Hickman.

Permit me to add further in conclusion, that
no such chess as this has ever been seen before
on our premises or in this neighborhood. The
stuff was promptly plowed under while in full
bloom, June 18, and the ground planted to
Thoroughbred and Freeman potatoes.

Special Notices in the Line of Gardening, etc.

By A. I. Root.

NEW AND DESIRABLE VARIETIES OF STRAWBERRIES
FOR IMMEDIATE PLANTING.

We have decided to furnish the following- kinds
by mail postpaid, at prices given, but can not
promise to ship promptly, for the demand may be
greater than the supply. All we cati do is to
promise to fill the oi-ders in rotation. If the
drought continues that is with us now, the only
way we can furnish plants will be to irrigate, and
this of course will make them more expensive.
The first three mentioned are offered by the origi-
nators only, and at from $3.00 to $3.00 per dozen. In
view of this we think our prices are moderate as
follows :

Carrie. Darling, Earliest, and Nick Ohmer, 1.5 cts.
each, or $1.25 for 10 plants. You may have all of one
kind, or a mixed lot, of all these, as you choose.

Margaret will be 10 cts. each, or 75 cts. for 10
plants.

Brandy wine, Marshall, Wm. Belt, will be 5 cts.
each, or 40 cts. for 10.

We shall not be able to furnish them in larger
quantities than the ten lots until later on. We will
let you know when we can make better prices. By
way of description we will say Carrie is a seedling
of the Haverland, but the berries are much larger
and firmer, and the plants seem to be stronger
growers. The Earliest is away ahead in point of
earliness of any thing I ever met before. During
the past spring we were obliged to cover the blos-
soms with glass to prevent them from being killed
by frost. For such an early berry it is fairly pro-
ductive. The Darling is much hke the Earliest, but
a little later. The berries have a wonderfully en-
ticing rose color when only partly ripe. One of our
six original plants bore a very large lot of berries.
Nick Ohmer gave us one berry as large as a small
lemon, and as faultless in shape as a lemon. As we
received the plants only last fall we can not as yet
say how productive they will be.

Brandywiue, Marshall, and Wm. Belt have been
sufliciently described in this and previous issues.
We are going to try hard to mail the plants prompt-
ly, whether we have dry weather or not; and when
you get them we hope you will give them shade and
water, so that every plant shall live, whether you
have dry weather or not.

A single strawberry-plant put out in July, water-
ed and shaded and cnred for, should make at least a
dozen before winter c^mes: and with such plants
as the Earliest, Michel's Early, Warfleld, and others,
that make plants rapidly, I think I could, in our
rich plant-beds, increase one plant to 60 or perhaps
100. Of course, this requires much care and pains.
During a drouth I would not only use water, but
shade the plants with cloth in the middle of the
day; so you see that, even though you do pay a
pretty good price for these choice new varieties to
start with, if they should continue to find favor you

t;LKANIN(i!S IN BEE CULTURE

would make u very good thliiR of it raising plants;
and, besides, you would "learn the trade" while
you made sonietliing. See ?

STUAWnKRHY SKKDS FOK THOSK WHO MAV WANT
TMKM.

Notwithsiaiidinj? the fact that there are probably
more trood new varietii'.s^ before us now tlian we
shall be able to takeoarc" of in the next ten years,
theie are still many jht^oiis who want to try their
hand at new varieiio-. Kor the liciictli of such we
have \nn v\> sckIs from ovirrlpe I'niit nf the f.)llow-
iuff vMiietles: Sharpless. \Vartleld, l^djrar Queen,
and Marshall; and if you were to tr.\ jour hand at,
putting; up 'he ;-eeds you would conelude, as our
women-l'ilks did. that we could not atfoid a very
big lot of seeds for a nickel. It is a rather delicate
matter, if 1 am correct, to get them to grow.
Sprinkle them on tlie surface of some very I'ich
sifted compost or woods dirt: then cover them
lightly with sifted moss, just as you would celery-
plants, and keep the moss damp until your little
plants are up. Price of seeds of above kinds 5 cts.
per packet.

THE GLEANINGS Cf)XTRIBrTION FOR THE STARV-
ING PEOPLE IN INDLA.

Mr. and Mrs. H.J. Betinetr, Fair Haven,N. Y..$2:iG.
K. Xoren. Waverly, Neb.. r>: Mr. Booth, Medina. O.,
ir,; Albert Eckermann, Muskejion Heights, Mich., *1.

IF YOU WANT BEES

that will just "roll" [n the honey, and that are
wonderful red-clover workers, also geutle to han-
dle and exceedingly hardy, then try MOORE'S
STKAIIV OF ITALIANS, the result of 18 years
of careful breeding.

Warranted queens. ~o cts. each: 3 for $2.00; '^er
doz., $7.00. Select warranted, Sl.OO. Strong 3-frame
nucleus, with warianted queen, $2.50. Safe arrival
and .satisfaction guaranteed. Circular free. Those
who have never dealt with me I refer to A. I. Root,
who has purchased of me over 850 queens.

J. P. Moore, Morgan, Pendleton Co., Ky.

-<r FOR SALE. In b-f rame Dove-
iaiieo hives, queens from im-
)iorTe 1 iiK'thers. Price $3.00

BEES

$4.00 per colon v.
EDW. SMITH, Carpenter, ML

SEE THAT WINK ?

BEE SUPPLIES.

Root's Goods at Hoot's Prices.

Pouder's Honey Jars and every
liii:;,/ i:sed by bee-keepers Lt^w
freii-'ht rates; prompt service.
Catalogue free.
r<r"h.,nfD\ •• WALTER S. POUDER,

^'' pOVl«-«-Jfj) 162 Mass. Ave., Indianapolis, Ind.

QUEENS BY RETURN MAIL.

Daughters of best imported queen mother, war-
ranted purely mated to drones of imported stock
from a dittereut source; hence, a direct cross. 12
years as a honey-producer on a large scale has
taught me what good queens mean to the producer
as well as how to rear them. Price of queens, -oOc
each. Safe deliverv and satisfaction, or money re-
funded. L. H. ROBEY, Worthington, W. Va.

QUEENS

Smokers, Sections ,

Comb Foundation,
And all Aplairan Supplies
eh^ap. Send for
E. T. FLA.NAtiA.N. BelleTllle. M.

A Dollar Saved

is better tliaii one earned. Read my H7tli
annual catalog, and dont send out West for
goods you caii buy cheaper here at home.

I have added 2400 feet of tloor-space to my
st(u-e-house and sliall keep in stock Rtjot's
polished one-piece sections. Dovetailed
hives, new Weed foundation, etc., in addi-
tion to nay old line.

Best breeds of bees and queens at bottom
prices. Don't buy until you see what you
can do with me.

W. W. GARY, Colrain, Mass.

In writingr advertisers please mention tnis paper

From the

QUEENS I

Queen Specialist

Light Italians of the 3-banded
variety, bred from the same strains that gave such
universal satisfaction from 1885 to 1890. All queens
warranted purely mated, and shipped by return
mail if so requested. Price 75 cts. each. Address

JAMES WOOD, North Dana, Mass.

MUTH'S HONEY-EXTRACTOR,
SQUARE GLASS HONEY-JARS,
ROOT'S GOODS AT ROOT'S PRICES.

Bee-keepers' Supplies in general, etc., etc.
Send for our new catalog. "Practical
Hints" will be mailed for lOc in stamps.
Apply to

CHA8. F. ^UTH ft SON, Cincinnati, 0.

Untested, 40c; 3 for $1.00
."arranted, 50c; " $1.25
ested, 75c; " $2.00

Imported Italian mothers only are used, and for
industry, gentleness, and beauty their bees are un-
surpassed. We have in our yard bushels of drones
from imported mothers and their daughters, and a
mismated queen is rare. No defective queens sent
out. Remember that we are in the far South, and
can send queens by return mail. Safe delivery.
Money-ord'.-r olRce. Decatur.

CLEVELAND BROS., Stamper, Miss.

Dovetailed Hives.

Sections, Extractors. Smokers,
and every thing a Bee-keeper
wants. Honest Goods at Close
Honest Prices. 6U-page cata-
log free.

J. M. JENKINS, Wetumpka, Ala.

f I u 0 Do you need queens? the

I flOK rIPrP ' purest and best. If so,
l^WIV 11^1 V . ^g are prepared by re-
turn mail t<) ship the 3 band and golden Italians,
and silver gray Carniolans, untested, warranted
purely mated, for 50c: tested, 75c; breeders. $2.35.
JUDGE E. V. TERRAL & CO., Cameron, Texas.
^In writing? aiiverti^ers please mention Gleanings.

Root's Goods at his prices in Northern Michigan,

Local dealers supplied at dealer's rates. froods shipped f mm Mt. Pleasant, Coleman, or Evart.
B. WALKER, Evart, Mich.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July 1.

]MHVV T»f?|eES

ON

COLUMBIA BICYCLES

THE STANDARD OF THE WORLD.

1897 COLUf¥1BIAS

The best Bicycles made,

1896 COLUiVBBIAS

Second only to 1S97 Models,

1897 HARTFORDS

Equal to most bicycles,

HARTFORDS

Pattern 2,

HARTFORDS

Pattern I,

HARTFORDS

Patterns 5 and 6,

Reduced to
Reduced to
Reduced to
Reduced to
Reduced to
Reduced to

$75
60
50
45
40
30

Nothing in the market approached the value of these bicycles at
the former prices; what are they now?

POPE MFG. CO., Hartford, Conn.

Catalog free from any Columbia dealer; by mail for a 2-c. stamp.

B. Hendrickson, Agent

Medina, Ohio.

Are You Going to Buy_

Apiarian Supplies or Bees?

If so, You Want the Best.

This is the only quality we offer. Our prices are
right, and our '97 catalog describing them, and the
management of bees, is yours for the asking.

We carry a large stock, and can ship promptly.
Freight is a big consideration, often amounting to
20 per cent of the value of goods. Let us quote you
prices on what you need, delivered at your station.

Freight Paid.

They will cost but a trifle more than others charge
at the factory. Our aim is to please.
Apiary, I. J. STRINGHAM,

Glen Cove, L. I. 105 Park PI., N. Y. City.

QN..-s^>-'s/~~'v^ Either Golden or Imported by

fl/3i/:kric return mail. Untested, 75c;

UCClia, Tested, $1.00; Breeders, $2.00.

^'^'^-^^'^'^^ W. H. LAWS, Lavaca, Ark.

Don't Neglect Your Bees.

Bee-keeping may be made uniformly suc-
cessful by judicious feeding. It is just as
important with bees as with other stock.

^ Success in feeding depends

7~^ ^l very much on the feeder used.
When you have tried the

I Boardman Atmospheric

_ t- Entrance=feeder

>ou will be convinced of this.

For descriptive circulars
^'^ and price list, address

H. R. BOARDMAN, East Towosend, Ohio.

nilFPlV^ Either 3 or 5 banded, 60 cents each; 6
V/LJLrL,no. forS.S.lO. Nuclei and supplies cheap.
CHAS. H. THIES, Steeleville, IIL

I.KAN'INlJS IN HEKCLILTUKK.

iii;es\v.ax.
Those liiivintr Ik'Oswjix to dispose of will do well
to ship at oiii'o. For any thinj.' wo now see we will
deolint' tlu' price at loasi :.' cts. ii pouiici very soon.
The seti<in fi.r its liea\y eoiisumption in eoinb
foundation is very nearly over: and it has been the
experience of past vcars lor prices t.o rule lower
durinptlie late summer and fall. We are now paying'
^6 cts. cash, ~'7 in trade, delivered here; Imt we can
not itromise this price lon^'cr than the next two
weeks. 11' j-ou liavo onoiig-h for a shipment, send it
alonjr at t)rice without wtititijr to accumulate more.

COMB FOUNDATION OUTPUT.

Our output of comb loundation so far this year
is away in advance of any year so for in our history.
It is already more than double wliat we made in a
whole year two and three .\ear8 ag-o. It is simply
pheiK^menal, the demand we have had; and the sat-
isfaction it jrives is daily attested by kind words of
praise and admiration which we receive iii almost
every mall. Truly, if it were not for the inventions
of >ir. Weed, and the consequent improved ma-
cliinery for turning- out at a very rapid rate this
improved foundation, our capacity would not have
been e(iual to such an increased demand, nor would
the demand have increased so much except for the
superior qualities of the Weed New Process founda-
tion.

SECTION BOXES.

Our output of section boxes is also far in advance
of any previous year in our history. We have made,
during: the three months of April, May, and June,
more sections than we turned out during: a whole
year three and four years ago. Notwithstanding:
the fact tliat some manufacturers have ottered these
goods at lower prices, we have not been able to
make sections as fast as they were required, and
have called on two other factories to help us out to
the extent of half a million. Lately we have not
been able to supply the No. 2 grade in the quanti-
ties that they have been called for; and some who
order No. 2 will be compelled to take No. 1 instead.

If any of our readers can use 414x414, 7-to-foot, we
have some thirty or forty thousand of this size in
stock which we can ship promptly. We have also a
surplus of ikxikxlVi, both 2 and 4 openings.

DRAWN FOUNDATION.

Finally we have our dies completed }i, and in op-
eration, making drawn foundation. We find that
our hydraulic machinery for operating- the dies is
inadequate to the pressure for using the dies full
size, and we are making pieces 4x4, just right to fill
a section; and until we get more powerful machin-
ery we are not prepared to furnish it larger nor in
very large quantities, but such as we can furnish
will be mucli superior to sam|)ies from the former
dies— lighter and more delicate. It is already too
late to test it in the production of early lioney; but
the tests on a late honey crop, which generalli*
comes in more tlowly, will be more severe.

We ofler the drawn foundation in Vi-lb. packages
at 75 cts. with otlier goods, ur 90 cts. prepaid; three
pieces, 4x4, to fill a section, for 10 cts.; by mail, J2
cts.; 24 pieces. .oO cts.; by mail. fiO cts.; 10 pieces, 25
cts.; by mail, 30 cts. If you have pre.iudices or pre-
conceived notions in regard to this drawn founda-
tion, send for a sample from the last dies and see it
and test it for yourself, and then you will be able to
speak intelligently in regard to it. It is not too late
to test it this season in very many localities.

nilFFN '■'" ''f'^'ts: three or more, .50 cents; do
V«JUL,11, en,«5.50: test, d y-.ung, 75 cents.

J. B. CASE, Port Orange, Fla.

F««

SALE.— Large American fruit - evapor.itjr
cheap. Ezra G. Smitji, Manchester, N. Y.

w

HITE and black Minorcas; eggs. $1 per 15. 1st-
class stock. Sarah Shaw, Wiuthrop. N. Y.

Three Car Loads.

My third car of goods from The A. I. lioot (.'o. has
arrived, and 1 am prepared to till oiders foi regular
goods by next train at Knot's prices. Send for my
36-page catalog, or send me a list of goods wanted
and I will make .\-ou bottom prices.

GEO. E. HILTON,

Fremont, Mich.

The Adels, The Adels!

"Sammcmsville, N. Y., June 21, 1897.
" Find $5.50 for queens. The best .stock in 1896 out
of 13(1 was an Adel. The best stock this year out of
105 is an Adel from an ISKti <nieen from you."

Adel Queens $1. New catalog now ready.
HENRY ALLEY, Wenham, Mass.

Requeen, Requeen, Requeen.

Now is the time; queens are cheap.

Best untested Italians .5(lc, $0.00 per doz.; tested,
75c, f9.00 per d'jz. Th(--e are " Shaw queetis." Try
then. Every one knows they are good as the best.
Orders filled by return mail, and satisfaction guar-
anteed.

J. W. K. SHAW <& CO..
UOREAUVILLE, LA.

son UNTESTED QUEENS from imported Italian
OUU mothers. My qtieens produce gentle bees
and superior honey-gatherers. Fifty cents each;
$6.00 per dozen. How many do you want ?

W. C. FRAZIER, Atlantic. Iowa.

For Sale.== Bees and Queens.

Queens oO I'ls.; nucleus, two-frame,
with queen. *1 .5(1; uue-fiame. *1.00:
three-frame, +2.00.

Mrs. A. A. Simpson, Swarts, Pa.

0

pnppC filled by return mail for the clioic-
iVLfLriXO psi untested Italian queens at 60c
each. Can furnish 1, 2. and 3 frame nuclei.

A. I. KooT Comi'any's supi'lies. Send for
36 page catalog.

JOHN NEBEL & SON, High Hill, Mo.

Wants and Exchange Department.

WANTED.— To exchange 25 colonies of bees for
bicycles or offers. Also large American fruith
evaporator cheap. Ezra G. Smith,

Manchester, N. Y.

WANTED.— To exchange Parker shot-gun mew),
cost $.50, and Italian Ijees for high-grade bicycle
or offers. Write at oiici' if you want a bargain.

R. A. I'ROVfNS, Point Marion. Pa.

WANTED.— To exchange for something u.seful,
two tine bloodhound puiis 5 months old.
Claud IJfillhart, Oakwood, Paulding Co., O.

WANTED.-To exchange ii 5x8 K. (). Co. camera,
fitted with Lowe shutter (timi; and instantane-
ous)—a tine instrument in Al condition— for nuclei,
camera 3%x3^ (Hawkeye f)r Kodak preferrcdi or
ofifej's. Write.!. W. A.mhrosi;, Hox 862. Urbana. O.

Black and Hybrid Queens for Sale.

I have twenty hjbrid queens for sale at 25 cents
each or 5 for 91W. Address Albert Hikes,

Independence, Buchanan Co., Iowa.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE

July 1.

HALF PRICE — .

After June 10th we sell eggs from all our yards '
' at HALF PRICE ($1 per 15). Eggs will be from I
I our best pens, and handled with the same care |
, early orders receive. Our breeds:
Barred & White PI. Rocks, Lt. Brahmas,

Langshans, Bf. Cochins, White Wyandots,
Brown & Buff Leghorns, Pekin Ducks.
I Our stock will surely please you; order now.
POULTRY SUPPLIES.
We are America's Headquarters. Biggest
Stocli, Lowest Prices, Quick Shipments.
NissiiY's Poultry Annual and catalogue of '
Everything for the Poultry Yard" is a (
I book of 80 6x9 pages, finely illustrated and full ,
, or information. The book is free to all, but
we request a 3c stamp for postage.

GEO. J. NISSLY, Saline, Mich.

Pure Italian Queens.

Fifty cents each. Warranted firstcluss. No black
bees here, and no disease. Safe arrival guaranteed.
Money-order office Las CruceP.

W. C. GATHRIQHT, Dona Ana, New Hex.

Fruit Packages of all Kinds,

also

Bee=keepers' Supplies.

Order your supplies now
before the busy season
catches you. Price list
free. Address

BERLIN FRUIT-BOX CO.,
Berlin Heights, Erie Co.

Ohio.

Queens Given Away.

Gray Carniolans and Golden Italians. We will
give a flue tested queen (either race) to all custom-
ers ordering 6 untested queens, and a fine select
tested queen to all who order 13 uatested queens at
one time. The queens given away will be sent to
customers in August.

Grade and prices of bees
and queens.

Apr., May, July, Aug.
1 June, i Sept.

.75

.65

1 50

1.35

Select tested queens

3.50

3.35

Best imported queens

5.00

4.00

1 L.-frame nucleus, no queen

.75

.50

3 L.-frame nuclei, no queen..

1.50

1.00

Full colony of bees, no queen

in new Dov'd hive

5.00

4.00

We guarantee our bees to be free from all diseases
and to give entire satisfaction. Descriptive price
list free.

F. A. Lockhart & Co., Lake George, N. Y.

Send Your Beeswax

to M. H. HUNT, Bell Branch, Hiclf.,

and have it made into foundation.
It will cost you only 13V4c per lb. for
thin surplus, and 15c tor extra-thin
light brood; 10c, medium brood, or
heavy, 8c. A carload of Root's goods
at bottom prices. Let me quote you
prices, wholesale or retail. Large
free price list full of information.
In writing advertisers please mention Gleanings.

Texas Queens.

Golden, S
Adel s

' c Dr. Gallup says they are the best he
Albino. ^ has in his yard.

J. D. QIVENS, Lisbon, Texas.

iHTEITS

PROCURED
PROMPTLY

V

■P AT REASONABLE RATES

f By J. A. OSBORNE & CO.,

WM PATENT LAWYERS,

H 579 The Arcade, CLEVELAND, 0.

^^* OALL DR wniTP. A DV i C C FREE.

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^^

A Conscients^ys Farmer.

He lives in Imliana. Alter some one bad per-
suaded tiim to biiv ;i nother coiled ipriiiK fence, he
satisfied himself' that it iDfrinsed on tiie Page
Company's patents. Then he -wrote asking us to
name a reasonable rojalty . on payment of which he
migho be allowed to use it, and hereafter he will
buy of the rightful owners.

PAGE WOVEN WIRE FENCE CO., Adrian, V

BUY DSRECT

and pay but one profit.
Our assortment Is one
of the best and most
complete in

FRUIT and ORNAMEN-
TAL TREES, SHRUBS,

PLANTS, ROSES,
VINES,BULBS,SEEDS

I Rarest new, cliolcest old. Send for <
our catalogue to-day; it tells it all; an
elegant book, 168 pages, magazine
size, profusely illustrated, free.

Seeds, Plants ,Bulbs, Small Trees, etc. by •
mail postpaid, safe arrival and satisfaction <
guaranteed. Larger by express or freight.
43d Year. 33 Greenhouses. 1000 Acres-

STORRS & HARRBSON CO.,

Box33l Painesville, Ohio.

ONE MAN WITH THE
»== UNION COMBINATION SAW

^r "=1 < an do t he worlj of four men u8-
'^ ■*'!"] inu h mil tiols in Ripping, Cut-
iiiifr oft, Mitering-, Rabbeting,
OrooMiig, Gaining, Dadoing,
I Edtruig up. Jointing Stuff, Etc.
lull Line of Foot .'ind Hand
i'o\M>i Machinery. Sold on Trial.
Cnnilou Free. l-24ei

Seneca Falls Mf?. Co.,
44 Water St. Seneca Falls, N. Y.

H^S,

Head what J. I. Parent, of
Charlton, N. Y., says— "We cut
with one of your Combined Ma-
chints ast winter 50 chafl hives
with 7-inch cap, 100 honey-
racks, 500 broad frames, 2,000
honev-boxes, and a grea deal
of other work. This winter we
have doubled the amount of
bee-hives, etc., to make, and we
expect to do it all with this saw.
It will do all you say it will."
Catalogue and Price List free.
Address W. F. & JOHN BARNES, 545 Ruby Street,
Rockford, 111.

When more convenient, orders for Barnes' Foot-
Power Machinery mav be sent to

THE A. I. ROOT CO., Medina, O.

(J LEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Contents ot this Number.

Airalfn Honey 614

Apple, Porter MS

Bees HRiiKinir 0(it .Ml

Bottoml)«is. Narrow ..BIT

Cans for Honov SSS

Conil.s. When to Replace. . . .625
roiiil. .-.-I't- . .M7

Honey. Comb v. Extracted.. 624

Honey lus Food 519

House aiiiarie^ 520

Jadoo Fiber 6.16

Lar<l-can> lor Honey 518

Mexico. Prices in 624

Oiiloii>. Winter .«7

r.i I, ,. , I'niforni 626

r. ' 1- : 'i , I'lants 5.V

y ' ' ^ 523

1 ~ I: n . ':>ii;!enbaker ...519

li' ' - ■'I'a M^.,- , k,ii,„ir MT

ll..ri. •^. All;«il;i .".H ."^vvai in -. To Catch 535

Honey. Poisonous 52;{ Sweet Clover Defended 536

Honey. Yellow-jes.samine.. . ..5241 Voifel, Deatli of 522

United States Bee=keepers' Union.

Orgrnnized to ndvanoe the purs

mote the interests of bee kec

bers: to prevent the adulter

prosecute tlie disbonesi

;■; to pro-
[- mem-
md to

Membership Fee-$i.OO Per Annum.

/i-veotif it'e Co/jiiiiit tee.
President— George W. York.

Vice-Phes.— E. Whitcomb.
Secretary— Dr. A. B. Mason.

Station B, Toledo, Ohio.

Hoard of IJirectors.

E R. Hoot. E. WhitcoiMB. W. Z. Hutchinson.

E.T.Abbott. Dh C.C. Miller. C.P. Dadant.

C»ener«/ J\/arjfioer and Treasurer.

EfOENE Secor, Forest City, Iowa.
Next Annual Meeting at Buffalo, N. Y., Aug. 24—

Honey Column.

CLTT MARKETS.

MiLWAnKEE.— Ho?iew.— The marliet is quiet. The
supply is equal to all demands. There is quite a
little stock of old c.-.mb honey, but nearly all of the
common erades. The faacy nearly all sold otf,
while the common quality is hard to move at any
price. Can quote white choice 12@]3; white com-
mon, 7@11; extracted white, in pails and cans. .5(4®
6: dark, in pails and cans. 4'4@5; white, in btrrile,
5@n!'2: dark, in barrels, mi'i: beeswax. 2.5@28.
A. V. Bishop & Co..

July T. Milwaukee, Wis.

Cleveland— /Jonej/.— Fancy white. 12V4; No. 1
white, 10(^11; fancy amber, 9; fancy buckwheat, 6
@" ; beeswax, 28@30.

A. B. Williams & Co.,

July 7. 80-82 Broadway, Cleveland, O.

COLUifBCS — Honcjy. — Old crop white clover, 12®
12',4: amber. 7'/4; dark, 6@7. No new honey offered.
Market extremely quiet.

The Columbus Com. & Storage Co.

July 7. 409-413 N. High St , Columbus. O.

Cincinnati.- iJoney.- There is a fair demand for
old !ind new extracted honey, and prices-range from
3V2@6, according to quality. New honey is coming
in plentifully, and some of the finest clover we ever
saw. We are receiving the best light honey from
the Southern States we ever did. We had a number
of arrivals of fine new comb honey which wp quote
at 12@13. Demand for beeswax is fair at 22@2.5 for
good to choice yellow. Chas F. Muth & Son.

July 7. Cincinnati. O.

Boston. — Honey. — Fancy white, 13; No. Ill®
12: amber, 10; white extracted. 7; amber. o@6. Bees-
wax. 26. E E. Blake & Co.,

July 7. .57 Chatham St.. Boston. MaS"

Kansas City.— Woney.— Fancy white. 13@14: No.
1 white, 12@13; amber, lir4>12; dark. 8@10: extract-
ed, white, 5@5H; amber, 4!4®5; dark. 4@4^i. Bees-
wax, 30. C. C. Cl.. MONS & Co.,

July 8. 423 Walnut, Kansas 'Mty. Mu

Chicago.— Hojiej/.— Not any new comb honey on
the market. Extracted Is offered freely. A few
sales are being made on a basis of 5X@') for best
white. Amber. 4(015. with dark grades selling equal-
ly well as the white. Beeswax, 26®27— all offer-
ing being taken. R. A. Burnett & Co.,
■ ~ 163 So. Water St.. Chicago, 111.

ng bei
July

St. Louis. — Honey.- Fancy white. 12®12^ ; No. 1
wh.te, WIVA: No. 2 white. Kl@10'/2; dark to
amber. 7®!); extracted while, 4 ^©6^; ambt-r, 4^@
Hi: dark, 3H@4; beeswax lower, 24'4®25. The hot
weather restricts demand. No movement.

Westcott Commission Co.,

July 8. 213 Market St., St. Louis, Mo.

.Albany. -f/onej/. - Fancy white, 11@12: No. 1
whit<>, 9@10: fane* dark, 6®7: No. 1 dark, .5@6;
extracted white, 5; dark. 4 Th,ie is but a small
amount of comb honey on our market, and that is
of an inferior quality. We do not look for any new
bel ore next month. We lave quite a stock of ex-
tracted, both light and dark, on hand.

Chas. McCulloch & Co.,

July 2. Albany, N. Y.

Philadelphia.— Ho/iey. — Old comb honey mostly
cleaned up. Odds and ends sold at any reiisonable
offer. Very little new in yet— not enough to estab-
lish a price, and will be no call till September. Ex-
tracted dark, 3i/j®4: amber, 4@4!/2; light. .5@5^.
Prices will rule low; big crop everywhere. Bees-
wax, 25. Wm. A, Selser.

July 10. 10 Vine St., Philadelphia, Pa.

Minneapolis.- HoJiew. — The demand for comb
honey Is very light, and prices more or less nom-
inal. We quote choice white clover at 12@14; light
amb r, 8®10. Extracted in fair cemand, and prices
lower. Choice white clover, 5V2®6; choice amber,
4i/j@6. S. H. Hall&Co.,

July 10. Minneapolis, Minn.

Detroit. — Honey.— New comb honey is being
ofler.'d, and brings in®ll; old honey, 7®10; extracts
ed, 4@6. Beeswax, 2.5@26.

M. H. Hunt,

July 7. Bell Branch, Mich.

New York. — Honey. — No comb honey on our
market. Some demand for white comb at 10®11.
Market on extracted rather weak Demand slow
ot late, and arrivals plenty. Southern, average
common grade, .50c per gallon; better grades. 55®60c
per gallon: Califor ia, light amber, 4'/2®4^c per
lb.; white, 5@5Ji. Beeswax remains steady at 26@27.

HiLDRETH BKOS.&SEGELKEN,

July 7. 120-122 W. Broadway, New York.

For Sale.— Fancy exti acted in 601b. cans, and
fancy comb (Danzy sections) mangrove honey in
30-lb. cases. Cash offer>; wanted, f. o. b. here.

H. Price Williams, Miami, Florida.

Honey Leaflet

Dr. C. C. Miller.

Why honey is more wholesome than

cane sugar.
Honey as an article of diet; honey

cooking recipes.

This leaflet is written for the benefit of consumers,
and is put out at an extremely low price so that
honey producers may distribute them free to their
customers. Prices:" 10. 5c: 100. 20c; .500, 75c; all
postpaid; 1000, 75l', carriage extra.

The A. I. Root Co., Medina, O.

0

pnpnc filled by return mail for the cholc-
iVL/ivlVO est untested Italian queens at 60c
each. Can furnish 1, 2. and 3 frame nuclei.

A. I. Root Comi'a.ny'S supplies. Send for
36 page catalog.

JOHN NEBEL & SON, High Hill, Mo.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July 15

What Has Been Told Lately

In the Bee-keepers' Review ? did you ask? Well, in the Jan. issue Mr. Aspinwall explained a simple plan
whereby the mating of queens at the home yard may be secured with almost absolute certdinty. R. L. Tay-
lor, in the February issue, describes an experiment made to determine if honey stored in the super of a
foul-broorty colony was infected with the g-erms of foul brood. In the March number, Isaac Lundy told
*' How to Get Drawn Combs right in the Sections, and Secure Comb Honey at the same Time." In the April
issue, R. L. Taylor tells at what a high temperature he Isept his bee-cellar last winter, and the results. The
June issue contains a long article from Mr. Lundy. explaining his methods, and giving the details of a plan
whereby he secures drawn combs during the wliite-honey harvest. Of course, there are other articles,
editorial comments, extracts, notes from foreign bee-journals, Hasty's " View of Current Bee Literature,"
etc.

The Review is 11.00 a year; but for the sake of getting new subscribers I am offering it for 1897, and 1000
first-class sections, for only $2.50; or the Review and a Bingham Conqueror smoker for $1.75; or the Review
and a fine tested Italian queen for only $1.50.

W. Z. HUTCHINSON. Flint, Mich.

Three Car Loads.

My third car of goods from The A. I. Root Co. has
arrived, and I am prepared to fill orders for regular
goods by next train at Root's prices. Send for my
36-page catalog, or send me a list of goods wanted
and I will make you bottom prices.

GEO. E. HILTON,

Fremont, Mich.

Italian Q"^«n!'

either golden beauties
or 3-banded imported
stock. Tested, 90c each; untested,
55c each; 6 for $3.00. One sample queen to new cus-
tomer, 50c; breeders, $2.00 to $o..50 each. P. O. M. O.
office, Lavaca. E. A. SEELEY, Bloomer, Ark.

Philadelphia Office of

THE A. I. ROOT CO.,

10 Vine St., Philadelphia, Penn.

Now is the time to order

Shipping = cases, Winter Cases,
Chaff Division=boards, etc., etc.

Order from catalog ; prices are same
as from factory.

At Des floines,
Iowa.

Root's Goods at Root's Factory Prices

Immense stock of the latest 1897 goods now on hand, and more to follow.

Thousands of Hives and Millions of Sections is our record, and other goods in proportion, we

are sure to please you if the best goods at bottom
prices and good service will do it. Eleventh annual catalog free. Address

JOS. NY5EWANDER, Des Moines. Iowa.

PRICES OF

Bingham Perfect Bee=smokers and Honey=knives.

Smoke Engine (^^fr^dS."''') ^■^'^- stove. Doz., $13.00; each, by mail, $1.50

Doctor 3% " " 9.00; " " 1.10

Conqueror 3 " " 6.50; " " 1.00

Large 2!4 " " 5.00; " " .90

Plain 2 " " 4.75; " " .70

Little Wonder (wt. 10 oz.).... 2 " " 4..50; " " .60

Honey-knife " 6.00; " " .80

Bingham Smokers have all the new improvements. Before buying a
Smoker or Knife, look up its record and pedigree.

FIFTEEN YEARS FOR A DOLLAR; ONE-HALF CENT FOR •. MONTH.

Dear Sir:— Have used the Conqueror 15 years. I Avas ; Uva\- nicasfd
with its workings, but thinking I would need a new one i
write for a circular. I do not think the 4-inch Smoke ICn

January 2T, 1897. Truly, W. H. Eagbhtv .(

i-i .sumijier, I
iw loo large,
ba, Kansas.

T. F. BINQHAH, Farwell, Hichigan.

A Penny Saved is a Penny Earned.

Yes. it's better than that, for the saved penny you don't liave to earn twice. Well, the
Weekly American Bee Journal will help you save your pennies. It is a real money-
saver to the hee-keeper who will read and practice its teaching. The regular price is
f 1.00 a year, or only about two cents per copy. But in order that new readers may give
it a trial we will send it for only 50 cents from the time we receive your subscription to
the end of 1897. Now, the sooner you send the half dollar, the more copies you will re-
ceive. Send le stamps if more convenient. Sample copy free.

GEORGE W. YORK & CO., 118 Michigan St., Chicago,

• DELVOTELD'

•AND Honey ,

•AND HOME.- "?<
•INTERESTS

-1 $i°°perMar ^@"^EblNA•0H10•

Vol. XXV.

JULY 15, 1897.

No. 14

Please, Messrs. A. I. Root Co., don't bring a
live Ai)is dorsata into this country until you
know they can be domesticated. [You need
have no fears on that score.— Ed.J

Many REPORT honey coming in well, espe-
cially in white-clover regions, but figures in
Honey Column are not very encouraging. Still,
I'd rather have big crop with little price than
little crop with big price.

Bee wokk crowds so that I hid to get up at
3 this morning to finish thesL^ Straws. [I have
thought, doctor, that you seemed to be quite
busy; but you are rather reticent as to whether
or not you are getting honey. I suspect you
are.— Ed ]

In grading honey, is there any need of de-
manding that both sides of a section be im-
maculately white in order to take highest
grading? When on the table, If the upper side
is white, does it matter if the other side be
darkened ?

After SWARMS. Isaac Lundy says, in Re-
view, he prevents by putting a cone escape on
the mother colony. Why not? If no bees are
allowed to enter the hive about the time the
young queen emerges, but are compelled by the
escape to join the swarm, the destruction of
the other queens may be relied upon.

E H. SciiAEFFLE finds that bottom starters
have a bad habit of curling over— p.486. If top
and bottom starter are only l{ inch apart, the
bees fasten them together the first thing, and
that prevents curling. [Bottom starters had a
fashion of curling over for us last year. It is
possible we made them too wide. Ours were
about }4 inch.— Ed.]

Probabia' it will be the best way for founda-
tion-makers to paper foundation unless ordered
otherwise, but I think it will be economy, for
us Northerners at least, to order all founda-

tion un papered. [If our customers will specify
whether they want their foundation papered
or unpapered we shall be very glad to comply
with their wishes, whichever way they may
choose.— Ed.]

If THE FIGURES on p. 487 are correct, it's
ni cessary to make our bees' tongues only one-
ninth longer to bring them up to dorsata. It
ought not to be so vf^ry hard to accomplish
that, seeing there is considerable difference in
different colonies. [It only goes to show how
ridiculous are the claims that Apis dorsata
would have tongues so much longer that they
could reach into flora that our own bees could
not.— Ed.]

Now WE HAVE the Medina mark— 1000 sec-
tions folded in 40 minutes, and 1000 starters put
in in 2 hours. Common people who reach the
half of that may be well satisfied. One thing
that helps the starter business in Medina is
that small starters are used and the sections
throi(;?i into a basket. With full starters they
sl^iould be placed directly in the supers— don't
know but they ought to anyway— and that
takes more time.

E. E. Hasty ought to be drummed out of
the regiment — always raising troublesome
questions. In Revleiv he goes on after this
fashion: "Is it not usually the case with any
sample of honey, that its flavor is the joint re-
sult of two flavors — one secreted by the plant
and one contributed by the bee ? Is it not pos-
sible that most of the flavoring contributed by
the plant is taken out of the nectar the day it
is brought in, and stored in the bodies of the
bees, and restored later on in a somewhat al-
tered and less volatile form?"

L. A. AspiNWALi. thinks the chief cause of
swarming an abundance of bees of all ages,
with the following as adjunct factors: "Tem-
perature, ventilation, drones, pollen, honey, the
influence of a honey-yield extending into a fail-
ure of ;the honey sources, the swarming-im-
pulse, the inherent tendency, and, lastly, that
under the circumstances of supersedure."— Re-
vieiv. [The sentence containing the "ad-

514

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July 15.

junct factors " is, it seems to me, a little in-
volved—at least I do not clearly understand
what is meant, although I think he is trying to
tell us what we already knew.— Ed.]

A DISCOVERY is reported in the Australian
Bee Bulletin, in prevention of swarming. Just
turn the hive upside down once in nine days,
and the bees will destroy the queen-cells. The
Bulletin may save its readers much disap-
pointment by saying that the same discovery
was made in this country several years ago,
and, afier extensive trial, it proved a failure.
Bees don't always destroy the cells, and, be-
sides, they often swarm with only eggs in
queen-cells.

I MUST PUTIN just a word for Funics. You
say, Mr. Editor, they have hardly a redeeming
quality; but from my limited experience the
one redeeming quality is an important one.
They're great workers; and if I were working
for extracted honey I shouldn't object to some
of the blood in my apiary. But they couldn't
be tolerated for comb honey on account of fill-
ing the cells so full as to make the combs look
watery. [I said, doctor, that they had hardly
a redeeming quality. They may be a little
better than the average Italians or hybrids,
for extracted honey, but I doubt very much
whether they are. Their bad qualities put
them considerably behina in the race with other
bees.— Ed.]

It is true, Mr. Editor, as you say, that " the
general run of customers do not take kindly to
candied honey." But that leaves it still an
open question whether it might not be best for
producer and consumtr that they should be ed-
ucated to it. Muth's experience is not on paper.
Better sell granulated honey to a man taught
what to do with it than to sell liquid honey to
a man who doesn't know what to do with it
when it candies on his hands. [There may be
some truth in what you say; but it is uphill
work to educate the public. Most of the bee-
keepers and dealers with whom I am acquaint-
ed seem to have come to the conclusion that it
is better to keep honey liquid as long as possi-
ble; and when it candies, exchange it for liquid.
-Ed.]

David N. Ritchey feels sure Apis dorsata
can be domesticated, and that they should at
once be imported to test the matter of their
acclimatization. If their domestication is es-
tablished, no one will object to their introduc-
tion. What I object to is their introduction
before we know they can be domesticated. [It
looks to me, in view of what was published on
pages 487, 488, from the pens of those who have
been in the native homes of the dorsata, that it
is exceedingly doubtful whether they could ev-
er be domesticated. But, nevertheless, Glean-
ings desires Mr. Ram bo to give the matter a
test when he returns to his missionary labors.

In view of this, speculation from those who are
not personally acquainted with A. dorsata in
their native climate is worse than useless. — Ed.]

"Bee-keepers," says Editor Hutchinson,
" have one bad habit. If they agree with their
editor they write and pat him on the back. If
they don't agree with him they keep still. They
ought to write to him just the same, if they
don't agree with him." All of which is more
or less true. But, say, W. Z., some editors
have a bad habit. They'll publish only what's
written them on their side. [Yes, both sub-
scribers and editors are quite inclined to believe
the way they want to believe. The subscriber
is too much inclined to write to the editor
agreeing with him; and the naughty editor is
very much inclined to publish that side of a
question which accords with his views, or,
perhaps, more exactly, his prejudice. I believe
I am as human as anybody else; but I have
often tried, to give greater emphasis to the side
that is opposed to my own opinions.— Ed.]

Tb.e American Bee Journal is now faithful-
ly working on the report of the St. Joe conven-
tion that got water-logged more than two
years ago. The last five numbers have been
occupied with Frank Benton's essay on honey-
plants, which has grown so much in two years
that it now fills about six pages of the Old Re-
liable. It is, perhaps, the fullest thing of the
kind ever written. [Yes, it is no doubt the
fullest; but very often I have seen a long list
of honey-plants, all of which have practically
no bearing at all on the honey market, and the
reader is led to believe that they all yield honey
to a considerable extent. The honey-plants of
importance in this country can almost be
counted upon the fingers on one hand. It
seemed to me, as I glanced over Mr. Benton's
essay, that he was giving the unimportant
ones almost as much prominence as the others.
-Ed.]

Bu R. C. Aikin.

ALFALFA HONEY; ITS GRANULATING QUALI-
TIES; A REPLY TO E. T. ABBOTT AND
F. L. THOMPSON.

Mr. Editor:— I had not intended writing any
thing more in regard to the granulation of
alfalfa honey; but it seems to me that, while
Messrs. Abbott and Thompson are thumping
me, may be I had better hit back a little.

Now turn again to page 115 and see what I

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

51li

said about it: "Now, while tho body, color,
and llavor are excollent, there is one feature
that is against it; and that is its tendency to
granulate. Alfalfa comb honey, as a rule, will
not keep over winter without granulating to
some extent, both in brood combs and In sections.
I suppose Mr. Abbott's article was intended
to show that I misrepresented, more or less,
alfalfa honey. That he utterly failed in this,
I shall prove by his own words. The first sen-
tence in the third paragraph of Mr. Abbott's
article, page 3:.M, admits every thing I said, for
it reads- "I know that, generally speaking,
alfalfa honey granulates very quickly; but I
am inclined to think that this is due more to
the way the honey is handled than to any in-
herent tendency in the nectar of the alfalfa-
plant."

I said it has a " tendency to granulate," re-
ferring to alfalfa honey, then qualified as to
comb honey, by saying, "as a rule, will not
keep over winter without granulating to some
extenV Is not that both "generally speak-
ing." and qualifiedly too? The italics I have
supplied here. Further, Mr. A. did not know
what he was talking about when he intimates
that it is " the way the honey is handled " that
causes its granulation. More light on this
farther along.

Let me quote Mr. Abbott again: " I am also
of the opinion that the tendency to granulate
is due to alack of ' body.' " Throughout the
article he intimates that producers of alfalfa
take unripe honey. In closing his third para-
graph he says, "I incline to the opinion that
the great tendency to granulate shown by
extracted alfalfa honey is due to improper
manipulation, and I would advise the other
extracted-honey producers of Colorado to take
a few lessons from Mr. Foster, and to work for
quality rather than quantity, and thf-n they
will not say that all alfalfa honey will granu-
late in a short time. I know from experience
that it will not."

Now, Mr. Abbott, just tell me who said, and
where, that all alfalfa honey granulates, even
in a long time ? I wonder, too, if Mr. Foster's
letter, which I quote hereinafter, will not throw
some light on your " experience " whereby you
"know" about these matters. Friend Abbott,
before I leave you just let me ask you how
many tons of alfalfa honey have you handled?
what per cent did not granulate? was it heated
after being extracted?

Mr. F. L. Thompson asks a few questions,
pages 321, 322, which I will answer. Referring
to granulation he asks: "Is it not true that
there is a marked difference between early and
late honey in this respect?" Yes, there is a
diflference. The early honey seems thicker,
and does not granulate nearly so much in the
comb, but does granulate when extracted. My
experience with comb (section), kept over win-

ter, Is that a small per cent will granulate. I
have never kept more than a small amount,
always dry but not warm.

Tho rest of your questions I can not fully
answer; but in a general way I will say that
my opinion is that straight alfalfa comb, kept
as 99 out of every 100 bee-keepers or merchants
would keep it. would granulate from 5 to 20 per
cent. Tho cells would not become solid, but be
a mixture of granules and liquid. My extract-
ed always granulates, and so does all alfalfa
extracted I have ever seen. One year there
was a How from red and alsike clover right at
the start, and this honey did not granulate so
solid as that a few days later, after the clover
was cut down.

In order to be more certain, and that others
besides myself might testify, I have sent out
the following list of questions to a number of
apiarists:

1. How quickly, and what per cent of your
extracted alfalfa honey granulates?

2. What per cent of your alfalfa comb honey
granulates if kept over winter?

3. Do the winter stores in the brood-combs
granulate, and to what extent ?

4. In the matter of granulation, how does
alfalfa compare with other honeys?

Mr. Oliver Foster, Las Animas, Colo , replied
somewhat in detail. He has given me his con-
sent to use any part of his letter in print that I
may wish, so I am going to use it all. I know
that friend Abbott will want a lesson or two
from it. Here is his letter:

In reply to your questions of the 22d, I have read
with interest, your article on the granulation of
alfalfa honey, and also that of my friend Abbott.
I think you are both in a measure rig-ht. My alfalfa
honey, both comb and extracted, does, as a rule,
granulate, but it does not seem to be confined to
rule. Comb lioncy does not granulate until late In
the winter, and then It does not get very hard un-
less lioney has been previously extracted from the
comb. I do not think my extracted alfalfa honey
granulates sooner than basswood. clover, and
heartsease of Iowa. If it did. I should not consider
that an obiection unless it also granulated quickly
after melting, which it does not. if properly melted
and if It is well ripened. Alfalfa honey may be
very thick and not ripe I think it can not be pro-
duced in perfect quality by ordinary methods. We
use 40 to 45 L combs to the colony, and then heat
the honey before and after extracting to get it out,
and througli a fine muslin strainer. After storing
in 60-lb. cans we let it granulate as hard and as soon
as It pleases. Just before shippi g we melt it with
a slow heat in a water bath. It takes 24 hours to
melt honey properly. Wfe leave the cap screwed on
tight while melting. ..,,,,-

In answer to your questions: 1. Extracted alfalfa
usually granulates at tlie approach of cool or cold
weather; the time depends on season of extracting.
Perhaps one to three per cent will not granulate at
all: thai is, ..f 100 1-lb. cans filled from the same lot,
a few never granulate, whether having been heated
oi' not. 2. 1 think about all alfalfa comb honey will
granulate if kept over winter, unless It is kept in a
very warm place— usually by Jan. 1. ■,, ^

:i. The winter stores in brood-combs granulated last
winter and three years ago to an extent affecting
seriously the prosperity of many colonies; but 1
think it was owing to other than alfalfa honey.

4. In the matter of candying, alfalfa honey com-
pares favorably with other honeys, except in the
case of comb honey. Oliver Foster.

Mr. D. S. Jenkins, also of Las Animas, re-

'.IG

GLEANING SN BEE CULTURE.

July 15.

plied, and I give his replies in abbreviated
form, quotation-marks showing his own lan-
guage:

1. " Comb honey (alfalfa), sealed before about
the 4th of July, will keep over winter if kept in
a warm place; but the same honey, if extract-
ed, will granulate if not kept at a temperature
of 145 to 150 degrees for about 34 hours. If the
heat is applied as mentioned it will pass the
winter and not granulate; but to start with
the honey must be well ripened; otherwise it
will granulate."

"I have samples of alfalfa extracted honey
three years old that were heated, the samples
being taken at 145 degrees, and each additional
5 degrees thereafter up to 190. The 145 to 165
granulated in about 68 days." The greater the
degree of heat applied, the slower to granulate.
"The 190 sample is not fully granulated yet.
If Mr. Thompson will take a section of his fine
comb honey that will not granulate through
the winter, and pick the cappings off some of
the cells and stir it with a pin, he will find that
the cells so treated will granulate while the
others will not."

2. "June comb honey, if kept in a warm
room, will keep overwinter; but if exposed to
the cold I expect all of it to partly granulate.'

3. "About 50 per cent."

4. Could not answer, experience being lim-
ited to alfalfa and cleome. "Some seasons
worse than others." Gathered in damp cool
weather it granulates worse than if gathered
in hot dry weather.

Mr. W. L. Porter, North Denver, answered,
and I give the gist of his replies:

1. " In 30 days, and sometimes sooner; cleome
more slowly."

2. Had not observed closely, " but think 10
per cent on an average."

3. This question he did not answer in a gen-
eral way, but says " winter stores are all gran-
ulated hard except in localities where cleome
is abundant. I have cleome gathered two
years ago in the brood-combs thatis still liquid."

Mr. Porter has several apiaries. In regard to
tendency to granulate, he puts sweet clover
first, alfalfa second, anri cleome third.

In 1889 I handled, from three apiaries, 12 tons
of honey, principally alfalfa. In 1890 the crop
was 12 tons. One year sincf , I produced 9 tons.
The remaining years since 1890 have had from
two to five tons each year, a total of over 40
tons in seven years, and about half and half
comb and extracted. The comb has, all but a
few cases, been marketed early, so I do not
know how it kept. Of the extracted, about 99
per cent granulated, and nearly all inside of 30
days.

As to the body of this honey, it could not be
extracted except warm from the hives, or by
the application of heat. Many a time I have
had to stop extracting because it would not

pass through a l}<^-inch hole as fast as extract-
ed in a two-frame machine, but filled up so the
reel dragged in the honey. Mr. Foster says,
"Alfalfa honey may be very thick and not ripe.
I think it can not be produced in perfect quali-
ty by ordinary methods." I know no reason
why not ripe if thick. I know the flavor of all
honeys changes somewhat as they get older,
but I understand the term "ripe " to apply to
consistency, in its general meaning as applied
to honey. I do not consider any honey of
" perfect quality " produced by ordinary meth-
ods. An apiarist of large experience in the
east has often told me that, in Colorado's dry
climate, it was altogether unnecessary to wait
for the honey to be sealed. I want mine sealed,
or largely so.

I have before me samples of honey. First is
one of white clover 13 years old. It was never
heated, but granulated solid, and stayed so for
two or three years, then gradually liquefied
until about one-half liquid, where ii remains
unchanged. It has become about as dark as
light sorghum molasses.

Next is a sample of alfalfa eight years old.
This was solid for over a year, then became
about one-fourth liquid, and remains so. Its
liquid portion has become slightly amber in
color. It was never heated.

Next is alfalfa five years old, once heated to
liquefy. I do not know the degree of heat, but
just enough to melt it. This soon granulated
again, and is now about five-sixths granules.

I also have a sample three years old, never
heated, but put into glass when extracted, and
it is apparently all solid, and has remained so.
This has not even been in a warm room. The
first and second samples mentioned were at
times in a warm place— one near a stove, the
other in the gable of the honey-house. The
heat helped to partially liquefy.

I have also a sample three years old, once
liquefied, that has gradually granulated, till
now it is about one-half to two-thirds granules.
The last sample I have is two years old, liquefied
by heat, and is now about nine-tenths liquid.

One thing is very noticeable in these samples;
The honey in those to which heat was applied,
when it does again become solid, is more strict-
ly granules mixed with the liquid portion; but
that which was never heated forms a body al-
most like lard, and quite firm.

I have liquefied tons of honey, but never
tested the degree of heat necessary. This Is
one of the thing* I have planned to do, but as
yet have never found time. I am scarcely an
able-bodied man, but must earn my living, so I
find it hard to do all the experimental work I
wish. Time and money, properly applied,
would soon settle many disputed points. Ob-
serving, however, as I go along, I have come to
the conclusion that a low degree of heat, say
but little above 100 F., if applied for several

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

il7

days and coiuiiiuously till tho \vho!o mass of
houpy is ihorouRlily licatod and liquid, will do
the work all right without injuring the color
or flavor. My stove, where the heat is irregular
(in water bath), I have never succeeded in
liquefying so it would long stay liquid, unless
it became so hot as to injure color and flavor,
unless I continued the heal for '.M to 4S hours.

But I am drifting from my topic, and must
return and t)ring this to a close. I must admit
thai my experien."e with other honeys than
alfalfa is quite limited. 1 have produced some
little basswood, a very little mustard, and con-
siderable white-clover, heartsease, and Spanish-
needle. I never carried a stock of comb very
long, and do not remember lo have had any of
these granulate; but the extracted did granu-
late more or less, though none of il so quickly
as does the honey here.

My sources here are alfalfa for 7.5 to 90 per
cent, the rest being about equally divided. be-
tween sweet clover and cleome. I did have
some red clover, but it is about all gone now.

I think the time is very near when extracted
honey will be marketed granulated, such as
will granulate; and if it does become solid it
will be no detriment— rather a help. If it is
true that other honeys in the comb will granu-
late as freely as alfalfa, then the latter is sure
to take the lead, for its color and flavor will
find it a market. I once sent a sample of alfal-
fa extracted to a Chicago firm who are very
extensive honey-dealers, and they said it was
" without question the finest sample of ex-
tracted they had ever seen." This hal been
melted before sending, but was of the honey
friend Abbott wants improved upon.

Must Colorado apiarists use exceptional
methods that are not required by Missouri
producers ? No, friend Abbott; if we must use
other than "ordinary methods," as Mr. Foster
does, to get honey that will not granulate, it
but proves my statements.

Usually the first honey gathered— that sup-
posed to have the least tendency to granulate—
is stored in the brood combs. How comes it,
then, that so much of il. granulates? The first
stored in brood-combs is the last to be used
from them, yet we find a large per cent of this
granulated.

Loveland, Colo.

THE ADVANTAGE OF NARROW BOTTOM-
BARS.

osborn's comb-carrying cart — ob.jections

TO IT.

By 0. O. Poppleton.

Nearly a year ago. Dr. Miller, in one of his
Straws, asked any bee-keeper, who preferred
and used narrow bottom -bars, to give the rea-
sons for his preference. I intended to answer
at the time, but it was overlooked.

Unless combs are entirely built; down on to
the bottom-bars, spaces will be left between the
comb and bottom-bars These spaces above
wide bottom-bars are much more trouble to
brush bees out of than when narrow bars are
used. This, of course, applies to the produc-
tion of extracted honey much more than when
working for comb honey, and to me it is a very
important point.

Theoretically, end-bars of frames should al-
ways hang in a hive a bee-space away from the
sides of the hive, and never be fastened by the
bees to the sides; but practically I have never
seen that condition. Frames will sometimes
get a little out of true; the sides of the hive
may get a trifle warped, or something else not
just right will diminish this bee space, and the
bees will fasten frame and hive together with a
mass of propolis. This makes extra work, costs
time, is a draft on one's stock of patience, and
a general nuisance.

There are several ways in use for remedying
this, but I do it with ray narrow bottom bars,
which are about -^ x ^s inch, a trifle longer
than the made-up frame is long, and ends
sharpened. These are not nailed on the bottom
of the end bars, but inserted in a kerf sawed in
the lower ends of the end-bars, and allowed to
project enough beyond the bars to keep them a
proper distance from the sides of the hive. The
use of these projecting bottom-bars enables one
to handle frames more rapidly than otherwise,
as they can be taken hold of with one hand,
near the middle of the frame, and lifted out
quickly and carelessly, with no danger of crush-
ing bees between the end of the frame anJ the
hive. Mr. John Bird, of Bradford, la., one of
the most experienced and successful bee-keep-
ers in the Northwest, told me last fall that he
considered the projecting bottom-bars as one
of the most indispensable featur'vs of good
frames, because of the aid they give to rapid
handling. He uses the Langstroth frame. He
also told me that he values the narrow bottom-
bars for another reason. Nearly every one who
has wintered bees in the North knows how the
accumulation of dead bees on or near the bot-
tom of hives during long confinement in a col-
lar causes moldy combs. This can be mostly
remedied by occasionally dragging the dead
bees out with a bent wire — that is, if the wide
bottom -bars of frames don't catch and hold the
bees off the bottom- board. Narrow bottom-
bars, of course, allow the dead bees to collect
where the apiarist can easily prevent any un-
due accumulation.

On p. 336 of Gleanings for May 1st you pic-
ture a whf>elbarrow for carrying combs of hon-
ey, and refer in your footnote to the cart used
by Mr. Osborn, in Cuba. I used his cart long
enough to learn it had several faults. One was
its being so low down that it was very back-
aching work to handle combs to and from

518

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

JXILY 15.

steadily all day. Another was that the combs
run crosswise instead of from front to rear, and
that caused more or less mashing of the combs
against each other. Another trouble was the
greater difficulty of keeping such a large box
covered up from robbers. I prefer two or three
smaller comb-boxes, holding the same number
of combs in the aggregate, higher up from the
ground, and with combs running from front to
rear.
Stuart, Fla., June 5.

[Three or four years ago we started making
the bottom-bars of all of our frames ^g" square,
and personally I was much pleased with the re-
sults secured from them in our own apiary; but
our customers protested. Finally we compro-
mised by making a bottom-bar % inch wide in-
stead of %, as formerly. The only objection
that can be named against the use of narrow
bars is that the bees will sometimes build the
comb clear past the bar. and attach it to the
frame below. This applies only to where the
hives are tiered up. Only yesterday (June 25) I
was looking at some beautiful solid combs
built clear to the bottom -bar. These bars
were % inch square: and in only a few cases
are the combs built down to the bottom-bars %
by J^ inch. I am half inclined to believe our
customers didn't know what they wantpd.

The idea of having a bottom-bar project past
the end-bars a trifle wa^ uswd by D. A Jones
away back in 1879 or '80. I know that, at the
time I visited hi'n in 1883. he was very enthusi-
astic over this feature, and wondered why we
didn't incorporate it in our apiary. The fact of
the matter is, the supply-dealer does not dare
to deviate very much from standard accepted
lines or he will hear a buzzing, not of bees, but
of bee-keepers, around his oars.

Your objections to the 0-iborn comb cart, I
should say. are very well taken. A good cart
for carrying combs is yet to be devised. I have
thought that a cart might be made having two
or three closed compartments, each compart-
ment holding ten or twelve combs, and having
lids that will close absolutely bee-tight. This
cart should be high enough to prevent back-
breaking stooping, and so arranged as to dis-
tribute the load on both sides of the axletree.
After all, I am not sure but a light wheelbar-
row, having on it three ordinary bee-tight
hives, would be nearly as good. If, instead of
the hives, boxes of the same dimensions made
of 34-inch stuff were used, it would make the
load a little lighter.— Ed ]

LARD-CANS FOR EXTRACTED HONEY, ESPE-
PECIALLY FOR THE COLORADO MARKET.

A REGULAR UNIFORM PACKAGE INDORSED; BUT
SOLDERED CANS NOT AS DESIRABLE AS THE
STANDARD PAILS THAT WILL NEST.

By Mrs. A. J. Barber.

Editor Gleanings :— In your footnote to Mr.
Alkin's excellent article you ask for the opin-
ions of the brethren on the honey package
question. I take the liberty (as ours is an equal-
rights State) to give mine. The uniform pack-
age and trademark system is, no doubt, a good
one, and I hope to see it carried out; but I want
to enter a protest against the soldered cans.

To begin with, I do not see the necessity for

sealing at all. Colorado honey granulates so
quickly that it is safe for any length of time in
tin pails with close-fitting covers. We have
sold thousands of pounds of extracted honey in
the common lard -pails. The five-pound size
holds 7}4 lbs., and the 3-lb. size 5 lbs. Being a
standard article, and manufactured by thou-
sands, they come cheap. As they can be nest-
ed they take up less room than straight cans,
and we get better freight rates on them. The
bail or handle makes the pail a more conven-
ient package to handle than a can, and the pail
is useful after the honey has '^een used up.
The pails are easier filled and covered than
cans that have to be soldered. The pails can
be crated as easily as cans. We use 40-1 b. apple-
boxes. Such a box holds one dozen pails— six
of each size. We have used them for two years,
and have never had any fault to find with such
a crate. It makes a neat package, and holds
the pails securely, and is easily handled. Last
year we sold several thousand pounds of gran-
ulated honey in such pails and crates, and have
not had a single complaint, though the honey
has been in all the mining towns in this part of
the country. I believe it is a mistake to try to
keep Colorado honey on the market in liquid
form. Any one who knows any thing about
thi^i climate knows that honey always granu-
lates quickly here; then why not face the sit-
uation squarely, and teach people that granu-
lation is a test of the honey's purity. A neat
label on every package, stating the fact, and
giving directions for liquefying, will soon do
the business.

To sum up: I claim that the pails have these
advantages over the soldered cans: They are
cheaper, and freight is less, as they come nest-
ed. They are much easier and quicker to fill
and cover. They are handier for the buyer
and seller also, as they have a handle to carry
them by. They can be opened for inspection
or trial, without injuring or defacing the pail.
The vessel is useful after the honey is all used
up. You can store a thousand of them in less
space than five hundred straight cans would
occupy, and you can get them from any whole-
sale hardware house by simply ordering three
and five pound lard-pails instead of having to
give a description of cans, and waiting for them
to be made.

Now, having presented the case for the lard-
pails I should like to hear what the advantages
of the straight cans are, if any, over the pails.

Mancos, Col.

[The lard-cans that you recommend have
long been used by the Dadants ; in fact, that is
their standard package for extracted honey
when put up in a small way. The fact that
these pails will nest together is a big point in
their favor; but sometimes the honey will not
candy solid. This is especially true of some
honeys and some localities; and in some mar-
kets partially candied honey will sell at a
great discount. Then, again, it is sometimes

18<»'

(ILEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

519

desirable to nuiko Immediate shipnuMits of ex-
tracted honey. If you had an order for a car-
load of extracted honey put up in lard-cans for
im mediate deli very.. just as the honey came from
the hives, it might be a problem as to how you
would get this to a distant market without a
good deal of leakage. Then, too, a package
thai is easily opened is liable to be tampered
with by naughty boys and freight-handlers en
route. The standard fruit can package solder-
ed tight will go safely, whether candied or not.
Honey put up in these cans could be shipped
immediately. Where honey is put up in nested
pails it ought to wait till it is candied before it
It is ready for market.— Ed.]

HONEY IN THE DANZENBAKER SECTIONS.

TUE OPINIOX OF THE MA.IORITY NOT ALWAYS
RIGHT.

By B. F. Ondcidouk.

Mr. Root:— The 1000 " Danzy " sections came
to hand, and are highly satisfactory; the
change in width of bottom and top adding one-
eighth will help the appearance of the finished
section, and make the weight, when filled, a
plump pound. I notice the bees this year draw
the combs beyond the wood at the bottom of
last year's sections, so the glass presses on the
honey. I have taken off three supers of Danzy
sections so far, and the lightest fveighed 143^
oz.: heaviest, 16J|^ oz.; but the majority weigh
plump 15 oz. I sell all I can produce, at 20 cts.
each; the 4)^x1^ at 15 cts. If you look in the

Americdn Dee Journal, p. 378, under "Ques-
tion-box," Prov. 11: 14, you will wonder how
scripture texts can be twisted to suit the views
of fossils. Captain Hetherington ordered 50,000
cartons for tall sections from one house in New
York, and yet out of 22 experts only three in
the aforesaid Question-box favor tall sections;
and one of them. Rev. M. Mahin, says: "But I
am not sure but that, if I used another style
of hive, I should prefer 4)^x43^x2," doubtless

meaning what is arbitrarily styled the stand-
ard section.

I know little about bee-keeping. I am an
amateur of two years' practice, commencing in
May, 1895, with three colonies, and, buying one
nucleus of Carniolans, have increased to 30 col-
onies at this date; but when I see the Danzen-
baker section filled solid to the wood all round
—sides, top, and bottom, while my 4}4 sections
have passageways through each lower corner,
and even the whole bottom open, I feel a Chris-
tian regret for the experts, and rather hope to
die an amateur.

By the way, I have always looked upon the
tin strips on super bottoms, to hold the sec-
tions, as an abomination, and have found a
way out. I drive carpet-staples X inch Into
the end-bars of holders, and hang them in the
rabbets, using a device like the "dividers" one
of our friends writes about on one side, and 3^-
inch strips on the other. The bee-space all
around seems a great comfort to the bees.

Mountain View, N. J., June 29.

[We have before had reports from those who
have been using the 4x5 sections and the 43^.
The former, in nearly every case, 1 think, sold
for a higher price in the open market. Whether
this dilTerence was owing to this fact that the
4x5 looked larger by contrast than the square
ones and therefore brought more money, or
whether the oblong shape is really more desir-
able even when alone. Is hard to say. If the 4x5
sells at a higher price because of the more
pleasing contl-ast, then when the square sec-
tions are crowded out of the
market I am of the opinion
that the 4x5 would seek the
same level in price as the
41^. In the cut both sections
weigh the same. Which one
looks the bigger ? — Ed. J

HONEY AS FOOD.

ITS VALUE MUST BE MORE

GENERALLY MADE

KNOWN.

ByF.A. Snell.

There Is no doubt as to the
great value of honey as food
and the purest sweet known.
Honey strengthens and invig-
orates the whole system, and
acts as a regulator. Honey is
easily digested and assimilat-
ed, and can be eaten by people suffering from
some diseases where sugar would not be al-
lowed by a well-read physician to a patient
under his care, so afflicted. For throat, lung,
or bronchial trouble it is highly beneficial,
and has prolonged the life of many so suffer-
ing who have used it. In case of sore throat
I have found half a teaspoonful of honey, tak-
en at intervals of fifteen or twenty minutes,
very soothing.

520

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July 15

Its h'aling properties are great. Homy for
ages was the only sweet used; and its useful
ness was well realized. At present its use lias
been too much superseded by that of sugar and
the vile giucoso syrups sold at the groceries,
and bought by people wh j Ihinic it cheap, when
in fact it is d. ar if health is at all considered.
The people must be educated, and bee-keepers
have this work to do if it is done; and it must
bi\ as with our incr^ ase in production we as
apiarists will see low. r prico> than we have
yet, and we all know now, counting the sea-
sons as they conae, that it is hard work to make
ends meet at the end of the year.

In looking back over past years 1 can not but
think of former prices and those prevailing at
pres nt. Comb honey I readily sold at 25 cents
per pound in 25-pound boxes; later, in two-
pound sections, 20 cents. These prices were for
100 lbs. or over. Our fir t extracted honey sold
at wholesale at 20, 18, and 15 cts. per lb.; and
later it has been going lower and lower. Now,
what can we do to help ourselves? I think
we must all work to increase the consumption
of our honey, and unite as one man in a noble
effort to stop the infamous adulteration of it,
and all enemies who rob us of our legitimate
and deserved rights should be thoroi;ghly dealt
with.

I have been among bees since I can first re-
member, and personally engaged in the bee
business 39 years, and I have not in the past
known of a time when energy, push, and unit-
ed effort were so much needed as now— energy
in educating the people; push, to sell our honey
for the best price possible under present condi-
tions; united effort in bringing adulterators
and thieving commission firms to justice. In
fact, our whole business of the disposal of our
honey in distant markets needs systematizing —
not in one section, but over the whole country.
More money has been lost by bee-keepers
through commission frauds during the past
year than ever before. Bee-keepers, many of
them, ha^e shown lack of judgment in ship-
ping to unknown parties, or those condemned
by some of our bee-journals. I too have been
caught by a few of them, and lost over $150,
but not for the few years just past.

There is no lack of work for us to do, and we
should act for our just rights and best interests
as a band of brothers.

Milledgeville, 111.

[The way to educate the masses as to the
value of honey as a food and medicine is to
supply your customers with honey-leaflets.
They should be distributed freely, and along
with them should be a circular or card, to the
effect that you or some local grocer has the
honey for sale. And, by the way. I would see
that the grocers are all supplied with honey-
leaflets to distribute to their cnstomers. In-
struct them to wrap a leaflet in every package
of honey that they put up; and if they read
the leaflet, in all probability they will want to
buy more. — Ed.]

THE HOUSE APIARY.

ANOTHER HOUSE -APIARY ON THE PLAN OP
THAT USED BY F. A. SALISBURY.

By Dr. J. Q. Mulford.

After reading friend Salisbury's article, page
662. 1895, 1 immediately contracted the house-
apiary fever; but the bees had done so poorly
for the two previous seasons that I did not feel
like adding on the extra expense. In riding by
the Shakers, a sect that live some two miles
west, I noticed an old bee-house in which 1 had
done some work in transferring some two years
before, and I remember of thinking at the time
how foolish in them to keep bees in a house. I
was over the fence in a jiffy, and the first thing
that attracted my attention was the en-
trance of those old box hives painted different
colors, a la Salisbury. Instantly the thought
came, "If I had been observant when I was
working there, instead of feeling in a ridiculing
mood, I might have been the first to tell the
bee-keeping fraternity that bees do distinguish
color.

I at once made some inquiry concerning the
bee-keeper, but was informed that some ten
years had elapsed since he had been heard of;
but the house had been built 20 years before on
the same plan as friend Salisbury's, excepting
it is not quite so high, and is only 8 feet wide
and 30 feet long. 1 hope no one will accuse me
of trying to rob friend S. of the priority of
making the house-apiary a success. I am only
anxious to show that there is nothing new in
the plan.

I hunted up the old doctor who had charge
of affairs; and as he wanted strawberry-plants
as much as I needed the bee-house, we soon
made a trade. I put the house on trucks, and
moved it home. The first question that
troubled me was, which way to set it— east and
west or north and south. After puzzling over
the question for some time I decided on north-
west and southeast. The next question that
troubled me was, how to get the bees into the
house. I left them on their summer stands un-
til they had been confined there some three
weeks by a cold spell, then moved them in. I
am sure quite a number were lost during the
first flight; but after that they seemed to get
their hives all right. I am highly pleased with
the house, and find the feeding-arrangement
one of the handiest I have ever seen.

For spring I like best to take the can of
syrup and walk along and pour the grooves
full. You will be surprised at the amount
those grooves will hold.

I am quite sure that a ventilated bottom is as
great an invention as the feeder. I did not get
all the new bottoms on when I moved the bees
in; and during one of our very warm days I
noticed the bees of one colony were hanging
around the front of the hive, and were fanning

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

5-.'l

as though thoy were rather iincorafortablo.
The next inornlng I put a ventilatod bottom
under them, and they have been comfortable
ever since. Friend S. writes me that he leaves
the same bottoms on during summer and win-
ter.

Now I suppose every one who has bees thinks
ho must have a house for them; and as there has
been so much said in its praise he thinks there
is no chance of there being any objections; but
I find there is one, and a very serious one too.

Often, in the early spring, the sun shines
brightly in the morning, and gives promise of
being a beautiful day. The bees sally forth.
Some return heavy laden, miss the entrance,
and drop to the ground. Those on the east
side soon rest, and, taking wing, enter the hive;
those on the west side at once become chilled,
and, if the day should happen to turn cloudy,
they are lost. Those on the east, after 4 p. m.
encounter the same difficulty; and if they are
not helped into the hives they will surely per-
ish. I have picl*ed up a pint of these bees at a
time, and poured them into the first hive I
came to, hoping in that way to save them.

A house running east and west would be very
objectionable on account of the sun never
reaching the north side. The best plan would
be a house facing southwest, and bees all on
one side.

I am highly pleased with my house, and
would not go back to the old way of having
them scattered all over the yard, under any
consideration. While working with them this
morning a shower came up; but I continued
the work just as well as if it had not been
raining. How often, under just such circum-
stances, do I remember of hastily scrambling
my tools together in order to seek shelter!

As to wintering, I am sure the house will be
ahead of leaving out of doors. I lost 10 colonies
out of <X); but that was due to my starving them
by feeding them candy made after the instruc-
tions given in the ABC and Gleanings. I
have succeeded in studying out a plan that is a
success, and will report at some future time.

I am using the poultry-wire staples for end-
spacers on my frames, and think very well of
them at present. I get them at the hardware
store for 10 cts. per lb.

Lebanon, Ohio.

[However near the house-apiary you now
have (and which was built twenty years ago)
may be like the one now used by friend Salis-
bury, I am sure he was entirely original in the
planning of the general design of the one which
he has. It only goes to show that the old Shaker
and Mr. Salisbury, realizing some of the defects
of the former house-apiaries, set about to rem-
edy them by making one that would not have
these faults; and that their minds ran in the
same channel is nothing very significant, as
many another pair of great minds have done
the same thing.

In view of the fact that our bees at the bass-
wood apiary have been tampered with by

thieves, and in view of the further fact that we
have no building in which to store tools, we
expect this fall to put up a modern house apiary,
a hi Salisbury, at the basswood yard. The
structure will be strongly built, and have a
good bar and padlock to secure the door or
doors. When I visit Mr. Salisbury this sum-
mer I expect to take special note of his house-
apiary; and if he knows of any faults, we shall,
of course, remedy them, so far as possible, in
oup new structure.— Ei).]

'--—'ANSWERS TO :.--—>

ISeasohableQuestiibsI

BY G.M.DOOHTTUt.B0R00lN0.N,Y.

DRONE COMB.

Question. — Can you tell me why my bees
build so much drone comb? In hiving my
swarms I give them one or two combs already
built to help them start in their new home, and
I find, on opening the hives a few days after-
ward, that from one-half to two-thirds of the
comb they build is of the drone size of cells.
Can you tell me how I can prevent this ?

Answer.— Yes, it is easily told. Put in full
frames of nice worker comb, filling the hive
full; or fill every frame set in any hive full of
foundation. See how easy it is! But I am
reminded that you may not want to use founda-
tion, or have not the full worker combs on
hand, so I will give a few words on comb-
building, in which you may possibly find a
solution to your difficulty.

All observing apiarists know that, as the day
of swarming draws near, the queen ceases her
prolificness, so as to be able to fly and go with
the swarm, so that, when the swarming does
occur, the old mother-queen is scarcely larger
than a virgin queen. Nature has so ordained
things for two reasons, the first of which is that
the queen may fly; for if a queen is taken from
a colony when she is most prolific in eggs she
can not fly at all, as she is so heavy with eggs.
The second reason is, that the queen need not
be inconvenienced with an over-accumulation
of eggs before there is time for the bees to con-
struct comb in the new home for her to deposit
her eggs in ; and so we find that all good queens
do not become fully prolific again until about a
week has elapsed after the new colony has ar-
rived at its new location.

During this week comb has been built very
rapidly, especially if honey is coming in plen-
tifully from the fields, while the queen has not
been able to keep up with the workers; the
result of which is that the bees commence to
build store comb, which is always of the drone
size of cells. This comb is mainly filled with
honey the first season (although in many cases
some drone brood is found if the bees feel dis-
posed to think of swarming again, or feel dis-
posed to supersede their queen, or the honey-

522

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July 15

flow slackens somewhat), the main trouble com-
ing by having this store comb filled with drone
brood after the bees have consumed the honey
from these combs the n"xt spring. Why I said
good laying queens, is because some seem to
think ihal no drone cnmb is built under any
circumstances with newly hived swarms, unless
the queen is old or beginning to fail.

Now, if we give a frame of comb or two to a
newly hived prime swarm, as our que-nioner
did. we make matt< rs doubly worse, in that we
furnish a place for the queen to deposit nearly
all the eggs she would naturally lay during the
first week after hiving, consequently nearly or
all the comb built by the bees during this time
will be for store comb, or of the drone size of
cell, as the queen had furnished for her all the
room in which to lay that she needs.

In the above we have the reason why bees
build drone comb for the majority of bee-
keepers.

Now, how is such a state of afi'airs to be
avoided ? The way I manage is to give the
colonies which are to build comb a brood-
chamber of only about half the size of the one
from which the swarm came, this smaller size
being made by contracting the chamber of the
new hive to the size I wish, by means of dum-
mies or division- boards, and also giving them
a part of the section or surplus room at the
time of hiving them. Where a queen-excluder
is used, some of the sections should have in
them partly built combs left over from the pre-
vious season, and the others supplied with thin
comb foundation. Unless a queen-excluder is
used, where no comb or foundation is used in
the brood-chamber, the queen may go up and
deposit eggs in the drawn comb which is in
the sections. Preparing the hive in this way
gives the bees plenty of room above to store
honey, thus not crowding them in the brood-
chamber, so that only comb of the worker size
Is built below, and that only as fast as the pro-
lificness of the queen demands it As her
ability to lay increases, more comb is built; so
that, at the end of the season, we have the hive
filled with nice worker comb and plenty of
section honey.

By the above plan three important items are
secured — lots of section honey, no drone comb,
and a hive full of nice straight worker comb;
and as these latter will, with careful usage,
last nearly a lifetime, it well pays to spend a
little time on them while they are being built.
I hope those who are troubled with too much
drone comb in the body of the hive, and those
who do not wish to fill their frames with foun-
dation, will try this plan, on a few colonies at
least; for if it works as well with others as it
does with me it will be quite a saving to them,
both in vexation and in not raising a host of
useless drones to eat up the honey which the
industrious little workers gather. Of course,

all of thi' above is applicable to only those
swarms which have laying queens with ihem,
and does not apply at all to after-swarms or
those having virgin queens. With colonies
having virgin queens there seoms to be no dis-
position to build drone comb, unless the swarm
should be so large that comb is built two or
three combs away from where there is any
brood, in which case a little drone comb may
be built. Nor is there much drone comb built
in the old colony after their young queen gets
to laying, because, when an old colony gets such
a queen, instinct teaches them that they may
expect this queen to meet all requirements of a
mother-bee for the rest of the season; while
drones are necessary only when a change of
mothers is contemplated by the bees. Hence
no eggs are deposited in drone comb, even
where such is already built in the hive, and
much less is comb built for this purpose. Tak-
ing advantage of this fact I often manage to
get one or two nice perfect worker combs built
for future use, while the bees of these colonies
are at work vigorously in the sections, by tak-
ing one or two full combs of honey from the
outside (storing it away for feeding-purposes
should any colony lack in the fall or spring),
and inserting empty frames in the center of the
brood-nest of colonies which have cast a swarm,
and now have a young laying queen. These
frames are filled, apparently, without the cost
of any section honey, while it seems to give
great energy to the colony so building comb. I
also place on these last-named colonies having
young°Queens, all sections (if I have such) con-
taining drone comb, where they are filled with-
out danger of drone brood in them, while much
drone brood in sections often confronts the
apiarist if such sections are used over prime
swarms where no queen-excluders are used.
Before I used this plan, and previously to the
advent of thin worker foundation and queen-
excluders, I was often vexed upon finding the
sections placed upon prime swarms, nearly half
filled with drone brood. It is unnecessary to
say that thin worker or section foundation, and
the queen-excluders, do away with all trouble
of brood in the sections.

THE DEATH OF V06EL.

One of Germany's most noted bee-keepers
has passed away of late; and since Gleanings
has not yet mentioned it I take it upon myself
to here speak of it.

The Bienen Zeitung of April 13 brought the
sad news to its readers that its editor, F. W.
Vogel, had gone to a better world, his death

181)7

LKANlNliS IN HKK CMI/rUKP].

523

luiviiig occurred April V2 In Vogcl ilu; CJcr-
nian hco kcepiMs (mid for thai matter iho bee-
keepers of the world) have lo^t out of their
ranks a man of rare atiility. Ho has been try-
ing with untiring zi^al to disclose the mysteries
hidden in the bee hive. It seems that, where
many otiiers could se.' nothing, he saw clearly.
With the microscope he was simply a genius.
In dissecting the most minute insects and their
organs he was a master with perhaps few
equals. How often have I been astonit^hed and
surpri-ed at ii is accompli.- h men is along this lino!

During his life's career honors have been
bestowed upon him by crowned heads of
Europe, they having repeatedly taken notice
of him, decorated him, etc.

He was honorary member of quite a number
of bee keepers' associations and other societies
for the promotion of science ot his own and for-
eign countries.

For years he has been the leading spirit in the
annual ^Vandcrversamrnlung of GermaiUY's and
Austria's bee-keepers. The success of these
meetings must be largely attributed to him, to
his qualifications as a manager, his fitness in
general. No discord ever entered into these
meetings.

In the May issue of the Bienen Zeitung Dr.
Dzierzon and Bergfeld sing the praises of Vogel,
give expression to their sorrow, and with that
they express what all the bee-keepers of Ger-
many feel.

It seems as though I had lost a long-loved
friend. Vogel will always be remembered.

Naples, N. Y., June 10. F. Gkeiner.

THK ROBBER FLY.

Editor Oleanings :—l have the following let-
ter from C. R. Decker, Tipton, Cal.:

Prof. A. J. Coofe:— Inclosed you will find a bug-
which I saw catch and kill a bee. Will you please
g-ive through Gleanings the name and habits of
this insect?

This insect is not a bug, but a two-winged
fly, one of the large robber-flies that are well
known as bee-killers throughout the whole
country. It is one of the robber- flies, or
Asilidcc. These flies are either long, black
insects, with tapering bodies, or else yellow,
hairy insects, much resembling bumble-bees.
They have a strong beak, and are very fero-
cious. I have known one to attack a fierce
tiger-beetle, subdue it, and carry it off. They
are very common in California. I consider
these robber-flies as very valuable. They are
among the best of our predaceous insects, and
without doubt destroy a great many of our in-
sect-enemies. I doubt if in many localities
they destroy enough bees to do any very serious
mischief, while it would be hard to overesti-
mate the amount of good which they accom-
plish.

CALIFORNIA KINGBIRD.

A few days ago a kingbird was shot at Clare-

munt. which had a number of bees in Its stom-
ach. I did not see the bird, but my authority
Is such that I have no doubt of the fact. I
should have be.n very glad indeed to make
an examination, as I should like to determine
as to the sting of the bees swallowed — whether
the bird destroyed the siings before it swallow-
ed them, or whether the sting was lodged in
the bird's throat, or whether it was still in the
bee after it entered the stomach. The same
party killed a kingbird a few days after, and
brought it to me, when I carefully dissected its
stomach. I found in the gullet, not yet down
to the stomach, a large robber-fly. Thus, if
the kingbird does kill the bees it also preys in
fart upon one of the bee's worst enemies, the
robber-fly. The other insects ?n the stomach of
this king-bird (and they were a large number)
were ail injurious species. I think, then, that
we may say of the kingbird as of the robber-
flies, that, while they do take some bees, they
do far more good than harm. It is often said
that the kingbird feeds only on drone bees, and
does not take the workers. This is certainly
not true. They do sometimes capture and feed
upon worker bees. A. J. Cook.

Claremont, Cal., June 3.

[In large queen-rearing apiaries it Is some-
times necessary to shoot the kingbirds. I re-
member one season we lost a good many young
queens. We also noted that the kingbirds
were quite numerous about the apiary. We
shot them off, and there was less trouble. I do
believe, however, that any bird that feeds upon
insects (unless it be sparrows) usually does
more good than harm, and their lives should
generally be spared.— Ed.]

HONEY FROM POISONOUS SOURCES.

On page 376 you can't imagine why W. C.
Myer wants his bees to work on poison oak. If
it is the same as poison sumac, and I think it Is,
I don't think it will harm bees or man to use
the honey, as there is plenty of it in the
swamps here, and I never heard of any ill
effects from it. Poison ivy is an excellent
honey plant here, and bees just swarm on It
when in bloom. The honey goes in with clover,
and you would never know it was there.

My 'X) colonies all wintered out of doors. One
was queenless, but I gave it a cell and saved it.
Only 4 weak in the lot. I never had my bees in
as good shape at this time of year. Bees began
to swarm the 10th— earlier than ever before
since I kept bees. I have, from 76 hives, ex-
tracted 880 lbs. of honey up to date; lots of
fruit-bloom honey in hives now.

E. D. Howell.

New Hampton, N. Y., May 15.

[Prof. A. J. Cook holds that honey from poi-
sonous plants is not poisonous. Perhaps the
honey from poisonous sources, when mixed
with the other honey, bears so small a propor-
tion that it is only a "drop in the bucket."
Some of the most deadly poisons, when diluted
much, are perfectly harmless.— Ed.]

524

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July 15.

THE ACTUAL RELATIVE PRICKS OF BEESWAX

AND HONEY IN MEXICO AND THE

UNITED STATES.

There appears in the American Bee Journal
of April 29 an advertisement for the sale of a
home In Mexico. Elsewhei e a statement is made
to the effect that wax sells at 50 cis. per pound,
and extracted honey at 10 to 12 cts., and from
fruit alone on this placa he should realize $2.iO
to f300 this year. Nuw, don't let any one be
misled by such statements, as you well know
Mexico deals in depreciated money, and one
dollar of our money will buy two of theirs;
consequently 50 cents for wax is not as good as
35 cents is in the U. S.; 10 and 12 cents for ex-
tracted honey is not as good as 5 and 6 cents in
America, because flour, one of the staples, is
worth more than double in Mexico what it is
in this country; besides, there is no society to
speak of but Mexicans, and I know whereof I
speak. To any that may be looking for a home
in the beautiful land of sunshine, there is lots
of room in Southern California, and the finest
honey-producing section In the world. I have
55 colonies of bees, and up to this date have ex-
tracted two tons of the finest water-white honey
I ever saw, and shall, without doubt, take two
or three tons more before the flow ceases, which
will be about the middle of July, if nothing
happens to prevent it. Please bear in mind I
had, spring count, only 20 colonies, and bought
12; the rest is increase. M. H. Dunn.

Fallerton, Cal., May 30. *

IS COMB HONEY REALLY BETTER THAN EX-
TRACTED? ,

Dr. C. C. Miller:— I wish you would write up
the reality of a fondness of som" people for e it-
ing comb honey. It is nice on the tabl<% and
looks very templing. I like comb honey, but
get tired of it. and catch myself extracting the
honey from the wax, eating the syrup, and
leaving the wax on the side of my plate, and I
see others at the same game.

Now, what is the reality in this? Do I like
it better in the comb, or is it a notion, which
seems to be proven by the wax by my plate?

Dadant says, page 430, Langstroth Revised,
that people go to a great expense in raising
comb honey to enable the owner to eat his
honey with the wax, when, as every one well
knows, wax is tasteless and indigestible. It
sells for more than extracted honey, but that
may be owing to scarcity or demand. How is
it when they claim to like comb honey better
than extracted, and deny they like the wax?

Nt'well,N. C. JosiAH W. Hunter,

[Dr. Miller replies:]

I think I don't need to do much writing up
after what Mr. Hunter has said. I think it is
true that a good deal is foolishly said about the
delicious flavor of beeswax pure from the bees
without any intervention of man. A few days

ago I took a piece of freshly built comb, pure
and white (it was drone comb that I had brok-
en out), and no amount of chewing ould ex-
tract from it the delicious flavor talked about.
A pine stick has a good deal more flavor, and
perhaps of just as good quality. I think the
mistake has been made in some cases by com-
paring comb honey with extracted. It is prob-
ably true that the average sample of comb
honey is of better quality than the average
sample of extracted— not because the honey in
one case is intrinsically better than in the oth-
er, but because so much hnney is rxtracted be-
fore it is fit. Usually the best honey can be
found in the comb; but it isn't the comb that
gives the flavor, and I suppose the best sample
of comb honey ever produced would be im-
proved for the purpose of taste by having the
wax removed. C. C. Miller.

[In addition to what the doctor has said, and
which I indorse, the general public, to a great
extent, are suspicious of extrai-ted. No matter
how pure and eood it is, they are apt t*^ think
it is adulterated; but honey in the comb they
havp confidence in. If we think a thing is bet-
ter It tastes better, no matter whether it rfally
is or not. Mr. Hutchinson has suggested
that it is the crushing of the comb with i'ts de-
licious sweetness that tickles the palate.— Ed. J

THE NEW DRAWN FOUNDATION— A BOON TO
BEE-KEEPERS.

The samples of deep cell foundation came to
hand in good shape. You must understand the
mail -bag is thrown from an express train going
at the rate of 50 miles an hour by our way sta-
tion. I expet'ted to see it crushed. I consider
it a goo<i test of strength.

Having read the criticisms I was desirous of
comparing it with natural drawn comb. I
have before me several sections from last sea-
son, full sheets and starters, drawn from U to
}4 inch deep; and even where the bees have
built natural comb containing the starters two-
thirds down, your deep cell excels it in trans-
parency and whiteness. I am satisfied that, if
you can make this new improvement a com-
mercial success, it will be a boon to bee-keepers.
Please send me samples of deep cell, }s' in., as I
propose to make an experiment, alternating
each kind with starters and full sheets in one
super.

Bees are in fine shape — brood-frames full of
brood and honey, and supers on.

B. F. Onderdonk.

Mountain View, N. J., May 7.

[We should be glad to have you give us the
results of your experience later on. — Ed.]

YELLOW-.TESSAMINE honey; HAVING EYES BUT
SEEING NOT.

Please tell Mr. Ernest that I am now here to
sift that yellow-jessamine story, as I am one of
those who do not believe in poisoned honey.
People will drink water after eating honey, and

IS'.

iiLl!:ANIN(.iS IN BEE CULTURE.

so thoro bappoii a grciil many cases of fermen-
tation in the stomai-h, called poisoning, to
make out a case for >onio physician. And I
boHove that your grand botani-^ts may bo up to
all known classiticatious of northern llora; but
when it comes to the tropical flora and its
immense varieties, they are completely at sea,
and the reason is obvious. They can not ex-
amine and study them in the summir, their
right season, but go to the tropics when every
thing is drii'd up and there is liOthing to see.
Not long ago one of your taxidermists went to
our section after birds, in the dry season, and
was heard to say that Cuba was very poor in
birds. The birds were then in the virgin woods,
where they could get something to cat, and he
could not find them. The same with many
that '• have eyes and see not."
Tamoa. Fla.. June 11. C. Cadai.so.

THK FOUL BKOOI) LAW IN MICHIGAN.

[S ime lilt'e iin e ;i(iO I wrote to the Hon. Geo.
E. Ililum. 01 Fremont, Mich., for a copy of the
fv.ul-brond law of thiii Suui-. Tiii fullnwing is
his reply, l gelh^ir aIIi a copy of the law in
question:]

My dear Enicsf .--Replyinp to yours of the 19th, I
went thnjugb my " Public Acts "as far back as I
have I hem, and then went to my attorney's oflRce,
and fouiirt an .icr that was iiitndueed by Dr. Wm.
W. Hoot during Ww -essimi (if l«sl. I have had it
copied, and you will tind it inclosi'd. 1 consider it
a splendid mea>-iire. but I don't believe there is one
bee-keeper in a hundred in the State of MichiRaa
who kunus there is such a law upon our statute-
books. It has never been amended or repealed, and
is to-day in full force, and 1 would sugaest the
printing- of the bill in Gleanings, for the benefit of
the bee kee!>ersof America. Geo. E. Hilton.

Fremont, Mich.

CHAPTER LXTI.

PREVENTION OF FOUL BROOD AMONG BEES.

1881, p. 123, May 11, Art Ul.

Section 1.— The people of the State of Michigan enact: That
it shall be unlawful tor anv person to keep in his apiary any
colony of bees afTecterl with the coiitufri. jus inala.ly known as
foul brood; anil it hn. I" (!.■ (l;it\.,| ,:,i\ i. . k. ,-i"T. as
soon as he bee..'! ..,',, i ' i. ' i.l .li-i-:ise
among his hees. t i. , i i ,,,,-, , ,!, in.yeil
bv burning or ini'- n,. • ■ n i

'Sec. 2. In an\ i;ui;iii.\ .n :lii^. M:ii. m ■, .hi ., .1 ex-
ists, orin which tht-iL- arc- good i. i n ' ' Hi i-i-.it

eiiall be lawful for any five or nioi . i i >i i -aid

county to set forth such fact. I"! i i i ;i pe-

tition addressed to the judge of i>i :ii< r . in i n ,r ii i m lo ap-
point a competent commissioner to iircveiii ilio sjnenci ol said
disease, and to eradicate the same; wliich petition shall be fil-
ed with and become a part of the records of the court whei-e
such application is made.

Sec. 3. It shall be the duty ol tin- .judge of prol)atf, on the re-
ceipt of the pwtii I'.ii - 1.. I'lii. il III -•■i-i ion 1 \ I t hi- rot .ti) ap-
point within ten ■-.-' ■! !■ ' ■■ i 1 1" ■ II . iii|.,-tpnt

bee-keeper of SI. hi '.n". n i.iii,\sin- ii ill hold

his office during' ii:-!' . i .i mi ,'!■!. . i,,-.,r.lof
such order of aiJi,...nti,, ,1 ,1 : r. . iii n, ^^h, 11 invoked,
shall be filed a^^ a part ul • . 1 m.

Sec. 4. It shall be the dm • 11 nor, within ten

days after his apooiutni. m I t > ii nis acceptance

of the same with the lon t iiom . in. h In r.^ceived his ap-
pointment.

Sec 5. Upon complaint of any three bee-keepers of said
county in writing and on oath, to said commissioner, setting
forth that said disease exists, or that they have reason to be-
lieve it exists within said count.v. dcsit^natiug the apiary or
apiaries wherein they believe it to I., o iill ...oiue the duty
of the commissioner, to whom -u.i 1. in' 1- ilelivered, to
jjiocccd. without unnecessary (I'i im- the bees so

designated; and if he shall becm. . .- .• I i Imi any colony
or colonies of said bees are diseu.-i .; v. lU. loiil brood, he shall,
without further disturb-ince to said bees, li,\ some distin-
guishing mark upon each hive wherein exists said foul
brood, and immediately notify the person to whom said bees
belong, pei-sonally or bv leaving a written uoiice at his place

of residence, it ).■ 1.. . .. -'.I. 1.' .r n -l mi', nm! if such

owner be a noi] ' . 1 m ■ m--. :l. 1 '.. ■ n r the

s.ime with the 1.) .--aid

person, within li- ■ :. -: ■ .i.. 1 ii.. lute of

said notice, to ett. ■ t .1'-. r.-i \ir.n -:■■.■. -iii'l li ■..■-. to-
gether with their entile contoni.-, I.v buiyim.' th.in or by fire;
but in case no foul brood is found to exist in said apiary, the
persons so petitioning, or anv of them, shall be liable to said
commissioner for the asiount of his fees for such services.

SKC.fi If anv person neglects to destroy or cause to be de-
stroyed said hives and thcif contents In manner as •lescrihed
in section five, after due „ol iiteMtioi, ..,1.1 Miter Ih.. tiin.. tibovc

liiiilled. he shall bedeeiii. .1 uiln..! 1 i.- .ih.i uidon

cotivietion thereof shall I. 1 m !. i i^.. nrni 1... c'ed
iwcnty-llve dollars, or li.\ mnn n n nni. i.ilnot

be allowed by the board of supervisors to such commissioner
for any services under this act unless foul brood is found to
exist.

Sec. 8. In all suits and prosecutions under this act it shall be
necessary to prove that said bees were actually diseased or in-
fected with foul brood.

[There is already an excellent law in Wiscon-
sin, and I hoiie later on to give a lext of it In
Glkanincjs \Vh shall be very glad to furnish
copies of our journal, containing these excellent
measures, lo bee- keepers residing in States
with no such laA', and who wish to distribute
them to members of their general assemblies.—
Ed.)

FOUNDATION WITHOUT PAPER.

The foundation without papers came to hand
all O. K., and is much less trouble than when
pap- red. We prefer it iu the strips. Honey is
coming in nicely, and of fine quality.

N. E. DOANE.

Breckenridge, Mich.. June 24.

[Mr. Doant; has purchased several lots of
foundation this season without paper. In all
northern shipments the paper could be dis-
pensed with 10 advantage to us and our cus-
tomers, I believe; but we do not as yet dare to
ribk the experiment until we can hear from
more like the above. For southern shipments
it doubtless would be wise not to think of giv-
ing up the papering. — Ed ]

WHEN TO REPLACE OLD DARK COMBS.

I have some stands of bees, and the brood-
comb is getting black and hard. Will you
please tell me when is the best time of the
year to remove some of the old comb and put
in foundation? How many sheets should I re-
move at one time ? R. A. Weddington.

Moulton, Tex., May 22.

[The best time to remove old black combs, or
those that are in any way defective, is when
there is the least honey in them. Usually that
will be in the spring uf the year, about fruit-
bloom, f)r shortly after. Along in the fall also,
when you are contracting your colonies lo as
few frames as they can occupy, you can re-
move the outside frames that are empty, and
set them to one side. From this lot you can
select the combs that are defective or dark, and
replace them in the spring or summer with
frames of foundation.— Ed.]

Friend Aikin's articles in the two last issues
of Gleanings, in regard to putting up extract-
ed honey in tin cans, are sound, and speak my
Ideas exactly. Something must be done along
this line in disposing of extracted honey. You
speak of placing 4}.2-lb. cans at your branch
offices for sale. By all means place the size of
1, 2, and 3 lb. cans in your list as well.

Plattsmouth, Neb. J. M. Young.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July 15.

REARING QUEENS ON THE JONES SYSTEM.

You ask in Gleanings for reports on how
the Jones system of rearing queens works. I
would say that I have some fine queens with
less work than when I had lo dip the cells on
sticks, a la Doolittle. Chas. Stewart.

Sammonsville, N. Y.

jipoRTs ^mm^
^jencouraginM

Our stores in this part of the State are being
flooded with goldenrod honey put up in glass
tumblers retailing at 10 cts. each. I send a
sample by mail. If this honey is pure, no harm
is done. - H. W. McCombs.

Richmond, Iowa.

[The sample in question was undoubtedly
adulterated with glucose. — Ed.]

Can you tell me where or how I can get a
queen or nucleus of the giant bee of India? If
so, what will be the probable cost?

It is disgusting to read the different articles
in some bee-journals against the new deep-cell
foundation and the giant bee, when the writers
have never seen or tried either, and, one might
say, know nothing of either. It is surprising
to learn the number of narrow-minded, jealous
writers we have to put up with. I shall be glad
when we can get the deep-cell foundation. I
believe it will be invaluable. I am using the
new Weed process foundation. It is the finest
I have ever used or seen. J. W. Gregg.

Gazell, Cal., May 24.

[There is no place yet in this country, and
may never be, where queens of this race may
be obtained. See Straws, this issue.— Ed.

SELLING HONEY IN A UNIFOEM PACKAGE;
BRO. AIKIN S IDEA INDORSIID.

On page 407 Bro. Aikin has opened up a good
idea. I tried to get the Columbus Storage and
Commission Co. to do this very thing last fall-
to put extracted honey in cheap packages so I
could Sill to the groceries or to ihe consumer
direct through the market; and now if I can
get honey that I can guarantee to be pure, and
labeled as it should be, I can sell thousands of
pounds, as I have a good trade on comb in Co-
lumbus and at hotne, and I can do the same on
extracted; but on account of there being so
much on the market that is adulterated it
would take some little time to convince the
people that I was selling a pure article; but
when this is done my trade will be enormous;
and if there is a company formed to engage in
this business I will give up my business and
give all my time to the honey trade in Colum-
bus and near-bv towns; so I hope this matter
will be pushed to the front. In this way I
could get the producer a better price for his
honey, both comb and extracted, than they can
possibly get through commission houses. The
way honey is now sold here, there are at least
three commissions paid; while if I sold to the
consumer there would be only one.

Blacklick, O. D. M. Ritchey.

Bees are still booming. We shall have lots
of honey. David Grossman.

Terrell, Texas. June 29.

We are having the heaviest flow of white-
clover honey I ever saw^ C. C. Eddy.
Reinersville, Ohio, Juno 25.

At present we have the first great honey-flow
from white clover for many years. My bees are
just rolling in the honey. M. N. Simon.

Bloomdale, O., June 25.

Sweet clover beginning to bloom. I took 48
lbs. of comb honey to-day from one six-frame
hive; others as good; will take off my first crop
to-day and to-morrow. D. M. Ritchey.

Blacklick, O., June 24.

We are having the heaviest honey-flow I have
experienced in the 17 years that I have kept
bees. Swarms that were hived the first week
in June have finished 56 sections besides the
brood-chamber, aad are swarming again.

England, Pa., June 30. S. B. Post.

Wanted at once, 100,000 overcoats for bees so
that they can gather a little of the thousands
of pounds of honey hanging in the clover-blos-
soms. L. B. Thatcher.

Somcrville, N. J., June 15.

[When the foregoing was written it was
doubtless cold; but tb day, July3.it is 98° F. in
the shade. Those overcoats will not be needed
now.— Ed J

the great white clover year.

If this is not the good old white-clover year
again, what is it? This year will always be
known as the great white-clover year. Here it
is June 15, and I have 50 hives with 60 sections
on each hive, two-thirds of which are sealed.
The ground looks as if it were covered with
snow, the clover bloom is so heavy; and lots of
swarming too, but not with the L. hive. I have
not had a swarm from one of these hives; but
the bees in American hives are swarming badly.

Fremont, O. Chauncey Reynolds.

A BANNER HONEY YEAR.

This has been one of the best seasons that
Parke County bee-keepers have seen in several
years. White clover has been very abundant,
and yielded an unusual amount of honey. Oth-
er honey-plants have yielded in proportion to
clover. At this date basswood has just com-
menced to bloom. Taking all together, the
year 1897 will long be remembered as a banner
honey year.

Rockville, lud., July 3. W. P. Overman.

(ILEANINC.S IN BEE CULTURE.

5;.";

./. .1/. (.'., lAi.—li is quite a comiiion practice
to place two swarms together in the same hive.
As a general rule, only one queen is killed.

1>.E.B.,N. 1'.— You can put other bees on
the combs coming from hives on which bees
died the previous winter. The fact that the
said combs contained candied honey will do no
harm— at least for spring or summer use.

G. IT'. S.. iris.— The question as to whether
bees are taxable property or not is one that can
not be answered by yes or no. It all depends
on the law of your State in reference to the
matter. If you consult some attorney he will
probably be able to tell you.

D. B. n.. TT'rt.s;!.— It does little tf any good to
put any th'ng on a bee-sting, for the reason
that the applied remedy can not reach the
depth of the wound. It is usually best to leave
it entirely alone. The more it is tinkered with,
the worse it will become.

M. E. U.. Mich.— The fact that you find the
bees fighting at the entrance, with dead bees in
front of it, is pretty good evidence that there
has been robbing In that hive. Possibly the
entrance is too large for the size of the colony,
and should be contracted.

J. B. W., Tex.— The dandrufl-like particles
that you found in front of the entrance are
probably the scrapings from the combs, or
small pieces of cappings taken off when the
honey is uncapped. When the bees have no
use for this surplus wax they will carry it out
at the entrance.

H. E. M., J/uZ.— Referring to your inquiry
regarding the swarm of bees that came out and
went back, and did the same thing next day,
we would state that, in all probability, the
queen was not able to follow. If her wing was
defective when the swarm issued she would
crawl out at the entrance, and, failing to fly,
would crawl back into the hive, followed soon
after by the bees.

P. D. S., Pa.— Swarms will very often
come out the second and third time as you
have described. You can usually make them
stay the first time by giving them a frame of
unsealed larva from some other hive. Then
in hiving swarms it is always advisable to
leave a very wide entrance, and leave the cov-
er tilted just enough so as to give a strong cir-
culation of air through the hive. When they
get quieted down, then the cover may be closed
over, and all will go well.

ir. L. S., Fa.— It is usually best to introduce
queens just as soon as they are received in the
mails. A queen may live in the cage one day

or ten days; but It is not safe to take any risk,
ll is not necessary to requeen a swarm unU-ss,
perhaps, the queen is an old one and should be
replaced. Unless you desire to rear queens It is
not necessary nor advisable to maintain dromes
in the hive. They should be kept out with the
Alley trap, or, bettor, all drone comb should be
cutout early in the season, and thus save the
waste.

/. C, P'^r;.— If your bees do not work to any
extent in sections, inverting the hive would do
little if any good. It is usual to put in what is
known as a bait section— that is, a section with
comb partially drawn out from last season. The
bees will usually enter and store honey in this,
and from this branch out to other sections; but
unless the brood-nest Is pretty well crammed
with honey, bees will not enter the supers Until
the lower part of the hive is filled you can not
get them to go above, and not in any event
unless honey is comin«r in at a good rate.

J. S. E., W. Fa.— It is proper to give the bees
more room, but not toward the latter end of the
season, when it is evident that clover bloom
and basswood are drawing to a close. You can
also place a crate of partly filled sections from
one hive on to another. This is often done by
practical bee-keepers— that is. the crate is given
to a colony that is stronger, and more likely to
finish out the season. For particulars in regard
to the matter, see " liow to Produce Comb
Honey," in the catalog we are mailing you, p.
33. You can divide a colony in July, as you
state, and, by paying attention to feeding, get
them both in fine condition for winter. Better
be careful about increasing too fast. Bees will
increase fast .enough, usually, during the
swarming season. The eight- frame hive seems
to have the preference now. and it may be made
to take a large colony by using two brood-
chambers.

E. C, N. H. — Regarding the queen and
drone trap, which you have doubtless received,
we would state that, by the directions on the
end of the trap, you will see that a queen can
be caught in the upper compartment, the trap
detached, and placed among the flying bees of
the swarm now in the air. We have sometimes
attached the trap to a common garden -rake,
and held it in midair until the bees had cluster-
ed upon it. Or a better way is to detach the
trap from the parent hive and put another
hive in Its place, with dry combs or frames of
foundation. Put the trap on this hive and
the swarm will return. As soon as the bees
are in the hive, let the queen run in at the
entrance. If there was a super on the parent
hive, put that on the new hive, and then the
new swarm is ready for business. The old
hive may be removed to another location. For
fuller particulars on this question see our A B
C of Bee Culture.

528

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July 15.

We are still running night and day, but ex-
pect to be pretty well caught up by the 17th.
The demand for shipping cases aud sections is
simply phenomenal.

Under Convention Notices will be found a
letter from Dr. A. B. Mason. Secretary of the
United States Beekeepers' Union. He re-
quests me to state that the information he gave
on page 457, June 15, so far as it related to rail-
road rates, was not correct, and should be en-
tirely disregarded; and he further says that
what appears in Convention Notices is all right,
and correct. Our readers will please take
notice.

HOW TO DRAW A CROWD TO SELL HONEY.

In our previous issue I promised to toll how
to draw a crowd around groceries and other
places where honey is sold. The experiment
to which I shall refer was tried in Detroit. A
large tobacco-firm, who were using honey to
sweeten their tobaccos, and who desired to ad-
vertise the fact, employed a bee-keeper to place
an observatory hive just inside the show-win-
dow. On top of the hive was placed a row of
nicely tilled sections of honey. Of course, the
hive was arranged so the bees could not fly out,
and every few days the bees were given a rest,
and another set of frames was put in their
place. The experiment was a success in every
way. Great crowds congregated about the win-
dow, and the tobacco-store was -full of men who
wanted to sample the new honey tobacco. The
crowds became so great that the police had to
request the tobacco firm to discontinue their
novel mode of advertising. They practiced the
same method in another part of the city with
the same success, and were, sooner or later,
asked by the police to take the bees out of the
window, as It interfered with traffic.

While Gleanings is opposed, first, last, and
all the time, to the use of tobacco in any form,
it recognizes that here is a legitimate mode of
advertising that may very often be employed
profitably by bee keepers. Prepare a hive hav-
ing one glass side. In the hive is placed one comb
of bees, the bees being shut off from the rest of
th-3 hive by a tight fitting division-board. As
only one side of a comb can appear at once, one
comb is sufficient. Over the frame of bees are
placed four nicely filled sections of honey to
which also the bees have access. The whole is
neatly encased in glass. The hive is shoved up
close to the show-window, and over it a neat
card: "These bees belong to John Jones. His
honey is for sale here. Inquire within."

I said in our last issue, and elsewhere in this

number, that, in view of the enormous honey
crop, bte-keepers should take every means pos-
sible to work up their home markets. Here is
a scheme. Try it and report.

HOW SHALL WE KEEP UP PRICES ON HONEY?

Reports are piling in every day saying that
there has been a most tremendous flow of hon-
ey fron white clover, and in some cases there
is still basswood to follow. In another column
we publish a few of these encouraging reports.
We have not room enough to put them all in,
but we give place to just enough to show which
way the wind blows. But this large crop of
honey places before bee-keepers a difficult
problem; namely, "How shall we keep up
prices'?" In relation to this I make an extract
from a letter just received from Harry Lathrop,
a prominent bee-keeper of Wisconsin.

I fear a glut in tbe honey market, and ruined
prices. The whole of Southern Wisconsin is flood-
ed with white clover, and well-finished sections are
now on tbe market, and the white clover season not
half gone. Hasswuod, promising- a large crop, will
soon be in bloom. What can we do to save our
market? Farmers who do not make a specialty of
kee-keeping will sell their little crop at ruinously
low prices, and make the price for the bee-keeper
who depends on his honey crop alone. Supplies
and general cost of production are as high as ever.
Sections from most factories cost more this year
than last. If you could reach the people I refer to
you could advise them not to sell their honey too
low; but you can not reach many of them. No one
in this country ever saw as much white clover in
bloom at once as there is now. The year 1893 does
not compare; still, there is too much rain for strict-
ly flrstrclass work in storing. Though I have col-
onies that have given two full supers of extracted,
the quality seems to be excellent, regardless of the
rainy weather. H. Lathrop.

Browntown, Wis., June 30.

It is true, that farmers who make no special-
ty of bee-keeping will sell their crop at ruinous-
ly low prices. I do not know of any way to do
ex''ept to ascertain who have produced honey,
and go around personally and ask thera to aeree
not to sell lower than certain prices. This
would not be a combine nor a pool, but simply
an effort on the part of honest bee-keepers to
protect themsflves from ruinous prices. Such
a move will enable the farmer to realize, at the
same time, more for his honey. If there are
on'y one or two and their crops are not large it
might be well for you to buy them out.

In our last issue I cautioned bee-keepers
against the policy of rushing their honey off to
the city markets, and urged every one to sell
around home as far as possible. When bee-
keepers flood the great centers with honey it
makes a glut on the market, and the published
prices go into every little town and hamlet of
the country; and, barring difference in freights,
those city prices are almost sure to put all oth-
er markets on the same level.

A liberal use should be made of the honey-
leaflets. When there is over-production, stim-
ulate greater consumption. Bee-keepers ev-
erywhere should take honey-leaflets and dis-
tribute them around their locality and in their
home markets. Let people know ivhy honey is

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE

529

a more wholosorae sweet, especially if it comes
direct from your own apiary, than ordinary
syrups and so-called "strained honeys '"that
come from the cities.

The price of the leallets is put away down so
that you can afford to give them away. (See
prices following the Honey Column.) The
watchword, then, with beekeepers everywhere
should be, increased consumption of honey; for
unless there is, prices will drop in obedience to
the law of supply and demand. If there is a
double supply, the thing to do Is to double the
demand if possible.

THE NEW DRAWN FOUNDATION; DOES IT MAKE
"GOBBY " COMB HONEY?

Of course, this new article has been the sub-
ject of continued and careful experiment at the
Home of the Honey-bees. Supers having a row
of drawn foundation, and then a row of full
sheets of ordinary foundation placed in alter-
nation, have been placed on the hives, both at
the home and at the out-yard. We have also
given the bees supers containing sections tilled
with drawn foundation only. Now, what has
been the result of these experiments? Just the
same as those conducted on a much smaller
scale last year. In every case the bees have
accepted the new drawn foundation at once. As
was to be expected, where full sheets of the new
article were put into sections, the combs were
attached, when completed, to all four sides.

Earlier in the season, when orders were press-
ing for the nt-w foundation, we put into a good
many sections only narrow strips about !}.<
inches wide. These were placed In alternation
with the old style foundation of the same
width. The new article was accepted at once,
and comb-building begun at its bottom edge,
and continued down to the bottom of the sec-
tion, nearly, in very many instances such
combs were nearly completed before the bees
did much with the narrow Starters of common
foundation, which they had gnawed in many
cases. In one or two instances, where the
supers of full sheets of drawn foundation and
full sheets of old foundation were placed in
alternation over powerful colonies, the old
product was not so far behind in the drawing
out.*

"But," you may ask, ^' what kind of comb
honey does the new drawn foundation make?"
I suppose an ordinary fair test would be to com-
pare it with comb honey made from full sheets
of foundation. But Mr. Weed was determined
to give it a more severe test still. Accordingly
he brought in one of the sections completed
that had been made from a narrow starter of
drawn foundation. The lower portion, or that
built by the bees, was, of course, natural drone
comb. In my presence he requested two of the

♦This was the experience of M. G. Chase ; but
powerful colonies are not always to he had.— Ed.

printers to turn their backs while he cut a
small chunk of comb honey from the natural -
built comb, and one that had been completed
over the drawn foundation, both from tlie same
sections. Boss printer Ilobart then took a
mouthful of one, without knowing which one
he took. He chewed it down to ? piece of wax,
and then took a mouthful of the other, and
chewed that also. When asked to state wheth-
er one was more '• gobby " than the other, he
answered in the affirmative. On being asked
which one it was, he named the second mouth-
ful, which proved to be the natural-built drone-
comb. To make sure that there was no mis-
take, another printer, Mr. Shane, was tried in
the same way, only that the order of the
mouthfuls was reversed, with the result in favor
of the new product again. It seem.ed to me
hardly possible that the Weed foundation
would give more 7>?ia/)?e comb honey with less
wax than that built wholly by the bees, even
though it were drone comb. Then the test was
applied on me, with the result that I could see
quite a marked difference in favor of the Weed .
I asked Mr. Shane what he meant by saying
that one was more " gobby " than the other.
" Why," said he, " one is harder to chew."

Now, understand that this honey from the
new Weed drawn foundation was put in to test
over against comb built wholly by the bees, but
which, as a matter of fact, was drone comb,
and which they usually build for store purposes
during the honey-flow.

It should be stated that natural-built dron*- is
heavier than natural- built worker; but the
bees don't build much worker comb for store
purposes, as already stated. It wlil be seen
that the fear that the comb honey from the
new product be more "gobby " is groundless.

Later.— After the above was in type we tried
again the same experiment that we did on the
printers, with the exception that we placed
comb honey from foundation in the test. The
tasters were A. I. Root, my sister Constance,
my mother, three of the machine-shop men
who hardly know a bee from a grasshopper,
and. last, the cook in our lunch-room. The ver-
dict of all was that the natural-drawn comb
was heavier and more gobby than either the
drawn-foundation honey or that built from
full sheets of ordinary foundation. As between
the last two, the verdict was that there was no
difference. Please understand that none of the
tasters above mentioned had knowledge be-
forehand which sample was which. They
were tested independently, with the result
aforesaid.

To-day, July 12, I took home with me a sec-
tion built wholly from a full sheet of Weed
drawn foundation. I cut it out of the section
myself. At the point where it was fastened to
the wood, it seemed to resist the knife consider-
ably; but beyond this the blade went through

530

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

JCTLY 15

the comb without any sensation of midrib, as is
present when the comb is built from full sheets
of ordinary foundation. Upon eating the comb
I could not see how anybody could think it was
more gobby than ordinary comb honey. Strange
as it may seem, our household do not ordinari-
ly care very much for honey; but Mrs. Root
remarked how nice and tender this comb was.
The whole section had delicate comb, and they
all pronounce it fine— even the youngest, who
sits by "papa."

Now, I do not believe that T am prejudiced;
and if any one thinks I am, I hope such person
will try the experiment of blindfolding two dis-
interested persons, placing before them samples
of comb honey. That will surely eliminate the
element of prejudice which is so decidedly pro-
nounced on the part of a few of those who have
seen fit to oppose the new article. One man
condemned the new drawn foundation severely,
even before he had tried it. Now, after having
tried it on a small scale (three samples from
our first dies that were very inferior to our
present ones), on the principle of " I told you
so " he condemns it just as severely again, say-
ing that bees would not accept it, and that it
had an " awful gob "to it. His experience is
so opposed to our own. In the case of dozens
of samples I have seen, that I must believe
bis prejudice quite ran away with his judg-
ment. A few condemned ordinary foundation
when it was first Introduced into this country.
They condemned it beforehand, and then con-
demned after they had tried it, saying that the
bees would not accept it, etc. It is not at all
strange that one who has condemned severely
the new drawn foundation should do so now,
after having tried it.

It is hardly time yet for reports to come in
from the general field, for, in fact, we have not
solicited them, except in a general way; but
here is one just received from Mr. F. A. Salis-
bury, and it speaks for itself:

Ernest B. Boot;— This afternoon I looked at the
case of sections of drawn foundation that were
placed on an average colony on the 8th inst., and
find tliat all the sections were accepted by the bees,
and drawn out still more by them, and filled partly
with fresh honey. I took off one section and mark-
ed (in the hive 48 hours) to show bee-keepers. It
looks nice. I shall take off another one on the 13th.
I think you have a good thing if the price is not so
high as to prohibit Its use. I wish you would send
me about 1 lb. more by express. I will test it al-
ternately with foundation. This case was put on
with all drawn comb. I did not think about alter-
nating them when I placed them on.

F. A. Salisbury.

Syracuse, N. T., July 10, 1897.

Mr. Salisbury has been requested to place
samples in alternation with ordinary founda-
tion, ani we shall await with interest the result
of his further experiment. There are hundreds
of others who have been testing the new article,
and, of course, we shall be glad to hear from
them too, whether their reports are good, bad,
or Indifferent. In the mean time I might add

that we have heard from Mr. Vernon Burt,
who has been trying half a pound of the new
foundation. He reports that it is a good thing;
that it has only one fault; namely, he can not
get enough of it.

:Mr. John Iper, who has a few colonies out of
town, has also been trying the new drawn foun-
dation, with the result that he finds a decided
preference on the part of the bees for the new
articli'. Said he, "The bees begin to store
honey in it immediately; and then after the
comb of the drawn foundation is filled and well
under way they bpgin on the starters, in the
ordinary way." He has not yet tested the eat-
ing quality of the two kinds of comb honey.

Mr. M. G. Chase, owning some 125 colonies
seven miles from here, at Whittlesey, has also
been testing the new product. He placed in
one super a row of sections of drawn comb of
the previous season of full depth, a row of the
Weed drawn foundation Ji inch deep, with a
piece at the top and a piece at the bottom of
the sections; also a row of full sheets of com-
mon foundation. The full-depth comb was en-
tered first of course, then next the drawn foun-
dation. After the work was well begun in
these then the bees drew out the common
foundation. If the drawn comb had been lev-
eled down to the same depth as the drawn
foundation, the bees, he thought, would have
taken one as quickly as the other.

To-day, July 13, he brought me up represent-
ative samples showing each of the three lots.
Sections after being completed, containing
either the drawn comb or the drawn founda-
tion, weighed from one to two ounces more
than sections that contained full sheets of com-
mon foundation. I have the samples in our
office now, and shall be glad to show them to
any one who wishes to see them. One thing
that is quite marked in favor of the new drawn
foundation in sections is that the bottom of the
section is built on to as solidly and as perfectly
as the top. This was owing no doubt to the
fact of the bottom starter of the new article.

OUR OWN APIARY.

Never, in all the time that I have had to do
with bees, unless it was during that remarkable
year of 1870, when I was too much of a lad to
know much about bees, do I remember of such
a remarkable honey-flow as we are having from
white clover. Our hives, especially at the out-
yard, are stacked up two and three stories high.
At this writing, July 12, honey is still coming
in from clover, although it is evident, from the
brown heads that have gone to seed, scattered
through the fields far and wide, that nectar
from this source, at least, will soon cease.

I stated in our last issue that basswoods
would probably be a failure in this part, as no
buds appeared on the trees; but it seems as if I
must have been partly wrong, for the bees are

1897

(}l>E.\NIN(iS IN I'.F.E CUr/niRE

531

boKinning to drop in at iho entrancos as if tiu>y
wfio getting honey sompwhero. Mr. Vernon
Hurt, a few miles north of us, is very certain
he will gpi some iionoy froai bassvvood, because
he has seen the promising buds on the big for-
est-trees. After all. I suspect it is these big trees
that really yield the bulk of linden honey.
Very often I have seen the small trees, loaded
with blossoms, turn brown and go to seed,
without a bee once going near them.

During the last two or three weeks I have
spent many an hour helping the boys do the
work in the apiary. While I might hire some
one else to do it more cheaply, I believe nothing
in the world is so helpful to a bee-journal as for
its editor to go out into the apiary and see
what the bees have to say about many of the
problems that confront us. I believe, therefore,
Gleanings can afford to have me "waste"
a little time. There are several questions that
I have been holding back, waiting for the time
when I could lay them before the bees. Among
them was the question of

BEES HANGING OUT— WHAT IS THE CAUSE OF IT ?

I had a vague idea that, if we were to make
sure that the bees were never crowded for room,
in the first place, and the hives were properly
shaded, with good-sized entrances, there would
not be any of this hauging-oui; and the result
of careful experiment and observation this sea-
son seems to show that this is true. At our out-
yard there has been no hanging-out, but quite
a little of it at the home yard. The work in
the home apiary at the beginning of the flow
got behind. At the out-apiary I made sure to
keep pace with the bees. As there would be
no one present to look after swarms, it was de-
cidedly necessary that the bees should not get
into the hahit of loafing. There was no loafing
here, and only one swarm, and that came out
several limes while I was away.

As every one knows, hanging out and sulking
at the front of the hives shows that something
is not quite right. A colony in the height of
the honey-flow should have no loafing or sulk-
ing bees. I told the boys I did not want to
have one hive with its bees hanging out in
front, even at night. They did not believe that
the poor bees could help coming out when the
nights were so hot; but I noticed that stronger
colonies in the same apiary were busy at work
in the sections, without a loafing bee in front.
I said to myself. "We must make these other
chaps fthe loafers) get down to business like
the others."

As I found years before, so this year, smoking
them in did no good. They would come out
again just as soon as they got through "rub-
bing their eyes." Giving them frames of foun-
dation and plenty of room sometimes answered,
but generally they would cluster out even then.
Furnishing the bees a good deal of shade helped
somewhat. Giving them very wide deep en-

trances sometimes cau?ed them to go into the
hives and go to work.

This hanging out is Indicative of swarming.
Early in the season, perhaps the bees are a
little cramped for room, and they get into the
" habit " of loafing; and this habit, once estab-
lished, is hard to break up; or perhaps the en-
trance is too small, or the h've not properly
shaded. Any one or all of these conditions may
start the habit, and the only way to break it
up is to make the bees tldnk they have actually
swarmed. I am satisfied that, while the bees
are loafing and hanging out at the entrance,
they are waiting either for the queen or some
of their number to start a swarm forth.

There were several of our colonies at the
home yard that seemed to be very stubborn.
Two of them would hang out in spite of the
fact that I personally alternated every one of
their frames of brood and honey with frames of
foundation. The Jutbit had been established,
and, no matter what I did, they would hang
out. Finally, the thought occurred to me to
take the hive away entirely (a big two-story
chaff one) and put in its place an entirely dif-
ferent hive— a single-walled Dovetailed made
up of three stories. This was done and the
frames put into the new hive. The greater
portion of the bees were shaken out in front,
and were made to crawl in at the entrance.
The bees went to work, and there was no loaf-
ing from that time on. Another hive was
treated in a like manner with the same result.

I am fast coming to believe that, in a well-
regulated apiary, there should not be a hive
with bees hanging out in front. Just think of
the waste of over half a colony loafing and do-
ing nothing for days until they swarm, and a
super or two of sections without a bee in them!
We know perfectly well that, when bees swarm,
they will go to work— that is, providing they
are put into another hive, and their mania
satisfied.

In the foregoing I have enumerated a number
of conditions that cause bees to hang out; but
one I did not mention; namely, that of queen-
lessness. Several of our good strong colonies
were working nicely until we took away their
queens. They Immediately began^to sulk, and
to hangout. They knew something was wrong,
and I think they had a sort of idea if they could
once swarm, all would go well again. So they
thought they would hang out. When these
same colonies were supplied with a queen, the
loafing ceased and the bees went to work.

I have been watching the matter very nar-
rowly, and I have about come to the'conclusion
that, for our locality, we do not want a colony
with a caged queen or onequeenless in the hive.
Bees seem to do very much better when there
is a queen laying, and brood in all stages; yet I
recognize that some good apiarists succeed well
with caged queens.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July L'

Our Homes.

And t' e man of God was wrotli with him, and
said, Thou shouldst have smitten live or six times;
then hadst thou smitten Syria till thou hadst con-
sumed it whereas now thou shalt smite Syria but
thrice.-Il. Kikgs 13:19.

Then came the disciples to Jesus apart, and said.
Why could not we cast liim out? And Jesus said
unto them, Because of your unbelief; for verily I
say unto you, if ye have faith as a grain of mus-
tard seed, ye shall say unto this mountain, Remove
hence to yonder place, and it shall remove; and
nothing- shall be Impossible unto you.— Matt.
17:19,30.

People who knew me in childhood, and those
who have visited our place at different periods,
often express surprise at a business of such
magnitude, built up in so short a space of time;
and especially so as I commenced entirely with-
out capital, and with a comparatively frail
body besides. Now. do not feel troubled, good
friends of mine. 1 am not going to boast in
this Home Paper. If it sounds like boasting, it
is because you misunderstand me. I am going
to write to-day that I may give you help in
your own homes, and not that I may help or
brag about myself. Please keep this in mind
while I give you some suggestions that I hope
and pray will be helpful to you. And let me
say that the work 1 enjoy above all other things
in this world of ours is in being helpful to my
fellow-man. When I get among people, or in
circumstances where my skill and experience
are of value, then I am happy; and whenever
I find myself in a place where it seems I am
not needed, then I am unhappy: and so far is
pay is concerned, as 1 get older I begin to long
for the privilege of working where pay does not
enter into the matter at all.

Many times visitors, and these friends of
whom I have been speaking, have asked me the
question, "Mr. Root, what is the secret you
possess ? Why is it you tind so much to do, and
how is it that you succeed in setting great
crowds of people at work while others all about
you are complaining that there is nothing to
do. or nothing: to do that will pay decent
wages?" I think the an!>wer,g(;.es along in the
line of the first of the two texts I have chosen
above. The man of God was " wroth." 1 like
that word wroth; and I believe it would be a
good thing for us all if a godly and sanctified
wrath were to stir us up a little oftener than it
does now. Why! some of these bright summer
mornings, when the sun begins to make it feel
unpleasantly hot. I have felt an almost over-
powering inclination to sit still in the shade,
and let things run themselves. Yes, I, like
yourself, know exactly what it is to have these
feelings; and I have prayed again and again
for deliverance from this sin of half-hearted-
ness. Now, you may think it a little funnv,
but the prayer many times seems to be answer-
ed by the prince of darKness, and he would very
quickly run me into worse troubles than half-
heartedness if I did not speedily call on the
great Captain, under whose banner I am en-
rolled, for help and protection. Am I speaking
in an enigma ? Well, then, let me explain that
my halfheartedness is often cured by seeing
somebody else half-hearted or criminally stupid.
Then ray "Root temper" comes up. Satan
prompts, no doubt, that I should wake up the
half-hearted person with a rush; but old ex-
periences warn mp to be careful; and before
doing any thing, if I breathe my little prayer.
" Lord, help me to right this wrong in a right
and proper manner," then I am pretty sure to
keep in the straight and narrow path. Let me
give you one among many illustrations.

Some time in the latter part of March, when
those beds of Grand Rapid? lettuce were jusi
getting beauiiful to the eyes of all beholders,
they also seemed beautiful to our flock of chick-
ens domiciled not many rods away. The weath-
er was getting warm enough for them to begin
to make exploring expeditions. They had been
fed lefuse letiuce from the greenhouse until
they knew what it was. One day, when they
wandered fariher than usual, the whole flock
caught a glim pse of the brilliant coloring under
the rays of the March sun. I can imagine those
biddies as they tipped thc-ir heads one way and
then another, and ventured cautiously up to
the edge of the lettuce- beds. No one was
around jusi then, and that bifted rich mellow
soil offered rare inducements for scratching
and wallowing. No doubt there were angle-
worms in that protected soil. Perhaps the
chickens had not had a taste of the worms nor
of the lettuce for some time back. I need not
tell you the rest. You know something what
havoc an enterprising flock of hens will make
in just a few minutes in a bed of luxuriant
garden stuff. For a time we kept them away
by tilting the sash just enough to let in air, but
close enough to keep out chickens; but this
deprived our beds of the great benefit of a sum-
mer shower. We had tried frames of poultry-
netting, to be put on when the sash was taken
off; but these would cost a good deal, and they
were more or less in the way when on the beds
or off. I told the boys if the hens were driven
away with a tremendous scaring I did not
think they would come t;ack again, especially
as their forage ground was off in another di-
rection. Well, the boys chased the chickens
off, but they came back just as soon as another
opportunity offered. I made up my mind that,
if the hens were sufficiently scared, they would
stay away; but I could not think of a boy who
would do the work according to my ideas unless
I first gave him a copy. The boys were in their
teens, and 1 am toward sixty. Notwithstand-
ing this, I think I can beat any boy out in giv-
ing either hens or dogs such a fright that they
will never want to come around that way again.

I finally found the hens, with the rooster
leading and bo-sing matters, right in the mis-
chief. 1 took off my hat and came up slowly
until I was pretty well in the midi^t of the flock.
Then with my hands and feet and voice I
made such a racket among the poultry that I
am sure the most of them will remember it as
long as they live. I ran after the old hens and
over them, and scared them with my hat until,
out of sheer fright, they could not run any
more; then I gave the rooster, as the ringleader,
such a scaring that he could hardly cackle.
They were glad enough to find refuge in their
own quarters; and after they got breath enough
they cackled over the event for an hour or more
afterward. I do not know enough about hen
language to tell just what they sai>l, but I pre- .
sume they thought it was monstrous to make
all that racket and fuss about a little bed of
lettuce. One thing, however, is certain: I have
not seen them, either singly or together, around
those lettuce beds since. We did not have any
poultry-netting to fuss or bother with, either.
I know they remember it, because, when I go -
through their quarters on my wheel, on the
way to the creek bottoms, they will cackle and
run as if they thought they were to be chased
again as they were on that eventful March day.

Now, it is the same way with dogs. I have
told you how much trouble they make by walk-
ing over our glass sashes. If the dog is a big
one, crash, crash, crash, it goes every step. I
do not want to hurt the dogs, and I know the
law would permit me to shoot them where they

1897

CLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

53;{

couie iirounJ uikI muUo ustroiil)lo without their
owners. Hut I simply want tho Jo^fs to umler-
stami thai our fourth-acre of plant- b(>''s is
foibiaden ground. 1 have tried to have our
boys Rive each dog as it coiues around a good
wuolesouie lesson by way of a fright, but ihoy
don't seem to gel the hang of it as I do it. Let
the dog alone until you get your hands full of
Slicks or stones, or v\ hatever you can guther up
ha.-iily; then get up near enough so you cau
keep pretty close to him in the chase. Follow
him with shouie. and pellings, and hu will soon
learn where it is that he must not go.

A good many tinu^s f am impaiieni at the
way people handle horses. A horse that is
always starting before you are ready can be
thoroughly cured of it by a little faithful whole-
hairtcu work. The same horse or horses that
will )i()t start when you tell them to can also be
cured by a little judicious use of the whip.
Perhaps there are horses that never need the
whip, bull have never found many of them.
Valuable lives are lost tivery day because of
half-heartedness in handling and training
horses Now, please do not misunderstand me,
dear friends, when I go further and say that
valuable! lives are lost, not only in body but in
soul, because of half hearted parents. If you
give up 10 the chickens, and give up to the
dogs (or if you choose, neighbors' chickens and
dok'si you h:\ti -iujplv Iosl your garuen and its
enjoyment; but when you give up to the child,
and say you have done the best you could— that
you c.uild not make him mind— then you are
re.-poiisible for the loss of an immortal soul;
and you need not be surprised if your gray hairs
are brought down in sorrow to the grave.

Before I get through with dogs and chickens
I want to s.iy a word about iats and mice.
Since 1 have been trying to build up our busi-
ne-*s. again and again have rats and mice as-
sHiled us. When I protested, our people, dilTer-
ent ones, at different limes, would say, in efTect:

" Well, you can not keep them out, and it is
no use trying."

First, the cats woulj be "no good;" then the
traps were no good; or the " rough on rats"
was no good. 1 can not go into detail here; but
on personal investigation I found that the cat
had not been treait d properly. Many times
pussy was overfed. Th'-n there were no cat-
doors so these faithful friends could have access
to every nook and cranny. The traps were not
properly examined daily. Again and again
have I found trapped mice K-fi until they were
smelling badly. The bait was old and dried up.
The traps were not " daintily " adjusted so as
to go off at the first touch. For rats, the steel
traps were not properly smoked to remove the
smell of former transactions; and they did not
try bedding them in the sawdust or fine dirt
right under the runs. After I taught a boy (or
girl either, for that matter) just how to manage
traps, we had little or no further trouble. Sev-
eral times I found peoole who declared they
had used '■ rough on rats," and it did no good;
but upon inquiry ihey had not even once read
the printed instructions accompanying each
box. Oh how much trouble I have had from
things that would not work because the party
to whom the thing was intrusted never read
the " directions for use"l I have hadgro.vn-
up men and women coolly inform me rhey threw
the directions away without looking at ihera.

I once sent out two old farmers into the field
to use a Meeker disk harrow. They drew it
around the lot almost half an hour upside
doifc'n. without ever so much a« looking at the
direciions securely tacked on the machine, tell-
ing how to use it. Somebr)dv will say, "Oh!
you are talking about hired help; but if these

same people were working for themselves they
would, of course, take some interest in what
they were doing." Well, 1 have v/atched this
thing, and I am glad to be able lo say that
these same people, when they were working
for themselves, in and around their own homes,
managed pretty much the same way. They do
not give the mailer in question enough thought,
energy, and vehemence to make it succeed.
Again and again these friends of mine around
me say to me, *• Oh ! you might as well give up;
the thing is no good. We have trieu it in every
way, shape, ani manner, and it positively will
not work." But it does work, sooner or later,
when I get hold of it. Perhaps some of them
think I make a big fuss about nothing; but I
certainly succeed in keeping people at work,
and in paying them their wages every Saturday
night.

Let me digress right here lo say that of late
years it is my son and son inlaw who should
have the credit of managing the greater part of
our business, and not myself.

A good brother who lives far away sent us
S3.00 for some goods to be sent by mail. He
wanted first $2A() worth of foundation; then he
wanted some slates to hang ou his hives. He
said in his letter he wanted his goods as soon
as they could be got to him. The foundation
was already packed and put up, and could have
gone Dy return mail. Thi- slates were supposed
to be in the counter store. In order lo make
one package, the letter went to the store below
to have the slates sent up. Where goojs go by
return mall, or, say, next day, we have not
been in the habit of receip.iug the money;
therefore, when it was discovered that some
slates were ordered but none were in stock, the
letter was held until the slates should come.
In the mean time the slate-maker reported he
was too busy on other jobs to fuss with little
slates for hives. At this crisis the letter should
surely have gone back upstairs to have the
foundation mailed, informing our customer iu
regard lo the slates. Not so, however. Noth-
ing was sent and nothing was done until I
investigated the matter, fully two weeks after
the money reached us. 1 told our friend to
make out his bill for damages, and we would
try to pay it. And may I right here intimate
that a sure and complete remedy for all cases
like this last one is the scripture injunction to
love your neighbor as yourself? Any man who
tries even a little to put himself in his neigh-
bor's place would not be likely to see his neigh-
bor lose a part of his honey crop when nothing
at all prevented his having at least the greater
part of his order go by return mail; and. in
fact, love to God and love to one's neighbor
should be a perfect cure for all half-heartedness
of whatever nature.

Just one more illustration right here:

A week ago the man who runs the Planet
cultivator told me he could do ever so much
better work, and save his strength at the same
time, if the handles of the cultivator could be
raised.

" Why. Mr. B., this cultivator is made just
on purpose so you can raise or lower the han-
dles to any point you wish."

" Well, I supposed thai it was made in that
way, but it is not. Loosening the bolts which
seem to be made for that very purpose will not
permit the handles to go up and down a parti-
cle, as you will see."

I look hold of the wrench, got down on my
knees in the dirt, and I did see. What do you
suppose I saw? Why, I saw that, when the
cultivator was set up. four or five years ago.
the man who put it together put a certain cast-
ing on upside down; and in all that time, all

534

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July 15.

the men who had used that cultiva'or had been
annoyed and hindered in their work summer
after summer. Not one of them had, until this
present time, informed me that the cultivator
as it was could not be made to do its best work.
Why didn't some of them talk to me as I came
around, and tell me about it?

A few days ago our young chickens were
going, one every night. After a brood of eleven
had gone clear down to three I began making
a stir in the neighborhood. About a week
before, Mrs. Root had befriended a "tramp"
cat. After the cat had been fed and made at
home— that is, when she became sufficiently
acquainted— she brought forth from their hid-
ing-place four bright kittens, one after another.
I soon decided that the tramp cat was responsi-
ble for the loss of the chicks; but the whole
family said I was mistaken, as she was so kind
and gentle, etc. Finally the teamster said one
of the men who was mowing the lawn told him
he saw the tramp cat with one of the chickens in
her mouth. That was probably one of the first
of the eleven. I passed the man ever so many
times a day. and he could not scrape up energy
enough to tell me he saw the cat that was tak-
ing my chickens one by one. I questioned him
about it. and remonstrated because he did not
tell me at once, instead of telling somebody
else; but he had nothing to say. After the cat
was killed, then (not before) he volunteered the
information to Mrs. Root that it was not the
cat that had the four kittens, at all. It was
a yellow cat that he saw with a chicken in its
mouth. According to this I had killed an in-
nocent cat, and left her four " orphling " kittens
to ?et along the best they could.

Now, a few chickens and a cat are but trifles,
I know; and perhaps I should not mention
them at all were it not that I am expecting
some choice Minorcas to hatch some time this
week, and I do not propose that one of them
shall be taken off every night, by considerable.
As I said, chickens andkittens are but trifling
matters; but we have more or less the same
state of affairs all over our establishment. In
one of our elevators, belting to the amount of
almost a hundred dollars has been destroyed
because we could not get the men who use the
heavy freight-elevator to pull the lever clear
up sharp either to one side or the other. When
the lever was left pulled part way a belt was
burned, so a new one had to be put in its place.
It would be exceedingly convenient with our
freight-elevators to let each man who is mov-
ing freight handle the elevator, but we had to
give it up. Two men have now the elevator in
charge, and a sign announces that they must
be called whenever it is to be used. The whole
great business world realizes how hard it is to
find men who will learn all about the business
they are connected with, and make it their
study to save their employers from loss. With
almost a world full of people wanting some-
thing to do, men who will thinli, act, and talk
so as to save loss are always hard to find.

The loss of belting and the loss of life are
serious matters, especially when life is lost by
somebody's half-heartedness; but, my friends,
there are more important problems that meet
us almost daily than even this. The Master
tells us to beware of him who is able to destroy
both soul and body.

D In the last of our two texts the disciples asked
the Master why it was they did not succeed in
banishing the evil spirit from one who was
brought to them. He told them it was because
of their unbelief; or, as I should put it, in con-
sequence of their half-heartedness. They fail-
ed in routing the evil spirit very much as you
and I fail in getting rid of rats and mice— par-

don me for the illustration. People all around
about us admit themselves helpless victims of
evil habits. One man said to me, not long ago,
when I was remonstrating with him, that he
could bring me a testimonial from different
physicians to the effect that he was no longer
responsible for his occasional sprees. He said
the doctors to'd him that he could not help it,
even if he tried. May God have mercy on the
doctors if they really did say this. Our readers
are aware, of course, that I would not say,
under any and all circumstances, that a man
can by his own will power break off every evil
habit; but I do say it is my belief, that, while
there is life and reason, any person can, with
Ood.\s ?iefp, be emancipated from a?iyevil habit.

But a few hours ago a poor friend wrote me,
telling of his struggles in breaking the bauds of
Satan. In his despair he was contemplating
something that is, if not suicide, almost next
door to it. Although a professing Christian,
he said he had " lost his will power." Just as
soon as he explained to me thf^.^ ircumstances I
felt like rejoicing that I could furnish a remedy
that would help him out of his troubles as safe-
ly and surely as you would help a man out of a
millpond by taking hold of his hand. Then my
enthusiasm was somewhat dampened because
I remembered my remedy would require '• will
power." Please do not smile when I tell you
that I wrote to him to change his diet to one of
lean meat; cut off starch and sugar entirely.
If he can do this he is saved; but, alas! it re-
quires will power. By the way, when I meet
either a man or a woman of late who has gone
through several months on a clean lean -meat
diet, I feel like lifting mv hat to such, out of
reverence and respect. The person who can
control his appetite to the extent of cutting off
the last crumb of bread, so that his diet may be
absolutely unfermentable, has will power to
fight almost any temptation that flesh is heir
to. I do not know just what effect the lean-
meat diet would have on intemperance; bu: I
suspect it would take off a great part of the
craving for intoxicants. If there is any one
among our readers who can give me any infor-
mation in regard to this matter, either for my
own private benefit or for the public, omitting
the name if he chooses, I should be very glad
indeed to get such testimony. I want to know
to what extent our diet is responsible for our
peculiar besetting sins.

Now, then, dear friends, I suppose God leaves
us all to choose. Shall we drift along in idle-
ness and in shady inaction until disgust of life,
and then suicide or imbecility, comes on ? or
shall we waken up and use our brains and
muscles, and make things come into shape as
they ought to? Sin is in the world. Shall we
let it go on, or shall we say, " God helping me,
this shall continue no longer"? There are
illustrations all about us, showing what energy,
perseverance, and vehemence will accomplish.
There are also illustrations all about us of the
result of letting things drag, and go as they
happen. Shall we get along through life con-
triving to get rid of the precious hours God has
given us, with the least possible exertion or
trouble, until we slip into our graves? or shall
we stand up like Christian of old, with our
armor on, and rebuke sin and sloth and half-
heartedness at every turn ?

SELLING RECIPES FOR DOING THINGS.

Dear Oleaningti: —In the Chicago American Poultry
Joiirnal for April, '97, page 122, is an advertisement
headed " Bees for Nothing:." I have not the $3.00 to
throw away, so I do not feel like investig-ating- it.
The advertiser is A. F. Randolph, Green Valley, III.

Ionia, Mich., June 12. Harmon Smith.

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

535

As it Is the business of Gi.kanings to keep
lt8 readers posted in regard to every thing new
that conies up in bee culture, we sent tiie three
dollars. It is printed on page 11 of a little
price list of fancy poultry. Here is the three-
dollar recipe verbatim:

Ull{EirH)NS KOK T.\KlNO HUNAW.\Y SWARMS OF
UKES.

Prepare an ordinurj- box hive by having it sweet
and clean; place a stick one-fouitli of an Inch thick
about six Inches I'rom the top across the inside of
the hive and a similar one i-russwise of tlie first, six
Inches lower down for supports to the comb. Now
take a piece of empty comb or comb foundation
and fasten to the inside of the top of the hive by
melting' a bit of wax and sticking the comb fast
while hot; now drop a few drops of the sweet oil of
anise on the comb and the inner walls of the liive;
now fasten on the bottom-lioard, letting it extend
an inch or two beyond tlu^ hive on the front side,
leaving a slot four inclics long and three-eighths of
an inch deep for an entrance; on the first real
warm day in May, when the bees begin to swarm,
place your hive In a shady tree, not necessarily
very high from the ground; the bees will swarm
from the parent hive; and as soon as they settle
they will send out scouts to look for a new home:
and, if not successful, the swarm will make a flight
and settle, and send out scouts again as before, and
continue to move and scout until they find a hollow
tree or some cavity that suits them, when they im-
mediately take possession. Now, if you have a few
hives scattered abou' through your orchard, and a
swarm is passing within two miles, the scouts will
find your empty hives ready for occupancy, and will
lead the swarm to the hive. If j'our hive is secured
firmly, it can remain In the tree until cool weather
before removing.

Our readers will notice that, in the above,
there is not a single idea that has not already
been published repeatedly in our journals.
Several years ago we had quite a discussion
in regard to the matter, and many articles were
published in regard to it. I confess that it
.somewhat revived my old enthusiasm in regard
to decoy hives. But, hold on a minute I There
is one new feature. It is the statera^nt to the
effect that, if a swarm passes within two tailes
of your empty hives, the scouts will find them.
We did not know before that a swarm of bees
keeps scouts out for two miles in every direc-
tion: and I am afraid we do not know it now.
We have here another illustration of the fact
that I have for so many years emphasized: No
good thing ever comes, or. perhaps I should
say, no iicn- thing ever comes from those who
advertise recipes or secrets for a certain sum of
money. Now, if anybody else who takes
Gleaxixg.s knows of any valuable sncret offer-
ed for a certain sum of money, just let Glean-
ings know about it and we will enjoy it all
together instead of sending three dollars in-
dividually for one and the same thing.

He shall be like a tree planted by the rivx-rs of wa-
ter; . . . his leaf also shall not wither.— Psalm
1:3.

I have before mentioned that my neighbor,
C. J. Green, found a little spring on one of his
lots. He piped it down into his dooryard, and
near bis greenhouse he has a little fountain.
Now, during a severe drouth like the present
there is not very much water — perhaps as much
as would fill a rye straw or a little more; but
even this small amount keeps two considerable
tanks full, and the surplus runs the tiny foun-

tain; and right where the overllow from this
fountain reaches it, is a small Downing mul-
berry-tree. The tree is fairly filled with the
most luscious mulberries I ever tasted; and the
tree is making such a luxuriant growth that it
is really a pleasure to look at it. While I stood
enjoying it, just between sundown and dark, I
was reminded of three things: First, that the
Downing mulberry is a most delicious fruit
when grown to perfection ; second, that it
seems to be a water-plant. Like the willow. It
delights in water continually; third, the whole
thing was a most beautiftil reminder, by way
of an object-lesson, of that wonderful verse in
the first Psalm. Wc have a Downing mulber-
ry-tree on otir lawn, but the berries are small,
and insignificant in flavor, compared with the
one I have just spoken of. But I am inclined
to think it is not altogether the water. Occa-
sionally there are trees that bear larger and
finer fruit than others. Mr. Green has already
set some grafts on another mulberry-tree on his
premises to see if he can get equally large and
luscious fruit.

" happy surprises ; " the poktek apple.
Nearly a year ago a niece made me a present
of a luscious apple, so very large that I at once
made a trip of investigation, fihe said she did
not know the name of the apple; the tree was
on the premises when they moved there. I was
astonished to find that I had never before
known of so large an apple, almost if not quite
as early as the Early Harvest. I sent a sample
of the apple to otir Ohio Experiment Station,
and they replied right ofiF that it was the Por-
ter. Last fall I sent to our nurseryman, Mr.
Job Green, of Granger. Medina Co., O.. for one-
fourth dozen trees. Well, yesterday, July 8th,
the timothy in our orchard was so high that we
cut it and put it into the barn; and after the
grass was out of the way, one of my Porter ap-
ple-trees, set out just last fall, and not more
than four or five feet high, was found to con-
tain two great beautiful apples almost ripe.
Now, if you have never tasted this apple, plant
a tree in your dooryard. in a good rich place,
then you or your children will have a good lot
of " happy surprises " in the way of a beautiful
fruit when everybody wants it most.

THE FOTJRTH OF .JtTLY, 1897.

This present vear seems peculiar in at least
two respects. First, it has given us the coldest
day since the Weather Bureau was started,
some 27 years ago; and on the 4th of this pres-
ent month the thermometer registered the
highest point Taccording to the Weather Bu-
reau) in 17 years. On the north side of our
brick building the thermometer registered half
a degree above 100; but on the porch over at
the house it was only about 07. The Weather
Bureau reports it at their ofBce. on top of one
of the tallest buildings in Cleveland, somewhere
about 99, if I am correct. It is hard to make a
correct statement, because the surroundings
have so much to do with the temperature.

Unfortunately— at least so it would seem— it
was announced that your humble servant
would give a talk in a church five miles away
from my home, on Sunday afternoon. I did not
want to take a horse out in such sultry weather,
and, in fact, I did not want to ride in a buggy,
so I rode on my wheel. Several urged that it
was positively dangerous. But I knew pretty
well it was not dangerous for me, and I was
agreeably "surprised" to find myself much
more comfortable on the wheel than sitting
indoors in the shade. As my talk was about
" happy surprises," my experience came in very
opportunely. I left home at one o'clock, and

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July 15.

got back about half-past three; so I " took in "
the highest temperature of the torrid wave.

Well, the hot sun and hot wind did not hurt
meat all(oh! I forgot; I do not know but it
did make my nose a little redder than u^ual),
but it cooked our great big Columbus goose-
berries, and almost spoiled our crop; but some
of the berries of smaller size, such as the Down-
ing and Houghtons were harmed but little or
none at all. Our new friend Eleagmts longipes
was also roasted more or less by the heat.
Strawberries, unless they had some sort of pro-
tection, were more or less cooked. And this
reminds me that it is an excellent thing to have
at least a part of your strawberries grow in the
shade. The shade of a large tree is just what
is wanted, providing you do not let the roots of
the large Tree take all the moisture from the
strawberries. A sub-irrigating bed under the
shade of a tree, with the bottom of the bed
cemented so it will hold water, would fix it to
a dot. I am inclined to think some growing
corn on the south side of the strawberries would
answer a very good purpose. I studied the
matter in several localities on our grounds
enough to be certain that, with a season like
this, shade of some kind would be a prnfifible in-
vestment to the strawberry-grower. I have not
had a chance to test plants on the north side
of a building or a high board fence, but I think
it would be just the thing. Of course, this is
only for late strawberries. For early ones you
want the sun at least the fore part of the sea-
son; but for raising plants during the month
of July, even if you have plenty of water, some
shade during the heat of the day would help
matters along very materially.

GABDENING FOR JULY l'^
PLANT ?

WHAT CAN WE

You can plant almost all kinds of beans (ex-
cept the large limas), and they will usually
escape frost. Henderson's bush lima included.
Beets will do nicely if you have a market for
table beets, or beets tied up in bunches. You
can put out carrots, cauliflower, and celery-
plants. Ford's Early sweet corn will do nicely
if planted on good ground. Cucumbers are
just in their element this hot July weather.
Give them good rich ground; and if you have
plenty of rain, and keep the bugs ofif, yon will
have a crop. Grand Ripids lettuce will do
nicely, and will sell in almost any locality if
you shade it from the bot sun. Have it, in rich
ground, and make it crisp and white. Ynu can
sow all sorts of onion seeds for sets; and the
American Pearl may be sown now, not too
closely, and left to stand over winter. The only
trouble is its inclination to send up a seed-
stalk in spring. But you can fix this by pulling
out every one as soon as it begins to show a
seed-stalk, and sellinar it as bunch onions— see
our bunch-onion circular. If you want to make
a plantation of the winter onions, now is just
the time to do it. Gather the sets, and plant
at once. Any of the early peas will make a
crop if planted now; and in our locality we
generally get large peas, like Champion of
England, when sown before July 1,5. We are
going to put in a lot of them right away.
Radishes you may plant every day for the next
60 days: the same with spinach. If yon have
great big strong plant* reaiy to blossom you
can put out tomatoes now. All kinds of turnips
can be sown now. but T would not put in a
great many if you ■• !int thorn for table use,
because they get too old in just a few days
after they are just right; and, while I think of
it, get in plenty of wax beans so you can supply
the market until the time frost spoils them.
Bunch yams and vineless sweet potatoes will

usually make a crop if put out now with suffi-
cient care so they commence to grow right
away. You can also plant potatoes at this late
date if you have some god seed already sprout-
ed, having the sprouts not too long. Jersey
Wakefield ana Henderson's Early Summer
cabbage-plants will do nicely if put out now.
Late kinds will head up if the fall is favorable;
and we consider it the very best time to grow
cauliflower by putting out your plants by the
middle of July.

Last, but not least by considerable, we con-
sider July the finest month in the whole year
to put out strawberry -plants if you have learn-
ed the knack of making them grow in hot
weather. PoUed plants, or plants taken up
with our transplanting-machine recently illus-
trated, will go right along all right unless you
have a tremf-ndous drouth. I think it will pay
every strawberry-grower to learn how to in-
crease his stock of choice high-priced plants by
planting in July. If the weather is very hot
and dy, keep things moving by the use of
plenty of water, and shading them with cotton
cloth.

-JADOO FIBER.

Doubtless many of you have read of this new
material for florists and gardeners. We are
using it for potted strawberries; and it is so
much lighter than soil I have hoped that we
might be able to send the new strawberries out
in the shape of potted plants hy mail. Of
course, the postage will be more; but you will
have a plant that will put out runners, and
push ahead the very day you get it in the
ground. When I have samples ready to mail 1
will b't you know, and I will also report in re-
gard to this new material, jadoo. We are also
testing concentrated jadoo liquid. Permit me
to add that jadoo itself looks very much like
nice swamp muck. It costs at present about
$30.00 a ton.

IS SWEET CLOVER A NOXIOUS WEED?

How to exterminate sweet clover after it has got
a g-ood .start is something- that I am very much in-
terested in just now. It' you or any one else knows
of any practical method by which one can kill it
out, almost everybody here, and especially myself,
would be very thankful for the information.

Eig-ht or nine years ago I bought some sweet-clo-
ver seed of you and sowed it on my own premises,
and also along the public highway A friend of
mine got some seed soon after, and he too sowed it
along the roadside. Now the clover is pretty well
set over perhaps five or six miles of the public high-
way. At first but little attention was paid to It, no
one seeming to know what It was: neither had I the
least idea what I was getting itito when I sowed it.
Now it is growing up ali'i'tr the road higher than
the fences, and the farmers uie becoming alarmed,
and we are being cursed, criticised, and abused,
some saying that we ought to be prosecuted.

There are scattering plants of the clover over a
great deal more territory than that which I have
spoken of as being well set; but that we have cut
out mostly with hoes; some of the more thickly set
places I have mowed, and then broken the ground
with the plow. Whether that will kill it is a ques-
tion. Some say the seed will lie in the ground for
years, and then come up.

I am very sorry that I was instrumental in intro-
ducing something that is so unwelcome as sweet
clover seems to be to the farmers here. I also own
and manage a farm myself; but I do not care so
much on my own account as I do for the ill feeling
which it has caused amo g my neighbors.

Any information on this subject as to what ex-
tent I am responsible, or what I should do to kill it
out, is what 1 wisl.. Geo. W. Fair.

Chrisman, III., June 28.

My good friend, you and your neighbors are
certainly making a big mistake. 1 have stud-
ied sweet clover all over the State of Ohio and
in other States, but I have never yet found it in
pasture lots, in meadows, or in cultivated fields.

1807

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

537

I can not soo why it sliould be called a noxious
weed any more than eoninion red clover, unless
It is that horses and cattle must learn to eat it
before they take to it as readily as they do to
red clover. But this is not at all strange, for
cattle in Florida will not eat com until they
have been taught. Sweet clover is in our
neighborhood, along the roaas, as high as the
fences, hut nowhere else. It grows on the dry
hard clay banks by the sides of the railroads,
whtre no other weed can find a foothold: hut
my richly cultivated ground is also right along
by the railroad, just ov*'r the fence, and yet our
boys will tell you they never tind sweet clover
as a weed anywhere. If you and your friends
will cut your clover when it is knee-high, or a
little more, you will find it will make excellent
hay; and if it were really desirable to banish it
from the roadsides, the matter is easily accom-
plished by cutting it off before it goes to seed.
Teach your neighbors to use this valuable clo-
ver, and all prejudice will soon disappear. Put
a fence around ii and turn the cattle right in —
that Is, if cattle are not permitted on the road-
side—and see how quickly it will disappear. If
you want the ground for other crops, turn it
under with a chain as you would ordinary red
clover, and you will find it worth as much as or
more than any other clover known, as a fertilizer.
Pass this journal around to your neiehhors
and I will send you more, or I will have some
slips printed, to b(^ handed out free of charge, if
nothing else will cure this prejudice. I am
surprised that you say nothing in regard to its
value as feed, for I am convinced that some of
your horses and cattle have already acquired a
taste for it and a liking for it; and their " opin-
ion " in the matter is certainly unbiased. I do
not know why in the world you should go to the
trouble of trying to cut off the thick old stalks
with a hoe. If you really want to get rid of it,
wait till next spring, when the old stalks will
all be dead and gone; then plow under. p«3Sture
off, or cut the young shoots before they get too
far along to be tough and hard. I can not be-
lieve the sped will lie in the ground for years;
for if it did it would surely trouble us among
our crops. We have between l."i and 30 acres
under cultivation, and sweet clover is crowing
high and rampant all nround mv cultivated
fields. Yes. it is at this writing. July 6. six feet
or more, and has been growing so for years
past, though we n^ver find it in our strawber-
ries at all, while other weeds are a terrible nui-
sance ju^t about fruiting time. In traveling I
have talked with others, and asked question's in
regard to the habits of the plant; but I have
nowhere seen it behave any differently from
what it does here in Medina.

PDDDLINO SWEET-POTATO (AND OTHKK) PLANT.S.

Friend Root:—! wa'^ in another part of the county
a few days ajro, and saw people there planting (of,
rather, setting'i swer-t-potato slips. They do not
use any water af all, and f)latil at any time during-
the day. Instead of wateritifr thej' make a bucket
of very thin mud and dip the roots of the plants in
It when plantiiiff. Tliey claim that the method is as
sure as waierinfr. and much cheaper. The only con-
dition is that the plants should be raised in an open
bed so that they may be rather tough. Those rais-
ed under glass would not do.

KILLING WEED SEEDS BY FERMENTATION.

You undoubtedly have had considerable trouble
with weeds coming from the seeds in the manure
you buy from the livery stables. Ynu may avoid
the trouble by having the manure thoroughly fer-
mented before using it. Have it put in heaps as
as large as possible, in a hollow cemented or well-
paved tioor. You may mix dead leaves, stmw, rich
dirt, or any thing you wish. Have it thoroughly
watered twice a week, enough to prevent it from
burning, and make it rot thoroughly. The surplus
water that will seep through must be received in a

hole or cistern, and pumped over the heap again
unless you prefer to »ise It for irrigating purposes.

It is dKlicult to explain how it is. I)nt the fact re-
mains t hat the manure thus t reali'd improves con-
siderably in IViiilizing value— it is e.stimated 1(1(1
per cent, or about; and, f uitheriiiore, tlie heat
therein developed kills all the weed seeds and an
immense quaiuity of no.\ious insects and other
platit-disease germs.

In Swil/.eil.ind. nelgiuni. and most parts of otlier
well-(ulti\ aied eounlrii s of lOui'ope. no manure is
used wiihoul liavlii- gone through this i)roi'ess,
which takes about three niontlis. .SnotluT advan-
tage is that tlie manure tlius thoroughly rotted
does not burn the vegetation in dry weailier as the
fresh manure invariably does. Adrian Getaz.

Knoxville, Tenn.

Your suggestions are both good, friend G. In-
stead of using mud, however, for puddling the
roots of the plants, a good many use a mixture
of cow manure and dirt. In regard to ferment-
ing manure to kill weed seeds, we have prac-
ticed this for years; in fact, we had a cisteru
made to catch the liquid manure, and a pump
to pump it on the heap. The process is given
in a little book sold by the O. Judd Co., entitled
" Baumer's Method of Making Manure." It
works all right, and the manure is all that is
claimed for it, but it is an awful sight of work.
We could not afford to ferment manure in this
way for farm crops, nor even for garden crops,
at ordinary prices. For making potting soil for
florists, or for beds in intensive gardening, it is
all right. If worked properly, the compost,
when finished, is very much like the manure we
find under old stables. Whenever I find where
an old barn has been moved away, or where a
manure-heap has remained for years, so as to
be thoroughly rotted, I am willing to pay a
good price for the fine compost. Another thing,
the average American gardener does not take
kindly to this working over manure-heaps. We
have to get an old gardener from some of the
old countries to work at it. For high-pressure
gardening there is no question but it will pay.
But we get into a fashion of rushing things so
much that it is hard to take the time and trou-
ble to prepare plenty of good old rich compost;
and for many crops and purposes, manure just
as it is taken from the stables answers very
well. For spinach, lettuce, or any other crop
where strong foliage is needed, fresh manure,
just as it is drooped iu the stables, seems to be
even better. There has been some dispute as
to whether all kinds of weed seeds are killed by
the fermenting process; and I believe there has
been a government bulletin issued on the whole
subject.

ONIONS

IN TOE OPEN

The Whittakfir onion did not stand tlie climate
here, as they were all dead this spring. The Pearl,
that I experimented with here, winter-killed also,
but the Egyptian did nicely, and I shall want 3 or 3
bushels this fall. I wish you would give me your
mode of culture of the White Multipliers: they do
the bcst^ with me. A. P. Jones.

Brandon, Vt.

We manage the White Multipliers exactly as
we do the potato onions. Plant them at about
the time that farmers are sowing their wheat.
They make quite a little growth by fall, and, as
a rule, winter without any loss. This spring
we have had our first trouble by their showing
seed-stalks. We never had a seed-stalk on a
White Multiplier before, and did not know it
was possible. The only reason I can give is
that we put them out earlier than usual last
fall, and they made an exceedingly strong
growth; but why this sho'ild put it into their
heads to 'Seu '. up seed-stalks when they never
grow seed at all (at least I did not know they
did) is more than I can tell. We hoe and culti-

538

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

JUI.Y 15

vate all of these winter onions In the spring,
exactly as we would any onions; and the Breed
weeder is just the thing for them after you
once get the surface fined up soft and mellow.
At present writing, June 16th, all of our onions
that were wintered out are beginning to sho^^
signs of maturity.

^ HALF PRICE -. i

, After June 10th we sell eggs from all our j'ards
at HAi-F PRICE ($1 per 1.5). 'Eggs will be from (
our best pens, and handled with the same care ,
early orders receive. Our breeds :
Barred & White PI. Rocks, Lt. Brahmas,

Langshans, Bf.. Cochins, White Wyandots, i
Brown & Buff Leghorns, Pekin Ducks.
Our stock will surely please you; order now.

POULTRY SUPPLIES.

'e are America's Headquarters. Biggest

Stock, Lowest Prices, Quick Shipments.

NissLY's Poultry Annual and catalogue of'

"EV-ERYTHINQ FOR THE POULTRY YaRD" iS a I

boipk of 80 6x9 pages, fluely illustrated and full .
, or information. The book is free to all, but
we request a3o stamp for postage.

UGEO. J. NISSLY, Saline, Mich.

AGENTS'Sm!!-W

^™"" ■ '•^ big money, ' "^

We makf :i hicli Knide eSf^Vftl C,
as low as $24.00. SftvUgLLitmi^^Y

FuUy siiaranteed. Shipi.ed anvwhere rT/Tr^
on aiinrnvnl. direet from our fac«opy. *^—
Al.PI9iE CVCliE CO., Dept. lu .Cineiiuiati,0.
t»'In writing advertisers please mentiou Gleanings.

Fruit Packages of all Kinds,

also

Bee=keepers' Supplies.

Order your supplies now
before the busy season
catches you. Price list
free. Address

BERLIN FRUIT-BOX CO.,

Berlin Heights, Erie Co., Ohio.

Queens Given Away.

Gray Carniolans and Golden Italians. We will
give a fine tested queen (either race) to all custom-
ers ordering 6 untet-ted queens, and a Bne seleci
tested queen to all who order 12 untested queens at
one time. The queens given awav will be sent to
customers in August.

Grade and prices of bees

Apr., May,

•■"fcpr^-'

and queens.

June.

Untested queen

.75
1.50
3.50

Tested queen.

I 36

Select tested queens

3 35

Best imported ijueens

5.00

4.00

1 L. -frame nucleus, no

queen

.75

.60

3 L.-f rame nuclei, no q

1.50

1.00

Full colony of bees, no

queen

in new Dov'd h;ve. . .

5.00

4.00

We guarantee our bees to be free from all diseases
and to give entire satisfaction. Descriptive price
list free.

F. A. Lockhart & Co.. Lake George, N. Y.

BEES

r^ FOR SALE.
W a l<'<i h' e-.
uZ? P'.rte 1
t $4.00 i.er
EDW. S.MITH,

1 s-frauM-
i|ueeri> fi'.
. rs. Pru-p
(Milony
Carpenter,

111 im-
$3.00

III.

IF YOU WANT BEES

that will just "roll" in the honey, and that are
wonderful red-t'lover workers, also gentle to han-
dle and excetdingli- hardy, then try MOORE'?*
STRAIN OF ITAlilANS, the result of 18 year'^
of careful breeding.

Warranted queens, 75 cts. each; 3 for $3.00; ■ er
doz. ,87.00. Select warranted, f 1.00. Strong 3-frame
nucleus, with warranted queen, $3,50. Safe arrival
and satisfaction guaranteed. Circular free. Those
who have never dealt with me I refer to A. L Root,
who has purchased of me over 8,50 queens.

J. P. Moore, Morgan, Pendleton Co., Ky.

From ^hp ^

Queen Specialist

Light Ii alians of the Sbanded
variety, bred from the same strains that gave such
universal satisfaction from 1885 to 1890. All queens
warranted purely mated, and shipped by return
mail if so requested. Price 75 cts. each. Address

JAMES WOOD, North Dana, Mass.

SEE THAT WINK ?

BEE SUPPLIES.

Root's Goods at Root's Prices.

Pouder's Honey Jars and every
thing used by bee-keepers. Low
fieitrht rate.s; prompt service.
C.ctalogue frre.

WALTER S. POUDER,

Wflt'-'^ POVPf Ri flp 1 62 Mass. Ave. . Indianapolis, Ind.

MUTH'S HONEY-EXTRACTOR,
SQUARE GLASS HONEY-JARS.
ROOT'S GOODS AT ROOT'S PRICES,

Bee-lieepers' Supplies in general, etc., etc.
Send for our new catalog. "Practical
Hints" will be mailed for 10c in stamps.

A,. ply to

CHAS F. MUTH & SON. Cincinnati. 0

Untested, 40c;3for$L00
Warranted, 50c; " $1.35
Tested, 75c: " $2.00

Imported Italian mothers only are used, and for
industry, gentleness, and beauty their bees are un-
surpassed. We have in our yard bushels of drones
from imported mothers and their daughters, and a
mismated queen is rare. No defcrtive queens sent
out. Remember that we aie in ilif far South, and
can send queens bj' return mail. Safe delivery.
Money-order office. Decatur.

CLEVELAND BROS., Stamper, Miss.

QUEENS

Dovetailed Hives.

Sections, Extructors. Smokeis.
and every thing a Bee-keej^ei
wants. Honest Goods at Close
Honest Prices. 60-page cata-
log free.

J. M. JENKINS, Wetumpka, Ala.

f v^l, U^^. ^1 Oo you need queens? the
Look nere ' purest and be.st. If so.
L^UUIV ilV^l \^ . ;^g ^j.g prepared by re^
turn mail to ship the 3 band and golden Italians,
and silver gray Carniolans. untested, warranted
purely mated, tor .50c: tested. 7.5c; breeders $2.25.
JUDGE E. Y. TERRAL & CO., Cameron, Texas.
Please mention this pape? .

nilFPM ^^^ cents: three or more, .50 cents; doz-
y UL,lwn, en, $5 50: tested young, 75 cents.

J. B. CASE, Port Orange, Fla.

1879

ULEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

539

T^EW pf^T<i^ES

ON

COLUMBIA BICYCLES.

THE STANDARD OF THE WORLD.

1897 COLUMBIAS

The best Bicycles made,

1896 COLUMBIAS

Second ccl7 to 1397 Models,

(897 HARTFORDS

Equal to most bicycles,

HARTFORDS

Pattern 2,

HARTFORDS

Pattern (,

HARTFORDS

Patterns 5 and 6,

Nothing in the market approached the value of these bicycles at
the former prices; what are they now?

POPE MFG. CO., Hartford, Conn.

Catalog free from any Columbia dealer; by mail for a 2-c. stamp.

Reduced to

$75

Reduced to

60

Reduced to

SO

Reduced to

45

Reduced to

40

Reduced to

30

B. Hendrickson, Agent,

Medina, Ohio.

Are You Going to Buy.

Apiarian Supplies or Bees?

If so, You Want the Best.

This is the only (4U;ility we offer. Our prices are
right, und our '97 catalojf describing tliem, aud the
management of bees, is yours for t)ie asking.

We carrj* a large stoi^li, and can siiip promptly.
Freiglit is a big consideratiun often amounting lo
20 per rent of the value of goods. Let us quote you
prices on wliat you need, deliviied at your station.

Freight Paid.

They will cost but a trifle more tliati others charge
at the factory. Our aim is to please.
Apiary. I. J. STRINQHAM,

Qlen Cove, L. I. 105 Park PI., N. Y. City.

Q^■-^,'^^^'^^^.^^ Either Golden or Imported by

lippnc return niiiil Untcsttd, 7.Jo;

U^t^llZ!), Tested, .fl.mi: Breeders. $3 00.
-~~~~~~-^ W. H. LAWS. Lavaca. Ark.

Don't Neglect Your Bees.

Bee-keeping may be made uniformly suc-
cessful by judicious feeding. It is just as
important with bees as with other stock.
Success in feeding depends
very much on the feeder used.
When yon have tried the

Bcardtnan Atmospheric
Entrance=feeder

you will be cimvinced of tliis.

For descrii)tive circulars
and price list, address

H. R. BOARDMAN, East Townsend, Ohio.

ni IFPNQ Either :5 or 5 banded. 60 cents each ; 6
yUL.L/110. for*}iO. Nuclei and supplies cheap.
CHAS. H. THIES. Steeleville, III.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July 15.

Special Notices in the Line of Gardening, etc.

By A. I. Root.

THE THREE NEW STRAWBERRIES— CARRIE, DARLING,
AND EARLIEST.

When I gave prices on page .502, last Issue, on
these three plants, I overlooked the fact that, when
I purchased them from Thompson & Sons, Rio
Vista, Va.. I was restrictec;, in offering- them, to
their prices. The Darling was a present to me, and
under the circumstances it would ill become me to
offer them for sale at less than their prices. In
view of this, our prices for the future will be $2 00
per dozen for Carrie :nid Earliest; S:3 00 per dozen
for Darling. At the above price you may have
potted plants by express or layer plants postpaid
by mail. Earliest and Darling show such wonder-
ful vigor th;it tliey have gone right through our
severe drouth without any watering up to date,
July 9; and we have, from our original half-dozen
plants in September last, something like 100 fairly
well-rooted. Of course, I can not tell how the
Darling and Earliest may turn out with a more ex-
tended trial out in the field; but I am s tlsfied that,
for extra early, thev are going to be of great value.
Carrie has bijea already sufficiently tested to war-
rant it a place, and the testimonials in its favor
from our Obio Experiment Sta'ion are enough to
induce all strawberry-growers to give it a trial.

SOLD OUT.

We are sorry to say that, at present writing, we
are sold out of both Carrie and Nick Ohmer. We
are going to try hard, liy the use of water and shad-
ing, to increase our stock so we can offer them
again later, but we can not tell you how we shall
succeed. We can furnish you all the rest men-
tioned on page 502 of our previous issue.

PRICES OF GARDEN PRODUCTS, JULY 15.

Wax beans are bringing 8 cts. per ^t., all we can
pick; early beets, .'. cts. per bunch weighing a
pound, and the demand is greater than the supply.
Early cabbage is 5 cts. per lb. ; cauliflower the same;
lettuce the same, demand good. Bunch onions,
American Pearl. 5 cts. al-lb. bunch; demand beyond
the supply; White IMultiplier, ditto. American
Wonder and Gem peas bring 5 cts. per quart; Strat-
agem, 8 cts Ra' isht'S, when we have any, 5 cts.
per buneii. Tomatoes. 5 cts. a qt. These are just
beginning to ripen in our greenhouses. New po-
tatoes are $1.00 per bushel, and the demand is be-
yond the supply. The above are all retail prices,
where things are taken around to the houses every
morning. Black raspberries bring 10 cts. per qt. ;
red ones biing from 12 to 14; currants, $1.00 per X
bushel; gooseberries, 5 cts. a quart— slow sale.

NEW-CROP SEEDS AND PLANTS FOR SALE JULY 15.

First we have crimson clover of our own growing;
but as the supply is lirjiited and the demand large it
will probably soon be gone; but we have engaged
a large stock of home-grown new crop, and expect
to be able to ship promptly during the whole sea-
son.

We have a great lot of strawberries getting root-
ed: but they are hardly sufficiently established to
send (lut just now— at least not very many of them.

Winter onion-sets are just ready to gather, ana
now is the best time to plant them. Price 5 cts. per
qt.; peck, 35 cts.; bush., $1.00. Whittaker onions,
large size, qt., 10 cts.; peck, 75 cts.; bush., $2. .50;
small ones, qt., 18 cts.; peck, $1.25; bush., $4.00. This
is the only onion that I know of that never sends up
a seed-stalk. It really does not know how, and I
am greatly in hopes it will never learn. The onions
are great whoppers, and will keep better tban any
other onion I know of, unless it is the White Multi-
plier

We have White Multipliers now, quite hard and
firm, that were h;irvested a year ago; but this onion
has for the first time this summer sent up seed-
stalks. We have carefuly "rogued" our onions
that tried to send up a seed-stalk, and the?e are to
be cooked (not sold for seed) so as to discourage
this trait. White Multiplier is the same price as
the Whittaker. 1 can think of no reason why our
White Mhltipliers have sent up seed-stalks this sea-
son unless it is that they were planted rather earlier
last season, and made quite a growth before winter.
You know the season was very wet, and hence we

had an unusual fall growth. Our American Pearl
onion-sets will be ready to gather by the first of
August. The price will be 20 cts. a quart; peck,
fl.tO; bushel, $350 If somebody else otfers genu-
ine American Pearl sets, true to name, any cheaper,
we will make lower prices, and we will also make a
rebate to an J body wlio has paid us a larger price.
All of these onions are to be plauted out in Sep-
tember. Witli plenty of wet the Multipliers may
be planted now, and they can be taken up and di-
vided and set again in September or October. I do
not know why these beautiful Multipliers and po-
tato onions are not more extensively used for the
table. They are certainly easy to grow and easy to
keep— at least in our locality.

TIME TO sow BUCKWHEAT.

Please note our very low j) rices ihis season— a two-
bushel bag fur only $1 10. Sow from half a bushel
to three pecks per acre If the ground is good, half
a bushel is plenty. The later the crop the better
the yield, providing it does not get nipped by the
frost. The heads ail much better in cold weather
than in hot. In most localities it is usually safe if
sown any time before the first of August.

When potatoes are bringing a dollar a bushel,
don't let the bugs eat up the vines. Get up at day-
light, when the dew is on, and dust them with a
very little Paris green.

CONVENTION NOTICE.

Mr. Editor :
St:Ues Bec-ki't-i
ton's Bn-iiu—
lo.X Y...',,mii

■ ention of tlie United
in the main hall of Ca-
and Huron Sts.. Buffa-
. August 21t.h next, and

Aikiii '. '
G. W 1 : - '.■
an-' 1'. U L
dress; and
may have s
The prog
Secretary.

rofrrani

^ad hv W Z. Hutchinson. R. V. Holter-
lon. R. L. Tavh)r. Mrs. L. Harrison. R. C.
Dr. J. P. H. Brown. H..n Kut.'ene Secor,
Holmes. A K Mannm. E Kretchmer,
wbi<-i, u-ill he ad.lfd the President's Ad-
,1 (,. i,ir:>l :M:inaf?er and the Secretary
! ; I :.i-,-t to ]iresent.

: 11(1 ,iiid are in the hands ot the
M\ iHH k-Ht|iprs' sonprs. with music, in
nciaiK'e ot time is allotted to the discus-
ion' ot'all papers, and for the asking and answering of ques-
tions.

Any one not a member of the Union can have a progratii sent
him bv mail on receipt of 5 cents in stamps, by the Secretary.
Several of oui- well-known bee-keeijers. such as A. I. Root.
Dr. Miller, S. T. Pettit. and others, who are not on the pro-
gram, will be present to help make the convention interesting
and instructive.

It is |i...>,oM" tl'at sne-e-estinns will he made at this conven-
tion in •!.. '.u..' ,>: ■ .. ..Ill I'll. 1 1 II L' 1 li. c,.ii~titution of the Union
as tM ' .■ I !■ lull!.. ; :i:'i I c- ,i ml .add such other

pro\ i-!"'- I ~ 11 a ■cin ilr-ii .ililc; ,(11 ! ^iiLj^c-tions in this line
livilKi- • .1.. i..- :it till- c.(in-ciiii.,ii can be sent to the
Seci.t iiLiht I'clure it. Some susjtrestions have al-

ready I i ! V tic Secretary, and Others have been

made I • ' i ' ' 'I-.

Tic . -■ ii .(,11V ciifion should buy round-trip tickets
to tl!( \ : : li l;( iiiililic encampment 'not to the
Unii. I - , , , .11 , which meets in Buffa-
lo dill . Tjic i.i. .^. R. have secured

anil. ', I II 1 lie territory of the Cen-

tral I':. I (i.liidcd by Toronto, Can-

. ii ,11, ,i, Jlich.; all of the southern
1^... r. (.lia. andQuincy. 111.; St. Lou-
11(1 Pittsl.iirff. Fa. The Western Pas-
il(. Trunk Line Association make a
((II lid trip in their territory, to places
r Association, from which points the
fare will be one cent a mile each way ; but tickets must be pur
chased to Buffalo from the starting-point. Inquire of your
ticket or station agent in all territory outside of those named
above for rates and the time the tickets are good for, for I
have been unable to it-arn the rates in such territory, but pre-
those of the Western Passenger
1 ; but be sure to inquire ot your

( ~ charge of arrangements
ttter of hotel rates. Mr. H.

iiiiiiodations in private fam-

r such to hotels." Members

(> hotel rates by applying to

•ting. If known in time, ho-

leriodicals.

, Sec, Station B. Toledo, O.

For Sale.== Bees and Queens.

Queens .")0 cts.; nucleus, two-frame,
with (lueen, $1 50; one-frame, $1.00;
three-frame, $3.00.

Mrs. A. A. Simpson, Swarts, Pa.

a da

in the

sumethev willbet

ic-

and tin- Trunk Line

,\ss

ticket uuent.as.TlK

In the Cent.:.! IN

s.-Il

will be goo. 1 u- i.i-

willbegood. 1

Mr. O. L. H.i

at Buffalo, and i

:,T '

iliesforallbeekee

Id-

of the Union can le

un

' pi

tel rates will be gi^

en I

(JLKANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

If You Want Queens

Bv Return Mail,

Rrod ill full cdltiiii s. frorn tli.' very bist lioney-
jnitliorinjr strains in Annri' :i. itoskciI with drones
from :i (iitTerent motlier to iivoid iuljreodiujr, send in
your ordvrs at onoe.

Tested.

Warranted purely muted.

Send lor oTth Annii.il l)i'soi'ipii\ r Ciiialofr. Full
line of Ueekeepers' Supiilics. .xddiess

W. W. CARY, Colrain, Mass.

In writing advertisers please mention tnlB i^aper

QUEENS BY RETURN MAIL.

DauL'htors of best imported (juecn mother, war-
ranted purely mati d to dTones nf imported stock
from a different s')urce; hence. :i din ct cross. 13
years as a lioney-prnducer on a lar^e scale has
laug-ht me wliat good queens ni' an to the producer
as well as how to rear them. Price of queens. 50c
each. Safe deliverv and satisfaction, or money re-
funded. L. H. ROBEY, Worthington, W. Va.

Second=hand Bicycles in Trade for
Honey or Beeswax.

One "9.5 Victor, 24-inch frame. 64 g-ear. Morgan &
Wright tires, in good running order, weight 2S lbs.,
fl800. One ladies' Monarch. "94 pattern, M rgan &
Wright tires, wood handle-bHrs. in good running
order, weight :» lbs.. $1.5.00. Otie girl's wheel. '90
pattern. 24ineh wheels, cushion tirts. $4.00. Will
take white honey or beeswax at market quotations.
Fuller particulars furnished upon application.

THE A. I. ROOT CO., Medina, Ohio.

DRAWN FOUNDATION.

Finally we have our dies completed 5b', and in op-
eration, making drawn foundation. We find that
our hydraulic machinery for operating the dies is
inadequate to the pressure for using the dies full
sl2e, and we are making pieces 4x4, just right to fill
a section; atd until we get more powerful machin-
ery we are not prepared to furnish it larger nor in
very large quantities. • ut such as we can furnish
will be much sunerif'r to sampies from the former
dies— lighter and more delicate. It is already too
late to test it in the production of early honey; but
the tests on a late honey crop, which generally
comes in more f-lowly. will i)e more se\ere.

We offer the drawn foundation in V^-lb. packages
at 7.T CIS. with other goods, or 90 cts. prepaid: three
pieces. 4x4. to fill a section, for 10 cts.: by mail, 12
cts.; 24 pieces. .50 cts.: by mail 60 cts.; 10 pieces. 25
ctB.; by mail. .30 cts. If you have pre.ludices or pre-
conceived notions in regard to this drawn founda-
tion, send for a s imple frorn the last dies and see it
and test it for yourself, and then you will be able to
speak intelligently in regard to it. It is not too late
to test it this season in very many localities.

THE A. I. ROOT CO., Medina, O.

each $t. so.

each

.75.

1-2 d<iz.

4.00.

1 doz.

7.00.

each

.6.S.

J-2 doz.

3.50.

- 1 doz.

6.50.

Extracted white clover, new. in small or large
quantities cheap. Said honey is water-white, and
very thick; in fact, a No. 1 article.

J. B. MCRRAT, Ada. Ohio.

The Adels, The Adels!

"Sanimonsville. N. V...Iunc21, IH'.iT.
" Find $5 50 for (lueens. The best stock in 1898 out
of WO was an Add. The best stock this year out of
lt>5 is an Adel from an 1.s;i(i (pjeen from you."

Adel Queens $1. New catalog now ready.
HENRY ALLEY, Wenham, Mass.

Requeen, Requeen, Requeen.

Now is the time; queens are clieap.

Best untested Italians .50c, Sfl.OO per doz.; tested,
750, $9.00 per d'jz. Thuse are ■" Shaw (jueens." Try
then. Every one ku(jws they are good as the best.
Orders filled by return mail, and satisfaction guar-
anteed.

J. W. K. SHAW <£ CO.,
LOREAUVILLB, LA.

I TNTESTED ITALIAN QUEENS, for the balance
*^ of this season, 45c: tested, 70c; select tested,
$1.50 each. Sweet-clover seed cheap. Send for cir-
cular to W. J. FOREHAND. Fort Deposit, Ala.

RUBBER STAMPS should be used by bee-keepers.
We make them at 5c per line. Ink pad, 2c ex-
tra. Less than half crice.
Climax Stamp Works. Box 300, Russellvill \ Ala.

ni IPPIV^ ^ hfive 500 untested, 3 or 5 banders, 4.5c
yuULfllO. each; tested 3 banders, 70c each.
They are fine large queens, and are free fiom all
diseases. Write for wholesale prices. M. O. office.
DANIEL V\ URTH, Falmouth, Rush Co., Ind.

THE A. I. ROOT COS

Shipping-cases for Honey,

AT THEIR PRICES— THE FINEST MAOE.

CASH FOR BEES\V.\.\.

M. H. HUNT, Bell Branch, Hich.

■\\/ARRANTED Three and Five Banded Italian
'▼ Queens at SO Cents each.

GEO. W. COOK, Spring Hill, Kan.

Texas Queens.

A.f.. ■> ^^ Gallup says they are the best he
AlDiaO. < has in his yard.

J. D. QIVENS, Lisbon, Texas.

Qfif) UNTESTED QUEENS from imported Italian
ouv motliers. Mj- queens produce gentle bees
and superior honey-gatherers. Fifty cents each;
$0.00 per dozen. Hi>\v manv do you want ?

W. C. FRAZIER, Atlantic, Iowa.

Wants and Flxchangs Oepartmgnt.

W

ANTED.— A location for a custom saw and feed
mill. \V. S. A.MMON. Reading, Pa.

WANTED.— To exchange Belgian hares, homing
pigeons. White Leghorn eggs or breeding-stock,
tor Italian (jutens from imported mother, pure-bred
geese, ducks, or ducks' eggs, or offers.

EcGENE Manning, Jacksonville, N. Y.

U/ ANTED. -To exchange a .5x8 R. O. Co. camera.
Vt fitted with Lowe shutter (time and instantane-
ous)— a fine instrument in Al condition — for nuclei,
camera 3^x35^ (Hawkeve or Kodak preferred) or
offers. Write J. \V. A.mbrosk, Box m2. Urbana. O.

Root's Goods at his prices in Northern Michigan,

Local dealers i

dealei's rates. Gooils shipjjed from Mt

B. WALKER, Evart, Mich.

mt, Coleman, or Evart.

542

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE

July 15.

^^4 Gleanings at
::' Reduced Rates.

»S5

^iS

^fc With a view to encouraging membership ^J^

•T to all kinds of bee-keepers' associations ^
M whatsoever, local or otherwise, we have de- M
JT cideil to offer Gleanings at 75 cts. per name *
Wf to members of such organizations. Old or M

•? new subscribers may take advantage of •*;
Mr this offer: but in the case of the old. all M

■r back subscriptions must be paid up before T,

Sjjl theTVi-ent rate forayearwill be allowed; tSf

otherwiseonly9mouths will be credited. *

fejl We must either require all subscriptions ift

^ at this reduced rate to come through the .^
^•jl secretary, or we must have evidence of S

^ some sort that you belong to some bee-keep- *
jjf ers' society. Simply a line from tlie secie- &f
jv ^^^y- stating that you are a member in reg- ^
1,;^ lar standing, will suffice. At your next fejl
^^ annual meeting, bear this in mind; and if .^
i45 you wish to become a subscriber to this •«(
^^ .iournal, hand 75 cents to your secretary, .^
»j5 and when that amount Is received by us Wjl
jfc your name will be placed on our subscrip- .^
»JJ tion list for 13 months. yj/f

s^ li yoii do not now belong to any associa- .^
ij5 tiOD. send $1.75 to us or to Secretary Dr. »Jjl
^w A. B. Mason,of the United States Bee-keep- ^^
»J5 ers' Union, at Toledo, Ohio. Station B. This »J5
^w willentitleyouto ayear'smembership and ^^
ij? protection in the Union, and one year's »J5
^j. subscription to this journal. ^v

^^4 The A. !. Root Company, I?^

ifi Medina, Ohio. ^.<%

isniTs

PROCURED
PROMPTLY

V

Bv AT REASONABLE R.4TES

^ By J. A. OSBORNE & CO.,

^H PATENT LAWYERS,

■ 579 The Arcade, CLEVELAND, 0.

^^* CALL OR WRITE. ADVICE FREE.

^ "

~"

— ^

■"■

'TR'

tII

■"

_B.

IIj

■

"RT

h"

■ *

—H"

It

:::

—

—

~

::^

4r

£

£?

5^

i

^

bsfed

^

ra

3*

s

59

mt

irresp^nsilile Agents.

to guarantee you against

i.icnt. Fence buyers should

iitleman ('.') who was ready

• ■d of the whole earth, and

ing article, Of tbe absolute

P/iGE WOVEN WIRE FENCE CO., Adrian, Mich.

ONE MAN WITH THE
UNION COMBINATION SAW

Can do the work of four men us-
ing hand tiiols in Kipping. Cut-
ting off, Mitering, Rabbeting,
Grooving. Gaining, Dadoing,
Edging up. Jointing Stuff. Etc.
Full Line of Foot and Hand
Power Machinery. Sold on Trial.
Catalog Free. l-34ei

Seneca Falls Mfg. Co.,
44 Water St. Seneca Falls, N. Y.

»'» » »l» »i ♦♦^»»»»»»»'»'»»»»M^'

BUY DIRECT

and pay but one profit.
Our assortment is one
of the best and most
complete in

FRUIT and ORNAWEN-
TAL TREES, SHRUBS,

PLANTS, ROSES,
VINES,BULBS,SEEDS

Rarest new, clioicest old. Send for

our catalogue to-day; it tells it all; an
« elegant book, 168 pages, magazine
• size, profusely illustrated, free.

Seeds, Plants , Bulbs, Small Trees, etc. by

mail postpaid, safe arrival and satisfaction
"guaranteed. Larger by e.xpress or freight. «

43d Year. 33Greenhou.ses. 1000 Acres' '

STORRS & HARRISON CO.

, Box33l Painesville, Ohio.

Ajax
Bicycles.

Price only $35.

We have sold a large number of these
bicycles, and they are giving universal sat-
isfaction. For instance, the following let-
ters will explain :

"The Ajax bicycle arrived Saturday in
good condition. It is entirely satisfactory
in every respect. It is a handsome and
easy-ruuning wheel, and has the appear-
ance of one put up for service.

Frank Wright."

"Laporte, Mich., June 28, 1897.

"The Ajax wheel. Model 37, with baby
carrier (Kalamazoo) came all right, and it is
really better than I expected; although I
have learned that when The A. I. Root Co.
say a thing is first-class it is as represented.
Thos. M. Todd."

Payson, Utah, July 8.

We have so much confidence in these
wheels that three of them have been and are
now in use in the Root firm ; and E. R. Root
expects to make his bicycle-tour on one of'
these tlirough the East this summer. They
are up to date, have large tubing, wood re-
versible handle-bars. Morgan & Wright dou-
ble-tube or single-tube tires, with option of
gearing and option of height of frames, and
a choice of finish.

We will sell these wheels and take in
trade beeswax or flr.st-quality honey at mar-
ket prices. We have only a few in stock;
and after those we have on hand are gone
we wilt not dispose of more in trade.

A beautiful catalog, showing these
wheels up in full, sent on application.

THE A. I. ROOT CO.,
riedina, Ohio.

pOR SALE.
■ cheap.

Large American fruit - evaporator
Ezra G. Smith, Manchester, N. Y.

is!»:

(;i,i:.\NiN(;s in hhk crLTURE.

Contents of this Xnnibcr,

Boes. KvRiiornted .

.ftf>f)|Oiailiii(r, Oreliit
fi::! Hom>v-n..«- of U
.vmiIh..,,,., LvilletKi

Ciiriaiit. Ciaiulall..

Da.Lii.t, I...Mi>.. ..

United States Bee=keepers' Union.

Organized to advance the iniiMiit (jf Apiculture; to pro-
mote the iuteie>tj- of bee keepci-s; to protect it> mem-
bers: to prevent the auu teiatioii of honry; and to
pro.-ecute the di^hl•nesl oomnii>sion-man.

Membership Fee $1.00 Per Annum.

/i-vec'ul iv-f CoiiiniJl tee.
PRfSIDK.NT— GKURGE \V. VoKK.

ViCE-l-RES. — E. WhiTCOMB.

SECHETAity— Dr. A. B. Mason,

Statit^n B, Toledo, Ohio.

Boartl of JJirectors.

E. R. Root. E. Whitcomb. W. Z. Hutchinson.
E.T.Abbott. Dk. c. l. Miller. C. P. Dauant.

General Alanairer and Treasurer.

?X'GE.NE Secor, Fuiest City, Iowa.

Next Annual Meeting at Buffalo, N. Y., Aug. 24—

26, 1897.

Honey Column.

C/TV MARKETS.

New York.— Very little comb honey on our market.
Some demand for white comb at iO(all. Extracted ar-
riving quite freely; market rather weak; demand light
the last few days. .Southern average, common grade,
.50c per gal.; better quality, .55(<i(}0 per gal.; Calitornia
light amber, 4%(a>4%: white, hCahVi. Beeswax, some de-
mand at 2(j^27. Frakcis H. Leggktt & Co.,

July lit. Franklin and Varick .Sts., N. Y.

MiNNKAPOLis.— Fancy white comb honey, 12(^14;
fancy amber. 10(&11; No. 1 white, 11@12. Extracted,
white, (iro 7; dark, A%h. Beeswax, 24{gj27. Stuff mov-
ing very nIowIv. S. H. Hall & Co.,

July JJl. Minneapolis, Minn.

Alb.\ny. — We have received no new comb honey as
yet, but have advices of some on the way. It is too
early to say much about prices. The crop in this .State
promises to be a good one; but on a recent trip through
Vermont the producers claim that the outlook is poor.
We still have a few cases of old honey which is going
off slowly at 5(&»6c. Nothing doing in extracted.

Chas. McCuLLocn & Co.,

July 22. Albany, N. Y.

CiNCiNN.^TL — There is a fair demand for extracted
and comb honey. We have already dispo.sed of quite
a number of arrivals of fine quality'. We quote 11 >-2(g,
13 cts. per lb. as the range for choice white comb
honey, and 3;A(a.(), according to quality, for extracted.
Demand for beeswax is fair at 22^2.3 for good to choice
yellow. CHA.S. F. Muth & Son,

July 22. Cincinnati, O.

CHIC.A.GO. — Some few lots of the new crop of white
comb have come on to the market and sold at 12 cts.
I.,ots not .stinctly nice maj- fail to bring this figure.
Very little sale for extracted honey of any kind.
Prices range from .5<a Ij for white, AOiJt for amber, and
3J4 for dark. Beeswax steadv at 26Ca27.

R. A. Burnett & Co.,

July 20. 163 South Water .St., Chicago, 111.

Detroit.— White comb honey (new;. lOfnll; i
dark offered. E.xtracted, white, .j'. Bee.swax, 2.% 2().

July 21.

M. H. Hunt, Bell Branch. Mich.

Mii.\\.\rKi:i;.— The demiind for honey has not been
very good here since our last. The receipts of new
extracted have begun to arrive, which is much earlier
than known foi- many years. The qualitv of some is
not up to tin sl.indard' being thin, and lacking flavor.
Mill' t 1- liiii .vt nominal. Can quote choice white 1-
!'' .1 .1 [J -/ |:{; fair, Kfcll. E.xtracted, in barrels,
"1 ' ' in cans and pail.s, .'JX'(" '>; dark, ^fi-/ 4 '4.

Ik . •, ., . _' .-. _7. A. V. Bishop & Co.,

July 2t). Milwaukee, Wis.

Columbus.— New white clover, 12}^@13; old dark, 7
@7^. Very fair demand for white-clover honey at
above prices.

1 HE Columbus Commission & Storage Co.,

July 21. 409-413 N. High St., Columbus, O.

New York.— The condition of our market remains
about the .same. We have .some call for white comb
honey at lOCo 12, according to quality. Market on ex-
tracted rather weak owing to the increasing supply
and faint demand. We quote Southern HMn'^y per gal.;
California light amber, 4f2(<(.'); California white, 0^.5^^.
Beeswax remains steady and in good demand at.26@27.
HiLDRETH Bros. & Segelken,

July 20. 120-122 W. Broadway, N. Y.

Denver.— We quote our honey market as follows:
Fancy white, 11; No. 1 white, 10; No. 1 white extract-
ed, 3yi<aS. The honey crop for Colorado promises to
be ver\- large and prices low.

R. K. & J. C. Frisbee,

July 22. I,ock box 1014, Denver, Col.

Philadelphia.— Extracted hor.ey arriving freely;
also some very nice comb. Honey-bu> evs are slow to
take hold, as they are looking for low prices, and are
holding back for large arrivals later on. We quote
No. 1 comb white, 10; fancy comb, ll(a),12; extracted
amber, 4; white extracted, .5(ai.534- We are producers
of honey, and do not handle on commission.

Wm. A. Sklser.

July -Zi. 10 Vine St., Philaaelphia, Pa.

Kans-i^s City. — The new crop of comb and extracted
arriving, but the demand is very light; weather too
hot; vegetables and fruit too plentiful. We quote No. 1
white, 1-tt). comb, 12(a:Vi; No. 1 amber, ll(a;12; No. 2
white, 10@11; No. 2 amber, 'J@10; extracted white, 5@
5}4; amber, 4J4@s5; dark, 354@4; beeswax, 2.5(§30.
C. C. Clemons & Co.,

July 21. Kansas City, Mo.

St. I,ouis.— Fancy white comb, 12(al2l4: Nos. 1 and
2 white comb, lO'/to IIH; dark to atnber, 7@9; extract-
ed white, I'm'" ■■''. : amber, 4}i%4V2- dark, 3^(5,4. Bees-
wax, prime, _Mf.'i:i'_; dark, less. .Since last quotations
we have Mild l.;<Kt lbs. extracted amber honej' at 4%.
Our repoits .show a large crop of honey this season,
but on account of high prices on sugar we look for a
good manufacturing demand for honey, which is now
taking hold. Westcott Commission Co.,

July 21. 213 Market .St., St. Louis, Mo.

Clevel.\nd. — Old honey. — Fancy white, 11@12; No.
1 white. 10; fancy amber, '8; buckwheat, 7. Our first
shipment of new honey ju.st arrived, selling at 13 cts.
No demand for old honey; however, we believe new
honey is going to .sell fairly well.

A. B. Williams & Co.,

July 20. 80-82 Broadway, Cleveland, Ohio.

For Sale.— Fancy extracted in (iO-lb. cans, and fan-
cy comb (Danzy sections) mangrove honey in 30-lb.
cases. Cash offers wanted, f. o. b. here.

H. Price Williams, Miami, Florida.

CHOICE CALIFORNIA EXTRACTED HONEY.

Soon after this number goes to press we expect to
receive a carload of very fine water-white and light-
amber honey from M. H. Mendelson, of Southern Cal-
ifornia. This honey is of e.xceedingly fine quality,
very^ thick, and of special value to tho.se who put tip
honey in gla.s.s to retail, because it does not granulate.
It is in new tiO-lb. cans, and we offer the water-white
at 6}4c per lb. by the case of two cans. Light ainber,
which is whiterthan mo.st eastern honey, at tic. In
larger lots we can make lower prices. Samples and
further particulars to intending purchasers on appli-
cation. The a. I. Root Co., Medina, O.

548

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug. 1.

A Tested Queen and the Review for $1.50.

I have a large number of nuclei containing fine tested Italian queens of this year's rearing, and have
decided to use them in helping to build up the circulation of the Review ; hence offer a queen and the Review
one year to new subscribers for only $1.50. Review alone, Sl.tX); queen alone, SI. 00. If several queens are vrant-
ed, write, and the price will be made according to the number. As a rule, orders are filled bv return mail, and
there is never a delay of more than three or four days, and that on large orders.

W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint, Mich.

Honey Leaflet

Dr. C. C. Miller.

Why honey is more wholesome than

cane sugar.
Honey as an article of diet; honey

cooking recipes.

This leaflet is written for the benefit of consumers,
and is put out at an extremely low price so that hon-
ey-producers mav distribute "them free to their cus-
tomers. Prices: lO, oc; 100, 20c; fjOO, 7oc, all postpaid;
1000, 7")c, carriage extra. 1

The A. I. Root Co., Medina, O. i

Philadelphia Office of

THE A. I. ROOT CO.,

10 Vine St., Philadelphia, Penn.

Now is the time to order

Shipping -cases, Winter Cases,
Chaff Division-boards, etc., etc.

Order from catalog ; prices are ^ame
as from factory.

Root's Goods at Root's Factory Prices

Immen.se stock of the latest ISilT goods now on hand, and more to fol

At Des Hoines,
Iowa.

_,. J » u- J ■i-ii' t c^ .. is our record, and other goods in proportion. We are sure

InOUSandS of niVeS and Millions of Sections to please you if the best goods at bottom prices and good
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JOS. NY5EWANDER, Des Moines, Iowa.

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Dear Sir:— Have used the Conqueror 15 years. I was always pleased with
its workings, but thinking I would need a new one this summer I write for
a circular. I do not think the 4-inch Smoke Engine too large.

Januarv- 27, 1S<)7. Trulv, W. H. EAGERTvrCuba, Kan.sas.

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„„„ tiiiiiiiiiiiiiim,"

T. F. BINQHAH, Farwell, Hichigan.

A Penny Saved is a Penny Earned.

Ves, it's better than that, for the saved penny you don't have to earn twice. Well, the
Weekly American Bee Journal will /ir/p you save your pennies. It is a real money-
.saver to the bee-keeper who will read and practice its teachings. The regular price is
SI. 00 a year, or only about two cents per copy. But in order that wczt- readers may
give it a trial we will send it for only 50 cents from the time we receive your sub-
scription to the end of 1897 Now, the sooner you send the half-dollar, the more
copies you will receive.' Send Ic stamps if more convenient. Sample copy free.

GEO. W. YORK & CO., 118 Michigan St., Chicago,

JourHaU

• DELVoT

•To -Be.

•andHoNE'
•MD home:-
♦INTERESTS

Vol. XXV.

AUG. I, 1897.

biishedy theAIT^ooY Co.
^h'-^mYiKK '\@ ^Medina- Ohio-

No. 15.

Mr. Harbison has set out a large planta-
tion of the black (or ball) sage, and finds the
profits exceedingly large. — Pro/. Cook, in
.■{)nerican Hcc Journal.

Mr. Editor, on p. o'Jo you speak in what
seems a commendatory way of replacing
brood-combs wth foundation when the combs
become dark. Do you really mean that ?

Pope Leo calls honey "that celestial gift."
[The pope is right. No other sweet, pure and
simple, can be used for direct consumption
without some special manipulation on the part
of man.— Ed.]

Some points given in "Musings," p. 514,
confirm the opinion that, the riper and thicker
honey is, the less inclined to granulate ; and
yet it is sometimes insisted that thickening
hastens granulation.

Honey-salve is recommended by Dr.
Kneipp as an excellent dressing for sores and
boils. Take equal parts honey and flour, add
a little water, and stir thoroughly together.
Don't make too thin.

The Southland Queen reports Dr. Stell, in
Mexico, getting %\ a section for honey, a total
of J17")0 from ten colonies. Even cutting that
in two to make it American money, it makes
$87.50 per colony. Not so bad.

The Leipziger Biencnzeitung cites a case
to prove that bees gnaw wax from old combs
and carry it into the hive on their legs. I
think that is nothing uncommon; but is such
wax ever used except as a substitute for
propolis?

J. F. McIntyre keeps his fiOO colonies of
bees in one apiary, says Prof. Cook, in .hneri-
can Bee Journal. What can't they do in Cal-
ifornia ? [This is remarkable. In most local-
ities in the Northern States, 125 colonies at
the most would be too many. — Ed.]

The anticipation of a big crop everywhere
because white clover is so plentiful is likely to
amount to a scare. When the total honey
crop is footed up, I doubt whether the figures

will be as large as a good many are now an-
ticipating. [I am beginning to think the crop
is not going to be as large as we at first ex-
pected. See editorial on this point in another
column. — Ed.]

I don't know of a man in the ranks of bee-
keepers to whom will go out more kindly
wi.shes from all for a happy outcome of his
recent matrimonial venture than to my dear
friend Prof. Cook. Blessings on his head.
[You are right, doctor. GLEANINGS wishes
the professor blessings and joy. — Ed.]

Pearrer TXeischmann put a thennometer
in 8 different colonies in winter, and found a
different temperature in each. The thermom-
eter rose 6° to S° on feeding, but settled back
to its former place in a few hours. [Doctor,
why didn't you tell what the temperature
was in the cluster during winter? I suppose
it was somewhere about 70 Fahr. — that is, in
the very center of the cluster itself. — Ed.]

Having reported that I never saw laying
queens fight, I thought I'd give the matter a
severe test. The other Saturday I put six
queens in one cage. They seemed to quarrel
more or less throughout the day, but in the
evening all appeared alive and well. On
Mondav morning, however, one lone queen
was left to tell the tale. [This is interesting.
And now the question arises. Was the sole
survivor the fittest ? She doubtless was the
sur\'ival of the strongest. — Ed.]

It's not wonderful that, in a certain
location, white clover should be more plentiful
in 1897 than ever before. But it is decidedly
remarkable that this should be so generally
the case all over. Wonder why. [Yes, why ?
We can only guess that the abundance of rain,
and cool vveather in the early spring, had
something to do with it. But' after all, this
does not entirely explain it, because we have
had cool wet springs before, without a remark-
able showing of clover following. — Ed.]

Bottom starters at Medina, you say, Mr.
Editor, were about >4 inch. JMy bees are
more inclined to tear down such narrow .start-
ers; i/i deep are more respected, and I'm not
sure they curl worse. But I'm rather expect-
ing to use drawn foundation for bottom
starters, even at the present high price; >^
inch of that might work all right. [A great

550

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug. 1.

many of our half-inch bottom starters did curl
over. If they had been }{ inch I am afraid
they all would have done so. Perhaps our
foundation was ^oo light. — Ed.]

Do YOU REMEMBER how some vigorously
protested that wired brood-combs would be a
failure, and challenged the production of a
single wired comb with brood all over the
wires ? It makes one smile after seeing hun-
dreds of such combs, and I'm wondering a lit-
tle whether some of the protests against drawn
foundation will not turn out the same way.
[When the wiring of combs was first talked of
it was before my day in active bee culture ;
but I have no doubt that what you say regard-
ing it is true. Why will human nature be so
obtuse and contrary? — Ed.]

A LUBRICANT by B. Rietsche is as follows:
Put 2 oz. soft soap in a little sack. Stir the
sack in 5 quarts of warm water till the soap is
dissolved, then add 5 quarts cold water. The
plates of the Rietsche press are plunged into
this liquid, and by this means loO sheets of
foundation are now made in an hour. I
should want section foundation well rinsed.
[If the Rietsche press must be immersed in a
fluid every time a sheet has to be taken from
it, I should question very- much whether there
is more than one man in the world who could
get off anvwhere near 1-50 sheets per hour. —
Ed.]

J. B. Griffin writes that foundation was
shipped to Georgia from Medina, and the
paper slipped to one side, leaving a margin of
}4 inch wthout paper. The papered part was
all right, but that V inch was one solid piece
8 inches thick. That settles it that founda-
tion must be papered to stand great heat in
shipment. The time of A-ear may have some-
thing to do \^^th it. But I'd feel safer with
the paper for the vSouth. [I have been talking
with young Louis Dadant, of Dadant & Son,
regarding the ad\-isability of leaving paper out
of foundation. He shook his head very decid-
edly, adding that they could never think of
doing it. We never considered the matter
seriously, an}- more than to hold ourselves in
readiness to ship without paper to those who
specificalh' requested it. — Ed.]

Did you ever notice that an old black comb
will start robbing much sooner than a snow-
white section ? In a harvest, when you can
safely leave a super of sections exposed all day
long, it isn't best to have brood-combs stand-
ing around. [I for one never noticed that old
black comb would start robbing quicker than
honey in sections; but I have noticed that
honey and brood together would start the bees
much quicker than either alone; and when
once started the bees are far crosser than when
robbing from hone}- alone. I have observed,
also, that the mutilation of brood, for instance
the uncapping from drone brood, vers^ often
makes the bees decidedly savage. When de-
stroying drone brood I am careful to have the
smoker well going, and work rapidly enough
to prevent bees robbing. — Ed.]

A SECOND STORY of brood-frames filled with
foundation was put over colony No. 63, so the
queen could occupj^ it for brood. Instead of

that I found eight frames of honey sealed solid
from top to bottom. I said, " I'll have that
in sections." I uncapped the honey and
alternated the frames of honey w-ith the frames
of brood, then put sections over. What do
you think ? Those pesky bees coolly sealed
that honey all up again! [Without trying
exactly the same experiment, I should be in-
clined to believe that the putting-in of the
frames of foundation in alternation would
have a decided tendency to cause the bees to
do exactly what they did do. If it is not too
late, suppose you tr}- the experiment of leav-
ing out frames of brood, and putting a super
on top. While I do not know that they would
carry the honey above, they would not, I
opine, be in as great a hurry to cap it up again
in the same combs. — Ed.]

I'm not overstating, I think, when I say
the clover bloom was 50 per cent greater this
year than ever before. But I'll get no crop in
proportion. Two of my three apiaries have
suffered from drouth. [Wherever there has
been some drouth, the crop of clover honey
■will, of course, be diminished in proportion.
There has been no drouth in this vicinity; and
yesterday, July 22, when I was at the out-yard,
and at Mr. Vernon Burt's also, the bees w-ere
bringing ii: honey heavily. A good portion
of it was probably coming in from red clo\-er;
but frequent rains have seemed to give even
white clover a new start. A week ago I sup-
posed the honey season had closed, or at least
it ought to have stopped; but in the mean
time bees have taken supers of the drawn
foundation, filled them with honey, and cap-
ped them over. Supers containing foundation
only have scarcely been touched. This goes
to show that the flow from clover is light. —
Ed.]

O. O. POPPLETON rightly objects, p. 517,
to wide bottom-bars -w-ith a space between
comb and bottom-bar. Biit I'm getting my
combs built down solid to the bottom-bar, and
so far am well pleased with bottom-bars l}i
wade. I've been told that, in time, the bees
will dig out a space between comb and bottom-
bar — a prophecy which I'm hoping may turn
out to be false. [I do not know but yoii may
think I am fickle ; but since the question of
wide and narrow bottom-bars has been brought
up I have been watching the matter very
closely. In answ-er to a correspondent in an-
other column I expressed myself as believing
that it w-as a mistake to change from narrow
}i bottom-bars to wider ones, but at the same
time admitted that the one objection to the
narrow bars was that the bees would build
clear past them to the first set of frames below.
Well, yesterday, July 22, when I was at the
out-apiar}' I took hold of an extracting-super,
eight-frame, full-depth, and attempted to lift
it off the hive. To my surprise it seemed to
be fastened down with burr-combs. I tugged
and pulled until I got it loose. Quite by ac-
cident half the frames on the one side of the
super contained tiarrov.' bottom-bars, and the
other half were regular 3_|'-inch-w-ide bottom-
bars. Examination showed that burr-combs
had been attached to every one of the frames
first mentioned ; but there was not a burr-

1S!17

(U,i:anix(;s in rick crLTURK.

551

comb iiiuU-r llu' oUur halt' of the super where
there were hottoin-liars -'4 iiieh wiile, and yet
the combs were ])uiU clear down to them. In
case of the narrow bars, the bees had extended
the combs clear past them, and attached them
si>lidlv to the top-bars of the fraines below. —
Kp.] ■

GRADING HONEY.

Defects of the Washington Grading, Chicago Grad-
ing, and the Gradings Recently Pro-
posed in Gleanings.

BV B. W.\LKER.

Frit'ud Hnii'sf: — I see from the last issue of
Gle.\nings that the matter of grading honey
is once more up for discussion, with a view of
reaching a speedy solution. Fearing that un-
due weight has been given to the changes I
have proposed, as you have in your final com-
ments stated so kindly and yet so emphatical-
ly, and believing that no set of rules ought to
be adopted that would fail of receiving our
approval, and as both you and Dr. Miller
seemed inclined to favor, in the main, the
proposed changes, and as I must say that nei-
ther set of rules as modified would be sanc-
tioned by me, and realizing that it is very
important that no serious mistake bs made at
this time, I am impelled to ask another hear-
ing.

Yes, I have a confession to make and an
explanation to offer ; and at the risk of being
regarded as fickle-minded, not to say dishon-
est, I propose, with your permission, to make
the one and oiTer the other at this time.

No, Ernest, the rules you have published as
"Walker's Amended Washington Rules " do
not now nor have the}' at any time fully set
forth my views or exemplified my practice in
grading honey. Do you ask why I offer them,
then ? I will tell you. I have been very de-
.sirous to see some change, at least, made for
the better in the rules already in force ; and
in proposing the suggested alterations, like an
old-party politician preparing his platform,
rather than a "■ dyed-in-the-zvooV" third-party
man of thirty years' standing, who has never
once allowed expediency to stand in the way
of principle in matters political, I weakly al-
lowed niN'self to offer snch changes as I con-
sidered wovild stand at least some show of
heing aflopted. Still, bear in mind what
friend Hutchinson had to say of the Washing-
ton rules, and the weight you had given his
views at the time ; and not forgetting that, at
the time of the adoption of the original rules
for grading at the Chicago convention, the
requirements of which were far more exacting
than the Washington rules, when, as a mem-
ber of the committee for preparing these rules,
I was not even allowed to read to the conven-
tion those I had drawn up for its consideration,
and recalling, too, that when, a little later on,
the rules prepared by friend Baldridge were
rushed through the convention (my vote being
the only dissenting one), I had the temerity
to ask how manv members of the convention

had ever really raised, graded, and marketed
five thousand ])ounds of comb honey, I was
])rom])tly called down by the chairman of the
committee on rules for grading in these terms :
"We don't propose to have this convention
run by one man ; and I will have you to un-
derstand that we know how to grade honey,
even if we don't know how to raise it." *

Realizing, too, that the alterations I should
])ropose were to run the gauntlet of Dr. Mil-
ler's criticism, who, as chairman of this same
convention, failed to recognize the request to
have my proposed rules even read.f I natural-
ly felt reluctant to propose changes which
would in all probability fail of adoption at
this time. Believing now there is a real de-
termination to adopt something practical, I
wi.sh, with your pennis.sion, to state more fully
what my views and practice really are.

Right at the outset I wi.sh to say that I agree
most heartily with Miss Wilson in the view
that the words ' ' the comb unsoiled b}' travel-
stain or otherwise " should be stricken out of
the description of the fancy grade. In fact, I
have not for many years past allowed a slight
soiling of the comb surface only to exclude a
section from the fancy grade ; but at the same
time I have uniformly kept such sections by
themselves, and put the snow-white combs in
a separate grade, which I have termed ' ' Extra
Fancy. ' '

When snow-white combs, because of some
slight defect, had to be excluded from the
" Extra Fancy " grade, I have made a prac-
tice of keeping such sections in separate cases.
Such cases also, in crating for shipment, and
in distributing on the market, have fjeen
grouped together, so that the contrast in the
color of the cappings would not attract atten-
tion.

I have found, by long experience in many
different markets, that the important thing is
to keep the snow-white combs separate froin
the slightly soiled ones, although not one gro-
cer in a hundred or one consumer among ten
thousand wall ever object to the latter as not
being fancy. Right here I will affirm that not
one among all of the exhibits of hone}- at the
last World's Fair — yes, I will go further, and
say not one case in these exhibits that were
the admiration of thou.sands, and that finally
were awarded medals, but was open to criti-
cism in this matter of slightly soiled combs, if
perfect in other respects ; and really that ex-
hibit which received the highest praise of all,
doufjtless on account of the faultless filling,
sealing, and fastening, was most deficient of
all in the eyes of the expert in this one partic-
ular— " slightly soiled combs. " As I had oc-
casion to handle over section by section while
grading thousands of pounds taken from dif-
ferent State exhibits, and was obliged to make
in every instance four different grades, very
little of "which found a place in the extra-fancy

* I afterward had the pleasure (with his consent) of
grading this man's Woiid's Fair exhibit, which he
often referred to as the finest on the ground, into five
grades according to my ideas of grading.

t It is no more than fair that I should state here that
the doctor soon afterward wrote me that the slight
was not an intentional one.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug. 1.

grade, even wth my lax system of grading; I
ought to know what I am talking about.

Right here it occm's to me that the only
reason why friend H. did not have a single
complaint against the Washington rules was
because nobody ever made any practical use
of them ; but if anybod}- attempted to do so
he evidently thought best to ignore them alto-
gether, and keep pei-fedly quiet.

I can scarceh' agree with Dr. Miller in the
view that the even thickness of combs, with
reference to the fancy grade, needs no men-
tion ; and if he -will try his hand at grading a
few tons out of that large portion of the crop
which is raised without the use of separators,
I think he will find reason to change his
mind. The word "comparative "' that he ob-
jects to, however, does not suit me either ;
but it was used as a concession to brevity. My
preference is for more definite terms, even if
more space is required. Neither can I see
the propriety of inserting the words "outside
of wood," etc., with reference to scraping free
from propolis. I am aware that it is seldom
that the inside of a section requires attention
on this account, but occasionally clots of bee-
glue on the inside of edges of sections are very
noticeable, and should be removed.

In my faith and practice, not less than four
grades are required in order to comprise the
great bulk of marketable honey. These I
have named as follows : Extra Fancy, Fancy,
No. 1, No. 2.

EXTRA FANCY.
All sections to be well filled, combs straight,
not varying in weight more than two ounces
in any one shipping-case ; the combs of uni-
form color, of nearly even thickness, firmly
fastened to four sides, and unsoiled by travel-
stain or otherwise ; all cells sealed except the
row next to the wood ; sections must be new
and neat.

FANCY.

Like Extra Fancy, except the combs may be
slightly fastened to or detached from the bot-
tom, and not perfectly straight. The entire
comb surface may be very slightly or half of
it slightly soiled; not to exceed two cells may
contain bee-bread; not to exceed half a dozen
may be unsealed, or contain light -amber
honey, and the weights vary three ounces in
any one shipping-case; sections may be slight-
ly stained, but the wood must be reasonably
neat.

NO. 1.

Like Fancy, only combs ma}' be somewhat
but not very crooked; vary in weight four
ounces in a shipping-case; one-eighth part of
comb contain light amber honey, an equal
amount of comb surface soiled or unsealed, or
the entire surface slightly soiled; half a dozen
cells of bee-bread may be present, and the
sections may be somewhat but not much stain-
ed or soiled with propolis.
NO. 2.

Like No. 1, but combfe may be more crooked
and uneven, and not over three-fourths filled;
but any one section must weigh half as much
as the heaviest section in the case. Twice as
many cells of bee-bread or amber honey are

permissible; one-fourth part of the comb may
contain amber honey, or an equal amount of
comb surface may be unsealed or much soiled,
or the entire surface con.siderably soiled.

Supplementary to these rules \ make use of
a list of defects somewhat as follows:

A slight soiling of a small portion of one
side of the comb surface; a very slight soiling
of one entire comb surface; half a dozen cells
of light-amber honey on one side of comb
near the wood, or half that number in the
body of the comb; a cell of bee-bread; a couple
of unsealed cells on one side of the comb
inside of the outer row ; comb detached, or
not firmly fastened at the bottom; wood
slightly stained or soiled; comb not perfectly
straight in the absence of separators; a slight
crack or marring of the comb surface.

The presence of any one of the above-men-
tioned defects in a section does not exclude it
from the extra-fancy grade. In addition to
those already mentioned as belonging to these
grades, any two of them are to be allowed in
the fancy grades, and all of them in the No. 1
grade.

Doubtless this will appear a formidable list
of defects to tolerate in the fancy grades; but
in actual practice, few of them are present in
any one case, and, where present, are notice-
able, as a rule, only to the expert.

Whether this method of grading will meet
vdth the approval of bee-keepers, remains to
be seen. It is at once evident that, if gener-
ally adopted, it will result in placing a large
portion of the crop ( that vmder present rules
would find a place in No. 1 grade) in the fancy
grade, while another portion will stand a
show of selling at an extra price by taking
rank as extra fancy.

When I tell you that I have been frequently
informed by jobbers that ni}' No. 1 honey
averaged better than that they frequently
bought for fancy, that my fancy grade has not
failed to suit hundreds of particular customers
among retail grocers, and that I have never
been able to get a sufficient supply of the
extra-fancy grade to meet the demands of my
most exacting patrons, you will see that I for
one at least have no occasion for adopting
some other system at present.

I am aware that these rules will be regarded
by many as altogether too prolix. At any
rate, you can see that the concise ones that
have been in force for four years past have
been any thing but a success; and I venture
the opinion that any set of rules, no matter
how worded, if equally brief, will fail of being
of practical use. To my mind, it is a case
where mere brevity has no particular merit.

Even with the lengthy set of rules I pro-
pose, unless a 5th grade is made use of, a
great deal of marketable honey will have to be
thrown out; and even the expert will often be
puzzled to find a place for choice honey that
has no adequate description in these rules.
Of course, a good deal will have to be left to
each man's judgment; but where experts dif-
fer, it will be of little consequence where cer-
tain sections are placed, as no one will kick,
and the difference in the outcome to the pro-
ducer will be slight.

18517

GLKANINOvS IN BEIi CUI.TURI-:

5'.:?

Bv the way, I nolico you made a mistake in
statint; the price per pouiul I ofTerod in my
ail't \viiiel\ you were afraid to puhhsh. It was
only 'J") cts. ])er pound, and the offer referred
to the niles ado])ted at the Northwestern con-
venlion heUl at Chicaj^o, instead of to the
Washiuj^ton rules, the former being the more
strict in their wordint^. See the A'cz'icu', Vol.
v., paj:^e IS. Still, I have no doubt I should
have been perfectly safe in offering $'2'y instead
of "Jo cts. per pouml for the grade described.

[Since the above was in ty])e the following
has come to hand. — Kd.]

I find that, in my hurry to have my letter
on grading reach you last week, I have over-
looked several important points which I wish
to mention. As the rules are intended for use
in grading honey of all shades of color, it will
not answer to use the terms " light amber " or
■•amber" as though they were describing de-
fects ; therefore the words, "next darker in
color," should be substituted wherever I have
used these terms.

. Again, three terms are not enough to prop-
erly designate color in the aifferent grades.
There are at least half a dozen clearly defined
shades of color between white and dark, to be
frequently met with in handling a crop of fall
honey ; 'in fact, I have had occasion to distin-
guish nearly a dozen different shades of so-
called amber honey, in handling a single lot ;
and while I regard straw color, as applied to
that next darker than white, as the better
tenn, and think five shades not too many to
recognize, perhaps the terms " white," " light
amber," "amber," and "dark," will cover
the ground.

Please add to the list of supplementary de-
fects, an empty or partly filled cell ; also that,
where a section would otherwise take rank in
the first grade, the presence of a pronounced
defect not already specified in this list shall
place it in the third grade ; or if it would
othenvise be placed in the second grade it
shall be graded as Xo. 2, or fourth grade. For
instance, a section whose only defect is a con-
siderable discoloration of the entire comb sur-
face, or a still greater soiling of half the sur-
face, or one with, say, half or two-thirds of
the surface unsealed' on one side ; one with
one-fourth part of the comb on one side half
filled ; or an eighth part having empty or
nearly empty cells ; one with a mar covering,
say, a square inch of comb surface ; or a
crack across the surface of the comb ; a sec-
tion badly discolored in the wood, or consider-
ably soiled by propolis ; or one containing
honey not uniform m color. Such combs are
good enough for the Xo. 1 grade ; and where
the soiling of comb surface is still greater, or
even half of the entire surface is unsealed, or
other defects al.so present that would throw
them into a second grade (fancy), they should
be placed in Xo. 2 grade.

The fancy grade should be altered so as to
include as many half-filled cells as unsealed
ones ; also as many empty or nearly empty
ones as cells of bee-bread. Xo. 1 should in-
clude all combs firmly fastened to two sides ;
also as many partly filled and empty cells as

are allowable of unsealed tells and cells of
bee-bread resjiectively. Xo. 2 grade — the
presence of all of the defects allowable in the
Xo. 1 grade, in any one .section, should not
debar it from the Xo. 2 grade.
Evart, Mich., Jidy 12.

[Mr. Byron Walker is an extensive produc-
er and a honey-seller. When his own crop is
disposed of he buys largely from others, and
there is not a producer in'our land, if I am
correct, who comes anywhere near selling as
much honey in a year as does he. He is there-
fore eminently fitted to speak from the stand-
point of both the bee-keeper and honey-seller.

Editorially 1 have referred to the sul)ject of
grading. The rules that I there propose were
drawn up before the article above came to
hand ; and while I believe Mr. Walker is as
competent as any man in our ranks to speak
on the subject of grading, I can not help feel-
that his rules are too complicated for the great
mass of bee-keepers. I should be glad to have
the conmiission houses express an opinion on
the merits of the various rules that have been
proposed — that is, which set, in their judg-
ment, would be the most practical and feasible
to apply in every -day practice. — Ed.]

«>»«»■-. ^~

GRADING, AGAIN.
Only Two Grades Necessary.

BV F. GREINER.

I should consider it a mistake, if, in our
rules for grading. Dr. Miller's proposition to
establish more grades than two should be
adopted. Two grades are fully enough — as
many as dealers and producers want to bother
with, I believe.

I have no particular objections to the Wash-
ington rules, and still would not want to
adhere to them to the letter. M}- idea is, that
fully half of all the comb honey produced by
the up-to-date bee-keeper should go into the
grade " Fancy;" the other half, or less, should
find place in " Xo. 1," which, however, is a
misnomer for that grade. Perfection is a rare
thing to be found, and I am satisfied that
these two grades should be much more flexible
than our Washington formulators would have
it. Let the new rules be so formulated as to
conform to the honey as it really exists, and
not to an imaginary product. Unless this is
done, the producer wnll be obliged to modify
them to fit his case. In my judgment, one or
two cells of bee-bread do not condemn an
otherwise perfect section of honey; nor would
a dozen unsealed cells, nor a slight bulge
caused by the knot-hole in a separator. This
is getting down too fine.

When Mr. Hershiser demanded of us X^ew
York bee-keepers our product for the W'orld's
Exposition in the fall of 1892, I for one coidd
send him only what little I had left of my
crop — a somewhat imperfect lot. The next
year he wanted to replace the old honey with
new, which was all right, and he sent us his
specifications as to what the honey should be.

554

GLEANINGvS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug. 1.

He was so exacting in his demand that I could
scarce!}' find six sections to answer in my
whole crop, and, consequently, sent none at
all. Consumers in general are, fortunately,
not so hard to please, and will take in these
little imperfections as a matter of course.

That the wood part of the sections be free
from propolis, no matter what the kind or
grade of the honey, need scarcely be specified;
for no wde-awake honey-producer will crate
his honey without first scraping the outside
of the little boxes; that ev'ery sign of stain be
also removed I hardly think wall be necessary,
perhaps not even desirable — at any rate, not
practicable.

I also believe that three different kinds of
honey are enough in our grading system; viz.,
white, amber, and dark. Good judgment will
tell the shipper where to place the few sections
of mixed honey; and if he classes them in
with the lower grade he will neither harm the
consumer nor himself materially.

Naples, N. Y., July 19.

THE PURE-FOOD LAWS OF ILLINOIS.
Present Laws Strong Enough.

BY HERMAN F. MOORE.

3Tr. Roof: — In order that the readers of
Gleanings may see what the Illinois law on
adulteration is, I copy the same here verbatim :

Criminal Code, §-171: Be it enacted, etc., that no
person shall mix, color, stain, or powder, or order or
permit any other person in his or her employ to mix,
color, stain, or powder any article of food with any
ingredient or material, soas to render the article iii-
jurious to health, or depreciate the vahie thereof, with
intent that the same may be sold; and no person shall
sell or offer for sale any such article so mixed, colored,
stained, or powdered.

§473. MIXED ARTICLES TO BE MARKED.

No penson shall mix, color, stain, or powder any
article of food, drink, or medicine with any other iii-
gredient or material, whether injurious to" health or
not, for the purpose of gain or profit, or .sell or offer
for sale, or order or permit any other person to .sell or
offer for .sale anj- article so mixed, colored, stained, or
powdered, unless the same be so manufactured, used,
or sold, or offered for sale under its true and appro-
priate name, and notice that the .same is mixed or
impni e is marked, pririted, or slammed upon each pack-
age, roll, parcel, or vessel containing the same, .so as
to be and remain at all times readily visible; or unless
the person purchasing the same is fully informed by
the seller of the true name and ingredients (if other
than such as are known by the common name thereof)
of such article of food, drink, or medicine, at the time
of making sale thereof or offering to .sell the same.

§■475. PENALTIES FOR VIOLATIONS HEREOF.

Anj- person convicted of violating any provision of
any of the foregoing .sections of this act shall, for the
Jirst offense, be fined not less than Sk^-oo nor more than
$200. For the second offense he shall be fined not less
than S!oo nor more than S^oo, or confined in the county
jail not less than one month nor more than six months,
or both, at the discretion of the court; and for the
third and all subsequent offenses he shall be fined not
less than $soo nor more than $2000, and imprisoned in
the penitentiary not less than one year nor more than
five years.

Now in regard to Ernest's "better pure-
food laws " on page 493, July 1, he says, " Its
first work should be to work for the passage
of pure-food laws in every State in the Union
where such laws are needed." Now, I am not
familiar with the laws of other States, for
every State is a law unto itself; but I think

here in Illinois Mr. Dadant has hit the nail on
the head when he says, " Is it really necessary
to have more laws than we now have to pre-
vent the sale of glucose under the label of
honey?'' I will use his own words in his
remarks in the above article, and say, "If
such laws as are already on the statute-books
were rigidly enforced" (adulteration would
be almost absolutely stopped). The words in
parenthesis are mine. Dadant further says,.
' ' In Ohio — because we have an energetic food
commissioner, " "it is very risky business to-
handle adulterated honey. ' ' Now, in my vnew
the E. F. Com. above is "the whole thing."'
It was my good fortune, in 1887 or '88, in
Tiffin, O., to Hsten to General Hurst, of Chilli-
cothe, O., then the Ohio Food Commissioner.
A finer, grander old man it has never been my
pleasure to meet. He lectured on cold storage
in keeping apples, and said that a perfectly
sound winter apple could be kept five j-ears
under the most favorable conditions of cold
storage as arranged especially for apples.
Now, my impression of Gen. Hurst is that he-
made it redhot for the adulterators, and that,
in my opinion, is the true and only solution
of this mixing question here in Chicago. If
we could have our own Dr. Miller as State
Food Commissioner, at a reasonable salary of,
say, 1.3000 a year, so he could afford to give
his whole time to it, I think the adulterators
would soon all be in the State prison or some
other prison. Under the law as it stands,
prosecution must be started at the instance of
some one interested, and is fonnall}- instituted
by the State's attorney in each county. After
the law as it stands has been given a thorough
trial, if the results are not satisfactory the law
should be amended so as to provide for the
appointment of a pure-food conmiissioner.

In my opinion the only way to eradicate
this e\-il of mixing is to go at it under the
present law, with hammer and tongs — first
the wholesale grocers and syrup - men and
then the retail grocers. I am with this move-
ment heart and soul. I suppose I have sold
more honey to families in Ohio, Indiana, and
Illinois than any other man in the country',,
beginning in 1887, and making for nearly ten
years a specialty of it; and it is my deliberate
opinion that, if adulteration and the suspicion
of adulteration could be wiped out, the sales
of honey for family use would be more than
doubled.

Chicago, 111., July 5.

[I had been informed, and I thought reli-
ably, that the laws of Illinois on the subject
of adulteration were so loose as to make it
almost impossible to secure conx-iction; but I
do not see how the text of the laws above
given could be improved. I therefore ac-
knowledge that Dadant was right and I wrong.
As Mr, Moore says, it is not the want of a
good law, but the want of an energetic food
commisioner, such as we have here in Ohio.
I make the suggestion that the General Man-
ager of the U. S. B. K. U. learn who that
functionary is, and then prod him up a little
in regard to his duties. If he replies that
there is no adulteration, let us set about it

GLIvANIXr.S IN l\]'Ai CULTURIv.

iiiunoiliaU-ly lo secure sampk-s in the ()])L'n
market, ami have them analyzed. If tliey
|)ii>ve to he adulterated, hrinvj^ them before the
proper ollioials. and see that tlu- guilty jiarties
are hrou.u;ht to time. I\Ir. W. A. vS.-lser, an
expert cliemist, of 10 Vine vSt., Philadelphia,
will make a ciualitative analysis of suspected
honey for 51 •*'(). I believe it would be a good
idea for the U. S. B. K. U. to set Mr. vSelser at
work at once; and I would therefore suggest
llie wisdom of the (General Manager directing
Mr. ISIoore to procure a dozen or so samples
of doubtful honey, and have the same for-
warded on to IMr. Selser for analysis. My!
with such a law as we have above, w^e are
foolish if we do not avail ourselves of the
o])portunity to strike a blow. — Ed.]

THE LMTEU STATES BEE-KEEPERS' UNION.

BY SKYLARK.

/?;'. .1. R. Mason: — I send you two dollars
and fifty cents as my n^embership-fee (two
years and a half) in the United States Bee-
keepers' Union — not the little Union whose
income last year was only f.'JS.OO, but the great
United vStates Bee-keepers' Union, just born,
but rushing on to manhood with giant strides
— the Union whose income this year will over-
leap S;iSOO. The little Union is dying. Its
death -knell began to toll at the Lincoln con-
vention. Within two years it will be only a
memory of the past. Why, then, give up the
name of "Union"? We want no "league,"
no "alliance," no "association." We will
stand by the name of "Union," so de^ to
every American heart. If our dying little sis-
ter society kicks — well, just let her kick her
last. It will soon be all over. Then there
^vill be but one union— defensive, offensive,
and protective — a union that will make one
grand army of united bee-keepers. Dr. A. B.,
here is my two dollars and fifty cents.

Room for you, stranger? Yes, if you are
quick about it; for who knows how soon our
coflFers may be full ? and then you would be
barred out.

I might explain here that a coffer is a large
hole in the ground, with an iron door and a
big bulldog sitting on top of it. Dr. Mason
has his whole garden planted to coflFers and
bulldogs, as witness the following dispatch:

Toledo, O., Jiuie 28.
Dear, dear Skylark: — In strict accordance with your
suggestion I have planted my whole garden to coffers
and bulldogs. They are coming on finely-, as I aip
pushing them on the high-pressure-gardening princi-
ple, and the dollars are rolling in. A. B. M.

Yes. stranger, come in; come in now. Your
dollar and mine, with thousands of others,
will do a world of good, not only while we
live to enjoy the profits thereof, but long after
we lie sleeping, no matter how far ajiart,
together in the dust. Yes, come in. We will
unite with the millions who are now clamoring
for pure food. We will get there, and get
pure honey too.

But, one will say, " What good will stopping
adulteration do me ? They can not adulterate
comb honey, and I produce nothing else."

Well, if I were a double-geared idiot that is
just the way I would argue; but as I have
been broken only to single harness, I am not
quite such a fool. Don't you know that, if
adulteration is knocked in the head, and laid
out for ever, it will double the price of ex-
tracted honey? And then, presto! up goes
comb hone}- 8 or 10 cts. ])er povind. Won't
pay you, eh? Only a dollar a year! Count
even 5 cts. per pound, each year, clear loss on
your whole crop, and then say it "won't pay "
you. Why, it will pay a man who has only
two hives and produces but 100 pounds of
honey. A. B., here is my two dollars and fifty
cents.

There is not a single article of food — corn-
fodder excepted — that is not adulterated —
many of them with poisonous ingredients —
that it is at all possible to adulterate. You
may not feel that it will hurt you; you have
been used to it for years; you are' old and
tough, and a whole plug of '" Battle Axe To-
bacco " would hardly kill you; but what about
the little prattler that is now climbing on your
knee, and lisping the name of "papa"?
What effect will all these poisons have on her ?
Are her perfect health and security not worth
a dollar a year ? or do you wish to wreck that
perfect model of childish beauty, just fresh
from the hand of God? That is just what you
are doing.

Pure food means perfect health, long life,
and happiness, for there can be very little
happiness without health. Adulterated and
poisonous food points its bony finger to the
pall, the cofiin, and the grave. And you
won't give a dollar a year? No! but when
that little angel lies beneath the daisies — when
she sleeps the sleep that knows no waking in
this world, the memory of that dollar "will
burn the bottom out of your soul, and, like
Job of old, you will mourn and lament the day
you were ever born.

Dr. Mason, here is my two dollars and fifty
cents.

If you can't spare a dollar a year to utterly
destroy adulteration, pile up your hives and
burn them. They are not worth having, or
you are utterly unworthy to possess them;
and you call yourself a bee-keeper! You
.stand there and let a highway robber pull dol-
lars out of your pockets, and can't afford a
cent to buy a brick to knock him in the head.
"Oh reason! thou hast fled to brutish beasts,
and man alone is mad."

Dr. Mason, here is my two dollars and fifty
cents.

BEES EVAPORATED— A NEW MALADY.

A Reasonable Explanation of the Cause.

BY H. WHITCOMB.

On page 479 Mr. R. C. Aikin cites what at
first might appear to be a new malady among
bees. vSeveral instances have occurred within
my own State. This can not be attributed to
paralysis or the high winds that, during the
spring, sweep over mo.st of the plains region
east of the Rockies. The honey-flow coming

556

GLEANINGvS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug. 1.

from the fruit-blossoms largely induces brood-
rearing. The season is so far advanced that
there is no longer any condensation within
the hive, and, in order to rear brood, large
quantities of water are necessary.

In a great portion of Colorado the streams
flow directly from the snow and ice, not many
miles in the mountains. The bees go forth in
quest of water, go to the streams, fill them-
selves with cold water, are chilled, and die. The
necessity for water is constantly increasing
within "the hive; others go forth, and share
the same fate, until the whole colony has dis-
appeared.

A paper read by us at the Lincoln conven-
tion last year effectually covers this matter;
and the complaint made by Mr. Aikin is
almost identical with that occurring a few
years ago in an apiary near Omaha, and which
was effectually cured by water within the
apiary, where the water can be tempered, as
best suited to the wants of the bee, by the
gentle rays of the sun.

In the case near Omaha not a dead bee could
be found in the apiary; but we did find them
in large cjuantities dead around the hydrants
in the immediate neighborhood. We doubt
not that bee-keepers attach too little impor-
tance to what might seem to be a very small
item — watering their bees within the apiary,
of furnishing water of standard purity, and of
a temperature best suited to the wants of the
colony.

A careful study of the hive during the spring
and middle brooding season has more than
convinced us of the importance of watering in
the apiary.

Friend, Neb., July 15.

THE TWO UNIONS.

Reasons Why the U. S. B. K. U. Should be Support-
ed ; a Reply to Prof. Cook.

BY DR. A. B. MASON.

Mr. Editor: — Will you please tell me what's
the matter with our 'old friend Prof. Cook?
It's awful hot here to-day, and I sit by an
upstairs window and look out upon our apiary
(it belongs to the whole family, so I say our;
if I didn't I don't know how soon my better
half would be after me with a broom), where
the busy bees seem to think this is ideal honey
weather, for the;/ are busily engaged in bring-
ing in the nectar from the acres of white
clover, and acres more of sweet clover that is
just coming into bloom.

It being too hot for active work I've been
looking over late numbers of bee-journals,
and I feel like asking the above question; for,
within a few months, less or more, I've been
noticing the peculiar ' ' antics ' ' indulged in by
some of our well-known bee-keepers who have
taken Greeley's advice and gone west to grow
up with the country. But something seems
to be wrong. Either the country has got its
growth or else the climate doesn't agree with
them, or something else is the matter.

Our good friend Hambaugh seems to be all
right; but just look at the Rambler. He's

been drawing on his imagination for quite a
while to .unravel the "Mystery of Crystal
Mountain," and he hasn't got it unraveled
yet, and he doesn't seem likely to for some
time yet; but he's got plenty of imagination
left. Will you kindly keep watch of him a
little, and see that he doe-sn^t get " luny," for
there's no telling where he'll finally land if
he persists in keeping in the company of such
a character as Alfaretta and others of his pet
friends.

I might name more of our friends who show
signs of having imbibed something that has
changed them from what they were when liv-
ing farther east.

And our old stand-by, Prof. Cook, shows
signs of having acquired a disposition to dis-
regard the rights of others, as is shown, to
me, when he says on page 449 of GLEANINGS
for Jvme 15, in speaking of Mr. Newman's
construing the meaning of the vote of the
National Union in January last, " If so, I am
not sure but, on the plea of self-preservation,
we should disregard such vote." Now, please,
don't let Prof. Cook get so careless and lax in
his ideas of what is right as to "disregard"
the wishes of those who have paid their money
into the treasury of the National Union, and
who also chose him as one of the Advisory
Board to carry out their wishes, and not to
disregard them.

Like you, I can not agree with Prof. Cook
when he says there is not room enough for
two organizations. There is not only as much
room now as ever for two organizations, but
more. The old North American was in the
field when the National Union was organized,
and still there was room for it, and well have
the Advisory Board and General Manager
occupied the field, and protected our interests.
The National Union took the field because the
North American didn't occupy it all, or, rather,
because a line of work needed doing that was
not being done by the North American. The
North American and National Union were not
doing all that needed to be done, so another
attempt was made to enlarge the scope of both
by providing that the National Union should
look after honey-adulterators and dishonest
honey commission men; but a large majority
of its members said no, and, true to his old-
time faithfulness to the interests of the Na-
tional Union, General Manager Newman says
that voice must be heard and obeyed; but
Prof. Cook isn't "sure" but such a voice
should be "disregarded." As the result of
that vote, the United States Bee-keepers'
Union came into existence for the purpose of
looking after interests that are more vital to
bee-keepers than was that of 1)eing allowed to
keep bees in cities and villages, etc. The
United States Bee-keepers' Union proposes to
look after the interests of its members in the
same way as did the National Union, and, in
addition, try to make it warm for the adulter-
ators, and for such commission-men as attempt
to defraud its members.

I am sure there is room for both the National
Bee-keepers' Union and the United vStates
Bee-keepers' Union; and I am just as sure
that there is no need for both of them exist-

I

is; IT

(;m:a\in'(;s ix niuc cn/rrKic.

iiii;, and, as Prof. Cook says, "the old rnion
has , !.•(»/ to ti.tjht livin.tj issues, or die." Why
not let it die? It has done its work, and ilitm.-
it most faithfully and well; and ri<j;lit here I
want to conunend most truly and heartily the
faithful and disinterested work of General
Manaj^er Newman, autl to say tha'. I l)elieve
him to have heen and still to be nu)st truthful
anil honest in all he has done; but, with many
others, I believe he has made a threat mistake
in the course he has pursued in regard to the
effort receixtly made to take a step forward.

But a new organization has come into ex-
istence which proposes to fight, and is now
"fighting living issues," and for a "kid" it
seems to be doing fairly good work.

Prof. Cook says, " I fulU- believe that one
or the other of tire present organizations will
die. The division is expensive; has no ex-
cuse, and the fruits of one strong vigorous or-
ganization will be abundantly greater than of
two struggling feeble ones. It will be a case
of survival of the fittest." I fully believe
Prof. Cook is right except in his second asser-
tion; so, why try to bolster up the old when a
vigorous, healthy "youngster" is in the field
to win. We care tenderly for the old and
decrepit, but we nurse and watch over and
help and guide the young. As secretary I
have quite a respectable bank accovmt for the
r. S. B. K. U., and I doubt not General Man-
ager Secor has a like commodity to its credit.

As regards the second statement, " The di-
vision is expensive," I will say that I have
kept a little memorandum of how many and
who that have sent their dollar for member-
ship in the U. S. B. K. U. belong to the N. B.
K. U.; and, having just this moment received
a list of the names of those having sent their
dollar to General ^Manager Secor, I find that
about one in fifteen belongs to the old Union.
vSo it isn't a ver>' expensive affair after all.
The old Union has the "wherewith" with
which to cheer and gladden its declining years,
and it seems to me that none of the members
of the new Union will wish it any thing but a
peaceful old age.

Many who send their dollar to the new-
Union were formerly members of the old, but
have dropped out because it was not ke2ping
up with the times, and are glad to aid the new-
Union in its important work.

Of course, but comparatively few bee-keep-
ers will join any organization that aims to
work for their benefit. They may think, and
even say, that "others will do the work, and
adulteration will be done away with, and I get
the benefit just the same as though I paid in
my money." Every bee-keeper who sells
honey, every dealer in honey, and every one
who buys honey to use in manufacturing, or
to consume it as a delicious, healthful, and
toothsome sweet, is interested in the success
of the U. S. B. K. U. and its work, and //wn-
saiids of them ou,s;ht to send their dollar to
General ^Manager Secor instanter, and have a
hand in looking after their personal interest.

Before the meeting of the N. A. B. K. A. at
Lincoln last OctoVjer, through ])ersonal corres-
pondence I knew- where Prof. Cook stood in
regard to the proposed plan of union, and he

voted against it ])ecause he "believed quite a
number of the members did oppose it as un-
wise," and I ])resume a large majority of those
voting against the plan did so for the same
reason he did; but it always seems to me that
the way to make nuitters move in the right
direction is to look into them and decide on
what is the /-/t,'/// thing to do, and then do it,
regardless of what others think.

Just here it occurs to me that it is a good
thing to keep both Unions in a lively growing
condition. I have the impression that the
National Union pays but half the expense of
defending a member who gets into trouble
with his neighbors. If this is true, and the
U. S. B. K. U. should follow the same plan, it
will be a splendid thing to belong to both. A
part of our apiary is located on a small city
lot within a few- feet of the homes of neighbors
on all sides, and the rest is on a vacant lot
just across an alley from the others, and fami-
lies with children live on all sides; and men,
women, and children get stung, but I keep
the swelling down with an occasional glass or
cupful of honey administered internally, at
intervals, before the stinging is done.

Now-, I'm a member of both Unions ; and if
trouble comes I expect General Managers Se-
cor and Newman to take matters in hand and
pay all the bills. Room for only one organiz-
ation ? Whew ! Perish the thought ! and all
this for but a little over a dollar a year ! You
see the old Ihiion has had so much honey on
hand that, for several years, the Advisory-
Board, or, rather, the Genferal Manager, has
verj- kindly looked after oiir interests, and
told us it should not cost us a cent. Don't try
to kill either. Prof. Cook. Long may they
both live and prosper, if such is to be the re-
sult.

Many are the good wishes that come to the
new Union. Why, even its enemies are be-
ginning to wish it w-ell — even the editor of
one of our bee-journals, who has admitted to
its pages most uncomplimentary and scathing
articles in regard to the new Union and some
of those engaged in forwarding its interests,
your humble servant included. A letter re-
ceived a few days ago in regard to the coming
Buffalo convention closes with this sentence :
' ' Wishing the new- Union nmcli success, and
members a good and profitable meeting, I am,
etc." That shows the right spirit.

It seems to me to be hardly necessary to
suggest, as Prof. Cook has done, that the
members of the old Union w-rite "to Manager
Newman ... to grapple with the question of
adulteration in California." We have an or-
ganization, one ofwho.se objects is to "grap-
ple" with that very evil ; and if Prof. Cook
and others will suggest such a course to Man-
ager Secor I've no doubt he'll look after the
matter, and .so not divert the money now in
the treasury of the National I'nion from the
purpose for which it w-as paid in, and no vote
will need to be taken.

Your comments on Prof. Cook's article are
very good indeed; and when you say that A.
I. Root, one of the directors (Advisory Board)
would be in favor of having the old Bee-keep-
ers' Union " take up the line of work suggest-

558

GLEANINGvS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug. 1.

ed " by Prof. C, you're but telling where he
has stood all along ; but it seems to me he
ought to change that standing now. The old
Union has overwhelmingly said that it did not
want to spend its money in that kind of work,
and I don't believe it's right and honest for
the Advisory Board to disregard its wishes.

There is room for both societies. Let each
attend to its special line of work, and all will
be well.

I voted to have the old Union with its old
and experienced staff of officers do just what
the new has been organized for ; but the ma-
jority said "no," and I hope the Advisory
Board wll be as conscientious in the matter as
is General Manager Newman, and heed the
Union's voice. Piit me down "no" as re-
gards the professor's plan. It would be nmch
more difficult now to unite the two Unions,
with their two sets of officers, than it would
have been to unite the National L'nion and the
North American.

I am glad Prof. Cook believes in doing the
work the United States Bee-keepers' Union is
doing and intends to do ; and if he will turn
his energies and money to building up the
new Union, instead of trj-ing to divert the
course of the old into new channels, he can do
nmch toward accomplishing what the old was
not intended to undertake.

I know this article is getting to be rather
lengthy ; but I've tried to be brief, and I have
much more I'd like to say ; but I'll mention
only one more matter. In the American Bee
Joiirnal for July 1st, Prof. Cook says he " was
opposed to changing an organization . . . un-
less the members were pretty unanimous in
the desire for such change ; ' ' and now in the
last issue of GlE.-vnings he is not sure but the
Board should disregard such a vote. Where is
Prof. C. at? Don't " disregard " the wishes of
the old Union's members, professor, and we'll
feel as kindlv toward vou as we always have.

Station B, Toledo, o!, July h, 1897.

[A. I. R. has stood right along just where
your humble servant has stood. It was I who
suggested to him, a member of the Advis-
ory' Board, the propriety of favoring the
scheme proposed by Prof. Cook. I thought it
would do no harm, and viight in a measure
help to soothe the soreness of those who can
see no need of the new Union. Then, again,
it seemed to me that we should place no ob-
stacles in the way of the old Union's taking
up the fight against adulteration, providing it
should see fit to do so. There is a very big
field along this line for both Unions, and they
will not step on each other's toes even if they
do fight the same enemy. However, whatever
energies I have (and I am siire A. I. R. feels
the same way ) should be devoted toward help-
ing the youngster that is now making such a
sprightly growth. In this connection it is
really painful to see how bitter Mr. Newman
feels toward some of his old-time friends be-
cause they venture to offer honest criticisms
on certain policies that he has seen fit to carry
out. He has construed these criticisms as re-
flections upon his integrity and honor. No
such idea, I am sure, entered the head of Mr.
York or Dr. Mason, or of anybody else. — Ed.]

NOTES BY THE WAY.

BY J. T. CALVERT.

My first day's journey brought me to Indi-
anapolis. All along the way I was most for-
cibly impressed witli the abundance of white-
clover bloom. Through all the pasture lots it
spread like a white carpet. The grazing cattle
and horses seemed to leave the blossoms, and
eat the leaves and other grasses. After pass-
ing over one or two States, and seeing the very
abundant white-clover bloom, I no longer won-
dered that all the dealers and manufacturers
of bee-keepers' supplies were crowded to their
utmost, and somewhat behind on orders. It
has been years since white clover has been so
abundant and so general.

At the depot to meet me was our genial
friend Walter S. Pouder, of Indianapolis, with
whom I spent a very pleasant half-day. He is
very conveniently located at 162 Massachusetts
Ave., the store reaching back to New Jersey
St. Mr. Pouder has been developing the trade
in honey and beeswax in Indianapolis till he
has built up a very nice trade. He sells all
the beeswax he receives, right at home. Quite
a little for the drug trade is put up in I-ounce
cakes, 4U cakes to the box, and sold at fl.OO a
box. Honey is sold largely in square jars ;
and if it becomes candied before the retailer
sells it, it is exchanged for that which is liquid.
With the abundant crop of honey tliat we are
sure to harvest this season, there is all the
more need of developing tlie home market.
By fair and liberal dealing, and being careful
to sell only choice well-ripened honey of uni-
form quality, many have built tip a demand in
their own neighborhood, which continues
from year to year, and increases with the
years. What many have done many more
can do.

As Mr. Pouder has but one hive of bees he
has to buy his supply of honey from bee-
keepers who have a surplus. Much of it he
takes in exchange for supplies, for he is also
the principal supply-dealer of Indiana, and is
prepared to supply the wants of bee-keepers
throughout his .State.

As I journeyed westward across the States
of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Kansas,
and Colorado I noticed the crops more and
more advanced. The wheat which was still
green in Northern Ohio was golden in Indiana,
and being harvested in Illinois. In Kansas
the fields were already stripped ; and, such
extensive fields ! We have been hearing for
the past few years of poverty-stricken Kansas.
If the most of the State compares with what
we passed through from Kansas City west
over the .Santa Fe^R. R., they should have no
reason to complain, especialh- if wheat con-
tinues to bring the good price it has during
the past year. It is no doubt having a reac-
tion from the feverish booms of past years,
but is bound to have a steadj' permanent
growth in the years to come.

The plains of Western Kansas and Eastern
Colorado are for the most part a barren waste,
with verj' scanty vegetation. As we near the
Rockies, where water is available for irrig?-

1S'.»7

GI.KANINGS IN miu cri.TrRi-

lion, then' is a niarkcHl cluuijjc. Alfalfa is
larjjoly ^nnvn. ami, as a coiiseciuence, coiisid-
erahle honey is harvested. As I visit this
rej.H'^'" *"> ^^1"-' r^^tiifii trip I will refer to it again
later on in these jiajiers.

San I'ranoisco, Cal., July 10.

BKKS UKSTROVHU I3V WORMS.

Oncsfion. — Going out among my bees tho
other morning I saw two worms at the front
of one hive and three at another. I told a
neighbor of this and he said I would have to
look out or the worms would destroy my bees,
as he lost several colonies in that way some
years ago. Are there any wonns which will
destroy bees? If so, what are they?

Aiiszi'cr. — A good colony of bees is never
destroyed by any worms which we have in
tliese parts, and I doubt if there are in any
part of the world. Such expressions as your
neighbor gave voice to show the ignorance of
very- many regarding the enemies of the honej'-
bee and their lack of having studied upon the
subject. However, as such statements tend to
make the beginner fearful of loss of bees from
the ravages of the larvae of the wax-moth, it
may not be amiss to treat the subject a little
now and then in our bee-papers, explaining
the workings of this larva and the only fear
we need have of it. In the first place, permit
me to say that no one will make the assertion
that they have lost bees from moth- wonns un-
less that one is either ignorant or careless, or
both. The carelessness of such people is
shown in that they do not attend to their busi-
ness as they should, so they do not discover
that their bees are gone till the combs are
destroyed by worms ; and they show their ig-
norance, because, if well posted in all that is
going on inside the hive, at all times, they
would know better. I do not propose to tell
here what a wax-moth miller is, how the mil-
ler or the lan^ae look, how the miller succeeds
in getting her eggs in the hive, etc., for this
can be found in any of the books on bees and
bee-keeping. If any have not one of these
books, my advice would be to get one at once,
for you can not well understand much that the
columns of Gle.a.nin'GS contain unless you
know the first principles of bee-keeping. One
who can not afford a book can not well afford
to keep liees, as the loss of an ignorant per-
son with two colonies during one year is
much more than the price of a book ; and yet
thousands attempt to keep Vjees without a bee-
book or a bee-paper. One thing is certain :
In most localities where bees can live, if the
combs are not occupied with bees, and have
not been exposed to a degree of cold as low as
1-i degrees above zero, when warm weather
comes in the spring to stay we ahvays find the
lan-se of the wax-moth upon the combs the
most abundant on those which have pollen in

them, or have had many generations of brood
reared in them. When once under headway
it takes but a short time to reduce the
combs in a whole hive to a mass of webs.
Now, the worms can not come into full pos-
session of these combs so long as there are
bees upon them, although we find here or
there a worm which may have eluded the vig-
ilance of the l)ees by getting in the septum of
the comb, under the l)rood, or by being under
the capping, over the heads of the immature
bees. But even here they are secure for no
certain length of time ; for before they reach
maturity the}- are ferreted out and cast from
the hive like those our correspondent saw- at
the entrance of his hive. The Italian bees
l:eep these worms out much better than either
the hybrids or blacks — a handful fully protect-
ing a w^hole hive of combs, the wonns being
kept in submission so long as a few score re-
main. If from an}' cause a colony becomes
hopelessly queenless, the bees all die of old
age in from fifty to sixty days from the time
the last bee hatches, if in summer ; and as
soon as the bees are gone there is no restraint
on the w-orms, thus giving them full sway,
and in a short time the combs are ruined.

Did the worms destroy the colony? Cer-
tainly not ; the colony was destroyed by the
loss of the queen, spring dwindling, or what-
ever the cause was, and the moths came in as
an effect. Thus we see to talk of worms de-
stroying colonies of bees is fallacious. If we
are not extremely careless we shall see from
outside observation that something is wrong
with any colony, long before the moths can
take possession of the combs, even if we do
no general manipulation of hives ; and as
soon as we see that something is wTong with
any colony it is our business, as apiarists, to
open the hive and find out what that wrong is,
in time to save the colony. But it frequently
happens that we lose a part of our bees dur-
ing the winter or spring, and wish to preserve
the combs till the remainder of our bees in-
crease to occupy them, for such combs are of
decided worth, even in these days of comb
foundation. To keep them from being spoiled,
if not entirely destroyed, by the moth-worms,
requires close watching, and all should be
looked over as often as once a week when
warm weather comes. As soon as many
worms are seen, hang the combs in a small
close room, so the fumes of burning sulphur
can- penetrate all parts of them, and burn one
pound of sulphur to every 100 cubic feet con-
tained in the room. To burn it, get an iron
kettle, put some ashes in the bottom, put in a
shovel of live coals from the kitchen fire, and
pour on the sulphur. Shut the door and leave
for two or three days, when every thing that
inhabited them will be dead, unless, per-
chance, some of the eggs may remain un-
hatched. If kept from the miller it is rarely
the ca.se that they will need looking after
again ; still, I have sometimes had to sulphur
again in two or three weeks.

There is one thing that all can do to prevent
the moth nuisance ; and that is, keep every
bit of comb not covered by the bees in this
sulphur-room or else in the wax-extractor. To

560

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug. 1.

allow combs to lie around till they become a
breeding-nursery for thousands of these pests
is something that many of our apiarists who
are practical in other ways are guilty of. In
the apiary of a man who raises honey by the
ton I once saw combs by the score literally
filled with moth-webs and cocoons, moths be-
ing raised to go out and curse the bee-keeping
world all about. Let us not be guilty of these
things.

HONEY SEASON NOT SATISFACTORY.

The honey season has not been satisfactory
with me. Clover yielded only moderately —
enough to give our bees a good start in the
sections. Now basswood is out in bloom ; but
our bees are killing off their drones, and the
honey season seems at an end. I can this year
record what in all my experience I have never
been able to before — not one swarm in June.
Even the 4th of July passed by without one
swarm coming out.

Other parties, within three or four miles of
me, and others at a greather distance, I hear
speak of a very fair yield, but only few swamis.
A good deal of buckwheat is sown here this
year as usual, and the rains are bringing it on
wonderfully. This may help us out; at any
rate, we are making great calculations on it.

Of course, we intend to go to Buffalo, and
we hope to see a number of the noted bee-
keepers of the land there. Especially do we
hope to see as many of the inhabitants of
Rootville as possible.

Friedmann Greiner.

Naples, N. Y., July 19, 1897.

DRAWN COMB VS. FULL SHEETS OF FOUNDA-
TION.

I am now taking off the Hilton supers filled
with white-clover honey. I am using them on
the new Dovetailed hives. It is just fun to
handle them, for they come off as clean as
the}- went on — no burr-combs on sections nor
on tops of brood-frames. I don't see how Mr.
Danzenbaker can do any better than this with
his complicated arrangement and paraffine pa-
per to l)oot. I say as I have said regarding
the new .self-spacing Hoffman frames, " If this
is not the best arrangement for comb honey, it
is certainly good enough." For extracting I
should want four dovetailed bodies full of
comb for each working colony, allowing the
queen the exclusive use of the two lower ones.

Drawn combs in sections have fallen a notch
in my estimation this season. I had quite a
lot of them, and put them on first; bvit I am
compelled to confess that they were not filled
and sealed as promptly, nor does the finished
section look nearly as well as those filled from
full starters of extra -thin foundation. Now,
why is this? Well, in a good steady honey-

flow, such as we have had, the bees need noth-
ing better than foundation in order to fill and
seal their sections promptly. Give them combs
with cells of any depth, and they will fill them
up with their unripe hone}-, and have to wait
so long before it is ripe enough to seal that
those furnished with starters are finished first
and look best. I know that drawn combs are
useful sometimes, and I have used a great
many of them; but given such a season as this,
with such a honey-flow, I do not want them
at all. As far as coaxing bees up into the sec-
tions is concerned, I never had to do it yet.
If 3'ou have a populous colony and a good
honey-flow at hand, they will take immediate
possession of the super without the aid of bait-
combs.

Without those two factors there is little use
of trying to work for comb honey. My expe-
rience has led me to the conclusion that drawn
combs are not so all-important as some would
make ovit. H. L-\Throp.

Browntown, Wis., July 12.

[The drawn comb referred to nmst not be
confounded with drawn foundation, which is
another thing. That to which Mr. L. refers
was comb, as I take it, drawn out from foun-
dation of the previous season. He does not
say whether it was leveled down a la Taylor
or not. As between drawn comb and drawn
foundation, there would probably be little dif-
ference. If the latter were made 15 ft. to the
lb., as we have made it, with walls only one-
eighth inch deep, the comb honey would be
of a finer quality so far as the comb is con-
cerned than that built from foundation in full
sheets running from 12 to 13 feet to the lb. —
Ed.]

SPORTS
^ENCOURAGif

DISH RIGHT SIDE UP.

I find my sections are all nearly filled now,
and basswood, the source from which I usually
get my entire honey crop, will be blooming in
four or five days, and I shall not be in readi-
ness for it; therefore I order by express. Bass-
woods will be fuller of bloom than I ever saw
them, and the prospects for a good honey-flow
are very flattering indeed. I want to get my
dish right side up. T. K. Massie.

Tophet, W. Va., June 30.

BEES FILLING SUPERS AS IF BY MAGIC.

The bees are almost getting ahead of me
this time. I got 3000 sections and 20 lbs. of
super foundation of j-ou this spring, and had
2000 sections on hand from last season, of
which 1000 were filled with drawn comb from
last season, and I am just about caught up
now. I never saw such an abundance of white
clover as we have this year. The bees are fill-
ing supers as if by magic. About half of my
bees have swarmed up to date.

Trail, O., June 24. Amos MillER.

I'.I.I'IANINC.S IN HI-;!'. ClI/n'Rl';

.-.(il

'::h^''^'rP£DAtmER<w^ Jm^lfm^^^

r^'C /^Y^':r[HYC, CRysTMj%onrfAif/.

RlvD was ijrcatly surprised, upon
K^'iiiK beyond the clump of syca-
mores, to find the doctor -with' his
horse and vSam's saddled and bri-
dled as if ready for a journey.

" Why, doctor," exclaimed Fred, as he has-
tened forward, "what does this mean? Are
we to break camp now and get to Prof. Buell's
in the early morning? "

" Oh! no, Fred. Sam and I thought we
would take a little journey on our own ac-
count; but first I wish to talk with you;" and
the doctor leaned against a sycamore, folding
his arms across his breast as though to hold
together all of his powers. " I have been
thinking nmch of late of my position and con-
dition in the world's afFairs. I feel that, at
my age, and with my habits of life, it is im-
possible for me to conform to the usages of
the ordinary so-called civilized community;
and, furthermore, I have searched for years
for a daughter, and fondly hoped that, when
found, I should also find a daughter's love;
but, F^red, having found that daughter, I do
not find a daughter's love; and I never — no,
never — shall. She loves her supposed parents,
and, in fact, they are parents to her in all
except the matter of birth. To step in now
and reveal myself as her father would be a
cruel blow to her happiness. Do you see,"
said the doctor, with greater earnestness,
' ' how her eyes brighten and her face glows at
the thought of meeting her parents ? how she
thinks our pace slow ? and, had she wings,
how she would fly to the home that shelters
those she loves? And I, should she know of
my relation to her, at the best I should merelv
have respect — an uncle's or a cou.sin's love.
No, Fred," said the doctor, in a decided tone,
" I can endure no second-rate love. The fates
have decreed that this should be so, and now
I should feel especial dishonor to stand be-
tween Alfaretta and those w'hom she holds
dear. I can cherish the memory of having
found her, and of being instrumental in re-
storing her to mental health. And now, FVed,
you must know that my plan is to go far from
this place, where I can surround my.self again
with animal life, and live in quietness. Con-
vey to Mr. and Mrs. Buell what I have told
you, but never reveal to Alfaretta the relation-
ship that exists betw^een us. Let me remain
to her as Uncle Ralph. And now, Fred Ander-
son, farewell."

While the doctor was talking, Fred's emo-
tions were first suqjrise, then grief; and when
the doctor mounted his horse he could scarce-
ly control himself. His words of appeal fell
upon deaf ears; and finally, as the doctor

moved off, I'red'.s words uf farewell were
broken with sobs of genuine grief, for he had
learned to love this unseh':sh man. Sam John-
son silently gave a parting hand-shake, and
Fred was left alone.

Slowly returning to the camp-fire he stirred
the dying embers to a flame, and sat for a long
time musing upon the strange events through
which he had passed during the past two
years. Sleep did not come to him anv more
that night. The coyote set up his indescrib-
able yelp not far away, and an owl screeched
and screeched in the sycamore-tree, bvit F'red
heard it not; he was living in another realm.
He arose, finally, and said to himself, as he
looked toward 'the little tent, "If I do not
soon wnn this woman's love I too will follow
Dr. Hayden."

The little tent soon showed signs of life,
and at an early hour Alfaretta emerged from
it. She had been informed that she was but
half a day's journey from her home, and her
excitement increased, and she was impatient
to continue the journey.

Her first comment, upon emerging from the
tent, was, " Why, Fred Anderson, how- solemn
you appear. You look as though you had
lost your best friend." The next moment she
said, as she surveyed the camp, " Where is Dr.
Hayden ? ' '

" If the expression of my face is so .sad that
even your presence can not enliven it, ' ' said
Fred, " then I will say that we have both lost
an excellent friend;" and he related the epi-
sode of the night.

Alfaretta' s surprise was great, and her
chagrin greater; "for," .said she, "I had an-
ticipated so many pleasant things for him;
how full of joy, and how grateful" my parents
would have been! and I would always have
loved him as my dear Uncle Ralph. But,
what a my.sterious man! and, FVed, I dream-
ed last night that he looked into my tent'and
gazed a long time upon my face, "and then
floated away up like a cloud."

" I reckon yer dream was all true, 'cept the
cloud," said Gimp; "furl seed the doctor a
looking inter the tent."

There was not much relish for food that
morning, except by Gimp. Camp was broken,
the donkeys packed; and as they proceedecl
on their way Gimp finished his breakfast from
remnants he had tucked into his pockets.
Trouble was not allowed to interfere with his
gastronomic affairs.

Alfaretta — how radiantly beautiful she ap-
peared! The flush of early morning exercise
upon her cheeks, her eyes sparkling with joy-
ous anticipation, erect and alert, to Fred's

562

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug. 1.

eyes she was the very embodiment of health
and lovehness; and he, with many conflicting
emotions passing through his mind, rode for
many miles with but little conversation be-
tween them.

This silence might have continued through
the remaining portion of the journey; but
after crossing the Sacramento River the road
led diagonally up a steep bluff. Alfaretta's
pony wa^ upon the outer edge of the grade,
and at one point the embankment was svip-
ported far below by log-work. The earth-
(juake had evidently loosened the logs, and
the tread of the pony caused the embankment
to slide down a few feet. It was not much of
an accident — rather more startling than inju-
rious. The pony made a desperate struggle
to regain the roadway. Fred, whose horse
was close in on the grade, and not caught in
the slide, leaped from his horse and was by
Alfaretta's side instantly, and aided the pony
to gain the roadway.

"My!" said Alfaretta, trembling; "how it
frightened me! but I didn't shriek, did I,
Fred?"

"Oh, no!" said Fred; "you are too brave
a girl for that."

A little further along, after regaining her
composure, she said: " How good of you, Mr.
Anderson, to again guide me out of peril!"

Fred felt a little' chill at the words "Mr.
Anderson;" but having a resolve in mind he
nerved himself for the effort of his life, and
said, in a low, earnest tone, "Alfaretta, would
that I could be your guide through all of your
life. You are going to your home with joy;
let me have the great pleasure of going with
vou, hand in hand, for weal or for woe. If I
have been your guide in dangerous places,
vou now by one little act can requite it a
thousand fold. I close my ej^es and reach out
my hand,, tempting fate."

Fred's horse was near Alfaretta's, and for a
moment he felt suspended between heaven
and earth; every beat of the heart seemed an
age. Would she' clasp his hand ? The thought
of her refusal caused him in imagination to
sink down to unutterable depths of despair.
But, oh the rapture! Could he believe it ? her
hand sought his, and now the thrill of joy
lifted him as far above the earth as, a moment
before, he was below it. Clasping Alfaretta's
hand more closely, he opening his eyes, and
looking upward, said, "Oh sunshine! how
glorioiis! how gi'and the great dome of heaven!
how beautiful the earth, radiant with floral
gems! how sweetly sing the birds! and the
very winds breathe music through the trees;
but far above all these the love of woman rules
and beautifies the world. Without that love
it would be a barren waste indeed;" and he
raised the hand to his lips and kissed it.

"Well, I declare, Fred," said Alfaretta,
"you are getting decidedly sentimental. I
really believe we are on earth yet, though."

"That may be," replied Fred, "but it has
suddenly become a new earth to me."

Their conversation was here interriipted by
the arrival of Gimp, whose horse came up on
a lope. He had been interviewing the oper-
ator of the ferryboat about the fishing; and

before he was near them he shouted, " They
say the fishing is purty good along this yer
river now."

"That maj' be," said Fred, with a smile;
and, turning to Alfaretta, he said, "Then you
remember nothing about pulling me from the
river with the fish-pole, and calling me Mr.
Pickerel ? ' '

" Nothing whatever," replied Alfaretta; " it
is all a blank to me, as well as any remem-
brance of the lovely home you say we have on
this river."

"Yes, Alfaretta, it is a lovely home; and
when we reach yonder bend you shall see it.
Over yonder," and Fred pointed across the
river, " is the Ghering ranch; and that white-
appearing rock out in the tiiles is all that
remains of the bluff upon which I had my
neat apiary and beautiful honey. Why, as I
look across I feel almost like shouting for
Matt Hogan."

"And to think what ill luck you have had
with bees — this apiary washed away, and those
hundreds of valuable swarms overwhelmed in
the valley! Fred, I think you should give up
all idea of keeping bees."

"Oh, no!" replied Fred; " all of these dis-
couragements have given me training for bet-
ter work in the futirre. I believe I can now
fit up the most scientific practical apiary in
the country; at any rate, I am anxious to try
it. But here we are at the river bend. Now
for your first glimpse of home through sane
eyes; but what is the matter, Alfaretta ? You
look pale; please be a brave girl now, and con-
trol yourself."

" I will try, Fred; but you scarcely realize
that it is over five years since I saw my people
to sanely remember them, and all of these
years of anxiet}- and sorrow must have wrought
changes. I shall not see the same parents I
saw five years ago; and are they at home? are
they alive, Fred? are the}' living here? Oh
the conflict of these thoughts!"

"Courage, dear; we shall soon know all;
see, there is smoke from the chimney. Some-
body is waiting for 3'ou."

J. U., Neb. — Perhaps you have not seen a
sample of the drawn foundation. We have
made some that runs lo feet to the pound, with
cells Ig inch deep. When the cells are %
inch deep it runs about 11 feet to the pound.
Even this is nearly as light as thin foundation,
but heavier than extra thin. But our thinnest
drawn foundation is lighter than any founda-
tion that has ever been made having any wall.
The drawn foundation running 15 feet to the
pound is very much lighter than the extra-
thin foundation, which is only 13 feet to the
pound. Perhaps you have been relying on
statements made by those who oppose the new
drawn foundation. If you have, we would
suggest that you send and get some samples
from our latest dies. If the new drawn foun-
dation should come into general use, if we
made it as light as 15 feet to the pound it
would take nuich less wax than foundation
does at present.

(■.i.i:anin(,s in hv.v. cii/itr:

.■)(;:}

Thi; oirictMs of llu- United States Bee-keep-
ers' I'nion have gotten -^ir.t a very neat and
elaborate program for the Ijuffalo convention,
to take placeAug. '24-2(\. This j^rograni con-
tains, besides, nine special songs, the nuisic
and words of which were gotten np by bee-
keepers. These programs are to be sent free
to all members of the Union; to all others a
nominal price of o cents will be charged. Ad-
dress the secretary. Dr. A. B. Mason, Station
B, Toledo. The nuisic is simply delightful.
Send for a program, and try the music in your
home.

FREE HONEV-LEAKLKTS.
Ix order to help bee-keepers sell their big
crop of hone^-we have decided to furnish, dur-
ing the month of August, honey-kaflets free,
in quantities not to exceed 500 to any one per-
son asking for them. But to be eligible to
this offer the person must be a subscriber or
have ordered goods of us at some time during
the season. He must also pay express or post-
age. If the leaflets go with other goods, there
will be no charge to pay. I am so finnh' con-
vinced that they will do good work where dis-
tributed among grocers and consumers that
we are constrained to make this offer. L,et
the orders come in — the more the merrier.
Postage on 500 leaflets will be 50c ; on 100, 15c.

THE ADVANTAGE OF BIG COLONIES.

I HAVE said a good deal regarding the ad-
vantage of large colonies being non-swarmers,
and the kind that produce honey. Experience
this season, as well as last, has pounded the
fact into my head more firmly than ever be-
fore. The Dadants have long been exponents
of big hives and big colonies ; and while I
believe thej- are exactly right in urging the
importance of having powerful stocks of decs,
I am not yet prepared to believe that a large
hive all in one l)rood-nest is essential. During
the past season we have secured largely the
same result as do the Dadants, with our two-
story eight-framers ; namely, no swarms and
100 lbs. of extracted honey on the average,
per colony, and 50 lbs. of comb honey. The
single-story eight-framers swarmed, and in
some cases gave us 25 lbs. Hard facts and
figures like these are worth a bushel of theo-
ries. In addition to the two-story colonies we
have a few three-story and one four-story ; the
last named holds two ^(ir swarms. If they
had been at the out-yard instead of at the
home yard, that is greatly overstocked, we
should have secured some results.

THE DADANTS ON BEES HANGING OUT DURING
THE HONEY-FLOW.

We are at present enjoying a visit at the
Home of the Honey-bees from Mr. Louis Da-
dant, son of C. P. Dadant. That is to say, he
is a son of the "son" of Charles Dadant &

Son. Ik- ri'ijorts that tliey have had an excel-
lent foundation trade this s.a.son, as well as a
good honey-flow. One of th^' first questions I
asked young Dadant was whether they had
been having any swarms.

"Not a swarm this season," was the reply,
although they had >S0 strong colonics at the
home yard.

' ' Do your bees ever hang out ? ' '

"Yes, sometimes, if we do not keep ahead
of them and give them sufficient room. But
when they cluster out in Iront we raise the
hives off tiie bottoms, thus giving them ample
ventilation. This starts the bees to work."

This is in line with what I said in our last
issue in regard to bees hanging out. It will be
remembered that the Dadants have few or no
swarms, and this fact speaks volumes for the
advantage of lia\nng large colonies. But I
shall have something more to say on this
question, in another column.

MORE FISHBONE IN NATURAL DRONE COMB
THAN IN COMB BUILT FROM FOUNDATION.

When the question of the new drawn foun-
dation came up, some opposed its introduc-
tion, on the ground that it would make more
fishbone in comb hone}', and even went so
far as to condemn the practice of using full
.sheets of foundation in place of narrow start-
ers, as they averred that the former made too
much ' ' fishbone. ' ' I never had a question
but that full sheets of foundation would result
in a heavier midrib than ordinary natural built
comb ; but if our experiments and observa-
tions, as reported in our last issue, mean any
thing, it would appear that there is actually
/ess of the objectionable article in comb honey
from the use of full sheets than where only
narrow starters are used. // the bees would
build worker comb in place of drone comb, af-
ter extending beyond the narrow starter, then
the results might be different. It would look as
if the talk, to the effect that the comb honey
of our fathers ( as a general rule drone comb )
was better than the comb honey of the present
day, were leased more on theory than on expe-
rience or observation.

EXTENT OF THE CLOVER HONEY-FLOW ; A BIG
YEAR FOR SUPPLY-DEALERS.

Mr. W. A. vSelSER, the honey-man, of No.
10 Vine St., Philadelphia, callecl on us recent-
ly. He had been out west buying up honey ;
and he reports that the honey season, while
fair in Minnesota, Iowa, and Wisconsin, was
not as hea\y as in other States in the North.
Basswood had been to a great extent a failure,
while clover did only fairly. Mr. M. G. Chase,
of Whittlesey, said last week he had a sort of
feeling that the honej^ season would not pan
out as well over the country as we had at first
expected. He urged that, //"the crop was not
to be a big one, the report that it would be
would demoralize commission men so that
they would not dare to make prices ; and so
if they quoted at all they would quote low.
This, he thought, set the ])ace for the rest of
us. There may be something in this.

On the other hand, if we can judge the hon-

oti4

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug. 1.

ey season by the flood of orders that has come
ill, the flow has been the greatest in extent
and duration that we have ever known. Here
we are up to this date, July 24, running night
and day, machinery and engines strained to
their utmost, and we expect to run nights an-
other week. Usually our rush of business is
all over by the 1st of July. We began running
night and day the last week in April, and dur-
ing this time we have employed the largest
number of hands we have ever had in our ex-
perience. As nearly as we can learn, our
brother-manufacturers have also had a heavy
run of business, all of which goes to show that
the season of 1897 will go down into the rec-
ords as being one of the best that bee-keepers
have ever known. Prospects are exceedingly
bright for another season.

OVERSTOCKING AT THE HOME OF THE
HONEY-BEES.

We have 300 colonies and queen-rearing nu-
clei at the home yard, and 40 full stocks at
the out-yard. It was evident from the ver\'
first, as 'l stated, that the bees away from
home were doing altogether the better work.
Only a few comb-honey supers were filled and
capped over at the home yard, while at the
out-yard every one of the colonies was in the
supers for all they were worth. The out-bees
would fill a super in about a quarter of the
time the home bees did, providing they did
any thing at all. Another fact is, that the
home yard is at the present time just barely
holding its own. Indeed, they are ready for
fighting and robbing. The out-bees are still
gathering honey and capping sections, at least
they were on the 2.3d.

All these results would naturally be expect-
ed ; but it goes to show that the number of
300 colonies and nuclei is overstoclviing our
home yard with a vengeance. It is probable
that the out-yard would take at least another
40 colonies, without very much detriment to
those already there.

AN IDEAI, I^OCATION FOR BEES.

For myself, at least, I have decided that
the ideal place for an apiary is in an orchard,
where there are low-spreading trees. If the
queens' wings are clipped, there will be com-
parativelv little climbing after swarms. Some
prefer shade-boards ; but after having tried
both, for the comfort of the apiari.st and that
of the bees I decidedly prefer the shade of
low-spreading trees. Grapevines do tolerably
well, but they do not protect the apiarist; and
at this time of the year, when the shade is
most needed, they are sending out shoots and
branches that interfere with the handling of
the hive ; and gravevines do require an exces-
sive amount of trimming just at the time bees
need the most attention. The colonies at our
out-yard are placed in groups of three on the
north side of the low-spreading basswoods. It
is a great comfort as well as a pleasure to work
among these bees compared to what it is in
the home yard with the grapevines. Vernon
Burt has his apiary in an apple-orchard, and
the grass is neatly kept down by sheep that
are allowed to run among the hives at will.

The lawn-mower does not begin to compare
with them.

L. L. LANGSTROTH.

I AM informed that as yet no tombstone has
been placed to indicate the spot where the re-
mains of our old friend and benefactor rest.
Now, while I would not recommend extrava-
gance in this matter I certainly do think the
bee-keepers, not only of America, but of the
whole world, would gladly give something to
have a proper stone furnished. I am told that
$d() has already been sub.scribed ; but to my
mind, all things considered, this is hardly
sufficient. If those who have enjoyed and
been profited by father Langstroth's writings
should contribute only a dn/ic apiece, it would
be enough and more than enough ; and I am
sure bee-keepers would willingly do this. In
fact, if I am correct most of them would feel
it a privilege. The only difficulty is to get the
matter started, and to let people know about
it. I myself will gladly give flO.OO ; and if
enough is not raised to pay for a fitting monu-
ment, I will do more. Send the money to us
and we will see that it is properly credited;
but send as much more than a dime as you
can afford.

And it occurs to me just now that some of
our able men, friends of our benefactor, should
meet together and suggest a suitable inscrip-
tion. I have not consulted any one in regard
to the matter, but I should like to have Dr.
Miller and Manager Secor, and anybody else
whom they might choose, get something ap-
propriate for the tombstone. The whole wide
world knows more or less of Langstroth ; and
people who visit the cemetery at Dayton, Ohio,
will look up the place and will read with in-
terest the inscription. When I was down east
it gave me a rare thrill to be shown the bury-
ing-place of Noah Webster, the father of our
old ' ' elementary spelling-book. " ' I can not
remember just how expensive a stone it was ;
but I was not only delighted to see it, but to
tell the friends after I got home that I stood
by the tomb of this, that, and the other great
men whose memories we love and revere.
Now, then, when you are writing us tell us
what your mite toward the fund shall be ; and
if you can not all see the stone, and read the
inscription, we will try to give you a good pic-
ture of it in G1.EANINGS. — A. L R.

GETTING BEES STARTED INTO SECTIONS ; THE
ADVANTAGE OF POWERFLa COLONIES.

We have had quite a number of inquiries as
to how to get bees to go into sections. Some
have said that their hives were full of honey,
but the bees would refuse to go to work above.
The main trouble in most cases is that the col-
onies are probably not strong enough. If
they can only comfortably fill the brood-nest
they may not go into the supers, even if honey
is coming in freely. Hives should be fairly
boiling over with bees. With this condition,
and a fair honej'-flow, there ought to be no
trouble in getting work started in the supers.
But it is ahvays advisable to put in a partly
finished section or sections from last season,
or, better yet, from another colony in the same

i

,i-:axinc.s in bva-: cri/nuiv.

apiary, that is workiii.i^ in the sjctions. Thisc
we call " hait-ciiinhs," and every wise ajiiarist
will put one or two of them in the center of
his supers alont; with s.^ctions containinj^ /"«//
s/itt/s of foundation. The averaj^e hee-keeper
can not aff<.>nl to use narrow starters.

.\ .yroat (leal of stress has been laid on the
importance of puttinij in bait-combs to start
the bees up ; but a theater stress should be
laid on the importance of havint^- bijr rousing
colonies. The hives should be " slioost crammt
cham full "' of bees ; then when supers are put
on, the bees will j^o into them. When o/uv
here they won't loaf lon<;- if honey is comint^.

SHKKP TO KKKP DOWN CRASS IN THK APIAKV.

A few days a<jo Louis. Dadant and I called
at \'ernon Burt's. He was away at the time,
but we strolled into the yard nevertheless.
Quite a flock of sheep ^^■ere busily nibbling
around among the hives. I had supposed
that ]Mr. Burt allowed them access to his api-
ary only at night ; but latterly, at least, it
would seem that he lets them go among the
hives day and night as much as the\" please. I
saw some sheep nibbling grass close to an en-
trance. Did the bees make any fuss about it ?
Well, yes, but the creature did not seem to
mind it. One old woolly chap I noticed was
walking across the apiary at a little quicker
pace, with his head quite low. By looking
carefully I saw that a lot of bees were after
him. He plunged his head into a clump of
twigs, and wiggled his stump of a tail in a
show of self-defense. He shortly drew his
head out, and went to nibbling grass around
the hives as though nothing had happened,
another sheep seemed to be stung in the face,
but paid very little attention to it. Just imag-
ine a cow or a horse or a donkey, with bees
after them, among a lot of hives ! No car-
toonist has or ever could fitly represent the
" scene." Thick heavy wool protects so that,
I believe, they are rarely stung ; and even
when they are, as I said, they pay no particu-
lar attention to it.

I don't believe there is any thing equal to our
woolly friends to keep down grass and weeds
in an apiary. It takes lots of time and hard
work to do an equally good job with the lawn-
mower. At our home yard there is an open
roadway over which considerable basswood
lumV)er is hauled, and more or less general
teaming is done. Were it not for this fact I
should be in favor of having a flock of .sheep
to keep the grass down in our apiary.

GLEANINGS PRINTED ON NEW TYPE AND ON

A NEW PRIiSS ; .SOMETHING .\BOUT

THE PRINTING FACILITIES .A.T

THE HOME OF THE

HONEY-BEES.

Our readers will notice that this issue is
printed on a new dress of type, the old having
become so much worn as to make a change
necessary. It is also printed on a brand-new
Campbell Centura- four-roller book and job
press that has a guaranteed capacity of 2200
impressions per hour, or a normal rate, includ-
ing stops, of about 18,000 printed sheets in a

da\- of 10 hours, each sheet lia\'ing ICi ])ages of
(tLK.\.nings matter on a side. This machine
co.st us $2."iOO in cold cash.

Our printing department has been .so crowd-
ed during the past year that we had to have
something better ; as it was, the old press ran
night and day from about* the fi:st of January
to the middle of May la.st. We have realized
for some time also that it has taken too long
for us to run off an edition of GLE.A.XINGS.
With the old press it took from four to five
days ; but we expect wnth the new machine,
as soon as our boys learn to feed it to its full
capacity, to make the run in something like
a day and a half, or possibly less.

Besides the printing of our journal we have
from ir,0,00() to 200,000 catalogs to print, of
our own, every season ; for we believe heartily
in the principle that we must let the world
know that we have something to sell. Then
there is our ABC book and several rural pub-
lications. Besides this there is some outside
printing. The consequence is, we have found
our capacity heretofore to be .so limited that
we found it necessary for us to buy the very
best and fastest printing-press that could Vje
found in the market ; and after a good deal of
investigation it proved to be the new Camp-
bell Century — a press that is now almost work-
ing a revolution in printing-presses. I believe
there is no one other ^ook and Job press of
its class that can equal it in speed day after
day without "playing out."

Good by, old press ! good-by, old type I and
welcome new type and new Century and pro-
gress ! While Gleanings does not claim to
be the /^est bee-journal in the world, it has a
right to claim that it ' ' keeps up with the pro-
cession," both in subject-matter and in letter-
press work. Besides this we shall continue to
bestow, as in the past, extraordinary care upon
our proofs.

THE NEED OF STANDARD GRADING-RULES ; A
SHARP TRICK OF THE TRADE.

It begins to look as if it were impossible to
find a set of rules for grading that will suit
even the experts in bee-keeping. Some even
go so far as to think it better to have no rules,
and let each one grade according to his own
notion. The obvious disadvantage of this is
that one lot of honey can not be compared
v^-ith another. A's "Fancy" would be B's
" No. 1 ; " and C's " Extra Fancy " might be
D's "Fancy." We must somehow strive to
arrive at uniformity. Without grading-rules
a commission house can st'// B's honey as
" Fancy, " and make him returns for the honey
at No. 1 grading. By this way they can ac-
tually steal the difference between the price of
No. 1 and Fanc}'. Yes, even with a standard
.set of grading-rules they could carry on this
sort of stealing, but it is not nearly as easy to
do .so ; for with standard rules each party
would know what he is talking about ; but
without rules the bee-keeper is ac the entire
mercy of the commission house. I regret to
say it, but I fear that the practice of selling at
one grade and making returns to the bee-
keeper at a lower grade is more common than
it ought to be because it is so easily done and

566

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug. 1.

so difficult of detection. A good set of stand-
ard grading-rules would be a great bar to the
practice.

GRADING-RULES FOR HONEY.

L'P till within a few days preceding the 15th
of July, not a single* postal or letter had come
to hand indorsing or criticising the grading-
rules that were proposed by Walker, Miller,
and others in the July 1st issue. Before Mr.
Walker's article was received, and which is
published in this number, I tried my hand at
grading — that is, I tried to bring the matter
down to a focus by bringing the thoughts of
others into one system of grading. In the
first place I took the Washington grading as a
background, and then incorporated mainly the
suggestions of Dr. Miller, in our July 1st num-
ber, who had previously considered those put
forth by Messrs. Thompson, Walker, and oth-
ers. Here are the rules that I ' ' doctored : ' '

Fancy.— All sections to be well filled, combs straight,
and firmly attached to all four sides, the comb unsoiled
by travel-stain, or otherwise; all the cells sealed ex-
cept the row of cells next to the wood; the ovitside
surface of the wood well scraped of propolis.

A No. 1. — All sections well filled, but combs uneven
or crooked; one-eighth part of comb surface soiled or
unsealed, or the entire surface slightly soiled.

No. 1. — All sections well filled, but combs uneven or
crooked ; one-eighth part of comb surface soiled or un-
sealed, or the entire surface slightly soiled.

No. 2.— Three-fourths of the total surface must be
filled and sealed.

No. 3.— Must weigh at least half as much as a full-
weight section.

In addition to this the honey is to be classified ac-
cording to color, using the terms white, amber, and
dark; that is, there will be "fancy white," "No. 1
dark," etc.

The " Fancy " and " A No. 1 " correspond
exactly with Dr. Miller's " Fancy " and No. 1
on page 483, July 1st issue. I have changed
the designation of the second grading, putting
it "A No. 1." No. 1 is identically the same
as A No. 1, you will notice, with the exception
that no mention is made of the scraping of the
sections. The greater part of honey that is
put out is in sections not scraped ; and it fol-
lows that the greater part of all honey sold will
be in sections soiled or unscraped, and should
be designated as "No. 1." I know Dr. Miller
believes that most honey put out is scraped ;
but if he will go over the markets as I do, and
buy honey as our firm has done, he will note
that very 'little of it has been near the scrap-
ing-knife.

Mr. Walker and a number of others pointed
out that more than two grades are necessary to
inchide the bulk of marketable comb honey.
It vrill be noted that I have already added one
extra grade to take in the bulk of comb honey
not scraped ; namely. No. 1. I now add two
more— the No. 2 and No. 3 that Dr. Miller pro-
posed some years ago, and which we repro-
duced on page 482, July 1st issue. Such hon-
ey should not be put on the market ; but as it
is, nevertheless, it must be designated in some
way or other.

I have carefully looked over Mr. Walker's
revised grading-rules in this issue, and the
only criticism I have to offer is that they are
too wordy, and there are too many little con-
ditions and points that one would have to bear
in mind to grade by. The rules must be very

simple to be operative. Really, I do not know
which woidd be the better rules to abide by — •
those above given, those proposed by Mr.
Walker in this issue, page 551, or some other.
The editor of the Revieiv believes that the
Washington rtiles — those we have been using
right along during the two past years — were
all right — good enough for anybody — that we
mustn't expect to suit every one.

ERR.'^TIC SWARMING FOR 1897; THE SPRAY-
PUMP A NECESSITY.

Judging from the letters that have come in,
and from our own experience, swarming this
year seemed to be a little more erratic than usu-
al. In our own vicinity, for instance, the bees
have seemed determined to go off wathout first
alighting; and it has been only by the most
vigorous use of the spray -pump that we have
been able to hold them. One swarm actually
left us. It seems they flew high into the air,
went over the factory buildings, clear out of
the reach of spray-pumps and every thing else,
and didn't even say, " By your leave." One
other swarm I was jvist able to reach with the
spray. They were fast making off when I wet
down the wings of the leaders, changed their
covirse, and finally, by vigorous dousing, in-
duced them to alight. Heretofore we have
been in no great hurry to take care of swarms
when the}' came out, because we knew they
would alight before going awa}'.

I noted in Straws for July 1st, that Dr. Miller
asks why we do not clip, and save all this non-
sense. As we make quite a business of selling
queens, we find that our customers do not all
want their queens' wings clipped. When a
man sends off a distance to get a queen he
likes to show his beauty to his friends, and, of
course, wants her to look perfect — not one-
sided. We are obliged, therefore, to put up
with the nonsense.

A change of mind.

The foregoing was prepared for our last
issue, but it was crowded out at the last. I
just want to say that I have changed my mind.
The care of swarms devolves upon your humble
servant, Sundays and at the noon hour. I may
be mistaken, but it seems as if those pesky
bees selected their times to swarm when I am
on the watch. So far as I am concerned, I have
about concluded that, in the future, ovir cus-
tomers will have to take " one-sided " queens
or go somewhere else. I have chased and
squirted, climbed trees, and puffed and fumed,
till I am tired. We have alread}- begim the
process of clipping our queens' wings; and if
our customers do not like it^well, they can
just go elsewhere.

Our tested and high-priced queens are, as a
rule, in big colonies that can produce honey.
I used to feel that a colony could spare its
queen in the height of the honey-flow, and
then there would be no danger of swarming;
but, as I have shown in last issue, p. 531, a
queenless colony sulks too much. I am won-
dering whether a queen-rearing apiar}-, a comb-
honey apiar}-, and an extracted-honey apiar>'
can be combined all together all at once. The
echo in my owm mind says, " Nit."

(;i.i:anin(',s in bp:k culturk.

567

Our Homes.

Oh full of all suMilly and all mischief, thou child of
the devil, thou eueniv of all righteousness, wilt thou
not cease to per\-ert llie right ways of the Uord? — Acts
l:{ : 10.

Our readers may ren'.etnber that, durinj^ the
year 1S<)"), I at different limes mentioned the
electrical fraud or humbug called Oxydonor,
in connection with my repeated warnings in
regard to the humbug toy called Electropoise.
The matter would probably have never been
referred to again were it not for something I
saw in the Patent C)ftlce Official Ciazellc for
July (\ 1S97. On page 18") we are told that, on
the lath of June, 18!)r, a patent was granted to
Hercules Sanche. This Sanche applied for a
patent on his swindling Oxydonor as early as
18S7. His application was promptly rejected,
on the ground that it was not an electrical
apparatus — there is no electricity about it ; and
also that his claim, that it extracted oxygen
from the air for the benefit of the patient, was
ridiculous. He then admitted there was no
electricity, but claimed that some other force
circulated through the wire hitched to the pa-
tient's ankle. He also dropped the oxygen
part of it ; but it was again rejected. Permit
nie to make an extract from the Official Ga-
zelle :

On Januarj- 31, 1888. these claims were rejected by
the Primary- Examiner for the reason that the ap-
paratus must, if operative at all, be subject to the
laws of electricity, or of some other force; it is not at
all .satisfactory to present it as an electrical apparatus,
and at the same time to say that it is not subject to or-
dinary electrical laws, as has been practically done.
It is riot admitted that the body is a magnet, or'subject
to the laws of magneti.sm ; and if it were, the appara-
tus described would have no influence upon it.

The numerous affidavits which have been filed re-
late to the treatment described in another application,
and have no bearing on the present case ; and in any
event, affidavits of the patients would not demonstrate
the operativeness of the apparatus as an electrical de-
vice.

But j-ear after year it seems he has kept on.
Let me extract again from the words of the
Official Gazelle :

After a careful re-examination and consideration of
the arguments and evidence presented, my conclu.sion
is unchanged ; that is, that the invention is not " suffi-
ciently useful and important" to warrant the grant
of a patent. (Section 48!r2 of the Revised Statutes.)

The novelty of the apparatus is admitted, and the
affidavits and testimonials presented, together with
the unsolicited reports that have come to me, leave no
doubt in my mind that the use of the apparatus has in
some way 'benefited some of the persons who have
tried it. I am still of the opinion, however, that the
favorable results obtained were due largely, if not
wholly, to the imagination of the patient. It is a com-
mon practice among physicians to admini.ster bread
pills in certain cases ; and the wearing of an iron ring
upon the finger, or the carrying of a potato in the pock-
et is regarded by hundreds of people as a certain cure
for rheumatism. .Scores of .similar remedies could be
referred to, all of which depend for their efficacy upon
the power of the imagination. The present applica-
tion, in my opinion, is of thisde.scription. I could not
conscientiously sign a patent for the apparatus in
question.

The former decision is adhered to.

Finally, however, in June, 1897, this man
Sanche, by some hook or crook, has gotten
some sort of patent. The reasons for revok-
ing the former decisions and granting the
patent are given below :

■■ If some scienti.st will devi.se some way or means of
working on the imagination so as to cure physical di.';-

ea.se, he will be a public benefactor, and this Office will
he ])ronipt to issue a patent to protect liim in the en-
joyment of his invention or discovery, if it has the ele-
ment of novelty. I'or we may be thus able to di.s-
pen.se, in part at least! with the nau.seating decoctions
that are now presented to our lips whenever we are
ailing."

It is thought that this claimant is ju.stly entitled to a
patent under the law, and the decisions heretofore
rendered denying him a patent are set aside.

Now, friends, you have the history of this
disgraceful affair, or at least a glimpse of it,
before you. It is not only a disgrace to the
man Sanche, for he is too hardened a sinner
to hesitate at any thing to secure his purpose ;
but just consider the fact that our Patent Of-
fice should grant a patent, and permit the ])at-
entee to go out and humbug sick people, be-
cause they would be better humbugged in this
way than to be dosed with "nauseating de-
coctions"!— taking it for granted, it would
seem, that neither the one nor the other has
an}- effect on the patient. We might laugh at
the matter, and call it a joke ; but this Dr. ( ! )
Sanche calls himself not only a physician and
a scientist, but a Chrisliaii. His hypocritical
swindle is worked mainl}- through our relig-
ious periodicals. A while ago he secured the
confidence of the women of the W. C. T. U.,
and persuaded them that he was a benefactor
of mankind, and so got his fraudulent adver-
tisements into their publications. He made it
appear that he was a companion of Woolley
and Moody. Our readers may remember that
I exposed the latter scheme, and got a letter
from Mr. Mood}- himself, saying that he knew
nothing of the man or scheme, and never gave
permission for his name to be used in any way
whatever.

In God's holy word w-e have several accounts
of the way in w-hich the prophets of old pro-
nounced sentence on those who appropriated
" the livery of the Lord to serve the Devil in."
Ananias was struck down dead ; Gehazi, the
servant of Elisha, when he undertook to make
a little money because of being a servant of
one of God's prophets, was smitten with lep-
rosy ; but in this nineteenth century, with all
of our progress in science and art, and espe-
cially our discoveries in electrical science,
such men as Sanche go about and ply their
trade almo.st unrebuked. Religious papers
accept their advertisements ; and w-hen any-
body remonstrates, they reply that it is not
their business to inquire into scientific merits
of the thing ; and even our Patent Office
grants a patent when sufficient importunity is
brought to bear, for no other excuse than that
many of the drugstore medicines have no
more sense or science to back them up than
"the wearing of an iron ring on the finger, or
the carying of a potato in the pocket," . . . .
" as a certain cure for rheumatism."

Our Patent Office examiners are sharp
enough and bright enough. Sanche's tw'addle
about oxygen and electricity, and some other
force running along a single wire, was not lis-
tened to a single moment. He \vas ruled out
again and again. If you w-ant the history of
the whole tlaing, send for the Official Gazelle
of July 6.

In our previous issue I spoke of letting rats
and mice encroach upon us because of our

568

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug. 1.

half-heartedness ; but how aboiit letting these
thievish rascals in human fonn prey upon us ?

A young lady, who is almost our next-door
neighbor, heard of Oxydonor, and was actually
considering investing |25 of their hard earn-
ings. Are the editors of our religious papers
excusable for receiving advertisements of
things they knozo and admit to be frauds and
humbugs? Dr. O. W". Holmes said, some years
ago, ' ' Quackery hobbles along on two crutch-
es. The one is the superstition of women, and
the other is the indorsements of clergymen."
Instead of clergN-men he should say the editors
of religious papers, to better fit the present
time. You know, friends, how I have labored
in this matter ; but if I should take this Offi-
cial Gazette, and read this whole thing to the
editors of some of our religious papers, they
would coolly inforin me (in substance) that it
was no business of theirs so long as they got
/>^i' for the advertisement ! Let me digress a
little.

A few days ago my sister, Mrs. E. J. Gray,
a prominent worker and officer in the \V. C. T.
U., while attending a temperance meeting at
Lakeside changed cars at Elyria and went in
to purchase a ticket. A dull, stupid, country-
looking chap stood in her way while she was
purchasing her ticket. When she attempted
to go out of the door this same chap stood in
the doorway, evidently not having sense
enough to go either out or in. She then no-
ticed stupid-looking, awkward coinitry chap
No. 2, and they were around pretty near each
other. When she attempted to board the
train, these two ever-present " greenies " were
in the wa}' again, and she began to lose
patience at their stupidity. The leader did
not really seem to know enough to get out of
the wa}' ; but she finally managed to get past
them, but in doing so they gave her quite a
push. She passed on, feeling vexed to think
that anybody could be so dull as to be a con-
tinual stumblingblock in the way of busy peo-
ple. Pretty soon she noticed her handker-
chief half way out of her pocket, and then
she found her pocketbook was missing. Then
the whole thing revealed itself all of a sudden.
This fellow was a pickpocket, and No. 2 was
his " pal." She remembered the latter stand-
ing near, and almost remembered something
passing between them when she jostled against
No. 1. He stood by the ticket-office window
to see where she kept her pocketbook ; then
he tried to get it while she pvished past him
when going out of the door ; but when he got
in her way the third time, as she was get-
ting on the train, he succeeded, and passed
the punse to his pal, so that, even if she had
had him arrested, she could do nothing. The
ticket-agent infonned her afterward that as
many as three pocketbooks were found on the
sidewalk that morning. These fellows quickly
emptied out the money, dropped the pocket-
book so to escape identification, and then
stood around watching for more "game."

Permit me to say, before dropping the sub-
ject of pickpockets, that we should get rid of
this pest of society and civilization just ex-
actly as we get rid of rats and mice ; and,
furthermore, it is a disgrace in the locality to

have such fellows prowling and succeeding in
their work, just as it is a disgrace to have rats
and mice in and around your premises. Wake
up, and declare with manly energy that these
things shall not be ; then stick right to it till
you get them trapped and the nuisance is
abated.

Now for the bearing of the pickpocket stor}-
on the case before us. These two fellows,
with their countr\-fied air and cheap ready-
made clothing, were rascals. They ought to
be, and the good of society demand that they
shall be, speedily locked iip, and then convert-
ed from the error of their ways. Their calling
is a disgraceful one ; and the matter is so self-
evident that you look up in surprise when I
say picking pockets is a " disgraceful occupa-
tion." But, my friends, these two chaps who
aped stupidity are gcntlevien beside the Oxy-
donor and Electropoise people. They do not
ape Christianity — at least, I never heard of a
pickpocket so doing ; neither do they rob sick
people — certainly not as a rule. They get
their monej- from people who are able to go
about and do business ; and I shouldn't won-
der a bit if they would actually blush with
shame to be caught charging f25 or even $10
for a humbug scientific apparatus advertised
in religious papers, and boomed by ministers
of the gospel who lack even the rudiments of
a knowledge of electricity or chemistry.

Do you ask how we shall abate the nuisance
of pickpockets? Well, in the first place have
your money stowed away in some place where
a pickpocket can not readily get at it unless,
indeed, he should knock you down. Then
when you go into crowds or places where such
fellows frequent, avoid showing money or
your pocketbook. I have done quite a little
traveling, as you may know, and I always
make it a point to have the money for \\\\ tick-
et in my fingers, or in some convenient pocket,
before I reach the ticket-office or get into the
crowd. Never take out a roll of bills if you
can help it, where people are standing around,
especially among strangers. W'ith a very lit-
tle care }-ou can manage to pay all your bills
without having a sum of money in sight, or
where a pickpocket can get at it. Especially,
avoid anybody who seems to be awkward or
always in the way. This is an old game. And,
by the way, if people generally would take a
little pains to avoid standing still in doorways
or busy thoroughfares, or in crowded church-
aisles, it would be a great help all round. I
frequently come pretty near losing all the ef-
fect of an excellent sermon because somebody
stands in the church-door, and goes neither in
nor ovit, keeping a whole string, myself among
them, waiting when I am in a great hurry.
Perhaps I too am guilty sometimes of getting
in the way of busy people ; but I have made
man}' big resolutions to try and not do it
thoughtlessly again. I am under the impres-
sion that a cvoman's pocket is not the place to
put money. I do not believe, either, it is just
the thing for her to carry her money in her
hands — at least, not very much money. I was
just going to tell you where I carry my money
in traveling ; but it might be a bad plan to
give away my secret. In the first place, I do

ISOT

(M,]vA\iN(;s IX Ri-;i-; cri;ri'RK.

')()(>

not //./:< much inonoy. I carry cliccks of, say,
$'2'^ each, and these I can get cashed at any
hank. Then I stow away the 5-"' \vhere a
thief can not easily get at it, taking out just
enough for each clay's expenses, when I am in
a room hy myself — that is, when I am among
strangers. Rats and mice won't stay around,
and, for that matter, frauds either, unless you
bait them with something good that they can
get at ; neitlier will pickjiockets. Let me
modify the latter a little. Go into any town
where saloons thrive and make a good living,
and there you will find pickpockets. The
scene I have described hapj)ene(l where a con-
siderahle-sizetl railway depot is planted right
in the midst of a hot-bed of saloons. Banish
the saloons, and you will get a good way along
in banishing the pickpockets.

Now, then, while you are, by precept and
example, saying to the saloon-keepers, pick-
pockets, and all others of that class, as did
Paul in the language of our text, " Wilt thou
not cease to pervert the right ways of the
Lord ? " let us also remember the slick persons
who mix among Christian people, and get into
the advertisers' department of religious pa-
pers, and induce ministers of the gospel and
other Christian people to help them rob the
sick, the suffering, and the dying. Let us
cast out these persons who, under the guise of
being philanthropists, scientists, and invent-
ors, charge enormous prices for their hypo-
critical humbug toys. Let us especially be-
ware of ' ' false prophets which come to us in
sheep's clothing, but who inwardly are raven-
ing wolves. ' '

ON THE WHEEL.
After the torrid wave along the fore part of
July the weather changed very suddenly ;
and as I was a little careless about changing
my thin attire for one more appropriate for the
weather, I took a severe cold and had another
attack of malarial chills, or something like it.
Of cour.se I thought of my regular cure for
such troubles — the wheel; but for two or three
days, in spite of the beefsteak, I felt too sick
to ride the wheel or to do anything else. How-
ever, on Saturday morning, July 17, I was
agreeably surprised to meet IMr. E. C. Keck, of
Bowling Oreen, PTorida; and as he is interest-
ed in gardening, either north or south, I very
much wanted to take him to the celery and
small-fruit farms in our county. At first I
planned to go wnth a horse and buggy; but I
actually felt too sick to ride in a buggy twen-
ty or thirty miles; but finding that Mr. Keck
was something of a wheel-rider I said we
would start out; and if I could not stand it
I would go to the nearest station and return
home on the cars. I remember of thinking,
after I decided to go, that it was preposterous
for me to undertake to go away from home in

such condition. In fact, I had been feeling
for some time previously that very likely the
doctors were right in saying that I should nev-
er be a well man — that I might as well give
up ])lanning for any active work during the
remainder of my life. Perhajjs you have had
such thoughts and feelings your.self.

Well, we started off on our wheels. I did
not feel any worse during the first ten miles,
and, in fact, I did not feel very much better.
After we reached the celery-farm I told friend
Keck I guessed I had better go over to the
station and get home before I was any farther
away. ■ After looking over the beautiful plant
of Jordan Brothers, however, and asking them
questions about this, that, and the other treat-
ment, I soon began to forget my aches and
pains. vSome little time ago, you may remem-
ber, I advised them to try one of the Breed
weeders made especially for onions. They got
a machine in accordance with mv advice.
vSaid I:

"Oh I by the way, how did }-our onion-weed-
er turn out? Did you get your money back on
the investment ?"

He turned around, and, in his peculiar way,
lifting his hand as if to add emphasis, said:'

"Mr. Root, that onion-weeder paid for itself
in one day. ' '

I do not know but he added afterward the
expression was a little strong; but they really
siicceeded, as I thought they would, in not
only ri-inning the weeder lengthwise of the
rows, but they pulled it crosswise also. The
boys who pulled it coidd easily step over the
onions; and in this manner the ground was.
pulverized most thoroughly in and around and
between the plants.

They were haying some trouble by the first
early celer}- sending up seed-stalks. I wanted
to get at them myself and pull out the useless
plants that were determined to go to seed; but
the boss .said, something as we have it in the
parable, " Not so; for in pulling up the useless
plants you will disturb and injure the good
ones. Let them both stand till the harvest,
which is soon coming, and we will sort out
the bad ones as fast as they are gathered."

There was considerable discussion as to
whether it was the strain of seed, the unfa-
vorable weather during the spring, or a lack
of water at a critical period; and I believe all
decided that the latter was the trouble, or at
least one of the prime causes of it. The most
of this thing happened in the new celery cul-
ture where plants are put so very closely to-
gether, and, of course, it wovild need" the
greatest quantit}- of water, especially as they
approached maturity. Where the plants were
in rows two and a half feet apart or more a far
smaller proportion had shot up seed-stalks.

They had the handsomest field of American
Pearl onions I ever saw in my life; but as they
were not started under glass, as our own were,
it will be some weeks before they har\-est their
crop.

They are using, for a fertilizer on the celery
rows, bone and potash. They were also sprink-
ling the beds with quick-lime in order to coun-
teract the effect of blight, which made them
much trouble last year. They began gather-

570

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug. 1.

ing and shipping celery^ about the middle of
July.

When we were through talking I told Mr.
Keck I felt so much better I thought I would
venture to push ahead another ten miles. We
had a macadamized road, and the wheeling
was grand. When out four or five miles I no-
ticed that I was beginning to draw in long
breaths that filled niy lungs completely, as I
often do in climbing hills. It came natural
and easy to fill my lungs clear out to the full-
est extent — something I seldom do except
when out on my wheelrides. A little later I
felt my second wind beginning to reinforce my
strength and buoy up my spirits; and when we
came near the town of Lodi I had actually for-
gotten my indisposition. In passing a large
raspberry-patch that covered the side of a hill
I remarked to friend Keck that it was a part
of Prof. W. R. Grannis' raspberry-farm.

A little further along I noticed a board on
a gate-post, announcing, " Jersey cow and
calf for sale. W. R. Grannis." So there
was where he lives at present. We turned
our wheels into the lane. The professor him-
self soon made his appearance, with one of
his eyes swollen up. You see I sent him
Gi<EANiNGS complimentary a while ago, when
I was ^\Titing up the raspberry- business; and
the result was he got to reading about bees.
Without my knowledge he had also been stud-
ying the ABC book; and, sure enough, there
was a row of neatly painted hives right along
by the dooryard fence. He was going to show
us some of the wonderful achievements his
bees had been performing with the aid of the
clover-fields all around about his prett)- home.
But we told him we wanted a drink of water
before we explored either bees or berries.
Said he:

" Well, you just come right into the house,
both of you."

" But, friend Grannis, we have not time to
go into the lioia,se. We wll just sit out here
in the shade."

" No, that will not do; you have got to come
into the house to get the water. ' '

Just then it occurred to me that Prof. Gran-
nis and Dr. C. C. Miller are in man}' respects
a good deal alike. They are both godly, both
professors of music, both bee-keepers, and
both have a quaint way of making you feel
acquainted, even if you have never seen them
more than two minutes. We followed our
host into the house, then we turned into a
room adjoining the kitchen. This room was
paved with stone flagging; and right out from
the stone wall in the f\irther corner there came
a stream of crystal water nearly as large
around as your wrist. It poured into a large
trough or vat, circulated around among the
pans of milk, and passed out at another cor-
ner of the room.

" Why, friend Grannis, do you really mean
to say that this is spring water, and that it runs
that way nights and Sundays and all the year
round? "

By way of answer he extended a drinking-
glas's, and told us to taste and see — beautiful
cool spring water right out of the sandy rock
in the hillside. After leaving his house the wa-

ter flows through the barn, treating all his
stock to a running stream, then it extends a
little further to a trough b}- the wayside, where
it refreshes the thirsty traveler and his beast.
After we had drank sufficiently I wanted to
wash my hands. While doing so some tame
goslings came up and began to talk as if they
wanted to get acquainted. May be you think
it queer to hear me speak ot goslings that
could talk. Well, they did talk, and quite en-
tertainingly (to me). The professor explain-
ed that they wanted me to hold down the
wash-basin so they could get a drink. Then
they wagged their tails and expressed their
satisfaction as only a gosling knows how to
do. You see, while friend Grannis enjoys
himself with the berries and the bees his good
wife raises ducks, chickens, and geese ; and
with this abundance of spring water, every
thing goes on "swimmingly." I use this word
after mature deliberation, and I think it is the
right one. Well, I found so much to enter-
tain me around that prett}- home that we were
urged to stay for supper. P'riend Grannis
promised us some white-clover comb honey,
which he thought we did not often find. I
told him I did not care so much about the sup-
per, but I felt sure I should get home with
much more satisfaction if I could have a nap
of fifteen or twenty minutes, for you see I had
not had one at all that day, and I considered
myself an invalid besides, or at least I did so
consider mj-self when I started away in the
morning. I had forgotten to say that, some
time during the visit, we looked over the
f e nee and got at least a very good ' ' glimpse ' '
of the eleven -acre field of raspberries in full
bearing, and I suppose that is the reason I did
not want an}' raspberries for supper. I look-
ed at them so long over the fence that I got
over being raspberry hungry. See? They were
Greggs, and just ripe enough to be luscious.
Did I tell you I was on the beefsteak diet?
Well, when I am off wheel-riding I leave my
special diet at home.

If I remember correctly, friend Grannis is a
professor of music; but of late I think he
must do a great deal as I do — drop his mantle
over his children's shoulders. When we were
shown into another room after supper, and
heard his grown-up daughter play, while Miss
Lottie, only ten or twelve years old, sang to
us, I really felt ashamed of myself to think I
had not in the morning faitli to believe that
God in his great mercy had in store such ex-
quisite happiness as I then and there enjoyed
while listening to that nnisic. The first piece
was called "Dear Heart;" and if you have
never heard it, please do not miss it when op-
portunity offers. The next piece was called
"The Holy Cit}-." We call it "Jerusalem"
for short. I shouldn't wonder if I enjoy mu-
sic rendered by childish voices, in a way that
I never shall and never can any other. And,
again, that second wind that I get in wheel-
riding gives me a zest, not only for a good
supper, but for music, painting, oratory, liter-
ature, or any thing else.

When we started for home the sun was but
little more than an hour high, and my special
errand to Lodi was to investigate the new oil-

IS!

(;i.i-:anix(;s in iu-;i-: cri;rrRi-;.

571

wiuks. Ton years a<j;(i or more lli.'y drilled
for .yjas, and found a stream large enouii:h to
lii^^ht the home of one of the owners, very fair-
ly. Some time last winter the pipes bej^an to
send out oil instead of s^as; and now a <^reat
derrick and immense pinn])ing-enij;ine are be-
intj put in place in order to j^atlier the oil.

We reached home about eight o'clock in the
e\ening. Our people were gathered out on
tlie lawn; an^Lwhen I began, with great ani-
mation, to tell about our wonderful trip and
its e;ijoymenis, somebody asked about my sore
throat and malarial chills. At first I did not
exactly understand; and when I said, "Why,
let me see! :cas I sick when I started away
this morning?" they burst into aloud laugh;
for, to tell the truth, I reached home in such
exuberant spirits I actually had forgotten my
experience of the fore part of the day; and I
am afraid, dear reader, I had forgotten, till
that moment, to give God the praise.

GROWING STRAWBERRY-PLANTS.

I have before explained many times why it
is that a well-rooted young plant in July is
worth ever so much more than one later. It
is a good deal like the old adage —

A .swarm of bees in May
Is worth a load of hay;
A swann of bees in June
Is worth a silver spoon;
A swami in July
Is not worth a fly.

But the way honey has been coming this
summer, and that, too, during the last part of
July, makes me inclined to think that a swarm
of bees in July might this season be worth
considerable alter all. Well, a strawberry-
plant put out in July may make two good
plants in August; four by September; eight by
October, and sixteen by November. If j-ou
have the plants in beds, and put on sashes, you
may make thirty-two by Christmas. Again,
if you keep oflF all runners, and just make the
plant grow big and stocky, you may get a
whole quart of berries from a plant that has
not been located even one year. For the rea-
sons just given, wft pics/i plant-rearing during
this month. In fact, we have been shipping
plants at a lively rate every day for several
days back. Now, how shall we manage to get
good stocky plants with the least expense and
trouble ? There is no better way to start them
than the one laid down in the strawberry-book.
Set out your plants in the .spring in good rich
ground well fined up, in rows four feet apart,
the plants being two feet apart in a row. By
July, if you have done your part with the ctil-
tivator and weeder and hoes, the plants will
be setting consideral)ly. Some .say, keep the
runners off till the plant gets strong; but this
would deprive you of your early plants.

If, then, we are going to make the most of
these early plants, how shall we manage to

kee]) on cultivating, stirring the soil, and keep-
ing out weeds? A problem besets us right
here that I have discussed many times in the.se
pages. The trouble is to find a man or boy
who will put the runners in place so as to have
them crowd each other as little as possible,
and at the same time not get out into the row
in the way of the cultivator. I haveex])lained
the thing over and over to men and boys whom
I considered bright and intelligent. I have
even made drawings on a board of what I
wanted, and told them to take the board along
down in the field; but I have been obliged to
give it up in despair. When I go to look over
the work I find runners rooted sticking right
straight out into the row where the cultivator
could not get tlirotigh without digging them
up. Then I would find three runners on one
side of a plant, crowding each other, and not
a runner at all on the other side. The plants
would be altogether too close for thrifty growth
in one spot, and great glaring vacancies where
they might and should have been put. Some
runners will grow a foot or more before mak-
ing a bud for the plant; others will grow three
or four inches. Now, the long ones should be
made to fill the vacant spots that need filling,
and let the short ones take the next best place.
I suppose nobody else loves strawberry-plants
as I do, and that is one reason why nobody
else gives the matter suflScient thought and at-
tention to make it a success.

Well, now, I have hit upon a little de\ace
that has enabled me to give my plants space in
very good shape, and at comparatively small
expense. When they V^egan to put down run-
ners on the Brandy wine and Wm. Belt rows, I
called two of my good boys, Carl and George.
We first stretched a string just as near the row
of plants as we could have it and still give
room inside the string to set all the runners.
Then the boys were given two trowels to
break up the crust between the plants where
the cultivator could not go, and make it all
mellow. Then they put the runners down,
placing a little dirt with the trowel over and
around the bud, making each plant go inside
the string. They thotight I might give them
a little more room by putting the string ftir-
ther away; but I told them we would put it
further off next time. They got them all in
nicely, leaving a space of five or six inches
between every two plants. Then they took a
hand-hoe and cultivated the ground up soft
and fine clear up to the string. The string
was then moved to the other side of the row,
or, rather, two strings were used, one on each
row of berries, leaving a path from 15 to 18
inches wide between the two strings. Here
the boys stood (or sat down) while putting-
the plants in place.

After the row was finished, of cotirse so
mtich walking on the path would make it hard
from the stamping. The boys therefore al-
ways went through with their wheel-hoe, and
fined it up again. After the boys had finished
their work, a nice shower of rain came up,
and every plant they had put down was soon
rooted, riglit where they put it. It was indeed
a pleasant sight to behold, especialh- as the
edge of the bed where the string was stretched

572

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug. 1.

was as straight as a line. A man could go in
with a horse (and, in fact, did go in with a
horse), and keep the space between the rows
beautifully fined up and keep down all weeds.

Well, we are just now doing the same thing
out in the field. A string is stretched each side
of the row just as close as the stage of growth
will allow. The plants were all made to go
inside of this string. Vacancies that can not
well be filled otherwise are fixed with the
transplanter.

You may say it is lots of trouble to put every
runner down by hand where you want a plant
to grow; but I believe it is less trouble than to
have your rows in certain places so wide that
scarcely a path is left. A man who has any
taste and skill at all will go into a nice straw-
berry-patch made as I have directed, and run
his fine-toothed cultivator clear up to the point
where the string was stretched, and will do
you a handsome job. If you are selling plants,
you get ever so much better roots to have the
ground evenly occupied. Now try it, and see
if my invention in strawberry -growing is not
worth something, even if said invention is not
(when you come right down to it) any thing
more than a ball of string that costs only a
nickel.

THE GAULT RASPBERRY.

Several have inquired why we have had so
little" to say of late about the everbearing rasp-
berry. Well, we stopped selling plants some
time ago because there was so much difficulty
in getting them to grow. We have in some
cases sent them the second or third time, and
even then failed. Another thing, all of the
blackcap raspberries on our grounds are aiTect-
ed more or less with anthracnose. Either of
these reasons would be sufficient, perhaps, to
explain why we no longer offer them for sale.
One or two have been unkind enough to pro-
nounce them a humbug. One of our clerks,
while dictating a letter to one of these friends,
remarked that, if the man- could see the Gault
raspberries in her mother's garden, he would
never think of calling it a swindle. Our two
boys, Frank and Fred, have just informed me
that they have succeeded excellently with
them at their homes. One or two have com-
plained that they do not bear a second crop,
and I believe this second crop sometimes fails
to show up until the plant gets to be strong
and vigorous. I think it is true, however,
that, like many other new things, it does not
seem adapted to all soils and all locations.
This we find true with all sorts of berries, es-
pecially strawberries. The Jessie does wonders
with one person, and wth the next it does not
seem to amount to any thing. Don't be in
haste to claim you have been swindled because
certain new fruits do not always do well on
your grounds.

THE CRANDAI^I^ CURRANT.
We have just received from H. L. Wise,
Berklc}' Springs, W. Va., some twdgs by mail,
loaded with Crandall currants, so large they
look more like cherries than any thing in the
currant line; and yet, from my own experience
with a single plant which I have in my gar-
den, I might claim / had been humbugged.

THE LOGAN BERRY.
This blackberry-raspberry has given us a
few berries this year about as large as a good-
sized blackberry, and as luscious, I should say,
as any red raspberry. It is a very strong grow-
er, and promises to be a desirable acquisition.
The strawberry -raspberry, however, has not
yet amounted to any thing in the way of fruit.
Our June-berries have this season given us a
good crop of most luscious berries. The birds
take such a shine to them, however, that we
had to fight for them after the birds discovered
where our group of bushes was.

POTATO-BUGS, PARIS GREEN, ETC.

During the severe hot weather along the
fore part of July, potato-bugs started out with
almost unprecedented vigor. Hundreds of
potato-growers found their vines almost strip-
ped before they knew there was a bug in the
fields. In fact, so great was the demand for
Paris green that we received the following let-
ter from one of the largest wholesale drug-
stores in Cleveland:

Gentlemen: — As \ve are sold out of Paris green, and
unable to procure in this city, and failed in our efforts
to get a portion from Buffalo, Detroit, Columbus, and
Toledo, we are in no po.sition to serve our friends for
this commodity. Strong, Cobb & Co.

Cleveland, July 18, 1897.

We at once sent our order to New York, and
got it filled promptly. Now, there is pretty
sure to be a chance to learn something useful
during all these extremes of temperature — or,
if you choose, unexpected happenings. When
we were sold otit of Paris green we tested a
great variety of "bug-powders," inchtding
slug-shot, buhach, hellebore, mineral ash, etc.
While each and all of them do some good,
there is nothing that approaches pure Paris
green applied with the bellows made for that
purpose; and there is nothing so sure and
quick-acting, and nothing so cheap. That is
my decision. A good many of these things
kill by contact, and, for that matter, common
road dust I have sometimes thought almost as
good for the potato-bug larvce, or slugs, as
many of the expensive remedies. When they
are greasy and shining, and covered with a
sort of sticky liquid, anj- sort of dust, if there
is enough of it to put on, is death to them. If
this is alkaline, like mineral ash, or pungent,
like slacked lime, perhaps it is somewhat bet-
ter; but I do not believe potatoes make good
progress when their foliage is covered with
dust. A dusting of Paris green so slight that
it can not be seen by the naked eye is death to
the bugs; and if it does not rain, this same fo-
liage is death to every insect that begins to
gnaw the leaves.

Now just a word about prices on Paris green.
It is all right for druggists to charge 10 cts. an
ounce for things that cost them only 10 cts. a
pound, where the article is called for only
once in a while, or where they have to furnish
a bottle and cork, or something of that sort;
but to charge 35 and 40 cts. a pound for Paris
green, when it may be had wholesale for 14 or
15 cts., is not Christianlike nor businesslike,
in my opinion. Paris green has come to be a
great staple. Farmers must have it, and they
can not afford to pay great j^rices. My 100-lb.

ISii

(;i,i':.\NiN(;s IN nv.i: cn/irui'

shipiiKMit cost iiK' in Now York l". iMs. ])rr Ih.,
;m(l 1 can easily put il in '+-II1. ])acka,L;(.'S and
sell Ihetn for 7 cts. each, or a wliolc onc-jiound
tin can for 'J'2 els., and wc can furnish ahso-
UUcly pure Paris iijreen at this ])rice. Now, I
am not nicnlioninij this to advertise it, but to
advise you to purchase it al your nearest drui,^-
store. Show this article to your druj^ri^isl, and
I think lie will at^ree to furnish it at these
prices, and I will tell him where to buy il if
lie wishes me to do so.

• In the Rural Xr7i.'-)'or/:cr I notice some
discussion as to why the bugs are worse on
some varieties of potatoes than on others. The
/xiiral says, and with much truth, that the
bugs pitch into the potatoes latest planted.
This is.tnie until you come to potatoes planted
in July, that come on after the worst of the
Inig season is over. I have seen acres of such
jwtatoes with not a bug to be found. By the
way, there is a good prospect that the great
raid of bugs is going to make potatoes scarce
and high-priced; at any rate, it will pay the
potato-grower to watch his vines closely. With
a good gun (or bellows), and plenty of good
Paris green, it is not a very expensive job to
keep the bvigs off entirely; and if you kill
them thoroughly one season you will find it
much easier to fight the tiattle the season af-
terward. One thing more:

There are certain varieties of potatoes that
are much less liable to be troubled with bugs,
and I believe it is, as a rule, the rank strong
growers, especially among the late potatoes.
Manum's Enormous and Craig are troubled
but little, comparatively. Years ago we no-
ticed that the Rural New-Yorker was not
troubled nearly as much by bugs as the other
kinds. I am sorry to say that the Thorough-
bred seems to be especially picked out by the
bugs. ' ,

MV GOOSEBERRY STORY.
Gooseberries have been rather slow .sale now
for two seasons ; yet we have sold quite a few
this summer at 0 cents a quart. I thought at
first this was a rather low price, and was ques-
tioning whether it paid, so I made a little in-
vestigation. Two or three years ago I thought
I should like to see what gooseberries would
do down on our very rich creek-bottom land,
where eVery- thing goes to vines and foliage.
So I moved seven or eight gooseberry-bushes
down there and watched for results. Last
year one of the bushes grew taller than my
head, and bore a pretty fair crop of berries.
This season it was once more loaded with ber-
ries. In fact, the tall Vnishes bent clear over
and rested on the ground. This bush has al-
ready given us a peck of berries, and there is
certainly another good peck to be picked. I
think the variety is the Houghton, but the
bushes are very tall and spreading. There
are no thorns on the bush or on the berries;
and this is a matter of some moment also,
because, where there are no thorns in the way,
you can hold a basket under the branches and
strip the berries right off. I think one could
easily strip off every berry in this way in half
an hour. In fact, it ought not to take more
than a quarter of an hour. But we will esti-
mate the crop from the one bush at half a

buslKl,_and the cost of picking at ■") cts. Tliat
leaves ?;') cts. profit for a single ero]) on one
gooseberry-bush. This seems almost incred-
ible; but there is the bush with half of its crop
remaining. B '.sides the ]rjck that has already
been j)icked 1 have helped my.self (juito liber-
ally, and advised my friends to do the same,
several times. They are just now ripe enough
to eat. I begin to think om reason why we
have not sold our goos-.-berri :s better is be-
cau.se we have not sold them cheap enough.
If a market can be found for them when can-
ned, there is a tremendous chance for a goose-
. berry-farm. They are not perishable ; and
there is .so little danger of brui.sing in handling,
that, when they are gathered green, they
might be sent to market in a bag; and the
bag, if it did not contain too many berries,
might be carried on horseback. Then there
is an opening for gooseberry jam and goose-
berry jelly . Can anybody tell us more about it ?

^rl . Root: — I should like to have Dr. Miller tell
whether .sweet clover doe.s as well if sown in the fall
as in the spring; also your opinion, and whether it has
to be sown every two years, as some claim.

Luce, Mich., July 2^." Wm. Craig.

I can only answer for nij-self, that I know
nothing about it ; but I know that the seed
that drops off in the fall comes up the follow-
ing spring. We have not sowed any sweet
clover aiiA-where for a good many years, and
we never sowed any along the fence-corners
and waste places, although we have been many
times charged with so doing. Will Dr. Miller
please answer ?

Special Notices in (he Line of Gardening, etc.

By A. I. Root.

A "DARLING" STRAWBERRY-PLANT FOR EVERY DOL-
LAR SENT US FOR GLEANINGS.

As we think the Darling is sure to please, and as we
want all of you to see one of our " new-process " pot-
ted strawberry-plants with the jadoo fiber, we have
decided to send one plant free, postpaid by mail, to
every one who sends a dollar for Gle.anings during
the month of August. Here is what the originator,
M. T, Thompson, Rio Vista, Va., says about the Dar-
ling: "If there ever was a berry that would produce
UXX) bushels per acre, it is this one. It is a seedling of
Michel's Early, and has fruited for us two years.
Price of plants^ $:^ per dozen."

standard strawberry-plants.

We are now prepared to furnish the old standard
varieties of layer plants at our old prices as follows:

10, lo cts.; 7.') cts. per 100; S6 per 1000, If wanted by
mail, add 5 cts. for 10, 2.1 cts. per 100, for po.stage. The
varieties that we now have ready to send out are Jes-
sie, Pai-ker Earle, Michel's Early, Warfield, Bubach,
Edgar Queen, and Haverland. Please notice we are
not yet prepared to .send these out in quantities during
the 'present month larger than 10 or perhaps 100 of
each kind; and if many orders should come in, yours
is likely to be delayed until they get to be better root-
ed. These older varieties can 'be potted by the new
process at a cost of one cent each extra, and a delay
of ten days or two weeks of time, for we shall pot the
old standard varieties only after they are ordered.

government agricultural report for 1896.

The Year-book for the Department of Agriculture
for lS9(i is the mo.st valuable publication I have ever
come across among the government reports. It is a
book of nearly 700 pages, profu.sely illustrated with
beautiful pictures touching upon niany points of in-
ten,se intere,st to farming, gardening, and other
branches of agriculture. Among the subjects treated

574

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug. 1.

are steam-apparatus for spraying; potash, its function
in agriculture; irrigation on "the ^reat plains, includ-
ing pictures of home-made windmills; seed-production
and seed-sa\'ing; migration of weeds; cow peas; im-
prcfvement of our native fruits; planting waste places;
asparagus-beetles, etc. Of this book 100,000 copies
have been printed. You can get one free by writing
to yonr Representative in Congress.

.'i.SPARAGUS-BEETLES.

For many years I have read about aspara^u.s-beetles,
in our various agricultural papers, but rejoiced that
we had never known au enemy to the asparagus in
our localit}' — beetle or any thing el.se. A few days
ago, ho-wever, one of the boys called my attention to
the fact that one of our asparagus-patches was literal-
ly stripped of its foliage by a bright handsome little
"bug and a .sort of worm that followed it. Thej' seemed
to work exactly like the potato-beetles, bugs and larvse
right along together. We brought out our gun for
du.sting dr>' Paris green, and both bugs and larvse
<iuickly "tumbled to the racket," as the boys .say.
Now, then, look out. Just as .soon as you see a dozen
of these bugs (and you may know them becau.se they
are such good-looking rascals) on your asparagus you
had better commence dusting, wherever you .see them,
■with Paris green. The government report I have
mentioned recommends dusting them with dry quick-
lime, which may answer every purpose. The above
report estimates that in York State, where asparagus
is largely grown, this beetle did <30,000 damage in ju.st
■one county. Chickens will eat them readilj' if the
T3u.shes are shaken or cut dowu so the chickens can
reach them. Whatever you do, do not let them go on
nntil your prospects for an asparagus crop next spring
are ruined.

TRANSPLANTING STRAW'BERRIES.

I have just made a discovery in connection with the
Tise of that jadoo fiber I spoke to j-ou about last month,
that I think is going to prove of very great value in
disseminating new and high-priced varieties of straw-
herries. All the vegetable-plants we send out are, as
you know, either once or twice transplanted. The
transplanting is mainly that we may get a mass of
good strong bu.shy roots. Now, I have for years felt
that it would be exceedingly desirable if we" could do
this with strawberry-plant.s, .say along in July and
August. A great many times where you .send them
out thus early there will be a large showy top and
comparatively" few roots. Of course, you can pull off
the greater part of the leaves, but thi.s" does not an.swer
the purpose as does transplanting. Now for my in-
vention:

Potted strawberr>'-plants are no new thing, as you
well know; but there have alwaj's been two troubles
with them: namely, they can not be sent by mail
because the nioistearth is too heavy: and if they are
not taken up and .shipped as soon as "the roots fill the
pot, they will .soon be pot-bound.

The jadoo fiber has proved to be a wonderful .suc-
cess. If the pots are packed with this material, the
roots of any strawberry-plant will, in an incredibly
short space "of time, perineate the whole pot; and the
jadoo fiber is .so light that, with a proper amount of
moisture, half a cent will pay the postage on a plant.
Another thing, it holds the moisture better than any
thing el.se I ever saw. ,So j^ou see we have succeeded
in .sending potted plant.s"by mail, including the .soil
that filled the pot. There is no need of sending the
pot along with the plants, because the jadoo fiber
holds together so well, especially when permeated by
the strawberr>'-roots, that it can not be ea.sily shaken
off. I have tumbled the plants around, and taken
them out of the pots dozens of times, even during the
hotte.st days, and have fully demon.strated that they
.stand any amount of handling without even having
the foliage droop.

Well, I have done pretty well, haven't I ? But the
mo,st important part of my di.scovery is yet to come.
It is this: Just as .soon as vour pots are full of roots,
sever them from the pareiit plant; slip them out of the
pots, and set them out in regular plant-beds spaced,
.say, three or four inches apart. They can be shaded
and watered in this plant-bed if neces.sary; but unless
the weather is .severely hot, I do not think shading
will be needed. In three or four days little white
roots will shoot out in every direction "from this ball
of jadoo fiber. In fact, .some of our little plants have
.sent out little white roots in such numbers that it
looks almost like the hairs on a frightened pu.s.sy cat;
and every gardener and florist, when he sees "these
new white roots, knows his plants are in the best pos-
sible condition, I need npt tell you that gur plant:

beds are made exceedingly rich, so that every thing
grows under high pres.sure when it .starts out.

Now, my dear friend, how much more do you sup-
pose such transplanted potted plants are worth than
the ordinan,' layer plants, especially for fall planting?
I am so anx"iou.s to have you see what thej* are like
that we will .send you one or more plants po.stpaid by
mail at the following prices:

Darling

Carrie

Eavlie -t . .
Nick Ohiiie
Marg-avet..
Marshall....
Biandvwini
Will. lielt...

10

100

«2 .50

1 7.5

1 75

1 ,50

1 00

40

.40

$3 .50

40

3 50

Any of these will
e 1 cent per plant
;ss for la3er plants.

All the varieties above, except Carrie, are perfect.
At the above prices we pay postage or express charges.
Where there is an express office near your home, we
prefer to send 50 or more by express.

CONVENTION NOTICE.

Mr. Editor:— The next annual convention of the United
States Bee-keepers' Union will be held Jin the main hall of Ca-
ton'a Business College, coi-ner of Main and Huron Sts.. Buffa-
lo, N. T., coraniencing at 10 o'clock a m., August 21th next, and
closing on the afternoon of the 26th.

Papers are to be read by W Z. Hutchinson R. K. Holter-
mann. E. Whitcomb, Hon. R. L Tavlor, Mrs. L. Harrison, R. C.
Aikin. G. M. Dooliftle. Dr. J. PH. Brown. Hon. Eugene Secor,
G W Bvodbeck. M. B. Holmes, A E. Manuni, E Kretchmer,
an ' P. H KIwood; to which will be added the President's Ad
dress; and perhaps the General Manager and the Secretary
mny have something of interest to present.

The programs are now printed and are in the hands of the
Secretary. There are six bee keepers' songs, with music, in
the program, and abundance iif time is allotted to the discus-
sion of all papers, and for the asking and answering of ques-
tions.

.\ny one not a member of the Union can have a program srnt
him by mail on receipt of 5 cents in stamps, by the Secretary.

Several of our well-known bee-keepers, such as A. I. Root,
Dr. Miller, S. T. Pettit, and others, who are not on the pro-
eiam, will be present to help make the convention interesting
and instnictive.

It U probable that suggestions will be made at this conven-
tion In the line of so amending the constitution of the Union
ns to lemove its objectionable features and add such other
provisions as mny seem desirable; and suggestions In this line
by those not able to be at the convention can be sent to the
Secretary, to be brought before it. Some suggestions have al-
ready been received by the Secretary, and others have been
made in the bee-papers

Those going to the convention should buy round-trip tickets
t'> the Grand Aniiv of the Republic encampment (not to the
United States bee-keepers' convention), which meets in Buffa-
lo during the !a.-t week of August. The G A. R. htive secured
a rate of one cent a mile each wav in the toriitorv of the Cen-
tral Passenger Coinmittfe. wbich is im-lnileil by Toronto. Can-
ada thence on a line to I'oit Huron. Mich : all of tlie southern
peninsula of Mich,; Thicago. P.'oiia. ami i^uincv. HI ; SI. Lou-
i-. .Mo.; Louisville, Ky.. and Pittsbnr '. Pa. The We->tern Pas-
senger Asso iation imd the Trunk Linf .Association make a
rate of one fare 'or i he round trip in their tenitory. to places
in the Centrnl Passenger Association, from which points the
fare will be one cent a mile earh way ; but tickets must be pur-
ch.ised to Buffalo from the starting-point. Inquire of .your
ticket or station ngcnf in a'l territory outside of those named
above for rates and the time the tickets are good for. for I
have been unable to learn the rates in -^nch tenitor.v. but pre-
sume they will be the same as those of the Western PassenL'er
and the 'Tnink Line Association ; but be sure to inquire ot your
ticket agent, as above suggested.

In the Central Passenger and Trunk Line territory, tickets
will be good going Aug. 21. 22. and 23; and, if vised at Buffalo,
will be good, returning, for M days.

Mr. O. L. Hershiser of Biilfrtlu, has charge ot arrangements
at Buffalo, and will attend to the rnatter of hotel rates. Mr. H.
writes: " I purpQse obtaining accommodations in private fam-
ilies for all beerkeepers who prefer ^uch to hotels " Members
of the Union can, learn in rogaid to hotel rates by applying to
the Secretary at, ti»e place of meeting. If known in time, ho-
tel rates will be given in the bee periodicals.

A. B. Mason-, Sec, Station B, Toledo, O.

The ann,ual' meefring of the Northern Illinois Bee keepers'
Association wilt be. held at the Court-house, in Freepoi t. 111.,
on Tue.sd^, August 17, 1897. All are cordially invited.

B. Ke.vnbpt, Sec, New Milford, 111.

FOR SALE==I40 Colonies Bees.

with fixtures up to date. Three hundred extra
hives. Al.so ten thou.sand pounds of honey— this sea-
son's crop. Part of honey is in one-pound sections
and remainder extracted, a"nd to be. Bargain for some

one. Yours fqr business,

ANTHONY OPP, Helena, Ark.

GI.lvANINGS IN HICK CI'LTrR

T<4HVV pi^TC^ES

ON

COLUMBIA BICYCLES

THE STANDARD OF THE WORLD.

1897 COLUrVlBIAS

The best Bicycles made,

1896 COLUMBIAS

Second oalj to 1S97 Models,

(897 HARTFORDS

Equal to most bicycles,

HARTFORDS

Pattern 2,

HARTFORrS

Pattern I,

HAR7FORDS

Patterns 5 and 6,

Reduced to
Reduced to
Reduced to
Reduced to
Reduced to
Reduced to

$75
60
SO
45
40
30

Nothing in the market approached the value of these bicycles at
the former prices; what are they now?

POPE MFG. CO., Hartford, Conn.

Catalog free from any Columbia dealer; by mail for a 2-c. stamp.

B. Hendrickson, Agent,

Medina, Ohio.

Are You Going to Buy

Apiarian Supplies or Bees?

If so. You W£

This is the only quality
right, and our '!>7 catalog describing them, and the

the Best.

offer. Our prices

management of bees, is yours for the asking.

We carry a large stock, and can ship promptly.
Freight is a l)ig con.sideration, often amounting to 20
per cent of the value of goods. I.et us quote you prices
on what you need, delivered at your station.

Freight Paid.

They will cost but a trifle more than others charge
at the factorj'. Our aim is to plea.se.

I. J. STRINOHA.M.
105 Park PI.,N. Y. City.

Qv^^^^v,/-wwN Either Golden or Imported, by

l|Zi^|-iC return mail. Untested, 75c:

U ^ ^ 1 1 Z^ ^ Tested, il . ; Breeders, «2.

'^•^•^^■'^^^'^^ W. H. LAWS, - Lavaca, Ark.

Don't Neglect Your Bees.

Bee-keeping may be made uniformly suc-
cessful by judicious feeding. It is just as im-
portant with bees as with other stock.

Success in feeding depends
verj- much on the feeder used.
I .1 When you have tried the

Boardmaii Atmospheric
Entrarice=fceder

you will be convinced of this.

For descriptive circulars and
price list, address

H. R. BOARDMAN, East Towasend, Ohio.

OITFFN W cents: three or more, -JO cents: dozen.
yUL,L,ll, ^5.50; tested voung. To cents.

J. B. CASE, Port Orange, Fla.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug. 1.

BUCKWHEAT .iND CRIMSON CLOVER.

The question is often a.sked, " How late can we sow
buckwheat, with a reasonable chance of getting a
crop of .seed?"' The best crop I ever raised was .sown
as late as the ].5th of Augn.st ; bvit, of course, much de-
pends upon how early we have a killing fro.st. You
can get blossoms for honey, probably, if sown any
time during this month. The best yields of seed are
from seed .sown in the fore part of Augn.st, if the frost
holds off. We have -still a good supply of seed in
stock.

Now is the time to sow crimson clover a'.I through
the North. It may winter all light if .sown a month
later; but the .sooner you get it in, the better. From
the amount of home-grown .seed that is offered us for
sale, I think it has been quite a success all through
Ohio during all this past season. Remember, a two-
bushel bag of buckwheat is now only $1.10; and a
two-bushel sack of crimson clover is only $5.50.

KIND WORDS FROM OUR CUSTOMERS.

STRAWBERRV-PL.VNTS BY M.A^IL, POTTED IN JADOO
FIBER.

Friend Root: — The Nick Ohmer strawberry-plants,
potted in jadoo fiber, came to hand by mail in splen-
did condition. I do not see why it .should not prove
to be an entire success. I .shall be glad to learn more
about it. I have an idea that plants potted in the
jadoo fiber will thrive much better. The weight is
certainlv many times less. C. N. Flansburgh.

Leslie; Mich., July 26.

Having lately purcha.sed your A B C of Bee Culture
I can not help writing to state my appreciation of the
work. It reads like a romance. ' You have a way of
simplifying facts whice attracts the eye and com-
mands the reader's attention. Perhaps I can pay you
no higher tribute than to say the reading of yourbook
is alone sufficient to give a novice the bee-fever.

Mrs. I^. E. R. lyAMBRIGGER.

Niobrara, Neb., June 23.

Mr. Root: — The .strawberry-plants came to-day in
perfect order, and are set out, and it is now pouring
down rain. I couldn't have received them at a better
time. They are splendid plants. With such high-
priced ^plants I did not expect extra ones; but the3'
were there. Many thanks for the same.

Nashville, Tenn., July 15. Joe \,. Cooper.

[My good friend, I did not know that our boys gave
extra's with the high-priced plants. Perhaps "it was a
mistake in your ca.se, or may be one of the plants was
small. I have thought best to mention it, so that
others might not expect us to send more strong plants
than w^e really advertise. — A. I. R.]

[The following comes to us on a postal card. What
do you think of it ?]

Millions of our farmers have been destroyed, soul
and body, by our legalized saloons and open harlot-
houses, and millions more are paralyzed by them so
they are worthless. And millions of homes are deso-
lated, and millions of acres are turned out or are not
half farmed. And .still our authorities force it on us
to rob and to murder our nation. H. H.\nsen.

Pa.sadena, Cal.

The New Weed Drawn Foundation.

This is a success. Don't take the statement of
any one el.se, but .send for samples and tr\- it
yourself. Pieces -! inches square, and running
about 11 feet per pound, are now being sent
out. PRICES:— ;5 pieces, 4xJ, 10c; by mail, 12c.
10 pieces, 2.5c; mail, :Wc. 24 pieces, 50c; mail,
fiOc. Half-pound packages at 75c with other
goods, or ilOc postpaid.
THE A. I. ROOT CO.. Medina, Ohio.

CHAS. ISRAEL & BROS.,

486. 488 & 490 Canal St., Corner Watts St., N. Y.
LIBEEAL HnNTCV WHOLESALE

ADVANCES n U IM ti I DEALEES i

MADE -AND— COMMISSION

OTJ MEECHANTS

BEESWAX, sr""

MENTS.

1875.

IF YOU WANT BEES

that will ju.st "roll" in the honey, and that are won-
derful red-clover workers, also gentle to handle, and
exceedingly hardy, then tr>- MOORE'S STRAIN
OF ITALIANS, the result of IS years of careful
breeding.

Warranted queens, 75 cts. each; ^^ for S2.00; per doz.,
$7.00; tested, $1.00; select tested, $1..50; select warrant-
ed, $1.00. Strong o-fiame nucleus, with warranted
queen, $2.50. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed.
Circular free. Those who have never dealt with me I
refer to A. I. Root, who has purchased of nie over 850
queens.

J. P. Moore, Morgan, Pendleton Co., Ky.

SEE THAT WINK ?

BEE SUPPLIES.

Root's Goods at Root's Prices.

Pouder's Honey-Jars and every
thing u.sed by bee-keepers. L,ow
freight rates ;' prompt service.

Catalog free.

WALTER S. POUDER,
62 Mass. .\ve., Indianapolis, Ind.

MUTH'S HONEY-EXTRACTOR.
SQUARE GJ-ASS HONEY-JARS,
ROOT'S GOODS AT ROOT'S PRICES.

Bee-keepers' Supplies in general, etc.,
etc. Send for our new catalog. "Prac-
tical Hints" will be mailed for 10 cts.
in stamps. Apply to

CHAS. F. MUTH & SON, Cincinnati, 0.

Fruit Packages of all Kinds,

Bee=keepers' Supplies.

0'

Order your supplies now
before the busy sea.son
catches you. Price li.st
free. Address

BERLIN FRUIT-BOX CO.,

B rl n Heights, Erie Co., Ohio.

untested Italian queens at 60c each.
Can furni.'-h one. two, and three frame nuclei.
A. I. Root Company's supplies. Send for 3()-
page catalog.

JOHN NEBEL & SON, High Hill. Mo.

Ital

• Ciiitynrtc: either golden beauties

tun V"^»'"3i or 3-banded imported
'^*' stock. Tested, 90c each; untested, .S5c
each; (i for S^IOO. One .sample queen to new customer,
.50c; breeder.s, $2.00 to y?..50 each. P. O. M. O. office,
I<avaca. E. A. SEELEY, Bloomer, Ark.

THE A. I. ROOT COS

Shipping-cases for Honey,

AT THEIR PRICES— THE FINEST MADE.

CASH FOR BEESWAX.

M. H. HUNT. Bell Branch, Hich.

W/ARRANTED Three and Five Banded Italian
'' Queens at 50 Cents each.

GEO. W. COOK. Spring Hill. Kan.

AGENTS'

Weekly eales pay
big money.

eiCYCLE

t MKEI>EI>.

iis l(i\v as $124.00.

Fully euaraiitei-d.

u[i ariprnvRi, direct froin our fnotary. ^

AI^PIJKi: CYCL.E CO.,Dept. 144 .Ciiicliuiati,0.

i

(W.]-:anin(,s ix nv.i: cn/rrRi"..

If You Want Queens

Bv Return Mail,

Bred in full colonics. Iiv.u the \xr_\ I'csl hoiicy-^atlier-
iiia: strains in America, crossed with drones honi a
different mother to avoid inbreeding, send in your
orders at once.

Tested,

Warranted purely ma'ed.

each $1.50.

each

.75.

«-2 d..z.

4 00.

1 doz.

7.00.

each

.65.

1-2 doz.

3.50.

■ 1 doz.

6.50.

vc catalof

i. Full

Send for "Tth .\nniial Dcscripti
of Bee-keepers' Siii>plics. .\(lcircss

W. W. GARY, Colrain, Mass.

Queens Given Away.

Gray Carniolans and (".olden Italians. We will give
a fine'te.sted queen (either race) to all customers or-
dering six untested queens, and a fine select tested
queen to all who order 12 untested at one time. The
queens griven away will be sent to customers in August.

Grade and prices of bees

Apr.. May.

July, Aug.,

and queens.

June.

Sept.

Untested queen

$ 75

f &

Tested queen

1 oO

1 2.5

Select tested queen.s

2.50

2 25

Best imported queens

.5 00

4 00

1 I.,. -frame nucleus, no queen...

7-')

.50

"2 L. -frame nuclei, no queen

1 .50

1 00

Full colonv of bees, no queen.

in new Dov'd hive

5 00

4 00

We guarantee our bees to be free from all diseases,
and to give entire .satisfaction. Descriptive price list
free.

F. A. Lockhart & Co.. Lake George, N. Y.

Dovetailed Hives,

Sections, Kxtractor.s, vSniokens,
and every thint; a bee-keeper
wants. Honest goods at close
honest prices, lio-paj^e cata-
log fn-e.

J. M. JENKINS, Wetumpka, Ala.
Single Tube — — — v

India Bicycle Tires.

Good ones, too, for

$5.00 Per Pair.

Including repair kit and i)iinii>. We have given
them a thcjrough test and find them well made and
durable.

THE A. I. ROOT CO., Medina. O.

I v^l, I4^..^^t I^"^ "•■"" ""^■'^■^ queens? the
Look nCre ! purest and be.st. If so, we
LrVV^IV liV.IV. • l^^^ prepared, by return
mail, to ship the H-band and golden Italian.s, and sil-
ver-gray Carniolans, unte.sted, warranted purely mat-
ed, for'iOc: te.sted. 75c: breeders. »2.2.5.

JUOGB B. Y. TERRAL & CO.. Cameron, Texas.

QUEENS BY RETURN MAIL.

Daughters of best imported queen mother, warrant-
ed purely mated to drones of imported .stock from a
different source: hence, a direct cross. 12 vears as a
honey-producer on a large scale has taught me what
good queens mean to the producer, as well as how to
rear them. Price of queens. .5()c each. .Safe delivery
and satisfaction, or monev refunded.

L. M. ROBEY, Worthington, W. Va.

Requeen, Requeen, Requeen.

Now is the time; queens are cheap.

Hest untested Italians, •5()i', ;(i.(K) per doz.; tested, 75c,
$!I.(X) per doz. These are " Shaw t|\ieens." Try them.
Kvery one knows they are good as the be.st. Orders
filled' by return mail, and satisfaction guaranteed,
J. W. K SHAW <£ CO..
UOREAUVILLE. LA.

Second=hand Bicycles in Trade for
Honey or Beeswax.

One lHi)5 Victor, 21-inch frame, M gear, Morgan &
Wright tires, in good running order, weight 28 lbs.,
$18.1)0. One ladies' Monarch, 'ill pattern, Morgan &
Wright tire.s, wood handle-bars, in good running order,
weight :« lbs., $1.5.00 One girl's wheel. 'iiO pattern, ■24-
inch wheels, cushion tires, S4.(H). Will take white
honey or beeswax at market quotations. I'uller par-
ticulars furnished upon application.

THE A. I. ROOT CO., Medina, Ohio.

For Sale.== Bees and Queens.

Queens, 50 cts.; nucleus, two-frame,
with queen, SI •50; one-frame, Sl.OO;
three-frame, $2.00.

Mrs. A. A. Simpson, Swarts, Pa.

RUBBER STAIWPS should be used by bee-keepers.
We make them at 5c per line. Ink-pad •2c extra.
L,ess than half price.

Climax Stamp Works. Box 300, Rus.sellville, Ala.

fll IPFM^ I li^'^'e 'jOO untested, 8 or 5 bander.s, -!.5c
yUL«L,no. each; tested 3-l)ander.s, 70c each. They
are fine large queens, and are free from all disea.ses.
Write for wholesale prices. M. O. office.

DANIEL VNURTH, Falmouth, Rush Co. Ind.

Texas Queens.

Dr. (ialhip says they are the be.st
he has" in his yard.
J. D. QIVENS, Lisbon, Texas.

Cfifi UNTE'TED QUEENS from imported Italian
D\J\f mothers. My queens produce gentle bees and
superior honey-gatherers. P'ifty cents each; Sli.OO per
dozen. How manv do vou want?

W. C. FkAZIER. Atlantic, Iowa.

GERMAN CARP WANTED.

KKX) this year's; 100 or more la.st year's. Prices
must be reasonable. Send offers to

DR. WM. MOERSHEL. Homestead, Iowa.

Carp to be shipped in August or September.

I have 50 black and mi.smated queens to sell for 2o
cents each; ten, to one address, $2.00.

C. G. M.4RSII, Belden. X. Y.

Wants and Exchange Department.

WANTED.— A location for a custom saw and feed
"' mill. W. S. Ammon, Reading, Pa.

change for Italian queens and nuclei.

J. P. Moore, Morgan, Ky.

W/ANTED.— To exchange UO colonies of bees, with
"' all fixtures belonging to a fir.st-class apiary, for
good honses and mules.

Anthony Opp, Helena, Ark.

\V ANTED.— To exchange So. Omaha lot, value $-)oO.
'' for gasoline-eng^ine, lathes, or other machini.st.s"
tool.s, comb or extracted honev, or bees in Hoffman
fraines. 'a. W. Di'dlev,

915 lyocust St., St. Louis, Mo.

578

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

BUY DIRECT

and pay but one profit.
;Our assortment is one
of the best and most
complete in

FRUIT and ORNAMEN-
TAL TREES, SHRUBS,

PLANTS, ROSES,
VINES, BULBS,SEEDS

Rarest new^, choicest old. Send for
our catalogue to-daj-; it tells it all; an
elegant book, 168 pages, magazine '
size, profusely illustrated, free.

Seeds, Plants ,Bulbs, Small Trees, etc. by
mail postpaid, safe arrival and satisfaction
guaranteed. Larger bv express or freight.
43d year. 33 Greenhouses. 1000 Acres'

STORRS & HARRISON CO.,

Box33l Painesville, Ohio.

Ajax
Bicycles.
Price only $35.

We have sold a large number of these
birycles, and they are giving universal sat-
isfaction. For instance, the following let-
ters will explain:

'The Ajax bicycle arrived Saturday in
good condition. It is entirely satisfactory
every respect It is a handsome and
3.v-runnitig wheel, and has the appear-
ance ot one put up for service.

Fkank Wright."
'• Laporte, Mich., June 28, 1897.

"The Ajax wheel. Model 3T, with b;ily
carrier (Kalamazoo) came all right, and ii is
really beit^ r than I expected; altlioutrli I
havf learned that when The A.I Root C<>.
say a thing is first-clabS it is as represented.
Thos. M. Todd."

Payson, Utah, July 8.

We have ?o mucli confidence in these
wheels that three of them have been an'l ;
now in use in the Root firm ; and E. R. Root
expects to make his bicycle-tour on one "f
these tlirongh the East this summer. Ti.ey
are up to date, have large tubing, wood le
versible handlebars. Morgan & W right dou
ble-tube or single-tube tires, with option of
gearing and option of height of frames, and
a choice of finish.

We will sell these wheels and take iu
trade beeswax or first-quality honey at mar-
ket prices. We have only a few in stock;
and after those we have on hand are gone
we wilt not dispose of more in trade.

A beautiful catalog, showing the-e
wheels up in full, sent on application.

THE A. I. ROOT CO.,
riedina, Ohio.

;0R SALE.— Large American fruit -c\
cheai'. EZKA G. Smith, Mancheste

,'%/%/^/^/<fc/^-^a.-V^>^/%/^^/%/^

HALF PRICE.

^

After June lOth we sell eggs from all our yards
'at HAiF PRICE ($1 perl.T). Eggs will be iri.m
I our best pens, and handled with the same c ire
I early orders receive. Our breeds:
Barred & White PL Rocks, Lt. Brahmas,

Langshans, Bf . Cochins, White Wyandots,

Brown & tuff Leghorns, Pekin Duckx.

, Our stock will surely please you; order m w.

POULTRY SUPPLIES.

We are America's Headquarters. Biggest

Stock, Lowest Prices, Quick Shipments.

Ntssly's P(juijTry Annual and catalogue of

Everything for the Poultry Yard'

if 80 6x9 pages, finely illustrated anc

or information. The book is free to all, but '

we request a 2c stamp for postage.

GEO. J. NISSLY, Saline, Mich.

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No Expense For Threshing.

There is a simple little machine on the market,
which can be had for $1.—, with farm right to use it.
This tool was named ■flail." but if it is called 'hur-
ricane.' the work will be easier. The farmer's
tim<» is nothing, and after threshing is finished, he
can buy a little "pocket whirligig" and build fence
Of course the prosressive farmer will not try to
compete with steam, either in threshing or fence
building. He uses the PAGE.

PAGE WOVEN WIRE FENCE CO., Adrian, Mich.

ONK /WAN WITH THE
UNION COMBINATION SAW

Can do the work of four men us-
ing hand t ols in Ripping, Cut-
ting off, Mitering, Rabbeting,
Grooving. Gaining. Dadoing,
Edging up, Jointing Stuff. Etc.
Full Line of Foot and Hand
Power Machinery. Sold on Trial.
Cntaloij Fire. l-24ei

Seneca Falls Mfg. Co.,
44 Water St. Seneca Falls. N. Y.

Read what J. I. Parent, of

Charlt m, N. F., says— "We cut
with one of your Combined Ma-
chines astwicter 50 chaff hives
with 7-inch cap, 100 honey-
racks, 500 broad frames, 3,000
honey boxes, and a grea deal
of other work. This winter we
have doubled the amount of
bee-hives, etc., to make, and we
expeet to do it all with this saw.
It will do all you say it will."
Catalogue and Price List free.
Address W. F. & JOHN BARNES, 545 Ruby Street,
Rockford, 111.

When more convenient, orders for Barnes' Foot-
Power Machinery may be sent to

THE A.I. ROOT CO., Medina, O.

TEIITS

PROCURED
PROMPTLY

I

■^ AT REASONABLE RATES

W 3y J. A. OSBORNE & CO.,

^H PATENT LAWYERS,

H 579 The Arcade, CLEVELAND, 0,

^^* CALL OR WRrTE. ADVICE FREE.

Please mention this paper

IS'.t

(U.i:anin(;s in bkk ci'i/ruR]<;

58.3

Contents of this Xnniber.

Apl.s Dorwit* riWHone.v Solil Near Home..

Culvei tN Notes. r.lWi Hon.v, Maiketiii;r ,

Clove . While, a Failure.... .WJ Hmiev. Se.ond Crop

Colonie-. HiL.' .iKM Mai k,'t>. Home . ..

Conil>~ lot- X,-\t S...i~,.M .Mis Nv ouiui.lfi'-^ Visit

Comiiii- i.'ii 11.. .!■(■. .-.y <>-,.iiini;,- ThouKhts

K«lit..|in .M..-ii,l..io I-..C. I'i.Tii,'. On.

Edifoi ill Kuilailoli'lila i.o,- !■ ,-. K'l.t .Uh

K.e<ltnj,' naok .vi, -., i i , . ,.,

Ki<iiiulati..ii New, Tested., .i'*. . i ' Ki.

Fiaiiie. H..lTiiiaii, '97 i.' > Nt'lnentin..

Kiv.l .Viuler-oii i;mii.,i I , N.^vv.

tilii.-.. c, Ki--I,tiinr vs. \v.,,ki-i~ iM Worker Cells

United States Bee=keepers' Union.

Organi/t^ii to ailvaiice the pursuit of Apiculture; to
promote the iiUere.sts of bee-keepers; to protect
it.s members; to prevent llie adulteration
of honey: and to pro.secute the dis-
honest commi.ssion-man.

Membership Fee-$i.OO Per Annum.

ii.x<>tMif 1 1-. ■ C^iiiiiniit tee.

President — Geokgk \V. York.

Vice-Pres.— E. Whitcomb.
Secretary— Dr. A. B. Mason,

Station B, Toledo, Ohio.
Board of Directors.
E. R. Root. E. Whitcomb, W. Z. Hutchinson,
E. T. Abbott, Dr. C. C. INIillkr, C. P. Dadant.

Cleiierfil Xlaiiui^er unci Treasurer:

EroENE Secor, Forest City, Iowa.

Next Annual Meeting at Buffalo, N. Y., Aug. 24—
26, 1897.

Honey Column.

Chicago. — The offerings of comb honey are in ex-
ce.ss of the demand, which of cour.se is quite limited at
this season of the year. The receipts al.so con.sist of
small lots, it being the idea of .some shippers to feel of
the market by .'■ending a little quantity and waiting
for re.sults. Then, again, others liave jiist got a little
ready, and .sent that pending the time when larger
con.signments will go. As a rule, in large markets,
small consignments will not .sell as readily, nor for as
much money, as a large, even-running 'lot. Fancy
white comb'commands 12c; No. 1, 10(g#ll; no dark of-
fered; extracted white, .5(a B; amber, 4^."); beeswax, 2(i
(0,27. R. A. Burnett & Co.,

Aug. 7. 163 South Water St., Chicago, 111.

Milwaukee.- There are no special features of in-
terest to bring out prominently regarding this market
for honey. The supply is quite good — .some old crop
and some new. Have already received both of the
extracted and comb. The demand is very small ju.st
now, although we are quite contident later the trade
will be good, and prove a proper market for your
shipments. Can now quote 1-lb. sections of white" No.
1, at 12(5,13; No. 2, 8^10; dark, "(a 10; extracted in bar-
rels and kegs, white, 5@6; dark, Afqo; beeswax, :S^27.
A. V. Bishop & Co.,

Aug. 7. Milwaukee, Wis.

New York.— There is some demand for new-crop
white, and some lots received sold at 10^12. Prices
are not settled, and this is not a criterion of our mar-
ket, which actually does not open up until about Sep-
tember l.'-t. F:xtracted — market quiet and easy, with
large arrivals from the South and California. We
quote California light amber at 4^(ai4^; California
white, 5(a;.55^; Southern. .TOra.V) per gallon, according
to quality. Beeswax without cliange.

HiLDRKTH Bros. & Segelken,

Aug. 9. 120-122 W. Broadway, N. Y.

Boston.— New honey is coming very .slowly as yet,
but as the demand is light there is amjjle supply.
Verj' little old here. We quote our market on lancv
white at 13; No. 1 comb at Ufa 12: no .sale or inquiry
for any dark. F^xtracted verv light demand — price's
for white, H(a,7; light amber, .5^0; beeswax, 27.

Blake, Scott & Lee,

Aug. 7. Boston, Mass.

-St. T.,oir
11(.. Ill-: n
.■)(.i.">', ; air
2-l;<-li,.i,x
24,(HH1 ll.v.

-Fancy white comb. l2(ii.V2'/i: No. I white,

■r 'M.f 101 ,; dark, r>CwH]4; extracted white,

I' I'.-: (lark, 3'/if'."4; beeswax, prime,

' J ' siiKc our last quotations, one car,

at above quotations. With

present prices on sugar, think there should be a good
demand lorextiacted honey.

Westcott Commission Co.,
Aug. St. 213 Market St., St. I.ouis, Mo.

Cleveland.— Very little newhoney'in the market.
The demand for new honey this past week was fairly
well this early in the season. No demand for old
honey whatever. Fancy white, 12^2® 13; No. 1 white,
ll(ai2; white extracted, (i(a,7.

A. B. Williams & Co.,

Aug. 10. 80-82 Broadway, Cleveland, Ohio.

Philadelimiia.— Extracted honey arriving freely;
al.so .some very nice comb. Honey-buyers are slow to
take hold, as they are looking for low prices, and are
holding back fo'r large arrivals later on. We quote
No. 1 comb white, 10; fancy comb, 11(512; exti acted
amlier, 4; white extracted, .5^5^. We are producers
of honey, and do not handle on commi.ssion.

Wm. A. Selser,

Aug. il. 10 Vine St., Philadelphia, Pa.

Detroit.— White comb honey 10@12; very little dark
offered; extracted white, 5(§o^. Beeswax, 2.5(a2ti.
Aug. 10. M. H. Hunt, Bell Branch, Mich.

Cincinnati.— There is a fair demand for choice
white comb honey at 11@13, with a good supply.
There is a very good demand for extracted honey at
3i/^@(), according to quality. We have, perhaps, never
dispo.sed of as much honey at this tin;e of year as we
did this season. Demand'is fair for bee:- wax at 20(si'2.')
for good to choice yellow, with a fair supply.

Chas. h\ MuTH & Son,

Aug. 10. Cincinnati, O.

For Sale. — A lot of good extracted clover honey in
(iO-lb. cans. Jno. A. Thornton, Lima, Ills.

Wanted. — To buy quantity lots of fancy comb hon-
ey in non-drip ca.ses. B. Walker, Evait, Mich.

For vSale. — Fancy extracted in ()0-lb. cans, and fan-
cy comb (I)anzv .sections) mangrove honey in 30-lb.
cases. Cash offers wanted, f. o. b. here.

H. Price Willl-vms. Miami, Florida.

0

nnpnc fined by return mail for the choicest
•*'-'^»^»-' untested Italian queens at (iOc each.
Can furnish one, two, and three frame nuclei.
A. I. Root Company's sui'I'lies. Send for SB-
page catalog.

JOHN NfcBEL & SON. High Hill, Mo.

ni IFPMQ I ^^^'^ •"'•J*' unte.sted, 3 or o banders, 4oc
V*-"-'^*^*-'* each; te.sted 3-banders, 70c each. They
are fine large queens, and are free from all diseases.
Write for wholesale prices. M. O. office.

DANIEL WURTH, Falmuuth, Rush Co., Ind.

THE A. I. ROOT COS

Shipping-cases for Honey,

AT THEIR PRICES—THE FINEST MADE.
CASH F(iR l;KKSW \\.

Al. H. HUNT, Bell Branch. Hich.

I _ I U _ _ I Do vou need queens? the
I OOk n^rC ! purest and best. If so, we
IwUUIV IlVrl W . ^^^g prepared, by return
mail, to ship the 3-band and golden Italians, and sil-
ver-gray Carniolans. unte.sted, warranted purely mat-
ed, tor .50c; tested, 7-')c: breeders, 52.2."}.

JUDGE E Y.TEkRAL& CO., Cameron, Texas.

Fifty Cents Each.

My new (1.S07) book on queen-rearing,
giving a method for rearing queens in a
brood-chamber while the queen is pres-
ent, will be mailed free to all who pur-
cli.Tse <|iieeiis.

Henry Alley, = Wenham, Mass.

Tested

Adel

Queens.

584

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug. 15.

A Tested Queen and the Review for $1.50,

I have a large number of nuclei containing fine tested Italian queens of this year's rearing, and have
decided to use them in helping to build up the circulation of the Review ; hence offer a queen and the Review
one year to ne7u subscribers for only 51. .lO, Review alone, $1.00; queen alone, $1.00. If several queens are want-
ed, write, and the price will be made according to the number. As a rule, orders are filled bv return mail, and
there is never a delay of more than three or four days, and that on large orders.

W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint, Mich.

Honey Leaflet

Dr. C. C. Miller.

Why honey is more wholesome than

cane sugar.
Honey as an article of diet; honey

cooking recipes.

This leaflet is written for the benefit of consvimers,
and is put out at an extremely low price so that hon-
ev-producers mav distribute "them free to their cus-
tomers. Prices: lO, .5c; 100, 20c: -tOO, 7oc, all po.stpaid;
1000, 7.5c, carriage extra.

The A. I. Root Co., Medina, O.

Philadelphia Office of

THE A. I. ROOT CO.,
10 Vine St., Philadelphia, Penn.

Now is the time to order

Shipping = cases. Winter Cases,
Chaff Division-boards, etc., etc.

Order from catalog ; prices are same
as from factory.

Shipping=cases.

Immense stock of the popular NON-DRIP SHIPPING-OASES

now on hand. All orders filled by return freight now.

JOS. NYSEWANDER, Des Moines, Iowa.

PRICES OF

Bingham Perfect Bee=smokers and Honey=knives.

Smoke Engine ('''•'e',^rMal?e°'") ^-in

Doctor '. 3^-

Conqueror 3-i

Large 2!;-i

Plain 2-i

L,ittle Wonder i wt. 10 oz. ) 2-i

Honej'-knife

each, bv mail

Doz. 113.00 ;

9.00:

6.50 ;

5.00 ;

2-iii. '• " -1.75;

2-in. •• " 4..50;

" 6.00;

Bingham Sinokers have all the new improvements
Smoker or Knife, look up its record and pedigree.

ONE-HALF CENT FOR A MONTH.

15 vears. I was always pleased with
its workings, but thinking I would need a new one this summpr I write for
circular. I do not think the 4-inch Smoke Engine too large.
Januarv- 27, 1897. Truly, W. H. Eagerty, Cuba, Kansas.

FIFTEEN YEARS FDR A DOLLAR ;

Dear Sir:— Have u.sed the Conqueroi

Bingham & Hethering-

lon I'ncapping-

knife.

T. F. BINQHAH, Farwell, flichigan.

4 Months' Trial Trip for 25c.

The weekly American Bee Journal would be a great help to you
in your work with the bees. Better have it the last four months
of 1897 for only 25 cents, if you are not already a subscriber.

The Buffalo Convention Report "'''' ^^ published in the Bee journal /« /«//, right after the meeting, be-
ginning early in September. That report alone will be worth manj'
times the 25 cts. Send for free .sample copy, anywaj'. Address

GEO. W. YORK & CO., 118 Michigan St., Chicago, III.

'JOURNAIJ
• DELVOT

•To -Bel
•andHoNEY'

'MD HOME.

♦INTE-f^ESTi-

hedyTHE^l^OO-fCo.

perVear ^® ^Medina- Ohio-

Vol. XXV.

AUG. 15, 1897.

No. 16.

Gleanings looks very neat in her new suit.
Easier to read too.

\ViKSB.\DEN is where the big convention of
German bee-keepers will be. Wish I could
be there!

Alfred ArsTix, England's poet laureate,
is a member of the Kent Bee-keepers' Associ-
ation— not an honorary member, but pays his
subscription.

Ants in hives. M. Guilleminot, in LWpi-
culteiir, saN's he is successful in getting rid of
ants by first removing what he can of their
nests, then sprinkling well with finely crush-
ed soot.

Did vou ever notice that, in enlarging
the brood-nest, the queen often lays first on
the side of a fresh comb furthest from the
brood-nest? I wonder why. [I never no-
ticed it. — Ed.]

To THE QUESTION, whether it is possible
and desirable to increase the length of tongue
in our bees, nearly all repliers in A. B.J.
agree as to desirability, and a large majority
believe it possible.

The Belgi.vn government has issued an
order that all railway embankments shall be
covered with honey-plants. — Bieneu - / 'ater.
May be that will happen here, if government
runs the railroads.

Bvron W.vlker is right aljout " even thick-
ness of combs." The fact is, I'm so iTsed to
thinking of separators being used that I never
thought of the great unevenness there might
be without them. He's right, too, in think-
ing there may be too great econom}- of words
in describing grades.

You .\RE right, I think, Mr. Editor, p. 550,
in thinking the bees would not have so readi-
ly cajjped over that honey if I had taken away
all the brood-frames, lea\ ing only full frames
of honey; but there was no " putting-in of
the frames of foundation in alternation," as
you mention. It was frames of brood alter-
nated with frames of honey.

In reply to Mr. Craig's question, p. 57.'), I
think fall is better than spring for sowing

sweet clover, and it most surely must be sown
or self-sown every two years, for, like a pars-
nip, it grows one year without blooming,
blooms the next year, then dies root and
branch. So if bloom is wanted every year,
seed must be sown or self-sown every year.

Prop. Cook favors a return to the old plan
of having a few bees on ever}- farm, rather
than large apiaries in the hands of specialists.
— Rural Califoniian. Which may and may
not be all right if every farmer would keep
bees. But if all the specialists were killed off,
would it at all increase tlie number of farmers
who keep be?s ?

M.\NV TH.\NKS, friend A. I., for giving fits
to the electrical thieves that are worse than
pickpockets, and especiall}- to their aiders and
abettors, the religious press. Don't let up on
the latter till they cease to be partners in
crime. [Doctor, suppos? you tell them the
plain truth. We will furnish you all the
marked sample copies you want. Perhaps a
word from vou woidd have more weight than
from A. I. R.— Ed.]

The Argentine Republic, as reported by
A. Michaut in Apiciiltcur, is a paradise for
bee-keepers — no failures from drought or
moisture (except once in 12 or 15 years grass-
hoppers allow a qiiarter crop); no foul brood
or other disease ; no moth ; abundant harvest
for three months in the va.st alfalfa fields, and
an average yield of 75 lbs. a colon)- at .S cts. a
pound, and 8>< lbs. wax at 20 cts. Perhaps
Prof. Bruner will tell us about it.

Sheep are good to keep down grass in an
apiar\-, but they move hives on their stands
more than cows or horses. [I am sure your
experience is different from that of Vernon
Burt and the rest of us. Whenever a horse is
stung in the vicinity of our apiary, there is
usually a fracas, and a lively one too. The
last experience our Meg had at our home api-
ary was when she kicked over tw-o hives and
had a nmaway general!}-. Say, doctor, do
your sheep kick ? — Ed.]

Rev. M. M.\hin, D. D., has observed close-
ly, and never found bees working on strawber-
ry-bloom worth mentioning till this year ; but
tiiis year they worked as freely on it as on clo-
ver. ' He thinks an unusually damp and cool
spring accounts for it. [Two or three years
ago a few insisted that bees never work on

586

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug. 15.

strawberries. Others stated just as emphati-
cally that they did. The truth of the matter
is, some years bees do visit strawberry-blos-
soms, and some years they do not. — Ed. ]

GivASS COVERS for hives seem to have gone
•out of use at Medina ; but at least two corre-
spondents of the Briiish B.J. like them after
four years' trial. [Glass covers ! I hardly
know to what you refer unless you mean two
that we used during winter, sealed down over
the brood-nest, and covered with packing for
experimental purposes. The result of the ex-
periment that season seemed to show that
bees did better under absorbents than under
sealed covers. The glass was simply a matter
of convenience. — Ed.]

C. P. DadanT says, in American Bee Jour-
nal, " Why two Unions? Can't we lay aside
all disputes and come together ? I belong to
both, and am %villing to help both; but how
much stronger we should be if we stood to-
gether as one man ! " Vous avez raison, mon
cher ami. [Just so ; and I believe that nine-
tenths of both organizations are wth friend
Dadant. Amalgamation is not given up by
any means ; and I hope the new constitution,
at the next convention in Buffalo, may be so
worded as to suit the most fastidious. — Ed.]

Sweet clover, it has been said, Avill drive
out flies if the stalks are hung up in a house.
Big bunches are hung in our honey- room, and
the flies seem to enjoy roosting on it. [I do
not see how sweet clover could drive flies out
of the house ; but I can readily imagine how
the flies would like to roost on it. But why
have flies in the honey-room at all ? Why not
have screens and screen doors ? If you send
one of your women-folks out to the house
properly screened (house screened, not the
woman), I will warrant she will bat the flies
to death in very short order. I judge your
women-folks by ours, for tliev are sure death
to flies.— Ed.]

Honey is quoted by the gallon, p. 547, in
the New York quotations. Wouldn't it be just
as well to have nothing'but pounds ? [When
honey is quoted by the gallon it usually means
southern honey, or an inferior quality, for
such honey usually sells in the South by the
gallon. I believe wth you that it would be
better if it could always be sold by the pound,
for on that plan the producer is paid just as
much for thick honey as for thin. Or, to look
at it in another way, a premium is put upon
thick honey — the only kind that ought to be
put on the market. — Ed.]

I don't wonder, Ernest, that you have
come to the conclusion that you want all your
queens clipped. So far as looks are concern-
ed, it need make but little difference. Cut
the big wing on one side, leaving the little
one intact, and you'll have to look pretty
closely to see that a queen is clipped. [Yes,
I am thoroughly converted to your way of
looking at the matter. Say, doctor, is it
wrong for one to change his mind ? or should
he stick and hang to his originally published
opinion, right or wrong? There are some
people I know, and editors too, who appear to
feel that the latter policy' is the better one.

As for myself, even if it is a little humiliating
once in a while, I expect to right aboiit face
just as soon as I know that the other fellow is
right and I wrong. I really do not mean to
give anybody a rap on the head ; but it would
be better for bee culture if there were more
who are willing to change front. — After read-
ing the foregoing it sounded very "goody-
goody" — a little too much so, perphaps.
Can't help it. I believe in the doctrine of
conversion from the error of one's ways. —
Ed.]

Is THE ABILITY to build comb inborn, or do
the young bees learn it from the older ones ?
Kokevnikow, a Russian, secured a lot of
young bees that could never have seen comb
built, and they made a finished job of comb-
building the first time trying. — Bienen-Vaier.
[Exactly. The young bees will build just as
good combs as the older bees, just the same
as young cats and dogs can swim as well as
old cats and dogs. The puppy spaniel that I
had swam just as well the first day I threw
him into the water as he did on other days
months afterward when he swam out into tlie
lake for his own pleasure after blocks of wood
had been thrown out for him to bring- in.^
Ed.]

Thick top-bars and '4 -inch bee-space do
well as regards burr-combs; but brace-combs
between top-bars are plentiful. [As a general
rule, there are comparatively few burr-combs
over thick top-bars; and there are practically
none when the spaces between them are %
inch. But our friends and patrons do not
seem to like to have the top-bars quite as wide
as you do, and accordingly there are occasion-
ally burr-combs as well as brace-combs. There
is a great difference in colonies. We have one
at our out-yard that sprinkled the burr and
brace combs in pretty thickly between the sets
of extracting-supers, but they are as one in
five hundred. It is the exception that proves
the rule. — Ed.]

Almost surely, Mr. Editor, you are right
in thinking your home apiary overstocked
with 300 colonies and nuclei; but a compari-
son with the out-yard doesn't prove it, for a
like comparison of my home apiary with the
north apiary would prove the first overstocked,
although the two are about equal. A short
distance often makes a big difference. [What
you say is true. During the early part of the
honey-flow I was called to hive a swarm half
a mile from our home yard. I then observed
that our neighbor's bees, some two or three
colonies, while only half a mile away, had
about three times as much honey per hive as
colonies of equal strenglh in our large home
apiary. This led me to believe that two
things were true: First, that the home yard
was overstocked ; second, that bees do not
usually fly much over half a mile in quest of
stores ; and it is only when they can not get
honey within this range that they will go
further. So long as there is a little to be had
near home, so long are they content with
that little. But, "all the samee," I do not
believe it is wise to put out-apiaries much
nearer than two miles. — Ed.]

I

lSi)7

GLKANIXGS IN BIvE CULTURE.

587

Ki(um\r. r.i.icosE i\ cmcAco.

The IM.in Proposed on P.igcs 554, 555, Iiniiracticn-
lilc ; the Legal Stains of the Question.

nv HERMAN K. MOORK.

Mr. k'ooL- — In regard to your plan to have
Mr. \V. A. Selser, of riiiladelphia, make anal-
yses of samples of suspected honey, it would
not be best, as %ve could not use his evidence
here in our courts without i^eat expense in
brin,^ng him liere to testify in person. No
other motle of testimony would be satisfacto-
ry. The analyses must l)e made by some
chemist near by, or in Chicago.

One thing to be remembered is, that there
would be considerable expense connected with
prosecuting these honey -mixers here in Chi-
cago. It would be the best place on earth to
make such a fight if made by one of our Bee-
keepers' Unions, because the best advertised;
and any action here would be at once commu-
nicated to the whole world of bee-keepers in
all lands.

We must remember who are our foes here
in the outset. I inclose a clipping from a
Chicago paper about the Glucose Trust. A
new incorporation of the G. T. has just been
made in New Jersey, vdi\\ |;4<), 000,000 capital
stock. These people are pu.shing their Inisi-
n ess here in Chicago, as I believe |1, 000, 000
worth a year of their products is consumed
and handled through this city in a year. They
would undoubtedly fight us tooth and nail.
Their first fight would be to furnish unlimited
money to hire the best lawyers in Chicago to
defend any one arrested for mixing honey
with glucose, and to pay their fines if con-
victed. If the bee-keepers desire to push this
matter it would be necessary to provide not
less than JIOOO in money at the start to pay
necessarj- expenses. It would be necessary to
retain, to aid in the prosecution of offenders,
one of the best lawyers in Chicago — one whose
name would carry prestige in the courts and
before the people. To retain such a lawyer a
liberal fee would be necessarj-.

I should like to see a decisive move made
against the works (glucose) of the enemy;
but it should be done in the proper manner,
and with a force commensurate with the
wealth and fighting ciualities of the said ene-
my, or it had best be left alone. I should be
glad to hear from Mr. York, as he is here
among them, and knows the conditions as
well as or better than I.

I will say, for the benefit of those who know
me personally, that, though I am a lawyer, I
am not in a position to represent the Bee-
keepers' Union in such a prosecution, and
have no thoughts of myself in the above re-
marks, though I should be glad to give them
the benefit of any knowledge or experience I
may have in the premises.

Chicago, 111., Aug. 4.

[From your statement of the case it looks
almost as if we were helpless. Although I am
not a lawyer, nor the son of one, let us exam-
ine the matter a little from another point, for
I feel as if we could not give it up. How will

this do? Employ Mr. Selser to analyze two
dozen sam])les of extracted honey bought in
the open market in Chicago. Su])pose he
finds one dozen of them to be adulterated.
Would not this, coming from the Union, be
.sufficient evidence to induce the prosecuting
attorney or the food connnissioners of your
State to bestir themselves a little, especially if
the General Manager kept on dinging at
them ? Why, in the name or the good vState
of Illinois, is it necessary for the Union or any
organization made up of private persons to
defray the expense of prosecution that lightly
belongs to the State ? Ohio has an energetic
food commissioner, and I have no douVjt he
had a constituency back of him who prodded
him up to a sense of his duty ; and those of
us who live in this State know that he has
made the food-adulterators fear and tremble.
He even went so far that some of our "good
people " actually began to protest, and they
fairly begged him to "let up" on the poor
persecuted mixers. The Union must not of
itself assume the expense of prosecutions ;
but can we not give the Illinois State Food
Commissioner, or whoever that functionary is,
a little " waking up " ?

It is too bad that the liquor element and the
food-adulterators have got matters into such
shape that it is hard to secvire conviction ; but
the good people of our land must wake up, for
the other side certainly are not asleep. Glu-
cose and whisky, and all other enemies of the
human stomach, must not triumph over right.
—Ed.]

GLUCOSE, AGAIN.

BY R. M'KNIGHT.

I am surprised, Mr. Editor, that you too
look upon glucose as vile stuff. You say,
"The article that is ordinarily used for pur-
poses of adulteration is hardly fit to put into
the stomach of a pig, let alone that of a hu-
man being." I take it that the statement
used in the above paragraph covers all arti-
cles " ordinarily used for the purposes of adul-
teration." In this you are certainly mistaken.
Whisky, I believe, is usually adulterated with
water; therefore water is unfit to put into the
stomach of a pig. Coffee is usually adulter-
ated with chickory, therefore chickory is vile
stuff, unfit to be used by a human being.
Mustard is adulterated with flour — your logic
proves flour vile stuff. The sparkling diamond
is chemically identical with the somber char-
coal, so it will be in order for Cecil Rhodes
and other diamond kings to denounce char-
coal as vile .stuff, and its producers scoundrels.
Now that there is a large factory at Niagara
Falls for manufacturing diamonds out of char-
coal, all these adulterants are, I contend, le-
gitimate articles of commerce, and their pro-
duction is neither a fraud nor a .sin. The
fraud \:onsists in mixing them with articles of
a higher commercial value than themselves,
and selling the mixed article for what it is not.
The onlv proof you furnish that glucose is
vile stuff is that' it nauseated vou once while

588

GIvEANINGvS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug. 15.

sampling honey mixed with it, and left you
afflicted with ' ' a horribl}- nasty taste ' ' that
clung to you for days. I have known people
nauseated for daj-s from sampling butter at a
show-fair where all the butter was considered
good. It is unfortunate that this article is be-
lieved to be largely used in adulterating honey
in the United States. The practice is a fraud
that ought to be stamped out, and I am pleas-
ed to learn that 3-ou are making progress in
that direction. I believe that glucose, when
properly refined, is not detrimental to health,
and I am slow to believe that those who are
engaged in its production are scoundrels. It
is an extensive industry in your country.
There is a line of steamboats running from
Gladstone to this port that bring in tens of
thousands of barrels of this "stuff" during
the summer, and as man}- bags of grape sugar
made from the same source. This is all
through freight going to Britain and Europe.
If it is used only as an adulterant the fraud
must be widespread. One thing is certain —
bee-keepers can not stop its i^roduction by
calling it, and those engaged in producing it,
ugly names. Perhaps your -oeople have great-
er reason to feel sore over this matter. Honey
adulteration is not practiced here to any ap-
preciable extent. Out of several hundred
samples analyzed by the Dominion chemist
last year, only twelve were found to be adul-
terated.

Owen Sound, Can.

[In your first quotation you wholl}- misun-
derstood me. The quoted sentence standing
by itself might admit of the interpretation
that 3'ou have given it; but when placed in
connection with the other sentences it will be
seen to convey quite a different impression.
"The article (namely, glucose) that is ordi-
narily used for purposes of adulteration is
hardly fit to put into the stomach of a pig. ' '
I have reproduced the quotation, but have put
in parenthesis the exact meaning I intended
to convey. Your argument is all for naught.

You still fail to furnish one iota of proof
to the effect that glucose is a legitimate article
of commerce. If you will show me one legit-
imate use to which glucose is put, outside of
its use as an adulterant, I will give you a
chromo. It is possible that it is used in the
manufacture of liquors; if so, it should be
classed along with them. — Ed.]

MARKETING HONEY.

The Problem of Candied Honey ; the Policy of Re-
placing Candied Honey with Liquid, Con-
demned ; Some Valuable Hints.

BY. J. A. BUCHANAN.

I believe I stated some time ago that I
would have a short talk on this subject. It is
one that is continually bobbing up. Articles
of interest embracing many facts and some
theory have been appearing in Gi,E.\nings
for some time, especially the talks by Mr.
R. C. Aikin. It is true, that bee-keepers who
produce alfalfa, basswood, and other kinds

which soon granulate, will ever have trouble
unless a way shall be discovered to prevent
candying.

We have handled immense quantities of al-
falfa honey, but have given it up on account
of its ready disposition to candy. Mr. Aikin's
si;ggestion to put up the honey in small cans
of 1, ,3, or 5 lb. sizes, and retail or wholesale
in this way, letting it candy when it may, de-
pending on the printed instructions as a means
of information and education whereby the
consimier may learn to liquef}- his own honey,
will do with only a very few people, as I test-
ed this very plan some years ago.

Some four or five years ago I visited grocers
in different towns and cities, on the hunt for
bargains in honey that had been put up this
way which had stuck on their hands, and, be-
ing candied, it was not wanted, but looked
upon with suspicion by both grocer and buy-
ers. I found in one store several hundred .S-lb.
cans of candied white-clover honey, and
bought the lot at 5 cts. per can, and the gro-
cer was glad to get it out of the way. This
honey was labeled with plain directions for
restoring to the liquid form. It is surprising
how few persons there are who will read in-
structions in the management or use of any
article.

Some of the worst abuse I ever got in my
life came from retailers and customers upon
finding the honey I had sold to them had can-
died, or " gone back to sugar," as they put it,
as well as firmly believed. We now handle
only such grades of honey as will not candy,
are or very slow to do so.

As to the matter of taking up all jars, cans,
or glasses, and replacing with freshly liquefied
stock, I can think of nothing more distasteful
than such everlasting foolery and waste of
time; not only so, but, worst of all, this re-
liquefying will soon destroy both color and
flavor. I have known several parties who
once put their honey on the market in this
wa3^ I did so myself, but it's too puttering a
business to keep up continuously.

In localities where the hone}- crop is not
large, bee-keepers can find customers for all
they produce, with little trouble, and at satis-
factory prices; but the case is different where
there are great quantities and no good home
demand. In this case it appears to me it
would be quite as well to wholesale and let it
fall into the hands of those who make a busi-
ness of handling honey by hunting up con-
sumers. By the time this class pays freights,
stands all losses, bears all expenses of travel-
ing, taking orders, delivering, etc., he will
find, these slow times, that his profits will all
be taken at any ordinary bank, if not all, to
defray expenses.

Just let every producer do his level best to
sell in his home market all he produces, at
the best price possible to obtain, going at the
business with a determination to sell, and I
am sure there will be no very large quantities
find their way into the hands of city commis-
sion houses.

I have often bought bee-keepers' crops of
honey and stepped into the towns right around
them, and in a few davs' work have doubled

1S97

GI<RANINGS IN BEE Cri/rrRlv

my iiioiK'v on Ihi.' purchase, while they all
the time claimed there was no use to try any
more to sell honey in "such places;" but I'll
admit the fact that not all ])et)]ile are sales-
men.

AUhouL;h we sell lari;e (luantities of honey,
both comb and extracted, each season, we
never sell honey to dealers, but altogether to
the consumer, giving them fresh honey, and
so good that they will not keep it long enovigh
to candy.

We put up no smaller packages than one
dollar's worth, as it does not pay to deliver a
less cpiantity at the close margin at which
honey may be sold these times.

It has always seemed a mystery to me how
it comes, that, in nearly every ca.se, we are
able to purchase honey of the same quality
from commission merchants of the large cities
at a less price than we can buy direct from
the producer. Perhaps bee-keepers ship to
cities in the hope of getting the best prices;
but after waiting long and getting anxious for
returns, they advise their dealers to close out
at once to the best advantage, which is sure
to be to any other person's advantage more
than to that of the owner of the honey.

Now let every one who cai: find any thing
like a fair home market go to work and sup-
ply this and keep it up, which plan will be
found to give, in the outcome, the best and
mo-st permanent satisfaction as well as profit.

Holliday's Cove, \V. Va.

[I believe I have already said — at all events
I will say it now — that Mr. Buchanan has
probably sold more honey, in a retail way,
and has done more in the way of developing
local markets, than any other bee-keeper in
the United States. He annually produces
large crops of honey, and not only sells his
own, but sells for a good many others.

Mr. Bvichanan's experience with regard to
candied honey, and replacing the same with
liquid, will probably not work satisfactorily
with him; but Mr. Chalon Fowls, of Oberlin,
O., has worked on this plan for years, and
considers it profitable.

I was struck particularly with one paragraph
where Mr. Buchanan says he has often bought
bee-keepers' crops of honey, and sold it right
around their homes, and doubled his money,
while they, the bee-keepers, had all along
claimed that there was no use of trying to sell
honey in their markets. Granting that Mr.
Buchanan is a natural salesman, and knows
the art of selling, this does not explain how-
he should be able to double on his money,
unless, at least, those bee-keepers who com-
plain of their home markets have made no
effort to develop them. Perhaps they are not
read up — or at least have not read the series
of valuable articles that liiive been running in
Gleanings and the other l)ee-journalsef late.
Understand, I do not question Mr. B.'s right
to dotible on his money. It is his privilege
and right, if the other fellows won't post up
and do something.

Mr. Buchanan calls attention to another
significant fact; namely, that in nearly every
case he has been able to buy honey of a given

quality from commission merchants in the
large cities r/ica/){-r ihRW he could buy the same
honey direct from the producer. This is too
true. It can be explained only on the ground
that so much honey is sent to "the cities that it
gluts the markets; and the consequence is,
the bee-keeper is glad to get any thing if he
can only get soiiu't/iinfi\ Too often he is de-
ceived l)y quotations that are above the mar-
ket. Big promises for immediate returns at
glittering figures allure him. Why will not
bee-keepers learn to be careful ? Nine-tenths
of the producers know the art of securing
honey; but I almost believe that nine-tenths
of them do not know the art of selling-. Why,
we are to-day having the finest qualities of
comb and extracted honey offered to us at
prices that are ridiculously low. Sometimes
we buy, and sometimes we do not. We very
much dislike to be lugged into the "general
swim " with those who are trying to buy
closely, at the expense of the hard-working
bee-keeper. It is too bad, but need not be if
producers would not be so fast to lump their
honey off in large lots for the sake of getting
a " big pile " all in one lump. — Ed.]

GOOD CROPS AND GOOD PRICES.

The Advantage of Selling around Home.

BY DAN WHITE.

I notice in last issue, July lo, comments
about our large crop of honey. Some are
afraid of a glut in the market, ruinous prices,
etc. Now, if I can say a word of encourage-
ment I will gladly do so. My this season's
crop is about 7C)00 pounds, mostly extracted,
and I expect to market every pound of it at
fair prices. You know good help to work
among bees is hard to find ; consequently
about four weeks' good hard labor by myself
alone has secured this honey. I have no one
to .settle with for labor but myself. Now, is
it good policy for me to sit down and wait for
people to come and buy my honey, or put it
in large packages and throw it on the market ?
I believe I can now well afford to do some
hu.stling around, and sell this honey. Don't
you see I .shall do this myself? and when I
get through, my expense account will not eat
up a large share of my honey crop. I can
now report one day's labor, (iOO lbs. honey
sold, nearly all for cash, and in the mean time
I have found where I can place about <)()() lbs.
more just by driving around with the honey.

Let me give my price: >S cts. per pound, in
a small way; |7.tM) for lUO lbs. I have al-
ready filled and taken several orders for 100
lbs. in a family — some of them farmers too.
Don't be afraid to go out among the farmers,
and especially the laborers in villages and
cities. I have told you before that four fani-
ilies out of five hardly know what honey is.
Now, sir, we have lots of honey, and let's
hunt these people out and tickle their palates
with some good honey. We shall not only
get rid of this crop, but we are making a mar-
ket for future crops of honey.

I could hardly give the "time to say what

590

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug. 15.

little I have. I will report later how I get
along. But I will add this much, and close:
I have had a host of help around me picking,
marketing, and looking after 8 acres of small
fruit. When I get settled up, and expenses
paid, I believe I shall take off my hat and give
three cheers for the bees.
New London, O., July '20.

[Dan White is a "hustler;" and if you
could see him once as I have, and imbibe a
little of his enthusiasm — well, I think you
could sell honey too. Our hustling friend
asks a very pertinent question : Is it good pol-
icy for the bee-keeper to sit down and wait for
people to come and buy his honey, or put it
into large packages and throw it on the mar-
ket ? or shall he sell it himself around home,
and get good prices? Just think of this a
good long while, brother bee-keepers, and
then ponder a moment on some of the things
that Mr. Buchanan has said in the article just
preceding. — Ed.]

DEVELOPING HOME MARKETS.

Putting out a Fine Article, and Having it Stand
on its own Merits.

BY B. F. ONDERDONK.

A/r. Root: — I notice an uneasiness in the
minds of some of the correspondents of the
various bee- journals as to what they will do
with the large crop of hone}- in view this year.
I would say to all, make your oivn market.

In 1895 I commenced with three colonies,
and got a surplus of 89 finished sections, re-
taining imperfect ones for \\\y own use. As
my duties call me to the city every da}- I do
all my apiarian work before 7 A. M., and after
6 P. M., working as early as 4:30 and up to 10
P. M. The first case, a 12-lb. section one, I
fixed up, using w-ider glass than usual, o'^i in.,
to make a good display, and carried it into
the house, and said to my wife, " Show this to
the grocer when he calls for orders."

She asked him, " Do you sell honey ? "

" Well, we always have it, but there is little
sale."

" Is it as fine as this? "

" My ! isn't that nice ? What we have looks
as though the mice had gnawed it. If that is
for sale I'll take it and see what can be done
with it."

This was in October. He sold my entire
surplus ; and when that was exhausted he
sold all of his old stock — an appetite was cre-
ated. In 1896 my surplus of 312 lbs. was
gone by January.

The other grocer with whom I also deal
wouldn't touch it. "Never sold any comb
honey." This summer I told him he ought
to sell honev, to be up with his competitor.
"Well, I'll think about it."

The first honey I took off June 22, and sent
him a case with the message, "If you don't
sell it I'll take it back." He has' now his
fourth dozen. The other man has it also on
sale. I have taken off 385 sections to date.
Of course, among them are some nice and

white, but only three-fourths full, hardly mar-
ketable ( of course, all sections are thoroughly
cleaned ) ; and as we have a fish-peddler who
sells fruits and vegetables as well, I said:
" Here, you can surely sell honey."

"Oh! I don't know."

" Well, now, these you can have at 10 cents;
sell them for 15 cents; or two for a quarter;
these No. 1 are 13 cts.; fancy 15 cts., to the
grocers. ' '

This peddler's route covers a circuit of five
miles from the village, and is run three days.
He sold out his case (12 sections) each day,
and had not enough to go round. He has
engaged all my incomplete sections. He got
15 cts. each, and a nice profit, |;1.80.

In the spring a neighbor living a mile away
came to me and asked me if I wov;ld instruct
him in the care of bees, as he knew nothing
about them, and had a chance to purchase
eight colonies. I have informed him on all
points, and he is a credit to my teaching, mak-
ing a success.

Some of my friends expressed surprise at
my willingness to encourage competition as
they called it. I told them that a successful
competitor would increase the field of de-
mand ; that honey would be introduced to
hundreds of families who would not other-
wise know of it; but that I felt it my duty to
benefit my fellow-man, even though I might
suffer loss.

Mountain View, N. J.

SECTION-PRESSES AND THE RIETSCHE PRESS,
AGAIN.

The Comparative Merits of the Daisy, Hubbard,
and the Rietsche Combined Machine Discussed.

BY F. L. THOMPSON.

Some time ago Alois Alphonsus, of Vienna,
stated that foundation could be made as thin
with the Rietsche press as with a mill. He is
a professional bee-keeper of good standing.
That was the basis of my ' ' assumption ' ' of the
possibility of making eight L. sheets to the
pound with the press. I did not entirely be-
lieve that statement, but thought he was a lit-
tle mistaken ; yet it strongly indicated that
foundation could be made pretty thin, for
surely they can turn out 11 feet to the pound,
anyhow, in Europe, on the mills there in use.
At any rate, that statement, and your experi-
ence of three L. sheets to the pound, seem ut-
terly irreconcilable. Though I have never
seen a Rietsche press, what I read about it
makes me lingeringly suspect that your expe-
rience with it is not identical with that of for-
eign bee-keepers. Did you u.se the honey and
alcohol lubricant ? The press is frequently re-
ferred to in high terms by disinterested parties
in a number of foreign bee-papers which I re-
ceive. I hope to learn before long just how
thin the improved machine makes foundation.
I think it would be well to find out all about
this ; for until then I, for one, and no doubt
others, will feel uneasy, and be tempted to
send our hard-earned dollars across the ocean
for something to save money with.

is'.t:

r.LKANINGvS IN BIU' Cri/rURIv

91

Vcs, I dill ihiuk you were favoring the sup-
ply-dealer at the expense of the bee-keeper,
but suj)posed it was because you were under
the false impression that you were favoring
both. One may be mistaken in this as in oth-
er ways — in fact, more readily, for the consid-
eration of unconscious bias comes in.

So far I am not certain that I may not have
got the worst of it ; but now for the next
rounil — look out ! You say you have " care-
fully tested" every combined section-machine
sent you. Wliai does this mean ? A machine
ifi/j^/t/ be carefully tested in twenty minutes,
and a verdict given. Rut in the case of any
machine depending partly for its speed on the.
way it is handled, a short test is no test at all,
unless its defects are quite obvious. Other-
wise no machine you test is on equal terms
with the Daisy. Not less than five thousand
sections should be put up, and ten thousand
would be better. Tlie operator must learn to
finger it as an expert does a piano. This re-
quires time, and lots of it ; but I see no other
way to do. Piano-fingering is exceedingly
awkward work for a long time ; but, when
once learned, the motions required are as ele-
gant and effective as they formerly seemed
awkward and unnatural.

I have not tested the Daisy — not because I
do not want to, but because I have not time at
present, and have not a suitable lamp. But I
will leave it to you whether there are not some
things I can say about it, as well as the Hub-
bard, which I have not worked either. (I
have used, besides the Raiichfuss, the Parker
and the Clark machines, and a treadle press
called the Beeson. ) My objection to all sepa-
rate machines is that, in folding, certain mo-
tions are gone through with that have to be
done over again when the foundation is fasten-
ed. If you could combine the Daisy and the
Hubbard, wouldn't you do it? But, this idea
is "theoretical." Not so. The other day I
made repeated experiments with lots of twen-
ty sections each on my machine, some previ-
ously folded, and some not, to ascertain how
much extra time the folding took when both
operations were performed together. One lot,
already folded, was supjDlied with top sheets
at a rate which, if continued, would be 4o(J an
hour. Another was folded and .supplied with
top sheets at the rate of 4;3() an hour — a very
trifling difference which leaves the Hubbard
out of sight, even at the rate of 500 in 1") min-
utes. In another case, in which both top
sheets and bottom starters were used, one lot
with and one without folding at the same
time, rar/i lot was done in 4>4 minutes (or 266
an hour) — no difference at all. (By the way,
what is the record of the Daisy in putting in
both top sheets and bottom starters?) I may
mention here that I made several trials of
20 sections each on the folding part alone, out
of curiosity. The average was 20 in 6-") sec-
onds— a rate of 1000 in .■)4 minutes. An expert
might equal the Hubbard. But, of course,
there would be no object in folding separately.
I mention this simply to show that no time is
lost by the method of folding employed.

In fastening bottom .starters only, in previ-
ously folded sections, I reached the rate of 490

an hour. Small starters a])])ear to be handled
a trifle easier than full sheets. When this
rate, with my experience (at that time), in
putting up only 'jOOO .sections on this machine
IS comi)ared with your rate of ')00 an hour, and
an experience of hundreds of thou.sands, prob-
ably, on the Dai.sy, I don't think there can be
much doubt as to the conclusion to be drawn
concerning the foundation-fastening portion
of the Rauchfuss macliine ; and when you
come to add the ]n minutes previously requir-
ed to fold those ")()() on the Hubbard, and then
compare the total result with the fact that the
combined macliine adds less than three min-
utes to its separate record to accomplish the
same result, it looks as though inexperience
with the combined machine actually did bet-
ter work than experience with the separate
ones.

But I hear some one say, "Oh ! if you are
going to compare your spurts with the ordina-
ry records of others." To this I calmly reply,
Consider the piano again. A beginner of, say,
400 hours' practice may spurt all he pleases ;
but he can not run a scale, nor hop around
among the sixty-fourth notes, nor execute a
trill, at a quarter of the rate in which an ex-
pert does it, and the latter will carry on a con-
versation at the same time. In other words,
when speed depends on strength the inexperi-
enced may gain by spurting, but not when it
depends on dexterity. Of this I became pain-
fully aware when, in making the "spurts,"
my fingers boggled and hit the corner of the
pr ss more, it seemed, than the}- did before.

As to quality, I grant the excellence of the
toggle-joint in saving power, but contend that
sufficient power for the purpose can be saved
in other ways. The Rauchfuss machine saves
power in two wa3's ; first, by a treadle, by
means of which the same bodily exertion with
the foot applies greater force than with the
hand ; second, by a lever in the machine it-
s :-lf. The power is at one end, the fulcrum at
the other, and the pressure is applied about a
third of the di.stance from the fulcrum to the
power. If any person were inclined to criti-
cise the resulting exertion required, he could
do so without touching on the principles of
the machine. It would only be necessary to
lessen the distance from the fulcrum to the
point of pressure. But I do not know that
there woidd be any object in doing this. As
it is, the exertion is trifling (on properly dove-
tailed .sections), and, what is more to the pur-
pose, the work is perfect, so I do not think
the Hubbard would be preferred on account of
superiority in results.

Passing to the quality of the work done in
fastening foundation, I call your attention to
Mr. Hutchin.son's statement that he has met
with better success in fastening flat-bottom
foundation by pressure than with the heated-
]3late machines. I assume that, among the
latter, he includes the Dais}- ; but he does not
include the Rauchfuss, as he has not tried it.
Somnambulist, too, says this is his (or her)
last year with the heated plate. Hence, with-
out having used it I may infer there is some
reason for thinking the work of the Daisy is
not perfect ; for, although neither of them

592

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

mentions it, other heated-plate machines are
not connnon. Now, unless I am greatly mis-
taken, flat-bottom foundation was the kind
chiefly or exclusively used when the Rauch-
fuss machine was being constructed and ex-
perimented with. At an}' rate, I know by my
own experience with flat-bottom foundation
that the machine will fasten it so it will tear
sooner than peel off. This looks like superi-
ority to the Daisy. The reason is, I suppose,
the speed with which the foundation reaches
the wood after leaving the heated plate. The
construction of this machine is such that if,
for a guess, the starter in the Daisy drops in
3I, of a second, in the Rauchfuss it must drop
in about g/,,-, of a second. The heated wax has
no time to begin cooling before it has gripped
the fibers of the wood. By sliding the foot off
the end of the treadle, not lifting it, the spring
gets in its work like a flash, and meanwhile
the fingers of both hands exert on the starter a
downward pressure which reaches its maxi-
mum at just the proper instant, since, by prac-
tice, the action of the foot becomes automatic.
This speed renders entirely unnecessary any
surplus of melted wax, such as I have seen ac-
cumulated on a lamp used in the Daisy. A
touch, and it is done, when the lamp is hot
enough ; and the hotter the better. Thus
foundation is saved.

A mere inspection of the machine will con-
vince any one that its work can not be inferior
to that of the Daisy, for all the good points of
the latter are retained ; and, for the reasons
mentioned, I don't think it much of an as-
sumption to infer it is superior, even if I have
not tried the Daisv.

I ought to add that I find it better, in fold-
ing sections with the Rauchfuss n:achine, to
give a sudden /////r/? to the treadle, instead of
a simple pressure. By so doing it never fails
to drive the locked corners as tight as they can
possiblv be, with but sHght exertion.

If you are going to test the machine, I ad-
vise fastening the wire which connects the
treadle with the lever to that one of the two
holes in the treadle which is nearest t'le cen-
ter. This allows the foot to slide off t'::e end
of the treadle when releasing it. It is only by
so doing that the full play of the spring is ob-
tained. Also be careful' not to get too many
fingers in the section. The forefinger and
thumb of each hand are sufficient. Press the
foundation onlv do:vn, not in any other direc-
tion. The two' forefingers should rest on the
top edge of the foundation. When holding
the section in position for folding, it is not
necessarv to bring the dovetails any nearer to-
gether than to bring them just inside the jaw.
The machine does the rest, providing the up-
per and right-hand portions of the section are
pressed against the back of the machine, not to-
ward each other. This is one way in which
the machine saves time. Those accustomed
to the Daisy are very awkward with this ma-
chine at first.

Montrose, Colo., July 20.

[I am willing to admit that the Rietsche
press may have achieved in Europe better
results than we have been able to secure from

our press of the same make; but, taking every
thing into consideration, your position is a
little lame by reason of the fact that you have
never tried the Rietsche yourself. But the
fact is still significant that the manufacturer
of the machine we had, at least, did not claim
that it would make more than five and one-
half sheets to the pound. Granted it could
make eight on their improved machine, I do
not see how it could be possible for it to com-
pete with the foundation bought in the open
market, at present prices, for the reason that
I do not believe the average bee-keeper is
.skillful and expert enough to reach a speed
that would warrant him in trying to turn out
an inferior article at home, to say nothing of
messing things up generally.

Granting all you say with regard to the
difference between trained fingers and fingers
new to the work, there still remains the fact
that you have not tested, as you say, either
the Daisy or the Hubbard machine. In order
to form a correct estimate one should be rea-
sonably familiar with both the combined
Rauchfuss and the two machines that seem
now about to enter the contest. As I have
never tested the Rauchfuss I will not discuss
the relative merits of the two classes of ma-
chines at this time, because a Rauchfuss is
already on the way, and ere long I hope to be
able to make a report on it. In the mean
time, permit me to say that I am inclined to
believe it is a good machine. Yes, I will go
further and say it is possible it may do more
rapid work than the two separate machines
we have used. I hope it ma}'. When it ar-
rives I shall be interested in seeing it have a
most thorough and careful test; and if it is all
that you seem to think it is, we shall be very
g ad lo enter into some sort of arrangement
where' ly we can supply it to our general trade.
We Medinaites are always looking for some-
thing a little better than we already have; and
when we find it we are glad to place it before
our customers. — Ed.]

OCCURRING THOUGHTS.

BY J.

W. SOUTHWOOD.

The lateral moving of the self-spacing
Hoffman brood-frames when hung on the new
tin rabbets is so easily and quickly done, and
the frames at the same time so nicely adjust-
ed, that they are worthy of nuich merit as
time-savers. Just think of moving all the
frames from either side, and adjusting them
at the same time, compared with the manipu-
lations of the old-style frame.

Of course, it is more work for a busy and
tired editor ; but I say, give us footnotes.
Often, when busy, I reacl them first, to see if
I desire to read the article. They are full of
thought, broad in remembrance of like
things or sayings, yet condensed and right to
the point. Continue to give us footnotes.

I think sometimes we bee-keepers are too
hasty in coming to conclusions, and thus mis-
take the exceptional for the general habit,
trait, or characteristic, then hasten to give the

('.I.l'AMXC.S IX BIvI-; Cri/ITRI-

])ul)lic our iiiislakes. One uv Uvo obscrvalioiis
or experiments are not enoujrh.

I Tiiay 1)0 wroiiv;, hut soinetitues 1 wonder if
it would be possible to have some (lueens and
comb of . //"/.N" (fors(j/(7 shi])j)eil over to some
Southern State, the (ineens clijiped, and intn)-
duced into some Italian eoU)nies, and the
combs, containinjj; drone and worker cells, in-
serted ; ami, when drones are produced, en-
deavor to mate with Italian queens.

I know we can not all arrange our articles
as well as W. Z. Hutchinson and the editor ;
but we can exercise care and thou.yht. We
sometimes mention things that are not inter-
esting. That able writer, in speaking of
measuring combs which the bees spaced and
built as tiiey chose, .said he measured some of
the combs of his father's box hives in the
barn some 27 years ago. It is of no interest
to know whose hives tlie combs were in, nor
wliether they were box hives or gums, nor
when it was, nor where they were. The points
of interest are the thickness of the combs and
the distance from center to center.

The Vjasswood bloom was not as plentiful as
usual, but was sufficient to give a good supply
of nectar ; but the extremely hot and dry
weather brought out the bloom nearly all at
the same time, and almost dried the bloom as
soon as out; and if bees worked on it an}' it
was early, as I was under small trees at differ-
ent times and could neither see nor hear a bee
at work. White clover is abundant. It did
not yield well at first, but is yielding well
now.

[. I/>!S dorsti/a could not, I think, be crossed
with . //>/.v uicllifica, another species. — Ed.]

NOTES BY THE WAV.

BY J. T. CALVERT.

After crossing the Rocky ^Mountains, so
full of wonderful and enchanting scenes, their
lofty peaks covered with perpetual snows,
and where the pure water of the mountain
streamlet, laughing and dancing on its way
down over the rocks, ever increasing till it be-
comes a mighty stream, we come to the plains
of Western Colorado, where, luider the in-
fluence of irrigation, great transformations are
taking place. I'ruits in great abundance and
variet}- are produced. It is estimated that
there will be several hundred carloads shipped
from Grand Junction this year. The honey
industry is also flourishing here, and this
year's crop is estimated at six carloads for
shipment from .this one station. This is pro-
duced from alfalfa, and is of excellent quality.

In our short stop of an hour here I hunted
u]) The Abbey Hardy Co., commission dealers,
who su])ply the larger portion of bee-kee])ers
in this vicinity. They also su])ply fruit-men,
and are large shippers of fruit and honey.
From the number of young orchards which
we passed, it would appear that only a begin-
ning had been made in fruit-growing in this
valley.

On arising the next morning we found our-

.selves in the charming Utah Valley, still sur-
rounded by the snow-clad hills. ' The neat
and comfortable homes, surrounded with
fruit and farm jmxlucts in great adundance
and variety, betokened the thrift of these peo-
ple.

\ye stopped for two days in Salt Lake City.
This is a charming city in many wavs. The
.streets are all laid ou't very wide { f 10 feet),
about twice as wide as ordinary streets. All
the poles for telegraph, telephone, and elec-
tric-light wires, etc., are in the center of the
street^ and on either side of these the street-
car tracks, leaving a very wide space for
driving, and an unusually wide walk. In the
gutter, between the walk and the street, on
both sides of almost every street, is a beauti-
ful stream of clear spring water from the
mountains. This may be turned into the
gardens by side runs across the walk, making
irrigation very easy and convenient. All
around the city are the snow-clad mountains
rising several thousand feet. From Fort
Douglas, just outside the city limits, on the
foot-hills to the east, a splendid view of the
city and valley beyond is had — Salt Lake
itself spreading out on the western horizon
25 to 80 miles distant. The water of this lake
is so heavy with salt that one can not sink in
it, but will float with head and hands and feet
all above water. I know this is so, for I tried
it myself. The water is so very strong that
one is in danger of strangling if he allows his
head to get under water. 'No matter how
weary you may be, you will find here that
your feet are so light that it is difficult to get
them under you again after you have allovved
them to come to the surface.

While in Salt Lake I visited at the home of
John H. Back, our agent handling bee-keep-
ers' supplies at this point. From him I learn-
ed that there had been a heavy loss of bees in
Utah the past winter, many having allowed
their bees to starv^e for lack of attention. The
prospect for a honey crop was good with those
who had given their bees proper care and at-
tention. The principal sources of honev here
are alfalfa, and sweet clover, which grows in
abundance in most of the waste places.

I was not fortunate enough to meet anv
other bee-keepers here, although I learned
afterward that one or two had tried to find
me, and failed.

The Chri.stian Ivndeavorers from the East,
journeying to the Golden Gate, spent Sunday
here, and held what was called an inter-
mountain rally. There were some oO special
trains, each bearing from HOO to 500 people,
who stopped here for rest. W'e were royally
entertained, and no doubt left behind \is a
lasting impression.

Leaving here early Mondav morning we
pas.sed on through Ogden and across the
great alkali plains of Utah and Nevada, reach-
ing Reno on Tuesday morning. Here I spent
a day visiting the bee-keepers who, in past
years, had shipped us such nice alfalfa honey.
I found here the prospects for a honev crop
the poorest they have had in vears. While
they should have been taking their first and
best honey from the first crop of alfalfa, the

594

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug. 15.

bees were scarcely making a living, while the
first crop of hay was being cut earlier than
usual on account of two obnoxious weeds that
were becoming a great pest, requiring the cut-
ting of the alfalfa earlier to prevent the weeds
going to seed.

I found that perhaps the most progressive
bee-keeper in the vicinity of Reno was a wo-
man, Mrs. vSherman. I spent two or three
pleasant hours in her home hearing her tell
her experience, which was usually one of
trial, and dearly bought. I visited her shop,
where she and her daughters make the neces-
sary preparations, even to making their own
foundation. She is so careful in the grading
and packing of her honey that she has always
been able to sell it at a good price, thus reap-
ing the reward of her unremitting toil and
careful management. I found two others of
the principal bee-keepers — Mr. Ball and Mr.
McCart — away frotn home. I hired a bicycle
and went out into the countrv a few miles,
and had a short visit with Mr. Cooper and Mr.
A. C. Hash.

In this section they have rain during only
two or three months in winter, and they de-
pend upon irrigation for most of the beautiful
vegetation and field crops of the valley,
through which flows the Truckee River down
to the arid plains, where what is left of it
sinks out of sight.

As I pass over these immense plains of bar-
ren waste, yielding nothing for mankind, and
note what may be accomplished by the water
stored up and distributed in sufficient quanti-
ties at the proper time, making the desert
blos.som as the rose, and produce all manner
of fruits and vegetation for the blessim^ of
man, and rememb-r that, for most of "this
country, water falls during the year in suf-
ficient quantities, if stored up and utilized at
the right time, to make all this region pro-
ductive, I think of Jesus' words to the wo-
man at the well: "He that drinketh of the
water that I shall give him shall never thirst,
but they shall be hi him a well of living water,
springing up unto everlasting life." The
fountains of God's grace are sufficient to bring
joy and peace in abundance to all mankind.
They only await the co-operation of man and
the intelligent application of his truth to our
lives— not in an avalanche once a vear during
the winter revival season, but the daily
streams with gentle flow and subtle power,
divided and subdivided till it reaches every act
in the daily life of every living creature. If
in the distribution of water through the irri-
gation-ditches any portion is omitted, the
vegetation there soon withers and dies. So
with any life that is not constantly supplied
from the fountain of God's grace.

IMPROVEMENT IN DRONE AND QUEEN TRAPS.

BY ADRIAN GETAZ.

In using queen-traps I have often found
them too slow in their work. What I mean
by this is that, before entering the cones, the
drones remain too long below, trying every

hole in the zinc before they go up. The same
mconvenience is found with the queen at
swarming-time. During the excitement the
queen will run to and fro over the zinc, fail
to find the cones before the swann is all out
and finally go back into the brood-nest

In trying to improve the trap I find that
the best way is to use a piece of wire netting
instead of a tin slide to cover the trap. The
light attracts the drones and queens, and to a
great extent the workers also, and they go up
at once. In such a construction it is necessa-
ry to have the front of the upper compartment
made with bee-zinc so as to permit the work-
ers to go out. The accompanying figure
shows the details.

Knoxville, Tenn.

[Your improvement on the Alley trap, I
feel sure, is a good one. Quite by accident
the artist has suggested in his drawing anoth-

isit:

■tLKanings in ri>:i<: cui/rnRH.

cr iiiii)rovcincnt ; iiair.cly, allowiiii^ a larj^e
ainouiil of /.iiic surface just in front of the en-
trance, as at C. The ordinary Alley traps
have too few perforations Ihrovis^h which the
bees pass back and forth into the hive, to al-
low of pro]ier ventilation, and probably for
next season, at least, we shall modify the traji
somewhat on the line sutjjj^ested in your let-
ter, leaving at the same time a large amount
of perforated-z.inc surface so that, during the
height of the honey-flow, the bees may not
sutler from want of sulTicient ventilation. If
the entrance is too contracted, or at all ob-
structe(i by perforated zinc, the heat inside of
the hive is apt to be such that the super will
be deserted, and the bees will be clustered out
in front ; and those bees that cluster outside
cluster over and about the entrance so as to
make the opening much snialler, and thus at
the same time considerably aggravate the dif-
ficulty.—Ed.]

THE NEW UNION.

A .Movement on Foot to Kidnap it ; a Note of
Warning.

Editor Gleanings: — I've just read Mr. Her-
man F. INIoore's article on page 554, in regard
to the pure-food laws of Illinois, and it occurs
to me that the new Union is being the means
of getting some of our eyes open. Like you,
I presume a goodly number of honey-produc-
ers, as well as others, have been thinking
that the work of the U. S. B. K. U. would be
in securing pure-food legislation; but Mr. Da-
dant's ideas were first-class; and he, being
one of the Board of Directors of the Union,
I thought we might soon hear that work had
been begun by the Board along the lines he
suggested ; but here comes our old ( or,
rather. If «w_^) friend ]Mr. Moore, formerly of
Ohio, but now an attorney in Chicago, and he
gives us the lazv of Illinois on pure food, or,
rather, the adulteration of pure food. It is as
good a law as could be asked for, unless a
pure-food commissioner would make it more
valuable, and I doubt not we shall hear that
the Board of Directors have begun work
along the line proposed by the constitution,
in looking after the adulterators of and dealers
in adulterated honey.

Mr. Moore's article is very timely, and
shows his interest in this work ; and I hope it
will be the means of starting the Union on its
mis.sion. I'm wondering if it would not be a
good plan for General ]\Ianager Secor to get
some one in each State in the Union to look
up the law on this matter as Mr. Moore has
so thoughtfully and kindly done. Perhaps
some bee-keeping attorney in each State will
follow ]Mr. Moore's example, and give us or
the General Manager the law on the subject.
There need be no great expense in learning
just what each State has on this subject, and
no very great expense in having such laws
enforced, for they provide for their execution
at the State's expense ; but the Union can see
to it that some one " starts the ball rolling."

It may be well to have scjine samj^les of
suspected honey purchased and analyzed, as
you suggest, and begin the good work right
in "bad Chicago ;" and with Mr. Moore, Dr.
IViro, Dr. Miller, Mr. York, and a goodly
number of other members of the Union right on
the ground, we may look for gratifying results
being accomplished, and without' making a
very big demand on that f.'iSOO income of the
Union, which Skylark, in one of his " flights,"
])redicts \nll l)e " overleaped " this year.

While I think of it, Mr. Editor, isn't Sky-
lark an active member of the Ananias family ?
No person by the name of Skylark has .sent
me " two dollars and fifty cents " for member-
.ship in the U. vS. B. K. U. The man who sent
in that " two dollars and fifty cents " has got
a good straight honest name, and not a word
about " vSkylark "-ing in it. I might say that
each bulldog that sits on the "coffers'" that
Skylark refers to has a collar around his neck
with the name of the State he represents on
it, and those bulldogs are so fed as to develop
the most intense bulldog nature ; and woe
betide any non-union person who may attempt
to interfere with the deposit each so faithfully
guards.

I have not thought of your suggestions
enough to say w'hat wall be the best course to
pursue; but I am sure that our Board of Di-
rectors are abundantly qualified to handle the
matter, and I hope they will at once proceed
to business, and the Board may draw on my
Illinois coffer to the full amount of any ex-
pense they may incur; and if there doesn't
happen to be enough in that coffer I'll open
up others to honor their drafts.

As I have said before, every honey-produc-
er, every lover of honey, and every dealer in
honey, ought to help on the good work b\-
sending a dollar to General Manager Secor or
the Secretan,', and not be selfishly reaping the
benefits of other people's investments. If
only a small portion of such should respond
to this suggestion I might have to enlarge
tho.se "coffers," and feed the " bulldogs " a
little more heavily.

I'm sure Mr. Moore's article wall cause a
thrill of joy in every member and friend of
the Union, and I know I shall work with re-
newed pleasure for the accomplishment of the
objects for which it was organized, for their
accomplishment seems nearer in sight.

While having some business correspondence
recently with A. B. Williams & Co., of Cleve-
land, O., dealers in hone}-, I referred to our
Union and its objects, and stated, as above,
who ought to belong to it. The next mail
brought a request for information in regard to
the Union; and the next day, -after getting
the information, their dollar for membership
in the Union lay safely in my Ohio ' ' coffer. ' '

Nearh' every day I am receiving a member-
ship fee, and .some days several. On the ISth
of last May I received 24 names and $1\ from
Mr. J. Webster Johnson, of Arizona, Secretary
of the Salt River Vallc}- Bee-keepers' Associ-
ation, making 24 members; and another day
I received 7 names and ^7.00 from J. P. West,
of Minnesota, making all members of the
Union; and I presume General Manager Secor

596

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug. l.T.

is being made equally happy in receiving
names and dollars for the Union.

Congratulations and good wishes for the
"kid,'' and offers of more money if needed,
frequently accompany remittances. One bee-
keeper, in sending his membership fee, says,
" I'm a poor man; but if you want more mon-
ey, call on me and I'll hil'p all I can; " and
others come with offers of more money if
needed. If each one whose interest is in-
volved in the success of the Union's work
would send his name and dollar there would
be no lack of funds.

I got a letter from a Canadian this week
that kind o' riles me. He says: " I am pleas-
ed to see that you are making every effort to
have a grand convention at Buffalo, N. Y.
From what I can judge you will succeed. I
have every reason to believe that there will be
a good attendance of Canadians as well."
. . . Here's what makes me " bile." "I
may give you a hint — I expect to see as man}-
Canadian as United States bee-keepers at the
convention; and if there are, we may vote it
a Canadian instead of a United States organ-
ization. Ha, ha! "

Now, Mr. Editor, isn't that "galling"?
We've licked " Johnny Bull " twice, and now
some of his offspring propose to drop in on us
unawares at Buffalo, and ' ' lick ' ' us out of
our boots on our own soil. "To arms! to
arms! " Turn out, Yankee bee-keepers, and
meet the enemy (?) and they'll be ours. Stir
up your readers Mr. Editor, let us not be van-
quished.

I've already written to the Bce-kcrpets" AV-
viezv to give the note of warning, and shall
write the editor of the Auicrican Bee Journal
in the same strain, and woiild also send to the
American Bee-keeper, The Progressive Bee-
keeper, The Busy Bee, and the Southland
Queen, were it not too late. Oh that I had
received this hint before! The Canucks have
imbibed some of our Yankee vim, and they
may give us a good ' ' tiissle ; ' ' but let us not
get left. Transportation is cheap, so let every
one who can be on hand with arms and rations
for a three-days' tussle. It would be too bad
to let the Canadians kidnap our healthy
growing " kid."

I shall take Mrs. M. with me to take care
of me, and no one but a coward will attack a
woman, and the Canadians are not cowards;
so I am safe; but woe betide those without
women to hide behind.

[No, no; we can't afford to let the Canadians
kidnap our growing kid. My better half ex-
pects to be present. Yes, bring on the women.
We may need their help. — Ed.]

BRODBECK'S "one thing lacking " IN THE
CONSTITUTION OF THE NEW UNION.

[After the above was in type we received
the following additional matter. — Ed.]

I have just received a letter from Mr. Geo.
W. Brodbeck, of Los Angeles, Cal., in which
he says, " If time and circumstances permit I
may forward a few suggestions in connection
vrith a revision of the constitution of the U. S.
B. K. U. The one mistake made at Lincoln

was in not making the U. S. B. K. U. a distinc-
tive national organization ; for if this had
taken place the old Union would have been
forced to surrender and you would have en-
listed the interest of several thousand bee-
keepers in the United States who now stand
aloof. It is an evident fact, that two like or-
ganizations can not exist ; and, if I am not
mistaken, unless there is a compromise be-
tween the two the B. K. U. will revise their
work and follow in the line of the U. S., and
the result then will be a mere question of time.
I should like to see o>!e good organization do
all the work required ; and, as a member of
both, I am willing to aid, as far as lies in my
power, to accomplish this purpose.

" Controversies, as a rule, act as a wedge
when opposite results are desired ; but a set-
tled puqjose to compromise differences ends
in brotherly love. I have no desire, doctor,
to pose as a critic, as my sole interest is in see-
ing one grand union of bee-keepers in the
United States. ' '

I don't remember that I have anywhere re-
ferred to the spirit that actuated the formation
of the constitution of the U. S. B. K. U.; but
I want to say that a desire to serve the inter-
ests of honey producers, consumers, and deal-
ers, was at the bottom of the whole matter ;
no selfish interest happened into it. You
know, and so does every other reader of your
journal who has read my articles, and what I
have said at conventions, that I was a firm op-
ponent to the amalgamation of the N. B. K. U.
and the N. A. B. K. A. unless it could be ac-
complished without in the least interfereing
with the efficient work of the National Bee-
Keepers' Union." I have repeated this many
times, and I knoiu that ^-ou and those engaged
in trying to bring about the union of the two,
and enlarging the scope of their usefulness to
the pursuit, thought just as I did about the
matter.

After a good deal of correspondence by the
members of the Amalgamation Committee,
and all hope of accomdlishing any thing had
fled, I drafted what, after some alterations, is
now the Constitution of the U. S. B. K. U.
My original draft was submitted to several
leading bee-keepers for criticism; and after all
this was done you were so well pleased with it
that, without consulting any one, you had it
put in tj-pe and printed, and sent me fifty
copies to do with as I saw fit, and I sent about
twenty of them to our best -known bee-keepers
for criticism and suggestions, such as Mr.
Newman, Prof. Cook, Mr. Brodbeck, Mr. Se-
cor. Dr. Miller, Mr. Hutchinson, Hon. R. L.
Taylor, R. F. Holterman, Mr. Doolittle, Mr.
Elwood, and Mr. Manum. Nearly all replied.
Most were satisfied with it as it was. Mr.
Newman and Prof. Cook each made one sug-
gestion, if I remember correctly.

The whole matter, with all the suggestions
offered, was submitted to the Lincoln conven-
tion, and by it referred to a coninuttee of
three, all members of the National Bee-keep-
ers' Union, to be put in shape for its adoption
or rejection by the convention. The commit-
tee met in Dr. Miller's room at the hotel
(although he was not a member of the com-

I s;t7

(iLHANINGS IN RKH cn.Trkl':

iiiitUi' I and wxmU omt ihi.' wlmlc matter care-
fully. They then iuvileil ahout fifteen other
iiiemhers of llie coiivt'iilioii, aiiiony; whom, if
mv memory serves me. were Dr. INIiller, Rev.
i:. T. Ahhott; L. I). Stilson and H. Whitcomh,
of Xebra.ska; I'.. Kretehmer and Hon. K.
Secor, of Iowa, and A. 1. Root; and I believe
all sanctioned the work of the committee. I
may siiy here that most of those invited to
ineet the committee were then, and are now
members of the National Bee-keepers' Union,
three of them meml)ers of its Advisory Board.

No material chantje of the constitution as it
went to the hands of the committee was made
In- them, and none by those invited to meet
with the committee. It was then submitted
to the convention, and i^one over and discuss-
ed antl adopted section by section, only two
chanties l)ein,<i made, I believe.

BeiuLj op]M)sed to amal<^aniation, except as
above indicated, I took spi'cial paifis, in draft-
ing a constitution, to have every thing so
shaped as to favor and forward the interest of
the National Union, going so far as to make
the officers of the old Union the Board of
Directors of the U. S. B. K. U., and leaving
the funds, as before, entirely in the hands of
and at the disposal of those officers. I know
that the aim was to make it as nearly in intent
as possible to the old Union's constitution,
some going so far as to suggest that it be
called "National," with the expectation that
the old Union would adopt the new consti-
tution.

In the light of these facts, what more cotild
have been done than was done ? Of course,
we don't know what ]\Ir. Brodbeck means by
•■ the one mi.stake made at Lincoln," nor how-
it could have been made more " distincth-
national." Unlike Mr. Brodbeck, there are
those who think the constitution is " incom-
plete, and full of incongruities." I myself
must admit that it is incomplete, but that is
owing to the elTort made to make it as nearl)'
as possible in line with the old constitution.

Perhaps "the B. K. U. will revise its work
and follow in the line of the U. S." Some of
us, member of the old Union, tried to have the
"work revised," but failed; and the result
was the organizing of the U. vS. B. K. U. If
the N. B. K. U. "follows in the line of the
I'. S., I believe it will be following a vigorous
young leader.

Why didn't :\Ir. Brodbeck tell us how to
avoid making the Lincoln mistake ? Perhaps
he'll tell us how to correct it at Buffalo.
Those interested in the success of the U. vS. B.
K. U., like Mr. BrodVjeck, "would like to .see
one good organization, . . . " and are
" willing to aid as far as lies in their power to
accomplish this purpose," and hcwc not and
zi'ill not entertain any other feeling than
"brotherly love," for their sole purpose is to
have "one grand union of bee-keepers in the
United States," and they propose to work in
that direction till that desire is accomplished.

It is proposed by several to propose changes
to the constitution at Buffalo, so as to make it
as complete as possible ; but all proposed
changes will have to be .submitted to every
member for their adoption or rejection, and

this can not W done at I'.uffaio. I'rom my
correspondence' I gatlier that the feeling is
general that the coming conveiition is to be a
large and good one, members in California,
.Vrkansas, Tennessee, South Carolina, Rhode
Island, Massachusetts, and Vermont, and
many of the States between these, signifying
their intention of being present.
Sta. B, Toledo, ()., Aug. (i.

4

ANSWERS TO
BY C.M.DOOLITTLE.BOROOINO.N.Y.

FEEDING BACK EXTRACTED HONEY.

Question. — I have read somewhere that, if I
were to run an apiary for exti-acted honey,
during the harvest of white honey, and feed
the same back to the bees to put into sections,
said extracted honey would sell in the section
form for enough more to give me a big profit.
Is this a fact? If so, how and when should
extracted honey be fed back in order to pro-
cure comb honey ?

Anszvcr. — The feeding of extracted honey
in order that comb honey may be obtained is
something that has been tried by verv- many
of our best apiarists, and still remains an vin-
solved problem with some of those who have
tried it. Some have reported success and
others a failure; but, if I am correct, those
who consider the thing a failure far outnum-
ber those who consider it a success. From
my experience in the matter, I should say if
an}- one must feed extracted honev to his bees
in order that comb honey may be produced, it
should be fed in the spring, in order to hasten
brood-rearing, thus securing multitudes of
bees in time for the honey harvest; then, by
putting on the sections at the right time, a
large crop of comb hone}- may be secured, if
the flow-ers do not fail to bloom or yield honey.
My experience has also led me to think that
it is better to secure the honey in the sections
in the first place, rather than have it stored in
combs, and then thrown out with the extractor
that we and the bees may go through with
much labor and stickiness to secure the same
thing which we might have secured without
all this trouble. The practice of feeding back
is on the principle of producing two crops to
get one, and no one will argue that such a
course would pay in the long run. Even un-
der the most favorable circumstances, to finish
nearly completed combs of honey, I can not
make it pay if I count my time as any thing.
At the close of certain seasons, when I would
have a large number of unfinished sections,
many of w-hich were so nearly finished that a
few- ounces of honey would apparently finish
them, it seemed that it might pay to feed a
little extracted honey to finish such; but after
a careful trial of the matter, covering a period
of ten or more years, I finally gave it up as a
bad job. and have not fed back a pound of
honey during the past six years. If any one

598

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug. 15.

should wish to satisfy himself that feeding
back will not pay, he can get the best resuhs
by feeding the extracted honey right at the
close of the early white-honey harvest, so that
tlie bees are kept active. It is thought best
by some to take away all combs except those
which have brood in them, when preparing
tlie colony for feeding Ij.ick; but if all combs
are filled with sealed honey, except that which
the brood occupies, there is no advantage in
taking away the combs, that I can see. The
extracted honey should be thinned to a con-
sistency of raw nectar, by adding the neces-
sary amount of warm water, thinning only
the amount needed for one feeding at a time;
for if the thinned honey is allowed to stand
long in warm weather, it is quite liable to sour
and spoil.

Then there is another item against feeding
back, which is that, from some reason or other,
this fed-back honey is far more likely to candy
or become hard in the comb than is that put
in the comb at the time it is gathered from the
field. When first taken from the hive it looks
very nice and attractive; but when cool weath-
er comes on in the fall it assumes a dull, un-
attractive appearance, thus showing that the
honey has hardened in the cells; while comb
honey produced in the ordinary way is still
liquid, and will keep so for from one to three
months after the fed-back article has become
almost unsalable.

COMBS OF HONEY FOR NEXT SEASON.

Question. — I have on mj' hives about 200
combs, very full of honey, which I wish to
use for next year's increase. I am at a loss to
know what to do, so ask if it would be advis-
able to throw the honey out with the extractor
and use the empty combs, or would it be best
to use the full combs of honey? I expect to
make my increase by natural swarming.

Ans2uer. — If extracted hone}' brings a good
price in your market, and the honey in the
200 combs is of good quality, then my advice
would be to extract the honey and sell it; for
the old saying, "A bird in hand is worth two
in the bush," is generally correct. If, on the
other hand, extracted honey drags heavily, at
a price hardly above the cost of production, or
the honey in the combs is of a quality not lit
for market, then I would store the -combs of
honey away till spring (allowing the bees to
protect them till there was no danger of dam-
age from the larvoe of the wax moth), when I
would use the.se combs for building up colo-
nies in the spring, by exchanging them with
the colonies for combs that they might have
which were empty, or nearly so. In this way
you will get this honey converted into brood,
which brood, when hatched into bees, will
store for you large quantities of honey. If the
colonies in the spring had no need for this
honey, then I would use the combs of honey
something as you propose, hiving new swarms
on them. If the combs are only from one-
third to one-half full of honey, then 5'ou may
secure the best results by hiving your swarms
on the full number of frames and putting the
sections on at the time of hiving. But if com-
pletely full from bottom to top, it will be bet-

ter to use only from four to six combs to the
hive when hiving the swarms; for, if given a
full hive of full combs of honey, the bees may
not carry much of the honey to the sections,
as they generally will do with the whole where
only a few are ussd. If the bees do not im-
mediately start to carrying the honey from
these full combs, the result will be little or no
honey in the sections, and little brood and
few b^es in the hive in the fall. But should
the honey in the 200 combs be of inferior
quality or of dark color, or both, then the only
thing to do wdth it is to extract, or use it for
spring feeding; for if such inferior honey is
given at swarming time, more or less of it wall
find its way into the sections, thus injuring
the sale of the honey, and giving yourself a
bad reputation.

COMMISSION HOUSES ; THE ADVANTAGE OF
CO-OPERATION.

The clipping inclosed is from the Denver
Field and Farm. It does not speak directly
upon the subject of bees, but I think it would
be a good thing for bee-keepers to take
example, as they have battles to fight in
marketing their produce, similar to those of
the farmer. O. W. Stewart.

Las Cruces, N. M., July 26.

CO-OPERATIVE MARKETING OF CROPS.

When a crop is produced, but half of the battle
against all the evils of trade is won; and unless the
farmer finds a good market his labor is lost, and the
complaint is made that the farm does not pay.
There are many leak-holes between the harshest and
the market, by which the profits escape through care-
lessness; but the most important point, requiring
constant vigilance, is the fluctuating scale of supply
and demand. Many times the we.stern farmer and
stockraiser loses his entire shipment of potatoes or
sheep, and frequently receives a bill for freight, with
the stereotyped "please remit" stamped upon the
paper.

There is no safety in relying upon the middle-men
or agents of commission houses, because they give no
guarantee of returns except such as the market as-
sures on day of sale. The local merchants are not
always justified in paying the value of produce, even
in goods, for the reasons that they have not the capi-
tal to invest nor facilities for watching the market.
Direct shipments can not be made to the market
centers except by train or carload lots, and then ex-
perienced dealers must accompany the produce in
order to realize the full benefits of all that the market
returns. Individual marketing has always proven
disastrous to the general farmer because 'of lack of
business tact and the small lots of produce he has to
offer.

The only .solution of the question of realizing all
there is in'the prodiicts of the farm lies in the proper
practice of co-operative marketing. The Utah Mor-
mons have con.structed irrigation-ditches, built up
over three hundred towns, and conquered vast areas
of desert by co-operative exertions, fully demonstrat-
strating the fact that the principle is correct. In
citing "these facts Joel Shoemaker asks: Why not
adopt the methods u'sed in selling as well as in grow-
ing produce ? Twenty farmers could baud together
and practically control the community. Five of the
be.st qualified men acting as a board of directors could
employ one of their own number as a manager, and

1S97

OLKANINGS IN Kl-lv CUI/rURK.

trausjict the business with piotit lulhe entire CDniniii-
nitv.

iMiis plan lias worked arhnirably and i)rofilably in
several instances under our person:il obsei valion, and
the efforts of those enterprising Irviil-growersat Mont-
rose, Delta, and Grand Junction, in organizing local
market associations, seems a very commendable
movenient. If it does not succeed as fully as some
may hope for the first season or so it i.s a step in the
right direction, and must eventually lead to a belter
condition all along the line. There is much to be
learnet.! in this as in other things; and after all we of
the new West need a good deal of schooling in most
of our undertakings.

A PROTEST ; APIS DORSATA.

Mr. Root: — I can heartih- iiidor.se your
views rej^ardiiig the importing of Apis dorsala,
page 48S, and hereby enter my protest against
the use of public funds for its importation.
If they are cf any great value it is surely a
"good" personal' investment for some of
their advocates. From what reliable people
in their native home say of them they are too
much like wild geese to be of any value to
bee-keepers in this country ; but, instead, I
think they would prove a curse, even if they
could withstand our climates, which I very
much doubt. I am quite sure that we already
have too many varieties of bees in this country,
for our own good, and surely more ' ' names ' '
than "varieties." Every thing considered
in the make-up of the little bee, I don't be-
lieve there is a bee on the face of the earth
to-day that is superior to the pure and simple
three-banded Italians, and their equals are
very scarce, judging from a " personal "
standpoint, and information gleaned through-
out the United States.

I have said before that I have had experi-
ence that I have never seen in print, in
the early mating of a queen and a vast num-
ber of queen-cells on one comb; and last week
I found something that seems as unusual to
me, and I have never heard of the like, nor
seen it in print.

WORKERS REARED IX WORKER-CELI-S.

When I am extracting I make it a rule,
after taking the comT)s from the extractor, to
take my oltl uncap])ing-kni."e and .shave the
heads off from all drones found in the upper
stories (I use no queen-excluders); and in do-
ing this I found one comb full of what ap-
peared to be drones, but noticed that the caps
were not quite so prominent as u.sual; and
when I severed the caps I found, in.stead of
drones, perfect workers nearly ready to hatch;
nothwithstanding the cells were regular old-
style and full-sized drone-cells, the little fel-
lows really looked lost in them. Have you
or any of your readers ever had an experience
of this kind ? It seems to me that it proves
one thing positively ; and that is, that the
queen governs the egg-production by her ov. n
free will, and that tlie shape and size of the
cell have nothing to do with it, as has been
claimed by some writers in the past.

I am of the opinion that our basswood-hon-
ey flow is going to be very light here this
season, as it is nearly all open now, and bses
are not doing much, I think on account of the
extremely hot weather for the past week.

Hillsboro, Wis., July 12. Elias Fox.

lI()Ni;v-l"I,()W NOT i:XTKAOKDlNAK\- IN
WISCONSIN.

In answer to Dr. Miller, page 177, an! Harry
Lalhro}), page 7)28, I will say that Northern
Wisconsin will not glut the market unless on
fall blossoms. Bcs are in about the condi-
tion they were JMay 20, except excessive
swarming since July 8. R turned la.st night
from an investigating-trip in the direction my
bees all want to go, and liave 7)0 colonies, n^w
swarms, ready to start at sundown for an out-
apiary 21 miles north of Chippewa Falls, Wis.

I find here willow-herb, goldenrod, frost-
flowers, etc., covering the ground for miles
where the forest-fires burned in 1897) and '96.
E. A. Cleaves.

Eagle Point, Wis., July 20.

WHAT IS THE MATTER WITH THE WHITE
CLOVER THIS YEAR?

My bees seem to be working very busily
this season, btit I don't know what they work
on. I haven't seen a bee on a white-clover
blossom this season. We have no timber
within a mile, and not much within three
miles, except a few artificial groves of cotton-
wood, maple, and willow. There is plenty of
white clover. Samuel Clough.

Ellarton, la.

[This report seems to be an exception to the
general run. All the rest say that the clover
this year is all right. — Ed.]

GRANULATION OF ALFALEA.

I am nutch interested in the discussion as to
alfalfa honey granulating. My experience
has been that it does not granulate here unless
it be in the brood-chamber. I have kept
alfalfa honey in 1-lb. sections for a year, and
no signs of granulation; but last spring I found
it badly granulated in hive (stores that bees
had carried over winter).

We are just in the midst of our alfalfa
honey-flow. The first crop of alfalfa did not
produce much honey; but it is coming in very
fast now, and I am afraid my bees will get the
swarming-fever. The bees here are all run
for comb honey — no extracting yet. I think
the home market will take care of the surplus.

Alma, Neb., July 21. T. L. Porter.

There is an abundance of white clover here,
and we are having a slow but steady and last-
ing flow. From 7 hives and a nucleus with
which I began operations this spring, I have
taken 288 lbs. of marketable honey in sections,
with about 7)0 lbs. more ready to come off, and
no diminution of the flow as 3-et.

Ben Avon, Pa., Julv 9. ' H. P. Joslin.

I have been worked up to the highest notch
myself, working every day at the railroad shop,
and working with the bees nights and morn-
ings. I have taken already 1400 sections of
white-clover honey from 12' hives, and more
to come. W. L. Richmond.

Lexington, Ky., July 11.

600

GLEANINGS IN LEE CULTURE.

Aug. 15.

'^ OK r«£ /IrsTERy OF CRysTAL Afoa/vfA/r/

vl I) nul \lt \retta hiltcil then ])unics
neai the corraL and whik Gimp
cared for them they approached
the house. The door was a trifle
aja. . rred knocked. There was a stir of
chairs within, and hastening steps. The door
opened, and Mrs. Buell's troubled face ap-
peared.

" Fred Anderson!" she exclaimed, her face
aplow. "Fred Anderson! Fred Anderson!
dli! where is my girl, my Alfaretta? "

" Right here, Mrs. Buell; allow me to intro-
duce her;" and Alfaretta stepped within the
hotise.

" Dear, dear mamma !"

"Dear child!" and mother and daughter
were clasped in along embrace. " My own
Alfaretta again, and still not my own, not my
own."

" Whv, yes, dear mamma. Why do yovi
sav so? vour own, and well again; and pap- —
where is' dear papa? "

Fred caught Mrs. Buell's eye, and made an
energetic dumb motion to her to keep quiet.
She appeared much surprised, and abruptly
asked, " Where is Dr. Hayden ? "

Fred explained the doctor's queer departure,
and took occasion to whisper to her, while
from the veranda she was showing him where
to find Prof. Btiell, to say nothing about
Alfaretta' s parentage.

Fred hastened toward the levee where the
profes.sor was at work; but he had not gone
far when he met his old friend.

"Fred Anderson, as I live,"
.shouted he. "I had a strong feel-
ing that something good was going
to happen, and I hastened to the
house. Dr. Hayden, of course,
is with you and Alfaretta? "

"Alfaretta is at the house, and
sane," said Fred.

' ' Sane ? sane ? ' ' repeated Prof.
Buell. "Yes, it is possible, and
true if you say so, Fred; let us
hasten. But, about Dr. Hayden—
where is he ? "

Then Fred explained to, him
the sudden departure in the night,
and the motive.

"Sure, sure," replied Prof.
Buell; "the same self-sacrificing
man I knew years ago. I should
have been so glad to meet him
again. But I believe I shall tell Alfaretta all
about her parentage."

"No, I would not," said Fred; "it is the
doctor's request that you should not. It

nu lit c Ills
goo I result.

The professor's greeting was less effusive
than Mrs. Buell's, but not the less hearty and
loving.

" Dear Alfaretta! and yourself again! How
great the blessings showered upon us! In this
hour of our joy let us remember the Giver of
these blessings, the healer of the sick, the one
who brings great joy in the place of trouble."

The afternoon and evening were hardl}' long
enough for the rehearsal of the experiences of
the past|year. Prof. Buell said he would have
continued his search for Alfaretta again; but
upon his return home he found a letter from
Dr. Hayden, saying that Alfaretta would be
cared for and returned in due time. This led
him to await further developments, and now
the sequel .showed that Alfaretta's hejira the
year before was a providential occurrence.
The earthquake was a theme of constant re-
currence in conversation, and Fred now learn-
ed of its extent. vSacramento had been thor-
oughl}' shaken, and the town of Williams had
been so sever rly shaken that several houses
were demolished. It was the most severe
earthquake felt for years on the Pacific coast.

T.iat evening Fred presented to the parents
his claims for the hand of Alfaretta.

"It seems," .said Mrs. Buell, "that your
lives have run together ever since Alfaretta
fished you from the river; and, F'red, as ^-ou
have been instrumental in bringing her to iis

'*. ^ * life

well again, we shall let you two decide your
own destiny."

"That is' what you meant, mamma," said
Alfaretta, "when 3'ou said I was not your own."

1S07

GT.KAN'IXGS IN miK cri/ruRK.

11)1

"I suppose so," sail! Mrs. nucll, evasively;
■■ you know I was so overjoyeil, Alfaretta, that
I h.>r lly knew what to say. Don't refer to my
foolish words attain, dear."

The next day I'red desired to visit the Gher-
iuii raiicli, and Gimp was impatient to see his
mother "an" the kids," so the jiarly that
roweil up the river consisted of the uliole
Ihi 11 family.

At the Gherinij: rancli there was j^reat rejoic-
iiiii aijain. Fred could hardly believe that
Mrs. Gherinij was formerly Mrs. Dawson, so
<jreat had been the chany^e. He made partic-
ular inquiries for Matt Hotjan; and while they
were lalkintj about him, who should appear

"Me ould friend, it's a heaven-s;nt idea,"
.said Matt; "and is it Alfaretta that would
make ver home comfortable loike for \''es?"

It ha])p Mied that day, that, after Mr. Gh'>r-
in<< had shown all of the im])rovements he
had made upon his ranch, the Daw.son lanch
was discussed.

"Wall, I 's])Ose the boys mij.rht work it
arter a while," said Mrs. Cxherinj.^; "but per-
haps it's better tu .sell it than tu s^e it j^o tu
rack. But, Fred Anderson, it ain't every one
I'd sell tu; but seein' it's you that'll occupy
it I'll sell, an' trust tu suthin" tu turn up fur
the boys. They seem ter like fishin' better'n
ranchin', anv wav."

but that worthy himself, driving a mule team
to a farm wagon, and a comely Irish maid b}-
his side ?

Biddy Maloney had been caring for an aged
father for many years. She had been a faith-
ful daughter; and when her charge was re-
leased by death she hastened to join her lover
here in California, and was proving as exem-
plar}- a wife as she had been a daughter. ]\Iatt
had improved his neat ranch, a few miles from
the river, and his main source of revenue was
from a well-kept apiary.

•'It is meself that can projuce the foine
honey, I'red. Fd loike yees to settle down
here now, and become a compaterter. "

" Well, Matt, what do you think of the plan
of my buying the Dawson location? "

"Von know, Mrs. Gliering," said Fred,
" that I will help your boys all J can, and shall
want Gimp right along. We will rejuvenate
the old place."

"That's jest my- idea," said Mrs. Ghering,
and the bargain was closed.

Fred was very happy- for a few weeks in set-
ting things to rights on the old Dawson place;
and one of the first improvements was the
purchase of a dozen colonies of bees of Matt
Hogan, as a start for a large apiary.

"Sure," said Matt, "it will be a pleasure
to have a neighbor baa-kaaper to talk to."

"Yes, Matt, there's nothing like being fra-
ternal; and now if we had some of those
Crystal Mountain queens I have told you
about, what wonders w^e could accomplish!

602

GLEANINGvS IN I5EE CULTURE.

Aug. !•').

But," said Fred, sadly, "not even this place
will ever equal the bee-keeping paradise that
was in the beautiful valley."

There was a quiet wedding at the Buell resi-
dence one day; and, after a feast of good
things, a boat gaily decked with flowers and
streamers carried the bride and groom lo their
new home. A few weeks after the man'iage a
letter arrived, addressed to Alfaretta. It was
postmarked "City of Mexico;" and upon
opening it there was found a card inscribed,
" Wedding-present from Uncle Ralph." With
the card was a draft for 15000.

" Dear Uncle Ralph!" said Alfaretta; "and
what a generous gift! and what a strange man!
I never could really understand him."

Fred thought that he might enlighten her;
but, no — the secret of her parentage must be
kept.

Fred devoted much of his ranch to fruit;
and between that and the increase of his
apiary he gave employment to several men.
Gimp Dawson became so expert with the bees
that he was given entire charge of the apiary
during a portion of the year. The little church
not far away called the people together everj'
Sunday. Fred and Alfaretta became promi-
nent factors again in the exercises, and were
always at their posts of duty. Mr. Buell con-
tinued to minister to the spiritual needs of the
people, and the little chiirch was known as
the " Goodwill Union Church."

Fred Anderson, in all of his past losses and
disappointments, looked beyond the clouds
to the silver lining beyond; and now when
the clouds had rolled away, and he was living
in the sunshine of prosperity and a happy
home he did not forget the source whence all
blessings come; and, having a fellow-sympathy
for those in trouble, he ever held out the help-
ing hand to them. The home that was now
builded here was in marked contrast to the
former unhappy Dawson home.

As the seasons progress, there is the seed
time and harvest; there is the gathering of
the fruit and the grain and the honey; and so,
too, in progress of time, there is a wail of an
infant beneath the roof.

Mrs. Ghering comes down to congratulate
the happy parents. " I s'pose, Mr. Anderson,"
said she, "that's what you meant when you
said you'd rejuvenileate the old place; an'
what'r ye goin' to name the boy ? "

" Ralph Hayden Anderson," said Alfaretta.

"What a purty name, to be sure!" replied
Mrs. Ghering; " may long life and joy rest on
all of you."

The tourist passing up the river never fails
to notice the neat rose-covered cottage and its
well-kept grounds. The Anderson place is
one of the beauty spots of the Upper Sacra-
mento; and should he pass in the evening, a
child may be seen tumbling on the lawn,
while on the vine-covered veranda the happy
parents, with guitar and voice, wake the echoes
across the river with many familiar songs.

When about to close their evening exercise
Fred will commence to thrum a well-known
prelude. Alfaretta smiles toward him, and
with both sad and pleasant memories of the
past she sings that old song:

The night is stormy and dark,

Jly lover is on the sea;
I<et me to the night winds hark,

And hear what they saj' to me.

THE END.

From the best information I can get, glean-
ed from a good many letters, basswood has
been generally a failitre throughottt the coun-
trv, althottgh in some sections it has been
unusually good. A wet cool spring, very fa-
vorable for clover and grasses, was ' ' a little too
mtich of a good thing " for basswoods.

I WOULD call special attention to a valuable
article by J. A. Buchanan, in another column.
He has given us a little food for thotight. It
should not be true that honey can be bought
at a connnission house cheaper than it can
be from the producer; neither ought it to be
tnie that many bee-keepers make no effort to
develop their own home market.

In otir last isstie I confessed that I had
changed my niind on the subject of clipping
qtieens' wings. Mr. E. U. Parshall, of Coop-
erstown, N. Y., the old tramping-grottnd of
J. Fenimore Cooper, writes: " I tliink yoti
will enjoy bees better since you changed your
mind. I could not keep mine where I do did
I not clip my queens."

Mr. Parshall also writes that basswood has
been a failure, and that it was his opinion
that a good many supplies would be left over.

In the July Reviezi\ Mr. E. E. Hasty said
that he believed friend Hutchinson needed
less alteration to make him a model bee-editor
than any other editor we have. Bro. York, of
the Aiiierican Bee Journal, in commenting on
this, says: "Well, Editor Root (E. R.), that
settles it so far as you are concerned. You
might as well stop trying to be a ' model edit-
or.' Need too nnich alteration." I have been
puzzling my head to know whether Bro. York
was trying to hit me or to hit the other fellows
over my head. Let it fly. Seriously, I've
only tried to be myself.

I OMiTTKD to mention in our last issue that
Mr. W. A. Selser, the branch manager at our
Philadelphia office, 10 Vine St., had for his
object, in his recent visit to the West, the se-
cviring control of a ntunber of apiaries that
produce strictly pure white-clover honey. His
plan of operation among the bee-keepers, I
think, is a very admirable one. While he
represents us at Philadelphia the honey busi-
ness is his own venture.

I remember of once asking him a question
regarding the matter of buying honey on com-
mission. Said he, "I can not answer. I al-

(;i,1';a\ings in hi-:i>; cri/rrRi':.

ways pay cash. I always feci st)rry for the
poor bce-keejier who sells his honey on coin-
mission." Air. Selser has a warm heart.

.\ i!i:i:-Ki:i:ri:R, ;Mr. Robert Ayers, of Wood-
ley, l"la.. with whom .\. I. R. once stopped,
was stunj; in the back-<.f the neck. The sting
or stini^s caused a sore, and blood poisoning
set in, resulting, we regret to say, in his death.
If we were to moralize on this we should hard-
ly be justified in concluding that the stings in
this case resulted in death. Possibly a slight
breaking in the .skin at the same point would
have caused the same result, for blood poison-
ing does sometimes set in, even from slight
abrasions of the skin.

Thi-; prospect is good for a fall flow of honey
this year — at lea.st around these parts. Fre-
quent rains have made every thing grow lux-
uriantly. Sweet clover has grown so thriftily
that around here at least it has almost all gone
to seed ; but the bees have worked on it busily
for weeks. Honey has been coming in a little
every day — just enough to keep down robbing
and to keep the bees good-natured. The sea-
son has, therefore, been very favorable for
queen-rearing. The asters and other fall flora
are now just coming into bloom. Truly,
great is the year 1897 for honey.

I FORGOT to mention in our last issue that
our new type for the journal gives us about
12^2 per cent more reading-matter than we
had with our old type — that is, a gain of that
much on the contributed matter and editorials,
which were "leaded." On answers to cor-
respondents, travels, and Our Homes, and all
matter that was set with close lines, or
"solid," as the printers term it, the reader
loses about 5 per cent. But the total gain, on
any estimate, is nearly 9 per cent over what
we were giving our readers, taking the journal
all through; and at the same time we are giv-
ing them a slightly larger letter, than hereto-
fore, which, our foreman says, he "specs"
will be appreciated by the older readers.

THK ROOT COMPANY EMPLOYEES' PICNIC AT
EUCLID BEACH PARK.

Ol'R employees this season have had an
unusually long and heav}- run. The force
has been divided into day and night gangs,
each of 11 hours' run. We have been so busy
that we have had to run during Decoration
day and the I'ourth of July full blast. Work-
ing on holidays rather "goes against the
grain " of working-people, and I do not blame
them; but we had orders to fill, and honest
obligations to meet.

Now that we are over the busy rush, the
men have planned a big picnic on the I.'Jth, to
Euclid Beach Park, on the shore of Lake Erie,
near Cleveland, about 40 miles from Medina.
This involves a run of about 'AO miles on the
cars and 10 by boat. I wish all our readers
might be present with us and enjoy the picnic
with our busy workers of the Home of the
Honey-bees.

We have had, during our heavy run of busi-

ness, al)out ISO employees. If these peojjle
lake along their families, their " best girls,"
and their " best fellows," we may have a shop
picnic aggregating .some 400 or .■)00. On that
day our whole plant will be .shut uj), office and
all, as tight as a box, with only a watchman
and perhaps a clerk to take care of telegrams
and urgent business.

THE '97 HOFFMAN FRAME.S.

The new end-spacing Hoffman frame met
with an immediate and hearty reception; and,
moreover, it seems to have been ju.st what
bee-keepers were looking for. Mr. Nysewan-
der says his trade has been greatly pleased
with them. There are only two staples used
to a frame; and yet our records show that we
have this season bought about a ton of them.
There are 800 staples to the pound, or enough
to make 400 frames; 2000 times 400 makes
exactly 800,000. If this does not mean that
the new end-spacing Hoffman frame is popu-
lar, I do not know what does.

I have experimented with and tested a good
many kinds of frames, including quite a vari-
ety of closed ends ; but I do not know of any-
thing that begins to suit me anywhere near as
well as the new-style Hoffman. It can be
handled twice or nearl}- three times as rapidly
as the old-style unspaced Langstroth frames;
and in these days of low prices on honey it
means that we must make .short cuts. Our '96
stjde of Hoffman was a good frame; but the
'97 pattern is far ahead of it.

SMOKER fuel; dried twigs AND PLANER
SHAVINGS.

For years we have been using and recom-
mending planer-shavings for smoker fuel.
For a longer period of time Mr. Bingham has
recommended stovewood split up into short
lengths. Mr. Hutchinson, in a recent num-
ber of his journal, saj-s it makes good fuel,
but it burns out the smoker-cup too fast, and
rather recommends planer-shavings, or fuel of
that sort. At our basswood yard, having got-
ten nearly out of the excelsior sawdust (a fuel
that is something like planer-shavings in its
results) I made an attempt to piece out the
fuel by breaking up, into lengths of four or
five inches, dead limbs or twigs from the bass-
wood-trees. A little excelsior fuel was lighted,
and the cup filled up with broken twigs. It
was very evident that, while the smoke was
not as dense, it was much more lasting, and,
except with the very crosse.st colonies, it gave
very satisfactory results ; and I am inclined
now to believe that a combination of planer-
shavings and soft dry w'ood would be more sat-
isfactory, generally, than either alone.

SECOND CROP OF WHITE CLOVER.
We can hardly say that the honey season is
closed in this vicinity, and reports coming in
would seenrto indicate a like condition in oth-
er localities. There seems to be around here,
at least, what we might call a second crop of
white clover. This is particularly noticeable
in the fields from which grass has been cut for

604

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug. 15.

hay. The frequent rains have made sv.'cct clo-
ver do better than usual, and have caused red
clover (or peavine) to put forth its best efforts
in honey secretion. While the bees have not
made much of an attempt to store surplus
since about the middle of July, they have held
their own and a little more. It begins to look
now as if we should not have to use extract-
ing-combs containing sealed honey that has
been set aside for wintering purposes. If the
fall flow shall amount to any thing, very little
feeding will be necessary. All of this, if gen-
eral, looks toward prosperity for the bee-keep-
er. During a number of the previous seasons,
the clovers ( especially the white ) have been
killed out root and branch by the drouth.
This year, clovers of ever}- description are well
rooted, and we may well hope, at lea.st, for a
good clover crop next year.

BIG COLONIES, AGAIN.

I H.WE said a good deal in our late issues
in regard to the value of powerful colonies;
and, as I have said before, I reiterate; I ex-
pect to say a good deal more about it. It is
one of those things that will bear repetition;
for I believe it is going to take a good deal of
pounding to get tl:e fact thoroughly into the
heads of bee-keepers. Well, here goes for
round No. — let's see — somewhere about seven
or eight — call it eight — for I am sure I have
harped on this question at least eight times.

I have noticed that a two-story eight-frame
Langstroth colony, run for extracted, is just
the sort of colony we need for producing comb
honey. Take off the upper story with all its
extracting-combs, that the bees have begun
storing in, and place in its stead one super
containing full sheets of foundation, and, my!
how the bees go to work! If the colony is
ver\" populous it may be wase to put on two
supers. I am not sure, but I am inclined to
believe that a good way to start bees to stor-
ing honey in supers is to give theiu extracting-
combs; and if the season is a good one. take
the super away and give them supers prepared
for comb honey. But the plan won't work a
little bit unless the hive is fairly " biling "
over with bees. The super that has been re-
moved may be given to an extracting-colony
to complete.

JOSEPH NYSEWANDER.

Wk have with us to-day Mr. Joseph Nyse-
wander. of Des Moines, Iowa, who is almost
too well known to need any introduction here.
Originally he was an obscure bee-keeper in
New Carlisle, Ohio. .

I remember very distinctly of our receiving
a letter from Mr. Nysewander, at that point,
offering his services as stenographer and type-
writer operator, adding that he was using a
caligraph. As we had no stenographer at
that time he was engaged, and worked for vis
a time. He finally left us, and struck out for
himself, buying supplies and doing some man-
ufacturing. He shortly discontinued manu-
facturing, as he early discovered that the
large factories could not only make supplies
for him cheaper, but l)etter goods as well.

Soon after, we began sending him supplies bj-
the carload, for I believe he was o;ie of the
ver}- first who bought goods of us in a whole-
sale way, and he has ever since been getting
his stuff by the carload. During the past
year he has already purchased of us thirteen
carloads of goods, besides numerous small
shipments.

He is a young hustling business man ; and
the rapid strides that he has made in the bee-
supply line is no small credit to his enterprise
and pluck. He is now on his return trip to
Des Moines, having been to visit his father,
who is very sick, and who even now is not
out of danger.

A TWELVE-MILLION-DOLLAR GLUCOSE TRUST
AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE.

In our issue for July 1st I stated that it had
been reported that the glucose-factories of the
United States had formed a trust aggregating
two millions of dollars, and added that I hop-
ed this trust would put the price on the stuff
up so high that it will not pay to use it in hon-
ey. Another item now appears in the daily
press, to the effect that another glucose com-
bine has been foryned, aggregating something
like tiL'etve mittioiis! If this is true, it goes to
show that there mustbe an enormous demand
for an article that is used, if I am correct, en-
tirely for the purjTOses of adulteration.

By the way, it was somewhat of a query in
my mind a'//i' this particular trust should be
formed at this particular time. Then it oc-
curred to me that it might be the tariff. In
looking over the Dingley act I find glucose
has a tariff of 1 Ji cts. per lb., the old rate be-
ing 1") per cent ad valorem. The new duty is
heavy enough to shut out foreign competition;
and now an enormous trust has been fonued, it
ought to be possible for it to run the price up to
where I hope it won't pay to use it in honey.
Let it go up. Honey has been coming down in
price ; and if it is true that glucose will be go-
ing up, all the better for the bee-keepers. It
is when honey goes up and glucose dozen that
the adulteration of honey is on the increase.

It is also reported that injunction proceed-
ings \\\\\ be begun against the formation of
this big trust, under the anti-trust law. I
don't know, but somehow I hope the injunc-
tion will be dissolved, and that the trust will
shove the price up.

REPORTS IN REG.AlRD TO DRAWN FOUNDATION.
\'ERV vmfortunately the new dies were com-
pleted too late to get samples all over the
country in time for the honey-flow. In the
great majority of instances the honey-flow
was either waning or had stopped at the time
the drawn foundation was received, and the
results were, therefore, somewhat negative
in some instances. A lot we sent to Mr.
F. A. Salisbury reached him just about the
time the honey season was stopping. After
putting the drawn foundation and full .sheets
of ordinary foundation in the same super on
the hive, he wrote us, July 17, "Honey for
the la.st few days has not been brought in as
a short time before." . . . "The founda-

lS«t7

CIJ-ANINCS IN BEE CULTURK.

(105

lion is drawn mil alioiil '); inch; antl ihc
drawn fuundalion is fastened all around by
the bees, and sliijhtly buli^ed." Aj^ain, on
the 2(»th of July, he writes:' " I lookeil at the
foundation and drawn foun<lation, and found
both in about the same condition as on the
17th. It looks as though our honey season
were at a close. ' '

In the mean time we had written to Mr.
CVeorije K. Hilton, knowing that willow-herb
wouhi folk)W later than clover, and asking
him if he would test the drawn foundation.
He immediately rejilied that he could, but
asked us to .send three supers, each contain-
ing half drawn foundation and half full sheets,
to" Mr. Roliert, at Woodville, Mich. The
supers were sent ; and under date of Aug. 5th
Mr. Robert writes: "At noon to-day the com-
mon fouTidation had cells fully as deep as the
drawn, and much whiter and more uniform in
appearance. Honey is not coming in very
fast, and work in sections goes on ver\- slowly. ' "

This test so far would seem to be rather
against the new article; but one swallow does
not make a summer.

Mr. D. X. Ritchie, of Black Lick, O., who,
I think, is speaking of the new drawn foun-
dation, writes, Aug. (ith: "We took off the
box containing' the new-process foundation,
and I must sa\- it excels the natural — no fish-
bone, and belter to eat." The fact that Mr.
Ritchie compares the new process with the
natural, and speaks of the "no fishbone,''
leads me to believe he was referring to the
new drawn foundation.

Mr. B. F. Onderdonk, of Mountain View,
X. J., had previously written us very favorably
in regard to the new drawn foundation. In a
later letter he wTites:

The experimental super was taken off la.st evening.
July l.st it was placed on a strong colony, and this, as
I explained before, was near the end of the honey-
flow, as the drouth had set in. lasting from the '2()th of
June till the 18th of July, without a drop of rain, July
l((th I examined and found the new deep-cell founda-
tion, and natural starters, fully drawn and honey
stored; Dadant's full sheets halfdrawn: Van Deuseii
not touched.

It will be seen from this that the drawn
foundation fully equals the natural comb, and
that both were ahead of ordinary foundation.
Assuming that Dadant's was equal to the best
of ordinary foundation, here clearly is an
instance where drawn foundation and natural
comb were decidedly ahead; but it should be
stated that the test was more severe because
Mr. Onderdonk used narrow starters of drawn
foundation — one at the top and one at the bot-
tom. These in the above test were placed
over against /7^// s/iects of ordinary foundation.

Mr. Onderdonk states further on that the
space between the two starters, top and bot-
tom, of the drawn foundation, was filled in
with natural drone comb, and therefore the
appearance of the comb honey from the full
sheets of fotuidation was better because it was
all worker; but, of course, if Mr. Onderdonk
had had the full sheets of drawn that we are
nozi.' making, the appearance would have been
just as good, and the result decidedly in favor
of the new product.

We also sent some .samples of the new drawn

foundation to Dr. A. H. Mason. .\t the lime
of sending I told him that I knew he would
give them a very fair and impartial test; and
that if the thing did not pan out well I knew
he would be prompt and fearless enough to
say so, for he is one of those chaps who, if
the other fellow does not like what he has to
say — well, he does not worry much about it.
He has tested the new foundation, and here is
what he says:

The ten .samples of drawn foundation (or whatever
you call it) you sent me for trial came duly to hand.
Eight of the pieces, ."J'j by S'; inches .square" were put
in two shallow super frames, four in each; and as the
four didn't fill the frames to their full length a piece
of newly built comb of about the same thickness as
the drawn foundation was put in to till it. In five
days all was filled with honey, and nicely sealed over.

flaving some compnuy to dinner the liext tlay after
I had removed the honey from the hive, I thoiight it
would be a good time to" test it. One of the company
I have known as a great lover and consumer of honey,
eating it at nearly even,- meal for years.

Both kinds, the natural comb 'made by the bees,
and the drawn foundation, were tested, and some
.said the drawn foundation was the nicer, but none
thought the natural comb was any nicer, or less
"gobby" than that from the drawn "foundation; and
the great honey-eater above mentioned thought the
comb from the drawn foundation was the nicer, and
preferred it to the other. For my own part I could
not possibly make my.self see any difference, except
near the edges, and there our samples of natural
comb were heavier than that from the drawn founda-
tion. A. B. M.\sox.

.Station B. Toledo, O.. Aug. 6.

The doctor's experience is more in line with
our own; and it does not .seem to me that
there can be any question about the eating-
quality of the drawn-foundation comb honey.

I will be frank about it and state that, in
my opinion, there are times when drawn foun-
dation ma}- not show any particular advantage
over ordinary foundation ; but I am just as
sure that, in a majority of instances, it will
prove superior, as I am sure it is an advantage
to use full sheets of conmion foundation in-
stead of narrow starters of the same article.

Before any opposition came up at all, it was
universally admitted last year that it would be
a great advantage to use natural-comb .starters
in supers for the purpose of starting the bees
to work in the supers. It was, however, ad-
mitted that, after the bees got once started,
they might work just as well on foundation as
on the natural cotiib. Mr. B. Taylor, a year
or so before he died, called attention to the
great value of drawn combs, and many anoth-
er one fully indorsed it ; and all the tests .so
far wiih the natural comb and the drawn
foundation, both of the same depth, seem to
show equal results. So we may assume that
there will be a Vjig demand for drawn founda-
tion, even though we admit that there are times
when foundation will give as good results.

Vou will see that I have endeavored in the
above to state the facts fairly. I have not
tried to bolster up drawn foundation any
more than it deserves.

Dox'T forget the big convention that takes
place from the 24th to the 'idth at Caton Hall,
Buffalo. A. I. R., Mrs. H. R. Root', Leland,
and myself expect to be present. See con-
vention notes for rates. After attending the
convention I expect to tour eastward among
bee-keepers, part of the w^ay on my wheel.

606

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug. 15.

ON THE WHEEL AMONG THE POTATO-
GROWERS.

On the next to the last day of July I started
off to visit a relative about thirty miles away.
Our l)oy Huber, fourteen years old, rather
thouijht he could keep up wifli me on the
wheel, and so he proposed to go along. When
about half a mile from home I stopped to see
my mother, who is living with my youngest
sister; and finally two of my sister's children,
aged respectively thirteen and sixteen, decided
to make two of the party provided I would go
slowly and rest often. Come to think of it, I
guess it was the mother who enjoined the
above conditions in case they went along with
Uncle Amos. Neither of the girls had ridden
a wheel more than two months; but they put
off in fine spirits, notwithstanding the warm
July weather.

When about ten miles from home I proposed
a little ' ' rest in the shade while we tried some
lemonade." Now, that rhymed itself — you
must not lay it to me. When we were seven-
teen miles 'from home I told the children it
was time for my forenoon nap. We were near
Fairlawm, a place where I often stop for rest
and refreshment. The good people there
promised to have dinner ready by the time I
woke up, and all together I managed to get
the children to rest nearly an hour.

A little fv:rther along we stopped at Mr.
Miller's, where they grew those beautiful cold-
frame cabbage-plants last fall. The Wake-
field cabbages were all sold, but they were
jtist carrying into the cit}- of Akron great
beautiful heads of Early Summer by the
wagon -load. There seemed to be quite a dis-
crepancy between the prices we get for cab-
bage on our market-wagon and the price paid
by the largest wholesale grocer in Akron.
They said their finst Wakefields brought them
60 cts. a dozen, but they finally got down to
30 cts. His great heads of Early Summer,
weighing from 4 to 8 lbs. apiece, brought only
2>^ cts. by the wagon-load. Now, the price
that we receive at retail is from 10 to 20 cts.
apiece; but this large wholesale dealer paj^s,
sa}', 2>4 cts. a head. He turns them over to
the retail grocer at perhaps 4 or .5 cts. The
retail grocer trims off some of the leaves so as
to keep them looking nice and fresh, thus
reducing the weight, and sends them all over
the city to his customers (you know it is the
fashion to deliver goods nowadays, even if it
is only a spool of thread or a paper of pins),
and gets 10 cts. a head. Now, it looks as if
there were pretty good profits here, and I con-
fess I think so still. But, dear friends, you
have yoiir choice. Those who grow the cab-
bages can run a wagon to the consumer, and
deliver them direct, and get the big prices;
and the consumer can, if he chooses, get ac-
quainted with the gardener, and go or send

right to the grower and cut short the profits
of the middleman. We all know this; but,
notwithstanding, where a man grows cabbages
by the acre he sooner or later prefers to sell
them to somebody who will take the whole lot
right off his hands, and let him go to work
raising another crop where the cabbages grew.

A little further along I stopped at the At-
wood celery-farm. Mr. Atwood sa^-s his
ground does not produce celery as well as it
did years ago; and he thinks even muck land
does better under some system of rotation. I
found him and his men in the bunch-onion
business. They have a fine crop of Southport
White Globe onions, and they are putting
three onions in a bunch, said onions being
from the size of a hen's egg up to that of a
small-sized goose egg. Such bunches retail
for a nickel; but the man who grows them by
the acre is glad to have them taken off his
hands in quantities at oh/v a cent a bunch. It
is the same with cabbages. The middleman
who consents to take these perishable goods
by the wagonload must have a margin so he
can deliver them at a low price to the retail
grocer. The latter must have a profit, so that
at times when they do not go off readily he
can sell three bunches for a dime, or two for a
nickel, when Mxey begin to get a little old.

Mr. Atwood thinks that onions do finely
after celery; and I suppose that, after growing
onions for a while, the celery will be all right
again.

While I talked cabbages and onions the
children enjoyed themselves in exploring the
gardens and grounds; and when I reached my
cousin's farm, where Huber's cyclometer reg-
istered just 31 miles from our starting-point,
the children felt so well that the two older
ones declared they could turn right round and
go back home before dark, and just enjoy the
fun of it. I told them, however, they would
do well if they made the trip after a good
night's rest.

As our stopping-place was only three miles
from Mogadore, Summit Co., O., my old
boyhood home, we proposed to visit over there
after supper. The children suggested taking
their wheels; but I thought the}- had had
wheeling enough that day. Mr. Wolf furnish-
ed us a big stout horse and surrey; and with
his two children (a boy of twelve and a girl of
seventeen) we had a merry party, I assure
you. I presume the good people who lived in
the cottage on the hill were somewhat surpris-
ed to see such a crowd marching into their
quiet dooryard; but after I informed the good
lady, that about fifty years ago my grandfather
made my tnother a present of that home, and
that I lived there about 11 years during my
childhood, she very courteously invited us to
make ourselves at home all over the premises.
Old familiar landmarks met me on every side.
I walked around the octagon house, and
climbed down the steps on the gravelly hill-
side; admired the beets, vineless sweet pota-
toes, lima beans, and other vegetables that
still grew with such wonderful vigor on that
gravelly hillside; then I pushed open an un-
used gate. After some groping among the
bushes I found a well-remembered path, and

IS'.t

GLIvANIXGS IN BRP: CULTURE.

607

the chililien trailed after iiic down to the hal)-
blin.v; hrook. A ijood stroii.t,^ jilank took us
across to the ohl cohl sjirint; in the hillside.
A little stone crock stood on a shelf above the
spring. The dark-coloreil earthenware seemed
to invite coolness. While di]>ping up the
sparkling water I reinenibered the manj- times
I have craved, especially during sickness, a
cooling drink from that very spring. I passed
the water around, and each and all declared
they had never in their life tasted such re-
freshing spring water; and Hubersaid, " \Vhy,
pa, this is surely as cold as ice water." They
had forgotten their ride of 'M miles, perhaps,
and also that it was a hot July day; but, not-
withstanding, I had to agree with them that
that water was all my fancy and memory had
painted it. I drank it again and again. The
water from that spring does not need boil!>ig
to make it wholesome. And then I wondered
if my digestion would not be good without
the necessity of riding a wheel if I could live
where I could drink claily from the waters of
that celebrated Mogadore "cold" spring.
The well-worn path down the hillside attests
the fact that man\- besides myself had taken a
fancy to this special spring. Cousin Wolf has
a spring in a hillside right close to his dwell-
ing; but the waters are hardly equal to those
of this particular one I have been talking
about. He was a little surprised when I told
him that, for the small sum of 5i'-00. lie could
get a little hydraulic ram that would send the
water all over his house, and all over his farm,
for that matter. Of course, the expense of
the piping would be extra. A\'e sat out under
the shade-trees talking over old times. The
3'oung ladies thought they would retire; but
Huber, as he lay in the hammock, said he
thought he would not go to bed till "pa did."
When I was ready to go, however, he did not
respond. My cousin called to him; then he
shook him. Finally I gave him a shake, and
then — what do you think ? Why, he declared
he had not been asleep at all, and was sure he
heard all we had been talking about; and I
think he did — fifteen or twenty minutes before
he needed such a shaking. I tell you, friends,
a boy of fourteen, who is growing like a weed,
needs lots of sleep, especially after he has
ridden over thirty miles on the wheel in one
day. By the way, dear father and :nother, let
me suggest to you to give the boy, and girl
too, all the sleep they need when they are in
their teens. Would you think it any thing
strange if I w^ere to tell you a little care to give
them plenty of sleep and rest when they are
growing so rapidly might lay the foundation
for robust health and usefulness in later years?
Next morning the children were all right,
and wild to try their wheels again; but Mr.
Wolf promised to take us to visit Wilbur
Fenn's if we would wait an hour or two. On
the W'Ev we picked up my relative, Dennis
Fenn, and a little later we ran across Mr.
Metlin, so we finally had five potato-growers
together in council. I have not space to give
you all of that talk; but I will take .space to
give you just one little item to show you how-
intricate and complicated is the matter of
growing just a crop of potatoes.

Cousin Fenn took us over to a nine-acre
field. The greater part of this field looked as
his fields usually do. Kvery hill of ])olatoes
was .so much like its neighbors that there was
scarcely a choice between them — no bugs, a
perfect stand, all bright and thrifty. At one
end of the field, however, there were perhaps
twenty or thirty rows that were not u]) to the
standard. You could tell the dividing line
clear through the field. I suggested there
was a different kind of seed. He shook his
head. "Planted at a different time?" he
shook his head again.

' ' Well, Wilbur, what makes the difference? ' '

He answered something as follows:

" You sec, I have always advocated planting
potatoes in loose ground. I did not believe it
was best to roll the ground at all. I wanted
it so the potatoes could expand and enlarge
.symmetrically withovit being squeezed out of
shape by uncongenial surroundings. I put in
my planter and started to plant the field with-
out rolling the ground. When I had got thus
far I did not feel quite suited with the way
things were going, and so hitched on to the
heavy roller, and rolled the rest of those nine
acres. You see the result."

Now, this would seem incredible were not
the object-lesson right before our eyes. With-
out a question, the use of that roller on that
field of nine acres more than paid for itself in
growing this one crop of potatoes. I strongly
suspect that the low yield of potatoes per acre
throughout our State of Ohio is owing to the
fact that the farmers who grow them are so
poorly supplied with proper tools for pulver-
izing and fining up the soil.

Finally the children were delighted to be
permitted to step out of the buggy and take
their wheels once more. We just flew over
the cinder wheel-path between the White
Grocery and Middlebury; and when we came
on to tiie paved streets on the side of Akron
toward our home. Miss Rena would anticipate
me and run up hill like a young colt that had
got started for home. I tried to have her stop
long enough to see the beautiful residences
along the suburbs of that Akron road, but I
could not hold her back. We took a hasty
dinner where we had dined the day before;
but when about ten miles from home it was
evident that the girls were becoming tired.
We took long rests under the shade-trees be-
side the road. We washed our faces in the
babbling brooks coming from hill-side springs,
and I for one had a really restful holiday.
We reached home at five o'clock, having made
about (>") miles in two days. All declared they
would like the fun of doing it all over again.

Now, dear friends, if your boys or girls are
crazy for a wheel, give them the means if you
can of earning one; and when they get it,
watch over them and see that they make a
proper u.se of this wonderfid new gift that has
so recently come from the kind F'ather above;
and when the wheel comes, teach the children
to make a good use of it. Do not let them
ride far at a time. Have them take plenty of
sleep and rest. Don't let them undertake a
century in one day until they are nitu and
women grown; but before that time have

608

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

AcG. lo.

them trained in the fear of the Lord so that
never, under any circumstances, -will they
think of undertaking a century run on Sunday.

Our Neighbors.

Thovi shalt love thj' neighbor as thyself. — Matt.
19:19.

For several years past I have had invitations
to visit the great seedsmen, and look over
their trial-grounds around the city of Phila-
delphia. There are perhaps more prominent
seedsmen congregated in this city than in
any other one spot on the face of the earth.
I was told the best time for me to visit would
be during the month of August. On Monday
morning, Aug. 2d, while at the breakfast-table
I noticed a low rate on account of the meeting
of the Leagvie of American Wheelmen. To
take advantage of this low rate I should have
to go during the first week in August; and to
be sure and get around without being away
from home over Sunda}-, it was needful I
should start in the fore part of the week. So
all of a sudden I made my preparations and
was off. Now, I do not propose in this depart-
ment to tell you much about my visit to the
wonderful gardens and seed-growing farms;
but I will tell you of these things later. I
love to study plants and high-pressure garden-
ing ; but I iove to study humanity and my
" neighbors " still more.

I soon found myself among a crowd of more
than ten thousand boys and girls who love to
ride the wheel. Some of them were doubtless
pretty well along in life; but with their wheel-
ing-suits they seemed to be youthful, at least
for the time being. Perhaps I should tell you
that I am and have been a member of the L.
A. W. almost since it started. Of course, I
am not in sympathy with Sunday riding nor
with the racing business, as a rule; but for all
that, I am in deep sympathy and in touch
with all these people who are finding health,
strength, and happiness through the proper
use of the wheel. I am also in deep sympathy
with the movement that the L. A. W. has in-
augurated in the way of better roads and freer
communication with our neighbors and the
whole outside world.

I have frequently spoken of the facilities for
wheeling in this, that, and the other location.
I ^aid the sandy desert of Arizona, in special
localities, was the finest place for wheeling in
the whole wide world; and when down in
Florida I spoke with enthusiasm of the sandy
beach, just as it was left by the briny ocean
waves, so hard and firm that the wheel passed
over it without leaving even a visible track;
but when I got oiitside of the citv of Philadel-
phia, and tried their beautiful cement roads,
with their graceful curves up and down the
slopes, with the green lawns and brilliant
arrangement of flowers and foliage, with beds
on either side, I decided I should have to take
it all back, and admit that the suburbs of
Philadelphia come nearer to being the wheel-
man's paradise than any other spot I have

ever viewed on the face of the earth. It would
have done you good to see the way in which
the boys and girls congregated there and
enjoyed this privilege. Not only all day long
were they seen spinning and flying in every-
direction, but even late at night. Yes, I my-
self was out until between ten and eleven on
two or three occasions; and even at these
hours wheels were flying with boys and girls.
There were tandems in great numbers, and
the front seat was almost always occupied by
a pretty woman \wth her brother, husband, or
lover — of course I could not tell which — just
back of her. With every crowd of boys there
were almost sure to be two or three girls; and
may be this accounts for the fact that, during
my stay of three days in the city, my ears
were only once pained by hearing an oath,
and this once was by an outsider and not b}^
one of the wheelmen. May God be praised
for so much; and if the constant presence of
womankind among the boys out on their
sports and recreation had something to do
with the circumstance, then I am glad that it
is the fashion to take the girls along, even in
our athletic sports.

As soon as I arrived in the cit}- I saw ban-
ners in every direction proclaiming, ' ' Wel-
come, L. A. W." Hotels had the same wel-
come, with reduced rates, and the restaurants
made it a business to provide a special low-
rate dinner especially for the wheel-riders.
Rides were planned on the steamers to the
various pleasure-resorts, free to everv one who
showed his L. A. W. ticket. This 'ticket, let
me explain, is given to every subscriber to the
spicy little magazine entitled The L. A. W.
and Good Roads.

Before I go any further, permit me to say
that my heart has been rejoiced during the
present year to know that the president of this
great organization is a Christian n:an; and he
has been doing some grand work in the line
of discouraging Sunday centuries, as well as
all kinds of Simday racing, and things of like
import.

Wednesday evening we had a beautiful
boat-ride up the Delaware River, and then
back again do7vn the river to Washington
Park. This park is an immense garden in the
shape of a pleasure-resort. The ground around
and between the trees is all covered with a
smooth floor which is kept constantly neatly
swept. Abundance of shade, excellent water,
refreshing drinks, with ice-cream and refresh-
ments in general, make it a pretty place right
up to the water's edge. A Ferris wheel, very
nmcli like the one in Chicago (only 10 cts. for
a ride), receives, of course, a large patronage.
Toboggan-slides that start away up above the
tree-tops, send boat-loads of passengers down
a long steep incline with terrific speed, land-
ing them in the waters of the little artificial
lake. The boat strikes the water with such
force that it skips with its living freight awa}-
up into the air, and bounds and rebounds
again and again. Of course, the water flies in
great torrents in every direction except toward
those in the boat. With the splashing of the
water, and the shrieking of the boys and girls
inside, it makes a most animated scene.

is;

(U.lCANINCiS IN BHlv Cl'LTrRK.

WluMi Uk- lH)al w.is protly woU loa.kd, so tin-
rebound was iimisiially s^reat, it sccincd as if
sonic i>f the inmates were thrown nearly two
feet above their seits; but as they chinjr to-
ijcther, anil came down all rii;ht with no one
hurt, the proi^^ram kept beiny re])eated all day
and away int.) the niiijiit. I'inally, when it was
announced that one oi our exjiert cyclers was
to ride ilown that incline on a Tc/irr/, jjreat
crowds jiathered all around the banks of the
lake. \Ve were afraid we should not be able
to see him clearly; but when we found he
carried a lot of fireworks attached to either
handle-bar we were pretty well sati.sfietl in
this respect. Down, down he went, with
terrific speed. It made me think of some of
uiy adventurers in s^i".^ down long steep hills.
Just when everybody was holding his breath,
when the wheel was up to its very highest
speed, the rider dropped his fireworks, and
sprang from his wheel just in time to dive
down into the water. He came up safe and
sound somewhere out in the middle of the
pool, then swam ashore while a boat near by
fished out of the water his dripping wheeL
Then the crowd was called up to witness the
play of the electric fountains. This was much
like the one at the World's Fair, except that
it was much more elaborate. While we sat
entranced by the brilliant sparkling sprays of
the water, listening in the meanwhile to the
most exquisite strains of miisic from one of
the finest bands the world can probably fur-
nish, through the misty waters some dim
phantom-like object seemed slowly rising.
Was it imagination ? or were there reallv .some
letters that meant something through that
sparkling, radiant combination of rainbow-
colors and sparkling waters? Oh, yes! there
were the words, " Welcome, L. A. W.," rising
right out of the water; yes, and there seemed
to be human hands holding aloft a beautiful
banner; and finalh- up out of the water itself
came three Graces in woman form — veritable
mermaids rising up out of the depths of the
sea, holding aloft their banner. Somebody
who stood by me .said, " Surely, they can not
be living figures, although they are astonish-
ing]}-true to life." But at ju.st that moment
the central goddess — yes, she would have
made a \ery good Goddess of Libert}- — waved
her hand and bestowed a most bew-itching
smile upon the crowds of American wheelmen.
Now, this naiad who rose up out of the water
was not clothed w-ith very much of any thing;
in fact, a w-ater-nymph would not be supposed
to need zrrv })iuch drapers-, even though she
appeared before a great audience. The daz-
zling .spray and the rippling water clothed her
as w-ith a halo. I su])pose you know- your old
friend who w-rites these Home Papers has been
more or less critical in regard to things of this
kind — circuses, theaters, and the like. Well,
for once I was .somewliat jiuzzled. The me-
chanical effects produced l)v these w-onderful
electric fountains were grand, and there w^as
nothing objectionable about them. The ac-
companying music was also entrancing. The
beautiful grounds and shade-trees seemed to
make the place a little paradise on earth; and
that figure of the beautiful w-oman, so artisti-

cally coml)ined with the otlier environuK'nts,
need not necessarily have been objectionable.
If I am making any mistake, I pray that Die
Holy S])iril may set me right.

Tile next day our good friend .Sel.ser, who
re])resents our Philadelphia house, insi.sted
that I must make at least a brief visit to At-
lantic City before leaving Philadelphia. He
did not tell me what I should see, but asked
me to trust him. Our passage of (10 miles was
made in ").") minutes, including one sto]) ; and
this railw-ay, so straight and level and beauti-
ful in all its appointments, is in the habit of
making this speed right along. If I am cor-
rect, it is the fastest train in the world.

Atlantic City is a place of 200, 000 people—
at least, that is the number at this season of
the year. In the winter time it shrinks down
to t'cceuty thou.sand. I will tell you wdiy ; it is
one of the most celebrated bathing-places in
the world. It is all hotels, bathing-liou.ses,
and such places of business as usually congre-
gate under such circumstances. When' I first
caught sight of a group of perhaps fifty or a
hundred bathers on the shore, I wanted to
.stop a little ; but friend Selser had a different
plan. " Come," said he ; " let us take a little
stroll through ' Vanity Fair. ' Perhaps that is
not quite the proper name, but it may make
you think of it. We will look at the bathers
a little further on."

I have not time here to describe the beauti-
ful pavilions, machinery of all sorts for plea-
sure and recreation, curiosities exhibited for
sale from all parts of the earth, mechanical
inventions in the w-ay of electricity, chemis-
try, optics, etc. Finally we came to the cen-
ter of attraction. Almost as far as the eye
could reach, human beings were dow-n in the
surf getting health and recreation amid the
deafening roar of the salt-water breakers.
Hundreds does not tell the story. There were
literally thousands of human beings, all mixed
up, some under water, .some on top of it, and
all enjoying themselves. Mr. .Selser did not
urge ; but when I expressed a wish to join
them he .said " All right." There was such a
crowd for bathing-suits that we had to wait
quite a spell. I soon became accustomed to
men and women all around me in their novel
dresses (or ?^ //dress, ) looking like a lot of
frolicsome juveniles instead of grow-n-up men
and w-omen. My preconceived notions for a
while rebelled against this sudden departure
from ordinary decorum, but I made up ni}-
mind that it w-as my business to obser\-e and
inquire, rather than to criticise. The first
thing that struck me was that such a bathing-
place is of itself a great leveler. Poor people
and rich people, as well as old and young,
were all mixed up indiscriminately. The
millionaire and his wife and daughters, w^hen
they threw off their costly clothing, also threw
off, at least to a certain extent, their pride —
and I came pretty near saying arrogance.
May be it is the right w-ord. it took me a lit-
tle time to get over the chill of first going into
the briny water ; and, remembering that I had
only recently thrown off my overcoat and fur
cap", I felt a'little anxiety. " In a short time,
however, I was tumbling around with the rest,

610

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTl-RK.

Aug. 15.

and laughing and shouting until I almost for-
got to shut my eyes and mouth and hold my
breath when the big foamy billows came surg-
ing over us. Friend Selser kept urging me
to turn my back toward the wave when I saw
it coming, for it might strike with such force
as to hurt my face. There are two ways of
meeting breakers. One is to dive through
them, and the other is to jump up so your
head comes out of the way of the water. At
every wave, more or less of us tumbled down
and got mixed up. Oh ! but didn't we get
clean with that tremendous washing and rins-
ing from the briny waves ? Some of us were
awkward, but nobody seemed disposed to be
touchy or to complain. There seemed to be
the utmost good nature prevailing everywhere.
Ever\-body laughed at all that happened.
Once or twice I saw some awkward country
youth back up so as to jostle some iine lady,
evidently of rank and culture ; but his awk-
ward apology was always accepted, even if it
was hardly what the circumstances seemed to
warrant ; and with all the haps and mishaps
of that delightful day I did not hear one un-
kind or even despondent remark. I am not
sure that I even saw a despondent look.

Oh, dear me ! why didn't it so happen that
I might take a salt-water bath every day in the
year? Now, then, is there any thing wrong
about having all humanity bathe together in
this promiscuous way ? When you become ac-
customed to it, everybody seems at least de-
cently and becomingly clad — that is, for the
time being. If we would all remember to
clothe our minds and {Iwughts in such a garb
as we are sure would be pleasing to the great
Father above, it would not matter so very
much about this matter of dress. If every-
body loved his neighbor with a pure and holy
love (as in the language of our text), woman's
dress might conform to season and circum-
stances, at least far enough to allow her to
move easily and gracefully through her voca-
tions in life. Perhaps we should need more
often to pray, " Create in me a clean heart, O
God, and renew a right spirit \\'ithin me;"
but such a prayer would only bring us nearer
to God ; and any circumstance or set of cir-
cumstances that would drive us oftener to the
throne of grace might be a blessing in itself.
{Continued in our next. )

SEE THAT VJINK?

BEE SUPPLIES.

Root's Goods at Root's Prices.

Pouder's Honey-Jars and every
thing used by bee-keepers. I^ow
freight rates ;' prompt ser\-ice.

Catalog free.

•lJ,c^hn\;ftM)\ ' WALTER S. POUDER,

W/itc jKivUCHi ^p ,^2,^a5g Ave, Indianapolis, Ind.

CHA5. ISRAEL & SON.,

486, 488 & 490 Canal St., Corner Watts St.. N. Y
LIBE.UL Hr^XlCV WHOLESALE

ADVANCES IlvJlNni D3/LERS&

MADE -AND- COMMISSION

AN ' MEECHANTS

BEESWAX. ="^^"^^^^

MENTS.

18.5.

IF YOU WANT BEES

that will just " roll "' in the honey, and that are won-
derful red-clover workers, also gentle to handle, and
exceedingly hardy, then trs- MOORE'S STRAIN
OF ITALIANS, the result of IS years of careful
breeding.

Warranted queens, 7.5 cts. each; 3 for $2.00; per doz.,
$7.00; te.sted, $1.00; select tested, S1..50; select warrant-
ed, $1.00. Strong 3-frame nucleus, with warranted
queen, $2.50. Safe arrival and .satisfaction guaranteed.
Circular free. Those who have never dealt with me I
refer to A. I. Root, who has purchased of me over 850
queens.

J. P. Moore, Morgan, Pendleton Co., Ky.
QUEENS BY RETURN MAIL.

Daughters of best imported queen mother, warrant-
ed purely mated to drones of imported stock from a
different .source; hence, a direct cross. 12 years as &
honey-producer on a large scale has taught me what
good queens mean to the producer, as well as how to
rear them. Price of queens, 50c each. Safe delivery
and satisfaction, or money refunded.

L. H. KOBev, Worthington, W. Va.

Queens Qiven Away.

Gray Carniolans and Golden Italians. We will give
a fine "te.sted queen (either race) to all customers or-
dering six untested queens, and a fine select tested
queen to all who order 12 untested at one time. The
queens given away will be sent to customers in August.

Grade and prices of bees

Apr., May,

July, Aug.,

and queens.

June.

Sept.

1 75

$ 65

Tested queen

1 .50

1 25

2 .50

2 25

Best imported queens

5 00

4 00

1 I,. -frame nucleus, no

queen...

75

.50

2 I^. -frame nuclei, no queen

1.50

1 00

Full colony of bees, no queen,

in new'Dov'd hive

5 00

400

We guarantee our bees to be free from all diseases,
and to give entire .satisfaction. Descriptive price list
free.

F. A. Lockhart & Co.. Lake George, N. Y.

Dovetailed Hives,

Sections, Extractors, Smokers,
and every thint^ a bee-keeper
wants. Honest goods at close
honest prices. HO-page cata-
log free.

J. IVI. JENKINS, Wetumpka, Ala.

MUTH'S HONEY-EXTRACTOR,
SQUARE GLASS HONEY-JARS,
ROOT'S GOODS AT ROOT'S RRICES,

Bee-keepers' .Supplies in general, etc.,
etc. Send for our new catalog. ' • Prac-
tical Hints" will be mailed for 10 cts.
in stamps. Apply to

CHAS. F. JVIUTH & SON, Cincinnati, 0.

In writing advertisers, mention Glk.^nixgs.

Single Tube — ^

India Bicycle Tires.

Good ones, too, for

$5.00 Per Pair.

Including repair kit and pump. We have given
them a thorougli test and find them well made and
durable.

THE A. I. ROOT CO., Medina, O.

1897

r.Li',AMN(;s IN UKK cn/rrRiv

611

T^H-W

ON

COLUMBIA BICYCLES.

THE STANDARD OF THE WORLD.

1897 COLUMBIAS

The best Bicycles made,

1896 COLUMBIAS

Second only to 1S97 Models,

1897 HARTFORDS

Equal to most bicycles,

HARTFORDS

Pattern 2,

HARTFORDS

Pattern I,

HARTFORDS

Patterns 5 and 6,

Reduced to
Reduced to
Reduced to
Reduced to
Reduced to
Reduced to

$75
60
50
45
40
30

Nothing in the market approached the value of these bicycles at
the former prices; what are they now?

POPE MFG. CO., Hartford, Conn.

Catalog free from any Columbia dealer; by mail for a 2-c. stamp.

B. Hendrickson, Agent

Medina, Ohio.

Don't Neglect Your Bees.

Bee-keeping may be made uniformly suc-
cessful by judicious feeding. It is just as im-
portant with bees as with other stock.

Success in feeding depends
very much on the feeder used.
When you have tried the

Boardman Atmospheric
Entrance^feeder

you will be convinced of this.

For descriptive circulars and
price list, address

H. R. BOARDMAN, East Townsend, Ohio.

OFIFFN ''Scents; three or more, 'lO cents; dozen.
yULUll, j,5 5o. tested voung, To cents.

J. B. CASE, Port Orange, Fla.

If You Want Queens

By Return Mail,

Bred in full colonies, from the very best honey-gather-
ing strains in .America, crossed with drones" trom a
diiterent mother to avoid inbreeding, send in your
orders at once.

Tested,

Warranted purely mated,

each $1.50.
each .75.

1-2 duz. 4 00.

1 di.z. 7.00.

Untested. - . . each .65.

- - - - 1-2 doz. 3.50.

- - - - 1 doz. 6.50.

Send for S7th .\nnnal Descriptive catalog. TuH lir

of Bee-keepers' .Supplies. Address

W. W. GARY, Colrain, Mass.

W^ARRANTED Three and Five Banded Italia
'" Queens at 50 Cents each.

GEO. W. COOK, Spring Hill, Kan.

612

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug. 1-5.

B, Toledo, Ohio: or, if more convenient, send it here.
By sending ns Si. 75 yon can have Gleanings for one
year, and membership in the l'. S. B. K. U. Let the
"list of members roll up to large proportions so that
the officers may soon have a fund with which to begin
aggressive work.

EF.ESW.AX DECLINED.

The demand for beeswax has .slackened because the
season for n-aking comb foundation is practicalh-
over. Theni'^e is al.so on Ihe down srade.. From
now on until further notice we will pay 23 cts. cash, 2o
in trade, for average wax delivered here. For select
lots of .sun- extracted wax we u.sually pay one to two
cents above the price of average.

CALIFORNIA EXTRACTED HONEY.

As I write this, our ca'-Ioad of honey has just arrived
from California. We shall be pleased to hear from
those in need of honey who did not rai^e enough to
supply their home trade. The honey is in (50-lb. cans,
2 in a ca=e. Water white, in ca.se lots, at (i%c per lb.;
light am^er at (J. Samples and prices on large lots
furnished on application.

CLOVER HONEY. COMB AND EXTRACTED.

We are prepared to furnish both comb and extracted
honey, gathered mainlj- from white clover, in large or
small lots. Particulars and prices on application. As
in years past, we will serve as a medium of exchange
between tho.se who have a surplus and those who do
not have honey enough to supply their home trade.
We shall be pleased to hear from both.

CAN.S FOR EXTRACTED HONEY.

We have iu.st received from the factory a carload of
over 8^00 five-gal'on .square cans, most of them with
the 2-inch lever seal. A few have 1-%-inch screw caps
with seal. These cans are the very^ best quality, Rec-
ord make, and we can furnish either .style, 2 ina box,
in 10-box lots and upward at fi(tc a box :'.50-box lots at
oic : 10) I oxes at ■">5c a box. shipped from Medina. We
can furnish can-; with l-:s-inch caps from Chicago, or
St. l,ouis. Mo., at the same price.

We can al.so supplv from Medina one-gallon cans
with the 2-inch lever .seal, in boxes of 100, at S9.00 per
100 — a special low price to reduce stock. These cans,
put up 10 in a box, in lots of 10 boxes, at Si. 20. We
have devised a screw-cap honey-gate to fit the lever-
seal cans, which we can supply to those who require
them, at the regular price, 1.5c each.

HONEY MARKET.

Although still early for selling honey, there is a friir
demand, and prices seem to be pretty well maintain-
ed, and choice honey is already finding ready .sale.
L,ater reports show that, in many sectiians, the crop
will be much less than at first anticipated. In the
northern New England States there seems to have
been very little honej' gathered ; likewise in Minne-
sota, owing to cool weather and rains, very little honey
has been gathered from the white-clover bloom, which
is very abundant. In Michigan the yield from willow-
herb seems to he cut short. With abundant farm crops
and fairly good prices ; with the starting-up of .so
many industries that have been dormant or working
on short time during the past three or four years, the
demand for honey should be .so improved that as good
or even better prices should be realized than last
year. If bee-keepers who have plenty of honey will
not make the mistake of rushing it off to the "large
cities into the hands of irrespon.sible commission
houses, but will, instead, develop their home market
to the fullest extent, there will be hope for improved
prices for honey instead of lower. If Americans gen-
erally consumed as much honey as they do in Europe
there would be demand enough" for a full crop of hon-
ey. Make sure that the consumer gets pure honey;
and to help toward that end, join the I'nited States
Bee-keepers' Cnion, paying your fee of Sl.OO, and thus
furnish the sinews of war for the prosecution of those
unscrupulous firms and individuals who palm off upon
the unsuspecting public a mixture consisting chief-
ly of glucose, but under the name of pure honey.
Such stuff does a great deal more harm to tlie
honey business, by blunting and destroying the taste
for honey, than in any other way. If people can get
pure hoiiey they will continue to eat it, while thej-
will not continue so readily to eat the mixed stuff.
Send your membership fee to Dr. A. B. Mason, Station

GLE.ANINGS FOUR MONTHS FREE.

We wish to extend our subscription-list by several
thousand names during the next few months. As a
help toward that end we offer the remainder of the
year l.Si)7 for 25 cts. To those who .send early we will
inail the two August numbers, as long as we have a
supply, as well as the remaining four months of this
year. Will not m.any of our readers bring this offer to
the attention of their neighbor bee-keepers who are
not taking Gleanings? As an inducement to yon to
do so we make the following, liberal offer :

ROOT S HOME REPAIRING OUTFIT NO. Z.

We sold this outfit'for years at $2.00, and that is .still
the list price, and price at which it is usually .sold.
About a year and a half ago we reduced the pricQ to
;1..50. and again last spring we made it SI. 35. We have
quite a number of these outfits on hand which we
desire to get into your hands where you can make
them valuable in various kinds of mending. We will
furnish one of these outfits, together with Gle.anings
for the rest of this year, for the price of the outfit
alone — SI. 35. Now, if j-ou can induce your neighbor
to accept the offer above, put Si. 10 with "the 25 cents he
gives you, and .send to us and we will ship you one of
the outfits. If you wish to renew your own subscrip-
tion at the same time, .send us S-.25 for Gleanings
one year, to yourself the rest of this year (4 or 5
months) to a iiew subscriber, and the No. 2 repairing
outfit. Or if you can not secure the new name we will
send the outfit, with Gle.\nings one vear, for S2.00,
the price you would ordinarily pay for the outfit
alone. Please remember that, if you "are in arrears on
your subscription, all arrears should be sent in addi-
tion, as this special offer is made for subscriptions
paid fully in advance.

Special Notices in the Line of Gardening, etc.

By A. I. koot.

SWEET CLOVER.

W'ith the low price on clovers of all kind.s, especial-
ly with crimson clover at only S2.75 per bushel, we are
going to be able to make a little better price on sweet
clover ; but as the crop is not yet gathered and hulled,
it is a little difficult to say wh'ere the price will settle ;
but if you will write us what you want we can give
you a special price which we think would be satisfac-
tory.

GARDENING IN THE MIDDLE OF AUGUST.

You can .sow beets for table use. Celery may be put
out on very rich .soil, where plenty of water is at hand.
Grand Rapids lettuce should be started where you
have a fall market, and youmay e.stablish a fall market
in almo.st any locality. "Now is just the best time to
sow winter or Egyptian onion-sets. Put them in drills
2 feet apart, and' 5 or 6 inches apart in the row. We
have a splendid lot of sets ju.st being gathered. Quart,
5c ; pk.. 35c ; bu., Sl.OO; 10 or more bn., 7.5c per bu. For
description, send for our leaflet on growing onions to
bunch up. You can .sow all kinds of radishes, but
don't forget the Chine.se Rose Winter. It is one of
the very finest, both in appearance and quality, espe-
cially for fall u.'-e. Spinach sown now will be ready
to rnarket this fall, and will probably not run up to
seed before cold weather stops it; and, with a little
protection, it can be wintered over outdoors. Purple-
top White-globe turnips will be quite large enough for
table use if put in at once. Whittaker onions. White
Multiplier, and American Pearl, will need to be put

r.LivANiNcs IN luvi-: cn/n-Ri;.

(iia

in as soon ;»s tlif tanners art- sowinsj wheat ; Imt now
is the lime to get yo\ir siound ready, and order yonr
sets or onions so as to liave Iheni on hand in time.

Last, hut not least, this is the best month in tlie
whole year to put out potted .strawberry-plants with
the view ot" getting a crop next .sea.son.

SKIJD POTATOKS.

.\t pre.seiit writing, Aug. 11, no one can tell what
jxitatoes for seed are going to be worth the coming
season. As eating-potatoes are worth "') cts. to SI.IM a
bushel in most oi" our large cities, the prospect i.s that
seed potatoes are not going to be very much cheapen
If you wi.sh to send in your orders we will make the
price as low as that of any other responsible potato-
dealer.

NMCK OHMER STRAWHHRRY-PLANTS.

Orders are so far ahead for the.se that we can not
take any more at le.ss than 25 cts. each. This is for
potted transplanted plants postpaid by mail.

CONVENTION NOTICE.

Mr. Ki>iTOU:-The next annual cmv. ntion of the Unitod
State" Bi'e-keepei-s' Union will be held ,in the main hall of Ca-
ton'o Bii-iness Colleere. eornev of Mi\in .nnd Huron Sts.. Biiffa
lo. N Y cn»"menpin!r nt 10 o'clopt,- A M. Aucnst 2Jth next, and
closinc on th*" afternoon of the Sfith.

Tho'e trointrto the oonvonti"n should Imv ronnd-tiip tickets
to the (Srand Annv of (he RfpuMif en.-.Tnipmenf (not to the
United Stntes hee-keeners' fon' .nf i-m. which meet-i in BufTa-
lo dnrin" the la^t week of An^nwi The (J \.H have secured
a rate of one cent a mile eich -yn' in the terntc-^ of the Cen-
tral Pas-enirer Comii'ittee. which is ind-uled b.v Toronto. Pan-
ada thence on a line to Port Hm on. Mich : all of the southern
peninsn'aof M'ch : rhicaim. p..nria and Ouincv. '11 ; St. Lon-
1-. Mo.; Louisville, Ky.. and Pittshnror. Pa The Western Pas-
senfrer Asso iation nnd the T'link Lin" Associntion make a
rate of one fa'-e for Me round trio in thoir ter- ito, y to places
in the Pentml Passenger Association from which points the
fare will be one cent a mile each wa v : hnt tickets must be pur
chased to BufTalo from the st-Tfiner-roint

A. B. Mason. Sec . Station B, Toledo, Ohio.

The semi-annnal meetinirind picnic of theSenecn Co. Bee-
keepers' Association will be held a* Elm Beich 2 mile< east of
Havt's Comers. Tuesday .Vuff 31. The meeting will he opened
at in o'clock A.M. E K. Root will he nresent nnd panicipate
in the discus-ions A yacht hns been ensraceil for the occa-
sion: in f.nct no pains will he spared to make 'his a profitable
and enjoyable day. C. B Howard, Sec'y. Romulus, N. Y.

The third annual meeting of the Southern Minnesota Bee-
keepers' Association will be held in Winona, on Wednesday
and Thnrsdav September If) and l^ 1897. o).en'nc at 9 am
each day. All are cordially invited to come and hrin ' their
friends. E. C Cornwki.l, Sec'y.

Second=hand Bicycles in Trade for
Honey or Beeswax.

One Oronoco '97 gent's wheel, li.st price $75.00, 24-in.
frame, single-tube tires, .steel handle-bar.«, 08 gear,
decorated and finished in pea green, almost new, that
we will sell for $"23.00. Will take honey or beeswax in
trade at market prices. Also one girl's wheel, 2Linch
wheels, cushion tires, for >i.')0.

THE A. I. ROOT CO., Medina, Ohio.

HONFY= lARS <'"c-I"^'»"'l. ^q. fUnt-glass, JL.V)
llUnUI jn.IV.:3, per gro.ss, with cork.s.

LABELS. 60 cts. per gross.

Cartons, shippin<(-cases, and evervthin<^ in the

apiarian line. Catalog free.

ITALLVN QuKRNS, <)0 cents each.

Apiary,
aien Cove. L.

I. J. STRINQHAM,
105 Park PL. N. Y. City.

^,,__^,„ Hither 8 or .'> banded, t«) cents each; (i for
ljUEENS, «:?.00 Nuclei and .supplies cheap.

CHAS. H. THIES. Steeleville. III.

CTRONO COLONIES of hybrid bees in Roofs Sim-
*^ plicity hives— good and healthy— for ^^.00. during
Aiigu.st and September. H. M. Moyer,

Shanesville, Berks Co.. Pa.

Large American fruit - evaporator
Ezra G. Smith, Manchester, N. Y.

pOR SALE.
* cheap.

Req

Italian Q"^^"^' -'•'

**•"■"**■' <;tnnV Tested <»0re

ueen, Requeeii, Requeen.

Now is the time; queens are cheap.

Hest untested Italians. .Vie, jtl.(H) per doz.; tested, 7.')C,
Jlt.(X) per doz. Thtse are ' Shaw (|ueens." Try them,
livery one knows they are good as the best. Orders
filled by return mail, and satisfaction guaranteed,
J. W. K SHAW <£ CO..
UOREAUVILLE. LA.
I'lease nienlicin this pai)(.r.

(-•ENTkAL PENNSYLVANIA BEE -KEEPERS I

^^ ]5uy your supplies near home. Glass Observa-
tory hives, \vinter cases, etc. Send for catalogs.

Prothers & Arnold, Du Bois, Pa.

No cheap Queens to sell ; but the best.

Golden o band, or ;$ band from

imported mother. X'ntest-

ed, 7.'> cts.; tested, Jl.OO.

L. BEAUCHAMP, Box 6i3, San Antonio, Texas.

Q-^^^r^^.^^^^-^.^ Hither Golden or Imported, by
l|/3/2f-|C return mail. Untested, 7")c;

UW^IIOy Tested, $1; Breeders, J-i.

^'^'^-^'^'^-^^ W. H. LAWS, - Lavaca. Ark.

golden beauties
banded imported
stock. Tested, ilOc each; untested, 5.5c
each; (! for J-'^.OO. One sample queen to new customer,
.50c; breeders, <;2.00 to S'^'iO each. P. O. M. O. ofRce,
I^avaca. E. A. SEELEY, Bio mer, Ark.

UNTESTED ITALIAN QUERNS, for the balance of
this .sea.son. -)5c; tested, 75c; .select te.sted, J1..50
each. Sweet-clover seed cheao. .Send for circular to
W. J FOREHAND, Fort Deposit. Ala.

Texas Queens.

Dr. Gallup .says they are the best
he has in his yard.
J. D. GIVENS. Lisbon, Texas.

GERMAN CARP WANTED.

1000 this year's; 100 or more last year's. Prices
mu.st be reasonable. Send offers to

DR. WM. MOERSHEL. Homestead. Iowa.

Carp to be shipped in August or September.

Wants and Exchange Department.

WANTED.— To exchange 16-section non-drip ca.ses
at Root's prices, laid down at vnur station, for
fancy comb honey at prices to .suit the times. Al-so
second-hand iiO-lb. cans. 2 in a case, vabied at 25 cts.
per can, freight paid, for gilt-edged ext-acted honey.
B. Walker, Evart, Mich.

w

AXTED. — A location for a custom saw and feed
mill. W. S. Ammon, Reading, Pa.

WANTED.— To exchange for extracted honev, 100
-1-frame hives, new: one fine lot in Fort Worth,
Texas; cineens, Leghorn chickens. A bargain. Write
quick. G. Rotttzahx, Menallen, Pa.

\1/ANTED.— To exchange 1-10 colonies of bees, with
'' all fixtures belonging to a fir.st-class apiar>-, for
good horses and mules.

Anthony Opp, Helena, Ark.

W.\NTED.— To exchange So. Omaha lot, value St'jO,
for pasoline-engine, lathes, or other machini.sts'
tool.s, comb or extracted honey, or bees in HofTman
frames. A. W. Dudlky.

915 Locust St., St. Louis, Mo.

WANTED.— To exchanee Belgian hares, homing pig-
eons. White Leghorn egg.s, or breeding-stock, for
Italian queens from imported mother, pure-bred geese,
ducks, ducks' eggs, or offers.

Eugene Manning, Jack.sonville, N. Y.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug. 12.

THE S. & H. CO. A

desire to enter into correspondence with all contemplating the purchase of anything in their k

line. They think they have one of the most complete assortments of strong, smooth, healthy, ^

FRUIT AND ORNAMENTAL TREES

A Small Fruits, Vines, Shrubs, Roses, Bulbs, Hardy Herbaceous A

?» Plants, CrecnIlOUSe Stock, Etc., on the market a -d invite all buyers to come ▼

and see fr themselves. They are to be found at the old stand vi'here they have labored S

faithfully lor the past 43 years to bui'.d up a repiatable b.isiness. C ' ilo-^ues free. X

Address THE STORRS & HARRISON CO,, Box 8, Painesviile, O. ▼

Ajax
Bicycles.
I Price only $35.

We have sold a large number of these bi-
cycles, and thej' are giving universal satisfac-
tion. For instance, the following letters will
explain:

"The Ajax bicycle arrived Saturday in
good condition. It is entirely satisfactory in
ever>- respect. It is a handsome and easy-
running wheel, and has the appearance of
one put up for sei-\-ice. Frank Wright.

•• Laporte, Mich., June 28, 1897."

"The .\jax wheel. Model 37, with baby-
carrier (Kalamazoo) came all right, and it is
really belter than I expected; although I have
learned that when The A. I. Root Co. say a
thing is first-class it is as represented.

"Thos. M. Todd.

•• Payson, Utah, July 8."

We have so much confidence in th.ese
wheels that three of them have been and are
now in use in the Root firm; and E. R. Root
expects to make his bicycle-tour on one of
these through the Ea.st this summer. They
are up to date, have large tubing, wooden re-
versible handle-bars. Morgan & Wright dou-
ble-tube and single-tube fives, with option of
gearing and option of height of frames, and
a choice of finish.

We will sell these wheels and take in
trade bee-swax or first-quality honey at mar-
ket prices. We have only a few in stock; and
after those we have on hand are gone we will
riot dispose of more in trade.

A beautiful catalog, showing these wheels
up in full, sent on application.

THE A. I ROOT CO.,
Hedina, Ohio.

One nan with the

UNION COMBINATION SAW

Can do the work of four men using
hand touls in Ripping, Cutting oft,
Mitering, Rabbeting, Groov"ing,
..uniiig. Dadoing, Edging Up,
1 Dinting Stuff, e'tc. Full line of
I oot and Hand Power Machinery'.
So/d oil liial. Calalog free. 1-2-Jei

Seneca Falls Mf^. Co.,
44 Water St., Seneca Falls, N. Y.

Fruit Packages of All Kinds,

Bee=keepers' Supplies.

Order your supplies now
before the busy season
catches you. Price list
free. Address

BERLIN FRUIT=BOX CO.,

LScrlin Heights, Erie «w. ., Ohio.

ijH ~

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.

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JP

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5S

/I r@n68 Hot Made By Hand.

The average tarmer can not atloril to indulge In
band made fence, nor hand painted pictures Bveo
if he does the work himself, a "botch" and a 'daub"
will .ikely be the result, while the time consumed,
if properly applied in his regular business, would
provide means tor beautiful photographs, engrav-
ings, etc,, iud lots of the "old, reliable Page fence-
PAGE WOVEN WIRE FENCE CO., Adrian. Mich

PROCURED
PROMPTLY

AT REASONABLE RATES
Ly J. A, OSBORr^E & CO.,

PATENT LAWYLRS,

573 The Arcar'e, CLEVELAND, 0.

IE. ADVICE FREE.

You Want

An Incubator'^

"iTE-w^ Aivr s :r.io AIT.'' ,

Want Oar Catalogue?

It's a pretty book of 68 pages, finely lllustratea:
worth dollars to every poultryman, A 2c stamp gets It.

Geo. J. PJissLY, Saline, Mich.

GI.lvANIXGS IN BKK CUI/rrRK.

619

Contents of this Nnniber.

Boo koo I >ei->' I'nioii. Cook. ..fiit I.anp>f roth Kiiiul

Boo koopiiitf, Mltti-atoiy.... ft'" I.enliW VNit at Medina

Bottom bars. Square iW.' i iw .lon.u

BoviliMi's Notes 'V!l <,';.. n i.ci-t,.r

Calvei-fs Notes tVi-j ■,mi. n..,, i..,\ i

Comb. How Built f>.V hi. ' ■ h. Tu'^s (

Drone-ti-aps f>."s sn .i n In i v ^.-rowlnsr

Editor with Seedsmen r.ii m.iv I > 1 1 i,~. Potted i

Ele<'troiioi,-e r,(i-, Si:l. ir . i-Hii..n i

Oradinir rules. Walker's.... iv.v. s , ,: vi, i >. Conimission i

Ora~s. To K.-ep Down r,:!:. la ill Kat.-- i

Hive. Lonir-idea W4 1 Vita-rope. The i

Italians vs. Blaoks 634 1 Wisconsin Markets Ruined .(

Honey Column.

C/ry MARKETS.

New York.— Comb honey.— Our market does not
open lip until about September 1st, and we can not
say as yet just how prices will rule. Still, it is our
opinion that they will rule about the .same as last year,
VIZ.. \'lia IS for fancy white and KVn 12 for off grades.
9((i 10 for buckwheat. Extracted. — California is selling
well on account of low prices. Arrivals are heavy.
Southern is beginning to drag, and quotations have to
be .shaded in order to effect sales in quantity' lots. We
quote California white. .5(t5',4: light amber, ■}'4(S4il;
Southern, common. .tOc gal.; better grades, 52^(5 .55c
gal. Beeswax steady at unchanged prices.

Hil'dreth Bros. & Segelken,

.\ug. 21. 120-122 \V. Broadway, New York.

MlLWAVKEE. — Honey market quiet, and values are
almost nominal, as thedemand is not verj- much. The
receipts are fair, and the supply very good. We hope
to sustain paying market values, but just now sales
are slow, yet believe with the general revival of busi-
ness interests the sweet will not suffer. White No. 1
12<a 13; common. Sroll; extracted white, in barrels, .5ro
5J4: in kegs and pail.s. .5',4(o(J: dark, in barrels. \(a\V-i\
beeswax, 2(»r5 2S. A. V. Bishop & Co.,

Aug. 21. Milwaukee, Wis.

Boston. — The demand for both comb and extracted
honey is still light, owing largely to the warm wea-
ther.' We quote fancy white 1-lh. "cartons at 14; No. 1
white, 13; light amber" llr.i 12; white extracted, 7; light
amber, 6; amber, .5; bee.swa.x, 27, and wanted.

Blake, Scott & Lee,

Aug. 21. Boston, Mass.

Chicago. — There is a little white comb honey sell-
ing, and chiefly at 12c, while some will not bring this
price owing to improper filling and crooked combs.
Extracted without much change, and slow of sale.
White. ■V'/O; amber, MnW, dark, ZVz. some selling at
less; beeswax, 26(5 27, and quick .sale.

R. A. Burnett & Co.,

Aug. 21. 163 South Water St., Chicago, 111.

Albany.— There is but little to report about our
honey market at present. The old stock of comb hon-
ey is nearly cleaned up, and not enough new in yet to
determine prices it will start off at. and quotations
would be merely fictitious.

Chas. McCulloch & Co..

Aug. 10. Albany, N. Y.

Cincinnati. — No change since our last. Demand is
good for comb and extracted honey, with a good sup-
ply. We quote choice white comb honey at Urn 13.
while the range of prices for extracted honey is SJ^f"",
according to quality. There is a fair demand for bees-
wax at 2W1.2.") for good to choice yellow, with fair ar-
rivals. Chas.'F. Muth & Son,

Aug. 21. Cincinnati, O.

Denver. — There is no material change in our honev
market: it is very quiet. Fancy white, 11; No. 1 white.
10; No. 1 extracted white, .5. We are hoping for better
trade after Sept. 1. R. K. & J. C. Krisbee,

Aug. 2:3. Lock box 1014, Denver, Col.

K.\.N"SAS City. — The demand for honey has been
ver>' light the last two months, but is improving now.
We look for good trade. We quote fancv 1-lb. comb
white, \i(o\?,; No. 1, lira 12; fancv amber, lOfoll; No. 1
amber. 9ro 12; fancy dark. 8fo 9; No. 1 dark. 7ra 8; ex-
tracted white. 0(0,554 : amber, 4f«4'4; dark, 3}4(rt4; bees-
wax, 22(0-2.0. C. C. Clemons & Co.,

Aug. 21. Kansas Citv. Mo.

Ni;w YoKK. New comb honey arriving in small
lots. Trade rather quiet, as otir market opens about
.September 1st. We quote State white-clover fancy
comb at 12";(«' 1.3; poor to prime, lOd/ 12. Extracted
honey arriving in pleut\; some liade, but not much
activitv. We (|\i.ite Ciillforiiia cxtr.ictcd white at .')(«i
5V2; light amber, I '..'". '1: New York Slate white clover.
4'4r...5'..; New York State buckwheat, 3':;(<. I; Southern,
in bulk, per gal., 'iMii~'i.

b'KANCIS II, LEOGETT & CO.,

.\ug. HI. I'"ranklin and Varick .Sts., New York.

PHiLAnELPHi..\. — Honey arriving freely, and .some
demand springing up. We quote fancy comb at 13}4:
No. 1 white, 12 ; extracted buckwheat, 4 ; white, fjj^;
amber, 4'/<(o5. We are producers of honey, and do
not handle on commission, Wm. A. Selser,

Aug. 24. 10 Vine St., Philadelphia, Pa.

Minneapolis. — F'air demand for fancy clover white
at 10(11 12, possibly fraction more. Other grades accord-
inglv. Best extracted at 5ra.5-K.

S. H. Hall & Co.,

Aug. 23. Minneapolis, Minn.

Columbus.- Fancy white clover, 12^; No. 1, 11,
Local market is pretty well supplied by farmers who
are now drawing .some of their crop each day. We
look for an increa.sed demand by September 1st, but
no increa.se in prices. Present supply is light.

The Columbus Commission & Storage Co.,

Aug. 21. 409-J13 N. High .St., Columbus, O.

Detroit.— Comb honey, fancy white, lOff'll;/; ex-
tracted, !i(q;o}4: beeswax, "25(5 26.

Aug. 21. M. H. Hunt, Bell Branch, Mich.

For Sale. — 2^) bbls. extracted pure white-clover
honey, verT,- light in color, and of finest quality, at
prices as cheap as the cheapest, quality of goods con-
sidered. Can put it up iti any style of package. Write
for price, .stating quantity desired.

Emil J. Baxter, Nauvoo, Hancock Co., 111.

For Sale. — A lot of good extracted clover honey in
60-lb. cans. Jno. A. Thornton, Lima, Ills.

Wanted. — To buy quantity lots of fancy comb hon-
ey in non-drip ca.ses. B. Walker, Evart, Mich.

Wanted.— To buy for cash, comb and extracted
buckwheat honey; also white clover extracted or am-
ber. F. W. Dean, New Milford. Pa,

If You Want Queens

By Return Mail,

Bred in full colonies, from the very best honey-gather-
ing strains in America, cro.s.sed with drones' from a
different mother to avoid inbreeding, send in your
orders at once.

Tested. - - = each $1.50.

Warranted purely mated, each .75.

1-2 doz. 4.00.

1 doz. 7.00.

Untested. ... each .65.

- - - - 1-2 doz. 3.50.

- ... 1 doz. 6.50.

.Send for 37th Annual Descriptive catalog. I-'ull line

of Bee-keepers' Supplies. Address

W.W. GARY, Colrain, Mass.

CHAS. ISRAEL & BROS.,

486, 488 & 490 Canal St., Corner Watts St.. N. Y
LIBESAL HriTVI trV WHOLESALE

ADVANCES n U 1>I C, I DBA LEES tt

MADE -A NIK- COMMISSION

ON ^^^._^'. ,, MERCHANTS.

CONSION- R P F ^ W A \ Ectallished

Either 3 or .5 banded, 60 cents each; 6 for
QUEENS, $3.00 Nuclei and supplies cheap.

CHAS. H. THIES, Steeleville. III.

620

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept. 1.

A Tested Queen ^t^^ Review for $1.50.

I have a large number of nuclei containing fine tested Italian queens of this year's rearing, and have
decided to use them in helping to build up the circulation of the Review ; hence offer a queen and the Review
one year to ne7i' subscribers for only $l.r)0. Review alone, $1.00; queen alotie, $1.00. If .several queens are want-
ed, write, and the price will be made according to the number. As a rule, orders are filled by return mail, and
there is never a delay of more than three or four days, and that on large orders.

W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint, Mich.

Honey Leaflet

Dr. C. C. Miller.

Why honey is more wholesome than

cane sugar.
Honey as an article of diet; honey

cooking recipes.

This leaflet is written for the benefit of consumers,
atid is put out at an extremely low price so that hon-
ey-producers may distribute them free to their cu.s-
tomers. Prices: 10, 6c; 100, 20c; 500, 7.5c, all postpaid;
1000, 75c, carriage extra.

The A. I. Root Co., Medina, O.

Philadelpbia Office of

THE A. I. ROOT CO.,

10 Vine St., Philadelphia, Penn.

Now is the time to order

Shipping -cases. Winter Cases,
Chaff Division°boards, etc., etc.

Order from catalog ; prices are same
as from factory.

Sh i ppi ng:=cases.

Root's popular Non drip Shipping-cases at factory ])rices at
DES MOINES. IOWA. Immense'"stock. All orders for cases
or other goods ^hipped by return freight now. Address

JOS. NYSEWANDER, Des Moines, Iowa.

PRICES OF

Bingham Perfect Bee=smokers and Honey=knives.

Smoke Engine ; evn'ii'i

Doctor

Conqueror

Large

Plain

Uttle Wonder (wt. 10 oz.
Honey-knife

) 4-inch stove.

... 35^-in. "

Doz. $13.00; each, by mail, $1.50

it.OO;
()..50;
.5.00;
•1.75 ;
4..50;
" 6.00;
Bingham Smokers have all the new improvements.
.Smoker or Knife, look up its record and pedigree.

FIFTEEN YEAR.S FOR .4. DOLLAR ; ONE-HALF CENT FOR A MONTH.

Dear Sir:— Have used the Conqueror 15 years. I was always pleased with
its workings, but thinking I would need a new one this summer I write for
a circular. I do not think the 4-inch Smoke Engine too large.

Januarj' 27, 1S!»7. Trulv, W. H. Eagerty, Cuba, Kansas.

1.10
1.00
.ilO
.70
.(iO
.80
Before buying a

T. F. BINQHAH, Farwell, Hichigan.

4 Months' Trial Trip for 25c.

The weekly American Bee Journal would be a great help to you
in your work with the bees. Better have it the last four months
of 1897 for only 25 cents, if you are not already a subscriber.

The Buffalo Convention Report

times the 25 ct

will be published in the Bee Journal in full, right after the meeting, be-
ginning early in September. That report alone will be worth many
nd for free sample copy, anyway. Address

GEO. W. YORK & CO., 118 Michigan St., Chicago, III.

JoURKAlJ
^ • DELVoT

•To-B

• AND Hon ELY-
•MD HOME,

•1NTE«EST4>

hedbvrTHE'T^ll^OOl'Co.

$lur[RVtAR"^® "Medina-Ohio-

Vol. XXV.

SEPT. I, 1897.

No. 17.

On the mornixg of August 18 I saw a bee
here and there on buckwheat, with the ther-
mometer at 58°. At ()1° the bees were thick
on it.

J. A. Buchanan, p. .589, has customers who
always eat a dollar's worth of honey before it
candies. Now, is that because his cu.stomers
are so fast at eating, or because his honey is
so slow at candying? [Probably both. — Ed.]

A MANUFACTORY of printers' rollers informs
me that the}- use a considerable quantity of
extracted honey in their business, but require
the pure article, and prefer white clover or
basswood. Under no conditions will buck-
wheat honey do.

Is IT NOT just a little inconsistent to charge
with hostility, and tr\-ing to get the funds of
the old Union, those who have advocated
amalgamation ? Why, I think most of them
are members thereof, and one is not generally
hostile to himself.

The grooved beixows-boards for smokers
will allow the use of a lighter spring, making
it much easier on the nuiscles of the hand.
[That is so. I never thought of it. For 1898
we will bear the fact in mind, and endeavor
to have the tension of the springs slightly re-
duced.— Ed.]

It's surprising, considering the times and
all the circumstances, that the new Union
should already have a membership of ITo,
with a still continued up-grade tendency.
[The new Union is growing at an astonishing-
ly rapid rate. If it keeps on growing it will
soon be bigger than its elder sister.— Ed.]

Smoker fuel, like so many other things in
bee-keeping, is somewhat a matter of "loca-
tion." It isn't so much what is best as what
is most convenient. One of the most gener-
ally convenient, and at the same time one of
the best, is the small chips about any wood-
pile. For a sharp, telling smoke, lasting as
well, I know nothing better than sound osage-
orange wood.

Within two rods of my home apiary is a
field of buckwheat on which bees have been
working some days. They work a short time
early in the day, b^it I can see no buckwheat
honey in the hives, neither is there any buck-
wheat smell either about the hives or in the
field until this morning, Aug. 18, when the
air about the field is well perfumed.

Fall honp:v is usually darker than the
earlier; but at my south apiary this year, and
to some extent last, the rule is reversed. For
two or three weeks the bees have been filling
sections with the whitest comb and honey, I
think, I ever saw — much whiter than clover,
and of excellent flavor, as mild as alfalfa.
The sad part of it is, I haven't the slightest
idea what it comes from.

"In an apple orchard where the trees
are so large and the branches so long that the
twigs can shake hands with one another is an
ideal spot for an apiary." — Bee-keepers^ Re-
viezv. Just the idea, and nicely expressed,
W. Z. But my south apiarj' has something I
like even better — a grove of young burr-oaks.
No, burr-combs are no worse there than in the
other apiaries.

That item, " Big Colonies, Again," p. 604,
gives something to think over. With two
stories I can have whopping big colonies that
store enormousl}' in combs and never think of
swarming; but somehow I can't make a suc-
cess of having them work in sections. Is it
possible that I can make the thing go by first
starting them on extracting-combs and then
switching off on to sections? Just wait till
next year.

I WANT TO indorse what you say, friend
A. I., page 007, about giving young folks
plenty of sleep. The time gained in 24 hours
by taking it from sleep will have to be paid
back in later years with interest severely com-
pounded. And when one gets on the shady
side of 50, I know of nothing more refreshing
than "tired nature's sweet restorer, balmy
sleep." As Sancho Panza said, " Blest be the
man that invented sleep ! "

Workers reared in drone-cells, as mention-
ed by Elias Fox, p. 599, is a more conmion
occurrence than generally supposed. More
than 20 years ago I saw workers hatch from

622

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept. 1.

drone-cells in a piece of comb sent by R. R.
Murphy to the American Bee Journal. The
queen may control the sex of the &^^ by her
will ; but the case you cite is no proof of it,
friend Fox, for I think you will find that,
before the queen laid in the cells, the workers
laid a heavy rini of wax, making the mouth of
the cell as small as that of a worker-cell.

It isn't E.A.SY to get up any rules for grad-
ing that will be satisfactory. Too much word-
ing is bad, but too little may be worse. Edi-
tor Hutchinson wants every thing short and
simple, but on the same page says he " would
not have any pollen in a fancy grade of honey,
and not more than half a dozen cells in a sec-
tion of the second grade." Now, how are
you going to have any thing of that kind
carried out unless it is " so nominated in the
bond"? [If the Buffalo convention does not
adopt some set of rules, I propose to adopt
something for Gleanings. The grading-
rules that we have been using till lately were,
as I understand, far better than nothing. But
I believe I can improve on them after all that
has been said and written, and I shall certain-
ly make the attempt if the Buffalo meeting
does nothing. — Ed.]

Look here, Ernest; those glucose-men are
not fools, but sharp business men. No matter
how solid the trust, they're not going to put
the price where it will prohibit the use of
glucose as an adulterant. Not the greatest
profit per pound, but the greatest aggregate
profit is what they're after, and that depends
on the great amount sold rather than on the
price per pound. [Yes, I am well aware that
the glucose-men are shrewd ; but sometimes
shrewdness gives place to folly, and I was in
hopes they might be so very "smart" that
they would put the price of glucose up high
enough so it would not make such inroads on
honey. The very object of the trust is to put
up the price; and even if they shove the price
up only a little bit it will make it just that
much less profitable to put it into honey.
Extracted honey is coming down, or has been;
and if glucose goes up, there will be less adul-
teration than formerly. — Ed.]

Wouldn't I like to have been at that pic-
nic of the Root employees! A number of nice
people among them I'd like to see again.
Say, Ernest, why don't you give us a picture
of them? [Yes, indeed, and we would have
counted you as one of us. We made up a
train of seven coaches and a baggage-car. On
either side of the train was a mammoth sign,
painted on canvas, with the wording, ' ' The
A. I. Root Co. Employees ; " and on the pilot
of the locomotive was a beautiful yellow
queen-bee carved out of wood, about a yard
long, with wings spread, ready to lead our big
swarm in its flight to pastures new. The
carving was done by IMr. Karl R. Mathey,
who is still in our employ. The queen was
richly painted, and decorated in gold. If she
had not been such an awkward thing to carry
we would have taken her to the Buffalo con-
vention, and had her suspended in midair in
the convention room.

Well, the picnic was a grand success in every

way. Nearly every seat in the train was filled
with people, the great majority of whom were
those who receive their bread and butter from
the A. I. Root Co.'s pay-roll. Just before the
train started I had the ever-ready Kodak; and
after I had taken several shots the conductor
called out, " All aboard ! " and the train soon
steained into Cleveland. Arriving there we
all piled into a lake steamer, and after an
hour's ride we found ourselves at Euclid Beach
Park.

We expect to make this shop picnic an
annual affair. Ere another year rolls by we
shall hope that Dr. Miller and a good many-
more of our bee-keeping friends will accom-
pany us to some beautiful spot in fair Ohio. —
Ed.]

Drawn foundation doesn't show the
advantage I expected over ordinary founda-
tion. As to eating qualities it's all right, and
I can't help thinking that the war that has
been waged against it without knowing any
thing about it is the maddest, blindest, silliest
piece of folly that has occurred in the ranks
of bee-keepers for some time. [There is only
one other besides friend Doolittle (see edito-
rials) who has reported the eating quality of
honey from drawn foundation as not being
equal to that of the ordinary comb honey.
While I do not in the least doubt Mr. Doolit-
tle's statement, I believe that, in the great
majority of instances, the eating quality of
the new product will be up to the required
standard. It certainly has been in our own
various tests at Medina, and with Dr. Mason.

You and Mr. Doolittle probabh^ tried the
drawn foundation and common foundation in
alternation, as we advised. We have since
discovered that this is hardly a fair test. Half
of the supers should be filled with one kind,
and the other half with the other sort. When
the two lots are placed in alternation, the bees
seem to feel that the foimdation must first be
pulled out to equal the drawn foundation; for
it is contrary to their notions of hive archi-
tecture to have every other comb in the super
or hive drawn out and the others neglected.
They must all be drawn out in one portion of
the hive, at least, together. We have found
it to be true that, when the pieces were placed
in alternation, in some instances there was no
practical difference; but when the super was
divided in halves, there was a difference in
favor of the drawn foundation, the latter being
accepted and filled with honey, while the
conmion foundation in the other half was
almost neglected. For instance, before me is
a super that had been prepared in " halfs," as
above explained. The sections of one outside
row, having had foundation in them, show the
follo^ring weights after the season was closed
and the weight of sections when removed from
the hive: 1 oz., -4 oz., 7 \ oz., 1}^ oz. The sec-
tions in the opposite outside row had drawn
foundation. These are the respective weights:
12>^ oz., 13>^ oz., 183^ oz., Vi% oz. The other
sections having the drawn foundation were
finished sooner, and are fatter and hea\aer than
the corresponding sections from conunon
foundation. In relation to the same point, R.
F. Holtermann, of the Canadian Bee Journal,

IS. 17

GLKANINGvS IN BEE CUI/fURIv

623

writes: " My own U-sl of the deep cell <;oes
to show they accept it iiuicli more readily than
other fouiuiations. I ]n\\. one section in the
far corner of the hive where they arc less like-
ly to fill it, anil this was built out much far-
ther than the sections near the center. They
Like next best to the ll-square-feet-lo-lhe-
pouiiil new process." — Kv.^

Tin: BEE-KEEPERS' UNION. ONCE MORE.
An Iiitcrcstiim ami Valiial)le .Article.

BY PROF. A. J. COOK.

I am reluctant to speak further upon the
above subject ; but ]Mr. Newman's letter in
July 1st Glk.-^nixgs, and the importance of
the subject, impel me to a further w'ord.

I am very sorry if I misquoted Mr. Newman,
and even more sorry if I misrepresented him.
I have had high appreciation of his services,
and have had only the kindest feelings regard-
ing him. I am sure I need not say that any
thought of antagonism to him has never been
in my mind.

HISTORY.

In the last vote, I believed (and I think
many others did ) that we were voting only on
the question of amalgamation. I voted no —
not that I was opposed to amalgamation per sl\
but only because I felt that many of the mem-
bers were, and that we should not force the
change upon them. It seems to me to-day
that this was a correct position. Others
thought the Union should not be tied to the
National Association, or at least that such a
marriage would not be wise, and hence the
large vote against amalgamation. I did not
suppose the failure to amalgamate would
result in the formation of two Unions ; but,
the rather, if the marriage was not consum-
mated, the old Union would lock horns with
adulteration — would hitch on its whole force
to aid co-o])eration, and would eagerly grasp
any lever that would help to raise bee-keeping
to a higher plane of success.

THE STATIS TO-DAY.

Amalgamation was lost. We have two or-
ganizations, kindred in their general plan and
make-up, requiring the same machinery for
their work — the one tied, possibly by vote of
its members, though I am not sure of that, but
certainly by the views of its manager, to one
limited, and, as it seems to me, rather unim-
portant line of work at the present time; the
other, ready to attack any evil that really
threatens the life or welfare of our industry.
What a chance the old Union is losing now in
not marching against adulteration here in
California, wliere every thing would favor
success ! We have a good law, manager on
the ground, and public sentiment all on our
side. We could almost certainl}- have won a
grand success, and secured a precedent that
would have been as powerful for good as the
Arkansas court decision gained previously by

the Union. It seems to me that, in case we
could not constitutionally gra])ple with this
foe at this o])portune time, we should have
taken steps at once to secure the right and
power to do so.

THK FUTLRK.

I fully believe that we can afford but one
organization. This seems .so axiomatic to me
tliat I believe the bee-keepers generally will
concur. As the new Union seems more broad
in its scope, more alive to the needs of bee-
keepers, more ready to attack the enemy in
whatever form he may take, I believe it wise
to merge the old Union into the new. So far
as I have heard expression, this seems the
growing opinion.

I wish I could be at BuiTalo to join in a
calm, dispassionate con,sideration of the whole
subject. Surely, the discussion should come,
and the matter of a .second subnnssion to vote
be carefully weighed. I presume a large
number of the members, and a goodly propor-
tion of the officers of the old Union, will be
present, and I hope that they will make them-
selves heard.

CO-OPERATION.

Southern California is now struggling with
the subject of a "Bee-keepers' Exchange."
The organization is on foot. A goodly^ num-
ber of bee-keepers have joined its ranks, and
it has already done good service in securing
to its members reduced prices on their sup-
plies. It now remains to be seen whether it
will be able to seciire a better market than
could have been had if it had not been formed.
We hope and believe it w'ill succeed in this
respect, and, what is quite as important, that
it will be able to convince bee-keepers, wheth-
er in or out of the association, that it has done
so. Apparent as well as real success is need-
ed. The "Citrus Fruit Exchange" proves
conclusively that co-operation is the greatest
need of agriculturists in all lines. It is almost
universally admitted that the ' ' Fruit Ex-
change " has been a signal success, and a
great boon to the pomology of Southern Cali-
fornia ; and yet this important organization
has been handicapped because so many held
aloof. Farmers are all unused to such meth-
ods; are suspicious of them, and will not easily
be convinced that they are necessary, safe,
and desirable. Will bee-keepers be any more
ready to co-operate ? I have had great hopes
of the Ijee-keepers, as I think they are a very
intelligent class ; they nearly all read and
think, and it would seem that most have had
experience that would lead them to think
favorably of co-operation. vSuch methods
promise immense advantage, and so are sure
to come in time. Just how soon is a very
important question. The success of the Fruit
Exchange has resulted in far better grading
and packing, at a reduced expense ; has les-
sened co.st of transportation ; has secured bet-
ter jmces, and, perhaps, best of all, has devel-
oped new markets, and arranged such intelli-
gent distribution that any single market is
seldom glutted because of a rusli of fruit into
it. Such a rush into New York or Chicago is
ruinous to prices the country over. I believe

624

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept. 1.

a good bee-keepers' exchange could accom-
pHsh as much. I hope and beheve that the
time will soon come when the bee-men and
fruit-men will unite forces, for the agents east
could as well develop a market for both com-
modities as for one, and at the same time.

One of the chief objections to such a system
is the fact that many are poor, and need ready
money before the close of the season, and can
realize on a prospective crop with a local
dealer. The Bee-keepers' Exchange has ar-
ranged, as we are informed, to partially remedy
this evil this season ; and it is certain that, to
realize on a coming crop in the usual fashion,
is always very expensive. Such loans are
secured at an enormous interest. I believe
we all ought to write, talk, and work for the
exchange system. Such methods in rural
pursuits are so new and strange that we must
patiently await their development. Perfection
can not come at once. Mistakes must be
made. The greatest difficulty is to find able,
experienced business men who \n\\ work
unselfishly and earnestly for the Exchange.
The fruit-men are succeeding in this, we think,
and are winning a success that is fast gaining
the confidence of the fruit-growers. Their
success will bring confidence to the bee-keep-
ers as well. We believe that the bee-keepers
here have been very fortunate in their choice
of men to man the Exchange. We hope that
the bee-keepers will rally more and more to
its support.

I was interested in the note in Aug. 1st
Gleanings regarding color of queens, drones,
and workers. We have selected simply for
color in workers, and hence the want of uni-
formity in the color of queens and drones. If
it is necessary we can soon breed to uniformity
in queen and drones; but is it? I have always
believed that color in workers should be con-
sidered secondary in importance. The main
thing is to develop a business bee, and color
should be considered onl}' to gratify a love of
the beautiful, and to aid us to secure a proper
label.

I agree with you regarding glucose. While
possibly "vile stuff" may be too strong, 3'et
an article that is often unwholesome, that is
almost always used for evil purpose, and that
actually injures many of our staple articles of
commerce, should certainly be denounced.
The editor of the Los Angeles Times, in
to-day's issue, speaks of a new "glucose-
factory," and adds that means mcr^ honey (?),
pure (?) symp, etc. The real character and
standing of glucose is everywhere well known.
There is no need of our speaking its praise or
defending its character.

The article of Mr. Sladen, on Apis dorsata,
is excellent. I am surprised that its tongue
is so little longer than that of the A. incllifica.
Its size is certainly against it. The larger
insects are always more logy and inactive.
Our common bees are surely about typical in
size among insects. It is more than likely
that A. dorsata would be a failure with us.
This is why I have always urged that govern-
ment should import it. I do not think private

parties should be asked to undertake such
enterprises as viay bring signal advantage,
but usually result in no improvement. We
must keep trying to secure the occasional
prize, like the navel orange ; but the trials
should be made by government, not by any
one man. If individuals wish to do such work,
well and good; but it is often unwise for gov-
ernment to wait for them. The same logic
holds for experimental research, which all the
most civilized governments now foster.

I was specially glad to read INIr. Doolittle's
article on clipping queens' wings. I can re-
member when I was almost alone in its advo-
cacy. There is another advantage not men-
tioned by Mr. Doolittle. An apiarist can leave
his apiary at swarming time in the care of
wife or child, and go to other work. The one
in charge has only to cage the queen and note
the hive ; and when the bee-keeper comes at
noon or night he can attend to the bees. I
have often known farmers to manage quite
large apiaries in this way.

It is gratifying to note that common advice
and legal enactments now say, " iWz'i?;' spray
until the blossoms fall." Recent discoveries
regarding egg-laying by the codling-moth
make the delayed spraying all the more rea-
sonable. It is folly, aside from the bees, to
spray before the blossoms have all fallen.

The article on page 493, regarding cane
sugar, I think contains several errors. I wish
it might be submitte 1 to Dr. Wiley for a
review. I think the cane sugar in the nectar,
in the honey, on the table — everywhere — is
the same, onl)- in different form, just as the
salt in the ocean and in the salt-dish are tlie
same.

Long Beach, Cal., Aug. 5.

[The scheme of the California Bee-keepers"
Exchange is most admirable, and should be
most heartily encouraged. Gle.a.nings will
gladly do an}' thing that will help it along.

The new Bee-keepers' Union is progressing
finely, and already has a membership of 175 ;
and indications are that it will surpass in
membership and funds the old Union. Wheth-
er it does or not, the old and the new should
be combined — or, if you please, amalgamated.
Economy and cool business sense botli urge it.
I am in hopes that the Buffalo meeting will
produce a constitution that will be acceptable
alike to the members of the old and new
Union.

Regarding Apis dorsata, permit me to offer
this suggestion : The A. I. Root Co. will be to
no very great expense to start on, and may,
for a very small sum, be able to secure dorsa-
ta. If it fails, then there will be time to ad-
vocate the use of Uncle Sam's money. We
shall probably know within a year what we
can do. I expect to make up this afternoon a
list of hives and implements necessary to
equip Mr. W. E. Rambo, so that he can prop-
erly test Apis dorsata and other species of
Indian bees.

Regarding the article on cane sugar, p. 493,
I respectfully submit it to its author. In the
mean time I have sent a copy containing the
article to Prof. Wiley himself. — Ed.]

1S07

(;livaxix(;s in ri-:iv crLTrRic.

IMPORTANT ITEMS.

Pcttit's System of Prodiiciiiji Comb Honey ; Mon-
nier's Cure for Hec-p;ir;ilysis a Success.

HV i:.\Ri, C. W.M.KKR.

Duriiiij: the honey season which is just draw-
ing to a close I have ,y;iven Pcllifs jilan of tak-
ing comb honey a trial, in ])art. I consider the
sclienie of placing wedge-shaped pieces of wood
under the sides of the hive, thus causing the
bees to distribute themselves to the sides and
back end of the hive, the most valuable fea-
ture of the .sy.stem. By this means the bees
with their loads of honey are sent directly to
the outside sections, which will be filled as
soon as those in the center of the super. In-
stead of .sawing out wedge-shaped pieces of
pine, as described, by :\Ir. Pettit, I simply get
some ordinary .shingles, which taper down to
a thin edge, and split them up into strips V%
inch wide. These are placed under the sides
of the hives, as directed by :Mr. Pettit. This
not only causes the bees to fill the outside sec-
tions, but gives abundant ventilation, which is
so necessary in the hot summer months. I
had several colonies that seemed determined
to hang out and loaf. I placed the strips of
shingles under the edges of the hives, and the
bees quit loafing, and went to work in the
sections. One of these gave a surplus of 72
lbs. of comb honey. I will keep the strips un-
der the hives until winter, for ventilation.

MOXXIER'S cure for BEE-P.A.R.\IvYSIS.

I have cured several cases of bee-paralysis
this season by running healthy swanns into
hives containing affected colonies. The heal-
tliy bees would at once attack the diseased
ones, and carry them off. In most cases I let
the diseased bees swann, and then the next
healthy swarm that issued I ran into the hive
out of which the diseased swarm came. The
disea.sed swarm I ran into a hive out of which
a healthy swarm had issued. The disease has
entirely disappeared. All that seems to be
necessary is to mix a diseased and a healthy
colony together, and the bees do the rest. The
scheme of uniting diseased colonies to cure pa-
ralysis was given in Gle.-\.nixos on page 447,
and I used the above method of putting it into
practice. All bee-men should try this cure,
and re]5ort the result. Mr. Monnier, who dis-
covered this, deserves a vote of thanks from
all bee-keepers. When I read his article, I,
like you, Mr. Editor, had my doubts about its
being a certain cure. But I have tested it for
myself, and am positive that it is a sure cure.
Try it and see.

A COMMON MISTAKE IN TRANSFERRING.

A great many bee-books, in giving direc-
tions for transferring, advise the use of a driv-
ing-box of the same size as the box hive to be
transferred. For example, Mr. F. Benton, in
The Ho7iey-bee, p. 72, says, " Invert the hive,
and place over the open end an empty box, or
the frame hive itself, making whichever is used
fit closely on the hive (Fig. 08). He empha-
sizes the importance of having the driving-box
fit closely, by a half-tone engraving. Now, I
have transferred a great manj' bees, and I be-

lieve it is entirely unnecessary to have the
driving-box fit snugly over the end of the box
hive ; in fact, if the weather is at all warm it
is (|uite an advantage to have the driving-box
some larger than the box hive. The bees run
up into the driving-box more readily if it is
large enough to jiroject a few inches over the
sides of the hive, thus giving plenty of venti-
lation.

THE HIGGINSVII,I.E COVER.

The Higginsville cover has not proven as
.satisfactory with me as the old flat cover used
on the Dovetailed hive a few years ago. It
warps, leaving a crack along the top edge of
the hive where the cover and the hive-wall
meet. Besides, it is too thin for winter where
the bees are wintered in single-walled hives.
The space left by the cover warping allows the
escape of heat from the cluster, and this causes
a draft through the hive. I have been testing
the new gable cover, and so far find no fault
wdth it. By using it, shade-boards can ])e dis-
pensed with ; and in the winter the .space can
be closed, thus making an air-space above the
cluster.

New Albany, Ind.

[I wish others would try this new cure for
bee-paralysis. The fact that it has worked
.successfullv in two cases is very encouraging.
—Ed.]

REPORT OX TUNIS AS A HONEY-PRODUCING
COUNTRY.

BY THOMAS B. BLOW.

[We take pleasure in pre.senting to our readers a
portion of the report of Mr. Thomas B. Blow, of Eng-
land, made to the Tunisian government. North Afi ica.
The parts omitted lefer to the size of frame best suited
to that country, and the probable profits of the in-
dustrj'. — Ed.]

To the Department of Agriculture, Rcgeticy
of Tunis: — I have the honor to report that,
during the past two months, I have given
great attention to the question of apiculture
in Tunis. So far as I have seen, there are
certain parts of Tunis that are, in my opinion,
absolutely without equal in any part of the
world for their capacity to produce large quan-
tities of honey. These districts are the hills,
on which grow vast quantities of rosemary
{Rosmarinus officinalis), heath {Erica niulti-
Jlora], and many other honey -producing
plants. Of such districts I imagine Tunis pos-
ses.ses some n.iillions of hectan s, and in the
gi-eater portion the honey is absolutely wast( d
for want of bees to colkct it. Not only can
honey be produced here in great quantity, but
the quality is also si.perb; in fact, there can be
no finer honey than that produced during the
winter and spring months from the heath and
the rosemary. The climate is well suited for
apiculture, for the bees are able to work a
great portion of the time that these plants are
in flower (there being no winter in the serse
we tinderstand it in Europe). The heath and
rosemary conmience to bloom in November
and December, and continue till March or
April, and during these months the bee-keeper
is assured of an ample harvest. Later comes

626

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept. 1.

Calicotoine znllosa. Thymus N^iunadinis, and
other species of Thyynus, several species of
Cistus, and many other honey-yielding plants;
so that, in fact, there is a good harvest from
November till May, which is quite a long
period, especially when we consider the great
abundance of the honey -yielding flowers dur-
ing the whole time.

It must be borne in mind that every pound
of hone}- collected is so much clear gain to
the national wealth of a country; for, if not
collected by bees, the honey is absolutely
wasted. Fruit-growers and owners of almond-
orchards should remember, too, that greatly
increased crops of fruit are obtained if there
are ample bees kept to insure efficient fertiliza-
tion of the flowers.

The bees of Tunis are very hardy, good
workers, and are all that can be desired for
the countr}', and I strongly recommend that
the introduction of foreign bees be not at-
tempted; and in view of the fact that the bees
here, so far as I have seen, are free from the
disease called foul brood (which has caused,
and is still causing, such havoc with the bees
of Europe), I advise that the most stringent
measures be taken to absolutely prohibit the
importation of any foreign bees, as the risk of
the disease being introduced thereby would be
very great ( it being very widespread in Eu-
rope ) .

The Chalet, Welwyn, England.

WALKER'S GRADING-RULES CRITICISED.
The Rules too Flexible, and Why.

BY B. F. ONDERDONK.

Friend Root : — I have been reading Mr.
Walker's grading-rules, and, after nmch
thought and perplexity, have come to the
conclusion that they do not grade. As I un-
derstand the word, " fancy " means appearing
extra well. I fail to understand how a section
with a row of unsealed cells next the wood
can fill the requirement of "fancy," to say
nothing about "extra fancy" allowing this
defect ; then his ' ' fancy, " " slightly fastened
to or detached from the bottom, "'and " /zro
cells viay contain bec-hread" (italics mine).
I grade his extra fancy for my own trade as
No. 1 ; his fancy as No. 2, except as to the
bee-bread, a section containing which I never
offer for sale, but exclude it entirely from the
grading.

P'ancy, with me, must not have more than
four unsealed cells on any one side of the
comb, and unsoiled. No. 1 may have one row
of cells next the wood unsealed. No. 2, one
row of cells next the wood unsealed, and two
or three rows at the bottom; no section to
weigh less than 13 oz.; and ver}^ little amber
honey in with white. No. 3, or fourth grade,
may have two rows of unsealed cells, top and
sides, bottom detached ; and weight, 11 to 12
oz., goes to the peddler at 10 cts., regardless
of color, comb, or honey. Lighter weights go
back on the hives to finish if a flow is on, or
clean out if bees need it.

Mr. Walker says, "No. 2 like No. 1, but

combs may be more crooked and uneven (sic),
and not over three-fourths filled ; but any one
section must weigh half as much as the hea\'i-
est section in the case." To say nothing
about his supplementan,-, which would allow
his sections to be shoveled in, and modifies
previous elastic rules, it looks to me like a
barrel of unsorted apples, and I do not won-
der at commission men's returns for consign-
ments of honey if these rules obtain to any
great extent.

Your grading is good, except fancy, which
should not admit the whole row of cells next
the wood unsealed. No. 3 should not go on
the market. It hurts the business, and gives
the retailer too much show to " do " the
consumer.

I did intend my letter as an order ; but the
wa}' things are looking now, I am not sure
but I shall need a barrel of sugar instead.

Mountain View, N. J., Aug. 11.

APICULTURAL STATION OF THE MARYLAND
AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

An Old Bee-keeper in Charge.

BY C. H. LAKE.

[A few weeks ago we received a letter from Mr. C.
H. Lake in regard to an apiarj' that he had the plea-
sure of establishing at the Mar}i-land Agricultural Col-
lege and Experiment Station near Washington, D. C.
At that time he promised to send us photos if we
cared to have them. I told him to send them on and
tell us something about the .station and its plans. The
photos are reproduced in half-tone on the opposite
page. The .station is located eight miles from Wash-
ington, on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, at Col-
lege Park Station.— Ed.]

Friend Root: — I send you under separate
cover the photographs of the aviary and apia-
ry of the Man,dand Agricultural College, and
I will give you at this writing as brief a de-
scription as possible.

No. 1 is the brooder-house of the aviary ;
incubator capacity at present, 1300 eggs. The
gentleman on the left is the president and his
two children. Next is Mr. Taylor, the poul-
try man, and his little son. The other is in-
tended for"3'Ours truly." The trees show-
ing over the brooder-house are on the rear
grounds of the president's cottage.

No. 2 takes you a little farther up the hill.
Place it at the left of No. 1 and you will see
how the ground lies. It takes in a large part
of the poultry plant.

No. 3 (again placed on the left) is the apia-
ry", looking north. It is unfinished, as I wTote
you; and, while it makes but a small show, it
is more extensive than it looks. The white
building is the honey-house and workshop.
The window of workshop is nearly hidden by
the tree. This view cuts off about 75 feet of
the extreme left from view.

No. 4 is a view of this part taken from the
shop-window looking south. So much for the
views. Now take the plan. The long line of
hives on the extreme left are all of the Balti-
more pattern for extracting, and will contain
80 hives, to be covered in, for both shade and
shelter. Along the front and poultry side, or
at a and b, there will be located 100 or more

628

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept. 1.

comb-honey hives of the 8 and 10 frame Dove-
tail patterns. This will leave the center
grounds for nuclei, swarms, special hives, and
test work.

What we propose to do, and how we shall
go about it, I will not at this writing say; but
the apiary is established, and your humble
servant has been put at the head of both de-
partments; and if I live I hope to see man}' a
bee-crank (as well as poultry) who have been
" over the ground " in the past.

Baltimore, Md.

RIETSCHE AND FACTORY FOUNDATION COM-
PARED AGAIN.

Which is the Cheaper for the Poor Man to Buy ?

BY F. L. THOMPSON.

Mr. Editor : — Inclosed find a sample of
foundation made on a Rietsche press. It is
part of a sample which came in a letter from
Herr Rietsche himself. I had not intended to
say much more on this subject; but on reflec-
tion I conclude it is too important to be allow-
ed to drop in its present stage.

In his letter Herr Rietsche says that, given
the ability (to work the machine, I suppose),
his press turns out the exact thickness, and
consequently strength, of foundation desired
for use in the brood-nest. For example, the
smallest size, which is 22 by 17 centimeters
(8.(>6 X 6.69 in. ), makes 36 .sheets of a kilo of
wax, corresponding to a square surface of l.:>3
meters. The size for the normal German
frame (22x3.5 centimeters, longer dimension
vertical) makes 14 sheets to the kilo, or 1.1
square meters ; a press 2.') x 40 centimeters
makes !) or 10 sheets; or 9 to 1 meter; and so
on, the larger the size the thicker the founda-
tion, and conversely. Most bee-keepers, he
says, are of the opinion that foundation
should be no thinner than that proportion for
the brood-chamber, and that, for the ncrmal
German frame, it is much better to make only
12 or 13 sheets to the kilo, instead of 14.
Therefore, he concludes, home-made founda-
tion is entirely fitted to the needs of the
brood-nest, and" makes the bee-keeper inde-
pendent of the manufacturer, not to speak of
the facts that he can use up his own pure wax,
free from foul brood, and that he needs no
artificial helps, such as wiring, etc., to get a
beautiful comb built.

It appears from this, that, when one wants
to wire his frames, he should specify the thin- *
ness of foundation he wants, as well as the
size, in ordering ; otherwise he will get a
machine making foundation thick enough to
dispense with wire. Perhaps this was the
reason the circular that came with your ma-
chine claimed no more for it than a square
meter of foundation to a kilo of wax.

For myself I prefer wiring, for several rea-
sons, and am not suspicious of the puritj' or
cleanness of the foundation furnished by oiir
dealers. I favor the consideration of the
Rietsche press only because it saves money
and is easy to operate.

The sample inclosed is stated to have been
made on a press which makes sheets measur-
ing 2.) X 20 centimeters ; hence, if the above
rule of proportionate thickness is exactly car-
ried out I judge it is a trifle thicker than that
made on the smallest press, which runs 1.35
meters to the kilo. Now, since the vertical
height of a sheet made on the smallest press
(evidently adapted to the standard " Halb-
rahmchen " or half-depth frame) is about 67o
inches, while the L. sheet is 1 j:^ inches, the
sample inclosed ought to represent about the
thickness Herr Rietsche would consider suit-
able to the L. sheet, 'a'itlwut iviring. In this
country, however, we had better assume that
full sheets would be wired. If so, we may
also assume that the thickness of 1.35 meters
to the kilo would be about right for the wired
L. sheet. If I figure rightly this is about 1]^
sheets to the pound. Let us call it 7, and
assume further that we can do as well as a
ten-year-old boy at the Reichenberg conven-
tion, who, seeing the exhibition of foundation-
making, asked permission to try the machine
himself. His first sheet was a success, and he
kept on the whole afternoon, emplojnng
" scarcely a minute " for each sheet. Then 7
lbs. an hour are worked, or |1.12 an hour
saved (if that weight of foundation, made on
a mill, would cost 41 cents per lb. in quantity),
or |;8.96 a day at the least, with the probabili-
ty of at least doubling it — for Herr Rietsche
is too well known in Germany to make it at
all likely that he would make a statement of
the speed of his machine that no one but him-
self could possibly attain.

I think something must have been decided-
ly wrong, either with the machine 5'ou tried
or the way it was worked; for in all my read-
ing of foreign journals I have not come across
a single hint that foundation could not be
made as thin as desired on a Rietsche press.
This nuich seems certain, that it will not do
for us Americans to be satisfied with our pres-
ent knowledge of the Rietsche press. We
must find out more about it before we drop
the idea. If I could save |:1.12 to $2.24 an
hour, I should be quite willing that the leases
of the cells should be considerabh^ thicker
than those in bought foundation ; and, for
that matter, is there any reason for supposing
that they can not be made thin ? Herr Alfon-
sus' statement, that foundation can be made
as thin on the press as on the null (on which
I based my first assumptions) may be accurate
when applied to the mill foundation that he
has .seen ; and whatever thinness that m;n-
have had, is likely to be thin enough for the
bases of the cells of brood foundation ; while
by altering the shape of the die surface (as
was done in making rollers for the Given
foundation], the amount of wax in the ivalh
may give the required weight and strength to
the foundation. However, this is all theor}-
with me, and I ask, for information, what is
the reason for assuming this can not be done
in a molding-press ? May not such an assump-
tion be something like assuming that Given
foundation could not be made on a roller mill ?

Perhaps it is not altogether fanciful to sug-
gest further that the introduction of an easy

GIJvAMNOS IN BKH Cl'LTrRK.

029

ami cheap method of niakiii.^ oiir's own brood
fouiulation would result in a far nioro general
use of foundation, with the attendant benefits,
tlian is indicated even by the amount of tnon-
ey savetl. That would be in accordance with
human nature, at any rate. To pay out cash
is nuich less likely to happen tlian to utilize
what one has.

It strikes me that that " mussinji;-up of
things generally " on page 44() is about as
strong an expression as could be found to
descrU>e the molding process. True, I can't
speak of it at first hand; but reading ought to
give one a faint inkling of how matters are ;
and my reading so far has failed to show how
there is any more nms.sing-up than in the
inevitable task of melting up the wax product
of the apiary ; in fact, I should have inferred
from my reading that it was, rather, a clean
operation.

I note that you do not say that the majority
of bee-keepers who have roller machines have
long since come to the conclusion that it does
not pay to make brood foundation for their
own use. Perhaps they can't make it pay to
make their own surplus foundation — a differ-
ent matter. And even if they did make the
statement of brqod foundation, I should take
the liberty to disagree with their assumption
that their own circumstances are a rule for
others. A man who can afford to lay out |30
for a roller mill for his own use alone, with as
little inducement as has hitherto been held
out to do so, must for that very reason have
some store of this world's goods. His inter-
ests are likely to be varied, and must be con-
siderable ; therefore his time must be worth,
financially, a good deal more than mine.
Most probably he hires help; and why should
he not buy foundation? It amounts to the
same thing as buying an expensive mill, and
hiriu<^ a man to put his time in on the fuss
and muss which it requires. But the poor
man ma}- have to lay out as nmch, or more,
for foundation in any one year as a molding-
press ought to cost iiim, while at the same
time he gets no more for his time than a day
laborer, counting the whole year. Why should
he not get a cheap press, which, if we are to
believe any thing at all that is said of it,
requires very much less fussy and mussy work
than the mill ? It is fallacious to refer to the
experience of the majority of bee-keepers in
this matter, for they have had expi^rience with
the mill only. So far from being less able to
compete with the roller machines with the
factories, there are the best of reasons for
thinking it is better able to compete. A table-
knife successfull)- competes with a razor in a
good many ways. Let us not imply that it is
absolutely essential to impart a factory gloss
to a home-made article for home consumption.
Dr. Miller doesn't want the bother and wor-
ry of making his own foundation. I .shouldn't
either, if I had as many irons in the fire as he
has. It is a wonder he wants the bother and
worry of doing any thing with wax, or of
keeping bees at all. Mr. Editor, I respect-
fully request that you put out of tlie room all
those bee-keepers who are presidents and
secretaries and factotums of this, that, and

the other organization, rose-fanciers, etc., and
all those who have sixteen as.sistants to boss —
unless they promise to be good, and imagine
them.selves in the place of the representative
bee-keej^er who depends on his own jjair of
hands alone to secure him a year's support
for a year's work, and who fondly hopes that
his rainy-day ])ile, repeatedly scattered and
tramped on, may .some duN' begin to grow
again.

INIontrose, Col.

[You admit you have never tried the Rietsche
press; and that being the ca.se you have to get
your facts and figures second-hand. Grant-
ing, for instance, that we arc prejudiced in
favor of factory-made foundation, it is reason-
able to assume that the inventor or manufac-
turer of the Rietsche press is equally prejudic-
ed in favor of his machine; but, so far as pos-
sible, let us eliminate prejudice, if there be
any, and let cold figures speak for themselves.

In the first place, your figures — at least some
of them — are incorrectly drawn. You are
assuming that the sample of foundation you
sent to us runs about 1% sheets to the L.
frame. I carefully weighed it on delicate
scales, and found it ran about 6 L. sheets to
the pound. To prove the result, I went down
into our wax-working department and picked
out (3 sheets of medium brood foundation
which ought to weigh () L. sheets to the pound.
These, when placed on the scales, responded
to the proper notch. Out of one of these
sheets, all run at the same time, probably
within a minute of each other, I cut a square
of foundation equal in .size to the little .sample
you sent. I then took a pair of delicate
watchmaker's balances, and, having found
that they "balanced," I placed a piece of
Rietsche foundation on one .side and a piece
of our medium brood on the other side, both
of exactly the same size. They balanced
exactly.

Again, I notice that }'ou figure wax at 2o cts.
a pound. This figure does not include the
cost of refining and a slight loss from dirt.
After being cleaned it is worth 5 cents more.
This would make the wax run 30 cents a
pound in place of 25 ; for the 2o-cent article
mil be hardly fit — at least the average run of
it — to make decent foundation.

Then you have made another error in put-
ting the price of factory-made foundation at
41 when it should be 40.' Assuming that your
boy or man on the Riet.sche press would n'lake
.")0 pounds of foundation in a day (which I
very much doubt), you ought to take the 50-
pound rate for factory-made foundation. Now,
then, let us start over again:

I noticed you have allowed the boy or man
49 sheets per hour on the Rietsche press, on
the ba.sis of T .sheets to the L. frame ; but if
you figure that the Rietsche sheets are only
() to the pound, as per sample, then we will
give you credit for 8 lbs. per hour, wliich at
oO cents would make a total of $2.40. Sup-
pose the poor man's time is worth 15 cts. an
hour, this would make a total of f2.55, not
allowing any thing for express charges on
machine from Germany, cost of the machine
itself, the mussing-up of pots, kettles, and

630

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept. 1.

pans, and the probable scorching and spoiUng
of some wax — a result that is quite liable to
take place with the ordinary amateur. Medi-
um brood factory-made foundation in lots of
50 pounds would cost |3.20, leaving a balance
in your favor of G-i cents — that is, providing
we do not figure in the cost of the Rietsche
press, express on the same, mus.ing up, soil-
ing of pots and kettles, and the possibility of
ruining some wax.

If you have saved Go cents, you have a pro-
portionately inferior article of foundation. It
is clumsy and brittle, as is all cast wax.
Careful examination of the sample foundation
you sent shows that there is a fearful waste of
wax in the bases, and not enough side-wall to
make the bees take it quickly. That being
the case, it is ver}- evident that light brood
foundation, factory-made, would not only be
just as good but just as cheap — yes, far cheap-
er— if we include the incidental items referred
to. Forty-nine sheets of the latter will cost
about 12.57, and the foundation that you made
would cost $2.br>.

I carefully tested, by heat, factory -made
light brood and the Rietsche sample sent, and
found that the former was not only tougher,
but could resist heat fully as well.

To argue that a bee-keeper can afford to
make his own foundation would be like trjdng
to prove that a small flour-mill could compete
with one of the great establishments of the
countr}^ or that the old-fashioned cobbler
could make a pair of shoes as cheaply as the
great shoe-factories. You mav be able to so
place the figures as to make a strong case ;
but you can not get around the fact that even
the small manufacturers of foundation have
generally given up the trade to the large man-
ufacturers, for the reason that they can buy
cheaper than they can make it. What is true
of the small manufacturers would be more
true of the consumer.

I am not tr^-ing to show that bee-keepers
ought to buy Root's, Dadant's, or the founda-
tion of anybody else, rather than to make it,
for the sake of bolstering up the sup]>ly busi-
ness ; but I do think it would be about as
foolish for one to make his own foundation as
for him to try to make his own clothes. There
has been a great deal of money wasted by a
good man}' people trying to make their own
things "to save manufacturers' profits," in-
stead of sending to the factory and getting
something much better, and usually for less
money. Some bee-keepers even now are fool-
ish enough to try to make their own hives
and brood-frames. If the}- wdll be careful
enough to figure, they would see that the)' are
probabl}' paying as much for their lumber to
make a certain number of hives as they would
have to pay for the same lumber at the hive-
factory, all neatly and accurately cut up, and
ready to nail together.

I wish I could say these things in some
other journal than our own ; for as it is, at
least some will shake their heads and say,
" He has got an ax to grind." Perhaps some
of our readers will think I am taking a good
deal of space for either side of this qiiestion ;
but Gleanings believes in free speech, and

in letting both sides have a hearing up to a
rea.sonable limit.

MIGRATORY BEE-KEEPING IN CALIFORNIA.

Some of the Difficulties ; Large and Small Wagons
for the Purpose.

BV C. A. HATCH.

To one living in the East it seems marvelous
and all sunshine and pleasantness when he
reads of the great yields of hone}- in this
country. But California bee-keeping has its
drawbacks as well as any other country. The
first thing noticeable to a new comer is the
fact that scarcely any bee-keeper lives where
he keeps his bees. This of itself makes the
bee-man at least migratory, even if his bees
are not. The reason for this is that few of the
good honey-yielding plants grow on land
suitable for farming, and usually of no great
value except for stock-ranges; and, further,
while California produces many honey-plants,
there are but few locations where more than
one are available; therefore the successful
bee-man must be prepared to emigrate to pas-
tures new when one place has been worked;
and when a dry season comes he must be
ready to take advantage of any chance honey-
flow he may hear of.

My experience has been confined to the
Santa Clara Valley. Here we find most of the
bee-keepers live in the towns, and move from
place to place, sometimes going as far as 100
miles from home. Many ai-e single men with
no families, and camp anywhere during the
bee-season. Some go to the mountains during
the sage-bloom, and then either move to the
coast to the bean-fields, where lima beans are
grown by the thousand acres, or go still fur-
ther away from the coast to get California
buckwheat or buckbush honey, which is a
white fine honey, and nothing like our eastern
buckwheat.

The kind of wagon usually used is a com-
mon farm wagon or a large freight-wagon
needing four to six horses to draw it. M. H.
Meniileson, who moves more than any other
bee-man I know of, has built special racks for
the purpose, suited to large wagons and large
teams; but either small wagons or large ones
are open to objections. It takes too long to
move with two-horse teams, and the large
wagons are too unwieldy with their long string
of horses to go every place that it may be
required to go" to. Most of the apiaries are in
the parts of" the country where roads are not
of the best, and there are always many risks
by rocks, floods, quicksands, etc.

The bees are prepared for moving, first, by
extracting all from the supers if run for ex-
tracting; or, if for comb, all supers are remov-
ed, and each hive must have not less than
four empty frames in the brood-nest, and, if
moved at the close of sage-bloom, an empty
extracting-super having alternate empty combs
and empty frames is put on. Second, the
entrance is closed with a screen, and a frame
covering the whole top of the hive, covered
with wire screen, is put on. This screen cover

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

(l.-U

lias the two end jiicot's iiKuk- U inch wider, so
that, when the hive-cuver is nailed on, it leaves
'» inch space hetween the screen and hive-
cover, so in case one hive is set on top of an-
other, ventilation will not be cut off.

The hives are nsually loaded at night, and
the teams lie np durins^ the day if the journey
is to be too lonj^ for one nit,dit.

.This is yi. 11. :Mendleson's plan, and I
think he has made the subject a study, and
has the best moving-appliances I have seen,
and makes a success of it where the distance
is not too great for one night's journey. But
I am inclined to tliink that, where the trip is
too far for that, the present aiTangements are
inade(|uate. Too many colonies crowd the
entrance full of bees, and thus cut off upward
draft, which smothers too many bees — not
that INIr. M.'s loss of colonies has been great
(only about 10 out of 400 moved), but the
weakening of colonies has been too great to
leave them strong enough for good work until
more bees are hatched, and then it is too late
for the honey-flow. There seems to be greater
loss than would appear by simply looking at
the dead bees at the entrftnoe, so I came to the
conclusion that many that apparently came
through all right were so weakened b}- worry
that they soon sviccumbed when put to work.

There seems to be another difficulty in the
wa}' of migratory bee-keeping being a brilliant
success ; and that is the fact that colonies at
the close of a long and abundant honey-flow
are not as strong in numbers as at the begin-
ning. Of course, this can in a measure be
overcome by giving particular attention to
breeding bees during the honey-flow. Good
ventilation and a circulation through the hive
are essentials. In two instances have I known
of disaster for lack of these two essentials.
One man lost a third, and the other much
more. This was loss outright, to saj^ nothing
of injury to others.

I rented bees this season, first, because I
was a "tenderfoot," and did not know how
much my Wisconsin bee-keeping would avail
me here ; and, second, because I wanted to be
free to go when the honey season was done.
I ran one apiars- for Mr. Mendleson, consist-
ing of 233, spring count, and 27') at the close
of the season. From these we extracted 48,500
lbs., and then removed to the bean-fields,
where the prospect is fair for getting 4000 lbs.
more.

Bean honey is fine-flavored and white, but
inclined to candv quicklv.

Montalvo, Cal., Aug. 10.

.AMONG THE BEE-KEEPERS OF MICHIGAN.

The .Advantage in the Use of Bottom-starters ; De-
veloping the Home Market; Hives for Mi-
gratory Bee-keeping.

BY A. L. BOYDEN.

Reaching my old home at Saline for a few-
days' vacation I found that the season there
I Southern Michigan ) had been better than
for a number of years past. White clover,
which had almost disappeared, has returned,

and a fair crop of honey had been secured.
Looking over the cases of comb honey I had
to compliment my brother on the appearance
of it, as the combs were built down .so well,
and so securely fastened to the bottom. He
had used bottom starters, and declared him-
self very much in favor of them. I believe
that much of the breakage in .shipping might
be avoided if combs were well built to the
bottom of the section ; and perhaps the best
if not the only way to secure this is by using
bottom starters.

A day or two later we had a very pleasant
call from Mr. W. D. vSimonds, of Whittaker,
Mich. Mr. Simonds formerly used chaff
hives, I believe ; but, being annoyed with
foul brood, and for other reasons, he has giv-
en up their use, and now uses a house-apiary.
He is very enthusiastic over it. believing that,
for ease in handling, freedom from robbers,
and safety in wintering, it is all that can be
desired. I believe he mentioned only one
difficulty; viz., an occasional loss of queens
in mating.

vSaturday, Aug. 7, found me at the home
and apiary of a Lenawee County bee-keeper,
Mr. A. Middlebrook. He reports a fair sea-
son, showing me a nice lot of choice extract-
ed and comb honey. I asked him where he
sold his honey, and he replied, " In the home
market." I then asked him what price his
extracted netted him. He said, "About ten
cents per pound." It seems to me that bee-
keepers make a great mistake in not doing
more to work up their home markets. Mr.
Middlebrook has used frames about 10x14;
but having tried the self-spacing Hoffman, he
proposes to adopt this style in regular L. size.

IX THE WILLOW-HERB DISTRICT.

Leaving Wa.shtenaw Co. for a few days' vis-
it to Central Michigan I stopped first at Mount
Pleasant. This is a pleasant little town in fact
as well as in name. I had heard that the wil-
low-herb never fails to yield honey, so I ex-
pected to find the bee-keepers of that section
in the midst of the flow. Very unexpectedl}-.
however, and almost unaccountably, it is
yielding but little this year, and in some cases
the bees were robbing. I called to see Mr. T.
J. Fordyce, a suppl3r-dealer who has quite a
large .apiary within the limits of Mount Pleas-
ant. He was away from home, .so I chatted
with Mrs. Fordyce for an hour or more, learn-
ing much of interest to me aboiit the willow-
herb country. A puncture in my bicycle-tire
delayed my departure for the out-of-town api-
aries, so I passed the time very pleasantlv
with Mr. Wm. Bamber, proprietor of a plan-
ing-mill. He also keeps a few bees, and is
making some supplies. Evidently the Dove-
tailed hive is as popular there as elsewhere, as
I noticed with interest a machine he had made
for dovetailing them.

After dinner I started on my wheel for the
apiaries of H. S. Wheeler, Walter Wing, and
H. S. IMorrison, w^hich are located down the
Chippewa River in the tracts burned over by
forest-fires three \-ears ago. I found neither
Mr. Wheeler nor Mr. Wing at home, so I
pushed on over sandy roads to Mr. NIorrison's

632

GtEANlNGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept. 1.

yard. I might mention that none of these
apiaries are located at the owners' homes. JNIr.
Morrison has about "200 colonies, and he uses
largely the Simplicity hive. I spent the night
wdth him, and very nuich enjoyed hearing
him relate some of the incidents connected
with his work in the willow-herb section. I
had always supposed that, in moving an apia-
ry to catch a honey-flow, a good deal of time
would be lost by the bees, even after reaching
the new field ; but when Mr. Morrison told me
he found bees coming back loaded with honey
in seventeen ininiiles after the entrance was
opened on the new ficM, I thought very differ-
ently. Indeed, I believe now more than ever
that it will pay bee-keepers to use such hives
as can be readily moved from one place to an-
other without loss of time, and with no annoy-
ance to the bees or apiarist.

[Mr. Boyden, the writer of the foregoing, is
Mr. Calvert's right-hand man and stenogra-
pher. It was Mr. Boyden who, during Mr.
Calvert's absence for nearly a month, assumed
much of the work that devolves on my broth-
er (-in-law) John. Before coming here he
was engaged in the supply business in Michi-
gan, and had quite an extended experience as
a bee-keeper. He is now one of the old stand-
bys of the office. In our next issue Mr. Boy-
den will relate something further in regard to
his trip. — Ed.]

NOTES BY THE WAY.

BY J. T. CALVERT.

After leaving Reno we ascended the Sierras
to the summit, 7017 feet above the sea, and
above the snow-line, even in July. The de-
scent into the beautiful State of California was
a panorama of ever-increasing beauty. At
Auburn we were greeted by the Christian
Endeavorers, and treated to a bouquet of
flowers for every one. Fruit was abundant
and luscious, and cheap. When passing
through Clipper Gap I learned that S. ¥.
Woodworth, who has been making bee-sup-
plies and fruit-boxes at that place, had recently
been burned out — a total loss and no insur-
ance. If your property is not insured, see
that you have it done before you are a day
older.

The C. E. convention was one of unusual
interest and power. It has received such full
notice throughout the religious and secular
press that I will not attempt a report here. I
set out to make notes of special interest to
bee-keepers, and hope I may not entirely fail
to do so.

I called on W. A. Pryal, of Oakland, who is
still interested in bees. He had had the
pleasure, a few weeks previously, of showing
about the city Mr. Thos. Wni. Cowan, editor
of the British Bee Journal. Mr. Cowan has
a son in California, \rith whom he and Mrs.
Cowan have been spending the past winter.
They are so well pleased with California that
they expect to remain another year and enjoy
its delightful climate and beautiful scenery
and abundant natural resources.

The great wheat - harvesters of California
were a sight worth mentioning. These ma-
chines, drawn by 24 to 30 horses or mules,
and cutting a swath 18 to 24 feet wide, cut the
grain off just low enough to secure all the
heads. The grain is thrashed, and put into
sacks. The chaff and straw are either drop-
ped in a swath, or, if it is desired to stack and
use it, it is collected and dropped off in bundles,
forming a winrow ready to be gathered and
stacked. The grain, cleaned ready for market,
is dumped off two or three sacks at a time,
gathered up on wagons, and corded up in the
fields. There are no barns or granaries, every
thing being left in the open air. As no rain
falls except during a few winter months, there
is no need of the protection required in other
sections of the country. Single fields cover
hun(h-eds and sometimes thousands of acres.
I was told that they usually get two crops of
wheat each year. The second crop is self-
seeded from the first, and is usually much
lighter. As I passed down the San Joaquin
Valley much of the crop was already harvest-
ed. The immense wheat-storehouses at the
stations along the way were nearly full.
Thousands of sacks were corded up in the
fields. Otlier fields were not yet harvested,
and, as far as the eye could see on either side
the track, there was little to be seen but wheat-
fields. As I looked on this immense stock of
golden grain, and noted that the market price
was advancing, I concluded that here were
gold-fields of more value than those of Alaska,
and that they would feed more people, and
bring more blessing to mankind.

I stopped a few hours with M. R. Madary,
of Fresno, who handles most of the bee-sup-
ply trade of the San Joaquin valley. He re-
poited that, up to about the 10th of July, the
bees had barely made a living, and bee-keep-
ers had begun to feel rather blue. But at the
time I was there, Jiily 14, they were rolling in
the honey at a very lively rate, and prospects
were favorable for a fairly good crop. The
main dependence here is alfalfa, and a very
good quality of honey is produced. A cool
backward season seemed to be the cause of a
lack of honey earlier.

My next stop was at Los Angeles, where I
spent several days. On the way there, near
Acton and Newhall we passed apiaries near
the railroad. From the looks of the moun-
tains and country generally, at this season, as '
we passed along down the canyon, we won-
dered where the bees got so much beautiful
honey as has been gathered in this section this
year. The latter rains did not come, hence
the honey-harvest was cut off earlier than it is
when they have an ideal season. The sage-
brush and other shrubs that produce honey
were pretty well dried up at this time of year.

I found John H. Martin (the Rambler) at
the office of the California Bee-keepers' Ex-
change, 330 South Broadway. He had had
previous notice of my coming, and had noti-
fied a few of the bee-keepers near the city. In
a little while Mr. Bennett, of the Pacific Bee
Journal, dropped in ; also Geo. W. Brodbeck.
vSoon half a dozen of us were together having
a little bee convention all to ourselves. The

1807

(;t,1':anin(;s in m-M cri/ruui'.

(i.'i:;

bec-kecpcrsof SouUktu California wcrr tVtliii.u
quite comfurlahk- from the fact that they had
secured what they considered ahout half a
croji. This half-croj) was estimated to he
from 12")() to MOd carloads ( 1"J tons to a car).
Some commission men had reported to me
that the crop would be ")()() carloads ; but Mr.
Martin, who is secretary of the Bee-keepers'
Ivxchanjje, and in a position to know, said
that half tliat amount would be a fair estimate.
San Diego Co. ak)ne produced about 60 car-
loads, or one-fifth to one-fourth of the whole.
Quite a number of cars of honey had already
been sent east, and some to Europe, by the
connnission men. The Bee-keepers' Exchange
had employed the Cutting Fruit Co. as their
selling agents, and also fixed upon the mini-
mum price for the different grades; and up to
tlie time I was there (July 20) had made
almost no sales. They had already ware-
housed quite a little, advancing to the bee-
keepers about half its value until it should be
sold. Some bee-keepers, who were anxious
to get their money, were selling outright to
dealers and commission men at lower prices
than those fixed by the Exchange. It will
take some time to clean up such lots of honey,
when the Exchange may hope to realize on
their honey. It will take patience and perse-
verance on the part of the members of the
Exchange till they become established. Some
changes in methods of management ma}- be
found necessary; but there is no question that
thev are on the right track, and that, if Cali-
fornia bee-keepers generally stand by the Ex-
change, they will be benefited in no small
degree. Exchange honey is sold imder a
trade-mark seal, and guaranteed.

Perhaps nine-tenths of the honey produced
in Southern California is extracted. The pro-
portion of comb honey, however, is increasing,
and it would be hard to surpass anywhere
some of the comb honey I saw.

One of the leading bee-keepers is M. H.
Mendleson, of Pirn City. He has 900 colonies
of bees, and up to the middle of July had
taken over fifty tons. He had just moved
his bees to the bean-fields, where he hoped to
.secure 12 to 15 tons more. If it were not for
the faithlessness of a tramp bee-keeper whom
he had engaged for the season he would have
had at least ten tons more. This man, a Mr.
Frank Curl, has lots of ability and a great
deal of experience, and can make himself
very useful. He has wandered about so
much, having been in almo.st everj- State in
the Union, and to Cuba twice, that he can not
control his wandering mania. He has been
here in Medina three times in the last twelve
years. He engaged to Mr. Mendle.son for the
season, and left him just when the honey was
coming in fastest and he could least afford to
spare liim. He even offered him double the
wages he had agreed to work for ; but nothing
would induce him to stay. I mention this
here that others may be warned.

Mr. Mendleson put into use this season 80
of the Danzenbaker hives complete, and 500
of the Danz. supers, which he used over the
regular 10-frame L. hive. He had 30,000 of
the Danz. sections filled, and most likelv

would have had forty to fifty thousand had
not iMr. Curl failed him at the critical time.
While he does not like the brood-chamber of
the Danz. hive, he is nuich pleased with the
super, and expects to get as many more for
next sea.son. The honey he produced in the
Danz. .sections, put up in our basswood ca.ses,
nicely labeled, was handsome indeed. He
was getting 11 ><c per pound from the fancy
grocery trade, while large lots in the regular
4>4 sections and pine ca.ses made on the coast
were bringing 8 to 9 cents.

€■» If'

-p#:-'.

P

i

m--i

RAMBI^ER AND MENDLESON DISCUSSING THE
DANZENBAKER SECTION.

While in Los Angeles I enjoyed the hospi-
tality of Rambler's "bachelor hall," and par-
took of the pancakes for which he is deserv-
edly famous. We had Mr. Mendleson with
us a part of the time, and I am pleased to be
able to give you a view of ' ' the other two,
with a rear view of the " hall " in the f)ack-
ground.

Some C. E. ladies from the East called on
Mr. Martin after I left, and he writes me that
he could not prevail on one of them to remain
in Southern California.

Although I visited the State at the worst
time to see it at its best, I was delighted with
it, and hope to go again before many years
roll by, and stay longer.

The editor of the Review, in speaking of
the passage at arms between Mr. Newman on
the one side, and Messrs. Mason, York, ct al.,
on the other, says he can not close without
"expressing regret at the spirit exhibited h\
Mr. Newman toward some of his old friends
who have thought his course open to criti-
cism." That is the w-ay a great many more of
Mr. Newman's old friends feel about it. Not
one has had a desire to accuse him of being
"dishonest," neither have they felt "malig-
nant " or " .spiteful " toward him.

634

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept. 1.

LONG HIVES vs. TIERING UP.

Ones/ion.— Why do not these working for
exfracted honey use a long hive, holding the
same number of frames that they wish to use
in one story, instead of tiering up several
hives, one on top of the other, as is advised in
our bee--Dapers, and quite generally practiced ?
I am of the opinion that a long hive would be
more convenient, and that less time would be
consumed in the manipulation of it.

Ansiver. — The above brings to my mind
what happened years ago; and as it will serve
to answer the correspondent's question I will
speak of it here.

Some twenty or twenty-five years ago Mr.
D. L. Adair, of Kentucky, was quite a promi-
nent bee-keeper and vniter for our bee-papers.
He used and advocated a long hive, to be used
on the principle of spreading frames out hori-
zontallv, instead of tiering one hive above the
other, 'claiming that, thereby, a colony of
bees could be kept in a normal condition, and
while in said condition no swarming would be
the result. This he termed the " Long-idea "
hive. Being always ready to test all "new
ideas," I made two' hives, each four feet long,
during the next wnnter. One of these I work-
ed for extracted, and the other for comb
honey, on the Adair plan. The one worked
for comb honev swarmed, either because the
"idea " was faulty, or because I did not know
how to fully manage such a hive, or both; so
after repeated trials to keep them at work in
the four-foot hive I let them have their own
way, when they had swaraied after being
returned the fourth time.

The one worked for extracted honey did
splendidly; but another, worked on the tier-
ing-up plan, did nearly or quite as well ; and
by practical knowledge I learned that I could
work a two or three' story hive much more
easily than I could this long one. To take
the frames out, the person's back must be
bent just enough to make it the hardest kind
of work; and the bees which were shaken off
the combs would crawl all over the sides and
top of the hive in such numbers as to make it
almost impossible to close it again without
taking nmch valuable time. With the two-
stor\- hive the bees could be shaken on top of
the 'frames in the lower hive, with but very
few taking wing, when they would crawl
below till the "hive was closed ; and the oper-
ator could stand erect, or nearly so, while
doing the work.

But the worst thing about it was that I lost
both colonies during the next ^\^nter, and
during every succeeding winter that I tried to
winter bees in them. So far as I could see
they were prepared for winter as well as any
of the other hives which came through the
winter in good condition. I tried these hives
for honey several years, putting colonies from

other hives in them in the spring, as often as
those in them died, but with no better success
than at first ; and finally, becoming disgusted
with them, I tore them to pieces and made the
lumber into other hives. For extracted hon-
ey, I know of nothing better than using any
of the ordinary hives two and three stories
high, according to the populousness of the
colony being worked.

ITALIAN BEES NOT WORKING IN SECTIONS.

Question. — I have had Italian bees for the
past two seasons, and they have made no
surplus honey, while from my blacks I have
had fair returns in section hone}\ What do
you suppose is the cause of this ? and what
course shall I pursue to remedy the matter ?

A)iszi'e}\ — As the writer does not give infor-
mation as to the number of colonies he keeps,
it is hardly possible to tell just what course
should be pursued in the matter. If he has
ten or more colonies that persist in not enter-
ing the sections, it is something I never knew
of happening before ; but if there is only one
or two colonies which act that way it would
not be very strange. One important point in
the construction of a hive for comb honey
where Italian bees are used should not be
overlooked ; and that is, the brood-chamber
should not be too large. If the questioner
has a brood-chamber of from 2500 to 3000
cubic inches, I should not wonder at the
actions of the Italian bses ; for Italians are
more prone to store honey in the brood-cham-
ber than the blacks. Especially do they show
a preference toward storing in the brood-
combs over the sections if the queen does not
have the combs occupied with brood when the
honey season commences ; and if they have
room to store from 30 to 40 pounds of honey
in the combs below they will ven*' likely not
go into the sections at all. If bees refuse to
work in sections, there are various methods of
coaxing them to go to work. I will give two
or three which are usualh' successful.

If a section, or several of them, are taken
from a hive where the bees are at work nicely
in them, and placed on the hive where the
bees are loath to enter the sections, carrying
the bees that adhere to the sections with them,
it will usually incite the non-working colony
to go to work in the sections also. If this
does not work, fit a piece of drone comb, con-
taining small larvte, into one or two sections,
when the bees will at once commence to work
in the surrounding sections. Or you can
drum or shake from the frames the larger part
of the bees and the queen from such colony
as will not work in sections, and put them
into an empty box or hive ; and when the}'
get to building comb nicely, put them back
where they came from. Where this plan has
been used I never knew them to fail to work,
going right to the sections, and building comb
in short order. In drumming out the bees,
do not drive too close, as bees enough must
be left to fully protect the brood. The nice
white comb that the drummed colony build
while in the box should be placed in the sec-
tions for "baits," for there is no greater in-
centive to commence work than new white

1S97

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURF:.

635

coml) coiitainiiii,^ a liUlo new honey. Of
course, all ot" this is given on the supposition
that our (luestiouer's l)ecs were stron<^^ euouj^h
as to numbers to work in sections, and still
refuseil to do so, when the honey harvest was
on. Where any hive is not filled with bees it
is useless to attempt to make them work in
sections. ]\Iany are deceived in this way, and
I mistrust that this has somethins^ to do with
our friend's bees not working. Italian bees
do not breed quite as rapidly early in the sea-
son as do black bees ; but if attended to as
they should be they will have more brood in
just the right time to give us laborers in our
field just when we wish them than will the
others. That Italian bees are inferior to black
bees for comb honey, if properly managed, I
never could .see, even in a good season; which
fact is now generally conceded by nearly all
of our best bee-keepers ; while in a poor sea-
son they certainly show great superiority over
the latter to the amount of quite a surplus,
while the black bees scarcely make a living.

HILTON IN FAVOR OF THE SQUARE BOTTOM-
B.\RS.

I have just read O. O. Poppleton's article on
page ■")17, and it has given me courage to say
I was much pleased with the ^4 bottom-bars
and so sorry \\h.i\\ you stopped making them ;
and many of my customers have asked for
those "square bottom-bars." I have been
tempted several times to ask you if you could
not make mine that way, but would think I
ought to confoiTii to the will of the majority.
But I feel with you that the majority does not
know what is wanted. I never had so many
frames fastened to the bottom-bars as while
using the ^ bottom-bar. I hope you will
make more of them, and always send me that
kind. Gk6. E. Hilton.

Fremont, Mich., July I'.t.

[I have noticed that all the square bars in
our apiary have the combs built clear down to
them, and most of them are solid slabs with-
out a place for the queen to hide. The only
objection to them is that the bees will not only
build down to them, but sometimes clear past
them, on to the next .set of frames below.
This was urged at the time we made the
change, and was considered so serious that the
substitution for a wider bar seemed almo.st im-
perative.— Ed.]

in my chicken-yard, under a large ajjple-tree
which furnishes shade for both chickens and
l)ees all day except in the early part of the
morning. The yard is .'50 by 4() feet, inclo.sed
with wire netting 7 feet high, in which I keep
eight Black Minorca hens. Th;se keqi the
grass and weeds down so that you could hard-
ly find a blade of grass in tJie whole yard.
The chickens andbejs run a separate business,
and never interfere with each other except
when I shave ofT the heads of drones, and the
bees carry them out. Then the chickens will
clean them up.

I had ten stands of bees ; increased to 21,
and got nearly 900 lbs. of comb honey, which
I think is pretty good, considering I live in a
city, and do not follow it for a business. One
advantage, I think, in having a high fence
around your apiary is that it compels the bees
to fly high enough to get over, and keeps
them out of the way of any one who may be
in another part of the yard.

L. I. vShrader.

New Albanv, Ind., Aug. o.

A oueen-register design.

Inclosed find a queen-register card that I

use for keeping record of hives, in which I am

raising queens. I have .')0 hives of blacks in

my apiary, and wanted to raise Italians for

each hive. I tack this card to a jlx4xj< piece
of pine, then drive one tack throu<:'h the
hands or registers. I then drive in four tacks
with the heads % inch out; then I turn the
board card down. All I have to do to know
the condition of a hive is to turn over and
look. This was my first attempt at queen-
reanng. and I must say I enjoy it. I am trying
to tollow instructions as given in the A B C of
Bee Culture. ' R. S. WiLSON.

The Gums, Muss.

ANOTHER WAY TO KEEP GR.\.SS DOWN IN
THE APIARY.

After reading what you had to say in the
last number of Gleanings about sheep keep-
ing down the grass in the apiar\-, I thought
perhaps my way of doing it would be interest-
ing to you and your readers. I keep my bees

PIONEY-FLOW PHENOMENAL.

The honey-flow is over in this locality, and
all I can .say is it was phenomenal. I have
never seen the clover bloom as earlv and last
as long as it did this year. We had a fair
truit-bloom, a very light locust, and a very
light basswood, as a great many of the few

636

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept. 1.

trees of that variety we have in this section
failed to bloom. I had only 9 hives, spring
count; now I have 32; have taken off 300 lbs.,
and have 700 or 800 more to take off. I have
sold 2.50 lbs. at 20 cts. per lb. The clover
honey is as fine as silk and as white as foam.
The 'fi-uit-bloom is rather dark, but of ^-xtra
flavor. J. L. Bell.

West Middletown, Pa., July 27.

MARKETS smashed; TOO MUCH HONEY; KOUL
BROOD AND POOR SEASONS BLESS-
INGS IN DISGUISE.

Our white-honey harvest is not over; bees
are working hard on both white and sweet
clover. I never saw in Wisconsin such solid
fields of white clover as we have had, and it
keeps renewing right along. Weather is now
splendid for secretion.

Our local market is smashed. I sold a few
crates to merchants in Monroe at 12 ><; then
in came the farmers and filled them up at 10
cts. Now the farmers are going to everybody
and selling at 10 cts. Merchants expect to
buy at 8 cts. (fancy comb honey). I have
sent some trial shipments to Chicago and
Milwaukee, but have not received returns yet.
N. E. France writes me that those markets
are already filled up with CaUfornia honey,
both comb and extracted. It looks to me as
though the business has fallen by its own
weight, and foul brood and bad seasons have
been friends instead of enemies. I had ex-
pected to go more largely into honey produc-
tion, and am running now about IGO colonies;
but your kind advice ( which I was wise enough
to heed), not to give up railroad work, was
the best thing for me that you could have
advised. I have had three months' leave of
absence this siimmer, and have worked hard
in the apiaries here and at Monroe, and had a
good man helping me. The Monroe field is a
splendid one, and a nice place to live. Brown-
town promises to give a heavy crop from the
large branching sunflower again this year.
Harry Lathrop.

Browntown, Wis., July 29.

R. H. L., O. — Sometimes a swarm will
come out and enter into another hive, the
result being a battle between two lots of bees.
Instead of allowing them to fight, however,
you shovild have smoked them both thor-
oughly.

/. M., Mich. — I feel quite certain that the
bees in que.stion have been visiting milkweed,
for I notice the milkweed-pollen appendages
to their legs. I think you wall find the milk-
weed is in bloom in your vicinity, and that
the bees are working on it. The reason why
you think thev are robbers is because, when
they go into the hive, the other bees attempt

to claw off the appendages, and they are
apparently attacking them as if they were
robbers. F~or fuller particulars we woiaid refer
you to "Milkweed," in the A B C of Bee
Culture.

R. C, Nt'b. — There must be some mistake
about the rumor that you heard regarding a
bee-keeper in Illinois feeding his bees glucose
by simply knocking in the head of the barrel
containing the stuff, and letting the bees help
thems-lves. Bees will not touch clear glucose
luiless it is diluted ; and even then they will
not touch the stuff that is ordinarily used for
adulterating. It is too vile, and has too small
an amount of sweet to attract their attention.
It is possible, however, that the party you re-
fer to buys grape sugar, often called glucose.
This is not a bad sweet. Years ago, when su-
gar was much higher than now, we used to
feed our bees this kind of sugar to stimulate
brood-rearing. It is such a mild sweet that
the bees would never rob. It does not pay to
use it now.

J. H. McC, Ark. — We can not explain why
yotir bees should swarm more this year than
usual, unless it is because the honey-flow has
been unprecedentedly heavy. It does not do
to return a swarm back to the hive from which
it came, without changing its internal condi-
tion. They will sulk, hang out, loaf, and finally
swarm again; in fact, they wll swarm as often
as you hive them, and as long as the hone}-
season continues. The best way is to hive
them on the old stand on starters or frames of
foundation in another hive. The old parent
colony, while the swarm is in the air, should
be removed to another location. If there was
already a super on the parent colony, it should
be put on the new hive now on the old stand.
For particulars, see page 32 of our catalog ;
also our A B C of Bee Culture.

IV. IV. P., ///.—It is not difiicult to under-
stand why you lost your queen. You proba-
bly failed" to note carefully the first three sen-
tences of the directions for introducing. We
have sent yovi another set of directions, and
now call j-our attention to the fact that a colo-
ny that has been queenless from 12 to 1-t days
is not likely to accept a queen ; for in that
time they are pretty sure to have a substitute
of their own, in which case it would be simply
impossible to introduce a queen. We never
think of tryhig to introduce where we find a
number of queen-cells. You may be sure you
have destroj-ed them all ; but even if you do
succeed, the bees somehow have the impres-
sion that they have cells, and that, conse-
quently, the}- are going to have young queens,
and they do not want an introduced mother.
You will note that the directions state that
colonies should not be queenless over five
days, and two. days are usually better. The
reason for this is that in this short length of
time the bees have not had time enough to
rear cells, or, at least, sufficiently far along to
"bank " on future prospects. The directions
that we have prepared for introducing queens
have been adopted by all queen-breeders ; and
from this it is reasonably certain that the
statements contained there are verj' nearly
correct.

1897

GLHANINGS IN HIU-: CUI/rURI*:.

G37

Mr. Hutchinson says, " Starting a journal
simply to enable one to berate some one, is too
nuich like biting off one's nose to spite his
face." Just so. The experiment has been
tried two or three times, and the result has
been just as Mr. H. says.

Propolis is now getting to be a little stiff
and hard, and it is sometimes a difficult mat-
ter to separate the super from the hive-b.ody.
Nothing is better for this purpose than a large
screwdriver. Better yet, don't leave supers
on too long unless you are after an extra qual-
ity of well-ripened honey.

Did you ever notice that the strong, smarty
flavors of some honeys are rendered much
more mild if eaten witli bread and butter ?
After all, almost any honey tastes better when
taken in connection with the staff of life. I
remember that once the judges of a honey ex-
hibit at the Ohio State Fair insisted on having
bread and butter to test the honey by.

Mr. Hutchinson, in commenting on the
fact that Mr. Vernon Burt keeps grass down
in his apiary by letting sheep run among the
hives, says the only objection he can see to it
is that tile "ground might not be so tidy as
we should like it ; " and while he admits that
it is considerable work to keep grass down
with a lawn-mower, he is of the opinion that
the accompanying advantages arising from the
use of the mower are worth all they cost. I
■can readily see how Mr. Hutchinson would
think the ground might be untidy in places
where sheep were kept ; but if he could see
Mr. Burt's apiary I think he would conclude
with me that the ground about the hives is as
neat and clean as a mower could make it.

At our house we like well-ripened honey —
honey that ha.s been on the hive for some two
months after it has been stored and sealed.
We have some supers at our out-yard, contain-
ing sections of sealed honey that had been on
the hive for some six weeks after being capped
over. The cappings are badly travel-stained,
and sections pretty well smeared with propolis;
but the eating of the honey is where the best
part comes in. Such travel-stained sections
would not sell ; but for my own use I prefer
them every time. I do not know tliat I have
any particular liking for propolis and travel-
stain, but I do like honey that has been rip-
ened by the bees.

A SUBSCRIBER sends us a section honey-box
which he says is over thirty years old. It is
exactly 4^ inches square, and the thickness
of the stuff itself is }i. Our subscriber does
not give his name, but says, "Contrast this
with the Root sections of to-dav." The re-

markable thing is that it should be 4j4 square,
exactly the size of the staiulard section of to-
day. It was A. I. Root, I believe, who fixed
the standard size of the sectional honey-box,
and that was away back in 1872, I think.
That would be cmiy 2;') years ago. A. I. R.
adopted the -IX size'becausj S of them would
just go inside of an L. frame. It is possible
that the user or maker ol this section adopted
the same dimensions for the same reason.

In a recent editorial, in speaking of the fact
of our now using new type and a new press to
get out this journal, I wound up by saying
that, while we did not claim to have the best
bee-journal, we did think we were "keeping
up with the procession." To this claim the
editors of both the Anifrican Bee Journal and
the Bee-keepers' Revie'w have kindly given
their cordial assent. The fact is, I could not
honestly say more, knowing the general ex-
cellence of our two rival cotemporaries.

By the way, how much better it is to be
modest and moderate in statement regarding
one's own wares, one's own journal, or one's
own baby, if you please ! Often we see the
advertisement of a country grocer who says,
' ' We pay the highest price for butter and
eggs, and sell groceries the cheapest;" or,
"We make the best goods;" or, "We lead
the procession." I do not know but we shall
have to confess that we have been just a little
guilty of what I am now condemning. If the
Lord will forgive us we will never do so again.

vSuppose, for instance, I had said, " Glean-
ings is the best bee-journal, and alwavs leads
in the procession." Could Bros. Hutchinson
and York have indorsed that without making
a wry face? Well, I think not, very nmch.
They might have made the corners of my
mouth drop down a notch or two.

I suppose it is not stretching the truth very
much to state that each bee-journal has a field
of its own — a mission of its own — and each
excels in its own particular line.

the langstroth-monument fund.
Subscriptions for the Langstroth monu-
ment are coming in ver>' slowly indeed, and
in amounts very small. An eminent bee-
keeper from a foreign land, who had already
sent us a generous contribution, and who now
sends ^10 in addition, says: " I think it a blot
oh bee-keepers, not coming forward more lib-
erally. . . . Are the bee-keepers of Amer-
ica really so poor that they are not able to
raise a monument to Langs'troth ? " I do not
believe it is because they are poor so much as
it is because they are careless — that is, they
intend to do something, but put it off till some
other time, and that "some other time" nev-
er comes. If the American Bee Journal, the
Reriezu, and Gleanings keep on hammering,
we may in time be able to raise funds to put
up a suitable monument. If hammering \\\\\
bring the money. Gleanings will keep on
pounding, but for goodness' sake, let us not
be a reproach to bee-men across the water.
In the mean time, do not put it off, but send
in the nickels, the dimes the quarters, and

638

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept. 1.

the dollars. Langstroth was a real benefac-
tor. He is not only revered by the bee-keep-
ers of the United States, but by all Europe as
well. Let us pay him this our last tribute. If
the money comes in, and a suitable monu-
ment is erected, we will show a half-tone pic-
ture of it.

MY TRIP EASTWARD.
As our readers are aware, I have been plan-
ning a tour among the bee-keepers of the East
this sunnner. I leave here for the Buffalo con-
vention, and will go on from that point, after
the convention, to Syracuse, where is located
one of our branch offices. I shall make a cir-
cle among the bee-keepers of that vicinity,
taking in Doolittle, Salisburv, and others; then
on through Herkimer, Otsego, and Tompkins
Counties ; thence on to Providence, R. I. , where
I am to act as judge of the honey exhibit at
the vState Fair, which la.sts from the 6th to
the 10th of September. But I shall be at the
exhibit, probably, only the 7th. I shall make
a flying trip, going by rail for long distances,
to save time, and using my bicycle to strike
intermediate points and places not directly
on the line of the railroad. But I am afraid
I shall have to skip by a good many of our
good friends, as my time and strength will be
limited.

COMMISSION SWINDLERS.
On page 500 of this journal for last year we
published the name of Martin Brockman, a
commission man in Cincinnati, who had ob-
tained from Mr. Byron Walker some 170 worth
of hone}', and who either would not or could
not make any returns. At all events Mr.
Walker was satisfied that Mr. Brockman tried
to swindle him. He now^ sends me informa-
tion, coming from the Pcstoffice Department,
to the effect that this same Brockman, togeth-
er with George R. Dixon, A. Hess, and Chas.
Cook, made up a gang whose headquarters
w^ere in Cincinnati, and who had been conduct-
ing a fraudulent business through the medi-
um, of the United States mails. Report goes
on to show that they were convicted in the
United States Court, sentenced, and are now
serving time as follows: Brockman and Dixon,
four years each, and Hess five years and four
months, in the Ohio penitentiary; Cook gets
thirteen months in the Cincinnati workhouse.
Such news is refreshing. It is a pity that
Uncle Sam could not get after the glucose-
mixers in the same wav. If he could, I im-
agine that the business "of the |12,000,000 glu-
cose trust, recently formed, would languish
for want of respectable patronage.

THE NEW T.\RIFF RATES, AND THEIR RELA-
TION TO APICULTURE.
ElvSEWHERE I have referred to the tarifi" on
glucose. In looking over a copy of the Ding-
ley tariff bill, recently enacted, I find that the
tariff on honey is 20 cents a gallon, and bees-
wax goes free as before. White-pine lumber,
of which hives are made, is subject to a duty
of $2.00 per 1000 ; basswood, $\ .00. The tariflF
on honey is, I think, unchanged. Its effect has

been, I believe, to keep out of our markets
cheap honey from Cuba and Mexico. .\t first
sight it might appear that the tariff on lumber
would have a tendency to raise the price of
hives ; but, fortunately, there is a very large
lot of lumber of good grade on the market,
suitable for making hives, and this lumber is
begging for a customer. It is what is usually-
denominated " shorts " — that is, it is lumber
that is otherwise suitable for purposes of build-
ing, but too short to work to advantage on a
house or barn. The very fact that the lum-
ber-dealers are competing with each other to
get rid of the.se " shorts " will prevent the tar-
iff or any thing else from raising or lowering
the price of hive lumber ju.st at present.

Now, I hope that what I have said on the
subject of the tariff will not be construed as
having a partisan flavor. We have no room
for any discussion of the tariff or free trade in
our columns ; and any article of that nature
sent in for publication will be returned by the
first mail. What is said above is neither for
nor against the tariff — or, at least, it is not .so
intended.

DRONE-TRAPS VS. CLIPPING QUEENS' WINGS
TO CONTROL SWARMING.

The editor of the Revien\ in referring to
what I said about chasing after swarms with
undipped queens, and that it was my deter-
mination hereafter to have all queens' wings
clipped, whether our customers liked it or
not, suggests that queen-traps will enable one
to control a swarm wthout clipping. That is
true. At our out-yard we used traps on all
colonies having undipped queens. But the
perforated zinc somehow seemed to disconcert
the workers, and then toward evening the bees
of such colonies showed a tendency to cluster
out more than on those hives having colonies
of eqtial strength where the entrances were
left unobstructed. But queen-traps are handy,
" allee samee." There were two colonies at
the out-yard that were so very populous, and
being a little on the hybrid order, it was not
practicable to take time to hunt their queens,
.so I just clapped on entrance-guards and let
them go.

It should be said, however, in connection
with the entrance-guards, that they will pre-
vent virgins as well as laj'ing queens from go-
ing off A\-ith the swarms. It sometimes hap-
pens, imbekuown to the apiarist, that the
laying queen is superseded, and a virgin or
young laying queen takes her place. In such
a case, if the old queen were clipped the bees
could swarm and "light out" for parts un-
known ; but perforated zinc would hold them
— or at least there would be very few virgin
queens that would get through it, and in gen-
eral practice there are none at all.

R. B. LEAHY'S VISIT TO MEDINA.

R. B. LE.\hy, the supply-man of Higgins-
ville, Mo., and editor of the Prooressive Bee-
keeper, on his tour among the manufacturers
and bee-keepers made us a brief call here at
Medina.

The Leahy Manufacturing Co., like every
other manufacturer of bee-keepers' supplies.

1S5)7

CI.I'AMNCS IN U\-.K CUI/rURI'.

has had this year a heavy run of business; and
Mr. I.eahy himself, havinii; worked many a
niijht up to I'J o'clock, to keep up with his
corresiiiMidenoe, found himself needin_n' rest
and a chanj^e. He accordingly sought the
scenes of his old lu)me hy the seaside. After
a gooil rest he started on his way westward,
visiting Doolittle. the \V. T. I'aiconer INIfg.
Co.. and finally .stojiping off at the Home of
the Honey-bees. I'Vom here he expected to
go to ISIr. Hutchin.son's; from there on to
Chicago to call on Mr. York, and thence
run on to the G. B. Lewis Co., the Page &
Lyon Mfg. Co., and other supply-dealers.
Mr. Leahy will, after his whirl over the
country, get a pretty good idea of the bee-
supply business.

He started, not many years ago, with hardly
'i-') cents to his name, and is now treasurer
and general manager of the Leah}- Mfg. Co.,
capitalized at !?24,00(). When Mr. Leahy start-
ed in, there were scores of other .small manu-
facturers, nearly all of whom have since given
up the business. By energy and perseverance
he has more than held his own, and has built
up a bu.siness of no small proportions.

HOW BEK.S BUILD COMB, AG.\IN; CONDITIONS
UNDER WHICH THEY WILL MAKE MORE
MIDRIB IN COMB HONEY THAN
OTHERS.
SiNCiC our last issue, but before it reached
Mr. Doolittle, we have received a letter from
our Borodino correspondent, sending in his
report of the new drawn foundation. He finds
it no more quickly accepted by the bees than
foundation, nor finished any sooner, and that,
after being completed, it has a "resistance in
cutting far greater than that built on conmion
foimdation." He winds up, "Iliad hoped it
would be a boon to bee-keepers. " It will be
remembered that Mr. Doolittle was very fa-
vorably disposed toward the new article when
it was first introduced ; and, so far from be-
lieving it would work disaster to the industry,
he expressed himself as believing it would be
a great stride forward.

As the results secured by Mr. Doolittle were
so different from those obtained by us. Dr.
Mason, Burt, Iper, and others,* we began a
careful and more thorough investigation. Mr.
Weed and I o\erhauled our sections contain-
ing comb honey that the bees had made off
from the new foundation; for it will be remem-
bered that, in our eating-tests on the tw'o
different lots fsee page ")2!l). no one of our
Medina folks could tell the difference between
combs of honey built from drawn foundation
and that from the ordinary product. We
knew Mr. Doolittle to be a very careful and
conscientious observer, and set about to dis-
cover u'/iy he should have such a different
result. The drawn foundation we sent to him
arrived near the close of his season ; or, at
least, Mr. Salisbury, li\-ing within thirty miles
of him, and to whom we sent a similar lot on

♦since writing this we have heard from B. F. Onder-
donk. Mountain View, N. J., who .says: " Have tried a
section of the ;{-inch drawn fonndation, and find it
perfection to the palate, and >io gob."

the same day, reported that the season was
fa.st waning.

Well, in going over our sections of comb
honey from drawn fcnindation we finally found
some specimens that had heavier basjs or
midribs than some other lots that we had been
testing, and which seemed to be all right. In
order to get a better cro.ss-sectional view of
them they were placed in ]ilaster casts, as
were also pieces of worker comb built wholly
by the bees, natural-built drone comb, drawn
foundation brfoir it had been in the hive, and
another specimen after the bees had worked it
out. Cross-sections were taken of each, and
the results reproduced in half-tone. No. 1
shows natural worker comb without founda-

tion of any sort; but it was when the honey-
flow was good. No. 2 is also a sample of
worker comb built wholly by the bees. But

you will observe that its walls, .-ind especiallv

its bases, are very much heavier than those of
No. 1. But No. 2 was built after the honey-
flow, and at a time when the bees had plenty
of leisure to put in a surplus of wax. No. 8 is
an ordinary specimen of drone comb built

dtiring the flow of honey, and, as we have
before shown, the base and walls are consid-
erably heavier than in the case of No. 1. No.
4 is a .sample of deep-cell (or drawn) founda-
tion from the latest dies, before the bees had
done any work on it. No. o is the .same foun-
dation drawn out during the honey-flow. But

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept. 1.

you will notice, somewhat at variance to our
experience previovisly reported, the bees thick-
ened the bases a trifle, and also thinned the
walls near the top edges. No. 6 is comb built

from drawn foundation, as shown at 4, but it
was drawn out when the honey-flow was
waning, and the bees had more time to chink
in a surplus of wax, just as they do in case of
their own natural product, as shown in No. 2.

It will b? noticed in this connection that
there arc times when bees make much heavier
walls and bases in their comb-building than at
others, and that those times vary according to
the strength of the lioney-flow; whether it is

on in full blast, is waning, or has stopped
altogether. Bearing in mind these facts, it is
easy to reconcile why Mr. Doolittle should
have secured different results from those ob-
tained by us. When we placed our deep-cell
foundation on the hive, it was during a time
when honey was coming in well; and it would
seem, therefore, the bees iised, with slight
modification, any thing and every thing that
had cells into which they could pile their
honey, as they had not time to draw out the

ordinary foundation. In the case of Mr. Doo-
little, the honey-flow was weaning, and, as
drawn foundation has flat bases, the bees
were probably halting between two opinions —
on the one side, whether they should utilize
cells already drawn out, but which had flat
bases that they didn't like, or should stop to
draw out the foundation that had natural
bases. As they were not able to give them an
hexagonal form they did the next best thing,
and filled up the corners with wax, as will be
seen at 6, and to a less extent in 5.

The result of all of this goes to show that
we were honest in reporting what we saw, and
Mr. Doolittle was equally honest in reporting
exactly what he observed. It is evident, then,
that, even in deep-cell (or drawn) foundation,
flat bases do not always suit the bees, and
that there are times when they will try to
remodel those bases by sticking in more wax,
and thus making a more perceptible midrib.

Mr. Weed, who has made all of these plaster
casts, and has given me all of my pointers,
assures us that he can make drawn (or deep-
cell) foundation, if you please, with natural
bases. His first idea was, in fact, to make
such bases; but his experiments last sunmier
led him to believe that flat bases, when deep
walls were used, were just as good as natural.
But Mr. Doolittle's letter caused us to stop
and scratch our heads, and go all over our
experiments again more carefully ; and the
result is that Mr. Weed has about come to the
conclusion that natural bases are better, even
in the case of deep-cell foundation, and he
now proposes to remodel his bases ; and this,
I have no doubt, he will do successfully.

I am willing to acknowledge that, in one
respect at least, drawn foundation is not what
we at first hoped it would be, but in only one
respect, and this in relation to the matter of
the bases ; but if that is the only trouble we
can easil}' remedy it.

But there is one thing we can not do, and
that is to prevent the bees from building their
all-worker combs heavier at some seasons of
the year than at others. A few weeks from
now we hope to show you samples of drawn
foundation having natural bases instead of
flat, said bases being just as thin as the bees
make them. Probably the walls will be a
little thicker near the bottom of the cells than
at the top. But that makes no difference,
because the bees like the job, seemingly, of
thinning down the walls, for we know they
almost invariably do so.

THE CONVENTION AT BUFFALO.

By using my wheel I have managed to get
home just before the last form goes to press,
and find I have but little space left to tell a
long story. I can only say here that this ses-
sion has been, if not the best, one of the best
ever held by American bee-keepers. How
could it have been othervvise? We had all
the great lights, besides some who have never
been with us before, or not for many years.
J. F. Mclntyre came all the way from Califor-
nia, as did Mr. B. S. K. Bennett, editor of the
Pacific Bec-kecper. Capt. Hetherington was
present with two of his brothers. Poppleton,
of Florida, was on hand, and others. — a. i. r.

1807

c.i.i'ANixc.s IN Hi;iv cn/ruRK.

CI I

• THE GREAT SEEDSMEN OF PHILADELPHIA
AND VICINITY.

I was tireatly pleased to discover the pleas-
ant relations that exist between all of the Phil-
adelphia seedsmen. Burpee, I.andreth, John-
son ^c Stokes, IMaule, and Dreer were all
visited ; and instead of clashing or conflicting,
each seems to occupy more or less a field all
his own. For instance, Landreth .i^/'oa'.? seeds
on his great farm, perhaps more than any
other institution of the kind in the world.
Crreer has the most extensive and up-to-date
XireiifiOKSfs, filled with tropical plants. Bur-
pee is the great originator or introducer of new
and improved vegetables, although all of them
grow more or less in this line of work, and so
on through the list.

IMy first visit was at Burpee's. Their large
building with its many offices was, as a natu-
ral consequence, quiet and still for the most
part, at this season of the j'ear ; but I could
not lielp admiring their arrangements and ap-
pointments for doing a large business with
speed and dispatch. Mr. Burpee himself was
absent in Europe at the time of my visit ; but
I was very kindly given most complete direc-
tions for reaching Fordhook ; and while I was
waiting for a train at that beautiful depot,
Spring Garden, I greatly enjoyed looking
about me. This depot is on an elevated plat-
fonu above the streets. In fact, it is almost
an elevated community ; and trains are com-
ing in and going out so constantly that one
wonders what it can all be for. The appoint-
ments and arrangements to prevent mistakes
and accidents are most wonderful. While I
was viewing these things a fine-looking young
man came up, evidenth- in some ha.ste, and,
touching his hat, said :

"Is it my pleasure to be addressing Mr. A.
I. Root?"

I smiled while I assented, and then asked
him what he knew of A. I. Root, anyhow, for
I considered myself an entire stranger in a
.strange land. He said he had just learned
that I was in the city, and that I had started
out to Fordhook Farm ; and although he had
just come from there he said it would afford
him great pleasure to go right back and show
me around. I remonstrated a little about
making .so much trouble ; but he would have
his own way.

All along our route I was again impressed
with the beautiful surroundings in the way of
homes and homelike decorations. At Lands-
dale, where we changed cars, on a little bit of
green lawn belonging to the depot building I
saw the finest piece of bedding, with ornamen-
tal foliage-plants, that it has ever been my for-
tune to find anywhere. It was morning, and
the dew was not yet off the plants ; and when
my eye caught it I made a start of surprise.
The center-piece was a round bed perhaps ten

feet across ; tl'.en radiating from this center
were ten oblong beds about the sha])e of
a cucumber seed. They radiated from the
center-piece like the petals of a flower. These
l)eds were, may be, twenty or twentj'-five feet
long. The out.side, next the grass, was, if
I remember, a line of what I should call
"dusty miller." Then came another line of
dark -purple colei, and inside of this was a
center of golden bedder ; and the golden hue
was so bright and vivid that it almost made
one think of a flame of fire or a most bril-
liant patch of .sunlight. Now, this alone
would have been to me fascinating ; but,
sprinkled all along the dividing lines between
the golden and purple colei, were geraniums,
in two colors, in bloom, the deep dark red
contrasting strongly with the lighter pink.
The whole thing burst upon me exactly like
strains of music. Why, I do not think it is
too extravagant to say that, for the time being,
I was almost entranced.

I wonder if there are other people like my-
self. I have attended great concerts, and lis- '
tened to classical music from some of the
great scholars, without feeling very enthusi-
astic ; but when I was in Atlantic City waiting
for dinner, after my bath in the salt water, I
was startled by strains of music of wonderful
pathos. I discovered that it came from a lit-
tle Italian girl who was playing on some sort
of accordion. She was grotesquely dressed
with a quaint sort of cap or covering for her
head. This covering was made of dilTerent-
colored soft fabrics ; and the head-dress, with
the dark complexion and eyes underneath,
gave me a thrill. Why, it se-med as if I never
listened to strains of music more beautiful.
Then when a childish voice broke in a little
later, I stood drinking in the great flood of joy
that filled my soul, wondering how it came
that God saw fit to send these thrills to me so
unexpectedly. Well, it was just the same
way wnth that beautiful bed of bright colors,
with its vivid entrancing background of green.
I purposely turned away several times to see
if, when I looked back again on the beautiful
scene, it would give me such a thrill.

In talking with Mr. Dreer afterward about
his great greenhouses he said he thought the
railroad companies were doing a grand thing
in the way of educating the world in general,
by these beautiful " object-lessons." He said
many a farmer, while traveling, had, to his
knowledge, made resolves that he too, when
he got home, would have a little bit of lawn
and some of those handsome plants.

Now, before I take you to Fordhook Farm
let me remind you that we are indebted to W.
Atlee Burpee for some of the most popiilar and
valuable vegetables now known to the world.
First, and perhaps best, Burpee's bush lima
bean. Why, we hardly .sell pole limas now at
all since this has become to be well known.
Burpee's vSure-head cabbage has become a
household name, alnio.st ; and the self-blanch-
ing celery, introduced in 1884 — why, what
would the world do without it at the present
time? We might say almost the same thing
of the Emerald Gem melon. The white Vic-
toria onion has been one of our favorites for

642

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept. 1.

bunching, for many years. Burpee's Extra-
early potato is almost a standard in many lo-
calities ; and the Matchless and Fordhook
Early tomato and Breadstone turnip are things
that seem to haye come to s/ay.

On the way to the farm I told Mr. Earl, my
companion, how long I could stay in Philadel-
phia, and the places I wanted to visit. He
said, as did friend Selser, that my stay was
altogether too short ; but that, if I insisted on
carrying out my program, I had better leave
my wheel at the station, and he would get a
rig and give me at least a glimpse of what
the}' had to show, in the shortest time possible.
I do not know but I did express my surprise
that Mr. Burpee should leave his entire plant
in charge of a man so young as my companion
— a boy, almost. In fact, he told me he was
only 27 3'ears old. I soon concluded, however,
that Burpee's head was level in selecting a
general manager. By the way, in our own
work at home, a great many times old and
tnisty men have felt deeply grieved because
some 3'oimger one was promoted and put over
them. Dear friends, we who manage business
often think of this. But God has seen fit to
give some people special talents ; and, even
though it hurts to bow our head in submis-
sion, it is the right and proper thing to do.

I w^as first taken into the office and shown
the books of record. Those who have under-
taken to test and compare new fruits and veg-
■ etables know something of what a task it is.
Different foremen on Burpee's farm make it
their business to plant the seeds, watch and
care for the plant, stud}' its habits and pecul-
iarities, and note it down in an appropriate
book. This is not done for only one season
but a series of seasons. Nothing is put into
the catalog until it has stood the test, and
found to be beyond question superior to the
old sorts. You may inquire why it is that we
have fifty or sixty varieties of peas, and other
things accordingly. Well, it is a hard thing to
drop an old variety. In cutting down our cat-
alog I have several times decided to drop such
and such things ; but I have learned that there
is sure to come a wave of disapproval whtn I
decide to rule out almost any thing that has
been previously cataloged. If it is not some-
body in Florida who has found that very thing
just suited to his locality, it is somebody out
west or down east or up north.

Of course, the flower business, which is the
great specialty at Fordhook Farm, was rather
out of my line, although I did greatly enjoy
looking at the beds of the new Sunset large-
leaved coleus. At Fordhook Farm, things are
arranged mostly for testing varieties or for
growing seed ; therefore I did not find much
that stirred me as did that ornamental bed by
the railway station. A field of mixed verbe-
nas, just in full bloom, was a most pleasing
sight. Just imagine a buckwheat-field, one of
the whitest you ever saw, with the flowers of
all colors of the rainbow, and you would get
the effect. Of course, sweet peas were a grand
sight, for Mr. Burpee is one of the greatest, if
not at the head of the sweet-pea growers of the
world. I greatly enjoyed looking over a field
of tomatoes grown expressly for seed and

nothing else. Some of them were just begin-
ning to color at the time of my visit. I saw a
spring, or little n.in, w^here they wash the
seeds from the pulp, in getting the seed ready
for market ; and I smiled as I asked my friend
if that was where the ducks formed habits of
intemperance.

"Yes, Mr. Root, that is where the ducks
got drunk ; and we were sorely puzzled for a
good while to know what ailed them, and what
made them die, until somebody suggested
that the pulp the ducks were feeding on had
fermented until it was intoxicating."

Yes, it was indeed true. The ducks not
only learned to get drunk, but, instead of prof-
iting by experience, as soon as they recovered
enough to get back to the stufi" that was kill-
ing them they got drunk again and again un-
til they actually died. Finally their owner
was absolutely obliged to fence them off and
permit them to have access only to the fresh
tomatoes from which the seed had just been
taken. We may pardon the ducks, because
they are only dumb brutes anyway ; but what
shall we say of human beings, made in God's
own image, who follow their example ? Bur-
pee keeps abreast of the times by offering for
sale every thing worthy of being cataloged,
and I believe he sometimes offers for sale some
things that are not worthy of being cataloged,
were it not that they have already been widely
boomed. For instance, in his catalog for 1897
he says of sacaline, "It is compai-atively
worthless as a forage - plant in America."
However, he offers it to any who want it, for
10 cts. a package. After describing Lathynis
sylvestris, or flat pea, he says : " As a forage
crop it can not compare with Indian corn, cow
peas, etc."

I was much pleased with another notice, to
the effect that visitors were always welcome
on any day exccpl Sunday.

Burpee not only grows flowers, but he is an
enthiTsiast on fine poultry ; and his poultry-
houses and yards are the most perfect in the
way of cleanliness of any thing I have ever
fomid. Why, you could sit down and read a
book right where the fowls roost, and not
notice any unpleasant smell. I presume this
is managed by cleaning the hovises every day,
and by tlie proper use of dry dust as a deodor-
izer. His kennels for collie dogs are also
models of cleanliness and good taste. It
seemed really too bad, however, to keep the
intelligent little fellow's shut up when they
begged so piteously to get out. When I asked
the price of some of the good-looking little
puppies they said they were already sold at
something like ten or twelve dollars apiece,
and some of them are sold before they are born.

Although I did not have the pleasure of
meeting Mr. Burpee himself, I was very agree-
ably entertained by Mr. B.'s bright and intelli-
gent sister, the manager's wife, Mrs. Earl, and
the little ones of their pretty home. And, by
the way, right by this home, and, in fact, with
its branches spreading clear away up above
and over the roof, is one of the largest bass-
wood-trees I ever saw in my life ; but, strange
to tell, they have never noticed any honey-bees
around it when it has been in full bloom. I

1897

c;lkanixgs in hhk cui/ruRiv.

f)48

wonder if tlieu' arc no hf(.'-kocjHrs around
I'ordhook I'ann.

Our Neighbors.

And as ye would that men should do to you, do ye
also to them likewise.— H'ke 6 :31.

I toUI yon of the many attractions constant-
ly exhibited at that g^reat bathing - place,
Atlantic Cily. Troniinent among tliem was
the comparatively new vitascope, a most won-
derful invention in optics. It really amounts
to a photograph of living moving figures.
Here were perhaps a dozen or more of these
instruments, each one having different sub-
jects. Friend Selser and I looked at a few of
them; but several of the subjects that I knew
by reputation, and some I had seen in differ-
ent cities, I told him were, in n\y opinion, un-
fit for any one to look at. It gave me pain to
notice these were the very ones most patron-
ized. While we were standing near one of the
places of exhibition, friend Selser met an
acquaintance; and while they were talking I
looked about me, and especially studied with
deep attention the great throng of humanity
then on every side, for it was toward the mid-
dle of the day. Right near me was one of the
vitascopes, labeled ' ' Working the Typewrit-
er," or something similar. I had avoided it
before, for I knew something of what it was;
but this one, judg.iiig from its shopworn look,
had been handled most of all; and while I
was waiting I thought that perhaps it would
be a good plan for me to investigate and see
just luliy this one attracted more attention
than the others. I dropped my nickel into
the slot, and commenced to turn the crank
slowly, according to directions. The scene
was a business office — clerks hurrying here
and there, typewriters flying rapidly, boss
giving orders, etc. In the foreground was a
very pretty girl hard at work with a type-
writer. A good-looking man with gray hairs
and gray whiskers sat near reading a letter.
In the opening scene there were quite a num-
ber of clerks in the oiTice, as I have told you;
but one by one they seemed to take their de-
parture. Perhaps it was toward the closing
hours of business. Finally the pretty girl and
the boss were alone. He hitched his chair a
little nearer to his clerk. Pretty soon, look-
ing about, evidently to see that the room was
empty, he patted her on the cheek; and it was
not long after that before they were exchang-
ing kisses. At length she stopped her work
and put her arms around his neck, he likewise
clasping her as if he might have been her
father, and she a girl of ten or twelve. Her
looks, however, indicated her to be twice that
age. Just about this crisis a middle-aged fine-
looking woman was seen cautiously coming
into the room with noiseless steps. vShe came
unperceived until she stood over the guilty
couple. The girl, in her fright, jumped up
and retreated, while our friencl with the gray
hairs went down on his knees Vjefore his in-
dignant wife, and in a most humiliating wa}'
begged to be forgiven, no doubt promising

that such a thing should "never happen
again."

I presume .some time and money were spent
in getting up this little tableau or theatrical,
or whatever you may want to call it. The
look of righteous indignation which .shone
from the fine-looking woman's face seemed as
if it could hardly have been put on. Then
the shamefaced, cringing manner of the gray-
haired sinner, and his more youthful compan-
ion, the typewriter girl, was more than reality.
The woman listened to her liusl)and's apolo-
gies and promises with some .softening in her
countenance, but she turned about and glared
at the typewriter girl, shaking her fist at her
meanwhile, and saying by her looks, plainer
than any words could say it, "As for yoit, you
good-for-nothing hussy, see that you never
darken the doors of this office again ; ' ' and
that was the finale. If you were to turn the
crank any further you would commence over
again with the office full of clerks, and every
thing in proper decorum.

Now, you may wonder why I go over this.
Perhaps almost everybody has seen it. They
pay their nickels and have a big laugh, and
tell their friends about it, and it is ( or doubt-
less was) the funny thing of the season. Let
me digress a little.

To fill out my program of visiting a number
of seedsmen and their grounds at Philadel-
phia, friend Selser said we should have to do
quite a little traveling. When we got on to
the trolley-cars, to make any thing of a trip
he got permission to put me in front beside
the driver, and it was a rare treat indeed. I
not only saw the wonderful sights of the great
city as friend Selser pointed them out, but I
received a great deal of information in regard
to the rules and regulations for running elec-
tric cars. Almost constantl}-, especially dur-
ing the bus}^ part of the day, on Market and
Chestnut Streets, the crowd w'ould be so great
that it seemed as if somebod}' would certainly
be hurt ; but I did not see an accident. At
the crossing of the car-tracks the cars follow
each other so closely that a novice like my-
self would think there must be a collision. At
one time our car was going down quite an in-
cline. At the bottom of this incline another
car-line crossed ours at right angles, but there
was scarcely any slacking up in order to pass.
Our car went down the hill like a shot ; and
when within a very few feet of a car loaded
with human beings it would slack up just
enough to let said car whizz by. Sometimes
it seemed a question as to which driver had
the right of way ; but I was told there were
rules governing this thing, and that the driv-
ers rarely or never made a mistake. Two cars
would approach each other as if they were
going to collide, with terrible consequences ;
but one would always slacken up just enough
(and no more) to let the other glide out of
the way.

Now, if you please, let us suppose that one
of the drivers — the one going down hill, for
instance — were a vicious man. Suppose he
should run into a carload of passengers — pos-
sibly a family of little children. Suppose he
were to smash the car into splinters, and throw-

644

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept. 1.

the maimed and dying to the right and left,
crippled for life, and periiaps crippled and
maimed himself. Now, suppose this man
should say he did it for ///;/ — for a joke —
what would be thought of him ? Why, I am
afraid they would lynch him as they have
been doing lately, in terribly extreme cases.
If he were to try to get out by saying he had
suddenly become crazy, I do not know but
conmiuiiity would think such a crazy man
should be put where such a craze would never
get hold of him again. If anybody should
laugh at the occurrence, pretending he
thought it was funny, this fellow would be in
danger also. If our laws are not always thor-
oughly enforced, the one who undertakes to
trifle with human life in the way I have de-
scribed will pretty soon find there are officers,
and public opinion back of them. Let us now
go back to that little scene, the vitascope.

This gray-haired man, a gentleman and a
scholar, possibly the proprietor of the estab-
lishment, deliberateh' plans something zvorse
than the crazy motonnan of my imagination.
He wrecks a home — yes, oftentimes makes a
worse wreck than will result from broken
limbs and mangled bodies. This good-looking
young woman, so skillful with her typewriter,
deliberately consents to be a party in making
this wreck and ruin. I do not put so much
blame on her, because I think the man (or
the person who is supposed to be a man ) is as
a rule by far the guiltier one of the two. He
coolly and deliberately breaks his marriage-
vow. He knows the consequences ; and, in
fact, if any one should presume to trifle with
his wife or daughter in the way he is doing,
he would very likely consider himself excusa-
ble for taking the law into his own hands. If
he used a revolver, our courts would almost
call him excusable. Oh what inconsistency !
what a terrible thing is sin or vSatan when it or
he enters the human heart ! Do you say that
I am moralizing on a play in a vitascope, and
that no such thing evar happened ? Dear me !
just take up one of our dailies and read a sin-
gle issue. IVIen, and women too, and men
who are not crazy, deliberately crash into and
break up a family, estrange husband and wife,
send the children out homeless and friendless,
to care for themselves as best they can, or let
the poor mother drag along and support them
alone. If we were not as a people losing prop-
er respect and reverence for the sacred insti-
tution of marriage, divorces would not be com-
ing as thick and fast as they are nowadays.

Let us now go back to the bathing-ground,
with its hundreds and thousands in their cos-
tume that has been so much condemned. It
may be a dangerous place for both s-^xes ; but,
in my humble opinion, it is not a tenth part as
dangerous or as bad as a business office where
a man ( no matter what he professes ) sp°nds
many hours alone with no companion but a
prett}^ young woman to manipulate his type-
writer. I believe that men and women should
work together, but not two solitary persons of
opposite sex and not related. I do not believe
very much in private offices. Let j-our busi-
ness affairs and all your commvinication with
your fellow-men be of such a character that

you have nothing to conceal from the eye of
God or from the eye of man. The bathing-
resorts are comparatively safe — at least what I
have seen of them, because there are such
crowds all around us. I accidentally found
out that policemen are stationed at every
hand ; and any indecorum, even if it be acci-
dental, is promptly looked after, and the of-
fender taught a lesson. I have often thought
of paraphrasing this beautiful golden rule that
I have chosen as my text. In fact, some of
the experiences I have passed through in this
life that God has graciously seen fit to give
me to live have made me meditate often on
this paraphrase, and I think I will put it some-
thing like this : As ye woiild that men should
deport themselves toward your daiigliter, sis-
ter, or wife, both in act, word, and in thought,
do ye also likewise to every other man's
daughter, sister, or wife, in act, word, and
thought.

The great wide world seems to think that
lapses from virtue in the direction I have indi-
cated are only a thing to laugh at ; but, may
God be praised, of recent date once in a while
things of this kind are beginning to be recog-
nized in their true light. Parnell, with all his
scholarly attainments, wealth, and position,
did not succeed in getting mankind (and es-
pecially wofiiankind) to look at his sin and
crime as a joke ; and I for one protest against
the custom of laughing and making merry
over things of this kind, or in passing them
off as a joke, or even as a funny thing in any
sense of the word. It makes me sad to think
so man}- people will look at this particular
vitascope picture, and advise others to look at
it and laugh. Let us remember the old-time
fable of the boys pelting the frogs — " It may
be fun for you, but it is death for us."

HIGH-PRESSXJRE STRAWBERRY-GROWING AND
SUB-IRRIGATION.
Under this head I expect to tell how every-
body can raise strawberries. If you live on a
farm, of course you have ample facilities for
growing them by the acre. But an acre is
almost too great an area to be employed in
high-pressure strawberry culture, unless, in-
deed, you expect to hire help. What I have
in mind more particularly just now is for
people who have just a garden — say a small
garden. But if you haven't groimd enough
for a garden, and have only a few rods where
you can get sunshine, you can grow wonderful
strawberries even there; and if there be such
who read Gleanings, who have not even a
few rods, if they have even a few yards of
ground where the sun may shine a part of the
day, and where the plants may get the benefit
of the summer showers, they may have much
enjoyment and much delicious fruit, even with

1S97

GLRANINGvS IN BEE CULTURE.

r.4.')

u few yards. Almost the only condition is
pk-nty of daylight. Dnring inid-sninnuT,
very line strawberries may he j^rown entirely
in the shade; hut diirint^ the rest of the year
it is much better to have the sunlij^ht.

I'ew people are aware of what wonderful
things can l)e done with .strawberries where
they are provided unstintedly with water and
plenty of fertility. Vou need not urge that it
will not pay; for if you get interested in the
matter, 1 think the enjoyment will almost pay
you, to say nothing of the luscious fruit; and
then the pleasure of being able to astonish
your friends liy showing them strawberries as
large as small-.sized hen's-eggs, and almost as
perfect in shape, which you may do with some
of our finest new varieties !

To commence with, we must have sub-irri-
gation ; and when you succeed in managing
sub-irrigation for strawberry -plants you have
the matter fully in hand so you
are ready to apply it to almost any
other crop. You may commence
on a very small scale at first — in
fact, I rather prefer you should do
so. When you make a success of
this small scale you can easily en-
large it as much as you choose.
Perhaps the present month of
September is as good a time to
start as any, for we can now lay
the foundation for great bushy
plants to furnish us quantities of
immense berries next spring. l"or
sub-irrigation you must have
some sort of bed or box that will
hold water ; and you can start the
business very well with a large-
sized common wash-tub, if you
do not like to go to the expense
of making a water-tight box. A
tub would be rather deeper than
is necessary, but it will illustrate
the plan. Provide some good fine-
Iv sifted garden soil — enough to
fill the tub a third full. Then get
some old well-rotted manure, old
enough so you can work it
through a coarse sieve. Such a
one as is used for screening coal
ashes will answer very well. Have
equal parts of garden soil and
sifted manure. A little clean sand
and some swamp muck will help
make a nice compost if you have
materials handy. Set a common
drain-tile on end at one side of
the tub, and fill in with the compost. Now you
want a strawberry-plant. The plant should
>je a young one ; but if you can not find a
young one, almost any strawberry -plant will
do. But / would start with a potted plant
(see cut) of one of the very best of the
new varieties, because it is just as easy to
propagate high-priced plants as low-priced
ones. Set the plant in the middle of the tub.
L,et your tub stand where it can get both rain
and sun ; but should there be a very heavy
rain so as to endanger filling the tub with
water so it rises above the soil, the tub must
be covered — that is, when the soil is wet

enough. If it does not rain, pour water into
the tile until it rises and stands say two or
three inches below the surface of the .soil.
This water underneath will always keep your
soil damp enough. But do not water your
bed every day. Air through the .soil at inter-
vals is as important as water at intervals.

If the weather should happen to be dry and
warm, evaporation will take away the water
until it sinks in the tile almost to the bottom
of the tub. When it gets down .saj' within an
inch of the bottom, then fill it up to within an
inch or two of the top ; then let it gradually
sink down again. If you have rain every two
or three days you will not need to water your
little bed at all. But keep watch of it, and do
not let the plants get drowned by too inneh
water, nor dried out by lack of water. When
the plant gets to growing vigorously it will
put out runners. Spread these out like the

.\ POTTED STRAWBERRY-PLANT JUST BEFORE IT BECOMES
POT-BOUND.

spokes of a wheel, and let them take root.
But a better way is to plunge a little pot, say
two inche^ in diameter, down to the surface
of the soil, and make the plant take root in
the center of the pot. This enables you to
move your young plants without having them
stop growing. Above is a cut of a potted
plant when the roots have filled the pot so that
it needs to be taken out and given more room.
What is meant by "pot-bound" is letting
the plant remain until the roots have so filled
the pot that they become cramped and stunt-
ed. If you start plants in pots you must be
sure to take them out before they become pot-

046

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept. 1.

bound. The plant, with all the soil adhering
to the roots, is easily removed from the pot by
turning it over and striking t.ie edge of the
pot a smart blow on some solid body — the
edge of the tub, for instance. When your
plants are ready to come out they should be
put out in a similar tub, and placed at least
three or four inches apart. If you want them
to bear fruit they should not stand nearer than
six inches. If you are going to keep the run-
ners cut off, and grow them in hills, they
ought to be planted as much as twofeet apart.
The largest and finest berries are grown by
the hills system. This has been fully describ-
ed in our strawberry-book.

Now, in the above you have the whole thing
in a nut-shell. Sub-irrigation is certainly the
way to grow strawberries. The objection to
it is the expense of having water-tight beds.
You can probably make a wooden box much
cheaper than a tub ; and if you are going to
make a box it ought to be large enough to
take for a cover a common-sized hot-bed sash,
the regular run of these being 6 feet long by
3 >^ feet wide. This box can easily be made
sufficientl}' water-tight of lumber well nailed
together; but it is generally considered cheap-
er to take less pains with the lumber and the
carpenter work, and make the joints tight
with water-lime cement.

There are many opinions in regard to the
depth of soil needed to grow plants ; but I
believe four or live inches is deep enough.
Perhaps j-ou had better have six inches of soil
and manure. With the glass sashes I have
spoken of }-ou can protect the plants from
frost, and have strawberries one or two months
earlier than you can get them in the open
air. The sash can also be used to keep off
surplus rain when observation shows you there
is enough in the bed. For a bed 'A by (i feet
you will want at least fico tiles — one in oppo-
site corners; and if you expect to neglect your
bed, and let it get full of water during some
heavy rain, you will need a hole bored down
close to the bottom, with a cork to stop it up.
But I do not like this arrangement. When-
ever you let water off because you have so
much as to drown the plants, you are leach-
ing away the fertility of your soil. That is
the way we do in all outdoor farming and gar-
dening, but it is a bad wa}- nevertheless. A
small qi:antity of manm-e will do a tremendous
lot of fertilizing in growing plants if we never
permit the fertility to be leached away and
washed away by excessive rains.

Well, after you get your sub - irrigating
strawberry-bed, 3 by 6 feet, to working nicely,
you are ready to try a larger one. Your bed
may be (3 by 6 feet, so as to take 2 sashes, or
it may be (> by 12 so as to take 4 saiHies; or you
may have it 6 by 50 feet so as to take 14
sashes. That is the size of bed we use in our
high-pressure gardening. I would not have
it more than 50 feet long, because you have to
carry the sash so far when you pile them up
at each end of the bed. You will find cuts of
these. beds in our tomato-book.

" But can we not," somebody is always in-
quiring, "practice sub-irrigation outdoors?"
We can; but a heavy rain is sure to fill up our

beds and necessitate drawing off the water.
It works all right in a greenhouse where you
have control of the water supply; but I do not
know how sub-irrigation can be made a suc-
cess in the open air unless you arrange valves
to be opened to let the water off when there is
too much of it; and the water that comes out
of these valves will show by its color that it is
carrying away the fertility- of your manure.
And is; not this an objection to all kinds of
underdraining ? Yes, my friend, it is an ob-
jection; but it is much better than to have the
plants drowned by a surplus of moisture.
These water-tight beds are expensive, I know;
but for high-pressure gardenwork they are
almost a necessity. When you have them
nicely arranged you can push strawberry-
growing or any thing else right through the
most severe drouth ; and with the sashes put
over your plants, you have nothing to fear in
the way of frosts. I suppose, however, such
arrangements will be particularly used for
supph'ing yourself with extra-strong vigorous
plants to put in the field, say during August
and September ; and if he tplants are of some
new variety that commands a high price, you
can push your propagation withoiit regard to
what the weather may be.

These plant-beds should stand exactly level.
If they do not, the water j-ou introduce
through the tiles will settle to the lowest
point, and you want it disseminated equally
all through the bed. With beds say 50 feet
long or less, two lines of tiles should run the
whole length of the bed. These are laid in
cement, and the joints closed half way up the
diameter of the tile. With this arrangement
the water may be introduced, say, at each end;
and you will in time moisten the soil equally
the whole length of the bed. Now-, while the
bottom of the bed is on a dead level to facili-
tate even watering, the sashes should have an
incline when placed on top of the bed, so as
to carry off the rain water; therefore the north
side of the bed should be an inch or two high-
er than the south side.

OXVDONOR, EIvECTROPOISE, AND OTHER I^IKE
HUMBUGS.
One of our readers a.sks us if the New York
and London Electric Association, with its
electro-magnetic hair-brush and comb, and
other things, is after the same stripe as the
Oxydonor. We sent for one of their circulars.
Just half a dozen lines of their claims tell very
plainly where they belong. And let me say
in general, when you get hold of any circular
containing such unmeaning harangues, set the
party down at once as a fraud, without read-
ing any further. One of their traps the)'
claim will cure cold feet, and they start out
with the following: "We will answer the
question in simple language. In the first
place, the human body is an electric battery,
the upper half being positive and the lower
limbs negative." Exceedingly ''simple,''' is
it not ? Electricity is getting to be a matter
of every-day fact to too great an extent for
anybody of intelligence, or even good average

IS'.'

(;lkaxings in bkic cri/n'Ric.

(in

sense, to be huiiihvis^j^cd by such statLMiiLMits.
In roj^nl to their cl<clric h;iir-l)rush, which
cures " nervous or bihous headaches and neu-
raljiia, prevents bahlness, and falhnj;-uut of
the hair, cures and prevents dan(hulT ami all
diseases of the scalp," they make the foUow-
inj;' statement : " The I>rush is ])ermanently
chari^ied with electrt)-maijnetism in manufac-
ture." I do not exactly uniiersland why these
charlatans, the whole {ril)e of them, have the
siime lot of meaningless set phrases and absurd
statements that they keep harping on over and
over ai^ain.

LARGE ORDER FOR FOUNDATION-MILLS.

During the pa.st month we received from Riis.sia the
largest order ever booked for comT)-foundation ma-
chines. It calls for six 14-inch, twelve 12-inch, and
(wenty-four 10-inch mills, besides a lot of other goods.

TUPELO HONEY FROM FLORIDA.

We have about KXX) lbs. of very fine tupelo honey
from Florida, in three barrels, which we offer at ti cts.
per lb. for the lot. We shall be pleased to mail a .sam-
ple free to intending purchasers: to others for -5 cents.

The honey is light amber in color, and has the same
peculiarity as California .sage honey in that it remains
liquid in cold weather. This makes it desirable to
those who put up honey in glass to retail.

HONEY MARKET.

We are having a fair demand for honey, both comb
and extracted. We hear frequently from bee-keepers
who are developing their home market, and who have
sold all their honey and need more. We are very glad
to be of service as a medium of exchange between
those who have a surplus and those who have not
enough to supply their home demand. So far we
have sold honey, "especially comb, as fast as we have
.secured it. We have several places in view where we
can use more to good advantage. If those not loo far
distant, having honey to .sell, will write us, telling how
many cases o^ each grade as graded on page .566 of
current volume of Gleanings, the size of the cases,
whether our make or no-drip, and the price at which
you hold it, we may be able to help you dispose of it
quickly to good advantage. In the case of extracted
honey' send a .sample bottle by mail, and tell what
kind of package it is in, the number of packages, and
the price you expect.

We offer water-white California honey, in (JO-lb.
cans, two in a case, at ti'A cts. per lb.: light amber at 6
cts. Large lots quoted on application. .Samples free
by mail to prospective customers. To those who
would like to see a .sample and compare it with their
honey we will mail samples for ~> cts. each, the cost of
the package.

Fancy comb honev. in 100-lb. lots and upward, Vi cts.
per lb.: No. 1 at 12 cts.: less than 100 lbs., 1 ct. per lb.
more. Large lots quoted on application. Correspon-
dence solicited from tho.se interested.-

HONEY-LEAFl.ETS.

Perhaps no offer which we have made recently has
been more popular than our offer to furnish honey-
leaflets to our readers and cu.stomers up to 500 at sim-
ply the cost of mailing them. An edition of 2."j,0()0 was
go'ne in five davs: the next edition of 14.000 was hardlv
dr\- before it was all gone. The third lot, of .■U.(HK), wa's
used up in three or four days. IJy the time this issue
is mailed we .shall have sent out over 100,000 of these
leaflets. We are glad of the privilege of contributing
so much to bee-keepers to develop a larger use for
honey. If all these leaflets are judiciously di.stribnted
it is impos.sible to estimate the amount of influence
they will have in increasing the demand for honey.
We" are preparing the leaflet in a more convenient
form. It will be a folder, the right size to slip into an

envelope without folding. It will also be pr..vided with
space on the front and hack ]jages for printing the
address or advertising card of the one who distributes
them. V.> have had a call lor tlKin in this way. We

will 1 k..:.Ui-. r..i llii- ^ivl. <,!" liaHet at jl.OO per

lOiKI . .'.mtti loi ,;|Oii: 1(111(11. 7:,(i -I (in extra for your
ad.lios and l.iiMii. -- .ai.l .m ..nc page : $2.00 e"xtra
fo; iH.lh lir^t .111. 1 la-t pa.^'^ iirinli M special. We shall
not have these ready for two or three weeks; and if
there are any recipes", tried and found good, wliich are
not in the present leaflet, we should be plea.sed to have
you send us such at once. Here is one which has been
tried and found excellent:

HONEY-DROl' CAKl-.B.

1 cup honey; % cup sugar; % cup butter or lard; '/^
cup .sour milk; 1 egg; ;4 teaspoontul .soda; 4 cups .sift-
ed flour.

Our offer to give away leaflets was only for the
month of Augu.st. We shall be pleased to .sell them to
tho.se not already supplied, or who may need more, at
the regular prices, which barely cover co.st : 1(X), 20c;
2.")0, 40c; .JOO, 7.5c, postpaid; 75c per 1000, sent at j'our
expense with other goods.

GLEANINGS AT REDUCED RATES.

New subscribers sending us $1.00, or subscribers who
have paid up all arrearages, and send us Jl.OO before
their subscription expires, will receive a copy of the
A B C of Carp Culture, 70 pages, price 40 cts., p'o.stpaid,
the pages the size of these ; or we will .send, in place
of the carp-l)ook, one copy of Winter Care of Horses
and Cattle, by T. B. Terry, a book of the same size as
the carp-book, 44 p.; price 40 cts. postpaid ; or in place
of either one of the two we will send Maple Sugar
and the .Sugar-bush, a book of the same size, costing
al.so 40 cts. postpaid. Remember, in order to get one of
these valuable books all you have to do is to send $1.00
for Gle.^nings, and 5 cts. postage, and we will give
you one of them free. An old subscriber, to be enti-
tled to this offer, mu.st pay up all back subscription,
if any, and send in |1.00 for a year in advance, with 5
cts. postage.

Special Notices in the Line of Gardening, etc.

By A. I. Root.

GARDENING FOR SEPTEMBER,

Now is the time to put in American Pearl onion-
sets. We have a nice stock ; abso Prizetaker .sets and
White Victoria. The two latter have succeeded nicely
when put opt at the same time as the American Pearl.
The ordinary white and yellow .sets, however, do not
seem to .stand the winter as well. Prices of any of
the onion-.sets mentioned above, quart, 20 cts. ; peck,
$1.00 ; bushel, $3. .50. I^arger .sizes, .such as are used
for pickling-onions, half the above prices. The.se
will al.so do for planting out in September, but they
are more dispo.sed to .send up seed-.stalks than the
smallerones. White Multiplierand Whittaker onions,
large sizes, that will split up into small ones if plant-
ed now, quart, 10 cts. ; peck, 75 cts. ; bu.shel, $2.;50.
Small .sizes, that will make large onions next vear,
quart, 20 cts. ; peck, $1.00 ; bushel, $5.50.

At the present price of wheat, over $1.00 to-day,
August 23, I do not know but we could almo.st afford
to grow wheat on our vacant ground for high-pressure
gardening. Nice potatoes are al.so still worth $1.00 a
bushel ; apples ditto. Don't let your ground be idle.
Get in crim.son clover, rye, wheat, onion-sets, or some-
thing else. It looks at present as if there were going
to be a demand for almost even.- thing we raise, and
at very good prices.

POTTED STRAWBERRY-PLANTS WITHOVT THE USE OF
POTS.

In connection with this new material, jadoo fiber,
we have made a discovery which is, I think, of con-
siderable importance. With the fiber, as I have told
vou, the pots very soon become filled with roots; and
if you are not on hand to slip the pot out, and let
the roots expand off into the .soil, your plant is injured
bv becoming pot-bound. Now, my discovery is this:
Have a j-'ece of i:on turned up in a lathe, so one end
is just the .shape of the in.side of a two-inch pot. Take
this iron bar and strike it in the ground after you
have pushed the strawbeny-runneraside, and you will
have a cavity in the soil just like that in a pot. Fill
this cavity with moistened jadoo fiber. Push down
the riinner exactlv as if it were in a pot, and then the

648

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept. 1.

plant will never become pot-honnd, becatise the roots
will push off inti- the soil as soou as they have gone all
through the jadoo fiber. In a week or ten days,
loosen the soil around your plant with a trowel, and
then you can lift the plant right out, taking the jadoo
fiber along with it. Send it off by mail or express, or
plant in your own ground as you plea^e. For u.-e we
mix the Jadoo lil er in water until it is a .sort of mush.
You can ladle into the holes in the ground with a
large-sized table-spoon. By this means you have no
pots to 1 other with, and the plants are never pot-bound,
and yet they have feitility enough attached to the
roots tu give them a nice statt in "housekeeping,"
when they aie put out in the field. Very likely .some
other maferial or compo.st might an.swer as well as
the jadio fiber, but we have never found it. If you
want to -ee what jadoo looks like, just order one" of
our .strawbeny-plants by mail, or we can furnish the
material at the following prices, which have been
fixed bv the manufacturers : 5 lbs., 30 cts.; 10 lbs., .50
cts.; 2>ib. box, 51.10; sack, 120 to 130 lbs., 3 ct.s. per lb.
It may be shipped either from here or Philadelphia,
Pa. The material is so light that a single pound goes
a good way.

We are prepared to ship promptly by mail or express,
charges prepaid, any of the plants mentioned on pages
.573, M, of our issue for Augu.st 1.

Below is one of the many reports from one who has
tried some of our " new "process " strawberry-plants
which he received by mail :

The plants arrived in excellent .shape, and were set
out the .same evening. At this writing seven hive
runners, which I have potted ; the other three p'ant.s,
runners, are just visible. Albert M. Cole.

Providence, R. I. Aug. 19.

THE IMPROVED AMERICAN COFFEE-BERRY.

In our price li.st I have told you that this is some-
thing quite different from the .^oja bean, which it
very much resembles. The objection to the soja bean
for coffee is that it has a di.sagreeable flavor of beans
or peas. Well, the coffee-berrv- we had la.^t vear had
something of this flavor .still" which made "it objec-
tionable to many people. A short time ago, however,
a sample was sent me of a smaller-sized coffee-berry,
.saying it was a variety that matured so quickly that
three crops could be grown in one season in Missouri;
and. furthermore, that I would find b^- test that it was
harder to detect from the genuinethan anv thing
her«t 'fore offered. This I find true, and, in" fact, I
.should pronounce it excellent coffee. I do not think
I could tell one from the other — or, at least, the coffee-
bern,' would be fully as plea.sant and agreeable to me
as the genuine coffee. I have obtained coffee berries
from different seed.smeji, and we are growilig them in
our te.st-grounds. There are at lea.st half a dozen dif-
ferent kinds. I was, however, so well pleased with
this latter small kind that matures so quickly I at
once made a purchase of two bushels like the sample,
and we shall offer only this for .sale, throwing away
the kind we sent out last sea.son. I am sorry for this ;
but the new smaller .seed is so great an improvement
that it will pay us all to do this. As to whether it is
equal to real coffee or not, I think you h'ad better all
decide the matter for yourselves, aiid you can easily
do it with a five-cent package. The price of the im-
proved quick-growing coffee-berrj' is 10 cts. per Vi
pint ; pint, 1.5 cts.; quart, 2.5 cts.; peck, $1.75. If want-
ed by mail, add 10 cts. per quart extra for packing and
postage.

KIND WORDS FROM OUR CUSTOMERS.

Every time I order goods I am more and more
pleased. Next year I intend to purchase more foun-
dation, and use it entire in boxes, and al.so in some
frames. Xavier Picquet.

Sainte Marie, Ills., July 27.

The foundation is wonderful, and it is hardly po.ssi-
ble to believe it was made by machiner\-. I hope you
will send me the .strips soon. H. J."Bromwich.

Angola, Erie Co., N. Y.

I had no income from my bees from 1893 until this
year, and even now the drouth has ruined mv berrv
crop. But the fact is, I can not afford to part com-
pany with a man who has such a real love for turnips.

Beloit, Wis., Aug. 4, 1897. P. E. Marston.

The samples of drawn comb are at hand. Thanks.
I am much plea.sed with their appearance, aiid can
see no reason why this article .should not prove to be
all vou claim for it. B. Walker.

Evart, Mich., July 31, 1897.

Your brood foundation and starters for sections,
shipped June 2, are of excellent quality, and cut to
good advantage. Goods received all right. Thanks
to the A. I. Root Co. Alfred Jackson.

Jackson, Ohio, June 22.

Since I have been in the bee business I have bought
over $100 worth of goods from you for my.self and
others, and I have always found your goods to be the
best and cheapest in the long run. Joe C. Moore.

Globe, N. C, June 14.

The queen came to me the 17th of May in good con-
dition, and is a perfect beauty. She ha's to-day, June
2(), the hive full of beautiful Italian bees, and I am
well plea.sed. A. Barney.

Seattle, Wash., June 26.

The goods I ordered this spring came to hand in due
time, and are very satisfactory. The extra-thin sur-
plus foundation is very fine. The bees take to it
promptly. The Corneil'smoker is ju.st doss of the bees.
The cream .sections are al.so very good. Please accept
thanks. Green R. Shirer.

Green, Iowa, June 26.

Mr. Root: — I wrote you, night before last, that I had
received the .sti-awberry-plants, and to-day I received
a statement and ten ceiits in stamps. You certainly
conduct your business honestly, and give every one
his due. I did not expect you to take all that trouble
to return that little, and, in fact, did not know that I
had sent too much. The plants are growing right
along; have never drooped, and two of them are put-
ting out runners. Joe L,. Cooper.

Nashville, Tenn.. July 17.

I am a voung bee-keeper, and am desirous of trj-ing
the new foundation, .so I have ordered a small sample.
Mv year's supplies, ordered from your branch office at
Mechanic Falls, I think the best' I have .seen. The
Weed foundation is perfection. I wish I could afford
to iLse full sheets on everv frame in mv new hives.

I must .=ay a good ^yord for Gleanings. I read
every word in it. and wish there were more. In prac-
tical hints it has been worth more than Jo .since I
began to read it. Emery D. Bickmore.

Stockton .Spring, Me., June 7.

25 Cts. PER YEAR!

for the best agricultural and
.stock-bree('ers' paper published.

Stuart's Agriculturist.

Agents wanted ! Bicycles, etc., free. Address

WHITWOKTH BROS.,
Printers & Pub'rs. 6o High St., Cleveland, O.

Please mention this paper. '

\VANTED.— To sell 100 colonies of bees; ten-frame
*' simplicity hives, mostly wired frames, combs all
built on foundation, equipi^ed for coniV) and extracted
honey, every thing fixed for migratoiy work, can load
30 hives on rack and go any time, every thing on the
mo.st modern improved A." I. Root plaii, well put up
and painted. Bees scarce around here. White clover
enough for .5000 colonies.. Best of range for out-apiary.
I have got to .sell on account of climate.

B. Sandtord & 5on, Nokomis, III.

Qv^N^v/N^s^%<'VN Untested queens, 50c each; te.sted,
IIPPI1C 75c; Breeders, $2. Either leather
*J^^''^« or golden. My golden breeders
'■'■^'^"'■^''^'^'^'^ breed all 5-ban"ded bees.

W. H. LAWS, = Lavaca. Ark.

Central Pennsylvania Bee-keepers!

Buy Root's supplies near home at catalog
prices. Ob.servatonv- hives, winter ca.se.s,
etc. Al.so send for catalogs.
Prothero & Arnold, Du Bols, Pa.

is;)7

Golden

Add.

Albino.

(UjcANiNGs IN RHi': cri/n'Ri':

Texas Queens.

(■■alhip savslluv aiv llic best
lu- lias" in his yanl.
J. D. OIVI-;^S, Lisbon. Texas.

GERMAN CARP WANTED.

UW this year's; UK) or more last year's. Prices
must be rea>otiable. Send oilers to

DR. WM. MOEkSMliL. Homestead. Iowa.

Carp to be shipped in August or September.

either golden beauties
or 3 -banded imported
sted, ilOc each; untested, .V>c
each: (! for j:?.(X). One sample queen to new customer,
•Vc: breeders, $2.00 to <:?..)0 each. P. O. M. O. office,
Uavaca. E. A SBRLEY, Bio mer. Ark.

Italian Q"^*^!!^'

■***■■**■■ .stock. Test

No cheap Queens to sell ; but the best.

Golden ."i band, or 3 band from

imported mother. I'ntest-

ed, 7.') cts.: tested, $1.00.

L. BEAUCHAMP. Box 6i3. 5an Antonio, Texas.

ni IF F N^ I ^ave .500 nnte.sted, 3 or o banders, 45c
\J^Jl^l^l^J. each; tested 3-bander.s, 70c each. They
are fine large queens, and are free from all di.seases.
Write for whole.sale prices. M. O. office.

DANIEL WURTH. Falmouth. RushCo-.lnd.

^5^

S£-£- THAT WINK?

B^E SUPPLIES.

Root's Goods at Root's Prices.

Pnuder's Honey-Jars and every
thing used by bee-keepers. l,ow
freight rates ; prompt service.
Catalog free.
M rr- h unfDX ' WALTER «5. POLDER,

W- poWtK:>^D 162 nass Ave, Indianapolis, Ind.

Tested

Adel

Queens.

Fifty Cents Each.

My new (IS!t7) book on queen-rearing,
giving a method for rearing queens in a
brood-chamber while the queen is pres-
ent, will be mailed free to all who pur-
cha.se queens.

Henry Alley,

Wenham, Mass.

THE A. I. ROOT COS

Shipping-cases for Honey,

AT THEIR PRICES— THE FINEST MADE.
C.XSH FOK P.KKSWVX

M. H. HUNT, Bell Branch, Hich.

QUEENS BY RETURN MAIL.

Daughters of best imported queen mother, warrant-
ed purely mated to drones of imported stock from a
different source; hence, a direct cross. 12 years as a
honey-producer on a large scale has taught me what
good' cjueens mean to the producer, as well as how to
rear them. Price of queens. 50c each. .Safe delivery
and .satisfaction, or monev refunded.

L. M. KOBEY, Worthinjrton. W. Va.

pOR SALE — 15 colonies of hybrid bees in simplicity
^ hives, $2..50 each. They must be sold.

E. D. Hartox, Kast Hampton, Conn.

ARRANTED Three and Five Banded Italian
Queens at 50 Cents each.

GEO. W. COOK. Sprine Hill, Kan.

w

pOR

SALE — Italian queens, .50 cents each.
Mrs. a. a. Simpson, Swarts, Greene Co., Pa.

pOR S*LE —100 colonies of Italian bees and fix-
* tures, and honey crop in a never-failing locality,
at a bargain. Address Lons Werner,

Edward.sville, 111.

CWEET-c LOVER SEED in the hull, rai.sed this
•^ season, lSi)7, at 4 cts. per pound. Addre.ss

Joseph Shaw, Box W, Strong City, Kan.

Dovetailed Hives,

Sections, ICxlractor.s, SiiK^kurs,
and evi-ry thiii!.^ a l)C'L'-kfC]:)er
want.s. Honest goods at close
honest prices. (iO-paj.^e cata-

Iul;- free.

J. IVI. JENKINS, Wctumpka, Ala.
Don't Neglect Your Bees.

Bee-keeping may be made uniformly suc-
ces.sfiil h}- jndicions feeding. It is just as im-
portant with bees as with other stock.

Success in feeding de])ends
very much on the feeder used.
When you have tried the

Boardman Atmospheric
Entrance=feeder

}'Ou will be convinced of this.

For descriptive circulars and
price list, address

H. R. BOARDMAN, East Townsend, Ohio.

Wants and Exchange Department.

\1/ANTED.— To exchange Ki-section non-drip cases
^^ at Root's prices, laid down at your station, for
fancy comb honey at prices to suit the times. Also
second-hand fiO-lb. cans, 2 in a case, valued at 25 cts.
per can, freight paid, for gilt-edged extracted honey.
Special price on quantity lots.

B. Walker, Evart, Mich.

w

ANTED.— To exchange Parker shotgun (new) for
high-grade bicycle, organ, or best offers.

R. A. Provins, Point Marion, Pa.

ll^ANTED.— To exchange some fine collie shepherd
'' pups for any thing useful. I also have some fine
pigeons and a fine blood-hound pup to trade.
Claud Brillhart, Oakwood, Paulding Co., Ohio.

IV ANTED.— To exchange 140 colonies of bees, with
'* all fixtures belonging to a first-class apiary, for
good horses and mules.

Anthony Opp, Helena, Ark.

w

ANTED.— To exchange first-class incubator for
comb or extracted honev, potatoes, or offers.

F. W. Dean, New Milford, Pa.

IVANTKD.— To exchange a Burkard auditorium-size
'* guitar, in good order, for bees, bee-keepers' sup-
plies, or bicycle. W. A. Pfeifer, Mau.ston, Wis.

w

ANTED. — A second-hand heater for greenhou.se,
Hitchings preferred. Capnritv No. o or 4.

R. Gammon, Rockton, Winnebago Co., 111.

Black and Hybnd Queens for Sale.

Young hybrid queens, 15 cts., and mismated, 25 cts.
C. G. Fenn, Washington, Conn.

A few hybrid queens from natural swarms, by re-
turn mail, "at 2.5 cts. each. W. A. Sanders,

Elberton, Elbert Co., Ga.

About two dozen nice mismated Italian queens for
sale at 25c each, or 5 for jl.OO. They are all young
and prolific, and bred from first-class mothers.

W. F. Sttiart, Box 415, Ottawa, Kan.

650

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept. 1.

THES. & H. CO.

desire to enter into correspondence with all contemplating the purchase of anything in their
line. They think they have one of the most complete assortments of strong, smooth, healthy,

FRUIT AND ORNAMENTAL TREES

f Small Fruits, Vines, Shrubs, Roses, Bulbs, Hardy Herbaceous
Plants, Greenhouse Stock, Etc., on the market and inviteall buyers to come
and see for themselves. They are to be found at the old stand where they have labored
faithfully for the past 43 years to build up a reputable business. Catalogues free.

;

{

;

Address THE STORRS & HARRISON CO.. Box 8, Painesville, O.

IF YOU WANT BEES I Fruit Packages of All Kinds,

Bee=keepers' Supplies.

that will just "roll" in the honey, and that are won-
derful red-clover workers, also gentle to handle, and
exceedingly hardy, then try MOORE'S STRAIN
OF ITALIANS, the result of 18 years of careful
breeding.

Warranted queens, 75 cts. each; 3 for $2.00; per doz.,
$7.00; tested, $1.00; select tested, $1..50; select warrant-
ed, $1.00. Strong 3-frame nucleus, with warranted
qvieen, $2. .50. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed.
Circular free. Those who have never dealt with me I
refer to A. I. Root, who has purchased of me over 850
queens.

J. P. Moore, Morgan, Pendleton Co., Ky.

HflMPV- I A P^ One-pound, .sq. flint-glass, $4.50
IIWI'^L, I -»irvi\0, per gro.s.s, with corks.

LABELS, 60 cts. per gross.

Cartons, shipping-cases, and everything in the

apiarian Hne. Catalog free.

rrAivi.A.N Queens, 60 cents each.

Apiary,
Glen Cove. L I.

I J.STRINGHAM.
105 Park PI.. N. Y. City.

MUTH'S HONEY-EXTRACTOR,
SQUARE GLASS HONEY-JARS,
ROOT'S GOODS AT ROOT'S PRICES,

Bee-keepers' Supplies in general, etc.,
etc. Send for our new catalog. "Prac-
tical Hints" will be mailed for 10 cts.
in stamps. Apply to

CHAS. F. IVIUTH & SON, Cincinnali, 0.

Read what J. I. Parknt, of
Charlton, N. Y., says — "We cut
with one of your combined Ma-
chines last winter .50 chaff hives
with 7-inch cap, 100 honey-racks,
500 broad frames, 2000 hoiiey-box-
es, and a great deal of other work.
This winter we have doubled the
amount of bee - hives, etc., to
make, and we expect to do it all
with this saw. It will do all you
say it will." Catalog and price
list free. Address W. F. & JOHN
BARNES, 515, Ruby Street, Rockford, 111.

When more convenient, orders for Barnes' Foot-
power Machinery may be .sent to

The a. I. ROOT CO., Medina, O.

One nan with the

UNION COMBINATION SAW

Can do the work of four men usiiig
hand tools in Ripping, Cutting off,
Mitering, Rabbeting, Grooving,
Gaining, Dadoing, Edging Up,
Jointing Stuff, etc. Full line of
Foot and Hand Power Machinery.
Sold on trial. Calalog free. \-'l\'e\

Seneca Falls Mfir. Co.,
44 Water St., Seneca Falls, N. Y.

In writing advertisers, mention Gleanings.

Order your supplies now
before the busy season
catches you. Price list

free. Address

BERLIN

Berlir

FRUIT-BOX CO.,
Heights, Erie Co.

, Ohio.

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BREAKS ALL RECORDS.

Last year we told of a Michigan agent who could
walk over 35 adiolning farms, all usinK Page
fence. This vsar's sales have increased the num-
ber to ."il, with only one exception. These farmers
have known the Page for many years— would they
feeep on buying if not satisfied it was the best ana
cheapest? Write us for proof .

PAGE WOVEN WIRE FENCE CO., Adrian, Mich.

iHTEITS

PROCURED
PROMPTLY

f

^H PATENT LAWYERS,

■ 579 The Arcade, CLEVELAND, 0.

^^" CALL OR WRITE. ADVICE FREE.

AT REASONABLE RATES
By J. A. OSBORNE & CO.,

Do You Want

An Incubator?

"N'E-W A.-Mi E R,IO AIT.'
Want Our Catalogfue ?

It'a a pretty book of 68 pages, finely lllugtratea:
worth dol/ara to every poultryman. A 2c stamp gete It.

Geo. J. NissLY, Saline, Mich.

lSi)7

(;i.i-:axixgs in bp:k culture.

655

Contents of this Nnniber.

mg.

K.lit.Miit ll-r.M-s 674

Kntraii.-.s. \Vi,le 659

Kviipuian-.l Ii.es 6«6

Feeders. To Make 663

Hive, Danzeiibaker 669

to.

.667

-. ■ > . '. ! - riant.

sua-iii , T,. I'l.M'iit 665

Svi nil. Sutrar. To Make 6B5

Tiltiiik' Covers 667

Ton^rues. Longer 6.58

Weeders. Hand 68:

White Clover In 1897 666

Wing Sound 669

Honey Column.

CITY MARKETS.

New York.— We quote yovi the market this day,
subject to fluctuation.';, as follows; Fancy 1-lb. sections
clover comb honey, I2;-4@il8; No. 1 white', same, 11@12;
No. '1 white, same, 10: mixed white, same, 9; fancy
buckwheat, i)(aiO: No. 1. 9; No. 2, 8; 2-lb. sections, l(g2
cts. less per lb., as to quality. White extracted clover,
."i'4@6; basswood; o(5i5'2; light amber basswood, 4 ;4(ai5;
amber and mixed, A&\'^2\ buckwheat, 4. Beeswax,
fancy, 2S; average, 2ti(a2()'2. On account of the contin-
ued warm weather the demand for comb honey is
rather light, but expect as .soon as we get a little cool-
er weather to .see an improvement. Notwithstanding
the warmth, we have had quite a number of small lots
of new comb honey, and they found readj- .sale on ac-
count of the market being quite bare, old comb honey
being cleaned up pretty well. The prices rule about
the same as last .sea.son," and do not anticipate any bet-
ter prices, on account of the good crop that California
produced this year. Chas. Israel & Bro,';.,

Sept. 8. 486-490 Canal St., New York City.

Denver.— We find our honey trade improving since
the first of the month, especially with extracted.
Comb honey was never known to sell as low as it is
now. and it is the farmers and small bee-keepers that
have ruined the price by selling to the stores at any
price they were offered.' The highest possible price
we can quote fancy white comb honej' is 10c; and No.
1 white at ilc: No. 1 white extracted, 45^(g:5; good clean
beeswax, 2."). R. K. & J. C. Frisbee,

Sept. 6. l,ock box 1014, Denver, Col.

Milwaukee.— The receipts of new-crop honey are
beginning to come in, and the quality improved. ' The
supply is not equal to the legitimate wants of our
trade,' and with improved conditions of trade we ex-
pect to sell more than last year. The demand so far
IS not heavy, but we feel, to" encourage our shippers,
that it will" come. AVe quote white No. 1 comb 1-lb.
sections, life 13; amber, 8fe 10; white extracted, in bbls.
and kegs, choice, 4^(^:0; dark or amber, in bbls. and
kegs, 4r«6; beeswax, 25@27. A. V. Bishop & Co.,

Sept. (i. Milwaukee, Wis.

Chicaco. — Comb honey sells a little more freely, yet
receipts are in excess oF sales, and some .shippers" of
small lots get impatient at what .seems a long delay in
getting returns, yet it can't be forced without detri-
ment to general Interests. Best grades of white comb
bring 12c; white but objectionable, lOfell; amber and
dark, 7(«9; extracted white, .5(0 (i: amber, 4fe.5; dark,
3M; beeswax, '26@27. R. A. Burnett & Co.,

Sept. 6. 163 SoutH Water St., Chicago, lU.

Cincinnati. — Demand is fair for extracted and
comb honey, and considerable honey is arriving, but
not much more than is justified by 'the demand. As
the range of prices, we quote for choice white comb
honey life 13. Cincinnati is no market for dark comb
honey. Extracted sells for 3Ufe (i, according to quality.
Bee-swax is in good demand at 20r»( 2.5 for good to choice
yellow. CiiAS. F. Muth & Son,

Sept. 7. Cincinnati, O.

Detroit.— Best comb honev, 10(g{ll%; best extract-
ed, 5(5.514; beeswax, 2.5<a;26.
Sept. 7. M.H. Hunt, Bell Branch, Mich.

Ai.iiAN v. — New-crop comb honey now arriving, but

demand <|uite limited as vet. We' quote fancv white

at 12fe l:i; fair to good. lOfe 11; dark, Hfe 9. Nothing of

any account doing in extracted. No beeswax on hand.

Chas. McCulloch & Co.,

Sept. 7. Albany, N. Y.

Nicw York.- New-crop comb honey arriving more
freelv, and demand good. We <iuote fancv white, 12
(n l:l;"c)ff grades white, lOfe II: buckwheat. 9fe 10. Cali-
fornia exlracte<l selling fairly well, while all other
kinds are neglected. We ([uole California white, r)(®
5;^; light amber, 4!<if<'o: Southern, 50(5 Tw per gallon;
beeswax dull, and easy at 2(>.

Hildreth Bros. & Segelken,

Sept. 7. 120-122 W. Broadway, New York.

Columbus. — Fancy white clover, 12^; No. 1, 11.
Arrivals no heavier; demand better, but no improve-
ment in prices. Large .sales are impossible, and as
yet are having no trade from near-by towns.

The Columbus Commission & "Storage Co.,

Sept. 6. 409-113 N. High St., Columbus, O.

>i. — We quote you our honey market as fol-
incy white comb in 1-lb. .sections, 14; No. 1, 12

Boston.
lows: Fat

fel3; white extracted, 7; light amber extracted, ^^i
beeswax, very light supply, 27. Good demand. v

Blake, Scott & I.,ee,

Sept. 7. Boston, Mass.)

Kansas City.— We quote No. 1 white comb, 11@12:
fancy amber, lOfe 11; No. 1 amber, 9fe 10; fancy dark, 8
(w.i); 'No. 1 dark, 8; white extracted, 5'<fe(); amber, 4%
&i'y, dark, i((iA%; beeswax, 22@2.5.

C. C. Clemons & Co.,

Sept. 7. Kan.sas City, Mo.

Minneapolis. — No. 1 remains same — no change, 11
fe;12. Other grades accordingly. Supplv equal to de-
mand. S. H. Hal'l & Co.,

.Sept. 6. Minneapolis, Minn.

St. I^ouis. — We have no special remarks to make in
regard to the honey market. Prices are nominal at
last quotation. Weather is too hot for the sale of
honey. Beeswax is a little firmer, being 24;4@,2.5 for
prime .stock. Westcott Commission Co.,

Sept. 9. 213 Market St., St. Louis, Mo.

CLEVEL.4ND. — We quote selling to-day as follows:
Fancv white. 13: No. 1 white, llr^- 12; fan'cy amber, 10;
No. 1" amber, 8fe9; buckwheat, (i; fancy white extract-
ed, 6'-<; beeswax, 2.5. A. B. Williams & Co.,

Sept. 8. 80-82 Broadway, Cleveland, Ohio,

Philadelphia. — Honey coming in freely, and some
call for comb, but the hot weather of the la.st few
days stops sales somewhat. We quote fancy white
comb 135^; No. 1 white, life 12; no dark comb in yet;
white extracted, .5^fe6; amber, 4fe.5; beeswax, 2.5. We
are producers of honey; do not handle on commission.
Wm. a. Selser,

Sept. 7. 10 Vine St., Philadelphia, Pa.

For Sale. — 25 bbls. extracted pure white-clover
honej', very light in color, and of finest quality, at
prices as clieap as the cheapest, quality of goods con-
sidered. Can put it up in any .style of p'ackage. Write
for price, .stating quantity desired.

Emil J. Baxter, Nauvoo, Hancock Co., 111.

P~OR Sale.— A lot of good extracted clover honev in
OO-lb. cans. Jno. A. Thornton, Lima, Ills.

Wanted.— To buy quantity lots of fancy comb hon-
ey in non-drip cases. B. Walker, Evart, Mich.

For Sale.— Alfalfa honey, light amber, in carload
lots. S}i cts. per lb.; sample, 10 cts.

John Nippert, Box 10.51, Phoenix, Arizona.

For S.A.LE.— .5000 lbs. extracted white-clover honey;
water-white and good body, in packages to suit cu.s-
tomers. Cheap for cash. J. B. Murray, Ada, O.

For Sale.— Pure honey.— Clover, extracted, 6^ cts.
per lb. Buckwheat, extracted, i'A cts. per lb.

I. J. Stringham, 10.5 Park Place, N. Y. City.

SWEET-CLOVER' SEED in the hull, rai.sed this
sea.son. 1897, at 4 cts. per pound. Address

Joseph Shaw, Box CA, .Strong City, Kan.

656

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept. 15.

A Tested Queen and the Review for $1.50.

I have a large number of nuclei containing fine tested Italian queens of this year's rearing, and have
decided to use them in helping to build up the circulation of the Review ; hence offer a queen and the Review
one year to ne7i' subscribers for onlv SL-W. Review alone, Si. 00; queen alone, $1,00. If several queens are want-
•ed, write, and the price will be made according to the number. As a rule, orders are filled by return mail, and
there is never a delay of more than three or four days, and that on large orders.

W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint. Mich.

$100

Given as BOUNTIES to purchasers of the improved
Danz. Hives and Sections. For particulars .see p. (i-l,
of my book, '• Facts about Bees." Sent Free for 2-
13. stamp. Addre.ss

F. DANZENBAKER, Washington, D. C.

Italian Q"^^"^' of f-'-d'eT ^;s^

*■'**■'**■■ stock. Tested, 7.5c each; untested, .50c
each; select tested, |1.00 each; breeders that produce
pure stock, of either varietv, S2.00 each. P. O. M. O.
office, I,avaca. E. A. SHELEY, Bio mer, Ark.

Philadelphia Office of

THE A. I. ROOT CO.,

10 Vine St., Philadelphia, Penn.

Now is the time to order

Shipping = cases, Winter Cases,
Chaff Division=boards, etc., etc.

Order from catalog ; prices are same
as from factory.

Shipping=cases.

Root's popular Nondrip Shipping-cases at factory ])rices at
DES MOINES. IOWA. Immense stock. All orders for cases
or other goods shipped by return freight now. Address

JOS. NYSEWANDER, Des Moines, Iowa.

PRICES OF

Bingham Perfect Bee=smokers and Honey=knives.

lar(

) 4-inch stove. Doz. $13.00; each, by mail, S1..50

.Smoke Engine

Doctor

Conqueror

I^arge

Plain .'

Ivittle Wonder (wt. 10 oz.) ,

Honey-knife

Bingham Smokers have all the new improvements.
Smoker or Knife, look up its record and pedigree.

3-in.

jy-iii.

2-in.

0.00;
6..50 ;
5.00;
4.75 ;
4.50:
6.00;

1.10
1.00
.90
.70
.HO
.80

Before buying ;

FIFTKEN YEAR.S FOR

DOLLAR ; ONE-H.'VLF CENT FOR

Dear Sir:— Have used the Conqueror 15 years.
its workings, but thinking I would need a new

a circular. I do not think the 4-inch .Smoke Engine too large
January 27, 1897. Truly, W. H. Eagerty, C

was always pleased with
e this .summer I write for

Cuba, Kan.sa.':

T. F. BINQHAH, Farwell, Hichigan.

4 Months' Trial Trip for 35c.

The weekly American Bee Journal would be a great help to you
in your work with the bees. Better have it the last four months
of 1897 for only 25 cents, if you are not already a subscriber.

The Buffalo Convention Report "i^' ''<^ published in the Bee journal ni full, right after the meeting, be-
ginning earlv in September. That report alone will be worth many
times the 25 cts. Send for free sample copv, anvwav. Address

GEO. W. YORK & CO., 118 Michigan St., Chicago, 111.

• DE.VoT_

•To-Be.e:^~

•ANt5HoNE.Y

'AND home:- •

shedby- theAII^ooI' Co.
perMar ^@ "Medina-Ohio-

Vol. XXV.

SEPT. 15, 1897.

No. 18.

A BY-I.AW of the Central Texas Association
reads, "All white persons interested in apicul-
ture are eligible to membership in this Associ-
ation."

P'ouR APIARIES are reported in Aiiiericaii
Bee Journal by Prof. Cook, aggregating 1535
colonies, and yielding 90 tons — an average of
117 lbs. a colony.

Sweet-clover ointment. "A handful of
sweet-clover leaA-es fried in about half a tea-
cupful of fresh lard or hen's oil." — ■I\Irs. Laiii-
l>ri^;ger, in Amcriean Ilee Journal.

Apis dorsata was discussed at Buffalo, and
I didn't have a chance to say a word against
it — was temporarily in the chair. Wonder if
that was a put-up job between Pres. York and
the dorsata men. [See editorials. — Ed.]

The social part of the Buffalo convention
was probably better than any of its predeces-
sors. It was worth going a long way to meet
some of the men that were there. Some grand
good men are in the ranks of bee-keepers.
[Just so. — Ed.]

An unprecedextkdlv heavy honey-flow is
given, p. (iofi, as a possible reason for excessive
swarming. Wouldn't it be better to substi-
tute " long " for "heavy " ? We are general-
ly told that bees swarm more in a moderate
than in a heavy flow. [In answer to your
question I would say " I don't know." — Ed.]

F. L. Thompson, p. t)29, wants me put out
because I don't want the bother and worry of
making my own foundation. Now see here,
F. L., just you have that little scheme carried
out, and the first thing you know some other
fellow %\-ill want you put out because you
don't want the bother of making your own
sections.

Returned swarms, we are told on p. 636,
" will swarm as often as you hive them, and
as long as the honey season continues." That
may do for a rough statement, and even for
an exact statement, providing the season
closes about two weeks after the first swarm,
for in two or three weeks the last young queen

will have emerged and the swarming will be
over. [I meant the statement in question to
apply in a general way. I accept your emend-
ation.— Ed.]

Earl C. Walker, p. ()'25, says that, in
transferring, there should not be a tight fit
between hive and driving-box. That agrees
with views held across the water, and foreign
journals have had pictures of transferring in
which the driving-box rested on the hive at
an angle of nearly 45°, so the queen could be
seen when she went up.

Prof. Cook, p. 622, says he voted against
amalgamation, not because he was opposed to
it, but because he thought the change should
not be forced upon those opposed to it. If
others did the same way, it can easily be
understood that amalgamation would fail with
a large majority in its favor. But, saj^ pro-
fessor, how about forcing upon us who did
want the change, something we didn't want?

Prevention of afteic-svvarms, H. W. Savage
says he accomplishes {American Bee Journal')
by hiving swarm on old stand, putting supers
over excluder, then setting old hive on top.
"The afternoon of the second day, the old
colony will become so depleted of bees ( if the
weather has been favorable) that they will
give up swarming any more, and will begin
to carry out drone brood. Then carry them
to a new stand."

French bee-keepers are in the throes of
a discussion as to uniformitv in size of frames.
A frame 30 by 40 centimeters (lljg by 15^
inches is likely to win; but that's inside mea-
sure, and it is wisely argued that there can be
no exact uniformity without a settled outside
measure. That would be something like 16.3
by 12.3 in., making a capacity about 28 per
cent larger than the Langstroth-Simplicity.
The British standard, 14 by 8}^, is about % as
large as the Simplicity. [The French are be-
lievers in large frames. They follow Dadant,
you know. — Ed.]

Prof. Cook has been sampling with others
some sage honey, "and all with one accord
have pronounced it the best honey they have
ever eaten." — American Bee Journal. Addi-
tional proof that locality rules taste. Sage is
best to the Californian, clover to the Northern-
er, eucalyptus to the Australian. And it

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept. 15.

seems further, that, when a man changes his
locaUty, he changes his taste. [In York State
very many greatly prefer buckwheat to any
white honey produced. Nine-tenths of all
buckwheat is produced in York State. As you
sa}-, locality rules taste. — Ed.]

DooLiTTivE says, p. 6.35, that nearly all of
our best bee-keepers agi'ee that Italians are
not inferior to blacks for comb honey. I
think that's correct, and I wonder whether
those who insist that Italians seal comb with
a watery look have a special strain. I've had
several strains of Italians, but they all make
nice white combs. [I have seen lately a good
deal of comb honey made by black bees. To
my notion it is just a little whiter than that
made by the average Italians. In qnatity pro-
duced they (the Italians) are certainly not
inferior. Doolittle told me he had a strain of
ycltozv Italians that cap just as white as black
bees. — Ed.]

Travel-stained sections are not good to
sell— only to eat. The editor prefers them for
his eating, and perhaps all do who know
enough. Would it not be worth while to take
some pains to educate the public in this
regard? Even where looks count for every
thing, it's just as well to have only one side
white, for the other side is not seen after the
honey is placed on the table. [If the consum-
er could sample comb honey by taste rather
than by the eye before buying, the travel-
stained honey would soon work its wa}' to
the front. I bought some large California
pears that looked, oh! so nice! but when I
came to eat them they tasted like insipid
pumpkins. I then wished I had bought home-
grown Bartletts that looked inferior. I am
educated on the pear question. — Ed.]

Quite a pretty fight that has been be-
tween F. L. Thompson and the editor about
the Rietsche press. Although it may never be
settled without arbitration, the discussion has
brought out some important points interesting
to all. In spite of the evident desire for fair-
ness, there crops out occasional prejudice on
both sides. Thompson hardly wants to see
that bee-keepers have largely given up making
brood foundation, and ye editor insists that a
Rietsche press must be saddled with express
charges from Germany. If he believed with
Thompson, the presses would be made in this
country, and at any rate they could come
from German}' by freight. [This one item of
express charges was only a small part of the
whole matter. The principal item was the
great difference in quality of the two founda-
tions.— Ed.]

BREEDING FOR LONGER TONGUES.

BY PROF. A. J. COOK.

The following inquiry appeared on p. •162,
current volume of the Aiucrican Bee Journal:
" Do you suppose it possible to increase the
size — and especially the length of tongue — of
the races of bees we now have? If possible,
do you think it desirable ? " I was very much

surprised to find that seven answers implied
doubt or impossibility regarding the first part
of the questions. The majority, however, and
they the leaders in our ranks, like Elwood,
R. L. Taylor, Dr. Mason, and the Dadants,
give an emphatic ' ' Yes. ' ' My own answer
was this: " Yes, I have no doubt of it, and I
believe it is desirable. ' ' I believe that scien-
tific research abundantly warrants us in giv-
ing a positive categorical answer to this ques-
tion, in accord with the majority. I wish
briefly to give my reasons not only to inform
those who may not have had time or opportu-
nity to study in such lines, but also in the
hope of influencing some one to undertake a
line of work full of promise to apiculture.

When Schwann discovered that the cell was
the basis of all tissue, whether animal or veg-
etable, and that the animal and vegetable cells
are essentially alike, he made a discovery of
great practical importance. Of hardly less
value was the discovery of the law of the
"conservation of energy." Darwin's re-
searches proved that the laws of breeding of
animals and plants are essentially the same.
Every breeder of plants and animals to-day
recognizes and acts upon this truth. We
know now of a truth that all organisms, plant
and animal alike, tend to vary. We also know
that close breeding in the line of an}' special
variation tends to make that variation more
prominent, and at the same time to fix it.
Thus, such men as Bates, Boothe, the Collens
brothers, and Bakewell, gave us our short-
horns and improved sheep. In like manner
our wondrous Hamiltonians and niarvelously
modified breeds of swine have been developed
in a .single generation. What is true of our
higher vertebrates is certainly true of insects.
True, some animals tend to vary more than
others, and probably the characteristics of
some would be more quickly set by careful
selection than others. But that all are sub-
ject to these laws, and would respond to their
action, there can be no shade of doubt. That
our bees, and especially the highly wrought
and sensitive Italians, whose tongues have
been already pushed out two one-hundredths
of an inch longer than those of the black
races, and that by the slow process of "nat-
ural selection," would be quick to vary and
as quick to respond to the more severe artifi-
cial selection, seems to me more than proba-
ble. Two or three of the answers referred to,
express belief that, " while it is possible to
breed longer tongues, it is not practicable;"
but 1 see no reason to hold such a view.

What is needed to succeed in this work is a
man of great patience, quick observation, de-
termined will, and absolute accuracy and lion-
esty. It will take long years, hence the ne-
cessity of great patience. Slight variations
must be detected, and used in the selection of
breeding-stock; therefore close powers of ob-
servation are called for. Often the hardest
effort will seem to advance the undertaking
but little, and possibly none at all; yet this
must not breed discouragement, and thus the
necessity for a determined will. The be.st
men are likely to be biased in judgment when
they are seeking some valuable end, and

1S!>7

GI.KANINOS IN BIUv CULTURK.

thoroforo tho vision of llic lnvccU-r iiiusl bf
clear and lino.

Till': MirnioD.

A gooil toiij^uc-gaugo. accnratc kiiowlcdge'
of the habits of bees, and good judt^nicnt to
use this knowledjje, and nnflaggin<r persist-
ence— even in the face of seeming failure-
are the implements that shall win in this
struggle. The inclined -plane tongue-gauge
used by me some years ago, and which won a
medal at the Paris exhibition, is cheap and
effective. Simply placed in the hives it will
tell what colonies have longer tongues than
others, and .so what colonies shouhl be used
in breeding. Mr. J. H. INIartin and others
have also invented efficient and practical
gauges by which the length of the tongues
could be accurately measured. When colo-
nies are found that show that the workers
have tongues longer, even though but slightly
so, than the average, the queens of such col-
onies should be used exclusively in breeding.
If by use of any of the methods recommended
for controlling mating as to male or drone
bees, as by pruning drone comb, using drone-
traps, securing early drones from desired col-
onies, or by working in isolated districts, both
drone and queen can be selected; then the
end sought would be brought nearer. In case
the apiary were large, so that a large number
of queens would be needed, then more speedy
results might be expected. The tongue-gauge
would surel}- tell which of the new colonies
had retained or increased the desirable fea-
ture, and so which to use in subsequent mat-
ing or breeding.

Such an effort, intelligently and faithfull}^
persisted in and carried out, would surely re-
sult in a greatly improved race of bees, and in
as great advantage to our craft. The only
question is. Have we the man with the re-
quired patience and persistence ? This would
be, in some ways, nmch easier than improv-
ing cattle, horses, and hogs, as the numbers
produced per season would be immensely
greater, though the greater difficulty in con-
trolling mating would stand in the way of
quick results. Who has the patience to do
this valuable work ?

NOT?:s.

One bee-keeper in vSan Diego Co., near Es-
condido, is reported to have shipped six car-
loads of honey this season. B. S. Taylor, of
Perris, started with 154 colonies of bees, and
has increased to nearly 200. He has taken
ten tons of first-class extracted honey, and
0000 sections of fine comb. I have tested the
latter, and never tasted finer. This has been
a fine season in Southern California.

I was glad to read the Michigan foul-brood
law in last Glkanings, and to note your and
Mr. Hilton's kind words; for it was I who
wrote the bill and secured its jiassage. Mr.
Root, who had charge of the bill, was at one
time a successful bee-keeper of Mason, Mich.,
and I think he was mayor of his city.

You seem to express doubt of the position
that poisonous plants would not, as a conse-
quence, secrete poisonous nectar. The plant
is poisonous because the sap or tissus contains

st)nie toxic element. The nectar is secreted
l)y glands which take elements from the sap,
anti form from these the sweet of the flower.
The nectar is not the sap. The nectar is to
attract insects to pollinate the flowers. Were
it jioisonous it would defeat its very puq^ose.
Therefore reason, and, so far as I have been
able to discover, observations as well, argue
that nectar, even of poisonous plants, is non-
poisonous. Honey, when eaten immoderately,
or at all in rare cases, makes some people very
ill. In the region of known poisonous plants,
how easy to start a story of poisonous hone\-
from such plants, and yet such story be utter-
ly without truth ! If the story dated back to
Xenophon's time, how much more unworthy
of credence ! for scientific accuracy is much
more common to-day.

It grieves me to the heart that our grand
old friend Dr. Mason disagrees with me. It
is pleasant to be in accord with such men, and
sad that they should be in the wrong (?). I
have only to say that I do not believe both
Unions will survive. I do not think that there
is room for both. I did not say we should re-
sist the expressed wish of the members. I
was in doubt. To save its life might warrant
such a course. That is what advisory boards
are for — to act in an emergency. I am iirmh'
of the opinion that the two Unions should be
merged into one; and it begins t6 be very
clear to me which one will survive. In this
opinion I wish to blame or impugn the mo-
tives of no one. I see no reason to accuse
any one of acting in any way other than what
he believes wise and right.

Claremont, Cal., Aug. 16.

STRONG COLONIES.

Bees Hanging Out ; Wide Entrances ; Colorado vs.

Wisconsin ; the Glorious Climate of the

Former; a Valuable Article.

BY M. A. GIIX.

Mr. Ediior : — I was highly interested in
your editorial remarks in the Aug. 1st issue
on the advantages of big colonies ; also in
regard to "getting bees started in sections,"
and to "bees hanging out; " and with your
consent I will give to your readers some of my
ideas along these same lines.

' ' Strong colonies ' ' has always been one of
my hobbies ; and while producing extracted
honey in Wisconsin I secured them by using
a two-story 8-frame hive for a brood-nest, and
was troubled very little with swarming ; but
since coming to Colorado, and producing
comb honey exclusively, I find that, while
colonies in 8-frame hives may be a little more
prone to swarming, as good results may be
obtained wdth this hive as with any other if
the colony is so managed that the S-frame
hives are used for breeding, instead of for
storing surplus.

I find that, early in the spring, the queens
(none but prolific ones are allowed to live)
\\'ill stake oflf and occupy the room they need,
and increase the area of brood as the strength

660

GLEANINGvS IN BEE CULTURE.

vSept. 15.

and waniith of the colony require. Then
while every condition is on the ascending
scale, when the brood is clear up to the top-
bars, is just the time to put on the first super,
the next super being put on when the same
condition is reached again, never allowing the
bees to quite reach the zenith of their ambition.

As a proof that there is scarcely any limit to
strong colonies so managed I will say that I
have five colonies (four of which did not
swarm, and one that was made by uniting two
first swarms) among ni}' bees, and they are
now worlcing in their eighth super, or 40
.supers for the five colonies.

In this apiary are 117 colonies, about 40 of
which have a 10-frame capacity. Now, isn't
it provoking that only one of the five is a
10-framer, and four of them just the common
8-frame Dovetailed hives? But, vou know,

comb-builders who will teach them by example
that there is something in this world to do.

While traveling among the bee-keepers in
the capacity of foul-brood inspector, I am
often asked this question : " Gill, why do my
bees hang out so?" and upon examination I
find the bottoms nailed on tight, and the
entrance-blocks turned the long way, and
nailed to the entrance, and the liive standing
out in the hot sun, with no shade whatever.
Why should any sane man ask such a question,
under those conditions ? Wh)-, I had rather
set a hive up on stilts, and take the bottom
clear off ; and I sometimes do, for I go after
my bees with mighty heroic treatment some-
times in order to break up these habits, for
bees are not unlike us men who know it is
very hard to leave off ruinous and bad habits
when once thev are well formed.

M. A. GILL IN HIS A I

Josh Billings said, " Never argy agin success,"
so I won't ; but you may if you want to.

But if a colon}' gets a lot of sealed honey
between the brood and top-bars, and gets the
corners and sides of the hive well stored with
sealed honey, and has been given so small an
entrance that it has coDipeUed them to learn
to hang out, you may put on supers, give bait
sections, uncap honey, etc., but they won't
prosper. You know Billings said, " If a man
gits a start down hill, it seems as if the whole
world is greased for the occasion;" and the
colony mentioned above seems to be in the
same condition, although Nature's storehouse
is running over with sweetness. The only
way I can successfully break the habit is to
exchange this colony's super for one from a
colony that has a super well occupied with

Other people say to me, ' ' I wish you would
tell me why my bees tCf;/Vgointo the supers;"
and on inquiry I find that a colony in an 8-
frame hive has been allowed to swarm perhaps
three times; the first swarm has been allowed
to get into that clogged condition above men-
tioned, the parent colony has not yet rallied
from the drain upon it, and the other two
swarms are not 3'et strong enough to go above.
As Edwin Bevins says in the last issue of the
American Bee Journal, "Another fool ques-
tion. Why do people expect bees to occupy
supers until the conditions in the brood-nest
and the strength of the colony warrant it ? "
All such men should follow the adnce of
Moses Ouinby, when he says, "Confine your
experience to pecks of bees instead of pints."
Years ago I did a great deal of dividing, but

1897

(;iJ';a\in(;s i\ wkk cn/rrRi-:.

CAW

iiuist say thai douhliiii^ uji ,i;iv(.'s nio inorc
satisfaction.

I will ,^iv<.' ymi a jiliinj^so of oiil' end of my
Crescent Apiary, situated away over on this
side of the Rockies, on the hordi r of the
desert. Von will notice at my hack, out
throuij^h the timher, a growth ahout as high as
a man's shoulders, and in full bloom. It is
cleome, or the so-called Rocky IMountain bee-
platit, of which there are acres and acres made
to grow by the sub-irrigation from Grand
River, that flows only al)out '20 rods to the
right of the picture.

On the left, out through the opening in the
timber, commencing within a quarter of a
mile, are the farming and fruit lands, under a
fine system of irrigation, among which are
hundreds — yes. thousands — of acres of alfalfa!

The bees shown in the picture are doing
finely. Another apiary, in the direction of
the opening in the timber, and only four miles
away, is doing and has done poorly during
the entire season, while my other apiary, 117
colonies, out in the foot-hills, 1-") miles from
here, have increased from oS to 117, and will
give '200 24-lb. cases of comb honey this season.
I bought them just at the close of the swarm-
ing season, or perhaps there w-ould not have
been so many.

To give you an idea of the resources of this
valley that has been redeemed from the desert
in the last 14 years, I will say that the rail-
roads estimate that there will be shipped from
this county IdOO carloads of fruit this season.

While I shall always have a kindly remem-
brance for old Wisconsin, I have no desire to
exchange this glorious climate and my wife's
health for the rigors of a Wisconsin winter.

Grand Junction, Colo., Aug. 12.

[I indorse so thoroughly every thing that is
said by friend Cxill that there is really nothing
that I can say by way of comment except to
add that the time is coming when honey-
producers will soon cr}- for larger entrances to
their hives. We expect to make our hives
next year so that the entrances will be an
inch deep, and the full width of the hive. A
small entrance can't be enlarged ; but a large
one can be contracted if necessary. Large
hives and large entrances capable of contrac-
tion will do much to solve the problem of
swarming for the future, I believe. — Ed.]

AMONG THE MICHIGAN BEE-KEEPERS.

S(iuarc Bottom-bars; Producers SeUing Their
Own Honey; Large Hives.

BV A. L. BOVDEN.

While looking over Mr. Morrison's yard I
noticed that he used bottom-bars ^' inch
square ; but instead of nailing them in in the
usual way with a flat side down he places
them in with the angle or corner down, giving
as his reasons that the bees attach the combs
better, and it leaves no space underneath, in
case a bar should sag, for moths to hide. It
seems to me the 3^-inch bottom-bars should
have a more extended trial, and I am inclined

to think the manner of nailing them in, as
used by Mr. Morrison, may be an advantage.

BACK TO MR. WINC'S AI'IARV.

Early next morning Mr. H. S. Wheeler
drove down to Mr. Morri.son's yard, having
learned that I was down there. I had planned
to go back by Mr. Wing's apiary, and so, bid-
ding adieu to friend Morrison, I loaded my
wheel into Mr. W.'s buggy, and started liack
with him. Not being able then to go to
his yard our visit was made mostly as we drove
back to Mr. Wing's. Mr. Wheeler uses the
Gallup frame, I believe, working entirely for
comb honey. Knowing of a sale he made of
part of his crop in August, 189(), at 12>^ cents
per lb., I mentioned that it was a fortunate
deal, for many sold at much less only a few-
weeks later. He surprised me by saying he
received more for the rest of his crop than he
did for the lot I spoke of. Instead of selling
his hone}' outright to some large concern, or
sending to a commission house, Mr. Wheeler
has sold largely to grocers and large consum-
ers direct, or through some one employed bj'
him, mainly in cities outside of the great hon-
ey-producing district. It certainly would pay
the average bee-keeper to spend more of his
own time in selling direct to grocers and con-
sumers. '

Before reaching i\Ir. Wing's yard we met
Mr. Wing himself. Turning about he drove
back with us to his yard. Mr. Wheeler soon
left us, and then we went out to examine some
of the supers. No doubt, to the bee-keepers
of that section the season has seemed a failure
when compared with previous years ; but by
the appearance of the supers in Mr. Wing's
yard I should sa}- he has taken a better crop
this year than the average bee-keeper of
Southern Michigan has for a number of years.
To one who has ever had the " bee fever " the
incidents related by these men regarding the
wonderful flow from willow-herb in former
years are ver}- interesting indeed. While they
were somewhat discouraged, I felt much of my
former enthusiasm coming back.

Near by is the yard of E. S. Frost, where I
also stopped ; but I failed to see him there or
at his home, some six miles south.

I next wheeled over to Breckenridge, where
a number of bee-keepers are located, and was
soon at the home of N. E. Doane. Not many
years ago Sir. Doane located here with a small
apiary. His remarkable success led a good
many to enter the field, so large numbers of
bees are kept in that section. Very naturally,
his neighbors have come to him for hives, and
this year he has handled nearly a carload of
supplies.

Readers of Gleanings will remember that
The A. I. Root Co. has been, the past year, .
supplying foundation wnthout paper, when de-
sired. IVIr. Doane, as well as his wife, who
assists him a great deal in his work, verynuich
prefers foundation without paper, as it saves so
much time, and the foundation has invariably-
reached them in good order w-ithout pajjer.
LARGE HIVES.

Mr. Doane is amused by any discussion as
to the merits of eight-frame versus ten-frame

662

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

vSepT. 15.

hives. He calls them both small, and a visit
to his yard shows a large number of twelve and
sixteen frame bodies. I can not explain his
system here, but it seems to have some decid-
ed advantages. He says: "It's the honey I
am working for, ' ' and I .should think he gets
it too.

From his place I went to vSaginaw, expect-
ing to visit one or two bee-keepers there, but
failed to see them. I therefore started home-
ward, feeling well repaid for my visit to the
willow-herbers.

AUSTRALIAN LUCERNE HONEY, AGAIN.

BY E. TIPPER.

3/r. Editor:— When, on May 15, 1896, I in-
nocently penned those few fraternal lines to
you containing a few items of local bee-news,
I little thought I was laying mj'self open to
such monstrous charges as appeared in your
issue of May 1st of this year, from Michael
Scobie. Notwithstanding your quite sufficient
reply, I, being accused of " abuse " and " slan-
der," feel I must reply.

I spoke of the lucerne, or alfalfa, because
there had been some discussion in your jour-
nal then about alfalfa honey. In the month
of March, 1893 (our autumn), a flood of
a magnitude not known for at least some
seventy years, swept the valley of the Hunter
clean. It was not till the following August
(our spring) lucerne could be planted ; so in
the summer following (1894-'95), the lucerne
being young, there was very little honey from
that source. The following season ( 1895-'96),
and of which I wrote to you ( my letter being
dated May 15th of that year), the lucerne
gave a 'good flow of honey, but, as I have
stated, it was thin. We vdll now go back.

My place of business is in the most central
part of West Maitland — right in the heart of
this lucerne-growing district. In 1893 I added
to it a honey-depot. Through the flood allud-
ed to, no honey came for my bees. I purchas-
ed honey from the interior, and worked up a
good trade. In 1895-'9() I gathered a few hun-
dred pounds from my own bees ( lucerne hon-
ey) ; also bought locally from several of the
best-known local apiarists, including sections
from Mr. Munday. But it was, as I have
stated, all //?/;/. My customers complained,
and the trade was falling off. I tried to thick-
en it by leaving it in an upper room under an
iron roof, but vidthout avail. While in Syd-
ney I mentioned the matter to a bee-scien-
tist, who replied that lucerne is a clover, and
all clovers yield thin honey. Strange at our
local show that year, honey (said to be lu-
cerne) of a density much greater than my ex-
perience had found it, gained prizes. The
members of my family and I examined it. We
said and say nothing. As I am in no waj^
connected with any supply or queen-rearing
business, but must keep bees or cease to be
editor of the Australian Bee Bulletin, I re-
moved my apiary some 125 miles away from
Maitland, to be among the flowers whose hon-

ey I found to be in most demand among my
customers, leaving my sons to manage my
business.

This year there has been a great lucerne flow
on the Hunter. Lip to the present I have not
tasted the honey ; but at the Musselbrook
show, some six weeks ago, I was shown some
nice-flavored dense honey which I was told
was lucerne honey from Maitland. The con-
clusion I had to arrive at was that the lucerne
yields thin honey the two first years after it is
planted. Then, as Mr. Scobie says, as the
plants become strong and deep-rooted, the
honey becomes more dense. This may be a
very important bit of knowledge gained, that
may come in ver}^ useful to niau}^ an apiarist,
and who may thus become indebted to Mr.
Scobie for attacking me and thus bringing it
out. I have no wish, no interest, no desire, to
disparage lucerne honey. My home, my chil-
dren, and what I have worked for for years,
are at West Maitland, the center of the Hun-
ter Valley, and I intend starting another apia-
r}- there in the spring. I feel sure that all who
read the short remarks I made will saj^ it was
done in the spirit of truth.

Maitland, N. S. W., June 26.

POISONOUS HONEY.

BY T. C. POTTER.

Mr. Root: — I inclose you quite a formal and
exhaustive treatment of the question of poi-
sonous honey, which I cut from the August,
1896, number of the American Druggist and
Pharmaceutical Record. You may have seen
it ; but as it goes into the subject so far, re-
ferring even to ancient classical authorities, I
thought you might prize it and be glad to
copy it in Gleanings, or at least file it
away among your references for discussions
upon this subject, which, like the ghost, nev-
er downs.

Indianapolis, Ind., July 3.

[Just as I was getting ready to start for the
Buffalo convention the above came to hand.
As I have not space to print all of the article
in question, nor time to condense it, I have
asked our stenographer, " W. P. R.," to do the
latter. It is an important matter, and is
worthy of all the space it takes. — Ed.]

The article in question is by Mr. Lyman F.
Kebler, Ph. C, B. S., Philadelphia. ' It is, I
believe, one of the fullest and most compre-
hensive reviews of the subject we have.
While space forbids a reprint of the whole
article, I will mention some of its points.

Mr. Kebler tells the familiar story of the
trouble Xenophon's soldiers had with un-
wholesome honey ; also similar quotations
from vStrabo, Pliny, and others, to the same
effect. Nearly all the references to poisonous
honey point to Asia Minor as being the home
of tlie plants producing it. He says that at
Abaza, near the Black Sea, 25 tons of " mad
honey " is gathered annuall}^ for shipment,
to be added to intoxicating liquors in order to
increase their effect. Perhaps this suggests

IS.t

GLEANINGvS IN BEE CULTURE.

663

" Jersey li_<rhtniii_y; " to the writer, for he iiii-
meiliately says thai not less than eii^jlit cases
were reported in New Jersey hist year (ISi)")).
In one case the poisonin.ij was on a wholesale
scale, fonrleen being- affected, six of them
severely. None dietl. At Branchvillc, S. C,
twenty persons were alTected, three fatally.

In speaking of the Princeton ])oisoninij, the
writer says:

The sections of coinh honey in the writer's hands
were carefully exaniinoi cx'tcinally, and found to
possess a normal pliysical appearance. l)ne section
wouUl not have aroused the least suspicion in odor,
color, or ta.ste ; but another section was quite dark,
reddish brown, possessed a nauseating odor and a pun-
gent, burning taste in the back of the mouth and
throat, in a measure resembling the first .sensations of
aconite. .A. number of persons were invited to take a
little of the honey, its character being unknown to
them : all immediately began to cough, and question
thequality of the prodiict. -V third section wasentirelj-
eaten by the writer and another person in a day and
a half "with no ill effects. A small portion of one
side of the comb posses.sed a mo.st plea.sant flavor,
while the remainder faintly resembled section two
above. The producer was not certain that all of the
sections delivered to the writer were poi.sonous.

^Ir. Kebler then describes the eflfect of this
honey on a cat. He savs:

The animal could scarcely be induced to move; and
when motion was attempted, first the fore limbs would
fail, and then the back limbs would give way. First
one portion of the body would sway in one direction,
then the other portion in another, reminding one of
a highly intoxicated person. Had the entire dose been
retained, death undoubtedly would have followed.
As it was, the cat had regained her normal condition
only at the end of 24 hours.

The physician who attended the persons
afflicted with similar honey, writes:

Only two persons partook of the honey : all the rest
of the family and the servants ale of each of the other
articles served for breakfa,st, and were not in the least
affected. Mr. and Mrs. Chambers took but a small
quantity, yet each noticed a peculiar, pungent, burn-
ing taste in the coml) as soon as it had pas.sed their
lips. In 1-') or 20 niini.tes afterwad Mrs. Chambers
was taken with nau-'ea, abdominal ijain, and vomiting,
soon followed by loss of conscio isness, coldne.ss of
extremities, feebly acting heart, and complete collapse.
While ministering to lier, Mr. Chambers, who had
also experienced the initiatory symptoms of pain and
nau.sea, suddenly exclamed, '• I can not see,"' and .soon
sank in a .state of syncope on the floor. In each case
the symptoms were similar — retching, vomiting,
purging, acute gastric and abdominal pam, and con-
tinued cramps lor some hour.s, with surface coldne.ss,
deadly pallor, and the general .symptoms of collap.se.

No deaths resulted. Many plants are men-
tioned as being noxious, but they seem to be
very rare, and far apart. Kaliuia latifolia is
mentioned as being bad. While this writer
says no case of poisoning from heather has
been reported from Scotland, where this plant
( Ericacccc ) is perhaps the chief source of hon-
ey, he still advi.ses bee-keepers in New Jersey,
where this plant abounds, not to put hives
where bees can have access to it.

The reading of Prof. Cook's article, just
preceding, makes the following quotation
necessary, as it seems to refute, in one par-
ticular, what he says:

When the poison is an alkaloid, as gelsemine, the
problem is easily .solved. The bees simply collected
nectar from certain narcotic plants. But some one
argues that it is impos.sible for these little creatures to
collect and store a poi.son and not be killed them-
selves. There is scarcely a narcotic herb that does
not give support to some form of animal life. What
is nourishment and life to one is frequently poison
and death to another. Many of General Braddock's
horses perished from eating leavesof the laurel during
the month of June. 17.>5, a few days before his defeat,

vet phea.sants will eat an<l thrive on the buds and
leaves of the kalniia latifolia in times of scarcity ; but
their flesh becomes .so iierniealed with the poisonous
principle that persons have frequently been poi.soned
by eating it. Such a large number of cases of poison-
ing from tlii^ ....uir<- al ..in- lime uecurred in I'hiladel-
]ilii:i tli.it 111. in.i\..i \^,|., i,,m)» Ueil to act bv prohibit-
ing tin- 11-.. ul j.li, a ,.1111^ i,,i i,„„l. Again, who can
positively -I. lU- tli.il the iii..rlality of bees is not in-
creased in jjuisoiious pasturage '

All who desire to read the article in full can
doubtless get it by addressing the journal re-
ferred to. It is printed in New York.

NOTES BY THE WAY.

With the Bee-keepers at Rocky Ford and Denver,
Colorado.

BY J. T. CALVERT.

On my way back from California I stopped
four or live days in Colorado. I spent a very
pleasant day at Rocky Ford with Henry F.
Hagen, quite an extensive bee-keeper who has
for several years been supplying the bee-keep-
ers of that vicinity with their hives and sup-
plies. Mr. Hagen produces comb honey ex-
clusively, and uses a section 4)^ inches square,
7 to foot wide, on T tins, in the regular Dove-
tailed super, made )i inch deeper to provide
for shrinkage in their very dry climate. He
prefers this section for much the same reasons
that have been urged in favor of the -1x5x7 -to-
foot Danz. section — it makes a pound to the
box, with a thinner comb and larger comb
surface. He has had no trouble in selling all
the honey he could produce, and much more
that he lias bought in that vicinity at good
prices. In fact, he was behind on orders when
I was there, to the extent of nearly a ton.

Honey in this region is gathered almost ex-
clusively from alfalfa. There was a great deal
of cleome, or Rocky Mountain bee-plant, in
bloom, and bees w^ere gathering some honey
froni it. This honey is darker in color, and
stronger in flavor. The bees seem to prefer
the alfalfa ; and the great areas of this clover,
with the beautiful blue flower, generally fur-
nish abundant pasturage. We visited a num-
ber of bee-keepers in and around Rocky Ford,
most of whom follow Mr. Hagen 's methods. A
few bees might be seen at nearly every farm-
house. I was assured that, within a radius of
five miles, there were at least 200U colonies of
bees. In many parts of the country we should
consider this overcrowding ; but most of these
bees seemed to be getting plenty of honey.
Those surrounded by alfalfa-fields were doing
much better than were others in towm with
less of this source of their best honey near at
hand. This strip of land, several miles wide,
and lying to the ea.st and west of Rocky Ford,
and furnushing pasturage for thousands (and
I might almost say ten thousand ) colonies of
bees, depends upon irrigation almost entirely
for vegetation. As the river leaves the higher
ground to the west it becomes the feeder of
several large irrigating-ditches which follow
the high ground, giving just enough fall to
carry the water. Side ditches and runs dis-
tribute the water all over the ground, convert-
ing the almost barren desert into a rich garden.

664

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept. 15.

Rocky Ford is becoming famous for its mel-
ons, both cantaloups and watermelons. This
year's crop was estimated at about 250 car-
loads of each. It requires about twelve car-
loads of crates, besides man}- thousands of
baskets, to put up the crop for shipment.

Quite a start has been made in fruit-grow-
ing, and this pursuit gives promise of develop-
ing to large proportions, and will become a
source of large revenue to the district. I tast-
ed some plums and peaches which were as fine
as any I have ever seen. The climate of this
section of Colorado is delightful, and much
more beneficial to people with pulmonary ail-
ments than the higher altiiude further west.
On the western horizon, a little to the north,
Pike's Peak may be clearl}' seen, eighty-five
miles distant, with its snow-clad summit 14,017
feet above sea-level. Thither I made my way
after stopping a few hotirs in Pueblo, and
making a call on A. R. Pierce, who furnishes
a good many bee-keepers tributary to Pueblo
with their supplies.

I stopped 24 hours in Manitou, and enjoyed
to the full this brief stay amid its natural
wonders. One who has never seen the moun-
tains can form no idea, from description, of
their sublime and stately grandeur. After
partaking freely of the water from the soda
springs for which Manitou is famous, I pro-
ceeded at once to visit the many ' ' points of
interest." Beautiful streams of clear water
from the mountains, tossing down the canyons
over the rocks, make music delightful to the
ear, and add to the charm of the wonderful
works of God seen on ever)^ hand. One is
well repaid for a visit to the Cave of the Winds,
or the grand caverns. Temple Drive and the
Ute Pass are full of interest. The Garden of
the Gods, with its cathedral spires of red rock,
balanced rock, and other rocky formations, is
worthy of a visit.

The most thrilling experience is a trip to
the summit of Pike's Peak. This we made
on what is called the cog railroad. This road
is about 9 miles in length, and in that distance
rises to an altitude of over 1>4 miles as it
winds up the rocky mountain-side. There
are various ways of making the ascent. Some
walk up, while others ride the little mountain
burros. There is also a carriage-drive of over
thirty miles, reaching to the summit. All of
these take more time ; and as my time was
limited I chose the quickest route. Unfor-
tunately it was a cloudy day, and the view
from the summit was thereby much obscured.
It was a magnificent view, nevertheless. To
get a bird's-eye view of the country for hun-
dreds of miles in every direction is an experi-
ence rarely enjoyed. The Cripple Creek gold-
mines could be' distinctly seen to the south-
west, only about thirty miles away on an air-
line. There is a U.S. observatory on the
summit, and the thermometer stood at S8
degrees when we were up there about noon.
The train on the cog road makes two regular
trips to the summit each day ; and the Pike's
Peak Xeci'S, containing the names and ad-
dresses of all on board, is printed at the half-
way house while we are up the peak, and sold
to the passengers on the return trip.

My next stop was in Denver, where I spent
two days meeting face to face those whom I
had long known through correspondence and
in a business way. I found that the L. A.
Watkins Mdse. Co., who had succeeded Bar-
teldes & Co. in handling our supplies, had
done a fairl}' good business considering the
conditions which existed last season. Frank
Rauchfuss, secretary of the Denver Bee-keep-
ers' Association, and manager of the bee-
supply department in Watkins' warehouses I
found to be a very pleasant and engaging
young man of considerable experience as a
bee-keeper. In company with him I visited
Mr. W. L. Porter, who has some 900 colonies
of bees in various apiaries near Denver. Mr.
Porter produces both comb and extracted hon-
ey, the larger part, I believe, being extracted.
He has a local market for all he secures, much
of it put up in glass for retailing. I was
agreeabh- surprised to find in the number of
places where I stopped throughout the West,
so good a home market for choice honey at
very fair prices.

Mr. Porter has been carefully testing hives
of 8 and 10 L. frame capacit}', and comparing
them. He at one time seemed to be in favor
of the 10-frame size ; but this year his prefer-
ence is for the 8-frame. His honey is gather-
ed chiefl}- from alfalfa, and is beautifull}'
heavy, and light-colored. When one works
up a trade in such honey, and is always care-
ful what he puts up, to see that it is only first
class, he may be sure of a permanent and
growing demand, and at good prices.

I spent a number of pleasant hours with J.
C. Frisbee, who, in comj^au}- with his father,
R. K. Frisbee, is engaged in putting up honey
in glass jars and selling to the retail trade
both comb and extracted honey. Their honey
seems to be lighter in body, and to remain
liquid 1 inch longer, than most alfalfa honey
whicli I have seen, judging from the samples
which 1 examined.

Many bees in the vicinity of Denver were
afflic'.ed last year with a peculiar malady
which wasted away some apiaries entire ; and
some whose bees were not entirely destroyed
were so discouraged by the experience that
the}- sold out at a great sacrifice. This dis-
ease w-as mentioned by R. C. Aiken in an ar-
ticle on p. 479. I found, when I reached
Omaha, Neb., and stopped there with R. M.
Lew-is, one of the principal bee-keepers of that
city, tliat the bees there this year seem to be
affected in the same w-ay as those w^ere last
year around Denver. The disease seemed to
affect the bees in much tUe same way as paral-
ysis, and yet it seemed to be more fatal, strong
colonies wasting aw-ay in a very short time.
It was confined to a limited area about Den-
ver last year, and this year in Omaha the bees
affected are mostly within a radius of five
miles. It has puzzled the bee-keepers, and is
puzzling them to this day to know- the cause.
There are large lead and silver smelting- works
in both territories aff'ected, and some have as-
signed the cause to the poisonous gases from
the smelting-works. But if that were the
cause, why should it not operate every year ?
It is surely something that should be thorough-

ISDT

GLKANINGS IN BP^E CULTURE.

ly iii\osli.y;;U(.Hl, tor it is a source of very great
loss to tile bee-keepers subject to its ravaj^es.

Deuver is a very line city, beautifully located
in sitilit of the mountains with their sunnnits
of ])erpetual snow. One ])eculiarity of Den-
ver ivhich stands out in marked contrast to
any other town or city I have visited is the
fact that all its I)uildin,y;s, including the dwell-
ing-houses clear out to the suburbs, are either
brick or stone. No wooden structures are in
sight anywhere. This gives the city a solid,
substantial look. Wooden building-material
has been expensive because it must all l)e im-
ported, while brick and stone are ])lentiful ;
besides, a city ordinance is no doubt the chief
cause of the ab.sence of wooden buildings.

On my trip through Iowa I made E. Kretch-
mer a short call, and found that he, like the
rest of the bee-supply manufacturers, had had
a good trade the past season. I also spent a
da}- in Des Moines and another in Chicago ;
but I shall have to defer till the next issue the
account thereof.

SUGAR SYRUP FOR BEES — HOW MADE.

Question. — Will you please tell us in the
next issue of Gl?:axings how to make sugar
syrup for winter stores for bees ? I think you
have given your recipe for syrup for winter
feeding in some of the bee-papers before, but
I can not turn to it just now. The season did
not turn out as well as we were promised at
first, and hence may of us will have to feed.

Ansivcr. — Years ago we were told of many
plans to make a feed of sugar that would ans-
wer for winter stores for the bees ; but upon
using most of the plans I found them to be
failures along certain lines, the one most com-
:non being that the syrup would crystallize in
the feeders and in the cells after being fed.
Not being .satisfied I went to experimenting in
diflferent ways ; and while studying over this
matter it occurred to me that, years before,
during some experiments made to prevent
honey from granulating, I had used sugar
in one of these experiments, which syrup had
accomplished the desired end, that of keeping
the honey liquid when cohl weather came. I
said to myself that, if sugar syrup would keep
honey from granulating, why would not hon-
ey keep sugar syrup from crystallizing? vSo
the next batch of syrup was made as follows :

Fifteen pounds of water was weighed out
and put into a tin vessel of suitable size. This
vessel was then put over the fire till the water
was brought to a boil, when 80 pounds of
granulated sugar was poured in, stirring the
same briskly while putting in, so that it would
not settle and burn, as such sugar is sometimes
liable to do if not stirred. The stirring was
kept up till the sugar was partially dissolved,
when it was left over the fire till it boiled

again, when it was skimmed if inijnirities
arose. It was then taken from the fire, when
') jjounds of good thick hone\- was ])oured in
and stirred for a moment or two, so that the
whole should be mixed thoroughly. , This
honey ])roved to l)e just what was needed, for
syrup thus made remained li(|uid day after
day, when not fed to the bees immediately, al-
though with this formula the syrup was near-
ly, if not quite, as thick as the best honey.
And I found that, after keeping it for .several
months by way of experiment, it proved as
good as ever, not crystallizing or souring at all.
Thus I had a feed that was easily made, and
that would remain good whether in the hive or
out ; and after years have passed I use the
same whenever the season has been so poor
that I am obliged to feed in the fall.

The honey first used was extracted basswood
honey ; but of late years I have used that
whicii has accumulated from the wax-extract-
or, no matter how badly mixed or of what
color. I find that honey coming from the so-
lar wax-extractor, by way of a little honev be-
ing in the bits of comb and wax placed there
for melting, is always the nicest kind for any
manner of feeding, no matter what the color
may be, for the heat of the sun so ripens and
thickens it that it is always prime for winter
.stores. If no honey can otherwise be had,
that from partly filled sections will answer.

PREVENTING SW.A.RMS IN AN OUT-APIARV.

Question. — If you were going to run an out-
apiary for comb honey, how would you man-
age to prevent swarming ?

Answer. — Well, as I have an out-apiary that
is run for comb honey, perhaps I can answer
this by telling what I do at that out-apiary
each year. If I wish any increase I proceed
as follows : Placing a hive all rigged with
frames filled with foundation or empty combs,
on the stand of one of the populous colonies
which I think may be getting ready to swarm,
I next .set the sections from the old hive on
the new, when I proceed to shake all of the
bees ofi" their combs and out of the hive, let-
ting them run into the hive I set on their for-
mer stand. I now place the combs of brood
back in the hive again and carry the whole to
the stand of another populous colony, setting
this last colony on a new stand from 10 to 100
feet distant. The sections are now put on the
hive of brood, into which the bees returning
from the field are now pouring. When they
find that this is not their old home they are
som.-what homesick ; and if their old home is
nearer than ten feet, many of these bees will
find it, and, setting up the joyous hum of
" home is found ! " will call most of the bees
away from the brood, which is not a desirable
thing ; hence I place the removed hive 2-i feet
or more away if it is possible to do so. I gen-
erally carry along with me some nearly mature
queen-cells and give this made colony one of
these in a queen-cell protector. This protect-
or keeps the bees from destroying the cell till
they realize their queenless condition, which
happens a little before the cell hatches, so
that, when the queen emerges, she is kindly
received, and in due time becomes the head of

666

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept. 15.

the. colon}-. In this way one new colony is
made from two old ones ; all desire for swarm-
ing is broken up, unless the season of surplus
honey is long drawn out, while all three are
in the best possible condition to store surplus,
after a week or so has elapsed. If I wish no
increase I tisually cage the queen just before
the bees think of swarming, leaving her caged
for ten days, when the hive is opened, the
bees shaken from every frame, so as not to
miss any queen-cells, when all siich cells are
cut off, which makes the colony hopelessly
queenless, except for the queen in the cage.
If this queen is a good one I use her ; if not, I
give them a young one brought with me from
my queen-rearing yard, or obLained elsewhere.
But, no matter what queen is used, I proceed
as follows : After removing the stopper from
the cage coHtaining the queen I wish the colo-
ny to have I insert another, this latter one
ha\4ng been prepared beforehand by boring a
^ hole through it. Into this hole is stuffed
all the candy (such as is used in shipping
queens) that it will hold, and the hole should
not be less than one inch long. Having the
queen and cage thus fixed, the cage is placed
in some frame having a little vacant space
free from comb, near the bottom ; or if none
such is found, I make a place large enough,
when the hive is closed. To eat through this
candy takes about five days, or the colony is
without a laying queen for fifteen days, which
time I find amply sufficient to stop all desire
to swarm. While no eggs are being laid for
the fifteen days, still the colony has a queen
all the time, and, so far as I can see, w-ork
goes on in the sections nearly or quite as well
as if the queen were out at liberty.

^■^id^^rm^§f^

WHY SO MUCH WHITE CLOVER THIS SEASON ?

PAPER IN FOUNDATION ; SOWING

SWEET CLOVER, AND WHEN.

In Stray Straws, page 549, you speak of the
wonderful growth of white clover this year,
and as to the cause. I think it is accounted
for by the root growth during the dry seasons
when the clover scarcely appeared above
ground, but was gaining in strength under
ground from its long rest. F"S" '-?'^"*®^^

You did well to conclude to retain the paper
in the packing of foundation. ^j*^^ ■ ' *]

If Dr. C. C INIiller will lay the material for
sections on the grass under a good large apple-
tree he will not need to use any water in the
grooves, and the sections will be much nicer
in folding.

In regard to the sowing of sweet clover, as
per inquiry on page 573, you can safely sow in
spring as early as the ground will work well,
sa}- in March if possible. The ground should
be well plowed and harrowed before the seed
is sown, and once harrowed after sowing.

Then the groimd should be well firmed, as
Peter Henderson would say, if living. I find
it a good plan to take about four or more
horses, and hitch them abreast and drive them
back and forth over the ground until it is
packed solid. If driven in straight lines the
foot-marks of the horses will cause the clover
to come up in rows, and will insure a good
crop. This wa}- of putting in clover of the
kind mentioned' has proven the best in the dry-
lands of Kansas ; and, if the ground is dry, I
think it will be a great help anvwhere.
Cuba, Kan., Aug. 11. W. H. Eagerty.

THE OPERATION OF TUB HONEY-HOUSE POR-
TER BEE-ESCAPE.
We inclose herewith a proof of that better
engraving of the honey-house escape that we

"W" f^

%^

#

> « « « V

c ♦ e © 0 .

have spoken of several times. The original
photo of this is, in our opinion, the most diffi-
cult thing ever accomplished in the line of
photographing live bees. If you question it,
we should -like to have you try your hand at
improving it. R. & E" C. Porter.

Lewistown, 111., April 24.

THAT NEW BEE - DISEASE ; HOW THE BEES
"EVAPORATED" IN ANOTHER CASE.
I see that you would like to hear from par-
ties in regard to the. new bee-disease. Bees
were in fine condition here the first of July.
We never had a better prospect. Hives were
boiling over with bees. Some had commenced
in the supers. I examined them again about
the 10th or 12th of July. Now, you no doubt
have examined a colony as soon as they have
cast a rousing swarm. That is just as near as
I can tell 3^ou how things looked the 10th and

IS!*:

(iijvANixcs IN Ri-;i-: cri.TrRi-

rJlh of July lasl. \'crv tew iloail hcfs wciv in
front of the hives. The weather was very
wann about that time, or some or most of tlie
brood mi-rht have become chilled, for there
were not enough bees left to cover the combs.
Que^Mis, larvie. and brood .seemed to be per-
fectly healthy.

Bees in a circle of two miles seem to be
aflFected, some more and some less.

.\t present writing bees are still reduced in
numbers. Out of ")0 stands there is not one
pound of surplus honey in the vard.

On page 5.V) Mr. Whitcomb tries to make
us believe that too much cold water is the
cause of all our troubles. Now, did j-ou ever
hear of such a thing as pure water hurting bees
in the month of July? He says, further on,
that the water from the mountains in Colorado
is cold, and that the bees drank, and were
chilled. Now, it is facts that we want — no
guesswork about it.

There is something wrong with the bees
here now ; that is one fact. I am not going
to tell you what is the matter. I am like Dr.
Miller — I "don't know." Jas. Rae.

Petersburg, Xeb., Aug. 12.

[I talked A\nth "Sir. Whitcomb in regard to
this very matter, at Buffalo. He stated that
the water coming from the mountains, as it
does, is very cold, and his experience has
shown that ice-cold water is very injurious to
bees. I do not know that I am competent to
speak for him on this question, and therefore
will ask him to write further as he mav see
fit.— Ed.]

OBJECTIONS TO SOLDERING FRUIT-CAXS FOR
HONEY PURPOSES.

I have been reading Mr. Aikin's articles and
your comments on pages -107-409, and 443, '4,
in regard to honey-packages. It seems to me
the fruit-can idea will be the cheapest; but
the soldering of the top strikes me as incon-
venient, both for the producer and the con-
sumer. Fruit is generally used up at once
after being opened; but honey will in most
cases last for some time, and consequently the
can will have to l)e tied up in some way to
keep out impurities. This is impractical.

The grocers here sell an article called " but-
ter oil," put up in quart fruit-cans. These
cans have a small tube soldered on the top,
through which this oil can be emptied. The
tube on top is about }4 inch high and 1 X to
1% inches in diameter. It has a cork about
}i inch thick, and above the cork the tube is
fillerl with wliat seems to me to be plaster
Paris. From 12 to 24 cans are in a box that
is just high enough to hold can and tube on
top. If the hole in the top of the can is
punched ouhvard, \ / and the tube sol-
dered around this -~ii c^ beard, then the
can may be perfectly drained of its contents.
Besides the tiibe on top of the can there is a
wire ring, by which the can may be carried.
It seems to me a can of this description ought
not to be much higher in price than the com-
mon fruit-<:an, and may be of some use till
something better makes its appearance. At
anv rate, I believe it will not hurt, and mav

be of some bcMulit if you consider this kind of
can before vou go into manufacturing any
kind. II. Kai.sch.

\'nielan(l, N. J., June 19.

[The difficulty of soldering up cans is not as
great as you think, friend R. The very cheap
soldering-kits now on the market, with direc-
tions accompanying them, make the operation
of soldering the top on to the can a compara-
tively simple one.

The idea of u.sing a tin neck on a can, with
a cork, is very good; but the objection to any
such thing as that is that it sticks up above
the top of the can, and it is not practicable to
tier one layer of such cans on top of another
in one box. Cans that are soldered, however,
are flat on top and bottom, and can be very
easily packed in boxes, with little or no dan-
ger of leakage. — Ed.]

POOR SEASON.

Noting the large crops of honey all over the
land, I can say that w-e are not in it. Out of
35 colonies, spring count, I had 8 new swarms,
and 5 starved to death at this date. I took
from one to ten sections from eleven hives,
and that is all dark and bitter. I have not
opened the 1000 sections sent me last spring.
Honey-flow ends here June 1st. No sale for
the little I have on hand. As I must feed, the
little will come in handy. J. H. Ali^en.

Box Elder, Va., Aug. 5.

BEES CLUSTERING OUT ; TILTING UP THE
HIVE-COVER.

I see from a note in Gleanings that you
are somewhat troubled about your working
bees clustering on the outside of the hives in
very warm or hot weather. Now, for your
benefit, and it may be for other bee-keepers',
I will state that I solved this question several
years ago here in the South, and I see no
reason why my remedy will not work equally
well in the North. You could visit my apiary
the hottest days that we ever have here (and
many of my 200 colonies stand in the sun),
and you could at any time find but few bees
outside.

I work for extracted honey, and use the ten-
frame standard Dovetailed hive, two stories
high. If at any time bees begin to cluster
outside I know the cause is heat and want of
ventilation. I raise the rear end of the hive-
cover one inch or less, according to the in-
tensity of the heat, with a small block or a
wedge-shaped stick. This will start a current
of air through the whole hive, and the bees
will soon proceed to business.

J. W. Winder.

New Orleans, La., Aug. 11.

[The tilting-up of the hive-cover is quite an
old idea. vSometimes it work.s and sometimes
it does not — at least that has been my experi-
ence. But, friend Winder, don't you think
that the tilting-up of the cover, while it may
cause the bees to quit clustering out, may be
letting too much heat escape? The super
should be very warm — the warmest part of the
hive. The method I advocated for making

668

GLEANINGvS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept. 15.

the bees go into the hive does not call for
cooling air-currents through the supers.— Ed.]

HOW TO MAKE YOUR OWN BEE-FEEDER.

I have kept bees for over fifteen years, and
have always made my own bee-feeders— first
wooden boxes and lately a kind of pepper-box

;^^3

feeder that does not cost me much, and will
answer the purpose better than any that I
have before seen or seen described. No doubt
many a bee-keeper who has old fruit-cans or
the like lying around woiild like to know of
some good use he could put them to. To such
I will describe my method of converting them
into bee-feeders.

First take a quart or 3-lb. can, such as toma-
toes or canned squash is put up in, and cut
out one end, if it is not already out, and solder
on to this end a screw top pricked full of holes
like Fig. 3. You will find the screw top that
you will want, mentioned iii Root's bee-keep-
ers' supplies, page 24. Get the 4-inch cap.

Fig. 4 is a feeder completed. After the
screw top is .soldered on to the end of the can,
Fi''- 4, it is inverted and pushed through the
hole of a box or base. Fig. 2 ( which is made
for the purpose), far enough so the screw top
will be on the under side of the box, the re-
mainder of the can being above, as at Fig. 4.
This box is about one inch high, without bot-
tom, and is made in this way :

Take a sheet of tin a little over 6 inches
square, and cut into it about one inch, and
clip part of the corners out as shown in Fig. 1,
and then the sides are bent over where the
dotted lines appear, which forms the box.
You will see some dotted lines on the lower
side, which should be bent out where these
dots are, and the ends of this part bent down
so as to form a lip that will slide into the
entrance of the hive. This projection is shown
at Figs. 2 and 4. I use these, either as en-
trance feeders by putting the projection into
the entrance so no robber-bees can molest the

feed, or it can be placed on the frames inside
of the hive. As there is no bottom to the base
I can fill the can with syrup, screw the cap on,
then invert it and place it where wanted, giv-
ing the bees access to the perforations, and it
will work on the atmospheric principle, so that
the feed will run out no fa.ster than the bees
can take it. It will hold one quart and half a
pint. I have in use larger
ones that hold a gallon,
made on the same princi-
ple, or nearly the same, out
of the gallon cans that are
advertised on page 24 in
your catalog. I make the
can tight so no air can get
in ; and, after making an
opening, and soldering a
screw top (the screw top can
be placed on the end or side
of the can over the opening),
I solder a strip of tin one
inch wide around on the
under side of the can, so as
to raise it up and have it

answer the same purpose

'— -.- that the base does to the
^-' other. I make the projec-
tion by soldering on a nar-
row strip of tin against an
opening made for the bees
to get under on the under
side of the tin rim.

J. L. Hyde.
Pomfret Landing, Ct., May 14.

LANGSTROTH MONUMENT ; ANTS A NITISANCE
IN K.\NSAS.

Inclosed please find amount for the Lang-
stroth monument fund. I should like to say-
to you that the monument should be made of
stones that would be low and heavy rather
than slim and tall, for the reason that they
should last for all time, as it were. I should
like it if the upper stone of the monument
could be made in the shape of a bee-hive, say
like the chaff hive put up by the A. I. Root Co.

In looking over the ABC of Bee Culture I
find in regard to ants that they will do no
datriage ; and in proof of the assertion we read
they did not trouble the hives containing
old honey. Now, old honey is not the nectar
from the flowers that new and fresh hone}- is,
as I understand it. The ants out here get up
a raid on a colony, and, like Grant in the Wil-
derness, the}- get all the help the}- can. The
raid is made in the night time, and the morn-
ing sees all the bushwhackers at home again.
I tell you it will not always do to let them
have the field to themselves. I use a crusher
made like a man's slipper, but made of wood,
with the bottom shaped like an old log canoe,
or dugout. Attached to the wooden foot is a
long handle. I run the crusher sidewise over
the ground, and crush the ants quite fast. I
find that after a rain is the best time to crush
the ants. I do not get rid of them all, but I
keep the numbers down so that the bees can
master them. The little black ants are the
worst.

1S>)7

c.i.i'ANiNtivS IX Hici'; cn/riRi':

COMlt-lUII.I)lN(; AND WINC, SOl'NI).

Vou will fuiil ill llic A H C of Hee Culture,
pa.ne 177, fortieth lino, "As nearly as I can
(iisoovcr, ihcv moist ju the thin ribbons of wax
with some sort of llnid," etc. Don't they use
tlie acid from the sac wherein they carry the
poison, to hel]) them work the wax? and is
not that the cause of their jumpinjj about so,
and lettin,y; the comb stand in a partly finished
state nnlil the poison becomes ditlused in the
atmosphere, and they can jjo on with the work
ajjjain. On paj^e '2'.\0, UJth line, you .say again
that "the sound is ])roduced by the wnngs."
I think it is produced by the air-pipes — the
ones used to inflate the air-bags, and which all
bees use to fill themselves with before taking
flight. These things are of little consequence ;
antl if I were writing for publication I would
not mention them ; but I wish you to give
them your attention and make of them what
you can. Wm. H. EagerTv.

Cuba, Kan., Aug. '20.

[You are perhaps right in both of your sug-
gestions. I would refer them to Prof. Bruner,
of the Nebraska State University, at Lincoln,
Neb.— Ed.]

WIXTERIXG IN THE DANZENBAKER HIVE.

The question was asked at the bee-keepers'
convention at Buffalo, if my hive would winter
bees as safely as the Langstroth, with deeper
brood-frames, which measures 10 inches from
top of hive bottom to cover. My hive has a
deeper space, "s inch, under the frames, with
>^-inch top-bars in brood-frames, making 8><
in. net from hive-bottom to hive-covers, only
1 yi in. less than the L. hive, and 6^ in. depth
of comb surface, or o/i/v 1% in. less than the
S-frame Dove, hive, which has 1088 sq. in.
of comb surface, while the ten Danzenbaker
frames have lOSO inches of comb surface ; and
being nearer square, and more compact, with
thick closed-end frames and closed air-spaces
forming '2'/^ inches protection at the ends of
combs, must have the advantage under like
conditions as a safe wintering hive.

In Gleaxixgs, March 1, 1890, p. 1(58, ap-
pears a report of the Wisconsin convention, b\-
A. I. Root. In this report, as an allusion to
the B. Taylor shallow hive and its safe winter-
ing, Mr. Root says of it :

Mr. B. Taylor, of Forestville. Minn., contributed a
good deal to the meeting. He brought a model of his
bee-hive, which he ha.s had in use 25 years or more.
He calls it the " Handy " hive. Foully "ij years ago he
formed the idea of having the surplus apartment ex-
actly like the brood-apartment— that is, so far as size
and'shape were concerned. Of cour.se. the brood-combs
would have to be made shallow in order that they
might answer tolerably for holding the frames small
enough for surplus. Accordingly he makes all stories
of his hive .so as to hold a frame' only 4% inches deep.
This depth was decided upon from the fact that fence-
boards tj inches wide were always to be had, of pretty
fair lumber, and at a comparatively low price. The
hive is made with beveled joints, to keep out wind and
rain, and to keep them in place, very much as I de-
signed the Simplicity hive originally ; but his hives
are (as mentioned) only about half the depth of the
regular Simplicities. As he makes the hive square
instead of oblong, the shallow frames contain from
three to four pounds of comb honey. He has a special
mode of manipulating them .so as to get large yields
of surplus comb honey, and, al.so, so as to manage
artificial swarming in a very expeditious and certain
manner. He winters in the cellar, and prefers only
onf stoiy for wintering, even with combs onlj' 4%
inches deep.

I think It may be .s.iid, that, if frames H-,' in
deep winter bees .safely, one 1 y^ will ;'"and
when the inside dimen.sions differ only ] ^< in
there can be no difference under like condi-
tions ; but as my 10-franie hive is more com-
pact, and nearer .square, than the 8-frame L
hives, with both ends better protected by the
space of -ly. in. from outside to edges of the
combs, it must be safer as a winter hive as
many reports have shown. See my book
" I'acls about Bees," j). (il. ' '

I'. Danzenbakicr.

frmWgENCOURAGINil. ^fe|

Bees have done well this season. I have
extracted as much as 200 lbs. per hive.
Usbon, Tex., Aug. 14. J. D. Givexs.

I have 120 lbs. of comb honey from one

hive that did not swarm. How is that for a
poor locality ? r Stkhi e

Marietta, O., Aug. 11. " ' "

1 have some hives from which I took off 98
lbs. of honey, June 28. I think they will have
/Olbs. more. q. p: WiTTE

North Amherst, O., July o.

This closes one of the best seasons for honey
that this section has ever had. Almost every
bee-keeper's bees have done well. My stock
did excellently. Dr. S. H. Hurst

Laconia, Ind., Aug. 12.

My bees did well this year. I have taken
up to date 4o00 lbs. from 100 hives : shall eet
6000 or 7000 lbs. this season. I am going to
sow one bushel of horsemint seed I had
some sown this year. I think it paid

Elmont, Tex., July 30. J. p. Teel.

LARGEST CROP EVER HAD.

I have the largest crop of honey I ever had
-white clover. I had one colony that made
90 lbs. in sections, as white as snow If it
ever clears off I shall have another crop from
goldenrod. I have about 100 basswood-trees
but they didn't have any blossoms on this
y^ll- Millard Mapes.

Monroe, N. Y., Aug. 5.

*''T''' .m"/'"^^'^' ^^' ^^^ SPRING, increased TO

8; 119.00 WORTH OF honey; and "more

TO follow."

I have had success beyond expectation I
started last year with one stand of bees- have
increa.sed from same, and have to-dav 8 stands-
received a big spring crop, and am assured of
a good fall crop, as my supers are about full
and some are being capped. I sold honey
from my spring crop, amounting to «19 00-
and still had plenty for my family. Vow I
have the fall crop. I never had any experi-
ence before in bee-keeping.

„, ., . M- M. Ander.son.

bt. Louis, Mo., Sept. 7.

GLEANINGvS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept. 15.

Stirring hone}' very much unnecessarily is
:apt to make honey candy prematurely, said
J. F. Mclntyre, of Fillmore. Cal., on the floor
oi the Buffalo convention.

E. A. Wander, of Hartford, Conn., at Buf-
falo, gave the result of an experiment of his
with 8, 10, and 13 frame hives. As I remem-
ber it, his 8-frame colonies gave him an aver-
age surplus of 37 lbs. of honey ; his 10-frame
colonies 56 lbs., and his 13-frame colonies 113
lbs. Perhaps in another locality the result
might be very different.

Mr. E. T. Abbott, of St. Joseph, Mo., at
the Buffalo nieetiug, said that, in his opinion,
it was a wrong notion that the small bee-keep-
er and the farmer and the amateur bee-keeper
were the enemies of the specialist honey-pro-
ducer. "Why," said he, " they are our best
friends." The product that they put on the
market could not compare with what he
could produce and sell, and he thotight they
actually helped him to make sales at a much
higher price for his honey.

A NEW IDEA.

In a paper that R. C. Aikin sent to the Buf-
falo convention, he put forth the rather start-
ling idea that, in his opinion, it might be more
profitable to take extracting-comb, cut out the
honey and all, " sqush " the honey out of the
combs by passing them between rollers, and
then melting the wax. His point was that ex-
tracted honev was going down in price, and
wax going up ; that wax and honey, sold sep-
arately, would bring more money than if the
combs were extracted in the ordinary way, and
preserved. This met a protest on every side,
and it was mainly to the effect that wax in
combs is much more valuable to the bee-keep-
er than the same wax in cakes.

A SAD AFFLICTION AT THE HOME OF W. Z.
HUTCHINSON.

When we saw our friend W. Z. H. at the
Buffalo convention, looking brighter and hap-
pier than usual, little did any of us imagine
the sad blow that he was so soon to be called
upon to endure. We have been aware for
some time past that both his good wife and
daughter Ivy have been suffering from a pe-
culiar mental affliction ; and we knew, too,
they had been sent to a sort of asylum for
treatment. On the Saturday afternoon after
the convention, Aug. 28, the mother, it seems,
had a sudden stroke of her old trouble ; and
before friends could interfere she had chloro-
formed little Fern, only five years old, and al-
most succeeded in taking the life of the af-
flicted older daughter. Of course, she is now
in charge again of the asylum, where she

is supposed to be in safe keeping. This is one
of those very sad affairs for which we can
hardly call anybody to blame. Mrs. Hutch-
inson was supposed to be much better, and
had been at home some time, if I am correctly
informed. May God help our afflicted broth-
er through this his great and terrible ordeal. —
A.I. R.] __ _

DEATH OF DR. JESSE OREN.

About the time I first turned my attention
to apiculture (August, 1865), Dr. Jesse Oren
also became interested in introducing the
Italian bees in his locality, Laporte City, la.
He soon became, with myself, a frequent con-
tributor to the American Bee Journal, then
newly started, and for many years his name
was almost a household word among bee-
keepers. Some of you will remember that,
during my visit to Florida, I was most pleas-
antly entertained at his residence in Daytona.
When I offered some apology for going to a
private home when I was obliged to be partic-
ular, and, as it might seem to some, fastidious,
about my diet, he and the family hastened to
inform me that it would make them no extra
trouble at all, for the doctor had been obliged
for years to abstain from everv' thing contain-
ing the least particle of starch or sugar. His
trouble was diabetes. When I asked him in
regard to the matter, he told me he should
live but a short time unless he were thus par-
ticular in regard to his diet. Of course, they
gave him all the variety the}- could without
overstepping the line that through years of
suffering had been mapped out by himself and
by the advice of other physicians. He was a
devoted Christian, and was ready to go when
the Father called, for he had been many long
years living a life of "thy will, not mine, be
done." His death occurred Aug. 26, in the
73d year of his age, in Laporte Cit}', la. From
a local paper we quote :

Examination shows death to have been cau.sed by
suppuration of the gall-bladder, due to the presence of
a large gall-stone, and an abscess of the upper portion
of the left lung, the result of pneumonia.

Dr. Oren was a man of considerable wealth,
and I think he told me in conversation that
the greater part of it had come either directly
or indirectly from bee culture. He produced
large crops of honey year after year for so
long a period without failure that he has been
quoted largel}' as an example of what per-
sistent care and attention may do in our in-
dustry. For many years past, on account of
his health, he has been passing his winters in
his beautiful home at Daytona, Fla. — A. I. R.

THE EFFECT OF PREMATURE PREDICTIONS
OF THE HONEY-FLOW.

Mr. p. H. Elwood, at the Buffalo conven-
tion, expressed regret that the editors of the
bee-joul-nals had predicted a remarkable honey
j^ear when subsequent reports seemed to show
that the season was not as good as had been
expected. The effect of this advance talk he
thought had been to lower unnecessarily the
price of honey.

There is truth in what he said, and I am will-
ing, so far as GLEANINGS is concerned, to

GLKANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

jilcaii guilty — at least to some extent. I'roni
Mr. IClwood's staiuii>oiiit, t>r, in fact, from the
staiuli)oiiU of any hee-keeper in York State,
the s.-ast)!! had not been as i;ood as the last ;
but in other States I think it has been ver}-
nnioh better, if we except also the basswood-
jjrowing re.nions of Wisconsin, Iowa, and Min-
nesota. All throu<a;h York State I found that
clover had done very much better than it did
last year ; but the entire failure of basswood
very materially dro]:)])ed the jj^eneral average.
It is easy to see that those States that have
generally secured good cro])s from basswood,
owing to the absolute failure from that source,
have not had, comparatively speaking, as good
a crop as last year. But the great majority of
locations throughout our countrj' have given
far better averages, as basswood does not grow
in those places.

This suggests a cjuesLiou : Suppose there
could be no question al)out it of honey-flow
being much better than for years past — would
it be wise to ])ublish the fact? or would it be
better to let the situation be known ? I must
confess that, so far as we are concerned, our
predictions for the future will be conservative
rather than otherwise.

SHIPPING COMB HONEY.

A GOOD deal of discussion took place at the
Buffalo meeting regarding the best methods
for shipping comb honey by freight. Several
took the ground that it was bad policy to put
cases of comb honey in a large protecting-
crate ; that the honey was more liable to be
broken in such crates than when piled loosely
in a car on straw. Others insisted just as
strenuously that they never had success in
shipping hone)- till they used these protecting-
crates. Among those who advocated putting
the cases in a car without the crate were Capt.
J. E. Hetherington, Dr. C. C. Miller, and quite
a number of others. These latter, /. e., those
who advocated the non-use of the crates, very
often ship in lar^e lots and in carloads ; when
the cases are piled up solidly in a car ( combs
piarallel to the rails) there is not very much
liability of the honey being broken. On the
other hand, when honey is shipped in small
lots, say in five or ten cases, it seems to go
better in a crate, especially if it is transferred.
But :Mr. S. A. Niver, of Groton, N. Y., made
the point that those heavy crates holding, say,
ten or twelve cases, are pretty sure to be han-
dled in York State on two-wheeled trucks.
The crates were put on them the long way ;
and as they are trundled from one car to an-
other the combs are jolted when held on at an
angle of 45 degrees, aiid the wrong way at
that, and this causes the breaking out when
they used crates. It was hard for me to recon-
cile that statement in view of the fact that we
had always had better success by using the
crates than when we did not use them. When
I went through York State I noticed that they
used two -wheeled trucks where we in the
central and western portion of the country use
four-wheeled ones. On the latter, crates hold-
ing ten or twelve cases would be handled just
as they should be — in a horizontal position.

On two-wheeled trucks, these crates would be
trundled and bumped over the plank ])lat-
forms at an angle of 45 degrees, as explained.

THE BIG BUFFAI,0 CONVENTION.

1*11 !•; Buffalo convention, while perhaps not
the largest in point of numbers (and I do not
know but it miglit have Ijccn the largest also),
was one of the l)est conventions I ever attend-
ed. It certainly was a most representative
meeting. There were bee-keepers present
from California and tlie West, from Cuba,
from all over New England, from different
parts of the South, from every portion of
York State, and from all over Canada. There
was that extensive bee-keeper from California,
Mr. J. F. Mclntyre, who has 000 colonies all
in one apiary; and there was the editor of the
California Bee-keeper; that distinguished bee-
keeper, O. O. Poppleton, from Florida ; E.
Whitcomb, from Nebraska; l-'red L. Craycraft,
from Cuba. There was also present from New
York, Mr. W. L. Coggshall, who runs lo out-
apiaries aggregating something like 1000 colo-
nies; P. H. Elwood, having a similar number;
Capt. J. E. Hetherington; and — well, I don't
know how many more. Besides these bee-
keepers with their great i-anches, as we might
say, of bees, there were a good many more
who owned colonies aggregating anywhere
from 300 to oOO in number. Then there were
the professional men, and the bee-keepers
having anywhere from 10 to 100 colonies.

The convention hall was pretty well filled
most of the time; and, barring a little passage
at arms at one of the sessions, every thing
passed off very pleasantl}'.

One of the special features of this conven-
tion were some grand talks from Capt. J. E.
Hetherington, said to be the most extensive
bee-keeper in the world ; J. F. Mclntyre, of
California ; G. M. Doolittle, almost the un-
crowned king of the convention ; -' Fred L.
Craycraft, a bee-keeper who has achieved no
small distinction in Cuba. And then there
was plent}' of good-natured sparring between
Drs. Tilason and Miller ; Messrs. Abbott, of
Missouri, and Doolittle, of New Y'ork ; Hon.
E. Whitcomb, of Nebraska, and others whose
nanies do not come to mind just now. Wit
and humor, intermingled with song, spiced
the whole convention.

No small prai.se is due to Mr. O. L. Her-
shiser, of Buffalo, for the beautiful room he
secured for iis in one of those sky-scraping
buildings, top floor, and the excellent enter-
tainment, in view of the great crowds in the
city on account of the G. A. R. encampment.

Unfortunately, the convention had no re-
porter. The one who had been secured dis-
appointed us at the last ; and supposing the
report was being taken I took no notes; but I
am just conceited enough to believe I brought
home .some ideas, and I hope to sprinkle them
into our columns in the forthcoming issues,
as time and opportunity may suggest.

♦Doolittle "brought down the house" a number of
times Vjy his happy speeches ; and later on a strong
effort was made to make him president, butjhe declin-
ed with thanks.

)72

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept. 15.

APIS DORSATA AT THE BUFFALO CONVENTION.

It will be remembered that the Ontario Co.
Bee-keepers' Association, made up of bee-keep-
ers of Ontario Co., N. Y., passed a resolution
recommending the general government to se-
cure the giant bees. This resolution, aft^r be-
ing published, received some unfavorable com-
ment, both in the American Bee Joiinia'. and
in these columns. At the Lincoln convention
a counter-resolution was passed, to the effect
that the members of the N. A. B. K. A. did
not approve of the idea of asking the govern-
ment to send an expedition for the big bee of
India. Shortly after I myself said a good deal
against what I termed the " scheme," honestly
believing that it would be better to use the
money that the government might see fit to
give in the interest of bee-keeping for experi-
mental work rather than to pursue after a will-
o'-the-wisp — a bee about which we know very
very little.

On the second day of the Buffalo conven-
tion I could easily see that there was going to
be a fight over the matter. The Ontario bee-
keepers present at the Buflfalo meeting, and a
good many others of the York State bee-men,
were anxious to secure the passage of a resolu-
tion from the United States Bee-keepers' Union
favoring an attempt on the part of the govern-
ment to bring Apis dorsata to our shores.

I had had some previous correspondence
with some of the York State bee-keepers,
prominent among whom was W. F. Marks, of
Chapinville, N. Y. In one of his letters he
said he would be glad to enlighten me in
regard to the "dorsata scheme," as I had
termed it ; and that he hoped he might have
the pleasure of talking with me on the matter
at the Buffalo convention.

The result of the conversation, both with
him and with others, showed that the govern-
ment was willing to make some effort to get
Apis dorsata to our country, but that it was
nol Tvilling to give us money for experimental
or any other purpose. Messrs. Marks, Ritchie,
and others, in our private conference, could
see no reason why we should oppose the idea
when the government had plainly indicated
its willingness to secure for us Apis dorsata,
and when it had so positively declined to do
any thing else. Why not ask the government
to do what it felt inclined to do? The upshot
of the whole matter was, that a compromise
resolution was passed to the effect that the U.
S. B. K. U. assembled at Buffalo favored any
attempt to bring the big bees here.

Just what course the government will take
remains to be seen. In the meantime The A.
I. Root Co. wdll go on with its plan to get the
dorsata. If our scheme fails, then we may be
very glad to get government assistance ; and
it is very possible that our man and the gov-
ernment appointee may together be able to ac-
complish what either' one alone could not.
Possibly the government could do no better
than to select our man ; if so, we shall gladly
give him up.

In any case, it is not proposed to bring dor-
sata into a northern climate, but to take them
to some point in the South, say Florida. Mr.
O. O. Poppleton has signified his willingness.

not only to take care of the bees, biit to give
them every attention.

WHAT I SAW IN YORK STATE ; THOSE IM-
MENSE FIEI.DS OF BUCKWHEAT.

Just before this issue goes to press I man-
aged lo get home from my trip among the
bee-keepers of the East, and just in time to
get in a few editorials. I have not space in
this issue to tell a tithe of the ideas that I
gathered in York S.ate and in Rhode Island,
for ideas were just what I was after.

For the present I can only say this: That I
visited some of the largest bee-keepers in the
world, and witnessed their methods of man-
agement. Several told me I must see W. L.
Coggshall and his lightning operators. Last
year he took 78,000 pounds of honey, and this
year 50,000. To see those men work, yank-
ing the combs out of the hive, and again
yanking the honey out of the combs, was a
revelation to me. I'll tell you about it later.

Yes, I have been in locations where from
one hilltop could be seen as many as 5000
acres of buckwheat-fields. I have been in
counties where there were all the wa}' from
2000 to 3000 colonies. I was in one location
(Boomhower's) where bees had access, within
a range of three miles, to 5000 acres of buck-
wheat-fields.

I have known before that New York was a
wonderful hone}- State; but I believe I have
had my eyes opened wider than ever before.
Why, just think of it ! single county conven-
tions in York State being able to nnister up
125 bee-keepers! I managed to take them all
home in my Kodak, and I'll introduce them
later. With the possible exception of Califor-
nia, York State has more bee-keepers and
more colonies to the square mile ( I was about
to say to the square inch ) than an}- other place
on the globe; and I am not sure that even Cal-
ifornia should be excepted.

Now, lest any of you think it would be a
good place to migrate to, I want to tell you
now to stay where you are. Generall}- speak-
ing, the whole of York State is overstocked
vdth bees; and any "tenderfoot" who should
go into that State thinking he might get a
generous slice of some desirable territory not
now occupied would be very much mistaken.
Why, it seemed to me as if every farmer kept
bees, and quite extensive apiaries too.

In order to cover as nuich territory as pos-
sible I used the bicycle, and both steam and
electric cars; and even then I had to skip by
many a bee-keeper I had hoped to visit. For
instance, I had to pass by ]\Ir. Egbert Alexan-
der, of Delanson, N. Y., notwithstanding the
fact that I actually passed through his place
on the train ; but for want of time I just had
to go on. Well, I was told last year that this
man, with his 900 colonies, secured 400 barrels
of extracted honey ; but these barrels held
only about 1(50 pounds each, I believe. But
figure it up for yourself and even then you
will find it gives an enormous crop in the
aggregate — 32 tons. And let me wliisper in
your ear that, so far as I could learn, the
region round about Delanson is very much
overstocked; and in saying this I am telling

(;i,i-:.\NiN(;s ix hick cn/rrRic.

(.uli

the exact truth. I shoiiM be doing a ver\'
j^roat injustice to York Slate hee-kecpers were
1 to paint the iielil in such nlowini^'^ colors that
it would ]>roduce anoth -r Kh>ndikc or Okhi-
lionia rush of bee-keepers.

Well, I have .secured photojjrai)hs illustrat-
int;' ajiiaries and varii us new-fangled iileas ;
and in future issues of Cii,H.\NiNGS I propose
to give in detail soni.nhing of what I have out-
linetl above.

F. D.\XZKNH.\KER.
We herewith present a half-tone portrait of
Mr. V. Danzenbaker, of Washington, D. C,
taken on his OOth birthday. Havitig never
used tobacco in any form, nor suffered a day's
illness since his eighth year, he is to-day as
active as most men of fortv. He inherits

from his father and grandfather, who owned
300 colonies of bees in West Jersey, over 60
years ago, an all-absorbing interest in bees
and apicultural pursuits. He says every day
in the apiary is for him pleasant recreation,
ha\'ing combined bee-keeping and farming
until, in his 50th year, he is satisfied to be
known as a farmer bee-keeper.

Having spent many years experimenting to
ascertain the best hives and methods for the
production of comb honey he has brought out
and patented some valuable improvements in
hives and appliances. After using the Dove-
tailed (or lock-cornered) hive eight years
himself, he brought a finished model to us
and gave us the first order for Dovetailed
hives made in our factory. Since then he has
brought to our attention the D. case, named
by IIS after him.

The little book, entitled "Facts about
Bees." contains much very valuable informa-
tion in regard to a variety of operations in
•caring for bees, invaluable to a beginner, and
well worthy a careful reading by the veteran

bee-keeper, even if he does not agree with Mr.
D. in regard to the best system for producing
comb honey. Indeed, it contains as nuich
anil as valuable matter as some bocjks on bees
we have seen published and .sold for 2.") and .")0
cts.; yet this will be sent you for .simply a 2-ct.
stamp to ])ay postage.

Mr. Danzenbaker, who has been spending a
few days in Medina since the Buffalo conven-
tion, would like very much to hear from all
those who have tried his hive the past season.
Write him at Wa.shington, D. C, offering sug-
gestions or criticisn)s as you may have any to
offer, telling him how you have succeeded
with the hives.

GR.A.DING HONEY.

It is really amusing to .see the way different
people interpret the same grading-rules. In
order to secure uniformit}' of grade so far as
possible, we have printed on a slip a copy of
the grading-rules suggested on p. otiB, Aug" 1 st
GLH.A.XINGS, together with instructions for
packing honey for .shipment, one of which we
send to each party to whom we make an offer
for comb honey. The sample shipments
which have come in, each graded (or repre-
sented to be graded) b}' those rules, are a
study. The A No. 1 grade from one man will
show up better than the fancy from another,
and yet I have no doubt that both endeavored
to grade to tlie rules to the best of their abili-
ty. It seems to be next to impossible to make
a set of grading-rules that shall be sufficient-
ly simple, and at the .same time explicit enough
to be so correctly understood that a mixed lot
of honey would be graded practically the same
by every bee-keeper who should undertake it.
We feel as if we were no better off than we
were without any rules at all, except, perhaps,
that the honey is subdivided into classes,
where before, many times, we received it all
mixed together.

There is a great deal for bee-keepers to learn
along the line of putting up their honey in the
best possible shape for market. Those who
are the most careful about grading are, as a
rule, the most careful in their methods of pro-
ducing honey ; what they secure is all of a
better average grade than'that of their neigh-
bor who is more careless and slipshod in his
management. We have decided that, in order
to know what grade we are buying, we irmst
see the honey, or a sample crate of it, before
we can be safe in filling orders by making
direct shipments from the producer to the cus'-
tomer. There is just as much difference be-
tween customers as between producers in the
matter of grading. As evidence, here is a
case. A Michigan bee-keeper from whom we
have bought honey several years sent a crate
of honey to a customer in Illinois. On receiv-
ing it, he wrote as follows :

The honey you shipped came here in splendid con-
dition ; and" to .say I was plea.sed with it would be put-
ting it mildly. In fact, I never saw prettier honej-.
When I need some more I'll know where to send for
it. Fred H.a.ssm.an.

East Alton, 111., Aug. 18.

The same producer sent another shipment to
another customer, and he was very much dis-
satisfied. ' J. T. C.

674

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept. 15.

me another of those thrills I have tried to
describe. And this view impressed me the
more because it indicated at a glance that man
had actually triumphed over the constant
effort of the' el-nu-n s to tear down and de-

dreer's gardening under glass.
Ever since I have been engaged in garden-
ing—I might almost say ever since I have
been engaged in business— I have had at dif-
ferent times a longing to see a whole acre — a
whole square acre, if you choose — entirely
covered with glass, so one could go about and
feel that he had elbow room and still be pro-
tected from vnntvy blasts. This longing was
for the first time gratified when I caught a
view of Dreer's immense establishment.

The group of buildings form a square, or
pretty nearlv so. The shape of the roof is
shown in the cut. Every thing is glass, up
above the frost-proof wall, wliich is perhaps 3
feet high. The ventilators are along the ndge.

Cut No. 2 gives you a view of the interior.
The gutters are supported by a U-shaped iron
frame that looks hke a door^vay. See cut.

You ^\all notice from the engraving that
these U-shaped doorways are arranged so as
to assist in supporting the beds. Said beds
are all made of iron, and supported by iron
posts. The corners of the beds are rounded,
as you notice, for strength, beauty, and to
avoid bumping against the sharp angle. The
bottom of the beds is slate. In fact, there is
nothing alDout this building to catch fire and
burn up, and no insurance is carried on the
plant. The framework is of metal pipes, as
you will notice. The.se pipes are filled with
water, and a hose can be attached at any con-
venient point, thus giving water in abundance
without anv special piping for it. The heat-
ing-apparatus is shown beneath the beds, and
the capacitv is sufficient to protect perfectly
the expensive contents of one of these green-
houses. I said to our guide :

"My good friend, can you tell me in round
numbers about what it costs to inclose a square
acre as we see it done here ? "

"Well, we have five houses just hke this,
each one inclosing an acre; and I believe they
estimate the expense of each one at just about
$25,000." ^ .

"Well, that is about what I expected it
would be ; and, if I am not mistaken, the
beautiful plants that have entirely filled and
occupied every foot beneath this glass are
worth almost as much more."

"Just about twice as much, Mr. Root.
These rare and costly palms and other high-
priced plants are worth from two to five dol-
lars each."

Dear friends, it is impossible for me to un-
dertake to describe the beauty of this exotic
garden under glass. The mechanical arrange-
ments and construction of the building are
perfect, and the plants were each and every
one models of thrift and beauty. I did not
before realize that there was such a structure
or such an arrav of beautiful plants anywhere
on the face of the earth. The sight of it gave

stroy. No wonder our good friend Dreer wasj
able to write that little book that has prove '
so taking during the past 3'ear — "Vegetable
Under Gla.ss." Now, it is one thing to build
such a structure, and it is another thing to ge'

1897

GLKANIXC^vS IN BP:K CUI/nRK.

a man who will keep it ruiiniii}^ so as to pay
exjienses — high-pressure jranleniutf indeed —
and a high-pressure )iniii or men to hold the
wliole institution ///> to tlie high-pressure point.
Now I want to give \-ou a bird's-eye view of
the whole group of buildings, five in number,
as shown on next page.

The plant has been gradually built up, as we
might expect ; therefore there are several
minor greenhouses that were built and in use
before the other great structures covering an
acre each.

You will notice at the right-hand front cor-
ner there is a group of cold-frames with sash

The one a<:re I have ' i ' ^ i

the foreground at the It 11 1 ml Uiitit \ u
see the chimney rising ab^^^e. M} impies,-i>^).
was that one chimney and oi:'; set of boilers
warmed the whole five acrt-s : but as I now
look at the picture I think I was mistaken.

1 tlum Ilu\ hue e\idently planned
tliL^c \er\ much is I plan my quarter-acre
uuvLr glass. The beds are of such convenient
length' that the sash can be piled up at each
end without cjirrying them a very long dis-
tance. What do you suppose those neatly

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept. 15.

kept beds contain just in front of the <^re;n-
house, on the lower margin of the picture?
Wh}^ they are rows of strawberries where
they are growing potted plants. If 1 remem-
ber correctly, the first row was our old favorite,
Marshall ; then I saw Brandywine, and other
names familiar, on the neitly printed labels.

Norfolk Island pin?. This pine attracted mj-
attention both iiT California and in Florida. I
have been told it is found nowhere else in the
world exc2pt on that one island, and that it is
quite difficult to grow them anywhere else
outdoors. The minute my eye caught sight
of several hundred of these magnificent little

Some of these labels aciuallv came hnm The
A. I. Root Co.

Near the upper right-hand corner was a sort
of greenhouse covered with lath. It made me
think of the pineapple plantations in Florida.
This structure contained potted plants of the

trees, tastily arran.iied in beds hke a systematic
garden, I uttered an exclamation of surprise.

" Why! will these trees actually grow in the
open air in this climate? "

" Not quite in the open air, Mr. Root. You
see we have them partially shaded by the

1S'.)7

(M.ivAxixos IN ri-:k cn/ruRK.

slatted covering overhe;ul. Tliev will not
eiiihire a low temperature, neither can they
stand the hot sun ; hut with this amount of
shade we have disco\-ered they do nicely, as
vt)u see."

Oh how I did want one of thos.^ beautiful
plants I Rut it would he expensive to get it
home, and then I am afraid it would never be
cared for ami,! the rush of business round
about the Home of the Hon.y-bees.

Oh, dear me ! after going all the way to
I'hiladelphia, and taking a whole we,;k at
that, I was admonished that, if I carried
out my program, there was only about ten
minutes left before train time. Our guide
replied :

" Oh I but you i//!/s/ taka a glimpse at the
acpiatic plants, if nothing more."

And then we went down hill a little piece
where there used to be an uglj- swamp or
quagmire. Mr. Dreer had spaded out several
square water-beds, and made walks between
them on solid ground. Instead of a garden
with raised beds, we had h 're a garden with
sunken beds ; and in these beds w-as every
variety of water-plants, such as water-lilies —
(so I should call them ) — in full bloom, almost
as large as a dinner-plate, and of almost all
colors. Some of them had great green leaves
floating on the surface of the water, as large
as a small umbrella ; and the / 'ictoria regia
had the edges of the leaf all turned up some-
thing like the edge of a jelly-tin, to keep the
water from running over on top of the leaf ;
and this arrangement makes the leaf so buoy-
ant that a young lady has safely stood on it
without sinking.

I believe H. A. Dreer has the reputation of
standing at the head of all growers of exotic
plants in the United States ; and in some
respects I am inclined to think his glass
structures are not excelled if equaled by those
of any other man on the face of the earth.

MV PICKLE STORY.

Some time in the month of August I had
been feeling that I must have a wheelride ; so
I arranged business for an absence of two days.
But the Weather Bureau and barometer both
said rain. In fact, it had rained a little — just
enough to lay the dust; but it was cloudy, and
the air cool, so I decided to start out and take
the consequences. I got about lo miles from
home, and was enjoying myself hugely, sing-
ing, as I bowled along.

Praise Cod, from whom all ble.ssings flow.

I changed my course a little to dodge the
thunder-clouds ; but it looked to me as if the
thunder-clouds changed their course also. I
was obliged to seek shelter once, then twice,
and I began to meditate going back home.
But the soil changed, and there was not very
much mud. Then I came to a muddy streak,
and became pretty nearly discouraged ; but I
got through it, and was congratulating myself
that I was all right after all. Finally I came
to a spot of very tenacious claj-. The road
had recently been worked clear over from one
ditch to the other. There was not a chance
to pick my way on either side ; and the grass

up l)y the fences was soaking wet, and nearlj-
two feet high. The wheel would have to go
in the road or not at all. I got about half
way through the bad spot, and final Iv the
mud began to pile up; and so nuich collected
on the frame I could scarcely j)usli it ; and
when I essayed to walk, my bicycle shoes
went down almost over their tops. I could
neither go backward nor forw u'd ; and, in
fact, I was in a "pickle." An<l this is the first
part of my ])ickle story. ■

Some distance ahead a railroad crossed my
road. I knew if I could reach that railway 'l
could ride after a fashion between the rails.
I managed to get out of this "Slough of
Despond;" but by the time my wheel was
cleaned off from that sticky clay, it was get-
ting to be about supper-time; and the amount
of strength I had expended in trying to force
my way through and out of the niud'made me
about ready for supper, you may be sure. I
got on along the railway track verv nicely,
and soon arrived at the little town of Sniith-
ville, Wayne Co., O. While I was eating m}^
supper — that is, after my hunger was partly
appeased— I noticed the' people at the table
were talking about pickles, and I was just
thinking I might tell them something of one
"pickle" that came in my experience that
afternoon. Then they began discussing bushel
boxes. vSomebod}' said :

"Well, now, you may be pretty si*re that
Root's bushel box is all right. ' He is too
careful a man to go ahead and make them by
the carload unless he has them exactly right';
and I tell you his box will stand law — vou
may be sure of that."

" I wonder how much business the Roots
are doing this year, any way," said another.
And then followed some other remarks that
made me think I had better show mv colors.
Said I :

"Look here, friends; before vou go anv
further perhaps I had better tell you that'l
am one of the Roots myself; and if I can help
you in regard to the matter of the size of the
bushel boxes, or any thing else, I am gladlv
at your service, esp'ecially since I have had
such a nice supper."

Well, they were very glad to see me indeed;
and when I told them I thought I had better
stay over night they wanted me to go over
and see their new pickle-factory. A great
building has been erected. In fact, the whole
thing was started since April. A great pickle
combine in Cincinnati had volunteered to
build a factory, equip it, and furnish a com-
petent manager, providing the farmers round
about vSmithville would guarantee to grow
500 acres of pickles. The company agreed to
pay said farmers 40 cts. a bushel for pickles
not exceeding .'5>^ inches in length. .All that
were permitted to grow more than ?>>^ inches
in length were to be sold for 12>^ cts. abu.shel.

Now, so far the contract was very pleasant ;
but before the company would go to work to

♦Constance accuses me of doing reckless things
when off on my wheel — getting lost, and the like, in
order that I may meet with spicv adventures. If .she
is right, I had found what I wanted this time, sure,
for this adventure included spice, and a pirklc besides.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept. 15.

put up the factory they demanded a donation
of 112.00 spot cash for every acre put out to
pickles ; that is, the man who furnishes the
pickles must pay the company ;fr2. 00 for each
acre. The question naturally arose, "How
many bushels of pickles can be grown on an
acre?" Now, boys, we who have been in
high-pressure gardening know something
about it. If you have the ground just right,
water just right, and iveather just right, no-
body realh' knows how many bushels of
pickles an acre might produce. Six thousand
dollars in cash is a good deal of money for
farmers to scrape up and pay to the pickle
combine. But I r'.u.led:

' ' If you paj' all the money that is required
to build the factory and equip it, of course the
institution belongs to the 300 or 400 farmers
who furnish the mone5^"

But somebody said very quickly, "Not so.
The company will not go ahead and do a
thing until we have raised the |6000. Of
course, we do not have to pay any thing
another j-ear. After the building is up and
in operation then we get 40 cts. a bushel for
our pickles, without any further payment on
our part. They won't go ahead and put up
the works an}- other way."

Now, friends, this does not seem to me quite
right. It savors too much of the swindle that
the Rural Nciv -Yorker people have called
the "t:reamery sharks." But on the other
hand it may be that even a great pickle com-
pany would not want to furnish the capital to
put up buildings in an out-of-the-way country
place like this unless the patrons did some-
thing toward it. You will have to decide for
yourself in regard to the right and wrong of it.

The building is 210 teet long hy l-)0 teet
wide, covered principally with barn boards,
leaving cracks as in an ordinary barn. It is
not necessary to have the building frost-proof,
for pickles can not freeze when in the brine —
at least, that was my understanding of the
matter. The building contains 81 great tanks
sufficient to hold 1000 bushels each. The
tanks stand directly on the ground. They
rise perhaps o feet through the upper floor.
The pickles are taken in at the upper floor
and dumped into the tanks. The farmers
bring them in in bushel boxes ; and here the
discussion came in as to how large a box
should be to hold just a bushel. I believe
they adopted our bushel box. Pickles were
coming in all along the evening, that had
been picked during the day. Eight of these
great tanks were already full; in fact, I saw
8ooo bushels of piekles. It requires 40 Isarrels
of rock salt to each thousand-bu.shel tank.
After the salt is shoveled on, the tanks are
filled with water, and the pickles are then safe
until the}- are wanted to put into vinegar.
Only the best grade of white-wine vinegar can
be used in order to have pickles that will keep
indefinitely without spoiling.

I inquired if there were not a good many
farmers who would not succeed in raising even
the |12.00 worth from an acre. They told me
there were, undoubtedly. In fact, some of
the 500 acres have been abandoned already.
There were other men who had got their 112.00

back from their acre, and quite a little besides.
I saw 3^ of an acre right in the town. It was
a rich garden soil. This had already furnish-
ed pickles enough to make a good thing of it;
and with suitable weather they expect to have
pickles for a month or more from the same
pa.tch. I asked about the largest yield they
knew of from a single acre, and I believe
somebody secured last year for the Creston
pickle-factory 200 bushels from an acre ; but
this was doubtless by some one who is an
expert in high-pressure gardening .

Our Neighbors.

Beloved, let us love one another, for love is of God ;
and every one that loveth is born of God, and know-
eth God. He that loveth not, knoweth not God ; for
God is love. — I. John 4 :7, 8.

These words were given us b}- the beloved
disciple. I have often thought of him, not
only as beloved but as a loving disciple. He
was a brave and a bright man, but at the same
time he was a peculiarly affectionate and loving
one. We know he was brave as well as affec-
tionate, because he was the only one of the
twelve who pushed his way clear to the foot
of the cross and stood there while his master
was crucified. Yes, and he was rewarded by
hearing that same beloved master bid him
look after and take care of the poor bereaved
mother. It was this John who has so much
to saj', sooner or later, about love. In the
langtiage of our text he winds up by saying,
" God is love." This fourth chapter seems
specially devoted to love to God and love to
each other. Now, let me confess to you that,
in my earlier years, or, say, when I was a boy
in my teens, I used to dislike to hear people
talk about love. I do not know but I got
something of a dislike toward the Scriptures
because they have so much to sa}- about love.
From my point of view I thought it sounded
' ' soft " — or, as the bo3-s and girls say nowa-
days, " spoony." It might do very well for a
mother to love her babe or for the babe to love
its mother ; and as I got along toward man-
hood I do not know that I had any particular
objection to men and women loving each oth-
er ; but I had a sort of feeling that they should
talk about it when they were alone — try to
keep it out of sight, as it were. When people
talked about uie>i loving each other it some-
how or other conveyed the idea to me of men
kissing each other ; and, by the way, I sup-
pose it is all right and just the fashion in some
cotmtries. Yes, even here in America — at
least in some parts of it — I am told that male
relatives, when they have not seen each other
for a long while, have a habit of kissing each
other as women do. Perhaps I might as well
own up, while I am on the subject, that I am
not yet converted to the fashion of promiscuous
kissing, especially before folks. I once heard
somebody say that a young woman should
keep her lips for her husband or for her affi-
anced lover ; and I do not know but I would
advise young men to do as much. Of course,
this would not prevent a boy from kissing his

1S!)7

GLKANINGvS IN BKIC cn/rURK.

()70

mother or sister, or allowing thetii to kiss him.
There is not much danjrer that boys will la-
come too well acquainted with their niotlurs
and sisters. Rut let us now tjo hack to this
idea of lovinij each other.

When somebody explained to me that lo\e
meant iiiari/\\ and charity meant love, or at
least pretty nearly so, that put a sli,i,ditly dif-
ferent construction on the matter. When I
got to be a business man, and met other busi-
ness men, I must confess I was inclined, as a
good many l)usinL;ss men are, to laugh at
Christians, and to call them soft and silly.
And, by the way, I still think that many of
the expressions used in prayer-meeting — at
least some of the stereotyped expressions that
zcetr used in prayer-meeting when I was a
bo}- — are rather unfortunate. I think the
Endeavor Society has done very much to
change these things, and to make religion a
practical common-sense ez'cry-dav business
matter. The sentence prayers that have been
recently introduced are a grand improvement
over the long stereolyp.^d prayers of years gone
by. May be I am " Iniilt that way," as the
boys say ; but a sentence praytr is often aboiit
all I can handle and comprehend at " one
dose." I do not mean to say that those long
old-fashioned prayers were not good. As I
came to understand them better, after I be-
came a Christian myself, I was many times
impressed \nth the sublimity and grandeur of
the thought expressed. It was often, how-
ever, " away up in the skies ; " and when the
good old deacon who uttered those sublime
and lofty prayers cheated his neighbor in
trading horses — why, I lost faith. I do not
think this happened very often ; but I do
think the prayers of olden times were further
away from the practical lives people lived
then than the prayers of the present time are
from the lives we are living. Some of the
older readers of Gleanings can remember
when I first got a glimpse of what the religion
of Jesus Christ and Bible teachings really
mean. Let me explain a little In- an illustra-
tion right here.

A few days ago a man ordered some buck-
wheat, and asked particularly to have us tell
him all about preparing the ground and sow-
ing it, for he was entirely new to the business
and wanted us to be sure to send him our cir-
cular on the cultivation of buckwheat, as it
was so late in the season he would have to go
at it at once and get the seed in as soon as re-
ceived. The seed went promptly by the first
train ; but his request for that circular, and
his explanation that he knew nothing about
growing the plant, were entirely passed by.
The clerk who receipted the money said she
supposed they alwaj-s put a circular in each
bag of seed. The man who sent the seed said
he thought the clerks in the office answered
his request. Now, we have arrangements to
prevent just such omissions as this ; but some
way or other his kindly request, accompanied
with the cash, received no attention of any
kind. Then he wrote again, explaining that
his seed was received, but not a line of direc-
tions. I was a good deal stirred up, and re-
monstrated. I said that, on general princi-

])les, everybody wlio has a hand in business
should have cnougli /oz<c for his fellow-man so
Uiat he would not do things of this kind, and
I think still I am right about it. (Genuine
love toward oin^ neighbor is worth more in
business and everywhere else in life than any
thing else /;/ llir -vorhi. I hope you have all
read Drummond's little tract, " The Greatest
Thing in the World," for he agrees with me
exactly. Paul tells us in that wonderful chap-
ter, that, if we give all our money to the ]:)Oor,
and our bodies to be burned, and have not
this kind of love, it amounts to nothing.

Now, please excuse me for taking myself as
an illustration. Years ago growing buck-
wheat was a hobby of mine, as you may know.'
I asked questions of farmers, got suggestions
and hints from the readers of Gleanings,
and put the whole of it in pamphlet form. I
told you how to grow buckwheat before sow-
ing wheat, so the buckwheat crop would cost
almost nothing. I gave other short' cuts and
discoveries to the man handling it. I watched
the printers as they set up the type for that
circular, and read it carefully again and again;
and then I said that every purchaser of buck-
wheat might have one free of charge ; and
every time I saw a letter asking for that circu-
lar on growing buckwheat it gave me a pleas-
ant thrill. I said to myself, " Won't this fel-
low be pleased when he sees in his circular all
that is known about growing buckwheat, es-
pecially if he ivants to know?" Well, for
years past, whenever anybody has asked any
sort of question about buckwheat, I have
greatly enjoyed mailing him a circular. It
would be impossible for Die to forget any sort
of request for it. It is my hobhy, you know.*
Mrs. Root says this may be all true, but that I
have no right to expect that other people will
be " enthused " over each one of my hobbies.
She said my clerks would have to be more
than human if they were. I replied that it
was only good sound common sense to be en-
thused over what brings you 3'our daily bread
and butter. Just another point :

My enthusiasm over how to grow buck-
wheat made me in love with people I had
never seen. Of course, it was a kind of " love
at first sight." Now, some people do not be-
lieve in love at first sight. I do. I believe we
ought to feel in love with people we have nev-
er seen, everv- day. W'e ought to fall in love
with them, not the first time we see the per-
son, but the first time we see a letter from
him. We should be glad to find somebody
who needs help. In that beautiful parable

* Two things occur right here. The first is, that no
particular credit is due me in this matter, for it was a
sort of negative virtue. It was the outgrowth of my
strong bent for hobbies, and for riding them to the
uttermost. The second point is this: There is no kind
of advertising in the whole wide world that can com-
pare with this sort. A man may get out circulars of
the most expensive kind, and he mav sow them broad-
ca.st, and spend heaps of money in advertising his
busine.ss ; but if he has not this love for his fellow-
man — love at fir.st sight, as I have called it — for some-
body who wants to have his questions answered pa-
tiently, his advertising amounts to almost nothing.
As I look back over the years, I believe no one thing
has done so much to build up our business as this mat-
ter of answering patiently, promptly, and thoroughly
every inquiry, even in regard to the'little details.

680

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept. 15.

about the good Samaritan, the summing-up of
the Master's teaching was that every human
being is our neighbor ivhen he is in trouble.
If somebody is in trouble or distress, the
Christian should forget all former differences,
all circ'-un stances and conditions, and spring
to his rescue. I am inclined to think people
do that a good deal nowadays. If a man
were among thieves we would go to his relief.
If he were a thief himself we would help him
first and have him arrested afterward — that is,
if he needed arresting.

Now, when this matter of love is presented
to the world in that light, nobody objects to
it. If a man wants to hire a clerk, and he is
told the clerk is a Christian, he may or may
not think that is a recommendation. It de-
pends upon whom the employer is ; but when
he gets acquainted with his clerk, and under-
stands that his professing to be a Christian
means that he is instantly " in love " with
evervbody who patronizes his employer's es-
tablishment, then the employer says, "All
right ; that is good. If that is what you mean
by religion, give us the religion — send it
along — can't have too much of it."

Just last week two of us were spinning along
toward Niagara Falls. It was between four
and five o'clock in the morning. All at once
there was a .sharp report, and the tire of my
companion's wheel collapsed in an in.stant.
Our program was suddenly broken up. Near
by, however, was a ticket-office of the Niagara
Electric Car Line. The agent said there would
be no train until about nine o'clock that
would carry wheels ; but we could go to the
Falls right away without the wheels. We
finally decided to send our wheels back to
Buffalo so that they would be in readii:ess for
us after we had visited the Falls. The agent
assured us they would be in Buffalo long be-
fore we reached there. On our return we saw
our wheels right in front of the office where
we left them. He did not send them down
during the afternoon, and we waited for them
till eleven o'clock at night in order to have a
spin next morning. The wheels did not come.
We wanted the agent at Buffalo to trace them
by wire, but he said they could not do it.
Then we wanted him to send a message by the
car-driver, to be sure to bring the wheels in
by the first car on the freight department. He
could not do that — in fact, he could not (or
would not) do any thing. When we were
ready to leave Buffalo my companion made a
trip back to La Salle and found the wheels
just where they were left. He rode one and
led the other ail the way to Tonawanda. Now,
the agent of this electric car line, it seems to
me, was remarkably destitute of the kind of
love the apostle John is talking about. After
he had got our money he did not care any
thing aboiit us nor about our wheels. He
would not even take the trouble to write a
postal card saying the freight apartment was
crowded was passengers, and had been ever
since we left. The agent at Buffalo was the
same sort of man. Notwithstanding the plain
positive promise given us that the wheels
would be in Buffalo before we were, he thought
that very likely the best thing we could do

was to buy another ticket back to La Salle,
and get our wheels home in any way we chose.
You may say this company was responsible.
Very likely ; but it was easier and perhaps
cheaper to go after our wheels and bring them
home than to fuss or bother with the trolley
company.

Heretofore I have bsen speaking of the lack
of this Christian love : let us now turn to a
pleasanter side of the matter. At a recent
meeting of our Anti-saloon League, in discuss-
ing finances some wonder was expressed at
the exceeding liberalitj- of a young business
man in the northern part of the State. A
n:ember present said :

' ' Yes ; and strangest of all he is the son of
a saloon-keeper."

But another person who was present prompt-
l_v added :

"You are wrong, Bro. . He is not

the son of a saloon-keeper. He used to be ;
but by the grace of God his father has dropped
the business and will nevermore touch it
again."

At this point a Methodist minister from
Cincinnati (Rev. James P. Mills) arose and
spoke something as follows :

"Dear brothers and sisters, notwithstand-
ing the great amount of urgent business to be
got through with this afternooon, I think we
can afford to consider briefly the little story I
have to tell you. While I was pastor in the

city of , in the Northern part of Ohio, I

once invited a young man to sing in the choir,
whom I knew to be of intemperate habits. I
discovered he had a fine voice, and was trying
to get some chance to make an effort to save
him, as his father was a saloon-keeper. He
.seemed pleased with the invitation, and sang
exceedingly well. But the next day my best
soprano singer tendered her resignation, say-
ing that, when things had got to such a pass
that men were invited to sing when their
breath smelled so strongly of liquors that one
could scarcely stan<l near them, she thought
it was time to 'draw the line.' I was in a
dilemma. I visited the young man, and had
a long talk with him. In fact, I had several
talks. He gave up his drinking, and contin-
ued to sing in the choir. He was finally con-
verted, developed wonderful abilities for busi-
ness and in other ways, and ver\' soon per-
suaded his father to give up the terrible traffic,
and now is a magnificent Christian worker ;
and out of the gratitude of his heart he is now
giving regularl)^ these generous donations to
our cause."

Dear friends, what do you think of a love
like that? As his former pastor spoke, we
could hardly repress the tears. It was his
love for the unlovable that prompted him to
reach out and plead so earnestly for one in
the hands of the enemy; and it was this same
love in the heart of the rescued one that
prompted him to reach out in a similar waj-
for his old comrades ; and, through our Anti-
saloon League, for thousands upon thousands
throughout our beautiful State who are going
down to ruin in the way he would have gone
but for that faithful pastor.

(■.i.i-:anin(;s in m-.v. cn/rrRi-

STRAWBERRY-GROWING, NO. 2.

The beds I described in our previous issue
will |irohably b? used for ijrowing ])lants to
set out in the fields rather tlian for producinji;
fruit, although by far the finest fruit can be
secured by this same ])lan of sub-irritjation.
When your beds are all full of plants, as they
will all very quickly be providing you follow
up the work without any neglect, you will
probably need to set them out in the open
ground. This plot of ground, be it large or
small, should be thoroughly underdrained. The
objection to sub-irrigation in the open air, I
have already given. When you have potted
plants to spare, put them out in ground well
worked up and fertiliz m1, in rows 4 feet apart.
I would put tlie plan s about a foot apart in
the row. Run through them with your hand
cultivators or horse cultivatois, keeping the
ground constantly .soft and mellow, and free
from weeds. When runners put out, pot them
exactly as we described in the beds, using the
jadoo fiber described in our Sept. 1st issue, on
page 048.

In order to facilitate cultivating, every time
you go to work potting plants, stretch a string
on each side of the row. Now, have this
string as near the mother-plants that are put-
ting out runners as you can, and have just the
young plants potted inside of the string, and
3-et arrange to have no two nearer than five
inches from its neighbor. We do this in order
that we may keep running the cultivator clear
up to the line made by the string. The space
between the plants mu.st be kept mellow, and
free from weeds, by some of the various hand
weeders. Below is a cut of an excellent one
for this puq:)Ose.

er it shall be more valuable plants, or .■j.impl}-
grow big berries and more of them. By the
wav, perhaps I .should say that, while you are
gr(nving ])lants, all /'n(!/-s/c//ts shoidd be clip-
ped oiT. Von can not get th ■ finest plants if
you let the mother-plants that are .sending out
the runners bear fruit.

We will .suppo.se, then, that you have in
vour sulj-irrigating lieds, and e\en in your
very rich beds in the garden, ke])t off all
l)los.som-buds. You have got to the ])oint
where you have hundreds or thousands of
nice .strong plants with great bundles of roots.
They ought to be potted transplanted ]:)lants.
What shall we do with them ? Well, in the
first place we want a piece of ground — the
nearer square the better, although this is not
particularly important. It should be at least
an eighth of an acre; but if you have not
that nuich we will try to get along with less.
Have it well underdrained, then work it up
fine and soft down 12 or 15 inches, or even 18
inches deep, if you can afford the expense.
If the patch is small, get some expert gardener
to spade it two "spits" deep, working in all
the manure meanwhile you can get hold of.
If you do it with horses, spread as nuich
manure on the ground as can possibly be
plowed under. Have a man follow the plow-
to pull the manure into the furrow ; and then
after the ground is plowed and harrowed, get
some fine manure that will not clog the cvilti-
vators, and work in a lot more in the surface.
Harrow it or cultivate it until it is fine and
loose; then roll it until it is level; and I would
take considerable pains to level it with a rake
and shovel before rolling it.

In order to have surface drainage as well as
underdrainage I would have a good deep
ditch all around the piece, and haye the
ground slope gently from the center toward
the.se outside ditches. Never let the water
stand in puddles on your strawberry-patch.

A HAND WEEDER FOR WORKING AMONG
STRAWBERRIES.

Now, the above arrangement is all right for
growing fruit on the plan called the matted-
row system, only we avoid letting the plants
stand near together, on the plan that Terry
recommends.

If you want to grow extra large nice fruit,
there is a still better way ; but there are sev-
eral objections to this " better way." First, it
is lots of work to do all the cultivating by
hand. Second, it is lots of work to keep the
runners off. Third, while you are growing
fruit you can not grow plants for sale ; and
where the plants are rare and valuable, this
is quite an objection. But, dear friends, you
must remember that in strawberry -growing
you can not grow the finest fruit and grow
plants for sale at the same time. In bee cul-
ture you can not get great crops of honey and
a great amount of increase of colonies in the
same season. You will have to decide wheth-

« ■/.■■ n .•.■■* w-' a vy/ s Y// & •••"

HOW TO PLANT STRAWBERRIES FOR HII.E
CULTURE.

Now with some sort of marker mark the
plot, say from east to west, with marks as
near 21 inches apart as 3'ou can make it. Any
sort of mark that you can see plainly will
answer. We now want to set the plants 2 feet
apart in these marks; but you do not want
them to come in squares. Each row of plants
should "break joints" with the preceding
row; then any three plants in the plot will
stand in the form of a triangle ; and this tri-
angle will be 2 feet on each of its three .sides.
The diagram above will help us to get the idea.

682

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept. 15.

You -mil see by the diagram that each plant
is the center of a circle of six plants. The
plants are equally distant from th.e center one
and from each other, like the cells of a hone}--
comb, if you choose.

There are two reasons for planting in this
way. When the plants are large and bushy,
they entirely cover the groimd much better
than if they were planted in squares, and each
plant has all the room it possiljly can have.
Second, you can cultivate them from right to
left and diagonally two other ways — see marks
made b}- the cultivator on the left-hand side
of the cut above. With this arrangement
every runner is to be clipped off just as soon
as it can be seen. The plants are to be pushed
into fruit-bearing. They are to make fruit
and nothing else; and if you have never tried
the experiment you will be astonished to see
the size and beauty of the fruit grown in this
way. All the great strawberry-growers all
over the world are practicing this or a similar
plan, where they want extra-fine fruit. If you
mark the ground and put it out as above, your
plants will be just about two feet apart from
center to center.

Perhaps you may ask how to get these
plants exactly on this equilateral-triangle
arrangement. In the cut you will see three
letters, A, B, C. These letters form an equi-
lateral triangle. Make it as large as your plot
of ground will admit. Take three strings of
equal length ; stretch one of them on the first
row from right to left ; then stretch the other
two so they will meet at the point C. Now
cut two sticks just 21 inches long, or the dis-
tance between the marks made by your mark-
er. Use a stick at each end of the row to
measure from the first string, and stretch the
string jevery time you put in a row of plants.
These rows are to be parallel, either with the
line B C or A C. Set a potted plant wher-
ever the string crosses a furrow-mark. The
cultivating is all to be done with the hand
cultivator or garden-plow pictured below.

COLE S GARDEN-PLOW.

This plow has three teeth, as you will ob-
serve, and makes three furrows. The dotted
lines between the plants in the cut are to rep-
resent these furrows. Run this cultivator
through the plants in three different direc-
tions, as I have indicated, say as often as once
a week ; and be sure j'ou run it once after
every shower when the ground in the beds is
in tiie best state to pulverize. Any boy w^ill
do it after you show him how, and he will
think it is fun — that is, if the field is not too

large and the boy is not too small. If you
have a spell of dry weather, such as we are
having now, keep your garden-plow going,
and it will almost take the place of watering.
In fact, that is what our garden-plow is doing
just across the way while I write these lines.
Some kinds of plants are better suited for this
hill-culture system than others ; but almost
any variety will do evir so nmch better when
it has room and good cultivation, and does not
have to make runners.

SWEET CLOVER.
From Bulletin 74, of the State of Ohio, we
quote the following in regard to sweet clover :

Sweet clover was formerly included among those
weed.s ■whose destruction might be enforced under
the statute. But this sweet clover, especialy the white
sort, is rated by many as a valuable forage-plant. In
this respect, without discussing its merits, it properly
takes rank with white clover and other cultivated for-
rage-plants. A bee-keeper of the State had sown an
area to white sweet clover(Melilotus alba), for his bees
to work upon. Under the statute, as enforced at that
place, the authorities, after notice, entered the prem-
ises and cut down the plants. Sweet clover, and other
plants of value for cultivation, should not be included
among the weeds to be de.stroj-ed. There is now the
best of opportunity, as well as urgent demand, to put
Ohio weed laws into adequate and permanent form.
Suggestions as to plants that should be included will
he given in the weed bulletin now in preparation.

It is refreshing to know that otir experiment
station at least recognizes the mistake it has
made ; and the bee-keeper who had his sweet
clover ctit down on his own premises will
probably get the value of his crop paid back
to him, without question.

SWEET CLOVER, AGAIN; SOMETHING ON THE
OTHER SIDE.

On page .536 I see Geo. W. Fair's question, " Is .sweet
clover a noxious weed?" About sixteen years ago I
sowed, for a permanent pasture, red, aLsike, sweet
clover, and timothy. All grew to some extent. The
second year I found nothing I had would eat the sweet
clover. ' Horses, mules, cows, calves, sheep, and hogs
all had access to it. I then plowed it up and cultivated
the land and sowed the second year with mammoth,
red, and alsike clovers, and timothy. Every year
since, I have cut the sweet clover around the fences
from one to three times. It has been my aim not to
let any go to seed. I did the work myself. To-daj- I
have been at it for the .second time in lSi)7. I wrote
to the A >?/ etica >i Bee Joiti na/, stating my experience
after I had tried it a few years, asking as a favo
notify the farmers. The answer was, " Your expe-
rience differs from that of others." Mr. Editor, if yoi
will try to exterminate it for two or three years on i
short piece of roadway or from fence-corners, you
will be convinced. It is in Warren, Benton, Fountain, ,
and Montgomei-j- Counties ; and on the highway,
when .stock is allowed to run, it is three feet high,
\vhile grass is quite short. In the clo.sed counties the
superv-isors of the roads have it cut. I have talked to
manj- of the farmers, and all condemn it as a weed.
You say, " Teach your neighbors to make hay of it.'
F-ence it off and turn cattle in, and let them starve. '
You .say. " If you really want to get rid of it, wait till"
spring." Rotf If you want to get rid of it, don't let it
seed; don't sow it.' As for passing this journal around
in the above counties. I wish to be excused. You may ■
do that. I had it this year four feet high in pa.stures i
spoken of above. You .seldom see catnip in pastures ,
or in cultivated fields. I have received many benefits J
from the bee-papers, but it was through their influence '
I sowed .sweet clover.

The .seed may have a market value, but so has mus- ^
tard seed: yet not many pensons would advi.se farmers '
to sow mu.stard seed along the highway, to the detri- \
ment of others. I can show you sweet clover in the ;
highwav not as much molested by the stock that run ■
there daily as is the mustard. Yes, I make mistakes,
but you have made one that has done much damage :
to the farmers, and has been the cause of much hard j

1S97

CLKAXIXGS IN BKH Cri.TlRIv

iW.i

fttling toward the bee-papers. I believe that tann-
ers will cinititwie to blame any one who ai'.vooaU-s the
spreading of the noxious weed, swu i rl vci Do yon
find nivistard oi nmlkin in yo>n --i i ,i\> 1 i . i \ i aU'h at
fmitii\)I time ? Ileie, and in Cent : ;il llliii i-, w luie \vc
can prow any of the usual hay and j;i.i~"' -, " ^ have no
use tor it. and I don't think n'luch of any one who will
advocate it. He is onlv making enemies : and it ap-
pears to tliem that he does it for gain. The question
Mr. Fair asked i.s. how to eradicate it. If you know,
tell lis. I confess my twelve years' labor have not
done it. I am glad i have not let it spread on my
neiglilwrs, and have it confined to the one pasture
and the fence-corneis. J. .\. Tohnston.

C.recn Hill, Ind.

I have jj^iven the above becau-se I wi.sli to have
a fair hearing on all sides of the question.
But I must still tliiiik our good friend John-
ston has not exactly got the liai'g of the plant.
I can not 1 elieve it possible that his horses
antl cattle are so different from those found
elsewhere. Whenever I am away from home
I am always watching to find a place where
sweet clover seems to be crowding something
else, but I have not found it. It is not in cul-
tivated fields, it is not in pasture-lots, and I
have never seen it in meadows. If it should
get in with hay, especially if cut early, I can
not imagine a horse or cow that would pick out
the timothy and conmion clover and leave the
sweet clover. So far as I can discover, it seems
to occupy unused waste places, such as the
banks along our railways, and roadsides w'here
stock is not allowed. Where there is excellent
feed along the roadsides, the cattle may
choose the grass and clover first, because they
have not learned to eat the sweet clover.

HOW TO GET RID OF SWEET CLOVER.
In the first place, cut it down before it pro-
duces seed, the same as you would any other
plant. vSecond, turn on stock in the .spring if
practicable, and put enough stock in the field
so they will eat up the sweet clover before it
can go up to seed. Third, plow it under be-
fore it produces seed. Some one of the three
above ways can almost alwa3s be fotmd prac-
ticable. The principle difficulty will be in
the fence-corners, where no stock is kept, or
on railway ground ; btit as it has never yet got
over into cultivated fields adjoining railroad
ground and roadsides, on our premises, I caii
not understand how it should do any appre-
ciable damage in anj- locality, where confined
to these waste places. I am continually watch-
ing for it in my travels; anfl just as soon as I
can find a place where it is detrimental to
growing crops, pasture lands, or meadows, I
■will gladly report.

MULBERRIES — WET OR DRV LOCATIONS.
On page rfio you .say that the Downing nuilben-j- is
like the willow. You will find yourself wrong in that.
The mulberr\' does be.st upon dry clay ridges or well-
drained land. There arc, on the farm where I am
writing, over :50(l of those trees planted for a wind-
break for the apple orchard, and some of them were
planted on low land, and near the willow. The
mulberrv-tree died out on the wet land, while the
willow died out on the high dry land. The mulberrv
will stand plenty of water if "the drainage is good.
Vou speak of the ta.ste of the mulberry. You will
find that trees from the same nursery differ very-
much in their fruit, ranging from very sweet to very-
acid. I find a great difference in the fruit of trees
that are growing .side bj' side, as well in the size of the
fruit as in the taste of it. In all the 300 or more mul-
berrv-trees on the farm here I find onlv one tree

whose fruit to me tastes like the niuH-erries which
grew in New York— the ones I ate when I was a bov.
1 find that the Ixst fiuit is on the high and dry land,
and icniains uikmi the tree longest. I do not wMle for
l)uMiealion, but to let yon know how it works here to
plant the niulberry-ti ee on low or wet land.
Cuba, Kan., Aug", (i. \Vm. H. Eagi:rtv.

You are doubtless right in regard to the
mtilberries. The tree I s])oke of near the lit-
tle fountain was situated right over the under-
drain. The grotmd was kept damp around
the roots of the tree during dry weather ; but
the drainage was so perfect there could never
be any standing water. I am inclined to think
you are also right in regard to the quality of
the fruit ; and it would be nothing strange if
we should be obliged to resort to grafting as
we do with peaches, apples, and other fruit,
to insure having the best results. Now, then,
have we a nitrseryman who offers mulberry-
trees grafted with select choice fruit?

HIGH-PRESSURE GARDENING, ETC.

It vvas a cruel di.sappoiiitment that the department of
" High-pressure Gardenitig " was omitted in Aug. 1.5th
Gle.\nings. Helpful hints are contained in these ar-
ticles, that benefit hundreds of your subscribers. A
better word would be y>7r«rfi. I. Donnelly.

Indian River, Mich.

Wh}', friend D., there was "High-pressure
Gardening " in the Augtist 15th number, al-
though I did not put in the heading. I told
about the cold-frame plants at Mr. Miller's,
the onions at Mr. Atwood's celery-farm, the
potatoes at Wilbur Fenn's, etc. But I thank
you for your suggestion, and will try hereafter
not to omit that particular " dish " from ni)'
semi-monthly bill of fare.

Special Notices in the Line of Gardening, etc.

By A. I. Root.

I actually forgot to .say to the friends, in our last
issue, that" I would continue sending the Darling
strawberry-plant postpaid to every one sending us
51. (X) any time this fall; and as we now have a stock
of plants of the Earliest, as well as Darling, you may
have either one. Remember, a transplanted potted
plant in jadoo fiber, po.stpaid bv mail, free of charge,
to everybody who sends us $L0O for Glkanings this
fall. It probably would not be worth while to try to
winter them over after October unless you have a
greenhou.se, cold-frame, or .similar protection. As
for our.selves, by the aid of glass we expect to keep
growing and potting these valuable plants clear on
till Christmas.

WHAT CROP TO PUT OUT IN SEPTEMBER.

Well, it is just now time to .sow Wakefield cabbage-
seed to get plants of the right size to winter over in
cold-frames. It is also ju.st the time to start Grand
Rapids lettuce, to have nice lettuce for Thanksgiving
and the holidays. In our locality here in Northern
Ohio, it is just the time to sow wheat or rye: and if
vou have .sjieep or .stock that use the feed, it is ju.st the
time to sow dwarf Essex rape. Remember, this will
.stand almo.st as much fro.st as wheat and ry.e. Sow a
piece of it where the poultry run, and it will give them
green feed clear up to Christmas, and may be later.

If vou put out strawberry-plants now, you mu.st
have 'potted plants, or have 'your ground .sufficiently
rich so they will get rooted well enough to .stand the
freezing and thawing. Our special .strawberry circu-
lar will be mailed free of charge.

Of course, you do not want to forget to try hardy
onion-sets put in the open ground this fall. We .suc-
ceed nicely with the American Pearl and Prizetaker.
And. bv the wav, there has f)een an unusual demand

684

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept. 15.

this fall for Hgyplian onion-sets. We are entirely sold
out of top iets. but we have a great abundance of bot-
tom sets, or onions that have split up. These are just
as good for planting, and some people think better,
than sets. Price $1.00 per bushel. See price of onion-
sets, page Gil, .Sept. 1st issue.

Radishes put in good rich ground in the open air
will u.sually tnake a nice crop before freezing weather;
and the best variety for this purpose is the Chinese
Rose Winter. And now is the time to put in spinach
for wintering over, in most localities.

Now is the time to sow seven-top turnip-seed for
plants that will winter over. But these make no root,
but fnnii'-h yrctii^ in the spring, and, a little later,
almost till- !>: t lilM--.Mms for honey. It comes in be-
tween fi iiit-1ilii>--(iin> and clover. If you are going to
try it, it .sliuuld be put in at once,

SEED POTATOES FOR 1898.

At present writing Sept. 1-5, nobody can tell defi-
nitely ju.st what potatoes are going to be worth: but I
have taken the liberty of offering all the varieties
mentioned below, except Manum's Enormous, at an
even dollar a bushel, or $>.H) a barrel; and as they are
worth this much in many localities for table use at
the present time. I think our prices are very fair. The
second size of any of these, until they are .sold out.
will be ju.st half the amount. As we always run short
of these second size long before spring, 'it might be
well for you to put in your order now if 30U want
them. I "have just examined the potatoes raised by T.
B Terry, Wilbur Fenn, and others in their neighbor-
hood, and I am very glad to tell j'ou they are nice and
clean, and, .so far as I could learn, not a rotten potato
has j'et made its appearance anywhere in this local-
ity. ' We should be pleased to send you samples by
mail at prices given in the table, if you want to see
them before buying.

Name
I
Varieties are in order as
regards time of matur-
ing; earliest first, next
earliest second.and so on.

Wliite Bliss Triinnph ....« 1.5

E. Thoro'bred, Maule's.. 15

Early Ohio W

Early Norther l.i

Burpef's Extra Early 15

Freeman 15

New Queen 15

Monroe Seedling 15

Rural New-Yorker No. 2. . 15

Sir William 15

Carman No. 1 15

Carman No. 3 15

Koshkonong 15

Manum's Enormous 30

New Craig 15

"a

S

:?.'

M

» fin

f 1 00

fit)

1 or

60

1 00

tiO

1 00

60

1 00

BO

1 00

60

1 00

60

1 00

6(1

1 00

60

1 00

60

1 00

611

1 00

60

1 00

81

1 5ti

60

1 00

We have now a few Danzenbaker hives in the flat,
and made up and painted, ready for bees, for those
who will order at once. Some may desire to transfer
colonies from other hives so as to be ready for next
season. Mr. D. says he expects to transfer oO colonies
this fall into his new hive ; and another party is going
to transfer as many more.

HONEY MARKET.

We are having a very fair demand for honey, both
comb and extracted. We have a good .supply of comb
on hand and engaged, both fancy and No.'l grades;
are also prepared to furnish buckwheat comb honey.
In 100-lb. lots and upwards, in original crates, we ask
13 cts. per lb. for fancy, and 12 cts. for No. 1; 11 cts. for
fancy buckwheat, and 10 cts. for No. 1. Earge lots for
direct shipment quoted on application. We have a
variety of extracted honey to offer. Willow-herb hon-
ey was almost a failure this year. We have .secured
nearly a ton of it, somewhat mixed with clover, which
is still in Michigan. We offer this in 5-case lots (120
lbs. to a case) at 6 cts.; can supply water-white Cali-
fornia honey or clover at the same price. Eight am-
ber California at 0% cts. in .Vcase lots; smaller lots at

1-2 ct. more. 'W'e have also two barrels of the Florida
tupelo honey, which is very fine; shall be plea.sed to
hear from those in want of honey.

GLEANINGS FOUR MONTHS FREE.

We wish to extend our subscription-list by several
thousand names during the next few months. As a
help toward that end we offer the remainder of the
year 1897 for 25 cts. To those who .send early we will
mail the two August numbe/s, as long as we have a
supply, as well as the remaining four months of this
year. Will not many of our readers bring this offer to
the attention of their neighbor bee-keepers who are
not taking Gi.EANiNGS? As an inducement to you to
do so we make the following liberal offer :

ROOT a HO.MI-: REPAIRING OUTFIT NO. Z.

We .sold this outfit for years at S2.00, and that is still
the list price, and price at which it is usually .sold.
About a year and a half ago we reduced the price to
J1..50, and again last spring we made it $1.35. We have
quite a number of these outfits on hand which we
desire to get into your hands where you can make
them valuable in various kinds of mending. We will
furnish one of these outfits, together with Gleanings
for the re.st of this year, for the price of the outfit
alone — $1.35. Now, if" you can induce your neighbor
to accept the offer above, put $1.10 with the 25 cents he
gives you, and send to us and we will ship you one of
the outfits. If you wi.sh to renevr your o^vn subscrip-
tion at the same time, .send us $"2.25 for Gleanings
one year, to your.self the re.st of this j-ear (-1 or 5
months) to a new subscriber, and the No. 2 repairing
outfit. Or if you can not secure the new name we will
send the outfit, with Gle.-vnings one vear, for $2.00,
the price you would ordinarily pay for the outfit
alone. Please remember that, if you "are in arrears on
your subscription, all arrears should be .sent in addi-
tion, as this special offer is made for subscriptions
paid fullv in advance.

CONVENTION NOTICE.

The Southeastern Tennessee Bee-keepers' Associa-
tion will hold its annual .session at Cookson's Creek,
on Friday, October Ist. 1S!17, beginning at 9 o'clock
A.M. Bee-keepers are earnestly requested to be pres-
ent. The program fore.shadows entertainment for
the most fa.stidious. W. J. Copeland, Sec.

Fetzerton, Tenn., .Sept. 3.

THE gleanings contribt:tion for the st.^rving
people of ifdia.

.Since our last report we have received from Will
Ellis, St. David's, Ont., Can., $1; J. W. Margrave, Hia-
watha, Kan., $1, which has been forwarded as per fol-
lowing receipts:

Boston, July 3.

The American Board of Commis.sioners for Foreign
Mi.s.sions acknowledges the receipt from Chas. Booth,
$.5; Albert Eckennan, $1, and Will Ellis, $1.

Also, July 2, the American Board of Commis.sioners
of Foreign Missions acknowledges receipt of $1 from
J. W. Margrave, Hiawatha, Kan.

We have al.so received from C. A. Bunch, Nye, Ind., J3.

I

The .strawberry plants I received of 5-011 are doing
well. East year, from 20 rods of ground I sold $30.00
worth, gave' awav $11.00 worth, used in family $16.00
worth, making $()0.00— very good. They were "Haver-
land, Warfield, Sharpless, Crescent, and Parker Earle.

West Hoosick, N. Y., Sept. -I. Wm. P. Abbott.

The Weed foundation is the nicest I have ever u.sed^
It seems to be very tough, even at a temperature of 85
degrees — .something I have never noticed in any other
foundation 1 have ever u.sed. J. E. Motter, Jr.

West Alexandria, O., June 16.

(■,i.i-;ani\gs in bek cn/riKi'

(is.')

Queens,

CLOSING OUT SALE

At Greatly Reduced Prices.

1 have one hvnidred ^ood Italian queens
that must be sold within next two weeks
to close up business for the season. Price
each, .Vic; or 10 for 51. (HI Can send either
light albino strain or dark leather color.
If you have old iiucens — hybrids or
blacks — you wish to supensede, this is a
rare chance to do so cheaply.

Address

W. W. GARY, = Co'rain, Mass.
25 Cts. PER YEAR !

for the l)est agrioiUnral and
stock-breeders' paper published,

Stuart's Agriculturist.

Agents wanted I Bicycles, etc., free, .\ddress

VVHITWOKTH BROS.,
Printers & Pub'rs, 6o High St., Cleveland, O.

Untested queens, .50c each; tested,
7.")c: Breeders, $i. Either leather
or golden. My golden breeders
■^^ .^-^y^-r-^y-^ w-w ijreed all .')-banded bees.

W. H. LAWS, = Lavaca, Ark.

CHAS. ISRAEL & BROS.,

486, 48S «& 490 Canal St., Corner Watts St.. N. Y
LIBE2AL HOXItrV ^7H0LES.\LE

ADVANCES n U IM C, Y D'^.'LEES &

MADE vM,. COMMISSION

ON MERCHANTS

=Sf- BEESWAX, f^r""''

GERMAN CARP WANTED.

10(X) this year's; 100 or more last year's. Prices
must be reasonable. Send offers to

DR. WM. MOERSHEL, Homestead Iowa.

Carp to be shipped in August or September.

No cheap Queens to sell ; but the best.

f.olden .") band, or :! band from

imported mother. Unte.st-

ed. 7.5 cts.: tested, >1.00.

L. BEAUCHAMP, Box 6i3, San Antonio, Texas.

What They Say about the Pouder Honey=jars.

B.AVONNK, X. J., July 31, 1897,
Walter S. Pouder, Indianapolis, Ind.

Dear Sir: — In reference to the way in which you
pack your jars, would say that we kept a .strict count
on the last shipment, making a memorandum of the
number of broken ones in each case when opened.
We found upon finishing the 1200 jars that we had 14
one-pound and 2 half-pound broken, or an average of
one and one-third jars to the case. This is a big im-
provement when we look back to the time when we
received them packed in .straw from other hou.ses,
with all the way from 4 to 10 in a case broken. Wish-
ing you and your business success, we remain

Yours truly. Holding Bros.

MAKE MONEY! YES. HOW?

With poultry, bees, and flowers. Particulars free.

COOK BROS..
Scio, = Harrison County, - Ohio.

^,,„„.,^ Kither 3 or .') banded, 00 cents each; fl for
QUbbNS, yitK) Xuclei and supplies cheap,

CHAS. H. THIES. Steeleville. III.

pOR SALE- — Italian queens, 50 cents each,

' Mrs, a. a, Simpson, Swarts, Greene Co.. Pa.

Dovetailed Hives,

.ScH'liiiiis, l-^xtractors, .Smokers,
;m(l c'\-try tliiii" a l)L't.--k(.'e'])er
wanls. Honest goods at close
honest prices. (i(i-])a.<,a- cata-
log (vvv.

J.JVI. JENKINS, Wetumpka, Ala.
Don't Neglect Your Bees.

Bee-keeping may be made uniformly suc-
cessful by judiciotis feeding. It is just as im-
portant with bees as with other stock.

Success in feeditig depends
very much on the feeder used.
When you have tried the

Boardman Atmospheric
Entrance=feeder

you will be convinced of this.

For descriptive circulars and
price list, address

H. R. BOARDMAN, East Townsend, Ohio.

THE A. I. ROOT COS

Shipping-cases for Honey,

AT THEIR PRICES— THE FINEST MADE.

CASH FOK BEESWA.X.

M. H. HUNT, Bell Branch Hich.

nilFFlV^ I'nte.'^ted golden beauties, or 3-banded,
\^UL,LliO. 4,5 cents each. Write for whole.sale
prices. I have g;ood bees. To be convinced, order a
sample queen. This is a nionev-order postoffice,

DANIEL WURTH, Falmouth, Rush Co., Ind.

pOR SALE. — .'jlXI vers- choice Italian red-clover
* queens at -"lO cts. each; '.< doz., J2 SO; tested, 7."> cts.
Our bees made .W lbs. per colony of red-clover honey
this .season. 15 vears' experience in queen-rearine.
LEININGER BROS., Ft. Jennings, Ohio

Wants and Exchange Department.

IV anted. —To exchange 140 colonies of bees, with
' ' all fixtures belonging to a first-class apiarj', for
good hor.ses and mules.

Anthony Opp, Helena, Ark.

IV ANTED. —To exchange the world-wide encyclope-
'* dia (Encyclopedia Britannica Revised) compris-
ing 1.5 vols., bound in green silk, weight 40 lbs., ()iK)2
pages, for white-clover honev or offers.

A. H. Kanagy, Milroy, Mifflin Co., Pa.

'ANTED. ^To exchange 28 new volumes Encyclo-
pedia Britannica for honey. O. H. Hyatt,
Shenandoah, Page Co., Iowa.

\VANTF;d.— To exchange some fine collie .shepherd
"' pups for any thing useful. I al.so have .some fine
pigeons and a fine blood-hound pup to trade.
CLAfD Bkillhart, Oakwood, Paulding Co., Ohio.

VVANTED. — To exchange l(>-section non-drip ca.ses
^^ at Root's prices, laid down at your station, for
fancy comb honey at prices to suit the times. ."Vlso
second-hand (K)-Ib. cans. 2 in a case, valued at 2.5 cts.
per can, freight j)aid, for gilt-edged extracted honey.
Special price on ((iiantitv lots. B. Walker,

Evart. Mich., of .>U Van Buren St., Chicago,

VUANTED.— To exchange Plymouth rocks or white
'' leghorns for queens, incubator, or offer.

J. Ferris Patton. Newtown, Ohio.

w

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept. 15.

{

THE S. & H. CO-

desire to enter into correspondence with all contemplating the purchase of anything in their
line. They think they have one of the most complete assortments of strong, smooth, healthy,

}

FRUIT AND ORNAMENTAL TREES

A Small Fruits, Vines, Shrubs, Roses, Bulbs, Hardy Herbaceous A

?▼ Plants, CreenilOUSeStOCl<, Etc., on the market ard invite ail buyers to come I
and see f jr themselves. They are to be found at the old stand where they have labored W

and see f jr themselves. They are to be found at the old stand where they have labored
faithfully for the past 43 years to build up a reputable business. Catalogues free. ^

Address THE STORRS & HARRISON CO.. Box 8, Painesville, O. f

IF YOU WANT BEES

that will just "roll" in the honey, and that are won-
derful red-clover workers, also gentle to handle, and
exceedingly hardv, then tr>' MOORE'S STRAIN
OF ITALIANS, the result of 18 years of careful
breeding.

Warranted queens, 7.5 cts. each: 3 for $2.00; per doz.,
$7.00; select warranted, $1.00; 3 for $2..t0. Safe arrival
and satisfaction guaranteed. Circular free. Tho.se
who have never dealt with me I refer to A. I. Root,
who has purchased of nie over 850 queens.

J. P. Moore, Morgan, Pendleton Co., Ky.

MUTH'S HONEY-EXTRACTOR,
SQUARE GLASS HONEY-JARS,
ROOT'S GOODS AT ROOT'S PRICES,

Bee-keepers' Supplies in general, etc.,
etc. Send for our new catalog. '"Prac-
tical Hints" will be mailed for 10 cts.
in .stamps. Applj- to

CHAS F. MUTH & SON, Cincinnati, 0.

I -lb., with Corks, $4.50 per Gr.

Labels for satne, 60c per gross.

Cartons, Sbipping^cases,

and every thing in the Apiarian line.
Catalog free.

HONEY-
JARS.

1. J. STRINQHAM,
105 Park PI..N. Y. City.

Apiary,
Qlen Cove, L. I.

FARM BEE=KEEPING7

The only bee-paper in the United States
edited exchisively in the interest of the
fanner bee-keeper and the beginner is
THE BUSY BEE, pubhshed l)y
Emerson T. Abbott, St. Joseph, Mo.

Write for/;7V' saiiiplr copy iiir:v.

QUEENS BY RETURN MAIL.

Daughters of best imported queen mother, warrant-
ed purely mated to drones of imported stock from a
different source; hence, a direct cro.ss. 12 years as a
honej'-producer on a large scale has taught me what
good" queens mean to the producer, as well as how to
rear them. Price of queens, .50c each. Safe delivery
and satisfaction, or money refunded.

L. H. ROBBY, Worthington.W. Va.

One nan with the

UNION COMBINATION SAW

Can do the work of four men u.sing
hand tools in Ripping, Cutting off,
Mitering, Rabbeting, Grooving,
Gaining, Dadoing, Edging Up,
Jointing Stuff, etc. Full line of
Foot and Hand Power Machinery.
Soldontn'a!. Calalog free. l-21ei

Seneca Fall* (Mfjr. Co..
44 Water St., Seneca Falls, N. V.

In writing advertisers, mention Gle.\nings.

Fruit Packages of All Kinds,

a7so

. Bee=keepers' Supplies.

Order your .supplies now
before the bu.sy season
catches you. Price list
free. Address

BERLIN FRUIT'BGX CO.,

Berlin Heights, Erie Co., Ohio.

^

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' IL.

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OUR LOYAL AGENTS

One secret of the success of Page Fence is the
fldel ity of our thousands of Agents. Many ot them
claim that it IS the genuine satisraction derived
from handling the very best article, rather than the
profit, that keeps them in the business. Customers
are free to express thanks for having been induced
to purchase. Enough to make anybody happy.

PAGE WOVEN WIRE FENCE CO., Adrian, Mich.

PROCURED
PROMPTLY

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AT REASONABLE RATES

A. OSBORNE &, CO.,

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pretty book of 68 pages, finely llluetratea;^
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185)7

GLKANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

691

Contents of this Nnniber.

I'iJif:'^

Cane SuikTii' ia Honey . .
CiMraieftes. Bail Effe<t..

Clover, Sweet

Clover. White

Crop ill loH-a

Crop in New York

Crop in Utah

Crop. Preilii'tinn

K(iit.>rRt Ninirava Fall,-i
Kclitor.u SiUeiLake .

Hi>. 1 nil.. I inil\ in 7(M

li' •- 1 ill' -. riMtive 706

II.-'. > '. ur ..',■- Tt.l

111 . . 1 1 . V M, i>sner'»....69S
111 . ..]. :i< \ . N..treDanie. 696

llMll..,!.- ^. l!l,.l..k> 701

liiiiiM. ... I... II,.. 699

1'. .,.,,. 1 iiiu ■ni..iiu'hts 704

"Mil..!,.. ,. 69.')

.'xMl.iih.v 718

I'll iih , liee keepei-s' 712

IVtiii Sv~teni.. 707

ruriii Tlie Bees 708

Viieiii.^. L niitlng Laying.... 706

Oue.-ition bo.x 708

Recipes, Selling 718

Selser on Svigar in Honej- ... 701

Sheep and Grapevines 707

Wiley on Sugar in Honey . . .701

Honey Column.

C/ry MARKETS.

New York.— //owcr.— Comb honey has been arriv-
ing for the past few days ver>' freely so that the
market at present is well filled." On account of the
weather being a little warm, honey is .selling a little
slowly. We quote you our market "as follows (shade
prices from 1 to Ji'c per lb. on large sales) : Fancy
white clover, Vl(.q 12 'i; No. 1 white clover, 10@11; buck-
wheat, S', fa !l',. K.xtracted honey, California, is sell-
ing quite lively at the following prices: White, o@5^;
light amber. V z'l' •">. Southern is very dull, and is sell-
ing from .')() to .V). New York State "extracted honey,
not much in demand as yet. Beeswax receipts rather
light. We quote i')ii(i7 2b": must be verj- fancy to bring
outside price. Write us before shipping.

Francis H. 1,eggett & Co.,

Sept. 2.J. New York.

Alb.\xy. — We hardly think there is as much honey
on the market as there was a year ago at this time,
but there is ample to supply the demand. We think
prices will range a little higher than last year, as bu.si-
ne.ss prospects are brightening up. White clover, 11(a),
12: fair to good. lOfall; buckwheat and mixed, S(a SI.
Extracted in light demand.

Chas. McCulloch & Co.,

Sept. 2."). Albany, N. Y.

Denvkr.— We find our honey trade improving since
the first of the month, especially with extracted.
Comb honey was never known to .sell as low as it is
now, and it "is the farmers and small bee-keepers that
have ruined the price by .selling to the stores at any
price they were offered." The highest po.ssible price
we can quote fancy white comb honey is 10c; and No.
1 white at !>c: No. 1 white extracted, 4^(5.5; good clean
beeswax, 2-5. R. K. & J. C. Frisbee,

Sept. f). L,ock box 1014, Denver, Col.

Milwaukee.— The receipts of new-crop honey are
beginning to come in, and the quality improved. The
supply is not equal to the legitimate wants of our
trade." and with improved conditions of trade we ex-
pect to sell more than last year. The demand .so far
IS not heavy, but we feel, to' encourage our shippers,
that it will" come. We quote white No. 1 comb 1-lb.
.sections. \\(n l;i; amber, Sr« 10: white extracted, in bbls.
and kegs, choice, 4>^(o(); dark or amber, in bbls. and
kegs, 4(a6; beeswax, '25(a27. A. V. Bi.shop & Co..

Sept. 6. Milwaukee, Wis.

Chicago. — Comb honey sells a little more freely, yet
receipts are in excess of sales, and .some shippers of
small lots get impatient at what seems a long delay in
getting returns, yet it can't be forced without detri-
ment to general "interests. Best grades of white comb
bring 12c; white but objectionable, lOfti-11; amber and
dark, 7r«i); extracted white, of«6; amber, 401."); dark,
3^; beeswax, 2()r</ 27. R. A. Burnett & Co.,

Set>t. <). 1&3 South Water St., Chicago, 111.

CoLfMBUS. — Fancy white clover, 12^^; No. 1, II.
Arrivals no heavier: demand better, but no improve-
ment in prices. Large sales are impossible, and as
yet are having no trade from near-bj- towns.

The Columbus Commission & "Storage Co.,

Sept. 6. 409-41:? N. High St., Columbus, O.

CiNCiNN.\Ti. — Demand is fair for extracted and
comb honey, and considerable honev is arriving, but
not much n'lore than is justified by "the demand. As
the range of prices, we q\iote for "choice white comb
honey 11(<( 13. Cincinnati is no market for dark comb
honey. Extracted .sells for :!'/^f" <>, according to quality.
Beeswax is in good demand at 20f« 2.') for good to choice
yellow. Chas. F. Mutii & .Son,

Sept. 7. Cincinnati, O.

Detroit.— Best comb honey, lO^llJ^; best extract-
ed, h<.a'ty2\ beeswax, 2r)f«2(j.
Sept. 7. M. H. Hunt, Bell Branch, Mich.

St. Louis. — We have no special remarks to make in
regard to the honey market. Prices are nominal at
last quotation. Weather is too hot for the sale of
honey. Beeswax is a little firmer, being 24 '/^f" 2.') for
prime .stock. Wkstcott Commissio.n Co.,

vSept. !). 213 Market St., St. Louis, Mo.

Cleveland.— We quote .selling to-day as follows:
Fancj' white, 13: No. 1 white, 11(5.12; fancy amber, 10;
No. 1 amber, 8@9; buckwheat, 6; fancy white extract-
ed, 6^; beeswax, 25. A. B. Williams & Co.,

Sept. 8. 80-82 Broadway, Cleveland, Ohio.

Nevi' York.— New-crop comb honey arriving more
freely, and demand good. We quote" fancy white, 12
(a 13;"off grades white, 10(55 11; buckwheat. il('< 10. Cali-
fornia extracted selling fairly well, while all other
kinds are neglected. We quote California white, .5(<$
554; light amber, 45'2(n5: Southern, .")0(ar>5 per gallon;
beeswax dull, and easy at 20.

Hildreth Bros. & Segelken,

Sept. 7. 120-122 W. Broadway, New York.

Philadelphia. — Honev coming in freely, and some
call for comb, but the hot weather of the last few
daj's stops sales somewhat. We quote fancy white
comb 13;^; No. 1 white, ll(al2; no dark comb in yet;
white extracted, o%(a ti; amber, 4(5 5; beeswax, 2.5. We
are producers of honey; do not handle on commission.
Wm. a. Selser,

Sept. 7. 10 Vine St., Philadelphia, Pa.

Boston. — We quote you our honey market as fol-
lows: Fancy white comb in 1-lb. sections, 14; No. 1, 12
(5 13; white "extracted, 7; light amber extracted, 5(fi6;
beeswax, ver>' light supply, 27. Good demand.

Blake, Scott & Lee,

Sept. 7. Boston, Mass.

Kans.^s City. — We quote No. 1 white comb, 11(5 12;
fancy amber, 10(5 11; No. 1 amber, 9(tt 10; fancy dark, 8
(S'9; No. 1 dark, 8; white extracted, oy2(a6; amber, 4^
(f(5; dark, 4(a4].i; beeswax, 22^i'25.

C. C. Clemons & Co.,

Sept. 7. Kan.sas City, Mo.

Minneapolis. — No. 1 remains same — no change, 11
(§12. Other grades accordingly. Supply equal to de-
mand. S. H. Hall & Co.,

Sept. <). Minneapolis, Minn.

For Sale. — 25 bbls. extracted pure white-clover
honey, very light in color, and of finest quality, at
prices as cheap as the cheapest, quality of goods con-
sidered. Can put it up in any style of package. Write
for price, stating quantity de'sired.

Emil J. Baxter, Nauvoo, Hancock Co., 111.

For Sale. — A lot of good extracted clover honey in
(JO-lb. cans. Jno. A. Thornton, Lima, Ills.

Wanted.— To buy quantity lots of fancy comb hon-
ey in non-drip cases.

B. Walker, 541 Van Buren St., Chicago.

For Sale.— Alfalfa honey, light amber, in carload
lots. 35i cts. per lb.; .sample, 10 cts.

John Nippert, Box IttSl, Phoenix, Arizona.

For Sale.— Pure honey,— Clover, extracted. C>M cts.
per lb. Buckwheat, extracted, 414 cts. per lb.

I. J. Stringham, 105 Park Place, N. Y. City.

For Sale. — Buckwheat extracted in 50 and 210 lb.
packages f. o. b. for 4'4'c a lb.

W. LaMar Coggshall. West Groton, N. Y.

For Sale.— 1000 lbs. of fine buckwheat comb honey.
D. F. Lashier, Hooper, Broome Co., N. Y.

For Sale. — Choice honey, 6000 lbs. in well-filled sec-
tions, at 95^c per lb.; extra'cted, 414.

W. C. Gathright, Dona .-Vna, N. M.

692

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

A Tested Queen and^jhe Review for $1.50.

I have a large number of nuclei containing fine tested Italian queens of this year's rearing, and have
decided to use them in helping to build up the circulation of the Review ; hence offer a queen and the Review
one year to 7iezv subscribers for only $1.50. Review alone, SI. 00; queen alone, $1.00. If several queens are want-
ed, write, and the price will be made according to the number. As a rule, orders are filled by return mail, and
there is never a delay of more than three or four days, and that on large orders.

W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint, Mich.

$100

Given as BOUNTIES to purchasers of the improved
Danz. Hives and Sections. For particulars see p. 64,
of my book, '■ Facts about Bees." Sent Free for 2-
cent stamp. Address

F. DANZENBAKER, Washington, D. C.

f J «• rkii^Anc either golden beauties

iT^ll^n V"^*'"^» or :^-banded imported

mi^UllUll gjjj^,j. Tested, Toe each; untested, .50c
each; select tested, Jl.OO each; breeders that produce
pure stock, of either variety, $2.00 each. P. O. M. O.
office, I^avaca. E. A. SEELEY, Bio mer, Ark.

Philadelphia Office of

THE A. I. ROOT CO.,

10 Vine St., Philadelphia, Penn.

Now is the time to order

Shipping = cases, Winter Cases,
Chaff Division^boards, etc., etc.

Order from catalog ; prices are same
as from factory.

Shipping=cases.

Root's popular Non drip Shipping-cases at factory prices at
DES MOINES. IOWA. Immense stock. All orders for cases
or other goods shipped by return freight. Address

JOS. NYSEWANDER, Des Moines, Iowa.

PRICES OF

Bingham Perfect Bee=smokers and Honey=knives.

Smoke Engine (

Doctor

Conqueror

I^arge

Plain ..

Little Wonder (wt. 10 oz.)
Honey-knife

^^''') 4-inch .stove. Doz. $18.00:

.! 3^-in. " " fl.OO;

3-in. " '• «..50;

214-in. •• " .5.00;

'-in. •• ■' 4.7.5;

4..50;
6.00;

each, by mail, SI. .50
1.10
1.00
.90
.70
.(!0
.80
buj-ing a

Bingham Smokers have all the new improvements.
Smoker or Knife, look up its record and pedigree.

FIFTKEN YEARS FOR A DOLLAR ; ONE-HALF CENT FOR A MONTH.

Dear Sir: — Have u.sed the Conqueror 15 years. I was always pleased with
its workings, but thinking I would need a new one this summer I write for
a circular. I do not think the 4-inch Smoke Engine too large.

Januarj- 27, 1897. Truly, W. H. Eagerty, Cuba, Kan.sas.

Bingham .S^ llelhe
ton I'ncapping-
knife.

T. F. BINQHAH, Farwell, Hichigan.

3 Copies Free! For October Only!

We want every reader of C'.le.\xings to get acqviainted with the Amerroarj Bfc ,7otir-

nal. The greatest success will be attained by reading both papers regularly. During this
month only, we will mai\/ree three different back numbers to any one .sending us his or her name
and address, and mentioning this advertisement. The Bee tJ on vital is a large 10- page week-
ly, filled to the brim with good things for bee-keepers. A,sk for those three copies >i07i\ before
you forget it.

Address the Publishers,

GEO. W. YORK & CO.,

118 Michigan St., Chicago,

^ •DELVoTELb'

•AND Honey

•AHD HOME.

•INTERESTS

'ubhshedyTHfAll^ool' Co.
PERYtAR ^@ "Medina- Ohio-

Vol. XXV.

OCT. I, 1897.

No. 19.

The plan given by W. H. Eagerty, p. 666,
for sowing sweet clover, is the best I've ever
seen, especially having the seed tramped in by
horses.

Whew ! but haven't we had a hot Septem-
ber— at least the first half? [Yes; and three
days afterward there was a fall of 50 degrees
in the temperature. — Ed.]

Scottish heather, we are told on p. 663,
abounds in New Jersey. Is there no mistake
about this ? Never heard before that it grew
anywhere in this country.

Any opexixg for ventilation that comes
close to the sections hinders greatly their
sealing at that point; but it has seemed rather
an advantage for extracted honey.

Bro. a. I. Root, tell that high-pressure-
gardening man who got 200 bushels of pickles
from an acre to come to Marengo and learn
how to raise pickles. John Boyle got 236
bushels from three-fourths of an acre.

McIntvre is right, p. 670, that stirring
honey hastens granulation — one reason, prob-
ably, why extracted granulates sooner than
comb. The Germans sometimes put honey
through a sort of churning process to hasten
granulation.

Referring to p. 671, I don't think I'd
want to put a few cases of hone}- loose in a
car, but I think that's what Mr. Niver said
the railroads recommended ; and when I dis-
tinctly asked Capt. Hetherington about it, I
think he agreed to the same thing.

Northern Illinois had a good honey
year. At a bee-keepers' convention at I'ree-
port, 843 colonies were reported as yielding
an average of 60 pounds each, nearly half of
it being comb honey. [If you have told us,
doctor, I have not seen whether you had a
good honey year. — PvD.]

How quickly bees notice any change in
appearance at a time when forage is scarce !
Set a hive in a new place, or put an extra
story on it, and promptly the robbers will
interview it to find if there are weak places.

At the same time, a weakling not half so able
to protect itself wall be left untouched .so long
as there is no change in outside appearance.

Nowadays the bees are almost as good as a
weather-cock. When the wind is from the
north, a cloud of bees hovers about the south
screen-door of the hone3'-room all day lon^.
When the wind is from the south, not a bee is
seen at the south door; but they're frantically
trying to force an entrance at the north door.

J. A. Buchanan's plan of handling "only
such grades of honey as will not candy, or are
very slow to do so," is an excellent one for
him ; but what are those fellows to do who
produce only alfalfa ? Somewhere, somehow,
the problem of candied honey must be met,
and happy is that bee-keeper whose customers
are trained to cope with it.

A prevailing vice among preachers is
using a story for illustration and leaving the
story half finished. I read aloud p. 679, my
audience giving best attention ; but when I
got through they insisted on my telling them
whether that man ever got his buckwheat
circular. I told them I didn't know, and now
there's coldness in the family.

J. A. Johnston, p. 6S2, is right to a certain
degree. It isn't easy to kill out sweet clover
in fence-corners and on roadsides. But then,
it isn't an}' easier to kill out other weeds in
the same places ; and where the ground is
plowed, sweet clover is no more troublesome
than other weeds. Give sweet clover fits where
it deserves it, but please be fair.

Very seldom are the diflSculties of grading
shown up as well as they are on p. 673, and
I doubt whether any set of grading-rules that
can be relied on to buy and sell by can ever
be fornmlated without a number of distinct
specifications and the use of a good deal of
language. [I do not like to give up the idea
of getting a satisfactor}' set of grading-rules,
but Mr. Calvert, our honey-man, has come
pretty near knocking the notion all out of my
head.— Ed.]

W. H. Eagerty, p. 66(), advises me to
spread section stuff on grass in shade rather
than pour water on the grooves. But, friend
E., I can't afford to wait till grass grows; and,
besides, I wet a whole boxful before taking
them out of the box, taking a very few min-

694

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct. 1.

utes, and it would take a long time to spread
sections out on the grass and then gather them
up. Generally they don't need any wetting —
only the few, if any, that have been left over
from previous year.

Some things are to be discussed at the
Nebraska State convention. Four of the
topics are: "Some things I don't know;"
"Some things I know;" "Some things I
should like to know," and "Some things
•every one ought to know " about bee-keeping.
[You ought to be there, doctor, to discuss the
first of the quartet of subjects. — Ed.]

C. H. DiBBERN says the plan spoken of in
a former Straw, of putting a cone escape on
the mother hive, will surely prevent after-
swarms; but in 12 days hardh' a bee will be
left. The bees eat up all the unsealed brood,
either from thirst or alarm at the field-bees
not returning. I don't know how long Isaac
Lundy leaves the escape on ; but would it be
necessary for more than eight days ? Or how
would it do to put it on in six or seven days
after the first swarm, and leave it on three or
four days ?

F. A. GEMMitL, in Canadian Bet' Journal,
says he has had success wintering on solid
sealed combs of honey, and quotes McEvoy
as indorsing him. Others in same number
object to it. [We have made a practice for
years of giving solid sealed combs of hone}-,
and putting them right into the brood-nest for
winter stores. The fact that our loss for a
number of years does not much exceed two
per cent is pretty good evidence that the
practice is not as harmful as some people
think.— Ed.]

Th.A-T CORRECTION, p. 669, as to the way
the queen makes the piping noise, is all right,
and should have been corrected in ABC about
ten years ago. But the other correction
won't stand. According to the authorities,
the bees laboriously masticate the wax with
salivary secretion, which agrees with the
statement of A B C. The only way they could
get acid from the poison-sac would be through
the sting. [Yes and no. Well, I don't know.
I never saw a queen pipe yet but there was a
decidedly tremulous motion to her wings. —
Ed.]

" We expect to make our hives next year
so that the entrances will be an inch deep,
and the full width of the hive. — Gleanings,
.p. 661. Good thing! Could hardly make it
better, unless with every hive j'ou give a
township right to hoist the hive on four }'^-
inch blocks. But, say! How are you going
to enlarge the entrance? If by cutting away
part of the front of the hive, I object. All
my life I've had hives with entrances cut out
of the hive; but since learning the comfort of
dovetailers that will sit on one another bee-
tight, no more of the old kind for me. [Hives
will be left intact, and the entrance will be
formed by the construction of the bottom-
board, the same as formerly. — Ed.]

The Northwestern Association, which
formerly held such successful conventions at
Chicago, is to be revived. Urged by a num-

ber of bee-keepers, and indorsed heartily by
the editors of the American Bee Journal and
Reviezu, a call has been issued for a conven-
tion, Nov. 10 and 11, at the New Briggs House,
Chicago. As that is during the fat-stock show,
also the horse show, fares will be low, and a
good meeting expected. Say — who's coming
from Medina? [I might come with some
coaxing, but I can not tell positively at this
early date whether I can leave then. — Ed.]

" Comb honey was never known to sell as
low as it is now, and it is the farmers and
small bee-keepers that have ruined the price
by selling at the stores at anj- price they were
offered." — Frisbee, Gleaiiings, p. 655. "The
farmers and small bee-keepers are our best
friends," is the teaching attributed to Bro.
Abbott, p. 670. All who have had your mar-
kets improved by poor honey thrown on the
market at low prices, please hold up your
hands. [The way you have placed the two
ideas over against each other almost puts Bro.
Abbott into the shade ; but after our friends
get through holding up their hands, I wish
Bro. Abbott would stand up and explain more
fullv whv the farmer bee-keeper is his friend.
—Ed.]

M. H. MendleSON writes that he practices,
with entire success, first putting on extracting
supers, then sections. "The darker honey is
extracted ; by that time your hives are boil-
ing over with bees, and are forced to go into
the sections. The brood-apartment is gener-
ally crowded with brood." [I have been
preaching that thing myself, and I am glad to
know that I have such a ' ' big gun ' ' as Men-
dleson to back me up. My object in using
extracting-supers to start was not to get rid of
dark honey, but to get the bees started in
supers. I find that they will go into extract-
ing-supers sooner than into sections ; and if
they once get into the notion of going above
they are more apt to keep on going up, even
when the surplus arrangement has been chang-
ed to something thev do not like quite so
well. —Ed.]

A discission is on in the American Bee
Journal as to the value of the bee-space.
W. C. Gathright thinks where shade is scarce
the bee-space protects against the sun. He
says, " I once put out some hives facing south,
and in almost every one the comb next to the
wall of the hive on the west side of the hive
melted down. I then turned the hives with
the entrance to the east, and had no further
trouble. The space between the end-bars and
the end of the hives served almost the same
purpose as a double-walled hive." [I have
watched the discussion myself ; and after
looking over all the arguments on the other
side, I fail to see one good reason why a bee-
space should not be used ; and on the other
hand there are many reasons why it should be
used. To abandon this bee-space in this day
and age would seem to me like going back to
the flail to thrash our wheat rather than to
use the modern steam thrashing-machines.
The most convincing fact to me is that those
bee-keepers who use the bee-space produce as
much honey per colony right along as the one

('.I.KANINGS IX BEE CULTURE.

69.']

or two who think Ihoy can not use the bee-
space; unci, besides, there is a heap more coin-
forl in working with the bees and takin.i^ off
the honrv. Whv, the point seems to me to
be hardly' debatable.— Ivn.]

" El'M, oi' rRi>MiSH to apiculture" is the
idea of breeding,' bees for lons^^er tons^ues,
accordin.i^ to Prof. Cook, p. ()5S. But when
he says, " It will take long years, hence the
necessity of great patience," I think he throws
on moro culd water than is warranted. Look
at Dr. ^lurdock's bees with worker -cells,
some of them as large as drone-cells, and con-
sider the fact of the great inequality in the
present length of bees' tongues. Say, Mr.
Editor, just you offer for sale as good glossom-
eters as they have in I'Vance, or better ones,
and a whole lot of us will go to work at once ;
and instead of "long years" I believe the
question could be pretty fully settled in three
to five- years ; and no one would be quicker or
gladder to say he was wrong than Prof. Cook.
[Somehow I do not enthuse very nmch over
the possibility of getting bees with longer
tongues. A good many attempts have been
made at it, but practically nothing has been
accomplished. Perhaps if an experiment
station could take hold of it something might
be done. — Ed.]

BIOGR.APHY OF DR. JESSE OREX.
Another Banker Bee-keeper.

BY O. O. POPPLETON.

The late Adam Grimm will long be remem-
bered as the " Banker Bee-keepir." It is nut
generally known that we have another man
in our ranks, still alive, who dividt^s honors
with Mr. Grinmi of having graduated from
bee-keeping into banking, but has, I think, a
nmch more interesting and unique personal
history.

Dr. Jesse Oren was born Sept. 22, 1824, in
York Co., Pa., which locality had been the
home of several generations of his ancestors
on both sides, some of whom suffered severely
during the Revolutionary and early Indian
wars.* It would be very interesting to record
some of their adveiiturc-s, but lack of space
prevents.

* All hi.s ancestors on both sides were born and rear-
ed ill York Co., Pa., and owned farms adjoining each
other. The.*^ farms were near the Susquehanna
River — on the south side of the river, opposite Middle-
town. Ju.--t below Middletown are the rapids in the
river, and it is considered very dangerous to attempt
a passage t>y any ordinary boat. Middletown is situ-
ated at the junction of Sweet Arrow Creek with the
river. Jacob Keller had gone across the river, and
was attacked and pursued to the mouth of this creek.
Ice was thick in both river and creek, and just grind-
ing along prior to closing up for the winter. It seem-
ed to be only a choice as to the manner of dving.
Jacob Keller'cho.se death by ice and water rather'than
to be captured. He rushecl in among the ice, succeed-
ing after a time in getting on top of a large cake of it,
and went over the falls safely, and landed on an island
about three miles below the falls. On this uninhabit-
ed island of about five acres of ground he remained
nearly three days before the river closed and he was
able to cross to the shore on the ice. The island has
ever .since been called ' Keller's Island."

Dr. Oren's early life on his father's rocky
Pennsylvania farm laid the sure foundation
for his .subsequent life of industry, frugality,
etc., n.-ce.ssary for the success of his later life.
Deciding that he must have a better education
than could be had on the farm, he, when !(>
years of age, botind himself otit to a harness-
maker, with the distinct agreement that he
was to have a certain amount of schooling; but
the agreement not being lived up to, he went
fir.st to Lancaster, O., and then to the Plain-
field Academy, where the principal took him
as scholar, knowing he was dollarless. From
here he went to Johnstown, Pa., where he
taught a school during the winter of 1S42. In
the spring he started for Oberlin College; but
by chance he was stopped at Richmond, O.,
where a new college had just been started.
Plere he remained three vears in alternate

DR. JESSE OREN.

study and teaching. Some of his experiences
during this time were interesting and very
characteristic, but space forbids giving them.f
Hard sttidy and work had broken down his

t He remained in Richmond, O., three years, all the
time at study. At the end of five months Dr. I.orimer
gave him a "certificate of cliaracter, and sent him to
Judge McCuUougli, who lived at the mouth of Yellow
Creek, about three miles from Wellsville, O. Here he
obtained a school at good wages, but .soon learned
that William McCullough, son of the judge (and at
the pre.'^ent time superintendent of a railroad, with
headquarters at Wellsville, O. ). and John and William
Hammond (now and since, and during the civil war,
John made his figure as an eminent physician) were
to commence the .study of algebra and geometry. As
Mr. Oren had not studied geometry at all, he felt
embarrassed, t)ut nevertheless assigned them a lesson,
and then went home to .study it himself. As his
school was but ten miles from' Richmond, where it
was well known he was unbooked in geometry, and
as he felt the situation was a bad one, he determined
to fortify himself by always hearing the lesson of the
boys without having the 'book in his hands. In five
months the boys passed through six books of Eegendre
without a miss or a fault. This will he news to Dr.
John Hammond should he see this in print.

696

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct. 1.

health, and he was sent home to Pennsylvania
under sentence of death from consumption.
Fortunately he fell under the care of a very
able ph}-sician, who treated him for ner\'ous
disorder caused by overwork, instead of for
consumption, resulting in a cure in a few
months.

As a patient he became interested in the
stud}' of medicine, and adopted it as a life
profession. For the next few years he was
engaged in teaching, in obtaining a collegiate
and medical education, and in extensive hos-
pital work, finally being graduated as " M. D."
at the Penn Medical University, of Phila-
delphia.

In 1854 he was one of a limited number of
young American surgeons who entered the
Russian medical serA-ice during the Crimean
War. For the first few months he served in a
large hospital at Backsisaria. some 1"2 miles
north of Sebastopol; afterward in hospital No.
18 at Cherson, until the end of the war. This
removal to Cherson was a promotion with
much increased pay and privileges, and was
by direct order of the Czar himself. Soon
after Dr. Oren went on duty he and his supe-
rior, a German surgeon, had a controversy
on some point of practice, resulting in a bet,
and a victory for Dr. Oren. The idea of a
young American doctor worsting a veteran
German surgeon was too good to keep, and it
reached the ears of the Czar, who ordered him
given a present of 2-5 roubles and the above
promotion. At the end of his two-years' ser-
vice in Russia he returned to Philadelphia
with |.5000 in cash, and within ten days start-
ed for Iowa, where he first settled in what is
now North Liberty ; and in 18-58 removed to
Laporte City, Blackhawk Co., his present
home. Here he practiced his profession,
gradually becoming interested in farming,
bee-keeping, fine-stock raising, and banking,
in all of which he has been peculiarly suc-
cessful.

About a dozen years ago he concluded to
try the South, and, as a resiilt, has spent his
winters ever since at Daytona, Fla., becoming
interested in the town financially. On ac-
count of ill health Dr. Oren has, within the
last four or five years, retiied from all active
business except such as is necessary in looking
after his financial interests in the bank and
elsewhere. When I visited him at his home
about 1.5 years ago he was living on his 1200-
acre farm, fully stocked with Clydesdale
horses and shorthorn cattle, his specialties,
and an apiary of about 300 colonies. The
farm and stock were cared for by hired labor ;
but the apiary work was all done by himself,
wife, and two daughters.

He first became intere.sted in bees in 1858,
starting with six colonies which cost him |108.
In 1860 he bought from Mr. Mahan the first
Italian queen that ever crossed the Mississippi
River, for 122.50. In 1861 his apiary number-
ed 150 colonies, and has varied from 100 to
nearly oOO from then until he retired from
active work a short time ago.

His specialty was comb honey, and his suc-
cess in both honey production and wintering
was phenomenal, excelling in both these

respects any other bee-keeper I was personally
acquainted with in Iowa. Many of his meth-
ods, both in bee-keeping and stock-raising,
were original, and differed widely from an}- I
have seen practiced by any one else, and they
were peculiarly successful. His bees earned
him much of the money invested in other
lines, and in this respect he divides honors
with Adam Grinmi, and not second honors
either.

As a friend I have found him to be such as
few men have the power and disposition to be.
He in his daily life fully lives up to his ideal.
He once said to me in words, ' ' What is the
use of a man living in this world if he can't
be helping somebody?" His success in this
line has been equal to his business success.

Pioneers of improved American bee culture
yet alive who antedate Dr. Oren's commence-
ment of the business can probably be counted
on the fingers of one hand ; and I doubt
whether any of them have had as unique, in-
teresting, and successful all-round personal
history as he has.

Dr. Oren has been president of the Iowa
State Kee-keepers' Society.

vStuart, Fla., Aug. 10.

HOUSE-APIARY AT NOTRE DAME, IND.

Wintering in a Warm Room; some Interesting Ob-
senations.

BY JOHN CHRYSOSTOM.

One of the house-apiaries on the grounds of
the University of Notre Dame is a frame
building, in length about 60 feet, in width
about 9, in height about 10 from the floor to
the cone of the roof. It is built of matched
lumber throughout, being so tightly jointed
that mice and such small animals can not get
into it. A small platform on the floor, run-
ning the length of the building, is about 'A feet
wide and 3 inches high, sloping to the front
about flu inch, so that the moisture which
may collect at any time in the hive will readi-
ly run out. On this platform are small frames
about 2 '4 inches apart, inserted in the wall,
the exact size of the porticos of the hives,
against which the portico of the hive fits
tightly, forming another portico about 8 inch-
es high, 12 inches wide, and 11 inches deep,
thus making a secure place for the bees to
.sleep warm at night, especially when there is
a large quantity of brood and young bees in
the hive, which would make it very uncom-
fortable for the field bees.

All these openings and hives are on one side
— the southeast side of the building — as are
also the windows, which are swung on hinges
as a matter of convenience. The porticos
have tight-fitting slides with ventilators, and
ma}' be closed and opened at will. This is
very convenient on cold bright windy days in
spring, or when bees are robbing, or when
looking through a hive in early spring or late
in the fall, when the slide and all the windows
can be closed, in which case there is no trou-
ble from robber bees.

1897

(CLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

697

But, how about tlu' iioisc, and walkinj^ on
the floor so near the hive? Bees become ac-
ouslonieil to it, and ilo not mind it.

I never saw a house-apiary, and know not
how they are jjenerally built, or what advan-
tasjfes others may find in them ; but for me I
tind it most convenient and satisfactory. I
w(.)uld not keep bees if I had to winter them
in cellars and caves. The hives in this house
are only about 'J '2 inches apart, and it is very
easy to pack them in chaff or straw if it is ever
necessary. My opinion is this, founded on
experience : That it would be better to have
the house facing east, with plenty of windows
on the east anil west sides ; also have a large
window in the south end, the north and south
ends being flanked with good windbreaks.

sun till noon, and on bright days in spring the
top of the hive becomes very warm, even on
ct)ld days. Be.sides this source of heat, there
is a coil of steam-heating pipes running along
the wall under the window, and the tempera-
ture of my room is seldom as low as 50 deg.,
either night or day. In the afternoon it is up
to 7") degrees. The bees get their fresh air
from under the window-sash. The hive is so
warm and comfortable, especially when the
north wind blows, that the bees take exercise
in the hive, which oftentimes lias been a great
source of pleasure to me on winter days,
watching them through the glass, as the side
of the hive next to my writing-table is glass.

Oftentimes in early spring I have seen the
bees fly from less comfortable hives when not

i$mi''-

HiHSK-Al^AKV ON THIi f.Kor.NDS OF THE rXIVKKSITV, AT NOTRK DAMIC, IXD.

The ad\antiiges of this arrangement are
that, on windy days, the bees would find a
calm atmosphere as soon as they would drop
down to the hives, and in early spring the sun
shining through the windows and on the roof
would raise the temperature in the building,
and Cfjnsequently in the hives, which I think
would have a tendency to induce earlj^ brood-
raising.

But, would not this be an inducement to the
bees to fly out on cold bright days? I believe
not, when their quarters are comfortable ; at
least, this has been my experience. I have
kept a sixteen-frame colony on the window-
sill in my room for the past three years. The
window is situated in a southeast angle of the
building, affording light and heat from the

a bee was to be seen from this particular one.
As for funerals and house-cleaning in the
spring, this hive is almo.st exempt. Perhaps
not over 200 dead bees could be found in and
aljout this hive the entire winter and spring.

I have .seen them work about (JO(K) flights an
hour on first honey or pollen. At night they
appear to enjoy the lamplight, which is some-
times very close to their window. But, the
noise? Well, they are aroused by the ringing
of a large hand-bell every morning at five
o'clock, and every hour till nine in the eve-
ning, besides vocal and instrumental music
three times a clay, when a class of fifteen or
eighteen young men join in a chorus, which
makes quite a racket. Nevertheless, these
little creatures continue from day to day their

698

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct. 1.

daily work as thouf^h they were in the tree-
tops in some far-off fores' .

[I would somewhat question the wisdom of
having too much glass for the purpose of let-
ting the direct rays of the sun shine directly
into the house-apiary building. I should fear
that, on cold days^ Avhen the sun did not
shine, the building might be cold; for glass
does not begin to affuid the protection that
some non-conducting substance like wood
does. Perhaps the Ioa- temperalu.-e of one
day withoui sun might be followed by a calm
day with plenty of sim. Then the inside of
the building would be ven,- comfortably warm,
if not hot, and that would possibly make a
difference of fifty degrees in temperature. INIr.

the warm air and to the noises and all other
unusual conditions. We have known of other
instances of colonies being kept in a living-
room, having an entrance connected with out-
doors; but, so far as I can remember, these
colonies did not fare verj' well. Perhaps there
are some among our readers who have con-
ducted similar experiments who will let us
know about it. — El).]

THE "ABC BOOK " HOUSE-APIARY IMPROVED.

BY JACOB MEISSNER.

I noticed in Gleanings that you are going
to build a house-apiary to keep thieves out. I

meis-Sner's improved house-apiarv.

Salisbury and a few others who are using
house-apiaries are, I ihink, w'intering quite
successfully withoui any windows sa\e small
glass lights iliat are closed up by sha.es.

Your experiment wilh a colony of b^es in a
living-room is quite inler;Sting. One \vuulJ
think the warm temperatuie would excite
them too much, and cmse thtm to fly; but
very likely they h;:vc become accustuined to

send you a sketch of mine. This house does
not have to be built at one time. Indeed, I
have not finished mine yet. The four small
houses, or wings, can hi moved anywhere.
The central part is of eiglit pieces — four high
ones, and four to fit the top of the roofs of the
small houses. The whole slrncture is bolted
together. The flat roof shown in the diagram
is btst for a movable house. To get into this

is.t:

O LEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

6'.)9

hiiildin.u;. thieves imisl ,uo Ihrouiih three locks.
Tlio wliole buiUiintj holds % colonies.
Shecnwater, N. V.. An-. !1, l.S«»7.

^[Frotii an architfctural point of view your
house-apiary is very pretty ; but from a pock-
etbook point of view I am afraid it would be
out of the reach of the majority of bee-keep-
ers. The present price of honey renders it
absolutely necessary, if the bses are to pay all
expenses and give a profit besides, that a
house-apiary should be built as economically
as possible. Mr. F. A. Salisbury has a build-
ing about 12 X 60, gable roof, which will hold
as many colonies as yours, and which proba-
bly cost less than a fourth as much. Still,
there may be some located in the cities who
are not so much after the profit as they are for
the pleasure of bee-keeping. To such a one
the house-apiarv above will commend itself. —
Ed.]

BEE-KEEPING IN BANANA LAND.

SdiiK' Interesting Facts About the Flora.

HY H. G. BURXET.

There is no tract of land in the world, of
the same size, that I know of, that has as
diversified a climate and soil as this island of
Jamaica. This diversity is very pronounced,
so that, in a journey of a few miles, one can
pass from arid plains to where there is a rain-
fall of sufficient amount to keep vegetation in
luxuriant growth the year through. These
conditions are brought about by the peculiar
topography of the island, in coinl)ination with
the northea.st trade-winds. . The range of high
mountains through the center of the island
causes most of the rain to fall on the north
and central portions, while on the south side
there are districts where the rainfall does not
exceed ten or twenty inches, and on the
mountain-tops and north side it is from 80 to
loO inches a year.

On the dry Liguanea plains on the south

sides there is a very interesting honey flora,
the most noted being a variety of acacia,
locally known as "cashaw," that blooms
twice a year — in May, and again in August
and September, and that grows luxuriantly
all over the dry plains. The honey from this
source is thick and white, and of very fine
flavor, nuicli like wliite-ciover honey. Then
there is the lignum vitie, logwood, and quite
a long li.st of trees, plants, and vines that
yield more or less honey ; and, when .seasons
are favorable, very large yi-lds are obtained —
so large, in fact, that it is almost inipo.ssible
to overstock the range, and large apiaries pay
well.

In the dry districts the flows are very dis-
tinct, and great skill is needed to keep bees
strong at the proper time to catch the full
benefit of the yield; for often for weeks bees
will get nothing; then the cashaw or logwood
blooms suddenly open, and fairly drips with
nectar ; and the careless bee-keeper will lose
nearly all of it while the bees are raising a
force strong enough to gather the abundant
harvest. So it is often the case that he goes
to work and extracts too closely, and his bees
starve or abscond, or "the moth" plays
havoc, and "bee-keeping doesn't pav-." But
there are some wide-awake apiarists who have
the best mo:lern appliances, and are quietly
increasing the number of colonies, and start-
ing out-apiaries, and who will surely reap a
well-deserved liarvest. In the district about
Spanish Town there is complaint that the
hundreds of acres being cleared up and plant-
ed to bananas — under irrigation — is reducing
the flows very materially ; but there are large
areas still untouched. Cocoanut palms also
yield honey, as do nearly all of the palm
family.

Leaving the plains, and getting up into the
hills, we .find a more varied flora ; for the
rainfall is greater, and, with decent care, bees
will never need feeding, as they often do on
the dry plains, for there are nectar-yielding
plants in bloom all the year round. Logwood,
which is found sparingly on the dry plains,
here grows with great luxuriance, and is found
in nearly all the pastures on the great cattle-
ranches — here called "pens" — -winch abound
throughout the island.

About Christmas, bees get more or less
honey from a convolvulus-like bloom called
" Christmas pop," that stimulates brood-rear-
ing, which is of great value, as it puts the
bees in good shape, if properly managed, for
the harvest from log^vood in January and
I'ebruary, which lasts from four to eight
weeks. Oranges abound in many parts of the
island, and, where plentiful, give considerable
honey, following closely after the logwood.

The list of nectar-yielding plants in the
hills is quite a large one, including many
large trees as well as small weeds and vines.
A good many swarms have escaped to the
rocks and many caves that are found through-
out the hill country. With the facilities of
good roads — none better anywhere — and con-
venient railway transportation, it is a wonder
some of the apiarists on the plains have not
moved their bees into the hill countrv after

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct. 1.

the cashaw flow has stopped. J. S. Morales,
the enterprising secretary of the Jamaica Api-
ciiltural Society of Spanish Town, not only
handles Root's goods, but rides a bicycle to
his out-apiary, and is much in request by a
number of beginners in various parts of the
island. Friend Morales finds a wheel invalu-
able in his business, as does the writer ; for
with the magnificent roads everywhere
through the i.sland "it's just fun " to wheel
through the lovely and varied tropical scenery.

I again invdte A. L R. to visit this island
next winter. He will find many things that
wall interest him as much as any thing he has
seen on any of his travels — immense fields of
bananas grown under irrigation ; great water-
falls, wonderful medicinal springs, large
sugar-plantations, truck-growing under irriga-
tion, great caves, etc., as well as a wealth of
tropical vegetation that will be a revelation to
him. He can bring his wheel, and ride every-
where, and he will find that he has many
friends here as everywhere.

Linstead, Jamaica, Aug. 80.

[Thanks. Will try to send him down one
of these winters when it is cold and bleak
here, and lovely with you. — Ed.]

SMOKER FUEL.
Some New and Valuable Kinks in Handling Bees.

BV N. E. BOOMHOWER.

About every apiarist has his own whims and
ideas; and among them are some who would
rather use a thing of their own originating
than to use one they knew was better, but
decline simply because some one else got it
up, and say it is " no good."

I will give a few points that perhaps will do
some one some good if he will try it. One of
them is, fuel for the smoker. We use old
phosphate-sacks that have been laid out in
the rain, and washed out, or burlap of the
same nature, which can be had in almost any
quantities at the junk-shops for one-fourth
cent a pound. This fuel has been used by a
good many, but perhaps not in the same
shape we use it. We take a phosphate-sack
and roll it up lengthwise as tight as we can
handily with the hands; then we take common
cotton twdne and tie around the rolls about
five inches apart, or about the right length to
fit in the smoker ; then chop up the rolls
between the strings with an ax, and so have a
very handy piece of fuel that will just fit into
the smoker. One bundle will last two or
three hours, and make a much nicer smoke
than any wood I ever used.

We take sacks and fill them with the bun-
dles, and send one to each apiary, and that
will last through the season. The advantage
of this fiiel is that there are no sparks; and
those who have chaff hives will know that
this is one good point. Only a short time ago
I burned up four chaff hives on account of
using wood for fuel. Your smoker is always
cool, easily lighted, and I have known a
smoker to stay lighted three hours without

being touched. In lighting the smoker, take
the biirnt fuel that was used the last time ;
and by touching it with a lighted match it
will burn like charcoal, thereby saving the
time of cutting shavings. The cost is about
five cents per hundred colonies per season,
and about fifteen minutes' work to prepare it.

W. L. Coggshall, I think, was the first to
use fuel in this shape, and you could get him
to use no other.

Another useful point is in putting a hook
on the smoker — one stamped out of band iron,
about "s inch wide and 8 inches long, with
one end made sharp, and bent like a fish-hook,
so it can be screwed on about the center part
of the back of the bellows, and about two
inches from the top, where it does not inter-
fere with the hand. This will be found verj-
handy, as, instead of groping around and
bending over, or reaching to find a level place
where- the smoker will stand, you can hang it
on the edge of the hive, and be out of your
way, and save a good deal of time and annoy-
ance.

Anotlier point we just caught on this season
is in driving the bees down in the supers,
either in extracting or comb-honey supers,
where bee-escapes are not used. This is done
by taking hold of one corner of the oilcloth
and pulling it loose, just so the opposite cor-
ner hangs; and, by blowing smoke from the
smoker by the side of the cloth, and flapping
the oilcloth up and down quite rapidly, you
will be surprised to see how quickly the little
fellows will leave and go downstairs. It seems
to draw just the amotmt of smoke required,
and it scatters it evenly over the frames, and
forces it down in between the combs farther
than a smoker will do it, and not so much,
and does not get the bees excited. With a
little practice a person can nearly clean the
supers of bees ; and where you extract you
hardly need to brush the combs.

West Groton, N. Y.;;

[Mr. N. E. Boomhower is a son of Frank
Boomhower, of Gallup\'ille, N. Y. As I saw
Mr. N. E., or Novice, as he is familiarly call-
ed, working in one of Mr. Coggshall's apiaries,
I can testify to the correctness of every point
he makes. It is indeed true that this old
gunny-sack smoker-fuel is cheap and lasting,
and it gives a good volume of smoke without
sparks. I think Mr. C. told me he bought for
this purpose old phosphate-sacks. The smell
of the phosphate would do no harm, but, on
the contrary, would have a more favorable ef-
fect on the bees. I do not suppose it would
pay ordinarily to buy new burlap for the pur-
pose of making smoker fuel, and yet it might.

The idea of flapping smoke into extracting-
supers for the purpose of expelling bees by
means of the enamel cloth or quilt is a valu-
able one. The principle seems to be in caus-
ing a partial vacumn in the super. A contin-
uous stream of smoke is poured over the
frames. The flapping of the enamel cloth, as
explained, causes a suction, driving the smoke
further into the super than it can be done
with the smoker itself, strange to say. You
have probably noticed this, that, while in bed,

1J<'.)7

(;m-:a\ixgs ix rice culturh.

if llK- 1k-i1-(.-U)Uk's arc lu-lil fast at one cud, and
raised up siuUlenly, it will cause a suction. In
the case of the hive the smoke seems to he
(lri\en intt), or rather sucked into, the super,
not l)v the i/o:r>/uvr(/ (lap, but l)v the sudden
uplift'of the cloth.

Well, how about the results? I .saw youni;
Roomhower drive bees out of super after
super ; and when he took the combs out
to shake or brush, in many cases there was
hardly aJjee on the combs, so thoroughly did
it do its work. I shall have more to say about
this when I come to tell about my visit at Mr.
Coggshall's ; but in the meantime, brethren,
try it and see how it works. If you use a flat
cover, and no enamel cloths, try the ordinary
robber-cloth that Dr. Miller recommended,
but have it wet. As soon as the cover is re-
moved, lay this on the frames, then try the
flap act, and notice what it will do. Now try
to smoke the bees down in the ordinary way
with the smoker, in another hive, and I think
you will notice the difference as I did at Mr.
Coggshall's. Of course, you know Mr. C.
does not use a bee-escape. His reasons for
not using one I w"ill explain at another time.
-En.]

DOES PURE HONEY CONTAIN ANY CANE SUGAR ?

If Not, Can Even a Small Per Cent of it be Detect-
ed by Analysis? Chemical Terms.

[Some little time ago I stated editorially that I was
under the impression that pure honey was liable to
contain a small per cent of cane sugar, and that, when
the chemist detected a small amount of it in honey, it
should not be construed as evidence that the honey
had been adulterated. On page -1513, Mr. Selser. of
Philadelphia, a chemist, criticised the .statement, add-
ing that my mistake doubtless occurred from the fact
that 1 had confounded chemical and commercial
terms. "Pure honey,-' said he, "does not contain
any cane sugar, commercially speaking; . . . but
there is a very large percentage of sucro.se, and .sucrose
is a chemicaf term for cane sugar."

Prof. Cook, on page (i24, in referring to this article
of Mr. Selser's, .said he thought it contained several
errors, and hoped it might be submitted to Dr. Wiley
for review. Following up the matter I wrote to the
doctor, .sending him a marked copy of the article in
{[uestion, and the following is his reply:— Ed.]

U. S. Department of Agricui.ture,
Division of Chemistry,
Washington, D. C, Aug. 3U, 1S97.
V7tr A. /. Root Co., Meditia, Ohio:

Cii'iithiiifii: — I take pleasure in complying
with your request of the 21st instant, in re-
spect to the statements in the article on page
l'.)3 of Gleanings.

The subject under discussion is hardly a
matter for argument, because it is simply a
question of the use of terms. The expression
"cane sugar " is used con.stantlj- by chemi.sts
as a synonym for sucrose, although I do not
believe that sucro.se is used synonymously
with cane sugar by the commercial worlcl.
In commerce, cane sugar is simply sugar made
from sugar cane, as beet sugar is sugar made
from beets, and maple sugar, sugar made
from the maple. Chemically these sugars are
all identical, and are spoken of indiscrimi-
nately by chemists as cane sugar or sucrose.

The sugars which are present in a genuine
honey are almost- ex-clusively cane sugar, or

sucrose, and invert sugar, which is made by
the inversion of cane sugar. It is probably
true that the original sugar of nectar is almost
exclusively cane sugar, which is inverted
either by the acid juices of the plant itself or
by the digestive organism of the ])ee. In
ordinary honey, this inversion is almost com-
l)leted, and very little cane sugar or sucrose
remains, almost the whole of the sugar being
invert sugar that is composed of about ecjual
portions of de.xtrose and levulose.

It does not appear to me that the criticism
of your correspondent, Mr. Selser, is well
founded ; but the character of his statements
does not quite corroborate his claim of being
a graduate of a special course in analytical
chemistry. It is not quite in harmony with a
scientific spirit to state that " there is not one
per cent of cane or common sugar in pure
honey. In this statement I def}' contradic-
tion."

I do not claim to be a honey specialist, and
it is so long since I graduated in chemistry
that it has ceased, to be a matter of gratifica-
tion to me to remember the date. I have,
however, never been so certain of any position
that I ma}- have taken in scientific matters as
to boldly proclaim that I defied contradiction.
In point of fact, the sugars which are present
in honey are exactly the same as the sugars of
commerce; viz., sucrose, or cane sugar; dex-
trose, or right-hand sugar ; and levulose, or
left-hand sugar. It would require a great
many statements from Mr. Selser to alter this
fact, but still it may be easily contradicted.
Respectftillv,

H. W. 'WiEEV,
Chief of Division.

[After receiving the foregoing I sent it to Mr. Selser
for further review, and he replies as follows:— Ed.]

The article you first published, the basis of
which was taken from "Prof. Wiley's Book
on Honey Adulterations, ' ' as well as the pres-
ent article from Prof. Wiley, is not a matter
for discussion between the two classes — scien-
tist and laity — and as such is very misleading.
I do not contradict a word of Prof. Wiley's
paper ; from a scientific standpoint it is abso-
ititely correct, and I desire to state that my
words defying contradiction were addressed to
the reader of Gleanings — the honev-pro-
ducer. I desired to make it very emphatic,
that, if he placed one to five per cent of com-
mercial sugar in the honey, it could be detect-
ed by analysis; and your statement that " five
per cent of commercial .sugar in honey did not
prove that it was adulterated ' ' I felt was an
error that might result in terrible conse-
quences. In proof of what I say, I make the
following offer to the readers of Gleanings :

Mail me five samples, say 3 ounces each, of
honey ; let four of them be pure, and one
adulterated with five per cent of commercial
sugar ; number each one. If I do not detect
the one that is adulterated I will pay to the
sender $10.00; if I do detect the five per cent
of commercial sugar, he is to pay me $5.00, or
the price of my analysis, 11.00 a sample.

Now, scientifically, turn to the "Govern-
ment Book on Adulteration of Honey," 1892,
page 791, the top of page showing sample No.

1S07

GLKANINGS IN REK CULTURE.

703

41 oi ]>uro hoiK^y to (.■ontaiii S jut ofut of
sucrose and ti") jht cent of reduciiii; sus^ar.
This sample was proven to be positively pure.
Now, Prof. Wiley uses the same word for
sucrose as cane siis^ar, and also says the words
are not us.hI synonymously in the commercial
world. Here is where the line mu.st be drawn,
and 1 repeat the professor's words: " It is
simply a question of terms."

Now practically. In my visit to a larj^e
honey-producer I mentioned the fact that my
State, Pennsylvania, had a law that, if the
smallest per cent of commercial sugar was
detected in honey, there was a fine of ^50.00
for every store selling it. He said that, in the
fall, he fed a lot of granulated sugar. Most
of it had been consumed by the bees, and but
a very small per cent remained in the combs.
When fruit-bloom commenced he thought it
so small that he paid no attention to it, and
extracted it with the other frames in the first
extracting. This man is a good man, and I
am sure he meant to do no harm, as he had
seen the statement that all pure honey con-
tained a small per cent of cane sugar.

Had any party from PennsAlvania bought
his honey and put it in bottles, marking it
" Pure," and sold it to twenty stores, it would
have cost the bottler SIOOO, and ruined him
for life. Will not Prof. Wiley pardon my
strong words in the light of these facts ?

Philadelphia, Pa. W. A. Selser.

[I am glad to note that there is no real dis-
agreement between Mr. Selser and Dr. Wiley;
and I am glad to note, also, that I\Ir. S. is per-
fectly ready to prove his faith by his works;
so, tiien. let the samples go in to him. We
will gladly give place to the results in these
columns. Send him not only sugared sam-
ples but glucosed samples; and when he sends
you the report, mail a copy of it to us, togeth-
er with a statement of ju.st how the honey
was originally "doctored." — Ed.]

THE DEEP-CELL FOUNDATION.

Condiiions Under Which Bees Build Heavier Comb.
BV F. A. SNELI^.

I have eagerly read every thing that has ap-
peared in Gleanings on the above subject,
inasmuch as I think it a very important one.
If it proves what is hoped, it will have an im-
portant bearing on bee-keeping in the future,
so it seems to me. The importance of par-
tially drawn combs, especially in the central
sections of each super put on at the opening
of the honey harvest, is a conceded fact with
most bee-keepers. The drawn foundation will,
if in no other way objectionable, come into
general use in the sections. I think shallower
cells may be preferred by many after the first
super for each colony at the opening of the
harvest. The reports given of trials made
near the close of the honey-flow or during a
light flow, of heavy combs, or those having
more wax than some natural combs have,
could hardly have been expected to be other-
wise. Every close-observing Ijee-keeper has

noticed, no doubt, that at different times the
thickness of combs varies much, dejjending
wholly, so far as I have observed for thirty
years, ui)on the honey-flow at the time the
comb is built. You mention this fact ; and
you will rememlier that I in a former article
took considerable space in calling the atten-
tion of apiarists to the matter of thickness of
combs, stating when the conditions and honey-
flow were right for the building of very light
combs, and the reverse.

My experience with the deep-cell founda-
tion is very limited. I received a sample last
.spring ; and w^hen the bees were well at stor-
ing surplus I ])ut it in a section and placed it
next the glass side of the super. I watched
the bees closely. Work was commenced on
it at once, and the cells drawn out and finish-
ed. The weight of the comb is all that I
could ask for, and this one test impressed me
very favorably. Next season I hope to give
it quite a thorough trial, and I hope all who
have done so this season may give their expe-
rience through our journals. Even if the
new foundation be discarded in a few years,
the effort will not have been in vain. Much
useful knowledge will have been gained. I
think it has come to stay, and prove of value
to the bee-keeping fraternity.

Milledgeville, 111.

DRAWN COMBS AND DRAWN FOUNDATION.

Friend Root : — Referring to my article on
page 560, August 1, regarding drawn combs,
I was not as clear as I should have been ; I
therefore explain that the drawn combs I used,
and which did not give this season as good
satisfaction as full sheets of foundation, were
leveled down by breaking the cells, in all cases
where they were over '4 inch in depth ; possi-
bly some were left deeper than that. What I
said would not reflect on the new drawn foun-
dation, which, I believe, will do all that is
claimed for it, and the finished product w-ill be
first class in every respect. This I hope to
demon.strate next year by actual experience.
But unfinished sections at the close of the sea-
son are like many other things. We shall
have them whether we like them or not.

H. Lathrop.

Browntown, Wis., Aug. 14.

BEES ACCEPTED IT AT ONCE.

I consider your drawn foundation a marvel
of workmanship. Bees accepted it at once.
I have not yet sampled the honey, but I have
no doubt it will be as tender as natural comb,
if not superior to it. C. S. Harris.

Holly Hill, Fla., Aug. 30.

THE NEW DEEP-CELL FOUNDATION AHEAD.
I have tested the drawn foundation you
sent me this summer as follows : I put the
pieces, which were in size 2x4, one in each
section, which made them half full, and put
them together in one corner of the surplus-
box. As the bees usualW begin to fill the sec-
tions in the center of the surplus-box, they
accepted your drawn foundation at once, and

ro4

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct. 1.

extended the comb down to the bottom of the
section, and bnilt or stuck it all around, the
same as any other foundation. For my part I
should prefer the sections only half full of the
raised foundation, as I think it is^just as good
as having them filled, thereby saving expense.
The principal feature of it is to get bees started
to build ; after that, there will be no trouble,
and your new process of manufactured comb
starts them sure. The only difficult part I
experience is in fastening them to the section.
Bloomdale, O., Sept. 7. M. N. Simon.

THE DEEP-CELL FOUNDATION A SUCCESS IN
EVERY WAY.

The 20 combs of drawn foundation were all
finished up nicelv, and their eating qualities
can not be surpassed. This was a very poor
season to test it by the side of common foun-
dation, as bees would start on any sheet of
wax. Some j^ears we know it is hard to start
them, even on the best foundation. I expect
to use the drawn foundation another season
entirely. J. C. WheELER.

Piano, 111.

UNFAVORABLE FOR NEW DRAWN FOUN-
DATION.

The willow-herb was a failure in this local-
ity, so I could not give the new drawn foun-
dation a test from that source. A few sections
containing common foundation have been
filled and finished from fall flowers, but none
containing new drawn foundation have been
finished. " The third day after putting on the
svipers the common foundation was drawn out
farther than the new drawn foundation clear
down to the base. R. E. Ashcraft.

Woodville, Mich., Sept. 3.

[It is the exact truth that we want. If there
are more reports of a like character, let them
come in. — Ed.]

OCCURRING THOUGHTS.

BY J.

W. SOUTHWOOD.

Mr. Editor: — On page 527 you say, "It
does little if any good to put any thing on a
bee-sting." Try ma-le-na. It not onl}' al-
lays the pain if applied soon, but by its
pleasant smell destroys the odor of the sting
and thus prevents the b^'es from becoming
angered. It is found in drugstores generally,
and costs 10 cts. per box. It is a good salve
for many purposes. It is manufactured at
Warrior's Mark, Pa. [The pain is very brief
at most, and my way is to grin and bear it.
The pain would be over before I could get the
stuff on. To destroy the odor I blow smoke
on the wound. — Ed.]

On page 533 of American Bee Journal, Mr.
A. B. Mellen says he prefers piling up the su-
pers five or six high with a cone escape on
top, rather than use a Porter bee-escape, as it
saves one handling. I have never practiced
that method, but have seen it practiced, and
believe I can free the supers with less work
and less liability of destroying the capping by
the use of the Porter escape. I think it a
grand invention.

One diflference between pure blood and
thoroughbred is that pure blood is barely sus-
ceptible of improvement, while thoroughbred
can be greartly improved. G. M. Doolittle,
on pages 500 and 501, points out this fact rel-
ative to the black bees as compared with the
Italians. While the latter have been, and ma)-
yet be, greatl}- improved, the black or Ger-
mans are barely susceptible of improvement.

When from some cause queens are not clip-
ped, many times the queen ma}- be caged as
she issues from the hive. Prepare a roomy
cage ; and if the hive has a full entrance, pre-
pare an entrance-block ; and, if near at hand,
pass to the hive while the swarm is issiiing,
and lessen the size of entrance by moving the
entrance-block endwdse at one side of entrance
so the eye caji easil}- see the full width ; and
as the queen comes out cage her b}' putting a
cage over her. vSlie usually comes out quite
reluctantly toward the last, and sometimes
comes only to the entrance, and then goes
back. In such cases I open the hive and take
her out, as she is quite easil}- found. I fre-
quentl}' take queens of after-swarms in this
way.

ITALIANS vs. BLACKS FOR WINTERING; FEED-
ING; UNIFORMITY IN HIVES; WIRING
frames; METAL-CORNERED
FRAMES.

A correspondent sends in a number of ques-
tions ; and as I do not think it best to take as
nuich space in answering them as I usually do
to each question, I have thought best to num-
ber them and answer by number.

1. Do you think that Italian bees stand the
cold winters we have in 43° north latitude as
well as the black or German bees ?

Ans. — It is said by some that the)^ do not ;
and I used to believe that what the ' ' some ' '
said was the truth ; but that was before I made
any careful tests in the matter. Some eight-
een or twenty 3'ears ago I began to look care-
fully into the matter of wintering; and during
the experience of all of these years since, I
have become convinced that there is little if
au)^ difference in favor of either along tliis
line. Some winters the blacks seem to do the
better ; in others, the Italians come out ahead.

2. A neighbor has given me some bees in
box hives, because he thinks they have not
stores enough to winter on. How can I feed
these bees ?

Ans. — This is very easih^ done at this time
of the year hy boring a hole in the top of the
hive, if there is none already there, and plac-
ing a feeder on top, covering all w\\X\ a hood,
box, half-bushel, or something of the kind. If
you do not have a feeder, a suitable-sized tin ba-
sin or pan will answer every purpose for such
feeding. After having the feed in the pan,

is;»7

GLKANINtivS IN Rlvl-: CULTUR?:.

705

])un up some ratluT short t^rass and st-attiT it
over Ihc lop of the teed for a lloat, to keep the
bees from drown in ij. and set up a piece of sec-
tion in sucli a way that the hees can climb on
it over to the feed. He sure that all cracks
under and about your cover are bee-tight, oth-
erwise you may have a bad time with robbers.

'A. Can 1 not put off feedintj till winter just
as well ?

.-ifis. — No ! a thousand times i/o ! When
will peo])le learn not to put ofT the feeding of
bees till cold weather comes? October 1st to
lOtli is quite late enough to feed bees ; but
should it so happen, from sickne.ss or other-
wise, that the bees are destitute of food when
winter sets in, take the box hives to the cellar,
turn them bottom side up, and every day or
two sprinkle a few tablespoonfuls of honey
over the bees and combs, having the honey a
little more than blood-warm. If they are a
large colon}-, or seem to require more, use as
much as a half-teacupful each time. In this
way bees have been wintered successfully ;
but the chances are that a loss of feed and bees
will be the result.

4. Would it do to leave them till winter, and
then set them in a warm room under netting,
to feed ?

Atis. — No, I should not like to try that.
From my experience in the past, such a pro-
cedure would cause them to become uneasy
and to go to breeding, thus consuming large
quantities of food, which w'ould in all proba-
bility cause diarrhea, resulting in death. There
is a chance for such occurring where fed in
the cellar, but not as much as in the warm
room.

o. Could these bees be wintered in a warm
room?

Ans. — The chance for this would be very
slight indeed, although such has been tried
with success in a few instances, I believe. The
cellar is a much better place, and requires
much less labor and care, hence I see no rea-
son for desiring to try such risky experiments.
[See page 697.— Ed.]

6. I am about to make some new hives. Is
there any advantage in both upper and lower
story being just alike, .so they can be used to-
gether or separately ? If so, how would you
arrange the entrance ?

Ans. — There are many advantages in having
all hives in use of the same size, and several
in having both stories just alike. In making,
you can get along with much less bother ; you
can use the upper story for the same purpose
you do the lower, at any time you so desire,
which will be quite often ; and one, two,
three, or more will fit together like clock-
work in tiering up, without any outside shell
to cover them. By making the entrance in
the bottom-board where it should always be,
this part need not affect the hive at all. If
made right, you can enlarge or contract the
same by simply moving the hive a little back-
ward and forward on the bottom-board, thus
saving any entrance-blocks.

7. Would you advise me to buy wired frames
by the hundred, filled with foundation?

Ans. — That depends upon conditions. If
you are to work your apiary for extracted

lioiuy it miglit be tlie better ])laii ; and if you
work it for comb honey, and have not the
time to look after the combs properly when
being built ; or if your titne is very valuable,
it may be the better way. Rut with the aver-
age bee-keeper I think it will pay fully as
well, especially where the .sections "are filled
with thin foundation, to use only starters of
comb or comb foundation in the brood-frames,
say from 3^ of an inch to an inch wide, as it
will to fill the frames full of the same, to say
nothing about the saving of money and time.
It is the opinion of several of the best bee-
keepers of to-day, that as much or more comb
honey can be secured by allowing the bees to
build their combs in the brood-frames, using
starters as above, than by any other mode of
procedure. Certainly comb honey of the most
fancy make can be produced in this way, and
the difference in selling price between this
and that built by a colony having old black
combs below, where much of the old wax
gets into the capping of the section honey, is
an item worth looking after, but one which
has no bearing on the foundation question,
however.

S. A neighbor of mine is using metal-cor-
nered frames. Are they enough better than
all-wood frames to pay the diiTerence in price
and the extra trouble of making ?

Ans. — I tried the metal-cornered frames
several years ago, and did not like them well
enough to use any more of them. The trou-
ble I found with them was that, in carrving
the hive from one place to another, they would
move about so, even after the combs were
built, that the frames would require respacing
after every time moving, else a lot of bad
combs was the result. Then in handling, the
corners would get bent unless care was used,
so they would not hang true in the hive ; and
sometimes the fingers would get cut. I won-
der if the Roots use them now. [A I. R. used
to like them ( perhaps he does now ) , but there
are none in use in our apiary now; in fact, we
do not even offer them for sale. They were
displaced in our apiary by self-spacing frames,
which we prefer. — Ed.]

PREDICTING THE HONEY-CROP PREMATURELY.

Jllr. Editor: — I've come to the conclusion
that I do not want to report the honey crop.
It is usually much spotted; that is, there may
be a good flow^ of honey in this locality, and
only a few miles distant a failure. If I report
a good crop, it lowers the price. If I report a
failure, onl}- a short distance away there
may be a good crop. Those who have honey
to sell, seeing my report of a failure, ship in
here, injuring the market for those who live
near.

When there is a good flow for a day or two.

706

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct. 1.

•some producers write to the periodicals, ' ' Tre-
mendous honey -flow ! " and before it reaches
its destination, bees may not be making a Uv-
ing. This year a man came for sections, say-
ing that he never saw honey coming so fast.
We ordered them for him, and they remained
here one month, and I doubt if he ever open-
ed them.

Some newspapers report a big yield of corn ,
which is far from the truth. It didn't ear
well, neither did tomatoes set. The best crop
in this locality was blackberries. It is report-
that a man dug his potatoes, dropping them
into a jug, and after working all day it was
not full. Mrs. L. Harrison.

Peoria, 111.

[See editorial on this subject, page 670. —
Ed.]

DISCOURAGING FOR FLORIDA.

You may announce that the present season
has given us not one pound of surplus honey
in this "neck of the woods." This is the
most signal failure we have ever known all
along Florida's East Coast. As I have given
you some fine records from here I will not
shrink from recording this surprising failure.
Except for the killing of the mangrove in '95,
I do not see how we could have had a season
like the present. By next season we shall
get honey from that source again.

Hawks Park, Fla., Aug. 27. W. S. Hart.

THE BEAR AND THE BEES; THE FATE OF THE
BEAR.

We never had any bee-hives kicked over by
horses or sheep, but we had two kicked over
last night by a bear, and the honey and brood
eaten out of one. She was scared away three
times, and came back the fourth time, all in
five hours. I twice drove her away with two
Winchesters; the last time I put a hole through
her jugular. This was my first chance at her.
I was away when she came first, and my wife
shot at her. Mrs. Bear was a dandy, and
weighed 400 lbs. I shall take her hide to the
tannery to-day, and will make a rug of it.
vShe was killed at 11 P. M. After bleeding ten
minutes she got up and came at me as I went
to her wath a light. F. T. Hall.

Barron, Wis. i^ Sept. 3.

A "SENSITIVE" HONEY-PLANT.

Bees are now working liveh* on smartweed,
corn-top, goldenrod, a"nd other plants, and
another very pretty plant with yellow flowers
that is quite sensitive to the touch. I do not
know the name of it, but will inclose a sample.
The leaves are always facing in the direction
of the sun. Some have clusters of the flowers
for ornaments in their dooryard.

Fairbury, Neb., Aug. 15. O. C. Burch.

[The plant sent belongs to the family Z<o-w;;//-
nosic, or pulse. This particular one \s Cacsal-
pinta, but a different species from Poinciana.
The plant is nearly related to the well-known
Mollie Heath honey-plant. It resembles the
true sensitive plant of the florists, and it is
closely related to the beautiful acacia of Cali-

fornia and Florida. These plants are so exceed-
ingly handsome I would advise you to save
the seed and offer it to bee-keepers. If it is
hardy in Nebraska it will probably make a
beautifiil dooryard plant throughout the whole
North. I should be glad of a small packet of
seeds myself. — A. I. R.]

LIMITING THE QUEEN'S LAYING CAPACITY BY
THE USE OF PERFORATED ZINC.

I notice in a late issue of your journal that
you object to caging or taking out queens
during a honey-flow, ' ' as the bees sulk too
much." I have not tried it, only as a colony
happened to be queenless, or was made so in
the operations of queen-rearing. I think you
are correct, but it has occurred to me that that
difficulty might be overcome by caging the
queen on one comb in a cage made of perfor-
ated zinc, so that the bees could have full
access to her and she could lay to a limited
extent on the one comb only, while the rest
of the brood-nest is being emptied of brood,
and being refilled with surplus for extracting.

Estero, Fla., Sept. 3. J. S. SargenT.

[The plan you speak of has been tried, and
a few years ago it was thought it might be a
big thing ; but we scarcely hear of it now.
One trouble was that, when the queen failed
to raise the usual amount of brood, through
no fault of her own, the bees proceeded to
supersede her. In short, this contracting the
queen's room induces a condition of discon-
tent on the part of the bees, and of course
they fail to do their best work. — Ed.]

THE DANZY HIVE.

I have put one swarm of Italians into a
Danz}' hive. They have completel}' filled the
brood-nest vdth absolutely straight combs,
\A'ith only starters, and finished the super of 32
sections with the nicest white honej- I have
ever had, and all in exactly two weeks from
the day I swarmed them. I like the mechanism
of the Danzy. There was not a burr-comb to
be seen when I took off the sections above
noted, this week.

I suspect all will have beautiful clover comb
this year ; but those tall sections of thin
beautiful clover honey are certainly enough
to bring out a hearty interjection.

Indianapolis, Ind. T. C. PoTTER.

WHITE CLOVER ; GROWING AND GATHERING
THE SEED, ETC.

Never seeing any thing in your publication
about gathering white-clover seed, we make
inquiry as to what method is used for cultivat-
ing and gathering it. John Coleman.

Altoona, Pa., Aug. 23.

[I shall have to confess that I have never
heard of cultivating white clover. Of course,
we sell the seed of the white Dutch clover,
which is pretty much the same thing, and
this, I believe, is generally sown the same as
alsike or red clover; and my impression is the
seed is harvested in much the same way, as it
has a good deal shorter blossoms, and nearer
the ground than the alsike. There may be,

1S!)7

G MEANINGS IN BKK CULTItRK.

•07

lu>\vc\cr, soiiiL' niodifioalioii in tin.- way of
i^t'ttini,' tlie seed crop. As there are several
anions^ our readers who have j;;rown and sohi
lis the seed of white Dutch clover, will they
kindly answer the ahove?— A. I. R.]

BKES HANO.INC. t)lT.

In Gleanings for July 15 I see on page 531
the question is asked, " What is the cause of
bees hauijing out? " I think the bees become
damp for want of a little upward ventila-
tion; and I find by putting;- a wedge under the
cover at the rear end so as to give the bees a
little air-current during the extremel}' hot
weather, and taking out the wedge when the
extreme heat is over, and letting the rear end
of the cover down again, the bees work right
along, and there is very little loafing. I use a
wedge '4 inch thick. \Vm. II. EacekTv.

Cuba, Kan., Aug. (i.

[Friend K., I think you are right about the
bees; in fact, substantially the same treatment
has been recommended in Gleanings, and
found to be successful, if I am correct. —
A. I. R.]

SWEET CLOVER.

I send you an old number of Clover Leaf.
It contains an article on sweet clover, which
struck me as being a very able one.

Sweet clover has gained a foothold along
the Cuyahoga River in Independence, next
township to Bedford west. We notice good
results from an apiary that father has located
there. I have saved and fed the fine hay, and
the horses eat it with a relish. I believe it to
be an excellent forage-plant.

Bedford, O., Sept. 15. Edson Hains.

[The article from Clover Leaf is certainly
very full and instructive. We make a brief
extract from it as follows : — Ed.]

(ieneral S. D. Lee, President of the Mississippi
-Agricultural and Mechanical College, in a letter to
this oflfice, .says: " What was the poorest part of my
plantation si.x years ago is now the richest from the
use of melilotus, and the hay is. in my judgment, the
siiperior of red clover for stock."
_JL

SHEEP IN AN APIARY.

In the last number of Gleanings I read
what you have to say about letting sheep run
in the apian,- to keep the grass down. But
there is a surprise in store for you if you ever
try the thing in your ^-ard. The sheep will
strip your Concords of the la.st leaf first before
they go at the grass, and they will climb on
top of the hives in order to get at the last leaf.
Carl Vollmkr.

Absarokee, Mont., Aug. 14.

[Ver\- likely sheep wouldn't do in our yard,
on account of the grapevines. There are no
grapevines in Burt's yard. — Ed.]

and No. :> nothing, resting on the l)ottom-
l)oard. In each case I found all the outside
surface of the two rows of sections next to the
supers nicely fini.shed ; no difference could be
noticed. Due attention has also been paid to
the dividers. A part has received 5 cleats,
another ;>, and the third 2. These last turned
out to be just as good as the first ones.

In conclusion, until better improvement is
at hand I shall do away with wedges, and use
dividers with only 2 cleats, one at each end.
Francois Benoit.

Notre Dame des Neiges, Can.

I'LIGHT OF RKES IN WINDV LOCATIONS.

I should be glad if you could get some prac-
tical bee-keepers, who have had experience in
windy portions of the Pacific coast, to answer
the following question, and let me know
through Gleanings or otherwise: How far
will bees fly in windy portions of the Pacific
coast, and do well gathering surplus honey ?
\<\\\ they gather as much lioney if they have
to fl}- from two to four miles as they would if
they had to fly onh- half of that distance ?

Thebe, Cal., July 2(). Nicholas Spargo.

[Will some one on the windy coast please
answer? — Ed.]

smaller crop in YORK STATE.

My honey crop, as nearly as I can judge,
will be about one-third less than last season ;
bees have not i:iade much if any surplus since
the first week in July. I give it as m}- opin-
ion that this part of the State (owing to bass-
wood not yielding honey ) will be verv^ much
shorter than last season. I am selling in my
home market at the same price as last year ;
viz., 10 to lo cts. for comb per lb.

E. J. HaighT.

Rock Valley, N. Y., Aug. 0.

F.AIR CROP IN IOWA.

A fair crop (not extra) of No. 1 white-clover
honey. Basswood was nearly a total failure.
Bees are gathering honey enough to keep up
brood-rearing at present. Whether or not we
are to have a fall flow of honey we are not
advised, as we have not heard from our honey-
prophet lately. O. B. Barrows.

Marshalltown, la., Aug. 4.

GOOD honey CROP IN UT.\H.

A good honey crop was raised in this section,
but no sales to date. I am doing very well
selling to the local market in small packages.
Reading those articles in Gleanings, on
making home markets, has greatly interested
and assisted me in this line. A. B. Thom.\s.

Payson, I'tah, Sept. (>.

success of the pettit system.
The pleasure I find in keeping up to the
last improvement caused me to try Mr. Pettit' s
comb-honey system. To have a fair trial I
took 15 powerful colonies, which were divided
into 3 parts. No. 1 had its hives raised with
wedges % to 0; No. 2 received only a ^s block,

recipe for honey apple-butter.

One gallon good cooking apples; one quart
honey; one quart honey vinegar; one heaping
tea.spoonful ground cinnamon. Cook several
hours, stirring often to prevent burning. If
the vinegar is very strong, use part water.

Loveland, Colo' Mrs. R. C. Aikin.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct. 1.

' ' THE HONEY-BEE.

Dear Mr. Editor : — Some time since I pre-
sented a friend of mine w-ith some honey. In
response I received the inclosed verses. I
take the hberty and pleasure of sending them
to you for publication. I sincerely trust it will
be your decision to publish them.

North vStreet, Mich. Jas. T. Reid.

[With the greatest of pleasure. The lines
are good — very good. — Ed.]

THE HONEY-BEE.
By Kev. Volney M. Simons.
The bee ! She's in and out,
And flits and flies about;
.She darts on rapid wings,
And buzzes, bores, and sings
Among the beds of flowers
And in the beauteous bowers.
In soft and sunny nooks,
And by the purling brooks.
In many a quiet spot
Bv us o'erlooked, torgot—
The honey-bee is tliere
And here and everywhere,

A making honey.
Unlike ourselves, unschooled,
The bee is never fooled.
She sucks the blooming rose.
And well her instinct knows
She'll get, by her own skill.
Of the .sweet rose her fill.
The fragrant lily-beds,
A thousand thousand head.s.
Their richest, rarest store
Yield freely to her bore.
In stills, the plans her own,
By alchemy unknown.
With mingled suns and dews.
Untaught of us, she brews

Delicious honey.
Who taught the bee, you a.sk.
The skill for her queer task?
Who gave her the high art
To fashion every part.
And, forming cell on cell.
Build all so .strong and well?
Who told her how to sip
The nectar with her lip?
In garden and in field
To find the sweets they yield?
Who gave her the strange power.
The alchemistic dower?
Who gave the pretty bee
Her power of chemLstry?
Who showed her how to take
A thou.sand sweets, and make

Delicious honey ?
A moment, let us .see
This busy beauteous bee.
Behold her and her comb,
A self-con.structed home.
Each single rounded cell
Is builded .strong and well.
While all the solid walls
Rival old St. Paul's.
Unschooled, the little bee
Excels yourself and me;
Without mistake or flaw.
By instinct's certain law
She builds, and, building, shows
How much .she realh' knows,
In hives and barns and attics.
Of simple mathematics.
With never fuss nor fret.
She works for what we get —

Delicious honey.

THE NEED OF GOOD QUEENS IN JAMAICA.

If any country requires better queens than
another, it is Jamaica. Why ? Well, otir
honey-flow is never as heavy as with you in
the States, but it is continuous for, say, seven
months, and all that time the queen is hard at
work keeping up egg-laying. A queen is old
here at twelve months of age.

Jamaica Bee-supply Co.

Mandeville, Jamaica, Aug. 23.

J. H. B., Utah. — Young larvae having their
heads wrong end to in the cells is veiy unusu-
al. We would advise you to change queens.

W. IV., Mass. — The insect that you send us
is what is known as the " robber-fly," Asilus
Missouriensis. It is common in the South,
but is ver}' rarely seen in the North. While
it preys upon bees to some extent it does no
great damage. It also destroys thousands of
noxious insects, and it is possible that the
good it does more than overbalances the harm
that it does to bee-keepers.

J. 31., Wis. — There are two ways in which
you can winter your bees — out of doors and
indoors. If you winter outside, the spaces in
your double-walled hives should be packed
with sawdust, planer-shavings, or some porous
material. In the absence of any thing else,
dr}' leaves packed pretty solid will do nicely.
For directions in regard to wintering, see page
34 of our catalog, and also the subject of
"Wintering," in our A B C of Bee Culture.

C. S., N. y. — In regard to the microscope,
and slides showing bees, I am now a little
rusty on the subject, not having done any
thing at it for some twelve or fifteen years ;
but I think there is no question but that, for
the money, you can get altogether the best
microscope from the Bausch & Lomb Optical
Co., Roche.ster, N. Y. Their microscopes are
well made, and tl^e lenses are fine. Send for
their catalog. WMth regard to slides showing
bees, I do not know to whom to refer you. I
have a very choice collection of my own that
I made, but which I should not like to part
with, as I sometimes -wish to show them to
bee-keeping friends who call here. Regard-
ing the price of microscopes, I do not believe
you can get a really good one for less than |15
or ^20. The more money you pay, the better
the instrument.

C. A'., Tr.ras. — The amount of sulphuric
acid to be used in refining wax varies with the
quality of the wax. If it is dark and dirt}', use
about a pint to two or three pails of water. If
it is fairly clean, and needs only to be of a
lemon yellow, a very little acid will answer. A
tablespoonful to a pail of water might be suffi-
cient. You may have to " cut and try " until
yoix get about the right proportion. It is de-
sirable to ttse as little acid as possible to secure
the result ; then the melting tank or barrel
should be allowed to stand, covered with car-
pets or old cloths for a few hours before the
wax is drawn off. If it is a barrel it would be
more practicable, probably, to dip it off from
the top. Before dipping, the wax should be
cool enough to form quite a scum on top.
When it is allowed to stand thus, the impuri-
ties go with the sulphuric acid, and settle out
of the way by reason of their greater specific
gra\'ity.

(^.M'ANIXGS IN BKH CULTURE.

St)MKBOl)V has been callinjr Dr. Miller a
liar. I do not believe he believes he is one,
neither does any one else nnless it is the fel-
low who gave him that mild appellation. Take
it all in all, I believe I wonld rather have a
man call me a harsh name that my friends all
know doesn't fit than to fling mild insinua-
tions at me that border prettv closely on the
truth.

A I'Ai'HR by the Hon. R. L. Taylor, of La-
]-)eer. Mich., formerly experimenter for the
Michigan State Apiary, on the relation of bees
to horticulture, was read by the president, Mr.
Taylor being absent. In this paper he touch-
ed upon the subject of spraying and the pol-
lenization of fnut-1)lossoms by bees. It was
one of the ablest and best papers that was ever
read on that subject ; and if no one has any
objections I propose having it put in the form
of a leaflet for general distribution among far-
mers and fruit-growers. I hope to present it
to our readers a little later on.

A FEW days ago we had a pleasant vi.sit from
the editor of the Pacific Bee Journal, Mr. B. vS.
K. Bennett. Having been through a hard
rush of business publi.shing and editing the
bee-journal, and conducting the supply-busi-
ness, at Los Angles, Cal., he found the need
of a rest, and accordingly had been taking a
sojourn of two months in the East, among
friends and relatives. As previoush- announc-
ed, he attended the Bufl^alo convention, and
went from there on eastward, and finally in
his circle landed here at the Home of the
Honey-bees. He was just on his way back to
the Pacific coast, and left Medina for a bee-
line to his home. Mr. Bennett is only 24
years old, but has considerable business sa-
gacity and push. As editor of a bee-journal
and as a short editorial paragrapher he has
shown no mean ability. Gi^kanings wishes
him success.

BEE-KEEPERS' PICNICS AND GOOD COOKS.
A BEE-KEEPERS' picnic is quite a common
social affair in York vState. I have attended
several of them myself. The last issue of the
tinier. FjCC Jour, refers to one held recentl}^ at
Freeville, and which I attended. It seems
that there are several counties in York State
that have county bee-keepers' associations
that meet at least once a year. It is the custom
to call in some outsider to address the associa-
tion, after which there is a general discussion
and question-box work. This is either fol-
lowed or preceded by a first-class picnic din-
ner. I said ' ' first-class, ' ' and I meant it, for
those York State women do know how to
cook. I remember that the president of the
Seneca Co. Bee-keepers' Association, Mr. Fred
S. Emens, at the last meeting at Elm Beech

Park, was asked what lie thouglit of llie Sene-
ca Co. cooks. I couldn't .see the " point,"
notwith.standing every one laughed. Noticing
my blank silence, some one whi.spered in my
ear that the president was a single man, and
that there were also .some " good-looking sin-
gle cooks " there that day. My eyes involun-
tarily wandered from good-looking' I-red to the
aforesaid prepossessing cooks, and I said to
mvself, " Yes, whv not ? "

m'.VS LOOSE IN THE POSTOFEICE IN NEW
YORK CITY.

Ai.oxc; the fore part of last month appeared
an item in the // 'arid, of New York, to the
effect that some bees had caused a panic in
the New York postoffice. It seems .some ig-
noramus of a bee-keeper had put up a lot of
bees in a flimsy package that leaked, and the
bees got loose in the mail-sack. When the
clerks in the New York office ( probably the
most important one in the United States) at-
tempted to open the sack, thei'e was a "pan-
ic ; " and the World for Sept. 8 gives an ac-
count of it as follows :

The clerks who .sort Uncle Sam's mail in the big
granite Federal Building had the liveliest .sort of a
time for an hour or two last .Saturday night.

Along about midnight, when ihe work is the heavi-
est, and van-load alter van-load of mail-matter is
dumped in the postoffice, to be .sorted bv the army of
clerks, a porter flopped a big leather pouch on a
" form," astlie sorting-tables aie called, and proceed-
ed to open it.

As he slipped the leather strap through the .staples
and pulled open the month of the pouch he heard a
.sound he had never noticed before to proceed from a
mail-bag. It was like the humming of the summer
breeze through the tree-tops.

" That sounds like mosquitoes," said the porter, wh
lives in Hackensack in the winter season ; but he
backed away from the pouch and called a fellow-
porter's attention to it.

The two made a cautious investigation. The sound
had ceased, however, and one of the porters ran his
hand inside the pouch and felt around for about two
seconds. Then he let out a yell that alarmed the
roomful of clerks, and danced about the .sorting-table
shaking his hand violently.

" Take 'em off ! " he yelled, and he tried to brush
something from his hand.

'• What's the matter, Bill ? " asked his friend.

" Bees, that's what! There's a million of 'em ia that
bag."

The superintendent was called, and a council of
war was held. It was decided that, bees or no bees,
that bag of mail had to be sorted, and volunteers were
called lor.

After con.siderable hanging back, two brave fellows
grabbed the pouch and emptied its contents on the
" form."

As the letters and packages poured out on the table
a swarm of healthy "workers," as the apiari.sts call
them, arose in a cloud and .sent the clerks scurrying
to cover.

Several felt the result of contact with the business
ends of the honey-makers, and it was .some time be-
fore the volunteers screwed up courage enough to re-
turn to their work. The mail-matter had to be .sepa-
rated, and that quickly, for already much time had
been lo.st.

It is evident that the facetious reporter
drew largely on his imagination, and that the
actual occurrence was not nearl}' as bad as re-
ported ; but it was bad enough. It was just
such an occurrence as this that resulted in
Uncle Sam's prohibiting bees from the mails
a few years ago. Any bee-keeper who is care-
less enough to put up a package of queen and
bees so that it breaks open in the mail-bag
should receive a good scoring.

■10

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct. 1.

BEE-KEEPING IN HAWAII.

We have had a pleasant call from Mr. \Vm.
Thompson, of Honolulu, H. I. Mr. T., al-
though connected with the " Kamehameha "
school, and instructor in the department of
sciences, is the owner and manager of some
•500 colonies of bees, all in one apiary. Two
things I could not understand. 1. How he
could manage to teach every day, and run so
large an apiary; 2. How it was possible for him
to keep so many colonies in one apiar3\ As
to the first, he is obliged to employ help ;
and, moreover, the heaviest part of the bee-
work comes when school work is the lightest.
As to the second, he told me that he presum-
ed he had too many, but that many more col-
onies could be supported on a given location
in Hawaii than in many portions of the Unit-
ed States. Bee-keeping was confined to a
narrow belt of land along the coast, and a
company had been formed to buy up all the
colonies in that region, the osten.sible purpose
being to "make a corner " on the honey mar-
ket there, and at the same time secure all
available desirable bee-pasturage, for it seems
that that is quite limited. The area which
the company is trying to secure control of will
probably support onh' about ;^>000 colonies.
They have not pulled Mr. Thompson into the
"combine" yet, and it is unlikely that they
will succeed in doing so.

Our friend says that bees can be kept in-
land, or up in the mountains, but the honey is
dark and of poor quality. That which is pro-
duced in the area along the line of the coast
is of very' fine quality, if I can judge from the
taste of a mere sample which he gave me.

We have sent him queens a number of times
bj' mail, and I believe that in all cases they
have gone through alive ; but imagine my sur-
prise when he said that the bees, even from
these queens, grow to .be so large in the salu-
brious climate of the Hawaiian Islands that
they can not go through ordinary perforated
zinc. I had asked him if they used perforated
zinc, and he said he had tried it, but had had
to give it vip, as the bees could not get through
it when filled with honey ; and then when I
suggested that the bees from our queens sure-
ly could, he shook his head.

The honey that is produced in Hawaii is all
extracted, and is sold in the London markets.
The beeswax, also quite an item, instead of
being a bright yellow as it is in this countr}-,
is white — so white, indeed, that its purity has
been suspected in London ; but when it is re-
membered that this wax comes from the solar
wax-extractor, and that said extractors are un-
der a tropical sun, it is not to be much won-
dered at that the product should be thorough-
ly bleached.

Mr. Thompson gave me an interesting ac-
count of the situation in Hawaii, and of the
struggles of the little republic under our pre-
vious and present administrations ; of the
wisdom and magnanimity displayed by Presi-
dent Dole, under trying circumstances. Of
course, friend Thompson was heartily in favor
of annexation, and he hoped that our Ameri-
can Congress would make the little republic a
part of us.

the buffai^o-convention picture.

After one of the sessions, somewhere about
four o'clock, the bee-keepers assembled in the
convention room at Buffalo were requested to
adjourn to a raised platform in front of the
building, and near one of the triumphal arches
through which the G. A. R. veterans marched.
The bee-keepers were requested to take their
seats upon the reviewing-stand, while the art-
ist took two shots ; but as it was a little late
he made a little too much allowance for the
light, and "overtimed" the pictures so that
they were too flat or too something ; but on
the morning of the same day, I think, the
same artist took a view of a large number of
the bee-keepers who attended the convention
that was good. This picture was taken in
front of the lodging-house where many of us
were stopping ; and the result in half-tone is
reproduced on another page. This view, while
it shows only a small portion of the conven-
tion members, takes in a list of many of the
most prominent bee-keepers of the countr3^ I
regret that I am not able to give you the name
of each one of the faces there shown, and I
can remember only a few of the more promi-
nent ones.

Beginning at the extreme left, the bald-
headed gentleman with full-face, white tie,
and side whiskers, light coat, arms folded, ap-
parently leaning on the steps railing, is Mr.
Wm. Couse, a gentleman who has long been
secretary of the Ontario Bee-keepers' Associa-
tion. He is one of the leading bee-keepers of
Canada.

The gentleman just in front of him with
arms also folded is Mr. S. A. Niver, or, as he
modesth' styles himself, "Morton's brother-
in-law." Mr. N. has had much experience in
selling honey and other articles directly to
consumers. Possessed with a good stock of
humor and with a "tongue balanced in the
middle," he can sell hone}- like hot cakes.

The next face that I recognize, and just at
the left of I\Ir. Couse, and a little higher up on
the steps, with his hands folded in front of
him, is Mr. E. T. Abbott, editor of the Busy
Bee, a sprightly publication published at St.
Joseph, Mo. Mr. Abbott, as I have before
stated, is employed by his State to lecture on
rural subjects during the winter. I never
heard one of these lectures, but I have seen
some of those who have, and they pronounce
them as full of life and interest. His hen
story, it is said, fairly captivates his audiences.

Mr. A. is always prominent at conventions, is
an eloquent and earnest speaker. Very often
independent in his views he saj-s just what he
thinks. If the "other fellow" does not like
his style — well, he does not lose any sleep
over it. While he may not be given to hon-
eyed words he has a kindly heart and sympa-
thetic nature.

At Mr. Abbott's left, and just in front of
■ one of the pillars, is Mr. David Coggshall,
who, I believe, owns an apiary of some 500 or
600 colonies of bees. Like his brother, W. L.,
he lives in a beautiful residence — one that
would compare favorably with some of the
dwellings on the fashionable streets of our
cities. Both of the Coggshalls are bright keen

r.i,i:AxiNGS IN BKiv citlturk.

■]]

busiiit'ss fanners — at least I ju(l<;e IIkmii to In-
such tVuTU the jjeiieral thrift and ajjpearaiice
of every thiiitj ujion their jireinises. There
were no broken - down ijates, tnnil)le - down
fences, no poor excuses of l)arns, or houses
sadlv in need of paint.

At Mr. Cog^shall's left is Mrs. IMason, wife
of Dr. A. B. Mason, the enterprisinj^ secretary
of the I'. S. II. K. I'. The doctor is one of
those whole-souled, happy, good-natured men
wlu)in it is a pleasure to know ; and while his
face beams all over with smiles, he is quite
lialile to say somcthinsj: that will hit yon, if
you do not look out. If you do not like it —
well, he is too fat and happy, he says, to worry
very much about it. Mrs. Mason is one of
those quiet, pleasant women, whom it is a plea-
sure to meet. She very often goes with her
husband to bee-conventions, and the doctor
says he takes her along to keep /u'lfi straight.
In front of Mrs. Ma.son, with his arm resting
upon the railing, and sitting down, is the
kindly face of Dr. Miller. He is another
.strong convention man. Without him, a con-
vention to me always has something lacking.
The doctor has a happy faculty of throwing
in jokes and short pithy speeches that help
very much to enliven a convention.

jiist back of Dr. Miller, and next to Mrs.
]Mason, is Geo. \V. York, president of the U.
S. B. K. U., and editor of tlie .li/ierica/i Bcc
Journal. He was again honored with the
office, and will probably be our presiding
officer at the next meeting at Cincinnati or
Omaha, or wherever it may be held. Mr.
York is a little chap ; but what he lacks in
stature is made up in energj' and hard work.
If he loves his friends he loves them with all
his heart. He never believes in doing any
thing half way.

At Mr. York's left, and in the background,
a little to the right of the middle pillar, is Mr.
E. A. Wander, gf Hartford, Ct. I made his
acquaintance at the Buffalo convention, and
had the pleasure of his company at Niagara
I'alls. He is roval good companv.

In front of ^Ir. Wander is Mr. O. O. Pop-
pleton, a bee-keeper of national reputation, of
wide experience in the North and the South
— one who, while he does not write very much
for the journals, yet, when he does write, has
something to sav-. He is a very careful,
thoughtful bee-keeper. So careful and con-
servative is he that he has been engaged to
make some experiments for us for a year or so
back, in testing varioi;s articles that we were
about to put on the market, but which we
could not do in our northern climate.

Next to Mr. Wander, and back of Mr. Pop-
pleton, almost too much in the shade to be
seen distincth-, appears Mr. P. H. Elwood, of
Starkville, N. Y. He is a large man of fine
appearance; nor does this exterior belie his
real heart. With the possible exception of
Mr. W. L. Coggshall, just in front of him,
and a little to his left, he owns and operates
the largest number of colonies of any bee-
keeper represented in this view. In general
characteristics he and Mr. Poppleton are a
good deal alike — careful, conservative. He is
too busy to write much for the journals, and

too modest to .say iiuich in conventions. But
when he does express him.self he gives us
something to think about.

Ju.st in front of him, with his elbow resting
on the railing, is Mr. W. L. Cogg.shall. In
our previous issue I referred to the rapid wav
in which he and his helpers handle bees; and
as I expect to write up more in detail in future
in regard to Mr. C.'s methods, I will not sav
more about him at this time.

The next face that I recognize on the porch
is that of Mr. Miles Morton, of Groton, N. Y.,
who is the "brother-in-law^" of Mr. Niver.
Mr. Morton has been for years the local
supply-dealer in Tompkins Co. During my
recent visit to New York State I called at his
place. Like the Cogg.shalls he has a beautiful
home, and in the rear a nicel}- equipped shop
for making hives, sections, etc. "Mr. Morton
must be another Dr. Tinker, for it is easy to
see he is a born mechanic. Every thing turn-
ed out from his shop is beautifully smooth
and accurate. He is a man of original ideas,
and in his quiet way he has been using and
advocating certain devices which, in my
humble judgment, wnll in the near future
come to the front. But more of this at an-
other time.

Getting off from the porch, and just in
front of the pillar on the right, with his hands
behind him and his hat on, is the Hon. E.
Whitcomb, vice-president of the U. S. B. K.
U. He had come all the way from Friend,
Neb. For years he has been one of the active
bee-keepers of his vState ; and the handle to
his name shows that he has dabbled more or
less in politics. I took a walk with him
through the streets of Lincoln, Neb., and
found that he is known familiarly pretty well
over the city. He introduced several of us to
Senator Thurston, of the U. S. Senate; and I
could not help noting on all occasions that
one and all seemed to feel that Mr. Whitcomb
was a man of influence.

Just in front of Mr. Whitcomb, and a little
to the right, with his back against the railing,
and his head between two flags, stands R. F.
Holtermann, editor of the Canadian Jiccjonr-
na/, and api cultural experimenter of the On-
tario Agricultural College. Mr. Holtermann,
althougli a young man, has been honored with
the office of president of the North American
Bee-keepers' Association, and has also been
its .secretary. For one and possibly two years
he has been president of the O. B. K. A.,
and for years has been recognized as one of
the leading bee-keepers of Canada. He is
active in conventions, and writes to a consid-
erable extent for the agricultural press. .

Just in front of Mr. Holtermann, and a little
to his right, stands Mr. Frank Benton. This
gentleman has probably traveled more miles
after big and little bees, passed through more
real hardships, and has probably seen more
of the apicultural world in this and other
lands, than any other living man. It was he
who accompanied D. A. Jones, and acted as
interpreter for that gentleman in a trip
through Europe and to the Holy Land after
eastern bees, the result of which trip was the
introduction of Syrian and Cyprian bees into

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct. 1.

this country ; and it was Mr. Benton who
went through the jungles of India after Apis
dorsata, studied them in their native homes,
and sent back reports at various times in re-
gard to these and other species of bees. He
is probabh' more intimately acquainted with
the different bees of the world than any other
man li\-ing. At the present time he is con-
nected w4th the Agricultural Department of
general government, in the DiWsion of Ento-
mology. Mr. Benton is exceptionally well
educated, reading and speaking fluently sever-
al different languages. He is a fine conver-
sionalist and a direct and forcible speaker ;
and were it not for some unfortunate things
that have happened at recent conventions
(whether he was right or wrong I need not
discuss ) he would be one of the most popular
men in our ranks!

There, I believe I have given all the names
than I can remember. There are some faces
among those above that seem familiar to me,
but at this time and place I can not locate
them for I am not good at remembering
names, especially if they are piled upon at
the rate of four or five a minute.

This picture does not b}- any means repre-
sent all the leading bee-keepers who attended
the convention at Buffalo; but when I come
to review in my own mind the lives of a few
of our leading lights, I feel proud of our in-
dustry and of the men who represent it ; and
in my travels among bee-keepers I am more
and more convinced of the fact that they are
superior men and women. A large number
are leaders in some of our best professions.
No wonder, then, that the}' are shining lights
in the bee-keeping world.

ROTTEN BROOD IN THE APIARY ; SENDING
SPECIMENS TO MEDINA FOR IDENTI-
FICATION.

The foul-brood inspector for Ontario, Can-
ada. INIr. Wm. McEvoy, in the American Bee
Journal for June 17, makes the following
good points:

For 17 years I have warned the bee-keepers to keep
all dead 'and putrid matter out of their colonies, so as
not to cause-foul brood; and while I have been warn-'
ing and holding up Death's head and the cross-bones,
the professional guessers, who were not practical bee-
keepers, have been encouraging the wholesale spread
of the disease bj' saj-ing that rotten brood in hives
would not cause foul brood. Such teaching as that
has caused thousands of bee-keepers to be verv- care-
less; and when the disease has broken out iii their
bee-yards, it was left to run its course to the ruin of
their apiarie.s, and all others in the same localities.
It is only the very few among manj- thousands of bee-
keepers who have succeeded in curing their apiaries
of foul brood after it got a good start in their bee-
yards, and the owners left to themselves to manage the
curing.

It is certainly wise to err on the safe side;
and while rotten brood may not necessaril}- be
foul brood, nor be capable of developing into
that disease, yet it should alwajs be looked
upon with suspicion by the bee-keeper, espe-
cially if he does not know exactly what the
disease is.

I have advised bee-keepers of late to send
us doubtful samples for identification. Of
course, such pieces of comb should be secure-
ly wrapped, preferably in paraffined or waxed
paper. If you can't get either of these, get

some stout paper and grease it on both sides.
Never think of sending brood wrapped in
paper simpl}-, or in a paper box. After wrap-
ping as directed, slip it in a tin box, the comb
packed in cotton batting. This latter is tp
act as an absorbent should there be any drip-
ping.

Two or three samples without the box came
to us with the paper soaked through and drip-
ping; but happih' the specimens were not foul
brood. We are quite willing to help our sub-
scribers all we can; but we do not wdsh to
place our own bees and our own interests in
jeopardy.

Each sample of brood is thoroughly inspect-
ed, and a report is made in regard to its con-
dition b}- return mail. It is ni}- practice to
take a doubtful sample, go before the big
boiler-arches, open up the packet, smell it,
tear open the cells with a little sliver of wood,
and then toss the whole thing, package and
all, into the raging fire. We biurn all such
specimens, whether they prove to have foul
brood or not.

One man was about to destroy his whole
apiary, thinking he had foul brood. At my
request he sent me a sample, and it proved to
be only chilled brood — brood that had died
owng to the cool nights prevalent in the lat-
ter part of May. I told him the bees were all
right, and to let them alone. How much we
saved this man the reader can figure out for
himself.

I have given similar advice to several others,
and am walling to do it again ; but our friends
must not put us in jeopardy by putting up the
specimens carelessly.

KEEPING HONEY OVER FOR BETTER PRICES.

Mr. J. F. McIntyre, of Fillmore, Cal., who
was present at the Buffalo convention, told us
how he stored his honey in large storage-
tanks, and held it over for anpther season. If
the market prices did not seem to justify him
in disposing of it that year he held it over.
The honey-flow in California is very uncer-
tain. A good year is liable to be followed by
a poor one. It is the year following, possibly
a poor one, when honey is a scarce article,
that Mr. McIntyre unloads his crop at paying
prices. The white-sage honey is not inclined
to candy, and he finds it profitable for him to
store it over till prices suit him. He said he
could keep honey stored in his large tank
some two or three years without candying, and
he could afford to wait till the market went up.

Some one, in the course of his talk at the
convention, asked him what his honey crop
was. Year before last he had one thousand
60-lb. cans of honey. It is well known that
California bee-keepers wholesale and retail in
square cans holding ()0 lbs. On account of the
di-\- climate, barrels and kegs can not be used.
Well, those thousand CO-lb. cans, or (30,000
lbs. of hone}-, was all produced from one apia-
ry. This apiar}' is located in a valley, and
comprises some 500 or GOO colonies. He nar-
rated how the bees would fly six and even sev-
en miles up and down the mountains. Those
long flights explain why so many bees can be
kept profitably in one apiary.

GI.lvANINC.S IN Bi-:!-; cui/rrRR.

ri3

Our older readers will remember Mr. Fred
L. Cravcraft., who used to write for the JUVE-
NILE Glkamnos when we had a " juvenile "
issue, fifteen years ago. Well, you may not
all know that l-'red has grown to be a bee-
keeper of no small " dimensions ; " in fact, he
is at present the owner of an apiary of some-
thing like oOO or (UK» colonies in the island of
Cuba. Well, just before the convention at
Buffalo we were agreeably surprised to meet
this same person here at the Home of the
Honey-bees, and he accompanied us on the
way to Buffalo. As he is quite a CN'cler he ac-
companied me on a pleasure-trip to the vicini-
ty of Niagara Falls. I hardly need tell you of
the beautiful path for wheelers from Buffalo to
the Falls. We, however, branched off from
the regular route in order to call at Christian
Weckesser's, at Sanborn, N. Y. Friend W. is
a seed-grower and market-gardener, and of
course I greatly enjoyed looking over his veg-
etables and fruits. Like myself, however,
friend W. finds that, in attempting to grow all
kinds of fruits and vegetables, he has a pretty
big job on his hands ; and when it comes to
growing seeds for sale also, I tell you one has
most of the time too many irons in the fire,
especially if he wants to take a little time now
and then to get acquainted with his wife and
children. Friend W. has the wife and chil-
dren too, and we had quite a pleasant talk
about " our homes " as well as about our veg-
etables and fruits. Plums were just getting
ripe at the time of our visit, and I for one
greatly enjoyed sampling varieties I had read
about but never saw or tasted before.

I can not tell you of all the new things I
saw there ; but I want to mention Kendall's
Giant sweet corn — a variety as early as, or, if
any thing, more so, than the Corey, and at the
same time producing good-sized ears free from
the smut, that seems to hang about the Corey
so persistently. I saw it growing, and exam-
ined the? ears, as I did also the Corey planted
at the same time and on the same ground. I
am so well satisfied of its superiority that I
expect to offer it for sale next season in place
of the old standard Corey.

Our next point was La Salle, near Niagara,
where that well-known writer and author on
every thing pertaining to gardening, Tuscio
Greiner, has his abode. Friend Weckesser
kindly volunteered to go with us to La Salle ;
but it was just about dusk when we reached
there, and Mr. Greiner was absent at Buffalo.
However, we greatly enjoyed looking over the
grounds. No wonder things grow, for the
beautiful soil was so filled with stable manure
that it made me think of the grounds around
Arlington, in the suburbs of Boston. We saw
the various things friend Greiner has told us
about in his articles in the different agricultu-
ral periodicals ; the house for curing onions,
open at the sides, with broad roof to keep off

the rain ; the beautiful onions on their re.spec-
tive trays where they were being cured pre-
paratory to pickling ; the great Prizetakers,
grown by the new onion-culture process, show-
ing that friend Greiner practices just what he
preaches. I also greatly admired the white
onion called Garganus. This I saw both here
and at friend Weckesser's grounds. It is
larger than the Prizetaker, and it seems to me
the onions are more uniform and true to type.
.\nd, by the way, we talked about the fact
that the seed of any vegetable, when it is fir.st
introduced, is greatly superior to any that can
be bought a few years later. We also saw'
where friend Greiner had grown onion-plants
in his greenhouse, in coal ashes, and nothing
else. This seems to me a little astonishing.
Mr. Weckesser said he saw them at different
stages of growth. The oiiions are of better
color and of better growth than when pro-
duced in the rich greenhouse soil.

When I spoke about going to a hotel for the
night my good friend Weckesser replied :

" Mr. Root, you trust me a little, and don't
do any thing about going to a hotel just yet.
There is a man who lives here whom I want
you to see ; in fact, I am expecting something
rich when you two get a little acquainted."

On the way to the place mentioned we pass-
ed a store, beautifully lighted, as I supposed,
by an electric light inside, and another one
out in the porch."

' ' There, what do you think of that light ? ' '

"Why," said I, " it is a very pretty light
indeed. Is it some new method of using elec-
tricity for illuminating? "

" Mr. Root, it is not electricity at all. Just
take a good look at it and we will go on."

We drew up in the darkness in front of a very-
pretty residence ; and when told that Mr.
Long was at home he invited us to go in. Be-
fore we entered the apartment there was a lit-
tle hustling around as if something had been
carried out of the room, and I soon became
aware of a peculiar smell of chemicals that
brought vividly to mind my boyhood days.
When I asked about it our host admitted they
had just carried out some of the chemical ap-
paratus, but suggested that perhaps it would
please me as well to have it brought back.
Then one of the boys brought in a sort of lamp
made of tin, surmounted by a gas-jet. This
gas-jet gave forth a small blue flame. It
looked to me like the flame produced by the
oxy -hydrogen blowpipe of forty years ago, es-
pecially when said blowpipe was directed
against a piece of lime or other refractory
sub.stance.

' ' May I ask what gas it is that is giving this
exceedingly brilliant flame ? ' '

' ' Mr. Root, you say you studied chemistry
once. Let me explain it briefly by saying
that it is the new acetylene gas. Its chemi-
cal composition is expressed by the formula
C-H'^,* as you may know."

"Why," said I, " it is one of the hydro-
carbons, like illuminating-gas, only you have

* Illuininatiiig-gas is, if I am correct, light carburet-
ed hydrogen. C^H*; thus it contains double the amount
of hydrogen found in acetylene ga.s.

JU

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct. 1.

a larger percentage of hydrogen. Is it a new
discovery ? ' '

' ' No. Acetylene gas has been known for
3'ears. You probably saw it mentioned briefly
in your chemistry forty years ago ; but since
Niagara has been, harnessed, and we have elec-
trical energy in greater volume, and cheaper
than the world ever saw it before, some odd
things have come to light. About four years
ago," while attempting to produce something
that was wanted, a quantity of lime and car-
bon was exposed to this tremendous electric
heat ; but they did not succeed in producing
what they expected, and the product of their
experiments was thrown away. When some
water was accidentally thrown on to this sub-
stance a very curious phenomenon ensued.
Here. Examine this piece of stone, will you?"

The mineral that I took in my hands looked
like limestone. After I had examined it suffi-
ciently, one of the boys handed Mr. Long a
bit of ice perhaps as large as a hickorynut.
Another gave him a match, and, after placing
the lump of ice on the limestone ( as it appear-
ed), a lighted match was held over it. The
ice took fire like a piece of resinous pitch, and
burned up with wonderful brilliancy. When
the ice was all consumed, the fire went out.
Next a piece of this new mineral, calcium car-
bide, was dumped into a tub of water, and
quite an ebullition commenced at once. When
a lighted match was applied to the surface of
the water we had a fountain of flame. This
calcium carbide liberates pure acetylene gas
just as soon as a drop of water touches it ; and
"the lamp that friend Long has been engaged
in perfecting is simply a tin can to hold the
new chemical. You just pour some water on
the limestone, screw on the top of the lamp
containing the burner, and it is ready to light.
When you turn off the gas, so that no more
can escape, it accumulates and pushes the wa-
ter up into the reservoir above until no more
touches the lime ; then the gas ceases to be
generated until somebody opens the burner
and lets some of it out ; so you see it is auto-
matic in its operation. The gas is generated
just as fast as it is burned, and no faster.

Permit me to say right here, that, when I
was seventeen years old, I was astonishing the
people right and left by showing experiments
in electricity and chemistry. I used to go
around to the schoolhouses, charging ten
cents admittance — schoolchildren half price.
During the forty years that have passed since
that time I have kept track, more or less, of
the developments in electricity. No wonder
friend Long and I talked far into the night. I
am afraid I forgot all about our friends Weck-
esser and Craycraft and all the rest. They
dropped off one by one, and left us talking.

This calcium carbide is now produced in a
large factory at Niagara Falls. It is offered
for sale in quantities at four cents a pound ;
and it takes so little of the gas to make a tre-
mendous light that four cents' worth of mate-
rial will do more lighting than a like amount
of money expended in kerosene oil, cheap as
it is in many places. Instead of filling your
lamp with oil you take out the slacked lime
and put in another chunk, something as you

slip a cartridge into a gtm, and that is all
there is to it. There is nothing greasy or wet
or sticky about the apparatus, or will not be
when it is perfected. If you wish to know
more about acetylene, write to D. N. Long,
La Salle, N. Y. I believe a complete lamp at
present costs four or five dollars. I expect to
have one as soon as they are prepared to offer
them to the public.

I told you in our last issue why we abandon-
ed our wheels the next morning. Although I
have several times visited Niagara I had not
until this time made the trip clear under and
through the falls. During my previous visit
I believe I did not get enough of its wetness
and grandeur. Friend Craycraft and I, how-
ever, decided to take it all in. We took off
ever}' thread of our ordinary clothing, and put
on something like bathing-suits ; and over
these, suits of yellow oilcloth, including a
hood that came clear over the head. As I am
susceptible to chills, I was a little fearful,
when I walked along the slippery walk, of the
cold spring water trickling down upon us ;
but when I got far enough into the water of
the great cataract I was surprised to find it
comfortably warm, even on a somewhat chill}'
morning. We first went clear around the fall
through the spray, witnessing the rainbow
that makes a complete circle. The}' claim
this is the only place in the world where one
can see a rainbow that goes clear around like
a wheel. Outside of this is a second rainbow,
and part of the way round you can see a third
one. I have many times wished it were possi-
ble to go right into and through the falling
water ; but I did not know before that this
had been done so completely. I experienced
at first the pleasurable sensation I have so oft-
en described, of breathing watery spray. But
pretty soon there was more water in propor-
tion to the air than was really agreeable. I
began to be afraid I should strangle, and ask-
ed the guide and friend Craycraft if they were
prepared to carry me out if I fainted from loss
of breath. After they had expressed their
readiness and ability to take me safely through,
I ventured onward. Just imagine yourself
outdoors in the most pelting rain you ever
saw ; then suppose the raindrops to be so
thick that there is more water than air. It
was a sort of spray ; but this spray came in
such volume that, when the guide told me to
look straight down, it seemed to me as if the
weight of the water would crush me to the
earth, or, rather, to the stout iron bridge on
which we were walking. Occasionally the
water would sway over to one side so I could
look up. No tongue can describe nor pen
picture the .sight. The water seemed like bil-
lows of snow. In fact, it made me think of
the roaring and tumbling snowdrifts that I
saw through a telescope over Pike's Peak.
Yes, I was "right in the swim" of Niagara
Falls ; and it seemed as if one might almost
swim in this watery spray. I wondered who
it was who was sufficienlly daring to under-
take to construct the iron bridge right through
this boiling mass of water. Did the workmen
get accustomed to it ? or did they choose some
time when the great cataract was asleep, and

isii:

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

forgot to pour ilowii its Icrrihle and rclt'iitlfss
stream? I'antiiijj ami j^asping I said to the
ijiii«le, "jDo we liave to yjo hack the way we
came? "

"Oh! hless you, no. We \^n in one way
and come out the other. Vou have t^ol all
through it;" and for the time I was glad.
Yes, I paid a dollar for the privilege of going
" hehind the curtains," and being for a few
brief moments right in the midst of the roar-
ing and seething monster. And it was worth
a dollar too. I shall never forget it ; but I do
not want to go through it again, even if the
guide did say, "After you have been through
three or four times you can breathe without
any trouble at all. One has to get used to it."

Our guide seemed to be quite a sensible, in-
telligent, and bright fellow, and I felt a good
deal of respect for him until just as we reached
the top of the stairway, when he said, "It is
customary for geutlfiiieii to remember the
guide before they go away, by some remuner-
ation for his services. " '

You pay a dollar for the privilege of going
under and through the falls. This is fully ex-
plained in circulars, and at the office before
you go down ; but not a word is said to the
effect that you are expected to pay any more
after yoti have paid a dollar ; and I would sug-
gest to the proprietors of the aforesaid institu-
tion, that, if they wish to preser\-e the respect
and confidence of their patrons, they will put
a stop to this sort of begging for a little more
money. If I am correct, the whole thing is
getting to be in disrepute. After you have
paid tiie advertised prices at a hotel, in a Pull-
man car, or anywhere else, you are not ex-
pected to pay the waiter or porter something
extra for being decently waited on. I told the
guide I did not believe in that sort of way of
doing business, and did not think it my duty
to encourage or sanction it.

HOW HUGH VANKIRK, OK WASHINGTON, PA.,

GETS 20 CTS. A POUND FOR HIS HONRY,

BOTH COMB AND EXTRACTED.

In the first place, he produces from the
white clover on those Penns^-lvania hills about
the finest article of clover honey I ever saw or
tasted. He works his apiaries for both comb
and extracted honey. The former is cut out
of the frames or sections, and put into glass
jars, and the liquid honey is poured around it.
All this may be cjuite familiar to you ; but
when he showed me one of his jars contain-
ing '.\ lbs. of honey, I raised my hands and
uttered an exclamation of surprise. The jar,
I should think, is flint glass. It is made by
the Hazel Glass Co., Washington, Pa., and
the co.st, I think, was only about 7 cts. apiece.

Of course, this is almost twice as much as
the cheap Mason jars; but if it has the effect
of making the honey sell for almost twice as
much, we can well afford the extra expense of
the jar. The honey is put up only as fast as
it is sold. None of it is allowed to candy on
the dealer's hands; neither is said dealer given
so many jars at once that they get dusty and
flyspecked, etc. When I took one of the jars
in my hand I was almost ready to say I would
give 60 cts. for such a jar of' honey, just be-

cause it looked so pretty; and when my friend
took off the cover and handed me a spoon,
and asked me to ta.ste it, then I was fully
satisfied to pay (10 cts. for it just to put on my
own table. May l)e my long wheelrifle had
given me an appetite for honey, and an appre-
ciation for nice-looking things ; but it .seemed
to me then I had never before found any
honey equal to that, both in looks and in
ta.ste. Friend V. insinuates that there is not
anywhere in the world any honey equal to
that from the Pennsylvania hills ; and that is
a pretty good way to think of one's own
locality. Of course, the price of the jar has
to come out of the .'> lbs. of honey ; and when
he leaves it at the stores he gives them 10 cts.
commission on each jar they sell ; but where
he carries it around to the hon.ses, and retails
it out, he actually gets 20 cts. a pound for his
honey, package thrown in, as I have explained.
Now, then, what is to hinder people in other
places from getting a like fancy price for an
equally "gilt-edged" product? This clover
honey was not as white as the California sage,
biit it had a beautiful crystalline amber ap-
pearance, even though it was so thick that a
spoonful could be turned over safely, even
during a warm day, without danger of drip-
ping. I wall tell you more about friend Van-
kirk some other time.

Our Neighbors.

Thou Shalt have no other gods before me. . . For
I the lyord thy God am a jealous God, visiting the ini-
quity of the fathers upon the children unto the third
and fourth generation of them that hate me, and
showing mercy unto thousands of them that love me
and keep my commandments. — Exodus 20 :•'!, 5. fi.

I had been having a 25-mile ride on the
wheel, the latter part of it over some very long
hills. My destination was Silver Lake, Sum-
mit Co., Ohio. I sat in an easy-chair to rest
after my fatiguing ride, and was having a
plea.sant chat with the proprietor of the place.
Suddenly somebody called him to the tele-
phone, and a minute later he seemed some-
what disturbed, and asked me to get my hat
and follow him quickly. I did so, and on our
way through the darkness he explained to me
that his boys had ju.st rescued a woman on the
opposite shore of the lake. They heard some-
thing on the other side, and sprang into the
electric launch, which was all ready to shoot
out into the water with incredible speed by
.simply pressing a button. They very soon
reached the point whence the sounds proceed-
ed. A woman was in the water, and they had
rescued her. By the time he had finished
telling me about it w^e were down at the land-
ing. The boys had carried her into one of the
buildings ; and while the women-folks were
busy in getting her a change of clothing, sev-
eral attempts were made to talk with her ; but
she did not seem inclined to speak. She was
a young woman, well dressed, and of attractive
appearance. I decided in my own mind from
the first that it was an attempt at suicide. And
then I began wondering, as I looked upon
her, how it was pos.sible that one just in the

716

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

prime of life, with every thing, apparently, to
make one rejoice in living, should desire to
throw away this wonderful and precious gift
from God. While these thoughts were in my
mind it seemed to me that I could approach
her in such a way that she would speak. I
leaned over her, and said something like this :

"My poor friend, we know nothing about
what it is that troubles you ; yet God knows,
and he only can help you in a time like this.
Will you not put ^-our trust in him ? "

She thanked me ; and when I asked her
what we could do for her she requested to be
sent home, and gave me her street and num-
ber. The doctor was soon at hand, and pro-
nounced her in a nervous chill. She was
dressed in dry warm clothing, and sent to her
home. The daily papers afterward announced
that it w'as, as I had suspected, an attempt at
suicide. She was engaged to be married to a
young man from Toledo ; but just on the eve
of the wedding he disappeared, and she after-
ward learned that he was already married.

Things of this kind have happened so often
you wonder why I take the trouble to mention
it. I will tell you. In thinking it over I felt
impressed that it was nn^ duty to plead with
this poor young woman, and to use niy poor
powers of persuasion to induce her to choose
Christ Jesi:s as her friend and confidant, and
to cease to mourn or feel troubled about one
who had shown himself so utterly unworthy
of her care or regard. Some of you may smile
at my simplicity. You may think I ask some-
thing that is impossible to the average young
man or young woman. Dear friends, I know
whereof I speak, for I have been through Sa-
tan's toils. God has given you as well as my-
self a human life to live. It is a great and a
precious gift ; and if we are loyal and true to
the great Giver, the great Father of us all, we
shall so regard life. Nothing should induce
us to think of throwing it away, (rod gave,
and no possible combination of circumstances
should make us think we have any right to
throw away or destroy that which he gave.
Satan never misses an opportunity to get into
the human heart and persuade one that God
conferred no favor in giving us life. In fact,
I have sometimes thovight that Satan's whole
work is only for the purpose of getting his
victim to throw away and destroy the life that
God gave. We think of suicide because we
have broken or begun to break this first and
greatest of all the commandments, as in our
text. When that smart lawyer came to the
Savior and sought to test him by asking which
commandment was the greatest and first of all,
he replied, " Thou shalt love the Lord thy God
wuth all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and
with all thy mind. This is the first and great
commandment ; " and through all my obser-
vation, especially since I have been trying to
follow the Master, it has seemed to me the
greater part of the troubles in this world are
because we let something else come before
God. This young woman had become so
bound up — in fact, her whole life had become
so centered in this unworthy man — that she
"h&d/orgoileii God ; and when this man prov-
ed false — when he had subjected her to that

terrible humiliation of having to come before
friends and foes as a poor, deluded, disap-
pointed woman, she felt as if she could not
stand it, and she finally decided to drown her
troubles in the oblivion she hoped to find be-
yond the grave.

Sometimes we ponder and wonder that the
world has stood so long, and yet nobody-
knows — that is, the great part of the world at
least thinks nobody knows — whether it is pos-
sible to escape trouble and humiliation and
guilt by suicide. Even the Bible seems
strangely silent on this subject. The more I
study it, and the more I study humanity, the
more I am satisfied that suicide never mends
matters. Jesus himself said this was the first
and greatest commandment of all. We must
be loyal and true to God if we expect to be
even happy in this world of ours. Many
young people have an idea that such attach-
ments, especially if they are of several years'
growth, are not easily cured. I think dime
novels and similar foolish romantic stories are
responsible for a great part of this. A married
woman who had grown-up children once con-
fessed to me that she could never get over the
consequence of an attachment of years before,
for another than her husband. She said she
could not keep his image out of her mind. I
said to her something like this :

" Why, niv dear friend, you are simply
trifling and dallying with Satan. He is the
one who has got hold of you, and will not let
go. You must keep such thoughts out of
your mind. It is almost as sinful and as
W'icked as for the intemperate man w'ho says
he can not control his appetite for drink.
Everybody tells him, and he knows it, that it
is dangerous for him to even think about it.
His physician and his pastor tell him to keep
busily at work at something that is good and
honest ; and as he values his future life and
happiness he must absoluteh- />//// his thoughts
from all such things. He must turn his feet
away from the direction of evil, and he must
put the thought far from him. He )iiust do
it, even if it requires prayers, groans, and
tears; and you, my friend, must do the same.
You are sinning even now in telling me what
you have told. But if you have come to me
for counsel that my prayers may second your
prayers, then I will do what I can for you.
With Christ Jesus to help, this thing is not so
very hard. In a very little time the dear
Savior rewards the faithful and honest sufferer.
I know this, for I have been in his chains.
Oh that I had the persuasive power and elo-
quence to tell all the world, and to make it
believe, that there is no need of being in the
fetters of sin. Christ died that we might live,
and that we might be free from .sin ; and we
have thousands of God's promises to the
effect that whoso cometh to hiui he will never
cast out."

Let me say further to those who have strug-
gled and battled along this line, there are
thousands of cases in this world of ours to
show and prove conclusively that this affec-
tion — this love between the sexes — can be
controlled by reason and common sense.
Right among my own relatives I am quite

1SV)7

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURP:.

familiar with a case where, for many reasons
of expediency, a woman married a man for
whom she had no love at all. Her sister
died, leavinij; a family of little children. It
seemed to be a Christian duty, under ])eculiar
circumstances, for her to take the departed
mother's place. She was a Christian, and
she asked God to help her do her duty. In a
very little time she loved this man as much
as anv woman should love her husband. In
fact, she said she feared in her love for him
she was forj^etting her Savior, for he was a
very good man indeed. When Satan whis-
pers to you that you can not stand it — that it
will kill you — just say to him decidedl}- you
are going to do your dut}-, even if it dors kill.
/)iih' and not inclination or feeling must rule.
Our feelings are no guide in any thing unless
duty and reason stand at the head.

The above thoughts were in my mind as I
retired for the night. A pretty little room
was given me, that opened out upon the lake,
and the full moon was shining. I knelt dowui
and thanked God, as I have thousands of
times before, that he had given me a human
life to live. Then I thanked him again that
he had taught me the importance and the
beauty of that first and great commandment.
Then I prayed for the young friend who had
just been rescued and brought back to life.
As I stretched myself out on the beautiful
soft bed that had IJeen provided for me, a sud-
den feeling came over me of thanksgiving to
God. Perhaps my long ride on the wheel had
something to do with it. I began thinking of
the pleasant sleeping-places that seemed to
fall to my lot, no matter where I happened to
be. Is it not a little singular that one can
travel hundreds and thousands of miles, and
yet, when night comes, rarely fail of finding a
comfortable, pleasant, and tidy resting-place
— yes, a resting-place that bears evidence of
woman's touch and loving feminine hands.
Again and again has it seemed to me that I
did not half deserve the dainty beautiful
sleeping-apartments that are placed at my
disposal. May be some of these hard-working
women think we men do not appreciate their
efforts in this direction. If it will encourage
them any I want to have them know that /
at least do. Then from this I began meditat-
ing on the Ijeautiful plan which God ordained
in the creation of the sexes, and their relation
one to another. Next to love to God should
be the love of parents; and the love between
a young man and a young woman is like the
opening flower — the rosebud if you choose.
It is one of the most sacred and holy influences
that should move men and women. But even
here Satan has a foothold. I admire the man
who is willing to give his life, who gives him-
self, all he is or all he hopes to be, toward
making the woman of his choice happy; but
when this woman dies, or when by some
strange mishap she is married to another, the
man. if he is created in God's own image,
should be a man still, and make the best of
the circumstances. My mind wandered to
other things that should make us happy here
in this world of ours. I looked out over the
beautiful Silver Lake, and then at the bright

moon sending down its genial l)eams ; and
just then, aw^ay out over the water, a l)eautiful
melody broke forth. Somebody was .singing.
At first memory groped back through the dim
past to recall that song of olden time; and as
the singer came nearer I caught the words :

When in thy dreaming.

Mootis like these shall shine ajjain.
And daylight beaming,

Prove" thy dreams are vain,
W'ilt thon not, relenting,

For thine absent lover sigh,
In thy heart consenting

To "a prayer gone by ?
Nita ! Juanita !

Let me linger by thy side !
Nita ! Juanita !

Be my own fair bride ! *

I had heard the melody hundreds of times
in years gone by, but I never appreciated it
before then. I presume the words were sup-
posed to be those of an Indian to his dusky
bride. Then I thought of the genius who
gave the world not only the words but the
beautiful music. Why does music touch us
and stir us so wonderfully ? Somebody has
called it the universal language. It affects
alike all tribes and all nations, no matter what
language the}' speak. The singer of the night
may have been one of more than usual talent,
but perhaps not. At any rate, it gave me a
new conception of the power and pathos of
nmsic ; and I thanked God again and again
for having made it possible for us to appreci-
ate and enjoy this strange and beautiful thing
that is called harmony. Then I thought of
poetry — poetry that we find in many of our
h3-mns and songs — poetry to make men better
— at least all poetry should do so. Then I was
permitted to take a bird's-eye view, as it were,
comprising all human attainments and ac-
complishments, including the joys that are
in store for those who love God. I never saw
it spread out before me as it was on that moon-
light night. And then I prayed again that, if
the opportunity should offer, I might tell this
3-oung woman of whom I have been speaking,
of what she tried to throw away when God in
his mercy planned her rescue. It came out,
as you will notice, through this new and won-
derful servant of man, electricity. Friend
Lodge has at his place one of the electric
launches that were used at the World's Fair.
Thousands upon thousands wondered to see
them start in an instant with that mighty hid-
den power. No oarsman could have rowed a
boat fast enough to rescue that drowning wo-
man. As I sat in the seat at one time, enjoy-
ing a ride on the electric launch, the proprie-
tor told me that under the seat where I sat
were stored |800 worth of storage batteries.
These batteries are replenished by the electric
current that runs the cars up to Silver Lake.
The boat is ready to shoot out in an instant at
any moment, day or night, and the power that
may be turned on is prodigious. You and I,

* I would not have the friends think that I entirely
indorse this old song. It came out and was given to
the world, if I am correct, before the advent of (iospel
Hvmns : but vet it delighted the young people in the
ye'ars gone by ; and probably through the influence of
the beautiful music, to .say nothing about the senti-
ment of the words, it may have brought cheer and
brightness to many a troubled soul.

718

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct. 1.

my friend, have been permitted to live in the
age of electricity. We do not know what is
3-et coming ; but we may thank God, who has
permitted us to see these great conveniences,
for his loving regard to us his children. All
together, this little time I passed just before
going to sleep on that particular night was one
of the richest experiences I have ever known
in my life. I have alluded to these things be-
fore, and told you that it almost seemed to me
as if I were in the presence and enjoying the
companionship of unseen friends — the com-
panionship of those who know of God, and of
his love to us his children. If I had been in
the habit of taking drugs and stimulants I
might have thought that this was the effect of
something of the sort, and that there would be
a reaction. No, I had not even been guilty of
drinking even strong tea. The exhilaration,
what there was of it, came from exercising my
muscles, lungs and heart included, in riding
over difficult hills just about sundown. And,
besides this, I had been praying that God's
kingdom might come, and his will uiight be
done on earth as in heaven. My prayers had
been answered to the extent of giving me a
little glimpse of heavenly things, and I was
surprised, but not ungrateful , I assure you.

VAI^UABLE RECIPES FOR A CERTAIN SUM OF
MONEY.
Below we give an advertisement verbatim
which appeared in a recent horticultural jour-
nal :

FRL'ITS, VEGETABLES, BERRIES, GRAPES, ETC., NEAR-
LY TWICE USUAL SIZE.

A1.SO make.s melons, corn, etc., grow mammoth size.
A wonderful liquid plant-food. Has never failed. Re-
sults guaranteed. Formula sent sealed for $1. Send
2c stamp for more particulars if wanted. Reputable
reference. Address W. H. GARRETT,

Box 2.57, Mobile, Alaliama.
As soon as the journal was received I
promptly sent a dollar — not that I expected
any thing of value, but because I am anxious
to see this business stopped, of advertising
recipes, etc. Below is what I receiv«;d, written
with a pen, as an equivalent for my dollar :

FORMULA.

Sulphate of iron constitutes the plant-food. Take
old pieces or scraps of iron and put them into a wood-
en vessel, filling it about h full, and pour on water
until the vessel is full. I^et it stand 24 hours, then
draw off and use. The ves.sel may be refilled a num-
ber of times with water. If the iron is not convenient
take copperas, using one pound to /o/<;- gallons of wa-
ter. Suspend it in the ves.sel in a gunny or other
coarse-fiber bag, and it will dissolve rapidly. This
should be applied after the bloom falls. Pour' it about
the roots, using one pint on a hill of vines, and a quart
on trees 2 to tj years old, and half a gallon on those
over (j years old. This should be applied once a week
until the fruit is half grown.

If used in solid form, put one ounce of copperas
about the roots of the hill — not in contact with them —
and for trees 2 to -1 years old, 2 ounces; and over 6
years, 4 ounces. Applications ever>^ other week for
period named. Pieces of iron buried about the roots
will give a con.stant .supply.

Pear Blight. — Spread I J4 pounds copperas under tree
out to end of limbs; or bury pieces of iron about the
roots; or bore a ^^-inch hole'into the tree and put in a
teaspoonful of copperas, and plug up.

Mobile, Ala., Aug. 31.

The above recipe may, it is true, have some
value, although I am sure its value is greatly
exaggerated. For years statements have ap-

peared in different periodicals, to the effect
that iron filings or iron chips are valuable as a
fertilizer. The fact that luxuriant and produc-
tive pear-trees are so often found closely ad-
joining a blacksmith shop has been adduced
as proof. To test this matter we have at dif-
ferent times taken iron filings and iron turn-
ings from our machine-shop, and placed them
around fruit-trees ; but I have never been able
to see any positive benefit, judging from sev-
eral experiments. If I am correct, our experi-
ment stations have also tested the matter thor-
oughly. The idea of boring a hole in a tree,
and putting in copperas or any other chemical
to cure pear blight, is all folly. The matter
has been full}- written up. I\Ir. Garrett may be
a well-meaning man, but he has certainly let
his enthusiasm run away with his better judg-
ment. I do not know how many dollars he
has received besides lu}- own ; bttt I hope he
will think better of his plan, and stop taking
money from his fellow-men in this way. One
dollar should buy a good-sized book telling all
about chemical fertilizers, and sulphate of iron
among them.

ELECTROPOISE, OXYDONOR, ETC.

We are pleased to notice that that excellent
periodical. Electricity, has seen fit to copy a
large part of our article given in issue for Aug.
1 ; and in speaking of the Patent Office and
the way in which it was finally persuaded to
grant a patent, it says :

It now seems that the Tnited States Patent Office
has al.so had its .skirts besmeared in the .same puddle.

At the close of the extract they sum up as
follows :

As stated further along by our contemporarj'. it is
certainly a remarkable position for our government
to take that it will grant a patent for a class of things
which intelligent men the world over c6nsider to be
frauds.

It .seems, however, that such is the position taken
by our Patent Office, and if this be .so in one ca.se,
where is it going to .stop? The spiritualist, the necro-
mancer, and the fakir of every kind will neces.sarily
have to be protected, and the hone.st man will go
•without his dues.

While this matter is again before us, permit
me to say that two persons have rated me
soundly, because they believe Oxydonor to be
an honest invention. One of the writers goes
so far as to quote Scripture, saying, ' ' Whether
this man be a sinner or no, I know not ; but
one thing I know, that, whereas I was blind,
now I see." I give this to show how hard it
is many times for people to give up their de-
lusions. Now to business : If it is neither
electricity nor ox^-gen ( as thej- still persistent-
ly claim) it must be some new force just dis-
covered, and hitherto unknown to the world.
But the question then arises. Why does not
the w^orld, especially the scientific world, re-
ceive it with joy ? Why is it not heralded
from one end of the world to the other as were
the X rays which we are all now familiar
with? Has the world been backward? have
scientific men been slow in investigating and
assenting to the claims of this wondrous thing
brought out by Roentgen ? Let those who
defend Electropoise and Oxydonor explain if
they can.

1S97

CLEANINGS IN BEE CUJ/n'RI':

cu;.\ri-;tt)-:-sm()kin('..
A lady whose husbaml keejis a ilnij^store in
Dayton, O., very innocently remarked recently
that the cii^arette bnsiness was a ijjood bnsiness,
because, wlien a man once connnences buyinj^
tliem, he Ht"'t'/\<;rTrs it up. One of the com-
pany sui^^ijested that the tax must make it dif-
ficult unless they had a jiretty <,rood trade; l)ut
she said it took only a little while to make
enouL,di to pay the tax. Then somebody re-
marked that prices had been jjreatly advanced;
but she replied again that tliat made no dif-
ference ; for the person who commences using
cigarettes would keej) on using them even if
the prices were advanced from a nickel up to
a dime per package. No wonder the victim
never gives it up, for it is only the opium hab-
it under another name. We are making prog-
ress in our pure-food laws, especially here in
Ohio ; but what about letting druggi.sts and
others ]msh the opium business in the wav I
have indicated above, notwithstanding the
fact that our schoolchildren are being ruined,
body and soul, and our asNiums and infirma-
ries are being constantly recruited at an alarm-
ing rate by cigarettes?

pOR SALE.-2S Sa^h, glazed, 3!^x8ft. x2 inch
* check, glass 12 x 12 : al.so 12 .sash, regular make,
ii xti in. X 1-3 ; about 1(KK) ft. 12 x 12 gla.s.s, al.so sash-
bars for same. A lot of pipe ij in., 1 in., Xy^ in., and
-ome 2 and 3 in.: also a lot of pots, 4, 4'/4, 5, and G in.
Will sell for one-half price of new.

J. S. WARNER, Medina, Ohio.

What They Say about the Pouder Hcney=jars.

T.ACoM.v, Wash.
Walters, rouder. Indianapolis, Ind.;

Deny Sir. — Last shipment of jars arrived o.k.
There was not one per cent loss on the entire ship-
ment, and have never had more than two per cent
loss on any shipment from 30U. I conisider j'our
method of crating the be.st that'l have ever seen.

Yours truly. G. D. Littooy.

HONEY-
JARS.

\ Mb. with Corks, $4.50 per Gr.

) Labels for same, (iOc per gross.

^ Cartt ns, Shipping=cases,

) and cvcTv tiling in the .\piarian line.
) ■ Catalog free.

I. J. fTRINGHAM.
L. I. IDS Park PI., N. Y. City.

Apiary,
Qlen Cove. L. I.

FARM BEE=KEEPING.

The only bee-paper in the United States
edited exclusively in the interest of the
farmer l)ee-keeper and the beginner is
THE BUSY BEE, jjublished by
Emerson T. Abbott, St. Joseph, Mo.

Write for/V/V Miin/'lr tn/,Y ,io:e.

QUEENS BY RETURN MAIL.

Daughters of best imported queen mother, warrant-
ed purely mated to drones of imported stock from a
different .source; hence, a direct cross. 12 years as a
honey-producer on a large scale has laiight me what
good queens mean to the producer, as well as how to
rear them. Price of queens, .')()c each. .Safe delivery
and satisfaction, or monej* refjinded.

L. H. ROBEY, Worthington, W. Va.

_, _ p;ither :^ or .5 banded. 110 cents each; (J for

QUhbNS, i:lf)0 Nuclei and supplies cheap.

CHAS. H. THIES, Steeleville. III.

Dovetailed Hives,

.Sictinns, Ivxtractors, Smokers,
and e\'ery tiling a bee-kee]:)er
wants. Honest goods at close
honest prices. ilO-jjage cata-
log free.

J. M. JENKINS, Wetumpka, Ala.
25 Cts. PER YEAR I

for the be.st agricultural and
stock-breeders' paiier published,

Stuart's Agriculturist.

Agents wanted ! Bicycles, etc., free. Address

WHITWORTH BROS.,

Printers & Pub'rs, 6o High St., Cleveland. O.

Gleanings for One
Whole Year, 25 Cents.

Will furnish GLEANINGS one year— 24 issues
— to a new subscriber, and one untested Ital-
ian queen, during the month of October
only, for the price of the journal alone —
namely, $1.00. These queens are catalogued
at 75 cents each. By .sending us Jl.OO you
will get the queen, 7o cents, and the journal
for only 25 cents.

If you are already a subscriber, and would like
to get the queen, send us ,?'1.00 with a new
name for GI^EANINGS, and we will send
the queen to you, and the journal to the
new name sent.

Remember this offer is good only until Nov. 1.

The A. I. Root Co., Medina, Ohio,

THE A. 1. ROOT COS

Shipping-cases for Honey,

AT THEIR PRICES— THE FINEST MADE.

C.\SH FOR l!KKSW.\.\.

M. H. HUNT, Bell Branch, Hich.

MAKE

MONEY

YES.

HOW?

With

pcniltry,

bets, and
COOK

flowers.
BROS.-

Particulars free.

Scio.

=

Harrison

County

Ohio.

No cheap Queens to sell ; but the best.

Golden 5 band, or 3 band from
imported mother. Untest-
ed, 75 cts.; tested, $1.00.
L. BEAUCHAMP, Box 6i3. San Antonio, Texas.

I'nte.sted queens, .50c each; te.sted,
75c; Breeders. $2. Either leather
or golden. My golden breeders
breed all 5-banded bees.
W. H. LAWS. - Lavaca. Ark.

Queens,

flllpp^C rnte.sted golden beauties, or .3-banded,
V^UU,L,110. 15 cents each. Write for wholesale
prices. I have good bees. To be convinced, order a
.sample queen. This is a monev-order po.stoffice.

DANIEL WURTH , Falmouth. Rush Co., Ind.

pOR SALR.— .500 ven,- choice Italian red-clover
■ queens at 50 cts. each; ^ Aor... $2.80; tested, 75 cts.
Our bees made -50 lbs. per colony of red-clover honey
this season. 15 vears' experience in queen-rearing.
LEININGER BROS, Ft. Jennings. Ohio

pOR SALE. — Italian queen.s. .50 cents each.

'^ Mrs. A. A. .Simpson. Swarts, Greene Co., Pa.

(20

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct. 1.

GARDENING FOR OCTOBER.

Well, friends, gardening in the open air is
pretty much over unless it is late-sown wheat
and rye; but this is farming rather than gar-
dening. Spinach, dwarf Essex rape, and a
few other hardv vegetables, may be put out
yet, but it is a Tittle unsafe. Onion-sets have
sometimes done very well, especially the Ear-
ly Pearl when planted early in October. A
good many growers recommend putting out
strawberry-plants during this month; but un-
less you have learned the trade, and take
some special precaution not to have them
thrown out by the frost, you will waste }'Our
time and plants. If j-ou have a soil that nev-
er throws plants out by freezing, or if you
cover your plants with mulch, and do it just
right, you may not lose many. If 3'ou have
some sashes to put over your plants set out in
beds, of course you can go on pushing them
through October and perhaps November. As-
paragus-roots may be planted, but I believe
most people have decided to put it off till
spring. Raspberries, blackberries, and all
kinds of fruits do as well as, and many times
a great deal better than, when planted in the
spring. Horseradish-roots will always grow
if planted at any time when the ground is not
frozen. Fix up your hot-l)eds, greenhouses,
and cold-frames, if you have them; and if you
have not, and love gardening, I would advise
you to get a sash or two, and see what won-
derful things can be done by a little protec-
tion. Try a few first; and if it requires more
care than you are willing to give during the
sudden changes of weather, then do not invest
any further. Better gather your crops if you
have not done so, then slick up the garden
and sow it to rye; or if j-ou do not care to do
that, ridge up at least a part of it, and get
ready to plant early stuff on the top of the
ridges the first thing in the spring.

THP; CRAND.\LL CURR.\NT.

We come to the conclusion that the Crandall cur-
rant is good for pies, jelly, etc., the same as the com-
mon currant, but the skiii is rather tough. I^ast year
we made a drink which was right good. We hiade it
like wine, only we did not let it ferment. We canned
it like fruit, and it kept nice and sweet.

Berkeley .Springs, W. Va., Aug. 1. H. I,. Wise.

MAKING A BRKED WEEDER OUT OF A GARDEN-PLOW.

Friend A. /.. — Last year I bought a garden-plow, a
one-wheeled affair; but the wheel is larger than those
seen in the market, and is .so arranged that pressing
on the handles tends to shoot the plow forward. I had
a scufBe-hoe, made after the description given in
Gleanings about a year ago, but I longed for one of
those Z. Breed weeders. I wrote the company that I
thought I could fasten the weeder part on my one-
wheeled plow, and that I preferred one wheel to
two, as they have it arranged. I paid them $4..5() for
the fingers and head pieces, and fastened them on my
plow with a .single bolt. I have ju.st plowed my peas,
.six inches high, with the weeder, and it did not clisturb
a single pea. If the weeder is used at the right time
it is one of the be.st tools ever invented.

I am using a Breed weeder No. il for .sweet potatoes.

Don't you think we could arrange to publi.sh a .small
book on sweet potatoes ? I think I have it down to
perfection. J. Q. Mulford.

L,ebanon, O,, June 16.

Special Notices in tlie Line of Gardening, etc.

By A. I. Root.

REPORT on potatoes FOR 1S!)7.

At present writing, prices of potatoes for table u.se
are from 7.5 cts. to $1.00; and in a good many places
in the United .States you can not get nice potatoes at
the groceries for les.s than about Jl 00 a bu.shel, and
they are worth from .50 to 7.5 cts. at wholesale.

Somewhat to our surprise, the Freeman this year
has given us not only our handsomest and be.st-eating
potatoes, but the yield has been almost as great as the
Thoroughbreds, and the Freemans are tiie cleanest
and nicest-looking potatoes of any thing we have test-
ed. Quite a few have found fault because Terry and
Maule gave the Freeman such a boom. My opinion
is that these two friends of ours de.serve the "thanks of
the whole wide world for thoroughly disseminating so
vaUiable a potato. The New Queen is (}uite a little
earlier than the Freeman. Indeed, it gives potatoes
of fair .size for table u.se about as early as any potato I
know of, unless it be the White Bliss" Triuniph. The
latter has not done so well with us this season as
last. A great many of our potatoes have been scabby
— that is, here on our own grounds— probably owing
to the large amount of stable manure we have'used on
our soil. The potatoes grown for us, however, by
Wilbur Fenn and others in .Summit Co., are free from
scab, and beautiful in shape, and fully up to their
usual standard, although perhaps not" as large as
u.sual. The Sir William is medium early, but too
prongy to please the average market. It certainly
can not compare in looks with the Freeman; but it has
again shown the peculiarity of being dry and mealy,
even when dug when half grown. The Monroe Seed-
ling, when grown by Wilbur Fenn. is almost as hand-
some in shape as the Freeman, and conies pretty
close to it in quality. Manum's Enormous outyielded
every thing by far (Thoroughbred next), and the
quality is verj' good for .so large a potato. It is also
one of the ven,' best keepers known, while the New
Queen is perhaps the poorest keeper of all, because it
will sprout when it is spriiig:time, no matter where
you put it. The New Craig is not yet ready to dig.

COMB FOUNDATION AT A DISCOUNT.

In order to reduce .stock of comb foundation in the
hands of dealers and branch offices, we offer, for the
month of October only, 0 per cent discount from our
prices of foundation, both wholesale and retail. You
can order from St. Paul, Minn., office at 1024 Miss. St.,
or Chicago office at US Michigan St., or Syracuse, N.
Y., office at 1(85 West Genesee .St. Tho.se on the
north Pacific coast can also secure foundation from
Buell Lambenson, ISO, 182 Front .St., Portland, Oreg.,
at the same reduction from his prices. Remember,
this offer is only for orders received during October
which call attention to this offer, and for present
.stock while it lasts, and not on foundation made to
order. Price of foundation will be no lower next sea-
.son. If you know pretty nearly what you will need,
here is an opportunity to .save .some money by order-
ing now.

HONEY MARKET.

With the coming of cooler weather our honey trade
has taken quite a start, and orders for both comb and
extracted are coming in freely. We offer in tiO-lb.
cans, 2 in a case, water-white California honey, or clo-
ver and bas.swood, or willow-herb, at 6J4c per lb.;
light amber California honey at 6c. Any of the above
in .5-ca.se lots, V^c per lb. less. Two barrels of tupelo
honey still on hand at 6c. Barrels hold about :?.50 lbs.
each."

1S97

(ILKANINGS IN BEE CULTURIv

■21

We liavc on hiitui luTe. and liavc engaged nt various
points in difTerent near-by States, qnantities of choice
comb honey, gathered mostly from clover. We offer
it at the following prices in lots of 2(K) lbs. or more:
Fancy at l.'?c per lb.; A No. 1 at 12c. We .sometimes
have "a No. 2 white which we can furnish at lie.
»\ickwheat honey in the same grades at "Jc per lb. less.
Write us for prices on lots of .VX) lbs. or more. We are
often able to ship direct from the producers, .saving
our customers considerable in freight. Parties hav-
ing honey to sell will do well to ask for a copy of our
gfrading-fules, and directions for shipping comb hon-
ey. We -seldom have any report of breakage when
put up according to ourniethod. If you wish us to
make an offer on your honey, tell us how much you
have of each gra'de, whether light or full weight
sections, stj-le of cases used, and frotn what .source
gathered.

COXVENTION NOTICE.

The Southwestern Wisconsin Bee-keepers' Associa-
tion will meet in the G. A. R. hall, in Boscobel, Wis.,
Oct. (> and 7, l.S!>7. All who are interested in bees can
not afford to miss this opportunity. Come and bring
your friends. Send for full program to N. E. France,
President, Platteville, Wis.

KIND WORDS FROM OUR CUSTOMERS.

Gleaxings is getting better and better. I take it
for my boy. He has .tO hives. He is IS years old.
We all like it for its good reading.

New Bnin.swick, N. J., Sept. 8. Axthony Scott.

I feel lost without GLE.-iNixGS, and do not know
why I discontinued it. Inclo.sed find Sl-OO, for which
renew my sub.scription from the date of discontinu-
ance. Send all of the back numbers.

Fairmount. N. Y., Aug. 29. How.^rd C. Mills.

A KIND WORD, AXD SOMETHING MOKE.

I might say that in the past two weeks I have been
reading .some of your back numbers; and I never was
interested in any thing .so much in my life: and an-
other good thing it has done for me already — I have
quit using tobacco after u.sing it for 20 years, and I am
determined to use it no more.

Streator, III., Sept. 10. William Dickinson.

A kind word from an old bee-journal editor.

Till last year I always had the sent me, but it

was cut off. You 'A. I. R.j always .said it paid to be
liberal. A bee-keeper called yesterday and wanted
me to say which of the bee-papers is the better. I re-
plied that every thing in the bee-line worth printing
could be fovind in Glkanings. It takes Dr. Miller to
catch on them. I always read " .Straws " for views.

W'enham, Mass., Aug' 9. H. Alley.

I have to thank A. I. Root for one of the greatest
pleasures of my life: for in the winter of 1893, when
down with an attack of the grip. I an.swered your
adverti.sement in ( I think it was) Farm and Home,
and sent for your catalog and A B C. The result was
bee fever; and as my father had two colonies of bees
in box hives I got them from him and at once .sent for
your '■ beginner's outfit." In my .second j-ear with
bees I .sold $100 worth of honey: and though the two
succeeding years have been failures I am as much
interested as ever, and I hope to .see the year when I
will make more from mj^ bees than from my farm.

I^ungrey. Quebec. Can'., Aug. 18 E. W. Evans.

CHAS. ISRAEL & BROS.,

486, 488 &. 490 Canal St., Corner Watts St., N. Y.

Honey and Beeswax.

liberal Advances Made on Consignments.
■Wholesale Dealers and Commis.sion Merchants.
Establi.shed 187.').

CWEET=CLOVER SEED in the hull, raised this
•^ season. 1897. at 4 cts. per pound. Addre.ss

Joseph Shaw, Box ft4, Strong City, Kan.

TfirrP AT VERY LOW PRICES. Write now
I nCLtS '"■■ ">•»■ '•ill •■•■it-il-'U. Its liec ••md will tell
' "»-»-" y,.nal,„„l tlu-.t.H-k we gn,u-.-,n.l.n.r prices.

established 1869. iso acres.

The George a. Sweet Nursery Co.,

box 1837. dansville, n. y.

% Gleanings at
% Reduced Rates.

*7k

with a view to encouraging membership to ^J^
all kinds of bee-keepers' associations whatso- ^
ever, local or otherwi.se, we have decided to ^J5t
offer Gleanings at 7.5 cts. per name to mem- ^
bers of such organizations. Old or new sub- ^J^
scribers may take advantage of this offer; but ^
in the case of the old, all back .subscriptions ^i^
must be paid up before the 7-5-cent rate for a ^
j'ear will be allowed ; otherwise only nine iS
months will be credited. • *

We must either require all .subscriptions at ^J^
this reduced rate to come through the .secre- ^
tary. or we mu.st have evidence of .some sort rai
that you belong to some bee-keepers' society. ^
Simply a line from the secretary, .stating that M
you are a member in regular .standing, will ^
suffice. At your next annual meeting, bear f«5|
this in mind; and if you wish to become a f^
.subscriber to this journal, hand 75 cts. to your m|
secretary, and when that amount is received ^
by us your name will be placed on our sub- fg|
scriptibn li.st for 12 months. 'T

S5i If vou do not now belong to any association. Sj*
JT send" $1.7.5 to us or to Secretary Dr. A. B. Ma- ^
{«! son, of the United States Bee-keepers' Union. SS
^ at Toledo, Station B. This will entitle you to JT
^*^ a year's membership and protection In the wjl
^ Union, and one year's sub.scription to this ^
»J5 journal. ^jj

JJ The A. I. Root Company, ^^

2i* Medina, Ohio. 'J

^V ^V ^V ^V VS W "fV v9 V V '*V V >V Vff ^if V ^V

Wants and Exchange Department.

Y^ANTED.— To exchange 140 colonies of bees, with
'" all fixtures belonging to a first-class apiary, for
good horses and mules.

Anthony Opp, Helena, Ark.

Y^ANTED.— To exchange 28 new volumes Encyclo-
'' pedia Britannica for honey. O. H. Hyatt,
Shenandoah, Page Co., Iowa.

Y^ANTED.— To exchange 16-.section non-drip cases
'" at Root's prices, laid down at your station, for
fancy comb honey at prices to suit the times. ALso
second-hand fiO-lb. cans, 2 in a case, valued at 25 cts.
per can, freight paid, for gilt-edged extracted honej'.
Special price on quantity lots. B.. Walker,

Evart, Mich., or 511 Van Buren St., Chicago.

WANTED.— To exchange Dovetailed hives and Hoflf-
'' man frames KD, at my catalog prices, for good
extracted honey. Send .sample and best price.

J. M. Jenkins, Wetumpka, Ala.

w

ANTED. — To exchange e.xtracted honey for rasp-
berry, blackberry, and .strawberrs' plants.

J. B. MrifrBAY. .\da, Ohio.

IVANTED. — To exchange for whita extracted honey,
" or bee.swax, one 1897 high-grade Road King bi-
cycle, as good as new. N. E. Boomhower,

West Groton, N. Y.

J22

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct. 1.

i

THES. & H. CO.

desire to enter into correspondence with all contemplating the purchase of anything in their
line. They think they have one of the most complete assortments of strong, smooth, healthy,

FRUIT AND ORNAMENTAL TREES

? Small Fruits, Vines, Shrubs, Roses, Bulbs, Hardy Herbaceous
^ Plants, Greenhouse Stock, Etc., on the market ard inviteall buyers to come
and see f^r themselves. They are to be found at the old stand where they have labored
faithfully for the past 43 years to build up a reputable business. Catalogues free.

Address THE STORRS & HARRISON CO., Box 8, Painesville, O.

I

IF YOU WMT BEES

that will just ■•roll" in the honey, and that are won-
derful red-clover workers, also gentle to handle, and
exceediuglv hardy, then try MOORE'S STRAIN
OF ITALIANS, the result of 18 years of careful
breeding.

Warranted queens, 75 cts. each; 3 for $2.00; per doz.,
$7.00; select warranted, $1.00; 3 for $2..50. Safe arrival
and satisfaction guaranteed. Circular free. Those
who have never dealt with me I refer to A. I. Root,
who has purcha.sed of me o"er 8.")0 queens.

J. P. Moore, Morgan, Pendleton Co., Ky.

MUTH'S HONEY-EXTRACTOR,
SQUARE GLASS HONEY-JARS,
ROOT'S GOODS AT ROOT'S PRICES,

Bee-keepers' .Supplies in general, etc.,
etc. .Send for our new catalog. ' 'Prac-
tical Hints" will be mailed for 10 cts.
in stamps. Apply to

CHAS F. MUTH & SON, Cincinnati, 0.

Read what J. I. Parent, of
Charlton, N. Y., says — "We cut
with one of your combined Ma-
chines last winter 50 chaif hives
with 7-inch cap, 100 honev-racks,
500 broad frames, 2000 hoiiey-box-
es, and a great deal of other work.
This winter we have doubled the
amount of bee - hives, etc., to
make, and we expect to do it all
with this saw. It will do all you
-sav it will." Catalog and price
list free. Address W. F. & JOHN
BARNE.S, 545, Ruby Street, Rockford, 111.

When more convenient, orders for Barnes' Foot-
power Machinery may be .sent to

THE A. I. ROOT CO., Medina, O.

One nan with the

UNION COMBINATION SAW

Can do the work of four men usiTig
hand tools in Ripping, Cutting off
Mitering, Rabbeting, Grooving,
Gaining, Dadoing, Edging Up,
Jointing Stuff, etc. Full line of
Foot and Hand Power Machinery.
Sold (»i ii ial. Calalogfrec. l-24ei

Seneca Falls Mfe. Co..
44 Water St., Seneca Falls, N. Y.

in all the many shows in
which it has participaterl.
. ■ there must be something I
. n the superiority claims of the
RELIABLE INCUBATOR
Self regulating, entirely auto-
J matic. you put in the ecgs. the
KeliabSedoes the rest. All abovt
this and many things of value to
the poultry man i II our now book. Send 10 cts. forit. L
RELIABLE INCUBATOR & BROODER CO.. 0 t

In writing advertisers, mention Glk.vnixc;

CASH FOR BEESWAX.

We pay '2:5c per lb. cash, or 2.)c in trade, for any
quantity of good, fair, average beeswax, delivered at
our R. R. station. The same will be sold to those who
wish to purchase, at 30c for best selected wax. Old
combs 7vill not he accepted jinder any consideration.

Unless you put your name on the bo.r, and notify us
by mail of amount .sent, we can not hold ourselves
responsible for mistakes. It will not pay as a general
thing to send wax by express.

THE A.I. ROOT COHANPY,

SEE OUR FENCE AT THE FAI!!S.

Our exhibit of n;ttive wild anima s will be
found at nearly all State Fairs and will well
repay a call. Don't fail to britig thechildren.
What they learu about Nature and Page
Fence will prove of value iu j^ears to come.
PAGE WOVEN WIRE FENCE CO., Adrian.Rflich.

PROCURED
PROMPTLY

AT REASONABLE RATES
Cy J. A. OSBORr>SE & CO.,

PATENT LAWYERS,

579 The ArcaHe, CLEVELAND, 0.

kDVICE FREE.

You Want
An Sncubator

Double Regula-
-tor; Model Egg Tray

Want Our Catalogue ?

It'a a pretty book of 68 pages, finely llluatratea;
worth doVars to every poultryman. A 2o stamp gete it. '

GEO. J. ?JissLY, Saline, Mich.

1897

GLKANINGvS IN BEE CULTURE.

Contents of this Number.

AilulteinlumStati>tif>

AlfallB Honov (iet-^ Prire

Apiaiio- iMSluMl>

lW.'~lM-rt|.)H'.u.nt.'

Bo<-k.o|..i->at Niajraia
Bto kf.Mintja Siiocialty.
Butti'Mi-1iai->. Square.

Yellow

Cluv
Kntianrf^. Larue
Kviil Bio.nl. Ti eat i
Koundation, Doolil
Koiiin1alii>n. Dia
Fuel. Smoker. .,1 1
Hn.-, Lai:;,-

Holl.■^ lak, M'M
Hori.i. Hu.-kuli,
H..iirN. Wllltf Ci
Laiulietl. Faiiii.

Lob.-tei>

Locality ami Ta.-.

'.' I i ■>. ■ I lor Bees..73ii

1 I . ■ ■ ' ■ I ' U 7.i4

M-. U.'.Mi I in , |.,M.liiileon 736

,4,,Urli. AiUM,i],,n[ lilake 718

;42|Wliii>poorwi]l.s and Bees. ...733
739'YelIow FeveriuSouth 739

Honey Column.

CITY MARKETS.

Milwaukee. — Our honey market is in verj' healthy
condition, and receipts are "good and quality generally
nice, although some extracted seems disposed to work
every day in the week;, which shows it was not brought
up under proper regulations — moral. The comb hon-
ey is improved in quality over former j'ears. Demand
is very fair, and think we can give encouragement to
our shippers that good results will follow shipments
sent to us. We quote No. 1 white 1-lb. sections, 12@18 ;
1-lb. section.s, old. Sr./ lie; dark. Mb., old, 8@10 : dark,
1-lb.. new, !S(a 10. Extracted, white, in bbls., kegs, and
pails, ofo () : dark, \Cq .">. Beeswax. 2.')C.

A. V. Bishop,

Oct. 7. Milwaukee, Wis.

Philadelphia. — Honey coming in freely, and some
call for comb, but the hot weather of the la.st few
days stops sales somewhat. We quote fancy white
comb ISJ/-; No. 1 white, llfo 12; no dark comb in yet;
white extracted, oHf" 6; amber, 4(g 5; beeswax, 2o. We
are producers of honey; do not handle on commi,ssion.
Wm. a. Selser,

Oct. 11. 10 Vine St., Philadelphia, Pa.

New Vokk.— The demand for fancy white and fan-
cy buckwheat is good, while off grades are .somewhat
neglected. We quote fancv white. 12(a>13; No. 1 white,
10^11; fair white, 9@10; buckwheat, 8(g9; extracted
Caliiornia white. 5@o'A: light amber, 4^@5; white
clover and ba.sswood, 5@.5J^; buckwheat, 4. Southern
in good demand now at oOc a gal. Beeswax firm at 26
"(27. HiLDRETH Bros. & Segelken,

Oct. 7. 120-122 W. Broadway, New York.

Cleveland. — We quote selling to-dav as follows:
Fancy white, 12;4@13; No. 1 white, ll(al2; fancy am-
ber, 10: No. 1 amber, 8(«9; buckwheat, 6; fancy white
extracted, 654; beeswax, 25(4 ^•

A. B. Williams & Co.,

Oct. 6. 80-82 Broadway, Cleveland, Ohio.

Albany. — There is now quite a large stock of comb
honey on our market, as is usually the ca.se in October,
but most of it is buckwheat and second-grade clover.
There is not much fancy clover. We make no change
in quotations. Fancy white 12fe IH; fair to good. 10(airi;
buckwheat, 8(a*9. There is quite a lot of dark extract-
ed coming forward but not much call for it yet at i(ao.
Chas. McCulloch & Co.,

Oct. 8. _ Albany, N. Y.

Cincixxati.— Demand for honey in all its branches
has been extremely dull for the last four or five
weeks. Weather too warm or too much fruit on the
market, one or both, were to blame, no doubt. We
quote 35^^16 as the range of prices for extracted, and
10(5 1:? for best white comb honey, according to qual-
ity. There is a good demand for beeswax at 20fg 2.5 for
good to choice yellow. Chas. F. Muth & Son,

Oct. 7. Cincinnati, O.

Sprixgfield. — Fancj' white clover, 12c; choice
white clover. 10; no buckwheat in.

Perkixs & Hatch,
Oct. 7. Springfield. Mass.

Detroit. — Best comb honey, llfol2; other grafle.s, 9
@1054: extracted white, 5@5^; but little call Tor dark
grades; beeswax, 2.5@26.

Oct. 7. M. H. Hunt, Bell Branch, Mich.

ConTMBiTS. — Demand very good for white clover.
Fancy 12'/.(« 13; No. 1, llfallU. We are in the market
for white cluver in 12 and 24 section ca.>^es.

The Columbus Commission & Storage Co.,

Oct. 7. 40iM13 N. High St., Columbus, O.

Mi.VNHAroi.is. — Fancv white-clover comb, good .sale
at ();/2@l(l'r; other kind.i accordingly. This is a good
place for llie linht kiiul of honey. Have moved a
large quniititN <tiii 1111; tlic la^t two weeks. Extracted
(bett) 5(('5' ^ilight demand for .same.

S. H. Hall & Co.,

Oct. 7. Minneapolis, Minn.

Kansas City.— We quote No. 1 white comb, llfel2;
No. 1 amber, 10@11; No. 2 amber, 8(0!); extracted
white 554@6; extracted dark, 454@o; beeswax, 22@25.
C. C. Clemons & Co.,

Oct. 8. Kansas City, Mo.

Boston. — We quote you our honey market as fol-
lows: Fancy white, 13; No. 1 white, 11@12; No. 2 white,
!); white extracted, t)(S;6J/2; light amber, o<aio}i; bees-
wax, 27, and wanted. Blake, Scott & L,ee,

Oct. 7. Boston, Mass.

Chicago.— Fancy white comb, 11(2.12; good white
9#10; best amber, S@9; dark grades, 7(aS; extracted
white, 5(5)6; amber, 4(55; dark, 3@4; beeswax, 26(ffi27.
The receipts are now quite large, and it is chiefly that
which has been secured from clover, very little from
the asters, and some buckwheat.

R. A. Burnett & Co.,

Oct. 8. 163 South Water St., Chicago, 111.

For Sale. — 25 bbls. extracted pure white-clover
honej-, very light in color, and of fine-st quality, at
prices as cheap as the cheapest, quality of goods con-
sidered. Can put it up in any style of package. Write
for price, stating quautitj' desired.

Emil J. Baxter, Nauvoo, Hancock Co., 111.

For Sale.— A lot of good extracted clover honey in
00-lb. cans. Jno. A. Thornton, I^ima, Ills.

Wanted.— To buy quantity lots of fancy comb hon-
ey in non-drip cases. B. Walker,

Evart, Mich., or 541 Van Buren St., Chicago.

For Sale.— Alfalfa honey, light amber, in carload
lots. 'i^X cts. per lb.; .sample, 10 cts.

John Nippkrt, Box 1051, Phoenix, Arizona.

For Sale.— Pure honey.— Clover, extracted, 6)4 cts.
per lb. Buckwheat, extracted, 4'/< cts. per lb.

I. J. Stringham, 105 Park Place, N. Y. City.

For Sale.— Buckwheat extracted in 50 and 210 lb.
packages f. o. b. for 41/4'c a lb.

W. IvAMar Coggsh.all, West Groton. N. Y.

For Sale.— Choice honey, 6000 lbs. in well-filled sec-
tions, at Qyic per lb.; extracted, 454-

W. C. Gathright, Dona Ana, N. M.

Wanted.— Parties having fancy or No. 1 clover

Wanted.— Shipments of comb and extracted honey.
Can dispose of several hundred pounds of finst and
second grades. Can give good reference. Write me
what you have and the price asked before making
shipment. D. N. Ritchey, Black I<ick, Ohio.

For Sale.— Tons of honey, comb, at 7 to 12c per lb.
Inclo.se .stamps for samples of extracted at 4 to 6c. 1
160-lb. keg.s, f. o. ' "" ' '•— ^ -'«":-« ^- ^-

N. L. Stevens, Venice, N. Y.

FARM BEEKEEPING.

The only bee-paper in the United States
edited exclusively in the interest of the
farmer bee-keeper and the beginner is
THE BUSY BEE, published by
Emerson T. Abbott, St. Joseph, Mo.

Write {oT/i-ee sample copy tiotc.

728

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct. 15.

A Tested Queen and the Review for $1.50.

I have a large number of nuclei containing fine tested Italian queens of this year's rearing, and have
decided to use them in helping to build up the circulation of the Review ; hence offer a queen and the Review
■one year to ne7v subscribers for only $1.50. Review alone, $1.00; queen alone, $1.00. If several queens are vyant-
•ed, write, and the price will be made according to the number. As a rule, orders are filled by return mail, and
there is never a delay of more than three or four days, and that on large orders.

W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint, Mich.

$100

Given as BOUNTIES to purchasers of the improved
Danz. Hives and .Sections. For particulars see p. 64,
of my book, '■ Facts about Bees." Sent Free for 2-
cent stamp. Address

F. DANZBNBAKER Washington. D. C.

Italian Q"^^"^' Tz^:^ ^^^

*•"•*■'**■■ stock. Tested, Toe each; untested, 50c
each; select tested, $1.00 each; l>reeders that produce
pure stock, of either variety, $;2.00 each. P. 6. M. O.
office, I^avaca. E. A. SBELEY, Bio mer, Ark.

Philadelphia Office of

THE A. 1. ROOT CO.,

10 Vine St., Philadelphia, Penn.

Now is the time to oi-der

Shipping = cases. Winter Cases,
Chaff Division ^boards, etc., etc.

Order from catalog : pi-ices are same
as from factory.

Shipping=cases.

Root's popular Non drip Shipping-cases at factory prices at
DES MOINES. IOWA. Immense stock. All orders for cases
or other goods shipped by return freight. Address

JOS. NYSEWANDER, Des Moines. Iowa.

PRICES OF

Bingham Perfect Bee=sniokers and Honey=knives.

larire

>]iiok-

) ^-inch .stove.

..31^-in.

,. 3-in.

Doz. $l;^.00; each, by mail, S1..50

2-in.

70

Smoke Engine

Doctor

Conqueror

I/arge

Plain

Little Wonder (wt. 10 oz.)

Honey-knife

Bingham Smokers have all the new improvement
Smoker or Knife, look up its record and pedigree.

FIFTEEN YEARS FOR A DOLLAR ; ONE-HAlV CENT FOR A MONTH.

Dear Sir: — Have used the Conqueror 1.5 years. I vcas alwavs pleased vrith
its workings, but thinking I would need a new one this summer I write for
a circular. I do not think the 4-inch Smoke Engine too large.

'^ 1«"~ Truly, W. H. Eagerty, Cuba, Kansas.

.80
Before buying a

Januarj-

1897

T. F. BINQHAH, Farwell, Hichigan.

3 Copies Free! For October Only!

We want every reader of Gleanings to get acquainted with the ..VriiF> - hiin Tir^r- .Tni-r-
iiitl. The greatest success will be attained by reading both papers regularly. During this
month only, we will maiiXfree three different back numbers to anv one sending us his or her name
and address, and mentioning this advertisement. The /Jee ,/oi»r//«/ is a large 10-page week-
Ij', filled to the brim with good things for bee-keepers. Ask for those three copies no~w, before
\o\x forget it.

Address the Publishers,

GEO. W. YORK & CO.

118 Michigan St., Chicago, III.

• DELVoTElbl

•AND Honey

'AND HOME.

Vol. XXV.

fubiishedy tmeA iI^ooY Co.
$ii°PER^AR. '\@ Medina-Ohio-

OCT. 15, 1897.

No. 20.

' I SEE ON PAGE 709 that the president read
one of R. L. Taylor's papers. That makes me
think more of IMcKinley than ever.

It dof:sn't seem such a j^reat many years
since all our previous lighting-arrangements
had to be thrown away to make way for some-
thing to burn kerosene, and now comes that
new light mentioned on p. 713 to knock ker-
osene out.

\V.A.NTED ! A plan to get a colony of bees
to empty the honey out of a super without al-
lowing bees of other colonies to touch it.
[While you are putting in your specifications,
doctor, plea.se add that those same bees must
put it in the brood-nest below. — Ed.]

You s.\Y, Mr. Editor, that I haven't told
you whether I had a good honey year. I've
been so busy taking care of the crop I haven't
had time to tell you. But it's been a grand
season. Tell you more about it later. [Good !
I feel like throwing up my hat. — Ed.]

White Dutch clover is pretty much the
same thing as white clover, according to A. I.
Root, p. 706. Friend Root, may be you'd be
willing to oblige an old friend by dropping
out that "pretty much," or else telling the
difference between white and white Dutch.
[I do not believe "A. I. R." can. To my
eyes they look exactly alike. " Prett}' much, ' '
I suppose, slipped in accidentally. — Ed.]

Friend A. I. Root, you touched on one of
the crying evils of the' day, p. 715. Tipping
is a kind of stealing that takes the manhoocl
out of the recipient, but after all isn't the
fault with the tipper ? If all had the back-
bone you had, and stood out again.st it, the
practice would soon be stopped. But one is
all broken up over deciding what's the right
thing to do on a Pullman sleeper, when one
knows the poor porter will starve if one doesn't
tip him.

Use for propolis. A California writer in
American Bee Journal says he saves up clean
propolis, and always has a ball of it on hand.
When about to hive a swarm, he rubs the in-

side of the hive vigorously with the propolis
for a minute immediately before hiving the
bees, and has not lost a swarm for many years.
[It is possible that propolis may give a hive
somewhat of a homelike smell; but I should
reallv expect moonshine to have just as much
effect.— Ed.]

Why are freaks with eyes of different
colors found only among drones, and not
among queens and workers? [We know that
the males in the bird kingdom are usually-
more highly colored and in oth?r ways hand-
somer than the females. In tha case of the
birds we would suppose that the high colors
w-ere intended to attract the attention of their
more somber-colored sisters; but it would be
a pretty big stretch of fancy to make a like
comparison in the case of drones and queens.
I give it up. — Ed.]

S.\Y, Ernest, wouldn't you like to see the
finest show of horses ever gotten together?
That's what's expected to be at Chicago at
the time of the Nortliwestern bee convention.
Now, what more can I say to coax you to be
on hand Nov. 10, 11 ? Plenty of beefsteak too.
[You will have to trot out something better
than horses to get me to come. I used to be
quite a horse-crank; but the bicycle has com-
pletely supplanted the horse in my affection.
Beefsteak — well, yes. That is appetizing.
Well, what else have you to attract a Buckeye
chap just like me? — Ed.]

"Bee Crank " says, in Southland Queen,
that he saves money by using extra-thin foun-
dation in brood-frames. Fasten the founda-
tion in frames, hang two or three frames in
rather light colonies that are building comb,
and as soon as they draw out the foundation
it is safe to hive swarms on. [I .should not be
surpri.sed if Bee Crank were right; but the
handling of those frames, putting them into
and taking them out of light colonies for the
sake of getting the bees to fasten and stiffen
the foundation, would be a great deal of extra
work; and if time is worth any thing, brood
foundation at a slight additional cost would
be cheaper in the end. — Ed.]

" PERH.A.PS if an experiment station could
take hold of it, something might be done." —
Editor, p. 6g^. You're with Prof. Cook in
thinking no one but some scientific fellow can
breed for improveinent. Did the experiment

730

GIvEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct. 15.

stations give us five-banders ? Have they giv-
en us any improvements in bees ? Have all
the stations put together done as much "along
this Hue " as Doohttle ? Say, what'll you take
for a good glossometer? [Doohttle — well, I
would make an exception in favor of him.
He has already bred light-colored bees and
yellow Italians that he says will cap honey as
white as blacks. Now tell him to stretch the
tongues of those same bees and we will make
a glossometer to measure them.— Ed.]

Herr Gr.wenhorst says that, after hav-
ing tried hundreds of cases year after year,
vnth half his swarms supplied with starters at
the beginning, and full sheets of foundation
later, and the other half with full sheets from
the start, he is thoroughly convinced that, on
the average, they do better to begin with the
starters. [Gravenhorst is the editor of the
Illustrierte Bienenzeitung (Illustrated Bee-
journal) published at Braunschweig, Germany,
and a bee-keeper of international reputation.
If he sees this I hope he will tell us how he
came to this conclusion. If he is right, then
a great saving of foundation could be effected.
It would be a bad thing for the supply-dealer,
but a good thing for the bee-keeper. Let us
have the truth, anyhow. — Ed.]

L. L. Skaggs thinks it a great mistake to
suppose that bees do not thin the septum of
heavy foundation. He made a quantity of
foundation which weighed four .sheets to the
pound, and the bees thinned it so that one
could hardly tell the difference, when chew-
ing it, from natural comb. They used the
extra wax to build the cell-walls. — Southland
Queen. But it doesn't always work that way.
[I do not think it is claimed — at least we have
not done so — that the bees never thin the
bases of foundation; but I think that, as a
general rule, they do not; and we might say
they never do if honey is coming in fast; but
they almost invariably thin down the walls,
but do less of this thinning if honey is com-
ing in rapidly. — Ed.]

P. A. SiOLi says in American Bcc Joui nal,
that he thinks the queen has an influence over
the morals and manners of the workers. He
had some vicious blacks that were lazy, and
formed a nucleus from them, giving the nu-
cleus an Italian queen, and the blacks of that
nucleus at once became gentle and industri-
ous. A more marked case came in my expe-
rience, in which a queen was killed because
her bees were so cross, and the temper of the
bees seemed to be changed utterly by a change
of queens, and that, too, before the old bees
had time to die off. [This question was dis-
cussed a few years ago, and the general ver-
dict then seemed to be that the queen did
seem to have quite a toning-down effect upon
the bees of the hives, even though they were
not her daughters. — Ed.]

C. P. Dadant, basing his belief on 25 years'
experience with a number of out-apiaries, is
emphatic that bees do not work to any advan-
tage more than two miles from home. They
travel furthest where the country is smooth-
est, with no hills to climb or heavy timber to
pass. — American Bee Journal. [My limited

experience goes to show that Dadant is about
right. The bees at our basswood orchard are
only about a mile and a half in a bee-line
from our home apiary; and yet our home bees
have never flown to the bass\\»oods, when in
bloom. I do not mean to say that the bees
have never gone over a mile and a half; but
as long as they can get plenty of nectar in
short ranges they will not go long distances.
If forage is scarce and at long range, bees will,
of course, take long flights. All depends up-
on locality, character and extent of the honey-
flow, and the sources of nectar. — Ed.]

The old-fashioned plan of raising a hive
half an inch or an inch on four blocks during
hot weather seems coming again into favor.
Some are troubled with the thought that the
bees are hindered about getting on the combs,
there being no place for them to climb up ex-
cept at the four corners. I don't believe it's
worth while to worry over the matter so long
as the bees don't, and in actual practice you
don't find a lot of bees waiting for a climbing-
place. [I do not believe that bee-keepers re-
alize the advantage there is in having plenty
of space under the brood-frames, with a deep
entrance, during the honey-flow, when the
weather is hot. I am not a prophet nor the
son of a prophet, but I believe the time is
coming when wide deep entrances will be
used exclusively; and I have a feeling that
swarn:ing will be verj' materially reduced
thereby. Of course, when the honey-flow is
over, and robVjing is the order of the day,
then it may be advisable to contract the en-
trances down. Aside from the trouble of
swarming, deep entrances would prevent loaf-
ing to a great extent, and to a like extent the
melting-down of combs. Keep on talking
about and considering the idea, brethren, until
bee-keepers begin to ' ' sense ' ' it, as Samantha
Allen would say. — Ed.]

' ' I NEVER SAW a queen pipe yet but there
was a decidedly tremulous motion to her
wings," quoth ye editor, p. 694. I never saw
a horse neigh but there was a decidedly trem-
ulous motion to his tail. But cut off the
tail and the horse will neigh just as well;
and cut off the wings, and the queen will
pipe just as well. Frank Cheshire says, page
157, Vol. II., speaking of piping, "It is
certain that the wings are not concerned
in its production, since queens clipped so
vigorously that not a vestige of wing re-
mains can be as noisy as others." [Cheshire's
argument looks like a clincher; and while I
am inclined to believe he is right, I should
wish to know first whether he was taking
hearsay evidence that queens would pipe when
both wings are cut off close, or had actually
tried the experiment himself. I may have to,
but I do not want to give up, that the wings
have nothing to do with the matter until I
have tried cutting off the wings. If I should
go right now into the apiary and do some close
wing-clipping I might have to wait days and
even months before the queen would pipe be-
fore my waiting eyes. But, say, doctor, our
Ohio horses do not give a tremulous shake to
their tails when they neigh, so I do not see

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

r:5l

tlie force of your arjjunicnt ; but then, your
localHy mav have cjuite an elTect upon horses'
tails.— Ed.]

Hi:i:-Ki:i-iM\r, as a spkciai.ty and as a side

LINE.

Chaiijiinji One's Mind; Why the Professional Man
and the Fanner Should Keep Bees; Califor-
nia Fruit-men the Friends of the Bees.

BY PROF. -•v. J. COOK.

Editor (>haiii>i_o-s: — Our good friend Dr.
Miller in a recent note referred to nie as hav-
ing changed my mind, in that now I believe
in bee-keeping for others than specialists. I
have changed ni}- mind very often, and am
not a whit ashamed of the fact. Emerson
says, not to change is to die. Surely one who
never changes his mind must be very incon-
sequential indeed. But in this matter I have
not changt'd my mind ; for of old I used to
argue stoutly with such sta.mch defenders of
the faith as Bingham and Heddon, they con-
tending that onl\' specialists should engage in
the pursuit, while I was as emphatic in the
position that the ranks should be swelled by
any who would go at the work earnestly, in-
telligently, and with the per.sistence that
could not fail. Later I had the same discus-
sion with our friends Taylor and Hatchinson.
I always believed I had the weight of the
argument on my side, and still think so, and
hence have not changed nn- mind at all.

One fact alone, it seems to me, settles the
matter on my side, to wit : vSome of the very
brightest and most successful apiarists have
not been specialists, but, rather, amateurs ; or
at least the bee-keeping part of their work
was their avocation, and not the main part of
their work. Langstroth, Bingham, the Oat-
mans, and even the senior editor of Glkan-
INGS, became noted as bee-keepers before it
was their leading pursuit. I believe that the
majority of those who have had the best suc-
cess, and have done the most for the pursuit,
have been those who have made bee culture
onh- the pick-up work. I perhaps feel more
sensitive regarding this matter, as bee-keeping
has never been my leading pursuit ; yet it has
been a very great pleasure to me, and a .source
of no little profit as well. I know of several
farmers who have cared for their farms well,
and at the same time have made large profits
from bees. I hav-e a brother who has a large
well-tilled farm ; and although he cares for
the farm all himself, yet he keeps a good -sized
apiary, and for three successive years he made
more from his bees than from all the rest of
his farm. With such examples before us, is
there any wonder that some of us believe that
others than specialists may well keep bees ? I
am sure that my brother would laugh at such
a proposition.

The fact that the pursuit of bee-keeping
does not occupy one all the time, and the
further fact that, in off years, there is little or
nothing to do, makes it all the more desirable
that bee-keeping alone should not occupy

one's entire time. By a little ])lanning one
can combine bee-kce])ing with some other
pursuit, .so that neither will interfere with the
other. This not only has the merit of keeping
one well emj)loyed all the time, but akso gives
variety to the work, and so makes life more
enjoyable. A variety also is recreative, and
so rests one and makes his work more produc-
tive, and at the same time adds greatly to
one's health and vigor.

In the fact- of the many noted examples, I
need not say that it is quite possible for one
to master bee culture, even though he is
deeply absorbed in other work. The very
study required not only brings keenest plea-
sure, but often gives a discipline that makes
one more capable in other lines of work. I
am sure that there are lawyers, doctors, etc.,
who do better work in their practice because
of the restful pleasure that they get in the
care of their bees. I have known some re-
markable cases of just this kind. A perplex-
ing law case is not a very effective sedative.
Any thing that will help one to forget the
disquieting experiences of the daily life will
add to one's effectiveness as well as to his
length of days.

I have often worked in my study until the
weariness was overpow^ering, and went forth
to work in the apiary, when shortly I had
forgotten that I was weary, and went back to
ni}- study able to do what would have been
otherwise quite impossible except for the rest-
ful pleasure received in the apiary.

There is another argument, from the stand-
point of economy, that should have some
weight. The bees are needed in every garden
and orchard to do the work of pollination.
If the .'specialists are depended upon, many a
fruit-grower --vill suffer. Not a few California
fruit-growers now arrange to have bees in the
orchard. Tliey find that this pays well. The
pomologist , may well study to care for bees,
and then he may be independent, and keep
his own bees.

The argument on the other side is, that the
specialist will learn and practice better meth-
ods, and so will do nothing that will harm
the pursuit. But does he do better ? I have
been in a great many bee-yards, and I have
seen as much perfection among the so-called
amateurs as among the specialists.

In view of all these facts, I am, as I have
always been, in favor that all who feel moved
to do so, and will take hold of the matter
with vigor, shall embark in the bee business.

NOTES.

The fruit-men of California have ceased to
denounce the bees. We rarely hear other
than praise of the little honey-gatherers.

The present season has been a very good
one in Southern California. Many bee-keepers
with hundreds of colonies all in one place
have taken over 100 lbs. of finest honey from
each colony.

Claremont, Cal., vSept. 25.

[I most sincerely admire that spirit in any
man who is frank enough to admit that he is
liable to error, and is therefore not only will-
ing to change his preconceived notions, but is

r32

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct. 15.

willing to come out and confess it. Somehow
I have confidence in such a man.

In regard to specialists, if accurate figures
could be gathered I believe that iJO per cent —
yes, 99 per cent — of all the honey that is pro-
duced is by the class that you have so ably
defended. At the Buffalo convention, made
up of some of the most extensive honey-pro-
ducers of the world, the request was made for
all to rise to their feet who made be:?-keeping
their sole means of livelihood. Scarcely one
arose. To my personal knowledge, there were
farmer bee-keepers present at that meeting
who produced anywhere from 40,000 to 75,000
pounds of honey in a single season. One
might almost call them specialists ; but the
fact remains that they are also quite exten-
sively engaged in, farming. In fact, when one
goes by their places, as I have recently done,
the big bank barns, broad acres of wheat and
corn, and flocks of sheep, are more suggestive
of agriculture than of apiculture.
■• But Prof. Cook very properly is urging the
claims of the small bee-keeper who takes up
bee-keeping as a recreation, as well as a busi-
ness that will yield some revenue. Many and
many a professional man would be broken
down hy nervous prostration were it not that
he could rest his tired brain by turning it now
and then to something else entirely different
from his main line of work. A very large
number of such long for the time when they
will be able to go on to a farm ; but the time
never comes, for the very reason that they
must leave town and quit their professional
work, which they are loath to do. But bee-
keeping, if they only know it, is a side issue
that they can carry on without moving from
town ; and their back yards will probably give
them all the room they require. It is from
this class we find some of our brightest bee-
keepers.

The question is asked a good many times,
" Would you advise mz to give up my busi-
ness and make bee-keeping my sole means of
livelihood?" We almo.st invariably reply
something after this fashion : " The bee busi-
ness is too uncertain. Stick to your life work,
and make bee-keeping a side issue ; and then
if you have a series of poor years for the be-is
you will not 1)e bankrupt. Specialties in trade
are all right in their place ; but specialties in
rural pursuits are a little risky. Where there
is one Terry who can make potato-growing a
specialty and a success, there are thousands
who will do better to carry on mixed farming.
Where there is an Ehvood or a Hetherington
or a Mclntyre who makes bees a sole means
of livelihood, and is successful at it, there are
thousamls who would do better to carry on
bee-keeping in connection with some other
pursuit."

Dr. C. C. Miller comes very near being a
specialist ; but if one were to ask him whether
his bees gained for him all his board and lodg-
ing, he would say no. He dabbles a little in
farming and a good deal in literary work. His
pen (or, rather, his typewriter) consimies a
good part of his time. Whether his literary
work nets him as much as his bees is doubt-
ful.—Ed.]

BREEDING FOR LONG TONGUES.

Square Bottom-bars Not Satisfactory, and Why.

BY J. O. GRIMSLEY.

I have just finished reading Gleanings for
Sept. l')th — have read rz'erv rvord in it, and
can't help expressing luy appreciation of such
a valuable journal. The truth is, GlE-\nings
improves with each number. But I think I'd
better stop this " flattery," as some may con-
strue it, and get down to what I wanted to
talk about. There were two or three things I
was particularly interested in, as m3' mind had
been ' ' hungry ' ' for something on these sub-
jects.

" Breeding for long tongues. " Why not? I
think Prof. Cook is talking just right ; and all
that we really need now is tho.se "tongue-
gauges " he mentions. But who will get them
up ? and what will be the cost ? Suppose all
our qi:een -breeders (or, say, the members of
the National Queen-breeders' Union, now in
course of organization ) were prepared to ad-
vertise daugliters of "A No. 1" breeders,
whose tongues measure, say, 4.9, 5.3, or what-
ever number of millimeters it is. We often
see advertisements of "red-clover" queens,
which, in my opinion, are very delusive. I
am confident there is a great difference in the
length of the tongues of bees, and now let us
not permit so valuable a suggestion to die in
the " pupa."

I see considerable said about " bottom-bars."
Some say square, some say "nix." On that
line I want to give my experience, although it
may not be so extensive as that of some of the
veterans. The first bottom-bars I ever used
were square — V% — and I thought they were the
thing ; but the truth is, if the hive were per-
fectly level (as it should be) the combs were
never built to the bottom-bar. If one side of
the hive chanced to be lower than the other,
the bees would build the comb down past the
bottom-bar, and would nearly always fasten it
to the side; but I don't want those "whop-
per-jawed " combs, and I hardly think any
other apiarist does if he is a good one.

My trouble did not end there. When I put
on extracting-supers I soon found that, be-
tween the bottom-bars, would always be a
"mess" of burr-comb; and while the bees
would "build down" better in the super, it
took a perfectly level hive (or perpendicular
end-bar, if you please) in order to get a decent
comb. Then came the job of (or, rather, the
experience of) changing to a bottom-bar an
inch wide, which has given much better satis-
faction. With this I find the same diflicultj'
in getting combs " btult down " except in the
super). I see that some of the readers advo-
cate a V-shaped bottom-bar, which may be all
right ; but I want to tell you that, during the
coming season, I am going to make a lot of
frames (for experiment) with an inserted
comb-guide, the same as is illustrated in 3-our
" all- wood frames " — the guide to be on top of
the bottom-bar, of course, and the bottom-bar
the same width as end-bar, which will leave
only a bee-space between the bottom-bars. I

1897

c;i.IvANIXGS IN ]{KK CULTURE.

(33

am iiicliiiod to think the hoes will huihl down
to this.

"Oh!" some will say, "that cunih-.iLiuiile
will take up too much space."

Now, don't condemn the idea till you try it
anil see that it is no <,food. If any one has al-
ready tried this I should like to see a report of
his experiment. It might .save me the trouhle
of jnakintj a failure.

We had pro.spects for a real good fall honey-
flow, hut it was cut off by a cold rain_v spell.

Byrdstown, Tenn., Sept. 2'A.

[Along about the middle of the summer I
expressed a leaning toward square bottom-
bars; but since that time I have paid particu-
lar attention to square and wide bars, as I
have been looking over the hives. The former
are objectionable for the very reasons you
have mentioned, and I am not sorry we drop-

termed it, sitting on a thistle near some hives,
and asked permis.sion to go to the house and
get his gun. While the boy was away the
bird nuide a swoop out over a hive, and I
recognized him instantly as a whippoorwill.
I watched him then until the bees were all in,
when he took his departure, and before the
gun came to hand. If stmie of us don't catch
the yellow fever by next Monday night, this
whippoorwill will pay the penalty for eating
my Italians. I am ashamed to say that this
is the first evening that I have been among
my bees for several months; and to find a rob-
ber of this size and capacity among them is
rather a surprise. It is the first time the
possibility of the whippoorwill's eating bees
has ever been suggested, to my knowledge ;
but there can be no doubt about the fact. I
saw him swoop and hover in front of the hives
distinctly threo times; and if nothing prevents

\V. A. SELSKR, WIFE, AND BABY. — SKK EDITORIAL PAGES.

ped them. A bar V "'ch wide and '4 inch
thick suits me as well as any thing, I now
think.— Ed.]

ENEMIES AMONG THE FEATHERED TRIBES.

The Whippoorwill, or Night-hawk, of the South ;
King-birds.

BY T. S. FORD.

The writer has a bit of information for
Southern bee-keepers that will be of interest.
It is in relation to a new enemy to the apiarist.
Going about dusk to the apiary this evening,
for the purpose of feeding some weak colonies,
mv son called my attention to a hawk, as he

I will verify my own statement next Monday
night by examining his maw.

Our whippoorwill is very different from
yours, being much larger, and has a different
note. He is properly a night-hawk.

Before closing this letter I will wait till
Tuesday, so as to be certain.

ScpL 2j. — Late this evening my son killed
the whippoorwill, sure enough; and on exam-
ination of its crop we found the proof of his
guilt in the shape of a wad of partially digest-
ed bees.

You will find inclosed a feather from the
tail, which will give you an idea of the color
of the bird. On a close examination the
plumage is very beautiful, though the coloring
has a somber appearance. On a careful
measurement the mouth of this specimen was

(34

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct. 15.

found to be 1^4' inches in width. The dis-
tance from the tip of one mandible to the tip
of the other was 2 34^ inches, when widely ex-
tended. This individual had taken up its
quarters within 100 yards of the apiary, in the
shade of a dense thicket, I find on inquiry, as
he has been seen there many times this sum-
mer.

When mating, our whippoorwill is a noisy
fellow ; but after July he is perfecth- sili^nt.
It was a great surprise to find this specimen
here so late, as the other fly-catchers migrated
some time ago.

In writing to the American Bee Journal
last year, the habits of the king-bird, or bee-
martin, being the subject, it was mentioned
that, in the fall, the king-bird was <;ood eat-
ing. M}- son killed some for me this fall, and
a more delicious mors"-l was never tast'^'d.
They were loaded with fat, and on being
opened gave forth the odor of the magnolia
seed. This was a great surprise, inasmuch as
I had supposed that they were entirely ad-
dicted to insect diet. Several weeks ago great
flocks of these birds (or, rath'^r. vast numbers
of them) could be seen any fair day, being
then on their journey south.

The whippoorwill was served up for supper,
and was himself not at all bad, so the children
report.

The writer is shut out from the world by an
impassable quarantine, and can testify to a
very novel experience, which, however, would
not interest the readers of Gleanings.

Scranton, Miss. T. S. Ford.

[I do not know just how it would be in the
South ; but in the North but very little atten-
tion need be paid to the alleged depredations
of the king-bird and oth^r enemies of the bees
among the feathered tribes, except in the
queen-rearing apiaries. The use of a shotgun
or small rifle to kill and scare away king-birds
(as I believe them to be particularly fond of
young queens when on their wedding-flight")
is sometimes advisable. I remember quite
distinctly that, a few years ago, we were losing
quite a number of our young queens. King-
birds were quite frequent visitors at our apiary.
I finally shot a few of them with my rifle, and
the rest disappeared. About this time our
queens began to be mated again with the
usual regularity. While I can not be positive
that kin-7-birds actually made away with the
queens, the disappearance of the king-birds
and the non -disappearance of queens was
somewhat significant. — Ed.]

PARAFFIXE PAPER FOR COVERING SECTIONS,
AND THICK TOP-FRAMES.

BV K. L. THOMPSON.

[About a year ago I reported that Mr. Danzenbaker
had secured some very nice clean comb honey, the
sections of which liad not been touched by a scraper-
knife, and which had secured the first prize at one or
two of the State fairs. This happy result Mr. Danzen-
baker attiibuted to the use of paraffine paper.

At other times I have said much in favor of thick-
top frames as being especially free from burr-combs
(not brace-combs). As I have been an exponent of
both ideas 1 am very glad to give the results of an un-

favorable experiment with both paraflfine paper and
non-burr-comb frames; and while I do not think one
swallow makes a summer, I am glad to give this
report prominence in our columns, without a com-
ment. If friend Danzenbaker chooses to reply he
can have space.

The report that I refer to appears in the American
Bee Journal, page (577, and is as follows: — Ed.]

Noticing that sections which have been cov-
ered witli paraflii;e paper were said to be per-
fectly free from propolis, and even took prizes
at various fairs, I procured a number of sheets
and applied them according to directions.
During the early part of the season the re-
sults were pretty fair, though the sections
were far from being free of propolis, even on
the top edges. Still, the tops between the
edg°s were perfectly fresh and bright when
the sections were removed, forming a marked
contrast to otlT^-r sections which had been cov-
ered with a '4 -inch " layer of air."

Later in the season the bees plastered pro-
polis just as freely at the junction of the paper
with the section edges as they did anywhere
else. I conclude that it was the combination
of paraffine paper with some other things that
produced that prize honey, and that those
other things were far more important. I have
before this produced section honey without
the aid of paraffine paper, which went into the
case untouched bv the knife. They were built
during the first of the flow by new swarms, in
brand-new hives, in supers which perfectly
compressed both edges and ends of the sec-
tions, and over a honey-board.

Another objection to the paraffine paper is
the fussiness it requires, with the extra paper
and thin boards (I use old .separators), and
the difficulty of removing in the last half of
the season. Every time a super replaces an-
other, there is a lot of red tape, so to speak,
to go through with. First, the newspapers
and thin boards must be carefully removed
and laid aside ; then, still more carefully, the
paraffine paper — snip, snap, tear (confound
it ) — wsh-sh-sh-crack ! ( darn these things, anj^-
how!) and then it is laid on the lower super
reversed, first smoking the bees out of the
way, except some refractory ones that have to
be cow-catchered out of the way with the edge
of the paper; then, if the wind is blowing ever
so little (it usualh- is, just then), held there
while the other paraphernalia are reached for
and spread on in succession ; and you have
the satisfaction of knowing that you have
fixed up one super in good shape in the time
that it would ordinarily take to fix two. I've
had enoitgh of it. I believe a fresh surface of
burlap over every super full of sections, with
three or four thicknesses, not necessarily un-
soiled, above that, to keep it flat and conserve
heat, would amount to about the same thing,
and be mtich quicker handled.

By the way, I am coming to think honey-
boards are a valuable aid in producing first-
class comb honey. I was obliged to do A'ith-
out them this summer, and the percentage of
fancy honey was rather small, in spite of the
fact ' that half the hives had thick top-bars.
The editor of Gleanings, speaking of thick
top-bars and burr-combs, says the exception
proves the rule. I would rather do without

18»»7

c.i.i-.AXiNcs IN iu;i': cri/rruH.

735

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct. 15.

the exception, in this case, because, besides
entirely preventing burr-combs under the sec-
tions, the honey-boards very largely diminish
travel-stain on the section honey, better, I
think, than thick top-bars do. I am not sure
of this, having be2n too busy to observe accu-
rately, but that is my general impression.

WEED DRAWN FOUND.\TION.

Question. — I noticed last spring that you
would try the deep-cell foundation. How did
it prove with you ? Do you ihink it will be
of any help toward the retarding of swarming ?
If v^e could only work for comb honey, and
not be bothere'd with swarms, how nice it
would be !

Answer. — I received two lots of the deep-
cell foundation — one made of white wax, the
latter part of the winter, and one of 3^ellow
wax, this latter reaching me about the 10th of
July. The latter appeared to be nearly per-
fect, but, like all other samples which I receiv-
ed, it had what is known as the " flat base " to
the cells. It was carefully fitted into sections,
and put on the hives, a few sections to the
hive, alternated with comb foundation of the
Falconer make, just before basswood opened,
so as to give it the best possible test, as bass-
wood is our main honey-flower in this locality.
But during a period of three weeks, in which
it rained every day, our honey crop came near
being a failure ; and the result was, that very
few of the sections having this drawn founda-
tion in them were finished fit for market. I
put the date of giving the sections to the bees
on each section, and at the end of three days
took out some sections containing this deep
foundation and that of the Falconers' make.
At the end of six days I took out more of
each, and a careful comparison of each shows
that the difference in appearance at the end of
three da3's was not enough so that it can be
detected, while at six days the difference is in
favor of the foundation, the best specimens
from foundation showing a weight of three-
fourths of an ounce more of honey stored
therein than was stored in the best specimens
of the drawn foundation, while many more of
the sections with the ordinary foundation
were completed than of those containing the
drawn foundation. This was very much
against my expectations, for I had great
hopes that this deep-cell-walled foundation
was to be a boon to bee-keepers, if it could be
made at a price to come within the reach of
the average practical apiarist. When I found
that disappointment was the record made,
after a very careful trial, I began to look to
see what was the trouble that the " thing did
not pan out " as I had expected. I was not
long in discovering that the trouble was in
the flat base. I had used much ordinary foun-
dation having the flat base, both of the Van

Deusen and other makes; but with such foun-
dation the bees always changed the flat base
to that of natural comb, both with thin foun-
dation and that made for the brood-frames, so
that, after the same was filled with honey or
brood, little difi'erence between the base of
what was once flat-bottomed foundation and
that which had the natural base, could be
seen. But when the high cell-walls were put
on this flat base, it placed the bees where it
was impossible for them to manipulate the
base so as to change it from the flat to the
natural shape, and their efforts in this direc-
tion caused them to be longer in perfecting
section honey from this new deep-cell-walled
foundation than where the ordinary was used.
It also caused them to complete some sections
on one side, while the other side remained
almost untouched.

On cutting through the honey of sections
which had been completed, and on looking
into the cells of those not completed, it was
easily seen that, in their efforts to change the
base to the cells, the bees had put wax all
around in the sharp angles at the base of the
cells — so much so that, in many instances, the
bottoms had a rounded appearance. Not only
did I find this, but in a tew instances it was
evident that propolis had been used instead of
wax, while the whole base in much of the
unused part was varnished over with propolis
till it was glossy, almost equal to varnish.
This thickening of the base made the resis-
tance in cutting the combs of section honey
much greater than was that of the foundation,
after completion, which every one admitted
whom I asked to try the matter. Then when
it came to eating the two, there was a half
more of accumulated wax in the mouth from
the drawn foundation than from the same-
sized piece built from foundation. To show
the real difference in the two I tried the
resistance at the end of No. 16 wire, and found,
with an average, from a five-trial test with
each, that the resistance from the samples
sent in the winter was 10^ ounces; from that
sent in the summer (made from j'ellow wax)
it was 8'4 ounces, while from that built from
foundation it was only .53.4.' ounces. In each
of these trials, well-filled sections were taken,
which were nicely capped over, or in market-
able shape.

As has been spoken of in G1.EANINGS, I
have no doubt that the poor season had very
much to do with the matter ; and had the
season been an extra good one the bees would
have rushed hone}- into the cells without
stopping to add the extra wax in the corners.
But it will be remembered that much of the
help to bee-keepers would come, by way of
drawn comb, in a poor season, thereby en-
abling us to get something of a crop of honey,
as we do with partly filled sections left over
from the previous season, could drawn comb
be as readily accepted by the bees as are these
partly filled sections. Then if swarming is to
be retarded, as our questioner hints at, the
bees must not be averse to accepting what we
give them, but, on the contrary, be only too
eager to work on the same, thereby forgetting
their desire to swarm.

1S1»7

GLEANINGS IN BIvH CULTURp:.

1 think, lit)\vevcr, llial, with all its faults,
this (Icep-ccll-wall foumiation will be a boon
to those who use bottom-starters, for in that
case only two rows of cells will be needed ;
and with the experiments 1 have made alonj^
this line I find it keeps its place perfectly,
while the bees are enabled to i;:anipulate the
first row of cells the same as they do ordinary
tlat-bottom foundation. I am told that INIr.
Weed thinks he can yet arrange so as to make
this drawn foundation with the natural base ;
and if so I shall look forward with eagerness
till I am able to give such a production a care-
ful test during the season of 1898.

^fe^gfifflS

DRAWN FOrXDATION NO ADVANTAGE OVER
COMMON FOUNDATION.

I have just taken off the super containing
drawn foundation. I will send you an average
specimen of drawn foundation and common
Weed-process foundation. The honey-flow
nearly stopped in about five or six days after
putting the super on. The super was filled
with newly extracted unfinished sections ex-
cept two of drawn foundation and two of
common foundation, both having the same
advantage by being placed near the center of
the super. Three days after putting on, the}'
were examined. At that time the drawn
foundation was not touched, except to fasten
it a little to one side. Contrary to m_v expec-
tation, the common foundation was drawn out
to nearly equal the drawn foundation.

Now, on taking the super off^ I find the only
advantage the drawn foundation has over the
other is in being so nicely fastened at top and
sides. As usual in a poor hone3--flow, the
common foundation was not well fastened to
the sides, while the drawn foundation did not
even have a hole at the corners for a bee to
get through.

However, this is no fair test. A man should
have a whole summer to give an intelligent
answer. I do not think the fear that you will
have a cud of wax to chew after ealing honey
from drawn foundation is where the trouble
will be. I think that to be able to make it
cheap enough so the common bee-keeper can
afford to use it will be the trouble, besides the
difficulty of shipping. H. vS. Wheei.KR.

Mt. Pleasant, Mich., Sept. 8.

[See article by G. M. Doolittle in this issue.
We have had so far quite a number of flatter-
ing reports in regard to the new drawn founda-
tion. Note, for example, tho.se just follow-
ing this ; but as there are, undoubtedly, in-
stances where bees do thicken the base, we,
The A. I. Root Co., through Mr. Weed, will
very likely abandon the flat base and make in
its stead deep-cell foundation with natural
bases. W^hile the walls will not be so deep

nor perhai)s as delicate, the bases will be as
thin as or thinner than tliose of the natural.

We have completed a set of dies on a very
small scale that give us strong ho])e that the
new product will secure to us all the advan-
tages that we hop.-d to obtain from the use of
drawn foundation with flat bases.

Strange as it may seem, the dies for making
the natural bases are very much more ea.sy to
make ; and the onlv wonder is that we didn't
" tumble " to the fact sooner. We shall hope
to have a set of dies now on a sufliciently large
scale b}- next year so that we can give all our
friends all the drawn or deep-cell foundation
they want, with natural bases. If flat-base
drawn foundation has in a majority of in-
stances given good results, we may confident-
ly expect that the same article with natural
bases will invariably do so. Even if the flat
bases always gave satisfactory results, we
should now prefer to use the natural, because
it will cost less. — Ed.]

DEEP CELI. A GREAT SUCCESS.

I have tested your drawn foundation in my
apiary, and the result was so satisfactory that
I will use it next year instead of foundation if
you can furnish it at a reasonable price.
Please advise me at what price you can fur-
nish me 25 or 30 lbs. Of course, I shall not
need it before next April, as our honey sea-
son will not commence before then.

W. O. Hebisen.

Emory, Texas, Oct. 6, 1897.

FIRST PRIZE FOR DEEP-CEEIv FOUNDATION.

You will be pleased to read that the deep-
cell foundation took first prize for the best
and most practical new invention for the bee-
keeper. You know Toronto still holds the
palm for having the best and largest exhibit
of apiarian products on the continent. The
award will, I believe, prove to be a judicious
one. R. F. Holtermann.

Toronto, Sept. ;>.

[As we have found instances where the deep-
cell foundation has too thick a midrib, we
propose to make it with natural bases. I
don't suppose honey from the latter will look
any better than that with flat bases, which
took the prize. — Ed.]

DRAWN AND COMMON FOUNDATION FINISH-
ED ABOUT THE SAME TIME.

We ship to you to-da}- a crate of honev.
The 4 cases on top are the honey out of the
supers you sent. You sent the supers too late
for the willow-herl), so they are filled with
goldenrod and wild daisy and boneset. The
fouiidation in the full-drawn had nearly all
fallen down, so it did not have a fair chance.
If you had sent the foundation and let me set
it, it would have had a better show. The bees
went into the full-drawn first, but finished
both about the same time. It was not a fair
test. I should like to give it another trial
next summer if you wish me to do so.

L. E. Powers.

Thompson ville, Mich., Sept. 20.

738

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct. 15.

ARTIFICIAL WAX SCALES TO ASSIST THE BEES
IN COMB-BUILDING.

I have for some time wished to hear of your
Mr. Weed, of foundation-fame, making a
machine that would make wax scales — just
such scales as the young bees make. I hope
to live to see the day when the bees will be
supplied with wax scales so that the colony
can pick up the wax from a shallow box which
will be placed in the bottom of the hive, and
carry it to the surplus-boxes, and finish out
the drawn-comb foundation, or use the wax
scales to finish out the brood comb. A late
writer questioned the propriety of purchasing
foundation, as the b^es made all the wax
which would be necessary, and at a trifling
expense in the way of hone}'. I was called to
help a neighbor with his bees, and I took off
for him the honey from two hiv^s; the amount
was oO lbs. — 30 from his best colony and 20
from the other — not one pound of which was
in shape to sell. He did not use foundation.
I suppose it was too expensive for him to use;
but the loss of the sale on 50 lbs. of honey
was also expensive.

I use foundation, and my best colonies so
far have given 85 lbs., and are still bringing
in honey, as the weaiher is very fine. I sold
some honey at 12)^ cts., and have had a fine
home trade. Wm. H. EagerTY.

Cuba, Kan.

[I have referred your letter to Mr. Weed,
and he says the best and cheapest way to give
w IX to bees is to give it to them in the form
of foundation. A year or so ago, when Mr.
Weed was making experiments in bleaching
wax, he left some long strips of foundation
out on the grass in our apiary. During the
time when honey was not coming in, the bees
carried in a good portion of it, in little bits at
a time. Bees ga thee wax in dull seasons, not
particularly because they need it, but because
they have nothing else to do.

Even if we could make small artificial scales,
I rather question whether they would be
utilized, especially so where the real article
itself is being secreted in sufficient quantities
in the natural way. — Ed.]

bees disappearing IN CALIFORNIA ; THE
CAUSES.
To-day I read on pages 3(59 and 372, May 1,
1894, about a controversy you had with an
Ontario bee-keeper— McFatric — about bee-
paralysis. It struck me then that I should re-
port to you abovit a new trouble that is threat-
ening bee-keepers here. I found in the bee-
yard in the mountains that bees would not
breed up as strong as I wanted them to do;
in fact, some colonies would dwindle down in
spite of haxdng ample brood to justify a strong
colony. I laid the blame to a large flume
which passes near the apiary, and in which
the irrigation water runs down at a terrible
rate. I saw, several times, bees swept along
that went there for water; but since then I
learned that nearly all bee-keepers in that lo-
cality complained about losing bees at a terri-
ble rate without being able to account for it;
i. e., not finding any dead bees in front of the

hives, as in bee-paralysis ; also of losing
queens more than in any previous 3'ear. I no-
tice many bees coming home with ragged
wings, as if they had to battle with strong
winds. Upon closer investigation this state of
affairs seems to exist only in a small district
of Et-tiwanda. Bee-keepers of Ontario do not
complain, and have good to fair crops of hon-
e}', while at Ettiwanda the crop is from small
to middling, although the locality seems to be
A No. 1, showing hundreds of acres of white
sage and other honey-plants.

I have made trips along the mountains away
into San Diego Co., and visited many bee-
keepers, and have not come i.cross any similar
case. M. R. Kuehne.

Ontario, Cal. , Aug. 28.

DO BEES DISTINGUISH COLORS? AN INTER-
ESTING INCIDENT.

I want to report a little experience which
may be of interest to those of your readers
who contemplate building house-apiaries. I
have built one and painted it after Salisbury's
advice. Starting at the south end it is 6 feet
red, then 6 feet white, then (i feet black, then
6 feet yellow, which brings us to the center of
the building; then the rotation is repeated
until the other end is reached. Bees were
then put into the north half, three colonies
in each color. When they began to fly I no-
ticed a few returning to the entrances in the
south half, but particularly to the white part.
As the bef^s in the north half began to in-
crease in strength the bets returning to the
vacant south half began to increase. This
morning we had a light shower, which drove
the bees home in great numbers, and the en-
trances to the white .sections in the south half
were covered with pollen-laden bees hovering
round in a lost condition; while some returned
to tl;e other shades in the vacant half, the
number was not so great as to the white.
Does it not appear that, instead of bees not
being able to distinguish colors, it is such a
consiiicuc us and all-sttfficient landmark that
they neglect all other bearings — and particu-
larly a clean white, which is very conspicu-
ous, even at a great distance? As I look out
of the window I can see hundreds of bees hov-
ering around those vacant entrances. It looks
as if I should have to paint them over again,
so that no two shades be alike. I might say
further that it is 24 ft. from one section of
white to the other, and one is near the end of
the building, and the other near the center.
A. E. TrusslER.

Trout Creek, Ont., Can., Sept. 6.

SMOKER fuel; CORN-HUSKS, ETC.

In Gleanings for Aug.* 15, page 603, I read
about smoker fuel. I have had many trou-
bles with fuel, and have tried every thing rec-
ommended, almost as persistently as many
people do for a cold, and with more or less the
same results. The best thing for fuel is corn-
husks, used as follows: Start your smoker
with wood. I use elm and maple that is
about decayed. It holds fire best; then have
your wood well fired, two or three pieces, in

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

•P,9

si/f tiom ' . to 1 inch s(iii;»rc, '1 inches long ;
ihcii ]nil in some husks; blow up a Htlk' to
start the tire on them, then fill up the smoker,
packing them down tight with your thumbs
and fingers, or a stick »f thumbs and fingers
arc not liandy. Blow up a little, or yott may
smother out the fire, and you will have a
smoke that wnll be pleasant to look at. It is
mild, does not make a hot fire; no sparks or
ashes if you keep the smoker filled up occa-
sionally, and packed down tight, after the
first fire is partly burned. If husks are a lit-
tle (lamp they make a greater smoke. Give
this fuel a good and fair trial, and I am cer-
tain you will like it.

HOW TO KEKl' KOBKERS KRO^r THK CRACKS
OF HIVES.

I think it was some of our sister bee-keep-
ers who suggested the use of a little fresh
paint along crax^ks in hives where robbers
were around trying to break one of the com-
mandments. A few drops of coal oil squirted
along and into the cracks will make them stop
their humming around there, and will not
daub or mar the looks of the hive. I have
usually used a bunch of wet grass at the en-
trance of a hive robbers were trying to clean
out, but not always with success. Just
sprinkle a little coal oil on the grass, and ob-
serve the results. John Craycraft.

Astor Park, Fla., Sept. 6.

THAT YELLOW IMPORTED ITALIAN QUEEN;

YELLOW FEVER INTERFERING WITH

THE SOUTHERN OUEEN-TRADE.

The imported queen mailed us Sept. 20th
arrived the 2oth in excellent condition. The
queen and every bee were as lively as could
be. The queen is safeh- introduced, and is
laying. By the way, this is the yellowest im-
ported queen we have ever bought, and we
are truly proud of her.

On account of the yellow fever, all trains
stopped running here the 16th, the very day
we wrote you with in.structions to mail the
queen the 20th. We had given the queen up
as lost, but luckily we had one mail train the
24th, and one the 2oth, and the queen came
tl. rough. All mail matter has to be fumigated
here, and we don't know how the queen es-
caped. Ever)- thing is at a standstill here
now, and we .shall have to give up the queen
business for the rest of the sea.son.

Cleveland Brothers.

Stamper, Miss., Oct. I.

THE NEBRASKA STATE FAIR; HOW ALFALFA
CARRIED OFF THE FIRST PREMIUM.

Bro. Root: — I am just home from the State
fair, in which the fellows from the alfalfa dis-
trict, in the extreme western portion of the
State, lugged off the premium for the largest
amount of honey stored by one colony — 186
pounds of comb honey. This is no supposi-
tion, but verified under oath of Mr. C. ]VI.
Luelling, of Beaver City, Neb. Here comes a
lot of bee-keepers from a district where, but a
year or two ago, we thought honey could not
be produced profitably. The Nebraska State

fair was a very successful one indeed, and Ne-
braska bee-keepers are making arrangements
to put up a fine honey exhibit at the Trans-
Mississippi next year, and we earnestly hope
that other States will fall into line, and let us
see what axn be shown in honey, etc.

E.' WiTITCOMB.
I'Viend, Nebraska, Sept. 27.

HONEY-CAKE RECIPES TESTED.

I just discovered your request on page 647
for tried honey-cake recipes to put in your
leaflets. The one I sent you, that you 'will
find on page 375, May 15, has been used in
my family for 100 years, I think. When they
took up the bees in the fall my grandmother
used to make up a year's supply of the cake,
so my mother tells' me. The 'cake is not at
its best until it is three or four months old.

The recipe on page 407, June 1, is first rate.
We have tried it. It is good for immediate
use, but improves with age, like most cakes in
w^hich honey is used. E. D. HowELL.

New Hampton, N. Y., Sept. 27.

LOCALITY GOVERNING TASTE.

Replying to Dr. Miller's Straw and your
corroboration in regard to locality ruling taste,
it seems to me the assertion is altogether too
broad, for surely locality does not govern
taste any more than it does quality. I find in
shipping honey some prefer white and some
dark in the same locality; and among my
home customers the difference is more notice-
able. Some prefer basswood, some clover,
some buckwheat, and some others fall flowers,
and some even the darkest and rankest-flavor-
ed honey-dew (when I have it); some say, "I
can't bear the white honey at all," and they
will take the darkest grades in preference,
even at the same price. This reminds me
that one time I attended the bee-keepers' con-
vention at Madison, Wis. When the ques-
tion of propolizing the hive came up, a learned
gentleman argued that it was governed by lo-
cality. My argument was that the difference
was in the different bees, that in ni}- ow^n
yard some hives were literall}' plastered with
propolis, while others of the same make w^ere
almost entirely free from it. Then this man
arose and said it was no such thing — that lo-
cality governed wholly. Of course, he was
away up in " G " in bee culture, so his theory-
was accepted by the convention as conclusive.
As to which was correct, many of you can
judge from personal experience.

Hillsboro, Wis. Elias Fox.

LOCATION for BEES WANTED.

Will some of the bee-keepers who live be-
tween Washington, D. C, and Charleston,
S. C, give the best location for bees, and what
they gather from, say from the coast back one
hundred miles ? This is a favored strip of
country in climate, but I never see an}' reports
about bees. East Coast.

[Will some one or more in the locality
please reply ? — Ed.]

740

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct. 15.

SWARMING A SWARM OF BEES.

I do not know any other word to express
better what I mean than the one I use. I had
a colony of bees that persisted in swarming,
and I did not want them to ; so, about every
eight or ten days I would cut out all the
queen-cells, but still they sulked and hung
out in front of the hive, and V)uilt queen-cells.

They had plenty of room and ventilation
inside, bvit still they seemed bound to swarm.

After cutting out the queen-cells four times
I was looking at a great bunch of bees hang-
ing out in front of the hive. I thought I
would swarm them. I got a small branch of
a tree and fastened it firmly in the ground,
opened the hive, caught the queen, and placed
her in a mailing-cage with a few attendants,
and fastened the cage to a twig of the branch.
I closed the entrance of the hive, removed the
frames, placing a piece of canvas near the
branch.

I brushed the bees all off the frames, put-
ting them in an upper story ; I also cleaned
the hive all out. The bees clustered around
the cage containing the queen, just like a
natural swarm. I placed the frames back into
the hive and prepared it as it was before I
began my experiment. I let the bees stay
clustered for one hour, then I opened the
entrance of the hive, shook the bees in front,
let a little honey daub the queen so she could
not fly, and she ran in with the rest of the
bees. Now for the results of the experiment.

The bees went to work at once, and have
worked ever sinc>^, and have not hung out one
particle. I would say, however, I changed
the location of the hive, otherwise it was just
the same.

Now, the question arises in my mind, "Is
the clustering out of the hive for an hour
what satisfied the natural propensity to swarm,
or was it the fact that I moved the bees to
another location ? ' '

I do not remember of either reading or
hearing of any one doing this way before to
stop swarming. I have tried it twice this sea-
son, with good results. GEO. L. Vinai<.

Charlton City, Mass.

FOR LARGE hives; DEEP ENTRANCES.
There was a good deal said last year by
writers in Gi^Eanings and the .-/. B.J. about
large hives; and those eminent bee-masters,
the Dadants, claimed that the large hives were
just the thing for us bee-keepers to use. I
had been using a ten-frame hive whose frame
measured 8 7^x1 4 '4^, inside measure. M3' bees
that I purchased of G. M. Doolittle gave me
84 lbs. of comb honey last year in the afore-
said ten-frame hive. Thinking to try the
large hive I made a hive whose frame mea-
sures l()^xl9jS4, and transferred a swarm of
the Doolittle bees, with their 9 combs taken
out of Gallup frames, into the large frames I
have mentioned. The bees filled out the
large frames and loaded them with honey,
and gave me 84 lbs. of surplus hone}- besides.
My bees are all of the Doolittle stock; and
while I have colonies in the smaller hive that
gave the same amount of surplus, they did not

have to build so much brood comb. I be-
lieve the Dadants are perfectly right in their
claim that the more work you set for the
queen to do, the more she will do.

It was a real pleasure to see the bees come
out of the large hive when honey v,-as plenti-
ful in the fields. The flow of honey came
late, and did not last very long this year; and
I tell you those large colonies did hustle to
get the honey crop secured, and they got it
too. I am very well pleased with the work
done by the honest little workers. I was
afraid at one time that I should not get any
surplus this year ; but I am happily disap-
pointed.

On page 661, Sept. 15, you say, in your re-
marks on Mr. Gill's letter, "We expect to
make our hives next year so that the entrances
will be an inch deep and the full width of the
hive," etc. The entrances to m}' hives are
Y^gxl4j^,or full width of the hive. Now,
what I want to call your attention to is that
your customers, in using your hives, -will often
want to almost close the entrance; and the
best wa}' to do so is to saw out sticks that will
just fill the aperture. Most of the lumber to
be had throughout the country is % instead
of %, and you should make the entrance ||,
W, or /,., so that, by a little planing, %, %,
or V2 inch lumber will fill the entrance. Such
blocks or sticks are far better than loose ones.
I use two sticks, leaving the opening in the
center of three or four inches in cool weather,
and no blocks in summer time.

Cuba, Kan. Wm. H. EagerTy.

THE importance OF SHADE FOR BEES.

In looking at pictures in the ABC book
and Gleanings and other journals, my at-
tention has often been drawn to the fact that
so many apiaries seem to be exposed to the
direct rays of the sun ; and in arranging oi:r
little apiar}', shade was a matter of secondary
consideration with me ; but as the care and
work with them began to increase we found
shade a great benefactor. Yesterday, as I
took a little stroll through our apiary, one
colony exposed to the sun, without anj^ shade
whatever, attracted my attention by so many
bees swarming in front of it and settling on
all sides of it; but as I approached a little
closer I fovmd the bees considerably out of
humor about something; and, having no veil
on, they, gave me to understand that I was on
forbidden ground, and made me quicken my
steps out of there. When my wife (who is
the real bee-keeper) can:e home from the fair
I related the strange behavior of that one col-
ony, and she at once put on a veil and pro-
ceeded to investigate the matter, and found
honey leaking out in front of the hive. Upon
further investigation we found that not only
had the three cases containing eighteen sec-
tions (nearly filled and capped) melted down,
but every one of the ten frames in the lower
part of the hive, filled with brood and honey,
melted down into one mass, and every bee
was drowned in its own sweet.

P. A. Peterson.

Boswell, Ind., Sept. 9, 1897.

('.i.ivANixcs IN nni: cui/ruR?:.

II

./. //. /., P<i. — There is no way that you
ct)uUl remove the colony from the oak-tree of
which you speak, if the bees are in the ho(h-
of the irec. exce]^t hy cuttinj; it down. If tliC}'
arc in a limb of the tree, you can climb it and
cut the limb ofi ; but before it is severed en-
tirely from the tree you had better fasten a
rope to it and let it down ,irradually, otherwise
you will smash the combs and j^reatly enra,<;e
the bees. After the limb is down, saw both
ends around the bees, and carry home just
that portion which contains the colony itself.
You can then transfer them at your leisure.

A*. W. A., I 'a. — We should be inclined to
believe that the colony you refer to has some-
thin_t( that it recognizes as a queen. It ma}' be
a virgin queen that is very small — little if any
larger than a worker. This would account for
all the phenomena you refer to. If the hive
were ours we would put perforated zinc before
the entrance, and shake every bee out in front
of the hive, and compel them to crawl in
again ; then watch closely for something that
can not go through the perforated zinc. Vir-
gin queens will sometimes go through the
perforated zinc, but such cases are very rare.

[Just before the above went to press w-e had
a letter from R. A. L.. stating that he found a
virgin queen by the use of perforated zinc, as
above explained, and now his troubles are
ended. He had previously thought the colo-
ny queenless, and had tried to introduce la}--
ing queens, but without success. — Ed.]

ir. C, X. }'. — Yours not dated is at hand.
We do not remember the article to which you
refer, which you say you sent us some years
ago, and which we did not publish. You may
rest assured it was not because there might
have been some things in it with which we did
not agree. In almost every issue of our jour-
nal we publish some things that are not in ac-
cordance with our methods of working ; but
we are glad to give place to them, because not
all people can be induced to work by the same
methods, nor to see the same thing in the
same light.

Referring to the article which you have just
sent in, you tell us of the good re.sults you
have secured by your method of wintering,
but you do not tell what it i.s. The article as
it is would be of no use to us.

Again, you speak of the great loss of bees
throughout the country. I think you must
be misinformed. The progressive, practical
bee-keepers of the day suffer very little loss
comparatively. We have lost scarcely two
per cent in the last fifteen years, and among
the modern progressive Vjee-keepers we would
venture to say that the loss does not exceed
five per cent on an average. If you care to
submit your method of wintering, and in our
judgment it seems to have merit, we shall be

glad to pul)lish it in our journal. If we could
s'.e it we might possibly then discover that it
is the same tliat many of us have been u.sing
for a good many years.

Now, I hope you will not think we are try-
ing to cast discredit upon your idea — far from
that. It is possible that you have a valuable
invention, and that it miglil be worth much to
yourself as well as to your brother bee-keep-
ers.

TRK.\TING FOUL BROOD I,.\TK IN THK V\hh.

B. T. C, Maijic. — We would not advise you
to burn any of your hives. In the case of the
chaff hives, kno'ck out the bottom that holds
the chaff, pull out the chaff, and burn it. Aft-
er you have the whole lot thus " unchaffed "
immerse each one in a vat of boiling water,
and keep it there at least forty seconds — a
minute would be better. It is possible you
may not be able to find such a vat ; but I
think if you were to load your hives up and
take them to some cheese- factory you could be
accommodated.

Another way to disinfect (and it may be
just as good, and it is a good deal cheaper) is
to paint the inside of the hives with kerosene,
set fire to it with the cover oflF, and let the in-
side of the hive blaze until it is charred just
enough to show that fire has been inside the
hive. To arrest the further progress of the
burning, throw in about two tablespoonfuls of
water, clap the cover on, and the steam which
will immediately form will smother the fire.
This plan was recommended by J. A. Green,
and I believe by him was found to be entirely
successful. The only objection to it is that i't
leaves the hives blackened inside ; but this
does no harm, and it shows unmistakably that
the hive has been disinfected. When the
hives have been burned out inside, of course it
is not necessary to remove the chaff.

In the case of single-walled hives I would by
all means recommend immersing them in a
kettle of boiling water, covers and bottom-
boards and every thing, including smoker,
honey -knives, and other tools. The honey-
knives especially should be boiled thoroughly.
Now as to the treatment of the bees : It is
so late (Oct. 5) that it is a question whether
it would be worth while to try to save them. I
would not advise you to destroy them, but
shake them on to frames of foundation ; and
after they have starved long enough to be
weak, dump about three lots of them into each
hive, and tlien begin feeding. It may be nec-
essary for you to do some returning 'from the
old stands ; but if the old hives are removed
entirely, the bees will be sure to find the en-
trances of hives that contain bees ; and as
they will be so thoroughly mixed up, there
will be no fighting. If you have forty colonies
that must be treated, then you will have a
dozen or fifteen, each of which will contain
what was left of three colonies. By proceed-
ing on this plan I think you will save the bees.
The honey you can extract and boil, as you
suggest ; but the combs and frames should be
burned. It is useless to try to melt out the
wax or to try to disinfect the frames. It can
be done, but it does"not pay.

742

GLEANINGvS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct. 15.

BUCKWHEAT HONEY ; CLAMS, LOBSTERS,. ETC.

In some families in York State it was some-
tliing of a surprise to me that they should pre-
fer buckwheat honey to the best clover, moun-
tain sage, or alfalfa honey ever produced.
Some of them, if they wish to treat you to
their very best honey, will give you buck-
wheat. I suppose it is one of those kinds of
honeys that we have to learn to like, just as
we have to learn to like olives, oysters, clams,
and lobsters. I tried to learn to like clams on
my recent eastern trip, and I tried to learn to
like buckwheat honey, but I failed signally
with both. We are all glad, however, that
there is a very large class of people who think
buckwheat is the very best honej- in the world;
and were it not for this particular liking, many
of the York-Staters would not be keeping bees
as they now are.

WHITE HONEY FROM CUBA.

Mr. Fred L. Craycraft, formerly of Cu-
ba, but now of Astor Park, Fla., of whom
mention was made in our last issue by our Mr.
A. I. Root, has sent us up a sample of campa-
nilla honey. When he was here in Medina he
stated that Cuba produced large quantities of
white honey, and their best was campanilla.
It is of good body, almost as light in color as
California sage, and quite the equal of it in
flavor. In fact, it would compare very favor-
ably with any light honey in the world. I do
not know how much our Cuban friend has of
such honey for sale, or how much he is ex-
pecting to have, owing to the war that is now
unfortunately devastating that island. But
there ought to be a good demand for it in the
London markets, and I bespeak for it a good
sale when peace shall have been restored in
that beautiful island now desolate by the cru-
el hand of war.

FOOD ADULTERATION.

The Department of Agriculture, Washing-
ton, D. C, through Mr. A. J. Wedderburn, is
now making special effort to investigate the
extent and character of food adulteration, and
is desirous of securing all the information on
the subject possible. Among other questions
asked were: "Would a national food and
drug law assist in preventing adulteration?"
Also, " What is your opinion as to the extent
of damage done to legitimate business by the
imitation of brands?" And again, "Have
State laws assisted in preventing adulteration,
and to what extent?" Proinpt replies are
called for. We have already written, giving
our opinion of the evil done to the honey
business by the use of glucose, and saying
that a national law is exactly what we need.
We hope our subscribers will take the pains to
write to Mr. Wedderburn, at Washington, D.
C, care of Department of Agriculture, Divi-

sion of Chemistry, and let him feel that we
are suffering from the glucose business, and
that we need relief. Please do not put this
off, but give it your immediate attention.

SWEET CLOVER — THE WHITE AND THE YEL-
LOW; DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE TWO.
I BELIEVE it has been stated in our columns
that white sweet clover and yellow sweet clo-
ver were exactly alike except in the matter of
color of the blossoms. Mr. E. T. Abbott, of
the Busy Bee, and m3'self were sitting in the
same seat in an electric car that was making
its way to Niagara Falls, when suddenly he
pointed to the roadside. All along the way
there seemed to be literally miles of yellow
sweet clover skirting the track. Mile after
mile there was nothing but the yellow, and
then occasionally there would be patches,
of the ordinary white sweet clover, and then
it would change to yellow. Mr. Abbott called
my attention to the fact that the yellow was a
smaller plant. While the white at a short dis-
tance was from four to six feet high, the yel-
low was scarcely ever over two feet. The re-
markable thing seemed to be that there was
no white mixed in with the 3-ellow. It was
either one thing or the other.

I saw yellow sweet clover in only a very
few places in York State. I have never seen
it in Ohio or anywhere else. Whether the
bees will work as well upon one as upon the
other, I can not say. We were spinning along
at such a rapid rate on the street-car that I
had no opportunity for investigation, even if
bees had b.en on the blossoms.

APIARIES IN SHEDS ; GOING TO PICNICS.

The editor of the Amer. Bee Journal, as
well as your humble servant, has been out at-
tending bee-keepers' picnics. At all events,
Mr. York, with his office force, attended what
was styled the " Honey Harvest " at the out-
apiary of Mr. L. Kreutzinger, Aug. 21, 1897.
Mr. K. had sent out nearly 200 invitations to
his friends, and a picture of the compau}' (for
it would seem as if his friends all came) ap-
pears on the first page of the Amer. Bee Jour-
nal. On another page of the same periodical
is a half-tone view of the apiary. This is said
to be the largest one in Cook Co., 111. The
hives, instead of being on the ground, are
placed under sheds facing each other in such
a way as to shut off the wind and yet let in a
flood of sunshine. From the looks of the pic-
ture it would seem as if the hives are handled
from the rear. That being the case, the apia-
rist is in the shade. If his back aches in han-
dling those hives near the ground on the first
shelf, all he has to do is to straighten up and
commence manipulating the hives on the up-
per shelf — about breast-high, I should judge.

In my eastern trip among bee-keepers I saw
only one apiary the hives of which were in
sheds, and that was at Mr. House's, at Mar-
cellus, N. Y. This Mr. House (I have forgot-
ten his initials) is a brother of Geo. W. House
who a few years ago was connected with the
Atner. Apiculturist. These sheds were ar-
ranged at the base of two hills facing each

1897

GLKAXINGS IN BER CULTURE.

r43

other, and all over the hills was a licavv
.i,^rowth of timber. The place seemed to be an
ideal one for an apiary, and "as pretty as a
]>ictnre.'" I snapped my Kodak, bnt it was so
late in the day I failed to get tlie pretty pic-
Inre I expected.

THK HONKV KXHIBIT \T THK M.\RVI^AND
.\GRICri,TrR.\I, COLIJvGK.
From a private letter from Mr. Charles H.
Lake, who had charge of the honey exhibit at
the recent IMaryland Agricultural Fair, we
make the following extract :

The college exhibit of bee.'; and honey was the
drawing card, and was attended by at least two-thirds
of the vi.sitors. :K,000 in number. I refer you further
to a clipping from the Baltimore Sun. It was one of
the most .successful exhibits of my life, and many
congratulations were showered upon me.

From the clipping in question we make the
following extracts :

In a large tent erected to the northea.st of the house-
hold-department building is the interesting exhibit of
the Maryland Agricultural College, which is confined
almost exclusively to bees and honey. There are to
be seen eight hives of bees, occvipied in storing honey
in the comb. There is also a large pyramid of honey
weighing ioO pounds, representing the product of one
swarm for a year. Besides this tliere are two speci-
mens of white-clover honey. One is pronounced by
an expert on bees and honey to be superior in quality
to any exhibited at the Columbian exposition in
Chicago, and the other is a verj- unique and valuable
specimen found in the roof of a" hive on taking away
the honey.

A small pyramid shows fancy designs in honey and
bottles filled with extracted honey made from several
varieties of flowers. There are seventeen varieties of
these, and they retain characteristic flavors and color
of the plants 'from which they are derived. This ex-
hibit is in charge of the college apiarian, Mr. Chas. H.
Lake, who has been engaged in bee culture for forty-
seven vears.

BEE-KEEPERS AT NI.\GAR.\ FALLS.

After the Buffalo convention the bee-keep-
ers went to Niagara Falls in little squads. The
party that I happened to fall in with was
Messrs. D. X. Ritchie, P. H. Elwood, E. A.
Wander, E. T. Abbott, and two others whose
names I have forgotten. It was arranged that
we were to meet Messrs. York, Miller, and a
number of other bee-keepers, on Goat Island ;
but .somehow we " missed connections." Of
course, I took along my Kodak, intending to
secure a snap shot of a number of the leading
lights in apiculture, with the beautiful Niaga-
ra Falls as a background. Having failed to
meet the other " crowd " I gathered our com-
pany into groups at several different pictur-
esque points, and "pressed the button." In
another colunm I have reproduced a' " shot "
of the gentlemen just as I hit them standing
upon a rock, with the Horseshoe I'alls for a
backg^round The fog, or mist, arising from
the falls almost obscures the famous horse-
shoe. The wind was blowing quite hard, and
it will be noted that every man in that crowd
was obliged to cram his hat down level with
his ears, or stand a good chance of losing that
important piece of wearing apparel — just as I
did, in fact, a few years ago, lose mine upon
almost the same spot.

Well, to return. Our crowd took in the
Falls generally, ate dinner on the Canada side,
just to see how it would seem, 3-ou know ;

went down the Gorge, pa.ssed the Whirlpool
Ra])ids, on to Lewiston. All the way down I
took sua]) .shots of the rapids while the car was
going at full speed. One lady curiously re-
marked, as she watched me taking pictures
while the car was under full motion, " I don't
see how you get a picture when every thing is
going." "I catch them,'' said I, and I did.
Another old lady wanted me to let her look
into the camera to see how it looked, and
whether the picture was good or not. That,
of cour.se, I could not do, as the fdm had to go
through a proce.ss of chemical manipulations
before it came out a picture.

I hope the view of the bee-keepers on the
rock will appear belter than the picture in our
last issue showing some leading bee-keepers
at the boarding-house. This picture did not
" work up on the press " as I hoped and ex-
pected it would. I trust the one I have shown
in this issue will come out better. Half-tones
are very uncertain, and one can never tell in
advance just exactly how they will behave
until they get on the press.

w. A. SELSER.

As Mr. W. A. Selser, of Philadelphia, has of
late been creeping rapidly to the front as a
leading bee-keeper, queen-breeder, honey-buy-
er, and supply-dealer, I thought our readers
would like to see a picture of the man, more
especially as he believes in paying cash for
honey rather than taking it on commission.
He did not have a photo of himself alone, but
had one of himself, wife, and ?jaby, and,
" would that do ? " I told him to send it on,
of course ; and when I saw it I was glad that
he didn't have a picture of himself only. I
sometimes think it is selfish to show a picture
of one half and not the "other half," for
many a man is what he is because of the good
wife and God's greatest gifts to the home- —
children. The cut is shown elsewhere in this
issue.

I solicited a few facts for a "write-up" to
go with the picture, and here they are :

W. A. Selser was born in 1859', in Philadel-
phia, in that section of the city then called
Northern Liberties ; was educated at the pub-
lic schools, afterward attending the Philadel-
phia College with the idea of studying for a
profession. A year before graduation he was
taken sick for .six months ; then having a good
offer of learning the morocco-leather business,
he entered the factor}- of Wm. R. Stewart &
Co. In about two years Mr. Stewart failed, and
Mr. vSelser entered the establishment of vSelser
& Bro., his uncles, importers of foreign fruits,
a business established b}' his father, who died
when the subject of this sketch was but twelve
years old. He traveled much for this firm, re-
maining with them six years, when a chance
occurred to take an interest in an old-establish-
ed morocco-leather firm, starting as Selser, Meu-
rer & Co., and finally merged into the Quaker
City Morocco Co., of which he was treasurer,
employing 400 hands, and doing a business of
three-quarters of a million dollars a year. In
1892, through the heavy defalcation of their
trusted buj-er of hides, they were compelled to

GIvEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct. 15.

give up business. Mr. Selser then took a trip
to Florida for the old house of his uncles, vis-
iting many of the bee-keepers there. On his
return he stopped at Medina, staying over
night with The A. I. Root Co. It was a case
of "mutual admiration" as he says, and he
on his part was so impressed with the supply
business that he made arrangements then
and there to handle the Root goods in his
city.

He became interested in insects while at-
tending school, and afterward gave special at-
tention to the study of zoology, and bees in
particular. In 1889 he started an apiary of 15
hives in his garden, for pastime. In 1SU2 he
bought out a large apiary in Chester, and now
has one house-apiary and three out-apiaries
that he manages himself, aggregating 4U0 col-
onies and nuclei, and has control of 17 apia-
ries in other States. He makes a specialty of
extracted honey, and expects to bottle this
year over 15 tons.

In 1894, when the pure-food law passed the
Pennsylvania Legislature, INIr. S. took a spe-
cial course in chemistry under Prof. Wallace,
to detect the adulteration of honey sold in his
market.

Mr. Selser married in 1889 ; moved to Jen-
kintown, a suburb of Philadelphia. The cut
shows his wife and little girl, Margaretta, four
years old. The latter helps him in his busi-
ness. She dons the veil, holds the frames for
her father while he works in the apiary, and
is no more afraid of bees than a veteran. Mr.
Selser has a sister three years his junior, who
has been a great help to him in his business.

The best thing I can saj' about our friend is
that he is an earnest Christian, and so far our
business relations with him show that he does
as he would be done by.

NOTICE.
To all new subscribers, and also to those
who renew before their subscriptions expire,
and inclose 5:^1.00, we will send the Busy Bee,
a monthly bee-paper, in addition, free.

SECTIONS WITHOUT BEE -SPACES -A.ND CLEATED
SEP.^RATORS ; ONE-PIECE AND FOUR-PIECE

SECTIONS FOR SCRAPING.
At several of the different yards I visited in
York State I noticed that the four-piece sec-
tions were still being used in preference to the
one-piece, notwithstanding the former cost
more and take more time to put together. I
never could understand exactly the reason un-
less it was that there was a time when the one-
piece sections that used to be sent out would,
when folded, incline toward a diamond form
rather than a true square ; and this ' ' naughty
corner" induced many to use the four-piece
section. In the last few years nearly all the
manufacturers, I believe, have discovered that
it is perfectly easy to make the one-piece as-
sume a true square as well as a diamond form;
and latterly I have been noticing that the one-
piece was creeping into the territory of the
four-piece. But, as I said, several are even
now using the four-piece, and this preference
seems to be due to the fact that these sections
offer facilities for scraping that the one-piece

with the ordinary score cut out for openings
does not. It will be remembered that the
four-piece section has an opening clear across
the top and bottom of the sections, while the
one-piece has an opening that is scored out
and reaches to within >^ inch of the corner.
At one or two places I was shown that the
scraping-kniie could at one sweep go clear
across the top edge of the section, and at one
sweep go down the side edges of the section.
But in the case of the one-piece the knife had
to dip down and out again.

MORTON'S NO-BEE-WAY SECTIONS AND MOR-
TON'S HONEY.

At the apiary of Mr. Miles Morton, Groton,
N. Y., to whom I have already referred, I
found not only four-piece sections, but sec-
tions with practically no openings at all, the
bee-space to the sections being effected by
cleats on the separators. I said ' ' practically
no openings, " ' for the top-bars of the sections
were narrower by ]i inch than the side-bar.
In other words, there is an opening ]i inch
wide between the tops and bottoms of the sec-
tions when put close together. Of course,
this would not be room enough to let the bees
between the sections. Accordingly, separat-
ors are used cleated, the cleats being yi inch
thick, and so spaced on the separator that

r osier's

SEPARATOR

they come just opposite the upright edges of
the sections. The ',^-inch-thick cleat, and the
jig in the sections, make just exactly a bee-
space of yg inch. As these separators are
cleated on both sides, the cleats being held in
position by glue, the regulation bee-spaces are
preserved in the sections while in the supers.
But you may ask why Mr. Morton did not
have all the bee-space in the sections like
those all the rest of us use, instead of -3 of it in
the separator. I can answer this question by
sa3ang that, if yotx were to look over his lot of
comb honey, you would at once see the rea-
son. The comb surfaces come within ^s inch
of a straight edge resting across the sides of
the section, and i\; inch from the same straight
edge reaching across the tops and bottoms of
the section. The consequence is, the section
appears to be fuller, and looks, oh so much
nicer ! When I looked over this lot of honey
I said, " Why, yoti have selected this because
it is filled out well."

" No, sir," said Mr. Niver, Morton's " broth-
er-in-law." " It has not been graded at all."

Then I looked over some supers just as they
came out of the hive, and pulled out sections
here and there at random. They were all
alike. Mr. Morton's honey would grade, ac-
cording to my notion, extra fancy right along-
side of ordinary honey placed in sections hav-
ing a bee-space, that would grade only about
No. 1.

CLE-^TED SEPARATORS EASILY AND INEXPEN-
SIVELY MADE ; GEUE INSTEAD OF NAILS.
Perhaps it may occur to some that a cleat-

1S!)7

(CLEANINGS IN Bi';i-; Cl'l/rrRK.

fd sejKualor, such as I have just described,
would involve the use of a great many ])ieces,
and a j^ood deal of work to jnit them toj^ether.
I'or the ordinary 4 '4 section there would be,
in fact, 11 jiieces. I must acknowled.y;e that I
myself fell that the nailinj^-up of such a sepa-
rator would be simply awful — that one would
get tired of puttering with so many little
l>ieces and so many nails to gel one separator.
l-"or several years back we have been making
cleated separators ; and till lately I felt sorry
for any one who thought it necessary to use
such a clap-trap. After being at JNliles Mt)r-
ton's I not only saw the great value of such a
separator, but found that the labor of putting
it together could be very greatly reduced by
using cabinet-makers' glue. Mr. Morton uses
a form which spaces the long strips and the
short ones just so far apart. The separate
pieces are dropped into the form, and those
surfaces that are to come in contact are smear-
ed with cabinet-makers' glue, when the strips
are laid in their proper positions. As the
form is made to take a deep pile, the stuff is
piled up, as it were, like cortlwood, and very
rapidly, too, by any kind of cheap help. Aft-
er the pile has been made, the tier of separat-
ors is lifted out of the form very carefully, set
to one side, and a weight placed on top. Of
course, in a few hours these separators are
ready for use. You may think that the glue
would not hold ; but Mr. Morton assured me
that he never had any of his separators break
at the glued joints. In my hands is part of a
separator that has been glued together. I
have tried to pull the stuff apart with m}- fin-
gers, and actually have had to give it up. (A
later attempt separated the parts, but the wood
itself gave way and not the glue. ) There is
every tiling in having good glue. The ordi-
nary prepared article will not be suitable for
such a purpose ; and, besides, it would be too
expensive.

THK PRETTY EFFECT OF THE NO-BEE-WAY
SECTIONS FILLED WITH HONEY.

You can get somewhat the effect of the non-
bee-way sections filled with honey, but not
entirely, if you take a series of your sections
that are filled out about equally, and, with a
conmion smoothing-plane, plane the edges of
the wood of the section until the bee-space, or
scoring-out, almost disappears. Now^ stand
four of such right by the side of those that
have not been planed off ; then note how much
prettier the former look. J. E. Crane, of Ver-
mont, showed me this trick seven years ago.

I was not surprised when Mr. Morton's
brother-in-law, Mr. S. A. Niver, told me he
could get a higher price every time for Mr.
Morton's hone}- because it looked so plump
and nice — much more so than he could ever
get for sections having a full bee-space.

Coming home, I found our friend Mr. Fran-
cis Danzenbaker, w4io uses a section, it will
be remembered, that has a bee-space on one
side, and none on the other. On the table he
placed four sections filled with comb honey,
with the bee-space side lowani us ; and from
the same lot he placed four other sections,
exactly like them, also filled with comb honey

with the no-bee-s])ace side facing us. Any
one who could not see that the last four look-
ed several cents better per pound than the
first four mentioned nuist be blind indeed. I
said to Mr. Danzenbaker, that "the side of
the section having no bee-space on it looked
.so nuich nicer, why not go one step further
aiul take the bee-.space off the other side as
well, and use a double cleated separator?"
He was afraid that no-bee-s])ace sections
would not crate well in the shipping-case; and
he thought, moreover, that such a section
looked too lean when looked at from the side.
vSo far as the crating part of it is concerned,
Mr. Morton crates his honey right along with-
out any difficulty, but he always uses a piece
of thin veneering between each row of sec-
tions. So far as the leanness was concern-
ed, I must say that I could not see that it
made any practical difference.

THE ADVANTAGE OF A NO-BEE-WAY SECTION
FOR SCRAPING.
Ever since I have been home from the East
I have been thinking of the great advantages
that would accrue from .sections having no
bee-space — sections perfectly flat on both
sides. They would be cheaper and easier to
make, far handsomer when filled with comb
honey; and when it comes time to scrape their
edges, how much easier to go over them with
a scraping-knife ! Just picture, for instance,
in your mind's eye, a section having a perfect-
ly flat side so far as the wood is concerned,
without any bee-space. Now, in your mind's
eye also take a common case-knife and clean
the propolis off from that whole side of the
section, with one stceep ; no jutting corners
nor curved openings to dodge into and out
again — absolutely no danger of gouging into
the honey. If you can't see that in your
mind's eye, take a smoothing-plane, cut off
enough wood from a section to obliterate the
openings or bee-ways on both sides, top and
bottom; then take a case-knife and lay it near
one corner and notice how easil}^ 3-ou can
scrape the whole four sides at one swing of
the knife.

THE SAVING IN SHIPPING-CASES.
This is not all. With the no-bee-space sec-
tion we effect a great saving in shipping-cases.
Suppose, for instance, you take a i% section,
and leave off the bee-ways, and you will find
it to be 1 yi inches full instead of 1 % . If we use
double cleated separators, it will hold just as
much honey as the \% w'itli openings. Well,
then we can put in a shipping-case that ordi-
narily holds 24 one-pound I's sections, 32
sections of the same kind without the bee-
spaces or bee-ways. The gain to the honey-
producer in shipping-cases is just exactl}-
one-third. Or, to put it another way, the
honey -producer would save one-fourth the
cost of the shipping-cases by the adoption of
sections wdth no bee-ways. Besides this great
saving, he w'ill have honey that will run at
least one grade higher in the market.

HOW THICK TO MAKE THE CLEATS TO CLEAT-
ED SEPARATORS.

But, you may ask why Mr. Miles Morton

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct. 15.

does not use sections without any bee-space
whatever. I do not exactly know, unless he
thought that leavin.i; the /g space in the sec-
tion on one side would allow the sections to
crate together better. However that may be,
I think the difficulty is entirely obviated by
using the thin veneer stuff between the ssc-
tions. As I will presently show, by a certain
adjustment in the thickness of cleats on the
separators, we can make the faces of the
combs as near the edges of the sections as we
like. If we make the cleats full % inch, then
the faces of the combs would be just even
with the edge of the sides and tops of the
sections ; but if we make them ,-\, or scant
that much, then the surface of the comb will
retreat from the straight edge across the sides
of the sections ^.t inch. If we make the cleats
only yk inch thick, then the surface of the
comb'will retreat back ^i inch from a straight
line across the edges of the section. This last
thickness, yk, would be the proper thickness
of a cleat on the cleated separators ; and to
secure the necessary bee-space or opening at
the bottom, the separator itself should be just
enough narrower than the inside height of the
section to make the opening f^ wide.

NEW-STYLE SECTION ADAPTED TO OLD SUR-
PLUS-ARRANGEMENTS.

Now, about this time I imagine some of you
saving, " Look here, E. R. R., are you propos-
ing to foist upon the bee-keeping world an
entirely new section, thus compelling us to
discard our supply of surplus fixtures in the
way of T supers and section-holders? " Not
at all. If you will take one of your 1%-inch
sections and plane off the bee-way as I have
described, you will see that you can use them
in your hive-crates just as you did yotu- old
ones. The T super itself would be very nicely
adapted to such a section ; so also would the
section-holder arrangement. The cleated sep-
arator would take up the spaces formerly
occupied bv the bee-ways themselves, so your
crates and fixtures will come out just the same
as before.

Now, perhaps another question may arise :
"Do you propose to discard 1% sections in
your manufacture and substitute in their place
the no-bee-wav section?" Not at all. That
is to say, we will keep right on making the old-
style sections as above, because, no matter how
good a thing may be— no matter now much
saving it may effect— it would take time, under
the most favorable circumstances, to make the
change. But all of our readers who appreci-
ate the merits of this section, and want to use
them another season, can be accommodated.
Space will be given in our forthcoming catalog
to describe the sections and other changes.
Then our customers can have an option. But,
of course, the old-style section will be made
regular, and all will be supplied as otherwise
ordered.

No doubt some of you will suggest at once
that the cleated separator will cost more Yes,
a little more ; but in the hive combination it
would cost no more, for the reason that, where
we make a little increase in one way we make
a saving in another. The new-style separator

we hope to make of lumber that we ordinarily

burn up, instead of cutting up good timber as

we now do for the ordinary slotted separator.

THE CLEATED SEPARATOR AN OLD IDEA.

I have no engraving yet that shows the
cleated separator I have been talking about,
but have something pretty nearly like it. And
this leads mt- to the idea that the cleated sep-
arator is not a new idea by any means. If you
will turn to Gleanings for Nov. 1, 1888, you
will find what I have been describing is illus-
trated and described by Mr. Oliver Foster ;
and at the beginning of this article I give the
ilhi strati on as it then appeared ; and right
here will I give 'some of the good features enu-
merated by Mr. Foster.

L It furnishes free communication from side to side.

2. It will not bend nor wrinkle as tin does, nor warp
and split as ordinary wooden ones do.

3. It serves as a siipport for the sections (where the
bee-space is used), doing away with the necessity for
T rests or other supports under or between the' sec-

■ tions (except at ends of case).

-1. The lines of propolis resulting from the contact
of these supports are thus avoided.

.5. No trouble with sections catching on the edge of
tins, nor with getting in the last sections.

6. The outside rows of sections can be easily turned
to the central part of the case for completion.

7. The cost, I think, will be less than that of any
perforated separator yet offered.

You will notice, incidentally, that the sep-
arator is made up of three pieces. Miles Mor-
ton's are made much in the same way, only his
cleats are glued on.

The bees can go back and forth through
such separators. This one feature alone is
worth all the separator costs, because it per-
mits of the combs being filled out fuller, ow-
ing to the fact that each individual section is
not shut up completely by itself.

At a later time, in Gle.\nings for March 15,
1895, Mr. B. Taylor illustrated and described a
similar separator. Mr. Tajdor, in speaking of
the advantage of such separator, says :

TAYLOR' S SEPARATOR.

This gives perfect sections that weigh a scant pound
each when filled. The honey on both sides of the sec-
tion comes within Y^. inch of the edge of the section,
and is never broken in removing the separator, and
the surfaces are ^ inch apart in crating. In crating
sections filled between common flat separator.s, the
surfaces of the combs are Vo inch apart, and require a
larger crate for the .same number of pounds.

Mr. Miles Morton has been using his ar-
rangement for some eight or nine years, and
Mr. Danzen baker has been using something
similar for about two years.

Now, then, brethren, the subject is open for
discussion. I suppose there will be some crit-
icism and some objections to such a section.
Let us have them all now. I wish especially
we might hear from those who have been us-
ing an arrangement similar to this, as to how
they like it. "l have not attempted to give all
the points /o;- the section.

18.»7

(;i.i;.\XIN('.S IN BEE CULTURE.

A VISIT TO LANDRRTHS' GREAT SKED-KARM.

I made another blunder here in not havin.i^
an adequate i-^ea of my undertaking-. When
we reach'^d tlie station, and were informed
it was onl}- a mile to I.andreths' farm, and a
,s^ood nice walk, frieiiTl Selser and I decided to
go on foot because w> had been sitting all the
morning. Well, we did get on to the Landreth
premises after walking about a mile : but it
was fully another mile on tlieir own premises
before we got into the heart of the business.
What I should have done was to procure finst
a livery, e.specially .since my arrangements
permitted me to spend only two or three hours
at the place. When you undertake to visit a
garden that covers something like two square
miles, you have a pretty big amount of travel
on your hands, even if you take only a hasty
look at the different fields of different crops.
A great many times we are disappointed when
we get really into grounds that w'e have read
about in seed catalogs: but in this case it was
just the other way. I had no conception of
the immense size of the Landreth plantation,
the number of buildings, the number of hands
employed, the different kinds of machinery,
etc. Some of the buildings are quite old, it is
true ; but many of them are very pretty, and
the grounds, as a rule, are nicely kept in
beautiful order. A great stone warehouse, so
old that it is covered with English and Japan-
ese ivy, especially attracted my attention. It
is 2.00 feet long, 40 feet wide, and 3 stories
high, and was built a good many j-ears ago.

A little later, when I was asking them how
they managed to cure their onion-sets so they
kept from freezing, and also kept dry, I was
told they were all placed in this great stone
warehou.se after the weather becomes too
severe to leave them in the lofts which I will
describe presently. When I inquired if they
ever used fire heat to dry them out, the reply
was, "Oh! no, no! c5nions and onion-.sets
must be kept just as dry as possible. They
must be dry, and at the same time cold; and
the old stone warehouse that keeps out frost
without the aid of any artificial heat is ju.st '
the place to keep onion-sets from either freez-
ing or sprouting."

Long before we got to the center of business
I told friend vSelser that there was an odor of
something that, although familiar, I could not
quite recall to mind what it was. After sniff-
ing the air several times, however, I ejaculat-
ed, "Oh! radish seed — that is what I have
been smelling ; and w'hen we get a little fur-
ther you will find they have been thrashing
out radish pods to get the .seeds." When we
got along far enough, that is exactly what we
found they were doing.

I was greatly interested in their arrange-
ments for curing onion-sets ; and in a little
time we saw, away off in the distance, almost

as far as the eye could reach, field after fu'ld
covered with queer little structures that looked
like chicken-coops — the letter A .sort. I .said
to myself, " Wliy, the Landreths can not be
in the poultry business to such an extent as
this, surely." Then I found that these were
trays on which the sets were cured after being
sifted from the dry earth. Each tray holds
two bushels of .sets ; and two trays are set
together, letter A fashion, only not quite so
tall. The trays are put in a long string,
touching each other where they rest on the
ground, and touching each other aLso where
thev fit together above ground, soirething
like this :

This permits the air to pass all around un-
der the trays as well as over the surface. It
also admits the sun on all sides. I do not
know what they do when it rains, but I sus-
pect they manage to get them under cover,
at least to a great extent, before any rain
comes on them. W'hen they are suflFieiently
dry they are put into large sacks and piled up
high on wagons made on purpose, w'ith slop-
ing sides. I should have said that, in their
business of growing onion-sets, thev use some-
thing like 20,000 trays. Although I did not
measure the trays I should think they are
perhaps 2>^x3 feet. The bottom is thin light
lumber, w4th some cracks to let the air
through, the said cracks being too small to let
even small onion-sets get out. Their crop this
season will amount to about 80,000 bushels.
Now, do not get the idea that I mean eight
thousand. It is really eighty thousand bush-
els. They sometimes sow for onion-sets as
much as 8000 lbs. of onion seed, and 250 men
are frequently employed in caring for the
crop. After the onion-sets are hauled in on
these great wagons, they are put through a
machine run by a steam-engine that sorts out
the different sizes. I believe the orthodox
size for onion-sets is not over }\ inch in di-
ameter ; but they can be as small as you
choose — the smaller the better. Those that
are over =i inch in diameter are sold at a less
price, and many are used for pickles. Those
still larger are sold for table use for whatever
they will bring in the market.

After being passed through the machine
the sets are elevated by horse power up to
different lofts in barnlike buildings made on
purpose to store them. The floors in these
lofts are made .so close together that one has
to stoop over in walking about. There are
plenty of windows so the hot air of an August
day may circulate through and under all the
floors. The sets are stored on the different
floors, say from four to six inches deep; and I
never .saw a prettier sight than .some of the
Bloomsdale pearl onion-sets — miniature on-
ions, perfectly ripened, and thej- were indeed
veritable "pearls." lam not sure but they
were handsomer to my eye than would be the
real pearls glistening in the crov.'us of royalt}'.

Like ourselves, the Landreths have discov-
ered that it is cheaper to have their own
repair-shops than it is to depend upon any-
body else for repairing their implements. In
fact, all the wagons, carts, and other vehicles

(48

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct. 1.5.

used on the premises are made by their own
mechanics ; and many machines that would
never be needed anywhere else in the world
are made here for their special business. 1
omitted to tell you that the machine for sort-
ing onion-sets is a combination of cylinders
made of wire screen. One cylinder goes in-
side of the other, and they are of different
lengths. The arrangement is such that, when
the sets are poured in from an elevated plat-
form, each kind runs out down to the ground
into its respective sack, ready to be pulled up
into the buildings before mentioned.

The Landreths, after long experience, select
the ground best adapted to growing each
vegetable. Not only do they select their
fields on the Bloomsdale farm, but they have
a branch seed-farm at Norfolk, Va., of more
than 1000 acres, for growing seeds than can
be raised to better advantage further south.

Of course, there are lots of boys and girls
on the Bloomsdale farm ; and provision is
made for these at a very pretty schoolhouse.
There are many men who have spent all their
lives with their families in the employ of the
Landreths. No wonder ; for this institution
has now been running for 111 j^ears. I can
not imagine a prettier sight than a field of
onion-sets with men, women, and children
engaged in cultivating the crop and keeping
it clean. Very likely they have a church as
well as a schoolhouse ; but I forgot to inquire
in regard to that ; and possibly a Sunday-
school and Endeavor Society. Perhaps some
of the Landreths will tell us about it.

As the older members of the firm were
absent, one of the grandchildren (or possibly
great-grandchildren) showed us around. If I
am correct, it was Mr. Fletcher Landreth, a
young man of eighteen.

The testing-grounds, where all varieties of
garden vegetables advertised by the Landreths
or anybody else are tested every year, are so
extensive as to bewilder one. Why, it would
have taken ever so much more time than I
had allotted to my visit, to look over the
testing-groimds alone.

Of course, the Landreths have a .side-track
of their own for loading up cars. These side
tracks run manure in from the great cities,
and carry out crops of seeds. Ever so many
carloads of onion-sets alone are .shipped north,
south, and west every year. In their testing-
grounds sometimes .)000 difTerent varieties are
tested. One who has undertaken on a small
scale to determine which is the best vegetable
out of half a dozen sorts can form an idea of
the perplexities of this testing business when
it runs up into the thousands.

When you stand over on the railroad track
and take a birdseye view of the farms, a very
pretty effect is noticed by the inscriptions on
the roofs of the buildings. For instance, one
great barn will have the word " Landreth's "
covering the whole roof. Another building,
some distance away, has the word " Garden."
Still another barn has the word "Seed," in
gigantic letters; and the last one of the group
of four will have the word " Farms." All
together it reads, "Landreths' Garden Seed
Farms."

I was surprised to learn that their cabbage
from which they grow their seed .stands out
in the open ground all winter. I was told
about their special treatment necessary' to do
that, but can not now exactly recall it to
mind. In fact, I asked so many questions it
is not a little strange that I can not remember
the answers to them all. I do not know how
many buildings there are on this huge farm,
but enoiigh, I assure you, to make a pretty
good-sized town. They are mostly in groups.
Sometimes the groups are a quarter or even
half a mile apart. This is to facilitate getting
the crops under cover quickly when rains
come up suddenly. Of course, they have
steam thrashing-machines and special sepa-
rators for working every variety of seed re-
quired in the home garden. It would not be
at all strange if, with their great facilities for
doing the work on a large scale, they could
furnish good seed for less prices than it would
be possible to do on a small scale. I believe
most of the seed-farms in the vicinity of Phil-
adelphia purchase their onion-sets of this firm.

By the time we got around to the depot we
were prettj- well tired out, I assure you, as it
was a hot August day, and I regretted again
that I did not know better than to undertake
to go on foot all over the Landreth establish-
ment in just two or three hours.

By the way, the projarietors have a beautiful
album of photographic views of the premises
I have tried to describe. There are 24 pic-
tures in all, and there are some of the finest
half-tone views in it I ever .saw in my life.
And , b\- the waj', the Landreths were one of
the first to adopt the custom of using photo-
graphs from life rather than exaggerated
paintings of the products and premises. I
was pleased to see on the front cover of said
album this little motto:

NO ORDKR is too much trouble.
I don't know but this would be a pretty good
text for some of us who do business on a com-
paratively small scale.

HOW TO M.\KE YOUR TOWN ORNAMENT.\I, AS
WEH AS USEFUL.

A little place called Blake, just seven miles
from Medina, comprising a store, blacksmith
shop, and about a dozen houses, has just met
a streak of luck. The storekeeper, right on
the corner, bought about half an acre of land,
and proceeded to erect a dwelling. The first
thing was to jjrocure a good well of water. He
paid some men .?'24.00 for drilling 48 feet ; and
at that depth they struck a vein of water that
fills a three-inch pipe, and throws it two feet
above the .surface of the ground. It will not
go any higher than two feet, even if the three-
inch pipe is reduced to half an inch ; btit, of
course, the larger the pipe the larger the vol-
ume. Although this well was drilled only
about four weeks ago, the owner has already
piped it over into the road, or cross-roads,
rather, right in the center of the town. Here
he has a very pretty round pine tank, perhaps
ten feet across and four feet high. As the well
on his premises is a few feet above this tank,
a very nice little fountain sends a stream up

1897

GLKANINGS IN HI'Iv Cl'I/rURK.

749

several feet in the center; and some beautiful
jfoUlfisli (ieli<;ht the urchins and other people
as they sport in the sparkliui^ sprinj^ water.
Half a dozen teams can drive up to tlie tank
and drink all at once ; and in consecjuence of
the severe drouth now prevailing, farmers are
coming for miles aroui.d with sleds, stone-
boats, etc., loaded with barrels, drawing water
home to their slock ; and these sleds and stone-
boats did the writer quite a service, for they
converted the loose dusi into a bicycle-track
almost equal to asphalt pavements. The head
of water is suflicient to pipe it right into the
greater part of the dwellings of the little town,
and, in many places, clear into the upper
rooms. The well belong.^ to ISIr. A. K. TVeedt,
who owns the store and runs the postoffice on
the corner.

Now, then, ye people who live in little
towns like the above, you prol)ably can not all
have an artesian well ; but you do not know
this really until you have drilled down a hun-
dred feet, more or less, to find out. But every
little town can have a windmill and a beauti-
ful watering-place right in the center of the
town. The watering-place I have just de-
scribed did not cost more than ten or fifteen
dollars, goldfish and all.

Our Homes.

Come unto nie, all ye that labor and are heavy
laden, and 1 will give you rest. — Matt. II :28.

Permit me to say that most of my talk on
this text is borrowed from a sermon delivered
by Rev. A. T. Reed, at Canaan Center, Wayne
Co., O., on Sunday evening, Oct. 'A. I shall
take only one point of his discourse. Jesus
calls all men unto him. "Come unto me,"
he says. He does not sa}-, " Come to truth,
come to honesty, come to temperance," nor
even to purity of thought. He simis it all up
by saying, "Come unto »ie, all ye that labor
and are heavy laden." Now, since the world
began, people have tried to substitute some-
thing in place of Christ Jesus the Son of God,
the mediator between God and man. They
have said, and do sa}- now, " My religion con-
sists in being honest; in being upright in deal,
and in doing as I would be done b}-." These
people reject the idea of Christ and the Chris-
tian religion. They say, if a man would do as
he would be done by, is honest and fair toward
all his fellow-men, pure in heart, and temper-
ate in his habits, that is enough ; and they
declare that they are willing to take their
chances with the best professing Christian
among us. Ver\' likely there are people who
set a better example in many of these things
than do a good many professing Christians.
I confess it has always seemed very hard for
me to admit that honesty, purity, and tem-
perance, count for nothing — or, if you choose,
count for comparatively nothing when the
person refuses to accept Christ Jesus as the
Son of God. Perhaps you have heard min-
isters talk on this subject ; and very likely
you have not been satisfied with their argu-
ments and statements. Let me give you an

illu.stration, from Bro. Reed, that has made it
plainer to me than it ever was before.

Suppose a man in your neighborhood wants
to get some public office. He knows what
people demand or desire in a puhlic officer.
He sets to work with energy and zeal to be a
l)etter man. He begins to be kind and neigh-
borly ; pays up old debts that nobody ever
expected to get; apologizes for his past short-
comings, stops using tobacco, possibly beer-
drinking al.so, becomes an advocate of tem-
perance, has respect for the Bible and Chris-
tianity, and makes a sudden and ap]xirently
complete change in his whole life. Does this
make him a Christian ? He may, for the time
being, present so clean a record as to put the
average Christian to shame. But it is all a
policy matter. His heart is not changed at
all. He simply wants to get elected to office;
after that he may hold out in his new " de-
parture " or he may not. Pehaps I may say,
parenthetically, that the chances are that he
will not. What do you think of such a man ?
Is he a better man than he was before ? Well,
it seems a little hard to say he is not any bet-
ter. The effect of his whole life on his neigh-
bors and on the community is certainly better;
and we all rejoice to see even such reforms.
But how about the man's heart? He is trying
to make all his friends and neighbors think
he is a better man than he really is. To call
things by their right names, he is now, with
all his goodness, purity, and temperance, only
one sort of hypocrite. Before, he acted out
just as he felt. He seldom "put on" any
thing, or even tried to make believe he was
something he was not. I am sure you see the
difference. The man who cultivates all of
these virtues from the right motives desires to
be better in God's sight ; as to what the com-
munity or neighbors may think of it. is a
secondary matter.

Now, the Bible teachings are to the effect
that accepting Christ as the Son of God sums
up all these virtues I have enumerated, and
even many more; in fact, it sums up all that
is good in the human heart. Accepting Christ
as your Savior, and your only hope of pardon,
embraces all of these things. He is the very
essence and embodiment of truth. When
Pilate asked him, "Art thou a king?" Jesus
an,swered, "To this end was I born, and for
this cause came I into the world, that I should
bear witness unto the truth." Permit me to
say that I have never yet found a moral man
who lived up to all these things as he claimed
to do. For a time it would seem as if he were
an honest doubter ; but where I become in-
timately acquainted with such people I have
always, sooner or later, discovered something
that seemed to be a reasonable explanation
why they should so persistently refuse to
accept Jesus Christ as the .Son of God.

Now, friends, permit me to use an illustra-
tion that Bro. Reed did not use ; and it is a
subject that has been lying on my mind, and
has been making me feel troubled and anxious.
Jesus, when he .said, "Come unto ;«r," did
not say, " Come and be a Congregationalist, a
Methodi.st, a Baptist, an Episcopalian," nor
anv of these different sects or denominations.

750

GLEANINGvS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct. 15.

He said, "Come unto me.'" After having
come unto liim, and making him first and
foremost, there certainly can be no objection
to uniting with any denomination 3'ou think
proper. But denomination must never be
first. In communion seasons I have frequent-
ly heard pastors, in inviting people to partake,
say, " Let all who love the Lord Jesus Christ
partake with us." I do not know whether
this is always the case or not. It seems to me
as though it shoiUd be so.

When I was having that pleasant trip with
Mr. Hugh Vankirk, of Washington, Pa., we
passed quite a pretty public building near his
home. He is five or six miles from the city,
and the little station near his home is called
Vankirk Station. There is no church within
several miles. Friend Vankirk pointed out
the building I mentioned, and I asked him if
it was a church.

"No, Mr. Root, it is not a church — it is a
Sunday-school. The building was made on
purpose for a Sunday-school, and has always
been used as such. Of late we have been
having preaching almost ever\' Sunday. The
ministers are of various and different denomi-
nations; but as the audience is made up also of
various denominations we have it understood
that the speaker is not to use the house and
occasion to further the interests of his particu-
lar school or organization."

My attention was aroused at once, and I
asked a good many questions. The building
was erected by the people. Friend Vankirk,
who is a mason and brick-layer, laid the foun-
dation and built the chimney. Others did
likewise according to their trades. Then a
large enthusiastic Sunday-school, with a fine
library, was organized. The minister who
preaches is paid cash down after the sermon ;
and, if I am correct, they have some money
ahead. The Sunday-school teaches Christ
Jesus and nothing else. The various minis-
ters who come by invitation to preach, preach
only Christ Jesus, and the people all come.
If any particular denomination were to preach,
there are a good many who would not come.
We who live in country places know all about
this. In little towns all over the United
States there are often three or four churches —
a good many times three — where there are not
people enough in the whole three churches
to make one fair-sized audience, or to pay a
minister a decent salary. I have often thought,
and frequently said, that it was a pit}' we
could not do with these churches as the bee-
keeper does with his weak colonies of bees
when winter comes. He breaks up three or
four colonies and unites them in one. If left
to go through the winter alone they would all
die, or pretty nearly so. United they make
a rousing colony that can drive out intruders,
and make a stand against any enemy. Is it
not so, dear friends, with the churches ? A
saloon tries to come into a town. The people
are so busy in settling differences between
their denominations that they forget to fight
the saloon-keeper, and he gets their boys away
from the Sunday-school. If the little town
were united — if the Christian people were all
one body, pulling the same way, repelling sin

from every point of the compass — the saloon,
the dancing-teacher, and the professional
gambler would be afraid of them, and would
conclude the town was not a good locality for
their occupation. I do not know what should
be done to bring about this happy millennium,
where all people shall understand and say
that the only really iuiportant thing in this
world is to come to Christ — " come unto me.''

Mr. Vankirk told me the people were all
pleased with this union Sunday-school and
union preaching. He said the only objection
he had ever heard was from ministers them-
selves. Dear friends, perhaps I am getting on
dangerous ground. If so, may the dear
Savior set me right; but is it true that it is the
uiinisters themselves who are greatly respon-
sible for so many sects ? Our own Congrega-
tional Church has made several blunders, to
my knowledge, in building new churches and
trying to build up a church where another
denomination was not needed. Within ten
miles of where I now sit a beautiful brick
church with stained-glass windows stands un-
occupied, or at least has preaching only at
intervals b}- a pastor who does not live in the
town. The expense of building this church
pretty nearly ruined one or two good old
farmers financially; and yet the church stands
empty and unused a great portion of the time.

One more thing I want to speak of, and
perhaps I am treading on dangerous ground
again. The ministers of these three or four
churches where only one is needed are very
poorly paid. As they are poorly paid they
have to work at something else to make a
living. A cheap minister or a cheap school-
teacher is a ver}' poor investment. I need not
enlarge on this point. The man who is to
expound the vScriptures should be one of the
best and brightest men in the whole commu-
nity, and the people should pay enough to
support a good man.

Please bear with me a little further when I
suggest that the Electropoise people would
never have found a hundred ministers of the
gospel in our land to help sell their fraud, were
it not true that there is a mistake somewhere.
Dr. Wilford Hall, as you may remember,
pushed his water-cure fraud mainly through
ministers of the gospel — that is, people who
had ' ' Rev. ' ' attached to their names. I know,
dear Ijrothers of the clergy, there are many
devoted and saintly men who are very poorly
paid for their services. I know of some who
have been promised a meager salary of con-
siderably less than ir^lOOO a year, but who
never got — at least not promptly — the amount
subscribed. I do not know how mau}^ places
there are where Christian people of all denom-
inations unite to support a church and pay a
minister. I mentioned one such I found in
Florida. There are difficulties in the way
that I confess I am not able to manage. We
can get along with communion very well; but
during a revival season, when new converts
are to be added to the church, I confess I am
not equal to the task of deciding how it should
be done; but I have unbounded faith that the
dear Savior, who invited us clearly and plainly
to come to him with all difficulties of what-

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

r5i

ever nature, will manage this one too, espe-
cially since it is only a question as to fi07V and
in what niauiur we shall come to him and
how at his feet, as we give him our lives and
" crow II him Lord of all."

A SERMON TO BOYS AND GIKLS.

THK IMVS' 1HI> HA1((;A1N.

By If. T. i:Un<i.

A (Trent niniiy .ve;irs hl-o twin brottiers were born.
1 <1() lint kiiiiw wht-tlier tlu'ii- mdllicr (Irt ssi'd thorn
alike. :i-- ii)(itlu'r-< friMiuiMitl\- do now. 1)ut. althouKh
tlioy may liave worn the satne kind of clothes, there
never were twins wlio differerl so much as these two
boys. Tiiey were just as different as day is from
nijrht, or as light from darkness. One of the boys
wag very quiet He was a shepherd; and at niglit,
when he liad broug-ht the tiock into the fold, he
would go to his tent, kindle ids fire, and cook his
supjier. But tlie otlier brother was very restless;
he did r.ot like walkitig quietly behind a flock of
sheep, but was far moi'e at home when on the
chase. So lie became a hunter, and went out from
the tent every morning with tlie bow across his
shoulder, and case full of ariows.

Jacob, the shepherd boy, would often run into his
mother's tent with a pitchcrful of milk, or a bundle
of wool for her to spill into coats and dresses; there-
fore the mother loved him. Esau, the other brother,
often came home, carrying on his shoulder not only
bis faithful bow but a good fat deer for his fatiier.

In the country where these boys lived, there was
a law thiit the first-born son should rpceive a double
portion of his father's money When the father
died, the tirst-born son also received his father's
blessing and otiior great honors. Tliis was < ailed
the iHithiisrtit, and bolongpd to Rsau. the hunter.

On'' (lav Esau had iieen hunting all day. and had
become very hungry in roaming through the fields
for game. At last lie came to liis i lotlier's tent.
Jacob had his sheep in the fold, and had cooked
some porridge of red bean meal. The whole tent
was full of the delightful odor of the steaming por-
ridge-pot. The hungry huntpr said, "Give me of
that red." He meant of that red porridge; but a
hungry man uses few words. Jacob, who was very
quiet and never in a liurry, but always ready to
drive a sharp bargain, said:

"Esau, you know you were born a little before
me, and, according to our law, the birthriglit is
yours; but I'll tell you what I will do with you. If
you will give me your birthright I will give you my
porridge."

Esau said, " Well. T am going to starve any way, if
I don't get something to eat. I may.iust as well
sell the birthriglit, for the best birthright in the
world is of no value to a dead man. Give me your
porridge and I will give you my birthright."

But Jacob, who was in 'some ways a mighty
mean boy. and who always looked out for the big-
gest end of a bargain, said, " You swear to me, that
you will sell your birthright for the porridge."

Esau then made a solemn promise before God
that he would stick to the bargain. So Jacob gave
to Esau the porridge, and some bread and water.

After Esau had eaten he went away and fell
asleep in his own tent; but, oh how sorry he was
afterward that he had made stich a bad bargain!
Day and night, with tears and a sad heart, he tried
to get the birtiiright back but he failed. Esau has
ever since been known as tin- hoy who madi^ a bad
bargain. Esau made a had bargain because he
gave more than h" received: and every iioy who
gives more than he receives makes a lad bargain.
Esau has been dead nearly 4000 years; but hie fool-
ish bargain has npver been fo'gottcn.

But although the first E^^au is dead, there are a
go' d many hoys who migh' with good right be
called '• Esau." Some of thtseboys are veiy popu-
lar, just like Es;iu: they take a great de.al of interest
in manly sports. There are many of them fine fel-
lows, too, but tliey make bad bargains, and there-
fore we will call them "Esau."

I. — THE SMOKING ?:SAU.

The boy who begins to smoke makes a bad bar-
gain. We will say he gives a nickel for his first

cigar. Now, what does ho get '? A white, duatlily
face, an awfully sick stomach, and somrtiincs a good
whipping from his mother. 1 think there is not a
boy in America so foolish that he wc vild not rather
h:ive a. nice liright tlve-cent iiiec than a pale face, a
sic-k St inach, and a wliippin'j-. So \oii see the boy
makes a bad bargain with his first- smoke. But, you
say, it is not fair to judge by tlie Hrst smoke. 'The
boy will not, always bo sick, and his mother will not
always object to his srnoking. That is true. Let
us, therefore, take not the first, but the one hun-
dredth smoke. What does the boy now give for
smoking? He gives not one but a good many five-
cent jiioces. It will all depend upfm how much
money he has. Suppose ho is a poor boy, and
spends only five cents each day until he is twenty-
one. This makes .3.5 cents a week, $IS20 a year,
which, put ill a bank ;it a low rate of interest,
would become a sum of over $27.5 by the time the
boy is twenty-one. Now, what does the young
smoker get for his $375? He gets only one thing, and
that is pleasure There is not any other advantage
in smoking; and the only question is, "Does it pay
to acquire an appetite which is not natural, at so
great a cost?"

"Ah ! but," you say, " I get something else. I am
in the fashion."

I do believe that you are not in the fashion with
the majority of good people. If I should call on all
the old smokers in America, and say. "Gentlemen,
which boys do you admire most— those who smoke
or those who do not smoke?" I am quite sure the
majority of them would say, "Although we smoke
ourselves, we like the boys best who do not smoke."
The boys who do not smoke are looked upon by all
sensible people as the best.

The smoking boy makes a bad bargain, because
all good physicians will tell you that smoking is
bad for a boy who is growing. To the boys who
already smoke, and are not willing to give it up,
let me say that cigarette-smoking is the worst thing
you can do. The nicoiine. or tobacco-oil, is a deadly
poison; and if you are determined to smoke, the
Jeest dangerous way is to smoke a long clay pipe,
which partlj' draws in the poison.

But smoking is a bad bargain, because, when you
once begin it is hard to give it up. A little over
three hundred and fifty years ago the only smokers
in the world were the North American Indians.
The tobacco-plant was first brought to Spain, and
there it grew in the vards as an ornamental plant
until a man named Nicolo Manardes said. "Tobacco
is good as a medicine." Men all over Europe began
to use it; but it was at first looked down upon by
almost every government. Two hundred and fifty
years ago the men who smoked in Russia had their
noses cut off. In Turkey the Sultan beheaded
smokers in the most cruel manner. In England,
King James I. was very bitter against it. He said,
"It is loathsome to the eyes, hateful to the nose,
h.'irmful to the brain, and dangerous to the lungs;
and the stinkinir fumes resemble the smoke of the
bottomless pit." But all the opposition of kings
did no good. The habit was stronger than czr,
sultan, or sword. The people kept on smoking.
They liked it. and the habit grew stronger and
stronger, until to-day almost every man in Persia
and Turkey smokes. Millions in Europe smoke:
and in Asia, not only the men but women, and even
the girls, smoke.

A habit which, in three hundred years, spread
over the whole world, must be fearfully strong Tt
is with smoking as it was with the threads with which
the Lilliputians bound Gulliver. Thp '^tojy is so
interesting I will tell it to you. Gulliver was a
sailor «nd a great traveler He had bt en in about
every part of the world. One day he was wrecked
on the shores of a strange land All of the crew
wore drowned but Gulliver. He was very tired and
wet, so he lay down on the warm sand and went to
sleep The peo])le who lived on th island were
very little, and were called Lillipufiars. The largest
were not as big as Gulliver's thumb, ^yhen they
saw him, like a mount airu sleeping on the sand,
thev were frightened, but soon came nearer. They
held a mass-meeting, and determined to take Gul-
liver prisoner. So they got ladders :ind ropes, and
■•ameto him. They put the ladders on the sides of
his body, and climbed up Then they carried thou-
sands of threads across Gulliver's nody. and drove
little pegs into the sand to fasten the thread=, so
thoy worked a great many hours. Finally Gulliver
woke up and tried to stir; but he was fastened eo

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct. 15.

securely he could do nothing. The little men shot
thousands of small arrows at him, and tliey pricked
like needles in his face. One of the little threads
■was no strong-er thnn a cobweb; but many of them
bound Gull ver so firmly that he could not g-etaway.
It is just so with the habit of smoking-, and there-
fore I sii V thr', boy who begins to smoke runs a
chance of losing his freedom, his money, and his
health, which is also a bad Bargain.

II— DRINKING ESAU.

If the boy who smokes makes a bad bargain, the
boy who learns to drink makes a much worse one.
Drinking is much older, more expensive, more dan-
gerous, and more degrading than smoking. If all
the money which is spent for strong drink in our
country were divided equally among the different
families, rich and poor, each family would receive
$90.00 a year. In the United States alone, 75,000
men die every yenr of drunkenness; 205 every day,
one every seven minutes. The cup has killed far
more people than the cannon. You all know how
much sori-ow and wretchedness are caused through
strong drink. Many children are suffering this very
day because tht-ir poor fathers learned to drink,
and made the bad bargain years ago.

A irieat many years ago the Lacedemonians, a
people of Greece, used to make their slaves drunk
once a year. They brought these drunken men into
a circus-ring that all the free children might see
how disgusting a drunken man looked and acted,
and that the children might never follow the exam-
ple of the slaves.

Not long ago a poor drunken boy said he was not
afraid to flght any man in the town. When he could
get no one to fight with him, he went away to the
railroad track. There the engineer saw him stand-
ing with his fists doubled up, ready to strike the
engme. It was impossible to stop the express train
quick enough, and the poor boy's body was crushed.
He made a bad bargain; he gave his life ^'or a drink.

A drinker with inflammation in his eyes said,
" Doctor, can you cure my eyes ?"

The doctor replied, "I can if you will stop drink-
ing."

"Give up my drinks? Oh, no! Good-by, eyes,"
and he sold his eyes for a glass of whisky.

lit.— THE SWB.A.RrNG ESAU.

The boy who swears makes a terribly bad bargain.
I can see how a hungry boy might he lead to steal a
loaf of bread, if it were steal or stai v\ but I can
not understand why any boy should ever swear. No
one ever became any richer, wiser, or better for
swearing. The biggest fool can swear as well as the
wisest scholar. Swearing is hurtful to him who does
it. Tt shocks all good peonle, and it grieves God.
Swearing is the language of hell. The swearer is
like a foolish flsh who bitf s at a bare hook. Smok-
ing, drinking, and swe.iring come to us like the
Arab's camel. On a very cold night an Arab was
sleepina- in his tent, and the camel was on the out-
side. The camel woke the master up and said,
" Master, it is very < old out here; may I please put
my nnsp into the tent ?"

"Yes." the Arab said, " You may put just your
nose in."

" O master! it is so nice in your tent! won't you
please let me put my bend in too V"

After a while the master said, " Yes, put in your
head."

Soon the camel pushed a little farther, and begged
that he might put his shoulders in. This was also
granted. Then without any other word the camel
pushed in his whole body.

" It is very uncomfortable here," said the Arab.

" Yes," said tlie camel. " It would be much more
comfortable for me if you would go out and give
me the whole tent."

Boys, the Arab made a bad bargain when he al-
lowed the camel to put in his nose; and when we
allow the first glass to touch our lips we make an
awfully bad bargain with the old demon Alcohol.

I never could raise enough potatoes to do us before I
got your potato book, 1 planted 2 bushels then. Now
I have to plant only half a bu.shel, and raise more than
enough to do us. In lS81t I raised 48 measured bushels
from ''2 bushel planted and cultivated according to
your book. Nearly every one laughed at me for giv-
ing such shallow cultivation — said that I only scratch-
ed around; but they did not laugh at the yield.

Morgan, Ky., July 28. J.'p. Moore.

With the crowd of business we have had
during the past season I did not get over to
see m}- neighbor Terry until well along in
September. I said to myself several times,
"Now, old fellow, first you know something
will turn up that will make you feel sorry you
have not kept track of what is going on over
in Summit Co., especialh' at friend Terry's."
When I got hold of the Practical Faruier for
Sept. Ill thought that ver\' thing, for here is
what I found. Let me say, first, that some
college (agricultural) professor had been
severely criticising Terry's teachings in regard
to cutting potatoes to one eye, and Terry
replies. In his reph- he incidentally gives the
result of an experiment made during the past
season, and I clip as follows in regard to this
experiment :

SEVENTV-FOt-R HILLS FROM OXE TUBER.

I^ast May I took one medium-sized tuber and cut it
into one-eye pieces, about snch as we u.sually plant.
Then I carefullv cut each of these oneeye pieces into
about six smaller pieces, in snch a way as to leave a
little point of the eye on each i)iece. as well as I could.
The potato is a new nne, not named, of strong vitality.
Do not write and ask about it. as it is not on the mar-
ket yet. Mr. Wm. Henry Maule, the well-known
.seedsman, sent me the potato. It was a iine-looking
tuber, and took my fancy. So I thought I would
raise as many from it as I reasonably could. It came
after our crop was planted, and we had no ground
plowed that was suitable. .So after mowing off the
clover I plowed two square rods of clover sod. This
was a great mi.stake. The clover had pumped the
water out of the subsoil pretty thoroughly. The
ground was too dry. I wislied a hundred times that I
had known beforehand, and plowed the land earlj',
and kept surface harrowed. And I would have put
half a ton of manure on last fall, too. if I had known
it. Then I might have done ."iomething. Well, I got
the potatoes started, although it was too dry for a
time. Now we are getting plenty of rain. There are
7-1 hills growing in about two square rods. The hills
are So inches apart each wav. They now cover the
ground about as well as you often see it done. I
think any grower would .say there were tons enough
on the ground. Thej* are "all good. Eighty tubers
would plant an acre. They are not ready to dig yet,
so I will not .say any thing about the yield, but we
have the plants'. Only about one-sixth of an eye was
planted to a hill ! I could have carried it further and
got more hills, but my wife .said : " What is the use?
only experts will believe what you have done now."
.So i quit. Of course, these ver>" small pieces required
more care in cutting, and finer soil, and better atten-
tion, than whole-eye pieces would, and far more than
whole tubers used for .seed would. This fine cutting
is not practical at all, except when you want to get all
you can from a few tubers. But it helps to establish
my point, and very greatly, too, that I can make all
the eyes grow, and get good thrifty plants from all of
them", practically.

After reading the above, you may be sure I
was not long in getting on my wheel and
going over to see the 74 hills grown from one
tuber. Every hill was perfect, and the single
vine in each hill was remarkably strong and
rank. Friend T. put his hand into one of the
hills and took out two tubers weighing, I
should judge, a pound or more, but they were
then not quite done growing. I estimated
there would be about a barrel of potatoes as
the result of that one tuber. The potatoes
have now been dug, and, if I remember, there

GLKANINGvS IN BEH CULTURE.

7M

was not quite a barrel, but pretty iiearl>-. I
at once wrote to Maule, askinij the j>ncc of a
sinjjle tuber ; but he told nie there would I)e
none for sale until the year ISitO. The season
of ISitS •.vill be devoted to iiicreasiu"^ the stock;
but I finally did ^et a tuber to experiment
with in the s^reenhouse, with the understaiul-
iuj; that the stock belonijs entirely to Wni.
Henry Maule. I am i^oinj^ to work with this
one tuber at once, and increase it by means of
the jadoo fiber and !.^reenhouse all I possi!)ly
can until time to plant potatoes next sprin^j.
Oct. 1, 18'.)8, IMaule is to pay nie a reasonable
price per bushel for as many potatoes as I suc-
ceed in growing in just one year. This par-
ticular new potato seems to possess earliness
and vitality ; but we can not just now tell
whether it is Terry's skill or the remarkable
productiveness of the potato — perhaps both.

Now, then, friends, has anybody ever tried
the experiment of seeing how far one potato
could be made to increase in just one year by
propagating it during winter as florists grow
geraniums, colei, and other similar plants? I
will try to report progress to you as we go
along. The worst trouble I anticipate is in
getting the potato to sprout and grow so soon
after it has been dug.

A REFRESHING CONTRAST IN THE WAY OF
TREE AND PLANT CATALOGS.
In Lovett's pamphlet for autumn of 1S97
we found the following in regard to two of
our new friends:

OOLDEX M.^YBERRV.

This unique fruit may be all that is claimed fyr
it, but caudor compels \is to state that we are growing
impatient to see for ourselves what it is actually like.
We have now had it for three years; and, although
the bushes grow well, they have as yet failed to pro-
duce any fruit, and we hesitate to longer publish the
descriptions of the originator and disseminator until
we kno7c positively it is what it is claimed to be.

STR.WVBERRV-RASPBERRY.

From an intimate acquaintance with this berrj' we
are convinced it is not a hybrid of the strawberry and
the rasprerrA', as claimed, "but it is a true raspberry of
hert>aceous hat^it ( the top dying down and the root
sur^'iving as with the pa^oiiia and many cultivated
species of flowering plants), and has no .strawberry
blood in it whatever. It has proved to be a wonderful
gr. wer, always clean and vigorous, with a mass of
deep-green foliage; and although it suckers immoder-
ately it is e.xtremely hardy, and is prolific in bearing
for a period of some ten or twelve weeks — from early
in Julv until frost. The berries are of enormous size,
of the richest .shade of bright crim.son imaginable,
and are in very truth the most exquisitelj- l)eautiful
of any berry we ever looked upon ; but, alas ! it is
sadly 'deficient in flavor. Some have compared it to
drieS apples, others to a sweet orange sucked dry.
Seriously, it is decidedly insipid as a dessert fruit, but,
.strange as it may seem, when cooked it is rich, sweet,
and good.
' The above really rejoices my heart. The
Lovett people have finally tested these things
on their own ground, and have come out
square and honest about it. Their experience
is exactly like my own. The Logan berry,
however, promises to be something of real
value. On our grounds it has not as yet
borne fruit enough, but it will, perhaps, when
it gets older.

GARDENING FOR THE LATTER PART OF

OCTOBER.
In addition to what was said in our last is-
sue, I would again remark that ttow is the

time to commence gardening under glass. If
you have valuable varieties of strawberries,
you can keep them putting out runners, and
increasing, clear on till Christmas, by the use
of a few sash. Rut let me suggest where you
are in danger of making a mistake. vShelter
your ])lants with the sashes whenever there is
a hard freeze. Even cjuite a frost will not in-
jure strawberries at all. When the ground
begins to freeze, however, .so as to be hard,
then put on the .sash. But do not cover the
plants up during a snowstorm. Strawberries
seem to rejoice in being covered with snow. I
have actually seen harm done by leaving the
.sashes on .so as to keep o^the snow during a
severe freeze. Strawberries and other hardy
plants are better off with a covering of snow
than with sashes ; and the same will apply to
lettuce where it is sufjficiently hardened — say
cold-frame lettuce-plants. Whenever there is
severe freezing, however, without an\- snow,
then have yotir sashes on. Keeping this in
mind will not only save you labor in handling
sashes, but it will really save your plants.
The snow is nature's covering and protection.
Permit me to saj^ right here that we have put
in some new and expensive machinery for
making an improved article of hot-bed sash,
and I believe otir prices are considerably be-
low those of good substantial sash anywhere
else. See prices in Special Notices.

Our fall catalog — that is, our usual catalog
with prices changed according to the present
date (so far as we can fix prices at this time),
will be ready to mail to applicants soon after
this reaches von.

OtTR BRIEF VISIT TO T. GREINER, LA SALLE,
NIAGARA CO., N. V.

Friend Root: — I have just been reading what you
say about 3'our visit here page TLS). It seems to me
you have " pi:t it on a little thick." In fact. I knew
that, in the hurry of summer's work, and in conse-
quence of my being bvisy otherwise, the place had a
neglected appearance ; but had I V:ieen fortunate
enough to be at home when you came, I could have
shown you many things of interest that the unguided
visitor could not possibly have found or discovered.
The best sights you miglit have seen are nearly half
a mile away froin the home place.

In regard to that new onion which your printer
named "Garganus," let me state that it is Burpee's
<".ibraltar, a most excellent variety for fancy trade,
equal to the imported Spanish, nearly as large, as
mild, and of a light straw color ; must be sold prompt-
ly, as it does not seem to be a gjod keeper, especially
ill a wet sea.son like this. I hope that next year we
shall be able to procure seed, at least by the ounce ;
for the past three years we could get it only by the
packet, at rather high prices. As to the coal-ash bed,
I believe a good layer of manure iindef the coal ashes
was responsible for the great thrift of tlie plants more
than anv thing else. T. Grkiner.

La .Salle. N. Y., Oct. S.

Friend G., I know how it is from my own
experience. Sometimes vi.sitors whom I very
much wanted to see have gone over our
grounds antl entirely overlooked the most
important things because I was not there to
give particulars. Many thanks for correcting
me about that onion. Since you mention it, I
rememVjer now that friend Weckesser did call
it Gibraltar instead of Garganus ; and, by the
way, we will try to have some of the Gibraltar
for sale, at least in packets, another season.

754

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct. 15.

Books for Bee-Keepers and Others.

Anyoftbese books on which postage is not given will be
forwarded by mail, postpaid, on receipt of price.

In buying books, as every thing else, we are liable to disap
pointment if we make a purchase without seeing the article.
Admitting that the bookseller could read all the books he
offers, as he has them for sale, it were hardly to be expected
he would he the one to mention all the faults, as well as good
things about a book. I very much desire that those who favor
me with their patronage shall not be disappointed, and there
fore I am going to try to prevent it by mentioning all the
faults, so far as I can, that the purchaser mar know what he
is getting. In the following list, books that 1 approve I have
marked with a * ; those I especially approve, •* ; those that
are not up to times, t ; books that contain but little matterfor
the price, large type, and much space between the lines,t,
foreign . § The bee-books are all good

BIBLES, HYMN-BOOKS, AND OTHER GOOD BOOKS.
As many of the bee-books are sent with other goods by
freight or expiess, incurring no postage, we give prices sepa-
rately. You will notice, that you can judge of the size of
the books very well by the amount required for postage
on each.

8 I Bible, Quod print, neatly bound 30

10 Bunj'an's Pilgrim's Progress** 60

30 I Illustrated Pilgrim's Progress** 75

This is a large book of 425 pages and 175 illustrations, and
would ii.-ually be called a 82-00 book. A splendid book to pre
ient to .-tiildren. Sold in gilt edge for 2ne more.

6 I birst Steps for Little Feet. By the author of

the Story of the Bible. A better book for young children can
not be found in the whole round of literature, and at the same
time there can hardly be found a more attractive book. Beau-
tifully hound, and fully illustrated. Price .50 c. Two copies
will be sold for 76 cents. Postage six cents each.

5 I Harmony of the Gospels 35

3 I John Ploughman's Talks and Pictures, by

Rev. C. H. Spurgeon* 10

1 I Gosi^el Hymns, consolidated Nos. 1,2, 3, and

4. words only, cloth, 10 c; paper 05

•.; I Same, board covers

5 I Same, words and music, smaU type, board

covers

10 I Same, words and music, board covers

3 I New 'Testament in pretty flexible covers. . .
5 I New Testament, new version, paper covers.
5 I Robinson Crusoe, paper cover

4 I Stepping Heavenward**

16 I Story of the Bible**.

30

46
76
05
10
10
18
1 00

. .., _ . . . _ 'read

by almost every

1 " The Life of Trust," by Geo. Muller** 1 25

5 I Tobacco Manual** 45

This is a nice book that will be sure to be read, if left around
where the boys get hold of it. and .any boy that reads it will
be pretty safe from the tobacco habit.

BOOKS ESFECIALI^Y FOR BEE-KEEPERS.

Postage (Price without postage.

15 I A BCof Bee Culture. Cloth 1 10

1 Advanced Bee Culture, by W. Z. Hutchinson 50

3 I Amateur Bee keeper, by J. W. Rouse 22

14 1 Bies and Bee-keeping, by Frank Cheshire,

England, Vol. L8 3 36

31 I -ame, Vol. ll.§

or, |;n.26 for the two, postpaid.
10 I Bees and Honey, by T. G. Newman
10 I Cook !- New Manual. Cloth

5 Doolittle on Queen- Rearing

2 1 Uzierzon Theory

.r 2 79

1 16
95
1(1

22

05

1 10

1 40

60

Foul Brood; Its Natural History and Ra-

ti(mal Treatment.

Honey as Food and Medicine

15 Langstroth Revised by Ch. Dadant & Son.

10 Quioby's New Bee-Keeping

Thirty Years Among the Bees, by H. Alley
Handling Bees, by Langstroth. Revised

by Dadant 08

I Bee-keeping for Profit, by Dr. G. L. Tinker 26
6 1 TIh- H.inev Bee, by Tlios. William Cowan. . 96
I British Bee-Keeper's Guide Book, by Thos.

William Cowan, Eiiglandg 40

3 I Merrybanks and His Neighbor, by A.I. Root 16

4 I Winter Problem in Bee-keeping, by Pierce 46

MISCELLANEOUS HAND-BOOKS.

5 I An Egg-Farm, Stoddard** 40

I Amateu r Photographer's Hand-book** 70

5 I A B C of Carp Culture, by Geo. Finley 36

5 I A B C of Strawberry Culture**By T. B. Terry 35
Probably the leading book of the world on strawberries.

3 I A B C Of Potato Culture, Terry** 35

This is T. B. Terry's first and most ma.sterly work. The book
has had an enormous sale, and has been leprinted in foreign
languages. When we are thoroughly conversant with friend
Terry's system of raising potatoes, we shall be ready to han-
dle almost any farm crop successfully. It has 48 pages and 22
illustrations.

I Barn Plans and Out-Buildings* 150

I Canary Birds. Paper 50

2 1 Celery for Profit, liy T. Greiner** 35

The first really full and complete book on celery culture, at
a moderate price, that we h.ove had. It is full of pictures,
and the whole thihg is made so plain that a schoolboy ought
to be able to grow paying crops at once, without any assis-
tance except from the book.
10 I Draining for Profit and Health. Warring.. 1 35

This is. perhaps, the most systematic, comprehensive, and
thorough work on grape culture now in print ; in fact
friend [""uller here tells us how. by ea.sy steps, to make any
grapevine come into the work, and make a pleasant, orderly
appearance: and he makes it a.s attractive as a piece of fic-
tion ; and the best part of it is, that you get great crops of
beautiful grapes during almost any kind of season. We have
tested the system, and know whereof we speak.

8 I Domestic Economy, by I. H. Mayer, M. D.** 30
This book ought to save at least the money it costs, each

year, in every household. It was written by a doctor, and one

who has made the matter of domestic economy a life-study.

The regular price of the book is SI. 00; but by taking a large

lot of them we are enabled to make the price only 30 cts.

10 I Farming for Boys* 1 15

This is one of Joseph Harris' happiest productions, and it

seems to me that it ought to make farra-lite fascinating to any

boy who has any sort of taste for gardening.

7 I Farm, Gardening, and Seed-Growing** 90

This is by Franci." Brill, the veteran seed-grower, and is the
only hook on gardening that I am aware of that tells how
market^gardeners and seed-growers raise and harvest their
own seeds. It has leepages.

10 I Fuller's Grape Culturist** 115

12 I Gardening- for Pleasure, Henderson* 1 35

While '■ Gaidening for Profit "is written with a view of mak-
ing gardening pay, it touches a good deal on the pleasure part ;
and ■ 'Gardening for Pleasure " takes up this matter of beauti-
fying your homes and improving your grounds without the
special point in view of making money out of it. I think most
of you will need this if you get " Gardening for Profit." Thif
work has 404 pages and 203 illustrations.

12 I Gardening for Profit** 1 35

The latest revision of Peter Henderson's celebrated work.
Nothing that lias ever bt-fore been put in print has done so
much toward making ninkfi gardening a science and a fasci-
nating industry. Pcti r Hcndi 1 son stands at the head, without
question, althougli we have many other books on these rural
employments If you can get but one hook, let it be the
above" It has 376 pages and 138 cuts.

8 I Gardening for Young and Old, Harris** ... 1 26

Thi^ is Joneph Harris' best and happiest effort. Although it
goes over the same ground occupied by Peter Henderson, it
particularly emphasizes thorough cultivation of the soil in
preparing your ground; and this matter of adapting it to
young people as well as old is brought out in a most happy
vein. If your children have any sort of fancy foi gardeningit
will pay you to make them a present of this book. It has 187
pages and 46 engravings.

1(1 I Greenhouse Construction, b\ Prof Tafi** 1 15
This hook is of lecent publication, and is as full and com-
plete in regard to the builoing of all glass structures as is the
next hook in regard to their management. Any one who
builds even a small structure for plant-growing underclass
will >.nve the value of the hook by leading it carefully.

6 I Garden and Farm Topics, Heiiderbon** — 60
I Gray's School and Field Book of Botany... 1 80

6 , Gregory on CatiliajJtrt; |>apei* 20

5 1 Gregory on S(i nasties; paper'. . 20

6 I Gi'0g(ii> on O.iions; paper* ... 20
The ahuve ihrce huok>. bj our friend Gregory, are all val-
uable. The hook ou squashes especially is good reading tor
almost anvhody . whether tuey raise squashes or not. It strikes
at the very loundation of success in almost any kind of
husiness.

15 I How to Make the Garden Pay.** 1 35

By T. Greiner. Thi.- is a new book, just out, and it gives the
nio^t explicit and full directions for gaidening under glass of
any book in the world. Those who are interested in hot-beds,
coUI-f l•ame^. cold-greenhouses, hot-houses or glass structures
of any kind for the growth of plants, can not afford to be with-
out tile book.

I Handbook for Lumbermen 05

10 I Household Conveniences .. 140

2 I How to Propagate and Grow Fruit, Green* 15
10 I How to Get We.l and Keep Well 90

An exposition of the Salisbury system of curing disease by
the " lean mean diet."

3 I Injurious Insects, Cook 10

lu I Irrigation for the Farm, Garden, and Or-
chard, Stewiirt* 1 10

This book, so far as I am informed, is almost the only work
on this matter that is attracting so much interest, especially
recently. Using water from springs, brooks, or windmills, to
take the place of rain, during our great droughts, is the great
problem befoi e us at the present day. The book has 274 pages
and 142 cuts.

7 I Market-gardening and Farm Notes, by

Burnett Landreth 75

The Landreths are the pioneer seedsmen of America; and
the book is worth fully as much as we might expect it to be. I
think 1 received hints from It worth the price, before it had
been in my hands fifteen minutes. It is exceedingly practical,
and tells what has been done and what is BRING done, more
than it discourses on theory.

1S!)7

GLEANINGS IN BKIC Cn/rrRI-

3 I MiiplcSuRiirand the Sug^ar-busli** 35

By Prof. A. J. Cook. This wus written in the -printr of 1887 at
my n'q\iost. A-; tin- nuthor has, porhai)b, one of Ihi- tliiest
sinr!ir-i':iin|i^ III ilic I'liilcd siHti's, as well n» bt-iiiir an i-ntlinsl-
aiiUc lovir .'f :ill f.xnii iiuliistiii's, he Is bettertltted. perhaps, to
hail. Il.> tin— utij.ii iliii nil »ther man. The book i.-< written
In Prof. TookV h:ipp\ stvl i-oinhinlnK wholesome moral les-
sons with the l.itest and best mfthoii of inunattinpr to itet thi
finest syrup and maple eiigar, with the least possible expend!
ture..f cash and labor. Kverybody who makes RUKar or mo-
Ia.«se8 wants the su;rar-book. It lias 48 pa;{es ami Sft cuts

4 I Peabodv's Webster's Di.-tionaiv 10

Over3l\ii00 svor.ls an.i -V.O illiu lr:il ions

5 1 Maiuiivs; How t,. Make and How to Use

tlii-m: in paper covtMs 30

6 I Tbe same in doth covers 65

Coveriiijr tlie whole matter, and dispusslnK every thinp: to be

found on the f.irm. refuse from faetories. mineral fertilizers
from minw.eto. It is a complete summing-up of the whole
matter. It is written by K. W. Sempers.

3 I (Inions for Protit** 40

Fullv up to the times, and includes both the old onion cul
ture and the new method. The book i- fully illustrated, and
written with all the inthusiasm and interest that character
ize its author. T. Greiner. Even if one is not particularly in-
terested in the business, almost ;iny person who picks up
Greiner's books will like to read them through.

I Our Farniiner. by T. B.Terry** 150

In wliich he tells " how we bave made a run-down farm
brinjr both protlt and pleasure."

Tlii> is a large book, 6x9 inches, 367 papes, quite fully illus-
trated. It is Terry's first lartre book ; and while it touches on
the topics treated in his smaller handbooks, it is sufficiently
ditfeivnt so that no one will complain of repetition, even if he
has read all of Terry's little books. 1 should call it the bright-
est and most pract-lcal book on farminpr before the world at
the pre-ent dav. The price is 32.00 postjiaid; or clubbed with
GI,K^^^^■fi.<5 for 2.i>0. Those who ore already subscribers to
Glka.ninos may have it postpaid by sending us 1.50 more. We
are so sure it will be worth m:inv times its cost that we are
not afraid to ofTer to take it b:ick if any one feels he has not
got his nioney's worth after he h.is read it If ordered by ex-
press or freight with other goods. lOo less

1 I Poultry for Pleasure and Profit** 10

SI Practical Floriculture. Henderson* 1 10

10 I Profits in Poultry* 75

2 i Practical Turkey-raisiuK 10

By Fanny Field. This is a 2.5-cent book which we ofTer for 10

cts.; po8t,'ige.2 cts.

2|Kats: How to Rid Farms and Buildings of
them, as well as other Pests of like Char-
actei-**... 15

1 ' Silk and the Silkworm 10

10 I Small-Frtiit Culturist. Fuller 110

10 1 Success in Market-Gardeninr* 90

This is a new book by a real, live enterprising, successful
market-gardener who lives in Arlington, a subu-b of Boston
Mass. Friend Rawson has been one of the foremost to make
irrigation a practical success, and he now irrigates his gronnr's
by means of a windmill and steam-engine whenever a drought
threatens to injure the crops. The book has 208 pages, and if
nicely illustrated with llOengiavings

10 I Talks on Manures* 185

This book, by Joseph Harris is. perhaps, the most compre-
hensive one we have on the subiect. and the whole matter if
considered bv an able writer. It contains 366 pages.

7 I Ten Acres Enoug-h 75

2 I The Carpenter's Steel Square and its Uses. 15
10 I The New Agriculture: or. tlie Waters Led

Captive I a ^^1., 50 book 1 40

2 I Treatise on the Horse and his Diseases 10

5 1 Tile Drainage, by W. I. Chamberlain 35

Fully illustrated, containing every thing of importance
clear tin to tht- present date.

The single chapter on digging ditches, with the illustrations
given by Prof Chamberlain, should alone make the book
worth what it costs, to every one who has occasion to lay ten
rods or more of tile. There is as much science in digging as
3|Tomato Culture 35

In three parts. Part first— by J. W. Day. of Crystal Springs,
Miss., treats of tomato culture in the South, with some re-
marks by A. I. Root, adapting it to the North. Part second-
By D Cummins, of Conneaut, O.. treats of tomato culture
especially for canning-factories. Part third— By A. 1. Root,
treats of plant-growing for market, and high-pressure garden-
ing in general. This little book is interestingbecause it is one
of the first rural books to come from our friends in the South

3 I Vegetables under Glass, by H. A. Dreer**.. 20
This is a new book by a veteran in the work, full of illustra-
tions from real life, and by all odds, the most valuable book
we have ever hafl for such a small price.

3 I Winter Care of Horses and Cattle 35

This Is friend TeiTv's second book in regard to farm matters;
but it is so intimately connected with hit potato-book that it
reads almost like a sequel to it. If you have onlv a horse or a
cow, I think it will pay you to invest in *he book. It has U
pages and 4 cuts.

3 I Wood's Common Objects of the Micro-
scope** .... 47

8 I What to Do and Ho to be Happy While

Doing It. by A.I. Root 50

THE A. I. ROOT CO.. MEDINA. O.

Dovetailed Hives,

Sections, Extractors, vSniokers,
and every thinji; a bee-kee])er
wants. Honest goods at close
honest prices. fiO-jia.i^e cata-
log frt-e.

J. M. JENKINS, Wetumpka, Ala.
25 Cts. PER YEAR!

for the be.st agricultural and
stock-breeders' paper published,

Stuart's Agriculturist.

Agents wanted ! Bicycles, etc., free. Address

WHITWORTH BROS.,

Printers & Pub'rs, 6o High St., Cleveland, O.

Gleanings for One
Whole Year, 25 Cents.

will furnish G1,EANINGS one year— 24 issues
— to a new subscriber, and one untested Ital-
ian queen, during the month of October
only, for the price of the journal alone —
namely, $1.00. These queens are catalogued
at 75 cents each. By sending us $1.00 you
will get the queen, 7.5 cents, and the journal
for only 2,5 cents.

If you are already a subscriber, and would like
to get the queen, send us .Jl.OO with a new
name for GLEANINGS, and we will send
the queen to you, and the journal to the
new name sent.

Remember this offer is good only until Nov. 1.

The A. I. Root Co., Medina, Ohio.

MAKE MONEY! YES. HOW?

With poultry, bees, and flowers. Particulars free.

COOK BROS.
Scio, = Harrison t-ounty, = Ohio.

THE A. !. ROOT COS

Shipping-cases for Honey,

AT THEIR PRICES— THE FINEST MADE.

CASH FCIK BKKS\V.\X

M. H. HLNT. Bell Branch. Hich.

No cheap Queens to sell ; but the best.

Golden ■* band, or 8 band from

imported mother. I'ntest-

ed. 75 cts.: tested, $!.«).

L. BEAUCHAMP, Box 6i3. San Antonio, Texas.

Qv^./^^>^^~-vN rnte.sted queen.s, .50c each; tested,
||£>zi|-|c "Sc; Breeders. f2. Either leather
»-**^*'''^* or golden. My golden breeders
^■''''^'^■'■^'^^'^ breed all .5-banded bees.

W. H. LAWS. = Lavaca. Ark.

CHAS. ISRAEL & BROS.,

486, 488 & 490 Canal St.. Corner Watts St.. N. Y

Honey and Beeswax.

I.iberal Advances Made on Consignments.
Wholesale Dealers and Commission Merchants.
E.stablished 1875.

season, 1897, at 4 cts, per pound. Address

Joseph Shaw, Box 64, Strong City, Kan.
In writing advertisers mention this paper.

756

GI.EANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct. 15.

MAPLE SUGAR.

We have on hand atout 150 lbs. of No. 1 ; 4.50 Ib.s. of
No. 2, and 100 Ib.s. of No. 3. We offer thi.s in ."imall lots
at ft, 8c, and 7c per lb. respectively for the three
grades : W-lb. lots at I'^c per lb. les.s ; barrel lots of
about 300 lbs. at about at Ic per lb. less.

We have also a few gallons of good clear syrup, not
first run. at S5c per gal.: 5-gallon lots at 80c.' We ca'n
al.so get on short notice lirst-grade .syrup at about 90c
per gallon.

HONEY MARKET.

Sales of both comb and extracted honey have been
vers' good so far this month. Prices remain the .same
as quoted in Oct. 1st issue. We are handling more
than we did last year, and =hall be glad to hear from
those who have honey to offer. In writing, please
state how much you have, .stating amount of each
grade ; al.so how it is put up, etc., to .save correspond-
ence. Also state lowest price vou will take for your
crop, and give us freight rate to Medina if possible.
We are especially in need of light extracted just now.

GREENHOUSE AND COLD-FRAME SASH.

Having taken a job requiring a large amount of
mortising, we have added to our equipment of ma-
chinery- a chain mortiser, and are now prepared to
furnish greenhouse and cold-frame sash, made in the
ordinary way with mortise and tenons. If these .sash
are shijjped in the flat (K. D.) it will not be quite .so
ea.sy to put them together as the rabbeted style we
have been making. After they are well put together
thej- will be better, stronger, and more durable. If
shipped put together the freight is more than it is
when shipped in flat. Sash put together go at first-
cla.ss rate of freight, either with or without gla.ss. We
will furnish thee .<=ash in flat as before at same
price; viz., 70c each; 13.2.5 for 5, or »6.00 for 10 sash, 3
feet 4 inches wide by 13 feet long for 4 rows of .8-inch
glass, or three rows of 11-inch glass. Sash put togeth-
er will be 10 cents each extra. Glass included will add
another dollar to the price of the sash put up.

SECOND-HAND ENGINES AND DYNAMO FOR SALE.

We have grown beyond the capacity of our 7.5-Iight
dynamo to fmni^h "us with adequate light, and are
compelled to put in a larger machine. In doing so we
have decided that it will be economy to put in a
machine large enough to furnish electricity to run by
electric motors our printing machinery and machine-
shop, instead of using our present method of carr\-ing
steam long distances in pipes and running several
small steam-engines. These changes neces.i^itate the
throwing out of our 7.5-light dvnamo and two small
engines, and possiblv two more a little later.

We offer for S75.00'a 75-!ight. .88-volt, Brush dynamo.
This machine cost us about 5400 seven years ago, and
has been doing us good service ever since, and would
continue to do so if it were large enough. It is a bar-
gain. Further particulars to those interested, on ap-
plication.

One I'A-'H. P. upright engine, which has been run-
ning our presses and other machinery in our printing
department. We offer this for S85.00' This .size, when
new, .sold for $125, and this has had the be.st of care,
and for service is as good as new. We also offer a 10-
H. P. engine for SlOO; same general description. This
is just the right .size for running the dynamo.

Special Notices in the Line of Gardening, etc.

By A. I. Root.

SENDING MONEY LOOSE IN A LETTER.

I would urge all the friends in remitting to use a
bank draft, express money order, or postoftice money
order for any amount over $1.00. If you can not get
either of the above, then have the lette)- registered,
which costs only 8 cents. I am verv' sorrv to say that,
for .six months past, there has been cons'iderable evi-
dence to the effect that somebody is tampering with

the mails. We have promptly reported to the Depart-
ment at Washington, and they have been making in-
vestigations for six months. Notwithstanding this,
every little while we are pained to hear of losses.
There have been more for the past .season than for
several years past, but we hope to be able soon to get
hold of the culprit. Plea.se read again our instructions
for sending money, that go out with everj' catalog.

PRICES OF SEED POTATOES FOR 1898.

I suppose nobody can tell ju.st now very much about
what potatoes will" be worth, next spring; but from all
the facts I can gather from different localities all over
the United States it is pretty certain that prices will
advance rather than decrease. And, still further, I
have not been able to find prices anywhere as low as I
gave in the table in our issue forSept. 1.5, page 684.
In fact, several kinds are sold out, or nearly so, and
we can not replace them at the prices offered there.
Until further notice the prices will be as in the table
below:

SCALE OF PRICES ON FOLLOVl^ING POTATOES.

Name

Varieties are in order as
regards time of mntur-
ing; earliest first, next
earliest second.and so on.

Wliite Bliss Tiiniiiph ..
E Tlioro'hred. M.iiile's..

EaHv Ohio

Earl V Norther

Buri)ee's Extra Early. . . .

Freeman

New Queen

Monroe SeerilinpT —
Rural New Yorker No. 2 .

Sir William

Cai-mnn No. 1

Carman No. 3

Koshlfononp;

Manum'R Enormous

New Craig

_^

«

1

■^

^

^

^

c.

I

^

i

n

i"

>-■

X

« 40

f 2t>

» 40

f 7

• 1 2.1

4(1

2.^

40

7.1

1 t'5

40

2.1

40

7.i

1 2.1

40

2!^

io

7.1

1 2.1

40

ih

40

7h

] 25

40

2.'>

7->

1 25

411

2.'i

40

7

1 25

20

8.5

60

1 00

X^

20

3.1

m

1 00

:r.

•i'l

3.T

60

1 00

40

9.-

40

7.1

1 25

40

7.-.

1 25

.■!.■>

20

3.

60

1 00

Ifi

3fl

5"

8"i

40

25

40

75

1 25

2 .50

2 50

3 fO
3 00

2 50

3 50
3 0O

Where potatoes are wanted for table use, and we
maybe al'owed to make our ovrn selection of such
kinds as we have most of, we will make a special
price of 75 els. a bu.shel or S2.00 a barrel. This latter
price is for an immediate order. These /afi/f potatoes
will probably be either the .State of Maine, Empire
State, or Bur'bank. We can still furnish seconds at
half prices given in the table, of all except White
Bliss, Early Norther, and Burpee's Extra Early. We
shall put iiito the seconds badly shaped potatoes, and
those that have been cut in digging, and those that
are somewhat scabby, but, of cour.se, nothing that is
not in ,^ood order for shipping. I would urge the
friends to have their potatoes shipped at once while
there is no danger of frost. In fact, I will guarantee
them to reach you free from damage by frost if the
order reaches us before Nov. 15.

Permit me to call attention to our .second-sized
Freemans grown bv T. B. Terry. The larger ones
are just the thing for a baking "potato for table u.se ;
and at onlv S1..50 per barrel thev are a bargain. We
call attention to it now because, for .several years past,
Terra's second-sized Freemans have been closed out
so that a good many were disappointed by getting in
their orders late.

We have also made arrangements to furnish the
Bovee potatoes, but can not at present state prices,
further than to .say that ours will be as low as those of
anv responsible dealer. Peter Henderson claims that
the Bovee is earlier than the Early Ohio, and very
much more productive. From the few we have grown
on our own grounds, we are inclined to think he may
be correct in both particulars.

" EVERY THING IN THE BEE-LINE WORTH PRINTING."

On page 721 of our Oct. 1st issue our old friend Hen-
rj' Alley was permitted to .say in the Kind Words de-
partment that Gle.inings contains about every thing
in the bee-line worth printing. Of cour.se. he gave this
as his opinion. I have .said once before that I did not
mean to let any thing of that kind appear in print
again. No doubt friend .^lley /«<'<!«/ exactly what he
said ; but it was in a private communication, and not
intended to be put into a public journal. Had the
writer not been off on one of his wheelrides when said
pages were made up. there would have been at lea.st a
modification of thai kind word, for it is certainly not
true. Neither Erne-st nor my.self believe it, and it
would be unkind and discourteous to the editors of
other bee-journals to even insinuate that ours is the
best one of the lot.— A. I. R.

lSi)7

GLEANINGS IN BEE CrLTl'RI'

On acco\Mil of qnarai\tine restrictions, the South
Texas Hec-kcepers' Ass<iciation, which was to meet at
the Atchlev place the first Wednesday and Thursday
in NovenitxT, has een imstponed indefinitely. No
puMic ijatheriniis arc allowed aloiip the coast country
on af'ciuint of the ilanijer of yellow fever.

See Our
Great Combination Offer!

i^'.LE.vxiNC.s IN Ukk CiLTiui-; 1 year, Sl.W)

The Mayflower (the great floral paper) ' " .M

Womankind (the great home niagfa/.ine) " JtO

Farm News (the great farm monthly) " ..")()

Ten Rare l.ily Hii'lbs - - " - - l.(K)

The I"arm News Poultry Book - - - .2.")

The Womankind Cook Hook - - - .25

Total V.Tli

Our Price for All,

s-l.OO

$1.50!

THE M.\YFI.O\VER, publi.shed at Floral Park, N.
v., is otie of the leading hqrticultiiral magazines
for the amateur flower-grower. Each number con-
tains a handsome colored plate, and the contents
make it a delight to the home.

"\Y^OM.\XKIND. Regular subscription price, /jOc. A
»* handsome 20-page magazine containing stories,
poems, sketches, bits of travel, and such general liter-
ary matter as appeals most .str< ng!y to the average
reader who wants pui-e and wholesome literature of
the entertaining kind.

"pARM N'EWS. Regular subscription price, oO cents.
^ Farm News now reaches more than 80,000 fami-
lies. It holds this large and loyal following of sub-
scribers, because they regard it as one of the chief es-
sentials of their success in farming.

OUR LILY BULBS. Our lily premium includes the.se
valualile bulbs, all large, .sound, and vigorous,
sure to grow, and bloom abundantly. 1 Black Calla, 1
Queen, 1 Japanese Double Sacred, 1 Golden Sacred, 1
Celestial, 1 Prince.ss, 1 Guernsey, 1 Bermuda Buttercup
Oxalis. 2 .Selected. You will be greatly pleased with
the-e.

Our Premium Books. — =r.^

Womankind Cook Book

This cook book covers the entire range of the culi-
nary,- art. The recipes in it were selected from the
favorite recipes of the readers of Womankind so that
in this book you have the be.st things from several
hundred practical housekeepers. Alore than 10,000
copies have been sold in the past year. You want it.
Price '2,'i cents.

Farm News Poultry Book.

Written to meet the needs and demands of the farm
poultry -yard, rather than that of the fancier. It tells
all about the different breeds, their characteristics,
and what may be expected of them: tells about feed-
ing and hatching, about diseases and their cures, and
i>. in short, a complete guide to making the hens pay.
Price ■>') cents.

THE A. I. ROOT CO.,

Medina,

Ohio.

REDUCED PRICES.

Warranted Italian queens, (iOc each; 4 for S2.00. Se-
lect warranted, 75c each; 3 for S2.00. I'nte.sted, 50c
each; 5 or more. -lOc each. These prices are good for
the balance of this sea.son only. Safe arrival and sat-
isfaction guaranteed.

J. P. MOORE, Morgan, Pendleton Co.. Ky.

POR SALE.-25 Sash, glazed, 3f4x8ft. x2 inch
* check, glass 12 x 12 ; also P2 sash, regular make,
3x4 ft. 0 in. X l^'a ; about KXX) ft. 12 x 12 ^lass, also sash-
bars for same. A lot of pipe % in., 1 in., 1]4 in., and
some 2 and 3 in.; also a lot of pots, 4, 414, 5, and 6 in.
Will .sell for one-half price of new.

J. S. WARNER, Medina, Ohio.

Mfl^f^Tc QUEENS.

Here I am, with :!(H) tested and untested aueens to
.sell or exchange for water -white or dark -amber
honev, or for ca.sh at the following prices: Untested,
1 fortiOc, 5 forS2.-5, 10 for S5.00; te.sted, 1 for .$1.30, 5 for
Sf>.25, 10 for *12.00. These queens are bred from my
be.st honey-gatherers, seven years careful breeding.

B. J COLE, Latonia, Wash.

What They Say about the Pouder HonL'y=jars.

Walters. Pouder, Indianapolis, Ind.:

Dear Si?-. — According to our experience the Pou-
der Honey-jars come nearer to the general demand of
the producer than any other package for extracted
honey that we have ever seen. They are unexcelled
for their neat and attractive appearaiice. and the loss
in transit with your method of crating is almost no-
thing. If producers would use them more, instead of
shipping their honey by the barrel, they could estab-
lish a home market for their product and greatly in-
crease their profits. Yours, T. A. Da.n-ikl & Pro ".
Wewahitchka. Fla.

500 Young Ferrets now ready

to ship. Send for free price list to

N. A. KNAWP.

Rochester, Ohio.

\YINTER CASES FOR PENNSYLVANIA!

Root's goods at Root's prices. Send for catalogue.
P«OTMERO & RNOLD, IJufcois, Pa.

Wants and Exchange Department.

WANTED. — Po.sition as apprentice in apiary, by
young man; high-school education; some experi-
ence with bees. T. P. Martin, Greensburg, Pa.

w

ANTED. — To exchange a fine coon hound, a fine

young bird dog, and an English bull pup. I can

u.se agood watch, gun, or any thing in the photograph

line. A photograph of either dog can be sent to any

address for three 2c .stamps. W. S. Brillhart.

Oakwood, Paulding Co.. Ohio.

WHAT will you offer for one b-flat cornet and ca.se,
also one e-flat alto, good instruments, practically
new? Address Box 321, Clifton, New York.

WANTED.— To exchange 140 colonies of bees, with
all fixtures belonging to a first-cla.ss apiary, for
good horses and mules.

Anthony Opp, Helena, Ark.

w

ANTED.— To exchange 28 new volumes Encyclo-
pedia Britannica for honey. O. H. Hyatt,
Shenandoah, Page Co., Iowa.

W-'

'ANTED. — To exchange 16-section non-drip cases at
Root's prices, laid down at your .station, for fancy
comb honev at prices to suit the times. Also 2d-hand
tJO-lb. cans, 2 in a case, valued at 25 cts. per can, freight
paid, for gilt-edged extracted honev in CO-pound cans.
Special price on quantity lots. B. Walkek,

Evart, Mich., or .541 Van Buren St.. Chicago.

KIND WORDS FROM OUR CUSTOMERS.

You are doing a good thing by clipping bees befoie
shipping. E. D. Howell.

New Hampton, N. Y., Aug, 26.

My advertisement in Gleanings has brought me a
good trade this sea.son, and I have had a good honey
crop. I have taken 3000 lbs. from 43 hives up to date,
and shall get .some surplus yet. J. D. Givens.

I^i.sbon, Texas, Sept. 8.

'58

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct. 15.

THE S. & H. CO. A

desire to enter into correspondence with all contemplating the purchase of anything in their line. They T

think they have one of the mo^t comp ete assortments of strong, smooth, healthy, A

FRUIT AND ORNAMENTAL TREES t

Smar Fruits, Vines, Sl-irubs, Roses, Bulbs, Hardy Herbaceous Plants ▲

Greenhouse Stock, Etc., o^^ the market and invite all buyers to come and see for them- W

selves. They are to be found at the old stand where they have labored faithfully for the past k

43 years to build uo a reputable business. Catalogues free. W

Address THE S fORRS &, HARRISON CO., Box 8 Painesville, O. ^

TDCCO AT VERY LOW PRICES. Write now

I l1 LL5 *"°'' "*■"' ^'''''^ catalog. It'.s free and will tell

vou about the stock we grow and our prices.

established 1869. iso acres.

The George a. Sweet Nursery Co.,

BOX f837. DANSVILLE, N.Y.

IF YOU WANT BEES

that will just "roll" in the honey, and that are won-
derful red-clover workers, also gentle to handle, and
exceedingly hardy, then tn,- MOORE'S STRAIN
OF ITALIANS, the result of 18 years of careful
breeding.

Warranted queens, 75 cts. each; 3 for $2.00; per doz.,
$7.00; select warranted, $1.00; 3 for $2..50. Safe arrival
and satisfaction guaranteed. Circular free. Those
who have never dealt with me I refer to A. I. Root,
who has purchased of me over 8-50 queens.

J. P. Moore, Morgan, Pendleton Co., Ky.

MUTH'S HONEY-EXTRACTOR,
SQUARE GLASS HONEY-JARS,
ROOTS GOODS AT ROOTS PRICES,

Bee-keepers' Supplies in general, etc.,
etc. Send for our new catalog. ''Prac-
tical Hints" will be mailed for 10 cts.
in .stamps. Apply to

CHAS F. IVIUTH & SON, Cincinnati, 0.

I=lb. with Corks, $4.50 per Gr.

Labels for same, 60c per gross.

Cartons, Shipping=cases,

and ever\- thing in the Apiarian line.
Catalog free.

HONEY-
JARS.

Apiary,
aien Cove, L. I.

in all the many shows in

which it has participated.

there must be something

the superiority claims of the

RELIABLE INCUBATOR

'-"'f regulating, entirely auto-

■ ■ gs, the

I about

ly things of value to

I BEIIABLE INCUBATOR ABROOdIr- f O.^VumCvf ?US:

iiiiiiiiiiiiii

CASH FOR BEESWAX.

We pay 23c per lb. cash, or 2.5c in trade, for any
quantity of good, fair, average beeswax, delivered at
our R. R. station. The same will be sold to those who
wish to purchase, at 30c for bes/ selected wax. Old
combs tvillnot be accepted under any consideration.

Unless you put your name on the box, and notify us
by mail of amount .sent, we can not hold ourselves
responsible for mistakes. It will not paj- as a general
thing to .send vrax by e-vpress.

THE A. 1. ROOT COHPANY,

I. J.STRINOHAM.
105 Park PI.. N. Y. Cily.

One nan with the

UNION COMBINATION SAW

Can do the work of four men usitig
hand tools in Ripping, Cutting oC
Mitering, Rabbeting, Grooving,
(iaining. Dadoing, Edging Up,
Jointing Stuff, etc. Full line of
I'oot and Hand Power Machiner>'.
Sold OH trial. Catalog free. l-2-4ei

Seneca Fall-, yiz. Co.,
44 Water St., Seneca Falls, N. Y.

SEE OUR FENCE ftT THE FAIRS.

Our exhibit of native wild animals will be found
at nearly all State Fairs and will well repay a call.
Don't fail to bring the children. What they learn
about Nature and Page Fence will prove of value in
years to come.

Page Woven Wire Fence Co , Adrian, Mich.

TE|T§

PROCURED
PiROMPTLY

by J.

AT REASONABLE RATES

A. OSBORNE & CO.,

PATENT LAWYERS,

579 The Arcade, CLEVELAND, 0.

RITE. ADVICE FREE.

You Want
An incubator

Want Our Catalogue ?

pretty book of 68 pages, finely llluitratea;
I dollars to every poultryman. A 2c stamp gets it.

>. J. NissLV, Saline, Mich.

GLIvANINGvS IN RI<:i': CI'LTITRH.

7(;:-

Contents of this Number.

IVililliii); Maite Fjisy.

ii-e. Cheai)...'
e-- Di>oanleil.'
Overstoeked.'

Honey Column.

CITY MARKETS.

MiLWAVKicE. — This niaikft for honey keeps pace
with any other in vahie.s for either conib'or extracted.
The snpply is fair and the demand is only moderate,
yet we feel confident that, as the cool weather comes
and fruit season passes away, honey will have its share
of attention. We will q\iote 1-lb. sections, white, l'2.(a
13: dark, S'Vi 10; extracted, in barrels, kegs, and pails,
white, ofitaid; dark, 4',^; bee.swax, 2()(a27.

A. V. Bishop,

Oct. 10. Milwaukee, Wis.

Albaxy. — I-ancv white pound combs selling at Vlfa-.
13; Xo. 1 white, '10(<7 12; buckwheat and mixed, 8(3*9;
dark extracted, -J(ai-|i4, with no great demand for the
latter. Would advi.se consignors to ship by freight,
using shipping-cases with handles to carrj-, and thus
avoid the risk of breakage.

Chas. McCulloch & Co.,

Oct. 20. Albany, N. Y.

Detroit.— Best comb honey, 11(2)12; other grades, 9
■ !0'4: extracted white, 5@5J4; dark, 4(5!4%; beeswax,
li>(ii2(i.
Oct. 20. M. H. Hunt, Bell Branch, Mich.

Cincinnati.— There is no change in our honey mar-
ket since our la.-^t. We quote 10(al3c as the lange of
prices for choice white comb honey, and 3k(n 0 for ex-
tracted honey, according to quality. Demand is ex-
ceedingly slow since the beginning of September.
Beeswax is in good demand at 20(gi2o for good to choice
yellow. Chas. F. Muth & Son,

Oct. 18. Cincinnati, O.

CoLtTMBVS — Fancy white clover, 12'^@13 ; No. 1,
11(5 11 p2. We are in the market for white comb honev
in any quantity.

Thk CoLUMBrs Commission & Storage Co.,

Oct. 19. 409-413 N. High St., Columbus, O.

Minneapolis. — Fancy white-clover comb, 10(«11 ;
"f e-l extracted, 5%@ol4 : other grades accordingly.
' .ood time to .ship to this market.

S. H. Hall & Co.,

Oct. 20. Minneapolis, Minn.

Philadelphia.— Fancy comb, 1.3@14; No. 1 white.
12; fancy amber, 10; No. 1 amber, 9; fancy dark, 8; No.
I dark, 7; white extracted, .%6; amber, 5; dark,4ra 1J4;
beeswax, 26(&27. Honev market very active; trade I
booming, bright prospects. Wm. A. Selser,

Oct. 2:1 10 Vine St., Philadelphia, Pa.

St. I^ouis.— We quote white comb honev 11(512; am-
ber, 9(2^10; dark, 7CaS; extracted white, 'oK^6; light
amber 4!.*.^.'); dark, 4(a4^; beeswax, choice yellow, 26;
prime, 2.5&2.3'^; dark, half price.

Westcott Commission Co.,

Oct. 21. 213 Market St., St. I^ui.s, Mo.

Buffalo. — Will quote prices as follows: Fancy
white comb. 12; No. 1, 10(211; No. 2, K^(a9; buckwheat,
7^8; extracted white, .%«; dark, 4(3,5; beeswax, 2.")(a»28,
demand good; Buffalo usually is a good wax market.
Honey has been selling slow, due partly to warm
weather. W. C. Townsend.

Oct. 26. Buffalo, N. Y.

Kansas City.— The receipts of comb are large; ex-
tracted, light. We quote fancv white comb, 12; No. 1,
10(all; amber, S<aiO; extracted white, 5>^^(); amber, 4
(a.o; beeswax, 22(0:24. C. C. Clemons & Co.,

Oct. 20. Kansas Citv, Mo.

New Yokk. — During the past two weeks the mar-
ket lias not been so active, on account of the wann
weather, we suppo.se. When cooler weather sets in for
good, we exptcl a more acli\i- <1< inaml again. We
quote fani-v while. 12; No. 1, 1(1^ 11 .niil-,i, IK., 10; buck-
whe;it, !«("!"l; cxtiacted Calif, wlul, .,;,:,', Calif, light
amber. 4,'j(".'); white clover ami 1 a>s\M)od, .'j; buck-
wheat, 4; .southern, in barrels, 'tUc per gal. and in good
demand now; beeswax firm and in good demand at
2()<ffi27. Hildreth Bros. & Secelken,

Oct. 20. 120-122 W. Broadway, New York.

Cleveland. — The demand for honey is increasing,
and believe will continue as the weather gels colder.
We would advise shipping white honey, but dark is
not moving suffcieutlv to encourage ,shipments. We
quote fancy white, 12!-^r" 13; No. 1 white, ll(al2; fancj'
amber, 9(c/ 10; No. 1 amber, 8; fancy dark, 7; No. 1 dark,
(i; white extracted, 6(^(}^: amber, .^(a 5!^; beeswax, 28
@3(). A. B. Williams & Co.,

Oct. 19. 80-82 Broadway, Cleveland, Ohio.

Chicago. — Fancy white comb honey, 11@12; good
grades of honey, "but travel-.stained or irregular, 10:
amber and buckwheat, 7(5.9; extracted white, ofo ti, ac-
cording to body, flavor, and package; dark and am-
ber, 4(g;5; beeswax, 26@27, and sells readily.

R. A. Burnett & Co.,

Oct. 19. 1()3 South Water St., Chicago, 111.

Denver. — It is a hard matter for us to quote our
honey market. Prices are .still very low, the trade
being supplied with honey from the farmers. We can
quote comb honey at 10; No. 1 white extracted at 5.
There is Little or no demand for .■-.econd grade, the best
grade being so low. R. K. & J. C, Fkisbee,

Oct. 22. I^ock box 101 1, Denver, Col.

Boston. — We quote you our honey market as fol-
lows: Fanc^- white, 13: No. 1 white. ilffil'I: fancy am-
ber, 10; white extracted, 6@7: amber, .")(a;.5y2; heeswax,

20. Bl.\KE, ,-iCOTT &. I,ee.

Oct. 22. Boston, Mast.

Springfield. — Fancy white clover, 12c; choice
white clover, 10; no buckwheat in.

Perkins & Hatch,
Oct. 7. Springfield. Mas.'.

For Sale. — 2,5 bbls. extracted pure white-clover
honey, verj- light in color, and of finest quality, a:
prices as cheap as the cheapest, quality of goods con-
sidered. Can put it up ill any .stj-le of package. W^rite
for price, stating quantity desired.

Emil J. Baxter, Nauvoo, Hancock Co., 111.

For Sale. — Alfalfa honej-, light amber, iu carload
lots. 3K cts. per lb.; sample, 10 cts.

John Nippert, Box 10.51, Phoenix, Arizona.

For Sale.— Buckwheat extracted in .50 and 210 lb.
packages f. o. b. for 4%c a lb.

W. LaMar Coggshall, West Gioton, N. V

Wanted. — Shipments of comb and extracted honey
Can dispose of .several hundred pounds of first and
.second grades. Can give good reference. Write me
what you have and the price a.sked before making
shipment. D. N. Ritchey, Black Lick, Ohio.

For Sale. — Tons of honey, comb, at 7 to 12c per lb.
Inclo.se stamps for samples of extracted at 4 to 6c, in
l()0-lb. keg.s, i. o. b. N. I,. Stevens, Venice, N. Y.

For Sale.— Pure honey. — Clover, extracted, 6% cts.
per lb.

I. J. Stringham, 105 Park Place, N. Y. City.

For Sale. — Good extracted white-clover honey and
heartsease and Spanish needle. Hither, price 5c per
lb., (iO-lb. eans, 2 in a cass. Send stamps for samples.
JNO. A. Thornton, I,ima, Ills.

Clover Seed Wanted.

Parties in the West having alsike, red, or white-ck
ver seed to sell may please make offers. We wish
few more choice lots of each, .\ddress

Jos. Nysewander, Des Moines, Iowa.

764

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov. L

The Review at Reduced Rates.

The Bee=keepers' Review is SI. 00 a year, but, for the .sake of getting it into new hands, and being able
to begin the vear wilh a large list, I will, until Jan. 1st, send free to each ne:i' subscriber, a copy of " Advanced
Bee Culture,'' a 50-cent book of nearly 100 pages, that gives briefly but clearly the best methods'of management
from the time the bees are put into the cellar in the fall until they are again ready for winter— 32 chapters in
all. These who prefer can have, instead of the book, 12 back numbers of the Review, the selection to be mine,
but no two numbers alike. All who send $1.00 now will receive the last four issues of this year free, and the
Rc-view will be sent until the end of 1898. If not acquainted with the Review, send 10 cents" for three late but
difTerent issues.

W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint, Mich.

$100

Given as BOUNTIES to purchasers of the improved
Danz. Hives and Sections. For particulars .see p. 64,
of my book, '• Facts about bees." Sent Free for 2-
cent stamp. Address

P. DANZENBAKER, Washington, D. C.

Th^ATrRoot Co.'s Goods^^ ^^^^.V^ces^

Including their discounts for goods wanted for use an-
other season. It will paj' you to send me list of goods
wanted ' Ml. H. HUNT,

Cash for beeswax. Bell Branch, Mich.

Philadelphia Office of

THE A. I. ROOT CO.,

10 Vine St., Philadelphia, Penn.

Now is the time to order

Shipping - cases, Winter Cases,
Cliaff Division^boards, etc., etc.

Order from catalog ; |)rices are same
as from factory.

Sh i ppi n§;=cases.

Roofs popular Non drip Shipping-cases at factory prices at
DES MOINES. IOWA. Immense stock. All orders for cases
or other goods shipped by return freight. Address

JOS. NYSEWANDER, Des Moines, Iowa.

PRICES OF

Bingham Perfect Bee=smokers and Honey=knives.

Smoke Engine (

Doctor

Conqueror

lyarge

Plain

Little Wonder (wt. 10
Honey-knife

B?.nade°') ^i«ch stove
3"4-in.

Doz. $13.00 ; each, by mail, $1..50

9.00;

3-in. " " 6..50;

.2^-in. " " 5.00;

. 2-in. " " -1.70;

, 2-in. " " 4..50;

" 6.00;

Bingham Smokers have all the new improvements.
Smoker or Knife, look up its record and pedigree.

1.10
1.00
.90
.70

Before buying :

FIFTEEN YEARS FOR

DOLLAR ; ONE-HALF CENT P'OR

Dear .Sir: — Have used the Conqueror 15 years. I was alwavs pleased with
its workings, but thinking I would heed a new one this summer I write for
circular. I do not think the -1-inch Smoke Engine too large.

January 27, 1897.

Truly, W. H. Eagerty, Cuba, Kan.sas.

Bingham & Hethering-

ton Uncapping-

knife.

T. F. BINQHAfl, Farwell, Hichigan.

Weekly Bee Journal One Year for 25c.

To every nrw subscriber who .sends us SI. 50 before Jan. 1, 1898, we will mail a copv of Prof. Cook's
4()0-page cloth-bound book, " Bee-keei'ers' Guide" (price $1.25), and the Weekly American
Bee Journal for one year. That makes the Journal only 25 cent,s— a trifle less than half a cent
per number. Or, if ariv one now getting the Bee Journal, and whose subscription is paid to Jan.
1. 189S will send us 91.50, with a new name, we will mail the above book to the sender, and the
Bee Journal for a year to the new name and address. We need hardly tell vou what the Amer-
ican Bee Journal is; but if you are not acquainted with it, 7v>-i/f us/or a free sample copy.

Address

GEO. W. YORK & CO.,

118 Michigan St., Chicago, III.

'JOURHAIJ
• DELVOTE
•To -Be. ELS"
•ANtiHoNEY

•lNTEflEST6

'ublishedbxrTHE"A1^00YC0.

Sis^ pwVtA^^^@^^EDlNA• Ohio •

Vol. XXV.

NOV. I, 1897.

No. 21,

This year 17,728 1 "s sections averaged ]4.41
oz. each, against an average last year of 15.088
oz. [Can you give any reason, doctor, why
there should be a whole half-ounce difference
between this and last year? — Ed.]

DOOLITTLE SAYS, page 737, that with drawn
foundation for bottom starters only two rows
of cells are needed. I wish he'd tell us what
he has tried "along this line." I've found
more trouble about having very narrow start-
ers of foundation gnawed down, and feared it
would be the same way with drawn foundation.

Honey-boards, that so many of us have
been replacing with thick top-bars, have a
good word in W. B.J. from F. L. Thompson.
He thinks s^^ctions are whiter over the honey-
boards. With very black brood-combs a
greater distance helps about keeping sections
white; but does the gain in whiteness pay for
the extra trouVjle, time, and expense ?

The editor of Review expects to be at the
Northwestern convention at Chicago, Nov. 10,
11. How about the editor of Gleanings?
Don't think of my ever speaking to you again
if you don't come ! [If I can possibly go I
will. But .some unforeseen circumstance will
very possibly prevent my coming at just the
date on which the convention is held. — Ed.]

vSomnamrulist, who dreams out such wide-
awake ideas in Pjo^ir.ssiz'e P>ee-kcepe)\ wants
to know if I didn't Itarn the value of sleep at
Bufifalo, and says: " The ' stay-at-homes ' have
at least a crumb of comfort in the knowledge
that we didn't have to .'^leep on a cot, with old
shawls for a mattress." Look here, Sommy,
those cots had first-class woven-wire mat-
tresses, and I slept just as well as if on a gild-
ed couch until Leland, hopeful scion of the
house of Root, came hammering me to wake
me up.

Prof. Cook believes in bee-keeping for oth-
ers than specialists, and says I accuse him of
changing his mind in that regard. I kind o'
think he'll change his mind again if he'll look
up what I said. The only place I find where

I said an}- thing about it is on p. 58-5, where I
said, "Prof. Cook favors a return to the old
plan of having a few bees on every farm, rath-
er than large apiaries in the hands of special-
ists." That doesn't mean that you've changed
your mind, professor, but that you want oth-
ers to change their practice.

Elias Fox is entirely right, page 7o9, that
locality does not rigidly and entirely control
taste. While the general rule holds that
people in general prefer the honey of their
own locality, plenty of exceptions are to be
found. Buckwheat honey is hardly known
here, and yet some of my friends mucli prefer
it to the best white clover. It's not a matter
of cultivation ; they seem to be born with a
Ijuckwheat taste. He is also right that one
colony will propolize three times as much as
another in the same apiary.

T. Grexnfr, the well-known agricultural
v.riter, although not a bee-keeper, was present
at the Buffalo convention, unfortunately at a
session when there was what he calls a dis-
graceful squabble, and in Farm and Fireside
he advises as an outsider that Mr. Benton,
who is a meritorious but impulsive bee-man,
should gracefully make amends for offensive
personal remarks, and abstain from referring
to the .services he might render, or refuse to
render, in his official capacity to the society,
and then be i-einstated to full membership.
Not bad advice.

The a^ariation in the weight of finished
sections this year was very great. The light-
est case of 12 sections was 8>^ lbs., and the
heaviest case X^^i, lbs. Of course, the lightest
section of the lightest case and the heaviest
section of the heaviest case were still farther
apart. It hardly seems right to sell such sec-
tions by the piece. [Say, doctor, you want
me to knock that chip (honey by the piece)
off your shoulder. I just won't do it, but
next time I go out among bee-keepers I will
stick you on the rear end of my bicycle, if you
don't get too fat, and let you see that selling
by the piece, in some localities at least, is the
simplest and easiest wav, and in accordance
with the Golden Rule.- Ed.]

I can't Tf:ij, whether you're in fun or
earnest, Mr. Editor, p. 730, so I don't know
whether to get mad or not when you say you'll
make a glossometer to measure the tongues of

766

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov. 1.

Doolittle's bees after he stretches 'em. Why,
bless you, he must have the glossometer to
select the ones to breed from so as to stretch
the tongues of the next generation. Sa}',
what can you furnish a good glossometer for ?
[I am sorry, but I really can not tell whether
I was in fun or ii: earnest on page 730. About
that glossometer — well, I do not know about
what it would cost — don't care much ; but we
"have one in the garret somewhere in a cubby-
hole, or on a shelf, that Doolittle can have if
he will simply ask for it. It was made by J.
H. Martin, and is illustrated on page 220 of
GI.EANINGS for 1882.— Ed.]

W. P. Fayi,or lets his customers sample
comb honey and extracted side by side, call-
ing attention to the greater thickness of the
extracted article, and, as a result, sells ten
pounds of extracted to one of comb. But he
doesn't give the relative prices. — Am. Bee JH.
[Mr. Faylor is working on the right plan.
The majority of bee-keepers, I think, would
prefer, for their own table, extracted honey,
provided it is properly ripened; and I believe
the majority of consumers, if the}' could be
sure of the purity of the honey, would prefer
the extracted. While a great many, it is true,
prefer comb honey, the element of cheapness
in favor of the extracted would go a long way
to show that Faylor's policy is a good one. —
Ed.]

This year, from 239 colonies, spring count,
I got 17,150 lbs. honey, all comb but 300 lbs.
That is the biggest yield I ever got, but not
the biggest yield per colony. [Doctor, that is
grand; and, if I mistake not, the labor of se-
curing this crop was all performed b}' your-
self and women-folks. It would be interest-
ing to know approximately how many days it
took you and your family to secure that crop.
What I mean is, how many days it took you,
counting the time of preparing sections, haul-
ing bees, putting on the sections, putting into
and taking out of the cellar — in fact, every
thing connected with the bee-work. With an-
other year or two like this you will have more
than made up for the poor seasons you have
had, and perhaps you have already. There is
nothing like sticking and hanging to a busi-
ness, even if it does not pay very well some
years. — Ed.]

Something i,ike a boom seems to be start-
ed in Avierican Bee Journal for figwort, or
Simpson honey-plant. That means some peo-
ple are going to be disappointed. Geo. W.
Williams says an acre of figwort is worth ten
of sweet clover, and he considers figwort the
only plant worth cultivating for honey alone.
While that may be true for hi})i, it is also true
that, of the many who have tried it, perhaps
no one else would coincide with him. [Our
own experience, so far as I can remember,
would lead me to believe that G. W. Williams'
estimate of figwort as against sweet clover
would not be far from right. I feel quite sure
that a plant of figwort, taking about the same
amount of ground as an equally vigorous
plant of sweet clover, would 3'ield ten times as
much honey. Many and many a time I have
watched the bees on our figworts. I have

seen single bees take from a single cup or
floweret of this plant about all the nectar it
could carry at one load. While the drop is
not quite so big as one from the spider-plant,
there are. many more of them. — Ed.]

" Bees gather wax in dull seasons," says
the editor, p. 738. I think I have had some
evidence that not a particle of such wax is
ever used in comb-building, but only as a
substitute for or in combination \\A\X\ propolis.
[I think I have some evidence that a good
many particles of such wax at such seasons of
the year are used in comb-building. For
instance, let me refer you to Figs. 5 and 6, p.
640, Sept. 1. And don't you believe that
the bees almost invariably build combs heavier
— that is, with thicker walls and thicker bases
— in dull seasons, or when the honey-flow is
very moderate, than they do at other times
when honey is coming in at a good rate ? But
I suspect you are right, nevertheless — in fact,
I know you are — in thinking that bees use a
good deal of wax that they gather from old
combs left exposed, as a sort of filler to go
along with propolis. — Ed.]

Editor York is a great believer in sweet
clover. He pummels Prof. Panmiel for say-
ing it's a weed. Better arbitrate the matter.
A valuable plant in one place may be a weed
in another. One of the worst weeds I ever
had to fight in a rose-bed was white clover.
[I can not exactly see how something could
be a bad weed in one place and a valuable
plant in another — at least, not how sweet clo-
ver could be a noxious weed in a7iy locality.
Experience everywhere, so far as I know,
shows it is very easily kept down, and that it
never bothers on cultivated land. The mere
fact that it grows profusely along all road-
sides, where it is rarely if ever molested, gives
a careless observer the impression that it
would be a serious enemy to the farmer if it
got started on his land. But every good thing
has to have its opposers until it can have time
to win its way and show that it is not as bad
as its enemies think it is. — Ed.]

Paraffine paper over sections, F. L.
Thompson says in A. B.J., is too fussv; and
after the early part of the season the bees
daub propolis between sections and paper.
My own experience saj-s that entirely too
much has been claimed for paraffine. My bees
deliberately plaster glue right on the par-
affine. [It was I who, about a year ago, spoke
favorably of parafiine paper; but at the time,
I stated that Mr. Danzenbaker and Hon. Geo.
E. Hilton had obtained good results with it,
but added that we had not tried it. I am
sorry to have to acknowledge, however, that
our own experience on a limited scale has not
been entirely favorable — rather otherwise if
any thing. Mr. Danzenbaker, however, has
especially emphasized the fact that bees will
invariably gnaw through the paraffine paper
unless it is cushioned thickly on top — that is,
between the paraffine paper and the cover —
with folds of newspaper, quilts, or any thing
that will press the paraffine paper tightly
against the sections. But we did this, and
the bees gnawed into it — or, rather, we used a

1897

GLRANINGS IN BER CULTURE.

super thai Mr. Haii/enbakcr had prepared as
lieinj^ just rij^ht, and the result was as slated.
I should like to know whether the doctor, or
friend Thompson either, cushioned the i)ar-
afline paper down. In the mean time per-
haps friend Danzenbaker would like to say a
word. — l\ii.]

PEDDLING MADE EASY.

A Few Capital SiiRgostions; Giving Away Sam-
ples and Taking Orders Afterward ; the
Vahie of liie Honey-Leallets.

BY DAN WHITE.

I told you in my last article that I had
about 7000 lbs. of extracted honey, and ex-
pected to sell ever}- pound of it near home,
and promised to report later on how I got
along, so I will tell you about my experience
in new territory.

You see I must reach out further than ever
before, so I decided to try a place twenty
miles away — a place of about five thousand
people; so one morning I packed my grip and
took two 12-pound cans of honey and started
out. About all I had in my grip was a good
supply of those leaflets published by The A. I.
Root Co. ; then 50 postal cards addressed to
myself.

I got into the town just before dinner time;
and after eating a good meal at a boarding-
house I filled my pockets with leaflets and
took one honey-can and commenced business.
I started down a street and did not miss call-
ing at every house. After ringing the bell, or
rapping, a lady would open the door and look
at me with more or less suspicion. I would
say, ' ' I made the call to ask you if your fam-
ily were fond of honey."

They generally answered yes, but believed
they would not buy any.

" Well," I would answer, "but I am not
selling honey to-day. I am giving it away,
and slioidd be glad to give you some in a
sauce-dish."

Some would look astonished, others would
smile, and say, "That's funny," but in cc'rry
instance I was invited in. I would pour out
the honey, then hand out a leaflet, telling
them to read every word of it. ' ' You will
find it very interesting; it will tell you all
about honey — how and why we extract it, etc.
Then here is a postal addressed to me; and
should you decide to want a I'i-pound can,
put your name, street, and number, on the
card; drop it in the office; and when I deliver
in about ten days you will get a can of honey."

Well there were enough cards put in the
mail within five days to take thirty cans of
honey. I promptly made the delivery on
time, taking along twenty extra cans that
sold about as fast as I could hand them out;
and since then I have received orders for ■")()
more cans from the .same town. I tell you, it
has got all over town that a honey-man had
been there selling ira/ honey, 12 pounds for
one dollar. I am certain this one place will
take over 2000 pounds, all in one-gallon cans.

Now, then, IS pounds of honey given away
from house to house; 50 postal cards, 200
leaflets left at houses and handed to people
on the street, and one day w-alking over a
verj' small portion of the town, has found a
place for at /i'(rs/ 2000 ])ounds of honey. Then
think what I can do next season should I se-
cure a good crop. All I shall have to do is to
take a big load and go up there and hand it
out. By the way, tlie honey sold there was
thrown out of clean white combs, over every
inch of whose surface the uncapping-knife
had to go. It weighed strong 12 jjounds to
the gallon — just as good as the best comb
honey, oii/y it was out of the combs. Of
coHfse I can go back just as often as I choose;
yes, and the people will all be glad to see me.

We read about the trouble in grading comb
honey, and just how to get it in the market to
the best advantage; but I want to ask, what
would happen witli comb-honey producers if
the bees could only be influenced to fill the
section combs one day and cap over ready for
market the next day? I imagine there are
some who would favor this very thing. Yes,
sir; some would advertise a strain of bees that
could be controlled in that direction easier
than any other strain. Otliers would say,
" Hold on ! my bees must go on in the good
old way, and not cap over any honey until it
is ripe and wholesome to eat." We will call
the latter class honest men who can build up
an honest trade for their honey, and then hold
it if the former class would ju.st keep away.
Now, sir, I shall call the foniier class dishon-
est, not only to Iht-ir customers, but dishonest
to themselves especially, if they expect to con-
•tinue in the business. Then they would be
dishonest because they would do a great inju-
ry to the honey market in general, and this is
the very worst thing of it all. Don't forget
that very feiv people get tired of good first-
class honey; and, above all, remember that
almost any one will tire of poor, thin, unripe
honey.

One thing we must always expect; and that
is, some of these fellows who have only a few
colonies of bees will annoy us by extracting
poor honey, and finding some one to buy it,
because they call it hone}-, and often find cus-
tomers because they make a price below any
thing heard of. This class, of course, don't
care, as they care nothing for a reputation.
vSome seasons they have a little to dispose of,
and other seasons they make a failure. Thank
fortune for their failures ! But what can we
say to bee-keepers who handle large apiaries,
to convince theiu they are doing wrong? I
personally know .several who are scattering
this unripe honey over the country. This
makes me believe there are just lots of these
fellows, because my acquaintance does not
reach out very far over this broad land.

I am saying more than I want to about this;
but I am in earnest, and wish I could influ-
ence .some or all to see as I do, and tl, en see
how easy it will be to dispose of our honey.

Only last .season a man called on one of my
customers who annually buys from 50 to 75
pounds of me. Being out ul honey he was
influenced to take 50 pounds of his honey.

768

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov. 1.

One reason he bought of him was becaiise the
price was lower than he had ever had it offer-
ed. You see, this was two or three weeks
earher than I could get any good honey for
my customers. I found this out when I did
call, and told him he had made a mistake.
Now, here is the secret of all this. When I
called on this family this season with, some
good honey they had plenty left over from
last .season's supply. What must I now do?
Well, I will tell you. Start all over new; call
for a dish, and give them some to renew that
taste for honey. It worked just like a charm,
for it was only a day or so when I got an or-
der for 20 pounds; and later on, 40 pounds.

I could enumerate several places where this
energetic hustling bee-keeper caused this same
troulile. Now, is it suqn-ising that we hear so
much about poor honey markets, especially
extracted honey? I doiVt want anyone to
think I am worrying about the sale of my
own honey, because they will be very much

read what he has to say, the more I believe he
is chock full of good hard common sense.

Peddling seems to be very distasteful to
many; yet the most disagreeai)le feature of it
is removed by the method proposed. To knock
at the front door and try to force a sale is
something that nine-tenths of us will not do;
but to tell the lady of the house that you are
not selling any thing to day, and that you
would like to give her a sample of nice
honey — why, it seems to me that would be
easy. Then the idea of letting the honey-
leaflet and the postal card do the talking, and
take the order afterward — well, it is the best
idea that has yet been proposed.

I hope every reader will take pains to read
this article. Tr}- the scheme, and then re-
port. You may not all be as successful as
was our friend Dan, with his honest-looking
face and general appearance of one who earns
his bread and butter and honey by the sweat
of his brow. I tell you, it is worth a good

THK FALLEN BEE-TREE ; THE CHILDREN TH.Vf A'tK THE HONEY.— SEE EDITORI.\LS.

mistaken. My aim is to .see if I can't fix it so
these fellows who want to sell and market
their honey can feel as good about it as I do.

I have said enough for one time, and will
close after telling one thing more that I can-
didly believe to be true. Now listen. If the
people in Ohio were properly supplied, or eat-
ing what honey they would eat if it were put
before them in the right shape, the supply
would not equal the demand, even if every
State joining should depend on Ohio for a mar-
ket. Use your customers right. Look up
your own territory right; peddle no better
than I do, and you will believe as I do.

New London, O.

[I have spoken highly of our friend Dan
White before; but the more I see of him, and

deal to have an honest heart inside; for in a
short time it will blazon itself in big letters all
over the man. I am going to ask Dan to send
us a photo of himself. — Ed.]

DEVELOPING THE HO.ME MARKET.

Trading Honey for Ducks, Pigs, and Pups ; an
Interesting Experience.

BY GEO. E. VINAE.

In all the literature on bees and honey, we
are urged to develop the home market. Act-
ing on the advice, after I had traveled over
my regular route this fall I went into an en-
tirely new locality. After enjoying the scenery

18(17

GLEANINGS IX BI:H CULTURE.

(09

and the sunlight for about a five-mile drive I
called at a farmhouse and inquired of the good
lady if she would like some honey.

" Well. yes. I should like some, but I have
no money."

Seeing some ducks, I offered to trade honey
for ducks; and for a pair I gave four pint jars
of honey.

Calling at another house, I .sold !r!'i.00 worth
for cash; and while I was talking with the
man one of the ducks gave a quack, which
lead to an inquiry as to what I had. I told
him I had traded honey for ducks.

" Well, now, look here ; can't I trade you
some hens for some honey ? "

I traded for half a dozen, and made the
children, I hope, liappy (I was). In this way
I pa.ssed the day, and on my drive home I was
trying to figure out my profits.

I had disposed of two gross of pint jars, and
120 pounds of cond) honey. For the pint jars
I received 25 cents; also 2") cents each for the
sections of comb. I had had a royal day's
sport; and as I listened to the quack of the
ducks and geese, the cackle of the hens, and
squeal of the pigs, and looked at the large box
of eggs that I had in the wagon, I thought I
would have to send for some of Dr. INIason's
egg-preservative.

After getting home I took account of stock.
I had S'14.40 cash, 108 dozen eggs, 8 ducks, 1
goose, 2 pigs, 24 hens, and 1 bullpup. ( The
pup is for sale. )

Charlton Citv, Mass.

THE TALL SECTION.

Who First Brought It Out? Patents.

BY F. G. BASS.

M7-. E. R. Root: — Why do you allow read-
ers of Gle.\nixgs to be "^misinformed by call-
ing a copy of a section used by Capt. J. E.
Hetherington for the pa.st twenty years the
" Danzy " section? I suppose it is because
you are not postel. Please allow me to infonn
you that the so-called " Danzy " section, .3,?^x
5x1^-^, was copied from J. E. Hetherington 's
section in this State five years ago. I s^e the
" Danzy section " is now changed to 4xoxI 5^.
Why not change again to 4)4^x-5Xxl^, so
those wlio wish to deceive the eye can do so
by simply adding one inch to the top of old
supers ? If this does not satisfy you as to who
is the origdnator of the tall section, I will go
into particulars, as I am personally acquainted
with the parties and facts in the case.

I notice great change in the management of
Gle.\xings. Instead of fighting against pat-
ents on bee-keepers' supplies, it is controlling
patents on foundation and bee-hives. I do
not see why we should not patent them as well
as other agricultural implements.

Front Royal, Va., Oct. 18.

[Why, my friend, you are not posted on
what has been printed in Gle.\nixgs. Mr.
Danzenbaker does not claim that he introduc-
ed the deep section. In fact, I think he has
stated more than once that Capt. J. E. Hether-

ington was using sections 3%x5xlf^; and I
know he has said that, after he had been to
Capt. Hetherington's, and seen his beautiful
honey, he became convinced that the deep
sections were the ones he would use.

Why do we call the section the Danzy ? For
the reason that it has a peculiar opening or
bee-way. There is no 1 ee-.space on one side,
and a bee-way on the other, and those bee-
ways are decidedly different from those Capt.
Hetherington uses. The latter would prob-
ably not care to father such a form of section,
and we have therefore called the section the
Danzy. We are very well aware that Capt.
Hetherington was one of the first to use deep
sections, and we are sure we have no desire to
deprive that distinguished bee-keeper, whose
good will we value much, of his rightful
credit.

Yes, indeed, we believe that ivort/iy inven-
tions, even in apiculture, should be protected
by a patent. The " boys," of whom I am one,
have never experienced a change of mind in
regard to the subject of patents. We stand
to-day just where we always have stood ; and
A. I. R., while somewhat of the same opinion
as before, has no desire to interfere with the
changed policy regarding patents.

Later. — Since writing the above, Mr. Weed
h;is called my aUention to the fact that the
"deep section is oiler than the hills." We
have run across an old vokmie of Kidder,
pubHshed in lS(iS, where the deep section is
illustrated and described on p. 174. The re-
markable part of these sections is that they had
no bee-ways in them. They are simply boxes
without top or bottom, deeper one way than
another, with plain edges. A .'■ort of cleated
separator was i;sed to regulate the bee-spaces.
Even Kidder himself does not claim that this
section was original with him. — Ed.]

POISONOUS HONEY-PLANTS.
Scotch Heath.

BY MRS. L. E. R. LAMBRIGGER.

Replying to Dr. Miller's Stray Straw in Oct.
1st Gleanings, I would say there is probably
no mistake about the existence of Scottish
heather in New Jerse\'. The late Peter Hen-
derson, himself a .Scotchman, says: " Calluna
vn.[q-ai-is, the only species, is the well-known
heather of Scotland, populaidy known as ling,
or common heath ; a low-growing, much-
branched little shrub, with very pretty rose-
colored, purple, or white fragrant flowers pro-
duced in crowded axillary clusters, forming
one-sided (mostly) spikes or racemes. This
beautiful little plant has become naturalized
in a few localities in Ameiica. It is reported
at Tewksbury, Mass., and at Cape Elizabeth,
Maine. It is also found sparingly in Nova
Scotia and Newfoundland."

NATURAL ORDER, ERICACE^.

Turning now to Gray's Manual, page 318, I
find the following:

" Catluna vuIo;aris. Low grounds, Mass.,
at Tewksburv, and W. Andover ; Maine, at

770

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov. 1.

Cape Elizabeth ; also N. Scotia, C. Breton,
Newfoundland, etc.; probably only introduc-
ed."

Further down same page occurs this:

"Two European heaths, Erica cinerea, and
E. tetralix, have been found in small patches
on Nantucket Island."

Turning again, this time to my encyclope-
dia, I quote :

" Calliina vulgaris, sometimes called the
ling, is the common heath, or heather, and

'^m^

-y-j

OHIO WOODS

-CUTTING i),A\>, .V Hi
ITORIALS.

the most abundant species of the family in
Britain. It is the plant whose flowers render
the slopes of most Scottish hills pink in
autumn, and the one so abundant in Epping
Forest. Ornamental varieties are sometimes
grown in gardens. The plant is astringent,
and is employed by both fullers and dyers,
and the flowers are very attractive to bees."

The genus Erica comprises about 400 known
species, of which five are British. The first

two, E. cinerea and E. tetralix, are widely
diffused and abundant ; the others are more
local.

To summarize, and add a few words of ex-
planation that the reader may not be confused
regarding terms :

Calhina vulgaris and Erica cinerea are one
and the same plant; viz., Scottish heather. I
myself did a good deal of searching and com-
paring of botanical terms and definitions be-
fore I found this out. When two high author-
j ities seem to conflict, or are most

-V, ' provokingly silent and obscure

^.^ where they should be the very
""''^ ' reverse, it is often difficult to
get at the truth. Our only re-
course is books — more books —
many books — reference works;
and the average home is not
overstocked with these.

The Latin word cinerea means
ashy gray, or ash-colored, and
not fine-leaved, as one authority
gives it. The heather belongs
to the heath family; but all heaths
are not heather, and this brings
us right to the point under dis-
cussion; viz., poisonous honey.
I do not claim to know whether
any living plant secretes poison-
ous nectar. I wish I did know,
as in that case I would soon end
the discussion. My aim is to try
to help find out. To this end,
allow me to again quote Peter
Henderson, the father of horti-
culture in America. Under the
head of " Poisonous Plants " he
sa3's:

"Of the 100,000 known flow-
ering plants, it is stated that
10,000 may be considered dele-
terious, all being more or less
energetic in their action ; and of
these, probably fifty are deadly.

It is a singular but generally
understood fact, that all plants
having green flowers are poison-
ous, either in their leaves, stems,
seeds, or roots."
He then adds:

" These dangerous qualities
are generally vienlioncd in this
work " — meaning his " Hand-
book of Plants." Italics mine.

Now, friends, I liave studied
the subject very carefull)'. Aza-
lea pontica is the heath from
which the honey was obtained
that is supposed to have poisoned
Xenophon's soldiers; but Mr. Henderson
makes no comment on the plant, further than
to state that it is a native of Turkey. In like
manner he has only good words to say of the
mountain laurel, Kalmia latifolia ; but in
treating of its near relative, A'ahnia angusti-
folia, he tells us that it is deadly to slieep.
On the other hand, my encyclopedia gives the
following:

" 'J'he leaves of Kalmia latifolia, the laurel

1807

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

ivy, sjioomvooil, or calico-bush, are poisonous
to Tuaiiy auiiuals ; and the flesh of pheasants
which have feil on it is said to be deleterious
to man. A honey-like juice exudinjj; from
the flowers brings on phrenetic excitement."

Can Prof. Cook enlitjhten us as to the prob-
al)le truth of the last statement? I'or myself,
I offer no settled o])inion on the subject; how-
ever, I am decidedly in favor of havini^ the
matter ventilated to its fullest. In a few days
I shall be in receipt of a new and up-to-date
reference library. This subject will be the
first looked into; and if I find any additional
light, or confirmation of what we have, I
promise to report.

Niobrara, Neb.

A FEW MORE FACTS LONCEKXIXG THE
HIETSCHE PRESS.

BY K. h. THOMPSON.

J/;-. A'oo/: — I will assinne that both of us
want to get at the exact truth concerning the
Rietsche press, and .so confide to your tender
mercies a few more facts. My two chief
points are, first, that we do not know enough
of the Rietsche machine ; second, that many
can not afford to Iniy foundation, and, if pos-
sible, something ought to be done for that
class.

In the August number of La Revue Inicr-
fiatiouale is an article on the Rietsche press
from the manufacturers' point of view, by
Alf. de Trey. He says the fact that Rietsche
foundation is more rapidly worked by the
bees than factory foundation is simply due to
its greater thickness, and that he knows this
b}' experience. He also contends that this
greater thickness destroys the advantage of
cheapness, making a difference in value of
wax amounting to 1 franc for every 9 Dadant
frames ; and that the brittleness is so great,
since Rietsche foundation can not be handled
readih- below a temperature of 19° (apparently
centigrade = (tlf; F.), that a number of people
he knows have bean completely discouraged
by that fact. Ulrich Gubler comments on the
article by asking whether exposing the sheets
to the sun before using is more trouble than
to write to the manufacturer, wait some time
for the merchandise, and unpack it when it
comes; and that thickness is far from being a
fault; for if a swarm finds an extra pound of
wax in its sheets, it does not have to produce
it ; hence, six pounds of honey is saved, as
well as the time for gathering as nmcli more.
(This last argument seems to me rather singu-
lar. Under certain circumstances, and gen-
erally, I believe, bees build combs from foun-
dation without making all possible use of the
wax therein contained, or anywhere near it.
Still, there may be something in it. Did not
the report of the Ontario Station give an
account of an experiment with black founda-
tion, in which the completed cells showed a
regular gradation of tint from the septum to
the outer edges of the cells ? )

From the above one might conclude that
both sides agree Rietsche foundation is always
thicker than factory foundation; but this con-

clusion would be at least dubious, for neither
of them says any thing about wire, and we
know that Rietsche foundation abroad is used
without wire, whatever may be the rea.son ;
hence the comparison may be between unwir-
ed Rietsche foundation ' and wired factory "
foundation, which would hardly be fair.

I also ran across an old catalog of German
bee-supplies, which I did not know I had.
According to this, when a sheet measures 2-5 x
20 centimeters, 20 is the depth. I had sup-
posed these were full-depth dimensions, which
would have made the longer dimension verti-
cal. However, the fact that it was intended
to be used without wire is sufficient to account
for the weight of the sample you received.
The smallest jDress, 22 x 17 centimeters, costs,
wdtli packing, 10 marks, or 82.38; the largest,
4.")x.'i0, SS.15. I estimate the L. size would

be about .So. 36. There are 10 sizes in all. A

ty
The chief instruc-

simple device does awav with anv necessity
for trimming the sheets.' "''-- -'•''" "

tions are as follow.'

"Apply to the plates with a brush a mix-
ture of one part honey, two parts water, and
three parts pure alcohol. Pour wax on the
under plate, and shut quickly. Shake the
surplus back into the wax vessel. Cool in
water, if necessary. Open and remove the
sheet. The time consumed for all this is
about one minute. The amount worked by
one man per hour is from one to three kilos,
according to the size of the press; consequent-
ly, a press soon pays for itself. The sheets
are thin or thick according to the temperature
of the wax and degree of cooling, so that thin
or thick sheets may be produced at pleasure.
After some practice it will be easy to make a
square meter of foundation with moderately
high cells out of a kilo of wax, or 1% square
meters with shallow cells. A surface of four-
fifths to one square meter is just enough to
be completely worked up out of the wax
given."

Rietsche 's advertisements now say 150 sheets
an hour are made, with no brushing nor ex-
pense for lubricants; and, as you will recol-
lect, the thinnest made is 1.3-3 square meters
to the kilo, instead of 1.2.T, as above. The
chief point to be noted in the foregoing is the
manner of producing thin or thick sheets.
Perhaps this has a bearing on your experience
with the machine.

It just struck me that the largest size of
press kept in stock (any .size may be ordered)
being 4.")x30 cm., hence'a trifle longer one way
than the L. size, which is 20x43 centimeters,
there would seem to be no practical obstacles
in the way of working a double L." size, 40x43,
and cutting the sheets in two afterward.
jyieii what would become of all your calcula-
tions? Whoopee!

But, really, in my case at least, I would lay
very little stress one way or the other on the
number worked per hour, within reasonable
limits. It is that 41—2-5 = 16 cents per pomid
used that I want to get out of paying.
Montrose, Colo., Sept. 20.
[Perhaps our readers are already getting
tired of this discussion ; but we hope to have
the truth come out, let it strike where it may.

GLEAxXIXGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov. 1.

Some of the thintjs that friend Thompson has
given favor my side, and some favor his own.
So far as these last relate I will let them stand
on their own merits. I simply desire to call
attention to the fact that there seems to be a
disagreement among those interested in the
sale of the Rietsche press. Tlie manufactur-
ers themselves give rather indefinite figures as
to how much per hour their press will make.
For instance, in the article above they say
that 150 sheets per hour are made ; but there
is no reference as to the size of the sheets. It
is hardly fair to assume that a large sheet
could be made as rapidly as a small one, as in-
timated in friend Thompson's next to the last
paragraph ; but I have found something defi-
nite myself from a dealer who sells Rietsche
foundation-pr.-sses in Australia. His adver-
tisement appears in the Australian Bee Uiil-

three or four pounds per hour we can hardly
figure on more than 20 or 2") lbs. as a day's
work. Then the bi'ittleness of the article after
it was made would be somewhat a,^ainst it.

Mr. Thompson is laboring under the disad-
vantage of having never used one of the
Rietsche presses. If he will pay the cost of a
late machine we will pay the cost of transpor-
tation ; and I would suggest that further argu-
ment be deferred until such a time as he shall
have actually tested the machine so that he
will not have to depend upon what some one
else says. My arguments all along have been
based on our own experience with a Rietsche
press. When we bought it our intention was
to make some arrangement to put it on the
market if it should prove to be a good thing.

If it shall yet turn out to be a great help to
a Cc-rtain class who can iitt afford to pay higii

NIVER .A.ND HIMSELF. — SEE EDITORIAES.

letin. In referring to the Rietsche press he
says :

" Foundation may be made at a very slight
cost of labor ; capacity. 3 to 4 lbs. per hour."

This cuts the estimates down that friend T.
has been making, just about a half ; and I am
more inclined to believe that this is actually
the capacity of the machine, because these fig-
ures are just about what we were able to se-
cure with the press we have. This advertise-
ment appears in the August 2-lth issue, and
doubtless referred to late machines.

If three or four pounds of foundation per
hour is all that can be made from an U. sized
Rietsche press, I can not by any combination
of figures, allowing the operator S2.00 a daj'
for his time, see huw any great saving could
be effected over factorj'-made foundation. At

freight rates, let alone the cost of ordinary
foundation, we as manufacturers of supplies
would be very shortsighted if we did not sup-
ply such customers with these hand machines.
I am open to conviction ; and I believe friend
Thompson is also, and that he will test the
machine fairly, because his article above shows
a spirit of fairness and a desire to get at the
truth.— Ed.]

VALUE OF CLEATED SEPARATORS.

Comb Honey " as Straight and Smooth on its Sur-
face as a Planed Block of Wood."

BY JULIUS TOMLINSON.

I have just been reading your Oct. loth is-
sue, and was particularly interested in the

IS.t?

GLEANINGS IN BEK CULTITRE.

r73

new sop:\rator you wrote so iiuich about on
pajre 741. According to my i>res.-nt H<;ht I
think them a good thing, for I have tried
them this season. I got my idea from R. C.
.\ikin (in GI-K.A.NIXG.S for April 15, '1)7, page
•J7'> ). hut I rejected his idea of supporting .sec-
tions by little nails driven into the separators.
Instead I floored my .section-case with thin
strips, scored out on the edges, h)r ])ee-S]5aces.
The separators are 's in. thick, and the .strips
across the same are 's also, on each side. This
keeps the .sections just -^s in- apart. The bot-
tom and top of sections are 1 '4 in. wide; up-
rights of sections 1 !< in. wide, which gives a
bee-space of '4 inch between toji and bottom
of sections, and the honey in the section is
just 1 '4 in. thick, and e.xactly even with top
and 1)ottom pieces, and as straight and smooth
on its surface as ^ planed block of wood.
When crated, the combs are '4 in, apart, and
need no separators. I never had lioney in
nicer sh.ape than in those sections. The floor
in the case prevents the bees from coming in
contact with the sections, and I think that, in
another season, I shall cover the sections on
the top also with thin bottom floor strips.

Instead of glue for fastening on strips I ns2
small clinch-nails — such as are used for mak-
ing peach-baskets — and with a suitable form
it can be done quite rapidly by any boy or
girl. Of course, it is some work to fix up sec-
tion-cases this way, V)ut not more than wide
frames, and it is no trouble at all to take the
sections from the cases. I have a way of my
own for pressing the sections together in the
cases, both endwise and sidewise. My section-
case is a plain box halved together at the cor-
ners, and nailed both wavs.
Allegan, Mich., Oct. 23.

[I had forgotten the fact that so good an
authority as R. C. Aikin uses and recom-
mends cleated separators when I wrote the ar-
ticle in our previous issue, page 741. As time
goes on, I have no doubt we shall find that a
larger number of bee-keepers than we had an}-
idea of saw the advantage of cleated separat-
ors and made use of them.

I notice that you emphasize the fact that
this style of separator gives you comb honey
" as straight and sm<wth on its surface as a
planed block of wood." Why. it s-ems to me
that any one who would think of using the
old style of separator in preference to the new
one would be .simply sliutting his eyes and
throwing away his dollars — none so blind as
they who will not .see. I do not think or
guess or theorize. The proof of the pudding
is in the eating. The honey that has been
produced by cleated separators speaks for it-
self. The sections are not only better filled
out, but plumper, and, as I stated in our last
issue, would grade at least one notch higher
in the open market.

Well, it seems here is another man who also
caught on to the advantage of this style of
section, and we will let him speak for him-
self ; and in the mean time we should like to
hear from others who have been using the
same or a similar device. Let us hear all the
bad things about them as well as the good.
—Ed.]

now .\M) WHY THE NO-BKK-SPACE SECTION

()]• ii()m;n- brings a higher price.

J/r. Root : — Referring to editorial column,
page 744, you speak of non-bee-space sections.
I want to say that I heartily agree with you in
all you say about the pleasing effect they pre-
sent when looking at the face of the section.
No one looks at section honey edgewise when
buying, unless to see whether it is cleaned of
propolis ; con.sequently the section that is fill-
ed out to the edge, and evenly capped, no out-
side cells uncapped, which is so common with
the bee-spaced section, is the kind of section
honey that will sell ninety-nine times out of a
hundred first — every time when sold by the
section, even if the bee-spaced section did
weigh a little heavier.

During the honey-flow this season my cir-
cumstances were of such a nature that I could
not purchase such goods as were needed
( caused by misfortunes in the past two years,
over which I had no control); consequently,
in order to procure the honey my bees would
gather I was forced to plan some arrangement
for surplus. After I had u.sed all sections un-
til others could be had, so I had a lot of brood-
frames in the flat, they were put together and
spaced with horizontal and perpen<licular thin
strips. Starters were put in and given to the
bees and were spaced to about l\ inch ; and,
oh my ! that was the loveliest sight of honey,
when taken off, I ever saw. I do not believe
there were a dozen uncapped cells in the en-
tire lot. Every section was built out as even
as a planed board ; in fact, it was a solid block
of honey.

A few days after this honey was taken off,
a gentleman called for some honey ; and while
I was about to wrap up seven of my nicest
filled sections, the gentleman spied those large
frames, and was so fascinated by their appear-
ance he exclaimed, " Sa}-, Mr. G., is this
honey for sale ?"
"Yes, sir."

" How much have you like this ? " pointing
to a frame hanging up in my honey-room,
' ' and the price ? ' '

I said, "I think about 40 lbs., and 15 cts.
per pound."

" Well, you needn't tie up those boxes. I'll
take the 40 lbs."

Now, why did this gentleman buy that
honey in preference to a dollar's worth of as
nice bee-space-section honey as it's possible to
produce by any apiarist ? It w^as all white-
clover lioney. It was the pleasing appearance
it presented by being built out even with the
edge of the frame, and no uncapped cells,
which always make a section look as if it
contains more beeswax than honey.

Here is another observation proof in my
method of manijmlating bees (swarms), cag-
ing the queen, placing her in super, ar.d hiv-
ing the swarm back, as stated in former arti-
cles. In preparing the cages I take a number
of the one piece sections, place them between
two boards, and place them in the bench-vise;
then with the plane I dress off the projecting
edges. They are then put together, then each
side is covered with wire cloth. Not having

774

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov. 1.

enough sections to fill out a super, it occurred
to me that I could fill out with the so prepared
queen-cages, and I took off the wire cloth, and
inserted eight of those dressed sections, slip-
ping little strips between rows to give a bee-
space, which answered the same as the slatted
separator, never thinking what the result
would be, more than to save the honey the
bees would gather ; but when I took that crate
. off I was so pleased with those eight sections
that I said to myself, " Next year I'll fix V'W."

Those eight sections were all filled out even
with the edge of the section, or so nearly so
that two could be placed together and the two
face surfaces would nearly touch together ;
and as I keep nice glassed cases of honey in
our stores, those sections were placed in those
cases with the other bee-spaced sections ; but
the eight non-bee-spaced were the first sold,
and because they looked as though they con.-
tained more honey for 15 cts. than the others,
and I am not so "sure but they did ; however,
I did not think at the time to test them by
weight.

So, Mr. Editor, should I live to manipulate
bees through the season of 1898 I shall test
this matter pretty thoroughly ; also the drawn-
foundation comb, of which we have read so
much. J. A. Golden.

Reinersville, O., Oct. 23.

WINTER-PASSAGES IN COMBS NOT NECESSARY.

Oucslioti.—l see in one of my papers that
one writer claims that old age can he set down
as the reason for bees dying in winter without
apparent cause, and asserts that the cause of
the loss of many colonies lies in the fact that
the same was composed mostly of old bees at
the approach of cold weather. This may be
the cause of some of the loss ; but I think the
loss is more often caused (where bees are win-
tered on their sununer stands in the open air)
from chill, or the impression from cold of
those occupving outer ranges of comb, during
sudden changes from warm to very cold
weather. Especiallv is the loss very consider-
able from this source where the comb-passages
are deficient, as they generally are where large
frames are used; as in such case the detached
clusters are unable to readily join the main
cluster, and are not in sufficient numbers to
maintain the requisite degree of heat, and are
thus lost. Considering these facts, do you
not think it well to make winter-passages
through the combs, near the center, for the
bees to pass through ?

Attszt'er.—The above brings up a subject
which was discussed at length several years
ago, when there was a " craze," as it were, for
" winter - passageways " through the combs.
The argument "then brought forth was, that
on the "first cold spell the cluster of bees is

obliged to contract in order to maintain the
necessary degree of heat required ; and in
doing so those occupying the outer ranges of
comb, being in a sluggish state from the in-
fluence of the cold, failed to pass up and
around the combs quick enough to keep up
with the receding cluster, hence were left to
perish with the cold. To obviate this loss,
winter-passagewaj-s through the center of the
combs were recommended, made by boring
holes through them, or by having a curled
shaving, which was painted on the inside,
suspended in each frame when the swarm was
hived, so that the bees would of themselves
leave such passageways when constructing
their combs. By this means the outer bees
had direct communication with the cluster, so
that, even though panly stiffened with the
cold, they could easily recede so as to keep
up with the main cluster. The painting of
the inside of the shaving was said to keep the
bees from building comb in these holes; but,
notwithstanding, the bees would, as a rule,
fill up these winter-passageways, each sum-
mer, which gave a good yield of honey, so it
was found quite a job to see that they were
open each fall. This led some one to propose
boring a hole in the side of the hive, at the
proper place, so that with a square stick,
pointed at one end, which was to be slowly
" wormed " (so as not to kill the bees) through
to the opposite side of the hive, thus making
a passage through all of the combs at one
operation, thus making quite a saving as to
labor. Many of my older hives have such a
hole in the sides, with a button to turn over it
when not in use; and where such passageways
are desired, probahl}- there is no better way of
securing them than this last.

However, it was soon found that the bees
would remain and die within half an inch of
these holes in the combs ; and as said holes
w^ere quite a damage to the combs ( the bees
filling them with comb having the drone size
of cells the next season, or, if left open, it
allowed a place for the bees to stay in when
they were being brushed off for extracting or
any other purpose), the making of such pas-
sageways has been generally given up, I be-
lieve. Some who still cling to the idea use
what is known as the "Hill device " above
the combs, as a sort of compromise; but after
careful experiments with all of the above the
writer has discarded the whole of them, be-
lieving there is not enough gained to compen-
sate for the trouble. That the bees would die
within an inch or less of such passageways,
as spoken of above, and that such death of
bees rarely occurred except during the first
heavj- freeze each fall, led me to investigate
the matter closely, said investigation proving
to my mind that these bees died from lack of
vitality (or old ^ge), rather than from the
cause assigned. Usually we have much cool
cloudy weather from two to four weeks before
the first severe cold, so that old bees do not
leave the hive to any extent to die, as they do
all through the summer months, so that the
number of dead bees dying from this cause
would be considerable, providing none were
chilled. But instead of dying at once, at this

1S'.>7

GLKAXINGvS IN BICIv CULTURK.

time of the year, these old bees seem to liiiijcr
alonj; for a chance to j;et out of the hive to
die, the same as they do at all times when
they can Hy freely, and so jjather in little
clustei"s of three, six, twelve, or more, in a
place where they remain in a half-dormant
state till caught by extreme cold, or a chance
is offered for a flight.

I find, by referring to an old diary that w-as
in writing at the time I was conducting ex-
periments along this line, that one year, when
a fine warm day occurred just before the first
very cold weather, on which ilay the bees all
flew finely, owing to their lieiug confined to
their hives from cool rainy weather for two
weeks preceding, I found nudtitudes of
sluggish bees clinging to the sides of the
hives, on the grass, fences, etc., near the
evening of that day. On touching them they
had life enough to thrust out the sting, but
none would fly or even crawl; and w^hen the
next morning came with a temperatiue of only
15 degrees above zero these bees were frozen
stiff, remaining where they were the night
before. This was a surprise to me, and I was
led to believe, which belief still clings to me,
that I had discovered the real cause of the '
trouble. A look into the hive after this cold
wave had passed brought to light no dead
bees on the combs as are usually fovind where
the bees have no chance to fly for some time
before the first extreme cold, and very few
were found at au}- time during the winter, all
getting clustered compactly for winter without
passageways.

Then, again, I have often noticed that these
little knots of bees were found, dead or other-
wise, only with the first contraction of the
cluster, as afterward no gain in dead bees
between the outer ranges of combs was notic-
ed with each expansion and contraction.
Therefore I do not pay any attention to pas-
sageways for* bees during winter at the pres-
ent time.

'^^s^M9mm

n:c£^M^3^-^k-:

DEEP-CELL FOUNDATION TESTED BY EUGENE
SECOR.

A/r. Root: — Last spring you sent me for tri-
al six pieces of deep-cell foundation. They
were about 2 inches wide, and long enough to
reach from side to .side of a 4^x4j^ section. I
put these six pieces into two-inch-wide sec-
tions, anrl the sections in the center rows of a
super covering an eight-frame hive. The re-
mainder of the sections in the super had Van-
deusen flat-bottom-foundation starters, about
three-fourths full.

The super was put on a strong colony July
7, with the intention of catching the basswood
flow, which was soon to open. But we got no
honey from that source. The only resources
left were the last days of white clover and the

fall flow. The sections were entered by the
l)ees very slowly. I think the deep cells' were
first occupied, but the comb-building progress-
ed simultaneously on Ihe flat-bottom founda-
tion just as fast as in the sections which con-
tained the new-])rocess foundation. When
taken ofl', all the .sections containing the deeiv
cell or drawn foundation were well filled, and
all the other sections on one side of the super.
On the other side, right up to the dcep-celi
sections, nothing whatever had been done.

Now for the mouth test. As I .said, the
pieces used were not to exceed 2 inches wide.
The rest of the comb in the sections was built
by the bees. I would cut a small mouthful
from the top, and then one from the bottom
of the section, and eat them alternately. If I
had been blindfolded I could not have told
one from the other. Others tested it in the
same manner and with the same result. The
lower part of the section was built with drone
comb.

I find that the season and the abundance (or
otherwise )of the flow of nectar has more to do
with the thickness of the combs — in other
words its " gobbyness "— than the foundation,
keeping in mind that only the thinnest foun-
dation is fit for sections. The " waxye.st "
honey I ever ate was all the natural product of
bees. I believe every observing bee-keeper
has noticed the same thing.

Now, what of the future of this new-process
foundation ? I believe it is going to be a val-
uable thing for "bait" sections at least.
What is puzzling me most is how to fasten the
stufif in sections wdthout melted wax. I don't
remember to have seen your plan of putting it
in described. " Eugene Secor

Forest City, la.

THE NEW DRAWN FOUNDATION A DECIDED
SUCCESS.

In the Oct. 1st issue of Glf:anings vou ask
for testimonials as to the merits and d'emerits
of the new drawn foundation. I must say that
I used about 20 pieces of this foundation, us-
ing 2 pieces in most of the sections, as I be-
lieve in full sheets. I consider even this to be
too small a scale to give it a thoroi:gh test.
But, candidly, I do not hesitate to say that I
think the new drawn process a big step in ad-
vance — so much so that I believe the comb-
honey man can give an advance of 25 cts. per
lb. in preference to buying the old style at 50
cts. I also desire to .say that, in soliciting tes-
timony in regard to the new drawn process,
there has been an oversight in said testimony;
viz., how much more is it worth per pound
than what we have been using .? Some who
oppose it have said, "Too much of a gob of
wax." Let us see just a minute. Foundation
that runs 10 ft. per lb. is what I have been us-
ing. I put this into the supers, and the bees
proceed to draw it out. When it is drawn out
to the same width as the new-process founda-
tion, I find that both kinds are identically the
same, and the same number of feet to the
pound ; consequently the same amount of
" gob " in each.

I run for comb honey, and my neighbor
runs for extracted. Why is it that he gets 2

776

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov. \.

lbs. to my one ? Will some one who opposes
the new drawn foundation answer this ques-
tion? F. D. Lowu.
Rosedale, Cal., Oct. 8, 1897.

[While we are glad to get such reports, we
do not want those who have had adverse expe-
rience to keep still. We have just as much
room for one kind of testimony as the other.
If flat-base deep-cell foundation shall prove to
be a good thing in the majorit}^ of instances,
what shall we say of the same product with
natural base? This is what we expect to
make ; and, if we do not miss our calculations,
we shall have it next season. — Ed.]

A CHEAP HOME-MADE UNCAPPING-DEVICE.

Let me suggest a cappings-drainer that is
inexpensive, and a complete success as we use
it. I will commence to describe it from the
bottom.

First a tin pan I I

just large enough » , ^ I

for an ordinary §, I

super to rest in.

The one we use is 4 inches deep, and provided
with a screw-cap honey-gate. Set the super
on it. Next take a tin-bound sheet of wire-
strainer cloth, just large enough to drop inside
the super and rest on the tin strips provided
for the section-holders to rest on. Then we
want a frame to rest on the top of the super
(as on the Dadant can), to rest the comb on
while uncapping.

Now we will imcap till our strainer cloth is
covered to a suiTuient depth, when we will
lay on a shallnv tin pan — -say >< inch deep on
one en 1 and the sides, and at the other end
enough deeper to give the pan quite a pitch
— I - — (the projection, you will

I I notice, will hang in the

'^ rabbets at the end of the

super). The pan has a 3^^'-inch hole punched
in it at "A."

Next put on another super with wire strain-
er, and continue your work, when the honey
will drip through on the shallow pan, and,
passing down to its lower end, will run through
the hole "A" into the pan below. This, you
see, can be carried on indefinitely, adding a
shallow pan, super, and strainer,- as needed,
giving the maximum amount of strainer room
at small cost, and in very compact form. The
holes "A," you see, will come over each other
if the precaution is taken to hang all the
shallow pans the same way.

We were unable to get wire strainer on short
notice, and for a makeshift made sieves of the
ordinary window-curtain strips that would
just fit inside the super, then stuck 4-ounce
tacks ji inch apart all round the lower edges,
wound twine around them, joining a warp
the longer way, next wove it across by the
aid of a wire hook ; drove the tacks home on
the string, and then covered the tack-heads
with a >( -inch-stick strip. This makes a good
substitute for the wire strainers, but is quite a
job, and I imagine you could furnish the tin
and wire strainers just as cheaply as these
substitutes can be made.

I don't know that I have made the idea

clear. If you catch it I think you will see the
utility of it, as it gives so much strainer sur-
face with so little exposure of the cappings to
flies or dust, and at so little expense to any
one who already has the supers.

Emmetsburg, la. J. C. Benxett.

[I can't S2e the need of so many extra
strainers and pans. One pan and strainer
ought to be enough. Sufficient room for the
cappings could be obtained by putting on ex-
tra supers. — Ed.]

THOSE NAUGHTY farmer BEE-KEEPERS ;

AN EXPERIENCE DIFFERENT FROM

ABBOTT'S.

Dr. Miller, in Straws for Oct. 1, asks all
those who have had to sell their comb honey
at low prices on account of farmers and small
bee-keepers bringing in their sickly-looking
honey, to hold up their hand. Here is mine.
Mr. Abbott's friends are not the kind I am
looking for. Those farmer bee-keepers who
put on sections one year and take them off
the year following, and then take them to
town and sell for what the}' can get, are sure-
ly enemies to the bee-keeper who tries to pro-
duce only a first-class article. It not only
lowers prices for the good honey, but I have
found some stores that will not handle honey,
because they had got some of this leaky
hone}', and it ran all over their showcases,
and smeared every thing up, and only a bee-
keeper of experience knows it is not very easy
to clean it up; and this is enough to put al-
most any store against handling honey at a
small profit. I have sold all my honey at 10
cts., nice comb honey at that; but this is bet-
ter than shipping to commission houses and
receiving 7 or 8 cts. per lb. for, it. My crop
was about 2000 lbs. this year — about half clo-
ver and heartsease. Sweet clover did not
yield nmch this year, as it was pastured too
closelv. ' G. E. Nelson.

Bishop Hill, 111., Oct. 15.

overstocking in YORK STATE.

7)/r. E. R. Root: — In your editorial on page
672, under the heading " What I saw in York
State," you give us to understand that the
portion of the State visited by you seemed to
be overstocked with bees, which is undoubt-
edly true ; but in this part of the State just the
opposite is true. To illustrate : In driving re-
cently a distance of twenty miles from my
place, and the same back, by another road, I
think I did not pass more than a dozen hives,
and they were box hives. The trip was near
the St. Lawrence River and Thousand Isles,
where honey has re tidied at from 12^ to 18
cts. per 1-lb. section. I have wholesaled ex-
tracted honey in this market this season at not
less than 40 cts. per quart, including can. I
bought the honey of The A. I. Root Co. You
may conclude that bees do not do well here ;
but a woman living near tells me that she had
one colony increase to nine, in a single sea-
son, by natural swarming.

I keep only a few bees, but have taken 128
4X X \% sections from a single hive in a sea-
son, and allowed them to cast one swarm. In

ISO?

GI.IvANINGS IN KI<:K CULTURE.

777

the same year. 1S<):}, 10 colonies increased to
28, and gave 98."? sections of surplus. This
year five colonics have increased lo l.S, and
given ahout lOO sections. I believe there are
excellent li>calitics here for the location of
apiaries, and will an-;\ver inquiries from any
one interested \\lu> will inclose a stamp.

J. F. Pktrie.
Plessis. Jefi. Co., N. Y., Oct. (>.

GENKR.\L M.\N.\GER SI'X'OR'S ST.\TKIMENT TO
THE DEIWRTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Mr. Root : — I noticed in last Gle.vxings
that you had written to W'etUlerburn, of the
Department of Agriculture, in reference to
food adulteration and a remedy therefor. That
puts me in mind of a letter that I addre.s.sed to
the .same person Oct. 15tli, a copy of which I
inclose herewith.

I learnetl .somehow that the Agricultural
Department was taking up this subject of food
adulterations, and I adilressed the above-men-
tioned letter for the pur])ose of opening corre-
spondence, and to learn what we could do as
a society in bringing about reforms through
the cooperation of the Depirtment. It was
my thought that, if the Department is making
a chemical study of honeys, we might get
specimens analyzed free of cost. I have not
3'et received a reply to the inclosed letter; but
if I do, and it is favorable, I shall follow it up.

This is simply to let you know that I am
not indifferent to the interests of the Union.
Eugene Secor.

Forest City, Iowa, Oct. 2U.

A.J. IVedderburn, Chemical Division DepH of Agricul-

lure. Washington. D. C.

near Sir:— lam informed that you are making
special iiive.-tgations as to tlie extent and character
ot the aduiteiatiun of foods in this country. The asso-
ciation named at the head of this letter, and which I
represent, is especially interested in measures to pre-
vent the adulteration of honey — moie specifically, ex-
tracted honey. I should be glad to receive your co-
operation in "ascertaining to what extent extracted
honey is adulterated, as found in the markets of the
cities.

It is our hope to obtain legislation wherever needed
in States, or, what we would think much better, by
Congress, in the interest of puie food. We fear tha't
there is a good deal of adulteration of the honey prod-
uct by the admixture of glucose, which is probaV)ly
the only adulterant that would make it ijrofitable.

If, in your investigations, you are authorized to take
up the subject of honey, I should be glad to corre.s-
pond with 30U further in regard to it.

Yours truly, Eugene .Secor.

Forest City, la, Oct. 15.

L. F. //., Pa. — I can not tell you whether
the blossoms of the coffee-tree of commerce
yield honey or not. Can any of our subscrib-
ers give us any information in regard to this?'

S. /<., N. Y. — I would advise you to' ad-
vertise your bees in some local paper. ' On
account of the express charges, and the diffi-
culty of transporting to a distance alive, we

recommend dispo.sing of one's bees in one's
own locality if po.ssible.

/'. /). .v., 0/1 io. — I think you will be able to
have your queens fertilized this .sea.son. The
drones will be present for sojue little time yet.
Queens not fertilized this fall will stand a good
chance of mating ne.xt spring.

E. F. '/:, .I//V//.— Candidly, I doubt very
much whether it would pay you to put any
ointment or cure for bee-.stings upon the mar-
ket. Most bee-keepers care very little for the
.stings. The best thing I know of is to re-
move the sting and tiien grin and bear it.
The more one tries to doctor up the stings the
worse he usually makes them.

C. O., IVi.';. — Replying to yom- inquiry of a
late date I would s'tate that I would not
pay over |2.00 for a colony of hybrid bees in
a box hive. Such colonies have been bought
many and many a time for from |;1.00 to J51.50.
Nowadays the hive, if of modern construction,
should be worth at least as much as the bees.
A box hive is worth practically nothing. For
transferring, see instructions given on page .32
of our catalog.

//'. /. //., ,S'. C. — By white pine I mean
lumber from pine-trees in the North. The
pine of the South is apt to be pitchy, and is
much heavier per square foot than the pine of
the North. I recommend white pine be-
cause it is easier to work, easier to handle, and
much lighter to lift. Of course, the heart
part of these southern or northern pines is
better than the lumber on either side of the
heart.

IV. M. P., Ohio. — I should be inclined to
think from your letter that the bees had some-
thing in the hive which they regarded as a
queen. It may be a fertile worker, it may be
a virgin queen, or it may be a laying queen
which is so small and dark that you would
not be able to recognize her. I would not
advise you to give this colony to another hive
of bees. Give it a frame of eggs and brood if
you can find any in your apiary. If they
build cells you may know they are queenless.
In that event I would advise you to unite
them %vith another colony. Cage the queen,
before introducing her, in the regular way.
The main thing is to make sure the colony is
queenless before attempting to unite; and if
they build cells before giving them lar\'ae or
eggs, then that settles it.

J. IV. S., A>.— It is so late now (Oct. 14)
that I would not advise 3-011 to transfer by
the short method described in our catalog.
You'd better u.se the old method, or the one
that involves cutting out the combs of honey
and brood, and fitting them into the brood-
frames themselves. Of course, you would
need to pull apart the old box hive, or what-
ever they happen to be in. For directions in
regard to this method of transferring, see any
of the text-books, and especially our A B C of
Bee Culture.

Bees will build combs at this time of year—
that is, providing you give them frames of
foundation wired, and feed them ; but the
weather needs to be warm, and j'ou should
have had some previous experience in feeding

V78

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov. 1.

bees. Perhaps, taking it all in all, it would
be better for you to wait till next spring be-
fore you transfer. If you do not change to the
other hive, you would need to make sure that
the old one has stores enough to carry it over
till next spring.

On the afternoon of the 24th of October
there arrived at the home of the editor of the
American Bee Journal a beautiful baby girl.
Both mother and daughter seem to be doing
well. We extend to Bro. York our heartiest
congratulations. Give the baby a kiss for us
Medinaites.

^-^

The writer or editor who furnishes the mat-
ter for " Beedom Boiled Down," in the Amer-
ican Bee Journal, is doing some good work.
The items are not only carefully sifted, but
clearly and forcibly put. I think I recognize,
not the handwriting, but the earmarks of the
writer. _^^

Information has come to us that J. H.
Martin, so well and favorably known to our
readers, is now very sick. We hope the re-
port is either not true or
else that our friend the
Rambler has passed the
danger-point. J. H. Mar-
tin was first heard of in
York State. He then
became known to the
hee-keeping world as an
'^'" inventive genius. Later

'in he began rambling
throvigh the East for
J. H. MARTIN. Gleanings, and his arti-

cles appeared in these colunnis. His rambles
among bee-keepers extended finally across the
continent to California. Later on a serial
story, so fresh to all our readers, came forth
from his pen.

NIVER AND HIMSELF.

Among the bee-men whom I met recently
in York State was S. A. Niver, to whom I
have already referred as being the chap who
had a tongue that was ' ' balanced in the mid-
dle." Well, with this facile tongue he knows
how to sell honey, and get bigger prices, I am
told, than almost any one else, even selling
the same goods. Mr. Niver generally styles
himself " Morton's brother-in-law." Morton,
you know, is the bee-keeper, that inventive
genius to whom I have already referred, and
it is he who produces the honey. It is Niver
who sells the goods.

It is with peculiar pleasure that I introduce
to you in another column "S. A. Niver and
himself." Among Niver' s other accomplish-
ments is guitar-playing; and the picture else-
where shows him not only playing the guitar

but looking at himself in another chair. In
other words, Mr. Niver appears to be one of
those remarkable chaps who are able to do
two things at once — sit in two places at a time
— that is to say, in this case at least, is able to
assume the role of beginner in guitar-playing
and instructor in the same art at one and the
same time.

I need hardly say this is accomplished by a
trick in photography. Two " exposures " are
taken on the same plate. When the first sit-
ting is taken the negative in the camera is
covered with black paper, just half way; then
an exposure is taken on the uncovered end.
A second exposure is then made, but the oth-
er end of the negative is then covered.

Mr. Niver, besides being a glib salesman, is
a real fun-maker. To illustrate: At one of the
county bee-keepers' conventions which I at-
tended, while we were enjoying the picnic
dinner a certain 3-oung man had just deliv-
ered a " drive " on his friend Niver. Quick
as flash, Mr. Niver, with eyes beaming with
earnest S3-mpathy, turned about and said to
the rest of us in a confidential tone, " Oh, yes!
Harry is an awful good bo}\ He has onl}' one
fault. When he eats pie he zvill muss his
ears;" and Harry was eating pie just then.
Of course, this raised a roar of lauahter.

FOUL BROOD INCREASING IN THIS COUNTRY.

We are receiving, almost daily, suspected
samples of brood which we are requested to
diagnose. In nine cases out of ten they prove
to be foul brood. To-day (Oct. 20) I opened
a sample of one of the worst cases I have ever
seen. The odor from a colony affected would
be sufficiently strong, I think, so that it could
be detected several yards from the apiar}-. At
all events, it was the " loudest "-smelling
sample I ever came across. This almost daily
receipt of samples of affected brood from all
parts of the country is alarming.

I have already found where this disease is
making headway in portions of the United
States that have more colonies and more bee-
keepers to the square mile, I beheve, than any
other place in this country. In fact, the dis-
ease is api^arently starting up all over the
land, and it will need some vigorous mea-
sures and some good legislation to keep the
disease in check. I would suggest that, in
those States where there is no foul-brood law,
bee-keepers send in a big petition to their
next general assembly, asking for the needed
legislation.

A foul-brood inspector (N. E. France, of
Platteville, Wis. ) has been appointed for Wis-
consin. A law was recently enacted ; and
with the State back of him the inspector pro-
poses to make a clean sweep of the State.

The good work done by foul-brood inspect-
or McEvoy, of Canada, is too well known to
need mention, and now the Canadian bee-
keepers are practically masters of the disease.

We on this side of the line can not afford to
let it get the start of us. Our catalog, our
ABC book, and, in fact, nearly all of the
text-books on apiculture, give good methods
of treating the disease.

1S',)7

GLKANINGS IN HICK CUI/rURK.

In the mean time, let the friends eontinue
to send in s;iin])les of fonl brix)d secnrely
\vra]i]ieil in jiaraffine or j^eased paper, anil
paeked in a tin box. A wooden box secnrely
nailed, and water-tight, will answer in lien of
? tin box if that can not be obtained.

A SMOKKR-HOOK — .\ COl'l'LE OK COGGSH.\IJ/,S
IDEAS.

Whkx I was at W. L. Coggshall's he show-
ed me the convenience of having a hook plac-
eil on the back of a smoker in such a way that
the smoker could be caught on tothe edge of
the hive while the operator is at work over it.
jMr. C. explained that it was a waste of time
to have to stoop down to the ground to pick
up a smoker that, in nine cases out of ten,
would be tiimbled over on its side, and burning
at a ver}- low ebb. He would have a smoker
within a few inches of the hand, " right side
up with care," and the draft fully on. The
hook is a piece of strap iron, bent in the form
shown, and fastened to the top of the smoker-
bellows. The cut below shows the idea :

Another val-
tuible feature of
the hook is that
it may be hitch-
ed on to the
" apiarv-cart."
Mr. Coggshall
has a sort of
hand-cart that

^will hold four
extracting - su-
pers full of
combs. This is
within arm's
reach. Then
havingthe smo-
ker shoved
along from one
hive to anoth-
er ; and while
the operator*
is at work it stands attached to the top edge of
the hive or of the cart, up in the air, it can be
seen anywhere in the apiary.

]\Iany and many a time f have lost track of
my smoker ; and in order to find it I have had
to peer around all the hives, and finally suc-
ceeded in locating it on its side in an obscure
place, half gone out. I do not know l)ut we
shall have to supply our smokers with hooks
next year. They would be put inside thfc fire-
cup, and the bee-keeper can attach them or
not as he chooses. Those who already have
old smokers can make hooks and put them on
this winter.

Incidentally it will be noted that the smoker
bellows-boards above illustrated are grooved
around the sides and top edge. The purpose of
this groove, as I have before explained, is to
enable the operator to get a belter grip on the
smoker. When the fingers are wet with per-
spiration or honey, sometimes the smoker will
slip out of the hand. But this groove entirely
prevents it. It will be remembered that :\Ir.
Coggshall sometime ago recommended cleats;
but it seemed to be better and far neater to

have grooves ; and these we have put on all
our late-made smokers.

.\ lUvI-:-HUNT .\T MKinsX.
Dm you ever go out ou a genuine bee-hunt
— the good old-fashioned kind that our fathers
and grandfathers used to tell us about? About
a year ago, hearing that a bee-tree had been
discovered a mile or more east of Medina, I
determined that I would have some of the fun
I had heard so much about. Two or three of
our shop boys were invited to go along. No,
come to think about it they invited ?//<?. Im-
plements ? Yes, we had lots of them — axes,
a large crosscut saw, veils, dippers to dip up
the gallons (?) of honey; smokers, honey-
knives, and every thing else galore, besides'a
horse and wagon. The horse was warranted
to be sting-proof, and not to run awa^-.

We had previously obtained the consent of
the owner of the tree to cut it, and the after-
noon was "just lovely." Two of the boys
went crosslols on foot, taking along a gun,
while the rest of us rode. For fear that I
might miss an opportunity of getting a fox
squirrel I took along my double-barreled ham-
merless ; and that I might be able to preserve
in permanent form some of the exciting inci-
dents of the bee-hunt, I took the camera that
makes man}- of the pictures for Gleanings.
Arrived at the bee-tree, the boys pointed out
where the bees were located. I squinted and
looked, and looked and squinted, but could
not satisfy myself that there were any bees in
that tree. As my shotgun was conveniently
near I thought of a little scheme. I would
fire at the place where the bees were supposed
to come out. Perhaps that would stir them
up, and it did ; but — " Whewation. boys ! see
that big fox squirrel ! " I shouted. I was
seized with the " buck-fever," and never once
thought of letting him have the other barrel
till too late. The squirrel seemed to me to
jump from the very hole where the bees were.
I had expected bees, but not game. Well, as
he disappeared in another tree we pursued
after him. My shot had called the other man,
and we together went squirrel-hunting, leav-
ing the bees to make things interesting for the
other fellows. After we had himted a while
we came to the conclusion that Mr. Fox had
found another convenient hole. We gave up
the search, and came back to the bee-tree.

Two of the men — one of them Mr. Dannley,
who makes the foundation-rolls, and the other
one Mr. Hammer, who has been working on
the Weed deep-cell dies — were at work sawing
the bee-tree down. I laid the gun aside, took
up the camera, and took a " time exposure."

Perhaps some of yoi: do not know how our
Ohio woods look in the month of vSeptember.
Elsewhere in this journal j-ou will see the bee-
tree, and just at the foot of it the two men
with the crosscut saw. The place where the
bees were located was just above the crotch of
a limb broken oflF very near the top of the pic-
ture, on the left-hand side of the tree.

We all took turns with the saw and with the
ax. Some of us were not very expert with the
last-named iinplement. I noticed that, while
I chopped, the rest of the crowd departed to a

^80

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov. 1.

distance. Notwathstanding this, between us
the tree began to show evidences of falUng.
Anticipating a big skirmish when it should
fall, we put on our veils and lighied the smo-
ker. A few more blows of the ax, and the
monarch of the woods began to totter and fall.
Down it came with a cr-r-ash ! It was a little
lively around the knot-hole where the bees
wert' coming out ; but after we began chop-
ping and sawing again to get at the heart of
the tree where the bees were, they quieted
down.

Just about this time we heard the chattering
voices of schoolchildren echoing in a distant
part of the woods. In a few moments more,
greatly to our surprise we found ourselves sur-
rounded by a whole school of children, who,
hearing that we were going to cut down a bee-
tree, had come to see the " fun." The school-
ma'am, who was doubtless equally anxious to
see some of the same sport, readily consented
to dismiss school at an earlier hour. The bees
had now quieted down, and the children be-
came bold enough to cluster around the log
where we were at work trying to scoop out the
bees and honey (?) with a dipper. There were
combs in plenty, but little honey.

Jtist about as we had finished our task and
passed around several hunks of the delicious
morsel to the owners of eager eyes and hun-
gry mouths, I set up the camera again and
took another shot. In another view elsewhere
you will find the result. The most remarka-
ble thing about the whole picture is that the
children are bareheaded, barearmed, and in
some cases barefooted, while ive professionals
had veils on and smokers in our hands to pre-
vent getting stung. I did not realize the in-
congruity of the "situation till too late. Then
with as nuich grace and ceremony as I could
connnand I offered uxy veil to the prepossess-
ing schoolma'am. But this she kindly de-
clined. I then offered it to some of the
older girls, but with a like result.

Did any of the children get stung? Only
one of tlie boys, I believe, who, while astride
the log, looking into the cavity, happened to
sit upon an unlucky bee. We all knew the
precise moment when the sting pierced his
pauts, you may be sure.

The significant fact is, that those of us who
wore veils were stung n:ore than the children,
and the reason is very evident. When bees
are demoralized by pounding, as by the chop-
ping open of their cavity, they seem to lose all
desire to fly and sting. They just crawl and
crawl, and crawl up under the veil, and, fail-
ing to get out, sting.

Some little time ago a lady wrote a story
which was submitted to us for consideration,
on the subject of bee-hunting. She went on
to state in this story how angry the bees be-
came while the tree was being cut open ; how
they took possession of the land for miles
around ; how it was not safe for man, boy,
donkey, or chicken to be anywhere near that
vicinity, and how cross the bees were for days
afterward. When I had finished reading that
story I came to the conclusion that thai writer
had never had any experience in bee-hunting.

Did our bee-hunting experience pay in bees

and honey ? Well, hardly. All the honey we
secured was eaten by the aforesaid school-
children ; and the bees — well, there were
ab^ut enough to cover perhaps two combs, and
before winter they simply died. That they
would have died anyhow from lack of stores
had they been left in the tree relieved our con-
sciences a little. But in experience and " piles
of fun," as the boys said, we were repaid
richlv.

THE NEW STYLE OF SEPAR.\TOR AND .SECTION;
THEIR IMPORTANCE.

Since the pages of " Stray Straws" were
" made up " we have received another Straw
from Dr. Miller, which, in order to get in this
issue, I insert right here :

The new plan of sections and separators, as men-
tioned, p. 744, has interested me more profoundly than
any new thing in tee-keepiiig for some lime. I've
hardly .■settled down to a lixed opinion yet, but I am
thoroughly interested. A principal question with me
is tliat of cost.

It is evident that the doctor, at the time he
sent the Straws, hardly knew what estimate
to put on the new devices ; but the more time
he has had to think of it, the more "pro-
foundly interested " he has become, and I
think this will be the experience of thousands
of others.

The doctor need have no fears as to co.st.
The separators are all made of scrap that has
heretoiore been burned ; and as to putting the
pieces togeiher, that will be done by means of
automatic machinery in the factory bc;fore the
separators are stnt out.

The reader will be interested to note what
Julius Tomiinson, J. A. Golden, and A. I. R.
say in this issue regarding these same things.
Ot late years our senior editor has somewhat
lost his interest in bees, or, at least, has been
compelled to turn his attention to other mat-
ters ; but when 1 showed him the new st3de of
separator and section, and explained their
merits, his face fairly glowed with enthusi-
asm. He was also "profoundly interested,"
as will be evident by what he says elsewhere.

I do not know but I may be mistaken; but
I believe the introduction of the new separator
and section will be a great step in aavance,
and that the time will come when other styles
of sections and separators will be largely su-
perseded. The fellow that doesn't get "in
the swim" next ^ear will be the " worser "
by a cent or two per pound for his comb
honey, I fear.

.\NOTHER BEE-BOOK FROM THE DEP.\RTMENT
OF AGRICULTURE.
" Bee-keeping " is the title of another bul-
letin from the United States Department of
Agrictdture, by Frank Benton, Assistant En-
tomologist, that has just been issued at the
government printing-office. It contains 32
pages the size of this, is printed in bold, clear-
faced type, and is illustrated with suitable
engravings. When the other bulletin was
issued, the supply was exhausted in a very
short time, and it became necessary to charge
a small price in order to prevent the edition
from being entirely exhausted. But it seems

18HT

GLKANINGvS IN BKK CULTURK.

(81

that, sincf that time, there have been frequent
intjuiries for infornialion on matters pertain-
insj; to bee culture, and accordingly another
more abriilged book has been issued, and it is
reasonable to suppose^ that this time tlie supply
will be equal to the demand. The Kntomolo-
gist, Mr. Howard, says: "Though it has
been designed by the author primarily to
answer a few of the specilic questions which
are most likely to present themselves to tlie
mind of the inquirer wholly unfamiliar with
the subject, the aim has also been to introduce
in the treatment of ihe various topics infor-
mation which it is hoped will lead many of
longer experience to more successful methods
than they have yet practiced."

The book, although brief, seems to be a
complete text-book on apiculture; and as such
I liave no doubt it covers the subject in an
admirable manner. The contents, as given
on the first inside page, are as follows :

Locations suited to the keeping of bees ;
returns to be expected; all can learn to handle
bees ; to avoid stings ; hive to adopt ; swarm-
ing ; dequeening ; requeening ; space near
entrances ; selection in breeding ; special
crops for honey not profitable ; plants and
trees for honey and pollen ; to obtain surpjus
honey and wax ; comb honey; grading and
shipping comb honey ; production of wax ;
^\•intering ; general considerations ; loss of
bees through disease and enemies.

As I understand it, this work will be sent
free to any who will apply for it. Make your
request to the Department of Agriculture,
Washington, D. C, asking for P'armers' Bul-
letin, No. 59, entitled "Bee-keeping."

THE ILLUSTRATIONS IN THIS ISSUE.

The reader can scarcely fail to note the
wealth of illustrations in this number, both in
variety and in general excellence. Some of
these pictures I took myself, and it is with
peculiar pride that I show our readers some of
my ozcn work.

On m)' eastern trip last summer among bee-
keepers I took a large number of photos with
my large-sized folding Kodak. Some of the
pictures I have already given, and there are
quite a large number more that I expect to
present later on.

Did you ever think that a picture will very
often give to the reader in a moment of time
information that it would require pages and
pages of descriptive matter? Perfection in
modern photography and half-tone engraving
enables modern progressive journals to give
their readers not only delight but real infor-
mation, without the medium of a single word of
language. I expect to show in next issue why
honey in no-bee-way sections looks better.

A NEW IDEA — NOT GRADING-RULES, BUT PIC-
TURES TO SHOW EACH SEPARATE GRADE
AS IT SHOULD BE.

An idea has occurred to me in the matter of
grading honey, and it is this : Let there be a
committee appointed by the next U. S. B. K.
U. meeting to make one, two, three, or four
grades of honey from some lots that may be

brought in by tlie bee-keepers, or that may be
purchased in the open market. They are to
pick out, say, four representative sections that
they would call " Fancy," and put them in a
lot by themselves ; four other sections that
they would call " No. 1," and still four more
that they would call "No. 'J." Each .section
in the several groups sIkaiUI present as much
variation as the grade itself will allow. That
is to sa}-, sections in the No. 1 grade, for in-
stance, can't all l)e alike or equally good ; but
the picture of No. 1 should show the liinits.

Now let there be a photo taken of each of
the lots, "life size," said photos reproduced
in half-tone, and printed on neat cards, each
card to be labeled "Fancy," "No. 1," or
" No. 2," respectivel3^

You see the point. A picture will describe
at a mere glance what a body of bee-keeping
experts would regard as extra f.oncy, as No. 1,
No. 2, and so on. The trouble with the ordi-
nary grading-rules is that language is not ade-
quate to describe the limits of fancy, No. 1,
etc., and hence arise the confusion and gener-
al dissatisfaction.

This suggestion came to me while I was at
the apiary of Miles Morton, in York vState.
His brother-in-law, Mr. Niver, showed me
how he would grade his honey, and placed
the sections in four different lot's. Of these I
have secured a nice photo, and Mr. Niver
will, later on, be able to show you just how he
grades honey.

THE EVOLUTION OF THE SECTION HONEY-

BOX; THE PROBLEM OF LETTING THE

BEES IN AND LETTING THEM OUT.

I THINK I have heard of a religious sect, or
perhaps it was a sect without any religion,
who placed man at the head of creation — not
only at the head of things earthly, but at the
head of the universe, ruling out God. Well,
there is considerable to admire about humani-
ty, I admit ; but, oh dear me ! if I were to
accept the doctrine that man is the highest
order of intelligence to be found in this whole
wide uni\-erse — well, it certainly would be
awfully sad. In fact, I have sometimes
thought that, if a premium were offered for
stupidity and bungling, humanity at its best
might take the prize from all animal kinfl.

The above reflections were suggested when
the boys showed me an improved honey-box
or section. What do you suppose it was?
Why, it was a little square frame, as shown in
the picture below — the one that is smooth and
level all around, without any openings for the
bees, or any thing of the sort. The first

THE OLD AND THE NEW 1-POUND SECTIONS,
honey-section I ever made (8 to fit into a
Langstroth frame) was of this description.
You will find a picture of it on the front cover
of Gleanings for September, 1876. We

782

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov. 1.

already had foundation to get the bees to
build their comb true inside of the sections ;
but, of course, a honey-box must give the
bees access. I at first decided to move my
wide frames, each one holding eight of these
sections, a little way apart so the bees could
get in all around; and, in fact, our firs', sec-
tion was a brood-comb full of sealed honey
composed of eight little frames so they could
be taken apart and sold. In a little while we
had sections touching each other, or closed,
at the sid-s, but open at the top and bottom.
Doolittle and Capt. Hetherington first used
this style, if I am correct. Some of them had
simply a narrow bottom-bar, and were closed
all the rest of the way round. Finally the
bee-keepers of the world settled down on a
section closed at the sides but open top and
bottom ; and for nearly twenty- years these
have filled our markets, or something similar.
It is true that some inventive geniuses (Danz-
enbaker among them) made sections not
touching each other the whole length of their
perpendicular sides ; and in this manner they
secured sections of hone}^ without little holes
being left in the corners.

Separators were lon^; ago decided to be a
necessity. Then somebody said they were not
a necessity. Then we came back to separators.
We had them of tin, wooden veneer, wire
cloth, perforated metal, and perforated wood;
and the shapes and forms were so great and
curious that a volume might be written in
regard to separators. I do not know but w'e
had the separator figured below.

A WOODEN SEPARATOR MADE OF SL.VTS.

This separator is made of thin strips of bass-
wood, polished and sandpapered. It has
panels in each side like a portable fence. In
fact, I believe the boys have decided to call it
the " fence " because it is a shorter word than
separator. The openings in this separator are
in width about the same as in the perforated
zinc. The up-and-down slats on each side of
the separator are also of about the thickness
of these perforations, or J of an incii. This
fence is made very accurate by means of in-
genious and perfect machinery. When the
smooth planed sections are put into the cases,
this separator brings every thing to a small
fraction of an inch just where it ought to be.
There is very little scraping or cleaning to be
done. The box is smooth all round. In fact,
you can sandpaper its edges after it is filled
with honey, without much danger of injury.
When the sections are packed up for shipment,
the honey in one section never binnps that in
the next one, for they are exactly alike ; and
yet they pack up so close and solid when
crated for shipment that each cake of honey
almost touches the honey surface of its neigh-
bor. There is no waste of room.

Let us now go back to mj- starting-point.

After twenty years of studying and experi-
menting, trying devices not only sufficient to
fill the Patent Office buildings, but after hav-
ing made experiments so varied that great
volumes would be needed to record them, we
come back to the place where we started.
Th se experiments in this research were not
made by only a few persons, but t/ioiisa7ids
have stutlied over the problem for years, and
racked their brains far into the small hours of
the night ; and yet it would seem just now as
if it had amounted to almost nothing — at
least, my impression is, after having seen the
honey in these simple sections, and after hav-
ing looked over the apparatus for producing
it, that it nnist very soon take the place of all
other styles of sections.

Now, I know full well, dear friends, that
this style of section is not new. In fact, I
said so at the outset ; and, so far as the sepa-
rator is concerned, a good many bee-keepers —
our good friend Oliver Foster prominently
among them — have used and advised a sepa-
rator almost like this one.

As I grow older, and look back, I am re-
minded'that this queer experience in bee cul-
ture is not an isolated case. Electricity fur-
nishes many such examples. Forty j-ears ago
we were very near electric locomotion. When
your humble servant, more than forty years
ago, traveled from town to town exhibiting
an electric motor, he predicted to the good
people who came out to hear him talk, that,
in a very short time, electricity would super-
sede steam as a means of travel. His predic-
tion looks >W7V as if it might come true. But
he had to wait over tzvoscore years before in-
ventive genius got round to it. Shall we be
disheartened? God forbid. Let us, rather,
roll up our sleeves and do the best we can.
Blundering keeps us busy ; and if we do it
with the love of God in our hearts it makes lis
happy; and in due time we shall reap if — we
faint not. A. I. R.

THE SENECA COUNTY BEE-KEEPERS' PICNIC
AND BEE CONVENTION.

Among the counties where bee-keeping
flourishes, and where honey is produced by
the ton and by the carload, is Seneca Co., 1}^-
ing between the beautiful lakes of Seneca and
Cavuga — two lakes whose length is about forty
miles, with width ranging from three to five.
It is in this section of country, especially along
the shores of these lakes,' where inmiense
quantities of beautiful fruit are produced, and
bees and bee-keepers — they are almost as
thick as the fruit-men.

Along in August I received an invitation
from the secretary of the Seneca Co. Bee-keep-
ers' Association, Mr. C. B. Howard, to be with
them at their next meeting at Elm Beach
Park. If I would promise to come the}' would
arrange the date to suit my convenience. As
I was going through that part of the State I
very gladly availed myself of the pleasure of
meeting so many York State Bee-keepers all
together. Accordingy, on the 31st da}- of Au-
gust I met them, as per appointment, at Elm
Beach Park, on the shores of Seneca Lake.

Owing to some bungling on the part of the

1897

GI-KANINOS IN BI':iv OUI/n'RIv.

railroad company, my liioyrlo liad hoi ii canifd
in a bajitraij;c-car ])ast my destination ; and
when I arrived at Romulus, the nearest rail-
road station, some seven miles distant, I was
without means of ,«;eltini,' to the bee-keepers'
]ncnic in time. A horse would be too slow. I
tinally hunted around and found a l)lacksmith
who was workinji^ for Mr. Howard's father-in-
law, who knew tliat I was .y:<^)in,y: to that })ic-
nic. I was afraid that I could not identify my-
self s;itisfactorily ; but he accepted my story,
and told me to take his wheel, and welcome.
With this I manajjed to get down to the pic-
nic >jrounds in time to meet the bee-keepers,
but not in time to enjoy their bounteous din-
ner. Arriving there, the president, Fred S.
Hniens, introduced me, all sweat and out of
breath, to the company there assembled, and
then added that I was expected to take up the
rest of the time of the convention, after which
we would take a little ride on a steam-yacht
that would be at the landing ready for us.
I will not attempt to repeat what I did or

Ml . /•:. A'. A'nnt.—l find there are some face.s which
ai c not faniiliiir to me. but will give yon the names of
those that I know, and will make an X for those that
I can not recognize. I will commence at the tree on
the l)ack row. H. K. Bradley, Henrv Hamilton, Mrs.
T. r. Covert, M. W. Abbott. Sirs. Abbott, Mr. Sutton,
Matt Sutton, W. F. Marks, Mr. Emens, J. 1$. Whiting,
I) 11 'I'ownsand, Mi.ss Town. sand, Mrs. White.

K i\v J— Mr. Perrv, Mrs. J. C. Howard, Mrs. Sntton,
Miss Sutton, Mr.s. C. A. Mnnson, Mrs. Asa Slack, X,
lUiiry Maugcr, Chas. Kaldridge, vice-pres.; Geo. B.
I.auuJreaux, J. W. Newman, Mrs. Newman.

Row ;{ —Joe Ilanev, Mrs. W. E. D. (iib.son, M. T. Wil-
liamson, Mrs. Bailev, X, X, X.

J. C. Howard, Mrs. C. J. Baldridge, D. R. Ambro.se,
Wm. Oilland.

Row 4.—B. F. Howard, H. S. Lvke, A.sa Slack, C. B.
Howard, Sec. and Treas.; Fred ,S. Emens, Pres.; B. D.
Scott, Mrs. C. B. Howard, Mrs. B. D. Scott, Parker
Brown, Ira Wilson.

Although there are shown only about sixty
bee-keepers, if my memory serves me correctly
there were something like a hundred present.
When I got ready to take the picture, some
had gone home.

It seems a little strange to us Westerners
that single counties in York State could mus-
ter up more bee-keepers and more enthusiasm

THE SENECA COUNTY (n. Y. ) BEE-KEEPERS' CONVENTION.

did not say to the Ijee-keepers that day relative
to bees ; but after the convention adjourned I
craved the privilege of taking a photo of the
company, and the result is shown herewith.

The president, ]Mr. Emens, with a section
of honey in his hand, sits at the front ; and
Mr. Howard, the secretary, sits at his right,
holding his four-year-old in his lap. At the
left of Mr. Emens is Mr. B. D. vScott. A few-
days later, having lost my way, and seeing
some bees across the roadway I decided to call
and make some inquiries, never dreaming I
should ever meet any one who knew me. A
pleasant voice from around the corner of the
house called out, "How do you do, Mr.
Root?" This proved to be none other than
:Mrs. B. D. Scott, whom I had met a few days
before. After looking over the beautiful hon-
ey and making a very short stay, I was direct-
ed on my way. But, to return.

I am not able to give you a li.st of the bee-
keepers, and so I asked the secretary to fur-
nish me their names. Here is a partial list,
given me as he could remember them :

and more honey than whole States in the
western and central parts or the country; but
such seems to be the fact.

Ontario, bordering on the north-east, is an-
other county that has now an international
reputation from the fact that its county asso-
ciation, through one of its active members,
Mr. W. F. Marks, also present at the conven-
tion shown above, first began the agitation in
favor of ^-Ifiis dorsa/a. You will remember
that a resolution was passed, urging the gen-
eral government to secure an importation of
these bees. A request was also made of the
North American, asking that as.sociation to
pass a similar resolution. A full history of
the whole matter is given on page 072. Well,
Ontario also produces its tons of honey.
Tompkins Co. produces more, if any thing,
than either Ontario or Seneca. Then there
are other counties like Onondaga, Otsego,
Schoharie, and Albany that produce as mucti
as some of their sister counties, but I shall have
more to say concerning these and other coun-
ties at another time.

784

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov. 1.

A VISIT TO THE OIL-REGIONS NEAR WASHING-
TON, PA.

I have always been interested, not only in
wells for water, but in wells that produce oil,
gas, or, in fact, any thing connected with the
development and bringing into use of any of
God's gifts that have been stored away for
ages under the surface of the earth. When I
found the following in the midst of a business
letter, you may readily imagine I was some-
what interested :

Friend Rool.—liyow do not have sufficient excite-
ment in Medina, come down to my place and I will
take you all over the oil-fields, and show you the new
wells. AVe have one here that has produced 90,000
barrels in about ninety days, and it is close to
some of my property. " H. W. Vankirk.

Washington, Pa., Aug. 19.|

Soon after receiving the above I took the
train at our place, and reached Bridgeport
between one and two in the afternoon. Not-
withstanding I have lived all my life so near
Wheeling, W. Va., I never before had caught
a glimpse of the beautiful bridges that there
span the Ohio River. May be the circum-
stances and surroundings had something to
do with it; but it seemed to me then that that
beautiful suspension bridge surpassed in
grandeur and sublimity any similar structure
I had ever seen at Niagara Falls or anywhere
else ; and while I was wondering whether it
was really a paying transaction to make such
a magnificent structure just to get across the
Ohio River, I was reminded by a man at the
entrance of the bridge that I had not paid my
toll. How much do you suppose it was for
going across? Just one cent ! At the other
end of the bridge you pay another cent to get
off. But there are really two bridges. The
first one strikes the island on which is part of
the city of Wheeling; and then another bridge
goes from the island over the main part of the
river. At the St. Louis bridge, you may
remember, I paid ten cents for going over
with my wheel, whether I walked beside it or
rode, the same price as for any other "vehicle."

Wlien I got over to Wheeling I found my-
self on part of the same national pike that I
described while going through Belmont Co.
It runs over into West Virginia, and through
to Washington, Pa. Others as well as myself
enjoy riding over this beautiful national pike,
for I found wheelmen and wheelwomen going
and coming almost constantly. On this pike
through West Virginia and Pennsylvania the
L. A. W. have put up mile-posts at the end of
every mile. This gives you information in
regard to distances both ways to and from the
prominent towns. Not only that, where there
is a hill at all dangerous a conspicuous board
neatly painted is put up as a caution to wheel-
men. I think it reads something like this.
First in large letters is the word " danger ; "
then in a few words below, the wheelman is

admonished of just the kind of danger he is
to look out for at the foot of the hill. Now,
it grieved my heart to find that a good many
of these danger-boards had l)een smashed to
pieces by throwing rocks at them, there being
plenty of said " rocks "' all along the national
pike. This sort of vandalism is getting to be
really a serious matter. I have actually got
off from my wheel, picked up the fragments
of a sign-board that had rtcently been smash-
ed, and then in despair have gone several miles
out of m}' way, and possibly been obliged to
ride over a dangerous road after dark, just
because of this fashion of destroying .sign-
boards as fast as they are put up. In our
county I have noticed some very pretty ones
made of malleable iron. But some of these
iron signs have been twisted and bent up so
you have to get off your wheel to see what
they read. After a few boys have been severely
punished, I think perhaps this sort of " sport "
will be broken up.

The nearer I got to Washington, the thicker
were the oil-well derricks until it really made
one think of the masts of schooners in a
crowded bay along the ocean-side. After
night the whole country was illuminated and
made cheerful by the blazing of gas-jets.
Beautiful lawns with curved walks and shrub-
bery were lighted up at night by gas-jets two
or three feet high. The gas seems to be so
plentiful there it does not seem to be extrava-
gance to light up not only the houses but the
doorway yards and lawns.

I found my friend Vankirk at Vankirk Sta-
tion, five or six miles from the city of Wash-
ington. As I rode up in front of his residence
I found him and his hired man just getting
ready to start out to work. (Of course, I
stayed in Washington over night. ) When I
rode up to where they were busy in hitching
up their team I said, "Good morning, boys.
Do you suppose there is anybody around here
who wants to see ))ie ? "

You ought to have seen friend Vankirk 's
face light up after he had taken in the situa-
tion. While he changed the order of business
and called for a hor.se and buggy to take us
around to the oil-wells I shook hands with
the old father and mother, got acquainted
with the children and grandchildren, looked
over the strawberry and raspberry patch, took
a glimpse at the apiary, gazed my fill at the
tops of the great hills, and then away down
into the valleys. Oh what hills they do have
in Pennsylvania! And the funniest part of it
is, they grow tremendous crops of corn, not
only on the side hills, but over the very tops.
They do not use fertilizers at all, if I am cor-
rect, and but very little stable manure, because
they do not have it to use. But in some way
or other they manage to get magnificent corn.
As nearly as I could find out it is done by a
system of rotation and plowing under of clover
or timothy at regular periods.

The place where the great excitement has
recently started up is away back in the hills,
a good way off from "anywhere." Some-
thing like twenty wells have already been put
down. Out of twenty, two were paying tip-
top ; three or four moderately, and a dozen or

1897

GMvANINGS IN BKE CULTURE.

(85

more are almost dry wells. The gas :uiil oil
are fouiul at a depth of from 'JSOO to :i(»(lO feel.
luiou.vjh {j^as has been found in the locality to
run all tlie entwines, and th?re is (juite a sys-
tem of pi])inij to carry the gas to wherever a
new well is being put down. Another system
of pi]>es, to carry water, is also needed.

Hefore we reached ihe big well I was so
used up by climbing hills that I told friend
\'ankirk I coidd not go any further and keep
uj) enthusiasm until I had had my regular
nap. We found a place where a new dining-
hall had just been put up ; and I tell you I
had a real nice dinner with the well-drillers.
I believe they are mostly rather rough in their
manners and talk ; but friend \'. (you remem-
ber about the Sunday-school, building and all,
that I told you he was largely instrumental in
starling) found an opportunity at the dinner-
table to discover one or more of the boys who
had attended the revival meetings ; and I tell
you it was refreshing indeed to find even in
that crowd that there were at least a few W'ho
loved the name of the Lord Jesus Christ.

I had a very refreshing nap in a new room
made of rough pine boards; and before taking
my nap it was my privilege to pray that the
spirit of the Lord Jesus Christ might find a
lodging-place in the hearts of those who were
delving away down in the depths of the earth
for these hidden treasures that God has placed
there for his beloved children.

By the way, it seems a little queer that there
are just as many wells, if not more, clear up
on the tops of the hills, than there are down
in the valleys. When we think of the extra
labor required to pull timbers and great heavy
iron pipes and massive drills up on to the tops
of those hills, one might suppose that, so
long as it is all guesswork any way, the pros-
pectors and projectors would choose to locate
in the valleys. I tried to find out b}- inquiry
what it was that guided them in deciding
where to sink a new well. It costs three or
four thousand dollars to get down to the
proper depth. As nearly as I could find out,
they work this way: After a successful well
has been struck, others locate around it — not
getting too close, however. Now, suppose
that oil-wells are failures except in a certain
counse from the first good one. Of course,
the new ventures will be off in a similar di-
rection to this second successful well. In
that way they begin to lead off in a certain
direction. The first well may be just on the
edge of a good field. In that case, the ques-
tion is to decide in which direction the center
of the field lies. Now, in connection w'ith
the above facts the disposiiion of the party
wlio owns the land adjoining has much to do
with it. Some men will be exceedingly
liberal in making terms for drilling test-wells.
Others will hold off for better prices. So
you see we have two factors to decide where a
test-well shall be put down.

Along with the oil come gas and parafline.
The latter seems to be a substance that comes
out with the oil, but separates, coating the
tubes, the sides of the tank, and every thing
else, with its grease. I presume one reason
vhy the flow of any new well gradually sub-

sides is because of the accumulation on the
])ipes of a coating of paraffine.

The most imiK)rtant well of the group gave
about 2i)()(» barrels of oil per day, or pretty
nearly that, wlien first opened ; and for three
months ])ast it has averaged about 1000 barrels
a day. When I was there it was giving .some
(iOO or 700 barrels. But the oil comes inter-
mittently. Some wells do not give oil at all
except at stated periods. These periods may
be once a day or once in three or four hours ;
and at times the pressure of oil and gas is so
great that the iron pipes writhe and twist
about like a snake as they discharge their
volumes of gas and oil under the strain of a
pressure equal to or perhaps greater than that
in many steam-boilers.

Now, friends, there is something very en-
ticing and even fascinating about starting up
a new industry away back in isolated country
places like this one. It is exceedingly refresh-
ing (especially about dinner lime) to find a
brand-new boarding-hall, clean dishes, pleas-
ant, nice-looking women, and every thing to
indicate enterprise and go-ahead. It was
pleasant to see the well-drillers doff their over-
alls, wash up, and sit down to dinner, with
hair nicely combed, etc. It was the great
well that was spouting forth its treasures, but
a few rods away, that furnished the money
for this enterprise. It is quite likely a town
will be built up here, for the Standard Oil Co.
has already run up a pipe-line to take away
the oil. The wives and mothers will need to
come into the neighborhood, and children's
voices will be heard ; and then, oh \\ow great
the need of a Sunday-school as well as day
school, and a little church ! And if these
people expect to prosper and be happy, there
will needs be a Sunday to be remem beared and
kept holy. May the great God above help
our people, in starting things of this kind, to
remember they can never be prospered and
enjoy real happiness without ri<r/iteoiisness
and godliness.

Our Homes.

Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy. — Exod.
20:8.

The following was read at a semi-annual
conference at Chatham Center, Medina Co.,
O., Oct. 21 :

THE CHRISTIAN SAHIi.\TH ; OUR HERITAGE AS A NA-
TION .A.NU INDIVIDUALS.

Towering high above other blessing.s we have from
the eginiung of our nation a heritage of Christian
principles; and who that thoughtfully contemplates
the past but accepts as true the following words?
"There is no heroism like that which conies from
hearts filled with heavenly influences."

1 am often surprised at the coolness with which
many appropriate all the benefits of this g.ivernment
for them.selves, and rail at Christianity, but for which
there would have been no nation such as this has been
in the pa.st, and is now. I would suggest to them, if
such tie really their honest sentiments, that they
make their dwelling in heathen lands, where they
will not be troubled with the demands of the Christian
sabbath. When we try to contemplate the beginning
of our sabbath, the seventh period of time that God
hallowed, we .seem to stand awed amid creation's
dawnings, and hush our breath to listen to the music
of the spheres as the morning stars together sing, and,

786

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov. 1.

echoing down the ages, there breaks ujjon our startled
ear, " Remember the rest day, to keep it holy."

In the words of Daniel Wilson, "The sabbath
stretches through all ages, affects all men in every

Fieriod of time, distinguishes the true servant of God
rom the wicked, more than any other ordinance, up-
holds the visible profession of religion before the
eyes of mankind, is the most direct honor that a man
can pay to the name and will of the ever-blessed God,
and will never cease in its authority here till our sab-
baths on earth give place to that eternal sabbath of
which they are the pledge and the preparation." How
startled and confused we should be to hear a literal
rendering of our opinion in reference lo God's com-
mand as given bj- our acts ! Do not the actions of
even Chri'itian people often say, remembey, unless it
interferes with your personal plans and pleasures, or
makes you different from those about yoxi? Never,
until the rest day is kept lioly, can the power of dol-
lars and cents (now ruling with sovereign sway) be
broken. Never, until then, can the thoughts, aspira-
tions, and politics of the land be lifted above the mere
greed of gain. Eternal vigilance is the price of every-
thing that is valuable. True, there are bands of ear-
nest men and women engaged in a hand-to-hand fight
upon the question of sabbath or no sabbath; but most-
ly it is personal work or influence that accomplishes
d'esired results.

But we must set the key-note of our ob.servance very
high. Especially those high in position and influence
should do so, as they are a target for criticism, and
may be obliged to decide against certain specific
things which their own consciences would ordinarily
permit them to do, but which thej' could not do on ac-
count of their position.

I have tried seriously to bring these subjects before
you, touching upon points for your further thought,
instead of trying to amuse you tor the time, as I hope
it is not with you as has been said of multitudes in the
cities, that they need a new set of beatitudes, read-
ing, •' Blessed is the man that has money and fun,"
instead of "Blessed are the pure in heart, for they
shall see God." Or, " Blessed is the man that has a job,
because he can go to a show," instead of " Blessed are
thej- that hunger and thirst after righteousness," or,
"Blessed is the man that has fifty cents, for he can
get a dish of ice-cream for his girl and himself."

During the past year California has been the banner
State in work along the lines of sabbath observance;
but it is yet far from being the banner State in general
sabbath observ'ance, though some years ago a San
Francisco pastor said he had seen the be.st sabbath ob-
servance among the Christian people of California,
and some of the characteristics wert reverence tem-
pered with love, joyousness, and rare fidelity in Chris-
tian service.

The victories or defeats of this cause in one place
affect all others. What a widespread stream of death
and de.struction we .sent out from Chicago in 1S93 !
Therefore it is supremely selfish in us to te.st this
question, as we often do, as to what ive may do bj- ask-
ing, " Will it do me any harm ? " Everj' question about
sabbath ob.';er\'ance should be measured, not by its ef-
fects on me but on man, for whom, in his \vorld-wide
home, the sabbath was made. To Christ, the soul is
the man; but what is man to us? Is it fine clothes,
cultured speech, or fine horses? Or, as one has said,
is man a ".stomach with appendages," as seems to be
the idea of those who quote Christ's words as indor.se-
ment for Sunday fea.sting and picnics. On five differ-
ent occasions Christ indorsed the sabbath as of perpet-
ual and universal obligation; but many, who dimly
perceive that he antagonized some .sabbath, have jump-
ed to the conclu.sion that it was the original sabbath
he condemned when it was only the human counter-
feit. The Pharises had buried the restful soul-refresh-
ing sabbath of Eden and Sinai under the rubbish of
pettj' rules, such as, not to walk on gra.ss, as the bruis-
ing of it would be a kind of thra.shing, nor catch a flea,
as that would be a kind of hunting. No woman could
wear an ornament, because it would be bearing a bur-
den, nor wear false teeth for the same reason. Some
of us nowadays consider the wearing of the latter a
discipline along the line of patience and perseverance.
A radish could be dipped in salt, but not left there,
as that would be making pickle; an egg laid in the
way of regular business could not be eaten on
that day; but if the hen was kept for fattening, and
not for laj'ing, it might be eaten, and .so on through
hundreds of pages of solemn trifling. It was these
Phari.saic additions that Christ pushed away without
reverence, and not the divine original or a Mosaic rite
or in.stilution.

A letter from Toledo, speaking of a young man who
stepped from the cars to a saloon, and stayed half a

minute too long last Sunday night, says, " The saloons
make scarcely a pt-etense of closing Sundays, but, in
fact, are open every day and all night."

This is one of the greatest foes to sabbath observ-
ance. It is difficult to consider one without touching
the other, as sabbath observance and temperance go
hand in hand.

These subjects vast, their weal or woe
Portend the nation's growth or overthrow ;
And I myself, so weak, can only feel
Its danger, and my helples.sness to heal.

We have the testimony of many of our best men up-
on this question. Justice Strong says, "He is no
friend to the good order and welfare of society who
would break down our Sundaj- laws or set an example
of disobedience to them." D. L,. Moody says, "Show
me the nation that has given up the sabbath and I
will show you a nati'Mi that has got the seeds of de-
cay." Daniel ^^'ebster .'^aid, " The longer I live, the
more highly do I estimate the importance of a proper
observance of the Christian sabbath." Henrj- Ward
Beecher, "An abiding civilization has always gone
with the Christian sabbath; and I believe it always
will." Bishop Cheney, " If ever this countrj' shall be
the sport of revolution, the calamity will be .seen to
have entered through the rents of sabbath desecra-
tion."

Brother, sister, will you not each build over against
your own house this wall of salvation to our nation, a
holy rest day ? Do not ape Naaman's indignation at
thi.s' apparently small work, and refuse to dip in Jor-
dan while you are looking for some large field of
labor. I be'g of you to see to it that upon the walls of
the secret chamber of your .soul are written by the
Spirit's power, " Holiness to the I,ord ; " then you will
be careful that no careless action or selfish pleasure
dim' the reflection of its light upon the world around
you.

In closing, permit me to use Paul's words to the
Philippians: " Finally, brethren, whatsoever things
are true; whatsoever things are honest; whatsoever
things are just; whatsoever things are pure; whatso-
ever things are lovely; what.soever things are of good
report, if there be any virtue, and if there be any
praise, think on these things."

Mrs. Carrik Beach.

Chatham Center, Medina Co., Ohio.

I wish to call attention to the second para-
graph in the above. People are flocking to
the United States from all parts of the world,
and we rejoice to have theni come, providing
they will fall in line w4tli our laws and cus-
toms, and especially recognize that ottr nation
was founded on righteousness. The motto on
our coin is, "In God we trust." But when
foreigners come over here to enjoy the bene-
fits of our free institutions, and commence
straightway to trample down the sabbath, and
try in every way they know how to cast ridi-
cule tipon Christianity, then these people
shottld be tatight botli law and gospel. Dur-
ing the past season I have visited more plea-
stire-resorts than for many years, and I have
told yoti something about them; and I have
been very much afraid indeed that our people
— and especially our j-otmg people — were in
danger of forgetting the spirit of the beati-
tudes. I have been very mtich afraid, as our
good friend has expressed it, that mone}^ and
fun were being more thought of than being
ptire in heart; and those who are begging for
positions for something to do are often the
very first ones to flock to the circuses, even
though they have lacked for money to buy
flour only a few days before.

While it is right that we should enjoy the
outdoor air, the companionship of friends, and
possibh' ice-cream and lemonade, please let
us beware how we get down to that low level
of spirituality where, instead of htingering
and thirsting after righteousness, our hunger-

1897

GLIvAXINGS IN BKK CUI/rrRE.

787

injX and Ihirstinj:; shall be for a half-dollar and
the ice-cream that it may ])inchase.

Aijaiii. we must hold fast to the Christian
sabbath, even when it costs us money to do
so.* A few days ajro I wanted to cross the
State of Ohio. It was j^oinjj: to cost me eii^ht
or ten dollars. When I inciuired of our ajrent,
" Do you know of any excursion that is likely
to come off very .soon in that direction?" he
said :

"Oh I yes, ^Ir. Root, there will be one next
Sunday, and you can s^o right down there antl
back for four dollars."

I shook my head, and reminded him that 1
did not believe in Sunday excursions.

"Why, Mr. Root, Sunday excursions are
getting to be nowadays a most common thing.
All the railroads give special low rates on
Simday."

I can not remember what el.se he said ; but
when it occurred to me that it w'as going to
co.st me something like a five-dollar bill to re-
member the sabbath day to keep it holy, I
breathed a sigh. My frien 1 may have thought
it was because I felt l>ad aljout losing the five
dollars. Bless your heart, no. I never yet
lost money in all my Christian life — that is,
lost it in the end — by obeying God's law to
the be.st of my judgment, and I had no fear I
should lose in this case. But I did feel sad
and discouraged when I thought of the many
Christians who are working perhaps for small
pay, whose devotion to and love for the Mas-
ter's cause is not quite equal to the cross of
paying five dollars more for the privilege of
traveling on a week day than it would cost
them for going on Sunday. Once more, let
me add emphasis to that remark of Bishop
Cheny: "If ever this country shall be the
sport of revolution, the calamity will be seen
to have entered through the rents of sabbath
desecration."

SC.\BBV POTATOES, .\XD HOW TO GET RID OF

THE INFECTION WHEN IT GETS

INTO YOUR GROUND.

This subject has been gone over a good
deal, I know, and we have been told again
and again how to kill the scab in our seed
potatoes with corrosive sublimate. But sup-
pose the scab is already in your ground — what
then? Well, my impression has been, after
reading svery thing I could find on the sub-
ject, that there is no very reliable remedy
known. The Rural A V?t' - lo/vlvr suggested
the application of sulphur. But I put a barrel
of sulphur on about two acres of ground, and

* Please bear in mind, dear friend.s, that a religion
that cost.s us nothing, no self-sacrifice or hardship, is
good for nothing comparatively. Jesus said, " He that
taketh not his cross and followeth after me. is not
worthy of me." So do not be troubled or worried
even if it does cost you hard >«o«^v right out to remem-
ber the sabbath day to keep it holy.

er was worth a dollar to me. Here is what
I found and devoured so greedily, from the

•A part '^ of this " medicated " two acres produc-
ed the scabbiest potatoes I ever saw. This
year this part did the same thing again. And
another piece, where I plowed tmder crimson
clover, produced abt)ut 20 bushels of White
Bliss potatoes, and not more than two bushels
of the whole lot were fit to be called " firsts,"
on account of the scab. I began to think I
should have to give up raising potatoes— at
least on certain portions of my ground. Some
years ago T. B. Terry spoiled a piece of his
ground — at least he spoiled it for i)otatoes —
by giving it a heavy dressing of cow manure.
He sorted out all of his scabby potatoes, and
fed them to the corvs the year before; and then
he had scabby potatoes, and no mistake, where
that cow manure was applied. A few days
ago I asked him if he had got that piece of
ground "cured." He said the way he cured
it was by not trying potatoes there since.
That was several years ago. Must I give up
potato-growing just because my ground is so
exceedingly rich with stable manure? So far
I have given you the dark side of the matter.
Now for some daylight.

Whenever I plant potatoes after strawberries
I get rid of the scab. Is it because we have
planted them so late, or because of a heavy
growth of foliage on the strawberry -plants?
Just at this crisis I got hold of the Ohio Fann-
er for Oct. 14. The very first page of that
aperw

found
pen of our good friend Alva Agee:

It is the rule, however, rather than the exception,
that our scientific autjiorities in agriculture can help
us plain farmers to get at the needed facts, no matter
what the local conditions may be. I think that I have
a fair illustration of this in one field to-day. Within
the last five j-ears two green manurial crops have
been plowed" under in this field, and two matured
crops of cow-peas. The .soil is in nnich better
mechanical condition, and more fertile. But the agri-
cultural chemi.sts .say that a green crop, plowed under
in warm weather, makes a soil acid, and I find what
is. perhaps, proof of a little too much acidity now, by
the presence of a sprinkling of sorrel over most the
field in the young clover. The soil is in productive
condition, and there has never been sorrel to a notice-
able extent in this field: but there it is now, and fairly
attributable, probably, to the treatment the field ha.s
received.

I have another proof that this late plowing-under of
r\e, or other green .stuff, makes the soil acid. We
know that potato scab does not thrive in an acid soil.
It spreads where .stable manure or lime is used. I
have a two-acre lot near the barn that was heavily
manured in the past, and has probably grown eight
potato crops in the last twelve years. Wheat has too
.soft .straw on it, and clover gets killed under the
down wheat: .so potatoes .seemed a necessity. Three
years ago the scab had finally become so bad in the
soil that the field was unfit for the crop.

.\ friend recommended jilowing under rye to kill
the scab germs in the .soil, and the result was a fairly
clean crop of tubers. Rye was again .sown the next
fall, and plowed under alittle late in the spring. The
crop showed that the .soil was being cleansed of this
disease : and Director Flagg, of the Rhode Island
station, .savs that such results are likely due to the
acid condition of the .soil produced by the rye. I do
not .say that a green crop, plow'ed under late, will
alway.s' kill .seal), as such a crop does not alway.s in-
crea.se .sourness of land perceptibly; but I do believe

*The other part, where the sulphur was applied,
gave potatoes comparatively free from scab. The
next year my crop of che'^s was on this same grotmd ;
and the potatoes were, as I state further along, free
from scab. Hut this, as you will observe, does not
score any thing positively in favor of the sulphur
application.

788

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov. 1.

that we shall find such means the most effectual one
for fighting this disease when it is fixed in the soil.
The disease is widespread, and I noticed in the Pitts-
burg market this season that many shipments were
almost unmarketable on accoimt of it. Some souring
of the .soil is the rational remedy, and this can be
secured by the use of rye without .seriously diminish-
ing the yield if the potatoes; and in my own easel
am .'-ure that the rye sod always increases the crop of
potatoes very materially, being the best fertilizer one
can get in a winter-catch crop.

Do you see the point, friends ? Now turn
to pag^e 502 of Gi,eanings for July last, and
see what I said about my winter oats that
turned to chess (?). I told yoti in conclusion
that the chess was promptly plowed under
while in full bloom, June 18, and the grot;nd
planted to Freeman and Thoroughbred pota-
toes. I do not know just when those potatoes
were put in, but I think it was toward the last
week in June. Had it not been for our severe
fall drouth I should have had a good yield of
potatoes — yes, a big yield. As it was, I had a
fair yield for the season ; and the happiest
part of it is, there was scarcely a scabby pota-
to. In fact, the Freemans were just as nice
as Terry's, and some of them weighed a pound.

Now, my tmderstanding of the matter is
that planting late has very much to do with
avoiding scab. But if we plant late we shotild
turn imder some sort of green crop. Now,
then, has anybody succeeded in avoiding scab
by turning under a green crop early ? But,
by the way, you can not get any green crop
to turn under, very early — that is, no rank
green crop. We turned under some crimson
clover rather early last spring; but, as I have
told you, that did not help the scab at all.

The next point is, can we avoid the scab by
planting about the first of July, or later, even
if we do not turn under any green crop ? Sup-
pose you try extra early potatoes, and dig
them and sell them the first of July. If you
plant more potatoes on the same ground, will
the last ones be freer from scab, when the
first ones are badly scabby ? I have a partial
answer to this question from a neighbor. He
planted half of a field to Early Ohio, very
early ; but something hindered, and it was
very late before he put in the rest. The first
planted were so scabby that they were hardly
worth digging. The last (same seed, same
ground, no difference except in time of plant-
ing) were the finest potatoes he ever grew —
in fact, he took them to the fair, and secured
the first premium. In this case the time of
planting seems to be the only reason for dif-
ference. I do not know whether the weeds
got up so high he plowed them under at the
second planting or not.

Just one thing more : Can't some of our
fertilizer-men give us a fertilizer that will
make the ground "sour," so as to kill the
scab fungus ? I should be glad to get the ex-
perience of others on this same point.

I propose to give you a brief outline of my experi-
ence with glass and cold-frames, as my perseverance,
after failures, is partly due to mv reading " High-
pre.ssure Gardening on One-fourth Acre " in your
" Tomato Culture."

I commenced four years ago with 14 sash, five miles
in the country; raisecl plants for my own use, and sold

six or eight sash of lettuce and radishes, with a de-
termination to get closer to market. Second year, 35
sash, one acre bottom land in=ide of corporation of
town of 8000 inhabitants: cash rent of land S*27.5. I
made enough to pay rent and expenses; failed to make
more, by planting wrong kind of vegetables on high-
priced land. Third year, 13') sash, same land nnd
rent; did well in winter, and good prospects for the
summer, but was flooded by high water in the middle
of May. and again Sept. 1; "back-water .5 ft. deep each
time, and covered every thing with mud. Result. I
made enough before flood to pay rent, and afterward
did not make expen.ses. due to second flood. Fourth
year, 2:5.5 sash on a lot 80 x 100 ft.; rent nothing, as lot
goes with house I live in. Result of sales from this
lot, vegetable-plants, $12-5: lettuce, radishes, beets,
spinach, and parsley, KiOO, .Sales of celerv from July
10th to Oct. 1.5th, SSO. Celery on hand at present, 12,000
plants — which I am retailing from (K) cts. to S1.20 per
dozen plants — fully two-thirds of it bringing 00 cts.
per dozen plants, "which makes m j- lot of le.ss than
one-fourth acre run between S1.500 and S2000. which
demonstrates that a family can live on one-fourth
acre.

Nov. 1 will enter my fifth year in gardening with
83.5 sash : and as I empty each bed of celery (the cel-
ery,-is right in the cold-frame) I fill it with lettuce.
This is my first year with celery, as I have mostly
raised lettuce.

The fir.st year I planted fi .sash of lettuce, and sold
most of it. The .second year I planted 20 sa^h of let-
tuce ; sold about two-thirds of it, this market not be-
ing used to early lettuce. Third year I planted 60
sa.sh to lettuce; sold all out by April 15th, right when
there was the best demand. The fourth vear I .sold
180 .sash of lettuce from December to June. All this
lettuce I have retailed in this town, did all the work
in garden myself, averaging about five hours each
dav. ' J. B. L,ACKBY.

Staunton, Va., Oct. 16.

My good friend, I am exceedingly obliged
to you for the many practical points you give.
First, do not be discouraged if you do not
make a success of it at once. Second, beware
of localities subject to overflow. Third, have
a home of your own, and do your farming in
your own dooryard instead of renting high-
priced land. Fourth, it pays to be as close to
your customers as you can get, even though
the ground is high-priced. Your last record
is equal to almost any thing I have seen. It
seems to me you paid a pretty big price for
rent ; but circumstances might, of course,
warrant such an outlay. But the worst part of
it is, you would have to put on fertilizers, and
do work that almost doubles the vahie of the
land, for which you would get nothing. Have
a piece of ground of your own as soon as you
can ; and then not only make every foot of it
grow something, but every square inch.

Mr. A. I. Root: — I am very little of a farmer or bee-
keeper— am simply an old surveyor and civil engineer,
who. being too old for active work, has settled down
in the country, like a .stick of drift-wood, long carried
and tos.sed on" the flood, lodging at last on the bank,
where it quietly rests until the du.st returns to the
earth as it was, and the spirit returns to God who
gave it.

I have been a subscriber to Glbanings for many
years, not .so much for the bee-keeping news it con-
tains (I read and am instructed in all) as for the gener-
al spirit which pervades it and which harmonizes
with my own feelings; and it often makes me long for
a good quiet talk with you. We both hate humbugs,
and the world is full of deceit, sham, and adultera-
tions. The mass of the people like to be deceived, and
honor those most who can and will deceive them, be-
cause the mass of the people love deceit; they "love
darkne.ss rather than light."

As a rule, the part of Gleanings I like best begins
with Notes of Travel and ends with High-pressure
Gardening. I like to look over j'our price lists, for
they give an idea of what things ought to cost. Here,

1897

GLI'ANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

merchants Rcnenilly charge "all the traffic will bcai "
On n\aiiv seeds I ca"n Imv'in pound lots from yon, pay
po>taue. ai\<i have the seeds delivered at my postonice,
trom To lo i'> per cent cheaper than I can t'luv in seed-
stores in roilland. Oregon, in 10 and .')0 pound lots.
They simply scoop the seeds onl ol' a sack or tin, and
weij-h theni ont to me, and yet some advertise that
they Ret their seeds in carload lots. In 1 ec-lixtnres
they nsed to charge jnst a little less than they conld l)e
ohtained from yon by fi eight in UX)- pound lots. I am
Rlad to .say prices are coming nearer to the ea.stern
level, and I tltink that yon and others like you are to
be thanked for it.

I like your Hicrh-pressnre Gardening very much,
and get n'lany ideas and nnich encouragement' from it.
Yon have such an enthusiastic way of talking about
things that it makes one feel like trvingit for himself.

InSept. I.')th (".i.i:.\Ni.V(;s, page (v"^l, yon tell how to
set plants .«o that the lines joining the plants will form
equilateral triangles, and each plant be equally dis-
tant from the six others nearest to it. I think'l can
give a n\ore rapid way of doing this work, that, with
care, will give just about as accurate results.

Rows are first to be marked out just as you describ-
ed, say from east to west. Now, given the distance
the plants are to be from each other, to find the di.s-
tance the east and west rows should be apart. This
can be done by multiplying tlie distance between
plants by one-half of the square root of 3, which is
().S(i(i: or,"if preferred, multiply by "id and divide by 80,
which is nearer the tine ili'-lauce than yon can mark
the rows. Now mark off the ground with north and
-south rows, just half as far apart as the plants are to
be from each other. Then set plants in the first east
and west \o\v. 2X i"iny otlirr cioss-inaik. Then do the
same with the seci nd row, .setting the plants in the
cross-marks of the north and south lines that were
skipped in the fiist row.

Calling the distance between plants 24 inches, 24 x
.8()(ior2l"x^f; eqvials21 inches nearly. See .sketch below.

-a + n +

□-+■□

-n + a + n+-a

HOW TO LAV OUT THK GKOUXD WITH A COMMON

MARKER SO AS TO BRING YOUR STRAWBKRRY-

PLANTS LIKE THE CELLS OF A. HONEY-COMB.

This method can be applied to trees as well as
plants, on large fields as well as small plats.

I think of trying a half-acre or more r.f mangels by
this method next spring, setting plants 18 inches from
each other, as I find they .stand transplanting well.
Transplanting is much slower work than drilling, but
will save much time in weeding and thinning. If
plants are set 18 inches apart, there will be a little
over 22,000 plants per acre. 1 have had mangels that
weighed over 20 pounds. Now let Huber figure how
many tons per acre 20-ponnd mangels would give, and
see if that is not " hifr/i-pressuie " gardoiing.

Corbett, Ore., Oct. 5. John A. Hurlbirt.

Friend H., we are much obliged to you, and
we are vtry glad to find a civil engineer who
is turning his attention to high-pressure gar-
dening. No wonder you gave us so short and
accurate a method of arranging plants hexag-
onally. To do this we really ought to have
two markers — one to make marks one foot
apart, and the other to make them nearly 21
inches. With a horse, and a marker say .six
or eight feet wide, ground could be marked
very rapidly. For small areas, of course hand

markers made narrower accordingly would be
more convenient. I hardly need ex])laiii to
our readers that the stjuares are to represent
.strawberry-plants Thanks for your kind
words for our efforts in the way of cutting (ff
the profits of middlemen, and getting seeds
directly from the grower to the planter by the
shortest cut. This season our cucuml)er and
melon .seeds are all grown especially for our
trade by a seed-grower who is also a bee-keep-
er. If I were to tell you what he gets from
seed-growers for his seeds you would not won-
der we are able to offer many of them at half
the prices made by many of the catalog men.

We copy the following from the Oliio Far-
mer for Oct. 14 :

A BOLD SWINDLER.

In our news items last week we referred to the ar-
rest of Carl B. Cline at Columbus, O.. for using the U.
,S. mails for swindling purpo.ses. The Columbus pa-
pers give ns full particulars. At the bank he was
known as Cline ; at Livingston's seedstore he was
known as Mr. Craft. He bought mo.st of his " .sam-
ple " seed wheat at Livingston's. At his apartments
on Naghten St. he was known as " Mr. Ferrington."
About Aug. Ist he advertised " Early Surprise " wheat
in the agricultural columns of religious papers from
Maine to California. He also adverti=ed in some agri-
cultural papers. He .said he raised -KW bu'-hels of this
wheat from 10 acres : that it had such stiff straw that
it could not be blown or beaten down by storms, etc.,
and ofl'ered to send sample by mail for three two-cent
stamps. The .stamps poured in from all over the
country, and he sent samples of wheal purchased at
Livingston's, accompanied with a circular offering to
ship one bushel for S1..50, five bushels forSl..3.5a bu.sh-
el. and ten bushels or upward for SI. 25 a bushel. Or-
ders poured in at the rate of S.")0 to $100 a dav ; and the
officers who arrested him Oct. L't estimate that he had
received fully S2000. When complaints began to come
in he bought some rejected wheat and filled part of the
orders, but most of them were not filled at all. His
race was short.

Now, friends, where is the trouble? Who
is to blame? The trouble is here : This man,
when he advertised, was a new man, unknown
to anybody. Before sending him money, the
farmer should have gone to the bank and had
them look the advertiser up ; or, if that is not
convenient, write to the editor of the paper
that published the advertisement, and ask him
to find out whether or not the advertiser is re-
sponsible. This can be done in a minute's
time bv anybody who has access to Bradstreet
or Dun. If 3-011 can not find his name, do not
send him any money. Beware especially of
anybody who claims to have sotnething great-
ly superior in a great staple like wheat. Otir
experiment stations are watching every thing
of this .sort with great interest. An investiga-
^tion in Columbus would have brought to light
'at once the facts given above. .And now I
hope none of the agricultural papers will feel
hurt when I suggest that no advertisement
should be received from anybody until he gives
satisfactory reference, or is found fjuoted by
Dun or Bradstreet. If this were followed up,
.such fellows as " Cline," "Craft," and " Fer-
rington " woitld be brought to a standstill at
the outset. They could never get into any
agricultural paper, and, in fact I .should like
to say in any other paper until given some
reasonable proof that they were .straight square
men, and not .somebody sailing under an alias
or false colors of any sort.

r90

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov. 1.

KIND WORDS FROM OUR CUSTOMERS.

The queen you shipped Sept. 13 came in splendid
conditii-n, and I mu-sit .say I was very well pleased with
her — 7 davs on road. There was riot one dead bee in
the lot. ' Newton Sheldon.

Big Pine, Cal., Sept. 29.

The sections j-ou sent me have come to hand, and
they are the nicest I ever had. They are .square when
put together, and the dovetailed corners fit niceh'. I
am surprised at the low freight rates from Medina. I
don't think I shall ever try to keep bees without
Gleanings. W. H. Parker.

New Ca,stle, Ala., June 29.

Please accept my .sincere thanks for yonr very kind
note telling me how best to treat the "Darling" straw-
beri-j'-plant recently received from your house. It is
the very handsomest plant I have ever .seen. I did
not need to shade or coddle it in the lea.st. When I
took it out of the box it was as fresh as when you put
it in. It has already made two new leaves and a run-
ner, which last I promptly clipped. My pit is an ex-
cellent one, well drained." with a southern exposure,
so that I am expecting the jjlant to start into an early
and vigorous growth next spring. This plant is so
handsome and well established that I feel sure it mu.st
be greatly superior to any thing that yoti will send out
in quantities, nevertheless I shall send you an order
for some of your pet Jessies in the spring. By that
time I shall have mastered the A B C so thoroughly as
to be able to treat them intelligentl}'.

Richmond, Ky., Oct. 4. Miss Mary F. Crooke.

Gleanings at
Reduced Rates,

-Sit ® «!^

With a view to encouraging membership to
all kinds of bee-keepers' associations whatso-
ever, local or otherwise, we have decided to
offer Gleanings at 7'> cts. per name to mem-
bers of such organizations. Old or new sub-
scribers may take advantage of this offer; but
in the case "of the old, all back .subscriptions
must be paid up before the T.Vcent rate for a
year will be allowed ; otherwise only nine
"months will be credited.

We must either require all subscriptions at
this reduced rate to come through the secre-
tary, or we mu.st have evidence of some sort
that you belong to some bee-keepers' society.
Simply a line from the .secretary, stating that
you are a member in regular standing, will
.suffice. At your next annual meeting, bear
this in mind; and if you wish to become a
.subscriber to this journal, hand 7.5 cts. to your
secretary, and when that amount is received
by us your name will be placed on our sub- Mf
scription li.st for 12 months. ^ •

If you do not now belong to any association, fgl
send SI.".') to us or to Secretary "Dr. A. B. Ma- jT
son, of the United States Bee-keepers' Union, *»4
at Toledo, Station B. This will entitle you to ^

5gl a year's membership and protection in the «5
-^ Union, and one year's subscription to this ^

^ifi journal. ^jjt

*j^ The A. I. Root Company, 3?

2? Medina, Ohio. ^?

*i? »;?

^A ^fi <*?& ^fi ^fi *fi ^fi ^fi *fi ^fi *fi ^fi ^1% •<X< ^!% ^ti ^ii

■•tf »*< >tf »i? >;5 ytfi tif -tif -tif viS vtf ^v< ^^ vj -»;,< tH »v<

Q^'^/^.^s^-^^^ Untested queens, oOc each; tested,
IIPf»n^ 7.5c; Breeders, $2. Either leather
»-**'^»*^1 or golden. My golden breeders
'^''■^'^■''^■^^■^^■''^^'^ breed all .")-ban"ded bees.

W. H. LAWS. = Lavaca. Ark.

<5

'2>

Dovetailed Hives,

Extractors, Smokers,
Ihiii!^'- a bee-keeper
jsat close
00-page cata-

vSectiun;

and every imng a uee-Keeper
wants. H'onesl goods at close
honest prices. '-^* '--"- — ♦^^

log free.

J. M. JENKINS, Wetumpka, Ala.

No cheap Queens to sell ; but tht best.

Golden .5 band, or 3 band from
imported mother. Untest-
ed, 7.5 cts.; tested, $1.00.
L. BEAUCHAMP, Box 6i3, San Antonio. Texas.

REDUCED PRICES.

Warranted Italian queens, (iOc each; 4 for $2.00. Se-
lect warranted, 7.5c each; 3 for «2.00. Untested, 50c
each; 5 or more. -10c each. These prices are good for
the balance of this season only. Safe arrival and sat-
isfaction guaranteed.

J. P. MOORE, .V.organ, Pendleton Co.. Ky.

CHAS. ISRAEL & BROS.,

486, 488 & 490 Canal St., Corner Watts St., N. Y.

Honey and Beeswax.

Iviberal Advances Made on Consignments.
Wholesale Dealers and Commission Merchants.
Established 1875.

SEE THAT WINK?

BEE SUPPLIES.

Root's Goods at Root's Prices.

Pouder's Honey-Jars and every
thing used by bee-keepers. L,ow
freight rates ; prompt service.
Catalog free.
«, -K^,nf.hv ^ WALTER S. POUDER,

KiiicnpovprUi ^p i^^nass Ave. Indianapolis, Ind.

MUTH'S HONEY-EXTFf ACTOR.
SQUARE GLASS HONEY-JARS,
ROOT'S GOODS AT ROOT'S PRICES,

Bee-keepers' Supplies in general, etc.,
etc. Send for our new catalog. ' Prac-
tical Hints" will be mailed for 10 cts.
in stamps. Apply to

WIUTH & SON, Cincinnati, 0.

l=lb. with Corks, $4.50 per Gr.

Labels for same, (30c per gross.

Cartons, Shipping=cases,

and every thing in the Apiarian line.
Catalog free.

Apiary. I J.STRINQHAM,

Glen Cove. L. I. 105 Park PI., N. Y. City.

In writing advertisers, mention Ole.-\nings.

CASH FOR BEESWAX.

We pay 23c per lb. cash, or 2.5c in trade, for any
quantity of good, fair, average beeswax, delivered at
our R. R. station. The same will be sold to those who
wish to purchase, at 30c for best selected wax. Old
combs will not be accepted under any consideration.

Unless you put your name on the box, and notify us
by mail of amount .sent, we can not hold ourselves
responsible for mi.stakes. It will not pay as a general
thing to send wax by express.

THE A. I. ROOT COflPANY,

1897

r,i,i>;A\ixos IX iu-:iv cn/ruRiv

THE S. & H. CO.

desire to enter into correspondence with all contemplating the purchase of anything in their line. They
think they have one of the mo.-t comp.cte assortments of strong, smooth, healthy,

FRUIT AND ORNAMENTAL TREES

SmaP Fruits, Vines, Shrubs, Roses, Bulbs, Hardy Herbaceous Plants

Greenhouse Stock, Etc.,"" ^'le market and invite all buyers to come and see for them-
selves. They are to be found at the old stand where they have labored faithfully for the past
43 years to build up a reputable business. Catalogues free.

Address THE STORRS &. HARRISON CO., Box 8 Painesville, O.

TnrrO at VKRY low PRICIS. Write now
I n ttiS 'i^' »*-'"■ '"'T" calaloic. It's free and will tell
I ilkkw vou alout the stock we grow and our prices.

established 1869. iso acres.

The George a. Sweet Wursery Co.,

box 1837. dansville, n.y.

500 Young Ferrets now ready

to ship. Send for free price list to

.N A KNAl'P.

Rochester, - Ohio.

The Lion and the Lamb.

It matter.slil'.le what kind of aiiimal.syou
confine in ad.iixt nt lots, provided the division
fem-e is.sirictiy "stoclc proof." Here surely,
"the best is t lie cheapest."

PAGE WOVEN WIRE FENCECO., Adrian, Mich.

One Ian with the

UNION COMBINATION SAW

Can do the work of four men lusing
hand tools in Ripping, Cutting: off,
Mitering, Rabbeting, Grooving,
Gaining, Dadoing, Edging Up,
Jointing Stuff, etc. Full line of
Foot and Hand Power Machinery.
Sold on ttial. Calalogfree. l-24ei

Seneca Fall* ^'>f^. Co..
44 Water St., Seneca Falls, N. Y.

BARX

Whe

power

Read what J. I. Parent, of
Charlton, N. Y., says — "We cut
with one of your comhiued Ma-
chines last winter .50 chaff hives
with 7-inch cap, 100 honey-racks,
."jOO broad frames, 2000 honey-box-
es, and a great deal of other work.
This winter we have doubled the
amount of bee - hives, etc., to
make, and we expect to do it all
with this saw. It will do all you
sav it will." Catalog and price
list free. Addre.ss W. F. & JOHN

ES, .')!.j. Ruby Street, Rock ford, HI.

n more convenient, orders for Barnes' Foot-

Machinerv mav be sent to

THE' A. I. ROOT CO., Medina, O.

lUTEIIT

PROCURED
PROMPTLY

Wf AT REASONABLE RATES

J By J. A. OSBORNE & CO.,

^H PATENT LAWYtRS,

■ 579 The Arcade, CLEVELAND, 0,

FARM BF:E=KEEPING.

The only Ijce-paper in the United .States
edited exclusively in the interest of the
farmer bee-keeper and the beginner is
THE BUSY BEE, published by
Emerson T Abbott, St. Joseph, Mo.

\\'rite lox free sample copy no7v.

HATCJlChickens BY STREAM-
EXCELSIOR Incubator

Simple. Perfect, Self- Kegutat-

iiig. Thouia'ids in successful

^^_^ oiier&tioa. I..owe»^t priced

rs free. ■ H J Orst-elaaii Hatcher made.

.Sendee, for I ■ UEO. II. STAIIL.

I'.lus. Catalogue, li 1 14 toiag S. 6th l*t. QuIncT.IIl.

THE SUCCESSFUL INCUBATOR

for hatching sti

healthy

Self-remil „. .

turning trays, drying roora for
chickri, non-explosive lamp— just a
few of its good points. Sold uiuler
positive guarantee to work perfect-
Beautifully made and dura-
Our 128 page catalogue de-
scribes them fully; tells many
things about poultry raising you
should know Mailed for 6 cts.
MOINES INC. CO. Box 503 DES MOINES, lA.

oV 54 ly

Minmiiiiiiim.i.

in all the many shows in

which it has participaterl.

there must be something I

the superiority claims of the I

RELIABLE INCUBATOR

Self regulating, entirely auto- 1

, matic you put in the eggs, the

Reliable does the rest. All about

ii« and many things of value to |

the poultry man in our new honk. Send lOcts. fori

I RELIABLE INCUBATOR & BROODER CO., OUINCY,

dlOcts. torjt. 5;
QUiHCY.ILLS t

Do You Want

An incubator

, OB WHITE.

In writing advertisers please :

Want Our Catalo^e ?

a pretty book 0/ 68 pages, finely llluttratea:^
worth dol'.ara to every poultryman, A 2o stamp gets it.

GEO. J. NissLY, Saline, Mich,

Glkanings.

792

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov. 1.

ANACER

WINDOW GLASS ADVANCING.

With returning iirospevity throughout the country
generally, the prices of many commodities are ad-
vancing." Window glass is affected by the advancing
market to a much greater degree than most things.
The shipping ca=e glass li.sted in our catalog we can
no longer sell at S2..50 per box of .50 feet: but from n'>w
on the price will beS'.S.OO a box till further notice. This
would necessitate a change in the price of shipping-
cases complete with glass if you did not do something
else to overcome it. We have discoveted that large
glass-jobbers accumulate a great many two-inch
strips, especially of double-thick glass, and these we
are able to buy'at a special price. By grooving the
glass strips with a wide groove, and the right size to
take two-inch glass, we can furnish shipping-cases
complete at the regular price. For ca^^es with three-
inch glass the price will be 2.j cts. per 100 extra on two-
row cases, 12 and 1(1 lb.; .50 cts. per 100 extra on three-
row cases, 12-lb.: $1.00 per 100 extra on 2J-lb. cases.
The double gla.ss in strips 2x9, 2x13 1^, 2x17^, .50 feet to
the box, we can supply at f2.00 per box.

WIRE NETTING.

To reduce present stock of wire netting we offer
2-in. No. 20 and 2-in. No. 19 wire netting from Medina
at the following special prices for the various widths:
12 in. wide. No. 20, S .(50 a roll; No. 19, .§ .()5 a roll.
IS •' •■ .90 •' " 1.00

24 " " 1.20 " " l.:^0

80 ■• " 1..50 " '■ l.(!5

m •■ ■■ l.SO ■• •■ 2.00

•J8 ■• ■• l'.4() •• •• 2.(50

60 ■• ■• :5.(X1 ■■ " 3.30

72 " •' 3.60 " " 4.00

Each roll at above price is to be 1.50 feet long. We
have of .some of the widths a few rolls that are short
length a few feet on each. These we would put in at
the same r ite while they la't. N. tice that the-e prices
are a reduction of over ten per cent from former rates,
and are made only en orders filled from Medina stuck
while it lasts. The .'^ame disc nuts for quantity will
apply: namely, o per cent for five rolls, or 10 per cent
for 10 rolls or" more. We have some 1.50 rolls in stock
of all widths, both .sizes. Send on your orders, as
these prices can not last long, and are "lower than vou
can buy the same goods for elsewhere.

HONEY MARKET.

Having had numerous calls for extracted honey in
glass jars we have decided to supply it in this foim.
We have chosen the square flint jars, which, with la-
bel on top and neck of jars, form a veri,- attractive as
well as convenient package. The.se are put up in
small boxes with corrugated-paper packing to secure
safe carriage. We are u-ing the' California white sage
for this trade, as it does not candy: we offer it as fol-
lows: One-pound jar, one dozen" in a case, per case,
81.80; half pound jar, two dozen in a case, per case,
82.40; five ounce jar, two dozen in a case, per case,
81.70. We also can supply this honev in 60-pound
cans, 2 cans in a case, at 6'^ cts. per lb". Lots of five
cases at 6 cts. per lb. Clover and basswood in cans at
same prices, when we have it.

We also have on hand comb honey which we offer
in lots of 100 lbs. or more as follows: Fancy white, per
pound, 13c; A No. 1 white, 12c; No. 2 white, lie; fancy
amber. He; A No. 1 ami er, 10c; No. 2 amber, 9c;
fancy buckwheat, 10c; A No. 1 buckwheat, 9c. Lots
of 500 lbs. shipped direct from producer at Ic per
pound less. <

Special Notices in tiie Line of Gardening, etc.

By A. I. Root.

RELIGIOUS PAPERS AND BOGUS ADVERTISEMENTS.

On page 7S9 we are told that the new wheat was ad-
vertised principally in religious papers. What does
this mean ? I am a"fraid it means swindlers have dis-
covered religions papers are a better field for swin-

dles than agricultural papers or papers of any other
sot. In one sense this is a compliment to Christian
periodicals ; but if this thing keeps on — if religious
pa| ers do not soon learn that it behooves them to
take as great care to keep out frauds as agricultural
papers do, the great world at large will l>egin to lose
faith in the very papers that should above all others
teach honesty and truth even in their advertising col-
umns. Permit me to say here 1 have been greatly re-
joiced to find the Golden Rule has iK;t contained an
advertisement of Electropoi^e for several months. If
this is to continue, I can honestly recommend the ex-
ponent of the Huiieavor Societj- as one of the best pa-
pers in the whole wide world to put into the family.

PRICES OF SEED POTATOES.

I have been carefully scanning our agricultural pa-
pers, especially the advertising columns, and I find
only one man who advertises seed potatoes for less
than we do, and this is only a little less. He offers
Sir Williams for 90 cts. a bushel, while our price
is 81.00 In bariel lot.^, however, our price is a little
less than 90 ct-. Xutw ithstanding, to be consistent
we will sell ;; -in_;le larshel, and fun ish >ack to
hold them, for !KI ct>.: and if you hesitate about send-
ing your orders to me because some reliable man
ofler's the same potatoes cheaper, please let me .see his
atlverti^ement and 1 will ti'j' to duplicate his prices.
I do not want to undersell niy neighbors in the same
busine.--s, neither do I want my prices to be higher
than theirs. Please bear in mind that my potatoes
have leen grown under my own personal care, and
the greater part of them have been dug and picked
up and a.ssorted under my personal supervision. For
immediate orders we can furnish yoii some of the fin-
est htale of Maine potatoes I ever saw, for (j5 cts. per
bushel, including sack to s-hip them in. If to go long
di.rtances, and you order three or more bushels, we
will put them in a barrel at the same price.

THE BOVEE EARLY POTATO.

We have toward .50 bushels of ven,- handsome pota-
toes of this new extra-early variety. At the pre.sent
writing we can make the following prices: 1 lb., 30
cts.; 3 lbs., 7.5 cts., when .'■ent by mail; if i-ent by freight
or express, 34 peck, .50 cls; iie"ck, 80 cts.; half bushel,
81.50; bushel, 82,25; barrel of 11 peck.s, 8.5.00.

In regard to this potato, our Ohio Exjeriment Sta-
tion last year reported a yield of over .5(X) bushels per
acie, and'it was tried with the Early Hai vest," Norther,
Thoroughbred, Earl5- Ohio, and Rose, and went far
ahead of any of them. We have not as yet received a
report from it this year, but here is what they .said
about it last year:

" It seems to be quite as early as Earh- Ohio, and
there is no doul t about its 1 eiug more prolific. We
regard it as very promising, and we think we have had
a chance to test it quite thoroughly, as we had three
plantings. It has uniformlj- given "good results, hence
we conhdently recommend it."

Just as we go to press we find the following in a
letter from Prof. W. J. Green:

The Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station,

Woosler, Ohio, Oct. 2,5, 1897.

Dear Sir. — Our late-planted crop of Bovee potatoes
has turned out well, and the tubers are smooth.

Yours truly, W. J. Green.

Permit me to add that we have purchased the crop
grown by the E-xperinient Station.

Here is also something just at hand from C. N.
Flansbur.gh, Leslie. Mich:

The general yield in this section is light; but we
stiali have nearly 200 bushels of the Bovee from one
barrel of seed. Yours very truly,

C". N. Flansburgh.

Perhaps you may know that Peter Henderson gave
it a big boom during the past season. We made a test
of it on our own grounds, but did not get it planted at
the time of our other extra-early potatoes, so we could
not give it a iair co»/parali7'e test. If anybody else
offers it at a less price than that given above we will
try to make ours correspond.

\YINTER CASES FOR PENNSYLVANIA!

Root's goods at Root's prices. Send for catalogue.
PROTMERO & ARNOLD. Dubois, Pa.

pOR SALE. — Green-bone cutter. Good order; can
* be u.sed with power: bargain.

Box .57, Medina, Ohio.

1897

GLKANINGvS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jd'i

KIND WORDS FROM OUR CUSTOMERS.

The Ajax wheel cnme Monday, the 11th, all right. It
is a fiiie-IookiiiR wheel. ' I" H. Sackett.

Piccolo, O., Oct. IS.

I send you Sl.OO, and will .send more soon; hut don't
stop that paper, a.* I can not do without it. I Invc
been in a tight row financially, but must have Olkan-
iNcs. It is the best relisious"and ajiricullnral paper
that coiufs. Put on the white-rose button, Rro. Root.

Newark, O. H. Hoi-lkr.

STRAWBERRIES AND RASPBERRIES — SECOND CROP.

We have picked a .second crop of .strawberries on old
beds for two months, and the last month has been
verv drv. M'e are also pickiusi quite a .second crop of
Cuthbeft raspberries. Nearlv every i)1ant has a bunch
of blos.soms and berries. This is the first time I ever
heard of Cnthbert bearing a fall crop.

Claremont, Va., Oct. 11. A. F. Ames.

QUEEN TO AUSTRALIA.

I have received the two Caruiolan queens — one dead
and one alive. The cage with live queen contained
two live workers only, and a/l the honey had been
consume 1, and about half the candy. In the other
cage a little honey still remained, and about three-
fonrths of the can'dv. Bees are doing well.

G jodna. Queensland. H. L. Jonep.

[It would seem from this that honey was the im-
port.Tnt part of the food. There can be no doubt of its
value in queen-cages designed for long distances.
-Ed.]

CLEATED SEPARATORS AND N0-BEE-\VAY SECTIONS
WANTED.

If you have not shipped goods ordered on the i^th
inst.. please send the cleated separators and the " no-
bee-way sections" for the Dauzy hive, if you have
them. 'If not in stock, ship the rest of the order and
I will wait till you have some of these. I have just
read the editorial on pige 7-14. and it is the same idea
I have had for some time. In fact, I m ide and used a
few last year that pleased me wonderfully. I also
tried hole.s in the separators, which was an advantage.

Bristol, Tenn. M. D. Andes.

OCR TRANSPLANTING-MACHINE. — SEE PAGE 462.

The strawberry-transplanting machine I bought of
you a few weeks'ago is an exceedingly useful tool, al-
most invaluable. I have used it to set out a thousand
plants. I planted some potted plants at the .same
time, and. so far as I can see now. those moved by the
transplanter are doing just as well as the others. ' It is
al.so a great help in setting out potted plants. I stretch
my line, put marks on it just the distance apart I want
to' plant, walk along, make holes with the planter,
and some one follows and drops the plants in, fills
with a little earth mi.xed with bonemeal. and the job
is done to perfection. As I can irrigate mv patch by
simply turning water on it from a creek higher up, I
have been able to plant right in the mid.st of this se-
vere drouth. C. E. Moody.

AsheviUe, N. C, Oct. 7.

AN EXCEEDINGLY "KIND WORD" AND A BRIGHT
MORAL, BESIDES.

A few days ago I found the following on my desk: '

Mr. A. I. Root: — Is it too late to sow spinach in this
latitude? If not, I should like you to .send me
enough seed ( spinach ) to drill in one acre. Please
state distance apart drills should be, and care and cul-
ture necessary for growth of this crop (very briefly).
I have a Planet Jr. drill bought of you. I will remit
for seed when received. Do not send if t •■o late to sow.
The land I think of sowing has been cultivated j/.r/r<'«
times this season. No frost here to date.

Hickman, Ky., Oct. 18. D. \V. Dickinson.

We promptly sent our friend 10 lbs. of seed, with the
following directions:

It would be a little late in our locality for .sowing
spinach, but we should think it would be about right
where you live. The main thing is to have the grciind
real rich. You do not .say how much it has been ma-
nured. On the whole we'have concluded to send the
seed along. The extra cultivation is just the thing.
If it does not get large enough before freezing wea-
ther it will come up all right next spring — that is, if

your ground is nnderdrained or has sufficient .sand or
gravel so the plants will not heave out. One ounce
should make al)out loO feet of drill, and I would have
the rows about a foot apart. If you wish to cultivate
it with a horse it should be between two and two and
a half feet. Ten pounds will be plenty of seed, and
this is the amount we send you. Yon do not tell us
how to send it: but as it will' go almost as cheap by
exjiress, and much quicker, we send it in that way to
Hickman, Ky. Spinach does ver>- well .sown at the
.same time yon .sow wheat: and I think very likely
they are .sowing wheat in your locality now, Oct. 20, as
we .sowed .some last week.

Of ctnirse. I supposed that would end the matter: but
imagine my surjirise when I received the following:

Dnir Friend and Bro. in Christ— The longer I know
you, the more I find in yon to admire and esteem; and
I do believe you are the " one in ten thou.sand." May
God ever ble.ss and prosper you is the prayer of the
writer.

.Some davs ago I sent yon an order for spinach seed.
I knew nothing about the cost of seed or cultivation;
in fact, I was utterly ignorant about the plant. Well,
after the letter wa's niailed I began to think, "I've
done a reckless thing. I don't know whether the seed
co.sts 5 cts. per lb. or Jo. 00;" and then I consoled my-
self by the thought, "A. I. R. is sure to do the right
things I received the bill .Saturday, and was a.ston-
ished at the paltr>' price, 10 cts. per lb., and 25 cts. to
my credit. D. W. Dickinson.

Hickman, Ky., Oct. 25.

The "bright moral " I gather from this simple trans-
action is this: This world is not a bad one to live in
after all. It is not a verv hard task to please the aver-
age of humanity: and the mo.st important thing is to
conduct all your bu.siness having in view first and fore-
most helping humanity along. Do not let self or self-
ish interests warp or twist your judgment. In the fir.^t
place, our friend seems to have forgotten that we
placed to his credit SI .2.5 in a potato deal last spring.
If I am co'-rect. he sent his money in accordance with
our printed prices; but before the order reached us
there had been a decline. Again, when he stated his
wishes in regard to the spinach (something he had
never bought ), without thinking any thing about it I
advised only a moderate investment in the seed, etc.
There are good nice kind people in this world; and
when von are tempted to think otherwise, remember
it is Sa'tan himself who has gotten hold of you.

Two Bee Papers for the
Price of One.

To all new subscribers, and also to those
who renew before their subscriptions expire,
and inclose $1.00, we will send the Busy Bee,
a monthly bee-paper, in addition, free.

THE A. 1. ROOT CO., Medina, O.

Wants and Exchange Department.

\VHAT will yon offer for one b-flat cornet and ca.se,
'" al.so one e-flat alto, good instruments, practically
new? Address Box 321, Clifton, New York.

ll^ANTED.— To exchange 1 "Planet Jr." double-
*~ wheel hoe complete, used only couple of times.
for a good coon dog. 1. S. Tilt, Box 73, Filion, Mich.

Y^ANTED.— To exchange 140 colonies of bees, with
'^~ all fixtures belonging to a fir.st-class apiarj', for
good horses and mules.

Anthony Opp, Helena, Ark.

II/ANTED.— To exchange 65 volumes Scientific Amer-
" ican. vohmies 1, 2, 7. 8. 9, 15 to 33 inclu.sive. 36 to
77 inclusive, unbound, good condition, for bicycle,
view camera, firearm.s, or offers.

J. E. Hammond, Oxford, Ma.ss.

\VANTED. — For exchange, tandem and single bicy-
'' cles. Marlin repeating rifle. 32 caliber. Wanted,
Barnes saw. Robert B. Gedye, La Salle, 111.

794 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Nov. ] .

Two Papers for the Price of One.

The Farm Journal, of Philadelphia, a monthly a<?ricultural journal of
16 pages, sent One Year Free for one subscription to Gleanings, with $1.00,
paid in advance, either new or renewal. In the case of a renewal, all ar-
rears, if any, must be paid in addition to one year in advance.

ThA Pafin Imiftlill '^ now in its 20th volume, and takes the lead among all the
1 lie ral III tlUUIllal /ozt'-pnced agricunurnl journals of this country and of the
world. It gives no chronics, puffs no swindles, inserts no humbug advertisements, lets
other folks praise it, and makes good to subscribers any loss by advertisers who prove to
be swindlers. The editor was born on a farm and reared at the plow-handles, and the
contributors are practical men and women.

The regular price of this excellent journal is 50 cents a year, and it is
well worth it ; but bj^ special contract wuth the Farm Journal we are en-
abled to make the above very liberal offers.

THE A. I. ROOT CO., Medina, Ohio.

A Bargain!

We have made arrangements to furnish THE OHIO
Onlv iJI ^0 FARMER, of Cleveland. Ohio, and Gleanings in
V/llIJ «17l«UV/. Bee Culture, both papers, for only -^1.50.

Thf Ohin P^rmfr '* well known as one of the ven,- be.st, largest, and among the
1 lie VlllIU ral IIICI leading agricultural par>ers of America. A 20-page, 80-column
paper EVERY WEEK in the year; employs THE" VERY BEST WRITER.S that money
can procure; a strong, fearless defender of the agricultural interests of this countrs-, and
CI^EAN in both readying and advertising columns. IT HEI^PS MAKE THE EARM" PAY.

THE A. I. ROOT CO., Medina, Ohio.

Gleanings in Bee Culture

^American Agriculturist.

Weekly,

BOTH ONE YEAR ONLY $1.25.

By special arrangement with the publishers, we are enabled to offer the American Agriculturi.st in combi-
nation with Gleanings in Bee Culture at the unparalleled low rate of $1.2.3 for both papers one year. The
American Agriculturist is published in five editions. The N. E. Homestead, the Eastern, Middle, and Southern
editions of American Agriculturist, and the Orange Judd Farmer. Each contains matter relating to its own lo-
cality, as well as the latest and most accurate market reports for the country in general. It has departments
relating to all branches of farming, articles written by the most practical and successful farmers, supplemented
with illustrations by able artists. Short stories, fashions, fancy work, cooking, young folks' page, etc., com-
bine to make a magazine of as much value as most of the special'family papers.

A

sample copy will be mailed FREE by addressing Ameri-
can Agriculturist. Columbus. O., or New York, N. Y.

T

AKEN separately these two papers cost ?2.00. con-
sequently every subscriber under this offer will get

S2.00 IN VALUE FOR $1,25.

Prpmilim Rni^LrC ^"°'' ^^ cents extra, as postage, vou can have your choice of anv of the following
ritlillUIIl UUUIV3. standard books FREE; "Profits in Poultn,-,"' "Farm Appliances," or "Farmer's
Almanac " (ready December 15). Send your subscriptions direct to

THE A. I. ROOT CO , Medina, Ohio.

Supplement to Gleanings in Bee Culture, November 15, 1897.

PREHIUM LIST

Valuable Inducements to Secure Subscriptions to GLEAN-
INGS IN BEE CULTURE.

New Subscriptions for 18q8 Received Before the End of This Year will Receive the
Remaining Issues of This Year Free.

Premium Rules,

Please Read These Rules Carefully and Thus Avoid Misunderstandings.

We believe most of the readers of GI-EANI^GS ap-
preci:ite it etiougli to continue with us without the
extra inducement of piemiums. Tliese are ottered
with a view of increasing- our number of leaders by
the addition of new subscribers. The premiums
are intended for those wlio, by personal effort, se-
cure tlie subscribers. Tluse per.sons are almost al-
ways those who already read Glkanings, and know
what it is. We are glad, therefore, to pay you well
for your trouble. No premiums will he yiven to iicvcs-
dcalerg or fiuhifci'iption ayeiUx. 1. Both renewals u,nd
new names count toward securing premiuniB. A
transfer of subscript!. .n from one member of a fam-
ily to another i^i not a new name, as it does not
make any addition to our list. Note also excep-
tions under dilferent premiums.

2. No name will be counted for premiums unless
it is accompanied by $1.00; and in case of renewals
all arrearages, if any, must be paid up, and 81.00
sent for a year in advance-the advance sutiscnp-
tion only, counting for a premium. Remember
that you can not claim more than one pn mium on
each subscription. This rule applies to all premi-
ums offered in other issues besides this premium
list. Jnclose postage if premium is ordered by mail.

3. You can close your list of names at anytime,
and call for the i)remiums due; or you can add to
the liot of names. 15ut -

4. Send along the names as fast as gathered, so
that the subsicribers may begin to receive the jour-

nal at once. No subscription should be taken for
less than §1.00 per annum.

ZW~ Mat'k every name or list of names, " For
Premiums," if so intended, and we will credit them
to tlie Perid r on our premiuiii-record.

.5. Be sure to give the Name, Postoffice, County,
and 3tate of each subscriber and of yourself.

6. All sample copies necessary to canvassers will
be sei.t posii).iid frt-e. •

7. When yi lu order your premiums be sure to state
HOW TO SEND, and if by mail do not forget to in-
clude postage named under each article in addition
to the amount named as covering the article and a
year's subscription

8. To Foreign Readers. To all foreign countries,
■tS cents must accompany subscription, for postage.

9. How to Send Money.— 1. Tell how much you
inclose and of what it consists. 2. Money may be
seat without risk of loss in three ways:

By bank draft on any responsible city bank.

By express money order on any express company.

By postoffice money order.

If you send by any of the above methods, and
your order should be lost, you can gei a duplic.ite.

If there is no bank, express office, or money-order
office near you, so that you can not use any of the
above methods, you niaystiid by registered letter,
and we will be responsible; but if any of the meth-
ods first named are available, we will not be respon-
sible for money sent in any other way. Do not send
coin in letters; if you do, they are at your risk.

PREMIUMS IN CASH.

LIBERAL COMMISSIONS TO WIDE-AWAKE WORKERS.

Notwithstanding the very liberal offers we make
in premiums in the following pa^es, there ma> b<^
some who prefer a cash (omnii--sion to any of the
premiums offered. As we are desirous of increas-
ing our list of subscribers to double the pn sent
number, if possible, we propose offering the follow-
inir huge cash cnmmisslDiis:

For Dtte new subscf ipii.in, 8Pnt with yourown re-
newal, jou may retain :i.'i cents, sending us 81-6.5.
For three new subseriptiims. with S} 00. y..u may
have your own subsciipti'n advanced one year.
For each additional new subsciipiion you send you
may retain 40 cents.

For each additional renewal which you obtain and

send with yours, you may retain 20 cents provided
all arrears, if any, on such subscriptions are paid in
full, and the j>;iymeiit f r a full year in advance is
the only pai t from which you r< tain your con mis-
sion. This will not app.y to a person sending in his
own renewal. Nor c n you chiim any other premi-
um if you choose the c ish commis^sion.

If you wish to sub-cribe for more than one year
in advance iou may do so at the following rales:

One year, $1.00; two years, SI. To; three years,
S2..50; four jears, )>!iO; five yearp, 8^3.50; 10 years,
S6.00. In any case the name would count as one re-
newal in (/btaining a premium.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Premium

A B C of Bee Culture,

It is hardly necessary to speak of
tlie merits of this work, wliich,
judged from its extensive sale, is
tlie most widely read book on bee
culture in the English languag-e,
and, for aught we know, in any
language. The last edition com-
pleted 62,000 copies from the press
during the last eighteen years since
It was first printed. This last edi-
tion has been greatly improved. It
IS enlarged to 475 octavo pates, with
over 300 illustrations, many of them
fuli-page. Some .of the latter em-
brace a view of the apiaries of some of the largest
and most successful bee-men. In the back part of
the work is a biographical department of sketches
and half-tone portraits of the most successful
American apiarists. The whole work is brimful of
contagious enthusiasm, and the style simple and
instructive. None of the matter pertaining to the
apicuitural part of the book is electrotyped, but all
is kept in standing type, so tha when any new thing
of importance comes up it can be inserted in its
proper place, and the old struck out. Its quick sales
have warranted us in giving it frequent and thor-
ough revisions. The present edition is greatly en-
larged and improved, so that it is nearly twice the
size of the one first issued; and no liee-keeper hav-
ing one of the earliest copies can afford to be with-
'out this latest edition. Tlie book has grown so large
that it now takes 19 cents postage to Jmall it. We
have not advanced our prices, however. Price $1.20
postpaid; SI 00 with other goods. Gleanings one
year, clubbed with the ABC. postpaid for §2. Club-
bed, postpaid, with a new subscription for SI 75. If
you send twf) new subscriptions with your own re-
newal and 8:3.00, you may have the hook postpaid;
or if you send one new subscriber witli jyour re-
newal and $2.50 you can have the book prepaid.

Our List of 10c Books.

Six of any of the following sent postpaid for one
new subscriber and your own renewal with S2.00. or
two sent postpaid for your own renewal with $1.00.
Peabody's Webster's Dictionary.

25.000 words and plirases, and illustrated with 250
engravings; cloth bound. This is the one we sold
for years at 15 cents. We thought we had done
something wonderful when we offered so large a
dictionary for 15 cents, but we are now able lo sell
them for a dime. Just think of it! Postage extra 5c.
Poultry for Pleasure and Profit.

48 pages and 20 illustrations. A complete little
book of instructions. It treats of tlie bfSt varieties
for pleasure and profit: how to house and yard;
how to manage; how to feed; diseases, incubntion,
etc. It is a 25-cent book, but by getting 1000 of
them we can sell them for 10 cents. Postage 1 cent.
The Horse and His Diseases.

By Dr. B.J. Kendall; 100 pages and many iUus-
trations. Over 500,000 of these books have already
been sold, because they are so popular and com-
plete, for a small hand-book. It gives the symptoms
of most diseases, and treatment for the samt . This
is another 25-cent book that we got down to a dime
by taking 1000 of them. Postage 3 cents.
Silk and the Silkworm.

This is a complete work of instruction on silk cul-
ture, 'by Nellie Lincoln Kossiter, a practical silk-
culturist; 32 pages. Silk culture is the favorite
pursuit of many ladles in our land; and all who are
interested will find this little work very instructive.
The price printed on it is 25 cents, but we sell them
for 10 cents. Postage 1 cent.

New Testament, New Version.
434 pages, printed in nonpareil type. This should
be in the possession of every student of the New
Testament. Even if it does not com, into common
use, it is helpful to know what changes in transla
tion the New Version gives. Postage 5 cents.

John Ploughman's Talks and Pictures.

By Charles Spurgeon; 12.5"pages, and a picture on

almost every page. John Ploughman tallis plainly,

and makes a good pointcin every talk. It is by no

means dry reading, either. Postage 3 cents.

Life and Adventures of Bobinson Crusoe.

240 page*, paper covers. Until now 20 cents. Al-
though they cost us more than 10 cents each, we
offer them at that price. Five cents extra by mail.
There are few books so universally read as this one,
and there are manj editions printed. At the price,
this one is a ba gain.

Practical Turkey-raising.

By Fanny Field, the most experienced turkey-
raiser in .^me^ica. This is a regular 25-cent pam-
phlet of thirty pages, giving the best information
on this subject. Our price is only 10 cents. By
mail 2 cents extra.

Injurious Insects of Michigan.

By Prof. A. J. Cook. This was a most valuable
work in its lime, but is now rather old. It sold for
35 cents. We will close out the few we have on
hand at 10 cents each, postage 2 cents extra, and it
is a bargain at this price; contains 48 pHges the size
of this, and 50 illustrations of insect pests.

Silo and Silage.
Bj' A. J. Cook. This is another valuable little
book which sold for 25 cents, and wtiich we offer to
close out at 10c. Postage 2 cents extra.
Guide to Horse-owners,
and complete Horse Doctor. By M. Young. A val-
u 'ble pamphlet of 100 pages. Regular price 25c.
Will close out at 10c each. By mail 2c extra.

A Dozen Attractive Pamphlets.

Seven of any of the following postpaid for one
new subecri' er and your own renewal with $2.00, or
two sent postpaid for -our own renewal with $1.00.

Iney are not only attractive, but so valuable and
helpful that they should be read by every one who
desires to improve his life, and live happier; and
who does not have such d'Slre ? Doubtless many
have read "The Greatest Thing in the World; or,
Love the Supreme Gift," by Drummimd ; and others
have heard of it. "Love is the fulfilling of the
law;" and the more of it we can get into our lives,
the better for the world and for us.

These little books are ]6nio, 32 pages, with hand-
some light-blue parchment cover, and nice, clear
print. Price 10c each or 90c per dozen, any one or
assorted b^oks, postpaid or with other goods. Pub-
lisher's price 20 cents each.

1. Love, the Supreme Gift; The Greatest Thing in
the World. By Prof. Henry Drummoiid.

2. The Perfected Life: The Greatest Need of the
World. By Prof. Henry Drummond.

3. How to Learn How. Addresses by Prof. Henry
Drummond. I. Dealing with Doubt. II. Prepara-
tion for Learning.

4. Power from on High : Do We Need It ? What is
ItV CanWeGetIt? By Rev. B. Fay Mills.

5. The Message of Jesus to Men of Wealth. A
Tract for the Times. By Rev. George D. Herron.
Introduction by Rev. Josiah Strong, D. D.

C. The First Thing in the World; or, the Primacy
of Faith. By Rev. A. J. Gordon, D. D.

7. Hope: The Last Thing in the World. By Rev.
A. T. Pierson, D. D.

8. The Fight uf Faith and Cost of Character.
Talks to Young Men. By Rev. Theodore L. Cuyler,
D. D.

9. The Four Men. The Aspect of Man from Fotir
Standpoints. By Rev. James Stalker, D. D.

10. How to Become a Christian. Five Simple
Talks. By Rev Lyman Abbott, D. D.

11. The D «w of thy Youth. A message to "En-
deavorers." By Rev. J. R. Miller, D. D.

12. Temptation. An Address to Young Men. By
Rev. James Stalker, D. D.

Srrri.i:Mi:NT

(w.ivANiNcs ix Hivi-; cri/rrRi-:.

Urummond's Addresses.

Besides the booklets above we have I'rof. Drum-
mond's addresses, six in numlier, witli biotrraphlcal
skeU'l), making- a l6mo hook of 14U pajres, bound in
bo*rd covers, part cloth and pait paper, in two
shades of blue, neatly fljrured. niakiiiK a very hand-
some book. Price onlylWe postpaid, or ~'5c if sent
with other goods. Given for your own renewal
with $1.10.

Illustrated Pilgrim's Progress.
We have secured some of a very flue English edi-
tion of Pilgrim's Progress, illustrated with over a
hundred verj realistic pictures. The book is lOino,
printed on very fine paper, containing 384 pages,
and the illustrations are the most striking, and true
to the characters represented, that we have ever
seen in the most expensive editions. The binding
is cloih, richly illuminated in six colors, with title
in rich roldlc if on back and side. There is no paper
wasted in wde inargiiis; in fact, there is so little
trimming that some of the leaves have to be cut
apart. It is a book of such (juality and make-up as
to easily bti g !?1.5(i at retail a few j-ears ago. In
this day of cheap books ,ind low prices it is neces-
sary to "close out the last of the edition away below
actual value. Me offer these at 50c each; by mail.
10 cts. extra. We will give one free postpaid for one
new subscriber with your own renewal and S3.00, or
postpaid for your own renewal with $1.35.

Foster's Pilgrim's Progress Illustrated.
This is from the Charles Foster Publishing Co.,
Philadelijhia, where the Story of the Bible comes
from. The book is 9'2 inches long, 7i^ wide, and IJ^
thick. It has 425 pages and 175 illustrations. Ever
so many, to whom I have shown it, pronounce it a
S2.00 or a S2.50 book: but by buying a large number
of them at a time we can sell them to you for only
75 ts. This book is so heavy, however, that it can
not be sent by mail for less than 23 cents, making
ti8 cents by mail postpaid. The covers are most
beautifully embellished in scarlet and gold, and
many of the pictures are worth to me alone the
price of the book. Among them I would mention
Christian and Pliable in the Slough of Despond; Mr.
Worldly Wiseman ; Giant Despair, etc. But the
sweetest and best of them all to me is Prudence
talking to the boys. A single glance at the book by
anybody, when you mention the insignificant price
for so beautiful a volume, will make him hold up
his liands in astonishment. Each 75 cents. Given
for one new subscriber and your own renewal with
?2.00, or given for your own renewal with SI. 50.
Postage 23 cts. extra. Gilt edge 25 cts. additional.

The Story of the Bible.
^.«---„«.»»«,^ This wonderful book is the pro-
eC^^FT^V-^rT-^-S ductionof Rev. Charles Foster,
\^^^^— -.': ' A .if Philadelphia, lately deceas-
ed. It is the whole Bible re-
>roduced in simple language,
making a book of 700 pages,
illustrated with 274 engrav-
ings. It is so plainly and
pleasantly written that
grown people, as well as
.■hiMr»*n, will hnrdly want
to |,i\ it down. In the hard
lit to understana. it
lat will be thankfully re-
ceived Vjy some others besides children. Indeed, it
has proven so simple, reliatle, and helpful, that
it has bt'en reprinted in many foreign languages.
Over 40O.O00 volumes have been sold since it was
first issued. It is a well-made book, printed on fine
paper. Regul.ir agent's price isSl.WJ. Our price is
$1.00: 20 cents extra if sent by mail, or given <'ree
for one new subscriber and one renewal with $2.35,
with 20 cents extra to pay postage.

Bible Pictures, and What They Teach Us.

By Charles Fo-icr. It eoiit:diis 315 large illustra-
tions from the Old and New Testatiierits. with brief
descriptions. It contains 2-32 pages, 8x10, witli em-
bossed cloth cover, title in gilt, printed on heavy
paper. The liook weighs 2',4 lbs. It will make an
excellent CTiristmas or birthday present for a child.
It is written chiefly to instruct the children, and
should lie in every home. Regular agent's price,
$1..50. Our price. >1.00 By mail, 20 cts. »-xtra. Given
for two new names and your own renewal with S3.00,
and 20 cts. extra to pay postiige, if sent by mail.

l)assaMfc.-5 III t Ill-
makes a commentary

ANY TWO o'' ""-' f"l'""ing books jjiven for one

new subscriber and youi' own renewal

wit h S2 00, or any one given for your own renewal

with ^I.in. If l)y mail, iidd 5 cents each for postage.

The A B C of Potato Culture.

r:"' -V

I'.ipcr, :i20 pages, 4x5, illustrated. This
i- T. B. Tcrrv's flr.st and most masterly
unrU. Thefinok h;is hail a large sale,
,iii(|Ii;ls liccii I'cpiiiilcd in fin'cigii lan-
,:;ii:igi'S. Tln'S.'i'Miid edit i(jn, reset and
iihiKist cnliicly rewritten, isjust issued.
When we ;ire t horoiighly conversant
with friend Teriy"s system of r.aising
sh;ill tie rf';id\' to handle iilmost any
farm crop successfully. Price 40c, postpind.

The A B C of Strawberry

Culture. Piiiier, 150 pages, fully il-
lustrated. This is Terrv's latest, .s//u(/(
book, and has received >ninr v.'ry high

CULTURE

l)Olatoes

Wli

Eii^:-^.

\HEC

iTRAWBtRf

pi'ople dues mil li:i\-e a little garden- J#^ ,- j« W
patch V If you w.mid I. ■am to raise in .|WMRl|
it that DKisl lus,'i,.us of ail fruit, the yCll^" \

strawheny. with the hot results, you '^^-^- ^^^^-l

can not lie without this little book. Even if j i^n >-i"ii'i
grow strawberries you will be the better for rejiding it.

Tomato Culture, inthreeparts. l
By J. W. Day, 1). Cmnniiiis, and A. I.
Root. Paper, l."i(i paiio. iliiistrated. A
most VMliiable tieai i>e eniliracing field
culture, forciiit;- iiiKiei- .aia>s, and nds-
ing plants for market. Valuable to
any one raising garden stuff of any
kind, aside from tomatoes. Price 40c,
post))aid.

Tile Drainage By w. i. ciiam-

berlain. This is a vtiluable companion
to our other rural b<jok.s. It embraces
the experience of forty years of one of
our foreiiKist inaclical agriculturists,
who has laid with his own hands over
15 miles of tile. Paper, 150 pages, il-
lustrated. Price 40c, postiiaid.

What to Do, and How to be Happy
While Doing It. This is a book of 190 octavo

pagt's same size as this, and 80 illustrations, writter
by A. I. Root; especially helpful to those out of em-
ployment or to those who hiive a hard time in mak-
ing'both ends meet. How to lind something to do
right at liome instead of going to the already too
crowded cities. How to be your own boss and enjoy
your work. The true secret of real enjoyment in
work. This book will well repay a careful reading.
Price, in paper covers, 50 cents.

ANY THREE of t'^<^ following books given for one
new subscriber and your own renew-
al with <^2.00. or an\ one giv. n for your own renewal
Willi tl DM. By mail. ;idd 5 cts. each fur postage.

or

A B C of Carp Culture, in pa-

r covers, illustrated. This is a work
70 iiages, 7x10, written by Geo. Finley
VmoP"! ii'iflA.I. Root, and the best authority
'I-AH''^ I on thesiibiect of carji culture yet in
V7ii"T[jR& I Piiiit. The rearingof carp is a plea.sant
VvP --0" ' and profitable amusement. This book
: -:r^ | will tell you all about it. Price

Winter Care of Horses and

Cattle. This is friend Terry's second j
bunk in regard to farm matters; but it
is so intimatelv connected with his
p(itat<i IxKik that it reads almost like a
sei|ueltoit. If ynii have only a horse
or a cow, I think it will iiay jou to in-
vest in the book. II has 44 pages, 7x10,
illustrated. Price30c, postpaid.

Maple Sugar and the Sugar=

Bush. iJv A. .1. Cook. Paper, 44
Iiages. 7x10. illustrated. This is most
valuable to all who areinterested in the
Iirodiict of our sugar maples.. No one
who makes maple sugarorsyrupshoula
bewithoul it. If you don't make maple
syrup jdu may want to know how it is
mii(U-, and how to judge of a good ar-
ticle when you buy it. Price 30c, postpaid.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Premium

Some choice bargains in purses. Any one of the
following would make a handsome present.

Allieator Coin = purse; uudium
sizf, ii.cKel itiune-, gu-SPt eii<is;
usUmUn sold at ~'0 cenis. E cli 12c;
dozen Jl 25; postafje, eacli, 4c. ISix
Kiveti f( r one new subscriber and
your own rt newal with $2 00. >.r two
for j'ouf ow n renewal with $1.' 0.

Farmers' Prosperity Purse.
"H.lds i-leuty." Utnuini- buelt-
skiuoiblaclv kid; Jiimb size; three
roomy p vliets; heavy nicliel, fiim,
ball frame, E.ic i Inc. dc z-n *1 60;
postasre. each, 5c. Five «is'en for
on- new 8ubscrlt)er and your own
j-en -wal w Ih $2 00 or iwo fur your
own r newal with $1 05.
MiinUey-skin Specie-purse. Factdwith leithpi

Tills puise i.s uiadt- trom gi-nuine monkey skin and

conus in as.orted colors; liands. me two-liall tiarne,

an Al purse in everv respect, as we

dCli 25c;

di zen $250; po-tage, each. 4c T'nee
given for' ne neW sub oriber and jour own renew il
al 'i b $2 0J, or one given lor your own renew,il
with $1 00

Hisses' Seal Leather Combination Book.

8ize 3j( 4V4 inches;
inside faced with
leather: coin pocket
with nickeled snap
r.ime and two reg-
II 1)1 r pockets; gu»-
s ted card - p> cket
vim flap and liicl<-
strap and one regu-
1 ir pocket. A hand-
-ome present f< r any
young- lady. E;icli
35c; postage 5e. Two
given for one new
subscril er and your own renew 1 with S2 00, or one
given for- vour own renewal with $1 10.

Seal Grained'leather Combination Book.

F.iiicy metal

corners; lealh-
er-faC' d card-
cki t in flap ;
c o i n - p o e k e t
with stiap frame
and three reyu-
lockets; size
3x4'i. Each
2.5c; dozen $2 50;
postHge, each,
5c. T;ireegiven
for one new sub-
scriber and your
own renewal witli 12.00, or onegheu for your own
renewal with $1.00.

Our Christmas Token Book. Real seal-grained
leain. r coinijination look. One of the neatest
books on the market; size and d scr ption as abo\'e.
but better maleii.il and finish. Each .50c. Two
given for one newsubciber and your own renew-
" with $2.25, omne for your own renewal with $1.25.

Original Augite
Stove-mat. Auso-
Imely indestructi-
ble. Food cooked
on it does not
scorch or burn.
Specially good f r
)at meal, rice, milk,
r custard. Diim-
■ er nl'ie inches,
in border; not the
heap worthless
n iits t h a t are
iiade by some, l5ut
the Identical mat
we formerly sold
at 25 cents each.
Each 5c: dozen 35i;;
gross S;5.50: post.
5c. Two dozen giv-
en for One li « ou b. liber and your own renewal
with 152.00, or one dozen postpaid for one new sub-
scribei- and your owu renewal with SS.dO. or % doz-
en given for your own renewnl witli $1.00, or three
postpaid for your own renewal with $1.00.

Thimble, German-silver. Regu-
lar goods; siandard quality, open
or cl )S.d ends. Each 5c; dozen
f.5c; postage, each, 2c. Fi\e given
for vour own renewal with $1.00.

Thimble, Aluminum, is v> ry
light, blight, ami durable: closed
end only. Each 5c; per dozen 40c;
postage, each. 2c. Five given for
jou'-ow renewal with $1.00.
Thimble, Coin-silver. Veryreat
design: would make a l.and-on.eChiis iiiae present;
open or closed end. Each 20c; dozen S2 00; postage,
each 3c. Thiee sent postpaid for one newsubsci ib-
er and your own renewal with $2(i0, or one sent
postpaid for y(.ur own renewal with $1 00.

Base -balls, '"Boy's Lively."
Each 10-; d zen 95c; postage,
each, 7c. Two given tor your
own lenewal with fl.OO.
Base-balls, "League Junior,
ding s " Eai h 25c; d zen
ii2 50? postage, each, 8c. One
given for your own renewal
with $1 00.

Harmonica, " Quarter

Drive." Edcb 25"; dozen

$2 50: post , each, 3c. 'i liree

given fi r one new sub-

our ,)wn ren< wal with $2.00, or one giv-

renewal with $1.00.

Bay - rum Soap, for making
the skin leie ei and preventing
chapped hands. A handson/e
cake, purest of milled snap.
]>ov of 3 cak«s, 2r>c; cake, 10c;
>n $1.00; imstage, a l)ox, 1.5c.
Thn e 1 o.\e^ gi\ en for one new subsi riber and jour
own lenewal wiili $2 00 or one bi. x given for your
own renewal with *1 00.

Yankee Shaving-soap. Too well known to reed
adescijption. C.ke iOc; dozen $1 10: postage, each,
3c Two cakes for your own renewal with $1.00.

>^ Shaving - brush, " Barbers'
B St." A genuine good brush.
Kacli 25c: postage 4c. Gi. en for
your owu renew al with $1.00.

Stereoscope. Neat wood frame and imitation,
rosewo II head wiih sliding bar, ful' size, good lens,
an excellent ofler for a quarter. Eacli 25c: di zen
$2 00; post 'ge, each, 15c. One given for your owr.
rent w il with ^\ Oil

Stereoscopic Views. A
(h Cl V iitt\ of loreign
oi Auk IK in \ lews. Speci-
1 \ v\ h ch in ordering.
F ( Il 5i d. /en 30c; 100 for
-^ 110 ) ost eicli, 2c. 2'/2
d( / n given for one new
siibs( ribei itul your own
one do/Lii givt n tor j our own

Paper-weight, "Do-
dec hid I on. Se%eial
ji ais go we made a
spt ( 1 il imporiation
from (it in any of loOO
bt lutiful glass jiaper-
■Bi igl t"- Nothing
would be more appro-
pi latt foi a bee-ki ep-
ti isit illiistratestne
ni itlMD itics of the
hontv ct il to perfec-
tion No matter which
wiiyyou may happen
to turn it you will be
delighted ly new beauties. When we found it in
Chicago it was retailing at 80 cents; but buying 1000
of them we got them at a figure thit enableo us to
sell them at 15c; doz. $1 65. postage, each, 3c. Four
given for one new subsciiber and your own re-
newal with $2 00, or one given for your own renew-
al with $L 1 0.

SlIMM.KMKNT

GLHANIXGS IN Hivr; cn/n'Ri'

Rubber Goods.

Wopiiiirr:mt<'o tliosc uo. m
till' siimo <iualit\ ihal i'- ii;
HI (i.>.il>ii'the>o prices. Out
>r hmIs kt e|.8 oiii- slock fresh

s t(. be strictly "firsts,"
iiiili.N so il l>y drufiKists
I KKc (tuipui ill r..l>ber
ihrouiiilioiit. the ye ir. as

witti ^•-' (1(1.

sto k is coiistiiiitly elm iRiiiR :iiid t.ew jroods
arriviiiK- almost \ve< kl> fiotn tho f.icioiy. Many
dOMJers sell wortlil.ss nibl>er Roods uiikiiowiiigiy,
as the\ liei-oiiif roiteii where carried in stock any
great lei gill of t iiiie.
Hard-rubber Bulb Syringe. Made of tho best
while ruhhcr, wiih solid
siict inn - pipe, and t luce
l)i. ees ot hard-iul)l)er tit-
liniis. E:K'h in fMni->- box,
.")iic: postage Xc. Sent post-
new subscrib-
er anil > our own renewal
our own i-enowal wilh $l.;iu.

Hot-water Bags. A comfort in time
if sickiie.-s. ill lai't. an article thit is
low c 'U<i>leied i' dis. ensatile to ev-
I y well-org. niz d b juseliold.
:.'-i|t. ^ize, each TOc; postage 15c.
o-qt size, eiicll 7oc; pnst;i>ie ITc.
i gt. s ze, eaeli 80c: postage 19c.
Or any uf the above given lor one
lew subscriber an i your own renew-
il with ^li OU, or fur yourowu renewal

Combination Water-bottle and

Fountain Syringe. Kxiit sliai e as

lioi-waier I asi', wiih three piece set of

h ird-rubber tlttings and lou^ rubber

tub ■ ill additii n.

~'-qt. size, each 9')c: postage 20c.

3 (ji. size, eat'h $1.00; posiage 21c.

4 qi. size, each Sl.lU; po-^tage 22c.

Any ef the above given for one new sub.scriber
and iour own renewal with $2.25, or jour own re-
newal Willi $1.80.

Fountain Syringe. Made
from ti.e iiesi whae rubber,
will hard - rubber connec-
lions ; regiiliir number of
f. et of ruuber pipe, patent
water stop.

2qt., each 8.5c; postage 13c.

3qt.,eaCM 9.')c; p^ stage Lie.

4 (4t., e cli $1 : p siage 17c.

Any of tiie above gi\ en for
one new siib.eci iher iinfl your
own renewal with |2 20, or
r your own r. n -wal with $1 TO.

Hardware Specialties.

Kitchen -knife. Tyler.

Parli. u iirl.v .daptiU to
the woik of cliopping
potatoes while warming.

lu rn I n sr griddle - cakes,

et'gs, fish, omelets, etc.,

removing cookies from

n , and matiy other uses.

Kach He: d(

post-

V,,,,,. ,.„ , • ■ »..'*^°®^^' '^u's^criber and

jour (,«n reiie^al whI, $.2.(0, or tliiee given for
your own renewal wiih «1 00

strainer,
adjoining

lid uten-

in the

, a. c r o f

mashing

pot atoes.

You have

' much lijilit-

lieer they are

1 prori 88. It is

io most valuable for

essing fruit for jel v

n. Each .3-,c: doz.

':i 7.'): box of three d. z.,

flO (fl pi stage each, 20c.

iie>s .-^uiisiTlber and jour own re-

• one given for your own renewal

Ink stand. Rronzed iron frame

and hiiigei cover: ^la-s well; a

good sensi' Ic ink-stand. Each 10c;

do/en $1,110. Seven jaiven for one

new siib-criher ai d jour own le-

iiewal wilh $2.00. or two for your

Iji^^ own reiewal wilh $1.00.

^=-"^ Cattle -card, tor cattle »nd

horses. Solid block ;

goed strong handle.

•5^>\^^\^^\ postage, each, 5c. One
dozen g'veii for one
»\^>\V>\'!.\>\ now sub criher a .d
\ our I wii r • n e wal
vn renewal wiih *l.0o.
Currycomb, ^o. 1. 8-
^^"^"IPSSlLil ''■'"' ^^ ader. ' Kii. meled
r*^.^r&,..tt^^BSiJ h uidle. e.Mia liea\j and
well braced, oi>eii 1 ack.
Eic-h lOc; doz. 8S-; post.,
( ach 9i'. Seven given for
one new .-uuscriber and voiir own renewal wilh
$2.00, or ti<o for J our own renewal with $1.00.

Currycomb, No. 2. " Fclipse " .5 center, flve-bar,
jaianiied; two b< avy wires running thioiigh bars
and over the back. Each 5c; dc zen 48c; iiostage 6c.
Five given for your own renewal wilh $1 00.

Currycomb, No. 3. 8-
'lar closeii back, well fln-
i-hed, enimeled handle,
extia strong. Each 1.5c;
dozen $1.50; post., each,
22c. Five given for one
new siiiiscr ber and your own renewal with f2.00, or
two for your own renewal with $1.0.5.

Coffee-mill, "Pulver'zer."
A rapid gru.der. Full-size,
luered copeer - bionze
cisting.s, var. ished h.rd-
w. od box. Thi- is the .same
mi 1 we have fo merlv so d
at 7.5c. Each .50c: d. zen $4 75.
One given for your own re-
:E"iH,ii-.; d ne«al with $1.25.

; Steel Trap, No. 1. Jaw

_l5 sp ead three and one hal
^'•"'^^'^ inchi s; unusually shari

gop

Jaws
half

tally sharp

spring; useful for rats,
ers. ; nd other small
animals. Each lOo ; dozen
9.5c; post., each, 6e. Si ven
given for one new subset ib-
er and jour own renewal
with $2. (lb. or two viven for

you o ewal with $1.00

Steel Trap, No. 2, 'Pro-
eci,.r." S.zu lor musk-
ats, skunks, wood-
I I licks, etc., or to use in
'oultry-iouse and baru.
i|)iead of jaws, 4 inches.
Jicli. with cliain, 1,5c;
doz. n .41.45; postage, eacl,. 8-. Five given for one
new sub-ciiher and j-oiir own rtn. wal with $2.00,
or two given for your own tt-tn'wal wilh $1.05.

Apple Paring. Coring,
and Slicing Alachine. No
1 d be
wiihoiiione of these ma-
les. It pares, cor. s,
and sli 'es the fruit. Ap-
ple .and coie are pushed
oir separately. Each 45c;
dozen $4.50 post., each,
25c. Two given lor one
M. w subsiiib.-r and j-our
own renewal with $2 20,
or one given for your

Flatirons.

Mrs. I'oMs'
e r n ,

li.kel-

d. Set
■ rises
a d o u b i e -
p o i n t e d
irons, as-
sorted sizes; ..e...ciuu.>,e, alA'ajs-cool handle, and
iron stand. Do not confuse these with the cheap

6

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Premium

polished irons now on the market. Per set of three
irons, handle, and stand, 7;")C. Given for one new
subscriber and your own renewal with >f'~.00, or for
your own renewal with $1.50.

Extra Handles for the above irons. Each 10c;
dozen $1.00; postage, each, lie.

Barney & Berry Skates.

There's nothing new or novel about these except
our price, which is to a cent what retail dealers pay
for these goods. Nothing will please a boy more
for a Christmas present than a pair of B. & B.
skates. The 32-cent values aie the same as are usu-
ally sold at 8,5 cents.

Table giving sizes of skates in inches, with the
correspondiug number of shoes.

No. 1, "Boy's Favorite," Club lever Skate, made
witb cast-bteel blades, polislied crucible-steel upper
parts, model same as highest grade. Sizes 8 to 12.
Per pair, only 32c; postage 36c. Given for your own
renewal with $1.10.

No. A N, "Boys' Favorite," Club = lever 5kate,
nickel plated, otherwise as above. Per pair .54-:
postage' 37c. Given for one new subscriber and your
own renewal with $2.00, or your own renewal with
UM.

No. Z N, " Boys' Pride," Club=Iever Skate, solid
castsieel blades, hardened, nickel - phited, upper
parts of crucible steel: .-ibriiihi si roiii;- skate, wltb-
out an equal for th(^ moiic\-. Si/.rs S to I:.'. Per pair,
$1.05; i)ost-ige 40. Given loV one new subscriber and
your own renewal with $2.30. or your own renewal
with $1.80.

No. 2, American Club Skate, nickel-plated, grade
3, welded steel bladt-s, tempered upper parts of cru-
cible steel. Sizes 9 to 12 inches Per pair, $1.88;
postage 40. Given for one new subscriber and vour
own renewal, with $3.10, or your own renewal
with $3.60.

No. 2L, Ladies' Skate, blades
of best cast sied. poli-hed cru-
cible-steel upper p.ii'ts; russet-
leather heel and toe straps.
Sizes 8 to 10 inches. Per pair,
65c; postage 36. Given for one
new subscriber and youi- own
renewal, with 83.00, or your
own renewal with $1.40.

^--0^.

No. LA, Ladies' Skate, ra-.l strel lilinl. s. polished
crucible-steel i.pper pails; russei-giaiiied leather
Straps, with nickel heel-bands. Sizes 8 to lOVi inch-
es. Per pair, 88c; postage 37. Given for one new
subscriber and your own renewal, witli $3.15, or j'our
own r.newal with 81.65.

No. LZ, Ladies' Skate. "Nothing better made;"
solid cast steel, hardened blades, polislied upper
parts, crucible steel, russet-grained leather, nickel
heel-bands; full nickel-plated. Sizes 8V2 to 10>2 in.
Per pair, $2,25; postage 40. Given for one new sub-
criber and your own renewal, with $3.50, or your
own renewal with $3 00.

The Diamond
^Skate-sharpener.
e illustration
-hows something
'ntirely new in a
skate - sharpener.
With one of these
every hoy can
sharpen his own
skates ; usuHlly
sold at 2.5c ; our
price 30c each; dozen $2.00; postage 5c. Given for
your own renewal with $1.00

Family Grindstones,
6 - inch. No kitchen
should be without one
of these every - day
helps. With one of
these your wife can
sharpen the knives,
etc., without your
help. This fact alone
night to place one in
very kitchen. They
are made with iron
frame, trough, and crank. The entire mountings
nicely japanned. Each 50; dozen $4.25. Two given
for one new subscriber and your own renewal with
$2.35, or one for \ our own renewal with $1.2.5.

Family Grindstone, 8-inch. Each 60c: doz. $6.00.
One giv. n for our own renewal with $1.35.
Shaft Chime bells, No. 1. Made from wrought
metal, of supe-
rior tone and
finish. Nickel -
plated and polished. Riveted in iron straps, 3 bells
on a strap, two straps in set. Set 75e. Given for
one new subscriljer and >our own renewal with
$2.00, or given for your own renewal with $1.50

Shaft Chime-bells, No. {2. Swiss chime, harmon-
ized and luned, 4 bells on a strap, two strai>s in set.
Set $2.00. Given tcr one new subscriber and your
own renewal with $3.25, or given for your own re-
newal with .$3. "6.

Lamp Stove, 1 -burner. Sin-
i gle Limp with 4-iiich burner,
removable mica front, for giv-
ing light. Each 40c. Two given
for one new subscriber and
your own lenewal witli $3.05, or
one given for vour own renew-
.il witli ■*' T)

Lamp Stove, 2-burner. Two
fo It UK h burners with wicks,
o'li(n\i>eas above. Eaidi T,5c.
(iiNcn lor one new subscriber
md jour own renewal with
■^2 00, (u- foi \our own renewal
with $1 .50

Lamp Stove. 3-burner. Thre-" 4-inch wicks with
sepatale burners. Each $1.00. Given for one new
subscriber and y. ur own rei ewal with $3 35, or lor
y.ur own jenewal witli $1.75.

Wicks, 4-inch, for the above stoves. Each 3c;
doz.ii 3ite; postage, each, 2c.

Flower=pot Bracket, No. 1.

'Iron bronzed, artistic design.

Eacli 5i-; dozen 50c; postage,

each, Oc. Five given for your

iwn renewal with $1,00.

Bracket, No. 2,

tlower-potor lamp.

Elegant swing ns.'

bracket. 5-iii. (iis:

and 6 -inch aim.

Each 10c: dozen Jl:

postage, each, 15c.

Seven -given for

one new subscrib-
er and your own

renewal 'with $2.00, or two for your own renewal

with $1 00.
Wilson's No. 1 Bone-mill. "A corner-stone to

success in the poultry business." Every one who
keeps poultry for
profit should have
some way of pul-
verizing bones, etc.,
to aid in the making
of shell. We con-
sider this mill the
best size for grind-
ing dry bones and
shells, crockery,
corn, and tbe like
for chicks, crack-
ing wheat or even

making coarse graham for porridge. A circular

with testimoriials will be mailed free on application.

Each $4.00; with sieve attachment, $4.50. Given for

one new subscriber and your own renewal with $5.25,.

or for your own renewal with $4.75; attachment SOc

extra.

SlI'lM.KMKNT.

oijvANixc.s IX hi>:k cui/ruRi'.

Root's Repairing; Outfits.

Home Repairing Outfit, No. i. A box of ammuni-
tUm for Uic batdc of economy. Consisting of 44 flrst-
class tools and materials as s>hown in cut. All these
tools are full-sized, practical, neat, and cheap— not
mere toys. With one of these outfits any person
can do liis own lialf-solin?. bODt, shoe, rubber, har-
ness, and tinware repairing. Each set. packed in a
strong wooden box for safe shipment, weighing 18
lbs. Price 13.00: half dozen $10.50. Given for three
new subscribers and your own renewal with $4.2.5,
or for one new subscriber and your own renewal
with ^'!.2.5, or for youi' own renewal with *2.7.5.

Home Repairing Outfit, No. 2. This is the same
set as the above e cept with the harness and solder-
ing tools left out, and is put up expressly for shoe
and boot repairing. Per set. packed in a strong
box, .$1.2.5; half dozen sets $0.00. Special terms to
agents on the above sets in quantities. Given for
two new subscribers and your own renewal with
$•3.00, or for one new subscriber and your own re-
newal with ^2. .50. or for your own renewal with ^2.{)0.

Better Prices on Half-soies.

We have taken ad-
vantage of the leather
market by purchasing
a large ttock just be-
fore the advance in
price. These are iden-
lically the same soles
rhat we and other re-
liable dealers have
heretofore been and
are still selling at $1.75
pei'il zen. \\c ;irf now prepared to furnish them
foi 1.5 piT- i-et't undi-rlhc market. (^"Phvise lake
nor'ce t hat t'rc do/en price is for assorted sizes, rnn-
ning fmiii '. to 11. If \r.u wn.t one particular size,
the iiricf will be 1.5e per pair straight through

Men's Half-soles. Nns. T to 11. Pair 1.5c dczen
pairs $1.50; postage, pair, 6e. Five pairs given for
one new subscriber and your own renewal with
$2.00, or two pairs for your own renewal with $1.05.
Boys' and Youths' Half soles. Nos. 11 to 6 Pair
12c; dozen |)r-. *1 :'>5: po-,1.. pr., 4c. Six pairs given
for one newsulisi-riber and your own renewal with
f2, or two paiis given for your own renewal with $1.
Women's and Children's Half-soles. Three sizes
i:!, 5, and 7). Pair li)r; tlozeri pairs $100; postage,
pair :3c. 20 per cent extra for all No. 7's. Seven
pairs Miven for one new subscriber and your own
renewal with $2 00, or two pairs given for your own
renewal with $1.

Clinch Nails. Put up in ii^-lb. p.ackages; sizes -'s,
V2, %, and M. Package .5c; doz. a5c; post., each, .5c.
Six packages given for your own renewal with $1.

Star Heel plates. Package of '4
dozen j)airs, assorted sizes, 10c;
piist. 5 . Two pui'kagfs |)08tpald
tor your own renewal with $1,00.

Top Heel lifts. I'air 5c: dozen
;iaiis 50c; post. :ic. Five pairs giv-
en for your own renewal with $1.

Meat=cutters.

Family meat-cutters aie a very great convenience,
and well nigh a necessity. Certain it is, that, if
properly used, they will pay for themselves in a
very little time in any family of ordinary size.
There is hardly another item
in the li.^t of provisions foi-"
the family hoard that counts-
up faster than the meat bill;
and any thing that will seive
to economize in the meat sup-
ply, and at the same lime
render much of it more edi-
ble, is certainly worth inves-
:igating.

Triumph Heat-cutter. This
is one of the best cheap ma-
chines of the kind on the
market. It is also easily lak-
en apait to clean. Each $1.3,5. Given for one new
subscriber and your own rtnewal with $2 60, or aiv-
en for your own renewal with $2.10.

Enterprise Meat-chopper, No. 10. This machine
dots not tear the meat, but
chops it precisely like the
snipping process, like a pair
of shears. It is made to clamp
to the table by means of a
thumb-screw, making it very
I convenient. This size will
chop one pound per minute,
and is especially desiral)lc for
' any one on the meat diet.
-— Each $2.40. Given for one new
subscriber and your own re-
newal with $;>.()5, or your own renewal with $3.15.
Sausage-stuffing Attachment, 35c extra.
Extra Knives for the above. Each 30c; post. Oc.
Falcon V\'rinc:er.

This is a full-size w linger,
and we consider it the best
cheap wringer on the market.
It has all the improv'emenis of
other wood-frame wringt rs ex-
cept that the rollers are not
pure white rubber, but is well
worth the price here asked.
Rolls 10xl?i in. Each $1.2,5.
Given for one new subscriber
and your own renewal with
$2. ,50, or given for your own

renewal with $!

Lagonda Wringer.

Extra stroni.-- frairit-; st> d spring; best American
rolls, vulcanized on the shaft. Tlils wringer is sold
the world over at three dollars each. The rolls are
warranted to be first class. Each $2(K); extra rolls
$1.00 each. Given for one new subscriber and your
own renewal with $^^.2.5, or for your own renewal
with $2.75.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Premium

Crown Raisin -
seeder. We con-
sider iliis ilie best
maciiii.e of its
ki.d on tlie mar-
ket, and should he
111 every family,
iiotel. bakery, e.ic.
It n.'iii"\-f8 the
seeds iroin all
kiiids of raisins
il)ig-or Mule) with-
(iut waste, and
makes 1 1 is hereio-
f.re dis.ijrrt cable
work cli an and
pi. a^ant, and is
-(> simple a child
ran Dpcrate it. it
is linmd to pie-
vt n from rust ;
easily clearl^d.
Each 50c ; dozen
- - $5.00. Two uiv. n

for one new subsiTlber and your own renewal wiih
$3.25, or one g'lven tor y-"- ■■■"'■■ .^. «..^..i ..,;*v. .ii •>

uWll

lewal with ^1.25.

Carpet=sweepers.

We purchase tli. se {foods in >irt)ss lots atspot-cash
price, hence ilie price liere ottered. He have sold
tills make of swei pers for years and liave yet to
find any Ihiny lietlcr for Ihe niciney. We especi rlly
call your attention to the Go-lien, which we have
found equal and riia'y insia' ces superii f to sweep-
ers sold at retail fortlireeand four dcillars each.

"Ladies' Friend" Carpet-sweeper.

Oak

brush
for i«
Each
your
scriht
own r

•flniph case; wlieel on one side; l:)cst quality
I. Mis. Koi.t his used one of these swtepers
n years, and does not, w..nt any other kind.
*1 50. Given f( r t«o new suis.-ribeis and
own r(ne»\al with $15.35, or for one newsub-
•r and youi- own leuewal with $3.75, or your
euewal wl h $3.^:5.

'Qoslien" Carpet-sweeper

L'g-tit oak finish; four drive wheels; best quality
brush; latest Sly e duct (lump: ruliber band atoun 1
it to prevent it fnmi murriug the furniture; the
easie~t-runnltr{i' sweeper out. The best artule in
tlie 1 St f'lr rhristtHMS, birthday, and we d nsr pres-
ents. Ra.-h $3.00 Given for two new s ibscri ers
and your own renewal with $:J.75, or (>■ e new suti-
scriber and your own renewal with $3.35, or your
own lenewal with $3 75.

SILVERWARE DEPARTMENT.

We handle oidythe best grade of Rogers silver-
war.-, and {iuaiantre the qu:.liij' NN hde jroods bear-
inj:- the •'An.hor" trade-mark will strip mor.- silver
than any other iira d if U m. rs y^oods on the mar-
ket, we >iuariiiitee that our prices are as low as any
genuine Eo^er^ jroods can he purchased foi- Tliere
is nothing' more appropriate for Christinas, wed-
ding-, i r birthday presents than Kog. rs" flat table-
\\are. Every or^e w.mld know the value of a pr. sent
if it is stamped '"Kogeis" Anchor brand." One-half
dozen at dozen rale.

Rourd Medium Knives and Forks. Knives are
ti-ipl" jiiated cu steel and forks ti-iple plated on
nickel silver. We g-uai-nntee this set tqutil to any
thing on tin- mark t lor- wear. Per set of six knives
an 1 siv forks *:^.:!n; jiO'-tage :!fic

Round Medium Knives Only, as above. Dozen
$3:50; )iost.-ige in-
Round Medium Forks Only, as above. Dozen
$3 3.i: po-tai>e38c.

Dessert knives to match the above. Dozen $3 20;
po-t.-ige 4tic

Dessert-forks to match the above. Dozen $3.20;
postage 30c.

Si.K knives and six forks, onf dozen of any the
above, given for si.\ new suliscribers and j'our own
renewal wiih -fT 00 or given fir one new subscr ibcr
and voiir own renewal with $-4.55, or your own re-
newnl with .$-ti'0.
Butter. knife, triple plated on steel Each 35c;

dozi-n $3 50; p .stage, each. 4c.

>^ ~ '^T-— __I!^ Two given for one new sub-

scrib r and your own renewal

with .*-? Id or tot vouri.wn renewal with $1 10

Teaspoon, Tipped Pattern, best triple plate on

nickel silver Set of 6,

.5ii; post.-ige 8c Giv-

I for two new sub-

cribers and your own

eriewal with iJ-3.25, or

\ 1 J 1 1

De.ssert-spoons, Tipped Pattern, best triple plate
on nickel lUir Set oi si.x, W 50; i ostage 12c. Giv-
(-n lor our new subscribers and your own renewal
wi.h •i-5 35. oi one new subs(-riiiet-"aiid y. ur own re-
newal with 1-3 75, OI youi-owii renewal wi li ^3 35.

Table-spoons, Tipped Pattern, b<st triple pi te on
nickel siUer. Sit ol si.\, t^3 (lO. postage, Kic. Given
ipi live new sub cribt rs and youi- own lenew; 1 wi h
$H 35, or one new subs riliet-and your own renewal
with *4 .35, or your own r- newal wi'tli $3.75.
i^ugar-shell. Tipped Pattern, triple p'ate on nick-
'1 silver ; very
i-S^C^^^^^V liaridson>e. each
•l^^^^:^ -,,„.: postage 3c.
Two given for

one new sub-
scri ptinii and
your own renewal with $3.35, or one given for your
own r-i n -wal with *1 35

Sugar = shell, 5hell Pattern, single plate, very
lianUs ine. Each 35 ; postage 3c. I wo given for
one IK w sui sc iber and your own renewal with
$3 0). or one siiveii for your- own renewal with $1.10.

Rogers' 5ilver°metal Flat Ware, made by the
ge III. lie Ilogeis' 1 eo|.le, who turn out none l)ut" good
goods. 'J lies ' are made of s lid silver metal, and are
alike throughout They are ru:iy as light and h md-
sonie in appe trance as ih high-grade p'ated goods,
and aie.parii ularly recominended bj' the makers
lor wea l':i es are as f<iliows:

Teaspoons, 5ilver-metal Set of six, 60c; postasre
13c oi-g(\eii for one new subscriber and j'oiir own
r. iiewai with ■f2 00, or \our own renewal with #1 *5.

Dessert "Spoon.s, Silver- metal. Set of six. 90c;
postage l^C (iiveri fO'- on ■ new subset iljer and vour
own le M wal with $3 15. or vour renewal with $1 65.

Table-spoons, Silver-metal. Set of six, $1 20; jiost-
age 14c tiiven for two lu-w subscrlljers and your
<.wn renewal with $3.00, or your own renewal with
$1 95

Butter-knife, 5ilver-metal, fancy pattern. Each
20e: p stage 5c. Sent postpaid for vour own renew-
id with $1.00.

1897

(;iJvANlN(;S IN RKK CULTURH

(9!)

Contents of this Number.

Afciii.nt at 01»<ii!<irs.

sv:.

Inv.-i

ti..ii-. I'enmti.v..

s-".

.T t..i IliK. -, l)i-v

A.h.iti~.iiu-nt<. Snid-

Bi>tt .Ml h..ai-<l, Danx.v

M.ii 1.

n Mil.'^

Rifikiii t. No

\ > . •

■111. I,'. ,1m-,.|,1,

nu.k.'ii Storv.

SI

l':l .'.1

nir r,ii..-i

(•oi„i.v r-inarOUl ...

!<\l<

H'lli-liinson-.M

r>o,. little at H.iine

sii:i

QlUH'l

Proiitii

-Pil.iiik'

K,lit.., atL.Hll

S '1

Kl.-.-fikii>e

S"

M.Tlw N.-w

Kfitili/nfion Control

inr.

,sr-

Sc-ti,

IIS, Till

K ame.-. Stapled

.SI,

^ITtii

Kn.-t-. Late

... Niihieway. Old

Health N^te'i

.staple.

Hralll. Witl.nnf M.'Ii,

iiii'

Ml

r ',:',

Hnne.v \Va-te.lin|)ak.

ta

niC,..i-..iany f

Sealed Covers.. 812

Honey Column.

C/ry^AfARA'^ETS.

MiLWArKEK.— The condition of thi.s market for
honey seems to be favorable. The receipts are good
and the demand fair for both comb and extracted, and
qmlity bett-.-r than in times past. We quote fancy
white in l-lt). st-ctions. llVd lo: No. I, \\0iV2: fancy am-
ber, !•'" 10; extracted, in barrels, kt-gs. and jiails. white.
•5'/;(,i(j; amber. -t'iUi r^^^; dark, 4(".")'^; beeswa.x. '2-'>'if2~.
A. V. BiSHor & Co..

Nov. 8. Milwaukee, Wis.

New York. — Honey arrivitig quite freely; trade
quite active; market ruled steady at unchaneed prices.
Stfite white-clover comb, fancy, 12®12^: fair, lOrSll;
buckwheat. 8fa0; white clover, extracted, otSS'/i; buck-
wheat, 4^-7 4'4; California comb, lltffil.S; extracted, 4^(ffi,
5; Southern, in bulk, per gallon, ^Sf^.50; Beeswax in
demand; market, 2()(q27. Write us before making
shipment. Franci-S H. IvEogett & Co.,

Oct. 26. Franklin and Varick Sts., New York.

St. I,ouis.— There has been no change in the honey
market since our last quotations. The demand for
honey is still rather slow. The rrost of our large
manufacturing companies have bought largely of
western .stock. Beeswax, prime. 2-l('i24'/2.

Westcott Commission Co.,

Nov. 8. 213 Market St., St. l,ouis. Mo.

Cin'Cinn.^ti. — Demand is slow for extracted and
comb honey, unusually .so for this time of year. We
quote best white comb honey at 10f3il8; dark. 7(oH; ex-
tracted honey brings :il4(a.(j, according to quality. Sup-
ply is good of all kinds. There is gooc demand for
Ije'eswax at 22(a2.'), for good to choice yellow, with a j
fair .supply. Chas. F. Mi'th & Son, j

Nov. 8. ' Cincinnati, O. |

Chicago.— Fancy white, ll(al2: No. 1 white, 10; best
grades of amber, 8((z(l; fair grades of amber, 7; dark
grades or mixed, 7(u S; extracted while, ofii 0, amber,
4^rf/.i; dark. '■i\i('i i. All of the.se grades vary in qual-
ity and style of package, which makes it difficult to
tell just what a certain colored honey will bring with-
out knowing flavor and body thereof. Sales are of
small amounts, and supply abundant. Beeswax is
wanted at 20(a27 on arrival.

R. A. Burnett & Co.,

Nov. 8. ia3 South Water St.. Chicago, 111.

New York. — Our market does not show much ac-
tivity, and comb honey is moving off rather slowly.
Receipts aie large, and the stocks are accumulating.
While choice grades of while are like y to find .sale at
pre.sent quo;ations, prices on off grades and buck-
wheat will have to be shaded in round lots. We quote
fancy white, 12; No. 1, KXoill; amber. 'Mad'A: buck-
wheat. sr<iHi4; extracted California white. o(gio!4; Cali-
fornia light amber, ■I'ACq.'y, clover and basswood, 5;
Southern, in barrels, in good demand at oOc per gal.;
Beeswax finds ready .sale at 2(irf/ 27.

Hildreth Bros. & Segelken,

Nov. 8. 120-122 W. Broadway, New York.

Minneapolis.— Fancy white clover, 10&12; No. 1, 9
@10^; white extracted, .5<S ti. Best time of .season to
ship; stocks can be handled promi'tlv now.

S. H. Hall & Co.,

Nov. 8. Minneapolis. Minn.

SrRiNGKiKi.i). — Honey in good tleniand, I-'ancy white
clover, 12c; chojci? white clover, 10; buckwheat," 10c.
Perkins iSc Hatch.
Nov. 7. .Springfield, Mass

Cleveland.— Fancy white, 12faii;!; No. 1 white, 11@
12; fancy amber, i)(a 10; No. 1. amber, StSi!); fancy dark,
7(n 8; white extracted, ()}4: amber. 5J^(8,(f; beeswax, '2H.
A. B. Williams it Co.,

Nov. i). 80-82 Broadway, Cleveland. Ohio.

ing more freely now.
1 white, in cartons or

Boston. — Comb lionty is mov
Fancy white, in cartons, 13; No.
glass-front cases, IKaiVI; fancy light amber, 10; white
extracted, (i@7; light amber, 5(ai.5i4; beeswax, 28, and
wanted. Blake, Scott & i,EE,

Nov. 8. Boston, Mass

Detroit.— Best white comb honev, llro'12; other
grades^ 8@10^; extracted white, .5@(); dark, 4@5; bee.v
wax, 2o(S)26.

Nov. 9. M. H. Hunt, Bell Branch, Mich.

Kansas City. — The receipts of comb honey are
large; extracted, light; demand fair. We quote fancy
white comb, ll(a 12; No. 1, 10@11; amber, 8(a;,10; ex-
tracted white, 5H@6; amber, 5@5^; dark, 4(«»4^; bees-
wax, 22fSj25. C. C. Clemons & Co.,

Nov. 8. Kansas City, Mo.

Albany. — Our market is very active, and stock mov-
ing off rapidly. Fancy white is .scarce, and we are un-
able to fill all of our orders for this gi ade. Buckwheat
and mixed are plentiful. There is als, . a better demand
for extracted. We quite fancy white, 13; No. 1, 12@
13: buckwheat and mi.xed, 7(SilO; ext-acted dark, 4@
4% amber, 4 U®."). Chas. McCuli.och & Co.,

Nov. 9'. Albany, N. Y.

Columbus. — Fancy white, 13; No. 1, ll(«ll'/2. There
is now existing a very good dem.md for white comb.
Receipts are light. We want honey, and are in the
market to buy any quantity. Advise us what you have
to offer, stating price and quality.

The Columbus Commission & Storage Co.,

Nov. 9. 409-113 N. High St., Columbus, O.

For Sale. — 2.5 bbls. extracted pure white-cloVer
honey, very light in color, and of finest quality, at
prices as cheap as the cheapest, quality of goods con-
sidered. Can put it up in any .style of package. Write
for price, stating quantity desired.

Emil j. Baxter, Nauvoo, Hancock Co., Ill

For Sale.— Alfalfa honey, light amber, in carloac
lots. 3Ji cts. per lb.; sample, 10 cts.

John Nippert, Box 1051, Phoenix, Arizona

P'OR Sale.— Tons of honey, comb, at 7 to 12c per lb
IncIo.se .stamps for .samples'of extracted at 4 to 6c. ir
160-lb. kegs, f. o. b. N. L. Stevens, Venice, N. Y

P'OR Sale.— Pure honey.— Clover, extracted, 6% ct.s.
per lb.

I. J. Stringham, 10.5 Park Place, N. Y. City.

For Sale.— Good extracted white-clover honey and
heart.sease and Spanish needle. Either, price oc per
lb., 60-lb. cans, 2 in a ca.ss. Send .stamps for samples.
JNO. A. Thornton, Mma, Ills.

No cheap Queens to sell ; but the best.

Oolden 5 band, or 3 band from

imported mother, fntest-

ed, 75 cts.; tested, $1-00.

L. BEAUCHAMP, Box 6i3, San Antonio, Texas.

BARRED PLY MOUTH ROCKS, Hawkins' noted
strains. A few choice birds for .sale cheap, SI. 00
each. Fred H. Burdett, Clifton, N. Y.

COLONIES OF BEES FOR SALE. In 1 'i-storj-
I.ang.stroth hives, in good shape, at S2..50 per
colonv. Italians and Carniolans.

D. C. Heidt, Oateston P. O., Barbour Co., Ala.

rOR SALE —Green-bone cutter. Good order; can
be used with power; bargain.

Box 57, Medina. Ohio.

70

800 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Nov. 15.

The Review at Reduced Rates.

The Bee-keepers' Review is $1.00 a year, but, for the sake of getting it into new hands, and being able
to begin the year with a large list, I will, until Jan. 1st, send free to each ttezv subscriber, a copy of " Advanced
Bee Culture,'"' a 50-cent book of nearly 100 pages, that gives briefly but clearly the best methods of management
from the time the bees are put into the cellar in the fall until they are again ready for winter — 32 chapters in
all. Those who prefer can have, instead of the book, 12 back numbers of the Review, the .selection to be mine,
but no two numbers alike. All who send Sl.OO now will receive the last four issues of this year free, and the
Re* iew will be .sent until the end of 1898. If not acquainted with the keview, send 10 cents' for three late but
different is.sues.

W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint, Mich.

$100

Gi\en as BOUNTIES to purchasers of the improved
Danz. Hives and ,Sections. For particulars see p. 64,
of my book, ' Facts about Bees." Mr. M. H. Men-
dleson, of Ventura, Cal., with 900 colonies, bought 20
of my hives, 500 supers, and .50,000 .sections this .season,
and intends buying many more next. Mr. S. D. Mat-
thews, of Ham'ilton, N. 'C, and others, from a few
hives, in 3 years, will order hundreds. Mr. J. T. Cal-
vert, treasurer and business manager of the A. I. Root
Co., says of Facts, " It is better than bee-books .sold for
50 cts." .Sent free for 2 cts. in stamps. Address

F. DANZBNBAKER, Washington. D. C.

Pliiladeiphia Office of

THE A. I. ROOT CO.,

10 Vine St., Philadelphia, Penn.

Now is the time to order

Shipping -cases. Winter Cases,
Chaff Division^boards, etc., etc.

Order from catalog ; prices are same
as from factory.

Another
Great
Clubbing
Offer!

Two Great Papers at Price of One.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE
and the PRAIRIE FARMER (Chi-
cago), both papers for only $i.oo.

This offer is good either to new name or renewal, but in case of
renewal all back subscription must be paid up in addition to the $1
for the two papers. The Prairie Farmer is one of the leading farm
papers, and is clean in both the reading and advertising pages.

Address All Orders to

THE A. I. ROOT CO., Medina, Ohio.

Shipping=cases.

Root's popular Non-drip Shipping-cases at factory ])rices at
DES MOINES, IOWA. Immense stock. All orders for cases
or other goods shipped by return freight. Address

JOS. NYSEWANDER, Des Moines, Iowa.

Weekly Bee Journal One Year for 25c.

To everj' w?" subscriber who sends us S1.50 before Jan. 1, 18!>8, we will mail a copy of Prof. Cook's
4(j0-pae:e cloth-bound book, " Bee-keei-ers' Guide" (price $1.25), and the Weekly American
Bee Journal for one year. That makes the Journal only 2.5 cents — a trifle le.ss than half a cent
per number. Or, if anv one now getting the Bee Journal, and whose subscription is paid to Jan.
1, 1808. will .send us 11. SO, with a new name, we will mail the above book to the sender, and the
Bee Journal for a year to the new name and address. We need hardly tell you what the Amer-
ican Bee Journal is; but if you are not acquainted with it, write us for a free sample copy.

GEO. W. YORK & CO.,

Address

118 Michigan St., Chicago, III.

£^'^J>^

Vol. XXV.

NOV. 15, 1897.

tubhshedy the7\I^ooY Co.

PERrtAR'"^@"^EDlNA■OHlo•

No. 22.

Ui,R. GUBLER, who writes the monthly
counsels for beginners in Revue Internation-
ale, says he has found by years of trial that
bees winter better in hives not painted. I be-
lieve Doolittle stands on the same ground. I
want covers painted, but not bodies.

The Busy Bee for October is devoted al-
most entirely to sweet clover, the shears being
freely used on Gi<e.\nings for that purpose;
and, as sho\\4ng progress, the present attitude
of Gle.^nings is contrasted with that of five
years ago, when an editorial said, "Sweet
clover is not a success with us for fodder or
feed at all, although stock will eat it to some
extent if cut just at the right time."

Last ve.\r I said, " If paraffine is left un-
touched by bees, why not apply a coating of
it to ends of top-bars and other points we
don't want glued?" Ignoring that first word
" if," an item has been going the rounds of
the German bee-journals that painting with
paraffine would prevent gluing. There is now
no " if " in the case. Bees ivill daub propolis
on paraffine. Sehen Sie, meine guten deutsch-
en Freunde?

A WRITER in one of the German bee-jour-
nals thinks bee conventions will be better if
discussions are held with wine-cup in hand.
It doesn't work that way over here. At Buf-
falo, a man who had evidently hacl the wine-
cup or some other cu])a bit too nuich in hand,
seemed to be trying to hinder useful discus-
sion. His friends should put a seal on his lips
in conventions hereafter, or else keep close
watch on what pa.sses his lips before coming.

"Don't forget that very feiu people get
tired of first-class honey; and, above all, re-
member that almost any one will tire of poor,
thin, unripe honey." That's what Dan White
said, p. 707, but it's time it was said over
again. That story of his almost makes me
want to raise extracted honey so I can peddle
it. [ Yes, indeed. This is one of the truths
that should be passed around. If it could
only take wing like an unmitigated malicious
lot of good.

lie, it would do the world

There is too much slipshodness in harvesting
and marketing honey. — Ed.]

I arise to remark in a very subdued tone,
that, much as I like the groove in the bellows-
board, I don't think it's quite equal to a '4^ x
>s-inch cleat. [ Perhaps. But the groove
looks so much neater, and is .so much easier
to apply, from a manufacturer's point of view,
that the little cleats could hardly be consider-
ed. But for the life of me I can not see why
a groove is not just as good if made deep
enough. Possiblv ours are not deep enough.

—I'D.]

I don't know for sure just why sections
this year should be half an ounce lighter
than last. Something might be due to the
fact that empty sections were furnished more
freely than last year. July 1 there was an
average of nearly four supers to each colon}'
in one apiary. But the honey-flow has much
to do with tiie weight of sections. vSometimes
the upper two-thirds of a section will be seal-
ed, the .section being rather thin, then comes
a change in the harvest, and the lower third
looks bulged.

Acetylene gas. After reading what A. I.
Root said about this, I determined to have it
in my house just as soon as it could be had.
According to the Cosmopolitan, however, it is
dangerously explosive. I don't believe I
want it. [Yes, and from recent reports in
other periodicals it would seem as if this new
gas could never be used for domestic lighting.
By the way, doctor, the members of the Root
firm are just equipping their houses with elec-
tric lights, the current coming from the fac-
tory. If you will move down clo.se beside us
we will give \ou some of the same sort of
"juice." — Ed.] [Doctor, see p. 791. — A. I. R.]

vSf)ME time within the past five years a
smoker-hook like that on p. 779 was sent me,
asking about patenting it. I said it couldn't
be patented — old. I wish I could remember
where it was first described — was it in Glean-
ings? At any rate I used it years and years
ago, but got tired of it. Still, .some will like
it. r ^'cs, I am quite certain" that the hook
was illustrated in Gleanings; but no rnter-
prising manufacturer at that time probably
thought enough of it to have it supplied with
his regular stock. It does not stand in the
wav if one does not care to use it; and on the

802

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov. 15.

other hand it may be a very great conven-
ience. I have been trying it a Httle myself,
and must say I hke it. — Ec]

Oh the drouth ! Three months ago the
earth was a mat of white clover; to-day, Nov.
1, yovi must get down on hands and knees to
find it, and some places none then. [ I am
afraid, doctor, there is a good deal of truth in
what you say; and I a:n afraid, too, that the
condition you observe will be found generally
over the country. Whether that will have the
effect of cutting down the growth of clover
next summer, remains to be seen. We have
just had two or three days of rain — raining
almost constantly. It always rains, you
know, during election. Possibly the rains
may help to revive the drooping spirits of the
clovers now almost out of sight, even if it
does not those of some of the politicians,
surely buried for ever out of sight. — Ed.]

I AGREE with you, Mr. Editor, p. 766, that
bees put more wax in com1)s in a dull flow,
but I always supposed that such wax was . the
regular article, and I never heard proof that
any of it was lugged in from outside on their
legs. [ It may be that bees do not use " gath-
ered " wax to thicken combs in dull seasons.
But we do know that tliey will darken a nice
light comb put up next to a dark one; and the
only way we can account for this darkening is
on the ground that the bees borrow wax from
the old comb and put it on the new. I should
be more inclined to believe that bees follow-
no invariable rule — that wax is wax to them,
whether it be the regular article coming in the
i-egular way or that which has been borrowed
or 'stolen. — Ed.]

The German Bee-keepers' Central As-
sociation at present numbers about 2o,000
members. As far back as I can remember, no
bee-keepers' societv in this country ever reach-
ed that number. [No, nor anywhere near it;
and yet the U. S. B. K. U. ought to have at
least "that many names to back it up. Why is
it that there is such apathj' on the part of
bee-keepers ? Only the other day I received a
letter from a man who thought we ought to do
less talking and do more work in the matter
of fighting adulteration; but I am almost cer-
tain he is not a membsr of the U. S. B. K. U.
Man}' of these fellows who talk about "action"
and "less talk" are just the very ones who
grumble, and yet never would think of put-
tinsj their shoulder to the wheel themselves. —
Ed.]

While hauling bees home, a little epi.sode
broke in on the even tenor of my life. I made
a rack, and put it on top of a heavy wagon-
box — springs under— 31 colonies at a load.
Unloading I stood on top and handed hives to
Philo. When the last hive was left on the
rack, extending over the hind end, my weight,
together with the hive, overbalanced Uie rack,
and it tipped. The hive lit on ground upside
down; I fell on -hive; rack fell on me; rack
wasn't hurt a bit. [It is too bad, doctor,
there was not a Kodaker around to preserve
the whole situation. If you will agree to go
through with the performance again I will
promise to take a series of snap shots, even if

I have to go clear to Marengo. But say, doc-
tor, I should like to know what was the tem-
per of the bees, and possibly of yourself,
about the time you all three came down ' ' ker
slap." — Ed.]

Replying to your question, p. 7(i7, I didn't
cushion down the paraifined paper. Didn't
need to. Bees glued it down. The only
point I made was that bees would put glue
freely on a paraffine surface, in contradiction
of the claim made in Gleanings for 1896, p.
7-i6, that bees dislike paraffine and are not in-
clined to deposit propolis on it. [ If you had
cushioned down the paper there would have
been less propolis, I am almost sure, doctor.
Mr. Danzenbaker insists that paraffine paper
should be squeezed down tight to the surface
of the sections. If there is a little crack or
air-gap, as there certainly must have been
between the sections and the paraffine paper
that you put over your sections, propolis
would certainly be put in to fill up the spaces.
But I think we might just as well admit that
bees do not dislike paraffine paper as nmch as
we thought they did; and we certainly can not
now say that they will not gnaw itimder some
circumstances. — Ed. ]

TH.A.T FOOTNOTE, p. 766. Seems to help the
boom for figwort, although it was hardly so
intended. But when 3'ou say, " Our own ex-
perience, so far as I can remember," that
phrase, " so far as I can remember," makes
your cultivation of the plant only a memory.
Please tell us how much land you have now
occupied with figwort, and how much less
with sweet clover. In plain words, is it advis-
able to occupy good land with figwort? [Fig-
wort grows wild in our river-bottom land, or
it did do so a few years ago when we were
specially interested in studying this plant.
The only point I tried to make was that there
is more honey — considerably more of it — to a
single stalk of figwort, than in a stalk of sweet
clover. In answer to your question I would
say that it would not pay to try to grow either
one on good ground. No, we are not growing
figwort on our land, neither are we trying to
grow sweet clover; but, unlike figwort, it will
of its own sweet will, spring up and thrive in
all waste places. No scythe on our premises
dare molest it. — Ed.]

In reply to your implied question on page
766, Mr. Editor, I don't know just how man}'
days' work was involved in getting that crop
of 17,150 lbs. of honey; but I know that two
of us did all the work except perhaps what
might be equivalent to two months' work.
Neither did I spend my whole time at it, for I
furnished weekly to bee and agricultural jour-
nals some half a dozen columns of stuff about
bees — in fact, not such a very light year's
work at writing alone. But I had to get up at
three and four in the morning through a good
part of the harvest; and if I'd been less young
and tough I couldn't have stood it. [ I do
not understand you, doctor. You say, " I
know that two of us did all the work except
perhaps what may be equivalent to two
months' work." Do you mean that you prac-
tically harvested that whole crop, two of you,

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE

803

in the equivalent of two months ? or that two
of you s]iciU ten months, leavinjj; out the oth-
er two months which you apparently cxee]>t ?
or what do you mean ? It wt>ul(l he very in-
teresting; indeed to know a])proximately just
how many days it took to harvest that croji ;
and if two of you did it practically in (iO days,
it was a hi"; feat indeed. It is possible that
many bee-kee])ers are s])endin>; too much
time in gettinj^ a jjiven crop of honey; and if
you have broken tlie record, let us hold it up
iiigh until some one else breaks it. — Ed.]

(.. .M. DOOLITTLE IN HIS APIARY.
Testinju Honey from Deep-ceU Foundation.

I!V KRNKST K. ROOT.

After the Buffalo convention I told ]\Ir.
Doolittle that I should probably call upon him
in a week or so. But circumstances made it

this deserved title ; and before I j^o further I
am jj:oin<:; to ,t,nve you rit^ht here what Mr. H.
has to say about our friend :

Dooliule was certainly what C',i,kanin'(;.s called him,
the ■• uncrowned king of the UiifTalo convention." I
think no one will be < fTended if I .say that I think that
he was the 1 est spt aker Iheie was there. No one who
h issini])ly lead his staid, sober, matter-of-fact articles
in the bee-jouinals would dream of the manner in
which he can llavoi his speeche.s with anecdote and
i. lustration. For instance, he was telling how st me
okl man was woikiii;..; himself all but to death that hi.s
children might not be compelled to begin at the foot
of the ladder as hf liad done. Mr. Dooliule asked him
if he had not enjoyed himself when he began honse-
ketping in a humble way, and he and hi.s ycnuig wife
had worked cheerfully' and happily as "month by
month they added to the c<ni forts of their home. The
old man was .silent a minute and then admi'ted, " They
were the happiest days of my life." " \V( uld you rob
your children of this happiness?" asked Mr Doolittle.
I don't suppose Mr. Doolittle knew it. Imt it brought
tears to my eyes, so clearly did it bring back those
happy days when wife and I began housekeeping in
a humble home built by niv own hands, and "worked
cheerfully and happily as mouth by month we added
to the comforts of our home."

Mr. Salisbury and I oiled up our wheels the

ni,<;ht before, auvl llie next mo:-ninr,'- donned

DOOI.lTrLIi .\XD S.M.ISUURV SAMl'LING COMI! JKJNIiV IRii.M DU.WV

)i:XD.ATION.

necessary for me to change my plans ; and
the consecjuence was, it was not till the ")th or
6th of September that I found it possible to
make my proposed visit. Having made a tour
in and around Seneca Co. and Seneca Lake,
Totnpkins Co. and Cayuga Lake, I made my
way northward to vSyracuse, intending at that
point to ask Mr. I'rank A. Salisbury, our
branch manager, to accompany me out to see
" the uncrowned king of the Buffalo conven-
tion." And this reminds me that the editor
of the Reviezv, Mr. Hutchinson, fully indorses

our knickerbockers, golfs, and sweaters, pre-
paratory to a twenty-iive-mile ride to Borodi-
no. The morning was all that could be asked
for ; and then began the heavy grinds up the
hills, followed by almost mile-a-minute coasts
down the other sides of the grades. Frank
knew better than I how to take advantage of
the hills about Syracuse, and he certainly
knew how to let his wheel " go gallagher "
down these long coasts. I did not dare to let
mine out at such break -neck speeds ; and the
consequence was, when we came to a level

804

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov. 15.

stretch I had to do some hard pedaling to
make up.

On we sped, over hills and valleys, till we
came to Rose Hill, where that great seedsman,
Mr. F. B. Mills, lives. Mr. M. has here an
immense seed-farm, fine buildings, and beau-

delightful. I did not realize we were making
such time till Mr. Salisbur}- called out, point-
ing over to the left, " Thjre is Doolittle's ! "

I had given our Borodino friend no intima-
tion that we expected to call on him that day.
Indeed, I was not sure he would be at home.

DOOLITTI.E .A.ND HI.S FAVORITE FIVK-B.\N1 ii;i i i;

tiful surroundings. But as we were in a hurry
we did not stop.

Mr. SalisburN', ahead as usual, put his feet
up on his coasters, and let his wheel go, and I
did likewise. The long easy coast down the
hill, almost flying through the air, was most

As he was away from the railroad I could not
reach him by telegram the day before, and ac-
cordingly took my chances. With some
doubts Frank and I, covered with dust and
sweat, stalked into the yard, when who should
meet us but the " king " himself? Instead of

1897

TrLEANINGS IN BEK CUI/fURK.

805

the " crown." he had on an old straw hat and
old clothes ready lor work in the apiary.

"Well." said Mr. Doolittle cordially, "this
is rather nnexp cled."

" All the belter. " I said. " We have cauijht
yon, not as yon wonld he. perhaps, to receive
company, bnt just as yon are every day in the
apiary." I told ]\Ir. Doolitile that I had come
to do some kodaking as well as to talk bees,
and I asked if he would have any objections
to my taking a photo of him just as he stood.
" Not at all, sir ; I am at your service."

We then walked over to his hive of five-
banders that have the extra choice breeding-
?|ueen. Lifting a frame out he held it up be-
ore us and remarked, "How do those bees
suit you? "

As he did so I took a shot. The large view
accompanying shows him just as he stood. He
had opened tlie hive without smoke, without
veil, and the frame was pulled out in a way
that would be regarded as a decided intrusion
by some bees. But these great big yellow-
bees went right on with their work just the
same, apparently, wnthout observing it.

The lights and shades in the picture are
rather strong, owing to the fact that Mr. D.'s
apiary is in an orchard, and the hive befoi-e
which he stood was in the open.

I\Ir. Doolittle does not believe in wearing
fine clothes out among his bees, especially
when he is not expecting visitors ; and if you
will look sharp in the bottom of the picture
you will see he tucks his pants down his stock-
ings, to keep out crawling bees. Many a
man, possibly, would object strenuou.sly to
being "shown up" before the readers of
Gleanings, in every-day attire; but Mr.
Doolittle said he was not ashamed to be seen
in vrork-clothes.

After we had looked at the beautiful bees,
and heard Mr. Doolittle tell how these yellow-
banders, unlike ordinary Italians, would cap
their honey as white as do the blacks, we re-
paired to liis shop, there to look over samples
of his honey produced from the drawn or
deep-cell foundation, to which IVIr. Doolittle
has already referred in one of his articles.
He had kept these samples for me to try, when
I should come. He procured a plate and case-
knife, and together we repaired to a cool
place under one of the large spreading apple-
trees. We first tried the cliewing quality of a
sample made from drawn foundation, and then
a sample made from ordinary foundation. It
was evident that there was more midrib on the
new product than on the old.

While Messrs. Doolittle and Salisbury were
sampling, I, with my fingers all sticky with
honey, grabbed up the camera and took a
shot, and the result reduced to half-tone is
also shown.

You will notice that Mr. Doolittle uses a tall
section, and the same are held in w-ide frames
while on the hive. He has been using these
deep sections for years, if I am correct ; and
although I forgot to ask him li'hy he did not
use the regulation 4 '4^, the reason is, no doubt,
owing to the fact that his markets call for
these tall boxes ; and as long as thej^ bring a

little higher price, Ik will, of course, continue
to use them.

.Vbout this time we were calkd to dinner ;
and, with apjietites whetted to the keei> by
the ride, Mr. vSalisbury and I enjoyed Mrs.
Doolittle's excellent dinner. After a most de-
lightful chat, on bees and the issues of the
day (for Mr. D. has given much thought to
some of the great sociological problems of our
times), IMr. S. and I took another route back
to Syracuse. He led off as usual. We passed
through INIarcellus, where N. N. Betsinger
once lived. I'rank pointed out to nie the
beautiful home Mr. B. once owned, but which,
with every thing else, had l)een swept away in
a lawsuit. Whether Mr. Betsinger was guilty
of the awful crime of which he was accused,
and for which he was tried, we shall, perhaps,
never know. I do not remember exactly the
result of one or more lawsviits. I believe,
however, the jury disagreed. The affair is a
most sad one, and the lawyers reaped a har-
vest.

Winding around the river we came to Ca-
millus. At present there is there a Mr. House,
a bee-keeper, a brother of George W. Horse,
formerly one of the editors of the American
Apiculturist in its palmiest days. Mr.
House has a most beautiful location for an
apiary. Just back of his dwelling is a sort of
ravine where his apiary is kept between tw-o
of those big hills for which York State is
famous. As I have before stated, I took a
Kodak view, but, most unfortunatel}-, it was
so late in the day it did not develop up as it
should. But there is not a prettier site in the
whole world for an apiary. Possibly Mr.
House will favor us with a photo of his yard
at some future time.

Leaving here, Mr. Salisbury took the lead
as usual ; but I noticed that his legs were be-
ginning to give out. He had not been used
to such long rides as I had, and was not stand-
ing the trip quite as w-ell, and I was just be-
ginning to wonder whether I hadn't better
push him with my wheel, when he made an
extra spurt, and in a short time we landed at
the top of a long hill, and coasted almost into
Syracuse.

Frank is one whom it is a pleasure to know.
He is rather quiet in his manner ; and if the
other fellow will do the talking, he will keep
still, occasionally throwing in a word. He is
a single man, but I h.tve heard it whispered
that one or two nice girls were after him. If
they get him he'll be a prize. But the lack of
a wife is more than made up by a most excel-
lent mother, whom to know is to love almost
as one's own.

MILES MORTON.

His Comb-Honey Super; His Portable House-
Apiary.

BY ERNEST R. ROOT.

Although I have already said a few things
concerning friend Morton I have not said all I
want to say yet. In ihe first place I had bet-
ter formaliv introduce him — at least so far as

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov. 15.

I can do it on paper, and here he is — in half-
tone if not in flesh and blood.

When and where Mr. Miles Morton was
born is not particularly important; but it is
pertinent to remark that l;e has been for years
using certain devices and practicing methods
that to me ap]:)ear to have been in advance of
the times. As his " bee fixin's " had r; al mer-
it other bee-keepers SLein- ih m wanted them

MILES MORTON.

also, and the result was he simply had to
make for them what they could not buy at
the regular factories. I have already said he
has a finely equipped little shop, and from
this he has turnetl out some nice fine work of
the Dr. Tinker order. He does not seem to
have gone into the manufacturing business so
much for the money as an accommodation to
his neighbors and friends. Well, this same
philanthropic spirit shows itself in his willing-
ness to show me his ideas, knowing that I
would give them away to the world.

I have already referred to the salability of
his seciions; of the cleated separators that he
has been using for the last eight or nine years;
and I now show you a view of his comb-honey
super, a half-tone reproduction from a snap
shot that I took while in his apiary.

^

MORTON'S COMB-HONEY SUPER.

On top of the super is his section, the size
of which is just exactly '?,^4:-s.\^. The section

is four-piece, having practically no bee-space
on either side, as I have already explained,
the bee-space itself being formed by the cleats
on the separators themselves. The size of
this section is regulated by the fact that his
regular L. hive is 18>< inches long inside; and
this length, divided by five, gives ?>%. The
super itself, being of the same length, is made
enough deeper to give a nice proportionate
height to the section; for the York Staters,
you know, have a strong inclination toward a
tall or deep section.

As I have already said, the cross-cleats on
the separator are held on simply by ordinary
cabinet-makers' glue. In all the years that
Mr. Morton has been using this separator, not
once has one of these glued strips come off.
As you already know, this separator pleases
us so well that we have practically adopted it
for our 1898 separators, for plain \% sections
without bee-ways.*

These sections in Morton's super are sup-
ported on slats, spaced and fixed at the proper
distance ; and the top edge of the sections
conies flush with the top edge of the super.
When there is only one super on the hive, en-
amel cloth is laid directly on top of the sec-
tions. If there is to be more than one, a sort
of honey-board having slats corresponding to
the top of the sections is laid on top, there be-
ing no bee-space between the sections and the
slats. On the top side of this honey-board
there is a bee-space that provides for the usual
space under the next super above.

It will thus be seen that the top and bottom
of the sections are entirely covered, whether
the super is used singl}- or tiered up While
I can not bring nij-self to believe that thus
covering the tops of the sections is just exact-
ly the thing, I am not prepared to say that
Mr. Morton is all wrong; for on the principle
of "by their fruits ye shall know them," his
honey is in every respect first-class.

Another unique feature of this super is a
tightening-side, two long screws being passed
freely through the center at each end of this
side into the center of the ends ; and these
screwheads stick out far enough to permit of
the use of an ingenious metal wedge. The
left end of the super shows the wedge with
its thin edge to the head of the screw, and in
this position permits of the widening of the
super by about ^ inch, for the easy insertion
and removal of the sections. After they are
all inserted, and the separators in their appro-
priate places, the wedge at the left side is
turned other end to and driven down, bringing
the thick end of the wedge against the screw-
head. As the head of the screw is fixed, the
wedge crowding against the head and against
the super side, it causes the sections to be
squeezed up compactly.

The interior view of the house-apiary shows
just how these wedges are adjusted while the
bees are storing honey in the supers. This
method of tightening is quite ingenious, and I
do not know that I have seen another just like
it.

• A full description of this is given

another col-

1S<)7

GLEANINGS IN HHE CrLTURK.

MORTON'S rORTAIU.K HOl'SK-APIARV.

While I was stuppiii}^ at Mr. Morton's home
I made a free use of the camera — takiiij.;
shots at several of his ingenious "fixin's."
On the (lay that I was at Ciroton there was to
be another bee-keepers' picnic at Freeville,
concerning which I will have something fur-
ther to say at an(.)ther time. It was arranged
that ]Mr. Niver was to take the train, and Mr.
Morton and I were to drive over to Freeville,
stopping on the way to inspect one of his
house-apiaries. Arriving at one of them I
took a couple of views which speak for them-
selves. The building is made up of large pan-
els, said panels being made at home, and so
constructed that they can be put together and

windows with bee-escapes at the top as shown.
Between the windows there is a doorway.

A uni(|Uf feature of the construction is that
there is a jog in the siding, as will be seen.
The first tier of hives rests on the floor — see
interior view. The second tier of hives rests
on the jog or shelf, said shelf being exactly
balanced, as it were, over the first section of
the siding below. The object of this jog is to
give the operator inside of the building plenty
of room to work over the lower tier of colo-
nies, without danger of bumping his head
against the upper tier; then, while working
over these latter, the operator .stands upon
the lower tier of hives. The jog will show
both on the inside and outside. The arrange-

A,

.MORTON'S PORTAin.)-: IK jL'SK-.\PIARY.

form a very neat ami commodious house-
apiary. By looking sharply at the half-tones
you will see the dividing lines in the roof and
in the floor. Any point that may be settled
upon as l)eing a good honey range may be se-
lected as the site for the building; then if fur
any reason that locality in years to come does
not prove to be as good a one as at first, the
structure can be taken down panel by panel,
piled on a wagon, and taken to some other
point and erected.

The building is very cheaply constructed,
single-walled, and made entirely of tongued
and grooved boards. Close to each edge of the
roof-boards is a groove, or gain, that conveys
the water away from the cracks, thus making
a roof at a very small expense, practically
water-tight. At each end there are two large

ment seems to work very nicely, and adds but
a tnP.e to the whole cost of the building.

PAKAFFIXE PAPER FOR SECTIONS DEFENDED.

BY F. DANZENBAKER.

Mr. A'aol : — I notice the article of Mr. F.
L. Thompson, page 734, from the A. B. J.,
page 677, relating to paraffine paper for cover-
ing sections, etc., in which the writer shows
to his satisfaction that he has not succeeded
with it as well as he ought to or might have
done, and decides he can get along without it.
So far, well enough. Experience proves that
bees daub and plaster propolis over enameled
sheets, duck, burlap, etc., and cut through

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov. 15.

them at their option. Any of these things
cost in the first place. While bees at the
close of the season may paste propolis at the
juncture of the paper with the sections, to
prevent wax-moths or worms from secreting
themselves under the paper on the top of the
sections, they do not paste on its surface be-
tween the sections as they do with the other
fixings.

It was the comparative freedom from pro-
polis when properly applied that has proved
its value here on my own hives which, as there
are no rabbets or open spaces requiring much
gluing, may make some difference, for I have
seen L. hives covered with enameled sheets,
with tin rabbets stuck even full of propolis.

is more valuable, as we use new sections rather
than clean up the old. However, I think it is
nearer correct to say that the sections are
praclically free from propolis, or sufficiently so
to justify the use of the paper in the time
saved alone; of time cleaning sections where
it is not used; but this is mentioned only as a
compensation to offset the time taken to put
it ( n. But it was not intended to be the lead-
ins; advantage — only a secondary one.

The chief owe was that it renders the supers
air-tight at once, when properly placed, thus
sparing thovisands of bees to go afield that
might be needed to keep up the necessary heat
in the su])er without it. While saving other
bees from gathering so much propolis before

MORTON'S PORTABLE HOUSE-APIARY — INTERIOR VIEW.

To-day I examined here my last supers taken
off, and there was simply a line of pure wax
at the juncture of the paper and edge of the
.sections. It could all be wiped off the entire
super of sections vith apiece of section, when
they were ready to pack in cases, and the
.same set of mats had been used during April
and May in North Carolina, then two weeks
in Washington, and six weeks in Virginia.
Many of them had been taken off and used
seven and eight times, and are good yet.
Heavier, tougher paper like flour-sacks, dou-
ble coated, might be as strong and tough as
enamel sheets, at one-third the cost.

But in using the lighter paper, single coated,
at2cts.,it is intended to use it but once or
twice, so that it may be as well to tear it off
and use clean sheets to clean it off when time

work could begin in the supers at all in a cold
spell, it might save a week or more in the
starting in the supers, and pay a hundred
times its cost, even if a new sheet had to be
used each time.

Washington, D. C, Oct. 31.

["It never rains but it pours." Perhaps
friend Danzenbaker will think so when he
reads the following editorial from the Cana-
dian JJee Jon Dial for November. Here is the
item :

Ourb;et}iren (or, rather, .rawc of our brethren) ou
the other side of the line have been advocating paraf-
fine paper over the sections to prevent the bees from
propolizing the sections. We do not hesitate to say
that no bee-keeper, anxious to produce first-class hon-
ey in .sections, and willing to master that business,
.should use such paper. In the first place, it is not nec-
essary so far as propolizing is concerned; and in the

18!)7

GLEANINGS IN BKK CULTURB:.

809

ne.xl. till- best lilU-d st'i-tioii.s Oiiii not lie secured Willi -
out a bee-space above the sections.

It is but fair to say that Mr. I), does ])roduce
some very line honey, ami some of his custom-
ers have secured some eciually jjjood, as I can
personally testify. While I am an advocate
of a bee-space over sections I would not say
that first-class honey can not be produced by
doing away with the space and using parafline
paper directly over and in contact with the
sections. Mr. Miles Morton, who produces as
fine honey as can be found in the world, uses
an enamel cloth (the equivalent of jKiraftine
paper), directly on the sections, and so do
many others.— Ed.]

DRY LUMBER FOR HIVES.

Its Great Importance for Western States; Why

Bees Can \ot (lather as Much Honey from a

Distance of Four Miles as from Two.

BV M. A. GILL.

Mr. Editor: — May 1 call the attention of
some of the eastern manufacturers of bee-sup-
plies to the fact that goods intended for use in
the arid regions should be kiln -dried to the
"last extremity," or else the saw -gauges
should be set to make at least },-$ inch extra in
all bee-spaces, either of hive or super ? For the
last two seasons I have labored with our asso-
ciation to purchase their goods of your firm,
having noticed, while inspecting the bees of
the county, that, in most cases, the goods
sent in here from your factory (through Bar-
teldes, of Denver, I suppose) have stood the
dry climate well, and that the bee-space, even
in old hives, is about what it should be.

But both seasons the coTimiittee have decid-
ed to purchase where tliey could buy a little
cheaper; and the consequence is we got a car-
load of supplies last spring that was manu-
factured from such green lumber that the bee-
space has disappeared, or so nearly so that it
is of no account.

I purchased for my own use 800 supers, and
shall be compelled to get out strips and nail
on top of all of them, for in some cases I find
the sections stand flush with the top of super.

I for one want a ,^„ bee-space, as I use no
cloth or quilt on top of the sections, believ-
ing that I can keep the sections cleanest with-
out them. I also fa.sten my starters .so the
dovetailed corner of the section comes up,
which prevents the bottom from unlocking if
the combs are not built clear down and fasten-
ed to the bottom; but the plan proved the
worse for me in connection with the above-
named supers; for our bees here, after July
1st, gather a very tenacious propolis; a:id in
prying off the covers, even in the hottest part
of the day, it would lift open the tops of from
one to five sections on nearly every super.

Imagine the bitter thoughts a man would
have, when spoiling from five to ten dollars'
worth of fine comb honey every day, and all
for the lack of a proper space ! No, the goods
we got last season may be all right back east,
but they are a dismal failure in a climate like
this.

I .see one of your subscribers from the win-
dy Pacific coast asks if bees can gather as
much honey four miles as they could two.
May I ask him if he could carry as many
sacks of flour home in a day four miles as he
could two ? Is a colony of bees much differ-
ent from an industrious man in doing a day's
work? Doesn't each do all it can, governed
by conditions and circumstances?

Speaking of windy locations, I will say
that, in my o])inion, a high wind and a heavy
honey-flow will prove very di.sastrous to the
working force in a very few days' time if they
have to fly a long distance. So if my bees,
and the field where I expected them to work,
were four or five miles apart, whether it was
a windy location or not, I would hitch up my
team and give the bees a ride of at least 'S}4
miles.

Grand Junction, Colo., Oct. 7.

[Thanks, friend G., for the fine compliment
you pay us. We have made a sort of specialty
of hives for the West, knowing full well that
all the lumber mu.st be thoroughly dried or
else provision made for bee-spaces. We have
endeavored to do both; then if the bee-space
does shrink up to the desired point, or the
point that suits one, he can with a jack-plane
go around the top edge once or twice, and
Vjring it down a trifle. — Ed.]

LATE-RE.\RED QtJEENS.

Question. — Will queens be of any use which
are reared after all the drones are killed off in
the fall ?

Answer. — If all drones are killed before any
queen becomes old enough to be fertilized,
and the season of the year is late fall, of course
such a queen will become barren, or a drone-
layer. Some would say a drone-layer, every
time; but my own experience has been that
nearly or quite half of the queens w^hich I
have wintered over that were not fertilized
never lay at all. But if I read the question
aright, the asker wishes to know if a queen
which fails to meet a drone before going into
winter quarters will be of any use. Well, that
depends upon the size of the colony she is in.
If it is merely a nucleus, with no prospect of
w'intering over, then I should say such a queen
would be worthless. But should the colony
be a good one, then I should consider her of
some value in such a colony, as my experi-
ence goes to prove that a colony having a
queen, be she laying or otherwise, will remain
much more quiet during the winter months
than will a queenless colony; hence the colo-
ny having a queen will come out .stronger in
the spring, with less consumption of stores,
than will one with no queen. This non-lay-
ing queen can be allowed to remain with the
colony until we are able to procure a young

810

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov. 15.

laying queen from the South, and thus a good
colony may be saved which otherwise might
be lost. Still, I consider it much more desir-
able to purchase a queen from the South and
introduce her to the queenless colony, where
such is possible, than to try to winter over
either a queenless colony or one having a vir-
gin queen. My reason for so doing is this:
Such purchased queen will commence to lay
during February or ISIarch, and from her
brood the colony will be materially strength-
ened before a queen could be procured in the
spring, and thus the colony becomes ready to
take advantage of the early honey-flows in the
spring, which would be of little use to the
colony which went through with a virgin
queen.

But there are some other thoughts brought
to mind by the question, which it might be
well to notice. How does any one know that
all the drones are killed off in his section of
country previous to October loth or November
1st ? I have been quite sure several times that
there was not a drone within reach of my
queens' flight, and yet the spring proved that
every one of my laie-reared queens had found
drones from soinewhere, as they were all pro-
lific lavers of worker-eggs. In fact, every
time I have tried to winter over virgin queens
by way of experiment, all but two proved to
be fertile in the spring, only as I clipped their
wings so it was impossible for them to fly out
in search of any drone that might chance to
be left. So I have ceased to worry over late
queens failing to become fertile.

Another thought is, th\t no li-e- keeper
should trv to rear queens lat? in the season
unless he' preserves several hundred drones
from the verv best slock they have ;n the yard
or apiary. It is a very easy matter lo ke'^p
choice drones, even as late as December 1st,
by taking franit s of drone brood from choice
colonies ]ust before drone-rearing cea.ses, and
putting said brood in a colcmy horn which you
now remove the queen. Ten days aft.-r the
queen is removed cut off all queen-cells, and
such a colon V will keep iis drones as long as
any are desirable in the fall. If a frame of
scaled worker brood is given to this colony
occasionally, its strength will be kept up so
that the flight of drones will be more profu.se
late in the season than would be the case if
the workers become few in numbers. Then
if an upper story filled with combs of honey
be placed on the colony which is to retain the
drones, the drones will fly still stronger, for,
to fly strongly, drones need plenty of honey
within easy access.

If you do not think it too much trouble,
drones can be made still more active by feed-
ing the queenless colony containing them
plenty of warmed syrup or honey at abnit
noon" in September, half pa.st eleven during
October, and at eleven o'clock in November,
feeding only on such days as bees can fly. If,
in addition to this, you go to this drone-keep-
ing colonv on some day during the latter part
of" Sepleniber, when it is still and yet so col
that you will not be liable to be troubled with
robber-bees, and carefully go over every frame
in the hive, killing every drone that is at all

inferior as to size, marking, or in any other
way, you will have something along the line
of drones for your late-reared queens to mate
with that will enhance the value of every col-
ony of bees containing such queens from 2-5 to
50 per cent. This is what I have done several
falls, and I think it has paid me fully as well
as any work I ever did in the apiary. If we
are to keep up with the times we must strive
for the bt's/ bees as well as the dcsl honey, put
up in the most marketable shape.

KEEPING AND USING OLD COMBS.

Question. — A few weeks ago I lost a colony
by starvation and worms. I burned some sul-
phur under the combs and killed the worms.
Will the bees accept such combs next spring?
They still smell of sulphur. What should I
do with the hive of combs till I can use them
next spring ?

Anscver. — First, let me say that the thought
of losing any good colony of bees from
"worms" is erroneous. The larvce of the
wax-moth get possession of the combs only
when the colony of bees becomes so weak (or
is gone entirely) that it can not properly cov-
er the combs. If your colony starved, then
the worms took possession after the bees were
dead. The burning of sulphur, to kill the
worms, was the proper thing to do. As far as
the smell of sulphur on fumigated combs is
concerned, 1 am of the opinion that it is agree-
able to l;ees which can takepo.ssession of them
afterward. At least, I have noticed that such
combs, latel}- fumigated, will call robber-bees
in crowds in much less time than will combs
not so fumigaled. But e\en it offensive just
after fumigation, the smell of sulphur would
all vanish Iv-ng before you could use the combs
in the spring-.

There should be no difficulty in keeping
combs from now till next May in any place,
unless it be in the far South, where thej'
might have to be looked after occasionally to
see that worms did not get on them again.

A good way to keep combs is to hang thim
two or more inches apart in an airy room,
after they have been fumigated; and if thus
left they will take care of themselves till
swarming time next year, in most parts of the
United States and Canada. If they are to be
kept a year or more, or over summer, they will
need fumigating or fre-^zing till we are siu'e
there are no more moth-eggs to hatch, when
they can be packed in any place which is
proof against tlie female wax-moth, when they
will keep for an. indefinite period, provided
tlie place where they are stored is kept fairly
free from moisture. In great dampness they
would take on mold, and become rotten.

THF, fence; a suggestion.

Friend E. R. /?^;oA— \\"hen I .'Jent you that sample
hive last winter I thought you would get on to the idea
of the cleated separator and nobce-way (or nearly so)
stction. It is my opinion that the top and bottom
b.-irs of the sectio'ns should be a little narrower than
the sides or uprights. I believe it would give a better
finish at the.se points. However, you are on the right
track, but be sure not to put all "the bee-spnce in the
.separator, for if you do the cappings will frequently
be broken along the edges by being attached to the
separator cleat. ' R. C. Aikin.

i,oveIand, Colo., Nov. 4.

1S07

GI.KANINGS IN KKK CULTURE.

811

^^h^^V-

THOUSANDS OF TONS OF HONEY GOING TO
WASTE IN SOin'H DAKOTA.

/)i-ar Friend Root: — The greatest surprise of
my life in the bee-line occurred the past sea-
son. I used to keep bees in Wisconsin, and
in old Jersey, and know what they can and
ought to do. When I came here and saw the
flora and felt the high winds and the drouth,
I concluded bees could not be kept except by-
feeding. One does not know unless he has
tried. We may tliitik we know all about a
thing, and that is usually the time we are mis-
taken. It seems bees winter well here, both
on summer stands and in cellars. The winter
is usual!}- broken up into extremes of warm
and cold, with little snow, so that they can fly
often. Given a good chaff hive like yours,
and 2o or oO lbs. goldenrod honey (the finest
in the world, thick when gathered, and ready
to seal at once), of which there is a great
amount everywhere, and they will come
through gloriously. The earth is usually dry,
and a cyclone-cellar will winter the bees su-
perbh-. Well, a pair of two -frame nuclei,
made July 1st, and furnished foundation as
needed, gave a surplus in half-extracting-
frames of 75 and 65 lbs., and have the S frames
in brood-chamber full of honey, and are still
working on mustard, and raising brood. I
have a lot of mustard honey, and know of
none better or finer flavored. It seems too
bad to .see thousands of tons of honey going
to waste on these prairies when each farmer,
b}- small investment, might have an abundance
of nature's finest sweets.

Stephen J. Harmeung.

Marion, So. Dakota, Oct. 1.

queens piping — HOW DO THEY DO IT ?
WHITE VS. YELLOW SWEET CLOVER.

In regard to queens' wings being instru-
ments of piping, I would say emphatically
that Dr. Miller is correct, for I had a queen
several years ago that had not a vestige of a
wing, and have seen her plainly when piping,
and her piping was just as strong and vigor-
ous as one with two perfect wings. There is a
tremulous motion of the wings when piping,
and \'ou will see this same tremulous motion
of the stub of the wings, or shouhlers, the
same as you see the tremulous motion of the
flanks of a horse when neighing (if not of his
tail), or the tremulous motion of the feath-
ers of a hen when singing her morning song.
From personal observation and "my "judg-
ment, the trenmlous motion of a queen's
wings when piping is nothing more nor less
than muscular vibration.

Replying to editorial, page 742, Oct. 15, I
would say : Years ago, when I lived on a farm,
there was a bunch of " white " sweet clover
that grew under our east window. It grew

about tliree feet high, and branched out much
like buckwheat, and it was white with blos-
.soms the greater part of the summer, and was
literally covered with bees from daylight till
dark. Since leaving the farm I have not seen
a stalk of the white, but have seen a number
of bunches of the yellow here, about tzuo feet
hii!;h, in the village, and I have noticed them
at all times of the day, and have never been
able to see a bee on it, although there are plen-
ty of them from five rods to lialf a mile dis-
tant. Whether it is variety or locality, I
could not say, outside of my own experience,
which is positively the former.

Hillsboro, Wis., Oct. 25. Elias Fox..

[I am pretty near ready to give up. When
two such men as you and Dr. Miller say I am
wrong, I am half persuaded. A little incident
happened the other day that quite converted
me. Back of my desk I sometimes use sticky
fly-paper to keep flies ofi' my head, and I am
not bald-headed either. One day I heard a
loud sort of whining noise, and, looking down,
I saw a fly on its back, wings stuck fast to the
paper. Whining? Why, he fairly howled
with his tiny voice, and it was perfectly evi-
dent that he made this noi.se, not with his
wings, which were held immovable, but by
means of a rapidly vibrating diaphram, per-
haps. After that I caught a bee, and was
cruel enough to treat her in the same way;
and, lo and behold, this bee piped when I
poked her, helpless and supine on her back ;
but don't tell the doctor that I am converted
to his way of thinking. It would afford him
too much real pleasure. — Ed.]

getting bees TO TAKE HONEY FROM SU-
PERS WITHOUT OTHER BEES GETTING IT.
As Dr. C. C. Miller wanted to know how to
get bees to take honey from a super without
other bees getting at it, I will say that, with
us lowans, by taking an uncapping-knife to
uncap all that is capped, and cutting the top
of the cells that are not capped, and putting
an empty super below, the super that has the
honey in it will work with us, but it may not
with Illinois bees. W. CarTwrighT.

Steamboat Rock, la., Oct. 20, 1897.

[Your plan sometimes works in Ohio, and
sometimes it doesn't ; and I suspect this is the
case in Illinois. — Ed.]

GETTING honey OUT OF SUPERS WITHOUT
ALLOWING THE BEES TO TOUCH IT.

Mr. Root: — I notice in the Oct. 15th Glean-
ings that Dr. Miller, in Stray Straws, wants a
plan to get the honey out of a super without
allowing other bees to touch it. That's ea.sy
enough. I'll tell you how I do it. When, in
taking off supers at the close of the season, I
find a colony that is short of stores, I leave
the bee-escape on; then when I get ready to
have unfinished sections cleaned up, I go to
these colonies and remove the escapes from
the boards, plugging up the holes with a block
having a small hole in it. Then I tier up with
unfinished sections or any combs I want clean-
ed. They are always cleaned out promptly if

812

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov. 1/

put on at a time of scarcity when bees would
rob. Chai^on Fowls.

Oberlin, O., Oct. 22.

WINTERING SUCCESSFUI,I,Y UNDER SEALED
COVERS.

I have good success wintering under sealed
covers (boards one inch thick) in good chaff
hives by placing 10 or 12 inches of buckwheat
chaff over them. It should extend three or
four inches on each edge of the sealed cover,
and be put on before frost. Tell Dr. Miller if
he will put his bottom starters on sections in a
curve he will have less trouble by their falling
over. W. C. Simons.

Arlington, Pa.

p»^5®g|JpiSS5i

J. R., Cal. — Without knowing more of the
conditions it would be impossible for me to tell
just why your bees leave the hive at this time
of the year — October. If they have honey,
brood, and eggs, the circumstance is very un-
usual. It might be well to investigate and see
whether mice or other vermin have access to
the hive. Sometimes bees will desert the hive
because of this.

D. N. Jv., Ohio. — I omitted telling you how
to get rid of the small worms that are on your
honey. One way is to burn sulphur in a tight
room where the honey is ; and another way is
to purchase about a dime's worth of bisulphide
of carbon and let it stand in an open vessel,
and evaporate ; but some have said the bisul-
phide of carbon injures comb honey, and I
would therefore advise you to use the sulphur
instead.

A. B. y]/., Bla. — There are very few bee-
keepers in the world who keep anywhere near
500 or 600 colonies, and perhaps two or three
that keep as many as a thousand colonies, and
perhaps only one man who keeps over that
number. As a general rule, there are very
few places indeed where it would pay to keep
a thousand colonies, and I doubt very much
whether it would pay you in Florida to go
over 400 colonies, and then you would do well
to proceed cautiously. Increase gradually by
establishing out-apiaries one by one. ft is
possible you might be able to manage a thou-
sand (. >lonies ; but I would advise you to "go
slow. ' '

F. B.J., Ark. — If you expect to move your
bees half a mile some time this fall or winter
I would advise you by all means to move
them before cold weather comes on — the soon-
er the better. If the temperature outside is
not over 00° Fahr. it will not be necessary to
put wire-cloth screens over the tops of 'the
hives, removing the covers. Simply nail wire
cloth over the entrances, and load the bees
into the wagon.

In regard to a place for swarms to cluster

upon next summer, in a yard where there are
to be no trees, I would advise you to start
some low-growing bushes, something that will
grow rapidly, and at the same time will act as
shade for the bees. The bees will very often
cluster on these rather than go off to the
-woods or some tall tree.

J. L. C, N. }'. — The sample of brood has
been examined, and I find it to be a very bad
case of foul brood — one of the worst I have
ever seen. You are probably familiar with
the method of treatment. If not, refer to p.
34 of our catalog, last paragraph or two.

I can hardly think the queen you got of

could have transmitted the disease. I

never knew a case yet where a queen from a
diseased colony, when sent by mail in a mail-
ing-cage, would transmit the disease to the
colony receiving her. For experiment we
have taken queens out of diseased colonies in
our apiary, when we had foul brood some
years ago, and introduced said queens into
healthy colonies, but never any bad results
followed. I should be more inclined to think
the foul brood came from the colony you pur-
chased in the first place, or else was already
present in your vicinity.

IV. JV. /,., /Iz.— Yours of Oct. 21 is receir-
ed, and I have carefully noted all you have
said in your letter in reference to the accident
to the span of horses by which they were
stijng to death by your bees as they were go-
ing to and fro to the buckwheat-field. First,
I would say that you could probably get no
help from either Bee-keepers' Union unless
you were a member before the accident took
place. If you were one, and have been right
along, then of course I would lay the matter
before one of the Unions at once - — that is, to
whichever one you happen to belong.

The case involves a good many legal points,
and it looks as if, in view of the fact that you
had previously warned the boy against driving
his horses by at a certain time of day, telling
him that there was danger, and he disregarded
your instructions, the amount of damages, no
doubt, would be very much smaller than it
would otherwise be. It is possible that the
court would decide that, under these circum-
stances, you were not under obligations to pay
any damages whatever. In any case, I would
advise you to employ as good an attorney as
you can find, and get him to advise you in re-
gard to legal points. If he decides that the
case would probably go against you, then you
had better settle without recourse to law. Get
an attorney who would be honest with you,
and one who is not hungry for a job ; other-
wise he may state that there is good fighting
ground, and that }ou had better take the case
before the courts, when you have actually " no
case." In the mean time I would advise you
to be careful about making any promises, or
stating what you will or will not do. Just
state that you do not care to discuss the mat-
ter until you can see your attorne}-, and yet
I believe you mean to do what is fair and
right. Later on I should be glad to hear the
result of the case ; and after the thing is all
settled, write it up for these columns, telling
how it was adjusted.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

813

This journal seems to be nearly all editorial
matter. We promise not to monopolize so
much space next time.

The last number of the Bec-kccpers' Review
is a good one. In spite of the fact that Bro.
Hutchinson has " pas.sed through the deep
waters " so recently, he seems able to keep
his journal up to its own excellent standard.
Most men would be too nearly crushed to be
able to do good and creditable work so soon.
Bro. H.'s pluck and good sense in going right
on with his work in spite of deep sorrows are
to be admired. We hope our readers will
remember him when they make up a list of
papers they will take the coming j-ear.

A POSSIBLE METHOD FOR CONTROLLING FER-
TILIZ.\TION OF QUEENS.

Mr. L. a. Aspinwall, of Jackson, Mich.,
has black and hybrid bees all around him ;
but by clipping a small trifle off from the
wings of each queen he has managed to have
a much larger per cent purely mated. The
idea seems to be that the queens have more
difficulty in flying with their wings clipped
down, and consequently the mating is restrict-
ed to a great extent to the drones around
home. By this plan I\Ir. Aspinwall, according
to the Review, " has kept the mismated down
to one in twelve -with clipped queens, while the
undipped average one in four." It is not
stated how nmch Mr. Aspinwall clips oflf to
bring about this result, alihough mention is
made of one queen from which an eighth of an
inch had been taken from each -wing.

This is valuable ; and if equally good results
shall be secured by others in a vicinity where
blacks and hybrids are predominant, we may
feel that we have "gone and done " what has
hitherto been regarded as impossible.

A SAD ACCIDENT.

I AM pained to note, by the Progressive
Bee-keeper, an accident that happened at the
factory of the Leahy Mfg. Co. While Mr.
Leahy was passing at some distance, a scream
and a falling of lumber attracted his attention.
Three children — two of them belonging to his
partner, Mr. E. B. Gladish, had been trying
to climVj up on a lumber-pile, resulting in its
falling " over on them, crushing the life out
of one, while another had a leg broken, and
Clifton Gladish was more or less injured. The
one killed was little Florence Gladish, a bright
sweet child of four years." GLE.A.NINGS ex-
tends to Mr. Gladish its sincere sympathies ;
and while neither he nor any one else can
really be blamed, it is one of those unfortu-
nate things that sometimes will happen. I
have always had great fear that my own boy,
always eager to climb up on lumber-piles,
might have something similar happen to him.
The little tots scarcely realize that a lumber-

pile is almost as dangerous as a railroad-track,
and yet it is well nigh impossible to keep eyes
on them all the time.

FOUL BROOD IN SCHOHARIE CO., N. V.
I SAID some little time ago that foul brood
was making rapid headway in districts where
there were more bees and bee-keepers than in
most places in the United States, and I had in
mind (though I didn't say so) Schoharie Co.,
N. Y. I am pleased to learn that, through
the energetic efforts of the foul-brood inspect-
or, Mr. I'Yank H. Boomhower, of that county,
the disease is being rapidly stamped out ; but
he fears it is working over into adjoining
counties that have just as many colonies of
bees in them, but over which Mr. B. has no
jurisdiction as inspector ; and he hopes that I
\\\\\ put in a warning that bee-keepers in those
vicinities may be alive and awake to the dan-
ger that may confront them next season. Mr.
Boomhower says he has worked every day
since he was appointed inspector, and that
every yard so far inspected has been affected
by it, and that in some instances whole yards
are wiped out entirely by the dread destroyer.
In one instance he found 51 colonies out of 61
that were rotten with the disease. I think it
would be a good idea for the State of New
York to have Mr. Boomhower appointed State
Inspector. When I visited him early last fall
I was much impressed with the thoroughness
with which he did every thing he undertook.
He thinks foul brood is an awful scourge, and
that it should be handled promptly and. ener-
getically. And it is this kind of men that
make good inspectors.

A BOOK ON PATENTS ; THE SMASHING OF THE
SECTION MONOPOLY.
J. A. Osborne & Co., have just issued a
hand-book of patent law. We did the print-
ing, and, of course, that part of the work is A
No. 1. We are not up on patent law ; but
Mr. Weed, who is, says he believes this to be
the very best hand-book of the kind of any
thing heretofore published. It answers most
of the questions usually asked by inventors,
manufacturers, and patent-owners and users
of patents, and further considers what is pat-
entable, etc. A copy of this book can be ob-
tained free on application to J. A. Osborne &
Co., 580 Arcade, Cleveland, O. Some of our
readers will remember J. A. Osborne in con-
nection with M. D. Leggett, of Cleveland, one
of the attorne\'s who heloed to defend us in
the suit brought by Forncrook in the famous
F'orncrook section case. It went through the
lower courts, and then it went to the Supreme
Court of the United States ; and Judge Stanley
Mathews declared the Forncrook patent ' ' null
and void for want of novelty-." This, express-
ed in ordinary language, simply meant that
the one-piece section, which formerly had
been selling for seven, eight, and even ten
dollars a thousand, was old, and therefore by
this decision was made common property ;
and the result was that other manufacturers
commenced making it, and the price finally
dropped to $5.00, then to .$4.00, then .$3.50,
then to $3.00, where it now stands.

814

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov. 15.

THE VALUE OF VENEER STRIPS BETWEEN
SECTIONS IN A SHIPPING-CASE.

In the Canadian Bee Journal for Novem-
ber, Mr. E. Kretchnier makes a point which I
am sure is well taken. Hesiys:

Separators in shipping-cases are. I think, not yet
very much used ; but I find that, if separators are
used, a comb broken from a section, if confined to the
space within that section, can not t>reak or deface the
next adjoining section ; whereas, if the separators are
not added, the entire row is frequently broken down.
Wood separators are cheap, costing less than 2 cents
for a case, while their benefit is more than tenfold. I
therefore think that no shipping-case is complete
without the separators.

Quite a number of the York Staters use thin
veneering stuff between their sections and
shipping-cases. In the case of the no-bee-
way sections it will be not only a necessity
bttt an advantage to use such veneering; with
.such sections, if the combs should break
down they would have less distance to ttimble
against the separator, and the consequent
damage to the comb would be less.

"GO WEST, VOUNG MAN;" JOE'S PARTNER-
SHIP.

Some fifteen years ago a j-oung man applied
for a position as stenographer at our office.
His letter was neatly written ; and after some
little correspondence the applicant came on.
This was none other than Joseph Nysewander.

creasing until last year, when, to my certain
knowledge, he disposed of something like 13
carloads of goods.

The name of Joseph Nysewander and Root's
have come to be almost inseparably

JOSEPH NYSEWANDER.

He filled the position in our office very credit-
ably for two years, and then, taking Horace
Greeley's advice of his own accord, left us to
strike out for himself in the great West. He
landed in Des Moines, la. ; and after a little
time his name appeared in the advertising de-
partments of the bee-journals as supply dealer
and manufacturer. His bu.siness kept on in-

linked together. His place of business on
Grand Avenue is showii in the annexed half-
tone. On the left will be seen a wagonload of
hive stuff just as it came from the car, direct
from the Home of the Honev-bees.

Mr. Nysewander, besides djing a large bu.si-
ness in the way of handling supplies, also sells
considerable honey.

Now the romantic part of my story comes
in. It seems Mr. Nysewander also had an ap-
plication for a position as stenographer. I do
not need to go into details ; but it is enough
to relate that Joe was a bashful bachelor, hon-
est and good, and the stenographer was profi-
cient and pretty. A life partnership was
formed, of course, and the business boomed as
it had never done before. No wonder he sells
supplies.

COMB HONEV IN NO-BEE-WAY SECTIONS, VER-
SUS COMB HONEY IN OED-STVLE SEC-
TIONS WITH THE BEE-WAY.

On page 71o I refer to the fact that no-bee-
way sections with filled combs seemed to look
plumper and nicer than the same comb honey
in the old-style sections. To give our readers
somewhat the actual difference in appearance
I asked one of our men to select eight regu-
lation A% sections from our lot of comb hon-
ey. At that time we did not have very nice
honey on hand; but he was able to select 8 sec-
tions that would average with No. 1 comb

18'.)7

OLKANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Kir,

can try the experinieiit with his own honey in
his own shippinj^-cases.

lUil old-style sections ])lane(l down do not
t;ive qnite the effect of comb honey produced
in no-bee-way sections with slatted separators.
When the bees j^o back and forth throuj^jh the
slats in the separators they have a tenflency
(if my eyes have not deceived me) to fill out
the combs a little fuller; and they are also
less inclined to leave a hoi- at each of the four
corners. The very fact that, in one-piece sec-
tions of regular style, the opening, or bee-way,

hoiK-y as it generally runs on the market.

These sections were to be as nearly alike as

possible From four out of the eight he was

to plane off the bee-ways so that the sides of

the sections would be of the same width as

the to]is, or straight all around. Next he was

to put four of them in a shipping-case, and

the other four, that he did not plane down, in

another shipping - case. These were then

placed one on top of the other, on a box,

where I photogTa])hed them, and the result is

shown in half-tone herewith.

Both cases of sec-
tions came from ^f

the same lot, and *s»'?'*^

from the same man,

and were as nearly

alike as could be.

In the upper lot

you will notice that

the comb honey

comes nearly flush

even with the sides

of the sections, and

almost up to the

glass, but not quite.

In the lower lot

will be seen the

regulation standard

section, and it will

be Jioticed that the

comb honey stands

back in, from !< to

Y% inch from the

glass of the ship-
ping-case, and to

mv eve, at least,

thevdo not seem to comb honey in new and oi^d spylE sections.

be as well filled out nor do they look as comes up to within half an inch of the corner,

plump full and pretty as those in the top causes the bees to make a hole generally in

case. You will notice, also, -.hat the fact that each of the corners ; and that is one reason

the combs stand back half an inch in the probably why some York State bee-keepers

have preferred four-piece
sections. The other rea-
son is that the3- have bee-
ways clear across so they
can insert glass.

Bat another factor in
])reventing the bees from
!!!aking holes through the
corners of the sections is
liaving the cross-cleats
of the separators drop
down '4 inch from the
lop of the section, so the
bees have free passageway
clear acro.ss the face of
the sections, % inch from
the top, besifies a pass-
ageway through the slats
from one section to an-
other.

ro show you how
honey looks in 4x5
Danzy sections, with no
bee-wavs in front, and
IN NO-BEE-\v.\Y SECTIONS PRODUCED WITH THE produced with cleated
FENCE. separators, I reproduce

lower case gives them a darker shade. The here a cut from Mr. Danzenbaker's book,

exact difference is not entirely shown in the "Facts About Bees." You will notice that

picture; but, as I have already said, any one the corners are all filled at the top, and nearly

COMB HONEY

816

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov. 15.

all at the bottom, and you will also notice,
owing to the absence of bee-ways, that the
sections have a phinip nicely filled-out look,
such as sections having insets do not have.

THE REVIEW ON THE NO-BEE-WAY SECTIONS.
Since writing the foregoing, the Bee-keep-
ers' Review for October has come to hand,
and in it I find an editorial that interests me
greatly, particularly as it confirms almost ev-
ery point that 1 have made in favor of the no-
bee-way section.

SECTIONS WITHOUT BEE-SPACES ; THE LATTER BEING
FORMED BY THE SEPARATuRS.

While ou my way home from the fairs I passed one
day at the hospilaule and plea.-ant home of Mr. I,. A.
Aspinwall, of Jackson, the man who furnishes an ar-
ticle each month for the first page of the Review. In
his back yard is au apiaiy that now numbers 50 col-
onies. Duiing the past season it has furnished him
about 30(A) lbs. of as fine honey as 1 have ever seen.
A portion of it was yet stacked" up on the shelves of
his honey-ioom. A more even or pel fectly filled lot
of sections it would be hard to find. Mr. .\>pinwall
has for .'-eveial seasons u.-^ed sections without bee-
spaces, thai is, they are the same width all the way
aiouno, tne bee-spaces being furnished by metal oh-
sets on the tin separators. Iheie are also openings
cm in ihe .--.epaiators ju:t opposite the meeting point
of each pair of stctions. 1 his gives the bees a freer
pa.ssagewav thiough the super, and does much to less-
en tiie pop-holes at the comers of the sections. The
plump, full, smooth look of sections tilled in this
manner, without the one-fourth inch of wood stand-
ing up above the comb-suiface, does much to add to
the attractiveness of the sections. It is almost impos-
sible now to sell the Oid-style of sections to Mr. Aspin-
wall's cutomeis. This stj le of section also allows
the use of a machine in cleaning oft the propolis, by
means of which it can be done very quickly and efl'ec-
tuaily. Mr. Aspinv\all u.ses a super of the knock-
down style, with thumo-sciews at each end, whereby
the secaons can be pressed very closely togetlier, and
when the sea.>-on is over these supers can be piled
away in very little space ; but i won't steal his thun-
der, as he nas promised to lUu-tiate and describe all
these things in an early issue of the Review.

The wonder with me has been that so many
of the supply -dealers and bee- journals have
been so stupid all these years as nut to see
and know that a no-bee-way section is far su-
perior to the regulation kind with insets at
the lop anti bottom. Why, 1 almost feel my-
self like making Bro. Aspinwall a visit to see
his honey, and to learn nio.re about his expe-
rience with these sections. But as we are
promised that he will tell us souielhing about
it in the Review, assisted by illustrations, we
may all, to a certain extent, take a peep into
his apiary. Bro. Hutchinson, I wish you
would tell Bro. Aspinwall to hurry up with
that article, and at the same time hurry up
the Review that will contain it.

INVENTIONS WHICH ARE IN ADVANCE OF
THE TIMES.
In line with what A. I. R. said in last issue,
page 782, the latest issue of Electricity, a
weekly publication devoted to the science in-
dicated by its name, relates how one Moses G.
Farmer exhibited the first operative electric
railroad at Dover, N. H., fifty years ago; and,
even prior to that time by some twelve years,
a Vermont blacksmith astonished the scien-
tific world with the first attempt in that line ;
but, as the editor of Electricity very pertinent-
ly remarks, " he and Farmer were too far
ahead of the time to make much impress upon
it ; but during the ten years that have elapsed

since the installation of the Richmond road
and the Philadelphia meeting, the little horse-
railroads, converted into electric systems, have
become enormous concerns, carrying annually
millions of passengers where they had been
carrying hundreds."

With regard to the cleated separators and
the no-bee-way section, it would appear that
such men as Miles Morton, of Groton, N. Y. ;
the late B. Taylor, of Forestville, Minn. ;
Oliver Foster, of Grand Junction, Colo.; Mr.
L. A. Aspinwall, of Jackson, Mich.; R. C.
Aikin, Lovelaiid, Colo., and K. P. Kidder, were
ahead of the times, but times were not ready
for them. I firmly believe, judging by the
correspondence that has come m lately, since
I began the agitation of these ideas, that the
times are now ripe, and that this cleated sepa-
rator and the no-bee-way section will go a long
way toward crowding the old-style sections
with awkward insets into the background.
While it is true the A. I. Root Co. may have
an "ax to grind," we propose by every fair
and legitimate means to push into popularity
these two things — not so much for tlie " filthy
lucre " there may be in them, but because they
are a real step forward, and, as I believe, will
prove to be a real help to the mass of bee-
keepers who depend upon bees to a greater or
less extent for their bread and butter. While
it is true that the pushing of these two things
will give the A. 1. Root Co. business in cer-
tain lines, it can not tail to help other supply-
dealers just in proportion to tlie prominence
they place upon these same things that are as
free as water, can not be patented, and are old.

But the thought that we have been all these
years without tlie benefit of these two things,
when in point of fact we already had them, is
zhixost provoking . For years A. 1. R. said he
would give a large sum of money for a well
of soft water on his grounds. Perhaps the
offer was larger because he was sure no such
water could be found here in Medina, where
the water is notoriously hard. But when, a
year ago, a well-driller went a little deeper
and cased off the upper vein of hard water,
an unlimited amount of very soft water bub-
bled to the surface ( with the help of an en-
gine) as much as to say, " Good-morning ! I
have been waiting here for years for you to
let me out and do you good. Why did you
not punch a hole througu my prison sooner? "

THE NO-BEE-WAY SECTION OLD.

Quite by accident, as I was running over
some of our back volumes I ran across an ad-
vertisement of G. B. Lewis, of Watertown,
Wis., calling attention to the value of no-bee-
way sections. This advertisement appears on
page 102 for Feb., 1882 — nearly sixteen years
ago. Mr. Lewis calls attention briefly to the
advantages of such a section; but why bee-
keepers did not "catch on" then I can not
say, unless it is that they did not know or ap-
preciate the value of cleated separators by
which alone such sections could be used.
Many and many a time we have gone back to
first principles in hive-construction ; and it
looks as if, in the case of the one-piece section
at least, history were about to repeat itself.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Ki:

THK NICW SKCTION WITH ITS KEN'CE ; NOV-
KLTIKS I-OR 1898.
The favorable reports that have come in
from those who have been using the no-bee-
way section and fence (cleate 1 separator) for
the last four or five years, tos^ether with words
of indorsement from some of the greatest api-
cultural lights in the United States, have de-
cided us to make the new devices regular for
the coming season rather than to supply them
on option as we at first proposed. Ordinarily
it would be good business policy to feel our
way by letting the new things push themselves

^trd^

=1

FENCE FOR .SEP.A.RATING SECTIONS.

into isivor s^radually rather than to get behind
them and push them. Some of tlie reasons
(to recapitulate) that have influenced us to
make the fence and the no-bee-way section
regular — that is, a part of the regular hive-
equipments — are the following :

NO-BEE-WAY SECTION SUPER WITH FENCE.

1. The fences are made entirely of scrap,
and, consequently, will cost but little more
than the old-style separator, which, after be-
ing used a year, had to be discarded for a new
one. .As they will be glued together at the
factory by automatic machinery, the bee-keep-
er will not be bothered to put tliem together.
Those who have used this fence say it is good
for years. They are, therefore, cheaper when
viewed in this light than the old separators.

2. Prettier and better filled comb honey can
be secured with a fence, for the reason that
the bees can crawl all through the slats, afford-
ing them easy and direct passageways from
one honey-box to another. One ^reat objec-
tion to the old-style super with its separators
was that it shut off each section box into a
comparttnent or rootn t)y itself ; and, as every
one knows, it was much harder to get bees to

enter comb-honey su])ers than suj)ers of the
extracting sort. While we * do not g(j so far
as to .say that the fence will offer as much in-
ducement for the bees to enter the comb-honey
supers as those for extracted, we do believe
they afford most substantial encouragement ;
and for that rea.son we beliei'e the bees will
enter the supers a day or two earlier than they
otherwise would.

STAPLED SPACED FRAMES.

3. The peculiar construction of the fence
will, we believe, largely do away with the
passage-holes in the corners of the ordinary
section honey-boxes. I said, "We believe,"
for we are not positive ; but after looking over
lots of honey prorluced with the fence, and
lots with the common separator, we notice the
corner holes are much more prominent in the
case of old-style .sections that have been di-
vided off with the ordinary separator.

4. The fact that the fence is made up of
several different slats, bound by transverse
strips on each side, and grooved cleats on each
end, has a tendency to very materialh^ stiffen
and strengthen the section-holder. In case of
the old-style super, the bottom-bar of the sec-
tion-holder would sometimes sag ; but the
new fence is so much stiffer than the separator
that we believe it will do away largely with
the sagging of the bottom-bars.

5. The new section, when filled with honey,
will bring a higher price, because they appear
to be and in fact are better filled out, and the
surfaces of the comljs themselves are more
even — at least this seems to be the experience
of those who have used such sections with a
cleated separator or fence ; for instance, see
what L. A. Aspinwall thinks in regard to this
— ^a bee-keeper who has u.sed them for years —
in the extract from the Bee-keepers' Review,
in the editorial department.

(5. I'acility in scraping these sections with
their plain straight edges is quite an impor-
tant feature. It is not an easy matter to clean
out the insets of the ordinary old-style sec-

* When I use the .singular first person, I mean my
opinion. When I use " we " I mean the opinion of
our company.

818

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov. 15.

tions, and practically impossible to remove the
stain. A caseknife or a piece of steel having
sharp square edges will, with one sweep, clean
almost the whole fuur edges of the new sec-
tion at once.

7. The new fence and section greatly sim-
plify the construction of the section-holder.
The' bottom, instead of being scored out to
correspond with the openings in the bottoms
of the sections, is one straight piece and of
the same width as the section itself. The end-
bars are also of equal width with the bottom-
bar.

8. The new section is only 1 %. inches wide,
and yet will hold as much honey as the old
1% section with its openings; and conse-
quently the ordinary shipping-case will hold
from lo to 2-") per cent more honey, thus effect-
ing a substantial saving in cases to the bee-
keeper.

The new section-.super with its fence and
straight-edge section is shown in the engrav-
ing. The section-holder appears in the front
with three sections. A fence appears at the
end in the super itself. The follow-board is
cleated the same as the fence ; so also is one
side of the super. With what I have already
said, the general construction of the super
will be plain.

NO-BEE-WAY TALL SECTIONS AND FENCE.

It is evident that there will be quite a de-
mand for deep sections for the season of 1898 ;
and we expect to l)e prepared to furnish the
4x5 Danzv section with no bee- ways, and
double-cl.-a'ted separator, in the Danzy supers.
The construction of the Danzy super is such
that either the regular Dan.zy stclion with one
bee-way, and separator cleated on one side
only, or the 4x5 sections no bee-way, and
fence cleated on boi/i sides. There are also
some who would desire to use a deep section
with no bee-ways, in their regular supers.
"We shall be prepared, also, to furnish a sec-
tion-supporling rack— a device that will both
support the sections and add to the depth of
the super. These deep sections will be about
the size of the Morton. They will be 1 >< by
Z% by o}^. The super will be practically the
same as Morton's shown in another column.
Illustrations will appear in a later issue, that
will show the plan.

NEW-STYLE DANZY BOTTOM-BOAKD WITH ITS
DEEP ENTRANCE.

I have already spoken of the advantage of
having large entrances — so large, indeed, that
it is not necessary for the bees to cluster out
in front in order to keep cool on hot days. I
have also shown that clustering out caused by
contracted entrances on hot days has a tenden-
cy to induce swarming. I hiive also proved,
to my own satisfaction at least, that a large
entrance cures, to a very great extent, this
clustering out, and will do away with at least
25 per cent of the swarms that now pester and
botlier us just when we want the bees to work
in the supers.

The bottom-board that we have adopted for
our regular hive-equipment for 1898 is the
Danzy, and is shown herewith. We supplied
this o'n option last season, and the results have

been so satisfactory that we have decided to
make it regular for the coming year. It is so
constructed that the bottom-board may be re-
vtrsed. One side pruvidts for an entrance ^

DANZY t.wi'rOM-BO.\RD.

inch deep, the whole width of the hive ; and
the other — the side shown to the observer — %
inch deep. The shallow entrance may be used
during the robbing season. Dtiring hot weath-
er, when honey is coming in, the deep side
may be used. In the case of the old-style
bottom-board, it had to be removed entirely
for indoor wintering. But this is not true
with the new one, for the deep side may be
used next to the hive, and the hive carried
into the cellar, bottom-board and all.*

STAPLE SPACERS FOR THICK-TOP FRAMES.
I have long known that there was a certain
class who do not exactly like the Hoffman
frame. They seek something that separates a
little more easily in the hive; and in localities
where propolis is deposited to any consider-
able ex.ent, a metal spacer may be preferable.
When 1 stopped at Frank Boomhower's, Gal-
lupville, N. Y., I fottnd he was using staples
as side spacers ; and when I questioned him
about it he said he had used ahiiost every
thing; but after having used these for several
seasons he was .sinipl}- delighted with them ;
and, what was more, his neighbors all around
him were beginning to supply their apiaries
with them.

For .the season of 1898 we expect to equip
all our thick-top loose suspended frames with
staples. Each lot of 100 frames will contain
a suffcient number to staple them as per the
engraving. If the purchaser does not care to
use spacers at all, he need not put them on.
One staple is driven into the top-bar at each
diagonally opposite corner. None are used
in the end-bars, although they may be so
used if desired ; but for my part I prefer not
to have them. As the heads of the -spacers
are rounding they admit of the frame sliding
into position. The end staple used is the one
shown last season, and has given universal
satisfaction. We shall be prepared to furnish
our customers, on option, this style of frame
in preference to the Hoffman, when so ordered.

* In relntion to these points, I find that a writer in
the Progressive Bee-keeper, speaking of a bctloni-board
with a deep entrance, .says: '" Fir.-t, 90 per cent of rob-
bing is done away with: 2d, with plentv of room un-
der the frame and plenty of store-room at the proper
time, swarming is dune away with; 3d, btes never lie
out on the outside of the hive with a large entrance;
and, Jth, when bees can not reach tht bottom of the
brood-frame on entering the- hive they are compelled
to crawl up on the inside of the hive, instead of going
up between the frames. Thus the supers aie entered
more readily. .\\\ this I claim for the large entrance
and plenty of room under the bottom-bars of brood-
frames."

C.I-KANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sl<

ON THE WHKKL TO THK CEI.KRY-KARM OK
WKAN, HORR, WARNER & CO.

On Friday, the 'JDth of October, I visited the
celery-farm of Wean, Ilorr, Warner vs: Co. Al-
thongh the frost did them some damage, their
celery had so far recovered that it seemed to
niy eye a sea of verdnre and Inxnriance. It
was then all banked up for cold weather. All
that was \'isible over the grounds was banked
entirely with soil. The rows were, perhaps,
five or six feet apart ; and from the bottom of
the ditch to the top of the rows of celery they
must have been some three or four feet high.
It was dug by means of a digger — a machine
built specially for it. The hilling was also
done almost entirely b}- machinery. Perhaps
I should say at the outsit that they have
grown this year 140 acres of celery ; and while
everywhere elst; celery-farms have been great-
ly suffering from drouth, and many of them
worse still b}- fire in the muck, our friends at
Lodi have hardly felt the dry weather. In
fact, their ditches, which were, I believe, 90
feet apart, are almost full of water at the pres-
ent time. Why, it really looked as if it had
been raining so as to fill the puddles and
ditches at the side of the road. Mr. W. R.
Wean informed me they were filled with the
water from several springs along the base of
the hills at the edge of the swamp.

Perhaps the most interesting object to me
was their celery-washing machine. Imagine
a great tub with the sides say three feet high,
and may be twent}- feet across. Inside of this
tub is a revolving platform. The platform is
either iron rods or very heavy poultry-netting.
Of course, the platform is attached to an up-
right shaft in the center of the tub, and is
kept revolving at just the right speed. The
celery is spread out on this platform. At
three or four different points there are appro-
priate iron pipes perforated with small holes so
as to let a powerful spray strike the celerv as
it moves under the pipes. By means of a
steam-engine and a steam-pump tliL-y keep a
tremendous pressure on the sjjrinklers. One
man at one side of this big tub pours the cele-
ry on the moving platform, and spreads it out.
When half way around, another attendant
turns it over. If it does not get fairly washed
the first time, they let it go around again. Mr.
Wean .says when the washing is all done by
spray the stalks are not bruised and rubbed as
they are when a stiff brush is used or where it
is washed by hand. You will notice how a
root of celery turns yellow where it has been
cut, say at its lower end, after it has stood
several hours. Well, if the stalk is bruised or
handled harshly it will l)ecome discolored and
speckled throughout its leugth. The celery
washed by the machine is of pearly whiteness,
and will keep so several days longer than cel-
ery washed in any other way. The machine
is the invention of Mr. Wean.

I rode down to the celery-farm on my wheel,
with the northeast wind on my back, and it
was fine " sailing," I assure you. Going back
home, however, the wind was right in my
face, and that was not so " fine." Now, here is
a hint : W'hen you are going out for a wheel-
ride for any considera1)le distance, choose a
day when the wind is at your back, and then
you will be quite comfortable, no matter how
hard tlie wind blows. If the wind does not
turn around when you come home you will
have to get back the best way you can — possi-
bly on the cars.

By the way, I am told that, in some locali-
ties, their celery has not only been dried up
by the drouth, but that the muck has got on
fire, and in some places has burned out to a
depth of several feet. Now, my impression is
that these ashes would be worth quite a little
as a fertilizer next season — at least on certain
crops ; but I have been told that in some
places the ground is made almost worthless
for celery or any other crop. Can any of the
friends tell us whether this is true?

These people raise onions as well as celery,
and it was my pleasure to look over the crop
of 70,000 bushels nicely housed in the lung
rows of onion-buildings.' Last year they got a
dollar a bu.shel for their best onions ; and
with higher prices on potatoes, wheat, and
other things, they think their chances good
for something like it this year. And, by the
way, I learned one new thing about keeping
onions. In every lot of onions there are more
or less that will sprout in spite of anv tiling
that can be done. These are sorted out and
thrown away. Of course, where the quantity
is small they can be planted out for bunch on-
ions under glass or in the open air in the
spring ; but out of a crop of 70,000 bushels the
culls or bad onions would be altogether too
great in quantity to utilize in this way unless
somebody should make a special business of
it and supply a special market in some very
large city.

Our Homes.

And thou shall teach them diligently unto thy
children, and .shalt talk of them when thou sitte.st
in thy house, and when thou walkest by the wav, and
when thou liest down, and when thou risest" up.—
Deut. 0 : 7, 8.

If our readers will look up this whole 6th
chapter of Deuteronomy they will notice that
Moses has been exhorting the people to this
effect: "Thou shalt love the Lord thy God
with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and
with all thy might." Then he goes further
and gives the words of our text. And we
also notice that he goes still further, and says,
"Thou shalt bind them for a sign upon thy
hand, and they shall be as frontlets between
thine eyes."

In the Rural New -Yorker ior OcX.. 'i() \hs^
editor submits a question to his readers, and
below the question he publishes the replies
from several different persons. Here are the
questions :

820

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov. 15.

BREEDING OUT THE TOBACCO HABIT

THK BOY AND THE PIPF

TOBACCO AND THE BOY.

What, in your opinion, is the best way to prevent
a growing "boy or young man from using tobacco?
Would j'ou try to induce abstinence by a rigid prohi-
bition, enforced by punishment, or would you endeav-
or, from earliest years, to create a distaste for tobacco
bj' expkiining its physiological danger to growing
youth? In a great many cities, the dangerous effects
of narcotics and stitnulaiits are explained in the phys-
iological text-boi ks used in the public schools: yet.'in
the .same cities it is found necessary to pass an anti-
cigarette ordinance. What stand would you take in
the matter?

I confess I was somewhat surprised to see
this subject so boldly taken in hand b}' an
agricultural paper. Other agriculttiral papers
have at different times given tis some excel-
lent editorials on the matter of tobacco ; but
yet the most of them, I am grieved to say,
either in the same issue or sooner or later,
discuss tobacco culttire, and ptiblish articles
telling how to manage the plant and the crop,
without thinking they have done any thing
wrong or out of the way, evidently. This
thing has jarred on my sense of right and
wrong until I have felt as if I could stand it
no longer. Another thing that has jarred
still ivorse is that our government has been
and is sending out bulletins in regard to the
cultivation, gathering, and marketing the
crop, without ever a word in regard to its
effect on our people. I have eagerly caught
hold of the bulletins, and scanned them from
beginning to end to see if the learned professor
belonging to the agricultural college whence
the bulletin seems to have emanated did not
somewhere touch upon the effect and the
result of encouraging the tobacco industry.
Not a word. There is nothing in the whole
bulletin — nothing in a7ty bulletin I have ever
got hold of that seemed to intimate that the
man had any sense of right and wrong at all.
Perhaps he might say it was not in his
province or department to discuss the matter.
Now, our bulletins on growing strawberries
usually have something to say in regard to
the advantage that would accrue to our people,
especially the children, if fresh berries were
furnished to each family— all they cottld con-
sume. Why, it is a part of the crovcrnment
ivork to discuss foods and their effects on the
health. In fact, I have rejoiced to find of
late that we are having quite a good many
bulletins telling us how to cook food with
econotny, and as an aid to good health. Will
not these same men — at least some of them —
after a while get around to discussing the
probable effect of tobacco and cigarettes on
the comfort and future welfare of our grow-
ing poptilation — especially their effect on the
boys? And now, dear friends, perhaps yoti
had better read that question from the Rural
again, since I have had so nitich else to say.
I have space here to give just one of the re-
plies. It comes from a mother, and it comes
nearer to my heart and home because she is
an Ohio mother :

CREATING THE DEMAND.

My four children were left fatherless .six years ago.
Two were boj's, one of whom is now 17, and the other
19 years of age. Within the past year the eldest has
taken to smoking an occasional cigar. The boys have
been warned against the evils of tobacco from their

earliest youth. I did not have occasion to punish
them then, as they did not use tobacco in any form. I
always read to them, or got them to read for them-
.selvcs, all of the deaths or'calamities caused by cigar-
ette-smoking, of which there are so many accounts
in the daily papers. But they do not give them a sec-
ond thought, as they know of boys of their own ages
who use the cigarettes constantly, with apparently no
evil effects.

The different tobacco firms use every inducement to
get young boys for customers. A letter came this
week to my eldest son, saying that his name was fur-
nished by '\.\\< merchant o'f this place, wanting him to
try their particular brand. They also inclosed a cou-
pon, good for one plug of their tobacco, which he was
to get free from his dealer, who sent his name. The
dealer then would return them the coupon, for which
he would receive 10 cents. A laudable enterprise,
wasn't it for a general dealer in a small country vil-
lage? The letter and coupon were taken to the
"store" by a very indignant woman, a few questions
asked, and a few remarks made. I venture to .say
that the boy will receive no more coupons from that
-source. Fanny Fletcher.

I am making a good many extracts from
the Rural in this issue, I know, but I want to
give just another one, an editorial, where
they comment on this mother's repl}'. Here
it is :

What do you think of that storekeeper, who .sent the
names of boys to the whole.=ale dealers in tobacco that
samples of their wares might be sent the boys? What
would yojt do were it your boy ? Wouldn't you make
some "remarks" to .such a dealer? Isn't it'about the
most contemptible piece of business of which you can
conceive ? Every decent man or woman with'any re-
gard for the well-being of the children of himself or
his neighbors should not stop at making remarks, but
instantly withdraw his custom from such a disgrace
to humanity; this is the only effective way of reaching
some dealers. This custom of furnishing names for
various purpo.ses is all too common, and they are often
furnished for much more degrading purposes than
that mentioned. Kill the whole business. In this
city — perhaps in others, also— a postoffice box must
not be rented to a minor, that much of this sort of
thing may be guarded again.st. The writer was once
in a country .store in a little town in Michigan. In
this -Store, tobacco was not sold, and signs prohibiting
smoking were displayed. And what a contra.st be-
tween that store and another in the .same place where
there was no such prohil)ition ! It wouldn't be diffi-
cult to say where the best class of cu.stomers would go.
Encourage the store-keeper with a conscience, and
put both feet on the other disreputable or heedless
character.

It is several days since I read these things
in the Rural. I purposely waited, to see if I
could find more about this btisiness ; and I
have tried, too, to look on both sides of the
subject. I know it is a fashion nowadays to
furnish free samples of goods. Dan White,
in otir last issue, when he got on to the scheme
of giving away samples of his nice hone}%
had evidently fallen into line with the modern
w-ay of doing business. Perhaps we can not
really blame the tobacco-dealer for wanting to
do what other people do, especially when the
greater part of the agricultural papers, and
even the government of the United States,
disctiss tobacco-growing as if it were just as
praiseworthy as growing strawberries.

Who, then, is to blame? Why, we are all
to blame. The daily papers are giving us
continually the results of the tobacco and
cigarette habit — especially the latter. They
do not hesitate to speak right out plainly, and
tell what killed the boy, a:id protest against
the whole business. The doctors, the greater
part of them, are bold enough to say frankly
what the effect of cigarettes is on our boys ;
but when it comes to banishing or killing out
the whole business, government ofiicers and

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE

821

business uien seem strangely silent or stupid.
They are afraid to say or do any thing, because
there is " big money " in it.

I do not kno\N but the peojile who sell theni
might give some sort of flimsy excuse, to the
effect that a modcratr use of them by j^iVccn-
up people would not do very much hann —
forgetting that practically nobody learns to
use tobacco after he is of age, but before,
when it is illegal to .sell to him. This woman
would have replied, however, to such an
excu.se, if it had been presented to her, that
the cigarette habit is worse than tobacco or
even the liquor habit, in that it can not be
controlled to what some people might call
"moderation." And even if the vender did
refuse to sell to minors, one big boy could
purchase enough to supply the whole school;'^
and I am told that our school scholars are
getting them and using them quite freely.
Every teacher knows the effect of cigarettes
on his pupils — not only on the physical health,
but on the mind, which begins to be affected
by even a small amount of tobacco. Boys are
going to the insane-asylum, and dying in
almost every neighborhood, on account of
cigarettes. A death has recently occurred
among my own relatives, and another is likely
to follow sooi .

Some may say, " If you^do not like cigar-
ettes, let them alone." But the vender is
getting the addresses of schoolchildren, and
mailing them letters or circulars, with a prom-
ise of something for nothing. Boys are curious
about the effect of cigarettes, just as they are
curious about electricity and other wonderful
things that they have seen. Children are
folding up make-believe cigarettes in order to
have some fun when some one begins to scold
and make a fuss. Trifling with any thing
which is so dangerous, frightens and alarms
me.

One of the writers in this same Rural inti-
mates that the best of parents can not always
control this thing. They say one boy will
grow up steady and temperate while his
brother is just the opposite. This may be
true to some extent ; but I can not help be-
lieving that the father and mother can make
sure that their boys will never be addicted to
these things if they care enough about it.
Long before cigarettes were invented, and
long before I became a Christian, I was satis-
fied that tobacco was a stepping stone to the
liquor habit. Both Ernest, antl Huber com-
menced remonstrating with people about the
use of tobacco almost as soon as they could
talk plainly. I had to check them in order
that they might not commence on entire
strangers on the street in regard to the matter.
They had probah>ly heard it discussed .so nmch
by their father and mother that they grew up
with an aversion to it. I know that, as the
years pass by, they bring great changes ; but

* bince writing the above, an attorney in our employ
tells me Ihat one evening, while standing on the
street near the posloffice his attention was attracted
by a group of small boys, evidently waiting for and
expecting something or sonitbody. Pretty soon a
larger bey approached, opened a package, and di,s-
tributed among the small boys what he afterward
found to be cigarettes.

I can not believe that any change can come to
pass that will induce either of our boys to use
tobacco. I am not boasting of our own chil-
dren, dear friends — I am only insisting that,
if .sufficient pains be taken, the matter can be
managed.

Where will all this thing end if we do nol
take pains? I see little notices in the dailies,
to the effect that the girls in some cities are
forming clubs where they smoke cigarettes.
I do not think this thing will go very far,
however, for public opinion — at least the
opinion of the intelligent and educated public
— will be so strongly against it that a woman
will not dare to bear the scorn and di.sgust
that will come from the public at large. I
admit that the cigarette business has been
given some severe checks ; and several times
I have thought it was going to be stamped
out ; but j-et in almost every community there
can be found some man or boy who says by
his actions, if not by his words, "It is noth-
ing to me whether cigarettes kill or cure
people. As long as they want them, and
there is money m the traflfic, I am going to
sell them." the laws are helping us some ;
but, oh dear me ! why don't they wake up?
The adulteration of food is an outrage on the
community, especially when something really
baneful is put in it that is supposed to be pure
food. But how about feeding our people
opium under some sort of disguise, because
the vender knows, when they get about so far
along, they will have it any way, no matter
what it costs ? If this meets the eye of any
of the professors who have charge of our ex-
periment stations and the bulletins emanating
therefrom, I should like to have them answer
me ; and if anybody sees it who has to do
with the Agricultural Department at Wash-
ington, I wish such party would tell me w'hat
they mean by putting out a bulletin on tobacco
culture, without any intimation as to whether
or not it is a good thing to furnish our people
a terribly baneful and poisonous article.

A man was once announced to speak at a
farmers' institute in defense of tobacco-grow-
ing. He was a pretty good sort of man,
except that he was largely engaged in grow-
ing tobacco. He stood before the audience
for a brief period, looked very red in the face,
and then said he did not think he had any
thing to say in defence of tobacco, after all.
I suppose he discovered that, instead of hav-
ing an audience of tobacco growers and users,
he was confronted by a lot of Christian people.

Now, I have not said very much directly in
regard to our text ; but I have had this in
mind : That nothing in the world can do so
much to keep our boys honest and pure and
clean as to bring them up in 1\\^ fear of the
I^ord. Let them listen to Bible-reading and
prayer, and that from the lips of the father
and' mother, every day of their lives. Let the
Bilile teachings al.so be made so plain that
they will see the bearing, and its practical
application on every event of their lives. Do
this, and walk consistently yourself, and I
have no fear that the children vdll ever con-
sent to take even a start in using tobacco or
strong drink.

822

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov. 15.

One word more in regard to our agricultural
journals. When I call attention to such in-
consistencies as I have in the former part of
this article, I have been told several editors
are emploj-ed on a journal, and they do not
always think alike on these things. This will
do very well when applied to matters that do
not very greatly affect the health, and influ-
ence the morals of our people. But when it
comes to the matter of encouraging or dis-
couraging the tobacco industry, I should say
the editors had better get together, and decide
before they start out with the new year, what
their journal is going to have to say about to-
bacco and cigarettes. Surely an agricultural
paper can take as bold and decisive a stand as
our dailies, that sometimes claim they are
obliged to publish every thing — good, bad,
and indiiTerent — because people demand it.
Mav God he praised that we have editors who
are not afraid to teach righteousness, purit\-,
and temperance ; and, after having so taught,
are consistent enough to hold fast to their
standai-d year in and year out.

I have had considerable to say in regard to
our periodicals and journals. Everybody ex-
pects that, as a matter of course, the church of
Hod will stand firm and unwavering in such a
matter as this. But I am reminded just now
that superintendents of Sunday-schools are
often engaged in the sale of tobacco. We
have here in Medina, however, one superin-
tendent who banished tobacco from his gro-
cery at the very time he became a Christian.
In doing so he banished so many of his old
customers that he felt at the time really trou-
bled about it. This was years ago. At the
present time I think all will admit he is doing
the largest business, and has the finest store of
the kind here in the village.

Mr. Root: — Bro. Vincent, of Milan, where I am sup-
plying, handed nie a copy of Gleanings for Oct. l.>t.
I was so pleased wilh Our Neighbors th;.t I read it at
home to my people, who declared it beautif\il. The-e
sermons must do good. I want you to sendine a copy
of that number, that I may forward it to a friend wlio
will, I am sure, prize it. If you will, let me pay you
for the number in the form of a little poem I have just
written, and which you may place in Gleanings if
you think it worth.y.

May God bless all workers who seek to comfort, con-
vert, and elevate. J. Pollock Hutchinson.

702 Church .St.. Ann Arbor, Mich., Oct, 28.

PROVIDENTIAL GUIDANCE.

Open the way for me, O I,ord, I pray;

Open the waj-.
L,et there be light that I may plainly .see.
And faithful prove where thou wouldst have me be.
I have my spindle and mv distalT, Lord;

Thy help affcr,!:
I,et not the labors of my hand relax.
But let me spin for thee; .send thou the flax.
Here is my harp; I can not play aright

To give delight;
lyord, tune the strings; then draw forth music, such
As ne'er responded to musician's touch.
Here is my heart; it, too, is out of tune;

But thou can>t .'^oon.
And thou alone, put it in perfect chord,
And life be made an anthem to the Lord.

The concluding stanza of the above poem
came home to me. I .should be almost afraid
to have the dear friends who read GLEANINGS
know how often this poor heart of mine is

" out of tune." But, praised be the Lord, I
have found a remedy. My little prayer,
" Lord, help," very soon puts me right. And
this suggests a beautiful thotight I got from
Rev. A. T. Reed. He invited me to speak
one rainy evening, at Gustavus, TrtimbullCc,
O. At the close of my talk he asked for
brief testimonials from the congregation. A
great part of them arose, one after another,
and testified to the power of Christ Jesus.
Before he invited them, however, he said
something like this :

' ' Dear Christian friends, please do not make
the mistake of holding back just becattse you
do no\. feci like it. Feeling has nothing to do
with it. It is Satan's plan, to keep you still.
Why, look here. Some morning Johnnie
comes downstairs ; and when his mother says,
in a bright, cheerful tone, ' Good-morning,
Johnnie,' he keeps perfectly mum, and does
not answer her kind greeting at all. What do
you think of Johnnie, even if he does give as
a reason for his proceeding that he does not
'feel like it'?"

Johnnie knows very well what he ought to
do, whether he feels like it or not ; and the
very best way in the world to get into a cheer-
ful mood is to answer pleasantly and good-
naltiredly his mother's morning greeting. If
he keeps still because \\q feels surly and cross,
the chances are that he will be surly and cross
all day, or, as otir good brother has happily
expressed it in the little poem, he will be " out
of tune" all day. Now, shall we not all learn
a lesson from Johnnie? Let us be pleasant
and courteous and kind when we get tip in the
morning, because it is our duty so to do, es-
pecially when we profess before the world to
be followers of Christ Jesus. Our feelings
really have nothing to do with it ; and, in
fact, if we behaved ourselves in a Christianlike
manner only when we felt like it, we should
be ver}' poor Christians indeed. You know
the old hymn,

"Am I a soldier of the cro.ss," etc.

Health Notes.

IIE.^VLTH WITHOUT MEDICINE.

Dear Bro. Root: — About twelve months ago you
wrote some articles in Gle.anings about "Health
without Drugs ;" and after telling your readers of the
Salisbury water cure you immediately mentioned a
'book entitled "The True Science of Living," by Dr.
Dewey. Feeling impres.sed that that book was worth
getliiig I !-eul to America for it ; and, having read it,
I decided to give the method a three-months' trial.

I may state that I am forty-six years of age, and
have been in the ministry twenty-two j'ears.

When a lad I was not'very robust ; and from the
age of eighteen up to within a year ago I suffered
from dyspepsia, having some intervals of rest from
dyspeptic troubles during this period. During, the
whole of those tvventy-.'=even years I was not able to
travel with comfort in the train, tram-cars, or back
seat of a buggy, being invariably sick ; and on the sea
I was completely prostrated.

Aug. 29, last year, having read Dr. Dewey's book, I
started the no-breakfast plan. That was on Saturday.
On the following day, .Sunday, I traveled twenty-two
miles, preached three times, 'administered the sacra-
ment of the Lord's .Supper, and finished the day's
work with a sen.se of ease and pleasure. I never
threw more energy into my preaching up to that time
than I did that day.

From the day I started this plan up to the present I

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

82:?

have hail a clear brain, aiul have hetii able to think
and stmly without any feeling of heavines.s or fatifjiie
whatever. Prior to tliis 1 used to feel the need occa-
sionallv of an after-dinner nap on acount of a dull
heavy feeling I had at mid-day. .Since besinninj; the
two-nieal-a-day method I have not felt the need of
such.

I'or the fir.>;t six weeks or two month.s I lo.st flesh
and weiiiht. and became somewhat weak in boily,
yet alw.ivs clear in mind, .\lter that I soon regained
flesh and weight and stienjith. ami have continued in
the enjoyment of good health ever since.

The result, after a year's trial, summed up in n few
words, is this: Dysjie'psia comi>letely gone : ability to
eat and digest any thing the appetite calls for; clear-
ncs.sofinind all through; greater energy in preach-
ing than ever before, with no supervening tiredncs.s
on Monday ; ability to travel with pleasure by train,
tram-car. or buggy." (I have not te.sted it on "the ,sea
yet.) The no-bre.ik fast method has been to me good,
all good, and onlv good, and good altogether.

I hope that others may be led to procure the book
and read it. and realize like benefits.

Murrurundi, N. S. \\'., .\us. Gko. A. Rkkvi:.

Dear Bro. R., I thank yon for your kind
word.'^, and I greatly rejoice that you have
found such wontlerful help and stren^jth from
so simple a remedy. But please pardon me if
I sutjgest that it may not work as well with
everybody as it does with yourself ; and mav
I suggest, aLso, that perhaps a great many of
our troul)les arise from our eating more than
Nature really demands. In any case, omit-
ting the breakfast and cutting off the surplus
gave Nature the chance she wanted ; and I
have several times suggested to Dr. Lewis that
one of the reasons, certainly, why the beef
diet gave such good results was that it entirely
removes the trouble of overloading the digest-
ive apparatus ; and it also cuts off the harmful
fashion of eating sweets and other things be-
tween meals. And now a word to our readers:

Dear brothers and sisters, when you smile
at the enthusiasm of our good friend away off
in Australia, please consider what a wonderful
advertisement his letter would have been if he
had secured the above result by using some
patent medicine. May God be praised for the
fact that he is not booming or advertising any
kind of "doctor stuff." It would hardly do
to suggest that his wonderful recovery was
through enthusiasm awakened by that book ;
but it does teach with exceeding plainness
that a ver}- little thing may make all the differ-
ence between exuberant health and a painful
malady. I have heard of great relief being
obtained by simply cutting off tea and coffee,
and drinking ab.solutely nothing at mealtimes.
Others have found relief by eating dry bread
or zwieback ; and just now in a neighboring
town I am told of wonderful cures tliat have
been brought about by a cereal food cooked
four or five hours in a double hot-water kettle.
So many people got strong and well on
this new health food that the proprietor has
been receiving five dollars for his kettle and
five pounds of the cereal food ; and each pur-
chaser was refpiired to sign a contract not to
divulge the secret of the method of cooking
to any of his friends or neighbors. You may
say that, if people get well, the money is well
invested ; and some of you have even gone .so
far as to say the same in regard to Electropuise
— that, if a man or woman ,^o/ rtr//, the >^25.00
was well invested ; no matter, either, if it was
all through the influence of the imagination.

May God help us in our efforts to sift out the
wheat when theiv is .so niticli chaff.

rerlia])s I should add, in closing, tliat the
book mentioned above can l)e procured of tlie
Henry Bill Publisliing Co., Norwich, Ct. Price

NO KILLING FROST BliKORE NOV. 6.

When we had quite a little frost on the eve-
ning of Oct. 7 I began to think this was a bad
season for tomatoes, cucumbers, and perish-
able stuff ; but after the tomatoes on tlie up-
land began to show that they were not hurt
very much after all, I told the boys to take
care of them and may be we should have
some tomatoes after all. Sure enough, we got
our largest picking f^?//;:';- that fir.st frost. Be-
fore the frost, the tomatoes had brought a dol-
lar a bushel ; but along about the la.st of Oc-
toberithey became so plentiful everywhere that
the i»ice went down to 40 cts. We were act-
ually picking and selling tomatoes until Nov.
6. I have known this to happen so many
times before that I rather expected it. Do
not be in haste to think }'our chance is over
for the season.

During the past two months we have had a
severe drouth. In fact, the wells were dry to
such an extent that farmers were coming in
from the country to get water from our arte-
sian well ; and on my wheelrides I saw men,
women, and children carrying water, almost
everywhere, until Nov. 1, when we were great-
ly rejoiced by several days of rain. The sun
then came out a little ; then it rained again,
and now, Nov. 10, every thing is rejoicing. I
was just thinking this afternoon that such
a condition of affairs would be sure to produce
mushrooms ; and while I write, a quart straw-
berry-box heaping full has just been placed
on my table.

SWEET CLOVER, AG.\IN.
We clip the following from a valued agricul-
tural journal :

One kind of clover is a nuisance in farming, as, de-
spite its savory name, it has no feeding value what-
ever. That is the common sweet clover which springs
up beside railroad-tracks and other wa.ste places. Cows
will not eat it, even when it i.s young and tender. Bees
sometimes visit its flowers, but the honey made from
them is greatlj' inferior to that from white clover.

It seems to me the above is a series of mis-
takes. First, that it has no feeding value what-
ever, is surely not true ; second, that cows will
not eat it, even when it is young and tender.
I should like to see such a cow. I have seen
cows hunting greedily for it in almost every
locality where I hav-e traveled. It is possible,
however, that there may be cows like those I
found in Florida, that would not eat corn be-
cause they did not know what it was for.
Once more : In my estimation, and in the
estimation of thousands of people, the honey
is little if any inferior to that from white clo-

824

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov. 15.

ver. I suppose the locality and season may
have something to do with it ; but wherever I
have found large areas of sweet clover, so that
the honey was unmistakably from that source,
both comb and extracted honey have been
beautiful in appearance, and so luscious to the
taste that I have called it equal to any made
anywhere. Possibly a sample of sweet-clover
honey uot fully ripened might be disagreeable.

MV CHICKEN STORY ; ALSO SOMETHING ABOUT
LIFE-LIKE PHOTOGRAPHS, ETC.

One of the pleasautest features of that
bright home paper, the Rural Nezu-Yorker,
is its beautiful and instructive cuts of rural
life. It is not altogether the excellent quality
of the cuts, but it is the happy selection of
subjects and the artistic way in which they
are presented; and when we consider that this
high-toned family paper is sent once a week

A YOUTHFUL HKN MOTHER.

for only a dollar a year, it seems too bad that a
single family in our land should be deprived
of its beneficial influence. One of its hap-
piest efforts in a recent number is a picture of
a White Leghorn pullet that commenced to
lay when she was 4 months and 16 days old;
and at the age of 5 months and 21 days she
was the mother of a brood of chiokens. I
have borrowed the cut; and if our printers
bring it out in good shape I hope it will give
you a thrill of surprise and pleasure as it did
my.self when I first saw it. See above cut.
, We clip the following from the Rural as
descriptive:

While we are discussinjj remarkable families of hu-
man beings in their relation to agriculture, let us not

forget the good hen. In the cut is shown a young
hen or pullet which will, probably, take the record
for youthful productiveness. This hen is a White
Leghorn, bred and owned by O. W. Mapes, the elec-
tric hen-man. Mr. Mapes tells the following story
regarding this "precocious pullet." If any'of our
readers have hens that can beat this record, "we shall
be pleased to give them an opportunity to exploit
their pets in our columns.

" This pullet was hatched March 6, with 11 others.
They were raised in a small brooder in the woodshed,
and about April 1.5 they were carried to the middle of
a three-acre field to keep them away from the back
door, as they were very tame. Here they ran with a
flock of about .500 younger ones, all eating from one
long trough which was filled with feed as soon as pos-
sible after the chicks cleaned it, usually two or three
times a day. In Tune she and her ten mates, in com-
pany with fifty of the later chicks, were colonized in
No. 2 of my small poultry-houses. The surrounding
hou-ses were filled with "the other younger chicks.
There were no old hens nearer than No. 6 — about
thirty rods away. The pullets laid two eggs in No. 2
Julv 22, and continued to .gain up to August 10, when
they laid eight eggs inside the house. About Augu.st
15 I found this pullet in an old box in the rear of No.
2, sitting on fifteen pullets' eggs. The soft side of a
board was the only nesting-material in use when I
found her. I took pity on "her and gave her some
machine-shavings at once. .Slie must have been one
of the first to commence laj'ing, as on August 27 she
hatched out eight as bright-eyed chicks as I ever .saw,
of which she is ju.stly proud, as her picture plainly
shows. The feed has alwavs been the same since the
day she was hatched, except that a little baking-pow-
der was added the first few days, and then the dough
baked into a sort of balanced-ration bread; otherwise
the feed has simply been wet with cold water."

Perhaps one reason why I like to look again
and again at that picture is that, in my boy-
hood daj'S, my firs: craze was for poultry. I
sent off and bought a setting of eggs, and I
was on hand, you may be sure, when the first
chicken hatched. I was in such a hurry to
feed them to see them eat, that, hadn't my
good mother catitioned me, I might have done
them harm; and then I watched their devel-
opment day by day. I saw every new white
feather as soon as it started. Like little pearls
they seemed to me; and when the chicks grew
older they were so tame I could pick them up
at any time and anywhere, and exhibit them
to admiring visitors. When the pullets were
old enough to lay, with their beautiful red
combs and bright eyes, it seemed to me as if
the whole face of animated creation presented
nothing equal to them. I used to carry them
up to the house and show them to mother
ev^ery few days, with an exclamation some-
thing like this: "There, mother! just look
at her ! and only five months old ! isn't .she a
beauty ? " When they began to lay it was a
question who was the happier — the pullets or
their youthful owner.

I remember of having a half -barrel fixed
with a faucet so the water would drip just as
fast as my biddies would catch it as it trickled
down. Then I had the rain water from the
roof of my poultry -house run into this barrel,
so you see the thing was sort o' automatic.
One day when I was at school something in
the rain water got into the faucet and stopped
the flow of water. It was a hot day, and the
biddies, not being able to catch even a drop
from their accustomed faucet, began to make
investigations, and climb on top of the barrel.
They tilted the boards that had been laid on
top, boy fashion, and then jumped in to get a
drink. When I got home from school, three
or four of my precious laying pullets were

IS'J

GMvANINC.S IN HICK CULTURK

H25

slilT and cold in the water- barrel. Oh! but
wasn't there sobbinjj aid lainentiiijj? As I
looked them over and tried to make them
stand on their feet as they did in life, it seem-
ed to me I could not have it so; and I remem-
ber of tellini,' mother that I should have to
stav out of school to keeji watch of thinjis.
Father sutjijested that some bijjj heavy stones
^aid on the cover of the barrel would prevent
a similar mishap; and he saiil I had better
have some water somewhere els^^ s ) the chick-
ens would not be absolutely dependent on my
new watering-apparatus.

Now look here, boys and girls. This pullet
was the mother of eight cliickens when she
was 174 davs old; and, by the way, is it not a
little funny that a White Leghorn should want
to sit so ea'rly in life when the Leghorns are
considered as non-sitters? Well, I suppose
we could easily breed a strain of precocious
pullets. Now, suppose you start a "hen
fann " and see how many chickens you can
get from one mother, say in just a couple of
years. It will be soniething like my potato
experiment where I am trying to determine
how many potatoes can be grown from one
single tuber in twelve I'nonths.

.^nd, by the way, there is a sequel to the
above story. The feed that was given these
chickens is a new "balanced ration" manu-
factured expressly for the purpose. The
chickens are given all they can eat up clean
three times a day. It contains every thing
necessary for their health and comfort, and is
manufactured by Houston Bros., Middletown,
N. Y., so it can be sold at about !?20 a ton, if
I am correct.

Just as I am closing, my eye glances again
at the ]iicture of the youthful mother; and I
want to say once more to you all, " Isn't she a
beauty?" Why, I would give more for that
picture made life size, and hung up in my
room, than for one of the valuable paintings
by the old masters.

Speci I Notices by A. I. Root.

MEDICINES FREE OF CHARGE.

With the advent of better time.s. especially better
times for the farnier.s, swindles of all kinds seem to
to have revived wonderfully — especially medicines
furnished free of charge, to cure certain diseases. Just
open your family papers, anv of them, and look at the
ofTer.s— a big case of medicine by mail, i^ostage paid.
just for the a.sking. The editor frequently helps, or at
least allows himself to be appealed to. Well. I have
quite a lot of these free medicines. Some of them I
have taken, and some of them I have not got around
to yet. This thing I have discovered, however: As .soon
as you send for a free bottle of medicine, especially
if you tell what ails you, you are flooded with circu-
lar's. For in.stance, I .sent" for a "sure cure" for as-
thma. In a few days letters came from different quar-
ters .saying thev had been informed I was a sufferer
from that dread disease: and I must confess that their
pleas for a little money were.so touching I felt almo.st
sorry for the time being that I did not have the as-
thma so I could help these me lical missionaries in
their praiseworthy work of benefiting mankind.
Now, look here, my friend; These rascals have dis-
covered that the man or woman who reads the adver-
ti.sements, and sends for a bottle of medicine free of
charge, is one of those who t ike medicine and are
likely to be attracted by ever\- new thing. They .send
their remedy free of charge, in order to get the ii.Tmes
of medicine-buyers, and are certainly reaping a rich

harvest or they would not pay hundreds of dollars for
the insertion of their advertl.sement in expensive jieri-
odicals. Why, you will see a whole-page advertise-
ment with a picture of the wonderful Smith or Green,
who made the discovery, almost as big as life. Judg-
ing from my own experience, 1 do not believe it is
healthy Inisiiiess even to »•<•<«</ medical atK-ertisemeuts
and testimonials. It is the Electropoi.se right over
again. No matter what medicine the patient takes,
he is restored as if by miracle In fact, a lot of the
advertisements do read, " Almost a miracle."

mTMlU-<;s AND SWINDLES BESIDES ELECTROI'OISi:
AND OXYDONOR.

A new fad has come up in the same line, called
" P'lectrikure." It is the same thing, only cheaper
and more ridiculous than any of the others. The
silly twaddle about taking oxvgen out of the air and
introducing it into the body is all gone over. Then
follows the usual list of startling testimonials. Circu-
lars have coine to us from Florida. California, and
other remote places, indicating that they are trying to
introduce it where people have not vet been posted.
Of cour.se, the thing cures every thing— cancer, con-
sumption, and all other slight ailments of the flesh.
One of our correspondents humorously tells us about
the reception he gave it, as follows :

Ed. Gleanittf^s. — Not long ago one of those Electri-
kure frauds niade me a vi.sit and left his circular. I
gave him a full dose of A. I. R.'s medicine found in
Aug. 1st Gleanings. It didn't seem to set very well
on his stomach, but I have faith to think it w\\\ do him
good. Inclo.sed find circular. J. H. H.\rt.

Hanford, Kings Co., Cal., Oct. 29.

And here is another letter on this same subject,
which illustrates most vividly how much harm a min-
ister of the gospel mav' do m letting his imagination
run away with his fietter judgment in regard to such
things :

Dear Sir and Fit>»d:—n has been my pleasure to
read manv interesting letters from y'lu, and I have
for a longtime wanted to write and thank you for the
.stand you take with the frauds.

I believe every word you .say about Electro poise.
Can't yon tell " us something" about Electrikure ?
There is a minister here preadting •'Electrikure." I
believe him :tnd his machine to be a fake.

Since reading your letters my mind has changed
consideiaViIv in looking to Christ Jesus for strength
and happiness; and before vou hear from me again I
think I will be a member of the Church. I would have
done so before this but for such people as the Electri-
kure preacher. J. M. Lassiter.

St. Petersburg, Fla., Sept. 24.

ACETYLENE GAS.

In the November Cnsinnfinh'tan are some facts given
about acetylene that conflict with statements ni.ide by
vou in a recent number of Gleanings. Prof. Jacobus
finds that calcium carbide will have to be furnished
for ?!!•.. ")0 per ton to compete with ordinary gas. You
say it is as cheap as kerosene at 10 cts. "per gallon.
I see that calcium carbide is over SSO.tX) per ton. Now.
as you were the first to draw our attention to the new
light, we rely on vou to see that we are not humbug-
ged. ' ' John Major.

Cokeville. Pa.. Nov. 1.

Friend M . I .saw the article you allude to. hut I do
not believe Prof. Jacobus is pos'ted on all points. The
price I gave. 4 cts. per lb., was, if I am correct, the re-
tail price. Carbide will come dnwn in price as the de-
mand increases. One day last week, in passing a
hardware st^re in Shelbv', O., I happened to glance
through a window, and the beautiful light reminded
me of soniething familiar. I ejaculated to my com-
panion, "Acetylene gaslight, as sure as you live." A
crowd was already standing anmnd the apparatus.
Four burners lighted up the front part of the store
beautifully. Said I:

" Friends, how long has this apparatus been run
ning here ?"

A gentleman near me replied "Ju.st one hour and
twenty minutes."

It was the introducer of the apparatus. When I
warned the crowd thev had better stand back or they
would all get blown up, the proprietor of the machine
was going to "blow me up" until he saw I was just
joking. Said he, " How can the gas blow anybody up
when it is manufactured only as fast as it is con.sumed
by the burners?"

826

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov. 15.

His apparatus, running four burners, cost $f)0, and
he said the expense of the carbide was only half as
much as that of kerosene, providing you u.'^e kerosene-
lamps enough to give an equal quantity of light. The
flame was very small— much snialk r than an ordinary
gas jet — but it diffused a most clear sfift white light,
reminding one of very bright moonlight. He said
the machines were made in Dayton, O., and that he
was introducing them into stores just as fast as he
could get the machines, aTid that they were behind
with their orders. This was the statement of the
agent who set.s up the machines. I give it to you for
what it is worth. I forgot to ask him the present price
of the carbide.

We are very much pleased to receive the following
notice from one of our respectable agricultural papers;

MISSING-WORD -ADVERTISEMENTS.

The publishers of Hovie and Farm have accepted
several advertisements in which the principal feature
is an offer to cistribute cash or other \ rizes to persons
who supply letters to complete names fiven with
blank spaces. The.'-e were accepted from well-known
and reputaljle adveiti>ing agencies; but the cour.se of
events seems to justify our excluding advertisements
of this character from' our future issues, for the good
of our sub.scribers and advertising patrons generally.

.^dveitisers and adveiti>ing agencie-^ interested are
reque-ted to take due notice and govern themselves
ace rdingly. Home and Farm.

L,ouisville, Ky.

I have been .satisfied for a I'^ng time thnt there was
some swindle about all this class of .Tdvi;'. tiding, but I
have never taken the pains to investiuiate ju^t where
the humbug came in. A short time ago cash was sent
us in advance to advertise a " splendid razor" given to
anybody' who would send ten cents. We sent the
money, and got a very small cake of shaving soap.
When w-e read the advertisement more cirefuUy there
certainly was a very small chance to make out bv the
wording of their advertisement that all they offered
was the soap for ten cents I think it behooves every
respectable periodical to refuse all advertisements that
are purposelv made blind

GOING WITHOUT YOUR BREAKFAST, ETC.

In commenting on this "cu e" in another column,
I omitted to mention that the giod people of Battle
Creek, Mich., who make the health foods, have prac-
ticed for ytars the two-meal-a-day system. They,
however, have a very late liieakfast,"and a second
meal somewhere between two and three in the afcer-
ni on. Now. just one thing more : When you are
traveling you can .save quite a little money by omitting
breakfa.st. Of course, you would have to have your
two meals at about the time other folks do ; but if, by
omitting b' eakfa.st, you can .save mone\-, save doctor's
bills, and feel ever .so much t etter, why not give it at
least a trial — especially if you have not got either
monev or health to throw awnv ?

POTATOES FOR PREMIUMS.

Every per.son who sends usJl.OOfor CiLE.\NiNGS may
have 25 cents' worth of p. tatoes as per li^t mentioned
above, providing he a.sks for no other premium ; and
every subscriber who succeeds in sending us a new
name— that i.s, who introduces Gi.F.ANiNGsinto a fam-
ily or neighborhood where it has not been going, may
have 50 <:^«/j' worth of potatoes. But please remeni-
ber we ean not pay postage on premium potatoes.
Selling postage-stamps does not afford very much
profit ; neither is there ven,^ much margin to give away
postage-.stamps as premiunis for getting subscriber.s.
Potatoes aie so bulky and heavy that itisveiymuch
better to have them .sent by freight with other goods.
As a rule it is expensive l.u'siness to send them by ex-
press. Where you want only a potato or two to put in
your garden in order to get a stait with some of the
newer varieties it may pay very well, especially where
you live a long way o'ff, to have them sent by mail or
express. But where we give them away, please d j not
ask us to pay postage our.selves. For .several seasons
a good many have said, "' Send me the 2') cents' worth
of potatoes by mail. If you can not send a pound,
send as many as you caii, taking the postage out of
the 25 cents." Now, please bear in mind we can not
pay any of the postage out of the 25 cents. We give
you the potatoes freely and gladly, because we want
you all to make a test of the new varieties in your lo-
cality ; but if wanted by mail, send 10 cents per lb. for
postage, etc. Our new seed catalog, describing the po-

tatoes and every thing else we advertise, is now ready
to mail on application. The two mo-t promising va-
rieties of potatoes, in my opinion, just now, are the
Bovee and Manum's Enormous. The Thoroughbred
has now been .so thoroughly introduced that we offer
it for sale right along with the ."-tandard varieties and
at the same prices.

SEED POTATOES.

The way the best early potatoes are being called for,
and by the many inquiries that come from seedsmen .
and dealers for the best varieties of early potatoes, we
imagine there will be a scarcity next spring. In fact,
a great many early potatoes grown for seed were this
fall sold for table use as fast as they were dug, on ac-
count of the large prices that have been offered for
them. Our potatoes aie all dug and safely put in the
cellar — something like 2000 bushels. No rot has yet
appealed on any of our potatoes, and we are pouring
them out f)f the bo.xes and looking them over carefully
everv week to see that we don't get caught. Our
whole lot of 2000 bushels is stored in slatted bushel
boxes, thus giving them plenty of air, and affording
ease of access in looking them over. Since our last
digging we have some more choice .seconds. At
present we can fill orders promptly for seconds of the
following varieties : White Bliss Triumph, Thorough-
bred, Early Ohio, Freeman. Monroe .Seedling, Sir
William — all at SI. -50 per barrel, except Monn e Seed-
ling and Sir William. These, while they last, are
only SI. 25 per t:arrel. For prices of firsts, see page
75(i,'Oct. 15. We have al.'-o a few Bovee and Manum's
Enormous, seconds. Price.s, Sl.OO and 75 c respectively.

BEANS AT LOW PRICES.

You will see bv our new catalog that we offer two
kind,s— Best of a'II and Nayj-— at Sl.2.5 a bushel. This
is because we have a very large stock — not l>ecause
they are in any way inferior. We also offer Mills'
Banner bean, one of the very best field beans ever in-
troduced, for only S2..50 per bushel The two first men-
tioned are well worth the price asked for a Lean for
table use.

Light zc'ithout oil.

Heat without fuel or fire.

Power without belting, pulleys, or shafting.

The first two are alreadj' realized in our own home,
and the latter is beginning to be realized in our fac-
tory. None of the.se things were realized or thought
of fifty years ago. What will the next fifty years
bring Forth ? Who can tell ?

DON'T FAIL, Try Again.

Send for our 3(i-page catalog full of information
about l)ees. hives, bee-fixtures of all kinds, new
iiii]M-ovcineiUs ahead. Keep up with the times.

A. 1 Root Co.'s Goods by the Carload

ke]>t ill stock. Shippetl to you on short notice
at le^s freight. Prepare early for the coming

Jno. Nebel &, SON, High Hill, Mo.

Prosperity,

It is here and still coming. So are the car'oads of
bee-keepers' supplies coming from The A. 1. Root
Co.'s to my distributing points, thus enabling me to
sell at their wholesale and retail prices. I keep the
best of every thing you need. Send for my illustrated
36-page catalog free.

GEO. E. HILTON,

FREVIONT, - - - niCHIGAN.

One nan with the

UNION COMBINATION SAW

Can do the work of four men u.sing
hand tools in Kipping, Cutting off,
Mitering, Rabbeting, Grooving,
Gaining, Dadoing, Edging Up,
Jointing Stuff, etc. Full line of
Foot and Hand Power Machinery.
.Sold on trial. Catalog free. l-24ei

Seneca Falls Mfsr. Co.,
44 Water St., Seneca Falls, N. Y.

isp:

C^LHANINGS IN BEK Cri/n'KI-:

S27

500 Young Ferrets "^ship'^

St ml for price list iif ferrets and
luire Italian bees, free, to

N. A KNAHP. Rochester, Ohio.

A Boundary Dispute.

Tliatis what many line or "party" fences
become, "eiootl fences ruaUe Rood neighbors."
Never lieard of a (|nari*el "over, through Or

under" Page Fence.

PAGE WOVEN WIRE FENCE CO., Adrian, Mich.

Read wiiat J. 1. Parknt, of
Charlton, N. V.. says — "We cut
with one of your combined Ma-
chines la.'^t winter .tO chafT hives
with 7-inch cap. ItX) honey-racks,
nOi) broad fran'.es, 2000 hoiiev-box-
es and a great deal of (ther work.
This winter we have doubled the
amount of bee - hives, etc., to
n-ake. and we expect to do it all
with this saw. It will do all you
sav it will." CataloCT and price
list free. Address AV^F. & JOHN
BARNES, ."))5, Ruby Street, Rockford, 111.

A\hen more convenient, i^rr^ers for Barnes' Foot-
power Machinery- mav be sent to

THP:' A. I. ROOT CO., Medina, O.

jyjoorc's girain of Italian Rces.

lughteen years ago J. P. Moore, of Morgan. Ky.,
commenced rearing Italian queens with the object of
improvement con.'-tantly in view; and. as a re.'ult, he
is to-day the happv pos.sessor of a strain of bees noted
for superior honey-gathering qualities throughout the
U. S. and Canada. If j-ou c luld step into his office and
peril' e the .stacks of testimonials from customers you
would .soon become a customer too. Descriptive cir-
cular sent on application.

FARM BEE-KEEPING.

The only bee-paper in the I'nited vStates
ecliled exchisively in the interest of the
fanner l)ee-keeper and the beginner is
THE BUSY BEE, pubH.slied by
Emerson T. Abbott, St. Joseph, Mo.

Write {or free sample copy now.

CHAS. ISRAEL «& BROS.,

486. 48S & 490 Canal St., Corner Watts St.. N. Y

Honey and Beeswax.

Lil eral Advances Made on Consignments.
Wholesale Dealers and Commission Merchatits.
Established 187.5.

CALIFORNIA

Mountain bee ranch
for sale. Good loca-
tion: telephone con-
three railroad stations.

U O. BAILIFF. Banning. Cat.

Clover Seed Wanted.

Parties in the M'est having alsike, red, or white clo-
ver seed to sell may please make offers. We wish a
few more choice lots of each. Address

Jos. Nysewander, Des Muines, Iowa. 1

Q^.r-^'^i~^i^.i^.r^r\ Untested queens. .")0c each : tested, [
IIPt*n^ "ic: Breeders. fJ. Either leather
*-*^*-"^» or golden. My golden breeders

"'■^■'^^■^'^'^''^'^ breed all -T-banded bees. 1

W. M. LAWS. - Lavaca Ark. I

In writing advertisers mention Gleanings. I

Dovetailed Hives,

Seetioiis, ICxlractors, Sinoktrs,
and every thin.Lj a bee-keeper
wants. Honest goods at close
honest prices. (>0-])a,o^e cata-

li )o fie e.

J. M. JENKINS, Wctumpka, Ala.

MUTH'S HONEY-EXTRACTOR.
SQUARE GLASS HO/VEY-JARS,
ROOT'S GOODS AT ROOT'S PR/CES,

Bee-keepers' Supplies in general, etc.,
etc. Send for our new catalog. ' Prac>
tical Hints" will be mailed' for 10 cts.
in stamps. Apply to

CHAS. F. JVIUTH & SON, Cincinnati, 0.

CENTRAL PENNSYLVANIA BEE-KEEPERS !

Buy Root's goods near home at Root's prices. Winter
cases and observatorv hives also. Send for catalogs.
PROTHERO & ARNOLD, Dubois. Pa.

HATCH Chickens BY STEAM-

EXCELSIOR Inciibator

Simple. Perfect, Self- Regulat-
ing. Th.iusa ills in successful
operation. I.oweiit priced
flrst-clnon Hatchpr made.
«;E0. II. ST A ML.
114 toiaa S^6th wt. QiilnoT.Ill.

THE SUCCESSFUL INCUBATOR

e for hatching strong, healthy
chicks. Self-regul iting, patent
turn ng trays, dr'ing room for
chicks non-explo=ive lamp— just a
few of its good points. Sold under
positive gu.nrantee to work perfect-
ly. Be.TU'ifuily made and dura-
ble. Our 128 page catalogue dfi-
them fully; tells many
bout poultry raising you

__„ ;now. ^'ailpd for 6 cts.

DES MOINES INC. CO. Box 503 OES MOINES.IA.

\ J~^ ifj.jble. On

;,< 1 /i^ scribes

"-— ._ L^ thinu-sa

'--''■ — -^ should k

Mtmmii in ■■■■■.....,

in all the many shows in
which it has participater".
there must be something
the superiority claims of the
RELIABLE INCUBATOR
belt regulating, entirely auto-
matic, you put in the eggs, the
Keliahle does the rest. Ail aboi't
this and many things of value to
_ the poultry man iu our now book. Sead 10 cts. for it. U
; RELIABIE INCUBATOR & BROODER CO.. QUINCY.IILS £

828

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov. 15.

BUSmlsS^^^^^^^^^ANACER

BEESWAX.

The market for beeswax has held up remarkably
well this fall, so that we are justified in going back to
the prices which we paid all last spring — 2.5 cts. ca.sh,
27 in trade, for average wax delivered here. We ex-
pect to need .50 to 60 tons of wax the coming .sea.son,
and can therefore use all the pure bee.swax you can
send us. For choice clean bright yellow we lusually
pay an extra cent or two.

THE PLAIN (NO-BEE-WAY) SECTIONS AND HOLDERS
WITH FENCE, OR CLEATED SEPARATOR.

In another column you will find a description and
illustration of the new plain section-holder with fence
and plain section. These plain section-holders for
the regular 414-s.41^k1% plain section, which, when
filled with honey in connection with the fence, hold a
scant pound, are of stuff }( inch thick for ends and
bottom, dovetailed at the corner, and 1 '4 inches wide.
Thev are 17^4 inches long, outside measure; and to
use them in the regular super a piece \^ thick at the
bottom edge, and tapered to a sharp edge at the top,
is nailed into the super ends, the tin strip projecting
at lea.st ]^ inch further in than this cleat. The bevel-
ed cleat guides the plain section-holders into place,
and they and the fence are supported on the tin .strip.

The fence is made up of four slats lengthwise, and
grooved and cross cleats, as shown, all put together
with glue, in a machine specially constructed for the
purpo.se. These fences will, of course, be made
slightly different for use with various styles of sur-
plus arrangements. For instance, the regular fence
used with plain section-holder could not be used with-
out alteration in the T super. It will al.so require
changing slightlv to be used with plain sections in
the old-style slotted section-holder. Likewise the
4x5 section will require a somewhat different fence.
In view of this it will be quite necessary, when you
order the fences separately, to be very particular to
designate for what .style of .surplus arrangement they
are to be used. The price of the plain (no-bee-way)
sections will be the same as any other style of the
same .size. The price of the plain section-holders will
be 81.00 per 100; and the double or sinele cleated
fences we expect to supply at Sl.OO per 100, all put
together. We will not furnish them not put together,
as very few would have the facilities or skill to put
them up properly, and compete with our automatic
gluer. Our .sy.stem of hive-numbering will remain
the .same as last sea.son, with the idea of designating-
letters carried still further. The letter P for plain
sections and holders, added to the hive number, will
indicate that the super is to be fitted with plain
section-holders and fences. The letter Q will indicate
that the supers are to take 4x5 .sections in plain .section-
holders with fences. R will indicate a super with
rack as used by Miles Morton, and sections 3\<>x.5 with
fence. ,S will indicate the old-.style arrangement
with slotted section-holders and separators. T will
indicate the T-,super arrangement for 4^^ plain sec-
tions and thumb-.screws.

AD.52P, AD.52S, and AD.52T will be the same price as
hive listed in our catalog as AD.52. That is, hives
equipped with the new sections and fences will be the
same price as the regular hives last season. AD52Q
and AD52R, having deep supers, will be 5 cents each
extra. .Such a hive two story, as AD.522Q and AD522R,
would be 10 cents each extra'. Hives will be furnished
with the staple-spaced thick-top frame instead of the
Hoffman at the same price.

imHTS

PROCURED
PROMPTLY

■V AT REASONABLE RATES

^ Gy J. A. OSBORNE & CO.,

m^t PATENT LAWYERS.

B 579 The Arcai'e, CLEVELAND, 0.

^^^ CALL OR WRITE. ADVICE FREE.

Christmas Present.

54 sq. inches " Hending Tissue" for binding or
mending fine Silk and Dress Goods, Kid Gloves
in a fourth the time of needle and thread.

15 sq. inches fine Transparent Adhesive Paper
for mending books, documents, bank bills, etc.

9 sq. inches Best Medicated Court-plaster.

25 sq. inches " Never Slick" to hold j'our post-
age stamps from sticking together.
ALL inclosed in neat LEATHERETTE pocket-case
Sent by mail to any address for |2C.
HAN!)Y MANUFACTURING CO.,

432 Lafayette Ave.. Detroit. .Vich.

THE KING

' EB^r^B

Windwheels.

For Power or Pumpiug,

the Best in the World

six-foot wheels doing work usu-
ally done by 8-foot of any other
make. Al.so' best of galvanized
towers to go with them.

Write for particulars to

C. O. WEIDMAN,
Medina, = Ohio.

Mention this paper.

Wants and Exchange Department.

\V ANTED.— To exchange 140 colonies of bees, witk
"' all fixtures belonging to a fir.st-class apiary, for
good horses and mules.

Anthony Opp, Helena, Ark,

\V ANTED. — To exchange 65 volumes Scientific Amer-
'" ican, volumes 1, 2, 7, 8, 9, 15 to 33 inclusive, 36 to
77 inclusive, unbound, good condition, for bicycle,
view camera, firearms, or offers.

J. E. Hammond, Oxford, Mass.

IV ANTED. — To exchange non-drip shipping-cases,
'^" in flat, without glass, at 6 cents each; also bee-
hives, either in flat or made up, for white clover or
buckwheat extracted honey.

J. M. KiNziE, Rochester, Oakland Co., Mich.

w

ANTED.— One saw-mill, feed and shingle mill.
\V. S. Ammon, Reading, Pa.

\\/ANTED.— To exchange a IJi-in. saw-mandrel 4 ft
long, .50-lb. balance-wheel, also 1 steam-pump
(Knowles), J4-in. discharge, for larger pump or other
machinery. P. Kroegel, Sebastian, Fla.

w

ANTED. — To exchange choice nursery stock, veg-
etable seeds (every variety), and haiid wheel-hoe

and cultivator, for extracted honev

Golden Rule Nur.sery, Box 206, Hartford City, Ind.

\VHAT will you offer for one b-flat cornet and case,
'' also one e-flat alto, good in.strunients, practically
new ? Address Box 321, Clifton, New York.

CONVENTION NOTICE.

The ne.xt meeting of the Central California Bee-
keepers' As.sociation is to be held at Selma, Wednes-
day, Dec. 1, 1897. W. A. H. Gilstrap.

Canither.s, Cal.. Nov. 1.

1S«)7

(;i,HANixGvS IN BKi<: cn/nRi';

THE S. & H. CO.

desire to enter into correspondence with all contemplating the purchase of anything in their line. They
think they have one of the mo.-.t compete assortments of strong, smooth, healthy.

FRUIT AND ORNAMENTAL TREES i

Small Fruits, Vines, Shrubs, Roses, Bulbs, Hardy Herbaceous Plants

Greenhouse Stock, Etc., "" ^'^e market and mvite all buyers to come and see lor them-
selves. They are to be found at the old stand where they have labored faithfully for the past
43 years to build up a reputable business. Catalogues free.

Address THE STORRS &, HARRISON CO., Box 8 Painesville, O.

BEE=SUPPLIES.

We have the best-equipped factory iti the Wc^t. Capacity
— one carload a day; and carry the largest stock and greatest
variety of even,- thing needed in the apiary, assuring best
goods at the lowest prices, and prompt shipment.

Illustrated Catalog, 72 Pages, Free.

We al.so manufacture Tanks of either wood or galvanized
steel, all sizes, any foini, and for all purposes. Price list free.

A..re„ E. KRETCHMER. RED OAK, IOWA.

I. J. STRINGHAM,

105 PAkK PLACE,

NEW YORK,

keeps in stock a full line of popular

APIARIAN SUPPLIES,

which are first-quality, both in

material and workmanship.

Celebrated Wisconsin Basswood
Sections, Dadants' Foundation.

HONF V- I A P^ l"'^-' square, with corks, $-1..50 a
IIUIIU, I - J/\l\0, gross; discount on quantity.

Catalog free, giving discount for early orders.

Headquarters for

Indiana and the West.

SEE THAT WINK?

BSE SUPPLIES.

Root's Goods at Root's Prices.

Pouder's Honey-Jars and every
thing used by bee-keepers. I<ow
freight rates ;' prompt sen,'ice.
Catalog free.
•It ,nhm)hPh-^ . WALTER S. POUDER,

VfM«-"pOVPl:Hi^p 162nass Ave., Indianapolis. Ind.

Write to above address for
catalog and freight rates,
and see how much money
Pouder can save for you.

BURPEE'S

SEEDS GROW!

Write a postal card to-day for

Burpee's Farm Annual for 1898.

Brighter and better than ever before.

W. ATLEE BURPEE & CO., Philadelphia.

IF YOU

have good white-clover honey to sell
correspond with

120 Broadway.

HAYES, BLAIR & CO..

Cleveland Ohio.

NOT POP <sAI P Whv do the largest bee-

l^yj i I \JI\ oriLL,. keepers in the world u.se
Bingham Smokers and Uncapping-knives l!l years?
Such men know a best thing when thev use it. While
we have the only e.xclusively smoker-factor>' in Amer-
ica, we don't advertise it. It is not for sale. But we do,
and have 19 years, made e.xclusively Bingham smokers
and honey-knives. If vou get a high-priced Bingham
smoker and honey-knife you will have the best as long
as you take good care of them. Thev never go out.

T. F. BINGHAM, Farwell, Mich.

"1st Premium at 7 State Fairs."

Our Gray Carniolan and Golden Italians
have taken fir.st premium at seven State
besides many county fairs this year. To
please and to keep all customers is our
motto. Best breeding and imported
queens always on hand. Price list free.

F. A. LOCKHART & CO.,

L.AKE GEORGE. NEW YORK.

The A. I. Root Co.'s Goods ^* ^^^.V^ces.

Including their discounts for goods wanted for use an-
other season. It will pay vou to .send me list of goods
wanted. Nl. H. HUNT,

Ca.sh for beeswax. Bell Branch, Mich.

In writing advertisers, mention Gleanings.

889 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Nov. 15.

Two Papers for the Price of One.

The Farm Journal, ol Phil.idelpbia, a monthly aoricultural journal of
16 pages, sent One Year Free for one subscription to Gleanings, with $1.00,
paid in advance, either new or renewal. In the case of a renewal, all ar-
rears, if any. must be paid in addition to one year in advance.

ThA Parm Iniirnol is now in its 20th volume, and takes the lead among all the
1 lie ral 111 «JUUIIlal lorc-pjiced agr\cu\tural journals of this countrv' and of the
world. It gives no chronios, puffs no swindles, inserts no humbug advertisements, lets
other folks praise it, and makes good to subscribers any loss by advertisers who prove to
be swindlers. The editor was born on a farm and reared at the plow-handles, and the
contributors are practical men and women.

The regular price of this excellent journal is 50 cents a year, and it is
well worth it ; but by special contract with the Farm Journal we are en-
abled to make the above very liberal offers.

THE A. I. ROOT CO., Medina, Ohio.

A Bargain!

We have made arrangements to furnish THE OHIO
FARMER, of Clevela^nd, Ohio, and Glea
Bee Culture, both papers, for only $1.50.

Onlv ^1 '^O F'^R^ER, of Clevela^nd, Ohio, and Gleanings in

leading agricultural paDers of .\nierica. A 20page, SO-column
paper EVF;RY WKEK in the year; employs THE" VERY BEST WRITER-, that money
can procure- a strong, fearless defender of the agricultural interests of this ountr^-. and
CLEAN in both read'ing and advertising columns. IT HELPS MAKE THE FARM PAY.

THE A. I. ROOT CO., Medina, Ohio.

Gleanings in Bee Culture

^ American Agriculturist.

Weekly.

BOTH ONE YEAR ONLY $1.25.

By special arrangement with the publishers, we are enabled to offer the American Agriculturist in combi-
nation with Gleanings i.n Bkk Culturk at the unparalleled low rate of $1.2.5 for both papers one year. The
American Agriculturist is published in five editi ns. The N. E. Home.stead, the Eastern, Middle, and .Southern
editions of American Agriculturist, and the ()ian<;e Tudd Farmer. Each contains matter relating to its own lo-
cality, as well as the latest and most anuiatc market reports for the country in general. It has departments
relating to all branches of farming, ai licit;- \vi itlen bv the mo.st practical and successful farmers, supplemented
with illustrations by able artists. Sln)rt .stories, fashions, fancy work, cooking, young folks' page, etc., com-
bine to make a magazine of as much value as most of the special family papers.

sample copy will be mailed FREE by addressing Ameri-
can Agriculturist, Columbus, O., or New York, N. Y.

TAKEN separately these two papers cost $2.00, con-
sequently every subscriber under this offer will get

$2.00 IN VALUE FOR $1.25.

DfPmiiim RnnL-c ''""'■ "^ cents extra, as postage, vou can have vour choice of any of the following
rrCIUIUIil UUUKS. standard books FREE: "Profits in Poultrj-," "Farm Appliances," or " F'armer's
Almanac " (ready December 1.5). Send your subscriptions direct to

THE A. I. ROOT CO , Medina, Ohio.

A

srrri.KMKM

(',i.i-;.\xiN(;s IN nvA'. cri/rrRi-

Pocket-knives Free.
A Rare Opportunity to Secure Good Pocket-knives.

thi

S'IcCt

.aonlyih.'

wlii.l;

1 :iif warrill

II;. .Iiy

•ii.ipor.od t

list of pocket Univ»^-^ we liavo
-lAiiH'iiiuii liJiuti-lorm'U l)l:ulcs,
(1 to >;ive p). i<l scrviiT, :iii(i not
-li, which ficiuTully proves to be
a iiic ' tiliiKk and poor meat. Tlicsc knives ai-(Mna(U>
of tlic tliicst cimiblo siecl liy ,/;w<//<<;« workmen,
carefniiv tempeied and sharpeiuHl. ready for use,
ai'cj :. ./;ri7 »//(</ f ice fio u Ihiws, and firm in temper,
bnt. not made for sorew-diivors, cliisels, or nail-
puilers.

Our Excels'- life, No. 46,

lined, (ieriin.. o.ivir tips, cocoa
is usually sold lor (lU 1o ?.') cents,
en of thctn, which isauiplee.xph
we make. Each 4wc; ','2 du/.i 11
pi istajic, each, 5c, or t wo f t eo for
and your own renewal with $~.
your owu reuewal with $1. 1').

two blades, brass

*-.'.(,ll

; dii/,(

■11 >:'■

; r.'>;

one n

f\V su

li.scr

ilx'r

.00. or

<mvti

iven

1 for

Boy's American Knife, No 150, one blade, sharp
point; k'n^ith, closed, ZM inches. Each 10c; doz.
Sl.l I: postaji-e, each,:!c.

Uoy' American Knife, No. lO'i, ouo blade, same
as al)o\ e, but round point. Just the thiiiy for little
feilow.s. Each 10c; dozi-n $1.10; po.stag-.s each, 3c.
Two of either the above free lor your own renewal
with $1.00.

Our Hard-service Knife No. 878, two blades;
length, clo.sed, bU inches; brass-linid, German-silver
tips; the large blade is eJitra stroug and wide: eiti;er
ebony or co. oa handl^^. A knife that hunters and
tarnierswdl apiireci.ite. Each 45c; 1/2 dozen *'2.o0;
dozen !f4.;,0; postage, each, Oc. Two given for one
new sub-,e. djcr and your own renewal with $2.1^), or
one given for your own renewal with $1.20

Boy's Knife, No. 252, two blades; length, closed,
3 inchis, iron lined, ei)ony handle; just rig-ht for a
boy who has become too big- for u one-bladed knife.
Each liO.-; dozen S2.25; postage, eai'h, 3c, or three
free for one new subscriber and your own renewal,
with S~.0j, (_.r o.ie free lor your own ixin w al with $1.

Barlow Knife, No. 170E, onei.i:i.!< : i.nuth, closed,
3H inches. This knife h..sbeen our li adcr for years,
and Is still as good as ever. Eaih l.')c; '2 dozen fSHc;
dozen 81 -'tO; pijsiage, each, 4c, or five of the above
knives free for one new subscrilni- and your own
renewal wi I h-.-~.00, or two given for your own renew-
al with $1.05.

Barlow Knife. No. 270E, two blades, otherwise as
above. E.h-1i :i:->c; M dozen ihl Sn; dozen $:i.5(l; post-
age 4. Three of the above knives /;<r for one new
subscriber and your own renewal with $~'.0C, or one
free lor your own renewal with Sil.OO.

Our No. 209 "Rustler" Knife, one lartre spear-
p i it b.ad ■; length, closed. 3;4 inches; euony han-
dle; the b> .St onc-b!aded knife on the list. Each 20c;
Vi d<jzcn 11.15; dozen $:J:i5; postage, each, 5c, or
three f lee fpr one new subscriber and > our own re-
newal with $2.0j, or one free for your own renewal
with 81.00

v>tii .>,;. .' _< . r-;;nncr i; :\niie, two tiliif.'^s; Icnfrth,
cloM-d. o-i incliis; ainiosi, the same thing as the
"liiK Bargain" knife we sold some years ago, which
we were at that li ne unable to replace, and conse-
quently were obiiu-cd to drop from our lists. Wo
should take idea-ure in taking- Uncle Sam's place
a'ld iiresent you these handsome knives ourselves.
vVe cun furnish this krnfe in either clii) or .<^i)-ar
point, at the low price of "Oc each; H dozen. $1.00;
dozc'u $3.00; po-.iage, each, 5c. Tliree given for one
new subscriber and your own renewal with $2.15 or
one for your own renewal with $1.05.

Our No. 235 •• Renewal " Knife. Like the above
cut, but no shield on the handle. There's surelv
2o cents' worth in this knife. It has two strong
blade<; length, clos- d. 3»4 inches. VVe e.vpect to
f,' on li'in^lreds of these k^iives. Each 2.5c: X dozen
SL.W; dozen $2.50; postage, each, 60, or three free
for one new subscriber and your own renewal with
»^.00, or one free for your own renewal with f 1.00.

Medium Diamond Knife, No. 0213, two

length, closed. 3'i inches; same shape as No. 2:^55'
but not quite so thick; bone, cocoa, or ebony ban'
die inlaid. Each 45c; M dozen f;.'.40; dozen §4.60;
postage, each,5c, or two t iven lorone newsubscrib-
er and your own renewal with $2.10, or one given for
your own renewal with $1.20

Our Diamond Knife, No 2255 two hi ides, 3'4
mclu'S long, ( losed, diaim nd-sliaiu d liandle, large
In the middle, gracefully curved to the end; blades
are razor steel, hand-foiged; bras.'^-lined; German-
silver tips and ebony handle. Each 50c; V2 dozen
$2,50; dozen $4.80; pust.-ge, each, 5c. Two given for
one new subscriber and your own renewal with
$3.23, or one given lor your" own renewal with $1.25.

Our Hawk-bill Pruning=knife, No. 714; length,

closed, 4?i inch-s: heavy blade; cocoa handle, steel
capped ;'nd bolstered. "Each 50c; dozen $5.75; posf^
age, each, Oc. Two given for one new subscriber
and your own renewal with $2.2.5, or one given for
yoiirown renewal Willi .¥1.25.

Medium Pruninsr.knfe, N-*. 725. This knife has
a booked blade about the wm-' size :s Ko 714, but
not quite so thick, and handle notcapred. Each 35c;
(loz'^n f4T0: posta!'(\ea h,4c. Two free for one new
subscriber and your O" n n new: 1 with $2.00, or one
given for your ciwn renewal w th$1 10.

Small Pruning=knife, No. 000. Ihis is a smaller
knife, made for pruning; can also bn used for a
pocket-knife. Each 2.5c; dozen $2.75; postage, each,
4c. Free for your owu renewal -wilh §1.00.

Pen=knives.

Ladies' Pen-kn^fe, No 21 ^. two blades, ivory han-
dle; length, closed, 2>; in lies; bra.ss-lined; blades,
extra-fine steel. The lllustiation does not do this
knife justice. The same knife we formerly sold for
35 cents. Each 25c; V2 dozen ?P1. 40; dozen $2.70; post-
age, each. 3c, or three free for one new subscriber
and your own renewal with $2.00, or one free fur
your own renewal with $1.00,

10

GLEANINGvS IN BEE CU I/PURE

Premium

Queen-cell Knife, No. 278-N. two blades; brass-
lined; German-silver tips; extra-line steel; length,
closed, 3 inches. We have tliis knife made expiess-
ly for us, and branded with our own name. You
can't buy it at any other place on earth. It's the
neatest pocket-knife made— a handsome present for
either ladies or gentlemen. Excellent for cutting-
out queen-cells. Each 35c; i4 dozen $1.80; dozen
83.7.5; postage, each, 3c. Two free for one new sub-
scriber and your own renewHl with $2 CO, or one free
for your own renewal and $1.10.
Automatic Knife. "Just touch the button, and
the blade opens."
Aluminum handle,
^-^^ — i.;a=>,.,6>^^^^ two blades, 314 in.,
' ^s i^^ finest razor -steel
_ 'ii^^ hlaaes. This knife
is a g-reat novelty
iis a j:itat conveTiienee. as it may
tX'Opentdwi til one hand— something- which
can nut easily be done with a common
knife. These knives are used by ladies and
gentlemen tlirougli the United States and
Europe. Each 6Uc; '/i dozen f3.10; dozen
$3.10: dozen $6.00; postage, each, 5c. Given
free for one new subscriber and your own
rinewal with $2.00, or for your own renew-
al with $1.35.

Aluminum Penknife, No. 328, two blades
about same size as automatic, but made in
! ordinary way, with aluminum handle:
blade extra-quality
steel. Buy one of
these knives and
you will always
have a sample of
the new metal
rou to show your friends. Each
0; dozen $2.50; postage, each, 2c.
Three free for one new subscriber and your own re-
newal with $2.00, or one free for your own renewal
with $1.00.

Razors.

We have barred all Germ:in corn-knives from this
list, and otfer razors 1 hat we know are good. Post-
age on all razors .^^c each, or sent legistered for 13c.
All razors positively guaranteed to be as represent-
ed.

No. 126. Our "Panic" Razor, % inch blade,
square point. Notliing better tor th j price. Each
75c, given for one new subscriber and your own re-
newal with $2. CO, or your own renewal with $1 .50.

aluminum) with
25c; 'A dcizen $1.

Each $1.50. Given for one new subscriber and
your own renewal with $2.75, or your own re-
newal with $2.25.

No. 03647. Wostenholm's New Pipe Razor, ^i-in.
blade; finest quality, hollow ground: a little gem,
and a dandy shaver; no better steel put in a razor.
Every one likes them. Each 90c. Given for one
new subscriber and your own renewal with $2.15, or
your own renewal with $1.65.

Bridle Your Razors.— The Diamond Razor^guard.

This is another Yankee invention, and
a good one too. It is a simple, etfective,
and Inexpensive safety device which
can be fastened to any razor, and does
the same work as t lie far-famed safety
razors which have had such a large sale
of late at about two dollars. With these
you are not compelled to buy another
razor and numerous other things which
are of no value where you already have
a razor, but simply an attachment to
attach to your own razor. With this
little device attached to a razor It is
impossible to
cut one's face
while shav-
ing, no mat-
ter how hur-
ried you are.
We have pur-
chased a ®=~k~\/"v%''
quantity at prices so wo sh.i 11 offer them at the low
price of 2-'ic each or $2 25 per dozen, or will give one
free for your own renewal with $1.00. Full sheet of
directions accompany each one.

No 50. Sw ing Razor-
strop. Nothing het ei-
for t he purpose. Eacli
25c, j)ost;)ge5c. Given
for your own renew-
al with $1.0U.

Swing Raznr=strop, made of extra heavy genuine
horsehide: l)utt'ed leather; fine woven web: strong
sewed leather handle: plated swivels. Each 45c,
postage 6c. Given for your own renewal with $1.30.

Monarch Razor=strop, four sides: combination
hone and belt; padded leather cushion; solkl leath-
er; brass side, inlaid hone, screw handle. Each 4.5c,
postage 10c. Given tor your own renewal "with $1.20.

Scissors and Shears.

No. 455. Goldenrod Razor, ^-inch blade; full
hollow ground; quality and finish, super extra;
none better on earth for the price. Each $1.75. Giv-
en for two new subscribers and your own renewal
with $3 50, or your own renewal with $2.50.

Our Ham-
burg Razor.
Ground rat-
razor,
full hollow
groun<l. best

of steel; square pointed; \\ airaiited. This razor is
usually sold at if2.(iU by ret;iil merchants. Each $1.25.
Given for one newsul)Scriber and your own renewal
with $2.50, or your own renewal with $2.00.

No. 502. •' Crescent " Razor, >^8-inch blade, extra
hollow ground; fancy celluloid handle; a beauty.

Lace = scissors, No. 858,
3U inches in length; best
quality of steel, highly
nickel - plated; also used
for clipping (lU^ens' wings.
Each 25c; doz. $2.60; post-
asre, each, 3c. Given for
your own renewal with $1.

Ladies' Scissors, No. 400, 4^

inches in length; superior qual-
ity; w;irranted cxira-flne; nick-
plated: nothing better. Each
:!5c; dozen $3.60; postage, each,
3c. Given for your own renew-
al with $1.10.

Button = hole Scissors,

No. 800, 4?i inches lung;
blade beveled; has screw
on the side, adjustable for
cutting different sizes ;
polished. Each 50c; dozen
$.5.00: postage, each, 4c. Given for your own renew-
al with $1.25.

Button-hole Scissors, No. 825, 5li-inch. Positive-
ly the best made; extra cast steel, beveled edges,
crocus finish, full nickel-plated, with tension spring;
adjustable to any hole. Each 75c; dozen $8.00; post-
age, each, 5c. Given for one new subscriber and
your own renewal with $2.00, or your own renewal
with $1.50.

c.MvANiNcs IN Hiviv cn/n'Ri-:.

Barbers' 5hears,
7-inch, cMiM - line
siri'l ; warranted
ip"^ to bo of siipt'i'ior
>4s-.»/. (iiialit> ; arc full
nickol-plaied. Kicli (iOc; dozrii ?(i .VI; po^tntrv, oacli.
fie (;i\rii for one iii'W siibsiMibcr and ymir own rt'-
newul with ^' 00. or y..iir o^\ n niirwal with f\:>'>.
__Barbers' Shears, 8-in., jis abovo. Ea'^h Cr-c; dozen
?7(H>; posiatrc, t-ui'li. 5e. (iivrn fT ono new sub-
scriber and your ovrn renewal with $3 00, or your
own renewal with il JO.

six given for youi

•iiewai \Tilh

5?=»

=r5

" Big Bargain"
Sbears. In i on-
sideration of the
hirge <iu;uitities
ot Leader shears
we have placed
w years one of the
ollered us shears
tempered (striciiy
isli lh( in at prii-es

on the ma
larpost .'^h
made of .S(
first SI at :

rkct d\irin}r

■ar-manuia

ilidsic'il, li;

lirico so ^\

tl
•11
id

epust U
re IS ba^.
•IH(1 aiu
ail furn

we fornicr'y asked for sceoiids. The bhules are put
together with the Hatch patent bolt, as shown in
cut. By the use of this invention there is no thread
in shear; and with the biass nut. which is softer
than sci-ew, there is no chance for the thread-strip-
pinjr. At the same time the rubber washer gives
elasticity sutlicient to allow tlie blad(S to move
smoothly without jrrinding- one another on the cut-
ting edtre. Each i air is full niclcel-plated. Below
we list live sizes at prices within the reach of all :

BIG-BARGAIN SHEARS.

Num.

Size.

Each Adoz.j Doz.

Post.

Renewal and

1

6i-in.

:.'i

1 m 2.r,o

.00

1.00

7-in

.SO

1.55 3.00

.C6

1.05

3

8-in.

.:«

1.75 3.40

.07

1.10

4

9-in.

.40

2.00 3 9J

.0«

1.15

.5

10-in.

..50

2.50 4.90

.10

1.20

lots of three

Ten percent oil the dozen rales
dozen of a kind.

Knives and Forks.

All these goods are standard, being known as
"full tang," i. e.,the steel ot the blade extending
entirely through thehaudle. thus giving the greatest
attainable strength and durability.

Six knives and six forks constitute a set. All forks
have three tines. All blades and tines are steel.

Knives and Forks, Na. 1308, cocoa handles. Per
set, six knives atid six fork.s, 45c; postage, per set.
21c. Two sets given for one new suliscriber and
your own renewal with $2.15, or one set given for
your own renewal wiih $1.20.

Knives a- d Forks, No. 11756; cocoa liandlos, \\itli
bolster; bestfjuabiy. t-'et, six knives and six lurks,
Wc; postage, P'r set. 30c. Given for one new sub-
scriber and your ov.n renewal with $2.1.5, or your
own renewal with $1.65.

-OUR BEST-

Kitchen Knife. No. 1. .Ino. Hiis^ells make; best
quaiitj-, but .small. Each 5c; dozen .5()c; postage 3c.
Five given fer .M.urown renewal with $1.(10.

y^ .,. Kitchen Knife. No. i3,

<C_ N", '"o. Uusseil's make; ex-

' - ra-llne steel; the best

kitchen knife made; also
excellent to use as a pi lao-knife. Each Idc; dozen
98c: iJostagp. each, 3c. 'J wo tiven for your own re-
newal Willi If I dO.

^HiHi|hi!|i,!v, . . T "Lerder"

Jii** . mM%-a:.,^^r^^ Bread-knife.

ished steel,
blade firmly sut in finished harjwood handle; brass
ferrule. Ea^ h H)c; dozen 8.,c; po tage. each, 5c.
Two given for your own renewal v itli >r'l 00.

Special Bread-knife, cxt i a (iiialit\ steel; redwood
handle; good eni'U^li fur any one. "Kaeji 50c; dozen
?.">(ii): pisuitre. earh, 8c-. Civoii for one new .sub-
d v..iir( V. 11 r newal Mithi-'.OU, or foryour

Knives and Forks, No. 12856; cocoa handles, with
bolster and cap; extra fine steel. This is the most
serviceable set we ever sold, as it is impossible for
the handles to come off. Set, six knives and six
forks, $1.25; postage, set, 30c. Given for one new
subscriber and your own renewal with $2.50, or your
own lenewal with $2.00.

Knives and Forks. No. I884, polished white bone
finished handles, bolstered and coppered. Set, six
knives and six forks, SI. 00; postage 40c. Giv(;n for
one new subsi^riber and your own renewal with
$2.2.5, or your own renewal with ?1.75.

Children's Knives and Forks, No. i. fMoiets )
Genuine cocoa hanrlles, full tang; two rivets, well

finished. Set, six

iT ~ B^^^^^^ knives and six

^ ■ -^ riiTiT ^Qj.]jg_ 50p; post-

age, set, 15-. One knife and one fork, lOc; postage

owi

^

Corrugated Rreac'.-km'.e. The Christy and Clauss
knnes have had a, laiye s 1.-, Both of th. se have a
straight blade with corrugated edge, and it is not so
easily sharpened as a straight edge. The knife we
offer overcomes this difficulty and still retains the
corrugated edge. Because the blade is corrugated
when it is grcund with a straight bevel on one side,
it makes the cutting edge corrugated, and accom-
plishes the desired result. Each 1.5c; dozen $1 60;
postage, each, 5c. Five given for one new subscrib-
er and your own renewal with $2.00, or two for your
own renewal with $1.05.

<g^ga- -V

^^S

Clauss Knife=set. consisting of one bread-knife,
one cake-knife, and one paring-knife, made of sheet
steel, with nickel-tinished iron handles. Per set of
three knives, 20c; dozen sets $1 80; postage, set, 13c.
Three sets given for t.ne new subscriber and your
own renewal with $2.00, or given for your own re-
newal with $1.00.

Butcher-knife,
m No. 9, six-inch
blade, a cocoa-
wood hanuie, well riveteu; strong; the wonder of
this department. Each 10c; dozen 95c; postage 5c.
Seven given for one new subscriber and your own
renewal with $2 00, or two given for your own renew-
al with $1.00.

Butcher-knife, No. 12, 1; inch blade, Jno. Russell
mak<c, warranted extra quality. If you are looking
for quality you cant beat it at any pr.ce. Each 25c:
dozen $2. 10; postage, each, 5c. Tiiree given for one
new suliscriber and your own renewal with $2.00, or
one given for your own renewal v.ith $1 (K).

Butcher-knife, No. 012, nine-inch blade, as above.
Each 60c; dozen $4.85; postage, each, 8c. Two given
for one new suliscriber and your own renewal with
$2.25, or one given for your own renewal with $1.25.

Carving-knife and Fork, swell handle, guard on
fork; fine steel cocoa handles; warranted. Pair
$1.00: dozen pairs, $10.00; postage, pair, 1.5c. Given
for one new subscriber and your own renewal with
12.25, or given fur your own renewal with $1.75.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

THREE GREAT BARGAINS.

Premium

Yankee Watch.

Alarm=cIock.

Ladies' Watch.

A fipniiino <4 Vanbpp " for only $1 00. O ic itf ihr, old timers that we nrr.v't nfrai'l to warrant
A uecuine lanKee ^j,.^, ,,f ^„y .^,, ,,.,. iii„sir;itiuns represents th.^ new thin model '-Vaiikee" a

The
watch.
p;it»nt

This is tl)p lowpst-iiricfd guiitMii e d waicli in tlu- w nM. Tlii> is ;in IS-size Aiiit-

sliort-windinsr df^vice, fitted in iin "pen-lace nickel plated case, and has :^n ir qualitit

year (onn tract with each watch*. .lu-t the thin^r lor Vininyr Anier ca's ( hristmas. Raih oidj $1.00. Given

fur one new sui)sc>ibHr and your own rent wal wii h S2.~5. or p 'stpaid lor ynur i-enewal Willi SI 7;').

Nirkel Alnrm-rlnrk The adi<ininir cut shnwf our Early-riser alarm- lock. It is a marvel for the

l^KKCI Aiarm-CIOLK. ,^,^,„gy-' Oniy 75 cts.. jus. ha If what we u^ed t. sell a similar one f T. Given

for one new sul)^criher and jour own renewal with $2.(^i0. or for jour own lenewal wi h $1.50. Postage 25c.

Ladies' 7=iewel Watch Wlnle this 'pricela''1>'. no other cheax watrh will he in it. The illustniion is

^ ■ a poor reprepeniati(^n < four 7-j' wel. 6 size, Waterhury watch coniplete ia

a neat nickel pi ded case. This is the same ide iti -al waK^h we have sold for year^ at $4. On. and have had

the lea-t complaint 'rom them of any w tch we ca'ry in stock. W»' lave some special prices from the

manutactiriers, which ena' le us to offer tii»m at the low pr ce of $2 50 each. Given for ou' n w subsi'rib-

er and your own renewal with Si V.), or for your own r nevval with S^3.2.'). Postage and register 15 cts. extra.

SPECIAL PURCHASE OF ''INORAHAM" MANTLE CLOCKS.

Eight-day; Halt-hour Strike; Cathedral Gong; Patent Regulator; Bronze-metal Triuuuiugs;
Height, II Inches ; Length of Base, 17 1-3 Inches.

WE HAVE recently made arr angcmem:- wi. h ilic mm
some cocks at a pi ice that will enable us lo retail
The case- an- an imitation ol French mari)le, and au
highiu piiU.fhcd, iiicelj eriKiaved. and gilded. It his a
improvtmfiits, such as the turii-b ick attaclim 111. pi..lished
before it leave- tin f.ictoiy. We can furni-h t em .n ciine

lac.nreis lor a large quantity of these band-
it ui lor trie pric" thej ^enerady whoU-sale at.
a repro'iuctii n of the Kr-nch de-igns in wood,

eight-day sink ng movemer.t. and ((/( the late
|)inious, c c. Evcrj clock Is 1 horout lilj tested
white or- gilt dial. In ordering aiwajs specify

which. Our price e ich, packed in a box, ouiy $4 48. Given fur one new su sc iber and your own renewal
with §5.76, or given fur your own renewal wicn So.25. Weight bojted, about 20 pounds.

Supplement.

("iMvWiNCS IN Hi'.i': cn.TrRi-;

WATCHES

In preparing the following list of wiilclies we liiive used ilie utmost caro to select strictly reliable
goods, such as are niiide by iho old'-»>t watch-uiiikers nl Amerlcji, who will nevt r lower tVie sianciaiti of
their Koods til make a few extra d til rs for the lim • bein^. Such firms h:ivi spent years in buiUliiijr up a
repntaiion as lieinv rell.ib e, and will Tievcr ailow srcoi.d> or inferior m' od>- bt';ir ihilr well-deserveU trade-
mark Every relijiblt watch and case beais ihi' maker's rianie siarapt d into he ineial.

A »fiild-fllled c!i>e CDi sist- oi two p aw 8 of sulnl trnid with oni- pi iie nf conipnhi.ion metal between,
all so thor.aiifhly wtlt:eil t<iK<'ilicr th.it i hey piaclicall> f..rm one piece. Thi-y wear as well as solid gold.

Guarantee. All movinn iits sold b\ us. ime^s othcrwi-e spccitled, are guaranteed for live years.
Thisilns not lefer to till' lif" of a niovenie t but that we will for Hvo > ears f rum date of sale; correct,
free of charge, any fault when may occnr from def-cnve material or workma ship, purehas-r p;ijlug
niai' or e.xpiess to and fr'. m f.iciiTy. Any well mad.' m veinent will last a lit' lime if properly cared for.
Biich <'ase ccitiiins agiianinire suned by the manufacturers, which piedges them to make good any c ise
that doi 8 not wear its allotted lime.

Cases. We hav e selecti (1 wlmt we think to be tlie liest make of eases on tlie market, and cm ftiruish
our waiclics c implete wi'h anynf the foiiowint,'- make s: 14 k . :if)-vi:Ai{.^.los' ph Fays & Co. " Moiiarcti,"
Keystone Watcli • o. •■ U .ss." Illi .uis Watch Co. " K.ly- n Cunm nder," Cr(>^cerit sVaicn Co. 'Crescent,"
"Crown." 10-K . l.")yi-;Ait. — '• Pl.inct." Jos pli Fa\s& Co. ' .MntHauk." K.-ysto..e Watch Co. " RosS." U K.,
5 VE.*K. — " Rojal." "O lent," "C.>clnm'," "Mascot.' Tlie silverinc will last a lifeiim' , and doesn't tarnish.
Screw lu'Zi-l si, verine, 2.") CIS. extra; 16 and 18 size, opi n face, gold fllUd casc'^ witti screw-bezel, SI -50 extra.
If yuu a-e uniciuaimed with the various makes of cases le ive ii to us. and we will tiive iou the b st.

Atili' ci"se margins we s>'ll wjilches we can not giiaratuei' the price agamst i he market tluctuations
of staiiflard moveri eriis and cases, as a 50 cent advance ofitimes takes all the margin we make; but will
always bill at lowest r ul ng prices.

We advise shipping watches by express, as the companies agree to

deliver them safely to an\ office in the U. S pivj a d. So alw.iys in-
clude -■) ei.nt8 extra for express ch ir^es and we will guaran,ee safe
delivery.

Watches as Premiums.

To those who may desire to turn their commission for so-
liciting new subscribers to Gleanings towards a watch
we will make the following liberal offer:

We will allow iiOc for each new subscriber and 2.^c for
each renewal, iiu'ludi ig- y..ur own, but sufficient money to
covi r ih- subsei'p ions and balance due on premiums
inusi iiivariabh accotnpa ny order. Fo-^ e.xari.ple: ^ oir se-
cure siv n> w subscribers tuffcMier wi.h your own retiewal,
which would hr *T OU. The walcli you 8' lect is listed ai $10,
so togeti.ei' ihe.\ would beSlT. Your ci'mniissiMU would be
SIX nt w sub-cribers at 50 cts., i quals *3.00; your ow^i re-
newal ^;.') cs.. which added lotfeti.er makes S3.~5. Deduct
this from the SI '.On and sei.d nst e b dance, which is 613.75,
•making the watch cost you only §6.75.

'% \^U 0"** Celebrated Farmers' Watch.

1 J^ These watches are as standard as wheat, and are

4\'^ ^ ^"^^^ ^^'^ world over at altuDst double these prices.

'''jiM^^J-^l/w Handsome and durable 3-oz. Diieber silverine

^"~^ case, 18 s'ze, inside cap, stem wind and lever set;

hinge open face or hunting case.

No. 1, 7-jewel K g 11 SN all ham, or Hampden, gilt movement Open fiice, 5 •1.85; hunting case, S 5.90.

No 2, 1.5-jt w>l Elgin, Waliham, or Hampden, gilt movement " 77.-); " 8.50.

No. 3 15-jewel Eltfiri, Waltham, or Haiipden, nickel movement " 8 75; " 9.45.

No. 4, 17 jewel adjustable El ^iii or Waltham, gilt movement " S.tiO; " 10 30.

No. 5, 17 jewel adjustable Fli^in or Walttiam, nickel movement " 11.30: " 11.95.

No. 6, i:-jewel adjus able Elgin " B. W. Raymond," nickel movem't. " ~'1.»'0; " 21.85.

.CD To^S:^> The New *' Sun=Dial " Movement.

I^y.«^^- \, 'V -«^A. riade by the Celebrated Elgin Watch Co.

N- OsSI^V The new "Sun-dial'' is practically the Atlas movement

'7^iri'^r7'f0>^l wft^^ improved, and is made by one of the be.st of Ameiican

^V . 5s^ /" ^^1^^^ watch-makers, v\ith a view of competing with the cheap

'^Li-J^^K^Rf Jniported watches shipped to this country every y^^ar.

A^Hm£5Iv "^^^y ^^'® 7-jewel nickel movement, with safety-pinion

^ -v ^w^i^^^M^ and poised balance, and are giiaran;eed to be first-class in

^'< , I "^Sy every resiiect. Every movement guaranteed for two

'"'' ' r^J^^ years. We have fitted the3e_ni'>venieiits''with many of

^^-^ thelsTud '(5"sTze^cases7as'snov\n on'the fi^lowTng pages.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Premium

Gents' i6 and 18 Size Qold=filled Watches,

No. L.

Prices of Watches Complete.

The first 7 are i8=size movements, while the last 3 are i6°size.

lO-K., 15-VR. 14-K., 20-YR.

Open. Hunt. | Open.

in f*' "-jewel " Sun-Dial " gilt movement "■

lO'blZfi "-jewel Elgin orWaltham, gilt movement

' Full 15-jewel Elgin or Waltham, gilt movement

Full 15-je\vel Elgin or Waltham, nickel movem't, patent regulator
Full 17-jewel Elgin, "G. M Wheeler" or "P. S. B." Waltham, gilt;
Full 17-jewel Elgin, "G. M. Wheeler" or "P. S. B." Waltham, nickel;
Full 17-jewel " B. W. Raymond " Waltham, Appleton, Tracy & Co.

gp f^. Full 7-jewel Elgin or Waltham, gilt movement

Ib'olZfi ^^"^^ 15-jewel Elgin or Waltham, nickel, pat. reg

' Full lo-jewel " Roval " or Waltham, nickel, pat. reg...

ni 25 -$11 95 $13 75
11 55

14 00

15 15

16 15

17 75
27 50

12 60

15 15

16 25

17 25

18 85|
28 60 !

15 45

18 00

19 00

20 00

21 50
31 40
15 40
18 95
24 75

Hunt.

$14 50
16 55

19 00

20 10

21 10

22 60
32 50
16 50
20 00
25 85

M ri'i.i:Mi:NT

c.i.ivAxiNcs IN Hi-:i-; cri/rrRi'

Our Ladies' 6=size Gold=filled Watches.

No. Q

$7.75 1

Buys any watch on this page in a five-year

At 4V "^•x ^>' \

guaranteed case, complete with a
7-year "Sun-Dial" movement.

^^^^'^/I^irirJ Designs in Cases

We can furnish these haudsome de-
signs in 5. 15, or 20 year cases.

That 7-JeWBl^iiii-DiaI aIt!owto7$2^ooU4o'oo'2

to watches
0 years ago.

Price of Watches Complete.

Notice we list only the standard make of movements :
no unreliable make, but the best at better prices.

, Cases.

14-kr.,10-kr.,[14-kr.,
5-yr. lo-yr. ' 20-yr.

7-jewel, new "Sun-Dial " movement i $ 7 7o| ^^

7-jewel Elgin, Waltham, or Hampden, gilt movement, expansion balance 9 40?12 95 $13 95

Full 15-jewel Elgin or Waltham, nickel movement, expansion lalance 12 80 16 30 17 30

Full hj-jewel Elgin or Waltham, nickel movement, expansion balance 1*5 10 19 60 20 60

Full 16-jewel Waltham, " Royal " movement ]7 70 21 25 22 25

Full 1 7-jewel Waltham, "Riverside," or Hampden adjustable movement 24 30 2* 85 28 85

5ee Premium Offers on these watches on page 18.

16

GLEANINGS IN BEE'CULTURE.

Some Special Bargains

in Ladies' 0=size

Gold=fiiled Watches.

will buy any watch on this page in a
5=year guaranteed case, complete with
7=jewel Elgin or Waltbam movement.

Designs in Cases.

We can furnish these
handsome designs in
5, 15, or 20 year cases.

No. D.

No. E.

ODB PfilGE

IS from 25 to 50 per cent lower than
retail jewelers generallj^ ask for these
same goods. Don't let any one tell you that they are
seconds or inferior goods. Remember that Elgin and
Waltham movements are the same the world over.
Each movement and case bears the maker's name.
The Elgin and Waltham people are never going to
put out seconds under their hard-earned reputation
as being reliable. It's nonsense. Such talk general-
ly comes from a source where there is an ax to grind.

See premium offer for above watches on page 1

Price of Watches Complete.

Cases.

14-kr.,
20-yr.

14-kr.,
5-vr.

10-kr.,
15-yr.

$10 40
13 80

17 10

18 50
25 20

$13 00
16 00
18 75
20 45

27 00

7-jewel Elgin or Waltham, gilt movement

Full 15-jewel Elgin or Waltham, nickel movement, expan. balance.
Full 16-jewel Elgin or Waltham, nickel movement, expan. balance.

Full 16-jewel Waltham " Royal "

Full 17-jewel Waltham "Riverside," nickel movement

$14 00
17 00
19 75
21 45
28 00

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Contents of this Number.

Alkln's Famllv

Bt'es Kieeiint?

Buttor Kiaiiil

C'lia-;e, M U

Chaiitaiiqiian on Bees.

Ciimri'tte FiiB

Clippin-r Wings

DniiKv B ttoiii board. .

IVatliol Lav(ii>

EUofticit.v ill Disease..

Eiiti-Hiiocs. I^nvtre

Ken.-o. Tlu- N,>» .
Florae- ^- .1 . .■r.Miu;

.8:f0iHonevSoUI in Ak
.K4s'lI.iiu-\.Nivoi Solli

.s.i' lip II ^^ Hone 8-lft

s:;s r 11. >■ 1 «.■>■)

..s:.ii r III..- IN Hiisiness 858

s.in i,>i,, , II i;;,, ., ,| onaStick....8t7

. s ■■ 1,1 :i .11 II .>> tn Find 8.'lO

^ II i; ' -' n vii-wered 8i)2

- ^1 II M \, A 845,8r)0

^ ii ^'P iiin.i' i'l..,-\ted 845

>i . ^.1 ii S|i.iiiii.- Honey 8B0

.s.Hi|.-M,M,> 1..I Wnit.Tins? «»

XM.StiawlieiT.v Bulletin 8f.l

.8621 Wax Pi-oductioii 8.50

Honey Column.

CITY MARKETS.

Milwaukee. — Thi.s market continues about the
same on honey as reported by us last. The supply is
ven,' good, and the quality and condition are unitormly
very acceptable. We should enjoy a more active de-
mand, yet do not propose to complain, and trust good
results will follow the shipments. We quote white
1-lb. section.s. No. 1, 12'<; 1:!; No. 'J, 10(a II amber, No. 1,
8(S10; extracted white in barrels and kegs, 5((i C; dark,
in barrels and kegs, A(ar,\ beeswax, 25ff( 27.

A. V. Bishop & Co.,

Nov. 19. Milwaukee, Wis.

New York. — Comb honey has been arriving rather
freely; trade the past week a little more quiet. We
qi:ote our market to-day as follows: Fancy white
clover comb. MCn 12; fair white, lOfo 11; good white, %(o\
10 — plenty of the latter here; fancy white comb honey,
steady trade for; buckwheat comb honey, 7('(Si^; ex-
tracted honey, N. Y. State white clover, .^fe ')'!,; buck-
wheat, 4(W-l;/<; Southern, in demand, 5()frt.52»;;; bees-
wax. 26@27. Francis H. Leggett & Co.,

Nov. 22. Franklin and Varick Sts., New York.

Minneapolis.— Market firm at 11(511;'; for fancy
white comb; No. 1, lOcill; fancv amber, 10; No. 1, !);
fancy dark, !»(a-9!'2; No. 1, 8r'; .^U;' fancy white extract-
ed, 5(3 0; amber, 5; dark, i(<i i^/i\ beeswax, '22(a'2o. Mar-
ket has been and still is in good condition. Really
fancv white comb honey in very good demand. While
recefpts have been fairly heavy, they have been kept
down by a good shipping demand.

S. H. Hall & Co.,

Nov. 10. Minneapolis, Minn.

Boston. — The demand for honey has been lighter
for the past 10 days owing to the holiday trade. Stocks
are quite equal to demand, and prices well maintained
at 13c for fancy white in cartons; No. 1 white, \\(dl2\
fancy amber, 9^10; while extracted, 0@7 ; darker
grades, .%(>. Blake, Scott & IvEE,

Nov. 20. Boston, Mass.

Philadelphia.— Honey selling freely. We quote
fancy comb, H; No. 1, 12; amber 10; buckwheat, 9; ex-
tracted, 5; dark, 4; beeswax, 27. We are producers of
honej'; do not handle on commi-sion.

Wm. a. Selser,

Nov. 23. 10 Vine St., Philadelphia, Pa.

Buffalo. — There is no change in price of honey
since our last quotation. I think there is a little bet-
ter demand. Beeswax .scarce, and in good demand at
27^2^ for pure wax. W. C. Townsend,

Nov. 20. Buffalo, N. Y.

St. Louis.— Comb, white, 2J-lb. cases, 11@12J^: am-
ber, same. 9(al0]4\ dark, .same, 0r«8; extracted white, in
cans, .5@5;4; in bbls. 4^^r>: amber, in cans, 45<@4%;
in hh\s. . nCmi'/i; dark, ^14(''/^H\ beeswax, prime, 24ji;
dark, half price. Westcott Commission Co.,

Nov. 18. 213 Market St., St. I,ouis, Mo.

Albany.— There is a very good demand for comb
honey, with no change in prices .since last quoted.
Clover is coming forward more freely. We quote fan-
te. i:^; fair to good, lOfS 12; buckwheat -■ "

cy whi

mixed, 8<a>9; extracted" dark, ■J@4;4; light, .Vod

Chas. Mcculloch & Co.,
Nov. 19. Albany, N. Y.

feS;

proved, but prices arc uuchauged. We quote SJ^foO
as the range of ))rices for extracted honey, and I0(u)l'i
for best white comb honey. There is a good demand
for beeswa.v at 2()(tti2.") for good to choice yellow.

Chas. F. Muth & Son,
Nov. 24. Cincinnati, O.

Denvkik. — We can quote our honey market a little
more steady, but the low prices .still prevail. We are
having good demand for our brand of extracted. No.
1 white comb honey, 10; No. 1 white extracted, 0; bees-
wax, 2;'). ' R. K. & J. C. FrisiiIvE,

Nov. 21. l,ockt)ox 1014, Denver, Col,

Columbus. — Fancy white, 13: No. 1, \\CaV2. Demand
good for all giades "white comb. \Ae are in the mar-
ket for supplies.

The Columbus Commission & Storage Co.,

Nov. 20. 409-113 N. High St., Columbu.s, O.

Detroit. — Coml) honey in fair demand. Best white
comb honey, Udi 12; othei grades, 8@10; extracted
white, 5®0; dark, 4(a'5; bee^^wax, 2.5(a'20.

Nov. 19. M. H. Hunt, Bell Branch, Mich.

Chicago.— Fancy white, 11@12; No. 1 white, 10; fan-
cy amber, 8@9; No. 1 amber, 7; fancy dark 7('; 8; No. 1
and mixed, 7; extracted white, 5@6; amber, 45^@.5;
dark, 3^@4; beeswax, 2(i@27.

R. A. Burnett & Co.,

Nov. 18. 163 South Water St., Chicago, 111.

Kansas City. — The receipts of comb honey are
large; extracted, light; demand fair. W^e quote fancv
white comb, ll(al2; No. 1, lOfSll; amber, 8(3)9; extract-
ed white, !3%®(>\ amber, 4J4(a5; bee-wax, 20(&24.
C. C. Clemons & Co.,

Nov. 19. Kansas City, Mo.

Cleveland. — Fancy white, 12(a 13; No. 1 white, 11@
12; fancy amber, 9(510; No. 1 amber, 8(5 9; fancy dark,
7(5iS; white extracted, 6^.^: amber, .554(3 fi; beeswax, 28.
A. B. Williams & Co.,

Nov. 20. 80-82 Broadway, Cleveland, Ohio.

For Sale. — 2.5 bbls. extracted pure white-clover
honey, very light in color, and of fine.st quality, at
prices as cheap as the cheapest, quality of goods con-
sidered. Can put it up in any style of package. Write
for price, stating quantity desired.

Emil J. Baxter, Nauvoo, Hancock Co., 111.

For Sale. — Alfalfa honej', light amber, in carload
lots. S% cts. per lb.; sample, 10 cts.

John Nippert, Box 10.51, Phoenix, Arizona.

For Sale. — Tons of honey, comb, at 7 to 12c per lb.
Inclo.se stamps for samples of extracted at 4 to 6c, in
160-lb. kegs, f. o. b. N. t,. Stevens, Venice, N. Y.

For Sale.— Pure honey.— Clover, extracted, 6^ cts.
per lb.

I. J. Stringham, 105 Park Place, N. Y. City.

For Sale.— Good extracted white-clover hone^ and
heartsea.se and Spanish needle. Either, price oc per
lb., 60-lb. cans, 2 in a case. Send .stamps for .samples.
JNO. A. Thornton, Lima, Ills.

For Sale. — Goldenrod honey, extracted, in cans
and barrel.s, cheap as the cheapest.

J. B. Murray, Ada, Ohio.

Wanted.— To buy quantity lots of fancy comb and
gilt-edged extracted honev. B. Walker,

Evart, Mich., or .541 Van Buren St., Chicago.

CHAS. ISRAEL & BROS.,

486, 488 & 490 Canal St., Corner Watts St., N. Y.

Honey and Beeswax.

Liberal Advances Made on Consignments.
Wholesale Dealers and Commi.ssion Merchants.
Established 1,S75.

No cheap Queens to sell ; but the best.

Golden 5 band, or 3 band from

imported mother. Unte.st-

ed, 75 cts.; tested, $1.00.

L. BEAUCHAMP. Box 6i3 San Antonio, Texas.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec. 1.

The Review at Reduced Rates.

The Bee-keepers' Review is SI .00 a year, but. for the sake of getting it into new hands, and being able
to begin the year with a large list, I will, until Jan. 1st, send free to each new .subscriber, a copy of " Advanced
Bee Culture," a .50-cent book of nearly 100 pages, that gives briefly but clearly the best methods of management
from the time the bees are put into the cellar in the fall until they are again ready for winter— 32 chapters in
all. Tho.se who prefer can have, instead of the book, \'l hack numbers of the Review, the .selection to be mine,
but no two numbers alike. All who send Sl.OO now will receive the last four issues of this year free, and the
Review will be sent until the end of 1898. If not acquainted willi the Review, send 10 cents' for three late but
different issues.

W. Z. HUTCHINSON. Flint. Mich.

rpree! Free! Free!

n] What's Free?

fu yi}^ Danzenbaker's Bee=book,

♦' Facts About Bees,"

Providing 2c for po.stage is inclosed.

r^

Tells all about my new hive, and system of
management, particularly how to "produce
comb honey that will bring from 2 to 4c more
than honey produced in the old way. Address

FRANCIS DANZRNRAKER.
\^ Wasliingion, D. C

/

Philadelphia Office of

THE A. 1. ROOT CO.,

10 Vine St., Philadelphia, Penn.

Now is the time to order

Shipping -cases. Winter Cases,
Chaff Division=boards, etc.etc.

Order from catalog ; prices are same
as from factory.

Two Great Papers at Price of One.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE
and the PRAIRIE FARMER (Chi-
cago), both papers for only $i.oo.

This offer is good either to new name or renewal, but in case of
renewal all back subscription must be paid up in addition to the $1
for the two papers. The Prairie Farmer is one of the leading farm
papers, and is clean in both the reading and advertising pages.

Address All Orders to

THE A. I. ROOT CO., Medina, Ohio.

Shipping=cases.

Root's popular Non-drip Shipping-cases at factory prices at
DES MOINES, IOWA. Immense stock. All orders for cases
or other goods shipped by return freight. Address

JOS. NYSEWANDER, Des Moines. Iowa.

Weekly Bee Journal One Year for 25c.

To everj' 7iew .subscriber wlio .sends us S1..50 before Jan. 1, 1898, we will mail a copy of Prof. Cook's
4(iO-pas:e clolh-bound book, " Bee-kkkpeks' Guide" (price Sl.ij), and the Weekly American
Bee Journal for one year. That makes the Journal only 25 cent.s— a trifle less than half a cent
per number. Or, if aiiv one now getting the Bte Journal and whose subscription is paid to Jan.
1. ISOS. will .'iend usS1..50, with a new name, we will mail the above book to Ihe .sender, and the
Bee Journal for a year to the new name and address. "We need hardly tell you what the Amer-
ican Bee Journal is; but if you are not acquainted with it, wiile us for a free sample copy.

Address

GEO. W. YORK & CO.,

118 Michigan St., Chicago, III.

■Jour HAL:'

• DELVoT

•To-B

•andHoNEY ,
•ARDHOMEL- ♦<

ishedymAl^ool'Co.
ptRYtAn'^'N® ^Medina- Ohio •

Vol. XXV.

DEC. I, 1897.

No. 23.

Si.UMGUM. according XaSchlcs. Hoist. Bztg.,
is worth $7 a ton to mix with commercial fer-
tiHzers.

" It takes from 7 to 15 pounds of honey to
produce one pound of comb in the very best
circumstances," savs C. P. Dadant, A. B.J.,
p. 691.

Bee -KEEPERS "must co-operate fully,"
says Prof. Cook, " and then they can get their
rights. When this is done, bee-keepers will
not be forced, or even asked, as they are now,
to take 3>^ cents per pound for the best hon-
ey ! ''—Am. Beefl, p. 091'.

SoMN.^MBULTST, the delightful dreamer of
Progressive, has a cloud in his sky. A friend,
innocent of the identity of the sleep-walker,
told him to his teeth that he didn't like vSom-
nambulist's writings. Never mind, vSommy,
lots of us do — like 'em much. [Hear ! hear !
—Ed]

I'll tell vou just why the little cleats are
better than grooves on smokers. The sharp
edge of the cleat makes the smoker less likely
to slip out of the fingers. A much weaker
spring is required. But can't you make the
outer e'lge of the groove sharp? [Yes, and
we will do it. — Ed.]

Thin found.\tiox without side- walls, made
on the machine for the construction of which
the members of the Mich. B. K. A. paid last
winter, was used to some extent the past sea-
son by Mr. Aspinwall. Combs were delicate
and fragile, but the foundation curls and
warps terribly. — Review.

Live bees, according to a decision at the
world's postal congress at Washington last
June, may be sent, after Jan. 1, 1899, as mer-
chandise to all lands of the Postal Union.
Maxinmm weight, 12 35 oz. Max. length,
11.8: width, 7.87; thickness, 3.94 inches.—
Luxevibiirs;. Bztg.

The Editor of Australian Bee Bulleliti is
afraid the article of W. A. Pryal, in April
Gleanings, about Tasmanian blue - gum,
may hurt the reputation of Australian honey,

and protests that it is not a typical Australian
honey, or a main portion of their honey crop.
He pins his trust to the honey of the box-
trees.

Chalon Fowls' plan of having supers
cleaned out may be a good one, but it has the
fatal defect that, at tlie time I want e^upers
emptied, I seldom have (and never want) col-
onies shoit of stores. But I see a ray of light
for which I thank him, for it's possible that
having oidy a small entrance to the super may
make a difference.

Rural free deltvery of mail has been
tried experimentally in 29 vStates on 44 routes.
First Ass't Postmaster-General Heath, in his
report, says: "The general results obtained
have iieen so satisfactory as to suggest the
feasibility of making rural delivery a perma-
nent feature of postal administration in the
United States, not immediately or in a'.l dis-
tricts at once, but in some gradual and grad-
uated form." Hurrah for free delivery!
[Hip, hip, hur Ed.]

E. E. Hastv, in Revieic, begs to go slow in
applying the Monnier cure of paralysis, and
imperil hwXfcxu healthy colonies at first " (put-
ting a healthy family into the same room with
a family that' has leprosy)". He thinks the
disease may he only temporarily dormant, and
the proposed cure may spread it. [No, it
would hardly do to try iVIonnier's cure on too
large a scale ; but I do think it would be a
good idea to test it in a small way. — Ed.]
■ An inquisitive person. Ernest, reading p.
811, about the flies troubling your head at
your desk, paraphrases slightly a quc^tion of
yours on page 5S(), and sa\ s, " But why have
flies in your office at all? Why not have
screens and screen-doors? " [Vou niuMi't ask
qutstions that I can't answer; anyhow, you
can tell that " inquisitive person " that it is
pof^^sible to screen a single honey-room, while
it may not be possible to .'creen the windows
of a large factory. Onr office is in one of our
factory biuldings — Ed.]

A honev-fair, lasting two days, has been
successfully tried by the'Hanover'bee-keepers'
society in Germany. For two weeks the dai-
lies prepared the public, by articles about hon-
ey and the coming show, where pure honey
could be obtained. Sixteen bee - keepers
brought their wares, most of them being sold

838

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec. 1.

out first day. Chunk honey was in special de-
mand. All honey was guaranteed by society;
a minimum price of 2") cts. for comb and 20
for extracted was set, but the actual average
of comb was 30 cts. ( one man got 35 ) , and of
extracted 22 >^.

Fall introduction. — Remove a queen
after breeding stops in fall; and with no brood
in hive the bee.^- are hopelessly queenless, a
condition in which they never refuse a queen.
So thinks W. Z. Hutchinson, and quotes Mr.
Turner, who re-queens in fall and never lost a
queen. [I had never thought of it before;
but my own experience would lead me to be-
lieve that \V. Z. and Mr. T. were right. But
say, doctor, you did not tell us what you
thought about it. Give us another Straw on
the svibject, and, b}^ the way, tell us more what
you think when you quote the opinions of the
other fellows. — Ed.]

HoNEv-CAKES. The famous lehkiichen of
Germany. Bring to a boil 2 lbs. honey with
Yz pt. water. While still warm, mix with 2
lbs. flour; knead well and set away for some
days (the longer the better). Then stir in 3
yelks of eggs, with flour, and plump \)i oz.
bicarbonate soda previously dissolved in wa-
ter. Mix we'.l. Add, according to taste, 2
lbs. sugar, some crushed cinnamon, cloves,
citron, and chopped almomls; knead well, roll
out to a finger's thickness, and bake. — F. L.
Thompson in Reviciv. [That cake ought to
taste good; but I should think such an array
of stuff would be rather hard on a fellow's
stomach. By the \va\', some of the Root wo-
me 1 have been trying your recipe for honey
caramels as given in the honey-leaflet " Food
Value of honey." The caramels are just fine,
and to my n^.tion taste much better than the
bough ten ones, and certainly more whole-
some.— Ed]

Please tell why, Mr. Editor, the name
Danzy is given to the bottom-board that I de-
scribed and illustrated long ago, and that you
saw years ago on all my hives. [With the
greatest of pleasure, doctor. When Mr. Dan-
zenbaker came here and showed me his pecul-
iar style of bottom-board I said, "Why, that
is Dr. Miller's." And then we looked up the
back volumes, and found where you had de-
scribed something .similar with an illustration,
but not quite the same thing, although intend-
ed to accomplish the same purpose. The con-
struction of Dr. Danzenbaker'd bottom-board
if quite different. Your floor was flat on one
side, with a tvo-inch space on the other. Mr.
Danzenbaker's has one inch space on one
side and yi on the other. Your board was
made of % flooring nailed o)i to two side-
pieces, while you will note that Mr. Danzen-
bakers's is made up of Y% stuff let into grooves
of two side rails. And then, too, his is so
constructed as to permit of a shrinkage and
swelling of the boards without splitting.
Your old board could not be used with the
modern Dovetailed hive with no bee-space
under the frames The name "Danzy" is
theref' re applied to a peculiar conslrudion of
the bottom-board, and not to a board that may
be used the same as you used yours. — Ed.]

Separators, p. 814, are advised in ship-
ping-cases, so when a section breaks down it
won't break down others. But isn't it cheap-
er not to have the first one break down ? I
can't imagine a necessity for more than one
section in a thousand breaking down, and that
one section shouldn't be shipped. [Ye-s-s.
If everybody were careful not to ship any hon-
ey that would break 'own, and the freight
smashers were freight handlers, we should not
need any no-drip shipping cases — that is, I
mean cases with paper traj's with little cross-
cleats ; and yet you yourself acknowledge
these to be good. We c m not take too many
precautions. In the first place, ship only such
honey as we feel tolerably sure will not break.
Second, put it in no -drip shipping- cases.
Th rd, put separators between them. The
last two items cost but a mere trifle, and might
save a hundred times their value in honey
that might be broken down by freight-smash-
ers or truckmen, who somehow are able to
smash even the strongest trunks ever built, to
say nothing of honey put up in the best way-
possible. We must provide for the unexpect-
ed, even though the ' unexpected " may not
happen once in a htmdred times. — Ed.]

Sorry to say, Ernest, we're not nearly so
smart as you want to give us credit for, p. 802.
I can't say how much time we did devote to
that honey crop, but I know that two of us
did all the work except what help we had
from Ghordis and Philo. Their htlp would
amount in all to less than one man's work for
two months. Perhaps one man would have
done in a month what both of them did. So,
" I know that two of us did all the work ex-
cept " what Ghordis and Philo did — "per-
haps what may be eqiiivalent to two months'
work." [Ah, 1 see — no, I don't, either. You
haven't jr/ told us hozv ?//a;/r days you and
your women-folks spent in harvesting the hon-
ey crop. You simply tell us that two of you
did all the work except what Ghor^lis and
Philo did, and that their work would be about
the equivalent of two months. What I should
like to know is this : Did you and your as-
sistant spend all of your time during the
other ten months in harvesting the crop, or
were you busy a part of the time at some-
thing else? i know for one thing that you
write for Gleanings, the American Bee Jour-
nal, and a number of other periodicals. I
know, also, that you spend some time in Sun-
day-school work, and a little time in raising
posies; perhaps some time in running a small
farm — and in mowing " weeds and things " in
front of your place. I know, also, that Emma
helps a good deal about the housework. Now,
what I am trying to get at is this: About how
much time in da^s, of ten hours each, did you
two spend in harvesting that crop, from the
time of putting the bees into the cellar to the
time of putting them in again ? Just give us
a good guess, if you can not do any better.
The time, if get-at-able, would be very inter-
esting for the reason that we then could arrive
approximately at the cost of that honey per
pound, making due allowance for interest on
money invested in appliances, deterioration,
and changes. — Ed.]

1S97

GLHANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

839

Family Matters; Traveling over the Country;
Something of the Resources of the Country.

BY R. C. AIKIX.

This is Oct. 2(), 1S!I7. The INIuser has been
absent from the colunnis of Gi.kanixgs for
several months, and very busy months too.
During these montlis the liulc owl tliat sits
on the end of the

find him when he returns from the loft and
the comjiany of the owl.

Sii)tember "J, ISIH), we started on our over-
land journey. Baby Eva was eight months
old when the photo was taken, and eleven
months when we started on the trip. She
now sits besifle me as I write, fat and hearty,
and busy helping mamma sew.

( )ur county, Larimer, lies on the north line
of the State, just south of Cheyenne, Wyo-
ming, and embraces a large territory, includ-
ing a part of the mountains, and is probably
()() miles wide from north to south. Loveland
is near the south line of the county, and is
;.b )ut ;>■) nnles nearly east from Long's Peak,
one of the highest mountain-tops. Our rail-
road is a ]mrt of the Union Pacific system, but
now o])erated by the Denver and Gulf, and
runs iiorlhwanl from Denver, and parallel

ridge-pole has
been frequently
seen and heard,
but the IMuser had
not time to reduce
her wise looks to
the language of
common humani-
ty. Now that the
wind howds an 1
snow flies this
wintry day. we
will get the Mu-
se r's thinking-
machine oiled and
polished, ready for
grinding out wis-
dom. While the
rust and gum are
wearing off we
will give a some-
what reminiscent
muse or two on
other than bee
topics.

The editor was
so kind as to pre-
pare a picture of
the family of
which the Muser
has the honor ot
being the malv
member. Just "w
three " and the lit-
tle owl is all there
is of us. The ed-
itor forgot to put
the little owl in
the picture, and,
worse still, forgot
to put the picture
in Gl-EANINGS.

You see he got ^. ^

just the picture

made without telling the ,AIuser anv ihing
about it, and the first the Muser knew it was
done was after the former nuisings were all
printed, when along cotnes a litter saying
the editor wanted some kind of article with
which the picture might appear; so here it is,
and now you can see the .Mus-r as you will

AIKIX AM) l■AMII.^•.

widi the mountain range. The general course
of the mountain range is nearly due north
and south, and about every ten or twenty
miles is a riv.^r or stream coming out of the
mountains, all having a general eastward
trend. To the north of us is the Poudre Riv-
er, on w-hich is hoit Collins, our county-seat,

840

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec. 1.

a town of 2o00 or 3000 population. Loveland
is due south of Fort Collins 14 miles, on the
Bi^ Thompson River, and has a population of
1500. From Loveland we journf3'ed south 7
miles to Rerthoud, on the Little Thompson
River, and from there 10 miles south to Long-
mont, on the St. Vrain River, where we spent
the night with Mr. J. B. Adams. Still south
from Longmont is Houlder Creek and one or
two more small cret-ks before we reach Den-
ver on the South Platte River. From Love-
land to Denver is about 50 miles — almost due
south.

This territory-, from Denver north about 75
miles, is p'^^rhaps the best-watered part of the
State, and is a grain, hay, and stock country.
The principal crop is wheat; second, hay;
third, potatoes. The climate is alike through-
out this region, but soil is very variable.
Loveland has a clay soil, while Greeley, but
20 miles away, has a very sandy soil. Gree-
ley is the center of the potato industry, and is
famed for both quality and quantity of her
"spuds."

There is also quite an industry in parts of
the country in producing small fruits — princi-
pally .strawberries and raspberries. Loveland,
besides siipplying her own market, ships large
quantities of strawberries and raspberries.
Apples, too, are largely planted, though but
few orchards are in lull bearing; but, judging
from the results of the older orchards, and
the great number of new ones started, I should
say that, in ten years from now, there will be
a big business in apples.

As alfalfa at present is the second crop — if
not fully equaling wheat — we naturally find
many bees throughout the country. Long-
mont and vicinity of Denver have probably
more bees to the square mile than any other
part of the vState this side of the "range."
The western slope, no doubt, has many bees
too, though I doubt if any more than this re-
gion. In 1892 the numljer of colonies of bees
in Boulder Co. was estimated at IS, 000, which,
yielding 2.') pounds, would give 20 carloads.
Outside of the towns, I should judge that one-
fourth of the homes have from one to ten or
more colonies of beer., and that within 75
miles of Denver there are bees enough to pro-
duce fifty or more carloads of honey, if they
were properly handled.

All iliis country is watered by the afore-
mentioned streams, and to take away these
waters would be to lay desolate what is now a
fruitful country.

So the first end of our trip was through this
fertile, well-watered country going crosswise
of the streams. We called on but four apia-
rists in going to Denver, because we were so
late getting started that we could not visit
much if we were to see all the country we had
mapped out to traverse, and yet get to' the Lin-
coln convention.

From Denver we continued fonth, passing
through nuich barren country and foine nice
watered tracts, the greater part unwatered, till
we reaclud tlie Arkansas River at Pueblo.
Here and there we saw bees south of Denver,
but they were scattering.

Denver is a nice city, but wretchedly wick-

ed; but the place of the greatest display of
wealth was Colorado Springs. This is the
place of residence of many of the mine-owners
in the Cripple Creek district. Were it not for
the mines I do not see how the place could
survive, for the water-supply in that region is
very limited, and very liiile fai m produce
raised. Colorado Springs must draw her sup-
plies from other parts of the Slate.

You may wonder why the mine-owners
should live in a town cr city out of the moun-
tains and many miles from the mines. I am
not sure th it I can give all the reasons, or
even the principal ones ; but the great eleva-
tion of the country where the mines are lo-
cated makes the winter season extremely cold
and disagreeable. Then, too, many can not
stand a continuous residence at so great an al-
titude. The high altitudes are hard on heart
and nerves. The writer finds his heart run-
ning about five beats per minute faster here
than in the Missouri Vallc}', though not up to
normal even here, 5000 feet. Could wife and
I avenge the speed of our heart pulsations it
would probably be better for both of us. The
highest point we toirched was at Palmer Lake,
over GOOO feet, where wife said she did not
want to stay long; but as for myself I felt no
inconvenience whatever.

Pueblo is about 200 miles south of here, and
from there we turned our faces eastward. The
city seemed to be largely a manufacturing
one, and a distributing-point for the mines.
Continued.

MARKETIXG HOXEY.

How the Home of the Honey-bees is Making Live
Bees not only Gather Honey, but also Sell it.

BY A. B. WEED.

The subject of marketing honey is second
in import -mce with the bee-kt eper only to that
of getting it. Much has been said about ex-
tending the market for it ; but, as a usual
thing, the suggestions went no further than to
say, " Develop the home market." This is
all very well so far as it goes; but the fact is,
there never can be much demand for it where
it is produced. The place to sell it is in the
cities.

There are difficulties in pushing the honey
trade, which do not exist in selling most other
eatables. Sales are not often made by men
who have an interest in it and who under-
stand it, but by conmiission men. The charge
of adulteration has been made so jiersi^tently
that it is looked upon witli suspicion. .Then
it has had to lake its chances with other things
which are put upon the market by men who
know how to make their wan s a;traclive.

This matter of suiting the trade, and tempt-
ing buyers, has grown to be a trade in itself.
Almost every thing which is sold has the ben-
efit of this kind of skill more than honey.
The best way to increase tlit sale of any thing
is to place it in an atti active form before the
people who need it, and this is what the A. I.
Root Co. have undertaken tj do with honey.

1807

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

841

A good display of honey was prepared, and
with it some bees in an observatory hive
to attract the attention of the crowd. It
might he ohserved here that they are an excel-
lent thing for this pur])ose. and the crowd
which they draw will frequently reach to and
even into the street. The first city in which
it was shown was Akron, Ohio. This place
WAS selected because conditions seemed to he
favorable for a good market. The city was of
good size — 40.000 — and, as most of the people
worked in manufactories, they would have
n oney to spend. The venture was tried upon
a very small scale at first, and two gross of
one-pound glass jars were offered fors.ile. At
first they went fast; but as the number of re-
maining ones grew les> they did not seem to
be no'.iced. But sales starter" up again as soon
as more jars were put with them. The crowd
which the bees drew seemed to overlook the
honev unless there was enough of it to make
a big show. This fact is a very important one,
and should be observed by any one who tries
to sell honey in this way.

Both comb and extracted honey were offered
for sale, side by side, but the piople preferred
the latter. This seemed ra'.her surprising, as
the demand had always been the other way.
The reason was that thev had never before
seen extracted honey wliich tempted them as
much as ths did, and they had always looked
upon it \\-ith .suspici )n. But here was some
that thev Imd seen taken from the combs, and
they had been made to understand why it
could be sold cheaper than if the comb went
with it. They now had confidence in it.

One of the mo^^t important things noticed
about the enterprise was the fact that the hon-
ey was be light by all classes of people alike.
Rich people bought it because it was pretty
and tasted well, and poir people bought it be-
cause it was good and cheap.

In !-tai-ting an enterprise of this kind the
first thing to be considered is the fact that
most people know but little of the apiary, al-
though a few think they do. They have read
that honey is adulterated, and that it is man-
ufactured, and most of them are glad to meet
some one who can really tell them the truth
about it.

The most surprising thing, perhaps, about
the business is the interest taken in it by city
people. Th's is so great that it can be used
by the dealer to bring his honey to their
notice. Then if it looks attractive they will
buy it; anel if it is good they will like it, and
the flemand is established.

Every thing connected with the apiarv is
useful in getting tlu-ir attention. Things
which the bee-keeper is apt to overlook be-
cavise .so familiar with them are wanted as
much as any thing else.

Any one who starts out to make a show of
this kind must have a good s'ock of patience
and breath. Many of the questions asked are
intelligent ones, anel these, of course, should
receive attention ; but very many are prompted
only by curiosity. It is not always safe to
give a perfec ly truthful answer to such, be-
cause, the stream once started, there would
be no ending. On this accouuL it is some-

times best to obey the biblical injunction lit-
erallv, and answer some people according to
their folly.

One old gentleman, however, would iieit be
put off in this way. He had never kept bees,
never expected to, and had no reason for tak-
ing so much of my time. 1 finally said to
him that I had te^lcl him all I knew, and hand-
ed him a copy of the A B C, directing him to
learn it by heart; and then, if he felt tie need
of further instruction, come to Medina, the
center of bee-knowleelge, and the Root Co.
would see what more they could elo for him.

There is always at least one " smart " person
in ever}' crowd who knows just how strained
honey is made, and can tell all about the way
'comb is made of paraffine, filled, and then
capped over with a hot iron." One of this
kind explained the whole process to me lately,
while the ciowd listened and admired his wis-
dom. He did not know that I had any thing
to do with the display. I thanked him for his
information, and asked him if he believed
what he said.

" Of course I believe what I say. Why do
you ask such a question ?"

"Because, my friend, I will show you a
chance to make $1000."

I then read him the offer made by A. I.
Root, years ago, and which Ins not been taken
up vet, and told him that Mr. Root was good
for any amount. He subsided quickly, and
backed' out of the crowd. These cards are
useful in many cases.

Another man was very positive about a few
things pertaining to the hive, but not sure on
other points. He knew that the workers laid
all the eggs, that the queen ruled the hive,
that the drones defended it from its enemies,
but could not remember what the king bee
was for ! One man wanted to buy that
" family " of bees and take them home in his
trunk.

Here are some of the questions that I have
fired at me every day. I have appended
answers to a few of them, and perhaps the
readers cf Gleanings will help me with the
rest.

" What kind of bees are those ? "

" Those are live bees."

" Do bees die often ? "

" Xo, only once."

" Do bees make honey ? "

"No, neither do we. The bees gather it
from flowers, and we take it from them."

'■ When do bees die? "

" When their time comes."

" Is the queen's sting poison, and will it
kill von?"

" Why don't the drones sting? "

" Why don't you show us the king-bee? "

" How many bees in there? "

" How do you count them ? "

" What do' you use so that they won't sting
you ? "

" Were those bees wild once? and how did
j-ou tame them? "

•' Ain't that drone there the daddy of them
all ? "

" Ain't they crowded in there? and don't
the big ones hurt the little cues ? "

842

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec. 1.

"They look real sociable in there, so close
together."

After one has heard such questions upward
of a thousand times he begins to be tired; but
after all, they show how much interest is taken
in the subject by people who can easily be
turned into honey-eaters.

One lady m as heard to say to a friend , •' That
strained honey is a fraud. I bought some
once, and it all went hack to suc^ar. T was
real careful of it, too, and kept it in the ice-
box."

Such things show the ignorance with which
we have to deal, and the need of popular edu-
cation about honey.

Another lady said to me, "That honey,"
pointing to a glass jar of it, " is the nicest I
ever saw." It was just like all other honey,
except that it was put up in better style. Such
things demonstrate the necessity of making
it attractive Only a few feet away tliere was
an open box of one-pound tin cans of honey.
Nothing had been done to bring it to the no-
tice of buyers. No one bought it, and not
many people even knew it was there.

There is one means of effecting sales which
is particularly gocd, and ought not to be neg-
lected. It is giving free samples. If you can
succeed in getting a spoonful of hone\ into a
person's mouth he will want more. I found
that this bait would catch not less than five
people out of six.

The honey used was California sage, and
every one of the thousands who tasted it was
very much pleased with it. Some other kind
might have answered as well, but this it was
which was used.

[I will explain to our readers that Mr. A. B.
Weed is a brother of Mr. E. B., the founda-
tion-man. For some time he has wanted to
demonstrate that he could sell honey by mak-
ing a show of live bees in a hive. When he
told me his experience in that line, aid how
he drew crowds in the city of Detroit. I told
him he might at least make an attempt. He
prepared an exhibit, consisting of an observa-
tory hive containing bees and a queen, some
small cages containing each a queen, a few
bees, and some drones. Along with this was
an assortment of extracted honey put up in
glass, an extractor, and comb honey in sec-
tions.

The experiment was tried first in our own
town ; but owing to the faci that everj'body
in Medina is famiUar with bees it did not take
as well as it di I in Detroit. But still it helped
materially the sale of honey in our local gro-
cery, where tlie experiment was tr:ed ; an I as
Mr. Weed w.is desirous of trying it in aiioth'. r
place, he prepared a similar exhibit for Akron,
a city of about -10,000 inhabitants, about twenty
miles east of here. As he explains, he took
along two gross of jars ( No. 2.")) of honey, and
a can or two of California sage in bulk. The
exhibit was madfc at one of the most promi-
nent groceries, and the effect was instanta
neons. Not only were crowds drawn, but
honey began to sell in that grocery as it had
never sold before. Mr. W. intended to .stay
only a week, because we were fearful the

experiment would not be a success ; but at
the end of that time he had cleaned out nearly
all of our extracted mountain sage, and nearly
all other odds and ends, and received instruc-
tions from Medina to keep right on. We now
have a whole carload of beautiful mountain
sage on the way, and we hope to be able to
suppl}'^ Mr. Weed with extracted honey of fine
quality, to permit him to carry out his dreams
that he has been incubating for sev^eral years,
to make hone^ sell in groceries where it had
been slow sale before.

When Mr. Weed calls on a grocer he asks
simply for the privilege of space in a window,
and stipulates that, for the first two days, he
will make the display and sale of honey for
him without charge. The groceryman makes
all the sal 'S, but is to buy the honey (of us, of
course), and his profit will be the difference
between wholesale and retail. In two or three
instances Mr. Weed was requested to stay not
onlv two days, but a whole week, at each
grocery : and the way our women-folks have
been busv putting up the extracted honey the
past week or so shows prett}' conclusively that
the scheme is a success.

Live bees are indeed a real novelty to the
average person. The habits of the interesting
inst cts are briefly explained by Mr. Weed,
the method of producing comb honey illus-
trated, and the modus operandi oi extracting
shown.

I omitted to ?tate that, on top of the observ-
atory hive, is put a row of sections of sealed
comb honey. Mr. Weed explains how the
comb honey is produced. He has also some
extracting - combs filled with sealed honey.
When he gets big crowds he extracts two or
three co'ubs to show how the job is done.
This one fact alone inspires confidence in the
consumer, and of course he not only buys
what is real honey, but what he honestly be-
lie'i'cs to be a pure article.

Mr. Weed has another scheme. When the
crow Is will not buy he has on hand a lot of
piper spoons — oblong strips of stiff paper
about two inches long Pud an inch and a
quarter wide. He curves one of these into a
sort of trough, dips it into the thick mountain
sage, and tran=;fers it to his mouth. Handing
out the " spoons " he invites the crowd to do
likewise. Of course, there is a smacking of
the liiis (the spoon thrown away), and, " Um,
um ! that's good ; I must take some home to
my wife."

Perhaps it is a little late yet to make an ex-
hibit of live bees, but we are doing it all the
same, and I can as=ure you it is a great holi-
day attraction. — Ed ]

SELLING HONEY DIRECT TO GROCERS.

Giving Commission Houses the Go-by; Selling

Honey by the Piece Rather Than by Weight;

a Racy and Interesting Article.

BY MORTON'S BROTHER-IN-LAW.

One day, about the first of October, Morton
and I were busily scraping sections, and not
sorry to see the end of that tedious task ap-

lSi)7

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

843

l)roachiii<:;. The suniiner had been fine, view-
ed from a bee-keeper's standpoint, and a good
crop of cotnb honey was nearly ready for the
market as a reward for time and hibor expend-
ed. My thonghts had been runnins^ in the di-
rection of a fi.shing-excnr.Mon now that a httle
leisnre time seemed to be in si^i^ht, when Mor-
ton broke in with somethins,^ like this :

" I am not sorry to see the last of this pesky-
scraping ; but the tug of war is yet to come —
the one part of the bee- business, and one of
the most important parts too, which we bee-
keepers don't seem to imjirove upon any. In
fact, we go on from bad to worse ; and that is
to sell our honey after we get it."

" Well," I said, as he paused to lift over
another super, ' ' no one could expect you to
sell it before you get it," which obviously
sensible remark he disdained to notice, but
continued :

" I can get honey ready for market in style
that I am not ashamed of ; take care of my
bees all right, and even attend the conventions
and picnics without flinching ; but when it
comes to selling the honey for a price which I
am entitled to in all fairness for such nice
honey as that lot is — why, I don't know how
it is to be done. We producers keep sending
our honey to the big cities, where the commis-
sion man sells it to a customer that he wishes
to please 7?;-.^/ — the bee-man last. The dealer
may be honest, of course ; but the man who
buys of him has the best of the situation
every time. Then we send so much honey to
two or three large cities that they are over-
stocked ; the market is glutted ; down go quo-
tations ; everybody who sells or buys honey
governs himself accordingly ; and after a hard
summer's work we get it where the chicken
got the ax ;" and, going out to the grapevine,
he picked the largest bunch of grapes he could
reach, and went to see if the bees were all out
of those last few supers over the escapes.

Said I to myself, "Who is this customer
that the commission man is so anxious to
please?" and the reply was easy enough — the
retail grocer. He sells the great bulk of comb
honey, without question. But how does the
city commission liouse catch that retail grocer
in the first place ? By drumming the trade,
sending out that knight of the grip, "talking
like a blessed angel, eating like a blasted
tramp."

"See here, Morton," said I, as he came in
with a super full of sections, without a b »e left
in it (who would keep bees without using es-
capes, anyway?) " I've got a scheme."

"Don't doubt it,"- was his reply; "you
never seem to V^e ovit of stock in that line,"
and he went after another super.

Such a little bluff as that never disturbs me.
I'm used to 'em ; and my thoughts cantered
on in that same channel.

Now, if the grocer is to be patted on the
back, liis feathers smoothed the right way,
wh} don't we honey-producers do it ourselves
without paying any city commis.sion man to
do it for us? Isn't it the best way to please
him, to so pack, grade, arrange in attractive
shape, and, above all, give him a margin of
profit, without any ' ' unexplained residue of

facts " in shape of unsalal)le goods to make
him wish he had never .9<V';/ any honey? Mor-
ton had resumed scraping sections, and now
wanted to know what my scheme was. To
state it briefly, it was to skip the commission
man in the city, and sell directly tothegrocer.

We talked over the plan at length, and could
see good reasons for and against ; but, on the
whole, we thought it would pay a trial ; and
after three seasons' successful sales you can
put us down to vote in favor of the jilan.

Our locality is about oOO miles from New
York, with a dozen or more cities and towns
between. What nonsense and waste to send
our honey to the big city, pay freight, dray-
age, connnissions, exchange stealings ( ?)
drummers' wages and expenses, to come half
way back and sell that same honey to the gro-
cer ! — more draj-age, freight, etc., and the con-
sumer must foot all these bills. On the other
hand, the retail grocer seldom buys more than
five or ten cases, and it is more trouble to take
care of so many customers than the one com-
mission man. The expense of going over the
route with sample case is considerable, and
bad debts are nearly always in evidence ; but
by selling some of our neighbors' honey (this
year I sold for six apiaries), and dividing the
expense, it brings it down to reasonable limits.

The next question was, ' ' How shall we
pack, grade, and advertise to best please our
prospective victim, the grocer? " Morton and
I were partners in the retail-grocery business
for several years, and that experience helped
us to some points, one of the most provoking
of which is the ease and certainty with which
a clerk will punch a big hole in one nice sec-
tion of honey with the sharp corner of the
one he is trving to put back in the case. Can't
we fix something, some way, so that he can
not do that ? Sure ! Slip veneers ( or sliced sep-
arators) between the rows of sections in the
shipping-case — they are good for nothing else,
and cost but little ( and have proved a drawing
card with our customers). Always have new
neat shipping-cases with the non-drip cleats in
the bottom, and the veneers. So our grocer
now has his case to retail from that is neat,
tasty, hand)', and convenient.

Next comes the grading ; and again the
memories of old-time grocery days put a "bee
in my bonnet."

" How much do \ovl ask for that honey ? "

" Eighteen cents per pound, madam."

Let's see. Thirteen and a half ounces at
eighteen cents per pound — uni, um ! Where
did I lay that infernal leadpencil? um — um !

" Oh ! call it fifteen cents;" and then I won-
der if my customer got cheated out of a frac-
tion of a penny or whether I did. Then that
last half-dozen unsalable sections, sure to show
up where they pack all weights and styles in
one case ! The grocer's profits are right in
that half-dozen. As the days go by, and the
dust settles on them more and more, with
more holes punched in them as they are han-
dled over, the profits grow beautifully less.
vSee? Why not do the square thing by that
grocer, and put in all nice full well-sealed
sections, so that there will be nothing left to
drag on unsold at the last end of that case;

844

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec. 1.

then put the culls (that's the word) in another
case by themselves, and sell them at a " cull "
price ? More than that, as the sections are all
alike why not sell them by count to the gro-
cer ? Hi is sure to sell them that way to his
customers. In that way there are no awkward
fractions to puzzle over. He buys for twelve.
He sells for fitleen. Take your choice — the
last ssction in the case wilf sell as well as the
first. But, 3'ou may say, honey differs so much
in weight, color, sealing, travel-stain, propolis-
stain; and (referring to the printed grading-
rules) bulged an I crooked combs (which we
don't have to contend with, for our cleated
separators make the bees build their combs as
straight as a darning-needle stuck in a board)
that it would be an impossible job to accom-
plish.

The engraving shows how easy it is in actu-
al practice. I put the six sections, shown at

of judgment for each particular salesman to
consider all the conditions of his market, and
get as good a price for his goods as possible,
and yet allow his friend the grocer to compete
with anybody's e'se honey of equal quality.

Referring again to the grocer's siile of the
bargain, we know there are many varieties of
'em. Some grocers have a " toney " trade
that demands only the best of every thing,
and are willing to ]3ay for it. We can just fit
his case. That " fancy " brand was selected
with an eye to capture his trade. The other
dealer is situated differently — wants only cheap
goods. "No. 2" is what fills his long-felt
want. Now, notice ! Haven't we got just
what every buyer delights to find — a variety
to select from ? Doesn't that very consider-
ation build up the enormous trade of the great
city department stores, " because you can pur-
chase there any thing, from a house and lot to

a postmaster - general " — if j'ou

^ , have the legal tender? But, my

"^l grip is packed, and the train is

~ nearly due, and I am off after that

friend of ours the retail grocer.
! Groton, N. Y.

m^ .

the right on the shelf, in front of me. Pick-
ing up a section from the storage-case, a
glance will generally shovv which grade it is.
If any doubts exist, hold it near to the sam-
ples and give the lower grade the benefit of
the doubt — that is, after packing, the goods
should be better than the samples

The two sections shown at the right of the
engraving we name "Fancy" (fancy white,
fancy mixed, fancy buckwheat, as the case
may be). The next two we name "No. 1."
The two next to " No. 1," toward the left
hand, is " No. 2 ; " the remaining two are con-
signed to the extractor. The "No. 2" isn't
fairly shown up by the picture. The lower
one is very full weight, but poorly sealed.
The upper one is sealed well, but is capped off
short— making it light weight.

This plan of grading and selling has proved
very satisfactory with us for the last three
years, and we have upward of one hundred
and fifty customers who express themselves
highly pleased with the system.

One more knotty problem to solve before
we can take the road with that neat-looking
sample case, which is a half-section of a regu-
lar shipping-case ; and that is — the price tist.
Three grades each, for three kinds of honey;
nine styles to price according to actual value,
in.stead of weight. The "fancy" mu.st bring
a relatively higher price (and are worth it) in
order to bring up the average; for Nos. 1 and
2 must be cheap to sell at all. It is a matter

[It does indeed seem like poor
policy to ship honey to a connnis-
sion house, then in mauy cases
have that same honey come back
again almost to our very door.
As frieud Niver well remarks, why
,->* not save these two freights, and

pocket the money yourself ? Re-
ferring to the eugraviug and to
Mr. Niver's method of grading,
the reader will now see wliere I
got the idea of having photos of certain grades
of lioney to take the place of gradiug-rules,
which so far have been unable to fill the bill,
for the simple reason that language is totally
inadequate lo describe just exactly what fancy,
No. I, etc., should be. Unfortunately, the en-
graving herewith shown is not a good one, al-
though it will illustrate somewhat the idea. —
Ed.]

SOLID SEALED STOKES FOR WINTERING.

Treating Foul Brood ; The new Section and Cleated
Separator.

BY F. A. GEMMILIv.

It is not often that I write for Gi,E.\ninGS,
nor, in fact, for any other journal. There are
several rea.sons for this; the principal one,
however, beiiig my inability to furnish nmch
of practical value that has not been contrib-
uted by others having more experience than
myself.' As, however, Dr. Miller, in Stray
Straws, states as follows: " F. A. Gemmill,
in Ca>i. Bee Journal, says he has had success
wintering on solid sealed stores, and quotes
McEvoy as indorsing him;" and as Mr. E. R.
Root has practiced putting such combs right
into the center of the brood-nest, with success,
I trust you will, if not already too well sup-
plied with more important matter, find room
for this effusion.

1S07

GLEANINGS IN BIvE CULTURE.

84-5

Well, I just want to stale here what I l)ni.'f-
ly stated before, and will, therefore, i.;ive an
extraet from the article as it aj^peared in the
journal referred to, which may iu)t have been
seen by the readers of Gi.Kamngs:

An ordiiiani--sized coloiiv, in an eiKlit-ftaiiie I/ui.s;-
stroth liive, \villi from 2.") to ;!0 lt)S. of good st-altd
stoie;'. can be successfully wintered outside, if perfect-
ly packed, in njy locality, without inoving any of the
e"ight frames. Of couis'e, le.-^s stores will do if 'winter-
ed in the cellar. Hut a fair or medium colony cnn he
wintered splendidly on five solid .sealed combs of hon-
ey or sugar syrup.' with division-boards or d\immies
occupying the space of the removed oomb.K, After the
removal of three frames of empty comb, just i)Ut in
three ordinary .';evcn-eighths-thick division-boards in
place of the combs taken out. and spaced in the .>;ame
manner as if thev were combs of honey, only they
mu.'t be at the sides of the hive. Don't worrv about
tlu emptv comb.s for the bees to cluster on. The in-
sects will find room for that purpose if they require it,
and will always have warm honey to eat when they
want it. If you don't believe me, a.sk McEvoy. He is
a good autho'ritv on almost every thing, including foul
brood and politics. If you have a half-storv of the
Her'don h've containing sealed solid stores of honey,
put a 2-inch rim under it, then shake out the bees from
the same colony into Ihis half of the divisible tirood-
chaml er on or "about the l")th of October, or even the
fir.1t week in November, and then report how the bees
wintered. I know it is a success with me, for I have
many a time done it. McEvoy's plan and mine are
alike, e.vcept that the clu.'=tering space is not located
exactly in the same po.sition in the hive. Tn,- either
or both, and judge for yourself. F. A. Gkmmill.

P. S. — The above plans refer more particularly to
outside wintering.

Now, lam not the originator of the plan,
nor do I know how many may have followed
such a practice; but I want to state emphati-
cally that it was jNIr. McEvoy who induced
me to try his method, which he has practiced
for about twenty years, so that it was he, and
not mysilf, who deserves credit for the success
I have had.

After becoming sati.sfied with the way things
turned out I saw no reason why it should not
succeed with other frames than the Langs'.roth,
and consequently*' some six or s?ven years ago
I shook the bees from 20 colonies on to a half-
story of the new Heddon hive containing
eight of those shallow sealed combs: and in
order to provide for more room, should the oc-
cupants not be able to enter so small a dwell-
ing, I jilaced a two-inch rim underneath each
hive. Well, did they winter? Why, of course
they did, in the very best shape, .so that my
success in this way was identical with Mr. Mc-
Evoy's.

To be sure, I am quite well aware there are
others who differ w ith us, and think it is really
a necessity to have empty combs for the bees
to cluster on, etc.; and, if I mistake not, Mr.
France winters in his quadruple hive on two
sets of L'lngstroth frames, the up])er story
having sealed stores while the bottom story
contains empty comb, which is removed in
spring, leaving only one story containing the
most until the colony becomes populoiis
enough to require more room. If I am wrong,
1 hope Mr. France will correct me.

Mr. jNIcElvoy claims that empty cotnb is a
detriment rather than an advantage, as the
cluster remains unbroken until the approach
of spring; and, there being no brood-rearing
at an unnecessary time, the bees winter better,
and spring-dwindle less; in fact, they seem to
boom right along when so prepared.

TKi:.\TlXC. OR CUKING 1^'OUI. HROOD.

The junior editor ( \\. R. R.) of Gi,1';aninG3
for Oct. !•') also gives instructions how to cure
foul brood in the fall, and recommends that
the bees be shaken on to foundation, and, after
s arving long enough to be weak, or umil the
tliseased honey they may have taken away
with them is consumed, that two or three
such colonies be dumped together into one
hive, and then fed. I have not the slightest
doubt that his advice is sound, and will effect
a cure; but say, Mr. Root, why don't j'ou try
another of McEvoy's kinks, and just shake
those bees on to five solid .sealed combs of
honey at once, and be done with it? Possibly
you will smile at .such a suggestion; but let
me assure you that bees have been cured after
this fashion, at this time of the year (Octo-
ber and November), and can be so treated
again. Care, of course, must be taken that
all the cells be sealed, and that the combs
cjntain honey from sound or healthy colonies.
There must be no half doing the job, either.

Now you may probably .say, "Oh, my!
what about the honey the bees carry in their
honey-sacs?" Well, there won't be much
if you go about it properly; and what little is
taken will be used long before brood-rearing
is started ; and there being no vacant cells to
store it in can do no harm. Try it.

I will merely state, in regard to tli's foul-
brood question, that, since ilie securing of leg-
islation in Ontario, 1 have, in company with
Mr. McEvoy, the inspector ( I being the assist-
ant), visited many diseased apiaries in the
Province, and have seen many ways of curing
the disease, all of which, in proper hands,
will succeed; but as this article is now longer
than I anticipated, and Mr. McFvoy having
given his methods to the public already, I
need not say more.

THE NEW SECTION AND CT.EATED SEPARATOR.

I have carefully read all that has been wTit-
ten, both by E. R. and his father, on the above
subject; and as you have assured us that the
cost is not going to be a determent, and as I
usi the T super and section-holder, I am cer-
tainly .going to give the nciu old S}slein a
good trial next season. I may say that I have
thought some of doing the very thing you now
recommend in this line, for three or four
years past, but never managed to do it. I
iiave, the past summer, given the Pettit S3stem
of u.sing his divider, having the round perfo-
rations Vg a"d ^'s of an inch, in conjunction
with the wedges reconnnended by him for the
production of comb honey, and found the out-
side sections were much better filled than
when no divider was used.

I mention the fact of having used this sy.s-
tem here, because Mr. Pettit preferred round
perforations in his divider to having them
made of several pieces with a continuous open-
ing, as you illustrate the i^ew .separator in
Gleanings. His reason for so doing was
that he found tlie bees were more apt to draw
out the surface of the comb and give the sec-
tion, when finished, a ridgy appearance. It is
quite possible, as you do not mention any
thing of this nature occurring with those using

846

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE

Dec. 1

the separator you describe, that no marked
defect in this hne has been observed. Of
course, if you were compelled to furnish them
with round perforations the cost would be a
serious obstacle to their use.

But I must conclude ; for I fear that, if I
continue much longer, I shall have to apolo-
gize for writing so long, much in the same
manner that INIr. Abbott did for having talked
so much at the Buffalo convention; viz., that
I am almost begiiniing to hate to see myself
write, as much as he did to hear himself talk.

Stratford, Ont., Canada, Nov. 12.

[I have great confidence in Mr. McEvoy;
and if he says that dumping the diseased bees
on sealed combs of honey does not next sum-
mer, or some time, cause the reappearance of
the disease, then I am glad to acknowledge
that his way is far shorter than mine, and
that bees will stand a very much better chance
of wintering.

With regard to the fence, or cleated sepa-
rator, our l.S'.iS super, with plain section and a
fence, will be so modified as to take in the
Pettit idea; that is to say, there will not only
be fences between each row of sections, but
one on the outside of each outside row. This
will in effect secure the same idea, only that
the slots will be oblong and parallel, instead
of round perforations, and I can not see why
there should be any practical difference. What
matters it to a bee whether the opening is
square or round, so long as it can get through
the same ?

It is true, there will be " ridgy " comb hon-
ey if the slats are not pretty tolerably close
together. Mr. Danzenbaker has found by ex-
perience that they should not be further apart
than the width of ordinary perforated zinc,
which, in round numbers, is about ,-', of an
inch. If further apart, it has been found in
some instances that the surface of the combs
will show ridges just opposite the openings;
and it makes a difference, too, whether the
slats are narrow or wide, if I am correctly in-
formed.— Ed.]

PIPING OF QUEENS; HOW IT IS DONE.

BY E. S. ARWINE.

Mr. Editor and Dr. Miller, are you about to
turn Turk ? I see you have trotted out your
horse-tails. You know the dignity of a Turk-
ish pasha depends upon the number of tails
the Sultan allows him to wear. In regard to
the problem of how a queen pipes, I may not
understand just what )-ou term piping. I
have heard only two sounds from queens.
One is the note of defiance of a young queen
just emerged from her cell, and is as definitely
answered by her sisters who are about read}^
to emerge. These sounds always remind me
of the descriptions I have read of tournied
victor's bugle-note of challenge, and answered
by any would-be contestant for the glories of
the knightly ring. I have heard this note of
defiance from young queens in the cells which
I held in my hand, having removed them to
prevent their destruction. Surely the wings

could not vibrate very freely in the cells.
But this is more to the point. I was in the
apiary, and heard this sound issuing from a
hive ; and on opening it I found a wingless
queen. She had two little knots where the
wings should have been. This little deformed
creature was scurrying over the comb, utter-
ing her war-cry vigorously. Certainly those
little stubby wings could do very little vibrat-
ing. She had already executed all of her
royal sisters but one on the outside comb,
which hatched four days later. I dispatched
her at once, but wished afterward I had let her
live as a freak.

A balled queen utters another sound (a cry-
of distress), or a sound in a different key,
which always sounds to my ear like a wail of
agony; so I have no doubt that Cheshire is
right, and speaks from his own observation.

GRANULATION OF HONEY.

Below are tables showing the time of granu-
lation of honey from various sources, as ob-
served in three States :

INDIANA.

White clover granulated in o to 6 months.
Basswood, or linden, granulated in 1 to 4 months.
Fall honey from various sources granulated in 1 to 2
months.

TEXAS.

Persimmon (April) granulated in 2 to 10 days.
Honey-locust (May) granulated in 2% to 3 years.
Horsemint (June) granulated in 3 to 8 months.
Chittim (July) granulated in 3 to 10 months.
Cotton (JuU'' to October) granulated in 3 to 5 months.

The words in parenthesis show time of
secreting. The secretion of honey by the
persimmon-tree lasts about 10 or 12 days, and
granulating always began before the honey
was capped over. All the persimmon honey
I ever took came from the wild persimmon-
trees in Texas.

CALIFORNIA.

Sage, black and white, hailed or ttuttoned, 3 to 12 m.
Sage, white (spicated or racemed) 3 to 12 m.
Barberry (pi\re) remains liquid indefinitely.
Barberry, mixed with sage or other honey, 1 to 2yrs.
Tarweed (a species of aster) 20 to 40 days.

Tarweed honey granulates in the combs in
frotn 30 to GO days.

There are various other early honeys, such
as manzanita and wild currant (January and
February) ; live-oak (February and March) ;
buckthorn and wild gooseberry (March and
April) ; poison oak, or ivy (March to Maj^).
The manzanita and poison oak sometimes
secrete honey ver}^ bountifully ; also honey-
dew (aphis hone}-) (August to November).

I have never kept any of the ver}^ early and
late honeys to see how long they would be in
granulating. Any^ honey extracted green
( persimmon and tarweed, and possibly alfalfa,
excepted ) will granulate much earlier than
well-ripened honey from the same source.
Persinnnon honey must be extracted green to
get it in the liquid state. Sage honey, if left
on the hive, will remain liquid indefinitely,
but will become so thick and tenacious that
but very little of it can be extracted without
destroying the combs. I have never kept
white-clover, honey-locust, horsemint, chit-
tim, sage, or barberry honey in the sections
until granulating occurred. I very much
doubt whether Texas honey-locust, California

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

KIT

sajje, aiul barht-n y hoiu'vs wwikl ever firaiiu-
late if left three or four months on the hive
after cappiiij^ was completed.

Sage honey left in the hive ten months
becomes so thick and tenacious that it will
string out like sort wax, but show no indica-
tion of granules.

Dove, Cal.

R.AISING QUEENS ON A STICK.

Doolittle's Method a Great Success; a Few Vahia-
ble Hints for Queen-breeders.

BY A. E. DEWAR.

The May numbers of Gleanings have just
reached me, and I feel that I must " line up "
and support my friend II. L. Jones in his re-
marks on the
value of the
'•New Method
of Queen-rear-
ing."

I n January
last I visite 1 the
Mel Bonn m
Apiary, and I\Ir.
Jones then de-
scribed to me
his method of
utilizing drone
combforqueen-
cells; and al-
though 1 ai'niit
that a sa\-ing in
time is eflFected,
yet, after trial,
I still prefer
Mr. Doolittle's
plan.

I am sending
you a photo
showing fair
average results
secured, a n d
method of pro-
cedure, whic 1 I
will describe
briefly. After
making cells as
instructed In
Doolittle, insert
a small quanti-
ty o; royal jelly
A larva from a
selected breeder
is then trans-
ferred with a
single stick
made from a
piece of s e c -
tion, thick at
one end, to break 'own walls of cells, and
quill - shaped at the other to lift larvie.
The fiame to which they are attached is then
given to the top story of a strong colony con-
taining a queen confined under a double hon-
ey-board. Such C' lony is utilized right
through the season for this purpose; a plenti-
ful supply of hatching brood is given to it regu-

larly, with the result that about HO per cent of
the cells are acc< pted, and well and evenly
developed. Should tlie honey-flow cease tem-
porarily tlie colony is fed liberally.

I really can not understand how any one
who has a large demand lor queens could re-
sort to the old style, as there are -o many ad-
vantages in using artificial cells. The necessi-
ty of mutildting good worker-brood comb is
overcome, and a considerable amount of time
is saved, as, by keeping a ])roper register, the
cells can be found wilhout overhauling all the
fr ime of the colony, and they can be left se-
vered alone till at le st the tenth day from
starting. I gtnerally use IS to 20 eel Is on each
trame, but have had as many as '27 accepted in
one lot. I m living about 200 miles further
north than Mr. Jcnes, bui I do not think the
climaie has much effect < n the result to long

R.AISING yl'ElvXS BV THE DOOLITTI.K PI.AN.

as the colonies are strong w th a plentiful sup-
ply of youn^ bees, and a fair flow of honey.

The frame in the foreground of pholo shows
Iti well-develo|ied cells ju.st read^ to hatch,
and they will be i istiibuted in vaiious auclei,
and its place will be taken by a frame with
a new supply of cells, and so the process is
repeat d. Queens raised by me have taken

848

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec. 1.

all the prizes offered at local shows during the
past five years. Some 1-4,000 \hi. of honey,
from 50 colonit-s, proves that ihey aie bied for
business as well as beauty.

MAIUXG QUEENS.

On page 335, May 1, 1 agree entirely with
your remarks about comb honey being appre-
ciated by bees when passing through tlie mails,
and I hope you will continue to exp^rim^nt in
that line. During the past two seasons I have
had eight queens from you and DooUttle; and
although they weie all dead I noticed that in
each case the whole of the comb honev was
consumed, and in one the queen was buried in
the cells. Evidently her last effort had been
to obtain more honey, and she died in the at-
tempt.

I liave come to the conclusion that the ven-
tilation is of more vital importance than fec'l.
The variation from 100° and higher, when
crossing the equator, requires to be provided
for as well as a probable 40° before leaving
your continent. Try again.

North Rockhampton, Queensland, Aus.

BEES FREEZING TO DE\TH

Oiiestion. — I have five colonies of bees this
fall, and wish to know, through the columns
of GLE.\NrNGS, whether there i^ any danger
of their being frozen to death if I leave them
outdoors, where the mercury sinks as low as
thirty degrees below zero some winters. I am
told that bees often freeze to df ath in this cold
climate; and if such is the case, I fear I may
not be able to winter them.

Anscver. — People of: en say to me. "Don't
your bees freeze to death out here in the cold
all winter?" and I sometimes read in agricul-
tural papers about bees freezing to death; but
I always consider such talk as fallacious when
it is spjkenof in connection with a full c )lo-
nv of bees Individual bees, or even a cluster
of from fifty to one hundretl, when separated
from the main cluster, often freeze to death,
the isolated individual b?e always succiunbing
to the cold with a temperature lower than for-
ty above zero, unless it waiTns up within 3n
hours after the bee ceases to move; but a good
colony of bees, in a good hive, with p]e^t^ of
stores at their co:nmand, never dies from cold
in a sense that can in any way be interpreted
that they froze to death If we investigate
this matter we shall find that, while it is pos-
sible to freeze nearly all animal life by expos-
ure to a very low temper.- lure, the bees seem
capable, with plentv of stores near at hand, to
stand any amoimt of cold, so long as food re-
mains within easy reach. To be sure, the bees
on tlie outside of the cluster may become
somewhat stiffened with cold; but those with-
in are nearly as brisk and lively as in summer.
The lamented M. Quinby, whose authority is

rarely ever questioned, knew this to be a fact
when he said that the bees inside the cluster,
on a zero morning, could fly as readily as in
July, should the cluster be suddenly thrown
apart. Then Eli^ha Gallup, who ^ave us so
many excellent articles on bees during the lat-
ter sixties and early seventies, speaking of a
winter in Upper Canada, says, "The ther-
mometer for sixty days in succession was not
above 10° below zero, and for eight of these
days the mercury was frozen; yet my bees, in
box hives, with a two-inch hole at the top,
and the bottom plastered up tight, came
through in excellent condition." See Amer-
ican Bee Journal, Vol. 5, page 33. While
bees here in Central New York were never put
to so severe a test as that, vet 1 have it record-
etl in my diary where tlie mercury went as
low as 3u° below z ro one wdnter and as low
as 28° below several tinit s ; j-et, so far as I
could see, the b.-es did not materially suffer
from this extreme cold. From experiments
conducted with a self-registering thermome-
ter during several winters I have found that,
with a temperature of 20° below zero in the
outside air, a temperature of 45 to 46 degrees
above is maintained within the hive, willi the
bulb of the thermometer touching the outside
bees of the cluster, while an equal number
of experiments with the thermometer placed
in the center of the cluster of bees gave a
warmth of from 03 to 04 degrees above zero,
wdien it was from 10 to 25 below outside; thus
showing that the inside bees of the cluster
were very far from freezing. Tote-t this mat-
ter more ihoroughly, and prove the thing be-
yond doubt, I touk a colony one evening,
when the mercury stood at ten below zero,
and suspended the hive about two f 'et from
the bottom -board, taking off all covering from
the top of the hive, so they were the same as
if hung in the open air, so far as bottom and
top were concerned ; and as the bees did not
come out so as to touch the hive in any place,
they were ver\- nearly so at the .'■•ides. They
were left thus all night, during which the
mercury had gone as low as sixteen below
zero, yet the next morning the bees were all
right, although the cluster had contracted till
it was little more than half as large as it was
the night before. Had they been thus left till
they had consumed all the stores inside the
cluster, undouhtedh' they would have suc-
cumbed to the cold; but in that event it would
not be a case of freezing to death, but of starv-
ing; while the freezing came in as an after-
consideration.

Since trying these experiments I have come
to the conclusion that the freezing of bees,
when in a normal condition, is an impossibil-
it\', and that all talk about such freezing is
merely idle vaporings, and that the finding of
bees dead and frozeir only gave proof that the
freezing was an effect coming after death, pro-
duced by some other cause tlian cold, such as
starvation, bee-diarrhoea produced by long
confinement, etc.

This talk about full colonies freezing to
death renunds me of the stor}- about the poor
church that wanted some hymn-books. They
needed the books badly, but did not know

ISOT

GLKANINGS IN Hl-H CUI/rURI-:.

849

^vht■ro liie money to ])urchasc Urmii was to
conic from. So Uicv called a mcctin.ij anil in-
structed the clerk to write to all tlie book
firms wliose address he could find, for lowest
prices on fifty books; then he adjourned the
meeting for two weeks till a reply could be got-
ten. At the appointed time they came to-
gether to hear the result, which was that oO
cents eacli, or .'>2'>.00 for the lot, was the l)est
that could be done, with one exception. That
exception olTered them the books for five cents
each, or S'J.AO for the lot of fifty books pro-
viding they would take books having a few
advertisements in them. The matter was
talked over, and ii was thought that a few
advertisemenis in the back part of the book
(as we often see on the covers of our Sunday-
school lesson-helps) would do no particular
hai m, so the}- instructed the clerk to order the
five-cent books. He did so. It so happened
that Christmas came on Sundav that year, and
the hymn-books arrived late vSalurday night.
The sexton carried them to the church, and
hurriedly distril)uted them among the pews,
having no time to look at them. The congre-
gation arrived; and the pastor, arising in the
pulpit, said that, as it was Christmas morning,
it would be appropriate to begin their sabbath
worship by singing the hymn commencing
with "Hark! the herald angels sing, " etc.,
and read the firs: line to the hymn from his
own book, and sat down. The chorister struck
up, and their surprise and consternation can
be imagined when they found themselves sing-
ing:

Hark ! the herakl angels sing !

Beechams pills are ju.-t the thing ;

Always sure and very mild.

Two tor man and one for child.

So with some people who would instruct
along the line of bee-keeping pursuits: they
suppose they are singing the truth, when after-
ward it proves to be only advenising for them-
selves, or idle vaporings of their imagination,
or something they have heard in the gossip at
the " corner grocery."

[.\t the time I called on friend Doolittle,
and just before leaving, I said to him that I
wished he would sprinkle some of the good
stories, that he had given us in his convention
talks, into his regular articles for print. He
hesitated somewhat, saying that he could feel
the pulse of an audience, but could not deter-
mine the mood of readeis, whom he could not
see, and for that reason he was afraid to
venture. I told him to have no fears on that
score — to sprinkle in the salt and spice just
the same whenever they would flavor a dish of
dry facts. He did not give me a decided an-
swer that day; but a few days ago he sent the
article above, and along with it a private note,
in which he .said, referring to the anecdote,
" When it is written on cold paper it seems
stale, and unworthy of a place in a sober arti-
cle on bees; sol leave it to } on to put it in
print or to leave it out, as it seems good in
your sight. If you publish it, and it takes, I
can give more." Yes, indeed give us more,
friend D. Our Borodino bee-keeper speaks in
a clear, strong voice ; he is a large man ( large
in two senses) and the enthusiasm that he

throws into his talks is accompanied by a cap-
tivating sparkle of the eyes and this sort of
personality may, in some cases, make some
of his .stories sound better than they read, but
I have no doubt that thev will all read well.—
Kd.]

%//ecich^/^raii^\.y.

-)pjfj;^£/v^''^

I live in Richmond, Va. I don't suppose
we have as strong a honey-harvest as our broth-
ers further north, and not so long a one as our
brothers in the far South, so I should like to
ask a few questions :

1. Do you think it will pay to run the busi-
ness near this place?

2. Will bees store as much honey in large
one-story hives as in two story?

3. Can a strong colony of bees store enough
in a one-story eight- frame hive to carry them
through the win.er and raise brood enough to
keep strong ?

4. Can I keep a queen all winter with a pint
of bees, on three frames of combs, and raise
a large colony it I feed well ? and nmst I give
them any thing else except syrup? If so,
what else ? Must I feed any thing for pollen ?
If so what ?

5. What is the best way to winter queens?

6. Can you winter two queens in one hive
with a queen excluder between them ?

7. Can you extract honey from brood-frames
without hurting the young brood ?

S. Will the extra-light section foundation
work all right in brood-frames it wired?

9. Will bees work as well with frames cross-
wise a-i they will from front t . back?

Virginia.

[ 1. I think it would.

2. Not as a general rule. In loc tlities where
the season is short and the flow moderate, the
single-s.ory hive would probably give better
results- that is to say, secure all the honey at
less expense than the two story; but in locali-
ties where there is a long honey-flow, the two-
story would do Letter for a ceitain length of
time.

.3. Yes, if they do not use it up in the fall,
before winter sets in. If you have a late flow
from buckwheat or some other good source,
then if the colony rills its hive it will have a
great plenty for winter. But an eight-frame
hive full of honey by the middle of July, with
no further honey- flows, would require to he
fed, probably, in the fall in order to give the
requisite amount of stores.

4. Yes, if you are skillful enough ; but do
not give thtm any thing but good granulated-
sugar .syrup.

h. The best way to winter queens is in strong
colonies, in hives properly ^upplied with
stores, and, if outdoors, in d< uble-walled
hives packed with chaff, planer-shavings, or
sawdust.

(). Nv t as a general rule. I should expect

850

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec. 1.

war in that family very shortly. Two queens
in one hive, under average conditions, do not
get along any better than two bosses in a shop
or two cooks in a kitchen.

7. Yes, but it is not advisable. The best
practice is to let combs containing brood en-
tirely alone so far as extracting is concerned.

8. Yes and no. If a narrow starter is used
it would do without wires It would also
answer in full sheets providing the wires were
put close enough together, say about one inch
apart; but as a general rule it is cheaper and
more practicable to use ordinary brood foun-
dation, such as is made for the purpose ; and
then the combs, when drawn out will be none
too strong, even when built over wires.

9 Some bee-keepers think not; but, so far
as I am able to judge, those bee-keepers who
use frames crosswise produce just as much
honey as those who use frames the other way
of the brood nest. It is only a question of
convenience. The frames that are used cross-
wise are shorter, smaller, and, consequently,
there are more of them to handle. — Ed.]

WAX production; is it profitable? wing-
cupping ; HOW TO FIND QUEENS

in large colonies.

1. How is an apiary run to secure a large
amount of wax ?

2. Does this pay better than honey ?

3. Is spring or fall the best time to clip
queens' wings?

4. What is the easiest way of finding the
queen in hives that are just running over with
bees? E. O. H.

Philadelphia, Nov. 10.

[1, 2. The production of wax alone is not
profitable except in localities where the honey-
flow is continuous alaio.st the whole year
round, and the honey is cheap and wax ex-,
pensive, as for instance in Mexico or the West
Indies. I should not know exactly how to
proceed in running for wax alone; but my no-
tion would be to cut out the combs every few
days, and put them in a solar wax-extractor.
The honey settling to the bottom could be
drawn off and given to the bees again ; and
the wax forming at the top could be set aside
in irregular chunks until enough were secured
to cake thtm in pieces suitable for market.

?>. There is not much difference. Wing-
clipping should usually be avoided when col-
onies are strong; and that operation should
usually be performed either in ihe spring or
fall — generally in the spring, for then the api-
arist is sure of having the wing clipped before
the swarming season comes on. At our out-
yard last summer, in the case of some of
our strong colonies with undipped queens,
I simply put on entrance-guards.

4. There is no easy way that I know of.
Many a time have I hunted through populous
colonies to find a queen whose wings were not
clipped, and whose bees were pretty nearly
ready to swarm. In some instances these col-
onies were some we purchased, and, of course,
the queens' wings had not been clipped. In
any case it is my practice, if I do not find the
queen the first two times in looking over the

frames, to i-hut the hive up, then in two hours
more I take another look. If I still fail to
find her, I remove the whole stand and put
another hive in its place. At the entrance of
the new hive I place perforated ?inc ; after
which 1 shake the bees out in front of the hive
on the ground, compelling them all to pass
through the zinc. If there is a queen in that
hive, and she is not too small, she is sure to be
caught. I have had to do this in a few in-
stances with black bees. It is a characteristic
of these bees that they will buil over, and run
like a flock of sheep from one frame to an-
other; and the queens hiding — why, they are
adepts at it. When I take the time to try to
find a black queen, I want two pairs of eyes
so that both sides of the comb can be seen at
once. — Ed.]

L-A.RGE entrances.

I had two new ten-frame L. hives with every
frame filled with foundation. A large double
swarm was hived in each of these hives the
last week of June. The D. bottom-boards
were turned over, giving the winter entrance.
Then the hives were raised y% inch by small
blocks under the front corners and a strip un-
der the back, giving y% inch each side, and 1^
inches in front. Results — no lying outside,
and busy work every day when possible. The
bees were packed down solid to the bottom-
board, and at no time could I look from one
side of the hive to the other side under the
frames. There was always a bridge for them
to climb on to the frames, but no comb was
built in this space. When the hot weather
was over, the board was inverted, giving them
an entrance only in front. The season proved
to be a poor one; but these two '^ warms gave
me over 70 lbs. surplus, of which about half
was extracted. Each hive was supplied with
two supers. Give me large swarms and large
entrances, with shade. J. L. Hubbard.

Henderson ville, N. C, Nov. 11.

L.\RGE entrances ; GOOD RESULTS SECUR ■
ED BY THEIR USE.

I have thought for years that a hive-entrance
^ X 6 or 8 inches was too small, both summer
and winter ; and after studying a long time I
changed a lot of my chaff-hive entrances last
winter for use this past season. With keyhole-
saw I cut a strip IX i». wide the whole width
of inside, 14^ ; and as my old entrance had a
slide held in place with metal springs I have
the two combined, so, if need be, I can use the
small one and regulate it down to one bee or
none.

I fitted in stays between the two thicknesses
(outside and inside) to make even work. A
full entrance of this large size is too much
some of the seasons, sa\- in dearth of honey,
as the robbers would take advantage. But if
no small entrance is provided, one end of the
block can be inserted, and regulate the size in
that way.

I never did a thing that seems so useful.
There isn't that lot of bees fanning to keep
cool, and great clusters of bees on the outside
of the hives as before ; and I never had bees
work as these have through the large entrance.

IS'.t?

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

In iuUlilioii to this I've made linis l,'>iii.
high, and wide enough to take S L-spaced
frames, the same extended out to fit against
the inside of the front and l)ack of my chaff
hive, and just the same length inside as the
common inside or lower story. Now I have
raised my frames and bees, and put a rim un-
der, so there is a 1 '^2-iii. space under the bot-
tom of the fratnes. Thus I can easily clean
out dead bees when in the cellar in winter, and
shall use more packing over the bees than
usual. You see the division-boards can be
used the same, and the packing makes all
neat and snug. It seems to me you would do
a good thing by adopting something of this
kind. ' H. P. Churchill.

Hallowell, Me., Oct. IS.

[Any one who will use a large entrance in
summer can't fail to come to the same con-
clusion you have. How stupid we have been
all these years, compelling the bees to use a
poorly ventilated hive, and crowd and tumble
over each other in order to get into a hive
during the height of the flow. — Ed.]

THE NEW FENCE AND THE PETTIT SYSTEM.

I too am very much interested in the new
style of separator and section. As I under-
stand it, the separators are to be made of nar-
row strips, with narrow spaces between. Re-
ferring to Gleanings for Jan. 1.5, 18U7, page
52, top of right-hand column, Mr. S. T. Pet-
tit says: " Dividers made of slats % inch
apart leave the sections ridgy, reminding one
of a miniature w ish board." This he obviated
by boring the divider full of j'^ginch holes
instead of leaving the '4- inch spaces. Now,
would there not be the same trouble in the
new separators ? Has any one tried, during
the past season, the plan advocated by Mr.
Pettit in the same article, commencing on
page ol, entitled " A new system of taking
comb honey; how to get the bees to fill the
outside sections as quickly and as nicely as
those in the center tf the super"? If so, I
should like to hear the results, and also how
Mr. Pettit himself has succeeded on ihat line
the past season. It seems to me this idea,
taken in connection with die no-bee-way sec-
tions, might make quite a difference in the
crop of nice comb honey, especially here in
the East, where in many sections ttie honey-
flow is not as copious as further west, and we
need to use every means to secure all the
honey our bees are c ipable of gathering, and
secure it in the best possible contlition.

Natick, Mass. R. J. Fox.

[See answer to F. A. Gemmill, page 846
this issue. — Ed.]

NO-BEE-SPACE SECTIONS FAVORED.
Mr. Root: — I see you wish to hear from
those who have used sections with no bee-
space. I have used about a thousand of this
kind this season, and I like them so well that
I will change all my supers to take this kind.
All you say about their better appearance is
true. I used cleats on the separators y%yi%,
but this is hardly wide enough or thick enough.

They should l)e i";. wide, and a little more than
^8 thick. It will re(|uire very careful measure-
ments to get them just right ; for if they
should be a little loo thick there would be
trouble about crating. I find they will bulge
out the combs a little just Ijelow the separator.
I u.se plain separators .■!>4 inches wide. I have
not tried slotted separators, but believe thev
would be better.

There is only one fault that I have found in
using this arrangement; and that is, in cleat-
ing the separators they viusl be put on accu-
rately. I use Yz-m. wire nails, driving them
clear through, and clinching them. Glue
would perhaps be better and quicker.

W. C. G.\THRIGHT.

Dona Ana, New Mex., Oct. ;W.

[The fences we shall make and sell will be
put together with automatic machinery, and
will have to be just right. Yes, if the slats are
too far apart the combs will be ridgy every
time. See answer in this issue to F. A. Gem-
mill, on page 846. — Ed.]

THE DEEP-CELL FOUNDATION A SUCCESS.

Last spring you sent me samples of deep-
cell foundation. These I placed in sections,
putting two sections into supers with some
partially drawn combs and some thin founda-
tion starters. In every case the deep-cell
foundation was the first to be worked on, and
in one super those two sections were the only
ones properly filled, others varying from noth-
ing to 34 full. Deep-cell foundation suits me
well in this year's trial. L. D. Stilson.

York, Neb., Nov. 10.

HONEY RUINED BY SOOT.

Honey is a failure here. This is a manufac-
turing town, and the soot ruins all the honey
for miles. Owing to the continued dry weath-
er this year we shall not be able to send you
any seed. D. L. MuRFF.

Anniston, Ala., Oct. 28.

[It has been before stated that honey-pro-
ducing in a manufacturing town where there
is a large amount of smoke is unprofitable.
It seems a little hard to believe that soot could
prevent the blossoms from yielding nectar,
but it maybe true. I'd like to have reports
from others.— Ed.]

THE FLORA ON THE COAST OF SOUTH CARO-
LINA.

In reply to query by " Ivast Coast," page
7.39, I bi g leave to say that, while we are rath-
er outside of the limit — a little more than 100
miles from the coast — I will give enough in-
formation to provoke further correspondence.

We are told that in portions of Eastern
North Carolina (in the swamp region) bees do
well. We much prefer to speak of the terri-
tory west of this, Charlotte, N. C, 100 miles,
or along the eastern slope of the Blue Ridge
range, where we have fine bee-pasture. The
poplar (tulip), holly-locust, and fruit-trees
furnish the early or 'May crop. June brings
linn, persimmon, and redVood, while the sour-

852

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec. I.

wood and other minor sources furnish the July
crop. It was the writer's pleasure to spend
five \ireeks, in 1895, prospecting in this favored
locality.

A mountain location is, in my judgment,
the only safe one, owing to its unlimited for-
ests too rough to be visited by the ax or plow.

Here we get fair yields, but of an inferior
quality. Ours is a cultivated field — no forests.
Cotton and the asters give our best crops.

Prices are better than north or east. We
get 8 and 9 cts. for extracted in a jobbing way.
Four cents was C. F. Muth's best offer for our
product. The tulip furnishes the only dark
honey in our mouniains. A. L. Beach.

Steel Creek, N. C, Nov. 10.

DEATH OF A GREAT BEE-KEEPER.

I was struck, on opening the local paper
this morning, to read of the death oi Mr. Bon-
nier Georges de Layens, 03 years old. I has-
tened, when I went to France, to make the ac-
quaintance of the now departed eminent
French bee-keeper. He died on the '23d of
October, of an apopleptic stroke. The strug-
gle lasted about seven hours. He did not re-
gain consciousness. His hive is well known
all over F'rance, where it has always had to
compete with Charles Dadant's. The latter
finally has the preference. De Layens came
here lo gather some more flowers to complete
his "Flora," of which several editions are
already out. He was born in Lille on the Cth
of January, 183i. His features were not
changed at all. His body will be taken to
Paris, to the famih tomb, as he was only tem-
porarily here. 'Ph. J. Baedeksperger.

Nice, France, Oct. 24.

MOVING TO GET MORE PASTURE ; NEIGH-
BORS' BEES.

Bees have done well this season ; but in or-
der to get a good honey yield I had to move
most of them two miles to fall blossoms. My
home yard is overcrowded on account of
neighbors' bees. I got 2000 lbs. of comb
honey from 35 colonies, in two months, be-
sides about 300 lbs. extracted from unfinisheJ
sections. It paid me to move them, you see

Filion, Mich., Nov. IG. I. S. Tii.T.

This was the best honey season we have had
for quite a time. Frcm 20 hives I took 1400
lbs. in sections, and now have 50, all from the
20, spring count. I have sold all this honey
around liome. J. E. Henderson.

Elm Grove, W. Va., Nov. 4.

How doth the little busy bee
Improve each shining hour

In gathering honey all the day
From every opening flower !

But this is the way it has recently been par-
aphrased in one of the great dailies. Besides
a little mixture of gender, there is a little con-
tradiction of facts :

How doth the little busy bee

Delight to bark and bite !
He gathers beeswax all the day,
But his sting is out of sight.

Hii'i^ift^^^Si

P^r^M^il^iC^^5.^'*»

T. IV. M., III.— IX is too late to stimulate
brood-rearing. Vou had better unite your
weak colonics, as you suggest. For particu-
lars in regard to uniting, see our A B C of Bee
Culture.

E. C. A\, Ind. — I would not advise you
to buy bees at this time of the year, unless
you can get them at a bargain, and have had
sufficient experience to enable you to winter
bees successtully. It is already too late to do
much in feeding theni up as they reqtiire.

M.S.G., Wis. — Tarred paper used in the
construction of a building will not in anyway
injure or alTect bees. Our house apiar}-, illus-
trated and described in our A B C of Bee Cul-
ture, is lined on the inside with tarred paper;
but we never could see that it was in any way
obnoxious to the bees.

A. B., Ohio. — I see no reason at all why
you could not move your bees in a wagon
without springs, providing you put hay or
straw in the Ijottom, as you suggest. Of
course, you would need to drive more care-
fully and more slowly; but we have moved
bees several times successfully in just such a
wagon.

F. P., N. }'. — Yours of Nov. 5 is at hand,
stating you have a furnace in one compart-
ment of your cellar, and that the other part is
separated off by a board partition. If you can
keep the temperature in this part of the cel-
lar as low as 40 or 45 degrees, certainly not
higher than 50 during the greater part of the
winter, I think you can winter bees there all
right. The temperature should not go below
40 degrees, at least for any great length of
time.

J. H. //., La. — We usualh- figure on about
10 pounds of honey per Langstroth frame —
frames that are fairly well filled with honey,
while 25 pounds of honey, scattered through
three or four frames, is enough to carry the
bees safely through the winter. If you have
four or five combs fairly well filled with honey,
leave them in the hive. It will be all the bet-
ter for the bees next spring.

Your idea is all right; namely, to give your
surplus combs to other colonies that may need
it that are short of stores. This is the prac-
tice that is usually pursued by bee-keepers
generall}'.

J. J. r.. Mo. — I understand now what you
mean by the controller. This, as I under-
stand it, is only the Langdon uon-swarmer
over which, a lew years ago, bee-keepers were
very enthusiastic, but which now has been
abandoned as impracticable, and as not carry-
ing out the expectations of its friends We
sold them one season, but finally discontinued
felling them, as reports showed it did not
work as expected. I should judge that the

ISlt

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

853

leaf fr >m tlic catalog is from an old one that
is not now issued by Ihe party in question.

/.. 1-1. />'., Mass. — If I understand your
question, you desire to know how many acres
it would take to support lOHO colonies. It
woulil he impossible to give yon any definite
answer, because so much would depend u]wn
conditions and circumstances ; but the aver-
age locality in the North will not sujiport
nuich over 100 colonies, and such an ajnary
ought to have a range of a ratlins of about 1%,
miles. Theoretically, another hundred colo-
nies should be in another circle just touching
the first one, the second circle being also three
miles across, and another circle of the same
size just touching the two circles already men-
tioned, and so on. You will find this ques-
tion fully discussed in our .\ P. C of I5ee Cul-
ture .underUieheadin^^

fB77'. //. L.. Mich. — \. Is the odorT-t cuai-uir
disagreeable to bees? [Not to any appreciable
extent.] "2. Would they reject a hive if the
bottom-board were painted with coal-tar on
both sides an 1 the edges ? L^".] .'3. Would the
odor of coal-tar taint honey perceptibly .? [It
probably would if the honey were srtored in
barrels smeared inside with coal- ar.]

In our last issue I took so much space that
I will take bat very little this time, and give
the space to our correspondents. In our next
issue I hope to begin again my trip among
bee-keepers.

Gr.HAXiNGS can be very truthfully called
an illuslrat d bee-journal. While it makes no
pretension of competing witli the illustrated
magazines of the day, it simply attempts to
show kink> and ideas by means of pictures
r.ither than by language, which is very often
inadequate.

It does not seem to be g-nerally understood
yet that the new fence (cleated .separator),
and plain section (no bee-uay), can be used
in old-style T supers and seciion-liolders. the
same as the old section, in the case of tlie
section-holder the cleats on the fence, togeth-
er with the plain section, make exactly 1%
inch. The only chan<^e necessary is to pur-
chase fences. If you do not see how it will
come out, send us 10 cts. and we will s-end you
a sample fence with section, which, when you
have tried in your super, you will see it will
come out ".'-bust the fit," as Rambler says.
You will need to tell us in ordering a .sample
what style of super it is to be used in — \ T
super, or section-holder arrangement.

an article on the influence of bees on crops,
by Albtrt Gale. The writer shows quite con-
clusi\ely the import <ni bi^aring that bees have
in mingling pollen from plant to plant. To
quote him, he says:

I tliiiik I have pointed out clearly tliat tlicre i.s no
ini-ect so liij;lily developed for carrying the impera-
tively es.senlial pollen from flower to flower a.s the
hive bees. Their intelligence, their energy, I heir so-
cial habits, and the ease with which they are kept
luider c )ntrol, .stamp them at once as no niean a ly to

the tiller of the .-

dLstrici is a confederate that should be welcome

he practical bee-keeper in any
■ to all.

The Agricultural Gazette, of New South
Wales, for September, IS97, issued by the
Dep"t of Agriculture, Sydney, Aus., contains

It is to be liopi d that the whole series of ar-
ticles on this hul)ject. by Mr. G;ile, may be
put in pamphlet form for free distribution, as
they form a very comprehensive examination
of this subject.

SOMETHfNG NEW UNDER THE SUN.

Yes, I have fouiul soiuething absolutely new
in bee- literature. So novel and original is it
that I am going to present a few paragraphs
from an article en titled " The Life aiul Battles
of Bees," by George E. Walsh, published in
the Chautauqitan for September. The writer
sets forth in Howing English some of the
conflicts the bees have among themselves.
"Uniting," he says, "while understood by
the modern bee-keeper, is a very difTicult op-
eration, and has bet n accomplished only after
long experience and many failures ; for the
n; tural antipathies of the members of the two
flocks are such as to prevent association except
under extraordinary conditions." At d then,
in speaking of the ordinary Italian bees and
the black bees of the woods he gives us this
piece of information : " The hostility between
the wild bees antl the domesticated colony will
not permit them to unite."

Now listen to this, for he is going to tell us
somelhing we never knew before — how it is
that bees can recognize robbers Just read :

At the entrance of every well-filled hive several .sen-
tinels will be found lingering, fand upon the appear-
ance of a. bee they ch.illenge it. One of the sentinels
extends its tongue; and if the new comer belongs to
the colony it will answer by proffering a sample of its
honey: l;ut if the lee shoiild prove to be an intruder
the .sentinels pounce upon it ininiediatelv and .sting it
to death. Occ.isionally a stray bee will attempt to ob-
tain entrance into a well-filled hive in this way, and it
will offer a samj le of the neciar from its hone j-s ic;
but the wary .>-entinels are not oten deceived, and the
intiuding 1,'ee pays the penally ol its temerity.

Here again is another sample :

Inside the hive, brea'-t works and fortifications are
con.stnicled, tier upon tier, and thr attacking forces
are compelled to pass through holes and narrow cuts.

The writer now goes on to tell about the
condition of queenless colonies. He says, and
very truly, thi.t there will be small protuber-
ances like peanuts sticking out of the combs ;
and if these are ut; molested a queen will
hatch. vSo far we all agree with him ; but now
lead what he says regarding the philosophy of
introducing by the modern candy method ':

But now a qneen-bee from the South or an imported
Italian queen is obtained and introduced in one of the
modern eiucen-cages. ^o clo.sely imitated is the ordi-
iiaiycell of a queen-l:ee by this cage thit the hive
workers arc readily deceived. The cork is removed
from the small cage, and the opening smeared over
with sugar paste, "when this is carefully inserted in
the hive, on top of the frames, over the' clii.ster, the
bees will instantly pounce upon it and liberate the

854

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec. 1.

queen by eating through the sugar paste. Poor de-
luded souls ! in their innocence they think they have
hatched out a queen to take the place of their dead
one, and there is undoubtedly great rejoicing in the
hive.

Poor deluded souls, indeed ! Mr. Walsh's
great heart of sympathy is sublime. There
are several other statements that do not smack
of real experience, but I will give only one
more on this wind-up of the article.

It should be remembered that bees deserve our re-
spect and protection, and that to kill a bee is to waste
a pound of honey.

A bee worth a pound of honey ! Would it
were so ! If it were, a colony that produced
50 lbs. of honey would contain just ^o dees.
Whew !

I am surprised that the editors of the Chau-
lauqiian did not recognize the absurdity of
some of the preposterous statements, even
though the)- were not professional bee-keep-
ers. Why ! the idea of making a queen -cage
out of wire doth so exactly \\\& facsimile of
a queen-cell, and sme?ring over the end of it
with candy so that even the bees (deluded
souls) could not detect it from their own man-
ufacture ! Almost any one ought to know
belter than to make such a statement as that.
It is very evident that Mr. Walsh got his in-
formation entirely from books, and that his
vivid imagination quite ran away with his
good sense. As a bee-keeper we have never
before heard of him.

HOW THE OHIO PURE-FOOD I^AWS WORK.

Our Mr. Weed, who has been selling our
honey in Akron, has run across some glucose
mixtures put up by a concern notorious for
selling adulterated honey and syrups. This
same firm evidently sell their mix'ttires as pure
goods in States "where the laws are lax or are
not very rigidly enforced. In a State like
Ohio, for instance, where we have a good
pure-food law, and a food commissioner who
sees that said law is enforced, they put out the
same goods, but on the back of the package
they put the formula of the so-called honey,
in fine print, which they are obliged to do to
conform to our Ohio law. Their expectation
is. of course, that the consumer will not stop
to read the fine print, but take it as pure goods.

Well, it seems this concern, through its
representative, sold a consignment of the stuff
in jelly-tumblers to a firm in a town near
Akron. They represented, at the time of
making the sale, that the goods were pure ;
but on their arrival, or at least soon after, it
was discovered that there was a small label on
the back of the tumbler, containing the form-
ula of glucose, honey, and sugar. But the
goods had been paid for, and the grocer had
the stuff on his hands. It would not sell, and
he had no heart to push it either.

We expect to give the name of this glucoser,
and all the facts in the case to the U. S. B. K.
U. Personally, I believe it is a good case ;
and if the Union does nothing more than to
expose the name of the firm, after securing
the proper evidence in the form of affidavits,
it will have done a good work.

From the foregoing it will be noted that
the practical effect of our Ohio pure- food laws

is to do away with glucose competition in
honey. Other Slates have good pure-food
laws ; but they lack good food commissioners
to enforce them. Now, what can be done in
Ohio can be done in other States ; and I am
not sure but that this would be another very
good field for the U. S. B. K. U. to work in ;
namely, to punch up commissioners who are
negligent of their duties ; and, failing to en-
force the laws, to secure the appointment of
other men in their places. We need men with
backbone to enforce purf^-food laws, just as
we want them in every responsible position.

CASTING BREAD UPON THE WATERS ; HOW TO

WHET THE APPETITE OF CONSUMERS

FOR HONEY.

In order to disseminate information in re-
gard to honey as a food, and to create a taste
for it, we have been inclosing our honey-leaf-
let in every one of the envelopes that go out
of our office. One such leaflet found its way
to H. W. Richardson, vSection Director of the
Weather Bureau of the U. S. Def 't of Agri-
culture, whose office is located at Columbus,
O. In a letter dated Nov. 19 he writes :

I thought your little circular on honey so interest-
ing that J gave a copy to a reporter, requi .sting him to
give vou credit for extracts made from circular, which
I .see'he did not do, as perhaps the newspaper regard-
ed the same as an advertisement. Anyhow, the pub-
lication won't hurt the A. I. Root Co.. as several par-
ties have applied to rae for copies of "bulletin," and I
have referred them to you. If you could send me a
dozen of these circulars I should appreciate it.

The resiilt was, the reporter gave it a hand-
some write-up, making liberal extracts, the
same appearing in the Columbus Dispatch of
Nov. IS. This started a good many inquiries
in regard to this leaflet that was styled, by
the repor'.er, "A Bulletin issued from the
Weatherstation." I suppose I'ncle Sam, in
the reporter's estimation, gave it a sort of
" tone," and that is why he gave it such a lib-
eral notice. Well, it has done a good deal of
good already.

This point struck me right here: Suppose
bee-keepers were to hard a copy of this hon-
ej'-leaflet to the editors of their local papers,
and ask them to give it a write-up or to make
extracts from it. Who knows but it would do
a great deal in the way of whetting up the ap-
petite of consutners for honey ? The Section
Director of the Weather Bureau at Columbus
regrets that the reporter entirely ignored the
name of The A. I. Root Co. We do not care
a fig about that. All we care for is that,
somehow or in some man ner, consumers shall
know about the value of honey as a food.
Credit? Why, we do not want any; and I am
rather of the opinion that, if o .r name had
been used in connection with such a write-up,
people would have turned away, thinking ic
was a neatly gotten-up advertisement. Let all
names be omitted, but let the facts go travel-
ing around the world. Visit your reporters
and local editors. We wdll furnish copies free
for such purposes.

Another thought comes in right here: If
every bee-keeper would mail a copy of the
honey-leaflet in letters that he writes it would
help greatly to scatter the right kind of seed.

(^LKANINGS IN BHH CULTURE.

K.").'i

It is by casting our bread upon the waters that
we reap.

M. G. CH.\SK. THK GILT-KDCHD-HONHY MAN.

SoMH little time ago I gave a picture o.
Vernon Kurt as one of the bee-keepers in the
ininiediale vicii ity of Medina wliotn it is my
privilege and pleasure to consult occasionally
on the various subjects that pertain to our
pursuit. Mr. M. G. Chase, whose postoffice
address is Whittlesey, some eight or nine
miles southwest of here, is another local bee-
keeper with whom it is my privilege to talk
bees Whenever a new thing is brought out
at the Home of the Honey-bees the opinion of
both of these men is sought, and the lollow-
ing season they are given .samples of the new
things to test. During the past season, for
instance, both tried for us the deep-cell foun-
dation, and during years past they have tested
for us in a similar way comb-honey supers,
and various styles of self-spacing frames.

While Mr. Burt makes bee-keeping a spe-
cialt}-, running two apiaries, Mr. Chase man-
ages a 200-acre farm, besides an apiar}' that
varies anywhere from To to 125 colonies. He
is not only a first-class progressive farmer,
but an excellent bee-keeper. If there is any
man in this county or in the State of Ohio —
yes, and I might say in the whole United
States — who produces a really gilt-edged arti-
cle of comb lionej^ it is M. G. Chase ; and he
is likewise one of the first to get his honey on
the market.

He took his start in bee-keeping from his
father, who had 100 colonies in box hives ;
but the younger Chase could not keep them
that way, and accordingly transferred them,
increasing them to 1 25 tlie first year ; and, if
I remember correctly, he secured 22 cents a
pound for his honey. This was away along in
the early 70's. But his good fortune was
quickly followed by disaster in wintering.
Just how many he lost I do not know ; but he
quickly recovered, and ever since has been
making the apiarj- turn out some extra nice
honey. His largest yield I think, was 2700
lbs. from 2U colonies, while his smallest yield
was about <S00 lbs. from 80 colonies. Of late
years he has not had the seasons that he for-
merly had. Basswoods have been cut oflf
around him, and the clovers have disappeared;
but somehow even in the poorest seasons he
manages to bring up some honey when nearly
everybody complains of not getting any, un-
less it is our friend Vernon Burt and Mr.
Chase's brother-in law, Mr. U. Prince.

And that reminds me that Mr. Prince is
another of my consulting bee-keepers. The
other day, when he called at our office I show-
ed him the fence and plain sections. He
would like to use them next season, but he
had so many old fixtures that he could not
afford to throw them away : but he was inter-
ested enough to try a few when I told him he
could use his old supers. Well, this Mr.
Prince runs two apiaries, or did the last I
knew. The out-yard is managed on the
Elwood plan to prevent swarming ; namely,
the queens are caged in the hives at the ap-
proach of the swarming season, and in eight

or nine days the cells are cut out, and again
in eight days more. Mr. Prince says it is a
great deal of work, but that, b}' that plan, he
can handle swarms wlien it is convenient for

m

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him to go to the yard. Mr. Prince also secures
a nice lot of honey every season.

I take pleasure in introducing both Mr.
Chase and Mr. Prince. They, together with

U. PRINCE.

\'ernon Burt and Dr. Miller (who is also my
near neighbor), act as a sort of balance-wheel
on the boys ; and I do not deny that we some-
times need one.

856

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

DEC. 1.

And when thev had gathered the church together
they rehearsed all that God had done with them.—
Acts 14 : 27.

Last Sun(''a}' a new Methodist church was
dedicated in our town. It rained the day be-
fore, it rained in the mornino;, and it raineJ
all day. so that the cont,aegations in all the
churches were probably sparse, and we
thought it quite likely there would not be a
veryjiOod gathering at the new church, and
that they surely would not be able to raise
the money to pay for it. It cost !?l'.i,oOO. The
sum of i?90()0 had been already subscribed, so
that only ?.'i")00 was to be raised. During the
day I attended our own church; but in the
evening, as they had a sort of union service at
the new church, I was present, and was some-
what surprised to learn that the whole of the
§3500, and 7)iore foo, had been subsciibed at
the forenoon's service, in spite of the rain.
The good brother who managed the matter
told us that in matters of that sort tlierc were
always some subscriptions that, owing to ac-
cidents, sickness, or death, would probably
not be paid; and he urged that they might
raise about .^250 during the evening service,
so as to 1 e sure to have enough; and he men-
tione 1, likewise, that there were still some
things very much reeded in regard to the
church, if they had the money.

It was a gray-haired veteran who called for
the subscriptions. He had his $250 in a very
short time. I enjoy meeting men of skill.
I like to .see a skilled mechanic. I like to
converse with a finished scholar; and I enjoy
above all things watching a man who h is the
power to manipulate a congregntion of people
— I mean, of course, where he manipulates
them for God's righteousness and God's king-
dom. It seems to me a little strange that a
people who can not all of themselves and
among themselves raise money to pay a debt
will do it easily when they get some old hand
in among thein to slir them up to a sense of
their shortcomings. I do not know very
much about such tilings; but I have often
heard that they pay a stranger from fifty to a
hundred dollars, and even more, to come in
among them and tell them what they knozv
already they ought to do.

On Tuesday evening we had a sort of union
meeting in this same (.hurch. The ministers of
the five churclus of Medina all sat on one
platfoim, and we had five short sermons.
Some of our older readers may remember that
it was during a union nueting something over
twenty 3 ears ago that 1 broke away from in-
difference and skepticism, and united with
God's people; and during the evening I speak
of, it kept coming constantly into my mind
that my first public testimony was in a union
meeting in that same Methodist church — not
in the same building, but in the old building
that stood on the same ground. One <«f the
ministers was an old white-haired veteran.

He told us about church people and church-
going fifty years ago. As he described it so
vividly my mind went back to the meetings in
the schoolhouse.

He brought many smiles to the faces of the
yoimger ones by telling them how those eve-
ning meetings were lighted. The people who
were most interested brought each a tallow
candle. The candle was first lighted, then
tipped over till the tallow dropped on the cor-
ner of the desk ; then the broad blunt end of
the tallow dip was held down in the melted
grease until it " froze fast." The candle then
stood securely during the whole evening unless
somebocl}' bumped it over. Another way was
to stick a penknife through a candle and drive
the blade into the window-casing. This did
very well unless the room became too warm,
and somebody wanted a window let down a
little. Then the draft would make the candle
"flare." Pretty soon the tallow would run
down and drop on somebody's Sunday clothes
— perhaps on some young man's coat that he
hati put on in order to take his " best girl " to
"me;iting." Somelimes the melted liquid
dropped on some good lady's Sunday bonnet.
The speaker stated that people were then a
good deal as they are now ; and somelimes, so
Elder Cooley told us, there was " more grease
on the l)onnet than there was Christian grace
in the heart" after the accidtnt had happen-
ed. He .'^aid the minister sometimes used to
ride horseback ten or fifteen miles to meet his
appointment, and the people would hardly be
sa ished, after having taken pains to go so far,
unless he gave them a sermon at least two
hours long. The people usually came in lum-
ber wagons, and he said the wagons were al-
most always full. In fact, they would drive
around to the neighbors' homes, and the invi-
tation to go to the meeting was seldom un-
heeded.

What a change fifty years have brought !
A good many of the younger people who read
this piobably never .saw a tallow candle in all
their lives. Huber has seen them, for a few
nights ago he had one in a Chinese lantern
dan.;ling at the tail — no, it was not at the tail,
for the kite that carried tlie lantern was a
moilern " tailless " one. It dodged about and
" cavorted " over the town diu-ing the dark
night for an hour or two ; and very likely lots
of people will believe, as long as they live,
they actu^^lly did get a glimpse of the " air-
thip." Huber tried lamps, but the old-fash-
ioned sperm candle seemed to ansv\er best.

Well, the candles are gone; and now, in
the climrhcs, at least, the lamf>s are going.
This beautiful new chuch was liglited by elec-
tricity. In the yery center of the dome over-
head a cluster of sparkling globes flashed and
glowed like a beau.iful flower, each ] elal of
which was like unto a shining meteor ; and
lesser lights were scattered here and there
lower down on the ceiling and along the walls.
They were lighted as if by a flash of light-
ning, and extinguished as quickly. How con-
venient ! how beautiful ! how grand ! No
matter how many times I see these incandes-
cent globes — no matter if 1 do meet them now
at every turn in my oiiJ)i Iwuie, again and

1897

GLEANINGS IN BIvI- CULTURE

857

again have I raised my heart in thanks<jiving
and praise to God lor what electricity is doing
to light and cheer our homes. Already elec-
tric globes are kept going by the power cf the
wind that sweejis over our heads, and they are
getting to be ni jre and more common. This
church was not only lighted by ekctricily,
but it was warmed by sieani. The radiators
are iyr/iainr/i.'a/<is\\e\\ as useful ; and by their
use the room can be evenly warmed all over so
there are no coUl spols and almost no .s})ols
that are h>o warm. The decoralicn is new
and very pretty. On a large plain plastered
wall the figure of a shepherd's crook and of a
cross is seen resting in the clouds. I looked
at it again and again, and enjoyed it as I did
the strains of l)eautiful music from the trained
choir. And this reminds me that ihe veteran
elder who told about the old times spoke
about the singing in the old kjg schoolhouses.
He said that, away back in thoiC early da^s,
they had some old hymns that, in his opinion,
would never be surpassed. He mentioned es-
pecially the one beginning —

A charge to keep I have,
A God to glorify.

He turned to the choir, and said : "Oh !
yes, you can sing it, I know you can ; but you
can't sing it as they did then."

Some of them smiled because hew'as so very
positive ; but he remarked again, " I beg your
pardon, but you can't do it, neither can any
man or woman living. Those things are gone
by."

Although they had some fierce conflicts in
the church in those times, they had consider-
able of the grace of God also. When it first
began to be customar}- to have an organ for
worship, one old deacon stood out very stub-
bornly He w.is a man of wealth and influ-
ence. Well, the good church people, after ex-
hausling their eloquence and grace in tr} ing
to soften him, prayed for him, and prayed
th;it God would help them to get an organ.
Another meet ng was held, and, greatly to
their astonishment, the good brother wound
up his remarks something in this wise :

" Friends, if you absolutely insist on wor-
shiping God by machinery, let us not have
any poor aflfair brought into our church. We
warn one of the very best ' machines ' made,
and I will help pay for it."

We may gather two lessons from this inci-
dent. First, prayer avails when nothing else
will move the stubborn heart. Second, there
is oftentimes a good deal of grace in a man,
even when he seems, to outward view, all
stubbornness and flint.

Then he spoke of the progress that is being
made, not only in electric lighting, steam heat-
ing, church decoration, etc., but he said he
felt sure we were coming nearer to God than
we did sixty years ago. He pointed to the
row of ministers belonging to the difl'erent de-
nominations, and said in substance : " Von
could not get five churches to unite fifty years
years ago as they unite and are united now."
And as I heard the five different pastors speak
to a congreg ition made up of people from
every denomination — yci, and many of them
of no denomination — I felt that what he said

was true. There has been an advance in the
last twent}' years. As each one of these five
pastors spoke, if he spoke what he really be-
lieved and felt (and I think he did), no one of
them thought of saying none would be saved
except lliose belonging lo his own creed. The
thought came to my mind tiiat was beautiful-
ly expressed l)y our own pastor in a recent
sermon. I think he said the words were first
spoken by Augustine, one of the Fathers of
the Christian Church : "In essentials, unity;
in non essentials, liberty ; in all things, chari-
ty." At the time of my conversion the sight
of united bodies of Christian people was in-
spiring ; and whenever I see a movement in
this direction it renews and revives that very
feeling and inspiration again. In business
matters we arc learning charity, and, more
than all, we are learning to lorget injuries. I
am sometimes astonished to see people who
have had a fierce lawsuit connnence friendly
relations as soon as it was over ; and I am sur-
prised to see the man who has been wronged
and cheated turn around and do a kind act to
the neighbor who cheated him ; and when
business matters have unexpected!}' Ijrought
men together who have had serious difficulty,
I have been gratified again and again to see
them do eacli other a good turn, just as if
their former unpleasantness had never hap-
pened. Notwithstanding serious troubles lie
before us as a nation, I do feel that we are
gaining ground spiritually, and sometimes
people seem to be catching the spiiit of the
beatitudes without even knowing or realizing
that they are unconsciously showing forth a
Christian spirit. I once heard a merchant say,
who was very patient, and seemed almost
Christianlike, " Oh ! we never quarrel with
people, especially with customers. That
would not be ' business.' "

I want to call attention to one point made
by the good brothtr who raised the money. It
was something like this: "Now, look here,
my good people. You know who have sub-
scribed. You have heard their names men-
tionetl here. You will remember pretty near-
ly just how much each one has given. To-
morrow morning when you go out on the
streets you watch their faces. Every one who
has helped in this work will wear a good
broad smile. The people who have not given
any thing will look sour and cross. Probably
they will be cross at the weather and at almost
everybody. Can you afford to let such an en-
terprise go forward in your town, and not lend
a helping hand ? " As he spoke of the enter-
priss he waved his hand as if directing atten-
tion to the electric lights aloft, the beautiful
niottc.es on the wall, the new, easy, and com-
fortable seats, steam-radiators, not forgetting
the ample ventilation and all the other things.
Dear reader, are you wearing a broad and
happy smile about your daily tasks? If not,
is it not possible you have forgotten or neg-
lected to look after the churches in your vi-
cinity, and to lend a helping hand ? Have
you been present on such occasions as I have
nientionerl ? ami have ) ou been one of those
who were " gathered together " as in the lan-
guage of our text?

858

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec. 1.

PROMPTNESS AND RELIABILITY IN BUSINESS.

Their Bearing on the Matter of Work and
Wages.

BY A. I. ROOT.

Just now there is not so much being said
about competent people being out of work ; nor
is there so much discussion and contention re-
garding the wages people shall receive ; but I
feel once more impressed to take up the sub-
ject, and point out at least one reason why so
many people do not have a permanent situa-
tion, and why the pay is small when they do
get a job, and it is in this matter of reliabili-
ty. We have a notice up almost constantl}' at
the time-desk, which reads something as fol-
lows :

' ' Those who leave their work without giv-
ing notice (or getting permission) must not
complain if they lose their places without
notice. ' '

Notwithstanding this, we are annoyed con-
stantly, year in and year out, by certain per-
sons who will leave their job at any time they
feel like it, without saying a word to the fore-
man or anybody else, and come back the next
day, or later, and expect to go to work with-
out any notice or apology for their absence.
As an employer of many hands, perhaps I look
at this matter from a selfish point of view ; but
I think there is justice in my position ; and,
even though there be something to be said on
the other side, I feel sure you nmst all admit
that I am at least in some respects right.
When you hire a man to do some work for
you, it is a contract like all other contracts ;
and it is one of the first business axioms that
any man should either keep his business con-
tract or promise, or get a release from said
business contract or promise. When a man is
hired regularly at so much a day or hour, he
agrees, indirectly if not directly, to be on
hand at regular hours ; and to be consistent
and reliable he should be at his post or else
get permission from his employer or foreman
to be absent. If he absents himself without
saying any thing, or comes an hour or two
hours late, he causes trouble and expense in a
way one will not readily understand until he
has had charge of men, and had charge of
work that is important. With the irregular
man, the foreman can only keep watching and
waiting, thinking he will be along soon. Fi-
nally, when it begins to look as if he were not
coming, somebody is selected to fill his place.
To do this, annoying changes have to be
made. Two or three men have to be changed
about, frequently, to get one who understands
the particular work of the absent man. After
these changes are made, and every thing is
running fairly well, the absent man turns up.
Then they have to go and change back again.
Sometimes a new man has been employed
temporarily, and this man nmst either be sent
home or kept at a loss. I have known goods
to be returned because of defective workman-
ship ; and after an expensive investigation we
find the trouble came in right where one man
stayed away and somebody else was obliged

to take up his job where he left off. The one
who had started his job had careful instruction,
and was watched until he did it all right.
When the change was made, the one who gave
these careful instructions knew nothing about
the change, and so did not have an opportuni-
ty of making plain to the new man what was
wanted.

Perhaps our friends do not all realize that it
is only certain ones wh.o are missing when they
are wanted most. There are those in our em-
ploy who are sick every little while, and give
that as ah excuse for going away without no-
tice. There are others who always miss a
train by accident. I suppose it never occurs
to them that it looks singular that ilwy should
always be having such accidents when others
around them do not.

Last Saturday (Nov. 6) was a beautiful sun-
shiny day, after having had almost a week of
rain. Two men were set unloiding a car of
lumber. They could have finished it easily by
night, and their foreman supposed they would
do so of course. Late on Saturday afternoon
it was discovered that neither one of them had
been at work since noon. As all the other
hands were busy, the lumber was left, just as
they dropped it (when the whistle blew at
noon), all day Sunday. On Sunday it rained.
Now, neither of these men asked permission
to be away, nor did they inform their foreman
that they would have to be away. They sim-
ply dropped their work, leaving the lumber all
scattered about so it was not in condition to be
protected from the rain, without saying a word
to anybody. One of these men had persisted
in doing this thing so repeatedly we had tried
to get rid of him ; but because of a poor over-
worked and sickly wife we had taken him
back several times, with his promise to give
notice, hereafter, when he was to be away.*
The other man was one whose wages had been
recently advanced, and was a sort of second
foreman, so he could, during the noon time,
have easily arranged with somebody else to
finish unloading the car.

One man once gave as a reason for not
speaking to his forenun, that, whenever he
had asked to be awa}', the foreman was almost
sure to refuse to let him go, and that was his
reason for going away witlwul notice. This
man was running a machine. If his machine
should stop, several others woidd be thrown
out. Wlien I spoke to the foreman about it
he said he could usually make arrangements
to let a man go when necessary. Sometimes,
when there is to be a car loaded, and the
force is kept up late at night to do it, it is very
inconvenient to hive a machine stopped. A
great part of the year, however, we have a
surplus of help, and a great many times it is
really a convenience to us to have a man ask
to be away. In the fall of the year we often
give vacations for two weeks or more. If the
man who wants to be away will talk over the
matter with his foreman or employer, very

* I have since learned that this man left his work to
attend a sale in the neighborhood. Which is of more
importance — attending to your legitimate bu.siness and
holding your job, or going to a sale without leave of
absence?

GI^EANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

859

often arraiii^t'incnts can he made to their mu-
tual advantajjje to have him away.

Now, there is another point I wish to touch
on where you may think I am selhsh and
looking on only one side of the ma'.ter There
are two ways of j^etting away from a job. One
is to tell the boss that you h ive .i,'(V to be away
for the afternoon, and then go off and leave
him before he has had a chance to explain to
you the situation of the work. Another is to
say, "Mr. A. I should like to get off this af-
ternoon, if you can manage to get along with-
out me." This latter way is getting permis-
sion, while the other way is simply giving no-
tice that you are not going to work. Some
people think it is stooping to ask permission
of an employer to be away. Now, I will tell
you how I look at this. If the President of
the United States should contract for some
work,* and then something should turn up
that he did not want it, I should expect him
to get permission of me to cancel his order ;
and that is the custom in all other business
transactions, except that of employing labor.
When a man wan'.s to be released from a con-
tract he asks to be released.

On my wheelrides I have frequently called
on bee-keepers. They are almost always reli-
able men, and men of property ; yet when
they change their plans of work to give me a
day or half a day it has pleased me to see
them go around and get permission to put off
work they had planned. When I visited Mr.
Hugh Vankirk, and he wanted to go with me
over to the oil-wells he put a lot of tools into
his buggy. Then he drove out of his way to
where he was to do a job of masonwork out in
the country ; and he asked for permission to
put off building that chimney, or something
of that sort, until the next day, explaining the
circumstances. Now, I suppose the good
housewife had got her carpets all up, and
every thing arranged for the new chimney ;
but in a pleasant and neighborly way she said,
"Oh, yes! go ahead; we can g- 1 along one
day more, any way." She may not have used
those very words, but it was something like it.
Suppose iie had started off and left them and
the house all torn up, just because it was a lit-
tle trouble, and made our drive a longer one,
to go around and get a release. Do you see
the point ? What is for 3-our employer's inter-
est is for your interest. Almost everybody
nowadays can, if he tries, not only secure a
permanent job, but most of us can look for-
ward to an advance in wages ; but, my dear
friend, you can not hope for any advance
when you annoy and perplex your employer
in the way I have indicated. Why, high-
priced men in every calling expect to give no-
tice when sickness or accident prevents them
from being at their accustomed places. Our
engineer once sent his wife up before day-
light, in the winter time, to let us know that
he could not be on hand to fire up. It really

* We have not as yet had an order froin tlic Presi-
dent of the United States; but we did have one from
the government at Washington, and the carload of
goods went yesterday. If we were not on hand, and
up to the times, we certainly should not thus he hon-
ored by the head of our nation.

seemed to me almost too bad when I .saw the
woman coming .so early, but it was really the
only thing he could do consistently.

C5ne thing more right here before closing :

I have l)een greatly annoyed because the
boys who have been with me all through the
forenoon would leave word with somebody
else, without .saying they wanted to be away,
and then "somebody else" would forget to
say any thing about it. vSometimes I say,
"John, why didn't 3^ou tell vie, instead of
telling somebody else ? I was right with you
just before dinner." John hangs his head,
and does not say a word. Sometimes I hear
that a certain man had told his companions
that, if he did not " feel better" after dinner,
he did not think he would work. Now, when
his boss or employer passed him several times
during the day, he did not say any thing to
him about it. He simplv mentioned it to
somebody who was working with him, and I
do not often find out about this imtil I have
spent considerable time in asking if anybody
knew why this man was not in his place. Do
you say it is too much bother or trouble ?
Then, my friends, you must work for lower
wages, perhaps all your life, or you must be
out of a job every little while. When we are
discussing as to which ones to keep through
the winter, the man who is not to be depend-
ed on gets left out. Even if he may have un-
usual skill, if he annoys his employer in the
way I have mentioned his skill couns for lit-
tle or nothing. I have known of a man who
had the key to the warehouse in his pocket to
stay away without notice, and when we would
send a boy after him he could not be found,
and we had to break the lock and put on a
new one.

If, owing to ill health or some other circum-
stance, you want a place where you can go and
come without notice or warning — why, make
a bargain that way, and have it understood,
and work for low wages accordingly.

Now, if in this little talk I have helped any
man, woman, or child to get a permanent sit-
uation or better pay, I shall be glad ; and I
know that every one who hires help will say
amen to the position I take. Reliability and
promptness help everybody and every thing.
If order is h aven's first law, I think that reli-
ability and promptness must have been the
next one.

THE SCIENTIFIC APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICITY
TO THE INDUSTRIES OF THE DAY.

The Place it will Probably Take in our Homes.

BY A. I. ROOT.

A few days ago a good friend wrote to me,
lamenting that I had no faith in electricity as
a curative agent. I hastened to correct his
mistake. What I have .=aid in regard to Elec-
tropoise, Oxydonor, and Electrikure, has had
no bearing on electricity at all, because there
is no electricity about them — never was, and
the men who manipulate them and sell them
to the suffering sick well know that not a
particle of electricity- can be detected abotit

860

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec. ].

them by the most scientific and delicate in-
struments. 1 know real electricity has been
used for the cure of diseases. In tact, Ernest
has used it quite successfully recently for an
acute attack of rheumatism. It banished the
pain instantly. I believe, however, it gave
only temporary relief, enabling him sometimes
to get sleep nights when he might not have
done so otherwise. I am sure, however, a
great deal of fraud has been practiced, even
\«th geuuine instruments, in applying medi-
cal elecricity. No inlelligeut physician of
the present day claims tliat electricity of itself
cures disease. It oftentimes assis'.s, however,
and gives temporary relief, much in the same
way that exercise, friction, or manipulation
like massage does.

But for the present I have something dse to
talk about. Not only liave I been watching
since boyhood to see elactricity used to run
cars, but I have been watching anxiously of
late years to see a portable electric lamp.
Like the astronomers of fifty years ago who
turned their telescopes where Dr. Gall told
them to look, I have been watching for an
electric lamp that would give an instantaneous
light when j^ou "pressed the button," but
which would stop the light and stop the waste
of force whenever the button should be re-
leased ; and I wanted this lamp to be portable.
I do not like a lantern, for it is a dangerous
thing to have around the barn and stables ;
and when you want ii in a hurry it is not
lighted. For years past, when I have wanted
to consult the barometer on the porch on a
stormy night I have been obliged to light a
Ipntern or carry a lamp (smoking up Mrs.
Roots bright clean chimneys), or else light
match after match in the endeavor to catch a
glimpse of the column of nurcury before the
match was extinguished by the blast.

Within the lasi month 1 have secured such
a lamp. It cost only !?2.50. The current is
produced by four dry batt-ries. The manu-
facturers claim these batteries will run 200
hours ; and this time may be made up of
flash light, one minute at a time, five minutes,
ten minutes, or an hour. You may be a whole
year in using up the 200 hours if you choose.
When your batteries are exhausted, you can
get four new ones for 72 els. ; so you see the
cost is only about a third of a cent an hour.
Where you use your lamp for fla.shing a light
on the dial of a clock when you wake up in
the night, and for such purpo>es, it would
last almost indefinitely. I have used it for
riciing my wheel, and I can easily keep on the
walk, or keep out of bad places in the road,
the darkest night you ever saw, by the aid of
this little electric lamp. The only objection
to it is the small amount of light it gives. I
understand there are other ones in the market
that give a stronger light, but tluy run for
only about twelve hours — that is. after you
have pressed the button a sufficient number
of times so it all adds up twelve hours, your
batteries will have to be replenished ; and
with this stronger light the expense may be
half a cent an hour or more. vSuch a lamp
can be turned upside down, or any way you
choose. You can push it down into a sewer,

or use it for lighting up any place where you
can not readily get a lantern. In fact, it will
light up an overcoat pocket, a rat-hole, or any
other place where jou want a strong light to
penetrate.

I have before told you that, with the proper
appliances, the same wire * that runs an elec-
tric light will also cook food, heat water,
apply heat to any- part of the body of an in-
valid i, or for a thousand other purposes where
heat or any degree of warmth is wanted.
This is comparatively well known. Just now
I am in receipt of a catalog stating how, by
means of an electric wire, cold may be pro-
diiced or applied in a similar way. Of course,
what I mean by producing cold is abstracting
heat. This electric wire runs a motor, and
the motor causes animoniacal gas to circulate
through pipes large or small as may be desir-
ed, so that you can heat one corner of your
room and cool off the other by the simple
force of an electric current. I made inquiries
in regard to the apparatus, with the view of
keeping my potato cellar so the potatoes
would not sprout, even in the month of June.
I can keep our cellar cold very well until
along in March, without any apparatus. After
that, with the aid of the cold-machine, during
occasional warm spells I can keep the potatoes
j'ist riglit to plant, or for table use. Of course,
this has already been done by the use of ice.
But ice is expensive, bulky, and is apt to be
slopp3\ Our potato-cellar is already lighted
by turning the button of an electric lamp
when we want to go into it. Now. if I can,
by turning another button, cool it off when it
gets too warm, 1 shall be quite happy — or at
leist I think I shall. The electrical refriger-
ating apparatus is going to be superior to an
ice-chei^t because you can have it close up to
the dining-room and you can have your heat
and cold so near each other as to save many
steps. When the good wife can, by suitable
ar angements, avoid the necessity' of keeping
a hired girl, i; is quite a saving in money, and
sometimes a saving in nerves. Don't under-
stand that I am tilling at the average help in
the home ; but I have been thinking that, if
electricity shovdd begin to encroacli on the
domain of the hired girl, it might have a
wholesome effect — we will say on the home,
for instance. t

Once more, in a recent number of the Scien-
tific American I saw a picture of a dynamo
and water-motor combined. The price is only
$8 00. Tlie said dynamo has capacity enough
to run. a single lamp. I wrote the manufac-
turers, .saying that, whether they knew it or
not, Ihey were coming pretty near solving: the
problem of making tiie wind or wintry blast,
as it passes over our homes, furnish the light
for the home circle. On figuring it up, how-
ever, I found that, at the present stage of

*Wheti I ii.se the expres.sion " wire," I mean the
usual combination of tivo wires used f'>r the ordinary
electric lamp. The Klectropoi.'e and Oxydonor peo-
ple are the only ones I ever heard of who propose to
.send aity thing through a single wire.

■f Since the above was written 1 have received prices
on the refrigerating-apparatus men-.ioned. At pres-
ent the smallest size co.sts 3300, which, f r the time be-
ing at least, will keep it out of our potato cellar.

IS'.U

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

I'roy;ress in the inattor, it will take from seven
to litjlu barrels of \vater>aii hour, under 40 lbs.
of pres^ure, to run a ttrn-candle-jiower electric
1 imp. Let me explain. An ei};ht or ten foot
windmill would, with a moderate well, pump
water enouj^h every day to run a wat<^r-mntor
three or four hours in the evening. This
waler-motor would cany a lamp that would
light up any ordinal y room so anybody could
read the finest print with ease in the remote.st
corner. After locating the app iratus it would
cost practically nothing. After your lamp
has shed its light for about a thnusand hours,
counting' only the hours while it is burning,
you would have to get a new one, which
would cost } on l-i or '20 els. The water, alter
it has moved the motor, could be used for
watering animals, filling a pond so as to be
used afterward for irrigation, or any purpo'-e
you choose. The princi;)al expense uf this
home electric light would be a tub or tank to
hold the water m an elevated position. If
you liAve a windmill on a hill higher up than
your dwelling, you could very easilv get the
water-pressure ; and your tank would have to
be large enough to hold, .say, .something like
100 barrels, so as to have your lights run all
the s:ime if the wind should not blow for two
or three days. vStoring so much water is
rather expensive, I know ; but at the pre.sent
stage of science a storage battery would be
still mcire expensive. Where you have a run-
ning spring up on a side hill several hct high-
er than your home, an i lectric light could be
put in at no expense except the S8.00 motor
and dj-namo, and piping enough to bring the
water down to the motor. Natural water-
powers will very soon be all or very nearly all
utilized in the production of electricity ; and
now I am waiting and watching to see the
power of the wind, that is everywhere over
and about us all, utilized in a similar way. It
ma}- not come in my time, but thousands who
read these pages wall surely see it — at least
that is the opinion of your friend and well-
wisher, Uncle Amos.

STRAWBERRIES.

The bulletin en strawberries, for September,
from the Ohio Experiment Station, is one of
the most valuable — at least to me — that has
ever been sent out. Considerable is told us
about summer planting During the past sea-
son, plants set out very early in the spring
were sending out runners in June; and in July
very nice plants were rooted snfficientlv to
take up. The>e were planted out (at the sta-
tion) in August, s!x inches apart, because
such an early growth meant more plants than
ought to stand on so limited an area. The
new bed with plants six inches apart, set out
in July or the fore part of August, would
make a matted row with plants at exact dis-

tances. Of course, we had plenty of rain
last spring ; and to keep off the sun our ex-
periment station shaded the plant-! with ^'reen
bushes. By the lime the green leaves on the
l)ushes were dried up the strawberries could
hold their own. In this way the strawberries
can take the place of early peas, early pota-
toes, and other early vegetables. The bulletin
says, in reganl to the use of water:

Instances are on record where the increaf^e in the
.strawberry crop has repaid the entire cost of the pipes,
labor, and water, in a single .season, the water being
fnrnished liy ihe city water works.

But further on we read in regard to irriga-
tion:

It lias been found that the loss of moisture from
nnplowed giound may be in excess of that from culti-
vated soil to an amount equal to an inch and three-
fourths of rainfall in one week. A man wilh a team
and sprinkling-cart conld nut replace the water on an
acre of land as fast as it esc ipes by evaporation from
the soil, when it goes off at that rate, if he had to haul
the water one-fourth of a mile.

In regard to the importance of stirring the
soil after every light shower, see the following :
The importance of stirring the .soil soon after a
shower is generally known ; Init in practice, cultiva-
tion after slight showers is often neglected. This is
hecati.se the .soil does not become compacted, and no
ci list forms after slight showers, hence the necessiiy
of stirring the soil at once is not apparent.

And a^ain:

As the two are commonly used, a cultivator is a bet-
ter machine for irrigating than a sprinkling-cart.

In regard to fertilizers we read:

E.xjreriments here with chemicals on strawberries
have, thus far, been negative.

Their report on varieties agrees very nearly
with my own. Brandy wine is given a very
high place. They say in regard to it:

The bulk of the crop ripens very late. It excels the
Gaudy in productiveness and color.

They also indorse my h gh recommenda-
tion of Carrie, and say as I have said :

Every fruit-grower will appreciate an improved
Haverland

In regard to the Lovett, we read:

One would hardly be justified in discarding the
IvOvelt, where a reliable pollen-bearing variety is
wanted.

And I was also glad to see them giving the
Margaret the high recommendation 1 expected
them to accord it. They say:

ITnder high cultivation the Margaret has given sur-
prising results. Eor fancy berries it is unsurpassed.

They object to the Marshall unless it is for
home market, because it is rather soft. The
Wm. Belt also receives many favorable words.
They close with the following:

It is too good a variety to be hastily discarded. It is
particularly valuable for the home garden or near
market.

The most promising new varieties they sum
up as follows:

Aroma, Anna Kennedy, Heauty, Copernicus, Clyde,
Carrie, Enormous, (ilea Mary, H.iU's Favorite; un-
named seedling from A. I.,uther; unnamed s-eedling
from II. Orewiler; Portage, Ruby, Rio, Staples; unnam-
ed .seedling No. 1 from S. H. it A. J. See ; Tennessee
Prolific.

And here is a list that can fiol be recom-
mended, in the opinion of the experiment
station:

Bouncer, Columbian, Equinox, Eleanor, Epping,
Gardner, Holland, Mary, Prinjeton Chief, Satisfac-
tion, Sunri.se, Timbrell, Weston.

862

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec. 1.

The old standard varieties that have gotten
a permanent place vnth almost all strawberry-
growers in the land, and that can be recom-
mended for general cultivation, are the six
following:

Bubach, Brandywine, C,reenville, Haverland, I.ovett,
Warfield.

I felt somewhat gratified to know that at
least four of the above six have been in our
condensed list of varieties for years past.
Ohio people can get a copy of this bulletin.
No. 82, by writing to the Experiment Station,
Wooster, O. Those who live outside of this
State Cin find out by inquiry on what terms
this very valuable bulletin will be forwarded.

Humbugs and Swindles.

" REPORT ON A RECENTLY PATENTED PRO-
CESS OF BUTTER-MAKING."

The above heading is the title of a circular
from the Department of Agriculture at Wash-
ington. There have been so many frauds and
swindles sold to ignorant and usually poor
people, for a process of making a greater
amount of butter than is usually made from
the same amount of milk, the Department
has issued a circular warning the people
against it. The closing words of this circular
ought to be sufficient to warn at least every-
body who see^ this from investing in similar
frauds and swindles :

The fact that more or less milk can be incorporated
in butter, without the addition of any compound, has
been known ftir several years, and was stated in
Farmers' Bulletin No. 12, Nostrums for Increasin,; the
Yield of Butter, which was issued from this Depart-
ment in 18:'3.

From the above extract you will see that
this thing has been running, and people have
been swindled all over our land, since 1893.
It is a burning shame that the thing should
still go on.

CIGARETTES.

I clip the following from a newspaper :
A fire started by a lighted cigarette destroyed a
large building in St. Louis, causing a loss of about
81,000,000.

Now, please do not imagine that I lay the
blame of this especially to the cigarette busi-
ness. The moral that it points out, it seems
to me, is something like this : There ought to
be some closer restrictions in regard to this
matter of going about with a pipe, cigar, or
cigarette, or any thing else that contains fare,
in such a careless way as this.

CONVENTION NOTICE.

The Ontario Bee-keepers' Association will hold
their annual meeting in the city of Hamilton, on the
7th, 8th, and 9th of December next. A cordial invita-
tion is extended to all those interested in bee culture
to attend. W. Cousk, Sec'y.

Streetsville, Ont., Can., Nov. 17.

The Minnesota Bee-keepers' A.ssociation will hold
its annual meetitig in Minneapolis, at the new court-
hou.se, on Wednesday and Thursday, Dec. 8 and 9.
The Horticultural Society convenes on the 7th, and
continues for four days. Dr. E. R. Jaques, Sec'y.

Crystal, Minn., Nov. i:?.

illTEIlTS

PROCURED
PROMPTLY

AT REASONABLE RATES
By J. A. OSBORNE Sl CO.

I

■■ PATENT LAWYERS,

H 579 The Arcade, CLEVELAND, 0.

^^* CALL OR WRITE. ADVICE FREE.

In writing advertisers mention Gleanings.

BURPEPS

SEEDS GROW!

Write a po.stal card to-day for

Burpee's Farm Annual for 1898.

Brighter and better than ever before.

W. ATLEE BURPEE & CO.. Philadelphia.

In writing advertisers, mention Gleanings.

The A. I. Root Co.'s Goods ^* ^^p^/^ces.

Including their discounts for goods wanted for use an-
other season. It will pav you to send me li.st of goods
wanted. Ml. H. HUNT,

Cash for beeswax. Bell Branch, Mich.

FOR SALE.— My entire stock of bees and supplies
at a bargain. Italian stock. I have a large queen
trade and will sell in whole or part. Address at once.
Theodore Bender, Canton, O.

Prosperity.

It is here and still coming. So are the carloads of
bee=keepers' supplies coming from The A, I. Root
Co.'s to my distributing points, thus enabling me to
.sell at their wholesale and retail prices. I keep the
best of every thing you need. Send for my illustrated
36-page cata'log free.

GEO. E. HILTON,

Two Bee Papers for the
Price of One.

To all new subscribers, and also to those
who renew before their subscriptions expire,
and inclose i? 1 .00, we will send the Busy Bee,
a monthly bee-paper, in addition, free.

THE A. 1. ROOT CO., Medina, O.

Wants and Exchange Department.

WANTED.— To exchange 140 colonies of bees, with
all fixtures belonging to a first-class apiary, for
good hor.ses and mules.

Anthony Opp, Helena, Ark.

w

ANTED,— One s£

nill, feed and shingle mill.
W. S. Ammon, Reading, Pa.

w

WHAT will you offer for one b-flat cornet and case,
also one e-flat alto, good instruments, practically
new ? Address Box 321, Clifton, New York.

ANTED. — Work, by experienced apiari.st, by
month, or apiary on shares.

J. B. Henderson, Roney's Point, W. Va.

WANTED.— To exchange pair of St. Hubert man-
trailing blood-hounds, butcher tools, foundation-
mill, and bone-mill, for bee-hives in flat or Italian bees.
Elias Fox, Hillsboro, Wis.

1897 GLICANINGS IN BKP: CULTl'RR.

POULTRY-RAISERS AND ALL, $6.00 FOR $2.50

Christian Herald. iiiinlc<l in colors. laiK'cst and best religious weekly in the world

American Agriculturist, best •-'S-page illustrated farm and market weekly

Am. Airriciil unst Y- ar-buok and Almanac, over WK) pages, worth

New York Weekly Tribune, host ■.'(l-paue newspaper in the United States

Poultry K-eper. J) pag. s. jiriuti-.l in colors. It leads, others follow

r. K ilhistralor. No. 1, UM) ilhistratioiis. ponltrv-houses, incubators, brooders, etc

1'. K illustrator. N'e. "_'. 7."> illustrations, artificial inoibation. care of chicks, etc

P. K. illustrate r. No. :{. noultrv diseases, gapes, roup, cholera, mouUiiig, etc

P. K. illustrator. No. 4. judging fowls, description of breeds, mating, points, etc

For only $2..5(l we will .send these i great papers 1 year, and the five looks, grand total

Sample P. K. with other offers free. POULTRY KEEPER CO.. Box 400. Parkesburg,

When writing adverti.sers please mention Cleanincs.

$1.50
1.00
I 00
l.oo
•SO

•25

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Pa.

FARM BEE=KEEPING.

The only bee-paper in the United States
edited exchisively in the interest of the
fanner bee-keeper and the beginner is
THE BUSY BEE. pubHshed l)y
Emerson T. Abbott, St. Joseph, Mo.

Write (or free sample copy iww.

Qw^^N^>^^^-\.-w^ I'ntested queens. .50c each; tested,
lip^lio "oc; Breeders, :f2. Either leather
^^^'•^1 or golden. My golden breeders
''^'^■'^'"'■''^'^■^ breed all .5-banded bees.

W. H. LAWS, = Lavaca. Ark.

MUTH'S HONEY-EXTRACTOR.
SQUARE GLASS HONEY-JARS,
ROOT'S GOODS AT ROOT'S PRICES.

Bee-keepers' Supplies in general, etc..
etc. -Send for our new catalog. 'Prac-
tical Hints" will be mailed for 10 cts

in .stamps. Apply to

CHAS. F. MUTH & SON, Cincinnati, 0.

pOR SALE — Green-bone cutter. Good order; can
* l>e used with power; bargain.

Box .57, Medina, Ohio.

One nan with the

UNION COMBINATION SAW

Can do the work of four men using
liaud tools in Ripping. Cutting off.
Mitering, Rabbeting. Grooving.
Gaining, Dadoing, Edging Up.
Jointing Stuff, etc. Full line of
Foot and Hand Power Machinery.
Sold on trial. Catalog free. 1-2-lei

Seneca Fall* Mfe. Co..
44 Water St., Seneca Falls. N. Y.
In writing advertisers mention Gleanixgs.

HATCH^Chickens BY STREAM-
EXCELSIOR Inciibator

Simple. Perfect, Self- Regulat-
ing. Thuusaiids In bucccsaful
oi.'eration. Lowent priced
Brst-clu'H Hatcher mude.
tJEO. II. PTAML.
114 tolas S. 6th Wt. Qiilncy.III.

THE SUCCESSFUL INCUBATOR

w^.

1 for hatching strong, healthy
; chicka. Self-regulating, patent
1^1 turning trays, dr.vlng room for
g: chicks, non-explosive lamp— just a
\^\ few of its good points. Sold under
r -; [jositive gu.n rantee to work perfect-

4 1 ly. Beautifully made and dura-

; J ible. Our 128 page catalogue de-
1/ scribes them fully; tells many
^^ \ji)' thincsabout poultry raising you

— ^ should know Mailed for 6 cts.
DES MOINES INC. CO. Box 503 DES MOINES, lA.

In w;

il; a<

vUsc

mention Gi

■UllUlllllIllllln,... T„..

in all the many shows in
ijiiiiiiii.mjsB which it has partiripater'.
lUL.y.illJil'^ there must be somethint;
n thesuperiority claims of the
RELIABLE INCUBATOR
Self regulating, entirely auto-
W matic, you put in the ecgs, tho
' Reliabledoestherest.Ailabo'M
this and many things of value to I
the poultry man in our iifw book. Send lOcts. forit. >
RELIA81E IHCUSATOS & BROODER CO., QUIWCY.tMS fe

Do You Want

An Incubator

Want Our Catalogue?

H'3 a pretty book of 68 pages, finely llluatratea:
worth dollars to every poultryman, A 2c stamp gets it.

Geo. J. NissLY, Saline, Mich.

500 Young Ferrets Tship^''

.Send for price list of ferrets and
pure Italian bees, free, to

N. A. KNAl'P, Rochester, Ohio.

864

GIvEAXI^XS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec. 1.

BEESWAX.

We will pay 2o cts. cash, or -T in trade, for averaofe
wax delivered here. We expect to need 50 to 00 tons
of wax the coming .season, ind can therefore use all
the pure heeswax yon can -end us. For choice clean
bright yellow we usually pay an extra cent or two.

ALL GRADES OF COMB HONEY.

We hTve had a brisk demand for comb horey. and
for a time we could hardly get it in fa.'-t enough'to fill
orders. We now have a a:ood snpplv nf all grades at
the foUowiu'T prices : Kancv \ihile, lo; A No. 1 white,
12c: No. 2 \\h te, 11; fancy amber, 12: A No. 1 amber,
11: fancv buckwheat. 10: A N >. 1 buckwheat. 0. Above
prices are for 1 ts of 100 \b<. or more. In .")00 lbs. in
original crates, as received from producer^, 1 ct. per
lb. less. The amber grades are especial ly fine.

CLOVER EXTRACTED HONEY WANTED.

With the very abundant crop of clover the past sea-
son we ought io be able to get plenty of good clover
extracted honey. We are. however, having difficnlty
in securing enough to • upply the demand. We have
decided to raise our selling price h ilf a cent a pound,
so we shall be able to pay a little mo e. and may be we
can find it easier. Our price will 1 e 7 cts. a pounc in
60-lb. cans 2 in a case. Those who have honey to dis-
pose of will con er a favor by sending us a small 'am-
ple, telling how it is put up, and what they ask for it.

ANOTHER CAR OF CALIFORNIA HONEY.

We have alieady .sold two carloads of California
honey, and are beginning on a third or just received
a few days : go. We sold one whole car to one cus-
tomer. When we were closing out the first car the
orders came so thick and fa>l thai it was all eone
weeks before we expected, so thai we were wilhnut
any to fill orders with for two or three weeks. We
are pleased to say that we can now ship promptly.
While the freight on this \a.^i car was a little more
than on the previous one we piopose selling at the
same prices: (iO lb. cans, 2 in a ca-e, of water-white,
at HYz cts. per lb.; light anil er at (5 cts. In .5-case lots
or more. % ct. per lb. le.ss. We are developing a large
trade among grocers on No. 2.j jars filled with Califor-
nia honey, and labeled, shipped 2 doz. in a case, at
83.50 per case; 6 cases, $20.00. We can aKo supplv it in
square jars, 1-lb., 1 doz. in a case, at SI. 80; '/-lb., 2 doz.
in a ca.'e, at 12.25; 5-07., 2 doz. in a c;ise, at 11.70. You
have little idea what may be done to in rease the cou-
sumi'tion of honey till \'ou go to work in a .systematic
way to educate the geiieral public in various ways to
overcome prejudice and create a demanrf. I do not
believe that there is any ranger of overproduction of
honey if proper measures are taken to increase its
consumption.

TINKER PERFORATED ZINC.

Among the many makers of bee-keepers' supplies
there has been none who turned out nicer or more ac-
curate work l4ian Dr. G. L. Tinker, of New Philadel-
phia, Ohio. His work was all done by him.self, and,
consequently, was limited in amount", and high in
price. The 'doctor, for varioiis reasons, has discontin-
ued the manufacture of supplies: and his successors,
not having his skill, have not made a success of the
bu.siness. One of the doctor's achievements was an
automatic machine for perforating zinc, the product
of which has had the reputation, wherever known, of
being the most perfect for bee-keepers' n.se of anv
ever made. The machine is a wonderful piece o"f
mechanism. After setting it going on a sheet of any
size up to 21x44 inches, with all the attachments prop-
erly set, it will wcrk awav, making one hole at a tine,
automatically reversing it-^elf back and forth over the
sheet till the last hole is made, when it throws itself
out of gear and waits your leisure to change the sheets
and .start it going again. In our zinc perforating ma-
chine theie are seventy punches and die.s, and it is
practically impossible to have all the holes' exactly the
same size, while on the Tinker machine every hole is
made by the .same die and punch, and thc'-efofe all the
holes must be of the same size. We have come into

posse.s.sion of the Tinker machine, and expect, for the
coming season, to supply this as well as the old-style
zinc. The price of the Tinker zinc will be somewhat
higher than the old style, as follows:

Tinker zinc strips, ^i x IS to 20 inches long. 2 rows of
holes. $1.20 per 100. Tinker zinc sheets, 2-l.x38 or 24x40,
COc per sheet. Tinker zinc honcv-boards. I2xl9i/i to 20,
at $I..50 for 10. For each additional inch in width
add IJ^c. For each additional inch in length add Ic.
For each lot of less than 2.) pieces, add 2-') cents for set-
ting machine : 2.') or over, no extra charge. These
pi ices are about 20 per cent less than what Dr. Tinker
charged, and about 50 per cent above the price of the
old-style zinc. The Tinker zinc is as near perfection
as is p issihle to make it — no burr edges or variation in
size of perforations. We can al.so furni-^h the Tinker
zinc in drone size — that is, with perforations which
will exclude drones but allow the queens to pass.

Special Notices by A. I. Root.

Btackwalnuts, gathered in the fall of 1806, but in
good condition, only 10 cts. a peck.

THAT NE-^V POT.\TO IN THE GREENHOUSE.

We cut it .so as to make 42 e\ es. These are planted
in pots of jadoo filer. Of course, they are lather slow
in .'taiting, ju>t after the potat i was dug from the
ground. But about a dozen of the eves h'^ve already
made a giod start. Some of them are showing green
leaves. We expect to grow them all winter in the ja-
doo fiber, watered with the jadoo liquid.

WHO IS DR. SALISBURY?

There have been so many inquiries in regard to the
lean-meat diet that we have provided ourselves with a
little pamphlet headed as ab3ve. which we shall be
pleased to mail anv oue free of charge. It gives a
pretty full explanation of the Salistiury treatment;
and with the directions given, almost any one can
test the matter for himself. I expect it to do real
missionary work among those who are suffering from
impaired digestion.

SEED POTATOES.

Since our last we have sold < nt of seconds Bliss Tri-
umph and Eaily Ohio, therefore the only kinds we
have now in seco-iifs are Thoroiighbred. Freeman,
Monroe (Seedling, and Sir William. The two latter
^re SI. '25 per barrel— the others, SI 50. For regular list
of the .seed potatoes we have for sale, see page 726 of
our issue for i )ct 15. We have still left a few seconds
of Bovee and Manum's Enormous. Bovee seconds are
SI. 00 per bushel; Manum's Enormon second*, 75 cts.
We will .still .-hip potatoes at our i isk from danger of
freezing, to any point south of Cleveland, Ohio. For
points further" north we will line tlie barrels with
heavy paper, and do our best t-> get them tht-ough
.safely; but we should not like to be entirelj- responsi-
ble.

SOMETHING NEW IN THE WAY OF PLIERS.

When I was a very small boy I began to ue pliers.
I wanted them for handling wire, piece- of tin, for
taking apart clocks, and for lepaiiing other machin-
ery. U'lieu I learned the jewele 's trade a pair of
pliers was almost constantly in my fingers or in my
pocket. I sonn learned to value j.ood plii rs, and I
have carefiillj' watched the improvements in their
manufacture. While passing through the store a few
minutes ago one of the cleiks showed me a pair of
pliers costing only 10 cts., that eclipses anv thing yet
heard of in the line of strength and efficiency, in
lightness, and for a very little money. Below" is a
picture of one of them, but it does not do the beautiful
little tool justice.

We have three sizes of them, costing 10, 15. and
cts. respeclivelv. They are mnde of sheet steel stamp-
ed out with appropriate machinery, and yet they are

1897

GIvEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

strontjtT. neater, ami lioUl better tlian the old fashion-
ed kind that oo-l twi- or three limes as much. Thev
are so liijlit lh.it we c.iii send them liy mail for only .'5,
4, and.'icts respectively. The dimeh^ious are, small-
est,-1 in lies; nieilium, '5 inches : largest, (> inches. If
I had been the inventor of this kind of i)liers I would
swing my liU h'gh in the air and shoiU "Hurrah!"
like a scfioolboy.

Well, judging from pa.st experience we are going to
till our fireenhouses mostly with lettuce, as it seems to
be most in demand in our market as a winter veg-
etable. Waler-crtss may be grown to a limited ex-
tent. It is very easy to giow, is not affected by any
disease, and will stand quit' a little freezing without
injnr>" so if vonr greenhouse is not vei-y warm it will
be just right' for water-cre.ss. If yon have a market
for ia;1ishes they will go all right along with ]■ ttuce
and water-cress' He s\ire you have lettuce-/iA7;//.9
enough— too many will not' do any haim. Where
your space is limited, belter transpl.mt them at twice.
When little plants begin to show the sec md leaf,
plant them out with a spacing-board '-Ml. or :i inches
apart: tl'.e next time, al out 7 inches from center to
centi r. If you have a market fo- green onions they
will go nicely with the abovi . A little parsley, which
is al.so very lianiy, will be ver\ nice to mix' in with
other wint'er sala'ds. And do not fo- get spinach. We
have for stveral seasons pa.st sold it at the same price
as lettuce, and it is ever so ir.uch easier to grow. For
sefds of any of the ab ve, see our fall seed-catalog,
mailed freeon application.

NOT FOP <sAI P ^^'liv do the large.st bee-

i^yjl r\JtS, 0/\LU. keepe'rs in the world use
Bingham Smokers and Uncapping-knives 19 years?
Such men know a be.st thing when they use it. While
we have the only exclusively .smoker-factory in Amer-
ica, we don't adverti.se it. It" is not for sale. "But we do,
and have !!• years, made exclusively Bingham smokers
and honey-knives. If vou get a high-priced Bingham
smoker aiid honey-knife you will have the best as long
as you take good care of them. They never go out.

T. F. BINGHAM, Farwell, Mich.

1 F Yflll ^^^^'^ good white-clover honey to sell
I r I U U correspond with

MAYES, BLAIR & CO.,
120 Broadway, Cleveland Ohio.

DARRED PLYMOUTH ROCKS, Hawkins' noted
^-' strains. A few choice birds for .sale cheap, 81.00
each. Fred H. Burdett, Clifton, N. Y.

I. J. STRINGHAM,

105 PARK PLACE.

NEW YORK.

keeps in slock a full line of popular

APIARIAN SUPPLIES,

which are fir.st-quality, both in

material and workmanship.

Celebrated Wisconsin Basswood
Sections, Dadants' Foundation.

HONF V- I A P^ 1-'^' square, with corks, $4.50 a
llVfl'^U,! J/^IVO, gro.ss; discount on quantity.

Catalog free, giving discount for early orders.

Dovetailed Hives,

Sections, Extractors, Smokers,
and every thing a bee-keeper
wants. Honest goods at close
honest prices. CO-page cata-
log free.

J. M. JENKINS, Wetumpka, Ala.

SEE THAT WINK ?

BSE SUPPLIES.

Root's Goods at Root's Prices.

Pouder's Honey-Jars and every
thing used by bee-keepers. Low
freight rates ; prompt .service.
Catalog free,
•u «hA,mFh-^ . WALTER S. POUDER,

V/MC nOVUtlii^p ,62na.ss Ave., Indianapolis. Ind.

Mountain bee ranch
for .sale. Oood loca-
tion: telephone con-
nection with three railroad .stations.

0 O. BAILIFF, Banning Cal.

BEAGLE HOUNDS. Fine stock and fair ptices.
"Beagles," Bux 20. So. Cabot, Vt.

CALIFORNIA.

BEE=SUPPLIES.

We have the best-equipped factory in the West. Capacity
— one carload a day; and carry the largest stock and greatest
variety of every thing needed in the apiary, assuring best
goods at the lowest prices, and prompt shipment.

Illustrated Catalog, 72 Pages, Free.

We also manufacture Tanks of either wood or galvanized
steel, all sizes, any form, and for all purposes. Price list free.

E. KRETCHMER, RED OAK, IOWA.

When writing to ;

please nicnti

BETTER THAN KLONDIKE GOLD, $3.60 FOR $1.

N. Y. Weekly Tribune, greatest 20-page newspaper in V. S

Voung Peop e's \V eeKly, leligicus. colons 12 page', .size Youth's Companion

^k\ Farm Jiiurnnl. I est L'l jage farm paper: mo^t i>opular in the Uniteil Stale.s

\Wt Poultry Ke- per. 20 pag< s, printed in colors. It leads: others follow

I P. K. illustrator No. 1. 100 illus rations, poultry -houses, incubators, brooders, etc

I I'. K. illn-trator No. 2 7.') illustrations, artificial incubation, care of chicks, etc

/t\ ' • ^^' '""^trator Xo. ,S, p ultry diseases, gapes, roup, cholera, moulting etc

.".' P. K. ilhistratcr Xo. A, judging fowls, description of l)reeds, mating, pcflnt , ttc

For onlv «1 we will send the.se 4 papers one vear and 4 books, postpaid, grand total

SampleP. K. with other offeis free. POL LTRY KEEPEK CO., Box 500, Paikesburg, Pa

When writing to adverti.sers please mention Gleanings.

$I.OO

.60
•50
•50
•35

•25

• 25
25

$3.60

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Dec. 1.

Gleanings in Bee Culture

American Agriculturist.

Weekly.

BOTH ONE YEAR ONLY $h25.

By special arrangement with the publishers, we are enabled to offer the American Agriculturist in combi-
nation with Gleanings in Bee Culture at the unparalleled low rate of |1.2.5 for both papers one year. The
American Agriculturist is published in five editions. The N. E. Homestead, the Eastern, Middle, and Southern
editions of American Agriculturist, and the Orange Judd Farmer. Each contains matter relating to its own lo-
cality, as well as the latest and most accurate market reports for the country in general. It has departments
relat"ing to all branches of farming, articles written by the most practical and successful farmers, supplemented
with illustrations by able arti.sts. Short stories, fashions, fancy work, cooking, young folks' page, etc., com-
bine to make a magazine of as much value as most of the special family papers.

A

sample copy will be mailed FREE by addressing Ameri-
can Agriculturist. Columbus, O., or New York, N. Y.

T

AKEN separately these two papers cost $2.00, con-
sequently every subscriber under this offer will get

$2.00 IN VALUE FOR Sh25.

Df<>miiifn RnnL-c ^'^^ ^0 cents extra, as postage, you can have vour choice of any of the following
rl CIlllUllI OUUKS. standard books FREE: "Profits in Poultry," "Farm Appliances," or "Farmer's
Almanac" (ready December 15). Send your subscriptions direct to

THE A. I. ROOT CO , Medina, Ohio.

Two Papers for the Price of One.

The Farm Journal, of Philadelphia, a monthly agricultural journal of
16 pages, sent One Year Free for one subscription to Gleanings, with $1.00,
paid in advance, either new or renewal. In the case of a renewal, all ar-
rears, if any, must be paid in addition to one year in advance.

Thp Pprm \f\umu\ i-^ "o^ i" its 20th volume, and takes the lead among all the
1 lie ral 111 UUUI llal low-priced agricultural journals of this country and of the
world. It gives no chromos, puffs no swindles, inserts no humbug advertisements, lets
other folks prai.se it, and makes good to subscribers any loss by advertisers who prove to
be swindlers. The editor was born on a farm and reared at the plow-handles, and the
contributors are practical men and women.

The regular price of this excellent journal is 50 cents a year, and it is
well worth it ; but by special contract with the Farm Journal we are en-
abled to make the above very liberal offers.

THE A. I. ROOT CO., A/ledina, Ohio.

^^ A Bargain !

Only

We have made arrangements to furnish THE OHIO
FARMER, of Cleveland, Ohio, and Glej^
Bee Culture, both papers, for only $1.50.

Cl Cn FARMER, of Cleveland, Ohio, and Gleanings in

Thp Ohin ParmPr '^^ '^^'' known as one of the very be.st, largest, and among the
1 lie WIIIU I al IIICI leading agricultural papers of America. A '20-page, 80-column
paper EVERY WEEK in the year; employs THE' VERY BEST WRITERS that money
can procure: a strong, fearless "defender of the agricultural interests of this countrs', and
CLEAN in both reading and advertising columns, rr HELPS MAKE THE FARM PAY.

THE A. I. ROOT CO., Medina, Ohio.

r897

CxI.RAlSriNGS IN BEE CtJLTURfi.

^i

Honey Column.

C/ry MARKETS.

New York.— Comb houey has been selling rather
well the last wick; fancy piods fairly well cleaned
np; No. 1 and fair-grade giKxIs not having a quick
si\Ie. \Ve <inote our market a> follow,-*: Fancy white-
clover comb, IbolL'; No. 1, white clover, 10((ill; amber
white clover, !•(<!■ 10: buckwheat fancy, 8(<i it; No. 1, 7@
S; exlracteil honey, N. Y. State white clover, -JViCoioJ^;
buckwheat, oijOil'^; Cal. white, Ti^.")',; light amber,
t<4(fli)."); Southern, .")H((i ")2 ' ,. j;er gal.; beeswax, '_'()(*27.
both Southern honey and beeswax are in den and.
Francis H. L,eggett & Co.,

Dec. S. Franklin and Varick St.s., New York.

Milwaukee.— Since our last report there has been
an improved demand for honey; and our .sales, espe-
cially of extracted, have been good and quite regular
fiom day to day, which shows that it is reaching the
months of the' people. The receipts of honey have
been good, and the demand fair. We quote white 1-lb.
sections. No. 1, 12(a 13; No. 2, 10(Sill. dark, 8fel0; ex-
tracteu white in barrels and kegs, o^fgG; dark, in bar-
rels and kegs, r)@n%\ beeswax, 2.5(a;27.

A. V. Bishop & Co.,

Dec. S. Milwaukee, Wis.

Kansas City.— The stock of comb honey in this
market is large; market quiet. We quote fancj white
comb, 10'2@11; No. 1, lO^lOij; amber, i)@10; dark. S@.
9; extracted white, 5>^<sit); amber, 4J^(&5; beeswax, 20(g),
2A. C. C. Clemons & Co.,

Dec. S. Kansas City, Mo.

Minneapolis. — Fancy white-clover comb, 11@12;
fancy dark, it@10. Market fairly well supplied with
all grades. Car or two of California stock .still on
hand. Local and country demand for white extracted
good. Best white clover selling from 5% to ii%.
b. H. Hall & Co.,

Dec. 8. Minneapolis, Minn.

New York. — Our market remains quiet. Stocks
are plentiful, and with a slow demand. Prices all
along the line show a downward tendency. We quote:
Fancy white cumb, Il0a'12; fair white, 9(510; Duck-
wnea't, 1(g.iy2\ extracted California white, 5(«5'2; Cal.
light amber, -IJj®-!^^; white clover, oc; buckwheat, 4;
beeswax, 26(0^27. Hildreth Bros. & Segelken,

Dec. 8. 120-122 W. Broadway, New York.

St. Louis. — There is no change in prices since our
last quotations. Honey is moving rather slow; outside
trade very light; .sales 'confined to local trade; bees-
wax firm, and in demand.

Westcott Commission Co.,

Dec. 8. 213 Market St., St. l^ouis, Mo.

Philadelphia. — The demand is not .so brisk as two
weeks ago. either for comb or extracted. Beeswax
very scarce, and in heavy demand. We quote fancy
comb, 13',2; No. 1, 12; amber, 10; buckwheat, 8; extract-
ed while, (i; amber, ."); buckwheat, 4. We are produc-
ers of honey; do not handle on commi-sion.

Wm. a. Selser,

Dee 8. 10 Vine St., Philadelphia, Pa.

CoLUMBL'S. — While nearby farmers who have small
apiaries continue to bring in their honey it has but lit-
tle effect on the local trade, and a steady demand ex-
i.sts. We are selling fancy white at 13; No. 1, ll(al2.
We are in the market to V)uy, and if you have honey
to .sell send a sample and be sure to name price.
Thk Columbus Commission & Storage Co.,

Dec. 7. 409-113 N. High St., Columbus, O.

Cincinnati.— The demand for comb honey has lieen
good for the last few weeks, and is fair for extracted
honey. We quote the latter at 3i4@*i. and comb honey
at 10@13 for bt>t wliile. There is a fair demand for
beeswax at 20rg 2') lor good to choice yellow.

Chas. F. Muth & Son,

Dec. 7. Cincinnati, O.

Albany.— Our market is fairly well supplied with
comb honey, and stock selling freely at our quotations.
Fancy white. 12^13: fair to good. loroU; Ijuckwheat,
7^H. "The stock ot extracted is much smaller than
u.sual at this .season of the year, and from advices
received we are led to believe there is not much in the
hands of producers. Chas. McCulloch & Co.,

Dec. 8. Albany, N. Y.

Chicago. — There is no change in our market since
la.st quotations were given. Comb honey is slow; ex-
tracted, fair movement ; beeswax is selling well, and
price firm. R. A. Burnett cV Co.,

Dee. 18. 163 South Water St., Chicago, 111.

Cleveland.— Fancy white, 12(ctil3; No. 1 white, 11@
12; fancy amber, 9(ail(); No. 1 amber, 8<a;9; fancy dark,
7(g8; white extracted, 054; amber, SJ^fa^fJ; beeswax, 28.
A. B. Williams & Co.,

Dec. S. 80-82 Broadway, Cleveland, Ohio.

Detroit. — Be.st white comb honev, 11(5)12; other
grades, SfollO; extracted white. b&ii\ other grades, 4(0).').
Demand fair, and supply good. Beeswax, 25(ai2»).

Dec. 7. M. H. Hunt, Bell Branch, Mich.

Springfield. — Good demand. Fancy white clover,
12c: buckwheat, 10c. We should like to correspond
with any one having fancy white clover in short-
weight packages. Perkins & Hatch,

Nov.

Springfield,

Buffalo.— The market price of honey is about as
la.st qi oted. Demand is very slow. I think mo.st of the
dealers would sell at even a cent off if they could effect
larger .sales by doing so. W. C. Townsend,

Dec. 3 Buffalo, N. Y.

For Sale. — Goldenrod honey, extracted, in cans
and barrels, cheap as the cheapest.

J. B. Murray, Ada, Ohio.

For Sale.— Tons of honey, comb, at 7 to 12c per lb
Inclo.se stamps for samples of extracted at 4 to 6c, in
\&)-\h. keg.s, f. o. b. N. h. Stevens, Venice, N. Y.

For Sale.— Pure honey.— Clover, extracted, ^% cts
per lb.

I. J. Stringham, 105 Park Place, N. Y. City

Wanted. — Several hundred pounds first-class white-
clover extracted honey in tin cans, crated, for which X
will pay ■5c per pound. Send sample.

E. P. Aldridge, Franklin Square, Ohio.

For Sale.— Cheap, 25 bbls of honey.

Chas. Dadant & Son, Hamilton, 111.

W'anted. — To buy quantity lots of fancy comb and
gilt-edged extracted honey. B. W.\lker,

Evart, Mich., or '111% H. Chicago .\ve, Chicago.

Wants and Exchange Department.

yVANTED.— To exchange 140 colonies of bees, with
~^ all fixtures belonging to a first-class apiary, for
good horses and mules.
Anthony Opp. Helena, Ark.

11/ ANTED.— One saw-mill, feed and shingle mill.
j' JW. S. Ammon, Reading, Pa.

VVHAT will you offer for one b-flat cornet and case.
' ' al.so one e-flat alto, good instruments, practically
new? Address Box 321, Clifton, New York.

IVANTED.— To exchange pair of St. Hubert man-
'" trailing blood-hounds, butcher tools, foundation-
mill, and bone-mill, for bee-hives in flat or Italian bees.
Elias Fox. Hill.shoro. Wi.s.

WANTED.— To exchange a magic lantern, practical-
ly new, cost $4.5; HO choice views, cost $40, for ex-
tracted honey, shipping-cases, sections, extiactor, or
incul>ator. E. E. Slingerland, Tioy, Pa.

ll'ANTED. — To exchange pure White Wyandotte
^' cockerels, April hatched. One for same breed;
two for W. P. Rocks. E. J. Baird, Lock Haven, Pa.

IVANTED. — To exchange one Gearhart high-speed
'' knitting-machine for camera or breech-loading
shotgun. Arthur Darst, Alberta, Ohio.

ANTED.— To buy potatoes in car lots. Who has
them? F. W. Dean, New Milford, Pa.

w

IJ^ANTED. — To exchange an entire plant of machin-
"' ery for making Vgroove sections and bee-hives;
veneer machine for berry-boxes, and 10 H. P. engine.
All machines are in good condition. What have you
to exchange ? J. B. Murray, Ada, O

IVANTED.— To exchange 1 roller organ, 12 metallic
^' rolls (used but little), 1 fox hound (2 years old),
for miners' magnetic compass, dip-needle, or offers.
N. A. Blake, Beebe Plain, Vt.

872

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec. 15.

Books for Bee=keepers and Others.

Any of these books on which po!^tage is not given
will be forwarded by mail, postpaid on receipt of price.

In buying books, as every thing else, we are liable
to disappointment if we make a purchase without see-
ing the article. Admitting that the book-seller could
read all the books he offers, as he has them for sale, it
were hardly to be expected he would be the one to
mention all the faults, as well as good things about
a book. We verv much desire that those who favor us
with their patronage shall not be disappointed and
therefore we are going to try to prevent it by mention-
ing all the faults, so far as we can, that the purchaser
may know what he is getting. In the following H.st,
books that we approve we have marked with a * ;
those we especiallv approve, ** ; those that are not up
to times, t ; books that contain but little matter for
the price, large tvpe, and much space between the
lines, I ; foreign, i,. The bee-books are all good.

As many of the bee-books are sent with other goods
by freight or express, incurring no postage, we give
prices separately. You will notice that you can judge
of the size of the books very well by the amount re-
quired for po.stage on each.

BIBLES, HYMN-BOOKS, AND OTHER GOOD BOOKS.

Postage.] [Price without postage.

8 I Bible, good print, neatly bound 20

10 Bunvans Pilgrim's Progress** 50

20 Illustrated Pilgrim's Progres.s** .. 75

This is a large book of 425 pages, and 17o illustra-
tions and would usually be called a S2.00 book. A
splendid book to present to children. Sold in gilt edge
fot 25 cents more.

(i I First Steps for Uttle Feet '50

Bv the author of the Story of the Bible. A better
book for young children can not be found in the
whole round of literature, and at the .same time there
can hardly be found a more attractive book. Beauti-
fully bound and fully illustrated.
8 I John Ploughman's Talks and Pictures, by Rev.

C. H. Spurgeon* 10

1 I Gospel Hvmns, consolidated, Nos. 1, 2, 3, and i,

words only; cloth, 10c; paper 5

Same, board covers : '-0

Same, words and music, small type, board cov. 4o

Same, words and music, board covers 75

New Testament in pretty flexible covers 05

New Testament, new version, paper covers 10

Robinson Cru.soe, paper cover 10

Stepping Heavenward** l''

. Story of the Bible** 1 PO

A large book of 700 pages, and 274 illu.strations. Will
be read by almost every child.

I "The Ufe of Trust," by Geo. MuUer** 1 25

.T Tobacco Manual** ■;••.;.■, t^

This is a nice book that will be sure to be read, it lett
around where the boys get hold of it, and any boy who
reads it will be pretty safe from the tobacco habit.

BOOKS ESPECIALLY FOR BEE-KEEPERS.

A B C of Bee Culture, cloth 1 10

Advanced Bee Culture, by W. Z. Hutchinson ... 50

Amateur Bee-keeper, by J. W. Rouse 22

Bees and Bee-keeping, bv Frank Cheshire,

England, Vol. I., 'i 2 36

Same, Vol. II., 'i i^ '"

Same, Vols. I. and II., postpaid ■) -a

Bees and Honey, by T. G. Newman 90

Cook's New Manual, cloth 1 1_>

Doolittle on Queen-rearing m

Dzierzon Theory : 10

Foul Brood; Its Natural History and Rational

Treatment 2^

Honey as Food and Medicine Oo

Langstroth Revi.sed, by Chas. Dadant & Sou 1 10

Quinby's New Bee-keeping 1 40

Thirty Years Among the Bees, by H Alley 50

Bee-keeping for Profit, bv Ur. G. h- Tinker...... 2.^

The Honey-bee, by Thos. William Cowan 9.)

British Bee-keeper's Guide-book, by Thomas

■William Cowan, England § 40

3 1 Merrybanks and His Neighbor, by A. I. Root... lo

4 I Winter Problem in Bee-keeping, by Pierce 4<>

MISCELLANEOUS , HAND-BOOKS.

5 I An Egg farm, Stoddard** ^0

5 A B C of Carp Culture, by Geo. Finley 2o

f) I A B C of Strawberry Culture,** by T. B. Terry.. S)

Probably the leading book of the world on straw-
berries.
3 I A B C of Potato Culture, Terry-* *J

This is T. B. Terry's fir.st and most masterly work.
The book has had an enormous .sale, and has been re-

printed in foreign languages. When we are thorough-
ly conver.sant with friend Terry's system of raising
potatoes, we shall be ready to handle almost any farm
crop successfully. It has 4S pages and 22 iUu.strations.

I Barn Plans and Out-buildings* 1 50

Canary birds, paper 50

2 I Celer>- for Profit, by T. Greiner** 25

The first really full and complete book on celery
culture, at a moderate price, that we have had. It is
full of pictures, and the whole thing is made so plain
that a .schoolboy ought to be able to grow paying
crops at once without anj' assistance except from the
book.

15 I Draining for Profit and Health, Warring 1 3.5

10 I Fuller's Grape Culturist** 1 15

This is, perhap.s, the nio.st systematic, comprehen-
sive, and thorough work on grape culture now in
print; in fact, friend Fuller here tells us how, by easy
steps, to make any grapevine come into the work,
and make a pleasant orderly appearance ; and he
makes it as attractive as a piece of fiction; and the
best part of it is, that you get great crops of beautiful
grapes during almo.st any kind of sea.son. We have
tested the .system, and know whertof we speak.
8 I Domestic Economy, by I. H. Mayer, M D.** ... 30

This book ought to save at least the money it costs,
each year, in every household. It was written by a
doctor, and one who has made the matter of domestic
economy a life .studv. The regular price of the book
is SI. 00, but by taking a large lot of them we are en-
abled to make the price only 30 cents.
10 I Farming for Boys* ..1 15

This is one of Joseph Harris' happiest production.s,
and it seems to me that it ought to make farm-life fas-
cinating to any boy who has any sort of taste for gar-
dening.

7 I Farm, Gardening, and Seed-growing** 90

This is by Francis Brill, the veteran seed-grower,

and is the only book on gardening that I am aware of
that tells how market-gardeners and .seed-growers
raise and harvest their own seeds. It has lOti pages.
12 I Gardening for Pleasure, Henderson* 1 :i")

While "Gardening for Profit" is written with a view
of making gardening pay, it touches a good deal on
the pleasure part; and "Gardening for Pleasure"
takes up this matter of beautifying your homes and
improving your grounds without the special point in
view of making money out of it. I think most of you
will need this if vou get ' Gardening for Proft." This
work has 404 pages and 203 illustrations.
12 I Gardening for Profit** 1 .35

The latest revision of Peter Henderson's celebrated
work. Nothing that has ever before been put in print
has done so much toward making market-gardening a
science and a fascinating industry. Peter Hender.son
stands at the head, without question, although we
have many other books on these rural employments.
If you can get but one book, let it be the above. It has
370 pages and 138 cuts.

8 I Gardening for Young and Old, Harris** 1 25

This is Joseph Harris' best and happiest effort. Al-
though it goes over the same ground occupied by Peter
Henderson, it particularly emphasizes thorough culti-
vation of the .soil in preparing your ground : and this
matter of adapting it to young people as well as old is
brought out in a mo.st happy vein. If your children
have any sort of fancy for gardening it will pay you to
make them a present of this book. It has 187 pages
and 40 engravings.

10 I Greenhouse construction, by Prof, Taft** 1 15

This book is of recent publication, and is as full and
complete in regard to the building of all glass struc-
tures as is the next book in regard to their manage-
ment. Any one who builds even a small structure for
plant-growing under glass will save the value of the
book by reading ii carefully.

15 I How to Make the Garden Pay** 1 A5

By T. Greiner. This gives the most explicit and full
directions for gardening under glass of any book in
the world. Those who are interested in hot-beds, cold-
frames, cold-greenhouses, hot-houses, or gla.ss .struc-
tures of any kind for the growth of plants, can not af-
ford to be without the book.

5 1 Garden and Farm Topics, Henderson** 60

Gray's School and Field Book of Botany 1 80

Gregory on Cabbages, paper* 'M

Gregory on Squashes, paper* ^

Gregory on Onions, paper* *0

The above three books, by our friend Gregory, are
all valuable. The book on squashes especially is good
reading for almost anybody, whether they raise

ISilT

GLEANINGS IN BKP: CULTURE.

.S78

squashes or not. It strikes at the very foundation of
success in almost any kind of business.'

I Handlxwk for I.uinhernien Oo

10 Household Conveniences 1 40

'2 I How to Propagate and Grow Fruit, Green* I.t

10 I How to Get Well and Keep Well iK)

An expo.sition of the .Salisbury .system of curing di.s-
ease by the "lean-meat diet."

2 I Injurious Insects. Cook 10

10 I Irrigation for the Farm, Garden, and Orchard* 1 10

By Stewart. This book, so far as 1 am informed, is
alm'o.st the only work on this matter that is attracting
so much interest, especially recently. I'sing water
from springs, brooks, or windmills to' take the place
of rain, during our great drouths, is the great problem
before us at trie present day. The book has 274 pages
and 142 cuts.

7 I Market-gardening and Farm Notes 75

By Burnett Landreth. The Kandreths are the pio-
neer seedsmen of .\nicrica; and the book is worth ful-
ly as much as we might expect it to be. We think we
received hints from it worth the price, before it had
been in our hands fifteen minutes. It is exceedingly
practical, and tells what has been done and what is
being done, more than it discourses on theor\'.

S I Maple Sugar and the Sugar-bush** 32

Bv Prof. A. J. Cook. This was written in the spring
of fS.S7 at my request. As the author has, perhaps,
one of the finest sugar-camps in the United States, as
as well as being an enthusiastic lover of all farm in-
du.stries, he is better fitted, perhaps, to handle the .svib-
ject than any other man. The book is written in Prof.
Cook's happy style, combining wholesome moral le.s-
.sons with the latest and best method of managing to
get the finest syrup and maple sugar, with the lea.st
possible expenditure of cash and labor. Everybody
who makes sugar or molasses wants the sugar-book.
It has 42 pages and .S.5 cuts.

4 I Peabodv's Webster's Dictionar\- 10

Over :i0,000 words and 2.50 illustra'tions.

5 I Manures ; How to Make and How to U.se

Them ; in paper covers 30

K I The .same in cloth covers 65

Covering the whole matter, and discussing every
thing to be found on the farm, refuse from factories,
mineral fertilizers from mines, etc. It is a complete
summing up of the whole matter. It is written by F.
W .Sempers.

3 I Onions for Profit** 40

Fully up to the times, and includes both the old

onion 'culture and the new method. The book is fully
illustrated, and written with all the enthusiasm and
interest that characterizes its author, T. Greiner.
Even if one is not particularly interested in the busi-
ness, almost any person who picks up Greiner's books
will like to read them through.

I Our Farming, by T. B. Terry** 1 .")0

In which he tells " how we have made a run-down
farm bring both profit and pleasure. "

This is a large book, 6x9 inches, 367 pages, quite ful-
ly illu.strated. It is Terry's first large book ; and while
it touches on the topics treated in his smaller hand-
books, it is sufficiently different so that no one will
complain of repetition, even if he has read all of Ter-
ry's little books. I should call it the brightest and
most practical book on farming, before the world at
the present day. The price is 52.00 postpaid, but we
have made arrangements to furnish it for only $1..50.

We are .so sure it will be worth many times its cost
that we are not afraid to offer to take "it back if any
one feels he has not got his money's worth after he
has read it. If ordered by express or freight with
other goods, 10c less.

1 I Poultry for Pleasure and Profit.** 10

8 Practical Floriculture, Hender.son.* 1 10

10 Profits in Poultrv.* 7.1

2 I Practical Turkey-raising 10

By Fanny Field. 'This is a 2.Vcent book which we

offer for 10 cts. : postage, 2 cts.

2 I Rats : How to Rid Farms and Buildings of
them, as well as other Pests of like Charac-
ter.** 15

1 I Silk and the .Silkworm 10

10 Small-Fruit Culturist, Fuller 1 10

10 I Success in Market-Gardening* 90

This is by a real, live, enterprising, successful mar-
ket-gardener who lives in Arlington, a suburb of Bo.s-
ton, Mass. Friend Rawson has been one of the fore-
mo.st to make irrigation a practical success, and he
now irrigates his grounds by means of a windmill and
steam-engine whenever a drouth threatens to injure
the crops. The book has 208 pages, and is nicely il-
lustrated with 110 engravings.

10 I Talks on Manures* 1 :«

This bosk, by Joseph Harris, i.s, perhaps, the most
conipreliensive'one we have on the subject, and the
whole matter is con.sidered by an able writer. It con-
tains 3()(> pages.

7 I Ten Acres Enough 75

2 The Carpenter's Steel Square and its I'ses 15

10 I The New Agriculture ; or, the Waters Led Cap-
tive (a $1.50 book) 40

2 I Treati.se on the Hor.se and his Diseases 10

5 I Tile Drainage, by W. I. Chamberlain ;i5

Fully illustrated, containing every thing of impor-
tance clear up to the present date.

The single chapter on digging ditches, with the il-
lu.strations given by Prof. Chamberlain, should alone
make the book worth w'hat it co.sts, to every one who
has occa.sion to lay ten rods or more of tile. There is
as much science in digging as in doing almost any
thing el.se ; and by following the plan directed in the
book, one man vvi'll often do as much as two men with-
out this knowledge. The book embraces every thing
connected with the subject, and was written "by the
author while he was engaged in the work of digging
the ditches and laying the tiles HIMSELF, for he has
laid literally miles of tile on his own farm in Hud.son,
Ohio.

3 I Tomato Culture , *5

In three parts. Part first— bv J. W. Day, of Crystal

Springs, Miss., treats of tomato culture in the South,
with some remarks by A. I, Root, adapting it to the
North. Part second — By D. Cummins, of Conneaut,
O., treats of tomato culture especially for canning-fac-
tories. Part third— By A. I. Root, treats of plant-grow-
ing for market, and high-pressure gardening in gen-
eral. This little book is interesting because it is one
of the fir.st rural books to come from our friends in
the South.

3 I Vegetables under Glass, by H. A. Dreer** 20

This is by a veteran in the work, full of illustrations
from real life, and by all odds the most valuable book
we have ever had for such a small price.

3 I Winter Care of Hor.ses and Cattle '25

This is friend Terry's second book in regard to farm
matters ; but it is so intimately connected with his po-
tato-book that it reads almost like a sequel to it. If you
have only a horse or a cow, I think it will pay you to
invest in the book. It has 44 pages and 4 cuts.

3 I Wood's Common Objects of the Microscope**. . 47

8 I What to Do and How to be Happj- While doing

It, by A. I. Root 42

THE A. I. ROOT CO., Medina, O.

KIND WORDS FROM OUR CUSTOMERS.

J. A. Golden's article in Nov. 1st Gleanings, en-
titled "How and why the No-bee-space Sections of
Honej' bring a Higher Price," is the very best piece
yet printed. Circumstances in nis case will be a
wonderful advantage to the bee-keeping world.

King.ston, N. Y., Nov. 8. Aaron Snyder.

I have not been interested in bee-keeping for several
years, but am still a con.stant reader of Gleanings
for the sake of what Uncle Amos has to .say about
gardening and in the Home Papers. They alone are
more than worth the price, and are always looked for
and read with interest by every member of our family,
though the table is piled with unread papers arid
magazines. C. N. P'lansbt'rgh.

Leslie, Mich., Nov. 16.

The 3 barrels of seed potatoes (Thoroughbred, Early
Ohio, and W'hite Bliss) came in good shape, and I am
much pleased. They are the best earlj' potatoes I
know of. I thank you very much for .sending me 9
big bushels.

Bees have done well this sea.son ; but the price of
hoiiev is oiilv 8cts. for the best, and it is very slow
sale at that. ' Thomas Oberlitner.

Deshler, O., Nov. 1.

There is one thing that especially pleases me in the
above. Our good friend calls the "11 pecks, which we
put in for a barrel, " nine big bushels." I suppose
the explanation is that so many measure up potatoes,
and in measuring thev .seldom get over or as much as
60 lbs. Our potatoes a're all weighed in .sending them
out, and they usually overrun the measure used for
measuring potatoes.

874

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec. 15.

The Review at Reduced Rates.

The Bee-keepers' Review is 81.00 a year, but, for the sake of getting it into new hands, and being able
to begin the vear with a large list, I will, until Jan. 1st, send free to each new subscriber, a copy of "Advanced
Bee Culture,'"' a .50-cent book of nearly 100 pages, that gives briefly but clearly the best methods of management
from the time the bees are put into the cellar in the fall until they are again ready for winter— 32 chapters in
all. Those who prefer can have, instead of the book, 12 back numbers of the Review, the selection to be mine,
but no two numbers alike. All who send 81.00 now will receive the last four issues of this year free, and the
Review will be sent until the end of 1898. If not acquainted with the Review, send 10 cents' for three late but
different issues.

W. Z. HUTCHINSON. Flint, Mich.

$100

Given as BOUNTIES to purchasers of the improved
Danz. Hives and Sections. See schedule in my bee-
book "Facts About Bees." Tells how to produce honey
that .sells for the most monev. Free for 2c in stamps.
F. Danzenbaker, Box 466. Washington, D. C.

In writing to advertisers mention Gleanings.

BARRED PLYMOUTH ROCKS, Hawkins' noted
strains. A few choice birds for sale cheap, $1.00
each. Fred H. Burdett, Clifton, N. Y.

Philadelphia Office of

THE A. I. ROOT CO.,
10 Vine St., Philadelphia, Penn.

Now is the time to order

Shipping - cases, Winter Cases,
Chaff Division^boards, etc.,etc.

Order from catalog ; prices are same
as from factory.

Another
Great
Clubbing
Offer!

Two Great Papers at Price of One.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE
and the PRAIRIE FARMER (Chi-
cago), both papers for only $i.oo.

This offer is good either to new name or renewal, but in case of
renewal all back subscription must be paid up in addition to the $1
for the two papers. The Prairie Farmer is one of the leading farm
papers, and is clean in both the reading and advertising pages.

Address All Orders to

THE A. I. ROOT CO., Medina, Ohio.

Shipping=cases.

Root's popular Non-drip Shipping-cases at factory prices at
DES MOINES, IOWA. Immense stock. All orders for cases
or other goods shipped by return freight. Address

JOS. NYSEWANDER, Des Moines, Iowa.

Ten "Bee Journals^jfor Only 10 Cents!

Send 10 cents and get 10 different numbers of the weekly AMERICAN BEE JOUR-
NAL for 1897, five of them being the December issues, and contain the Buffalo
Convention^ Rf:port. These ten copies will give you a good idea of the value of
the Bee Journal. You will want it regularly after reading them. Better write at
once before the Buffalo Convention Numbers are all gone.

GEO. W. YORK & CO.,

Address

115 Michigan St., Chicago, UK

JOURHAIJ

■ delvote.d]

•andHoNE-Y
•AMD home:

•1NTEKEST6

Vol. XXV.

DEC. 15, 1897.

s.is^ptRVtAR '\@ "Medina-Ohio-

No. 24.

" \'iR(;ixiA "' might have the additional in-
formation, p 849, that two queens could be
wintered in one hive with a thin wood parti-
tion between them. A strong colony and a
nucleus could thus pass the winter in one hive.

Herr Andreas Abend asserts that a
virgin queen may be fertilized, even after be-
ginning to lay drone eggs. Three separate
queens, prevented from flying by bad weather,
were afterward fertilized, although ''buckel-
brut " was already in the hive. — Bieiien- 1 'ater.

A DISCUSSION is on across the sea as to
whether bees creep into the cells in winter.
So good authority as Rauschenfels and I_,'.h-
zen insist that they occupy only the spaces be-
tween the combs, constantly changing posi-
tion, and bees found in cells are either dead
bees or those that have gone there for food or
else because disturbed.

If it is true, as some good authorities in-
sist, that in winter bees don't stay in the cells,
then it is easy to believe that Gemmill is
right, p. S45, that sealed combs are better than
empty ones in the cluster. [I know we h ive
used sealed combs — yes, stuck them right
down into the cluster — during cold weather,
and have secured good results. — Ed.]

A REMARKABLE CASE is given b}' Dr. Gal-
lup, in Am. Bee Journal, which he calls "a
case where a queen was compelled to leave for
want of room " The colony swarmed and
left, leaving a pint of bees, sealed brood the
size of the hand, the rest of the combs solid
honey — no quccn-cell or unsealed brood. Has
a similar case ever been recorded? [I do not
remember any. — Ed.]

The question is asked in A. B. J., "Is
honey more liable to granulate or ferment in
leveled-down sections than with foundation? "
Of those trying it, two say yes, seven no; one
thinks yes and one thinks no. Three would
have cells \ inch deep; one, yi\ three, >^, and
three full depth. [As there is such a diversity
of answers it would appear that there is no
practical difference. — Ed.]

I jrsT BEI.IEVK it will be a good thing to
have the Pettit idea in the super carried out
with the fence. Still, with perfectly straight
separators it isn't any great trick to take the
unfinished sections fn m the outside rows of
half a dozen supers, mf-.ss them in a single
super, and have the bees make a nice job fin-
ishing them. [Yes, we expect to have that
idea carried out in all our 189S supers. The
fence makes its application very simple. — Ed.]

One man used queen -excluding zinc in
half his apiary, and ran all lor extracted hon-
ey. He weighed the honey of the two lots
separately, and claimed favor for the zinc. —
A^. E. France, in A. B. J. [And yet there
are some who are foolish enough to assert —
and I must think they do so without experi-
ence to back them up— that perforated zinc
should never be used in the hive. Such kind
of talk is about as foolish as to say that foun-
dation is a curse to the bee-keeping world.
—Ed.]

Herr Gravenhorst quotes what has been
said by Gleanings about bees hanging out,
and says that for years he has avoided it by
timely removal of sealed brood to prevent
over-populousness, and b}' wedging up the
hive and giving the fullest ventilation. [Giv-
ing the fullest ventilation, I am sure, -is all
right; but I should question very much the
desirability of reducing the working force at
a time when it may be most needed a little
later on. It is the big colonies that get the
hone}- — at least around Medina. —Ed.]

You'll laugh at me, perhaps, but one of
the things I enjoyed most at Buffalo was hear-
ing Dooiittle cry'" ' Tatoes ! ' tatoes ! " in im-
itation of the potato-vender. It wasn't the
fun of the story, although that was good; it
was the clear musical ring of his voice. [Yes,
I lo > enjoyed the intonation Dooiittle gave to
' tatoes; but " you will laugh at me," perhaps,
w^hen I tell you I have forgotten both the ap-
plication and the story. Will friend Dooiittle
please tell it to the readers of GLEANINGS
whenever an opportunity presents? — Ed.]

Replying to your question p. S3S, Mr.
Editor, I've a staggering notion that, after a
queen stop-i laying in the fall, and through
winter, she sort of abdicates the throne; and
while her royalty i-« laid aside the bees are
somewhat indifferent to her ; and a strange

876

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec. 15.

queen coming into the hive would be much
the same to the bees as a strange worker. But
remember that the notion doesn't stand square
and solid on its feet. [Why call it a " stag-
gering notion," doctor ? You have offered a
very plausible explanation, and to my eye it
stands squarely on its feet. — Ed ]

E. S. .\rwine, p. 846, seems a little uncer-
tain what may be meant by piping. Small
wonder. The term is generally applied loose-
ly to any noi;re a queen makes. Better follow
the G rmaii idea as used in Vol. I., American
Bee Journal. There are two distinct sets of
notes used by queens, differing in both pitch
and rhythm. In piping, a long shrill note is
uttered, followed by several others, each short-
er than its predecessor. In quahking, the
notes are coarser, more hurried, and more
nearly of the same length A queen never
pipes in a cell, and never quahks out of a cell.
Perhaps the note of a queen that is balled or
grabbed by a worker tnight be called a squeal,
being high pitched like piping.

" A COLONY having a laj-ing queen of the
current 3'ear's rearing can be pretty surelv re-
lied upon not to desire to swarm, no matter
how strong it may be within any reasonable
bounds." — R. L. Taylor's Buffalo paper.
That is probably true under some circum-
stances. One J ear I gave newh- reared queens
to prevent swarming, and nearly every one
swarmed. But I think the rule works all
right with Hutchinson. [The exception
proves the rule; but I should say, according
to my experience, that there maybe quite a
number of exceptions to this rule. I have al-
most come to believe that, in the matter of
swarming at least, bees are pretty sure, at
least at times, to break over all rules. — Ed.]

As NEARLY AS I can find out from others,
50° is the minimum temperature o^' a cluster
of bees — below that, death. With the sur-
rounding temperature at that poi it, the center
of the cluster may be the same. As the sur-
rounding air gets colder, there is more eating,
so as to fire up the center sufficiently to keep
periphery at 50°. So ihe colder outside, the
warmer in center of cluster ; and it may be-
come so warm in the midst of severe winter as
to allow brood-rearing, which requires 86° to
95°. [According to this we have the paradox
that, the colder the weather the warmer the
cluster. But the query arises in my mind,
" If this is so, why will not bees winter better
during prolonged severe cold weather than
during milder winters ? " Perhaps the answer
is, " Too much food consumption (and it is
certainly true in the hu nan family) causes dis-
ease."— Ed.]

A PLEASANT SIGHT it is to me to see in
some of the hives in the cellar, the bees hang-
ing two inches below the bottom - bars. I
don't know whether it's because the hive's so
full of bees or because the sealed honey comes
down so low, but likely the latter. [Yes, it is
a verj' pretty sight. When we wintered in
the cellar I used to enjoy looking at the great
bunches of healthy bees under the l>rood-
frames ; and at the beginning of winter I
would say to myself, " How much better in

the cellar than outdoors in a bunch pinched
together about the size of a snowball ! " but
when spring came on, and the cellar bottom
was literally covered with bees an inch deep
in places, then I thought to myself, "Would
they have died had they been outdoors ? ' '
We now winter on summer stands exclusively.
If our winters were more severe and prolong-
ed, r suspect we should get better results in
the cellar. But our outdoor bees have averag-
ed the best in wintering, and hence we prefer
that method for Medina. — Ed.]

N. Genn is much in love with his plan for
ventilating hives — no entrance either in hive
or bottom-board. In spring he puts a loose
lath under each side and one under back end.
When warmer he takes out the back lath,
leaving ventilation clear through. When
more ventilation is needed, put two thickness-
es of lath under each side, leaving back and
front all open. Simple and good, but some
will want the greater ventilation given by four
blocks. [This, and a good many other items
like it, going the rounds of the bee-keeping
world, all go to show that large entrances will
have to come. And, all in all, I believe that
the}- afford the best solution of the problem
of better ventilation. .\s the editor of the
Revieiv well remarks, a large entrance can
easily be contracted, but a small one can not
be enlarged. Putting blocks under the four
corners of the hive necessitates prying the
hive loose from thebotto'u, and breaking one's
back to get the hive up. How much easier to
manipulate a stop or slide weighing an ounce
or so to contract a large entrance! — Ed.]

"We USUALLY FIGURE on about 10 pounds
of hone} per Langstrolh frame " is the state-
ment on p. 852. I changed my views about
weight of combs after some wt ighing. Please
weigh some. I'll not reproach you with being
fickle-minded if you change that 10 to .some-
thing nearer 5. [After the estimate was print-
ed, the thought struck me that I had put it
too high, for the cold print afterward made it
seem to me too big ; so when I came across
this Straw I was quite ready to give up. At
all events, following your suggestion, with a
pair of spring scales I trapsed down to the
house-apiary through the mud, where we have
stowed away a lot of sealed combs of sealed
honey, which we always keep on hand for col-
onies short of stores. I weighed some of the
heaviest of these, and the scales showed 8^
lbs.; the me lium weights about 6; the light
ones about 4; so I ^hall have to acknowledge,
doctor, that 5 lbs. would be a correct estimate
to place upon combs as they are usually filled
in the hive with winter stores. My estimate
of 10 lbs. was based on the fact that, years
ago, when we were extracting, we had a good
many combs that weighed 10 lbs.; but I had
forgotten the fact that we then spaced our
frames l>i inches from center to center, in-
stead \y%, as we now do. The thought also
stiick in my mind that some of our heavy ex-
tracting-supers, which I lifted to put bee- es-
capes under, must weigh (according to my
back ) nearly a hundred pounds ; but they
probably did' not stand over 75, including the
hive-body. — Ed.]

ISO-

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Land Sharks; Something of Importance to Those

Who Contemplate Going West ; Failure of

Water Supply in Irrigated Districts.

BY R. C. AIKIN.

The original plan of our trip was to see the
Arkansas \'alley, with a view of locating
there. I could not make up my mind 1o leave
the alfalfa country entirely. Besides, after one
has lived a few years in a dry country he has
a dread of rain and nuid, so I hoped to find in
the .\r,cansas \'alley a low enough altitude to
suit my wife, and yet remain in the alfalfa
country, dry climate, and irrigated lands.
The difference in latitude between the Big
Thompson Valley at Loveland and the Arkan-
sas \'alley makes the winter about four weeks
shorter in the latter. The wintering problem
is not so much to be feared as we get more
south, which thought also led us in that direc-
tion. We intended, however, to view the val-
ley to at least near Central Kansas, thence go
north to Lincoln to be at the meeting of the
North American in October, beginning the 7th.
From Lincoln we were to pass east into South-
west Iowa, my old home, then from there
south through ^Missouri and Arkansas to Tex-
as. As we left Loveland Sept. 2d we had but
34 or IJ.j days to make a drive of 800 miles or
over, see the country, talk bees, and other
matters, and visit some friends along the route,
etc. Counting out Sundays and all other stops
we must average about .30 miles a day, else we
should miss the convention. We arrived at
Lincoln just after noon of the first day of the
convention.

I think perhaps a goodly number of the read-
ers of Gle.\nixg.S will be interested in know-
ing what we fourd on that trip, hurried as it
was. Some are looking w^estward for locations
because the state of their health demands a
change. Others are looking only to find a
place to obtain big crops and make money.
All together I know that many are anxious to
know what is in the West for them, and, know-
ing this, it is my desire to show Colorado as it
is; and right here I want to say to all who may
read this, that, should you get "boom adver-
tisements " of favored locations in the West,
don't you believe the lies they tell.

The Arkansas is a large stream. We found
considerable water in it at Pueblo, and quite a
strip of country down the valley that was wa-
tered and making comfortable 'hom€s. This
river, as do nearly all mountain streams, has a
rapid fall. A stream to supply irrigating wa-
ter at any reasonable cost must have from 10
to 20 or :;0 feet fall to the mile, that the water
rtiay be gotten out to the lands without the
ditches having to be very long.

Reader, just think of any ordinary river
that you know of, then think how many
ditches or canals it would take to lead all its
waters out. A ditch five to twenty feet wide
here; another a little further down on the oth-
er side. Travel along your river for fifty or
one hundred im'les, and see every few miles
ditches that are almost rivers in {liemselves,
and many .smaller ones, all leading the waters
out, the.se ditches themselves being divided
and subdivided, spreading out the waters un-
til they simply run out, and you have some idea
of how the waters of our streams are utilized.

Think of it in another way. Think how
the tiny streams from a great spread of coun-
try keep gathering into one another, uniting
and reuniting until they become rivers. Just
reverse the whole order of this, and .send the
water out into the vast army of little streams
and springs, and you have a system of irriga-
tion in operation. Thus it is that the waters
of large streams are turned from their courses
and spread upon the diy earth until the river-
bed becomes dry. Before we got out of Colo-
rado we forded the Arkansas (rather, crossed
without a bridge) where the channel was near-
ly half a mile wide, and not one drop of wa-
ter was visible — nothing but dry^ sand and
gravel. Now, suppose you had been an early
settler there, and had made a ditch from the
river, and watered your farm. In the course
of years many other settlers have passed be-
yond you, and taken claims, and made ditches
until the river brought you no water, making
of your farm what it originally was — a desert.
Well, just such things did happen, in more or
less degree, until our legislatures took hold of
the matter, and now it is so that, as long as
the stream has in it " unappropriated water,"
one may appropriate and take out water; but
since the snow supply in the mountains varies,
and as it becomes less, the last appropriation
is the first to be denied the right to draw un-
til the " prior " rights are satisfied.

Last year was one of short water-supply,
and we .saw ditches t lat had not had water in
them the whole summer — r itches miles and
miles long, covering dozens of farms, and
costing thousands of dollars. I verily believe
that there is enough barren land — barren only
for lack of moisture — east of the Rocky Moun-
tains and west of the Missouri, to consume
the waters of both the Missouri and Missis-
sippi.

Now, can you realize what it is to come to
Colorado to farm ? No, you can not. Come
and see it, and still you can not fully realize
it. Some boom paper will offer "lands under
ditch; " and when you buy and go to farm it
you find the ditch dry, or nearly so. Colorado
has some fine productive farms, some well-wa-
tered country, some nice cities and towns, and,
above all, a sunny and rather genial climate;
but if you are not familiar with conditions and
environments, come and see it before you sell
out and leave comfortable homes elsewhere.
Almost every one knows pretty much what the
East is; but very few in the East know what
the West is.

The Arkansas Valley is surely very produc-
tive where they have the water-supply ; but

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

DEC. 1.5

the river, though a large one, can water but a
narrow strip of country through which it pass-
es. We saw fine farms and quite a number of
apiaries in the valley. We also saw quite
large tracts of alfalfa where there were few or
no bees to pasture it At Rocky Ford was
that extensive apiarist Mr. Hagan. We called
at his home, but he was down street. We
went down street and met him. I have ever
since had a suspicion that friend Hagan did
not want any more bee keepers spying out
that country, so we passed on. I don't know
how much honey that vicinity produced, but
meloES were everywhere. I was told that, up
to that time, about September 1-5, over 400 car-
loads of melons had been shipped out.

Las Animas seemed to have many bees too,
and there we called at the home of Mr. Oliver
Foster, but no one was there. Before leaving
town we learned that Mr. Foster and family
were out of town for a day or two. As we
must be at Lincoln on time we could not wait,
so passed on.

We traveled that valley, I suppose, for 400
miles or more; and while there are some good
honey locations, there are many more places
that would not support even a small apiary.

We have talked much about water. We
call the Missouri the " Big Muddy," and I
think the Arkansas might be calltd the Little
Muddy. I do not know about the North
Platte, but I do know that the vSouth Platte
and the Arkansas, and some other streams as
well, are so muddy and so alkaline that they
are not "respectable" to drink from, and
sometimes wholly unfit to either drink out of
or wash in.

\'ery much of the countr}- near the moun-
tains, and in many localities all over the arid
regions in particular, is full of alkali. Where
irrigating is practiced, the water leaches out
the alkali and carries it in solution, so that,
wherever the water is found again in springs,
wells, or swamps, it is unfit for use. In al-
most all of the irrigated country with which I
am acquainted, a very large per cent of both
well and running water is alkaline. A large
per cent, however, of the streams before they
leave the hills are as clear as crystal, and free
of alkali. The cities of Fort Collins, Love-
land, Bertlioud, Longmont, and Boulder, all
near the mountains, and drawing their supplies
from above irrigation, have good water. Den-
ver is only medium, while down the Arkansas
the only good drink we could get was by eat-
ing melons. I am thankful we passed through
that valley in melon season. Eastern Colo-
rado, off the streams, where ' ' deep wells ' '
are put down to " sheet water," has good wa-
ter.

To find church privileges, good water, good
markets, good honey resources, etc., in com-
bination, is what we failed to do.
( Cotitinucd. )

[Permit me to say a word in regard to farms
located where the supply of water is likely to
be exhatisted. We saw quite a few of them in
the neighborhood of Phoenix, Arizona ; and I
do not know of a sadder sight than a farm
where some one has tried in vain to make a

home, and, after having expended both time
and money, to see every thing go to ruin just
because water was all gone before it reached
his ranch. Lots of swindles have been perpe-
trated, so I am told, b}' the land speculators,
along this very line. My friend Elvey, whom
I have mentioned, gave me one case by way
of illustration. A friend of his got into the
toils of these land pirates ; but Mr. Elvey got
hold of him in the nick of time, and gave him
fair warning. He refused to have any thing
to do with them, and went back home — quite
a distance, by the way. After he reached
home he received a letter from these same
fellows, telling of some unforeseen train of
circumstances where a valuable piece of prop-
erty was to be sold for a song, and they finally
offered to pay his expenses both ways in case
he declined ' to take up with the offer. He
went back again, and the sharks succeeded so
well in convincing him that his chance was
onlv one in a thousand that he made the deal
without consulting his old friend Elvey at all,
and then found that he had been swindled out
of almost every thing he had in the world.
He moved on to the place, however, used
what little means he could scrape up to go on
and raise crops, and then became bankrupt.
The men who had robbed him just laughed
when he tried to get them to stand by what
was only a verbal agreement. If 3-ou want to
buy property, talk with the farmers who are
working the land, and not with the land
speculators.

In regard to the luscious melons grown
aroimd Rocky Ford, we were surprised last
season to see that some of them had made
their way into our Medina groceries. They
were snapped up at once at an advanced price
because of the world-wide reputation of these
same melons. Permit me to add that we have
been having quite a little business in the way
of making crates for cantaloupes to be shipped
to melon-growers, by the carload. You see
there are choice and valuable localities for
growing crops under irrigation ; but you do
not, as a rule, find them in the hands of the
land speculators. — A. I. R.]

TOMPKINS COUNTY BEE-KEEPERS' CONVENTION
AT GREENFIELD, N. Y.

My Trip Through Another One of the Great Honey

Counties of York State; the George Junior

Repulilic.

BY ERNEST R. ROOT.

You will remember that I left Groton with
Mr. Miles Morton, in a buggy, to attend the
convention at I'reeville, which I had been
invited to atteml; and that, on the route, we
stopped to take in one of Mr. Morton's porta-
ble house-apiaries, and take a snap shot or
two, the result of which has already been giv-
en on page S07. Leaving the house-apiary
we proceeded on our way to Freeville, a small
town located at the junction of two railroads.
As it is a sort of pleasure-resort, and is so cen-
trall}' located, it was selected as the place of

1897

GLRANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

iiKcliny; of the Toin]ikins Co. hce- keepers.
Arriviiij^ there, we found that the bee-kee]iers
had already he>;un to assenil)le; after a .s^eiier-
al hand-shake and an clej^ant picnic dinner,
we were called to order by Pres. Wood. I will
not attempt to rehearse the discussions that
took place at that time, as they are now too
dimly fixed in my mind. I do remember that
I was j^ven two or three friendly "shots,"
which I suppose were designed to wake me
up. I was suffering at the time from a horri-
ble cold — a sort of influenza that I had caught
on my return from the Seneca Co. bee-keep-
ers' convention some two or three days be-
fore. .^ night ride on the bicycle, and then
afterward, wet with sweat, sitting in the de-
lightful breeze of the cool summer air, so re-
freshing and grateful, gave me what I de-
served.

There were present at that convention a
number of bee-keepers who had colonies ag-
gregating from 3(»() to 100(1, and who were just
full — yes, brimful, running over — with facts
and ex; eriences in regprd to bees. Both dur-
ing the convention and after it I made it a
point to pump those fellows as much as I
could; and some of t'e things T have already
given to the bee-keeping world have come
from those same men.

The president, Mr. Wood, after giving me an
introduction, told me that I was expected to
occupy the rest of the time; and then those bee-
keepers, with their colonies running up into
the several hundreds, b^gan to " pump" uic.
I suspect I told them all I knew about bees,
and perhaps some things I did not know.
Taking it all in all, we managed to have an
interesting and lively time. Before the ad-
journment of the convention, I secured, as a
matter of course, two views of the bee-keepers.

THE M.A.N WHOSE BKES DID NOTHING BUT
SWARM.

At this convention there was a unique and
interesting old gentleman natned Luther
Greenfield. He had a hundred or so colonies
within a quarter of a mile, and invited all the
bee-keepers present to visit his apiary. .A.bout
half of us accepted the invitation. Mr. Green-
field acknowledged that he for some reason
could not get as much honey as the other fel-
lows w^ho boasted of their big crops. He al-
most intimated, in his good-natun-d Yankee
nasal twang, that he did not b^lieve that
" them 'ere fellers " could get any more honey
than he. In the course of a good-natured
banter it leaked out that he had anywhere
from six to twelve swarms out at one time
during the height of the honey-flow. " Why,"
said he, "I can get svva'ms, plenty of 'em;
but somehe'ow I can't git any honey like you
fellers claim."

The " boys" rather poked fun at him a lit-
tle, because he had, within half a mile of his
apiary, one field of buckwheat aggregating a
hundred acres or more, and various other small
fields within range of his bees. I think it
was Niver who called upon Mr. Greenfield at
one time, and found him employed in the api-
ary, trying to take care of about six or eight
swarms in the air. He was barehanded, bare-

footed, bareheaded, and baldhcaded in the
bargain, and the "bees stinging just like
Jehu." " What in Sam Hill made the bees
swarm so," he could not understand.

"Why," said Niver, "your hives are too
small, and your acreage of buckwheat is too
large. Give them room — give them room."

While the bee-keepers were in the yard I
took one or two snap-shots, one of which I
reproduce herewith. Mr. Greenfield him.self
is in the center of the group, with smoker in
hand, just proceeding to open one of his hives.
Veil ? He did not want any thing of the sort.
What did he care for a few stings ? At the
extreme right of the ]:)icture, with white straw
hat, is Mr. W. L. Coggshall — the man who
manages, with two helpers, a thousand colo-
nies in iiiTie different apiaries. The furthest
yard, I think, is some forty miles from his
home, and the nearest is some three or four.
Just in front of Mr. Coggshall, with his hands
behind him, with straw hat, is the secretary
of the convention, Mr. J. L. Kinney. Just in
front of Mr. Kinney's right, with wdiite beard,
light suit, is Mr. Miles Morton, who needs no
introduction to our readers.

I was introduced to all of the bee-keepers
there present ; but for the life of me I can not
remember another one save the young man at
the left of the picture, who has a straw hat in
his hand. That is Mr. Coggshall, junior, who
helps his father considerably in the manage-
ment of their extensive apiaries.

H.\RRY HOWE, THE LIGHTNING OPERATOR.

Just back of Luther Greenfield, with his
head obscured from view, is Mr. Harry S.
Howe, of Ithaca, N. Y., but formerly in the
employ of Mr. Cogg.shall, of West Groton.
Mr. Howe is a young man in whom Mr. Cogg-
shall has taken a special interest — in fact,
almost brought him up. Harry was bright,
active, and earned the title of being one of
Coggshall's "lightning operators." "Why,"
said Mr. C, "that boy could handle more
colonies, and extract more honey — in fact, do
any other work among the bees in a given
time — than any other man or boy I ever
knew." Harry has had to work his way
through life from a boy up. He worked days
and studied evenings, and latterly has for a
number of years taught school. It was he
who subsequently showed me through the
buildings of Cornell Univer.sity ; and while he
did not profess to be one of its .students or
graduates, he seemed to be well up in some of
the departments of learning of that institution.
But I suppose one rea.son why I was attracted
so strongly to Harry w'as because*of the fact
that he is an ardent bicycle man. While I
was with him part of one day we talked not
only bees, but bicycles and every thing con-
nected with them.

But to return. I took two or three snap
.shots of Harry as he was riding on his favorite
bike — one he made him.self ; but, unfortunate-
ly, it was near the end of the film, and the
pictures were " no good."

After I had taken the view shown herewith,
I proposed that :\Ir. Greenfield " hare up " his
bees, and while they were making a ' ' scatter-

880

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Drx. 15.

ation " among the bee-keepers I would take a
snap shot. Mr. Greenfield readily did the
" haring up " — yes, he did it to perfection —
and the bee-keepers did the rest — performed
the windmill act, jumped over hives — in fact.

"streaks" were so badl}- mixed up that one
could not tell which from t'other.

THE JUNIOR REPUBLIC AT FREEVILLE.
After we had enjoyed ourselves at the
Greenfield apiary a few of us paid a short

retreated in a hasty and inglorious deft at. My
camera caught the whole performance ; but,
unfortunately, m}' shutter was not set for
quick work ; and the consequence is, that
every man who started to run left a streak of
himself, as it were, on the picture, and the

visit to the George Juriior Rt])ublic, situated
about half a m,le from Freeville, and on top
of a magnificent hill which commands a fine
view of the .surrounding country. The George
Junior Republic— what is it ? To many of you
it needs no introduction. A certain Mr.

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

881

George, a youu!^ man cif about .SO or 'A'> years
of age, conceived the idea of taking uj) a lot
of street waifs from the cities. He had no
difficulty in securing this sort of material, you
may he sure. Hy dint of hard work he man-
aged to get men of means, antl churches,
interested. Some cheap buildings were con-
structed at I'reeville, consisting of dormitories
and other necessary buildings. The scheme
was to organize these boys into a " Junior
Republic." They were to have a president,
vice-president, senate, house of representa-
tives, police force, detectives, and all the other
accouterments of a well-eciui])ped government.
The scheme was carried out, and the boys not
only liked the idea of bossing themselves, but
actually governed them.selves in an admirable
manner. I was told that some of the worst
boys made the best police officers. They
are taught civil government, given an inkling
of some of the great questions of the day, coin
their own money, establish banks, make their
own laws ; arrest, convict, and carr}- out their
own penalties. Contrary to what one might
expect, the scheme ha.s proven to be a grand
success, both from an educational and a moral
point of view.

I had often read about this institution, and
it was a real pleasure to see the thing itself,
and to shake hands with the founder, Mr.
George, a man whom we must all admire.

Just as we were about to leave, one little
chap ( our guide ) spied a button that was on
Mr. Xiver's coat, which bore the w'ords " Sin-
gle Tax " upon it. Cocking his eye at the
button he turned and said :

" What's single tax ? "'

"That's too big a question," said Mr. Niver.
"I could hardly answer it now. But I sup-
pose vou could tell us all about free trade and
the tariflf ? ' '

" You bet," w-as the response.

THE \EW SECTION AND FEXCE.

Comments and Suggestions.

BV DR. C. C. MILLER.

It is not always easy to get at the real merits
of any new thing until the time comes when
it can hardly be longer said to be new. On
the one hand, some are .so enthu.siastic about
it that they see merits that exist only in imag-
ination; and on the other hand there will be
those who think the\- clearly foresee grave
evils sure to result from the adoption of the
new thing — evils which never come to pass.
As an illustration, I may refer to the introduc-
tion of comb foundation some vears ago, and
a still more marked case of recent date is the
drawn foundation.

Now comes a fresh candidate for popular
favor in the shape of a no-bee-way section
with its accompanying fence separator. It
seems a little strange that so far the only words
spoken of this innovation are words of com-
mendation. Possibly the time for adverse
criticism is not yet. ' Certainly you, Mr. Edi-
tor, have presented the merits of the case not
only strongly but enthusiastically. If it's a

good thing, you have a right to be enthusias-
tic.

If you will allow me, I should like to dis-
cuss the matter from my standpoint — not by
any means from a disinterested standpoint,
but from the standpoint of one deejjly inter-
ested. To get right down to the bottom, the
quest on w-ith me is whether the change will
put more or less money in my pocket in the
course of the next five or ten years. And I
take it that, in the long run, you and I are not
apart in that; for in the final analysis, what-
ever is a good thing for me as a honey -produc-
er is a good thing for you as a manufacturer.

On page <S17 you enumerate reasons that
have induced you to make the fen e and the
no-bee way section a part of the regular hive-
equipments. That is equivalent to saying
those are the reasons why comb-honey pro-
ducers should use them.

Your first point is that, in the long run, the
fence separators are cheaper than the old ones.
If that point is fully settled, you have pretty
well settled the whole question. I don't know
that 3'ou are wrong about it, but I'd like to be
more sure you are right ; for it is one of the
points of most importance. You say the
fence lasts for years, while the old separator,
after being used a year, had to be discarded
for a new one. I confess I don't see why the
fence will last any longer than the plain sepa-
rator. The old separator wdll last for j'ears.
I think you will iind a good many so using
them. As a matter of economy, some throw
them away after one year's use because it
costs more to clean them than to buy new
ones I think it will cost as much to clean a
panel of fence as to clean a plain separator.
If, then, I am to clean separators, and if it
costs as much t- clean one kind as another,
there can be no economy in the fence unless I
can buv it for less price than the other. The
fact that it may be still cheaper to throw away
the old se]Darators and get new ones cuts no
figure in the case, unless it be an argument in
favor of the old separators. Now, if we know
the price of the fence we can tell whether it
will be economy or not. It may be economy
for some and not for others, for all do not now
use the same separators. It depends somewhat
on the super. Some are now using separa-
tors that cost •'^4.U0 or more a thou.sand, while
others have those which cost ■'-^2.00 or less.
However, if there are enough other advantages
we can afford a little more expense, as we have
done in many other things.

Carefully looking through your No. 2, I'm
not sure I can raise any objection, although
only trial can determine whether prettier sec-
tions can be produced with the fence. The
only experience I have had in that line is with
the Danzy super, which alternates the fence
with the common separator. In some cases
the sections are slightly ribbed opposite the
spaces in the separator — not a serious detri-
ment, but still a detriment. Possibly this may
not occur with narrower spaces, and I have an
impression that the sample of fence I saw in
Chicago has smaller spaces than have the sep-
arators in the Danzy supers, for these last
have spaces a little more than J4 inch. Any

882

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec. 15.

thing that tends toward more free commu-
nication makes the bees more wiUing to en-
ter, and, what is perhaps of as much conse-
quence, more wilHng to remain — a point you
do not mention. I suspect that, when a cold
night comes, the more free ihe communica-
tion throughout, the less likely the bees are
to desert the super.

Your third point, upon which you are not
positive but hopeful, is that the fence will
largely do away with passage-holes in the
corners. I have just looked through the sec-
tions built in the Danzy super, every alternate
separator being a fence. In every case the
lower corners were unusually bad. The small-
est holes were a shade less than half an inch
long, but for every one as small as that there
were three that were more than an inch long.
Then I examined 12 sections filled between
common separators, these sections having been
thrown out of first class because not quite fin-
ished out, and I found 15 holes in the 48 cor-
ners, these holes being much smaller than the
others. But it will not do to base a general
principle upon so small premises ; and it is
only fair to add that the sections in the first
case had only small starters at the top while
the others were filled with foundation. Possi-
bly this last might fully account for the differ-
ence ; but it leaves the fact that, in some cases
at least, the alternate separator being a fence,
and only starters used, pop-holes in the cor-
ners will be bad.

The fourth point, that the fence is stronger,
doesn't make any difference with me. I have
never had any trouble on that score. Very
likely it may be a fine thing for you who per-
sist in using something inferior to a T super.
It's a good thing to have the section-holder
improved in some way.

Your fifth point is one that can not fail to
secure attention, that the new sections will de-
mand a better price. Whether that will hold
good in all cases is a matter to be determined.
You say the new sections look so much better.
I put a lot of Danzy sections in two rows, the
one showing the side next the fence, the others
showing the side next the common separator.
I was a little surprised to find less difference
than I expected; and upon asking others, who
knew nothing about what I was at, they didn't
seem to see any difference till I called their
attention to it. But isn't it possible that we
have become so used to the leanness of the or-
dinary section that we are no longer impressed
by it? I remember when I first used separa-
tors that I felt disappointed in the appearance
of the sections as compared with sections
without separators; and I distinctly remember,
in a convention, James Heddon arguing against
the use of separators, saying the sections had
a lean look ; and he threw a lot of meaning
into that word "lean," as he drew it out to
some length.

But whatever else maj^ be said, if it remains
a fact that the sections in question sell more
readily or at a better price, then we can hard-
ly afford to do without them. For if there is
any advance in price at all, it is verj^ likely to
more than offset the small additional cost.
We have testimony from more than one source

that such sections do sell better. Until there
is rebutting testimony, we must give this some
weight.

I suppose I shall shock you by saying that
I don't see much weight in your sixth point.
It is true, as you say, that "it is not an easy
matter to clean out the insets of the ordinary
old-style sections." I don't want to clean them
out. They don't need it. " You know bet-
ter?" Hold on now, and don't ge excited.
I didn't say your sections don't need it, for
they do. But mine don't You see, in a T
super there is nothing touching the insets, so
noihing to invite bee-glue into cracks. For
you, no doubt, it will be an improvement of
some consequence. Any thing that helps to
obviate the defects of the seci ion-holder will
be a good thing for those who have nothing
better.

Your seventh point holds good for those
who use section -holders. Anything to make
their burdens lighter should be welcomed.

Point eight is worth figuring on — any thing
that saves money in direct outlay. And I con-
fess that, after a little figuring, it looks more
important to me than it did. Take the popu-
lar 12-lb three-row case at $7.00 per hundred.
One hundred cases will hold 1200 ordinary
sections, or 1500 of the new sections; 1200 of
the new sections will take 80 cases. There's
20 cases, or 81 .40, saved on every ] 200 sections,
or on every hundred cases one has to have in
the old way. Let's see what that will do to-
ward evening up on the separator business.
It takes 5 separators in a 24 section super.
That's 1000 separators for 4800 sections. As
we saved si. 40 on every 1200 sections, we'll
save 85.60 on 4800 sections — that is, the saving
on cases will give us 83.60 to apply on every
thousand separators. Say — why don't you
tell us something about what the fence will
cost ? If you can furnish it at an advance of
no more than |;5.60 per 1000 over the price of
the old separators, then we'll make money by
u.sing it, even if we can get no more in price
for our honey. For the 81.40 isn't all we save
on the 1200 sections. There's the making
of the cases, the extra time handling and
weighing, and that amounts to quite a little
when one is rushed to get the crop shipped.

Probably you think I'm trying to find a good
deal of fault with your new arrangements.
Well, you see if some one didn't do something
of the kind you'd be so set up that no one
could live with you. But please don't resent
it to such a degree that you'll say you can't
furnish fencing that will fit T supers. For
fear you should, I'll just mention that, in
some cases, the saving of room will be quite
an item. I mean the room the honey will take
after it is in shipping-cases. And another
item is that sections with the inset are liable
to have the comb injured when standing in a
case or on a table, by means of the side of
another section being shoved against them.
With the new section this is entirely impossi-
ble so long as both sections sit flat on the bot-
tom.

By way of a parting word, I may say that
the new sections will give s-ome occasion to
grocers' clerks to indulge in profanity. What

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

883

kind of a chance is there to j^^el the first sec-
tion out of a case when all the space is filled
up, and no rooui to stjuee/.e j-our thumb nail
between the tops of the sections ?

[Doctor, you haven't read all of Glkanings.
On pai^e S2S you will find the cost of the new
fence stated. While it is true it will cost more
than the old-style plain separator, it will last
longer and will be as cheap or cheaper in the
end. It is also st'onger and more durable.
But right here you stick in a question-mark.
The oriiinary plain sawed separator is made of
one strip of wood less than ,',. inch thick and
4 '2 wide. There are no cleats — in fact, there
is nothing to stiffen it ; and the constant
handling of these, in and out of supers, has a
tendency to break more or less of them ; and
the entire lack of stiffening causes some to
curl and warp, rendering them useless. The
new fence will be stronger than the old sep-
arator, just as a panel door is stronger than
one wide door of the same width and length
of one board, or as a cable made of strands of
wire is stronger than a rod of iron of the same
diameter. The new fence is made up of four
slats and eight cross-cleats. If there is a
slight tendency in one slat to twist or warp,
that tendency will be counteracted or correct-
ed by the next slat, and by the cross-cleats
binding the whole four together.

With regard to the matter of scraping or
cleaning, that will be much simpler with the
fence than with the old separator. All that is
necessary is to scrape the cross-cleais — an op-
eration that needs to be done only once in two
or three years, if I am correct.

As to the third point, regarding corner holes
where j'ou alsj raise a question mark, I might
say that I looked over a thousand pounds or
so of Morton's honey — that is, I picked up
sections at random from different supers and
different places; and the remarkable part of it
was that there were not any corner holes in
any of the honey, so far as I can remember.
This seemed to me very significant; and after
I arrived home I fell to thinking about it more
and more, especially when friend Danzenbaker
showed me some of his slat- separator honey.
I looked over quite a lot of it, and in appear-
ance it was about the same as Morton's.

With regard to the better appearance of the
honey in plain sections, I am rather of the
opinion that, if you will place that same hon-
ey, one lot in one shipping-case and one lot in
another, behind glass, your women-folks will
detect the difference. I have shown, to quite
a number, the two cases that were illustrated
in Gleanings, and the verdict has been every
time that the honey in the plain sections looked
better; but for what reason the observers could
not say, as they were not experts in judging
honey.

So you do not see any weight in my sixth
point, namely, the advantage of the plain sec-
tion in point of scraping and stain ? The best
way to convince )Ou would be to take you
through York State with me, where propolis
is smeared over every thing. There are some
localities where honey has to remain on the
hive for a considerable time, because the flow,

while continuous, is very moderate. It is un-
der such conditions that the insets of tlie old-
style sections are badly stained.

While the matter ol scraping may not be of
any great importance with you, I am sure
that, with 1)9 other bee-keepers, it means much.

We expect to be able to furnish fences for T
supers and every other sort of super; but in
the case of irregular or odd sized ones, of
course a corresponding price will have to be
charged.

With regard to j-our last paragraph, I grant
it seems as if the new plain section would be
more difficult to remove from shipping-cases;
but the fact is, all shipping-cases should be
provided with a follower and wedge, both for
safety in ship])ing and for convenience in tak-
ing irregular sizes of sections. For example,
our regular 24-pound shipping- case, by the use
of the follower and wedge, or by the omission
of either one or both, is adapted to take either
7 to the foot, 1>^, or 1% sections, or even two
inches. W^ell, then, when the grocer receives
his cases of 1 % sections, all he has to do is to
remove first the wedge, and then the rest is all
easy ; and speaking of wedges reminds me
that twisted paper stuck in between the side of
the super and the follower is the very best form
of wedge that can be devised. It answers as a
very nice cushion as well as a wedge. — Ed.]

BEAN HONEY A\D BEAN-GKOWIXG.

BY C. A. HATCH.

To the average bee-keeper of the Eastern
States, bean honey seems to be a myth — one
among the many conjured up in the fertile
brain of a Pacific-coast resident ; and talk of
bean-fields suggests to him only the garden-
patches of his neighbors, or possibly a field
of an acre or so grown b}' some ambitiovis
one ; but to think of a farmer putting his
whole farm into beans, and ■ lima beans at
that, is unheard-of rashness. But here in
California a good many things are possible
that in the East would be quite impossible.
Not only do farmers plant their whole farms
to beans, but very large farms at that. One
ranch near \'entura has lUOO acres, mostly in
beans. The crop of this one ranch was 11)
carloads one year. I saw 10 two-horse teams
cutting, and 2') men shocking beans on their
ranch this year, at one time.

How would it seem to see rows of lima
beans one mile long? Impossible I you say;
can not get poles enough for so many. But
there are no poles used, and the large running
lima is the kind grown, too, mostly. Some
few Burpees are grown, but the large kind
give the best satisfaction.

Ventura is called the bean county, and
rightly, for three-fourths of the beans grown
west of the Rocky Mountains are grown with-
in her borders. Other parts of the State grow
other kinds, but \'entura stands at the top for
limas.

Thirty thousand acres is about the amount
planted this year, which is 10,000 acres less
than last year. The crop last year amounted
to 1700 carloads. One thousand pounds is

834

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec. 15.

called a good crop; but 2")00 pounds has been
grown on one acre without irrigation.

The beans never, as a rule, have a drop of
rain fall on them from the time of planting to
harvesting. The moisture in the ground, and
the ocean fogs, furnish all the moisture; no
rains to hinder cultivation or stop harvesting;
but weeds grow all the same, rain or no rain,
and cultivation must be prompt and thorough.

The beans are planted in drills about three
feet apart, and 10 to 12 inches apart in the
row, by a machine putting in three or four
rows at a time. Cullivation is done by hurse
power, and but little is done by hand; but if
weeds get into the rows, hand-hoeing is nec-
essary, for few weeds are allowed to grow to
take moisture from the main crop; and after
the beans are cut and cleaned off, a sheep
would almost starve on 100 acres, so clean are
the fields kept.

Harvesting is done with a sled-like machine
having two knives extending in and .sloping
backward, one irom each runner. Each knile
cuts one row, and an arm of iron placed jiist
back of the knife throws the two rows togeth-
er. Men follow with forks, and bunch the
beans, where they remain until hauled to the
thrashing-floor or thrashing-machine.

Thrashing is done in two ways — by a thrash-
ing-machine or by tramping out with horses
or " floors " prepared by smoothing off a piece
of clay ground, wetting it so as to make it
soft, then pounding until hard and smooth.
In this method a disk harrow is frequently
used to draw over the beans, one man fol-
lowing close behind the harrow and horses,
wHth a fork to loosen, and toss the vines to-
ward the center of the track around which the
horses move. When enough are tramped out,
the rubbish is cleaned out by a " cl aner " — a
kind of fanning-mill suited lo the business.

All beans are handled in gunny sacks, which
go with the beans when sold; in fact, all kinds
of grain, potatoes, and every thing that can be
sacked, is put into these same sacks, which,
by the way, are the source from wiiich comts
most of the smoker fuel used by the Califor-
nia bee-keepers.

Bean honey is white and of fine quality,
but not positive in flavor, like clover or
basswood. It never gets as thick as sage hon-
ey, and is prone to candy quickly.

The honey crop from this source is rather
uncertain, as it seems to V)e very sensitive to
weather conditions ; too much sunshine dries
the blossom, and hence dries the honey; and
too much cloud and fog prevents the bees
working, even if there be honey. This year
the bloom was abundant, but the right condi-
tions of weather seemed to be lacking. Just
what those conditions are, it is hard to tell.

The greatest benefit to be derived from this
source, it seems, is to make it a source of food
supply in years of failure in other honey-
plants; for, no matter how good a location one
might have for bean honey, its uncertainty
and shortness of flow would hardly justify
any one in running an apiary for that kind of
honey alone. The very source of prosperity
to the bean-plant (ocean fogs) seems to be hon-
ey-destroying to other plants. The fodder, or

bean straw, from lima beans, makes excellent
feed for dairy stock; and horses, when accus-
tomed to it, do well on it. The straw is baled
and sold the same as hay.
Pasadena, Cal.

[Friend Hatch, you have given us several
points of value to bean-growers here in the
East. First, beans are a dry-season crop. I
have noticed for years that drouth never seems
to hurt beans at all, but rather seems to do
them good when the soil, culiivaiiuu, etc., are
as they should be. Again, the old-fashioned
pole lima beans give more bushels lo the acre,
at least so I take it, than Burpee's bush lima.
But they are so nuich less trouble here in the
East 1 think we had better take the Burpees,
even if we do not get so many, especially
where we are growing i.liem by the acre.

\'ery likely your great bean-farms have been
the means ol bringing about the present low
prices on all kinds of beans. We see Califor-
nia limas quoted at S cents per pound. That
would be less than §2.00 a bushel. I have oft-
en wondered why these California limas would
not be just as good to plant as seed beans that
cost from four to five dollars a bushel here in
the East. Has anybody tried it? And I won-
der, too, why beans would not succeed in any
desert land where it never rains at all. Your
suggestions in regard to the ocean fog perhaps
hit llie point at least partially.

P'inally, if ii is a Utile discouraging to the
grower to have beans so cheap, it is a great
blessing to the hungry and starving people in
diff'erent pjrtioiis of this world of ours. I
have been told that a poiuul of beans will
keep up a man's strength longer than a pound
of any other grain or vegetable, or any sort of
meat. 1 hear just now they are talking about
getting beans lo Alaska, to save the starving
miners. We are very much obligecl to you for
what you tell us about bean honey. It seems
that the bee-keeper is not always absolutely
sure ot a crop anywhere on the lace of the
earth, even where there may be thousands of
acres of beans, alfalfa, or white clover right
in bloom. — .-V. I. R.]

LARGE ENTRANCES TO HIVES.

Especially Adapted to Wintering.

BY THADDEUS SMITH.

When I was a boy, some 55 years ago, my
father kept quite a number of bees. It was,
of course, before the invention of movable-
comb hives, and the bees were in the old-style
box hives. At that time the bee-moth was
very numerous, and it was supposed that the
moth-worm destroyed many colonies of bees ;
and hence inventors turned their attention to
making moth-proof hives and patent moth-
traps, which were offered to bee-keepers as
sure remedies against the ravages of the moth.

My father was an experimenter in this line.
The worms were found in large numbers under
the edge of the hive where it rested upon the
bottom-board, where they had taken refuge
when dislodged from the comb. I was re-

1897

GLEANINGS IN HKE CULTURE.

885

quired to j^o anmiul to the liivis early in the
inorniuj:^, raise the hive, ami kill the worms.
Chips were placed ahout the entrances for the
worms to hide under so that they could be
killed. He noticed that the worm, in makin<j^
its web or cocoon, cut away some of the wood
near it and worked it into the cocoon. He
reasoned that, if they had no hiding-place,
and no wooil to form their cocoon, they would
either die or be destroyed by birds and poul-
try. Actinjr upon this idea he raised the hives
Viiich above the bottom-board by drivinj^ a
big fence-nail in each corner of the hive, leav-
ing the ends projecting downward ^4 of an
inch, and, removing the bottom-board, put
each hive upon a smooth flat stone. I don't
know that this was an eflfectual remedy for
the moth, but it gave the bees a good chance
to carry them ofif, and we did not have to kill
the worms any more ; and it is a good case of
a large entrance. This all-around entrance
was never closed or contracted, winter or sum-
mer, and, so far as I know, the bees never suf-
fered from too nmch ventilation. I do know
that many of these hives remained in that po-
sition from 8 to 10 years without change. I
never knew loss from wintering unless there
was a deficiency in honey. How about the
difficulty these bees would' have in getting up
into the hive ? Well, I never saw them climb
the four iron stairwa}S, but ' ' they got there all
the same."

Pelee Island, Ontario.

[I have yet to hear of one bad thing against
large entrances ; and, on the other hand, we
are getting letters every day indorsing tliem.
In a year or so we shall all wonder how bee-
keepers could be so siupid as to get along \\'\\\v
small entrances for so many years. One rea-
son, I think, for making the entrance only :5s
deep was to keep the mice out. But what
does the mere matter of mice amount to in
comparison with the other great advantages
of better ventilation, prevention of bees loaf-
ing on the outside during the height of the
honey-flow, and, to a Ci nsiderable extent, the
reduction of swarming ? INIice ! They ought
to be trapped, or held in check by cais. — Ed.]

A NEW STYLE OF BOTTOM-HO.AIU).

An Ingenious Idea.

BY W. A. CAMPEKLL.

Mr. A'ool:- — In reply to your favor of Oct.
9, offering to illustrate my new bottom-board
in Glk.\nings, I shall try to make plain the
manner of its construction and use.

Fig. 1 shows a bottom with alighting-board
lying in front. The boards B, B, are joined
together with >^-inch lap. They are each 9^
in. wide by 12% long, 7/s thick, with tongues on
their ends, y% in., let into grooved side-cleats,
C, C. The side-cleats are '/i-s.\}i in., 21 's in.
long. D is a strip >^x?s in., 12>8, nailed to B.
A is the reversible alighting-board, by means
of which three sizes of entrance may be had.
It is ?>yi in. wide, with projections on ends
similar to boards B, B, but a trifle less, that it

may slide freely in grooves. If, in I'ig. 1,
board A is pushed directly into grooves in
cleats, C, C, it gives the regular y% size of en-
trance as in the Root bottom-board; but re-
verse ends and slide in place, and the y% strip
nailed at E comes under the hive-wall, and
contracts entrance to ^x% at E. Next re-
verse side's of alighting-board, as shown in
Fig. 2, and you have an entrance % in. deep,
opening right into space at ends of frames,
and extending under their ends yi. inch, or to
board B, thence a -)^ space to D.

The wire device in Fig. 2 is designed to keep
board A in place, and to hold the entrance-
guard or blocks and ware cloth when bees are
moved. The loops.;'', g, are slipped into holes
formed by the junction of saw-cuts in end of
board A with those in cleats, C, C, at /,/.
The eyes, //, //, go against hive-wall, and may
be secured wath a couple of screws for safety
in moving bees. F"or those who do not care
to fuss with wire, two wire nails will hold the
board to place.

The "/s entrance ought to aiTord ample ven-
tilation for a large colony, and greatly facili-
tate the hiving of swarms. In hiving swarms
I would remove the alighting-board and set
the hive right on the ground.

If Mr. Danzenbaker would combine my re-
versible alighting-board with his reversible-
bottom-board idea so as to give the <^-deep
side for cellar wintering he would have a bot-
tom with a wide " range of adjustment " em-
bracing many desirable features. However,
in the South, where we winter on summer
stands, I hardly think we need the % space
under frames full width and length of hive.
We need only to contract our entrances in fall,
which may be quickly and easilj' done with
my reversible alighting-board, whether the
bottom-board be fastenecl to hive, or loose.

Cisco, Ga., Oct. 2:1.

[This bottom-board is very ingenious, and
when it first came to our notice we were very
much taken with the idea. Yes, we almost
thought of adopting it ; but we came to the
conclusion that a deep space of ^s inch under
the whole brood-nest, as afforded by the Danzy
bottom-board, was very important — almost as
important as a deep entrance. Then it seem-
ed to us also that the Danzy board would be

886

GIvEANINGS IN BEE CUI.TURE.

Dec. 15.

about as easily reversed as this entrance-strip.
For these and other reasons we decided on
the Danzy for 1898.— Ed.]

THE MARKINGS OF OUEENS AND DI^ONES.

Unusual Resuks

Breeding and Introducing.

BY A. NORTON.

Dr. C. C. JMillcr : — You may answer this in
GlE.^nings :

Is it not generally stated that you can better
tell of the purity of a queen's mating by her
queen progeny than b}' her workers — that is,
that her young quetns will more surely be
striped if they are not pure Italian, while her
workers may be very yellow ? I have seen
such statements, though I believe the Roots
la}? much stress on uniformity of workers and
less on queens. But what do you think of
this? I have a Carniolan queen from a pure
one that I got from the East — a fine tested
one. My own drones were golden Italians.
Many colonies of black bees are near by in
hives and trees ; and one neighbor, Xy^ miles
off, has Italians, blacks, and all grades of
hybrids. This young Carniolan queen's
workers are, about two-thirds of them, black,
without a sign of yellow, and about one-third
of them yellow, showing generally three bands.
When her bees first began hatching out last
summer I thought she had mated with one of
my five-banded drones. But when I see now
the preponderance of bees that are all black,

1 wonder if she did not meet a drone having
black and yellow blood mixed. Having an-
other colony to which I wanted to give a
queen at once, I recently gave them this same
Carniolan, and sent east for an Italian to
replace her in the mixed Carniolan colon}'.
As said queen was long in coming, I let the
first young queen hatch out that the virgin or
bees might make surer work than I would of
destroying the other cells. When the queen
came from the East I destro\-ed this virgin,
and found her to be as yellow, clear to the
tip, as any golden Italian virgin I ever saw —
no, but almost as yellow. She would have
passed for an Al golden-yellow queen.

2. Would 3-ou think from the workers that
the mother-queen met a pure or part Italian
drone ?

8. Do you consider the yellowness of the
young queen as somewhat remarkable ?

4. Is the following a strange instance for a
dry time when no honey had come in for
weeks? Colony No. 1 was queenless, and
had been refusing a five-banded Italian queen
from the East for several days. Colony No.

2 was but three or fovir feet away obliquely —
or to the left, and behind No. 1. The hybrid

?ueen of No. 2 had been killed a few days
onh' four or five days), and when I killed
her I could not see a sign of eggs or brood in
any stage in the colony. It was dry, and but
few colonies were breeding any. One after-
noon, just at sunset, I gave No. 1 a thoroiigh
fumigation with tobacco smoke, and released
the queen the}' had been so persistently refus-
ing. Just before dark I searched the combs,

but could not find her. Every day thereafter
for about si.x days I searched carefully, but
couldn't find her, dead or alive, in the hive or
on the ground. Finally, having need for
some reason to open No. 2, I found therein a
fine bright yellow queen (looking much like
the one I thought I had lost), and brood
nearly ready to seal, as well as eggs, etc.
Since then her progeny prove to be pure five-
banders. When I released her in the hive,
after the fumigating (I had taken her out
during the process), she must have left at the
entrance during the turmoil, taken wing, and
alighted at the other qiieenless colony, which
must have readily accepted her. Is not this
a little rcTuarkable for the dry time of year?

5. Concerning your remarks in both .:/?;/^r-
ican Bcc Journal and Gleanings about bot-
tom starters. I tried them by way of experi-
ment, and also starters on all four sides, to
experiment, consisting of a top starter reach-
ing to within an inch of the bottom starter,
and short enough to allow of narrow (about Y2
inch ) starters on each side. The bees finished
the sections about like this, leaving the same

gaps between the finished combs of honey as
were at the outsets between the pieces of foun-
dation in the starters. Did you ever have any
experience like it ? A. Norton.

Monterey, Cal.

[To these questions Dr. Miller replies :]
1. Your first question is one which I .lardly
know enough to answer ; but I the more
cheerfully make the attempt because the large
experience of the editors will enable ihem to
correct an}- misleading statements I may
make. I have always had the impression that
not nearl}' so much reliance was placed upon
the appearance of the queen progeny as on the
worker progeny of a queen. If my memory
is correct it was not an unconnnon thing in
the earlier years, after the introduction of
Italians, to have it said that it rarely occurred,
if ever, that a queen of Italian blood would
duplicate herself with any degree of uniformi-
ty. Her royal progenv would vary in appear-
ance, some of them lighter than herself, some
darker, while her worker progeny would be so
uniform that no one individual could be dis-
tinguished from the rest. It is also a fact, if
I am not mistaken, that, among the qiieens
imported directly from Italy, there is great
variation, some of them being light in color
comparativeh' ( perhaps never so light as may
commonly be found after a few years' breed-
ing in this country ) , and others almost if not
quite as dark as a common black queen. It
seems to me, however, from the limited op-

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

887

]>ort\\1iily fi>r ohsorvation lliut I have had,
thai, while an Italian (jueen may he as dark
as a common hl:ick. there is a difierence in
the shades of the two — the Italian, while
being as dark as the other, having a rich
(perhaps mahogany) tint not shown in the
black. And yet these importe<l queens of
such different appearances would all have the
same worker progeny, of the same color, and
the same number of baiuls. Now, if there is
no mistake about these imported queens of
different looks being all of true blood, there
would be nothing but what should be expected
that their royal progeny should ])resent differ-
ences of appearance, while the worker progeny
would be true to type.

I have been called to account for saying
that no one could decide from the looks of
drones or queens as to the piirity of the stock,
but with mv present light that is my belief.
To an inquirer I made the reply that I could
not give the distinguishing marks of a pure
Italian drone ; and when scouted at by a
queen-rearer for giving such a reply I asked
him to give me those distinguishing marks,
but never got any reply.

2. If you mean by Camiolans the gray bees
that were first known by that name, and that
the viorkers that you say were black were the
same gray black as the full Carniolans, then
it seems ])retty plain that an Italian drone
was met, as is usual in the case of a first cross,
part of the workers taking after one parent
and part after the other. And with that view
of the case the bright-yellow virgin would be
nothing strange. But from yotir asking the
question as you do, I suspect that you mean
the black workers were unlike the regular
Carniolan workers, but like common blacks,
in which case I don't know enough to reply.
The workers being part yellow and part black,
the drone might be of mixed yellow and black
blood, but in that view the Carniolan blood
of the mother is left out of the count altogeth-
er, and that leaves me at sea. Perhaps the
editor can make matters clear.

3. Proljal)ly unusual at least ; and yet what-
ever will account for the presence of the ^-el-
low workers will account for the yellow queen.
She took after her sire.

4. The usual thing would have been for the
bees to ball the queen when you released her
from the cage. She did the unusual thing by
running away from her pursuers and escaping
from the hive. After that she entered hive
No. 2, where she stood a i)retty good chance
of being killed, for the bees would be more
likely to kill a queen that had been caged and
chased ; and, it being a dry time when they
were not anxious to have a queen laying, her
chances of life w-ere thereby lessened. Still,
they were queenless, and the odd chance
came her way. Quite possibly she would not
have been so well received in No. 2 if you had
had a hand in the affair. But they were left
entirely to themselves ; and. although they
may have balled her at first, being left entirely
alone they released her.

•5. No, I think I never had a similar experi-
ence. The onl}- way I can think of such a
thing happening would be that honey was not

yielding very well, and as soon as the bees
got well started on the foundation the flow
became still more scant, making the bees
finish out and seal o\er what they were already
working on. I can hardly imagine such a
case occurring in a good flow.

1 mav sav, in passing, that I should consid-
er it very objectionable to have an inch space
between" top and bottom .starter — one-fourth
inch at most, and then the bees will join the
two starters together before the bottom .starter
has a chance to lop over or be gnawed down.

Marengo, 111.

[I could adopt every paragraph of Dr. Mil-
ler's answer above as an expres.sion of my
own belief and experience, and, for that mat-
ter, I believe every queen-breeder could do the,-
same. — Ed.]

KEEPING SURPLUS QUEENS OVER WINTER.
Oitestion. — Will j'ou please tell us in next
Gleanings how to keep surplus queens over
winter? If it can be done it would be very
profitable to havt a few extra queens, to take
the place of any that might turn up missing
in the spring. I generally supply many of
my colonies with young queens in the fall,
killing the old ones; but if I could only keep
the young ones over v inter, I should prefer it
to doing as I have done in the past. I am
thinking of caging several in a queenless col-
ony. Will that plan work well ?

A?iszver. — It is verj' doubtful about your
succeeding in keeping a surplus of queens
over winter by the plan you suggest, especial-
ly if you live north of latitude .'^8°. unless on
the Pacific coast. In my younger bee-keeping
years I tried almost every way I could think
up or hear of to keep a surplus of queens over
till spring; but to make the thing a practical
success, I was ol)liged to have a colony of bees
strong enough to occup}- at least three spaces
between combs, at this time of year. With
what is termed a "four-frame nuc'eus," and
by setting the same, with about ten pounds of
honey, in the four frames, in the cellar, as
earl)' as- November first, I could generally suc-
ceed pretty well till they were set out in the
spring, and sotietimes the}- would pull clear
through to the honey harvest and build up to
full colonies; but it would happen more often
that they would rapidly waste away during the
last half of April and in earU' May, till they
would die entireh', or be robbed out by strong-
er colonies. Where I could tell about failing
queens thus early, I could kill them and unite
these little colonies with their young queens
with the colonies from which I killed the
queens. But I could see little in favor of this,
beyond what would have been had I killed
the poor queens in the fall and done the unit-

GI.EANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec. 15.

iiig at that time. Later on I was anxious for
a surplus of queens in the spring, that I might
fill early orders therewith, instead of taking
queens out of my strong colonies, to the great
disadvantage of the same, that customers
might promptly get their queens. And, be-
ing evtremely anxious along this line, I tried
many plans, the one our questioner proposes
being among the number.

With nearly all the plans tried I could get
along very well till about February, when col-
onies having several queens caged in their
hives would begin to get uneasy, and die with
diarrhea, or they would consume all their hon-
ey in and about the cluster, and move off and
away from the caged queens ' to pastures
new," leaving the queens to die in their cages.
Then I tried little nucleus-boxes, such as most
queen-breeders used in raising queens in the
early seventies, the same holding three or
four little frames six to seven inches square.
I would see that these little frames had three
or four pounds of honey, and only about bees
enough to consume that amount before spring
fairly opened, when I expected to feed them.
Four to six of these little boxes were placed
over a good strong colony, setting these little
boxes right on the frames, and fixing it so the
bees of the strong colony would, or could if
they were so disposed, cluster all about the
bottoms and partly up the sides of the boxes,
providing a way for the bees in the boxes to
get out without mixing with each other or
with the colony below, should those dying of
old age wish to do so.

The little boxes were now covered all over
with woolen blankets, and a hood or cap put
over all, when it did really seem that they
might go through the winter all right, in a cel-
lar whose temperature never went lower than
45°. But with a trial of some thirty or more
in this way I got only two through to where
they could fly in the spring, while the colo-
nies over which they were placed were lost, or
became so weak that they were of liltle value
during the next season. From these and
many other experiments, which it would be
superfluous to describe, I was driven to the
conclusion that nothing could be gained in
trying to winter over surplus queens ; and if
early queens nmst be had to a greater number
than could be spared to advantage from full
colonies wintered over, the cheapest and easi-
est way was to purchase them from the South.

If any reader of GlkaningS has found out
a practical way of wintering over queens to a
greater extent than one to each fairly good
colony, I wi.sh he would tell us how it is
done. If queens can be so wintered that each
apiarist could have one extra queen to every
ten colonies during the months of April and
May, it would be a great help to every bee-
keeper in the land, providing that the winter-
ing of such queens did not cost more than the
results which could be obtained from them
during the year. Hence the importance of
any reliable information on this point. Don't
be afraid to add any ' ' mite ' ' you may chance
to have along any line of our pursuit, think-
ing it will be of so little value that it is not
worth giving, for it is the little " kinks " that

give value to apiculture, when they are
massed into one great whole.

" Fine building, sir," said a poorly dressed
laborer to a man of fortune who was looking
at a just-completed stately edifice in one of
our large cities. ' ' It took us many a year to
bring it to completion; but now it is done it
outshines any other building in this city."

"Tookj'o// many a year !" said the man of
fortune, with a sneer in his tone; " what did
vou have to do wiih it? "

" I mixed the mortar, sir, " was the reply;
' ' and without the mortar that stately edifice
could never have been completed. You may
think me of no consequence; but by the grace
of God I was able to add my mite toward the
completed whole."

And just so with the structure of apiculture
so far as it is now completed. Some have
made greater "marks" than others; but we
should never have reached the present heights
had it not been for those who have ' ' mixed
the mortar," adding " here a little and there a
little," till bee-keeping, during the year 1897,
looms up as a stately edifice beside the small
foundation laid a century ago. In helping
each other we are giving "a cup of cold wa-
ter" to some struggling brother; and the
Master has said that the one who does this
"shall not lose his reward."

PARAFFINE PAPER ; HERMETIC SEALING IM-
PORTANT.

I see by Gleanings quite a controversy
about paraffine I had quite an experience
with parafiine, not quite in accord with Dan-
zenbaker, nor yet will it quite fit Dr. Miller's
Straw on page 802. Reading Mr. D.'s article
some time ago about paraffine it struck me as
being rather nice. I would use it on my hon-
ey-boards for the hive I make ( by the way, a
hive I wouldn't give for the best dovetail ever
made). I spread the paraffine on it hot, iising
a hot iron to make it penetrate the wood.
Some of it accunuilated in holes bored for the
bees to ascend. On taking the honev from
them I was rather surprised to find they had
used the little clots of wax (paraffine) as
though they were really beeswax, stretching
it out into cells, thus convincing me they have
no aversion to paraffine, but simplv do not
glue the parts together because thev are al-
ready air-tight with paraffine. Dr. Miller's
experience of finding glue on top of paraffine
may be that, although he used paraffine, the
two parts did not go together tight, therefore
the bees made it air-tight with propolis.

You know, as well as any one, no doubt,
that bees will have every thing tight. I am
pretty sure that Danzenbaker is correct. Bees
will use no propolis, provided made tight oth-
erwise. Bees have no aversion to paraffine.

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

8H9

as can be proven by rollinjf some into foniula-
tion. It will be fonnd that they will use it
the same .is wax. Join your honey-board to
your hive-body and seal the tvo hermetically
with paraffine, and your bees will certainly
use no propolis. LvK L. Esenhowkr.

Reading, Pa., Nov. 25.

[We have tried foundation made with paraf-
fine and of pure 'beeswax. While the bees
will accept the former, it is very evident that
they prefer the latter. If you put the two
side by side j'ou will see the difference.

With regard to tight sealing, I believe my-
self Dr. Miller lost sight of this point in his
test of paralTine paper. If used at all it must
be cushioned down tight on the sections, oth-
erwise it will be worse than useless. I am no
'■ stickler " for paraffine paper, for, personally,
1 should prefer the bee-space over the sections,
and the cover sealed down wnth propolis; but
when the paper is used it should be applied as
directed. — Ed.]

USE OF PARAFFINE PAPER ON SECTIONS DE-
FENDED; GETTING PRIZE HONEY.

On page 7.S4, Oct. 15, is an article by F. L.
Thompson in which he condemns paraffine
paper in covering sections in supers; and as
Mr. Danzenbaker is invited to reply, and he
seems to be playing clam to the music, I will
say that, in my 15 years' experience in bee-
keeping, and two seasons' experience with
paraffine paper, with some 200 colonies of
bees, for cumb honey, I find a saving of sever-
al dollars, both in labor in cleaning sections,
and better prices fur honey produced by the
use of the paper; and as I raise honey for the
money, that is why I prefer to use the Dan-
zenbaker section and paraffine paper in con-
nection with his hive. Mr. Thompson says it
was the combination of the paraffine paper
with some other things that produced that
prize honey, and that those other things are
far more important. Of course, he is right so
far as the honey goes, as honey gathered from
buckwheat or other flowers that make black
honey would not be prize honey, even with
the use of the paper. But the paraffine paper
will prevent propolis, to a great extent, in the
eniire super, as it retains the heat; and it is a
well known fact that, the more heat there is
in the super — natural heat — the less propolis.
A proof of that fact is, as the season advances,
and the weather gets cooler, the more they
use.

The object of the paper is to retain the heat;
and to fit snug on the sections I fit the paraf-
fine paper and thin boards on the supers in the
honey-house, and then take them out to the
yard, and I have none of that fuss that Mr.
Thomp.son speaks of. I would use it, even if I
had to throw it away after once using it. The
cost is small compared with the amount of la-
bor saved in scraping sections. If Mr. Thom-
son has his bees in a good location, and will
use the one bee-way Danzenbaker section and
cleated separator wnth the paraffine he will
have no trouble in getting prize honey.

S. D. Mathews.

Hamilton, N. C, Nov. 17.

[If it is certainly true that there is less pro-
polis when there is an air-tight sealing over
the sections, then we mu.st give more attention
to that point. Who will corroborate or say it
is not true ? Let's have a lot of responses to
this point. — Ed.]

THAT HOOK ON THE SMOKER ; A PO.SSIBLE
IMPROVEMENT.

Say, Mr. Editor, that hook idea of W. L.
Coggshall's, figured on page 779 is good; but
just put the hook on the front of the barrel,,
as we have use<l it for the last ten years, and
see how handy it is to hang on the side of the
hive so that smoke can blow across the frame.s.
and keep bees quiet while manipulating. If
put on the back of the bellows, as figured, it
is necessary to turn the .smoker around to have
it in the right position for use. Doubtless you
recollect occasions when having the smoker
just ready to grab with one hand was a great
satisfaction. We have used the hook this way
on the old B. & H. smoker, and also on the
new Crane. In the latter case it is simply a
stout piece of hoop iron riveted on the barrel
above the guard.

Two California Cranks.

Los Angeles, Cal., Nov. 22.

[I don't know but you are right. I'll try
one that way to see how it works and looks.
Yes, there are times when one wants a smoker
and " wants it awful bad ; " and I have seen
times when a second of time in grabbing a
smoker would save a dozen stings. To be
obliged to fumble alter it, not knowing exact-
ly where it is when it is wanted for instant
use, is aggravating. But say, it just occurs to
me that, if hooks were put on the fire-cup it-
self when the smoker w-as hooked on, the hive
would be scorched and perhaps set on fire. —
Ed.]

BEES GN.\WING out bottom STARTERS.

I see in American Bee Journal, page 72(),
an item in regard to furnishing beeswax to
bees, with remarks by Dr. Miller and the edi-
tor of Gleanings pro and con. I used foun-
dation in the honey-boxes this year, putting
in nearly full sheets with bottom starters.
The bees worked all right during the heavy
honey-flow, and filled the boxes from top to
bottom, doing very nice work indeed. But in
the late harvest the bees took out the bottom
starters or strips of foundation and stopped
the combs where the top sheets of foundation
ended. I suppose, as Dr. Miller says, they put
the wax in the propolis, but I am not old
enough in the bee business yet to say where
the wax went to. Wm. H. EagerTY.

Cuba, Kansas, Nov. 27.

[Putting " wax into propolis " — I don't un-
derstand you. I hardly think they would
convert one into the other. — Ed.]

A SPRAINED ANKLE ; THOSE PLAIN SECTIONS.

Gleanings for Nov. 15 tells us of your
passing here on that spurt just before coasting
into vSyracuse. Isn't it fun? I want to tell
you some of mj- experience with a wheel, that

890

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec. 1.5.

you may escape such an experience. I started
to visit my apiary, 7 miles away. In dis-
mounting in a spot too rough to ride I stepped
on the edge of a rut and thought I had sprain-
ed my ankle. Now, here is something to tell
your friends. In dismounting, never step off
backward, as you can't see where your foot
will alight; but let the wheel tip over after
slowing up, when you can see where you are
stepping After doctoring a sprained ankle
for four months I found I hadn't sprained my
ankle, but had injured my foot. Now, after
having my foot in plaster of Paris for two
months, the doctor told me to-day to begin
walking. The result is, instead of the nice
start in bees I thought I should have, the bees
are gone and I shall be in debt when I get so
I can work again. I have had a long six
months of it. I saw in a back number of
Gleanings that Mr. Calvert had some of
this kind of fun. Three years ago to-day I
cut my other ankle with an ax while cutting
limbs away from hives.

I am glad to see you using the section
without a margin, as some here call them.
Doubtless they are the coming section. I
don't see how you are going to make them,
but some around here made with one piece an
exact duplicate of the other three, with a pe-
culiar dovetail. Your italics at the bottom of
page 817, first column, are right to the point.
Irving Kinvon.

Camillus, N. Y., Nov. 26.

[There is no difficulty whatever making one-
piece plain sections. — Ed.]

A SPECIAL SCRAPER FOR SECTIONS.

I think scraping sections with a common
knife is hard and dangerous (for the honey),
especially in the fall, when they put so much
propolis on. I inclose a scraper which I made,

A REPORT ENCOURAGING FROM THE GREAT
NORTHWEST.

I have just returned from a long excursion
to Eastern Oregon, Washington, and Idaho,
with other merchants from Portland, who
were out making the acquaintance of numer-
ous customers, many of whom the}' had never
seen. 1 had been over the country before,
and so knew something of the extent and va-
riety of resources; but to many of our mer-
chants it was a revelation. It is indeed an
" inland empire," and in all our traveling of
1700 miles we did not see a discontented or
dissatisfied merchant. The crops were simply
immense. The prices were good. The farm-
ers have paid up old indebtedness, and have
money to lend. BuELL LambersON.

Portland, Or., Nov. 23.

F0UND.\TI0N for shallow BROOD -cham-
bers.

If two Dovetailed eight- frame hive-supers,
each containing eight shallow well - wired
brood-frames, were used for a brood - nest,
could not extra thin surplus foundation be
used in these frames in full sheets, and secure
straight brood-combs comparatively free from
drone-cells? If not, what is the lightest
foundation that could be used with success ?

Browning, 111., Nov. 17. G. A. Dyer.

[Extra thin would be a little too light; but
what is styled thin super might answer very
nicely. — Ed.]

^1

which is quicker, and with it you can't jab
the honey. You can see how it works. It
scrapes the edge and top of the section at
once. Jno. N. ProThero.

Du Bois, Pa., Sept. 18.

[If we adopt the new (old) plain sec'.ions
with no bee- ways, a common case-knife will
be the best scraper after all. For the old-style
section I have no doubt that your scraper is
better.— Ed.]

how to winter bees in a warm room ;
partridge-hunting.

I have learned something aboiit -w-intering
bees that is new to me. I have taken GLEAN-
INGS for 20 years, and have not seen my way
mentioned. I have been testing the method
for three winters, with good results; now for
the way.

I put them in a wire cage 30 in. long, as
wide as the hive, and as high; that leaves a
plavground in front of entrance. Then I set
them on a tight floor, so there is no possible
chance for them to get out; then put them in
a warm room and give them water. I have a
house made on purpose, and have a stove in
it. I burn wood, and keep the temperature
from 45 to 90. You will think, when I say 90,
that they would die. Try one and see. Do
not keep them that warm all the time. When
I build a good fire the temperature goes up
that high quite often. The reason they die in
a room like a living-room is because of a want
of water. I keep mine in darkness till the
loth of Februar}- ; then give them all the
light I can, so they start raising young bees;
then there is no spring dwindling.

I should like to have you come and hunt
partridges about a week. It will cost you
nothing for bed and board. You would need
a trained dog if vou wanted ^o kill many. I
see as many^ as 40 some days when I am going
round my bear-pens. There are some bears
and a few deer left here yet. I am 63 y-ears
old. I have killed .59 bears and 81 deer. If
you would come for a hunt you could go with
me to the traps, three miles out. If we failed
to get a bear we could get some birds. I have
found lots of bee-trees — some good ones and
some poor ones. I found one this fall in Potter.
Co. in a basswood. The hollow was 12 in. at
top and 14 in. at the bottom, or an average of
13 in., filled 11 feet — more comb honey than a
barrel would hold. If you could see the
chance they had you would not think they had
done any thing extra. Isaac Wykoff.

Cameron, Pa., Nov. 12.

[Your plan may work very successfully, but
if carried out on a large scale it might be

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

891

pretty expensive. But it is interestiiij^ to
know tha: bees may be wintered in a warm
room, under certain conditions ; and one of
those condiiiuns seems to l)e plt-nty of water.

But, say, I should like to j,'o on a hunt with
you ; but work, I fear, will hold me down too
close for such a luxury. — Ed.]

TH1-; ri..\IN .SHCTION .A.ND FENCIC ; yui<;sTiox.s
CONCERNING IT.

]\fr. Root: — On page 744 you speak of the
comparatively no-bee-space section and cleat-
ed separator. You have no idea how you
interested me, as I have had more or less
thoughts relative to cleated separators with
bee-s]iace openings ever since 1 read with so
much interest what the late B. Taylor said in
March loth Gi.H.\nings, 180.5 And now the
comparatively no-bee-space section filled out
within 's inch of the edge has more than
doubled the interest in the cleated separator.
I do not know how I could succeed witli them,
but it seems to me it would be grand.

In order to have the same capacity as the
1 's scored section, would not 1 's, instead of
IJi, be the proper size, as each separator cleat
reduces the width of the section "s inch ?

While I suppose the cleated separator and
narrower section would work on the l",s-inch
section-holder, yet I think it would be much
better to have the cleats go down between the
section-holder, and rest at the ends on the tin
bearing. If the section is narrower than the
section-holder ihe bees will fill in propolis
along the edge of the section — at least I think
they would, as I have used straight slats for
section-holder bottoms as wide as the narrow
part of bottom of section, and on the edge of
the wider part of section would Vje found pro-
polis, gluing the section to the section-holder.

I did not receive the samples of drawn comb
in time to give it a trial, but can see that it is
a production of great mechanical skill. I
think a Vs or ,''„ raised cell wall would be .suf-
ficient, and easier made and handled. I a'n
glad to learn that it can be made with natural-
cell bottom -i instead of fiat bottoms

Did your staple for end bee-space at end of
brood frames give good satisfaction the past
season i" That seems to be of interest to me.

It occurs to me that the one who boils down
"beedom" for the .hiiencrn ISce Joitnial
must stand by nearly all the time and stir, as
it seems to be boiled down pretty thick, and
yet not scorched. J. W. SouTHWOOD.

Monument City, Ind.

[The cleats on the fences we are making are
just exactly ['^ of an inch thick. Assuming
that the bee-space is '4 inch ( ,\ ) there will
be one-third of the bee-space in the section ;
that is to say, the comb surface on the aver-
age will be ,', inch from a .straight-edge lying
across the ed^es of the plain section. If we
made the cleats only )/% inch thick on the
fences then the sections would have to be 1 >^
inches wide.

The fences will be made to go betiveen the
section-holders, and this will, of course, re-
quire that they ( the section-holders 1 shall be
the same width as the sections; viz., Xyi in.

When the fences are designed for the old-
style section-holders they will be made to go
inside of the holders, not between.

Yes, th it staple for end-spacer gave excellent
satisfaction, and we shall use it for 18!»8. — Ed.]

A'. A. IV., Wash. — We can give you no def-
inite information as to whether locust honey
candies quickly or not, as that which we have
produced was sold almost as soon as it was
capped over in the combs. The honey is not
equal to clover, mountain sage, or alfalfa, in
point of flavor; and in color it is a little dark-
er than clover or basswood. We do not see
any reason why you can not buy this as well
as any honey, by sample. We have special
mailing-vials for small samples of extracted
h Duey. There is no reason in the world why
you can not get a small sample by mail.

/. /. I'., Mo. — 1. The shallow extracting-
frames, 5^ in., are a little handier to uncap
than the whole-depth Langstroth frames.
Where the seasons are short, or the honey
comes in slowly, as it does in the majority of
localities, a shallow extractiiigsuper is pref-
erable to one full depth. The latter is apt to
discourage the bees, as it gives them too nmch
room at a time to keep warm at the start.

2. A wood-bound honey-board provides the
necessary bee-space above the brood-frames
and between the super above. It is also at
the same time stiffer and much more satisfac-
tory in every way than the unbound zinc.

3. The ten-frame hive is not necessarily bet-
ter than the eight-frame. It all depends upon
the locality and general circumstances. Where
one desires to run entirely for extracted honev,
and the .seasons are long, then the ten and
twelve frame hives seem to be better; but in
the North, where the seasons are short, and
the honey-flow moderate, the eight will give
as good or better results.

4. Comb foundation not used in the summer
should be kept over winter in a room that will
not go below a freezing temperature ; and
when it has been subjected to a freeze it
should not be handled while in that condition.
While freezing may not do it any harm, it cer-
tainly does not do it any good.

5. The bees should have only as many-
frames as they can cover comfortably just be-
fore cold weather sets in. The average colony
of eight-frame capacity will take about six
frames for winter; of ten-frame capacity, seven
and eight frames.

t). An ordinary Langstroth frame may hold
anywhere from (J to 8 pounds.

For further particulars in regard to these
and other matters see our A B C of Bee Cul-
ture, and our catalog which we are mailing
you, especially the la.st few pages. Prospectus
of the ABC book is given on page 31.

892

GLEANINGS IN BEE CUI.TURE.

Dec. 15.

THE DANZENBAKER SECTION-CARTON.

Mr. Danzenbaker has been turning his at-
tention of late toward a cheaper carton than
has hitherto been sold on the market. The
one that he has devised is shown in the ac-
companying sketch. It perfectly protects
the two faces of honey, and the top and bot-

tom, but does not cover the ends of the sec-
tions. The section is slipped into the carton
endwise; the flap D is folded over the open-
ing, and that gives a view of the honey. Then
a rubber band is slipped around the package.
For the purpose of showing the honey the flap
D may be lifted up, and the honey is shown
from the opening as at C.

Just how far this carton may prove to be
cheaper than the regular styles on the market
I can not saj'; neither do I know whether the
opening at C, with the cover-flap D, will prove
to be of special merit. All these things will
have to be laid before the unprejudiced bar of
the consumer.

FASTENING FOUND.\TION IN TOP BARS ; THE
SLOTS AND WEDGE METHOD.

For a number of years we have made our
thick top-bars with a molded bead, the same
as is illustrated on page 817. This molded
edge forms an excellent comb-guide to the
bees when no foundation is used, as well as an
edge to which foundation can be astened by
means of the D isy foundation-roller. While
the majority of our customers have succeeded
in fastening the sheets to this edge by the roll-
er method, some few seem to he unable to ac-
quire the knack; and as there has sprung up
within a year or so a demand for the saw-kerf
and the wedge method, we have decided to
make this feature, for 18U8, an option, without
additional cost, on brood-frames, whether of
thick-top or of the Hoffman. The method

that we have adopted we regard as an improve-
ment over somt- that have been put on the
market, and is no hing more nor less than an
old method used by the English bee-keepers
for years, and for whom we have made thou-
sands and thousands of frames embodying the
feature.

The accompanying engraving shows just
the idea. There are double saw-cuts % inch
deep % inch wide, running exactly parallel,
and separated by a film of wood about ^^ inch
thick. One of the saw-cuts (the one to re-
ceive the foundation ) is exactly in the center
of the top-bar. The method of fastening is
to slip the sheet, as at D, see engraving, into
the saw cut. The long wedge-shaped strip of
wood, E, is then driven down into the other
saw-cut, wedging the aforesaid dividing-film
of wood tightly against the foundation, there-
by making it fast. The engraving will make
the thing perfectly plain. ' '""^

The only objeciion I can see to this method
— and it may prove to be quite a serious one
in the future — is that foundation will probably
be tnade with deeper side-walls than ai pres-
ent. It may not be practicable to make the
saw-cut fit the variety of thicknesses of the
diflFerent foundations on the market. The saw-
cuts as we make them at present are adapted
to the use of sheets of ordinary medium or
light brood foundation.

FENCE FOR OLD STYLE SECTION-HOLDERS.

Some of our subscribers have not understood
how the plain section and fence could be used
in the old-style section holders, especially
when the plain sections are \% inches and the

old sections were 1 % . By consulting the ac-
companying drawing, I think the idea will be
made plain. A E H D shows the plain sec-
tion in the old section-holder. The width of
the sections is exactly the width of the inset

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

!)3

at G. As the plain seoliuii is narrower by ,'2
of an inch than the old section, there will be
,5. on each sitle to fill up. .Vnd this space is
tilled by cleats on the fence that are exactly
,-,. H C II shows the oltl-slyle section-holder
and separitor, and a comparison of this with
the other will make the idea plain. The art-
ist has made a mistake. The cross cleats
should drop down from the top slat by '4
inch, and the slats themselves should project
bevond the end-cleats a distance equal to the
thickness of the section-holder end.

NO-BEE-WAV SECTION FOR THE DANZEN-
BAKER HIVE.
By the way, ]Mr. Danzenbaker wishes me to
announce that his hives for 1898 will be fitted
with no-bee-way sections. He writes me that
he is glad that I have come to see the value of
the double-cleat separator and the plain sec-
tion, and is now mean enough to insinuate
thas he " told me so," but that I couldn't or
wouldn't see the advantage of these things
last year. However that may be, I was rather
under the impression that he was a stickler
for the o;/t'-bee- way section, and that last fall
when I was arguing for no bee-ways he would
not take them as a gift. But all is well that
ends well. We are both in the same canoe,
and are now looking for fair sailing.

S. A. NivER, at the close of one of his let-
ters, writes: ' I am about to start over my
honey -route again — this time to collect bills.
Selling and collecting are two entirely differ-
ent matters." Mr. Xiver has given us valua-
ble information on selling honey. Will he
now also tell us something about collecting ?
Does he go at his " poor pays " rough shod,
or does he give them honeyed words and sixty-
days more time ? By the way, I should like to
hear from others of our readers who are suc-
cessful in getting their pay for every pound of
honey sold. A few little hints on this subject
will prove very helpful.

HOXEV-I.KAFI.ETS AGAIN ; KEEP THE BALL A
ROLLIXfi.
I HAVE already spoken of the fact that we
are inclosing in every one of the letters that
go from our office a copy of our honey-leaflet.
I have also mentioned how it got into the
hands of a government official, and of the lib-
eral extracts that were made from it in one of
the great dailies of Columbus, Ohio. This
morning a clipping was laid on my table, ta-
ken from the Cleveland Leader. It related to
the value of honey as food. As I read down
the column it seemed strangely familiar, and
it finally flashed through my mind that it was
all from our honey-leaflet. The reporter had
made some variation, and had himself dwelt

upon the fact that honey is cheaper than
butter, and that it never becomes rancid, etc.

How the Leader got hold of the matter I
don't know. If we can only get into plate
matter the material that Dr. Miller has so
carefully prepared, and into the great dailies
of the country, it will do a world of good to
the industry. There is nothing in the subject-
matter of the leaflet that advertises supply-
dealers. It simply tells how good honey is,
and, of course, will create a demand for it.

THIEVES -VT OITT-APIARIES, AND HOW TO
DEAL WITH THEM.

Oi'R out-apiary is being tampered with again
by thieves. vSeveral hives have already been
looted in the last few days. When the weath-
er is warm, and the bees are able to use their
wings, the apiary is not molested ; but as soon
as it turns cold, and the bees are semi-dormant,
then the depredations commence. We have
made up our minds to stand it no longer, and
have therefore postel, in several places, es-
pecially at the out-yard itself, the following :

$100 REWARD.
The above sum will be paid for the arrest and con-
viction of the parties stealing our honey and other-
wise tampering with the bees at our apiary a mile and
a half north of the American House, on the pike.
For particulars apply to

The a. I. Root Co., Medina, O.

Almost before the bills were out, one man
said he'd half a notion to go after that hun-
dred dollars, and I hope he will. Even if no
one secures the reward, the effect will be good.

When I visited Mr. El wood, seven years
ago, I saw he had notices of this character
posted up in the vicinity of his yards, and I
believe the moral effect of it was such that
the would-be thieves let his bees and honey
alone because they knew the temper of Mr.
Elwood ; and that, if they were once convict-
ed, he would see that the utmost penalty of
the law was inipo.sed. In this State, at least,
the penally for stealing honey, or for tamper-
ing with hives, is very heavy ; and if we suc-
ceed in apprehending the guilty^ parties we
propose to let the law take its full course.

THE C. S. B. K. t:. ANNUAL ELECTION.

The following letter has jiist come to hand,
and will explain itselr :

As the annual election of the Board of Directors is
approaching, I assume that nominati ns are in order.
It seems strange that the great State of New Vork i.s
not re])reseiUed in that body. I have not a list of
the members, but I think I am justified in saying that
New Vork has as many members as any other State,
and a great many more than some .States that are rep-
resented in thi- lioard of Directors.

I understand the W S. H. K. V . does not claim to be
a representative body: but if you want to make it a
success it will not do to ignore the greatest .State in
the Union. If anj' State should be represented by one
or more in the lioard of Directors, that State is'New
Vork. I nominate P. H. Elwood. of New Vork, for a
Director of the U. S. B. K. U., and urge his election.

Chapinville, N. V.. Dec. It. W. F. Marks.

It is true that York State, one of the great-
est honey regions in the world, is not repre-
sented in the new Union, and it certainly
ought to be. While I happen to be a member
my.self of the Advisory Board, I have always
felt that it would be better for some one in the
field to be in that position. While it is prob-

894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec. 15.

able that my name would not be again recon-
sidered, yet if there are any of my friends
■who had thought of voting for me again I
would consider it a personal favor if they
w^ould turn those votes over to Mr. Ehvood — a
solid man in many ways — one who is engaged
in bee keeping on' a most extended scale, and
one who appreciates most thoroughly some of
the difficulties and problems that confront bee-
keepers. I do not like to do electioneering or
wnre-pulling ; but I do hope Mr. El wood will
be chairman of the Board of Directors for
1898.

Perhaps some of my friends will think I
ought to go on again ; but occupying the po-
sition 1 do on Glkanings, I can offer my great
chunks of wisdom ( ? ) just as well as if I
were a member of the Board itself, and I can
assure m\ friends that my interest in the
Union will be just as great as though 1 were
an active officc-r of the same. I feel that,
with all my other duties, I have not the time
to give the' Union such intelligent attention as
an officer should. Hip— hip— hurrah for P.
H. Elwood!

A FUNNY MISHAP.

Many of our English cousins are enthusi-
astic bee-keepers, and they set as great value
on their choice queen-bees (or even greater)
as do our friends here in America. During
the past season, so we are told, one bee-keep-
er over in England arranged to send to a
brother bee-keeper a choice and valuable
queen; and the agreement was, when it was
readv to mail, a telegram was to give notice to
the recipient that she was coming. Imagine
the surprise of the telegraph operator when
he received the following:

" The queen will he at your place on the 5 o'clock
train. Have every thing ready for her on her arri-
val."

The operator, it seems, knew nothing about
queen-bees, and at once jumped to the con-
clusion that the Oueen of England, by some
sudden arrangement he could not understand,
was to grace their little town with her royal
presence. Imagine the surprise and disgust
of the good people ( who gathered from every
direction) when the express agent held up a
wire-cloth cage containing a qiicen-bee ! The
account does not stale where the telegraph
operator was wnth his telegram about that
time. A. I. R.

APICUI.TURAL JOURNALISM.

Friend Hutchinson, of the Dec-keepers'
Revie7i>, says he is proud of Gleanings, even
if it is not his journal. Here is the generous
compliment he pays us :

Gleanings for Nov. \'A\\ is an unn.sually fine is.sue
for even that fine journal. I have counted the en-
gravings, and there are fifteen, while the reading is
bright and sparkling, and " up lo date." I am proud
of Gleanings, even if it isn't my journal.

On another page of the same numSer Mr.
Hutchinson givts the Ainer. Bee Journal, an-
other competitor of his, this well-desei-ved com-
pliment :

An editor will notice editorial work on a journal
similar to his own quicker than will any one else ; and
in this connection 1 wish to say that I believe no bee-

journal .shows more careful, conscientious editorial
work than does the American Bee Journal. By this I
do not mean that it contains a large amount of edito-
rial matter, because it does not but there is an unde-
finable something about a paper that tells to the prac-
ticed eye when things have been " licked into shape,"
or whether they have been thrown together after the
" slap-dab " style. Bro. York does not claim to have
had much experience as a bee-keeper: but he is bright
enough to bring to his aid those who have ; and I
doubt whether the Bee Journal was ever of much more
practical value than at present. Speaking of work, I
believe that Bro. York does not have a large forec, yet
he gets out a weekly, and I know that he must have
to put in hours of work with which we monthly fel-
lows have no acquaintance.

How different the spirit of these utterances
from those displayed by the editors of some
other rival journals in other pursuits ! Only
the other day, in reading my bicycle journals
I could not help noting the way the respective
edi ors of those periodicals slung mud at each
other, and especially how they praised their
own journals, and ridiculed those of their com-
petitors. Will Bro. Hutchinson lose subscribers
from his own list who will go to the Bee Jour-
nal or to Gleanings ? Not at all. I am of
the opinion that the average subscriber ad-
mires that kind of spirit, and he will staj- by
the editor every time who shows that spirit of
brotherly love — " in honor preferring one an-
other. ' '

MISTAKEN IDENTITY AT BUFFALO ; THE
BORES AT CONVENTIONS.

The following item appears in the weekly
Budget, which, by the way, is always interest-
ing, in the Anie)ican Bee Journal :

Mr. D. W. Heise, one of the most respected and gen-
tlemanly Canadians at the Buffalo convention, reports
in the Crt«(7rf/«« Bee Journal W\sX at that meeting he
was .several times taken for Mr. Ernest R. Root, editor
of Gleanings. He jocosely says that it sort o' inflat-
ed him, and that he may soon start a paper, to be call-
ed Gleanings in Canadian Bee Cullure. But we think
that, with proper care and suflBcient time, he will re-
It is a good thing for one to see himself as
others may see him, and I am only sorry that
I do not remember to have met that "twin "
brother. If I did meet him, I was not aware
that he had been taken for me or I for him.
The next time I meet the gentleman I hope he
will introduce himself as my twin brother.
I am sure friend Heise doesn't need to feel
flattered because of his likeness to my poor
self. Mail}- another in my shoes would do
far better than I.

By the way, this is not the only instance of
mistaken identity at the Buffalo convention.
Two men, of about the same size and height,
who attended, looked decidedly alike ; and
when the two sat near each other it was almost
impossible to tell which from t'other. One was
a quiet, genial, pleasant man ; the other was
always bobbing to his feet, and making him-
self notoriously disagreeable — always throw-
ing out objections, and never harmonizing
with the discussion. I said to the first-men-
tioned person, after I had learned to distin-
guish one from the other, " Why, you look

almost t-xactly like ."

" I am not flattered," said he. " I have no
sympathy with his ways of doing. vSuch men
are always a bore to a convention, and a drag
to good discussion."

1897

GLKANIXGS IN BEK CULTURE.

895

HOW TO GROW A CROP Ol- ITMI'KINS ; VALUA-
BLE SrCGKSTIOXS IN RK .ARDTO PREPAR-
ING THK GROUND EOR FARM CROPS
IN GENERAL.
The picture we jrive of forty acres of pump-
kins shows such a thrifty crip that we asked
for particulars in regard to .s^rowinji^ pumpkins
for a canning-factory. The reply will be

a boy the farmers used to be glad to get a
cent apiece, little and big.

HOW THE "-10 ACRKS" WAS MANAGED.

Oiir laiui is very ilry, and was not much affected by
the heavy rains in AiiKu.st; but the drouth killed the
vines four weeks ahead of time this fall, and, we be-
lieve, cut the crop W tons short. We harvested i>'A
tons from HI acres. Thorough cultivation and plow-
iuji under green manure ( i ye, buckwheat, cow peas,
cnmson clover, etc. i, we believe will biing good crops
almost anywhere. We plowcl under crim.son clover
la.st spring, and have another crop growing now.

We .seed 20 pounds per acre, and cultivate in at la.st
cultivation of crop, say about Julv ir)th. Crim.son clo-
ver and cow peas are our favorite manure crops. If
the farmers in any county would pursue plowing un-
der these crops for ten years we believe their county
would be the banner one of the .State. Everj- acre of
cultivated crops shoidd be .sown with crimson clover.

FORTY ACRES OF PUMPKINS.

found below. For several years past, so little
attention has been paid to growing pumpkins
in our vicinity that the prices have ruled
quite high. In fact, I have, during the past
two or three months, paid o cts. apiece for ev-
ery load that I have seen brouglit into our
town. Where they are large and fine I have
paid as much us fi, 7, and even S cts. each.
These have all been sold for pie-making. In
fact, for several years back we have been get-
ting as much per pound for nice pumpkins as
for watermelons. I suppose no great amount,
of course, could be suld at these figures; but
it is well for the market-gardener to grow
enough to supply his customers. When I was

] f it is not a complete succe-ss every sea.son, we believe
it will pay fully 1(K) per cent on the investment.

We u-cd soiiie air-slacked limt, potash, and phos-
phoric acid on tlie clover, but this did not show any
marked gain over where none was u.sed, and we are
not prepared to .say that th. benefit equaled the co.st.

AVe believe in sub.soil plowing at least once in five
years, and oftener if there is a surplus of horses that
can be used without hiring extri help. We run the
subsoil plow about eight or nine inches below the bot-
tom of the furr w turned by a common plow. It does
not turn up the subsoil, butil is lifted up and dropped
hack in a mellow condition, breaking u]) the hard
crust on top of which tiie conim .n pi )u- has run for
years. This gives a mellow .soil abjut l(i inches deep,
which, with the green manure, will hold moisture like
a sponge during a drouth, and let off surplus water
when there is too much. Some claim land leaches its
fertility if this sub.soil is broken up. but this has not
been our experience. In laying sewers, etc., where

896

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Tec. 15.

we ha>'e dug trenches three to six feet deep, we find
there is nearly double the growth over these trenches
compared with the growth alongside of them where
the ground is mellow only as deep as plowed. Our
theory i«, that, where the soil is mellow, the roots will
follow after the fertility to the depth of stveral feet.
The mellow s-oil acts as a catcher and absorber of fer-
tility, while with the hard subsoil there is nothing to
absorb and hold either moisture or fertility; and any
getting through the hard crust below the plow is lost.
The fine roots of plants can not get into the hard sub-
soil to use what little fertility there is. With a perfect-
ly mellow subsoil we believe it impossible for fertility
to get far enough away ,so that a vigorous crop of any
kind will not find it. In proof of our ideas of green-
manuring, etc., we submit the following crop figures:
On one field of about 12 acres of our poorest land we
have grown a crop of pumpkins each season for the
pa.st three years. Jn 1895, 08 tons; 1896, IKi tons; 1897,
lol tons. Next spring we shall subsoil this piece and
expect to get still belter results. Of course, we grow
special crops, pumpkins, tomatoes, etc., but the same
laws of fertility;, deep mellow soil, thorough cultiva-
tion, etc., we believe govern the growth of all crops.

IN REGARD TO COW PEAS.

If we can keep up the fertility of our soil with
crimson clover we do not expect to use any more cow
peas. When obliged to lo.se a cultivated crop we get
three crops to plow under. Cultivate or harrow in rye
on old ground in the fall; plow under in the spring;
sow cow peas; plow under and sow r3^e in the fall,
which we plow under the following spring, and plant
the crop we wish to grow. Poor land can not remain
poor with this treatment. H. A. Cummins.

Conneaut, Ohio, Nov. 2il.

I wish to add emphasis to the remarks in
regard to subsoil plowing. Almost every sea-
son we have one or more excessive rains; and
even on our ground that is thoroughly under-
drained we have had troubles with wash and
from the soil getting so full of water that it
settled right down like mud. I remember one
spring, when we ha I prepared the ground up
around the windmill with special pains and
care. It was plowed a foot deep, and then
worked up until it was soft all the way down.
When a heavy rain came I stood by the win-
dow watching; and for a considerable time
after the other ground was full, and the water
running over the top and cutting gullies, this
piece on^the hill seemed to be still taking in
and holding the whole freshet. Jtist as the
shower wound up, however, I saw the ground
had got all it could hold, clear down as far as
our plow went. The whole piece was getting
to be soft nntshy mud. Finally it began to
break away here and there, and my rich mel-
low soil, manure and all, began to start down
toward the lower land, washing up valuable
plants in places. The rain let up, however,
Ijefore very much damage was done. Now,
had this piece of ground been broken up with
a subsoil plow as friend Cunnnins has advised,
I think it would have taken up and held all
the water. I know a good many have report-
ed unfavorably in regard to subsoiling ; but I
think it must certainl}- answer two purposes
when properly done. First, it prevents wash-
ing or letting the loose soil .settle down again
hard and compact. Secondly, it helps to hold
the great mass of water, that comes during
these excessive freshets, at a point where the
roots of the crop can go down and reach it in
time of drouth. I have tried subsoiling to
some extent, and I feel just now very nmch
like trying it again, especially for a crop of
pumpkins next year, and I am pretty sure I
can raise them for cojisiderably less than a
nickel apiece.

PRODUCING JUST SO MUCH AS YOUR MARKET
DEMANDS, AND NO MORE.

When I first commenced market-gardening
I had some sad experiences in producing large
crops of perishable goods that could not be
sold when they were ready to gather. I think
I started out with about an acre of early peas.
We filled our town, and then tried to sell more
by putting the price away down, and finally
sent them in wagons to neighboring towns,
but got hardly enough to pay for the time of
the man and team. I know some people do
well in shipping these things to distant mar-
kets by rail; but what few experiments I have
made in that line have turned out so badly
that I became disgusted with that business.
For instance, I made one shipment of Jersey
Wakefield cabbage, extra nice. When I com-
plained because the commission man made no
returns or reply whatever, he said the cabbages
sold for just about enough to pay the freight,
and he could not see why there was any need
of making any reply under the circumstances.
Well, after that year I learned to plant just
about as many peas as our market would take,
say at from 20 to 40 cts. a peck, and the same
way with parsnips. Once or twice we had so
many we could hardly sell or give them away.
After that I figured out just about how many
rows I should plant the length of my creek-
bottom ground, so they would all be sold by
the time I wanted the ground for another pur-
pose; and for several years I have been enabled
to hit it about right on all these things that
we can not gather and put away until some-
body wants them.

But one thing has pleased me ; and that is,
to note that the demand is steadily increasing.
Last year I sold from 50 to 75 bushels of pars-
nips at about §1.50 per bushel, retail. The
parsnips were nice, and given to the people
fresh, digging them only as fast as they were
wanted. Well, this season, for the first time,
we have had a good demand for parsnips in
the fall. We have been selling about a bushel
a day for perhaps the past three or four weeks.
To-day, Dec. H, the weather is very warm and
nice. There is no frost in the ground, and we
have been digging our carrots and bringing
into the cellar a fresh supply of parsnips. We
made a mistake this year in not having carrots
enough. A few years ago we used to have
trouble to sell all of our crop, even at the low
price of 25 cts. a bushel. This fall our first
customer took almost our entire lot; and, by
the way, how much money do you suppose
one could get out of an acre of creek-bottom
land, sown to carrots, at 25 cts. a bushel ?

Shall I tell you how I harvest them ? Well,
we first plow a deep furrow as close to the
roots as we can without cutting them. Now,
if you manage just right, the next furrow will
throw the carrots all out of the ground.
Teach the boys to go right along walking in
the furrow, and tw st the tops off, leaving the
tops down in the dirt. If you do not go with
them they will pull the carrots out of the
ground, tops and all, and then fuss to twist
the top off, throwing it one way and the car-
rot another, whereas you will get along twice
as fast if yoti leave the top right down in the

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

897

j^ound where it has been turned under by the
plow. Just twist off the root and toss it into
the basket. When the soil is just rij^ht, car-
rots can be j^rown so thickly that they almost
crowd each other out of the ground. Horses,
cattle, and almost all stock, are not only very
fond of them, but a moderate use of carrots
along with the grain is beneficial, both to
horses and cattle.

Ai'i'LES.

The Department of Agriculture has just
issued a catalog of fruits recommended for
the United States. It is entitled Bulletin No.
(■>. About four pages are devoted to apples.
On these four pages '2'^9 kinds are described,
besides 17 kinds of crabs. By a very ingen-
ious table they give size, form, color, flavor,
quality, season, use, and tell where the variety
originated, as nearly as possible. The size is
from 1 to 10; quality 1 to 10, 10 being the
largest and 10 the best. I looked over it with
very much interest to see how their rating
would agree with ni\- own. They rate the
Baldwin in size as 7 to 8; quality 5 to 6. In
our locality we should have put the quality a
little higher. But perhaps we are not acquaint-
ed with all the new kinds. Belmont is put 9
in quality — next to the head. This would
agree wnth me exactly; and Ben Davis — now.
reader, where would yon have put Be>/ Dai'is f
They have it 4. I think I should have put it
a little higher; but people generally here in
the North would agree, perhaps, with them.
Benoni is 7. I tried to think of the poorest
apple I knew, and turned to Fallawater. They
have it 10 in size but 4 in quality. When ap-
ples are scarce, and people can not get any
other, or they are not acquiinted with the
Fallawater, they buy it very well. One great
objection is, it is not good to cook. Fall Jen-
neting is put '.\ to 4; and I think that is about
as low as they mark any thing in quality.
Fall Pippin is 10 in size and lO in quality.
Whenever I think of the big apple-tree that
Mrs. Root's father used to have right near the
house, I make up my mind that 10 is about
right, both for size and quality. Now, were
I sure that Mrs. Root would never see this I
think I would say I used to think farmer's
daughter was 10 also (the very highest mark,
you know). The Russian Gravenstein is
marked 8 in size and 9 in quality. The Lady
apple is 1 to "J in size, ti to 7 in quality. Maid-
en's Blush is 5 to I) in size, 4 to 0 in quality.
I should have put the quality a little higher.
Newtown Spitzenburg is 10 in quality, so is
Summer Pearmain; Winesap is (1 to 7. Yel-
low Newtown, or rather, Albemarle Pippin, is
marked 10.

I presume this bulletin will be mailed to any
one free on application. It is put out by the
American Pomological vSociet3% and is revised
by T. T. Lyon. I rejoice to see such a bulle-
tin, because it is authority on matters that
have been so mixed up. By its aid, almost
any apple-grower can decide whether he has
got the names of his apples correct or not.
Judges at fairs can also decide pretty correctly
as to whether the apples on exhibition are cor-
rectly named. As the bulletin discusses in

the same way almost every other fruit we
grow, north or south, it will certainly prove to
be of great value. Yesterday a carload of ap-
ples came to Medina. The ])rice was about
^.'i.OO per barrel, wholesale. I told the owner
I would take ten barrels if he could furnish
them all dilTerent. I think they came from
Missouri. There are .several new kinds I did
not find in the list mentioned, and among
them are some equal to any I ever saw or tast-
ed. I would especially mention the Wabash
Sweet and Stark .

Our Homes.

Abstain from all appearance of evil. — r. Thes. 5:22.
The text above was brought to mind just a
few minutes ago. A letter was handed to me
from a good friend whose feelings had been
very much wounded, and he was greatly stir-
red up by the way we had treated him. For
a time nobody could imagine what it was that
made him feel so hurt. He alluded to a let-
ter written to him on the 18th of November;
but the clerks all stoutly declared that no one
had written to him a word at that time. Af-
ter a good deal of time spent in investigation
I found a printed letter had been sent him
from the subscription department. He had
had hard times, and was in arrears ; but, not-
withstanding, he had been sending us a dol-
lar about once a year pretty regularly of late.
This money had been carried to the ledger,
and credited on his otd account ; and in this
way his subscription account showed that he
was in arrears two or three years. I found,
in the middle of the printed letter, this :

Up to date we have heard nothing from you in re-
gard to the letter we .sent you in reference to your
subscription, and have therefore dropped your name
from our sub.scription lis , leaving amount due us on
arrears as per statement below.

Now, the statement in the printed letter
was not true, for he sent us a dollar a year
ago, and another dollar recently, and he, not
notieing that the letter was a printed one,
and not written on a typewriter, thought we
were ignoring the amounts he had been send-
ing us. I hardly need tell you that, since
typewriters have come in vogue, it has be-
come quite customary for business men to
have letters printed so as to look so much like
a letter written on a typewriter that people are
deceived. They think a business firm lias ta-
ken the trouble to write them a personal let-
ter, when it is only a printed one, such as is
sent out to thousands. The reason for this is
that most people will pay more attention to a
personal letter than to a printed circular.

But I protest against this whole business,
and have been protesting for years past. I
have refused to subscribe to mission work,
and have thrown the letters into the waste-
basket, because it was very skillfully managed
for the express purpose of deceiving or delud-
ing the person who received it.

May I take the liberty of changing just a
little the beautiful text at the head of this ?
I would say, " Abstain from all appearance of

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec. 15.

deception.''^ It is frequently urged that some
kinds of deception are harmless and innocent.
We are told that there is " not one person in
ten but knows at a glance that it is a printed
letter." If that is so, then why take so much
trouble ? I do not believe it is best or wise to
deceive even a child — not even the baby ;
and it surely is not right to deceive elderly
people who may be childish. Neither is it
right or wise, in my opinion, to deceive the
middle-aged. If you want to send a printed
circular, that can be sent out by the thou-
sands, make it plain to every one, young and
old, that it is a printed circular and nothing
else. I believe this course would be the most
profitable in the end, in business matters ;
and I am sure that, in Christian work — espe-
cially in mission work — we can not be too sin-
cere and transpaieni in our acts and words. It
may be that the advertisers who pay so much
money to our periodicals gain riches by mak-
ing deception one of the fine arts ; but I am
sure they do not secure clear consciences and
a kind of happiness that is worth more than
all the gold in Klondyke.

Dear Mr. Root: — Won't you please send nie the copy
of Glkanings in which you told us how jou returned
thanks at the table ? 1 am here visiting a beloved sis-
ter. We used to read Gleanincis together. It was
where you told almost word for word how you prayed
at the tajle. 1 have read your sermons for ten years,
and am Ijack here telling my sisters about them. The
girls are working to establish family altars in their
own homes. I told them there was lots of help in
your paper, and about that paiticular one in regard to
returning thanks. I can not remember the date, but
it was .some time in the last four years. When I came
to my sister's I tore out a lot of your sermons and
brought them home to them, but f haven't the most
desirable ones. I took the magazine just for the ser-
mons during the last six years. I have often wonder-
ed what religious papers you people read back there
that you could throw out so many good hints. Or was
it God and the holy Bible and prayer alone? I don't
think that was all of it. I believe" you have earthly
helpers besides the help our Father in heaven has giv-
en j'ou. Am I guessing right ? Mrs. M. A. Travis.

Kobin.son, Brown Co., Kan., Nov. 15.

Some of the friends may be a little surpris-
ed that I should use the above letter with the
exceedingl}^ kind and encouraging words,
when it evidently was not intended for print.
Another thing, as a rule such words of com-
mendation are best kept to one's self, as the
writer evident' y intended. But along with
these kind words comes a most tender and
pathetic plea for the old-time fashion of ask-
ing a blessing at the table, and having family
worship in our homes. Dear friends, this is
my last Home talk for the year 1897; and very
likely a good man}' will discontinue, and to
those it may b2 the last talk I shall ever give
them. The thought has been coming to me,
" What is the most important message I can
send to the homes and home people who read
Gleanings? ' It would be something right
in line with this letter in my opinion. Do not
let the world with its cares — do not let the
changed order of things induce you to forget
Bible -reading and daily prayer. Do not let
electric railways, electric lights, modern ma-
chinery, and modern ways of doing things
crowd out the word of God; and do not, I be-
seech you, let any thing that this world may-
offer, crowd in so as to make your relations to

the great Father above any more distant than
they have been. May it rather be, in the lan-
guage of our old hymn,

" .Vrarer, nij' God, to thee."
The little prayer that I suggested for use be-
fore partaking of our daily food is found in
Gleanings for Nov. 15, 1895, page 868. It is
as follows:

" O Lord, we thank thee for this pleasant and hap-
py home. We thank thee for these our dear children.
We thank thee for health and .strength, and for good
appetites, and for this our daily food. May it strength-
en us that we may be helpful, one to another, and
that we may be self-sacrificing ; that we may have
grace to use our strength .so that selfish feelings shall
be put down, together with all that is evil ; and may
we uphold all that is good and noble and pure, for the
sake of the dear Ma.ster, our Lord and Savior Christ
Jesus. Amen.

Now, dear friends, I did not intend that that
prayer should be copied or used ei'ery day, by
any means. There is only one prayer in the
world that we can use in place of something
of our own wording, and that is the prayer
given us by the dear Savior himself when he
was here on earth. The reason why I outlin-
ed the one aVjove was to suggest some of the
things we should remember to thank God for.
Every man, woman, or child who has a home
ought to thank God daily for that hon e, hum-
ble though it may be. ^-^ny home is better
than no home. Some of you may think I do
not know all about what I am saying ; but I
think I do know pretty well all the trials and
difficulties that homes present.

Again, we should thank God for our parents,
children, brothers, and sisters. We should
remember to thank him for good health,
strength and good appetites. The advertise-
ments in newspapers constantly remind us
how few there are who enjoy really good
health, and can eat with imptmity what is
generally set before us.

Again, we need God's grace and wisdom to
make a good use oi strength. We need to be
saved from the sin of ingratitude, from evil
thoughts, and from all suggestions of the
tempter; and in our daily worship we should
femember the events, the anxiety, the long-
ings, that belong pecitliarl}' to each da}'. No
two days are alike. As a rnle I would try to have
no two prayers alike — not even asking a bless-
ing at ttie table. This is pretty hard, I know,
when we think of the number of times we are
called upon to give thanks in a year. \'ery
often when I sit down to my meals, especially
after I have been delayed, and prevented from
being on time, I am faint and exhausted; and
sometimes it is about all I can do to call up
grace enough to repeat words that I have used
perhaps thousands of times before. Now,
please do not misunderstand me, dear friends
of the Home Papers. The prayer that is re-
pealed until it sounds almost stereotyped is
better than no prayer at all — a thousand times
better; but if we use the same words over and
over, we should have to be more than human
if they did not in time get to be meaningless.

It happens to be my privilege to be one of
the volunteer observers on the Weather Bu-
reau, and I enjoy studying the weather v\dth
all its varied features every day in the year.

1897

GLKANINGS IN BKE CULTURE.

89!l

There is not a siiiijle day hut I t'liul soinetliiiii;
to thank God for in the weather. I do not l)e-
lieve, dear friends, this is extravajrance. T.
B. Terry once said he coukl always find rea-
sons to he happy when it rained, and he coidd
also find other reasons for being happy when
it did tiot rain. That is the ritrht s])irit. Let us
be so loyal to our ]\Iaker, our heavenly leather,
our ijreat, good, and wise h'ricud, that we
shall never be tempted to be rebellious and
cross about the things we can not help, and
which are unquestionably in his domain.
The courts of law, you know, specify that a
man is not held responsible for certain things
they term " the acts of God." Now, it seems
to me it is an excellent thing to remember the
weather in our daily petitions, and in giving
thanks. When the community in general
needs rain, let us ask God for the rain that is
needed, day after day, until it comes. When
it comes so as to cause disaster, as it did down
in the Mississippi Valley last spring, let us
unite in asking him day by day to withhold
the x\\\\ till it ceases: and let iis, in our daily
petitions, beware of confining onr thoughts
to our oivn little home or neighborhood.
Ever}- family reads the papers enough nowa-
days to know of the suffering in different parts
of the world. Let us pray for these neigh-
bors, while we remember the great Feather
above always; let us also always remember the
chief officers of our government. Do not for-
get to pray for the President of the United
States, no matter what political party you or
he may represent; and do not forget to be loy-
al afterward in vour talk during the day, to
be consistent with your daily prayer. Be frank
and free to tell (iod all your troubles. In
your closet alone, remember your children,
calling them by name, and the same with your
friends and neighbors; and by all means re-
member the editor of your favorite home pa-
per.

And this brings me to the concluding words
in the question at the end of the kind letter
at the head of this talk. Mav I address her
in my answer ? Dear sister, I believe my dai-
ly Bible reading and praver have much to do
with that portion of God's Holy Spirit which
you and other friends give me the credit of
having received ; and I know full well that
there are many praying for me that I may not
make a mistake nor go amiss nor be lefl away
by atiy thino;. I have been helped by the
thought that many are praying for me. I
have been greatly helped, also, by such letters
as the one I have given. They have been com-
ing constantly ever since this, my lifework,
was commenced.

Once more, dear sister, it has been my good
fortune to have kind Christian friends and
helpers here at home. The dear old mother
who watched my wayward steps in infancy,
and again through middle life, when I was for
a time led away, is near me still, although she
is now 8.") years of age. Many of the helpful
thoughts I have given you perhaps belong to
the dear wife; and now as my sons and daugh-
ters have come to maturity it gives me more
joy than I can express to see them give me
helpful suggestions and encouraging words

May God be praised for all these things I have
mentioned.*

Now, please take me as I mean. I do not
think I mean to boast when I suggest that,
had I pushed on in the direction 1 started
something like thirty years ago, there would
have been no Bible, no prayer, no Christian
home, and very likely no home at all, for me.
In fact, I very much doubt whether I should
be living at all to speak these helpful words
had it not been for the saving power of the re-
ligion of Christ Jesus. I remember yet very
well how these words will strike many of you.
I know it is a little unusual to speak of sacred
and holy things as I do in connection with
matters of every-day life ; and it is only be-
cause I am anxious for your best welfare that
I do so. During the past year we have dis-
cussed the matter of medicines and physi-
cians. We have discussed science and mod-
ern inventions; we have again and again to-
gether reached the point where man's skill
and wisdom end. We have seen together, all
of us ( I am glad to sa^' all of us ) that there
is a great universe where God reigns. He
made us, he placed us here. Is it not our
right and privilege as well as our duty to come
to him in a loyal, honest, manly way, with all
our wants and' troubles as well as with all our
joys?

As I grow older I believe I am changing
somewhat. I used to be anxious to build up
trade. Yes, I am anxious now to increase the
circulation of this journal ; but God knows I
speak tndy when I say I am more anxious
that you should make God's hoh' word j^our
guide and counsellor than that you should
subscribe for Gleanings. I am weak and
human; but God is infinite. I .shall soon pass
away and be forgotten ; but Christ Jesus will
stand forevermore. If your thoughts are on
///'w, and if to him you intrust the care and
keeping of 3'our children, they will not be
likely to go astray. When the writer of that
letter mentioned her sisters who are working
to establish family altars in their own homes,
it stii red my heart more than any thing else I
have seen or read for a long while. I said to
myself, "May God bless the dear women!
They do not know — they never can know — the
outcome of bringing up just one little family
and household in the fear of the Lord."

And let me close the talk for the year by
saying this to each and all ; No words can de-
scribe, no tongue can tell, the good that may
come to future generations, clear down through
the ages, by establishing to-day in your own
home some form of family worship and daily
recognition of God, the 'loving leather ; and
this, dear reader, is the message your old
friend is sending to you and your home, the
last one of the year 1897.

* In regard to religious helps, I rcid carefully and
pretty thoroughly the Chicago Advancr, Sunday
School Timrs. atul the Golden Rule. These papers are
my Sunday reading. I also like to read pretty much
all of the books in oiar Sunday-.school library, so that
I may know what our children are reading. 'On week
days I read almost all of our agricultural papers, or
at lea.st glance over them. .Some of these, as I have
told you, are taking a strong stand for godliness and
for righteousness. I.,et us .stand by them in their ef-
forts for the good of humanity.

900

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec. ]5.

Health Notes.

ON THE WHEEL.

All through the month of November I
was planning a big long wheelride ; but in
our locality it rained almost every day, and
the days it did not rain it was muddy. But I
kept up my courage, and kept telling about
the wheelride I v:as ^i^on/^^ to take, ever}' morn-
ing, at breakfast, until the children laughingly
begged me not to talk about it any more,
because, if I did, it would be suit to rain.
But when the sun came out bright and clear
on the morning of Dec. 10 I caught fresh en-
thusiasm Of course, the roads were not very
^ood, but there was a warm wind from the
sou'h. I took the train to a station distant
about a mile from a brick pavement that
runs into Cleveland. There were a goo I
many jokes about mj' getting over that mile
-without getting the shine off my boots; but,
to my agreeable surprise, I found it very nice
wheeling indeed.^ • "i ^-,r_jr^ ' :i'^,\r^ '

At one place where they were making some
repairs in the road one of the men said, jok-
ingh', " If he can get down ///a/ bank, he is
an old hand at the business, suir.'' But I
rode down it without a bit of trouble. Al-
though there were great lumps of dirt, so that
it looked as if it might bother a horse to get
through, it was all the way doicii liill. By
skillful guiding and twisting and pushing
ahead and holding back on the pedals I got
through what looked like ver}' formidable
difficulties. I kept my i-eat, and was over the
break in a trice, ami when I got on that brick
pavement, with the strong wind behind me —
but, didn't I just spin? This "good road"
is about fourteen miles long, and the only
thing that marred my jileasure was tlie num-
ber of teams drawing lieavy loads into the
city all along the road. They did not mar my
pleasure very much, after all, for the kind
and courteous way in which they gave me
room to pa-s fully compensated for what little
hindrance I met. Not one driver in all the
fourteen miles was in the least unfriendly.
Several who had loads said that, if I had rung
my bell a little sooner, they would have turn-
ed out for me willingl}'.

There is a pleasant moral right here. Peo-
ple are betjinning to recognize the value of
wheels, and the place they are lo take in the
future. I did not use my bell much, because
that might have seemed to many people like
saying, "Gtt out of my way there." In-
stead of ringing the bell I saicl, after starling
to ride around the team, "Will you please
swing your horses ever just a little?" or,
" Will you please slack up just a little until I
^et ahead? " After I got on the bricks again
I always said, " I am very nmch obliged to
you indeed." Altogether I had a most enjoy-
able ride in the middle of December. I re-
turned home on the train.

CONTROLUNG DISEASE BY THE FOOD WE EAT.

Before giving the following extract from the
L. A. IV. Bulletin, perhaps I should explain
that correspondents in that journal give their
L. A. W. number instead of their name. I
have been persuaded to give this communica-
tion a place because I am sure it strikes on a
great truth. Not only may rheumatism be at
least largely controlled by the diet, but I am
strongly impressed that there is scarcely a
disease that torments humanity that does not
come a good deal under the same head. It is
improper food or too much food that produces
disease ; and the only rational cure is to go
back to where the mischief started. You will
notice that our friend indorses the meat diet
(the Salisbury lean-meat treatment) by saying
he eats all the meat he wants, at least once a
day.

The letter from No. ISO.S^S, on reduction of weight
by riding, is ver>- interesting, and no doubt the drink-
ing of large quantities of water under the condition of
profuse perspiration will, if the water be pure, act to
reduce the tendency to rheumatism. He admits, how-
ever, that his rheumatism is again returning. It is
strange, but too true, that in this age of progress and
advanced civilization, the simple facts concerning
that most painful and prevalent malady, rheumatism,
are not better understood.

Whether it is that doctors do not care to consider
preventive means, or that people are not willing to
deny themselves any thing at all, certain it is that
rheumatism can be "almost entirely controlled by a
proper selection of food. This may come under the
head of diet, but is not svnonymous with starvation,
as commonly a.s,sumed. Perfect digestion and assimi-
lation of the food eaten means health, strength, and
vitality: but how many of us possess it? I know^
hundreds who are suffering from stomach troubles,
but only one man who realizes the fact. They in-
variably ascribe it to other causes — usually overwork.
It is overwork, but not of the mental faculties, as they
prefer to think. If No, 130,.53.S would try ab.staining
from .sugar, grea.se, and .starchy food — particularly
fried potatoes — pastr>-, and fried cakes with syrup,
he will find his weight decrease, and all his faculties
improve in a verv short time. I suffered for years for
want of this knowledge, but finally obtained it upon
the highest medical authority, and now enjoy better
health than I ever remember, and I should like to .see
others equally benefited. I eat meat once a day, and
all I want of it. The other two meals consist princi-
pally of corn or graham bread, and fruit .stewed with-
out sugar, or fresh fruit, than which there is no better
food. The alkaloids contained in coffee upset the
stomach, but that is nothing to the stomach troubles
cau.sed by the medicines commonly used for the .so-
called cure for rheumatism, all of which can be avoid-
ed by not eating or drinking the stuff which is the
cause of the trouble.

DOSING YOURSELF WITH DRUGS WITHOUT
THE ADVICE OF A PHYSICIAN.

As an illustration of the danger of this
work, the following incident has just come
under my notice. A person was feeling poor-
ly; and after trying several remedies, and be-
ing "nothing better, but rather grew worse,"
as Mark puts it, in regard to a certain woman,
he consulted an able physician. I happened
to be present. After looking him over a little
the doctor said:

" Have you been taking quinine to-day? "

" Yes, sir."

" How much, and how long ago? "

' ' I took four grains about half an hour
ago."

" Is that all you have taken to-day ? "

1807

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

" No, I toi)k four grains two hours before
the last dose."

"My dear sir, your ])ulse is up to TJO,
while 7'J is what it should he. (Juinine is the
very thing you ou,<,dit not to touch. At the
rate your heart is poundin^y; away just now it
will pound you to jiieces soon. Your short,
quick hreatii shoidd have admonished you not
to touch stiinuhints."

Now, this is not an unsual occurrence by
any means. We have all had experience in
seeing people tinker with machinery or com-
plicated apparatus (when they knew nothino-
about the thing), in the vain hope that they
might by some blunder hit the right " cog-
wheel." If a machine is spoiled through mis-
taken kindness it is of comparatively small
account; but if you think I am ivrons:; when I
tell you to let drugs and medicines alone, ask
your family physician, in whom you have con-
fidence, what lie thinks about it. If some-
body offers you medicine, "free of charge,"
do not touch it. Remember the man I told
j-ou of who planted tomato-seed because he
got it free from the Seed Department. He
could have purchased seed that he knew was
all right, and just what he wanted, for five
cents ; but he planted the other kind in a hot-
bed, got them out in his garden before any-
body else, then harvested a great crop of
crooked, scraggli , late tomatoes that nobody
would take as a gift. Now, the medicine you
are offered free of charge may be even a worse
speculation. These medicines given free usu-
ally contain morphine, cocaine, chloral, or
some similar drug. Of course, the patient
"feels better," atid wants some more medi-
cine. But it costs .S2.00 a bottle, or three bot-
tles for -S-T.OO. May the Lord be praised, a
law has just been passed making it an offense
either to sell or give away medicines contain-
ing these terrible poisons. The druggists and
patent-medicine men are beginning to writhe
and squirm already, because it threatens to
kill their business — at least a good share of it.
Why in the world this new law does not in-
clude cigarettes, I am unable to say; but I am
on the "war-path " in regard to the matter.

LIGHT FOR D.\RK PLACES.

I tried to tell you in our last issue my con-
victions in regard to what was coming in the
way of electric lighting. Below is something
I found on a scrap of paper:

Klectric-light meters, witli penny-in-thc-slot attach-
ment.s. promise to become popular in .some places. A
London company sui)plies current for an eight-candle-
power incandescent light .six hours for a penny drop-
ped into the tio,x, and allows the customer to take his
six hours' light at once or in .small daily installments,
as he chooses to turn his switch.

There, friends, do you see it? By the aid of
a storage-battery, with electric light attached,
an apparatus can be left in every home, ?o
that people of moderate means may have the
benefits of this beautiful light by simply drop-
ping a penny or a nickel into the slot. No ex-
pensive man will be needed to keep the books,
and there can be no complaints about unfair
dealing. You put your coin into the machine,

and you get your number of hours of light,
to be used as you want it, by pressing a but-
ton. When the storage battery is exhausted,
somebody comes right to your door and re-
places it with a fresh machine. I think the
price can be made so low tliat almost every
home may be thus supplied. Of course, the
dynamo to charge the batteries nmst be some-
where near, and my belief is that the wind
that blows so much of the time over our heads
(and against them), especially at the season
of the year when we have short days and /o>!j^
f/![<^/i/s, will do this storing of electricity. All
that is needed is an inventive genius to make
the thing practicable.

THE NEW ACETYLENE LIGHT.
There have been so many inquiries in re2:ard
this that I have decided to give in full the fol-
lowing letter from friend Long, to whom I
have referred before — see page 718.

Dmi- Friend:—! notice in Gleamnts fo' Nov. 1.5th
several articles on ace ylene gas, which mav he con-
fusing to the average reader. The article referred to
in the Cosmopolitan is .somewhnt misleading, if not
carefully .studied, as, in practice, acetylene is used in
a pure state, unmixed with air, and' with less than
three ounces of pressur. , under which conditions it is
absolutely non-explosive.

The dangerous qualities of acetylene as now used
have been much exaggerated. In many respects it is
much .safer than kerosene, city gas, "or electricity.
City gas is nearly as explosive as acetylene; .still, with
the great amount continually used, but few casualties
occur, while acetylene has these important advantages
— that but one-tenth or less in a hulk is used for the
same light, and the .strong odor of the unhurried gas
will always cause its presence to be known long be-
fore enough could escape to be ignitable, which fact
Prof. Jacobus seems to have overlooked.

Kerosene is more dangerous ' han acetylene, but we
have :ill become so accustomed to the use of kero.sene
that its dangerous properties are not thought of.

With properly con.structed generators, acetylene is
doubtles- the safe.st illuminant we have: and the prin-
cipal rea.son why it is thought by some to be danger-
ous is mentioned by Prof. Jakobus. of its having been
first used in a liquid form under a pressure frequently
as high as 1000 pounds to the square inch, in which
form it is liable to cause mishaos.

We have been using it constantly for over a year,
and feel much safer with it than in using kerosene-
lamps, as, with our generator, the acetvlene is in a
pure state, unmixed with air, and it is impo sible to
have more than three ounces of pressure to the square
inch, under which conditions I think even Prof. Jaco-
bus would admit its superior safetj-.

There is a plain discrepancy between Prof. Jacobus'
figures as given i-i t'ne Cosniipulitan; but. even by tak-
ing his figures, acetylene at Si*7..)0 per ton for carbide
would be as cheap' as gas with ordinary burners in
New York city; U.ss than one-third of the' cost of elec-
tricity in New York, and much less than half the cost
of gas in many places

According to careful te.sts by expert chemists, car-
bide at SSU 00 per ton costs about the same as kerosene
at Sets, per gallon or city gas at 4.5 cts. per 1000 feet,
for tht same amount of light.

.\s our generator retjuires absolutely no attention
whatever for a number of weeks or eveti months after
refilling, we can imagine nothing .safer, more conven-
ient, or cheaper than acetylene, especially for coun-
try homes; and when the quality of the light is consid-
ered in connection with its geiieral superiority it cer-
tainly seems destined to supplant shortly other means
of lighting, not only for domestic use but also for
nearly every other purpose. At the present time it is
being'^used in many homes, with the greatest of satis-
facti n.

Could yo>i give me the names and dates of the peri-
odicals to which vou refer as showing acetvlene to be
unfitted for dome.stic use ? I wish to kf ep thoroughly
informed along this line. I hope to .send you a port-
able lamp which seems to be doing nicely, in a few
days. An authority I have before me stat'es that the
number of candle-power hours for SI. 00 would be — in-

902

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

candescent electric light, KiOO; illuminating gas, 2o(>0;
acetylene, ()700. D. N "Long.

I,a' Salle. N. Y., Dec. 3.

Perhaps I should inform our readers that
Mr. Long is an enthusiast on this new discov-
ery, and he may, as would be very natural,
overestimaie in some of his statements. I be-
lieve him to be a good and reliable man. But
our readers will have to take their chances if
the}' invest in the new light, as you see I have
not yet had an opportunity for testing the
lamps. I notice this, however — acetylene
seems to be taking the lead in furnishing a
lamp for bicycles. My impression is, it gives
a stronger light than even electricity, tor
lamps for this purpose; but it must be lighted
with a match. In view of the disastrous fires
we are having all the while, I object to match-
es and fire in any form where they can be
avoided. With the electric lamps, we have
only to press the button to make it go. It can
not set fire to any thing. Yes, I object to
matches and fire, even when they are used to
light a pipe or cigar. But may be I am pecul-
iar.

THE "missing-letter" FAKE.

On page 826 we put in a protest in regard to
this sort of thing. It is the advertisement
that 3'ou see in the papers, where a prize is
offered to any one who will supply the miss-
ing letters to make out a word. The puzzle
is so eas}' and simple that a person not really
smart would guess it all at once. The swindle
is in persuading ignorant people that they are
itniisiially smart. When they send in their
answer a reply is made that they have drawn
a prize of a fifty -dollar watch and chain.
But in order to get this prize they must send
!?5.00 for a five-years' subscription to some
journal, etc. I need not detail the rest of the
ingenious eva.sions and subterfuges to rob
credulous people of their money. In one of
the dailies I notice the following :

The postal authorities have decided that all the
•• missing-letter " contests, where prizes are offered,
are lotteries, and newspapers containing such adver-
tisements must be excluded from the mails.

One wonderful thing in regard to this whole
disgraceful scheme is that it has been pushed
largely by religious periodicals. May God
help us to better defend the sacred name of
Christ Jesus — the name the religious press
should especially hold up and protect.

Jm>.

SEE. THAT WINK ?

BEE SUPPLIES.

Root's Goods at Root's Prices.

Pouder's Honey^Jars and everj
thing used by bee-keepers. l,ow
freight rates ; prompt service.
Catalog free.
-^ t ,f« h .nmx •• WALTER S. POUDER,

WC powtK:>ipD 5,2nass Ave., Indianapolis, Ind.

No cheap Queens to sell ; but the best.

Golden 5 band, or 3 band from
imported mother. Untest-
ed, 7o cts.; tested, $1.00.
L. BEAUCHAMP, Box 6i3 San Antonio. Texas.

In writing advertisers mention Gleanings.

iHTEHTS

P

^H PATE

B 579 The Arcade,

Dec. 15.

PROCURED
PROMPTLY

AT REASONABLE RATES
By J. A. OSBORNE &, CO.,

LAWYERS,

CLEVELAND, 0.

In writing advertisers mention Gleanings.

BURPEE'S

SEEDS GROW!

Write a postal card to=day for

Burpee's Farm Annual for 1898.

Brighter and better than ever before.

W. ATLEE BURPEE & CO., Philadelphia.

In writing advertisers, mention Gleanings.

Prosperity.

It is here and still coming. So are the carloads ol
bee=keepers' supplies coming from The A. I. Root

Co.'s to my distributing points, thus enabling me to
sell at their wholesale and retail prices. I keep the
best of everj' thing you need. Send for my illustrated
36-page catalog free.

GEO. E. HILTON,

FREMONT, - - - niCHlQAN.

DON'T FAHUrTyTgain. ^

Send for our o(i-page catalog full of information
about tiees, hives, bee-fixtures of all kinds, new
improvements ahead. Keep up with the times.

A. I. Root Co.'s Goods by the Carload

kept in .stock. Shipped to you on short notice
at less freight. Prepare early for the coming
sea.son.

Jno. Nebel & SON, High Hill, Wlo.

MUTH'S HONEY-BXTRACTOR,
SQUARE GLASS HONEY-JARS,
ROOT'S GOODS AT ROOT'S PRICES,

Bee-keepers' Supplies in general, etc.,
etc. vSend for our new catalog. 'Prac-
tical Hints" will be mailed for 10 cts.
in .stamps. Apply to

CHAS F. MUTH & SON, Cincinnati, 0.

FARM BEE=KEEPING.

The only bee-paper in the United States
edited exclusively in the interest of the
fanner bee-keeper and the beginner is
THE BUSY BEE, published by
Emerson T. Abbott, St. Joseph, Mo.

Write lor free sample copy now.

||/:k£kf1C ~5c; Breeders, $2. Either leather
WttllS^ or golden. My golden breeders
■^^ ..^N.^N^v^Nrf'^.-v^N breed all .5-banded bees.

W. H. LAWS. - Lavaca. Ark.

the A. !. Root Co.'s Goods ^*^Wu«^

Including their discounts for goods wanted for use an-
other season. It will pay vou to send me list of goods
wanted |VJ. H. HUNT,

Cash for beeswax. Bell Branch, Mich.

pOR SALE. — My entire stock of bees and supplies
*^ at a bargain. ' Italian .stock. I have a large queen
trade and will sell in whole or part. Address at once.
Theodore Bender, Canton, O.

o

1S07

GLKANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Almost Given Away to Introduce

Good Luck" Collection.

TlIK imiispeiisable, wiilc auake, money saviiiR 1-AKM JorKNAU. <iiie year, with large 3-I.(K)
box of useful garden seed.s, containing large packets of the very best Beets, Cucumbers, Rad-
ishes, Tomatoes, Ueans, Melons, Giant Prize Pansies — fifty lovely varieties. Vegetable Peach —
a vegetable wonder, delicious for preserves, pies, etc., matures anywhere in 90 days — and lots
of other choice vegetable and flower seeds, including the be.st novelties. All the above sent
po.stpaid with my illustrated catalog for only 30 Cts. (cash, money-order, or stamps).

Address

A. F COOK, Seedsman,

Hyde Park, N. Y.

In writing advertisers please mention C.lkaning,'^

POULTRY = RAISERS AND ALL, $6.00 FOR $2.50

Christian Herald, printed in colors, largest and best religious weekly in the world

American Agriculturist, best 2S-page illustrated farm and market w'eekly

Am. Agriculturist Year-book and Almanac, over (iOO pages, worth

New York Wetkly Tribune, best 20-page newspaper in the United States

Poultry Keeper, Ltl pages, printed in colors. It leads, others follow

P. K. illustrator, Xo. 1, 100 illustrations, poultry-houses, incubators, brooders, etc

P. K. illustrator. X' . 2, Ir, illustrations, aitificial incubation, care of chicks, etc

P. K. illustrator, Xo. 3, poultry diseases, gapes, roup, cholera, moulting, etc

P. K. illu.strator, Xo. 4, judging fowls, description of breeds, mating, point.s, etc

For onlv $2..t0 we will send these 4 great papers 1 year, and the five Vooks, grand total

Sample P. K. with other offers free. POULTRY KEEPER CO.. Box 37, Parkesbuig,

When writing adverti.sers plea.se mention Gleanings.

$1-50

1.00
I 00
I.OO

• 50

•25
•25
•25
•25

$6.oo
Pa.

We PAY FREIGHT

onlv one of Stark 12 Challenqe Points— the

11 ]■-' iilainly sliow WHY Stall; Hro-s grow and
sell the most trees, lln ii. we will not cut qualitv no duiiii i liow I.oW

!f iiitiTi'Stcd in trees or fruits dro]i post ' '

new edition: finest, most complete vet issue

sent free. STARK BROS. Louisiana. Mo. Stark. Mo. Rockport, III. Dansville, N.Y

:■; STARK FRUIT BOOK

M'SXSd

Read what J. I. Parent, of
Charlton, X. Y., .says — " We cut
with one of your combined Ma-
chines last winter .")0 chaff hives
with 7-inch cap, IOO honey-racks,
500 broad frames, 2000 honey-box-
es, and a great deal of other work.
This winter we have doubled the
amount of bee - hives, etc., to
make, and we expect to do it all
with this .saw. It will do all you
sav it will." Catalog and price
list free. Address W. F. & JOHN
J.\RXES. .54.5, Ruby Street. Rockford, 111.

When more convenient, orders for Barnes' Foot-
power Machiiier\- mav be sent to

Tin;' A. I. ROOT CO., Medina, O.

THE SUCCESSFUL INCUBATOR

is thf -t.-iiiflar-l inacliine for hatching strong, healthy
ok'i. Self-regulating, patent
iiing truys, dr.ving room for
_k>., non-explosive lam i>— just a
few of its good points. Sold under
>e gutirantee to work perfect-
Beauiifuliy made and dura-
liogue de-
many
ising you
ror 6 cts.
DES MOINES INC. CO. Box 503 DES MOINES, lA.

lible. Our 128 page catalog

f^^ scribes them fully; tells

_ ij^ thinL's ab'iut poultry raisi

~—^ should know Mailed for

H ATCH^CMckens by steam-

EXCELSIOR Incubator

Simple. Perfect, Self-Regulat

ng. Tho

ssful

eration. Lowext priced
flrst'Claws Hatcher made.
<;K0. II. STAHL. -
1 4 toiaa S. 6th Wt. QuIncy.Ill.

^^^^^^n^mSTART IN BUSINESS!

^■^'^r% y^IJiil* Mno *'T" THE PRAIRIE STATE

.lal(«ue. 200 FIRST PREMIUMS.

I'KAIKIK STATE IXC. CO., Homer city. I'S;

# Do You Want

t An Incubator

jlllllllliiimnittut . = ..

in all the many shows in

which it has participate'

there must t>e soraetl.ini!

n the superiority claims of the

regulating, entirely auto-
J matic, you put in the eggs, thp
Reliable does the rest. Ali abo-n
lis and many things of value to
jponJtry man i. our nfm book. Seod lOcts.forit. _
IREIIABIE INCUBATOR & BROODER CO.. OUINCV.IILS £

lllllllll<lllllHIIJIIIIIIIIIIIIIHHI»Tlllllll.llll»

In writing adverti-er-. iiienlion Ci.i-.a.n'im ,s.

- IB New Double Regula-

•^ li tor: Model Egg Tray

"ITE-W" AI>^ E I^IO AIT.'
Want Our Catalogue ?

li'a a pretty booh of 68 pages, finely llluatratea:
worth dollars to every poultryman. A 2c atampgeta It.

GEO. J. NissLY, Saline, Mich.

904

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec. 15.

AUTOMATIC SAW-GUMMER.

We have had for a humber of years a Covel automat-
ic saw-gummer for sharpening small circular saws,
both rip and cut-off. Having recently put in a larger
band resaw we also purchased a combined automatic
glimmer, which will take both band and circular saws.
This renders the fir.st gummer of no use to us. We
paid S150 for it new, and will sell it now for §30, crated,
and free on board cars here. vShall be plea.sed to give
further particulars to any one interested.

HONEY MARKET.

We have on hand all grades of comb honey at prices
mentioned in Dec. l.st Gleanings. We can make a
special low price on several hundred pounds of No. 1
white, in 2J-lb. ca'es, to any one who can use .some-
what irregular combs. These are not bad, but hardly
what we like to send out as regular A No. 1. If inter-
ested, ^vrite us in regard to the lot. Our A No. 1 and
fancy amber grades are especially desirable. These
are not dark, but are nearly equal to white honey,
and the finish and style of putting up is the very be.st.

The price of extracted remains unchanged. We are
•Still open for offers on choice clover extracted honey;
have secured .some, but want to get track of more in
(iO-"b cans, if to be had in that shape, at a price which
we can pay.

FENCES, OR CLEATED SEPARATORS.

We are receiving a great many inquiries, orders for
.samples, and some good -sized orders for the new
fences. We are having some new illustrations made
showing the different ways of u<-ing these fences,
which we hoped to print in this issue ; but our en-
g avers were so crowded we could not get them in
time. We will show f hem in the Jan. 1st is.sue. From
many of the letters and orders received, it is evident
that the use of the.se fences is not well under.stood, or
more care would be taken to .state .iust how you expect
to use them. We gave a warning in regard to this a
month ago ; but as the special notice containing this
warning was over among the advertising pages, many
did not see it. Even Dr. Miller, the " .Straw " man,
overlooked it. We would advise you to look it up and
read it. The regular fence to be "used with plain .sec-
tion-holders and 414 -inch sections is IV'i inches long,
and has end standards 4'-2 inches long, ,»., inch thick,
and Vz inch wide, and will be known as the H fence.
Price Sl.OO per 100; 90.00 per 1000. The same fence,
with end .standard 4J{ long and ?'8 wide, making it
TiVi inches long, is used with 4K sections on T tins as
we now make them, with '^'-inch upright. To use
with old T tins as formerly made, thev will need to be
grooved acro.ss the bottom edge ^ inch deep to let
them down to place over the T tin. Thc-e fences
without the cross-grooves will be known as K fences,
and the price will be the same as H fences. To use in
connection with the old-style .slotted section-holder
with the plain sections requires a fence with the slats
projecting beyond the end standards. The end stand-
ards, like the intermediate ones, are, on this style
fence, in two parts attached to the slats, and are" V^
inch wire by AV^ inches long, proje ting below jj
inch, and even on top. The full length of this fence is
18 inches ; but the distance between the outside edges
of end standards on the two opposite ends is ju.st 17
inches, .so that these standards come inside of the sec-
tion-holder ends against the edge of the plain .section.
The fence is supported bv the end standards resting
on the section-holderliottom ju.st inside the section-
holder end, and the slats projecting bevond the end
standards come between the .section-holder ends. See
illu-stration in Trade Notes, this is.sue, which is not
correct, be -ause it does not show the slats projecting
beyond the end .standards. This fence will be called
the J fence, and will be .sold at S1.20perl00: $10.00
per 1000.

Here, then, are three fences, all diiTerent, and yet
all for use with the 45^ -inch plain .section. There are
other kinds of supers and fixtures for the 4i4'-inch .sec-
tions, which will require fences still different from
these described. If you have taken in all the forego-
ing ^ ou begin to perceive the necessity of being very
particular to designate ju.st how ^ our fences are' to be
used, when you order, if you would be sure to get

what vou want. Now, you can cut a K fence from
an H fence, but neither will make a J fence ; and you
can not easily make either out of a J fence. We have
ju.st received an order for 2000 plain sections and 300
fences "to fit the ordinary Dov. super which .section-
holders have been used in." As no plain section-
holders are ordered, it is not quite clear whether the
party intends to make the.se or to use the old slotted
ones"; and you see it makes a big difference when we
fill the order. I mention this case only because here
is where the greatest difiiculty is going to be, and
where the greate.st care will be needed in making
your orders.

There are other fences which we will regularly fur-
ni.sh. For instance, the I fence for the Ideal super,
with theSVgxoxm plain sections. This arrangement
will be more fully described and illustrated in next is-
sue. This fence "is 18! s inches long, with end stand-
ards 5% inches long, and ^3 inch wide. Seven of
these, with six .straight slats, ^/gxli^xlS'/s. and 30 sec-
tions of above size ju.st fit into a deep super, 8-frame
size, and the sections hold just a pound of honey. No-
tice that you get 30 instead of 24 into an 8-frame super.
The fence for the Ideal super will be the I fence, and
the price will be Sl.2.5 per 100; 811.00 per 1000. Then
there are the fences, both single and double cleated,
for the Danzy hive, with 4x5 .sections, at $1.50 per 100,
S13.00 per lOOO. Another point of importance to make
a note of is that, in each super, we use one more fence
than we do section -holder or rows of .sections. That is,
the fence acts as a follower, and one is used on each
side of the mper. This series a double purpose. It
avoids putting cleats on the super as well as secures
the advantage of the Pettit perforated : nd cleated fol-
lower which has been strongly recommended to .secure
as well -filled sections on the outside as in the center.
It also does away with the follower-board. In the
plain no-bee-way section, the standard width for 4^
square and the '3-*^-8x5 will be 1^4 inches. This width,
with the fences having cleats i inch thick, will hold
the same amount of honey as the regular \%. If,
therefore, you do not specify the width we will send
1'4 inch. The width to correspond with the regular
1% or 7-to-foot will lie 1% plain. In figuring out what
width of plain section you wish to order to use in con-
nection with the fences, and to hold the .same amount
of honey as the regular slotted section, j'ou have
simply to deduct from the width of the regular slotted
section the thickne.ss of two cleats, which is f^ exact,
or /e full. The whole fence is /.> inch thick, or /g ,scant.

We have ju.st printed on our new press 120,000 seed
catalogs for A. T. Cook, Hyde Park, N. Y. We notice
on the fir.st page, which," by the way, is vers' hand-
somely gotten up, the following :

" 1 have been for twenty years in the .seed business;,
and I do not know that I have a single dissatisfied cus-
tomer."

Now, then, friends, if friend Cook has made a mis-
take in the above, vou can call him to account.

CONVENTION NOTICE.

The annual meeting of the California State Bee-
keepers' Association will be held at I,os Angeles, on
Monday, Jan. 10, 1898, commencing at 2 p.m.

The California Bee-keepers' Exchange will meet in
annual session at Los Angeles, on Tuesday, Jan. 11, at
2 p.m. a full attendance of members is desired. Mr.
Thos. Wm. Cowan, editor of the Bi itish Bee Journal,
will be present. The attendance of Thomas G. New-
man is also promi.sed. A. J. CooK, Pres.

J. H. Martin, Sec.

COLORADO APIARISTS, TAKE NOTICE.

The Colorado State Bee-keepers' Association will
hold its annual convention in the State Capitol build-
ing, Denver, Jan. 17, 18!IS. Let everv apiarist in the
State, who can, be at that meeting. Whether vou can
be at the meeting or not, write to me just as "soon as
you read this. First, I want 5'our tiaine and address,
very plainly written. It is very likely that the a.s.soci-
atiou will have something to communicate to you that
will lie to your anc others' interests, .so we want your
name and address .sure. With the address tell me
what topics you want discu.ssed at the meeting, or anv
other business you want transacted. Any others— per-
sons or associations — having business with this associ-
ation will please communicate with our State Secre-
tarv, Mr. Frank Rauchfiiss, Elvra, Col., or with my-
self, "r. C. Aikin,

Pres. Col. State Bee-keepers' Association.

I.oveland, Col.

1897

GI.KANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

905

I. J. STRINGHAM,

105 PARK PIACt:.

NEW YORK,

keeps in stock a full line of popular

APIARIAN SUPPLIES,

which are first-q\iality. both in

material and workmanship.

Celebrated Wisconsin Basswood
Sections, Dadants' Foundation.

HOMF V= I A D<s l-l'^- square, with corks, $4.50 a
IIWllL,! »l/\IVO, gross; discount on quantity.

Catalog free, giving discount for early orders.

Dovetailed Hives,

Sections, Extractors, Smokers,
and every thinj; a bee-keeper
wants. Honest goods at close
honest prices. ()()-page cata-
log; free.

J. M. JEJMKINS, Wetumpka, Ala.

NOT FHP ^Al F ^^'''V ^° ^^'"^ large.st bee-

n\J I rxjts. OALL. keepers in the world use
Bingham Smokers and Uncapping-knives 19 years?
Such men know a best thing when they use it. While
we have the only exclusively smoker-factory in Amer-
ica, we don't advertise it. It is not for sale. But we do,
and have 1ft years, made exclusively Bingham smokers
and honey-knives. If vou get a high-priced Bingham
smoker and honey-knife you will have the best as long
as you take good care of them. Thev never go out.

T. F. BINGHAM, Farwell, Mich.

CALIFORNIA. ;;

Mountain bee ranch
for .sale. C.ood loca-
telephone con-
nection with three railroatl stations.

D O. BAILIFF. Banning. Cal.

1 ric(

White I nd Brown Ferrets,
Pure Italian Bees, and
hcotch Collie Pups.
N. A KNAPP. Rochester, Ohio.

One ran with the

UNION COMBINATION SAW

Can do the work of four men iisitig
h.tnd tools in Ripping. Cutting oC
Mitel mg. Rabbeting. (Grooving,
(..lining Dadoing, Edging Up,
Jointing Stuff, etc. Full line of
1 oot and Hand Power Machinery.
So/i{ 11,1 trial. Catalog free. l-24ei

Sen.ca Fall* JWfe. Co..
44 Water St., Seneca Falls, N. Y.

In writing advertisers mention Gleanings.

CHAS. ISRAEL & BROS.,

486, 488 & 490 Canal St., Corner Watts 5t., N. Y

Honey and Beeswax.

Liberal Advances Made on Consignments.
Wholesale Dealers and Commission Merchants.
E.stablished 1875.

*'Cry No Herring

till you have it in the net '■ The Dutch proverb is
ridht. As we have liefore remarked, the only U S.
patents existing on the use of coiitiiiiioiisly
coiIe<i sprinii wire for fenfine. are owned by the

PAGE WOVEN VViaE FENCE CO., Adrian, Mich.

In writing advertisers mention Gleanings.

J>!U the cheapest sin )nj-'est
and t)est fence made of wire.
No royalties, no farm ri<=rhts.
maclii'ne ea.sily and quickly
operated by any farme

NOnWALK.O.
writing advertisers mention Gleaninc

BEE=SUPPLIES.

We have the be.st-equipped facton,- in the West. Capacity
—one carload a day; and carry the largest stock and greatest
variety of everj- thing needed in the apiary, assuring beSt
goods at the lowest prices, and prompt shipment.

Illustrated Catalog, 72 Pages, Free.

We also mannfactnre Tanks of either wood or galvanized
steel, all sizes, any form, and for all purposes. Price list free.

E. KRETCHMER, RED OAK, IOWA.

When writing to advertisers please mention Gleanings.

BETTER THAN KLONDIKE GOLD, $3 60 FOR $1.

I

N. Y. Weekly Tribune, i,'reat<st 20-pagc newspaper in V. S

Young People's Weekly, religions, colors. 12 pages, size Youths Companion

Farm Journal, best 'lA page farm paper; most popular in the United States

Poultry Kec per, 20 pages, printed in colors. It leads; others follow

P. K. illustrator No. 1, 100 illus rations, poult ry-hon.ses. incubators, brooders, etc

P. K. illustrator No. 2, 7.3 illustrations, artificial incubation, care of chicks, etc

P. K. illustrator No. '■'<. pcultrv diseases, gapes, roup, cholera, moulting, etc

P. K. illustrator No. 4. judging f<nvls. description of breeds, mating, point , etc....
For onlv 51 wi
SampleP. K.

$i.oo
.60
•50
•50

•25

•25
•25
•25
$3.60

• will .send the.se 4 papers one j'ear and -1 books, postpaid, grand total....

ivith other offers free. POULTRY KEEPEK CO., Box 37. Paikesburg. Pa.

When writing to advertisers plea.se mention Gleanings.

906 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Dec. 15.

Gleanings in Bee Culture

^ American Agriculturist.

Weekly.

BOTH ONE YEAR ONLY $1.25.

By special arrangement with the publishers, we are enabled to offer the American Agriculturist in combi-
nation with Gleanings in Bee Culture at the unparalleled low rate of $\:lo for both papers one year. The
American Agriculturist is published in five editions. The N. E. Home.stead, the Ea.stern, Middle, and Southern
editions of American Agriculturist, and the Orange Judd Farmer. Each contains matter relating to its own lo-
cality, as well as the latest and most accurate market reports for the country in general. It has departments
relating to all branches of farming, articles written by the most practical and successful farmers, supplemented
with illustrations by able artists. Short stories, fashions, fancy work, cooking, young folks' page, etc., com-
bine to make a magazine of as much value as most of the special family papers.

A sample copy will be mailed FREE by addressing Ameri-
can Agriculturist, Columbus, O., or New York, N. Y.

TAKEN separately these two papers cost $2.00, con-
sequently every subscriber under this offer will get

$2.00 IN VALUE FOR $1.25.

PrPmilim Rnnk'C ^°^ '^ cents extra, as postage, you can have vour choice of any of the following
I IbllllUllI UUUIva. standard books FREE: "Profits in Poultry," "Farm Appliances," or "Farmer's
-Almanac " (ready December 15). Send your subscriptions direct to

THE A. I. ROOT CO., Medina, Ohio.

Two Papers for the Price of One.

The Farm Journal, of Phil.idelphia, a monthly agricultural journal of
16 pages, sent One Year Free for one subscription to Gleanings, with 11.00,
paid in advance, either new or renewal. In the case of a renewal, all ar-
rears, if any, must be paid in addition to one year in advance.

Thp Pprm Inilfn!!! *® now in its 20th volume, and takes the lead among all the
1 lit I ai III UUlJi iiai low-priced agricultural journals of this countrj' and of the
world. It gives no chromos, puffs no swindles, inserts no humbug advertisements, lets
other folks praise it, and makes good to subscribers any loss bv advertisers who prove to
be swindlers. The editor was born on a farm and reared at the plow-handles, and the
contributors are practical men and women.

The regular price of this excellent journal is 50 cents a year, and it is
well worth it ; but by special contract with the Farm Journal we are en-
abled to make the above very liberal offers.

THE A. I. ROOT CO., Medina, Ohio.

A Bargain!

We have made arrangements to furnish THE OHIO
FARMER, of Cleveland, Ohio, and Glea
Bee Culture, both papers, for only $1.50.

Onlv %\\ '^ft FARMER, of Cleveland, Ohio, and Gleanings in
\J\\\2I «17I«U\/. Bee Culture, both papers, for onlv $1.50.

The Ohio F/irmPr i^^ell known as one of the verv best, largest, and among the
1 iiVr v^iiiu I ai llici leading agricultural papers of A'merica. A 20-page, 80-column
paper EVERY WEEK in the year; emplovs THE VERY BEST WRITERS that monev
can procure; a strong, fearless defender of"the agricultural intere.'its of this countrj', and
CLEAN in both reading and adverti.sing columns. IT HEI-PS MAKE THE FARM PAY.

THE A. I. ROOT CO., Medina, Ohio.

1897

C.I.KANINH^vS IN BKK CUI/rURI':.

1)07

Index to

Gleanings in Bee Culture for 1897.

AcoiiliMit at GlnilisliV 8i:t i Biirers, To Hi event

Acetvlene 8«S Bore- at Conventions

A<-et\ l.n.- 1). UMi.leil !H)1 Bottiimlmi-.s. Narvow

AcetvK'iii- Kvi'inincil 7i:f i Boftoni-bafs, Square 63i

A.liilt,' aticn r„iu.Califor'a.247 I Bottom-bars, Wide ..

Adnl'. .1 I I'.i. l.-.l 4.'.? Botton-biard, Danzy

AiIm I. > -■', ii,-< 7« Bottoni-hoanl. New

Ailni'. M 'I 1- \N..iil S4 Bovdeii's Notes 63

Adiiit. Ill II, >,■. .1 i)n 77? -ireakfa^t. No

111. ill-. Snide 826 Bill ner. Prof 2!

riiiiiiK. I'revent'K. 450 Buck ivheat Season

rnis 414 j Huffalo Berrv

lilv 8.i« I Buffiilo Convention ...

887 Biini'h Yam Sweet Potato.

A.Url

After;
After-
AiKin'

Ai kin's Letter 887

Air-ship ."iSl

Alarms. Electric 41.'.

Allalfii Discus-eil 7

Alfalfa Discussed bv \ikin. 4:;
Alfalfa for Honev ..115, 1.57. 514

Alfalfa in Arizona 1.5K

Allalla Honev Uets Prize .7.»
Alfalfa Honev Dereiuleil. .(.tt
Anial;;amation. Newman on. 10.
Ankle, Spiuined 88U

60. 382. 494

Apiaries in Sheds 742

Apiary Near Blossoms .. 240
Apis Don-ata.2:i. 189. :«9, 373, .599

672
Apis Don-ata. Dr Miller on 4.52

Ruit, Virnon, Visit to

Hutlcr Argument

Biitt.-r Fraud

• 'ahliaire Seed, Danish

<'asres for Long Distances... •'■
S4S

California's Honev Crop

California. Rains in

< 'alvert's Notes. 558, 593, 6,32,

Candying- of Honey

Cane Supar in Honey . . 493,
Cans for Honey. .407, 443, 444,

Caramel". Honey

Carton. Danzy '

Gary's Place

672

Apple. Porter

Apples .

Apple butter. Honey

Apple-tree Borers

Armenians

Barnesville Pike. Plan of..
Basswood Seeds, To Plant

Batter.^on it Co

Bean frroH-lnfj

Bears in Apiary

Beds. Clearing off

Beetle. Asparagus

Bee-Pizen"

R.H Bii/zint's. Schaeffle's..

- Ill; Fruit

•; rapes. Californi

Cellars, Warming'

.5.35 Chaff V. Shavings

.897 Chase. M. G

.7U7 Chautauquan on Bees.

.254 Chess in Dats

.rx: I'hi.-kPii Stnrv

i(r. Miss Smith.
:■ Deacon

Bad Effect.

Ji-acks

Bee.- ill Steer'.- Carcass

Bees on Painted Flowers .

Bees C.ioo-intr Place

Bee- Hanging Out.. .531. .56.3.
707. 8.M)

Bees Clustering

Bees and Colors

Bees Di-appearing

Bees Freezing

Bees Gnawing Starters.

introl Fertirn.813

Ill N. York288

-I Mkinon 115

■l.T.. Kill 683

• t. Approved 682

It, Opposed 682

it, To Sow 666

i-t 707.823

iteand Yellow.. 2.55,

.667 371. 742

738 Clover, White, a Failure

738 'Clover, White

848 Clover, Yellow Sweet 742

.889 Colonies, Big .565,604

.479. .555, 666 Colonies, Multiplication of .373
■ • "■ .6.59

Bees. Lengtft of Flight.. .372

Bee-cellar. To Make

Bee-cellar. Young's

Bee etk-ape, Poiter

Bee "-cape. Rapid..

Bee-e.-capes

Bee houses

Bee-hunt at Medina

Bee journals. Defunct ..
Beeii.innnU M..ro Dead
Bee k... i,iN_' I, si„ ,.,alty.
Bee k.. _ M:_ iti.ry.

aiacter-of 292

.■.'■'.''■'• 1 1 :nvu. Ahead .. ..288

■; I ' ■ ' I Ml. Value of.... 2:i5

•'>■ ■ I 111- Old 810

I'' 1^ ii \vii, -11 to Replace ....525

.195,326 C.iiiib, Diaun, Detliied 285

.52 Comb, Diawn.79, 80. 1.50, 151. 282,

779 560

48 Comb. Worker. To Secure .116

157 Comb, How Built 6.39

7-11 Comb I r.iiii New F,lu :;81

I see Ui

630 Co

743 I Con

)rTi for Fuel.

Beekeepers' Union. Cook.. I' ' ' \' . : ! ,

Bee keepei-s. Farmer ::•

Bee-keeping. Starting in i M

Bee-parulysis 89,168. I'.M i iiiini im II ui^. .

Bee-paralysis, Cure for 447 .wj. 4."i7. .'iH.'i, .'I'.i.s. ii:;s

Bee-range. Length of 312 ] Convention at Freev

Bee .-iiace at End of Frames. 94, Convention, Bnffahi
9.), 1'27, 194, XA, 'XV>, 603 ' ' '"•-" ♦"- PmoI

Bee-traps 383. .5"it

Bee tiee. Fallen 7t,-

Bee-wagon. Aikin'» I-,

Beets. Sugar •;

Bellows. Cleats on ::: -.

Benton and Apis Donfata 2.1

Berry ca 'Tiers 34?

Bicycle. Hutchinson's 58

Bird. Grape-puncturing. .. '22

Bi.siilphide of Carbon 15

Bisulphide Carbon on Trees.389

Black Bees Preferred 3.37

Blue-gum 1.55

Borer

Crop in New York 707

Crop in Utah 707

Crops for September 683

Crops on M Acre 78S

Cop. Predicting. . . 492, 670, 705
Currant, Ciandall. .211, 2.56, 39ii,
.572

Drawn Comb

Dieer's Greenhouses .
Drone Comb

Drone traps

Drontli

cornered.

lied

Editor atCreston .. 4

Editor in Barnesville 4

Editor at Bannock 4

Editor in Mogadore 6

Editor in Philadelphia 6

Editor at Granuis' 5

E litor with Seedsmen i;

Editor at Dieer's i.

Editor at Niagara Falls 7

Flitov .-IT Silver Lake .... ?

Kdit'T .'It L.iili X

K'I'i 'I 111 < 'li'veland ii

I'Vi-iiMM V . S. B. K U 8

KIimI liiirv lor Imbedding. . 2

Elcctiirity in Disease 8

Electrical Humbugs 2

Klectrikure )•

Electiopoise 384, 646, 7

Enti ances. Deep ."

Entrances, Large 850, 8

884

Entrances. Wide 6.

Escapes, Wire -cloth ;

Eucalyptus-tiee li

Eucal vptus for Hone.y •?

Evaporated Bees

I iiiiiH - I nick-top 7.34

V iH,iiM-. VV iiiiig 704

Fiaiiieplier- 412

Fred Anderson Defended.... 22

Frost, To Predict 427

Frosts. Late 82.3

Freight-handlers, Careful ..232
Fuel forSinoker.s ...196,603,700

Fuel, Smokev, of Husks 738

(Jardeuing Notes 100

Gleaiiiiij.'s'New Dress.

lil" c 1- Adulterant.

'■I'"," ' iMJ-'hting

I .iild iniiii-, .Jerome

i:oi.-i'Im-i) V Story 673

liiadiii^ lilies for Honey 45
(ira liiitr rules... 480— 48:j. 595. 566
liiadiii^ rules. Walker's ...626

(iradiiit; Honey 157, 673

(Iradiim. (iieiuer on .553

(iiaiiiiij. Walker on 551

'ii III.! \iilli-v,Col 1.54

lii.uiiilathiii of Alfalfa 514

(iiauiilalHMi. Time of

560

297

i Dow

.635

.666
902
Fane
Fastening Fdn Top and Side376

Feeder, Comb-filler 411

Feeders. To Make 663

Feeding Back .597

Feeding in Bottom-boards... 14
Feeding in Early Spring ...238
Fence, Southwood's Views. .891
Fence. The New. .782, 817, 8.50, 880
Fertilization, Controlling.. ,813

Figwo. t Boomed 766

Fishbone, Talk About 246

Kishlione in Drone Comb.. . 663

Flat Pea 347

Flood in Mississippi .•!8S

Flora of .South Carolina. . . 8.50
Florida, Discouraging for... 380

Florida. No Crop 706

Flour Mixed with Rye 390

Food and Dig. a-e 862

Food Consumption 2'

Food Laws of Illinois .■ i

Food Laws of Ohio si

Foul Urood in Foundation ',ii,

Foul Brood Cured .S4.i

Foul Brood Increasing . .
Foul Brood, Harrison on

Foul Brood, Treating 741

Foul-brood Law .525

Foundation in Full Sheets... 241
Foundation in Shallow Br'd-

chambers 8'.hi

Foundation in Sections. 319, 486,

886
Foundation, Comb, for Shal

low Hives 839

Foundation to Top-bars 892

Foundation, Bottom Start-

Greatest, Who is the!

Greenfield. Luther 879

Guide posts/ 498

Health Without Medicine... 822

Health Notes 822,862

Heater, Mrs., Death of 292

Heat for Bee-cellars 288

History Repeating Itself. . 340
Hive construction . . .94, 275, 817

Hive in Greenhouse 242

Hive, Boomhower .333

Hive. Div. Br Cnamber 275. 891

Hive, Long-idea 634

Hive, Orton's 295

Hive, Young's Chaff 199

Hive, Danzenbaker 669

Hive-carrier, Young's 234

Hives, Our, for 1897 94

Hive-, rnifi.riiiitv in 704

Hive-. l,.-ir_'r , 740

Hole- ilir.iu_'li riiiiili- . . 53
Hoilc-t 1 III l|..Mi\ |in.i|i|,.'s. |ij:S
Hoiie-t,v. i- 11 Ni'rr--ar\ ' 324

Honey, Bean 882

Hone,y, Removing Comb . 363
Honey, E.vt'd, Removing ...363
Honev, Extracted. Snell on. .446
H..,K'V,S..llin.j-Ht Home 280,327
11 .lie ^ s. II 1 11^' III I il.Hrllu. 1.52

.778

Cross-section. "249
Imbedding .205
( >ur New Weed.204,

idati.in, New.a Bim.ii.V24
idatiiiii, .New, Tested..
Illation. Drawn. 128, 161,;
. 292,331, XSl, 381 422. 529. 1

ulation. Drawn, Merits
idaiion. Dra.vn, Disc'd..
Illation, Drawn, Triei..
Illation. Hoiueinade ...
idalinn, Flat-hottom ..
Illation. No Side Walls..

Honey
Honev
Hone.y.
Honey,

Hi.iifv
Hum-v
Honey.
Honey.
Honey.
Honey,
Honey,
Hone.y,
Honey,
Honey,
Honey,

Hi;

Honey
I Honey
Hone.v

, Keeliiii.- ',' ,11 1 III. - l,".2
,Mussi.iL' ,;:;:

.Leaviii- III -I .1. :iii.:;27
, Weatliii 1. 11 116

,Coiiil), NewSv-teni.. 51
. r.iiiili, V, Extracted, 191
,Ci.iiib V, Extracted. .524

, (iiid). Shipping 671

, I'ettit's Method with287
, lii.-ectstoKeepfrom322
, Alfalla, Giaiiulat'g.321

, Alfalfa .514

.Lucerne 662

I Yellow jessamine... ..5'24

.Poisonous 523.662

, Second Crop 603

. Vankirk's 715

White Cuban 742

, Buckwheat, in N Y 742
Getli' gfroin 3upeis.811
.\i.|ieaianceof .814,815

, .Nivei Selling 842

Wasted in Dakota.... 811

Cake, Old 7.39

Sold ill Akron. .. .840

•cake, Hard 375

lake Rfiiiie, Eraser. 407

'■■ii-|iiii||li.'ii 81

t! I I -: 563

- ' -■■ II 88

, ■ ■ 23

i.iilli'i I ii^li-h 423

lealletFiee 563

-leattet.Our 127

leaflet 854

-leaflets 893

plant. Sensitive 7u6

908

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec. 15.

Honey-plants, Poisonous 769

Honev as Food 519

Honev for Couphs 241

Honev Market, Blow at 282

Honev Yield bv States 242

Honey Sold Near Home 589

Hook on Smoker

Hou^e-apia^ies . 242,520,807,
House apiary, Meissner's...

House apiary. Morton's 807

House-apiao', Notre Dame

Howe, Harry

Humbugs and Swindles.. 213. 862
902

Hxitchinson's Troubles

Hntrhinson Tragedy

Identity. Mistaken

Income. To Figure, on Bees 123

Increase, How to 286

India, Famine in 387

Inventions, Premature 816

Inventor Answered .59

Italians vs. Blacks 634, 704

Jadoo Fiber 536

Jamaica Letter 699

.Jerome Mines 341

Journal, Another Defunct... 291
Journalism. Amenities of... 894

Jumbles without Sugar 374

Kentnckv. Big Yield 453

Land Sharks

Landreth Farm

Lang.-troth Fund 637

Langstroth Monument...

Lard-cans for Honey

Leahy's Visit at Medina. . . .

Legends about Bees 13

Lemonade, Honey

Lettuce. Grand Kaplds.

Light for a Nickel

Lincoln Group

Lobsters

Locality and Taste

Locking Horns 119

Logan Berry 254,390,

Lucerne Honey Defended...

Lumber for Hives, Dry 809

Manum's Enormous Potato. 135

Market, The Home

Markets, Home 443

Markings of Queens 886

Martin's Sickness 778

Maryland Exhibit 743

Maynerry 390,753

Meadow-mice Killing Trees. 264
Meat Preserved with Honey 377

Medicines Free 384,825

Mexico, Prices in 624

Mica in Bellows 412

Mice in Hives 16

Mishap. Funny 894

Money Lost in Mails 267

Mongoose in Jamaica 488

Monnier's Paralysis Cure.. . 447

Monopoly on Hives 59

Montezuma's Castle

Montezuma's Well..'

Morton, Miles

Moth-trap Patents 246

Mulberries

Mule with Bee-veil

Mushrooms 390

Names, Selling 247

Nature, Harnessing 336

Newman's Reply to Cook, ...494

New Queen Potato 1.34

New Queen Potato, Early ... 256

Niver and Himself .'....778

Niver on Collecting Bills. . . .893

Niver's Four Grades. 844

Noise, Nothing but. 331

Nonswarmers Swarming.. .,337

Northwest, Times in 890

Nysewander's Visit 604

Nysewander, Joseph . 814

Occurring Thoughts 592,704

Oil-stoves in Cellai-s 413

Oilwells 784

Onions, Winter 637

Oren, Jesse 695

Orton Hive 294

Onions, Whittaker 390

Oren. J., Death of 670

Overstocking 560

Oxydonor 646,718

Oxydonor Patent 567

Packages, Uniform 526

Paper. Insect-proof 322

Paper, Paraffine 734. 807, 888

Paper in Foundation 666

Paraffine Paper 734, 807. 888

Partridges 890

Patents on Foundat'n Mills.. 246

Patents on Extractors 246

Patf nts. Book, on .813

Pea, Flat 347

Peddling Made Easy 767

Pettit on Taking Comb H'y.l60
Pettit on Comb Honey .. .196,329
Pettit's Method. 287, i82, 452, 707,

850

Pickle-factoi-v 677

Picnic, Bee keepers 712, 742

Picnic, Our 603

Piping, H.'w Done 846

Plants and Boys, Cultivat'g.388
Plants, Cause of Yielding . .195

Plants, Selling 788

Planting for Honey 200

Plow. Cole's 682

Poem, Hutchinson's 822

Poem— The Bees -708

Pollen found in Morning 239

Potato-bugs 572

Potatoes from One Eye 75J

Potatoes, Seabbv 787

Potato-tops for Mulching.. ..256

Predictions, Prematui e 670

Press, Rietsche. 318, 444, 690, 628.

771.877

Prince, U 865

Promjrtness in Business 858

Pi osperitv. Effects of 407

Puddling Plants 537

Pumpkins 895

Pure-food Laws 381

Queens Excluded 340

Queens in Mails 416, 423

Queens Raised on a Stick 847

Queens Kept over Winter . .887

Queens, Mailing 848

Queen, Temper of 730

Queen, That Yellow 739

Queens, Late, Superior 233

Queens, Late-reared 809

Queens, L miting Laying.... 706

Queens, Marking.- of 886

Queens, How to Find. 850

Queens, Piping of 730, 811

Queens, Rearing 412

Queens, Replacing 201

Queen-cells Attacked 89

Queen cells by Whole.-ale .364

Queen-cells, Cause of 237

Queen-register 6.53

Questions Answered. .377, 417,

636 708.777,812

Question-box 6,36

Question- box 708

Railroads and Honey 9

Raspberry-blackberry 264

Raspberry, Gault 572

Recipe, Honey jumble 23

Recipes, Selling 718

Repoits Encouraging 669

Republic, George Junior.... 879

Reputation, To Build 90

Retailing, Square Cans 484

Ridgepole Musings 7

Rietsche Press. .318. 444, .591, 628,

771

Robbers in Cracks 739

Robber-fly 523

Rye, Cracked, for Food 257

Sabbath Observance 786

Sacaline Fraud 211

Sacaline 347

Salad Oil and Honey 251

Salt River 361

Salmon of Oregon 36

Scales. Artificial Wax 783

Scraper for Sections 890

Sections, Priming 486

Sections. Miller on Light. ... 78

Sections. Size of 17,239

Sections. Thin 372

Sections, Light 157

Sections, Light-weight 231

Sections, Taking Off 486

Sections, Tall . 21, 85, 86, 87, 123,

1.59. 160, 769. 818

Sections, Lop-sided 192

Sections, Weights of 375

Sections, No-bee-way.. .741, 781,

815.816,818,880.889,891

Sections, Evolution of 781

Section, No-bee-way, Old 816

Section, The New 817. 845, 850

Section, New, Miller on 881

Section, New in Dan. Hive.. 893

Section, The Plain 89i

Section, Danzenbaker 619

Section, V4. Weight of 24)

Section-presses 590

Seeds, Free 25:'

Seeds, Killing 537

Self-hive r Di.-.cussed 3:i'.

Selser, Win. A 74:

Selser on Sugar in Honev. ..701

Seneca Co. Bee men 782

Separator of Slats(see Fence i

782
Separator, Cleated, Old .746
Separators, Cleated 744, 772, 845

Sermon on Esau 751

Sbade, Importance 741

Shallow Extracting frames. 891

Shavings v. Chaff 60

Sheep and Giapevines 707

Sheep in Apiarv .560 637

Smoker Fuel 1%, 603,700,889

Smoker-hook 779

Soldering, Objections to... 667

.soot Spoiling Honey 850

South- African Matters 12

Space, Deep, under Frames. 236,

818

Spacers, Staple 818

Springs in Arizona 167

Squashes and Bugs 346

Stings, Effects of 22

Stings, Strange Effect 375

Stores for Wintering 844

Stores Needed 1.59

Stores, when most Consu'd.. 22

Strawberries, To Grow 167

Strawberries, To Plant 681

Strawberries, Potted 645

Strawberries, Transplant'g..575
Strawberries, New Kinds .502

Strawberi-y, Earliest 389

Strawberry Bnlletin 861

Strawberry Report 499

Strawberry-growing . . 644
Strawberry-plants, Growing571

Strawberry -1 aspberry 7 13

Sub-irrigation for Berries... 601

Sub-irrigation 644

Super, Section 85

Supers, Keeping Warm 237

Superstitious Mountain 25

Swarms, Hiving 458

Swai-nis, To Catch 535

Swarais, To Prevent 665

Swarmers, Use of 412

Swa' ming Controlled 276

Swarming, Erratic 566

Sweet clover Symposium.... 369

Sweet Clover not Eaten 346

Sweet Clover Defended. ... 536
Sweet Clover, Yellow.266,371, 742

Sweet Clover, Kinds of 256

Sweet Clo., Stock Refusing. 453

Swindlers, Commission 638

Syrup, Cane, as Adulterant 457
Syrup. Sugar, To Make . . 665

TariffRates 604,638

Ten-frame Tenement 294

Tenement Hive 264

Texas. Southern 24

Thieves, To Catch 416

Tilting Covers 667

Tobacco Habit 820

Tongues, Longer 658

Tongues, Longer, for Bees..73'i

Traps. Improvement in 594

Tweezers. Queen 412

Uncapping device. Cheap. . .776

Unger W. H 96

Union, U. S. B. K 58

Union, B. K., Skylark on. ...555

Union, Another 192

Union, the New 293, 695

Unions in Gennany 802

Unions, Mason on 656

Vandeusen's Death 330

VanDeusen, J 423

Vinegar, Honey 234,329

Vitascope. The 643

Vogel. Death of 522

Vote. Counting 118

Warbler, Cape May 22

Warning to Bee-keepers 126

Water, Pure 26

Water-closets 212

Wax Production 850

Weed Fdn., Doolittle on 736

Weed,E. B 206

Weeder, The Breed 389

Weeders, Hand 681

Well-digging 425

Well, Artesian, at Blake 748

Wells, Artesian. Dakota. . . . .3.36
Wet,t. Caution Concerning.. 876

Wheat, Cracked 257

Wheat, Giound 170

Wheelbarrow for Frames... 336

Wheelbarrow, Dunn's 453

Whippoorwills and Bees 733

White Clover in 1897 666

Williamson Produce Co 293

Wiley on Sugar in Honey. ..701

Windmills 210

Windmill Humbugs 171

Window escapes 363

Wing Sound 669

Winter Oats and Chess 502

Winter passages Discarded. 774

Wintering in Bee house 52

Wintering in Warm Room. .890
Wintering Experiment.. ..383
Wintering Sealed Covers.. 812
Wisconsin Markets Ruined. 636

Wolf-hunting 197

Wolves and Wildcats 50

Wood v. Wire 12

Woodchopper's Chips 194

Woodchopper 239

Workers in Worker Cells.. ..599

Worms vs. Bees 559

Yellow Fever in South 739

Yellow-jackets 16

York State not Overstocked. 776

Zinc, Tinker's 826

Zinc To Cut 24

Zinc Board 891

Index to Contributors.

Abbott, E T 321 369; Aikin R C 7 43 115 186 231 275 319 363 407 443
479 514 810 877: Aikin Mrs R C 707; Allen J H 667; Applegate A M
380; AschaCG337; Ashcralt R E 704; AustinWJ87; Aveiill B
FI14.

BairF242; BairdAB337; Barber Mrs A J 518; Barrows O B
707; Bass FG 769; Beach Mrs Carrie 78ii; Beebe Luvercla 375;
Bell J L 655; Bennett J C 776; Benoit Francois 707; Billinghurst
C H 346; Bingham T F 247 3 4; Blackburn Chas 241 ; Blow Thos
B 625: Boardman H R 160; Boomhower F 3i3; Boomhower N E
700; BoydenALliSl 661; Buchanan J A 588; Buck Geo H 242;
Bunch C A 377; Bunker A 487: BurchOC706; Burnet H G 699;
Brown G S 288; Bruner Prc.f L 2i.

Cadal-oC62.); Campbell W A885; Cartwright W 811; Cary W
W 411: Case W W 337; Casselmaii J R242; Cavanagh Fred B 2S8;
Chrysosiom John t9.; Cla.k C H 24;; Clayton C H 452; Cleaver
EA599; Cleveland Bros 739; CloUghS599; C'<gg-hall W L :<72;
Cole AM 647; Coleman J 70t); Combs W H 389: Comstock T S
123; Cook Prof A J 322 448 523 623 658 731; Cowan T W 21 ; Ci aig W
573; Crane J E 79 480; Cra.\ craft Jno 45:j 739; Crossman Alice H
280 327; Cummins H A 896; Cutts J M 488.

Danzenbaker F 87 236 669 807; Davenport C 15 85 234; Dean R J
& Co X93; Dibbei n C H 16 325; Di worth P S 464; Doane N E 525;
Donnelly 1 683; Doolittle G M 16.52 90 119 121 158 200 210 286 332 :m
414 4.50 188 .521 .5.'.9 697 634 665 704 736 774 809 889 , Dunn M H 336 376 .524;
D,er G A S»0.

^v^,-. „:;:::.„..„„„„ : — . ^^.^.:. -D87;Ei8ing

Fair GW 536; Fixter Jll«; Flanagan E T 164; Flansburgh G J
371; Fbtcher Fanny 820; Ford T S 13 73i; Fostpr Oliver 515;
FowlerJE241; Fowli Chalon 152 811; Fox Elixs 699 7,(9 811;
Kr iilenburg A A 39D; France E 50 i97; France John M 416; Eraser
Maria 374; Frazier W C 373; French W D 118; Frye G R 123.

C iston Lucv P 208; Getaz Adrian 87 237 .3.36 412 594; Gill M A
154 6' 9 819; Gilstrap W A H 157 371: Golden J A 773; Green E C
211; Green W J 347; Gregg J W 526; Greiner F 83 151 522 553 560;
Greiner G C 86 192 367 413; Greiner T 753; Griflfin J B 453; Grims-
leyJ0 73i; Gross Gusiav 416.

Haarlioff Francis J 12: Hagen H F 160; Haight E J 707; Halns
Ei»on707; Hall F T 7(16; Hammond Douglas D 123; Harmeiiig
Stephen J 811; Harris C J 371; Harris C S 703 ; Han ison F C 381;
Harrison Mis L 371 422 705; Hart J H 825; Hart W 8 706; Hutch C
A 156 630 8f 3: Hebi-en W O 737; Henderson J E 150; HewesWG84
196; Hickman J F ,502; Hicks C M 4l6; Hilton Geo E .525 635; Hort-
min Julius 164; Holtermann RF737; Howell E D 375 623 7:19;
Hunter J W524: Hurlburt John A 789; Hutchinson H L 415;
Hy, eJL668.

|siaelJP.554.

Kei nan Wm 87; Kinyon I 890; Kuehne M R 738.
Lackey J B 788; Lake C H 626; Lamberson, B890; Larabrigger
Mr, L E il 370 769; Lassiter J M 825; Lathrop Ha'y 528 660 6S6 fOS;

1897

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

90A

I,o«vltt Roswpll 8»1: LesTtreft FranolH H A Co <r.7: Li-onnnl ti W
411 ; Lryvrni Au(r Mi: Lontr n N 901 . I.owp F D 44S 77S

MnJoiJ8»; Maivb H A Cftfi; Maik- W K sii- M,,1in J H 18 4:t
M81 1^4 1.V>1«1 ■,'»'-.'2<S '.'««. 1:8 418 451 *'>< < < ' ' - " M .~..ii A B iM
5MS9S; Matthews K J .S8«. Millhc"- ^ I >' Mliityit'J K

IK: MrKiiia-ht R 484 S87; Meix-iier .1 i t, ( '^ M< , , i.,„i ft F223:
Millei- I)il-cr>41 48 7T 11S1(9 18.-. 18»'j;'.i ■ :; ■>' si ,s.s ;U7 ;f«l 41 5
Ml 4AS 477 48S MS hit 549 :%S4 dvi 693 7.9 76 , Sul S.S1 ; Mit.'lie 1 J C 337:
Moll Lonl8«41: Moiinlcr .los 147: M.),v f H F .V>4 687: MdOif J H
7R8; Morelu.us.- E W 371 : Moni-on VV K 46: Slnlloni J O5207'0:
Murphy M W 33« 39 >: Mutli C K 9: Myoi > John 212; Myer W C 376.

NetT Nora IM; Nelson G E 776: Newman Th G 10 491; Norton
A .0«i

Onilerdonk B F 159 33S 519 it R90 626.

p.Ti-ival MS:90 Pet.M>on P A 740; Petrle J F 777; Pettit S T
.M 197 S--9 4.V.>; P pnlet.'n O O 380 517 69.t: Poi ter R & E C 666:
Porter TL 599: Pi.tierTCf.62 706; Pow.'rs L K 737; Prothero J N
.S90: Prval W A277.

Rae Jas 6f.6; R.iiseh H 667; Reed A T 209; Reeve Geo A 823;
Re.il J>isT70S; Kevnoldr. K M 12; Richmond W L .199; Rickard
F, 376; Ritchev David N 189 626; Kolierts J L 212; Russell Wm 376.

Sallshurv F A 17 238; Sarifent J S 706; Srha^ (He E H 80 485;
Sohleg.'l .1 1, 167; S<-ohli> M ;i.i6; Scott Geo O 287 ; Secor Eu. ene
16.77.777; SeN'T W A 493 701: Shaw Jos S7I: Hh ader L 0036:
Shuks A l'.r.; Simon M N 703; Simon- WC 812; Simpson W T
256; siin,'l.l..ii .1 :,4«465: Sluden F W L, 486; Slauliani^h Wm 235:
Sxiilh U<.l.t ('41.4: Smith MUh Sarah 2X1.3; Smith Thiiddtus 286
m\ ; Sii,.il F A 14 VJ 191 3 6 446 519 7113: S..merlord W W .•)24: South-
wood J W 512 704 Sill , Sf.wle B G 371 ; Sparjro Nich 707; Slednian
Prof 390; Stewart Chas 160 626; Stewart O W 598.

Thielma.. C 23; :.9fl: Thomas A B 7ii7; Thompson B J 45;
Thomp!<on FL81 117 321 444 .'i9:i 628 734 771; Thompson MX 464;
Tipper E 682; Tobev K A 375: Tomlin-on Julius 772; Trask
Spencer 133; Travis Mrs M A 898; Trussler A E 7 8.

Vankirk H W 784; Vinal Geo L 183 23:i 740 768: Vollmer Carl
707

W'llker B482 651; Walker Earl C 6.'5: Wallenraeyer J C 3.17:
WurdCB.S8i; Webster K M 2.14: We-k.-sser C 288; WcddinjrK.n
R A 525; Wheele H S 737: Wlieeler J C 704; Whitcomb E ••427 5.55
739; White Dan 589 767; White J E422: Wilev H VV 7"1 ; Wilkin
R 241 453; Wilson R S 635; Winder J W 334 667; Wise H L 256 720;
Woodchopper 191 239; Wykolf I 890.

Young J M 199 625; Young N 234.

Accident at Higginsville H13

Adulteration Investigated "42

Apiaries in Sheds 742

.\piciiltural Inventions, Develop-
ment of 129

Apis Dorsataat Buffalo 672

.\pis Dor.'iata. a Scheme to get
them into America through a

Missionary- :«9

Apis Dor.sata, Taming 422

Aspinwall's Non-.swarming Hive.2il2
Bases of Various Foundation. .249, tifill
Bee-book, another, from Wash-
ington 780

Bees Hanging Out, Cause of o8I

Bees Hanging Out, To Prevent 531

Bees Hanging Out. Dadant on .56:^

Bees in the Postoffice 709

Bees, Live, to Draw a Crowd 528

Bee-hunt near Medina 780

Bee-keepers at Niagara 743

Bee-keepers, Names of. Selling. ..247
Bee-keepers. Prominent at Buffalo710

Bee-keeping in Hawaii 710

Bee-journals and their Friendly

Relations 637

Bee-stings and their Physiologi-
cal Effects 12

Bennett. B. S. K 709

Benton on Apis Dorsata 23

Bicycle in Review Family 58

Birds that Puncture Grapes 22

Bottom-board. Danzy, New Stvle..818
Brood. Foul. .Sending to Medina. .712
Buckwheat Honey in York ,State742
Buckwheat, Immense Fields of. ..672

Buffalo Convention 457, 492, WO

Buffalo Convention, How it Pas.s-

ed Off 671

Buffalo Convention Picture 710

California Adulteration Law 247

Calvert off to California 493

Cane Sugar and Honey 493

Chase, M. G a>5

Chautauquan Article on Bees 853

Clarke. W. F., a Heretic 420

Cleated Separators Held Togeth-
er with Glue 744

Clipped Queens and Drone-traps. .6:W

Clipped Queens at Medina •5(i()

Clover. White. Second Crop 60:^

Colonies, Big, Advantage of56;i, 5(i4,

604
Colonies. Number of, at Medina. ..:ti8
Comb Honey in Old and New Sec-
tions Corripared 814

Comb Honev, Shipping 671

Comb, How Bees Build aSS

Comb, Natural, on Wires '24Ct

Combs. How Bees Make :J38

Commercial Ratings on Commis-
sion Men 165

Commission Business — Fishing

for Suckers 57

Commission Firm, Million-dollar4.')7
Commission Firms, Irresponsible2i)3
Commission Men and Bee-men.
Arbitrating disputes between ...3S2

Commission Swindlers 96, (KW

Continuous Wax Sheets 421

Cork .Soles in the Apiary 4221

Index to Editorial Items.

Cowan's Extractor — Is there a

Patent on it? 246

Credit and the Don't-pays 246

Criticisms, Fair, and Slurs 247

Cuba, White Honey from 742

Danzenbaker, Francis 673

Dark Clouds at Review Office .')S

Doolittle for Tall Sections .58

Drawn Combs and Deep Sections 95
Drawn Foundation and Hutchin-
son's Warning 128

Drawn-foundation Comb Honey

Te-ted bv Printers .529

Drawn Foundation IW, '248

Drawn Foundation, Attacks on...4'21
Drawn Foundation, Character of

the Wax 292. 381

Drawn Foundation, Facts and

Fancies '204

Drawn Foundation, How Bees

Make Comb :K8

Drawn Foundation, is it Gobby ?5'3i
Drawn Foundation, Machine for..'29i
Drawn Foundation. Reports of.. ..604
Drawn Foundation Praised and

Condemned 422

Drone-trap v. Clipped Queens f«8

Editor B. B. J. in California '21

Experiments at the Ontario Ex-
periment College 382

Farmer a:id Professional Bee-
keepers 670

Fence 782

Fences 744, 781. 817, 8.53

Fertilization of Queens, Controll-
ing 813

Fishbone, Excessive in Drone

Comb 5aS

Fishbone, Too Much Talk about..'246
Foul Brood at OntarioAg'l Colle^e381
Foul Brood Increasing in this

Country 778

Foul Brood in Foundation 96

Foul Brood in .Schoharie County. .813

Foul Brood Mailed to Medina 712

Foundation, Cro.ss-section of Dif-
ferent Makes '249, 639

Foundation Without Side-walls. ..294

Formic Acid in Honey 96

Frames, End-spaced ' into Old-

Style Hoffman aS8

Fred Anderson '22

Fruit-growers' Union 421

Gleanings and the Union 421

Gleanings, More Space 603

Gleanings, New Type for 565

Glucoseand Cane Syrup 457

Glucose Tru.st 492, 604

Grading bv Pictures, not by Rules781

Grading Honev 673

Grading-rules, 'E. R. R.'s 566

Grading-rules, Need of 565

Grapes Punctured by Birds, not

Bees -22

Heater. Mrs. J. N 292

History, How it Repeats Itself 349

Hive IVIonopoly, Improvement.... .50

Hoffman Find-spaced Frame (i03

Hoffman Frame and Julius Hoff-
man lf)4

Honey Cough-drops, Menthol 96

Honey Adulteration 4.57

Honey Exhibit in Marvlatid 743

Honey Flow, Extent o'f .563

Honey Flow in Fall Good 603

Honey in the Combs " Squshed ".670

Honey Flow, Prospects for 4.57

Honey Flow, Remarkable, at

Medina 'AO

Honev, Holding over for Better

Prices 712

Honey, Large Crop Predicted 492

Honey, Keeping Prices up on 528

Honey, Low Prices of IM

Honey, Selling, and Drawing a

Crowd .5'28

Honev, Selling, Sharp Tricks of

the 'Trade ,565

Honey, Well-ripened 637

Honeys, Smarty Flavors of 637

Honey-jumble Recipe a Success... 23

Honey- leaflet 854

Honev-leaflet bv Dr. Miller 57,127,893

Honey-leaflets, Free 563, 893

Honev-leaflet in England 423

Hutchinson, a Model Editor 602

Hutchinson's Great Misfortune. ..670

Identities, Mi.staken 895

Imbedditig Wires by Electricity. ..'205

Imported Queens from Italy 420

Inventions Ahead of Times". 816

Inventions, Three Stages of 422

Irresponsible Commission Firms

— Warning 126

Journalism, Apicultural 894

Lang.stroth, Monument for. ...564, 637

Law, Majesty of '292

Lincoln Convention Group 31

Location, Ideal, for Bees .564

Maje-stv of the Law 292

Martin' on the .Sick-li.st 778

Miller, Dr., Called Names 709

Nebra.ska Bee-keeper and Busy

Bee '.A'21

Newman's " Bee Pizen " 382

Newman's Report and Criticisms <i0

New Things to be Tested 246

Niver and Himself 778

Nvsewander, Joseph 604, 814

Ofen. Dr., Death of 670

Overstocking at Medina 561

Patent Office '246

Patents on E.\tractors '246

Patents on Foundation-mill.s 246

Patents, Book on 813

Patent-process Foundation '204

Pettit's System of Producing

Comb Ho'ney 382

Picnic in .Seneca County 782

Picnic of Root Co ' 603

Picnics, Bee-keepers' 709

Planer-shavings V. Chaff 57

Prince. U 855

Propolis in the Fall 637

Pure-food Law.s, Better 493

Pure-food Laws in Ohio 8.54

Queen (Bee) in England 896

Queens, Clipped, at Medina. ...566, 602

Queens in the Mails 422

Queens Excluded from Mails 340

Section.s, Deep, and Fence 818

Section Monopoly, How Smashed813

910

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec. 15

.Section, No-bee-way, in Old Sur-
plus Arrangements 746. 817

Section Honev-box, Evolution of781
vSection Honey-box 30 Years 01d..637
Section, Plain, with Fence, All

about 817

Sections Filled with Honev, Pret-
tier than Old-style ." 7-l.">

.Sections, Getting Bees into oW

.Sections, No-bee-way. .Scraping. ..7-lo
.Sections, No-bee- way, in Ship-
ping-cases .' 745, 817

.Sections, No-bee-wav, Review on 816
Sections, No-bee-wav 744. 781, 817. 853

Selser, W. A 744

.Selser, the Honev-buver (i()2

.Separator, Cleated, Old 74(1, S17

Separators, Cleated. ..741, 7.S1, 817, 8.>^
.Sheep, to Keep down Grass in

Apiary 565

Sheep Untidy in Apiary ()37

Smoker Fuel ....603

Smoker-hook, Coggshall's 779

Spraying in Vermont 492

Spray-pump a Necessity 566

.Spra\'-pump Discarded". 566

Staples under Top-bars, A. I. R.'s

Recollections 165

Staples under Top- bars. Who

used thetn First ? 127

Stings, Fatal 603

Successful Bee keeping 338

Supply-dealers, a Big Year for.. ...5(53

Swarming, Erratic, for 1897 566

Swarms Brovight down with a

Spray- pump 458

.Sweet Clover, White and Yellow..742
Tariff, New, and its Relation to

Apiculture &&

Taylor's Double-cleated Separa-
tors 746

Tenement Hive, Orton's 294

Thieves at Out-apiarie.s 893

Union and Mr. Newman's Criti-
cisms (K)

Union, New. and Election 293

Union, New, and Pure-food Laws 381

Union, New, Election for 893

Union, U. S. B., Acrimony over. ..381

Union, U. S. B., Name of 338

U. S. B. K. U 58

Vandeusen, J 423

Veneer Strip between Sections in

Shipping -cases 814

Wax in Continuous Sheets 421

Weed, E. B.. Expert Inventor and

Wax-worker 206

Wintering and Varying Food

Consumption " 22

Wintering, Experiments in 383

York as a Pun-maker 60

York .State, What I Saw in 672

Aikin and Family 8:^9

Aikin's Bee- wagon 187

Aikin's Fouudation-fa.stener and

Section - former 320

Aikin's Hive and Super 275, '276

Aikin's Window Bee-escape 36.'!

Allev Trap, Improved .594

Apia'rv, Greenfield's, Bee-men at..8,S(i

Apiary, M. A. Gill's 660

Apiary of W. W. Car\' 410

Bee-cellar, Greiner's 368

Bee-escape, Aikin's Window 363

Bee-escape, Greiner's 83

Bee-escape, Porter's Honey-house 666

Bee-hunting 7()8, 770

Bee-keepers at Buffalo 702

Bee-keepers at Luther Green-
field's Apiary 880

Bee-keepers at Niagara Falls 735

Bee-keepers' Convention in Sen-
eca County ...783

Be -"-kee pens' Convention in

Tompkins County 880

Bee-tree and .Schoolchildren 768

Bee-tree, Cutting 77(t

Berry-carrier, Kidder's 347

Booriihower's Hive and l-'ranie 331

Bottom-board, Campliell's 885

Bottom -board, Da n zy 818

Bottom-board with Contracting

Entrance 88.5

Buffalo Convention. Bee-men at. ..702

Burial of Neo-a-Hoa 19

Cartons, Danzy's 892

Cary's Apiary' 410

Cellar, Bee, 'Si'oung's 235

Chase, M. G a55

Cleats on Smoker, Coggshall's 372

Comb -filler 411

Comb Foundation, Cross-.section
249, 6:^9

Comb Honey in No-bee-way Sec-
tions 815

Coggshall's Cleats on Smokers 372

Cornell Smoker with Hook 779

Cross-section of Comb and Comb

Foundation 219. 6:^9

Danzenbaker, Francis 673

Danzv Bottom-board 818

Danzv's Cartons 892

Dewar Following Doolittle 817

Doctor Dressing Wound ( Fred

Anderson) 37!i

Doolittle and his Five-band Bees 80}

Doolittle and .Salisburj' .SOM

Doolittle Plan of Raising Queens 847
Drawn Foundation, Cross -.sec-
tions of (H9, 640

Dreer's Greenhou.ses 674, 675, 676

Drone Comb, Queen-cells 365

Drone-traps, Improvement on .594

Electricity, Wiring Frames with.. 206

End-spacing, Boomhower's 3:^4

End-spacing, Getaz' 3:^6

End-spacing, Onderdonk's .335

End-spacing, Root's 817

Index to Illustrations.

Eucalvptns Cornuta 1.55, 277, 278

Experiment Station, Maryland. ..6'27

Feeder, Hyde's .'. 668

Fence for Old-stvle .Section-hold-
er '. 892

Fence, Foster's 744

Fence, Morton's 806

Fence, Root's 782, 817, 8M2

Five-banded Bees and Doolittle... .804

Foundation in Sections 486

Foundation, Cros.s-.section 249, 639

Foundation, Deep-cell 639, 640

Foundation, How Fastened to

.Section 319, 486, 886

Foundation, How to put into

Sections J86, 886

Foundation, Root's Method of

Fastening in Top-bars 892

Foundation-fa.stener, Aikin's 320

Foundation, Fastening into

Brood-frames 892

Frame, End-spaced, Getaz" 336

Frame-pliers 412

Frames, .Staple-spaced 817

Fred Anderson .561

Fred and Alfaretta 380

Fred and Alfaretta at Home 601

Fred and Pat 6(HI

Fred and the Doctor I(i2

Fred a Pri.soner 20

Fred's Slide down the Mountain.. .55

Fowls' Honey-peddling Ca.se 1.53

Furniture-na'ils as End-spacers... 94

Gill's Apiary 6(>0

Gimp Dousing the Chicken 203

Grading, Niver's Method 844

Greenhouses, Square Acre 674,67.5,8.<6

Greiner's Wintering-cellar 368

Hand-plow (i82

Hen Mother 8'24

Hive, Aikin's 276

Hive, Chaff, Young's 199

Hive, Orton's Tenement 2i>5

Hive-stand .57

Hoffman Frame, End-spaced. ..94, 95
Honey-bearing Tree of California278
Honey, Grading, Niver's Method 844
Honev from Drawn Foundation

.Sampled 803

Hot Springs ( Fred Anderson) 125

House-apiar\% Meissner's 698, 699

Hou.se-apiary, Morton's 807, 808

Hon.se-apiary, Notre Dame 697

Irrigating-canal 1.57

Jadoo fiber for .Strawberry -

plants '...(545

Jones's Method of Queen-rearing 3(55,
3(56

Larvai In,serting 366

Le' me Go (Fred Ander.son) 290

Lincoln Convention 11

Look on this Picture (Fred An-
derson) 291

Martin, J. H 778

Maryland Experiment Station (527

Meissner's House-apiary 698, 699

Mendleson and Rambler Discuss-
ing ass

Morton's Comb-honey Super 806

Niagara P'alls, Bee-keepers Tak-
ing in 7a5

Niverand Himself 772

Nyse wander, Joseph 814

Nysewander's .Store 814

Oren, Dr. Jesse 695

Plaster Ca.sts of Deep-cell Foun-
dation 639, 640

Plow, Cole's Garden 682

Porter's Honev-house 666

Potted .Strawberrv-plant 645

Prince, U '. 8.55

Propolis-scraper 890

Pumpkins, 40 Acres of 895

Queen-cells, a la Doolittle 3ft5, 847

Queen-cells from Drone Comb 365

Queen-register Card 635

Queen -tweezers 412

Rambler and Mendleson Discuss-
ing 6,33

Sambo (Fred Anderson i 93

Scraper for Propolis 890

Sections, New v. old Style 815

Sections, No-bee-way 781

Sections, No-bee-wav v. Old-stvle 815

Sections, Tall v. Sqtiare 519, 815

Selser, Wife, and Baby 733

.Seneca Countv Bee-keepers 783

Separator, Cle'ated, Morton's 806

Separator, Cleated, Root's 782, 817

Separator, Cleated, Taylor's .746

Separator, Foster's clea'ted 744

Separator, Tin, Aikin's 275

Smoker-hook, Cogg^ hall's (/9

Smoker-valve 412

Staple Side-spacer, Boomhower's. 334

Staples as End-spacers 95

Staples for Spacing Frames 817

Staples, To Drive in 95

.Strawberry-plant in Jadoo Fiber..645
•Strawberrv-plants, Marking the

Ground "for 789

Strawberries, To Plant for Hill

Culture , 681

Tall V. .Square .Sections 519

Taylor's Cleated .Separator 746

Tenement Hive. Orton's 295

Tools for Apiari.st 411, 412

Top-bars Double - grooved for

Foundation 892

Transplanting, Machine for 462

Trap, Allev Improved 594

Terry's St'rawberrv-patch 166

Upheaval of Valley (Frtd Ander-
son '. 419

Valley, the Wonderful 56

Va ndeusen, J 42:^

Wagon, Aikin's Ike 187

Weed. E. B 207

Weeder for Onions 3.S9

Wheelbarrow for Hives, Dtmn's..336
White Squaw ( Fred Anderson). ..224
Wire-imbedding by Electricitj- 206